r 
 
PVBLI OVIDI NASONIS 
 
 POEMATA QVAEDAM EXCERPTA 
 
 SELECTIONS 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 Poem s of Ovid 
 
 CHIEFLY THE METAMORPHOSES 
 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 J. H. and W. F. ALLEN and J. B. GREENOUGH 
 
 BOSTON 
 GINN BROTHERS 
 
 1876 
 
/^ 1U^~^ _VP 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, h J 
 
 J. H. ALLEN AND J. B. GREENOUGH, 
 
 in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 Cambridge : 
 Press of John Wilson and Son. 
 
A 
 
 '76 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 This Selection follows generally the text of Merkel (1866), the 
 reading of Siebelis being preferred in one or two instances. We 
 have endeavored to exhibit as far as possible within our limits the 
 variety of Ovid's style and genius, and especially to preserve the 
 more interesting biographical hints of the Amores and the Tristia. 
 The greater portion of the book is however made up, necessarily, 
 from the Metamorphoses, of which we have taken about a third. 
 By help of the Argument, which is given in full, we aim not merely 
 to show the connection of the tales and the ingenuity of the transi- 
 tions, — necessary to comprehend the poem as a whole, — but to 
 put before the reader something like a complete picture of the 
 Greek mythology; at least of those narratives which have held 
 their permanent place in the modern mind and have entered more 
 or less into every modern literature. 
 
 The grammatical references are to Allen and Greenough's and 
 Gildersleeve's Latin Grammars. 
 
 Cambridge, January 15, 187s- 
 
 *j&a ( >A <in 
 
THE LIFE OF OVID. 
 
 Publius Ovidius Naso was a fashionable poet at Rome 
 in the reign of the Emperor Augustus, perhaps the most 
 fashionable after the death of Virgil (b. c. 19) and Horace 
 (b. c. 8). 
 
 All that is worth knowing about his life is told by himself 
 in a pleasing poem (Trist. iv. 10), which is given the last in- 
 the present collection. Like most of the literary men of 
 Rome, he was not a native of that city,* being born at Sulmo, 
 in the country of the Peligni, about 90 miles from Rome. 
 The year of his birth, b. c. 43, was that of Cicero's death. 
 His father, a man of respectable fortune, removed to Rome 
 to give his two boys a city education. Here the young poet 
 was trained in the usual course of rhetoric and oratory, which 
 he practised with fair success, going so far as to hold some 
 subordinate political offices. His father was quite earnest to 
 check his desire for a literary career. But the death of his 
 elder brother left him with fortune enough for independence, 
 and following his own strong bent Ovid became soon one 
 of the favorite court poets of the brilliant era of Augustus. 
 After a career of great prosperity, he was suddenly, at the 
 age of 51, banished to Tomi, a town on the shore of the 
 Black Sea, in the present Bulgaria. The cause of his banish- 
 ment can only be guessed from his allusions to the anger of 
 
 * Virgil was a native of Mantua, Horace of Venusia, Catullus of Verona, Propertius 
 of Urabria, Ovid of Sulmo, Cicero of Arpinum, Sallust of Amitermim, Livy of Pata- 
 vium. Of eminent writers of this age, only Caesar, Lucretius, and Tibullus were born in 
 Rome. But then Rome, socially as well as politically, comprised the whole of Italy. 
 
vi The Life of Ovid. 
 
 the emperor at some weakness, folly, or fault, which he says 
 he is not free to tell. Some have thought he was indiscreet 
 enough to make love to Julia, the brilliant, witty, and erratic 
 daughter of the emperor, wife of the grave Agrippa ; others 
 that he unfortunately knew too much of some court scandal, 
 probably connected with Julia or her ill-famed and ill-fated 
 daughter ; others that Augustus, as public patron of morals, 
 took offence at the somewhat cynical indecorum of certain 
 of his poems. At any rate, the emperor was hardened 
 against all his flatteries and prayers, and after an exile of 
 about ten years he died at Tomi, a. d. 18. 
 
 Besides the poems represented in this volume, Ovid was 
 the author of the Ars Amatoria and the Remedium Amoris 
 (to which reference has just been made), and of numerous 
 " Elegies," including four books of letters written in exile 
 {Ex Ponto Libri iv.). As a poet, his fame is far below that 
 of Virgil and Horace, — deservedly, since his loose and easy 
 verse bears no comparison with the elaborate finish of theirs. 
 For fancy and fine poetic feeling, however, many of the 
 Elegies — both in the Tristia and the Amores — show a vein 
 of as good quality as either of his rivals ; while in absolute 
 ease of handling the artificial structure of Latin verse it may 
 be doubted whether he has ever had an equal. His chief 
 merit, however, is as an excellent story-teller, — smooth, 
 facile, fluent, sometimes, it must be confessed, inordinately 
 diffuse. As the most celebrated existing collection of the 
 most famous fables of the ancient world, the Metamorphoses, 
 in particular, makes the best of introductions to the nobler 
 and more difficult verse of Virgil. 
 
Writings of Ovid. vii 
 
 WRITINGS OF OVID. 
 
 1. Heroides : a collection of twenty-one elegies,* being letters 
 chiefly from leading M heroines " of the Homeric age. 
 
 2. Amores : forty-nine elegies, in three books ; miscellaneous, 
 but chiefly amatory or personal in their topics. 
 
 3. Ars Amatoria: three books, on the means of winning 
 and retaining the affections of a mistress ; and 
 
 4. Remedium Amoris : a poem prescribing the means by which 
 a foolish passion may be subdued. These two poems contain the 
 passages supposed to have excited the anger of Augustus. 
 
 5. Metamorphoseon Libri xv. The Metamorphoses was still 
 unfinished when Ovid went into exile, and he committed it to the 
 flames, apparently, with his own hand (Trist. i. 7. 1 1, seq.) ; but copies 
 had been preserved by his friends. 
 
 6. Fastorum Libri vi. : a poetic Calendar of the Roman months, 
 from January to June, designed to be continued to the end of the 
 year ; a storehouse of Roman custom and Italian legend. 
 
 7. Tristium Libri v. ; and 
 
 8. Epistolarum ex Ponto Libri iv. : elegies written in exile. 
 Many of the letters implore the intercession of friends at Rome, to 
 obtain favor from Augustus. 
 
 9. Ibis, a poem of 646 verses written in exile : a bitter invective 
 against some personal enemy. 
 
 10. Halieuticon Liber: 132 hexameter verses, a fragmentary 
 natural history of Fishes. 
 
 11. Medicamina Faciei : a fragment of 100 elegiac verses, on 
 the use of Cosmetics. 
 
 The following are included in some collections of Ovid's poems, 
 but are probably not genuine : — 
 
 Consolatio ad Liviam Augustam : an elegy of 474 verses 
 addressed to the Emperor's wife on the death of her son Drusus. 
 
 Nux (" the Nut-Tree ") : lamentation of a Walnut-tree by the 
 roadside, at the cruelties inflicted by wayfarers, and the vices of the 
 age in general. 
 
 * The word Elegies, in this connection, describes not the topic or style of treatment, 
 but only the versification, — hexameter verse alternating with pentameter making the 
 " elegiac stanza." 
 
INDEX OF SELECTIONS. 
 
 METAMORPHOSES. 
 
 PACK 
 
 1. The Creation and the Flood (I. 1-415) 5 
 
 2. The Adventure of Phaethon (II. 1-400) 18 
 
 3. The Rape of Europa (II. 833-875) 31 
 
 4. The Search of Cadmus (III. 1-137) 33 
 
 5. Pyramus and Thisbe (IV. 55-166) 38 
 
 6. Perseus and Andromeda (IV. 613-803) 42 
 
 7. The Wandering of Ceres (V. 341-661) 49 
 
 8. The Pride and the Grief of Niobe (VI 165-312) ... 60 
 
 9. The Enchantments of Medea (VII. 1-293) 65 
 
 10. The Flight of Daedalus (VIII. 152-259) 75 
 
 11. The Calydonian Hunt (VIII. 260-525) 79 
 
 12. Philemon and Baucis (VIII. 620-724) 88 
 
 13. The Death of Hercules (IX. 134-272) 92 
 
 14. Orpheus and Eurydice (X. 1-77) 97 
 
 15. The Song of Orpheus (X. 86-219) 100 
 
 16. The Death of Orpheus (XI. 1-84) 104 
 
 17. The Story of Midas (XI. 85-193) 107 
 
 18. The Chiefs at Troy (XII. 1-145) in 
 
 19. Rivalry of Ajax and Ulysses (XIII. 1-398) 117 
 
 20. The Tale of Galatea (XIII. 750-897) 130 
 
 21. The Wisdom of King Numa (XVI. 1-487) 136 
 
 22. The Worship of jEsculapius (XV. 622-744) '45 
 
 23. The Apotheosis of Caesar (XV. 745-889) 149 
 
PAGE 
 
 Index of Selections, 
 
 SHORTER POEMS. 
 i. The Fasti. 
 
 a. The Festival of Pales (IV. 721-808) . . . . . 155 
 
 b. The Founding of Rome (IV. 809-862) . . . . . 158 
 
 c. Ritual to avert Blight (IV. 901-942) 160 
 
 2. Heroides : Penelope to Ulysses 162 
 
 3. Amores. 
 
 a. The Poet of Idleness (I. 15) 166 
 
 b. Elegy on a Parrot (II. 6) 167 
 
 c. Farewell to the Loves (III. 15) 169 
 
 4. Tristia. 
 
 a. Banished from Rome (I. 3) 171 
 
 b. The Exile's Sick Chamber (III. 3) 174 
 
 c. Winter Scenes in Thrace (III. 10) 177 
 
 d. The Poet's Autobiography (IV. 10) 179 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 TO 
 
 THE "METAMORPHOSES" OF OVID. 
 
 The Mythology of the Greeks, adopted by the Romans, 
 consists mainly of two distinct parts. The first is what is techni- 
 cally called Theogony, " the generation of the gods," and was 
 put in the shape best known to us by Hesiod, some time before 
 500 B.C. It began, there is no reason to doubt, with rude personi- 
 fications of the objects and forces of nature, such as would be 
 natural to a people of active intelligence, lively imagination, and 
 childlike ignorance on all matters of science. The Sun, the 
 Dawn, the Winds, the Floods, are easily conceived as superhuman 
 persons. Some of the earlier fables are hardly any thing more 
 than metaphors, or poetic images, put in the form of narrative. 
 That the Sun is figured as a shepherd, and the fleecy clouds his 
 flock, which are scattered by the wind and gathered again by his 
 beams, — a very old bit of Eastern poetry, — easily gives rise to the 
 stories of Apollo as the shepherd of Admetus, and that which tells 
 the stealing of his catde by the rogue Hermes. That the maiden 
 Artemis gazes with love, on the sleeping prince Endymion, is hardly 
 more than a poetical way of describing the beautiful spectacle of 
 a full moon rising opposite the sun at his going down. A season 
 of blasting drought and heat may have been described by saying 
 that the chariot of the Sun was driven from its course by the 
 unskilful, self-confident boy, whose fate is told in the wild tale of 
 Phaethon. And so on. 
 
 But few fables can be explained in this simple way.. By a very 
 natural. process, a group of divine or ideal Persons was. conceived, 
 
2 Introduction to the 
 
 whose family history or personal adventures became the subject 
 of tales absolutely devoid of any symbolical meaning. In the 
 system found in the Greek and Roman poets, nature is full of 
 mythological beings, grouped — as subjects in a monarchy — about 
 the one celestial or royal family, which has its abode on Mount 
 Olympus. The King of Heaven, Zeus (Jupiter), with his sister- 
 queen Here (Juno), is the child of Kronos (Saturn) or Time, 
 who again is the son of Ouranos and Gaia (Heaven and Earth), 
 beyond which imagination did not seek to go. His brothers are 
 Poseidon (Neptune) and Hades (Pluto), kings of the Waters and 
 of the Lower World. His sisters are Demeter (Ceres) and Hestia 
 (Vesta), queens of the Harvest and of the Home. His sons are 
 Apollo, god of Light, Ares (Mars) of Strife, and Hermes 
 (Mercury) the Herald. His daughters are Athene (Minerva), 
 Aphrodite (Venus), and Artemis (Diana), goddesses of Wis- 
 dom, of Love, and of the Chase. These are the twelve great 
 divinities (dii majores). And about them, in nearer or remoter 
 kindred, are grouped the inferior deities, the heroes or demigods, 
 their children by half-mortal parentage, and the innumerable 
 progeny of fabulous beings inhabiting the kingdoms of sky, 
 water, or earth. 
 
 The other department of mythology is that with which this poem 
 chiefly deals. It consists of the miracles and adventures ascribed 
 to these superhuman persons, — a vast field, in which ancient fancy 
 rioted as freely as the modern fancy in novels and fairy-tales. 
 Some of them may possibly be explained as a picturesque way 
 of recounting natural phenomena, or as exaggerated tales of real 
 events. But in general they seem purely fictions of the imagina- 
 tion. In a very large proportion they take the form of metamor- 
 phoses, that is, transformations of men or other creatures into 
 various shapes ; and this feature gives the subject and the title of 
 the present poem (see the first lines of Book I.). It professes 
 simply to tell those stories which have in them this element of the 
 marvellous, — the transformations, particularly, of men into plants 
 or animals. But as nearly all myths introduce some such feature, 
 first or last, it manages to include nearly all the important ones 
 with more or less fulness. They are told in a rambling discursive 
 way, one story leading to another by the slightest possible link 
 
Metamorphoses of Ovid. 3 
 
 of association, — sometimes by what seems merely the poet's 
 artifice, aiming to make a coherent tale out of the vast miscellany 
 at his command.* 
 
 With the primitive (fetichistic) notion of a separate life in 
 every object, and tne human soul differing in no essential regard 
 from the life that dwells in things, it was easy to imagine the spirit 
 of man, beast, or plant as passing from one dwelling to another, for 
 a longer or shorter stay. Such a transmigration was, in fact, 
 taught as a creed by the school of Pythagoras (see Metam. xv. 
 1-487). But, as against the Hindoo doctrine of transmigration 
 into the very life of other animals, the Greeks held to the identity 
 and continuity of the human soul, which after death had its abode 
 assigned in the Lower World. The metamorphosis, therefore, 
 is only an occasional miracle, not a real metempsychosis yf it did 
 not alter essentially the ordinary course of human life, but only 
 marked the intimate connection between that and the life of 
 external nature ; or, in a certain wild, pictorial way, showed the 
 workings of human fancy, to account for the first creation of plants 
 and animals, or other striking phenomena of the natural world, — a 
 clear water-spring in a little island (Arethusa), a mountain rid^e 
 of peculiar shape {Atlas), a bird of plaintive note {Philomela), or 
 a rock weeping with perpetual springs (A T io6e). 
 
 To give something like system, order, and development to this 
 world of fable seems to have been a favorite aim of poetical com- 
 position with the ancients. This aim is partly religious, and partly 
 scientific, — if that can be called scientific which only fills with 
 fancies a void that no science yet exists to fill. Thus the " Theo- 
 gony" of Hesiod groups together the myths relating to the birth 
 of gods and heroes — making a sort of pagan "Genesis" — in a 
 form partly chronological, partly picturesque and poetical. This 
 
 * The connecting links between the several narratives contained in the present 
 Selection are given, bracketed, in the headings, thus presenting the entire argument 
 of the Metamorphoses as a connected whole. 
 
 t Thus the princess Io is changed into a heifer (Met i. 611). She retains her human 
 consciousness, deplores the change, and writes her own name on the sand, to inform her 
 father of it. This is metamorphosis, or change of form. According to the oriental 
 doctrine taught by Pythagoras (Met. xv. 459), the heifer in your stall was doubtless or.ce a 
 human being, perhaps your own mother or sister: it would be wicked to kill her, and 
 impious to eat her flesh. But she has only a brute consciousness ; and simply shares :he 
 universal life of man and brute. This is metempsychosis, or change of soul. 
 
4 Introduction . 
 
 is apparently the first attempt of human thought to deal systemati- 
 cally with the phenomena of nature — so as, in a manner, to 
 account for things — before men were sufficiently free from super- 
 stition to reject the early fables. The titles of several Greek works 
 of the same kind are known ; and Virgil, in the Sixth Eclogue, 
 puts a similar song into the mouth of Silenus. 
 
 Any thing like a real belief in these fables had passed away long 
 before the time of Ovid. He was the popular poet of a sensual 
 and artificial age, who found in these creations of ancient fancy 
 a group of subjects suited to his graceful, ornate, and marvellously 
 facile style of narrative, and who did not hesitate to alter or dress 
 them up to suit his purpose. The " Metamorphoses " — Libri xv. 
 Metamotphoseon (a Greek genitive) — is the most abundant and 
 rich collection of these fables that exists. They are told in a 
 diffuse, sentimental, often debased way, which contrasts strongly 
 with the serious meaning that originally belonged to these myths ; 
 but are wonderfully fluent, easy, and melodious in their language, and 
 show a skill of versification which seems never to halt or weary. 
 The poem begins with the first origin of things from chaos, the 
 four ages of gold, silver, brass, and iron, the deluge, followed by the 
 graceful and picturesque version of the tales of gods and heroes, 
 through a long narrative, — about 12,000 verses in all, — ending 
 with the apotheosis of Caesar, as the sequel of the tale of Troy. 
 The series purports to be chronological ; but the order is often 
 arbitrary and the connection forced or affected, as would naturally 
 be the case with an author res diversissimas in speciem unius 
 corporis colligentem (Quint, iv. 1, 77). 
 
 The mythology of Ovid and the other Roman poets was Greek 
 mythology dressed up in Roman names. It is not necessary to 
 remind the reader that the stories here told related to Zeus, 
 Athene, Artemis, and the other members of the Greek Olympus, 
 and could never have been attributed to the sober abstractions of 
 the Roman Pantheon. Nevertheless, in commenting upon Ovid, 
 it is impossible to avoid making use of the names in the same 
 sense that he did, — the names long familiar in modern litera- 
 ture, which took them from the Romans and not the Greeks. 
 
METAMORPHOSES. 
 
 I. The Creation and the Flood. 
 
 [Book I. — 1-415.] 
 
 Proem (1-4). Description of Chaos (5-20). The Creator assigns 
 the elements to their places, and divides the land from the waters : 
 the zones and climates (26-58). The heavens are clear, and living 
 things come forth upon the earth : lastly man, fashioned by Prome- 
 theus in the image of the immortals (69-88). The Four Ages : 
 description of the Golden Age (89-1 12). The Age of Silver, Brass, 
 and Iron : Astraea quits the earth ; the Giants, and men of violence 
 that sprang from their blood (1 13-162). Jupiter recounts the crimes 
 of Lycaon, and his transformation to a Wolf (163-243). He re- 
 solves to drown the world with a Flood rather than destroy it by 
 Fire : description of the Deluge (244-312) The righteous Deuca- 
 lion with his wife Pyrrha : when the waters are abated, they behold 
 the earth desolate, and beseech aid at the shrine of Themis 
 (313-380). Instructed by the oracle, they cast stones above their 
 heads, which are miraculously converted into human beings, and 
 thus repeople the earth (381-415). 
 
 TN nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas 
 
 ■*■ corpora. Di, coeptis (nam vos mutastis et illas) 
 
 adspirate meis, primaque ab origine mundi 
 
 ad mea perpetuum deducite tempora carmen. 
 
 Ante mare et terras et (quod tegit omnia) caelum, 
 unus erat toto naturae vultus in orbe, 
 quern dixere Chaos : rudis indigestaque moles, 
 nee quicquam nisi pondus iners, congestaque eodem 
 non bene junctarum discordia semina rerum. 
 nullus adhuc mundo praebebat lumina Titan, 10 
 
 nee nova crescendo reparabat cornua Phoebe, 
 
6 I. The Creation and the Flood. [Metam. 
 
 nee circumfuso pendebat in aere Tellus 
 
 ponderibus librata suis, nee brachia longo 
 
 margine terrarum porrexerat Amphitrite ; 
 
 qua que fuit tellus, illic et pontus et aer. 15 
 
 Sic erat instabilis tellus, innabilis unda, 
 lucis egens aer : nulli sua forma manebat, 
 obstabatque aliis aliud, quia corpore in uno 
 frigida pugnabant calidis, humentia siccis, 
 mollia cum duris, sine pondere habentia pondus. 20 
 
 Hanc deus et melior litem natura diremit. 
 nam caelo terras et terris abscidit undas, 
 et liquidum spisso secrevit ab aere caelum, 
 quae postquam evolvit caecoque exemit acervo, 
 dissociata locis concordi pace ligavit. 25 
 
 Ignea convexi vis et sine pondere caeli 
 emicuit, summaque locum sibi fecit in arce. 
 proximus est aer illi levitate locoque ; 
 densior his tellus, elementaque grandia traxit 
 et pressa est gravitate sua ; circumfluus humor 30 
 
 ultima possedit, solidumque coercuit orbem. 
 
 Sic ubi dispositam, quisquis fuit ille deorum, 
 congeriem secuit, sectamque in membra redegit, 
 principio terram, ne non aequalis ab omni 
 parte foret, magni speciem glomeravit in orbis. 35 
 
 turn freta diffudit, rapidisque tumescere ventis 
 jussit, et ambitae circumdare litora terrae. 
 addidit et fontes et stagna immensa lacusque, 
 fluminaque obliquis cinxit declivia ripis, 
 quae, diversa locis, partim sorbentur ab ipsa, 40 
 
 in mare perveniunt partim, campoque recepta 
 liberioris aquae pro ripis litora pulsant. 
 jussit et extendi campos, subsidere valles, 
 fronde tegi silvas, lapidosos surgere montes. 
 
 Utque duae dextra caelum totidemque sinistra 45 
 
I. 79.] The Heavens: Creation of Man. 7 
 
 parte secant zonae, quinta est ardentior illis : 
 sic onus inclusum numero distinxit eodem 
 cura dei, totidemque plagae tellure premuntur. 
 quarum quae media est, non est habitabilis aestu ; 
 nix tegit alta duas ; totidem inter utramque locavit, 50 
 temperiemquededit, mixta cum frigore flamma. 
 
 Imminet his aer: qui, quanto est pondere terrae 
 pondus aquae levius, tanto est onerosior igni. 
 illic et nebulas, illic consistere nubes 
 jussit, et humanas motura tonitrua mentes, 55 
 
 et cum fulminibus facientes frigora ventos. 
 his quoque non passim mundi fabricator habendum 
 aera permisit : vix nunc obsistitur illis, 
 cum sua quisque regant diverso flamina tractu, 
 quin lanient mundum ; tanta est discordia fratrum. 60 
 Eurus ad auroram Nabataeaque regna recessit, 
 Persidaque et radiis juga subdita matutinis ; 
 Vesper et occiduo quae litora sole tepescunt, 
 proxima sunt Zephyro ; Scythiam septemque trionem 
 horrifer invasit Boreas ; contraria tellus 65 
 
 nubibus assiduis pluvioque madescit ab Austro. 
 haec super imposuit liquidum et gravitate carentem 
 aethera, nee quicquam terrenae faecis habentem. 
 
 Vix ita limitibus dissaepserat omnia certis, 
 cum quae pressa diu massa latuere sub ilia, 70 
 
 sidera coeperunt toto effervescere caelo : 
 neu regio foret ulla suis animantibus orba, 
 astra tenent caeleste solum formaeque deorum ; 
 cesserunt nitidis habitandae piscibus undae ; 
 terra feras cepit, volucres agitabilis aer. 75 
 
 Sanctius his animal mentisque capacius altae 
 deerat adhuc, et quod dominari in cetera posset, 
 natus homo est: sive hunc divino semine fecit 
 ille opifex rerum, mundi melioris origo, 
 
8 i. The Creation and the Flood. [Metam. 
 
 sive recens tellus,seductaque nuper ab alto 80 
 
 aethere,cognati retinebat semina caeli, 
 
 quam satus Iapeto, mixtam fluvialibus undis, 
 
 finxit in effigiem moderantum cuncta deorum. 
 
 pronaque cum spectent animalia cetera terram, 
 
 os homini sublime dedit, caelumque tueri 85 
 
 jussit, et erectos ad sidera tollere vultus. 
 
 sic, modo quae fuerat rudis et sine imagine, tellus 
 
 induit ignotas hominum conversa figuras. 
 
 Aurea prima sata est aetas, quae vindice nullo, 
 sponte sua, sine lege fidem rectumque colebat. 90 
 
 poena metusque aberant, nee verba minacia fixo 
 aere legebantur, nee supplex turba timebat 
 judicis ora sui, sed erant sine judice tuti. 
 nondum caesa suis, peregrinum ut viseret orbem, 
 montibus in liquidas pinus descenderat undas, 95 
 
 nullaque mortales praeter sua litora norant. 
 nondum praecipites cingebant oppida fossae : 
 non tuba directi, non aeris cornua flexi, 
 non galeae, non ensis erant; sine militis usu 
 mollia securae peragebant otia gentes. 100 
 
 ipsa quoque imraunis rastroque intacta, nee ullis 
 saucia vomeribus, per se dabat omnia tellus : 
 contentique cibis nullo cogente creatis, 
 arbuteos fetus montanaque fraga legebant, 
 cornaque et in duris haerentia mora rubetis, 105 
 
 et quae deciderant patula Jovis arbore glandes. 
 ver erat aeternum, placidique tepentibus auris 
 mulcebant zephyri natos sine semine flores. 
 mox etiam fruges tellus inarata ferebat, 
 nee renovatus ager gravidis canebat aristis : no 
 
 flumina jam lactis, jam flumina nectaris ibant, 
 flavaque de viridi stillabant ilice mella. 
 
 Postquam Saturno tenebrosa in Tartara misso 
 
I. 147.] The Four Ages. 9 
 
 sub Jove mundus erat, subiit argentca proles, 
 
 auro deterior, fulvo pretiosior aere. 115 
 
 Juppiter antiqui contraxit tempora veris, 
 
 perque hiemes aestusque et inaequales autumnos 
 
 et breve ver spatiis exegit quattuor annum. 
 
 turn primum siccis aer fervoribus ustus 
 
 canduit, et ventis glacies adstricta pependit. 120 
 
 turn primum subiere domus : domus antra fuerunt 
 
 et densi frutices et vinctae cortice virgae. 
 
 semina turn primum longis Cerealia sulcis 
 
 obruta sunt, pressique jugo gemuere juvenci. 
 
 Tertia post illas successit a'enca proles, 125 
 
 saevior ingeniis, et ad horrida promptior arma, 
 non scelerata tamen. — De duro est ultima ferro. 
 protinus inrupit venae pejoris in aevum 
 omne nefas : fugere pudor verumque fidesque : 
 in quorum subiere locum fraudesque dolique 130 
 
 insidiaeque et vis et amor sceleratus habendi. 
 vela dabant ventis, — nee adhuc bene noverat illos 
 navita, — quaeque diu steterant in montibus altis, 
 fluctibus ignotis insultavere carinae. 
 communemque prius, ceu lumina solis et auras, 135 
 cautus humum longo signavit limite mensor. 
 nee tantum segetes alimentaque debita dives 
 poscebatur humus, sed itum est in viscera terrae ; 
 quasque recondiderat Stygiisque admoverat umbris, 
 effodiuntur opes, inritamenta malorum. 140 
 
 Jamque nocens ferrum, ferroque nocentius aurum 
 prodierat; prodit Bellum, quod pugnat utroque, 
 sanguineaque manu crepitantia concutit arma. 
 vivitur ex rapto : non hospes ab hospite tutus, 
 non socer a genero ; fratrum quoque gratia rara est. 
 imminet exitio vir conjugis, ilia mariti ; 
 lurida terribiles miscent aconita novercae ; 
 
io i. The Creation and the Flood, [Metam. 
 
 Alius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos. 
 
 victa jacet pietas ; et virgo caede madentes, 
 
 ultima caelestum, terras Astraea reliquit. 15c 
 
 neve foret terris securior arduus aether, 
 
 affectasse ferunt regnum caeleste Gigantas, 
 
 altaque congestos struxisse ad sidera montes. 
 
 Turn pater omnipotens misso perfregit Olympum 
 fulmine, et excussit subjecto Pelion Ossae. 155 
 
 obruta mole sua cum corpora dira jacerent, 
 perfusam multo natorum sanguine Terram 
 inmaduisse ferunt calidumque animasse cruorem, 
 et, ne nulla suae stirpis monumenta manerent, 
 in faciem vertisse hominum ; sed et ilia propago 160 
 contemptrix superum saevaeque avidissima caedis 
 et violenta fuit: scires e sanguine natos. 
 
 Quae pater ut summa vidit Saturnius arce, 
 ingemit ; et, facto nondum vulgata recenti, 
 foeda Lycaoniae referens convivia mensae, 165 
 
 ingentes animo et dignas Jove concipit iras, 
 conciliumque vocat ; tenuit mora nulla vocatos. 
 est via sublimis, caelo manifesta sereno : 
 Lactea nomen habet, candore notabilis ipso, 
 hac iter est superis ad magni tecta Tonantis 17a 
 
 regalemque domum ; dextra laevaque deorum 
 atria nobilium valvis celebrantur apertis. 
 plebs habitat diversa locis ; a fronte potentes 
 caelicolae clarique suos posuere penates. 
 hie locus est, quern, si verbis audacia detur, 175 
 
 haud timeam magni dixisse Palatia caeli. 
 
 Ergo ubi marmoreo superi sedere recessu, 
 celsior ipse loco sceptroque innixus eburno 
 terrificam capitis concussit terque quaterque 
 caesariem, cum qua terram, mare, sidera movit. 180 
 talibus inde modis ora indignantia solvit : 
 
I. 215.] The Guilt of Lycaon. 11 
 
 * Non ego pro mundi regno magis anxius ilia 
 tempestate fui, qua centum quisque parabat 
 inicere anguipedum captivo brachia caelo. 
 
 nam quamquam ferus hostis erat, tamen illud ab uno 
 
 corpore et ex una pendebat origine bellum. 
 
 nunc mihi qua totum Nereus circumsonat orbem, 
 
 perdendum est mortale genus. Per flumina juro 
 
 infera sub terras Stygio labentia luco, 
 
 cuncta prius temptata ; sed inmedicabile vulnus 190 
 
 ense recidendum est, ne pars sincera trahatur. 
 
 sunt mihi semidei, sunt rustica numina, nymphae, 
 
 faunique satyrique et monticolae Silvani. 
 
 quos quoniam caeli nondum dignamur honore, 
 
 quas dedimus, certe terras habitare sinamus. 195 
 
 an satis, O superi, tutos fore creditis illos, 
 
 cum mihi, qui fulmen, qui vos habeoque regoque, 
 
 struxerit insidias notus feritate Lycaon ? • 
 
 Contremuere omnes, studiisque ardentibus ausum 
 talia deposcunt. Sic, cum manus impia saevit 200 
 sanguine Caesareo Romanum exstinguere nomen, 
 attonitum tanto subitae terrore ruinae 
 humanum genus est totusque perhorruit orbis. 
 nee tibi grata minus pietas, Auguste, tuorum est, 
 quam fuit ilia Jovi. Qui postquam voce manuque 205 
 murmura compressit, tenuere silentia cuncti. 
 substitit ut clamor, pressus gravitate regentis, 
 Juppiter hoc iterum sermone silentia rupit : 
 
 * Ille quidem poenas (curam hanc dimittite) solvit : 
 quod tamen admissum, quae sit vindicta, docebo. 210 
 contigerat nostras infamia temporis aures : 
 
 quam cupiens falsam, summo delabor Olympo, 
 
 et deus humana lustro sub imagine terras. 
 
 longa mora est, quantum noxae sit ubique repertum, 
 
 enumerare; minor fuit ipsa infamia vero. 215 
 
12 i. The Creation and the Flood. [Metam. 
 
 Maenala transieram, latebris horrenda ferarum, 
 
 et cum Cyllene gelidi pineta Lycaei. 
 
 Arcados hinc sedes et inhospita tecta tyranni 
 
 ingredior, traherent cum sera crepuscula noctem. 
 
 signa dedi venisse deum, vulgusque precari 220 
 
 coeperat ; irridet primo pia vota Lycaon ; 
 
 mox ait : Exfieriar, deus hie, discrimine afierto, 
 
 an sit m or talis; nee erit dubitabile verum. 
 
 nocte gravem somno necopina perdere morte 
 
 me parat ; haec illi placet experientia veri. 225 
 
 ' Nee contentus eo, missi de gente Molossa 
 obsidis unius jugulum mucrone resolvit : 
 atque ita semineces partim ferventibus artus 
 mollit aquis, partim subjecto torruit igni. 
 quos simul imposuit mensis, ego vindice flamma 230 
 in dominum dignosque everti tecta Penates, 
 territus ipse fugit, nactusque silentia ruris 
 exululat, frustraque loqui conatur ; ab ipso 
 colligit os rabiem, solitaeque cupidine caedis 
 vertitur in pecudes, et nunc quoque sanguine gaudet. 
 in villos abeunt vestes, in crura lacerti : 
 fit lupus, et veteris servat vestigia formae. 
 canities eadem est, eadem violentia vultus, 
 idem oculi lucent, eadem feritatis imago. 
 
 1 Occidit una domus ; sed non domus una perire 240 
 digna fuit; qua terra patet, fera regnat Erinys, 
 in facinus jurasse putes. Dent ocius omnes 
 quas meruere pati, sic stat sententia, poenas.' 
 
 Dicta Jovis pars voce probant stimulosque frementi 
 adiciunt, alii partes assensibus implent. 245 
 
 est tamen humani generis jactura dolori 
 omnibus, et, quae sit terrae mortalibus orbae 
 forma futura, rogant ; quis sit laturus in aras 
 tura? ferisne paret populandas tradere terras? 
 
I. 283.] Gathering of the Waters, 13 
 
 talia quaerentes, sibi enim fore cetera curae, 250 
 
 rex superum trepidare vetat, subolemque priori 
 dissimilem populo promittit origine mira. 
 
 Jamque erat in totas sparsurus fulmina terras : 
 sed timuit, ne forte sacer tot ab ignibus aether 
 conciperet flammas, longusque ardesceret axis. 255 
 esse quoque in fatis reminiscitur, adfore tempus, 
 quo mare, quo tellus, correptaque regia caeli 
 ardeat, et mundi moles operosa laboret. 
 tela reponuntur manibus fabricata Cyclopum. 
 
 Poena placet diversa, genus mortale sub undis 260 
 perdere, et ex omni nimbos demittere caelo. 
 protinus Aeoliis aquilonem claudit in antris, 
 et quaecumque fugant inductas flamina nubes, 
 emittitque Notum. Madidis Notus evolat alis, 
 terribilem picea tectus caligine vultum : 265 
 
 barba gravis nimbis, canis fluit unda capillis, 
 fronte sedent nebulae, rorant pennaeque sinusque. 
 utque manu late pendentia nubila pressit, 
 fit fragor, inclusi funduntur ab aethere nimbi, 
 nuntia Junonis varios induta colores 270 
 
 concipit Iris aquas, alimentaque nubibus adfert. 
 sternuntur segetes et deplorata colonis 
 vota jacent, longique perit labor irritus anni. 
 
 Nee caelo contenta suo est Jovis ira, sed ilium 
 caeruleus frater juvat auxiliaribus undis. 275 
 
 convocat hie amnes ; qui postquam tecta tyranni 
 intravere sui, * Non est hortamine longo 
 nunc* ait * utendum ; vires effundite vestras, 
 sic opus est ; aperite domos, ac mole remota 
 fluminibus vestris totas inmittite habenas.' 280 
 
 Jusserat ; hi redeunt, ac fontibus ora relaxant, 
 et defrenato volvuntur in aequora cursu. 
 ipse tridente suo terram percussit ; at ilia 
 
14 i« The Creation and the Flood, [Metam. 
 
 intremuit motuque vias patefecit aquarum. 
 
 expatiata ruunt per apertos flumina campos, 285 
 
 cumque satis arbusta simul pecudesque virosque 
 
 tectaque, cumque suis rapiunt penetralia sacris. 
 
 siqua domus mansit, potuitque resistere tanto 
 
 indejecta malo, culmen tamen altior hujus 
 
 unda tegit, pressaeque latent sub gurgite turres. 290 
 
 Jamque mare et tellus nullum discrimen habebant : 
 omnia pontus erat ; deerant quoque litora ponto. 
 occupat hie collem ; cymba sedet alter adunca, 
 et ducit remos illic, ubi nuper ararat ; 
 ille super segetes aut mersae culmina villae 295 
 
 navigat ; hie summa piscem deprendit in ulmo. 
 figitur in viridi, si fors tulit, anchora prato, 
 aut subjecta terunt curvae vineta carinae. 
 et, modo qua graciles gramen carpsere capellae, 
 nunc ibi deformes ponunt sua corpora phocae. 300 
 
 mirantur sub aqua lucos urbesque domosque 
 Nereides ; silvasque tenent delphines, et altis 
 incursant ramis, agitataque robora pulsant. 
 nat lupus inter oves, fulvos vehit unda leones, 
 unda vehit tigres ; nee vires fulminis apro, 305 
 
 crura nee ablato prosunt velocia cervo. 
 quaesitisque diu terris, ubi sistere detur, 
 in mare lassatis volucris vaga decidit alis. 
 obruerat tumulos immensa licentia ponti, 
 pulsabantque novi montana cacumina fluctus. 310 
 
 maxima pars unda rapitur ; quibus unda pepercit, 
 illos longa domant inopi jejunia victu. 
 
 Separat Aonios Oetaeis Phocis ab arvis, 
 terra ferax, dum terra fuit : sed tempore in illo 
 pars maris et latus subitarum campus aquarum. 315 
 mons ibi verticibus petit arduus astra duobus, 
 nomine Parnasus, superantque cacumina nubes. 
 
'• 35 1-] ^* Waters arc recalled. 15 
 
 hie ubi Deucalion — nam cetera texerat aequor — 
 cum consorte tori parva rate vectus adhaesit, 
 Corycidas nymphas et numina montis adorant, 320 
 
 fatidicamque Themin, quae tunc oracla tenebat. 
 non illo melior quisquam nee amantior aequi 
 vir fuit, aut ilia metuentior ulla deorum. 
 
 Juppiter ut liquidis stagnare paludibus orbem, 
 et superesse virum de tot modo milibus unum, 325 
 
 et superesse videt de tot modo milibus unam, 
 innocuos ambos, cultores numinis ambos, 
 nubila disjecit, nimbisque aquilone remotis 
 et caelo terras ostendit, et aethera terris. 
 nee maris ira manet, positoque tricuspide telo 330 
 
 mulcet aquas rector pelagi, supraque profundum 
 exstantem atque humeros innato murice tectum 
 caeruleum Tritona vocat, conchaeque sonanti 
 inspirare jubet, fluctusque et fiumina signo 
 jam revocare dato. Cava bucina sumitur illi 335 
 
 tortilis, in latum quae turbine crescit ab imo, — 
 bucina, quae medio concepit ubi aera ponto, 
 litora voce replet sub utroque jacentia Phoebo. 
 tunc quoque, ut ora dei madida rorantia barba 
 contigit, et cecinit jussos inflata receptus, 340 
 
 omnibus audita est telluris et aequoris undis 
 et quibus est undis audita, coercuit omnes. 
 flumina subsidunt, coliesque exire videntur : 
 jam mare litus habet ; plenos capit alveus amnes ; 
 surgit humus ; crescunt loca decrescentibus undis ; 345 
 postque diem longam nudata cacumina silvae 
 ostendunt, limumque tenent in fronde relictum. 
 
 Redditus orbis erat : quern postquam vidit inanem 
 et desolatas agere alta silentia terras, 
 Deucalion lacrimis ita Pyrrham aftatur obortis : 350 
 1 O soror, o conjunx, o femina sola superstes, 
 
1 6 i. The Creation and the Flood, [Metam. 
 
 quam commune mihi genus et patruelis origo, 
 deinde torus junxit, nunc ipsa pericula jungunt: 
 terrarum, quascumque vident occasus et ortus, 
 nos duo turba sumus ; possedit cetera pontus. 355 
 
 haec quoque adhuc vitae non est fiducia nostrae 
 certa satis ; terrent etiam nunc nubila mentem. 
 quid tibi, si sine me fatis erepta fuisses, 
 nunc animi, miseranda, foret? quo sola timorem 
 ferre modo posses? quo consolante doleres? 360 
 
 namque ego, crede mihi, si te quoque pontus haberet, 
 te sequerer, conjunx, et me quoque pontus haberet. 
 O utinam possim populos reparare paternis 
 artibus, atque animas formatae infundere terrae ! 
 nunc genus in nobis restat mortale duobus : 365 
 
 sic visum superis ; hominumque exempla manemus.' 
 
 Dixerat, et flebant ; placuit caeleste precari 
 numen, et auxilium per sacras quaerere sortes. 
 nulla mora est ; adeunt pariter Cephisidas undas, 
 ut nondum liquidas, sic jam vada nota secantes. 370 
 inde ubi libatos inroravere liquores 
 vestibus et capiti, flectunt vestigia sanctae 
 ad delubra deae, quorum fastigia turpi 
 pallebant musco, stabantque sine ignibus arae. 
 ut templi tetigere gradus, procumbit uterque 375 
 
 pronus humi, gelidoque pavens dedit oscula saxo. 
 atque ita : ' Si precibus ' dixerunt * numina justis 
 victa remollescunt, si flectitur ira deorum, 
 die, Themi, qua generis damnum reparabile nostri 
 arte sit, et mersis fer opem, mitissima, rebus.' 380 
 
 Mota dea est, sortemque dedit : ' Discedite templo, 
 et velate caput, cinctasque resolvite vestes, 
 ossaque post tergum magnae jactate parentis.' 
 obstupuere diu, rumpitque silentia voce 
 Pyrrha prior, jussisque deae parere recusat, 385 
 
I. 415.] Deucalion and Pyrrha. 17 
 
 detque sibi veniam, pavido rogat ore, pavetque 
 
 laedere jactatis maternas ossibus umbras. 
 
 interea repetunt caecis obscura latebris 
 
 verba datae sortis secum, inter seque volutant. 
 
 inde Promethiades placidis Epimethida dictis 390 
 
 mulcet, et * Aut fallax ' ait * est sollertia nobis, 
 
 aut pia sunt, nullumque nefas oracula suadent. 
 
 magna parens Terra est: lapides in corpore terrae 
 
 ossa reor dici : jacere hos post terga jubemur.' 
 
 Conjugis augurio quamquam Titania mota est, 395 
 spes tamen in dubio est ; adeo caelestibus ambo 
 diffidunt monitis : — sed quid temptare nocebit? 
 descendunt, velantque caput, tunicasque recingunt, 
 et jussos lapides sua post vestigia mittunt. 
 saxa — quis hoc credat, nisi sit pro teste vetustas? — 
 ponere duritiem coepere suumque rigorem, 
 mollirique mora, mollitaque ducere formam. 
 mox, ubi creverunt, naturaque mitior illis 
 contigit, ut quaedam, sic non manifesta, videri 
 forma potest hominis, sed uti de marmore coepto, 405 
 non exacta satis, rudibusque simillima signis. 
 quae tamen ex illis aliquo pars humida suco 
 et terrena fuit, versa est in corporis usum : 
 quod solidum est fiectique nequit, mutatur in ossa ; 
 quae modo vena fuit, sub eodem nomine mansit ; 410 
 inque brevi spatio superorum numine saxa 
 missa viri manibus faciem traxere virorum, 
 et de femineo reparata est femina jactu. 
 inde genus durum sumus experiensque laborum, 
 et documenta damus, qua simus origine nati. 415 
 
18 ii. The Adventure of Phaethon, [Metam. 
 
 II. The Adventure of Phaethon. 
 
 [Among the creatures generated from the soil of the earth after 
 the Deluge, had been the serpent Python, slain by Apollo, who 
 thereon instituted the Pythian games : the prize of victory, first 
 the oak-leaf, was afterwards the laurel, sacred to Apollo, being the 
 nymph Daphne, loved by him, and changed to that form to escape 
 his pursuit. — Io, daughter of the river-god Inachus, beloved by 
 Jupiter, is changed into a heifer by him, to escape the jealousy of 
 Juno ; but is put by her in charge of Argus of the hundred eyes, 
 who being soothed to sleep by Mercury — who sings the story of 
 Syrinx converted to a water-reed to avoid the pursuit of Pan — is 
 slain by him, and his hundred eyes are set in the peacock's tail. 
 Io, fleeing to Egypt, becomes the goddess I sis, and the mother of 
 Epaphus ; who denies against Phaethon his boast to be son of the 
 Sun-god, as avouched by his mother Clymene (I. 416-779)-] 
 
 The palace of the Sun described (II. 1-18). Phcebus, the god of 
 Day, receives Phaethon with affection, and owns him as his son, 
 promising by oath to give him whatever boon he should desire 
 (19-46). Phaethon demands the charge of the chariot and horses of 
 the Sun for a single day, persisting in spite of his father's warning 
 and appeal (47-102). He mounts, and attempts the celestial way : 
 dread forms of the Zodiac : the steeds dash wildly from the path 
 (103-205). Terror and devastation caused by the fiery chariot: 
 blasting of mountains and rivers, and alarm of Neptune himself; 
 Earth appeals to Jupiter, who blasts Phaethon with a thunderbolt 
 (206-324). His sisters are converted to poplars, and their tears 
 to amber (325-366) ; while his kinsman Cygnus, bewailing the 
 calamity, becomes a Swan (367-380). The Sun, in grief and wrath, 
 hides his head from the earth ; but, entreated by the gods and 
 commanded by Jupiter, collects again his scattered steeds, to 
 resume their wonted course (381-400). 
 
 T3 EGIA Solis erat sublimibus alta columnis, 
 
 J -^- clara micante auro flammasque imitante pyropo, 
 
 cujus ebur nitidum fastigia summa tegebat ; 
 
 argenti bifores radiabant lumine valvae. 
 
 materiam superabat opus ; nam Mulciber illic 5 
 
 aequora caelarat medias cingentia terras, 
 
II. 4 o.] Palace of the Sun. 19 
 
 terrarumque orbem, caelumque, quod imminet orbi. 
 caeruleos habet unda deos, Tritona canorum, 
 Proteaque ambiguum, balaenarumque prementem 
 Aegaeona suis immania terga lacertis, 10 
 
 Doridaque et natas ; quarum pars nare videtur, 
 pars in mole sedens virides siccare capillos, 
 pisce vehi quaedam : fades non omnibus una, 
 nee diversa tamen, qualem decet esse sororum. 
 terra viros urbesque gerit, silvasque ferasque, 15 
 
 fluminaque et nymphas et cetera numina ruris. 
 haec super imposita est caeli fulgentis imago, 
 signaque sex foribus dextris, totidemque sinistris. 
 
 Quo simul acclivo Clymeneia limite proles 
 venit, et intravit dubitati tecta parentis, 20 
 
 protinus ad patrios sua fert vestigia vultus, 
 consistitque procul : neque enim propiora ferebat 
 lumina. Purpurea velatus veste sedebat 
 in solio Phoebus Claris lucente smaragdis. 
 a dextra laevaque Dies et Mensis et Annus 2* 
 
 Saeculaque et positae spatiis aequalibus Horae, 
 Verque novum stabat cinctum florente corona ; 
 stabat nuda Aestas et spicea serta gerebat ; 
 stabat et Auctumnus, calcatis sordidus uvis ; 
 et glacialis Hiemps, canos hirsuta capillos. 30 
 
 Tnde loco medius, rerum novitate paventem 
 Sol oculis juvenem, quibus aspicit omnia, vidit : 
 1 Quae ' que * viae tibi causa? quid hac ' ait ' arce petisti, 
 progenies, Phaethon, haud infitianda parenti?' 
 ille refert : ' O lux inmensi publica mundi, 35 
 
 Phoebe pater, si das hujus mihi nominis usum, 
 nee falsa Clymene culpam sub imagine celat : 
 pignora da, genitor, per quae tua vera propago 
 credar, et hunc animis errorem detrahe nostris.' 
 
 Dixerat. At genitor circum caput omne micantes 
 
20 ii. The Adventure of Phaethon. [Metam. 
 
 deposuit radios, propiusque accedere jussit, 
 amplexuque dato, \ Nee tu meus esse negari 
 dignus es, et Clymene veros' ait * edidit ortus. 
 quoque minus dubites, quodvis pete munus, ut illud 
 me tribuente feras : promissi testis adesto 45 
 
 dis juranda palus, oculis incognita nostris.' 
 
 Vix bene desierat, currus rogat ille paternos, 
 inque diem alipedum jus et moderamen equorum. 
 paenituit jurasse patrem ; qui terque quaterque 
 concutiens illustre caput, \ Temeraria ' dixit 50 
 
 * vox mea facta tua est ; utinam promissa liceret 
 non dare ! confiteor, solum hoc tibi, nate, negarem : 
 dissuadere licet. Non est tua tuta voluntas : 
 magna petis, Phaethon, et quae nee viribus istis 
 munera conveniant, nee tarn puerilibus annis. 55 
 
 sors tua mortalis ; non est mortale, quod optas. 
 plus etiam, quam quod superis contingere fas est, 
 nescius affectas. Placeat sibi quisque licebit : 
 non tamen ignifero quisquam consistere in axe 
 me valet excepto. Vasti quoque rector Olympi, 60 
 qui fera terribili jaculatur fulmina dextra, 
 non agat hos currus : et quid Jove majus habemus? 
 
 * Ardua prima via est, et qua vix mane recentes 
 enituntur equi : medio est altissima caelo, 
 unde mare et terras ipsi mihi saepe videre 65 
 
 fit timor, et pavida trepidat formidine pectus : 
 ultima prona via est, et eget moderamine certo : 
 tunc etiam quae me subjectis excipit undis, 
 ne ferar in praeceps, Tethys solet ipsa vereri. 
 adde quod assidua rapitur vertigine caelum, 70 
 
 sideraque alta trahit, celerique volumine torquet. 
 nitor in adversum, nee me qui cetera, vincit 
 impetus, et rapido contrarius evehor orbi. 
 
 ' Finge datos currus : quid ages ? poterisne rotatis 
 
II. 108.] Perils of the Celestial Road, 21 
 
 obvius ire polis, ne te citus auferat axis? 75 
 
 forsitan et lucos illic urbesque deorum 
 
 concipias animo, delubraque ditia donis 
 
 esse? per insidias iter est formasque ferarum. 
 
 utque viam teneas, nulloque errore traharis, 
 
 per tamen adversi gradieris cornua Tauri, 80 
 
 Haemoniosque arcus, violentique ora Leonis, 
 
 saevaque circuitu curvantem brachia longo 
 
 Scorpion, atque aliter curvantem brachia Cancrum. 
 
 nee tibi quadrupedes animosos ignibus illis, 
 
 quos in pectore habent, quos ore et naribus efflant, 85 
 
 in promptu regere est : vix me patiuntur, ubi acres 
 
 incaluere animi, cervixque repugnat habenis. 
 
 ' At tu, funesti ne sim tibi muneris auctor, 
 nate, cave, dum resque sinit, tua corrige vota. 
 scilicet ut nostro genitum te sanguine credas, 90 
 
 pignora certa petis : do pignora certa timendo, 
 et patrio pater esse metu probor. Aspice vultus 
 ecce meos : utinamque oculos in pectora posses 
 inserere, et patrias intus deprendere curas ! 
 denique quicquid habet dives (circumspice) mundus, 
 eque tot ac tantis caeli terraeque marisque 
 posce bonis aliquid : nullam patiere repulsam. 
 deprecor hoc unum, quod vero nomine poena, 
 non honor est: poenam, Phaethon, pro munere poscis. 
 quid mea colla tenes blandis, ignare, lacertis? too 
 
 ne dubita, dabitur — Stygias juravimus undas! — 
 quodcumque optaris : sed tu sapientius opta.' 
 
 Finierat monitus \ dictis tamen ille repugnat, 
 propositumque premit, flagratque cupidine currus. 
 ergo qua licuit, genitor cunctatus, ad altos 105 
 
 deducit juvenem, Vulcania munera, currus. 
 aureus axis erat, temo aureus, aurea" summae 
 curvatura rotae, radiorum argenteus ordo. 
 
22 ii. The Adventure of Phaethon. [Met am. 
 
 per juga chrysolithi positaeque ex ordine gemmae 
 clara repercusso reddebant lumina phoebo. no 
 
 dumque ea magnanimus Phaethon miratur, opusque 
 perspicit, ecce vigil rutilo patefecit ab ortu 
 purpureas Aurora fores et plena rosarum 
 atria ; diffugiunt stellae, quarum agmina cogit 
 Lucifer, et caeli statione novissimus exit. 115 
 
 Quae petere ut terras, mundumque rubescere vidit, 
 cornuaque extremae velut evanescere lunae, 
 jungere equos Titan velocibus imperat Horis. 
 jussa deae celeres peragunt, ignemque vomentes, 
 ambrosiae suco saturos, praesepibus altis 120 
 
 quadrupedes ducunt, adduntque sonantia frena. 
 turn pater ora sui sacro medicamine'nati 
 contigit, et rapidae fecit patientia flammae, 
 imposuitque comae radios, praesagaque luctus 
 pectore sollicito repetens suspiria dixit : 125 
 
 * Si potes his saltern monitis parere paternis, 
 parce, puer, stimulis, et fortius utere loris. 
 sponte sua properant ; labor est inhibere volentes. 
 nee tibi directos placeat via quinque per arcus. 
 sectus in obliquum est lato curvamine limes, 130 
 
 zonarumque trium contentus fine, polumque 
 effugit australem, junctamque aquilonibus Arcton. 
 hac sit iter : manifesta rotae vestigia cernes. 
 utque ferant aequos et caelum et terra calores, 
 nee preme, nee summum molire per aethera currum. 
 altius egressus caelestia tecta cremabis, 
 inferius terras : medio tutissimus ibis. 
 neu te dexterior tortum declinet ad Anguem, 
 neve sinisterior pressam rota ducat ad Aram : 
 inter utrumque tene. Fortunae cetera mando, 140 
 
 quae juvet et melius quam tu tibi, consulat opto. 
 dum loquor, Hesperio positas in litore metas 
 
II. 176.] The Steeds dash forward on the Course, 23 
 
 humida nox tetigit ; non est mora libera nobis. 
 
 poscimur : effulget tenebris aurora fugatis. 
 
 corripe lora manu ; vel, si mutabile pectus 145 
 
 est tibi, consiliis, non curribus utere nostris, 
 
 dum potes, et solidis etiam nunc sedibus adstas, 
 
 dumque male optatos nondum premis inscius axes. 
 
 quae tutus spectes, sine me dare lumina terris. , 
 
 Occupat ille levem juvenili corpore currum, 150 
 
 statque super, manibusque datas contingere habenas 
 gaudet, et invito grates agit inde parenti. 
 interea volucres Pyrois Eoiis et Aethon, 
 solis equi, quartusque Phlegon, hinnitibus auras 
 flammiferis implent, pedibusque repagula pulsant. 155 
 quae postquam Tethys, fatorum ignara nepotis, 
 reppulit, et facta est immensi copia mundi, 
 corripuere viam, pedibusque per aera motis 
 obstantes scindunt nebulas, pennisque levati 
 praetereunt ortos isdem de partibus Euros. 160 
 
 Sed leve pondus erat, nee quod cognoscere possent 
 Solis equi, solitaque jugum gravitate carebat. 
 utque labant curvae justo sine pondere naves, 
 perque mare instabiles nimia levitate feruntur, 
 sic onere assueto vacuus dat in aere saltus, 165 
 
 succutiturque alte, similisque est currus inani. 
 quod simul ac sensere, ruunt, tritumque relinquunt 
 quadrijugi spatium, nee quo prius, ordine currunt. 
 ipse pavet ; nee qua commissas flectat habenas, 
 nee scit qua sit iter, nee, si sciat, imperet illis. 170 
 
 Turn primum radiis gelidi caluere triones, 
 et vetito frustra temptarunt aequore tingui, 
 quaeque polo posita est glaciali proxima Serpens, 
 frigore pigra prius, nee formidabilis ulli, 
 incaluit sumpsitque novas fervoribus iras. 175 
 
 te quoque turbatum memorant fugisse, Boote, 
 
24 it. The Adventure of Pha'ethon. [Metam. 
 
 quamvis tardus eras, et te tua plaustra tenebant. 
 
 Ut vero summo despexit ab aethere terras 
 infelix Phaethon, penitus penitusque jacentes, 
 palluit, et subito genua intremuere timore, 180 
 
 suntque oculis tenebrae per tantum lumen obortae. 
 et jam mallet equos numquam tetigisse paternos ; 
 jam cognosse genus piget, et valuisse rogando : 
 jam Meropis dici cupiens, ita fertur, ut acta 
 praecipiti pinus borea, cui victa remisit 185 
 
 frena suus rector, quam dis votisque reliquit. 
 
 Quid faciat? multum caeli post terga relictum, 
 ante oculos plus est : animo metitur utrumque. 
 et modo quos i Hi fatum contingere non est, 
 prospicit occasus, interdum respicit ortus. 190 
 
 quidque agat, ignarus stupet, et nee frena remittit, 
 nee retinere valet, nee nomina novit equorum. 
 sparsa quoque in vario passim miracula caelo 
 vastarumque videt trepidus simulacra ferarum. 
 
 Est locus, in geminos ubi brachia concavat arcus 
 Scorpios, et cauda flexisque utrimque lacertis 
 porrigit in spatium signorum membra duorum. 
 hunc puer ut nigri madidum sudore veneni 
 vulnera curvata minitantem cuspide vidit, 
 mentis inops gelida formidine lora remisit. 200 
 
 quae postquam summo tetigere jacentia tergo, 
 exspatiantur equi, nulloque inhibente per auras 
 ignotae regionis eunt, quaque impetus egit, 
 hac sine lege ruunt ; altoque sub aethere fixis 
 incursant stellis, rapiuntque per ftvia currum. 205 
 
 et modo summa petunt, modo per declive viasque 
 praecipites spatio terrae propiore feruntur. 
 inferiusque suis fraternos currere Luna 
 admiratur equos, ambustaque nubila fumant. 
 
 Corripitur flammis ut quaeque altissima, tellus, 210 
 
II. 244-] Conflagration of the Earth, 25 
 
 fissaque agit rimas, et sucis aret ademptis. 
 pabula canescunt ; cum frondibus uritur arbor, 
 materiamque suo praebet seges arida damno. 
 parva queror : magnae pereunt cum moenibus urbes, 
 cumque suis totas populis incendia gentes 215 
 
 in cinerem vertunt. Silvae cum montibus ardent : 
 ardet Athos, Taurusque Cilix, et Tmolus et Oete, 
 et turn sicca, prius celeberrima fontibus, Ida, 
 virgineusque Helicon, et nondum Oeagrius Haemos. 
 ardet in immensum geminatis ignibus Aetne, 220 
 
 Parnasusque biceps, et Eryx et Cynthus et Othrys, 
 et tandem nivibus Rhodope caritura, Mimasque 
 Dindymaque et Mycale natusque ad sacra Cithaeron. 
 nee prosunt Scythiae sua frigora : Caucasus ardet, 
 Ossaque cum Pindo, majorque ambobus Olympus, 225 
 aeriaeque Alpes, et nubifer Appenninus. 
 
 Turn vero Phaethon cunctis e partibus orbem 
 aspicit accensum, nee tantos sustinet aestus, 
 ferventesque auras velut e fornace profunda 
 ore trahit, currusque suos candescere sentit. 230 
 
 et neque jam cineres ejectatamque favillam 
 ferre potest, calidoque involvitur undique fumo. 
 quoque eat, aut ubi sit, picea caligine tectus 
 nescit, et arbitrio volucrum raptatur equorum. 
 
 Sanguine tunc credunt in corpora summa vocato 235 
 Aethiopum populos nigrum traxisse colorem ; • 
 turn facta est Libye raptis humoribus aestu 
 arida ; turn nymphae passis fontesque lacusque 
 deflevere comis ; quaerit Boeotia Dircen, 
 Argos Amymonen, Ephyre Pirenidas undas ; 240 
 
 nee sortita loco distantes flumina ripas 
 tuta manent : mediis Tanais fumavit in undis, 
 Peneosque senex, Teuthranteusque Caicus, 
 et celer Ismenos cum Phegiaco Erymantho, 
 
26 ii. The Adventure of Phaetkon. [Metam. 
 
 arsurusque iterum Xanthus, flavusque Lycormas, 245 
 quique recurvatis ludit Maeandros in undis, 
 Mygdoniusque Melas et Taenarius Eurolas. 
 
 Arsit et Euphrates Babylonius, arsit Orontes, 
 Thermodonque citus, Gangesque, et Phasis, et Hister. 
 aestuat Alpheos ; ripae Spercheides ardent ; 250 
 
 quodque suo Tagus amne vehit, fluit ignibus, aurum ; 
 et quae Maeonias celebrarant carmine ripas 
 flumineae volucres, medio caluere Caystro. 
 Nilus in extremum fugit perterritus orbem, 
 occuluitque caput, quod adhuc latet : ostia septem 255 
 pulverulenta vacant, septem sine flumine valles. 
 fors eadem Ismarios Hebrum cum Strymone siccat, 
 Hesperiosque amnes, Rhenum Rhodanumque Pa- 
 
 dumque, 
 cuique fuit rerum promissa potentia, Thybrin. 
 
 Dissilit omne solum, penetratque in Tartara rimis 
 lumen, et infernum terret cum conjuge regem ; 
 et mare contrahitur, siccaeque est campus arenae 
 quod modo pontus erat, quosque altum texerat aequor* 
 exsistunt montes et sparsas Cycladas augent. 
 ima petunt pisces, nee se super aequora curvi 265 
 
 tollere consuetas audent delphines in auras, 
 corpora phocarum summo resupina profundo 
 exanimata natant : ipsum quoque Nerea fama est 
 Doridaque et natas tepidis latuisse sub antris. 
 ter Neptunus aquis cum torvo bracchia vultu 270 
 
 exserere ausus erat; ter non tulit aeris ignes. 
 
 Alma tamen Tellus, ut erat circumdata ponto, 
 inter aquas pelagi, contractos undique fontes, 
 qui se condiderant in opacae viscera matris, 
 sustulit oppressos collo tenus arida vultus : 275 
 
 opposuitque manum fronti, magnoque tremore 
 omnia concutiens paulum subsedit, et infra 
 
II. 3io.] Appeal of the Earth to Jupiter, 27 
 
 quam solet esse, fuit, sacraque ita voce locuta est : 
 ' Si placet hoc, meruique, quid O tua fulmina 
 cessant, 
 summe deum? liceat periturae viribus ignis 280 
 
 igne perire tuo, clademque auctore levare. 
 vix equidem fauces haec ipsa in verba resolvo • — 
 presserat ora vapor — * tostos en aspice crines, 
 inque oculis tantum, tantum super ora favillae. 
 hosne mihi fructus, hunc fertilitatis honorem 285 
 
 officiique refers, quod adunci vulnera aratri 
 rastrorumque fero, totoque exerceor anno, 
 quod pecori frondes alimentaque mitia fruges 
 humano generi, vobis quoque tura ministro? 
 sed tamen exitium fac me meruisse, quid undae ; 290 
 quid meruit frater? cur illi tradita sorte 
 aequora decrescunt et ab aethere longius absunt? 
 quod si nee fratris, nee te mea gratia tangit, 
 at caeli miserere tui ! circumspice utrumque : 
 fumat uterque polus ; quos si vitiaverit ignis, 295 
 
 atria vestra ruent. Atlas en ipse laborat, 
 vixque suis humeris candentem sustinet axem. 
 si freta, si terrae pereunt, si regia caeli, 
 in chaos antiquum confundimur. Eripe flammis, 
 siquid adhuc superest, et rerum consule summae.' 300 
 
 Dixerat haec Tellus : neque enim tolerare vaporem 
 ulterius potuit, nee dicere plura ; suumque 
 rettulit os in se propioraque Manibus antra. 
 
 At pater omnipotens, superos testatus et ipsum 
 qui dederat currus, nisi opem ferat, omnia fato 305 
 
 interitura gravi, summam petit arduus arcem, 
 unde solet latis nubes inducere terris, 
 unde movet tonitrus, vibrataque fulmina jactat. 
 sed neque, quas posset terris inducere, nubes 
 tunc habuit, nee quos caelo dimitteret, imbres. 310 
 
28 ii. The Adventure of Pha'ethon, [Metam. 
 
 intonat, et dextra libratum fulmen ab aure 
 misit in aurigam, pariterque animaque rotisque 
 expulit, et saevis compescuit ignibus ignes. 
 consternantur equi, et saltu in contraria facto 
 colla jugo eripiunt, abruptaque lora relinquunt. 315 
 illic frena jacent, illic temone revulsus 
 axis, in hac radii fractarum parte rotarum, 
 sparsaque sunt late laceri vestigia currus. 
 
 At Phaethon, rutilos flamma populante capillos, 
 volvitur in praeceps, longoque per aera tractu 320 
 
 fertur, ut interdum de caelo Stella sereno 
 etsi non cecidit, potuit cecidisse videri. 
 quern procul a patria diverso maximus orbe 
 excipit Eridanus, fumantiaque abluit ora. 
 Naides Hesperiae trifida fumantia flamma 325 
 
 corpora dant tumulo, signant quoque carmine saxum : 
 
 HIC SITVS EST PHAETHON CVRRVS AVRIGA PATERNI 
 QVEM SI NON TENVIT MAGNIS TAMEN EXCIDIT AVS1S. 
 
 Nam pater obductos, luctu miserabilis aegro, 
 condiderat vultus ; et si modo credimus, unum 330 
 
 isse diem sine sole ferunt ; incendia lumen 
 praebebant, aliquisque malo fuit usus in illo. 
 
 At Clymene, postquam dixit quaecumque fuerunt 
 in tantis dicenda malis, lugubris et amens 
 et laniata sinus totum percensuit orbem : 335 
 
 exanimesque artus primo, mox ossa requirens, 
 repperit ossa tamen peregrina condita ripa, 
 incubuitque loco ; nomenque in marmore lectum 
 perfudit lacrimis et aperto pectore fovit. 
 
 Nee minus Heliades fletus et — inania morti 340 
 
 munera — dant lacrimas, et caesae pectora palmis 
 non auditurum miseras Phaethonta querellas 
 nocte dieque vocant, adsternunturque sepulcro. 
 luna quater junctis implerat cornibus orbem : 
 
n. 377.] The Heliades: Cycnus. 29 
 
 illae more suo, nam morem fecerat usus, 345 
 
 plangorem dederant : e quis Phaethusa, sororum 
 
 maxima, cum vellet terra procumbere, questa est 
 
 deriguisse pedes ; ad quam conata venire 
 
 Candida Lampetie, subita radice retenta est; 
 
 tertia, cum crinem manibus laniare pararet, 350 
 
 avellit frondes ; haec stipite crura teneri, 
 
 ilia dolet fieri longos sua bracchia ramos. 
 
 dumque ea mirantur, complectitur inguina cortex, 
 
 perque gradus uterum, pectusque, humerosque, ma- 
 
 nusque 
 ambit, et exstabant tantum ora vocantia matrem. 355 
 
 Quid faciat mater? nisi, quo trahat impetus illam 
 hue eat, atque illuc? et, dum licet, oscula jungat? 
 non satis est ; truncis avellere corpora temptat, 
 et teneros manibus ramos abrumpit : at inde 
 sanguineae manant, tamquam de vulnere, guttae. 360 
 * Parce, precor, mater/ quaecumque est saucia clamat, 
 ' parce, precor ! nostrum laceratur in arbore corpus, 
 jamque vale ' — cortex in verba novissima venit. 
 inde fluunt lacrimae, stillataque sole rigescunt 
 de ramis electra novis, quae lucidus amnis 365 
 
 excipit et nuribus mittit gestanda Latinis. 
 
 Adfuit huic monstro proles Sthenelei'a Cycnus, 
 qui tibi materno quamvis a sanguine junctus, 
 mente tamen, Phaethon, propior fuit ; ille relicto — 
 nam Ligurum populos et magnas rexerat urbes — 370 
 imperio, ripas virides amnemque querellis 
 Eridanum implerat, silvamque sororibus auctam : 
 cum vox est tenuata viro, canaeque capillos 
 dissimulant plumae, collumque a pectore longe 
 porrigitur, digitosque ligat junctura rubentes, 375 
 
 penna latus vestit, tenet os sine acumine rostrum, 
 fit nova Cycnus avis ; nee se caeloque Jovique 
 
30 ii. The Adventure of Phaethon. [Metam. 
 
 credit, ut injuste missi memor ignis ab illo : 
 stagna petit patulosque lacus, ignemque perosus, 
 quae colat, elegit contraria flumina fiammis. 380 
 
 Squalidus interea genitor Phaethontis, et expers 
 ipse sui decoris, qualis cum deficit orbem 
 esse solet, lucemque odit seque ipse diemque, 
 datque animum in luctus, et luctibus adicit iram, 
 oiiiciumque negat mundo. ' Satis' inquit ' ab aevi 385 
 sors mea principiis fuit inrequieta, pigetque 
 actorum sine fine mihi, sine honore laborum. 
 quilibet alter agat portantes lumina currus : 
 si nemo est, omnesque dei non posse fatentur, 
 ipse agat; ut saltern, dum nostras temptat habenas, 
 orbatura patres aliquando fulmina ponat. 
 turn sciet, ignipedum vires expertus equorum, 
 non meruisse necem, qui non bene rexerit illos.' 
 
 Talia dicentem circumstant omnia Solem 
 numina, neve velit tenebras inducere rebus, 395 
 
 supplice voce rogant ; missos quoque Juppiter ignes 
 excusat, precibusque minas regaliter addit. 
 colligit amentes et adhuc terrore paventes 
 Phoebus equos, stimuloque domans et verbere caedit : 
 saevit enim, natumque objectat et imputat illis. 400 
 
II. 849.] The Ra$e of Eur of a. 31 
 
 III. The Rape of Europa. 
 [Book 1 1. — 833-875.] 
 
 [Callisto, beloved by Jupiter, is transformed by Juno's 
 jealousy into a bear, and set as a constellation in the heavens 
 (401-530). Coronis is transformed into a raven ; Nyctimene into 
 a night-owl, and the prophetic Ocyroe into a mare (531-675). 
 Apollo serving Admetus as herdsman, his cattle are stolen by Mer- 
 cury, who changes Battus to a stone, finding him ready to betray 
 his secret (676-707). Aglauros, daughter of Cecrops, is harassed 
 by envy of her sister Herse, beloved by Mercury, and is changed 
 into a stone (708-832).] 
 
 Europa, daughter of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, being beloved 
 by Jupiter, he sends Mercury to drive Agenor's cattle to the shore, 
 meanwhile transforming himself to a snow-white bull ; whom 
 Europa mounts, and so is borne away upon the sea, to the island 
 of Crete. 
 
 T TAS ubi verborum poenas mentisque profanae 
 A A cepit Atlantiades, dictas a Pallade terras 
 linquit, et ingreditur jactatis aethera pennis. 835 
 
 sevocat hunc genitor ; nee causam fassus amoris, 
 ' Fide minister ' ait ' jussorum, nate, meorum, 
 pelle moram, solitoque celer delabere cursu : 
 quaque tuam matrem tellus a parte sinistra 
 suspicit, indigenae Sidonida nomine dicunt, 840 
 
 hanc pete ; quodque procul montano gramine pasci 
 armentum regale vides, ad litora verte.' 
 
 Dixit ; et expulsi jamdudum monte juvenci 
 litora jussa petunt, ubi magni filia regis 
 ludere virginibus Tyriis comitata solebat. 845 
 
 non bene conveniunt, nee in una sede morantur 
 majestas et amor. Sceptri gravitate relicta, 
 ille pater rectorque deum, cui dextra trisulcis 
 ignibus armata est, qui nutu concutit orbem, 
 
32 in. The Ra$e of Eurofa. [Metam. 
 
 induitur faciem tauri ; mixtusque juvencis 850 
 
 mugit, et in teneris formosus obambulat herbis. 
 quippe color nivis est, quam nee vestigia duri 
 calcavere pedis, nee solvit aquaticus auster; 
 colla toris extant ; armis palearia pendent ; 
 cornua parva quidem, sed quae contendere possis 855 
 facta manu, puraque magis perlucida gemma, 
 nullae in fronte minae, nee formidabile lumen : 
 pacem vultus habet. Miratur Agenore nata, 
 quod tarn formosus, quod proelia nulla minetur. 
 sed quamvis mitem, metuit contingere primo : 860 
 
 mox adit, et flores ad Candida porrigit ora. 
 
 Nunc latus in fulvis niveum deponit arenis : 865 
 
 paulatimque metu dempto, modo pectora praebet 
 virginea palpanda manu, modo cornua sertis 
 impedienda novis. Ausa est quoque regia virgo, 
 nescia quern premeret, tergo considere tauri : 
 cum deus a terra siccoque a litore sensim 870 
 
 falsa pedum primis vestigia ponit in undis, 
 inde abit ulterius, mediique per aequora ponti 
 fert praedam. Pavet haec, litusque ablata relictum 
 respicit, et dextra cornum tenet, altera dorso 
 imposita est : tremulae sinuantur flamine vestes. 875 
 
III. 20-1 The Search of Cadmus. 33 
 
 IV. The Search of Cadmus. 
 
 [Book III. — 1-137.] 
 
 Cadmus, brother of Europa, being sent by his father in search 
 of her, by guidance of an oracle follows a heifer ; and when she 
 lies down to rest, prepares for sacrifice (1-25). But meanwhile 
 his companions, sent to a fountain of Mars for water, are devoured 
 by a dragon (26-49). Seeking them, Cadmus encounters and 
 slays the dragon (50-94). At the command of Pallas, he sows his 
 teeth, which spring up armed men. These are all, excepting five, 
 slain in mutual strife ; and, by help of the survivors, Cadmus 
 founds the city Thebes, in Bceotia, which being interpreted is the 
 land of kiiie (95-130). 
 
 TAMQUE deus, posita fallacis imagine tauri, 
 ** se confessus erat, Dictaeaque rura tenebat : 
 cum pater ignarus Cadmo perquirere raptam 
 imperat, et poenam, si non invenerit, addit 
 exsilium : facto pius et sceleratus eodem. 5 
 
 Orbe pererrato — quis enim deprendere possit 
 furta Jovis? — profugus patriamque iramque parentis 
 vitat Agenorides, Phoebique oracula supplex 
 consulit, et quae sit tellus habitanda requirit. 
 1 Bos tibi ' Phoebus ait * solis occurret in arvis, 10 
 
 nullum passa jugum, curvique immunis aratri. 
 hac duce, carpe vias ; et qua requieverit herba, 
 moenia fac condas, Boeotiaque ilia vocato.' 
 
 Vix bene Castalio Cadmus descenderat antro, 
 incustoditam lente videt ire juvencam 15 
 
 nullum servitii signum cervice gerentem. 
 subsequitur, pressoque legit vestigia gressu, 
 auctoremque viae Phoebum taciturnus adorat. 
 jam vada Cephisi, Panopesque evaserat arva : 
 bos stetit, et tollens speciosam cornibus altis 20 
 
 .1 
 
34 The Search of Cadmus, [Metam. 
 
 ad caelum frontem, mugitibus impulit auras, 
 atque ita respiciens comites sua terga sequentes, 
 procubuit, teneraque latus summisit in herba. 
 
 Cadmus agit grates, peregrinaeque oscula terrae 
 figit, et ignotos montes agrosque salutat. 25 
 
 sacra Jovi facturus erat : jubet ire ministros, 
 et petere e vivis libandas fontibus undas. 
 silva vetus stabat nulla violata securi, 
 et specus in medio, virgis ac vimine densus, 
 efficiens humilem lapidum compagibus arcum, 30 
 
 uberibus fecundus aquis, ubi conditus antro 
 Martius anguis erat, cristis praesignis et auro : 
 igne micant oculi, corpus tumet omne veneno, 
 tresque vibrant linguae, triplici stant ordine dentes. 
 
 Quern postquam Tyria lucum de gente profecti 35 
 infausto tetigere gradu, demissaque in undas 
 urna dedit sonitum, longo caput extulit antro 
 caeruleus serpens, horrendaque sibila misit. 
 effluxere urnae manibus, sanguisque relinquit 
 corpus, et attonitos subitus tremor occupat artus. 40 
 ille volubilibus squamosos nexibus orbes 
 torquet, et immensos saltu sinuatur in arcus : 
 ac media plus parte leves erectus in auras 
 despicit omne nemus, tantoque est corpore, quanto 
 si totum spectes, geminas qui separat Arctos. 45 
 
 nee mora, Phoenicas, sive illi tela parabant, 
 sive fugam, sive ipse timor prohibebat utrumque, 
 occupat : hos morsu, longis amplexibus illos, 
 hos necat afflati funesta tabe veneni. 
 
 Fecerat exiguas jam sol altissimus umbras : 50 
 
 quae mora sit sociis, miratur Agenore natus, 
 vestigatque viros : tegumen direpta leonis 
 pellis erat, telum splendenti lancea ferro 
 et jaculum, teloque animus praestantior omni. 
 
III. 88.] Fight with the Dragon, 35 
 
 ut nemus intravit, letataque corpora vidit, 55 
 
 victoremque supra spatiosi corporis hostem 
 
 tristia sanguinea lambentem vulnera lingua, 
 
 * Aut ultor vestrae, fidissima corpora, mortis, 
 
 aut comes ' inquit ! ero.' Dixit, dextraque molarem 
 
 sustulit, et magnum magno conamine misit. 60 
 
 illius impulsu cum turribus ardua celsis 
 
 moenia mota forent : serpens sine vulnere mansit, 
 
 loricaeque modo squamis defensus, et atrae 
 
 duritia pellis, validos cute reppulit ictus. 
 
 At non duritia jaculum quoque vicit eadem, 65 
 
 quod medio lentae spinae curvamine fixum 
 constitit, et totum descendit in ilia ferrum. 
 ille, dolore ferox, caput in sua terga retorsit, 
 vulneraque aspexit, fixumque hastile momordit, 
 idque ubi vi multa partem labefecit in omnem, 70 
 
 vix tergo eripuit ; ferrum tamen ossibus haesit. 
 turn vero postquam solitas accessit ad iras 
 causa recens, plenis tumuerunt guttura venis, 
 spumaque pestiferos circumfluit albida rictus, 
 terraque rasa sonat squamis, quique halitus exit 75 
 ore niger Stygio, vitiatas inficit auras, 
 ipse modo immensum spiris facientibus orbem 
 cingitur, interdum longa trabe rectior exstat ; 
 impete nunc vasto ceu concitus imbribus amnis 
 fertur, et obstantes proturbat pectore silvas. 80 
 
 Cedit Agenorides paulum, spolioque leonis 
 sustinet incursus, instantiaque ora retardat 
 cuspide praetenta : furit ille, et inania duro 
 vulnera dat ferro, figitque in acumine dentes ; 
 jamque venenifero sanguis manare palato 85 
 
 coeperat, et virides aspergine tinxerat herbas : 
 sed leve vulnus erat, quia se retrahebat ab ictu, 
 laesaque colla dabat retro, plagamque sedere 
 
36 The Search of Cadmus. [Metam. 
 
 cedendo arcebat, nee longius ire sinebat : 
 
 donee Agenorides conjectum in gutture ferrum 90 
 
 usque sequens pressit, dum retro quercus eunti 
 
 obstitit, et fixa est pariter cum robore cervix. 
 
 pondere serpentis curvata est arbor, et imae 
 
 parte flagellari gemuit sua robora caudae. 
 
 Dum spatium victor victi considerat hostis, 95 
 
 vox subito audita est ; neque erat cognoscere promptum 
 unde, sed audita est : * Quid, Agenore nate, peremptum 
 serpentem spectas? et tu spectabere serpens.' 
 ille diu pavidus pariter cum mente colorem 
 perdiderat, gelidoque comae terrore rigebant. 100 
 
 ecce viri fautrix, superas delapsa per auras 
 Pallas adest, motaeque jubet subponere terrae 
 vipereos dentes, populi incrementa futuri. 
 paret, et ut presso sulcum patefecit aratro, 
 spargit humi jussos, mortalia semina, dentes. 105 
 
 inde — fide majus — glebae coepere moveri, 
 primaque de sulcis acies apparuit hastae ; 
 tegmina mox capitum picto nutantia cono ; 
 mox humeri pectusque onerataque bracchia telis 
 exsistunt, crescitque seges clipeata virorum. no 
 
 sic ubi tolluntur festis aulaea theatris, 
 surgere signa solent, primumque ostendere vultus, 
 cetera paulatim ; placidoque educta tenore 
 tota patent, imoque pedes in margine ponunt. 
 
 Territus hoste novo Cadmus capere arma parabat : 
 * Ne cape ' de populo quern terra creaverat unus 
 exclamat, * nee te civilibus insere bellis.' 
 atque ita terrigenis rigido de fratribus unum 
 cominus ense ferit : jaculo cadit eminus ipse, 
 hunc quoque qui leto dederat, non longius illo 120 
 
 vivit, et exspirat modo quas acceperat, auras, 
 exemploque pari furit omnis turba, suoque 
 
III. 130.] Founding of the City Thebes. 37 
 
 marte cadunt subiti per mutua vulnera fratres. 
 jamque brevis vitae spatium sortita juventus 
 sanguineo tepidam plangebat pectore matrem, 125 
 
 quinque superstitibus, quorum fuit unus Echion. 
 is sua jecit humo monitu Tritonidis arma, 
 fraternaeque fidem pads petiitque deditque. 
 hos operis comites habuit Sidonius hospes, 
 cum posuit jussam Phoebeis sortibus urbem. 130 
 
 Jam stabant Thebae : poteras jam, Cadme, videri 
 exsilio felix. Soceri tibi Marsque Venusque 
 contigerant ; hue adde genus de conjuge tanta, 
 tot natos natasque, et pignora cara, nepotes : 
 hos quoque jam juvenes. Sed scilicet ultima semper 
 expectanda dies homini, dicique beatus 
 ante obitum nemo supremaque funera debet. 
 
38 Pyramus and Thisbe. [Metam. 
 
 V. PYRAMUS AND TlIISBE. 
 [Book IV. — 55-166.] 
 
 [Of the family of Cadmus, Actaeon, having beheld Diana as 
 she was bathing with her nymphs, was changed by her into a stag, 
 and torn in pieces by his own hounds (III. 138-252). Semele 
 became the mother of Bacchus, but was destroyed by the presence 
 of Jupiter, whom she desired to see clothed with flames and thunder 
 ( 2 53~3 I 5)- Tiresias, the Theban seer, is made blind, but endowed 
 with prophecy (316-338). The nymph Echo, pining with love of 
 Narcissus, becomes a rock, her voice alone surviving (339-401) ; 
 while Narcissus, gazing on his image in a fountain, perishes, and 
 by the -water-nymphs is converted to a flower (402-510). Pen- 
 theus, having denied the god Bacchus, and forbidden his solem- 
 nities, and caused him to be seized, is torn in pieces by Bacchanals, 
 his mother and sisters aiding : Bacchus meanwhile (in the form of 
 Acastes) relates the miracle wrought by himself upon a Tyrrhenian 
 crew, whose ship's tackle he had converted to serpents, and them- 
 selves to dolphins (511-733). Three Theban sisters (Minyeides) 
 likewise refrain from the rites of Bacchus : of whom one relates the 
 tale of Pyramus and Thisbe (IV. 1-54)]. 
 
 These young lovers, dwelling in Babylon, had appointed a 
 meeting at the tomb of king Ninus (55-92). Thisbe, coming 
 first, is terrified by a lion and so escapes. Pyramus, soon arriving, 
 finds tracks of the beast and the torn mantle of Thisbe ; and con- 
 ceiving that she is slain, stabs himself with his sword, his blood 
 reddening the fruit of the mulberry, at whose foot he lies (93-127). 
 Thisbe, soon returning, finds him dying, and slays herself with the 
 sword yet warm (128-166). 
 
 TT)YRAMUS et Thisbe, juvenum pulcherrimus alter, 
 x altera, quas Oriens habuit, praelata puellis, 
 contiguas tenuere domos, ubi dicitur altam 
 coctilibus muris cinxisse Semiramis urbem. 
 notitiam primosque gradus vicinia fecit : 
 tempore crevit amor ; taedae quoque jure co'issent, 60 
 sed vetuere patres. Quod non potuere vetare, 
 
IV. 95-] Meeting assigned at JVtnus 9 Tomb, 39 
 
 ex aequo captis ardebant mentibus ambo : 
 conscius omnis abest ; nutu signisque loquuntur. 
 
 Quoque magis tegitur, tectus magis aestuat ignis, 
 fissus erat tenui rima, quam duxerat olim 65 
 
 cum fieret, paries domui communis utrique. 
 id vitium nulli per saecula longa notatum — 
 quid non sentit amor? — primi vidistis, amantes, 
 et vocis fecistis iter ; tutaeque per illud 
 murmure blanditiae minimo transire solebant. 70 
 
 saepe, ubi constiterant, hinc Thisbe, Pyramus illinc, 
 inque vices fuerat captatus anhelitus oris, 
 * Invide' dicebant * paries, quid amantibus obstas? 
 quantum erat, ut sineres toto nos corpore jungi, 
 aut hoc si nimium, vel ad oscula danda pateres ! 75 
 nee sumus ingrati ; tibi nos debere fatemur, 
 quod datus est verbis ad arnicas transitus aures.' 
 talia diversa nequiquam sede locuti, 
 sub noctem dixere vale, partique dedere 
 oscula quisque suae non pervenientia contra. 80 
 
 Postera nocturnos aurora removerat ignes, 
 solque pruinosas radiis siccaverat herbas : 
 ad solitum co'iere locum. Turn murmure parvo 
 multa prius questi, statuunt ut nocte silenti 
 fallere custodes foribusque excedere temptent, 85 
 
 cumque domo exierint, urbis quoque tecta relinquant ; 
 neve sit errandum lato spatiantibus arvo, 
 conveniant ad busta Nini, lateantque sub umbra 
 arboris : arbor ibi niveis uberrima pomis 
 ardua morus erat, gelido contermina fonti. 90 
 
 Pacta placent; et lux, tarde discedere visa, 
 praecipitatur aquis, et aquis nox surgit ab isdem. 
 callida per tenebras versato cardine Thisbe 
 egreditur fallitque suos, adopertaque vultum 
 pervenit ad tumulum, dictaque sub arbore sedit. 95 
 
40 Pyramus and Thisbe. [Metam. 
 
 audacem faciebat amor. Venit ecce recenti 
 
 caede leaena bourn spumantes oblita rictus, 
 
 depositura sitim vicini fontis in unda. 
 
 quam procul ad lunae radios Babylonia Thisbe 
 
 vidit, et obscurum trepido pede fugit in antrum, ioo 
 
 dumque fugit, tergo velamina lapsa reliquit. 
 
 ut lea saeva sitim multa compescuit unda, 
 
 dum redit in silvas, inventos forte sine ipsa 
 
 ore cruentato tenues laniavit amictus. 
 
 Serius egressus, vestigia vidit in alto 105 
 
 pulvere certa ferae, totoque expalluit ore 
 Pyramus. Ut vero vestem quoque sanguine tinctam 
 repperit, * Una duos ' inquit   nox perdet amantes : 
 e quibus ilia fuit longa dignissima vita, 
 nostra nocens anima est : ego te, miseranda, peremi, 
 in loca plena metus qui jussi nocte venires, 
 nee prior hue veni. Nostrum divellite corpus, 
 et scelerata fero consumite viscera morsu, 
 
 quicumque sub hac habitatis rupe, leones. 
 
 sed timidi est optare necem.' — Velamina Thisbes 115 
 tollit, et ad pactae secum fert arboris umbram. 
 utque dedit notae lacrimas, dedit oscula vesti, 
 
 1 Accipe nunc' inquit ' nostri quoque sanguinis haustus V 
 quoque erat accinctus, demisit in ilia ferrum ; 
 
 nee mora, ferventi moriens e vulnere traxit. 120 
 
 Ut jacuit resupinus humo, cruor emicat alte : 
 non aliter, quam cum vitiato fistula plumbo 
 scinditur, et tenui stridente foramine longas 
 ejaculatur aquas, atque ictibus aera rumpit. 
 arborei fetus aspergine caedis in atram 125 
 
 vertuntur faciem, madefactaque sanguine radix 
 puniceo tinguit pendentia mora colore. 
 
 Ecce metu nondum posito, ne fallat amantem, 
 ilia redit, juvenemque oculis animoque requirit, 
 
IV. 163.] Death of both the Lovers, 41 
 
 quantaque vitarit narrare pericula gestit. 130 
 
 ntque locum, et visa cognoscit in arbore for mam, 
 sic facit incertam pomi color : haeret, an haec sit. 
 dum dubitat, tremebunda videt pulsare cruentum 
 membra solum, retroque pedem tulit, oraque buxo 
 pallidiora gerens, exhorruit aequoris instar, 135 
 
 quod tremit, exigua cum summum stringitur aura. 
 
 Sed postquam remorata suos cognovit amores, 
 percutit indignos claro plangore lacertos, 
 et laniata comas, amplexaque corpus amatum, 
 vulnera supplevit lacrimis, fletumque cruori 140 
 
 miscuit, et gelidis in vultibus oscula flgens, 
 1 Pyrame !   clamavit * quis te mihi casus ademit? 
 Pyrame, responde : tua te carissima Thisbe 
 nominat : exaudi, vultusque attolle jacentes ! ' 
 
 Ad nomen Thisbes oculos jam morte gravatos 145 
 Pyramus erexit, visaque recondidit ilia ; 
 quae postquam vestemque suam cognovit, et ense 
 vidit ebur vacuum, * Tua te manus ' inquit * amorque 
 perdidit, infelix. Est et mihi fortis in unum 
 hoc manus, est et amor ; dabit hie in vulnera vires, 
 persequar exstinctum, letique miserrima dicar 
 causa comesque tui ; quique a me morte revelli 
 heu sola poteras, poteris nee morte revelli. 
 hoc tamen amborum verbis estote rogati, 
 O multum miseri, mens illiusque parentes, 155 
 
 ut quos certus amor, quos hora novissima junxit, 
 componi tumulo non invideatis eodem. 
 at tu, quae ramis arbor miserabile corpus 
 nunc tegis unius, mox es tectura duorum, 
 signa tene caedis, pullosque et luctibus aptos 160 
 
 semper habe fetus, gemini monumenta cmoris.' 
 
 Dixit, et aptato pectus mucrone sub imum 
 incubuit ferro, quod adhuc a caede tepebat. 
 
42 Perseus and Andromeda, [Met am. 
 
 vota tamen tetigere deos, tetigere parentes : 
 
 nam color in pomo est, ubi permaturuit, ater ; ^5 
 
 quodque rogis superest, una requiescit in urna. 
 
 VI. Perseus and Andromeda. 
 
 [Book IV. — 615-803.] 
 
 [A second sister tells of Leucothoe, an eastern princess, beloved 
 by the sun-god, who is by him changed after her burial into the herb 
 frankincense ; and of Clytie, who, pining with hopeless love of the 
 same divinity, becomes a sun-flower (IV. 167-270). The third 
 sister, Leuconoe, tells the fable of the fountain-nymph Salmacis, 
 to whose waters was given the power to unman whosoever might 
 bathe in them (271-388). But the three sisters, who had despised 
 the rites of Bacchus, are themselves converted into bats (389- 
 415). Ino also, daughter of Cadmus and nurse of Bacchus, having 
 affronted Juno, is with her husband Athamas maddened by a Fury, 
 despatched from Tartarus ; so that, while he slays their eldest son, 
 taking him for a wild beast, Ino casts herself with Melicerta into 
 the sea, becoming the sea divinity Leucothea, and her companions 
 are changed to stones and birds (416-562). Cadmus and his wife 
 Hermione, in great age, having witnessed these sorrows of their 
 house, are at length converted into serpents, consoled only by the 
 glories of their grandson Bacchus (563-614)0 
 
 Perseus, returning from the slaying of Medusa, is refused hos- 
 pitality by the Titan Atlas, whom by the Gorgon's head he converts 
 into a mountain (615-662). Flying over Ethiopia, he discovers the 
 princess Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia, fastened 
 to a cliff to be devoured by a sea-monster, which he attacks and 
 slays, and so wins Andromeda for his bride (663-739). The 
 marvellous effect of Medusa's head, which changes leaves and 
 twigs to coral ; and the tale told at Perseus' wedding feast, of 
 Medusa, daughter of Phorcus, whose golden locks were by the 
 wrath of Minerva changed to serpents. 
 
IV. 648.] The Giant Atlas. 43 
 
 "\ 77PEREI referens spolium memorabile monstri 
 
 ' aera carpebat tenerum stridentibus alis ; 
 cumque super Libycas victor penderet arenas, 
 Gorgonei capitis guttae cecidere cruentae, 
 quas humus exceptas varios animavit in angues : 
 unde frequens ilia est infestaque terra colubris. 620 
 
 Inde per immensum ventis discordibus actus 
 nunc hue, nunc illuc, exemplo nubis aquosae 
 fertur, et ex alto seductas aethere longe 
 despectat terras, totumque supervolat orbem. 
 ter gelidas Arctos, ter Cancri bracchia vidit : 625 
 
 saepe sub occasus, saepe est ablatus in ortus. 
 jamque cadente die, veritus se credere nocti, 
 constitit Hesperio, regnis Atlantis, in orbe ; 
 exiguamque petit requiem, dum Lucifer ignes 
 evocet Aurorae, currus Aurora diurnos. 630 
 
 Hie hominum cunctos ingenti corpore praestans 
 Iapetionides Atlas fuit. Ultima tellus 
 rege sub hoc et pontus erat, qui Solis anhelis 
 aequora subdit equis, et fessos excipit axes, 
 mille greges illi, totidemque armenta per herbas 635 
 errabant ; et humum vicinia nulla premebant. 
 arboreae frondes auro radiante virentes, 
 ex auro ramos, ex auro poma tegebant. 
 
 ' Hospes,' ait Perseus illi, * seu gloria tangit 
 te generis magni, generis mihi Juppiter auctor ; 640 
 sive es mirator rerum, mirabere nostras : 
 hospitium requiemque peto.' Memor ille vetustae 
 sortis erat ; Themis hanc dederat Parnasia sortem : 
 * Tempus, Atla, veniet, tua quo spoliabitur auro 
 arbor, et hunc praedae titulum Jove natus habebit.' 
 id metuens, solidis pomaria clauserat Atlas 
 moenibus, et vasto dederat servanda draconi, 
 arcebatque suis externos finibus omnes. 
 
44 Perseus and Andromeda. [Metam. 
 
 huic quoque ' Vade procul, ne longe gloria rerum, 
 quam mentiris,' ait ' longe tibi Juppiter absit ; ' 650 
 
 vimque minis addit, manibusque expellere temptat 
 cunctantem, et placidis miscentem fortia dictis. 
 
 Viribus inferior — quis enim par esset Atlanti 
 viribus ? — 'At quoniam parvi tibi gratia nostra est, 
 accipe munus,' ait ; laevaque a parte Medusae 655 
 ipse retroversus squalentia prodidit ora. 
 quantus erat, mons factus Atlas : nam barba comaeque 
 in silvas abeunt, juga sunt humerique manusque ; 
 quod caput ante fuit, summo est in monte cacumen ; 
 ossa lapis fiunt. Turn partes auctus in omnes 660 
 
 crevit in immensum — sic di statuistis — et omne 
 cum tot sideribus caelum requievit in illo. 
 
 Clauserat Hippotades aeterno carcere ventos, 
 admonitorque operum caelo clarissimus alto 
 Lucifer ortus erat. Pennis ligat ille resumptis 665 
 parte ab utraque pedes, teloque accingitur unco, 
 et liquidum motis talaribus aera findit. 
 gentibus innumeris circumque infraque relictis, 
 Aethiopum populos Cepheaque conspicit arva. 
 illic immeritam maternae pendere linguae 670 
 
 Andromedan poenas immitis jusserat Ammon. 
 
 Quam simul ad duras religatam bracchia cautes 
 vidit Abantiades, — nisi quod levis aura capillos 
 moverat, et tepido manabant lumina fletu, 
 marmoreum ratus esset opus — trahit inscius ignes, 
 et stupet, et visae correptus imagine formae, 
 paene suas quatere est oblitus in aere pennas. 
 ut stetit, f O' dixit f non istis digna catenis, 
 sed quibus inter se cupidi junguntur amantes, 
 pande requirenti nomen terraeque tuumque, 680 
 
 et cur vincla geras.' Primo silet ilia, nee audet 
 appellare virum virgo ; manibusque modestos 
 
IV. 715] Approach of the Sea-monster. 45 
 
 celasset vultus, si non religata fuisset. 
 lumina, quod potuit, lacrimis implevit obortis. 
 
 Saepius instanti, sua ne delicta fateri 685 
 
 nolle videretur, nomen terraeque suumque, 
 quantaque maternae fuerit fiducia formae, 
 indicat. Et nondum memoratis omnibus unda 
 insonuit, veniensque immenso belua ponto 
 imminet, et latum sub pectore possidet aequor. 690 
 
 Conclamat virgo ; genitor lugubris et una 
 mater adest, ambo miseri, sed justius ilia, 
 nee secum auxilium, sed dignos tempore fletus 
 plangoremque ferunt, vinctoque in corpore adhaerent ; 
 cum sic hospes ait : * Lacrimarum longa manere 695 
 tempora vos poterunt; ad opem brevis hora feren- 
 
 dam est. 
 hanc ego si peterem Perseus Jove natus et ilia, 
 quam clausam implevit foecundo Juppiter auro, 
 Gorgonis anguicomae Perseus superator, et alis 
 aetherias ausus jactatis ire per auras, 700 
 
 praeferrer cunctis certe gener. Addere tantis 
 dotibus et meritum, faveant modo numina, tempto : 
 ut mea sit servata mea virtute, paciscor.' 
 accipiunt legem — quis enim dubitaret? — et orant, 
 prornittuntque super regnum dotale parentes. 705 
 
 Ecce velut navis praefixo concita rostro 
 sulcat aquas, juvenum sudantibus acta lacertis, 
 sic fera dimotis impulsu pectoris undis 
 tantum aberat scopulis, quantum Balearica torto 
 funda potest plumbo medii transmittere caeli : 710 
 
 cum subito juvenis, pedibus tellure repulsa, 
 arduus in nubes abiit. Ut in aequore summo 
 umbra viri visa est, visam fera saevit in umbram. 
 utque Jovis praepes, vacuo cum vidit in arvo 
 praebentem Phoebo liventia terga draconem, 715 
 
46 Perseus and Andromeda. [Met am. 
 
 occupat aversum, neu saeva retorqueat ora, 
 squamigeris avidos figit cervicibus ungues : 
 sic celer immisso praeceps per inane volatu 
 terga ferae pressit, dextroque frementis in armo 
 Inachides ferrum curvo tenus abdidit hamo. 720 
 
 vulnere laesa gravi, modo se sublimis in auras 
 attollit, modo subdit aquis, modo more ferocis 
 versat apri, quern turba canum circumsona terret. 
 ille avidos morsus velocibus effugit alis ; 
 quaque patent, nunc terga cavis super obsita conchis, 
 nunc laterum costas, nunc qua tenuissima cauda 
 desinit in piscem, falcato verberat ense. 
 belua puniceo mixtos cum sanguine fluctus 
 ore vomit : maduere graves aspergine pennae. 
 
 Nee bibulis ultra Perseus talaribus ausus 730 
 
 credere, conspexit scopulum, qui vertice summo 
 stantibus exstat aquis, operitur ab aequore moto. 
 nixus eo, rupisque tenens juga prima, sinistra 
 ter quater exegit repetita per ilia ferrum. 
 litora cum plausu clamor superasque deorum 735 
 
 implevere domos. Gaudent, generumque salutant, 
 auxiliumque domus servatoremque fatentur 
 Cassiope Cepheusque pater. Resoluta catenis 
 incedit virgo, pretiumque et causa laboris. 
 
 Ipse manus hausta victrices abluit unda : 740 
 
 anguiferumque caput dura ne laedat arena, 
 mollit humum foliis, natasque sub aequore virgas 
 sternit, et imponit Phorcynidos ora Medusae, 
 virga recens bibulaque etiamnum viva medulla 
 vim rapuit monstri, tactuque induruit hujus, 745 
 
 percepitque novum ramis et fronde rigorem. 
 at pelagi nymphae factum mirabile temptant 
 pluribus in virgis, et idem contingere gaudent, 
 seminaque ex illis iterant jactata per undas. 
 
IV. 784] The Marriage Festival. 47 
 
 nunc quoque curaliis eadem natura remansit, 750 
 
 duritiam tacto capiant ut ab aere, quodque 
 vimen in aequore erat, fiat super aequora saxum. 
 
 Dis tribus ille focos totidem de cespite ponit, 
 laevum Mercurio, dextrum tibi, bellica Virgo; 
 ara Jovis media est : mactatur vacca Minervae, 755 
 alipedi vitulus, taurus tibi, summe deorum. 
 protinus Andromedan et tanti praemia facti 
 indotata rapit. Taedas Hymenaeus Amorque 
 praecutiunt ; largis satiantur odoribus ignes, 
 sertaque dependent tectis, et ubique lyraeque 760 
 
 tibiaque et cantus, animi felicia laeti 
 argumenta, sonant. Reseratis aurea valvis 
 atria tota patent, pulchroque instructa paratu 
 Cepheni proceres ineunt convivia regis. 
 
 Postquam epulis functi generosi munere Bacchi 765 
 diffudere animos, cultusque genusque locorum 
 quaerit Lyncides, moresque animumque virorum ; 
 qui simul edocuit, * Nunc, O fortissime,' dixit 
 1 fare precor, Perseu, quanta virtute, quibusque 770 
 artibus abstuleris crinita draconibus ora.' 
 narrat Agenorides gelido sub Atlante jacentem 
 esse locum solidae tutum munimine molis, 
 cujus in introitu geminas habitasse sorores 
 Phorcidas, unius partitas luminis usum : 775 
 
 id se sollerti furtim, dum traditur, astu 
 subposita cepisse manu ; perque abdita longe 
 deviaque et silvis horrentia saxa fragosis 
 Gorgoneas tetigisse domos ; passimque per agros 
 perque vias vidisse hominum simulacra ferarumque 
 in silicem ex ipsis visa conversa Medusa : 
 se tamen horrendae clipei, quod laeva gerebat, 
 aere repercusso, formam aspexisse Medusae ; 
 dumque gravis somnus colubrasque ipsamque tenebat, 
 
48 Perseus and Andromeda. [Metam. 
 
 eripuisse caput collo ; pennisque fugacem 785 
 
 Pegason et fratrem, matris de sanguine natos. 
 addidit et longi non falsa pericula cursus : 
 quae freta, quas terras sub se vidisset ab alto, 
 et quae jactatis tetigisset sidera pennis. 
 ante exspectatum tacuit tamen. Excipit unus 790 
 
 ex numero procerum, quaerens, cur sola sororum 
 gesserit alternis inmixtos crinibus angues. 
 
 Hospes ait, • Quoniam scitaris digna relatu, 
 accipe quaesiti causam. Clarissima forma 
 multorumque fuit spes invidiosa procorum 795 
 
 ilia ; nee in tota conspectior ulla capillis 
 pars fuit. Inveni, qui se vidisse referret. 
 hanc pelagi rector templo vitiasse Minervae 
 dicitur. Aversa est et castos aegide vultus 
 nata Jovis texit ; neve hoc impune fuisset, 800 
 
 Gorgoneum crinem turpes mutavit in hydros, 
 nunc quoque, ut attonitos formidine terreat hostes, 
 pectore in adverso quos fecit, sustinet angues.' 
 
V.] Tke Wandering of Ceres, 49 
 
 VII. The Wandering of Ceres. 
 [Book V. — 341-661.] 
 
 [At the marriage feast of Perseus and Andromeda, her uncle 
 Phineus, to whom she had been betrothed, out of jealousy caused 
 a quarrel among the guests ; and a violent quarrel arising thence, 
 with bloodshed on both sides, Perseus, by showing the Gorgon's 
 head, suddenly turned into stone Phineus himself, with two hundred 
 of his companions (V. 1-235). And by the same means, after his 
 return to Argos, his enemies Prcetus and Polydectes were likewise 
 converted into stone (236-249). Minerva (who had attended Per- 
 seus thus far), coming to Helicon and inquiring of the Muses, is 
 told the following : that having taken refuge from a tempest with 
 Pyreneus of Daulia, in Phocis, and he offering them violence, they 
 were changed to birds ; and he, attempting flight after them, was 
 dashed in pieces (250-293). The Pierides, daughters of king 
 Pierus, of Macedonia, having challenged them to a trial of skill, 
 begin with the tale of the giant sons of Earth, who attempted to 
 scale Olympus ; the terror of the gods before Typhoeus, and the 
 various shapes they assumed in their flight ; to which the Muses 
 respond by relating the Wandering of Ceres in her search for her 
 daughter Proserpine (294-340).] 
 
 When the monster Typhoeus had been buried beneath Mount 
 yEtna, Pluto, god of the world below, alarmed at the convulsions 
 caused by his agony, came forth to view. Now Venus had been 
 jealous at the virginity of Proserpine, Ceres' daughter ; and at her 
 bidding Cupid shot the king of Shadows with his dart. He then, 
 beholding Proserpine, as she sported with her maidens in the vale 
 of Enna, seized her, and bore her away in his chariot, driving his 
 way through the fount of Cyane, who thereon was herself con- 
 verted into water (341-437). Seeking her daughter in vain, by the 
 light of torches kindled from ^Etna, Ceres turned into a spotted 
 lizard (stelUd) the boy Stelles, who had mocked her eager thirst ; 
 and into a horned owl Ascalaphus, who testified to having seen 
 Proserpine in Hades eat seven pomegranate-seeds, whereby she 
 was compelled to remain in her new abode. Meanwhile, the 
 virgin-companions of Proserpine became winged Sirens. And, 
 by favor of Jupiter, Proserpine was permitted to pass half the year 
 with her mother, and half with her wedded lord (438-567). 
 
50 The Wandering of Ceres. [Metam. 
 
 Ceres, comforted that her daughter is thus partially restored to 
 her, asks of the nymph Arethusa of her flight and transformation ; 
 who relates that, being pursued by the river-god Alpheus, in Elis 
 of Greece, Diana, whose attendant nymph she was, provided for 
 her escape by a passage beneath the sea, whereby she came to the 
 isle of Ortygia, sacred to Diana, on the coast of Sicily (569-641). 
 
 Ceres then, proceeding to Athens, gave her chariot to Tripto- 
 lemus, that he might instruct mankind in the sowing and gathering 
 of corn ; and Lyncus, seeking to kill him out of envy, is converted 
 to a lynx (642-661). 
 
 [So ends the tale sung by the Muses. And the Pierides, being 
 adjudged defeated in their rivalry, are transformed to chattering 
 magpies (662-678).] 
 
 "DRIMA Ceres unco glebam dimovit aratro, 
 
 -*- prima dedit fruges alimentaque mitia terris, 
 
 prima dedit leges : Cereris sunt omnia munus. 
 
 ilia canenda mihi est. Utinam modo dicere possem 
 
 carmina digna dea : certe dea carmine digna est. 345 
 
 Vasta giganteis ingesta est insula membris 
 Trinacris, et magnis subjectum molibus urguet 
 aetherias ausum sperare Typhoea sedes. 
 nititur ille quidem, pugnatque resurgere saepe ; 
 dextra sed Ausonio manus est subjecta Peloro, 350 
 
 laeva, Pachyne, tibi ; Lilybaeo crura premuntur ; 
 degravat Aetna caput, sub qua resupinus arenas 
 ejectat, flammamque fero vomit ore Typhoeus. 
 saepe remoliri luctatur pondera terrae, 
 oppidaque et magnos devolvere corpore montes. 355 
 inde tremit tellus ; et rex pavet ipse silentum, 
 ne pateat, latoque solum retegatur hiatu, 
 immissusque dies trepidantes terreat umbras. 
 
 Hanc metuens cladem, tenebrosa sede tyrannus 
 exierat, curruque atrorum vectus equorum 360 
 
 ambibat Siculae cautus fundamina terrae. 
 postquam exploratum satis est, loca nulla labare, 
 
V. 39 6 -] Proserpine is stolen by Pluto. 51 
 
 depositique metus, videt hunc Erycina vagantem 
 
 monte suo residens, natumque amplexa volucrem 
 
 1 Arma manusque meae, mea, nate, potentia,' dixit 
 
 * ilia, quibus superas omnes, cape tela, Cupido, 
 
 inque dei pectus celeres molire sagittas, 
 
 cui triplicis cessit fortuna novissima regni. 
 
 tu superos ipsumque Jovem, tu numina ponti 
 
 victa domas, ipsumque regit qui numina ponti. 370 
 
 Tartara quid cessant? cur non matrisque tuumque 
 
 imperium profers? agitur pars tertia mundi. 
 
 et tamen in caelo, quae jam patientia nostra est, 
 
 spernimur, ac mecum vires minuuntur Amoris. 
 
 Pallada nonne vides jaculatricemque Dianam 375 
 
 abscessisse mihi? Cereris quoque filia virgo, 
 
 si patiemur, erit ; nam spes adfectat easdem. 
 
 at tu, pro socio (siqua est ea gratia) regno, 
 
 junge deam patruo.' Dixit Venus ; ille pharetram 
 
 solvit, et,arbitrio matris, de mille sagittis 380 
 
 unam seposuit, sed qua nee acutior ulla, 
 
 nee minus incerta est, nee quae magis audiat arcus. 
 
 oppositoque genu curvavit flexile cornu : 
 
 inque cor hamata percussit arundine Ditem. 
 
 Haud procul Hennaeis lacus est a moenibus altae, 
 nomine Pergus, aquae. Non illo plura Caystros 
 carmina eyenorum labentibus audit in undis. 
 silva coronat aquas cingens latus omne, suisque 
 frondibus ut velo Phoebeos submovet ignes. 
 frigora dant rami, Tyrios humus humida flores : 390 
 perpetuum ver est. Quo dum Proserpina luco 
 ludit, et aut violas aut Candida lilia carpit, 
 dumque puellari studio calathosque sinumque 
 implet, et aequales certat superare legendo, 
 paene simul visa est dilectaque raptaque Diti : 395 
 
 usque adeo est properatus amor. Dea territa maesto 
 
52 The Wandering of Ceres, [Met am. 
 
 et matrem et comites, sed matrem saepius, ore 
 clamat; et ut summa vestem laniarat ab ora, 
 collecti flores tunicis cecidere remissis. 
 tantaque simplicitas puerilibus adfuit annis, 400 
 
 haec quoque virgineum movit jactura dolorem. 
 
 Raptor agit currus, et nomine quemque vocatos 
 exhortatur equos, quorum per colla jubasque 
 excutit obscura tinctas ferrugine habenas. 
 perque lacus altos et olentia sulfure fertur 405 
 
 stagna Palicorum, rupta ferventia terra; 
 et qua Bacchiadae, bimari gens orta Corintho, 
 inter inaequales posuerunt moenia portus. 
 
 Est medium Cyanes et Pisaeae Arethusae, 
 quod coit angustis inclusum cornibus aequor. 410 
 
 hie fuit, a cujus stagnum quoque nomine dictum est, 
 inter Sicelidas Cyane celeberrima nymphas. 
 gurgite quae medio summa tenus exstitit alvo, 
 agnovitque deam : f Nee longius ibitis* inquit ; 
 • non potes invitae Cereris gener esse : roganda, 415 
 non rapienda fuit. Quod si componere magnis 
 parva mihi fas est, et me dilexit Anapis : 
 exorata tamen, nee, ut haec, exterrita nupsi.' 
 dixit, et in partes diversas bracchia tendens 
 ohstitit. Haud ultra tenuit Saturnius iram, 420 
 
 terribilesque hortatus equos in gurgitis ima 
 contortum valido sceptrum regale lacerto 
 condidit. Icta viam tellus in Tartara fecit, 
 et pronos currus medio cratere recepit. 
 
 At Cyane raptamque deam contemptaque fontis 425 
 jura sui maerens, inconsolabile vulnus 
 mente gerit tacita, lacrimisque absumitur omnis ; 
 et quarum fuerat magnum modo numen, in illas 
 extenuatur aquas. Molliri membra videres, 
 ossa pati flexus, ungues posuisse rigorem : 430 
 
V. 464.] H er Weary Search. 53 
 
 primaque de tota tenuissima quaeque liquescunt, 
 
 caerulei crines, digitique et crura pedesque : 
 
 nam brevis in gelidas membris exilibus undas 
 
 transitus est ; post haec humeri tergusque latusque 
 
 pectoraque in tenues abeunt evanida rivos. 435 
 
 denique pro vivo vitiatas sanguine venas 
 
 lympha subit ; restatque nihil, quod prendere possis. 
 
 Interea pavidae nequiquam filia matri 
 omnibus est terris, omni quaesita profundo. 
 illam non udis veniens Aurora capillis 440 
 
 cessantem vidit, non Hesperus : ilia duabus 
 flammiferas pinus manibus succendit ab Aetna, 
 perque pruinosas tulit inrequieta tenebras. 
 rursus ubi alma dies hebetarat sidera, natam 
 solis ab occasu solis quaerebat ad ortus. 445 
 
 fessa labore sitim collegerat, oraque nulli 
 colluerant fontes ; cum tectam stramine vidit 
 forte casam, parvasque fores pulsavit : at inde 
 prodit anus, divamque videt, lymphamque roganti 
 dulce dedit, tosta quod texerat ante polenta. 450 
 
 dum bibit ilia datum, duri puer oris et audax 
 constitit ante deam, risitque, avidamque vocavit. 
 offensa est ; neque adhuc epota parte loquentem 
 cum liquido mixta perfudit diva polenta, 
 combibit os maculas, et quae modo bracchia gessit, 455 
 crura gerit ; cauda est mutatis addita membris : 
 inque brevem formam, ne sit vis magna nocendi, 
 contrahitur, parvaque minor mensura lacerta est. 
 mirantem flentemque et tangere monstra parantem 
 fugit anum, latebramque petit; aptumque colori 460 
 nomen habet, variis stellatus corpora guttis. 
 
 Quas dea per terras et quas erraverit undas, 
 dicere longa mora est. Quaerenti defuit orbis : 
 Sicaniam repetit ; dumque omnia lustrat eundo, 
 
54 The Wandering of Ceres. [Metam. 
 
 venit et ad Cyanen. Ea ni mutata fuisset, 465 
 
 omnia narrasset ; sed et os et lingua volenti 
 dicere non aderant, nee quo loqueretur, habebat. 
 signa tamen manifesta dedit, notamque parenti, 
 illo forte loco delapsam in gurgite sacro, 
 Persephones zonam summis ostendit in undis. 470 
 
 quam simul agnovit, tamquam tunc denique raptam 
 scisset, inornatos laniavit diva capillos, 
 et repetita suis percussit pectora palmis. 
 nescit adhuc ubi sit ; terras tamen increpat omnes, 
 ingratasque vocat, nee frugum munere dignas : 475 
 Trinacriam ante alias, in qua vestigia damni 
 repperit. Ergo illic saeva vertentia glebas 
 fregit aratra manu, parilique irata colonos 
 ruricolasque boves leto dedit, arvaque jussit 
 fallere depositum, vitiataque semina fecit. 480 
 
 fertilitas terrae latum vulgata per orbem 
 falsa jacet ; primis segetes moriuntur in herbis, 
 et modo sol nimius, nimius modo corripit imber ; 
 sideraque ventique nocent, avidaeque volucres 
 semina jacta legunt ; lolium tribulique fatigant 485 
 
 triticeas messes, et inexpugnabile gramen. 
 Turn caput Eleis Alpheias extulit undis, 
 rorantesque comas a fronte removit ad aures, 
 atque ait : ' O toto quaesitae virginis orbe 
 et frugum genitrix, immensos siste labores, 490 
 
 neve tibi fidae violenta irascere terrae : 
 terra nihil meruit, patuitque invita rapinae. 
 nee sum pro patria supplex ; hue hospita veni : 
 Pisa mihi patria est, et ab Elide ducimus ortus. 
 Sicaniam peregrina colo, sed gratior omni 495 
 
 haec mihi terra solo est. Hos nunc Arethusa penates, 
 hanc habeo sedem ; quam tu, mitissima, serva. 
 mota loco cur sim, tantique per aequoris undas 
 
V. S3 2 -] Sh e discovers Proserpine's Abode. 55 
 
 advehar Ortygiam, veniet narratibus hora 
 
 tempestiva meis, cum tu curaque levata 500 
 
 et vultus melioris eris. Mihi pervia tellus 
 
 praebet iter, subterque imas ablata cavernas, 
 
 hie caput attollo, desuetaque sidera cerno. 
 
 ergo dum Stygio sub terris gurgite labor, 
 
 visa tua est oculis illic Proserpina nostris : 505 
 
 ilia quidem tristis, neque adhuc interrita vultu, 
 
 sed regina tamen, sed opaci maxima mundi, 
 
 sed tamen inferni pollens matrona tyranni.' 
 
 Mater ad auditas stupuit ceu saxea voces, 
 attonitaeque diu similis fuit. Utque dolore 510 
 
 pulsa gravi gravis est amentia, curribus auras 
 exit in aetherias : ibi toto nubila vultu 
 ante Jovem passis stetit invidiosa capillis : 
   Proque meo veni supplex tibi, Juppiter,' inquit, 
 1 sanguine, proque tuo. Si nulla est gratia matris, 515 
 nata patrem moveat ; neu sit tibi cura, precamur, 
 vilior illius, quod nostro est edita partu. 
 en quaesita diu tandem mihi nata reperta est : 
 si reperire vocas amittere certius, aut si 
 scire, ubi sit, reperire vocas. Quod rapta, feremus, 
 dummodo reddat earn : neque enim praedone marito 
 filia digna tua est — si jam mea filia non est.' 
 
 Juppiter excepit, * Commune est pignus onusque 
 nata mihi tecum ; sed si modo nomina rebus 
 addere vera placet, non hoc injuria factum, 525 
 
 verum amor est. Neque erit nobis gener ille pudori, 
 tu modo, diva, velis. Ut desint cetera, quantum est 
 esse Jovis fratrem ! Quid quod nee cetera desunt, 
 nee cedit nisi sorte mihi. Sed tanta cupido 
 si tibi discidii est, repetet Proserpina caelum, 530 
 
 lege tamen certa, si nullos contigit illic 
 ore cibos : nam sic Parcarum foedere cautum est.' 
 
56 The Wandering of Ceres. [Metam. 
 
 Dixerat ; at Cereri certum est educere natam : 
 non ita fata sinunt, quoniam jejunia virgo 
 solverat, et cultis dum simplex errat in hortis, 535 
 
 poeniceum curva decerpserat arbore pomum, 
 sumptaque pallenti septem de cortice grana 
 presserat ore suo. Solusque ex omnibus illud 
 Ascalaphus vidit, quern quondam dicitur Orphne, 
 inter Avernales haud ignotissima nymphas, 540 
 
 ex Acheronte suo silvis peperisse sub atris : 
 vidit, et indicio reditum crudelis ademit. 
 ingemuit regina Erebi, testemque profanam 
 fecit avem, sparsumque caput Phlegethontide lympha ' 
 in rostrum et plumas et grandia lumina vertit. 545 
 
 ille sibi ablatus fulvis amicitur ab alis, 
 inque caput crescit, longosque reflectitur ungues, 
 vixque movet natas per inertia bracchia pennas : 
 foedaque fit volucris, venturi nuntia luctus, 
 ignavus bubo, dirum mortalibus omen. 550 
 
 Hie tamen indicio poenam linguaque videri 
 commeruisse potest. Vobis, Acheloides, unde 
 pluma pedesque avium, cum virginis ora geratis? 
 an quia, cum legeret vernos Proserpina flores, 
 in comitum numero, doctae Sirenes, eratis? 555 
 
 quam postquam toto frustra quaesistis in orbe, 
 protinus ut vestram sentirent aequora curam, 
 posse super fluctus alarum insistere remis 
 optastis, facilesque deos habuistis, et artus 
 vidistis vestros subitis flavescere pennis. 560 
 
 ne tamen ille canor mulcendas natus ad aures 
 tantaque dos oris linguae deperderet usum, 
 virginei vultus et vox humana remansit. 
 
 At medius fratrisque sui maestaeque sororis 
 Juppiter ex aequo volventem dividit annum. 565 
 
 nunc dea, regnorum numen commune duorum, 
 
V. 6oo.] The Tale of Arethusa. 57 
 
 cum matre est totidem, totidem cum conjuge menses, 
 vertitur extemplo facies et mentis et oris : 
 nam modo quae poterat Diti quoque maesta videri, 
 laeta deae frons est; ut sol, qui tectus aquosis 570 
 
 nubibus ante fuit, victis e nubibus exit. 
 
 Exigit alma Ceres, nata secura recepta, 
 quae tibi causa fugae, cur sis, Arethusa, sacer fons? 
 conticuere undae : quarum dea sustulit alto 
 fonte caput, viridesque manu siccata capillos 575 
 
 fluminis Elei veteres narravit amores : 
 1 Pars ego nympharum, quae sunt in Achaide,' dixit, 
 * una fui ; nee me studiosius altera saltus 
 legit, nee posuit studiosius altera casses. 
 sed quamvis formae numquam mihi fama petita est, 
 quamvis fortis eram, formosae nomen habebam. 
 nee mea me facies nimium laudata juvabat : 
 quaque aliae gaudere solent, ego rustica dote 
 corporis erubui, crimenque placere putavi. 
 
 1 Lassa revertebar, memini, Stymphalide silva : 585 
 aestus erat, magnumque labor geminaverat aestum. 
 invenio sine vertice aquas, sine murmure euntes, 
 perspicuas ad humum, per quas numerabilis alte 
 calculus ornnis erat, quas tu vix ire putares. 
 cana salicta dabant nutritaque populus unda 590 
 
 sponte sua natas ripis declivibus umbras, 
 accessi, primumque pedis vestigia tinxi, 
 poplite deinde tenus ; neque eo contenta, recingor, 
 molliaque impono salici velamina curvae, 
 nudaque mergor aquis ; quas dum ferioque trahoque 
 mille modis labens, excussaque bracchia jacto, 
 nescio quod medio sensi sub gurgite murmur, 
 territaque insisto propioris margine ripae. 
 Jgtw firoflcras, Arethusa P suis Alpheus ab undis, 
 £>uo $r operas? iterum rauco mihi dixerat ore. 600 
 
5$ The Tale of Arethusa, [Met am. 
 
 si cut eram, fugio sine vestibus : altera vestes 
 
 ripa meas habuit : tanto magis instat, et ardet. 
 
 sic ego currebam, sic me ferus ille premebat, 
 
 ut fugere accipitrem penna trepidante columbae, 605 
 
 ut solet accipiter trepidas urguere columbas. 
 
 usque sub Orchomenon, Psophidaque, Cyllenenque, 
 
 Maenaliosque sinus, gelidumque Erymanthon, et Elin 
 
 currere sustinui ; nee me velocior ille. 
 
 ' Sed tolerare diu cursus ego, viribus impar, 610 
 
 non poteram : longi patiens erat ille laboris. 
 per tamen et campos, per opertos arbore montes, 
 saxa quoque et rupes et qua via nulla, cucurri. 
 sol erat a tergo : vidi praecedere longam 
 ante pedes umbram — nisi si timor ilia videbat — 615 
 sed certe sonitusque pedum terrebat, et ingens 
 crinales vittas adflabat anhelitus oris, 
 fessa labore fugae, Fer ofiem, defirendimur, inquam, 
 armigerae, Dictynna, tuae, cut saefie dedisti 
 ferre tuos arcus inclusaque tela -pharetra. 620 
 
 ' Mota dea est, spissisque ferens e nubibus unam 
 me super injecit. Lustrat caligine tectam 
 amnis, et ignarus circum cava nubila quaerit; 
 bisque locum, quo me dea texerat, inscius ambit, 
 et bis Io Arethusa! Io Arethusa! vocavit. 625 
 
 quid mihi tunc animi miserae fuit? anne quod agnae 
 
 est, 
 siqua lupos audit circum stabula alta frementes? 
 aut lepori, qui vepre latens hostilia cernit 
 ora canum, nullosque audet dare corpore motus? 
 
 * Non tamen abscedit ; neque enim vestigia cernit 
 longius ulla pedum : servat nubemque locumque. 
 occupat obsessos sudor mihi frigidus artus, 
 caeruleaeque cadunt toto de corpore guttae. 
 quaque pedem movi, manat lacus, eque capillis 
 
V. 66i.] Triptolemus and Lyncus. 59 
 
 ros cadit ; et citius quam nunc tibi facta renarro, 635 
 in latices mutor. Sed enim cognoscit amatas 
 aninis aquas, positoque viri quod sumpserat ore, 
 vertitur in proprias, ut se mihi misceat, undas. 
 Delia rupit humum, caecisque ego mersa cavernis 
 advehor Ortygiam, quae me cognomine divae 640 
 
 grata meae superas eduxit prima sub auras.' 
 
 Hac Arethusa terms. Geminos dea fertilis angues 
 curribus admovit, frenisque coercuit ora, 
 et medium caeli terraeque per aera vecta est, 
 atque levem currum Tritonida misit in urbem 645 
 
 Triptolemo ; partimque rudi data semina jussit 
 spargere humo, partim post tempora longa recultae. 
 jam super Europen sublimis et Asida terram 
 vectus erat juvenis ; Scythicas advertitur oras. 
 rex ibi Lyncus erat. Regis subit ille penates ; 650 
 qua veniat, causamque viae nomenque rogatus 
 et patriam, * Patria est clarae mihi ' dixit ' Athenae ; 
 Triptolemus nomen. Veni nee puppe per undas, 
 nee pede per terras : patuit mihi pervius aether, 
 dona fero Cereris, latos quae sparsa per agros 655 
 
 frugiferas messes alimentaque mitia reddant.' 
 barbarus invidit ; tantique ut muneris auctor 
 ipse sit, hospitio recipit, somnoque gravatum 
 adgreditur ferro. Conantem figere pectus 
 lynca Ceres fecit, rursusque per aera jussit 660 
 
 Mopsopium juvenem sacros agitare jugales. 
 
60 The Pride of Niobe, [Metam. 
 
 VIII. The Pride and the Grief of Niobe. 
 [Book VI. — 165-312.] 
 
 [Minerva, having heard the tale of the Pierides, bethinks herself 
 of a fit penalty for Arachne, a Lydian maid, who had boastfully 
 challenged her to a trial of skill in embroidery. Visiting her in the 
 guise of an old woman, and finding her still of the same mind, she 
 assumes her proper shape, and works in her web the tale of sundry 
 divine judgments, while Arachne weaves the story of numerous 
 transformations of gods, impelled thereto by love. To punish her 
 impiety and insolence, Minerva strikes her on the forehead ; and 
 when Arachne in despair hangs herself, converts her to a spider, 
 condemned to spin and to hang for evermore (VI. 1-145).] 
 
 But her fate does not warn Niobe, daughter of Tantalus, who, 
 as the mother of seven sons and seven daughters, boasts herself 
 above Latona. In wrath, therefore, and to avenge their mother, 
 Apollo in one day smites all the sons of Niobe, and Diana all her 
 daughters ; and so, being suddenly made childless, she is turned 
 into marble, and her tears continue to flow for ever (165-312). 
 
 "PCCE venit comitum Niobe celeberrima turba, 165 
 
 - L/ vestibus intexto Phrygiis spectabilis auro, 
 
 et, quantum ira sink, formosa ; movensque decoro 
 
 cum capite inmissos humerum per utrumque capillos. 
 
 constitit ; utque oculos circumtulit alta superbos, 
 
 • Quis furor, auditos' inquit * praeponere visis 170 
 
 caelestes? aut cur colitur Latona per aras, 
 
 numen adhuc sine ture meum est? Mihi Tantalus 
 
 auctor, 
 cui licuit soli superorum tangere mensas. 
 Plei'adum soror est genitrix mea ; maximus Atlas 
 est avus, aetherium qui fert cervicibus axem ; 175 
 
 Juppiter alter avus, socero quoque glorior illo. 
 
 1 Me gentes metuunt Phrygiae, me regia Cadmi 
 sub domina est, fidibusque mei commissa mariti 
 moenia cum populis a meque viroque reguntur. 
 
VI. 2i3.] Sh e boasts herself above Latona. 61 
 
 in quamcumque domus adverti lumina partem, 180 
 
 immensae spectantur opes. Accedit eodem 
 
 digna dea facies. Hue natas adice septem 
 
 et totidem juvenes, et mox generosque nurusque. 
 
 quaerite nunc, habeat quam nostra superbia causam ! 
 
 nescio quoque audete satam Titanida Coeo 185 
 
 Latonam praeferre mihi, cui maxima quondam 
 
 exiguam sedem pariturae terra negavit. 
 
 nee caelo, nee humo, nee aquis dea vestra recepta est; 
 
 exsul erat mundi, donee miserata vagantem, 
 
 Hosfita tu tern's erras, ego (dixit) in undis; 190 
 
 instabilemque locum Delos dedit. Ilia duorum 
 
 facta parens : uteri pars haec est septima nostri. 
 
 1 Sum felix : quis enim neget hoc? felixque manebo : 
 hoc quoque quis dubitet? tutam me copia fecit, 
 major sum, quam cui possit Fortuna nocere : 195 
 
 multaque ut eripiat, multo mihi plura relinquet. 
 excessere metum mea jam bona. Fingite demi 
 huic aliquid populo natorum posse meorum : 
 non tamen ad numerum redigar spoliata duorum, 
 Latonae turbam : quae quantum distat ab orba? 200 
 ite, satisque superque sacri, laurumque capillis 
 ponite.' Deponunt, infectaque sacra relinquunt, 
 quodque licet, tacito venerantur murmure numen. 
 
 Indignata dea est ; summoque in vertice Cynthi 
 talibus est dictis gemina cum prole locuta : 205 
 
 1 En ego vestra parens, vobis animosa creatis, 
 et, nisi Junoni, nulli cessura dearum, 
 an dea sim, dubitor ; perque omnia saecula cultis 
 arceor, O nati, nisi vos succurritis, aris. 
 nee dolor hie solus: diro convicia facto 210 
 
 Tantalis adjecit, vosque est postponere natis 
 ausa suis, et me, quod in ipsam recidat, orbam 
 dixit, et exhibuit linguam scelerata paternam.' 
 
62 The Sons of Niobe are slain. [Metam. 
 
 Adjectura preces erat his Latona relatis : 
 Desine Phoebus ait ; -poenae mora longa querella est, 
 dixit idem Phoebe ; celerique per aera lapsu 
 contigerant tecti Cadmeida nubibus arcem. 
 planus erat lateque patens prope moenia campus, 
 adsiduis pulsatus equis, ubi turba rotarum 
 duraque mollierat subjectas ungula glebas. 220 
 
 Pars ibi de septem genitis Amphione fortes 
 conscendunt in equos, Tyrioque rubentia suco 
 terga premunt, auroque graves moderantur habenas : 
 e qui.bus Ismenos, qui matri sarcina quondam 
 prima suae fuerat, dum certum flectit in orbem 225 
 
 quadrupedis cursus, spumantiaque ora coercet, 
 Ei mihi! conclamat, medioque in pectore fixa 
 tela gerit, frenisque manu moriente remissis, 
 in latus a dextro paulatim defluit armo. 
 
 Proximus, audito sonitu per inane pharetrae, 230 
 frena dabat Sipylus : veluti cum praescius imbris 
 nube fugit visa, pendentiaque undique rector 
 carbasa deducit, ne qua levis effluat aura, 
 frena dabat : dantem non evitabile telum 
 consequitur ; summaque tremens cervice sagitta 235 
 haesit, et exstabat nudum de gutture ferrum. 
 ille, ut erat pronus, per crura admissa jubasque 
 volvitur, et calido tellurem sanguine foedat. 
 
 Phaedimus infelix et aviti nominis heres 
 Tantalus, ut solito finem imposuere labori, 240 
 
 transierant ad opus nitidae juvenile palaestrae : 
 et jam contulerant arto luctantia nexu 
 pectora pectoribus ; cum tento concita nervo, 
 sicut erant juncti, trajecit utrumque sagitta. 
 ingemuere simul ; simul incurvata dolore 245 
 
 membra solo posuere ; simul suprema jacentes 
 lumina versarunt : animam simul exhalarunt. 
 
VI. 231.] The Grief of Niobe. 63 
 
 Adspicit Alphenor, laniataque pectora plangens 
 advolat, ut gelidos complexibus allevet artus ; 
 inque pio cadit officio, nam Delius illi 250 
 
 intima fatifero rupit praecordia ferro. 
 quod simul eductum, pars est pulmonis in hamis 
 eruta, cumque anima cruor est effusus in auras. 
 
 At non intonsum simplex Damasichthona vulnus 
 adficit. Ictus erat, qua crus esse incipit, et qua 255 
 mollia nervosus facit internodia poples. 
 dumque manu temptat trahere exitiabile telum, 
 altera per jugulum pennis tenus acta sagitta est. 
 expulit hanc sanguis, seque ejaculatus in altum 
 emicat, et longe terebrata prosilit aura. 260 
 
 Ultimus Ilioneus non profectura precando 
 bracchia sustulerat, Di que O communiter omnes ^ 
 dixerat, ignarus non omnes esse rogandos, 
 far cite! Motus erat, cum jam revocabile telum 
 non fuit, Arcitenens ; minimo tamen occidit ille 265 
 vulnere, non alte percusso corde sagitta. 
 
 Fama mali populique dolor lacrimaeque suorum 
 tarn subitae matrem certam fecere ruinae 
 mirantem potuisse, irascentemque, quod ausi 
 hoc essent superi, quod tantum juris haberent. 270 
 
 nam pater Amphion, ferro per pectus adacto, 
 flnierat moriens pariter cum luce dolorem. 
 
 Heu quantum haec Niobe Niobe distabat ab ilia, 
 quae modo Lato'is populum summoverat aris, 
 et mediam tulerat gressus resupina per urbem, 275 
 
 invidiosa suis ! at nunc miseranda vel hosti. 
 corporibus gelidis incumbit, et ordine nullo 
 oscula dispensat natos suprema per omnes. 
 a quibus ad caelum liventia bracchia tollens, 
 * Pascere, crudelis, nostro, Latona, dolore : 280 
 
 pascere ' ait, « satiaque meo tua pectora luctu : 
 
64 The Grief of Niobe. [Metam. 
 
 corque ferum satia ' dixit ; ' per funera septem 
 efferor: exsulta, victrixque inimica triumpha. 
 cur autem victrix? miserae mihi plura supersunt, 
 quam tibi felici. Post tot quoque funera vinco.' 285 
 
 Dixerat, et sonuit contento nervus ab arcu : 
 qui praeter Nioben unam conterruit omnes. 
 ilia malo est audax. Stabant cum vestibus atris 
 ante toros fratrum demisso crine sorores ; 
 e quibus una, trahens haerentia viscere tela 290 
 
 imposito fratri, moribunda relanguit ore ; 
 altera, solari miseram conata parentem, 
 conticuit subito, duplicataque vulnere caeco est, 
 oraque compressit, nisi postquam spiritus ibat ; 
 haec frustra fugiens collabitur ; ilia sorori 295 
 
 inmoritur ; latet haec ; illam trepidare videres. 
 
 Sexque datis leto diversaque vulnera passis, 
 ultima restabat ; quam toto corpore mater, 
 tota veste tegens, ' Unam minimamque relinque ! 
 de multis minimam posco' clamavit f et unam.' 300 
 
 dumque rogat, pro qua rogat, occidit. Orba resedit 
 exanimes inter natos natasque virumque, 
 diriguitque malis. Nullos movet aura capillos, 
 in vultu color est sine sanguine, lumina maestis 
 stant immota genis, nihil est in imagine vivum. 305 
 ipsa quoque interius cum duro lingua palato 
 congelat, et venae desistunt posse moveri. 
 nee flecti cervix, nee bracchia reddere motus, 
 nee pes ire potest, intra quoque viscera saxum est: 
 flet tamen, et validi circumdata turbine venti 310 
 
 in patriam rapta est. Ibi lixa cacumine montis 
 liquitur, et lacrimas etiam nunc marmora manant. 
 
VII. 4«] The Enchantments of Medea, 65 
 
 IX. The Enchantments of Medea. 
 
 [Book VII.— 1-293.] 
 
 [The doom of Niobe reminds one hearer of the vengeance 
 inflicted on certain people of Lycia, who, having refused to Latona 
 a draught of water from the lake in her extreme thirst, were by 
 Jupiter turned into frogs (VI. 313-381) ; and another of the satyr 
 Marsyas, who was conquered in music and flayed by Apollo ; and 
 another of the crime of Tantalus, Niobe's father, who caused his 
 son Pelops to be served up at meat to the gods (382-411). Pan- 
 dion of Athens, attacked for refusing the friendship of Pelops, is 
 helped by Tereus, king of Thrace, to whom he gives his daughter 
 Progne to wife. But Tereus, having committed incest with 
 Progne's sister Philomel, is dreadfully revenged by the two, who 
 serve to him in a banquet the body of his son Itys ; and, pursuing 
 them for vengeance, all are transformed to birds — Tereus becom- 
 ing a hoopoe, Progne a swallow, Philomel a nightingale, and Itys 
 a pheasant ; while Pandion, dying of grief, is succeeded by Erec- 
 theus (412-676), whose daughter Orithyia is borne away by Boreas 
 (the North Wind) to Thrace. Here she becomes mother of the 
 winged heroes Zethes and Calais, who accompany Jason and the 
 Argonauts in their voyage for the Golden Fleece (677-721).] 
 
 Arrived at Colchis, Jason is met by the enchantress Medea, 
 daughter of king Aetes ; who, moved by love, secures him by her 
 enchantments from the Dragon guarding the fleece, and from the 
 fire-breathing bulls, with which he ploughs the appointed field, 
 sowing it with serpents' teeth (VII. 1-122). From these spring up 
 armed men, who prepare to attack Jason ; but he, instructed by 
 Medea, casts a stone among them, whereat they perish in mutual 
 slaughter (123-143). Returning to Iolchos with Medea, he en- 
 treats her to restore to youth his aged father. The magic is 
 described at length, by which she prepares the juices of miraculous 
 herbs ; and, these proving efficacious, yEson is converted to the 
 fresh vigor of forty years before (144-293). 
 
 TAMQUE fretum Minyae Pagasaea puppe secabant : 
 ^ perpetuaque trahens inopem sub nocte senectam 
 Phineus visus erat, juvenesque Aquilone creati 
 virgineas volucres miseri senis ore fugarant; 
 
66 The Enchantments of Medea, [Metam. 
 
 multaque perpessi claro sub Iasone tandem 5 
 
 contigerant rapidas limosi Phasidos undas. 
 
 Dumque adeunt regem, Phrixeaque vellera poscunt, 
 voxque datur numeris magnorum horrenda laborum, 
 concipit interea validos Aeetias ignes ; 
 et luctata diu, postquam ratione furorem 10 
 
 vincere non poterat, * Frustra, Medea, repugnas : 
 nescio quis deus obstat' ait, < mirumque, nisi hoc est, 
 aut aliquid certe simile huic, quod amare vocatur. 
 nam cur jussa patris nimium mihi dura videntur? 
 sunt quoque dura nimis. Cur, quern modo denique 
 
 vidi, I5 
 
 ne pereat, timeo? quae tanti causa timoris? 
 excute virgineo conceptas pectore flammas, 
 si potes, infelix. Si possem, sanior essem : 
 sed gravat invitam nova vis ; aliudque cupido, 
 mens aliud suadet. Video meliora, proboque : 20 
 
 deteriora sequor. Quid in hospite, regia virgo, 
 ureris, et thalamos alieni concipis orbis? 
 haec quoque terra potest, quod ames, dare. Vivat, 
 
 an ille 
 occidat, in dis est. Vivat tamen : idque precari 
 vel sine amore licet. Quid enim commisit Iason? 25 
 quern, nisi crudelem, non tangat Iasonis aetas 
 et genus et virtus? quern non, ut cetera desint, 
 ore movere potest? certe mea pectora movit. 
 
 * At nisi opem tulero, taurorum adflabitur ore, 
 concurretque suae segetis tellure creatis 30 
 
 hostibus, aut avido dabitur fera praeda draconi. 
 hoc ego si patiar, turn me de tigride natam, 
 turn ferrum et scopulos gestare in corde fatebor. 
 cur non et specto pereuntem, oculosque videndo 
 conscelero? cur non tauros exhortor in ilium, ^5 
 
 terrigenasque feros, insopitumque draconem ? 
 
VII. 7o-] Sh e discourses with herself. 67 
 
 * Di meliora velint : quamquam non ista precanda, 
 sed facienda mihi. Prodamne ego regna parentis, 
 atque ope nescio quis servabitur advena nostra, 
 
 ut per me sospes sine me det lintea ventis, 40 
 
 virque sit alterius, poenae Medea relinquar? 
 si facere hoc, aliamve potest praeponere nobis, 
 occidat ingratus. Sed non is vultus in illo, 
 non ea nobilitas animo est, ea gratia formae, 
 ut timeam fraudem meritique oblivia nostri. 45 
 
 et dabit ante fidem ; cogamque in foedera testes 
 esse deos. Quin tuta times ! accingere, et omnem 
 pelle moram : tibi se semper debebit Iason, 
 te face sollemni junget sibi, perque Pelasgas 
 servatrix urbes matrum celebrabere turba. 50 
 
 6 Ergo ego germanam fratremque patremque deosque 
 et natale solum, ventis ablata, relinquam? 
 nempe pater saevus, nempe est mea barbara tellus, 
 frater adhuc infans : stant mecum vota sororis ; 
 maximus intra me deus est. Non magna relinquam ; 
 magna sequar : titulum servatae pubis Achivae, 
 notitiamque loci melioris, et oppida, quorum 
 hie quoque fama viget, cultusque artesque locorum ; 
 quemque ego cum rebus, quas totus possidet orbis, 
 Aesoniden mutasse velim, quo conjuge felix 60 
 
 et dis cara ferar, et vertice sidera tangam. 
 
 * Quid, quod nescio qui mediis incurrere in undis 
 dicuntur montes, ratibusque inimica Charybdis 
 nunc sorbere fretum, nunc reddere, cinctaque saevis 
 Scylla rapax canibus Siculo latrare profundo? 65 
 nempe tenensquod amo, gremioque in Iasonis haerens, 
 per freta longa ferar. Nihil ilium amplexa verebor ; 
 aut, si quid metuam, metuam de conjuge solo, 
 conjugiumne vocas, speciosaque nomina culpae 
 imponis, Medea, tuae? quin aspice, quantum 70 
 
68 . The Enchantments of Medea, [Metam. 
 
 aggrediare nefas, et dum licet, effuge crimen.' 
 dixit ; et ante oculos rectum pietasque pudorque 
 constiterant, et victa dabat jam terga Cupido. 
 
 Ibat ad antiquas Hecates Perseidos aras, 
 quas nemus umbrosum secretaque silva tegebat. 75 
 et jam fortis erat, pulsusque recesserat ardor; 
 cum videt Aesoniden, exsttnetaque flamma revixit. 
 erubuere genae, totoque recanduit ore, 
 utque solet ventis alimenta assumere, quaeque 
 parva sub inducta latuit scintilla favilla, 80 
 
 crescere, et in veteres agitata resurgere vires, 
 sic jam lentus amor, jam quern languere putares, 
 ut vidit juvenem, specie praesentis inarsit. 
 
 Et casu solito formosior Aesone natus 
 ilia luce fuit : posses ignoscere amanti. 85 
 
 spectat, et in vultu veluti turn denique viso 
 lumina fixa tenet, nee se mortalia demens 
 ora videre putat, nee se declinat ab illo. . 
 ut vero coepitque loqui, dextramque prehendit 
 hospes, et auxilium summissa voce rogavit, 90 
 
 promisitque torum, lacrimis ait ilia profusis : 
 4 Quid faciam video ; nee me ignorantia veri 
 decipiet, sed amor. Servabere munere nostro : 
 servatus promissa dato.' Per sacra triformis 
 ille deae, lucoque foret quod numen in illo, 95 
 
 perque patrem soceri cernentem cuncta futuri, 
 eventusque suos et tanta pericula jurat, 
 creditus accepit cantatas protinus herbas, 
 edidicitque usum, laetusque in tesca recessit. 
 
 Postera depulerat Stellas aurora micantes : 100 
 
 conveniunt populi sacrum Mavortis in arvum, 
 consistuntque jugis. Medio rex ipse resedit 
 agmine, purpureus sceptroque insignis eburno. 
 ecce adamanteis volcanum naribus efflant 
 
VII. 1 44-] Jason fulfils his Task, 69 
 
 aeripedes tauri, tactaeque vaporibus herbae 105 
 
 ardent. Utque solent pleni resonare camini, 
 aut ubi terrena silices fornace soluti 
 concipiunt ignem liquidarum aspargine aquarum : 
 pectora sic intus clausas volventia flammas 
 gutturaque usta sonant. Tamen illis Aesone natus 
 obvius it : vertere truces venientis ad ora 
 terribiles vultus praefixaque cornua ferro, 
 pulvereumque solum pede pulsavere bisulco, 
 fumificisque locum mugitibus impleverunt. 
 
 Deriguere metu Minyae. Subit ille, nee ignes 115 
 sentit anhelatos, — tantum medicamina possunt, — 1 
 pendulaque audaci mulcet palearia dextra, 
 subpositosque jugo pondus grave cogit aratri 
 ducere, et insuetum ferro proscindere campum. 
 mirantur Colchi : Minyae clamoribus augent, 120 
 
 adiciuntque animos. Galea turn sumit aena 
 vipereos dentes, et aratos spargit in agros. 
 semina mollit humus valido praetincta veneno, 
 et crescunt, fiuntque sati nova corpora dentes. 
 
 Quos ubi viderunt praeacutae cuspidis hastas 13! 
 in caput Haemonii juvenis torquere parantes, 
 demisere metu vultumque animumque Pelasgi. 
 ipsa quoque extimuit, quae tutum fecerat ilium : 
 utque peti vidit juvenem tot ab hostibus unum, 135 
 
 palluit, et subito sine sanguine frigida sedit ; 
 neve parum valeant a se data gramina, carmen 
 auxiliare canit, secretasque advocat artes. 
 ille, gravem medios silicem jaculatus in hostes, 
 a se depulsum Martem convertit in ipsos. 140 
 
 terrigenae pereunt per mutua vulnera fratres, 
 civilique cadunt acie. Gratantur Achivi, 
 victoremque tenent, avidisque amplexibus haerent. 
 
 Tu quoque victorem complecti, barbara, velles : 
 
70 The Enchantments of Medea. [Metam. 
 
 obstitit incepto pudor ; at complexa fuisses, 145 
 
 sed te, ne faceres, tenuit reverentia famae. 
 quod licet, adfectu tacito laetaris, agisque 
 carminibus grates et dis auctoribus horum. 
 
 Pervigilem superest herbis sopire draconem, 
 qui crista linguisque tribus praesignis et uncis 150 
 
 dentibus horrendus custos erat arietis aurei. 
 hunc postquam sparsit Lethaei gramine suci, 
 verbaque ter dixit placidos facientia somnos, 
 quae mare turbatum, quae concita flumina sistunt: 
 somnus in ignotos oculos sibi venit, et auro 155 
 
 heros Aesonius potitur ; spolioque superbus, 
 muneris auctorem secum, spolia altera, portans, 
 victor Iolciacos tetigit cum conjuge portus. 
 
 Haemoniae matres pro gnatis dona receptis 
 grandaevique ferunt patres, congestaque flamma 160 
 tura liquefaciunt, inductaque cornibus aurum 
 victima vota cadit. Sed abest gratantibus Aeson, 
 jam propior leto, fessusque senilibus annis. 
 cum sic Aesonides :   O cui debere salutem 
 confiteor, conjunx, quamquam mihi cuncta dedisti, 165 
 excessitque fidem meritorum summa tuorum : 
 si tamen hoc possunt (quid enim non carmina possint?) 
 deme meis annis, et demptos adde parenti :   
 nee tenuit lacrimas. Mota est pietate rogantis, 
 dissimilemque animum subiit Aeeta relictus. 170 
 
 Nee tamen affectus tales confessa, ' Quod ' inquit 
 * excidit ore pio, conjunx, scelus? ergo ego cuiquam 
 posse tuae videor spatium transcribere vitae? 
 nee sinat hoc Hecate, nee tu petis aequa. Sed isto, 
 quod petis, experiar majus dare munus, Iason. 175 
 
 arte mea soceri longum temptabimus aevum, 
 non annis revocare tuis : modo diva triformis 
 adjuvet, et praesens intentibus adnuat ausis \ 
 
VII. 2i2.] Her Moonlight Incantations. 71 
 
 Tres aberant noctes, ut cornua tota coirent 
 efficerentque orbem. Postquam plenissima fulsit, 180 
 ac solida terras spectavit imagine luna, 
 egreditur tectis vestes induta recinctas, 
 nuda pedem, nudos humeris infusa capillos, 
 fertque vagos mediae per muta silentia noctis 
 incomitata gradus. Homines volucresque ferasque 
 solverat alta quies ; nullo cum murmure sepes ; 
 immotaeque silent frondes ; silet humidus aer ; 
 sidera sola micant. Ad quae sua bracchia tendens 
 ter se convertit, ter sumptis flumine crinem 
 inroravit aquis, ternisque ululatibus ora 190 
 
 solvit ; et in dura summisso poplite terra : — 
 
 1 Nox' ait * arcanis fidissima, quaeque diurnis 
 aurea cum luna succeditis ignibus, astra, 
 tuque triceps Hecate, quae coeptis conscia nostris 
 adjutrixque venis, cantusque artesque magorum 195 
 quaeque magos, Tellus, pollentibus instruis herbis, 
 auraeque et venti montesque amnesque lacusque, 
 dique omnes nemorum, dique omnes noctis adeste, 
 quorum ope, cum volui, ripis mirantibus amnes 
 in fontes rediere suos, concussaque sisto, 200 
 
 stantia concutio cantu freta, nubila pello, 
 nubilaque induco, ventos abigoque vocoque, 
 vipereas rumpo verbis et carmine fauces, 
 vivaque saxa, sua convulsaque robora terra 
 et silvas moveo, jubeoque tremescere montes 205 
 
 et mugire solum, manesque exire sepulchris ; 
 
 * Te quoque, Luna, traho, quamvis Temesaea labores 
 aera tuos minuant, currus quoque carmine nostro 
 pallet avi, pallet nostris Aurora venenis : — 
 vos mihi taurorum flammas hebetastis, et unco 210 
 
 impatiens oneris collum pressistis aratro. 
 vos serpentigenis in se fera bella dedistis ; 
 
72 The Enchantments of Medea, [Metam. 
 
 custodemque rudem somni sopistis, et aurum 
 vindice decepto Graias misistis in urbes. 
 
 1 Nunc opus est sucis, per quos renovata senectus 215 
 in florem redeat, primosque recolligat annos. 
 et dabitis ; neque enim micuerunt sidera frustra, 
 nee frustra volucrum tractus cervice draconum 
 currus adest.' Aderat demissus ab aethere currus. 
 
 Quo simul ascendit, frenataque colla draconum 220 
 permulsit, manibusque leves agitavit habenas : 
 sublimis rapitur, subjectaque Thessala Tempe 
 despicit, et Threces regionibus applicat angues ; 
 et quas Ossa tulit, quas altum Pelion herbas, 
 Othrys quas Pindusque et Pindo major Olympus, 225 
 perspicit, et placitas partim radice revellit, 
 partim succidit curvamine falcis aenae. 
 multa quoque Apidani placuerunt gramina ripis, 
 multa quoque Amphrysi : neque eras immunis, Enipeu ; 
 nee non Peneus, nee non Spercheides undae 230 
 
 contribuere aliquid, juncosaque litora Boebes. 
 carpsit et Eubo'ica vivax Anthedone gramen, 
 nondum mutato vulgatum corpore Glauci. 
 
 Et jam nona dies curru pennisque draconum, 
 nonaque nox omnes lustrantem viderat agros, 235 
 
 cum rediit : neque erant tacti, nisi odore, dracones, 
 et tamen annosae pellem posuere senectae. 
 constitit adveniens citra limenque foresque, 
 et tantum caelo tegitur, refugitque viriles 
 contactus ; statuitque aras e cespite binas, 240 
 
 dexteriore Hecates, ast laeva parte Juventae. 
 
 Has ubi verbenis silvaque incinxit agresti, 
 baud procul egesta scrobibus tellure duabus 
 sacra facit, cultrosque in guttura velleris atri 
 conicit, et patulas perfundit sanguine fossas. 245 
 
 turn super invergens liquidi carchesia bacchi, 
 
VII. 280.] The Magic Cauldron. 73 
 
 aeneaque invergens tepidi carchesia lactis, 
 
 verba simul fudit, terrenaque numina civit, 
 
 umbrarumque rogat rapta cum conjuge regem, 
 
 ne properent artus anima fraudare senili. 250 
 
 Quos ubi placavit, precibusque et murmure longo, 
 Aesonis effoetum proferri corpus ad auras 
 jussit, et in plenos resolutum carmine somnos, 
 exanimi similem stratis porrexit in herbis. 
 hinc procul Aesoniden, procul hinc jubet ire ministros, 
 et monet arcanis oculos removere profanos. 
 diffugiunt jussi ; passis Medea capillis, 
 bacchantum ritu, flagrantes circuit aras : 
 multifidasque faces in fossa sanguinis atra 
 tinguit, et intinctas geminis accendit in aris ; 260 
 
 terque senem flamma, ter aqua, ter sulfure lustrat. 
 
 Interea validum posito medicamen aeno 
 fervet, et exsultat spumisque tumentibus albet. 
 illic Haemonia radices valle resectas 
 seminaque floresque et sucos incoquit acres. 265 
 
 adicit extremo lapides Oriente petitos, 
 et quas Oceani refluum mare lavit arenas, 
 addit et exceptas luna pernocte pruinas, 
 et strigis infames ipsis cum carnibus alas, 
 inque virum soliti vultus mutare ferinos 270 
 
 ambigui prosecta lupi ; nee defuit illic 
 squamea Cinyphii tenuis membrana chelydri, 
 vivacisque jecur cervi, quibus insuper addit 
 ora caputque novem cornicis saecula passae. 
 
 His et mille aliis postquam sine nomine rebus 275 
 propositum instruxit remorari Tartara munus, 
 arenti ramo jampridem mitis olivae 
 omnia confudit, summisque immiscuit ima. 
 ecce vetus calido versatus stipes aeno 
 fit viridis primo, nee longo tempore frondes 280 
 
74 The Enchantments of Medea. [Metam. 
 
 induit, et subito gravidis oneratur olivis. 
 at quacumque cavo spumas ejecit aeno 
 ignis, et in terram guttae cecidere calentes, 
 vernat humus, floresque et mollia pabula surgunt. 
 
 Quae simul ac vidit, stricto Medea recludit 285 
 
 ense senis jugulum, veteremque exire cruorem 
 passa, replet sucis. Quos postquam conbibit Aeson, 
 aut ore acceptos aut vulnere, barba comaeque 
 canitie posita nigrum rapuere colorem ; 
 pulsa fugit macies, abeunt pallorque situsque, 290 
 
 adjectoque cavae supplentur corpore rugae, 
 membraque luxuriant. Aeson miratur, et olim 
 ante quater denos hunc se reminiscitur annos. 
 
VIII. 156.3 The Flight of Dcedalns. 75 
 
 X. The Flight of Daedalus. 
 [Book VIII. — 152-259.] 
 
 [Deceiving the daughters of Pelias, Jason's enemy, by a 
 similar miracle wrought upon an aged ram, Medea brings about 
 their father's death (VII. 297-349). Escaping by means of winged 
 dragons, and passing over the scene of many transformations, 
 Medea comes to Athens ; whence (her attempted poisoning of 
 Theseus being foiled by the recognition of his father ^Egeus) she 
 suddenly vanishes (350-424). A feast is celebrated in honor of 
 Theseus' exploits ; and hostility ensuing with Minos (Europa's son) 
 of Crete, Cephalus is sent as envoy to ^Egina ; to whom the aged 
 yEacus relates the marvellous transformation of ants to men (called 
 Myrmidons), after his realm had been ravaged by pestilence (425- 
 660). Now Cephalus had received from his wife Procris a hound 
 and a dart that never missed its aim ; and, as he delighted greatly 
 in hunting, Procris being jealous watched him from a thicket ; and 
 he, taking it for the movement of some wild creature, shot her with 
 that dart which was her own gift (661-865). Minos, making war 
 on Athens to avenge the slaying of his son Androgeos, comes first 
 to Megara ; where Scylla, daughter of the king Nisus, out of love 
 for Minos cuts the purple lock on which her father's kingdom and 
 life depend. Disdained by Minos, she is changed to a sea-mew, 
 and Nisus to an osprey (VIII. 1-151).] 
 
 Theseus, in his escape from the Cretan labyrinth, had borne 
 away Ariadne, daughter of Minos ; who, forsaken by him, is com- 
 forted by Bacchus, who sets her coronet among the stars (152-1S2). 
 Daedalus, builder of the labyrinth, being imprisoned, escapes with 
 his son Icarus by means of wings fastened with wax ; but Icarus, 
 soaring too near the sun, and the wax melting, falls into the sea 
 named for him (183-234). His fall is gladly seen by Perdix, once 
 sister's son to Daedalus, and slain by him out of envy, but changed 
 by Minerva to a partridge (235-259). 
 
 T 7DTA Jovi Minos taurorum corpora centum 
 
 * solvit, ut, egressus ratibus, Curetida terram 
 contigit, et spoliis decorata est regia fixis. 
 creverat opprobrium generis, foedumque patebat 155 
 matris adulterium monstri novitate biformis. 
 
76 The Flight of Dcedalns. [Metam. 
 
 destinat hunc Minos thalamis removere pudorem, 
 multiplicique domo caecisque includere tectis. 
 
 Daedalus ingenio fabrae celeberrimus artis 
 ponit opus, turbatque notas, et lumina flexum 160 
 
 ducit in errorem variarum ambage viarum. 
 non secus ac liquidus Phrygiis Maendros in arvis 
 ludit, et ambiguo lapsu refluitque fluitque, 
 occurrensque sibi venturas aspicit undas, 
 et nunc ad fontes, nunc ad mare versus apertum 165 
 incertas exercet aquas : ita Daedalus implet 
 innumeras errore vias ; vixque ipse reverti 
 ad limen potuit, tanta est fallacia tecti. 
 
 Quo postquam geminam tauri juvenisque figuram 
 clausit, et Actaeo bis pastum sanguine monstrum 170 
 tertia sors annis domuit repetita novenis; 
 utque ope virginea nullis iterata priorum 
 janua difficilis filo est inventa relecto, 
 protinus Aegides rapta Mino'ide Diam 
 vela dedit, comitemque suam crudelis in illo 175 
 
 litore destituit. Desertae et multa querenti 
 amplexus et opem Liber tulit, utque perenni 
 sidere clara foret, sumptam de fronte coronam 
 immisit caelo. Tenues volat ilia per auras ; 
 dumque volat, gemmae nitidos vertuntur in ignes, 180 
 consistuntque loco, specie remanente coronae, 
 qui medius Nixique genu est, Anguemque tenentis. 
 
 Daedalus interea Creten longumque perosus 
 exsilium, tactusque loci natalis amore, 
 clausus erat pelago. ' Terras licet' inquit * et undas 
 obstruat, at caelum certe patet : ibimus iliac, 
 omnia possideat, non possidet aera Minos.' 
 dixit ; et ignotas animum dimittit in artes, 
 naturamque novat : nam ponit in ordine pennas, 
 a minima coeptas, longam breviore sequenti, 190 
 
VIII. 224.] His Warning to Icarus. 77 
 
 ut clivo crevisse putes. Sic rustica quondam 
 
 fistula disparibus paulatim surgit avenis. 
 
 turn lino medias et ceris adligat imas, 
 
 atque ita compositas parvo curvamine flectit, 
 
 ut veras imitetur aves. Puer Icarus una 195 
 
 stabat, et, ignarus sua se tractare pericla, 
 
 ore renidenti modo quas vaga moverat aura, 
 
 captabat plumas, flavam modo pollice ceram 
 
 mollibat, lusuque suo mirabile patris 
 
 impediebat opus. Postquam manus ultima coeptis 200 
 
 imposita est, geminas opifex libravit in alas 
 
 ipse suum corpus, motaque pependit in aura. 
 
 Instruit et natum, * Medio' que ' ut limite curras, 
 Icare,' ait |i moneo, ne, si demissior ibis, 
 unda gravet pennas, si celsior, ignis adurat : 205 
 
 inter utrumque vola. Nee te spectare Booten 
 aut Helicen jubeo, strictumque Ononis ensem : 
 me duce carpe viam.' Pariter praecepta volandi 
 tradit, et ignotas humeris adcommodat alas : 
 inter opus monitusque genae maduere seniles, 210 
 
 et patriae tremuere manus. Dedit oscula nato 
 non iterum repetenda suo ; pennisque levatus 
 ante volat, comitique timet, velut ales, ab alto 
 quae teneram prolem produxit in aera nido ; 
 hortaturque sequi, damnosasque erudit artes, 215 
 
 et movet ipse suas et nati respicit alas. 
 
 Hos aliquis tremula dum captat arundine pisces, 
 aut pastor baculo, stivave innixus arator, 
 vidit, et obstupuit, quique aethera carpere possent, 
 credidit esse deos. Et jam Junonia laeva 220 
 
 parte Samos fuerat, Delosque Parosque relictae, 
 dextra Lebinthos erat, fecundaque melle Calymne, 
 cum puer audaci coepit gaudere volatu, 
 deseruitque ducem, caelique cupidine tractus 
 
78 The Flight of Dcedalns. [Metam. 
 
 altius egit iter. Rapidi vicinia solis 225 
 
 mollit odoratas, pennarum vincula, ceras. 
 
 tabuerant cerae : nudos quatit ille lacertos, 
 
 remigioque carens non ullas percipit auras. 
 
 oraque caerulea patrium clamantia nomen 
 
 excipiuntur aqua, quae nomen traxit ab illo. 230 
 
 at pater infelix, nee jam pater, * Icare,' dixit, 
 
 4 Icare,' dixit * ubi es? qua te regione requiram?' 
 
 * Icare ' dicebat, pennas aspexit in undis : 
 
 devovitque suas artes, corpusque sepulchro 
 
 condidit, et tellus a nomine dicta sepulti. 235 
 
 Hunc miseri tumulo ponentem corpora nati 
 garrula limoso prospexit ab elice perdix, 
 et plausit pennis, testataque gaudia cantu est : 
 unica tunc volucris, nee visa prioribus annis, 
 factaque nuper avis, longum tibi, Daedale, crimen. 240 
 namque huic tradiderat, fatorum ignara, docendam 
 progeniem germana suam, natalibus actis 
 bis puerum senis, animi ad praecepta capacis. 
 ille etiam medio spinas in pisce notatas 
 traxit in exemplum, ferroque incidit acuto 245 
 
 perpetuos dentes, et serrae repperit usum ; 
 primus et ex uno duo ferrea bracchia nodo 
 vinxit, ut aequali spatio distantibus illis 
 altera pars staret, pars altera duceret orbem. 
 Daedalus invidit, sacraque ex arce Minervae 250 
 
 praecipitem misit, lapsum mentitus ; at ilium 
 quae favet ingeniis, excepit Pallas, avemque 
 reddidit, et medio velavit in aere pennis. 
 sed vigor ingenii quondam velocis in alas 
 inque pedes abiit ; nomen quod et ante, remansit. 255 
 non tamen haec alte volucris sua corpora tollit, 
 nee facit in ramis altoque cacumine nidos : 
 propter humum volitat, ponitque in sepibus ova, 
 antiquique memor metuit sublirnia casus. 
 
VIII. 278.] The Calydonian Hunt, 79 
 
 XL The Calydonian Hunt. 
 [Book VIII. — 260-545.] 
 
 Diana, angry with king (Eneus, because her sacrifice had been 
 neglected, sent a fierce boar to ravage the country of Calydon 
 (260-298). Meleager, son of (Eneus, summons the bravest youth 
 of Greece to hunt the monster ; and among them comes Atalanta 
 of Arcadia, whom Meleager beholds with love (299-328). After a 
 difficult chase, Atalanta is first to wound the boar, which is finally 
 killed by Meleager (329-439). He bestows the boar's head, as the 
 prize of victory, on Atalanta ; which being resented by the brothers 
 of his mother Althaea, they are slain by him in the quarrel, and 
 Althaea, incensed at their death, after long debate with herself, 
 plunges into the flames the fatal brand on which the life of her son 
 depends, so that he perishes miserably (440-525). 
 
 TAMQUE fatigatum tellus Aetnaea tenebat 
 •^ Daedalon, et sumptis pro supplice Cocalus armis 
 mitis habebatur. Jam lamentabile Athenae 
 pendere desierant Thesea laude tributum ; 
 templa coronantur, bellatricemque Minervam 
 cum Jove disque vocant aliis, quos sanguine voto 265 
 muneribusque datis et acerris turis adorant ; 
 sparserat Argolicas nomen vaga fama per urbes 
 Theseos, et populi, quos dives Achaia cepit, 
 hujus opem magnis imploravere periclis. 
 
 Hujus opem Calydon, quamvis Meleagron haberet, 
 sollicita supplex petiit prece. Causa petendi 
 sus erat, infestae famulus vindexque Dianae. 
 Oenea namque ferunt pleni successibus anni 
 primitias frugum Cereri, sua vina Lyaeo, 
 Palladios flavae latices libasse Minervae ; 275 
 
 coeptus ab agricolis superos pervenit ad omnes 
 ambitiosus honor : solas sine ture relictas 
 praeteritae cessasse ferunt Latoidos aras. 
 
80 The Calydonian Hunt. [Metam. 
 
 Tangit et ira deos : ' At non impune feremus, 
 quaeque inhonoratae, non et dicemur inuhae' 280 
 
 inquit ; et Oeneos ultorem spreta per agros 
 misit aprum, quanto majores herbida tauros 
 non habet Epiros, sed habent Sicula arva minores. 
 sanguine et igne micant oculi, riget ardua cervix, 
 et setae similes rigidis hastilibus horrent ; 285 
 
 fervida cum rauco latos stridore per armos 
 spuma fluit; dentes aequantur dentibus Indis ; 
 fulmen ab ore venit ; frondes adflatibus ardent. 
 
 Is modo crescentes segetes proculcat in herba, 290 
 nunc matura metit fleturi vota coloni, 
 et Cererem in spicis intercipit. Area frustra, 
 et frustra expectant promissas horrea messes, 
 sternuntur gravidi longo cum palmite fetus, 
 bacaque cum ramis semper frondentis olivae. 295 
 
 saevit et in pecudes : non has pastorve canesve, 
 non armenta truces possunt defendere tauri. 
 
 Diffugiunt populi, nee se nisi moenibus urbis 
 esse putant tutos : donee Meleagros et una 
 lecta manus juvenum co'iere cupidine laudis : — 300 
 Tyndaridae gemini, spectatus caestibus alter, 
 alter equo ; primaeque ratis molitor Iason ; 
 et cum Pirithoo, felix Concordia, Theseus ; 
 et duo Thestiadae ; proles Aphareia, Lynceus 
 et velox Idas ; et jam non femina Caeneus ; 305 
 
 Leucippusque ferox, jaculoque insignis Acastus ; 
 Hippothousque,Dryasque, etcretus Amy ntore Phoenix ; 
 Actoridaeque pares, et missus ab Elide Phyleus ; 
 nee Telamon aberat, magnique creator Achillis ; 
 cumque Pheretiade et Hyanteo Iolao 310 
 
 impiger Eurytion, et cursu invictus Echion ; 
 Naryciusque Lelex, Panopeusque, Hyleusque, feroxque 
 Hippasus, et primis etiamnum Nestor in annis ; 
 
VIII. 347-] Scene of the Chase, 81 
 
 et quos Hippocoon antiquis misit Amyclis ; 
 Penelopesque socer cum Parrhasio Ancaeo ; 315 
 
 Ampycidesque sagax, et adhuc a conjuge tutus 
 Oeclides, nemorisque decus Tegeaea Lycaei. 
 
 Rasilis huic summam mordebat fibula vestem ; 
 crinis erat simplex, nodum collectus in unum ; 
 ex humero pendens resonabat eburnea laevo 320 
 
 telorum custos ; arcum quoque laeva tenebat : 
 talis erat cultu ; facies, quam dicere vere 
 virgineam in puero, puerilem in virgine possis. 
 
 Hanc pariter vidit, pariter Calydonius heros 
 optavit, renuente deo, flammasque latentes 325 
 
 hausit, et • O felix, si quern dignabitur ' inquit 
 1 ista virum ! \ Nee plura sinit tempusque pudorque 
 dicere : majus opus magni certaminis urguet. 
 
 Silva frequens trabibus, quam nulla ceciderat aetas, 
 incipit a piano, devexaque prospicit arva : 330 
 
 quo postquam venere viri, pars retia tendunt, 
 vincula pars adimunt canibus, pars pressa sequuntur 
 signa pedum, cupiuntque suum reperire periclum. 
 concava vallis erat, quo se demittere rivi 
 adsuerant pluvialis aquae : tenet ima lacunae 335 
 
 lenta salix ulvaeque leves juncique palustres, 
 viminaque et longa parvae sub arundine cannae. 
 
 Hinc aper excitus medios violentus in hostes 
 fertur, ut excussis elisi nubibus ignes. 
 sternitur incursu nemus, et propulsa fragorem 340 
 
 silva dat. Exclamant juvenes, praetentaque forti 
 tela tenent dextra lato vibrantia ferro. 
 ille ruit spargitque canes, ut quisque furenti 
 obstat, et obliquo latrantes dissipat ictu. 
 cuspis Echionio primum contorta lacerto 345 
 
 vana fuit, truncoque dedit leve vulnus acerno. 
 proxima, si nimiis mittentis viribus usa 
 
 6 
 
82 The Calydonian Hunt. [Metam. 
 
 non foret, in tergo visa est haesura petito — 
 
 longius it : auctor teli Pagasaeus Iason. 
 
 * Phoebe,' ait Ampycides ' si te coluique coloque, 350 
 
 da mini quod petitur certo contingere telo ! ' 
 
 qua potuit, precious deus annuit. Ictus ab illo est, 
 
 sed sine vulnere, aper : ferrum Diana volanti 
 
 abstulerat jaculo ; lignum sine acumine venit. 
 
 Ira feri mota est, nee fulmine lenius arsit : 355 
 
 emicat ex oculis, spirat quoque pectore flamma. 
 utque volat moles adducto concita nervo, 
 cum petit aut muros, aut plenas milite turres, 
 in juvenes certo sic impete vulnificus sus 
 fertur, et Eupalamon Pelagonaque, dextra tuentes 360 
 cornua, prosternit. Socii rapuere jacentes ; 
 at non letiferos efTugit Enaesimus ictus 
 Hippocoonte satus : trepidantem et terga parantem 
 vertere succiso liquerunt poplite nervi. 
 forsitan et Pylius citra Trojana perisset 365 
 
 tempora : sed sumpto posita conamine ab hasta 
 arboris insiluit, quae stabat proxima, ramis, 
 despexitque, loco tutus, quern fugerat hostem. 
 
 Dentibus ille ferox in querno stipite tritis 
 imminet exitio, fidensque recentibus armis 370 
 
 Ornytidae magni rostro femur hausit adunco. 
 at gemini, nondum caelestia sidera, fratres, 
 ambo conspicui, nive candidioribus ambo 
 vectabantur equis, ambo vibrata per auras 
 hastarum tremulo quatiebant spicula motu. 375 
 
 vulnera fecissent, nisi saetiger inter opacas 
 nee jaculis isset nee equo loca pervia, silvas. 
 
 Persequitur Telamon, studioque incautus eundi 
 pronus ab arborea cecidit radice retentus. 
 dum levat hunc Peleus, celerem Tegeaea sagittam 380 
 imposuit nervo, sinuatoque expulit arcu. 
 
VIII. 4isO The Wild Boar at Bay. 83 
 
 fixa sub aure feri summum destringit arundo 
 
 corpus, et exiguo rubefecit sanguine saetas. 
 
 nee tamen ilia sui successu laetior ictus, 
 
 quam Meleagros erat. Primus vidisse putatur, 385 
 
 et primus sociis visum ostendisse cruorem, 
 
 et * Meritum ' dixisse * feres virtutis honorem.' 
 
 erubuere viri, seque exhortantur, et addunt 
 
 cum clamore animos, jaciuntque sine ordine tela : 
 
 turba nocet jactis, et quos petit, impedit ictus. 390 
 
 Ecce furens contra sua fata bipennifer Areas 
 1 Discite, femineis quid tela virilia praestent, 
 
 juvenes, operique meo concedite ' dixit ; 
 
 1 ipsa suis licet hunc Latonia protegat armis, 
 
 invita tamen hunc perimet mea dextra Diana.' 395 
 
 talia magniloquo tumidus memoraverat ore, 
 ancipitemque manu tollens utraque securim 
 institerat digitis, primos suspensus in artus. 
 occupat audentem, quaque est via proxima leto, 
 summa ferus geminos direxit ad inguina dentes. 400 
 concidit Ancaeus, glomerataque sanguine multo 
 viscera lapsa fluunt, madefactaque terra cruore est, 
 
 Ibat in adversum proles Ixionis hostem 
 Pirithoiis, valida quatiens venabula dextra. 
 cui procul Aegides   O me mihi carior ' inquit 405 
 
 * pars animae consiste meae ! licet eminus esse 
 fortibus : Ancaeo nocuit temeraria virtus.' 
 dixit, et aerata torsit grave cuspide cornum : 
 cui bene librato votique potente futuro 
 obstitit aesculea frondosus ab arbore ramus. 410 
 
 misit et Aesonides jaculum, quod casus ab illo 
 vertit in immeriti fatum latrantis, et inter 
 ilia conjectum tellure per ilia flxum est. 
 
 At manus Oenidae variat ; missisque duabus 
 hasta prior terra, medio stetit altera tergo. 415 
 
84 The Calydonian Hunt. [Metam. 
 
 nee mora : dum saevit, dum corpora versat in orbem, 
 stridentemque novo spumam cum sanguine fundit, 
 vulneris auctor adest, hostemque irritat ad iram, 
 splendidaque adversos venabula condit in armos. 
 gaudia testantur socii clamore secundo, 420 
 
 victricemque petunt dextrae conjungere dextram. 
 immanemque ferum multa tellure jacentem 
 mirantes spectant ; neque adhuc contingere tutum 
 esse putant, sed tela tamen sua quisque cruentat. 
 ipse pede imposito caput exitiabile pressit, 425 
 
 atque ita : ' Sume mei spolium, Nonacria, juris' 
 dixit ' et in partem veniat mea gloria tecum.' 
 protinus exuvias, rigidis horrentia saetis 
 terga dat, et magnis insignia dentibus ora. 
 
 Illi laetitiae est cum munere muneris auctor; 430 
 invidere alii, totoque erat agmine murmur. 
 e quibus ingenti tendentes bracchia voce 
 * Pone age, nee titulos intercipe, femina, nostras* 
 Thestiadae clamant, l nee te fiducia formae 
 decipiat, ne sit longe tibi captus amore 435 
 
 auctor': et huic adimunt munus, jus muneris illi. 
 non tulit, et tumida frendens Mavortius ira, 
 1 Discite, raptores alieni ' dixit * honoris, 
 facta minis quantum distent ; ' hausitque nefando 
 pectora Plexippi, nil tale timentia, ferro. 440 
 
 Toxea, quid faciat dubium, pariterque volentem 
 ulcisci fratrem fraternaque fata timentem, 
 haud patitur dubitare diu, calidumque priori 
 caede recalfecit consorti sanguine telum. 
 
 Dona deum templis, nato victore, ferebat, 445 
 
 cum videt exstinctos fratres Althaea referri. 
 quae plangore dato maestis clamoribus urbem 
 implet, et auratis mutavit vestibus atras. 
 at simul est auctor necis editus, excidit omnis 
 
VIII. 483] The Fatal Brand. 85 
 
 luctus, et a lacrimis in poenae versus amorem est. 450 
 
 Stipes erat, quern, cum partus enixa jaceret 
 Thestias, in flammam triplices posuere sorores ; 
 staminaque impresso fatalia pollice nentes 
 
 * Tempora' dixerunt * eadem lignoque tibique, 
 
 O modo nate, damus.' Quo postquam carmine dicto 
 
 excessere deae, flagrantem mater ab igne 
 
 eripuit torrem, sparsitque liquentibus undis. 
 
 ille diu fuerat penetralibus abditus imis, 
 
 servatusque tuos, juvenis, servaverat annos. 
 
 protulit hunc genitrix, taedasque et fragmina poni 460 
 
 imperat, et positis inimicos admovet ignes. 
 
 Turn conata quater flammis imponere ramum, 
 coepta quater tenuit. Pugnant materque sororque, 
 et diversa trahunt unum duo nomina pectus, 
 saepe metu sceleris pallebant ora futuri ; 465 
 
 saepe suum fervens oculis dabat ira ruborem. 
 et modo nescio quid similis crudele minanti 
 vultus erat, modo quern misereri credere posses ; 
 cumque ferus lacrimas animi siccaverat ardor, 
 inveniebantur lacrimae tamen. Utque carina, 470 
 
 quam ventus, ventoque rapit contrarius aestus, 
 vim geminam sentit, paretque incerta duobus — 
 Thestias hand aliter dubiis aflfectibus errat, 
 inque vices ponit, positamque resuscitat iram. 
 
 Incipit esse tamen melior germana parente, 475 
 
 et consanguineas ut sanguine leniat umbras, 
 impietate pia est : nam postquam pestifer ignis 
 convaluit, * Rogus iste cremet mea viscera ' dixit; 
 utque manu dira lignum fatale tenebat, 
 ante sepulcrales infelix adstitit aras, 480 
 
 * Poenarum' que ' deae triplices, furialibus,' inquit 
 
 * Eumenides, sacris vultus advertite vestros. 
 ulciscor, facioque nefas : mors morte pianda est. 
 
86 The Calydonian Hunt, [Metam. 
 
 in scelus addendum scelus est, in funera funus ; 
 
 per coacervatos pereat domus impia luctus. 485 
 
 an felix Oeneus nato victore fruetur, 
 
 Thestius orbus erit? Melius lugebitis ambo. 
 
 vos modo, fraterni manes, animaeque recentes, 
 
 officium sentite meum, magnoque paratas 
 
 accipite inferias, uteri mala pignora nostri. 490 
 
 * Ei mihi ! quo rapior? fratres ignoscite matri ! 
 deficiunt ad coepta manus. Meruisse fatemur 
 ilium, cur pereat: mortis mihi displicet auctor. 
 ergo impune feret, vivusque et victor et ipso 
 successu tumidus regnum Calydonis habebit? 495 
 
 vos cinis exiguus gelidaeque jacebitis umbrae? 
 haud equidem patiar. Pereat sceleratus, et ille 
 spemque patris regnique trahat patriaeque ruinam. 
 mens ubi materna est? ubi sunt pia jura parentum? 
 et quos sustinui bis mensum quinque labores? 500 
 
 O utinam primis arsisses ignibus infans, 
 idque ego passa forem ! Vixisti munere nostro : 
 nunc merito moriere tuo. Cape praemia facti, 
 bisque datam, primum partu, mox stipite rapto, 
 redde animam, vel me fraternis adde sepulcris. 505 
 
 ' Et cupio, et nequeo ; quid agam? modo vulnera 
 fratrum 
 ante oculos mihi sunt, et tantae caedis imago : 
 nunc animum pietas maternaque nomina frangunt. 
 me miseram ! male vincetis, sed vincite, fratres : 
 dummodo quae dedero vobis solacia, vosque 510 
 
 ipsa sequar.' Dixit, dextraque aversa trementi 
 funereum torrem medios conjecit in ignes. 
 aut dedit, aut visus gemitus est ille dedisse 
 stipes, ut invitis correptus ab ignibus arsit. 
 
 Inscius atque absens flamma Meleagros ab ilia 515 
 uritur, et caecis torreri viscera sentijt 
 
VIII. 545-] Death of Me I eager. 87 
 
 ignibus, ac magnos superat virtute dolores. 
 quod tamen ignavo cadat et sine sanguine leto, 
 maeret, et Ancaei felicia vulnera dicit ; 
 grandaevumque patrem fratresque piasque sorores 520 
 cum gemitu, sociamque tori vocat ore supremo ; 
 forsitan et matrem. Crescunt ignisque dolorque, 
 languescuntque iterum : simul est exstinctus uterque, 
 inque leves abiit paulatim spiritus auras 
 paulatim cana prunam velante favilla. 525 
 
 Alta jacet Calydon : lugent juvenesque senesque, 
 vulgusque proceresque gemunt, scissaeque capillos 
 planguntur matres Calydonides Eueninae. 
 pulvere canitiem genitor vultusque seniles 
 foedat humi fusus, spatiosumque increpat aevum. 
 nam de matre manus diri sibi conscia facti 530 
 
 exegit poenas, acto per viscera ferro. 
 non mihi si centum deus ora sonantia linguis, 
 ingeniumque capax, totumque Helicona dedisset, 
 tristia persequerer miserarum dicta sororum. 
 inmemores decoris liventia pectora tundunt ; 535 
 
 dumque manet corpus, corpus refoventque foventque ; 
 oscula dant ipsi, posito dant oscula lecto ; 
 post cinerem cineres haustos ad pectora pressant ; 
 adfusaeque jacent tumulo, signataque saxo 
 nomina complexae lacrimas in nomina fundunt. 540 
 quas Parthaoniae tandem Latonia clade 
 exsatiata domus, praeter Gorgenque nurumque 
 nobilis Alcmenae, natis in corpore pennis 
 allevat, et longas per bracchia porrigit alas, 
 corneaque ora facit, versasque per aera mittit. 545 
 
88 Philemon and Baucis. [Metam. 
 
 XII. Philemon and Baucis. 
 [Book VIII. — 620-724.] 
 
 [Hercules, returning from the Calydonian Hunt, is entertained 
 with his friends by the river-god Achelous, who recounts the fate of 
 certain nymphs, turned into rocks and islands. These prodigies 
 are mocked by Pirithous, son of Ixion, who is among them. To 
 silence his cavil, Lelex relates the following tale (589-619).] 
 
 Jupiter and Mercury, journeying once in Phrygia, were refused 
 hospitality by all the inhabitants of a certain place, except two 
 pious rustics, Philemon and his wife Baucis, who provide such 
 entertainment as they are able (620-688). While the inhospitable 
 town was drowned in a marsh, the poor hut of Philemon became 
 a temple, of which he and his wife were made attendants ; until in 
 a good old age they were both transformed to trees, he to an oak 
 and she to a linden (689-724). 
 
 r I ^ILIAE contermina quercus 
 "*■ collibus est Phrygiis, modico circumdata muro. 
 haud procul huic stagnum est, tellus habitabilis olim, 
 nunc celebres mergis fulicisque palustribus undae. 625 
 Juppiter hue specie mortali, cumque parente 
 venit Atlantiades, positis caducifer alis. 
 mille domos adiere, locum requiemque petentes : 
 mille domos clausere serae. Tamen una recepit, 
 parva quidem, stipulis et canna tecta palustri : 630 
 
 sed pia Baucis anus parilique aetate Philemon 
 ilia sunt annis juncti juvenilibus, ilia 
 consenuere casa ; paupertatemque fatendo 
 effecere levem, nee iniqua mente ferendo. 
 nee refert, dominos illic, famulosne requiras : 635 
 
 tota domus duo sunt, idem parentque jubentque. 
 
 Ergo ubi caelicolae parvos tetigere penates, 
 summissoque humiles intrarunt vertice postes, 
 membra senex posito jussit relevare sedili, 
 
VIII. 676.] Their Humble Hospitality. 89 
 
 quo superinjecit textum rude sedula Baucis, 640 
 
 inde foco tepidum cinerem dimovit, et ignes 
 
 suscitat hesternos, foliisque et cortice sicco 
 
 nutrit, et ad flammas anima producit anili, 
 
 multifidasque faces ramaliaque arida tecto 
 
 detulit, et minuit, parvoque admovit aeno. 645 
 
 quodque suus conjunx riguo collegerat horto, 
 
 truncat olus foliis. Furca levat ille bicorni 
 
 sordida terga suis nigro pendentia tigno ; 
 
 servatoque diu resecat de tergore partem 
 
 exiguam, sectamque domat ferventibus undis. 650 
 
 Interea medias fallunt sermonibus horas, 
 concutiuntque torum de molli fluminis ulva 655 
 
 impositum lecto, sponda pedibusque salignis. 
 vestibus hunc velant, quas non nisi tempore festo 
 sternere consuerant ; sed et haec vilisque vetusque 
 vestis erat, lecto non indignanda saligno. 
 
 Accubuere dei. Mensam succincta tremensque 660 
 ponit anus : mensae sed erat pes tertius impar : 
 testa parem fecit. Quae postquam subdita clivum 
 sustulit, aequatam mentae tersere virentes. 
 ponitur hie bicolor sincerae baca Minervae ; 
 conditaque in liquida corna autumnalia faece ; 665 
 
 intibaque, et radix, et lactis massa coacti, 
 ovaque non acri leviter versata favilla, — 
 omnia fictilibus. Post haec caelatus eodem 
 sistitur argento crater, fabricataque fago 
 pocula, qua cava sunt, flaventibus illita ceris. 670 
 
 Parva mora est, epulasque foci misere calentes, 
 nee longae rursus referuntur vina senectae, 
 dantque locum mensis paulum seducta secundis. 
 hie nux, hie mixta est rugosis carica palmis, 
 pruriaque, et in patulis redolentia mala canistris, 675 
 et de purpureis collectae vitibus uvae. 
 
90 Philemon and Baucis. [Metam. 
 
 candidus in medio favus est. Super omnia vultus 
 accessere boni, nee iners pauperque voluntas. 
 
 Interea totiens haustum cratera repleri 
 sponte sua, per seque vident succrescere vina. 680 
 
 attoniti novitate pavent, manibusque supinis 
 concipiunt Baucisque preces timidusque Philemon, 
 et veniam dapibus nullisque paratibus orant. 
 
 Unicus anser erat, minimae custodia villae, 
 quern dis hospitibus domini mactare parabant. 685 
 
 ille celer penna tardos aetate fatigat, 
 eluditque diu, tandemque est visus ad ipsos 
 confugisse deos. Superi vetuere necari : 
 ' Di ' que * sumus, meritasque luet vicinia poenas 
 impia ' dixerunt ;   vobis immunibus hujus 690 
 
 esse mali dabitur : modo vestra relinquite tecta, 
 ac nostros comitate gradus, et in ardua montis 
 ite simul.' Parent ambo, baculisque levati 
 nituntur longo vestigia ponere clivo. 
 
 Tantum aberant summo, quantum semel ire sagitta 
 missa potest : flexere oculos, et mersa palude 
 cetera prospiciunt, tantum sua tecta manere. 
 dumque ea mirantur, dum deflent fata suorum, 
 ilia vetus, dominis etiam casa parva duobus 
 vertitur in templum ; furcas subiere columnae ; 700 
 
 stramina flavescunt, aurataque tecta videntur, 
 caelataeque fores, adopertaque marmore tellus. 
 
 Talia turn placido Saturnius edidit ore : 
 * Dicite, juste senex, et femina conjuge justo 
 digna, quid optetis.' Cum Baucide pauca locutus, 
 judicium superis aperit commune Philemon : 
 1 Esse sacerdotes, delubraque vestra tueri 
 poscimus ; et quoniam Concordes egimus annos, 
 auferat hora duos eadem, nee conjugis umquam 
 busta meae videam, neu sim tumulandus ab ilia.' 710 
 
VIII. 7 2 4-] They are transformed to Trees, 91 
 
 Vota fides sequitur : templi tutela fuere, 
 donee vita data est. Annis aevoque soluti, 
 ante gradus sacros cum starent forte, locique 
 inciperent casus, frondere Philemona Baucis, 
 Baucida conspexit senior frondere Philemon. 715 
 
 jamque super geminos crescente cacumine vultus 
 mutua, dum licuit, reddebant dicta, Vale que 
 O conjunx dixere simul, simul abdita texit 
 ora frutex. Ostendit adhuc Thineius illic 
 incola de gemino vicinos corpore truncos. 720 
 
 haec mihi non vani — neque erat cur fallere vellent — 
 narravere senes : equidem pendentia vidi 
 serta super ramos ; ponensque recentia, dixi : 
 Cura fii dis sunt, et qui coluere coluntur. 
 
92 The Death of Hercules. [Metam. 
 
 XIII. The Death of Hercules. 
 
 [Book IX. — 134-272.] 
 
 [Achelous, continuing the discourse, tells of the transforma- 
 tions of Proteus; and of Metra, daughter of Eresichthon, who 
 (receiving this power from Neptune) long, by cheats and wiles, 
 sustained her father cursed with extreme rage of hunger for the 
 violation of a grove of Ceres (VIII. 725-884). And as Theseus 
 inquires the cause of his broken horn, Achelous replies that con- 
 tending once with Hercules for the possession of Dejanira, sister 
 of Meleager, that horn had been wrested ofi^ and, being filled by 
 the Naiads with autumn fruits, became the horn of Plenty (IX. 
 1-100). In defence of the same Dejanira, Hercules had once 
 slain the centaur Nessus ; who, dying, gave her a tunic stained 
 with his blood, mixed with venom of the Lernaean hydra, which (he 
 said) would recall her husband's love if ever it should wander or 
 cool (101-133).] 
 
 Afterward, Hercules being about to wed Iole, daughter of Eury- 
 tus, Dejanira sent to him this tunic as a marriage gift. But when 
 it took heat from the altar flames as he was about to sacrifice, Her- 
 cules, being in extreme torment, and unable to tear it off, cast into 
 the sea the bearer of the gift, Lichas, who was converted into a 
 rock, retaining his human form (134-227). Then Hercules, build- 
 ing a great funeral pile upon Mount (Eta of Thessaly, burned him- 
 self thereon; and, his mortal parts being purged away, was 
 received into the company of the gods (228-272). 
 
 ONGA fuit medii mora temporis, actaque magni 
 ■*-' Herculis implerant terras, odiumque novercae. 
 victor ab Oechalia Cenaeo sacra parabat 
 vota Jovi, cum fama loquax praecessit ad aures, 
 De'ianira, tuas, quae veris addere falsa 
 gaudet, et e minimo sua per mendacia crescit, 
 Amphitryoniaden Ioles ardore teneri. 140 
 
 Credit amans, venerisque novae perterrita fama 
 indulsit primo lacrimis, flendoque dolorem 
 diffudit miseranda suum. Mox deinde, * Quid autem 
 
IX. 176.] The Poisoned Shirt of JVessus. 93 
 
 flemus?' ait: * pellex lacrimis laetabitur istis. 
 quae quoniam adveniet, properandum, aliquidque no- 
 vandum est, 145 
 
 dum licet, et nondum thalamos tenet altera nostros. 
 conquerar, an sileam? repetam Calydona, morerne? 
 excedam tectis? an, si nihil amplius, obstem? 
 quid si me, Meleagre, tuam memor esse sororem 
 forte paro facinus, quantumque injuria possit 150 
 
 femineusque dolor, jugulata pellice testor?' 
 
 Incursus animus varios habet : omnibus illis 
 praetulit imbutam Nesseo sanguine vestem 
 mittere, quae vires defecto reddat amori. 
 ignaroque Lichae, quid tradat nescia, luctus 155 
 
 ipsa suos tradit, blandisque miserrima verbis, 
 dona det ilia viro, mandat. Capit inscius heros, 
 induiturque humeris Lernaeae virus echidnae. 
 
 Tura dabat primis et verba precantia flammis, 
 vinaque marmoreas patera fundebat in aras : 160 
 
 incaluit vis ilia mali, resolutaque flammis 
 Herculeos abiit late diffusa per artus. 
 dum potuit, solita gemitum virtute repressit ; 
 victa malis postquam est patientia, reppulit aras, 
 implevitque suis nemorosum vocibus Oeten. 165 
 
 nee mora, letiferam conatur scindere vestem : 
 qua trahitur, trahit ilia cutem, foedumque relatu, 
 aut haeret membris frustra temptata revelli, 
 aut laceros artus et grandia detegit ossa. 
 ipse cruor, gelido ceu quondam lamina candens 170 
 tincta lacu, stridit, coquiturque ardente veneno. 
 
 Nee modus est : sorbent avidae praecordia flammae, 
 caeruleusque fluit toto de corpore sudor, 
 ambustique sonant nervi, caecaque medullis 
 tabe liquefactis tendens ad sidera palmas, 175 
 
 ' Cladibus ' exclamat, « Saturnia, pascere nostris : 
 
94 2Tfctf Death of Hercules. [Metam. 
 
 pascere, et hanc pestem specta, crudelis, ab alto, 
 corque ferum satia. Vel si miserandus et hosti 
 hoc aestu tibi sum, diris cruciatibus aegram 
 invisamque animam natamque laboribus aufer. 180 
 
 mors mihi munus erit : decet haec dare dona novercam. 
 ergo ego foedantem peregrino templa cruore 
 Busirin domui? saevoque alimenta parentis 
 Antaeo eripui ? nee me pastoris Hiberi 
 forma triplex, nee forma triplex tua, Cerbere, movit? 
 vosne, manus, validi pressistis cornua tauri? 
 vestrum opus Elis habet, vestrum Stymphalides undae, 
 Partheniumque nemus? vestra virtute relatus 
 Thermodontiaco caelatus balteus auro, 
 pomaque ab insomni concustodita dracone? 190 
 
 nee mihi Centauri potuere resistere, nee mi 
 Arcadiae vastator aper? nee profuit hydrae 
 crescere per damnum, geminasque resumere vires? 
 quid, cum Thracis equos humano sanguine pingues 
 plenaque corporibus laceris praesepia vidi, 195 
 
 visaque dejeci, dominumque ipsosque peremi? 
 his elisa jacet moles Nemeaea lacertis ; 
 hac caelum cervice tuli. Defessa jubendo est 
 saeva Jovis conjunx : ego sum indefessus agendo, 
 sed nova pestis adest, cui nee virtute resisti, 200 
 
 nee telis armisque potest. Pulmonibus errat 
 ignis edax imis, perque omnes pascitur artus. 
 at valet Eurystheus ! Et sunt, qui credere possint 
 esse deos?' Dixit, perque altum saucius Oeten 
 haud aliter graditur, quam si venabula taurus 205 
 
 corpore fixa gerat, factique refugerit auctor. 
 saepe ilium gemitus edentem, saepe frementem, 
 saepe retemptantem totas refringere vestes, 
 sternentemque trabes, irascentemque videres 
 montibus, aut patrio tendentem bracchia caelo. 210 
 
IX. 243-] The Funeral File, 95 
 
 Ecce Lichan trepidum latitantem rupe cavata 
 aspicit; utque dolor rabiem collegerat omnem, 
 «Tune, Licha,' dixit * feralia dona dedisti? 
 tune meae necis auctor ens?' Tremit ille, pavetque 
 pallidus, et timide verba excusantia dicit. 215 
 
 dicentem genibusque manus adhibere parantem 
 corripit Alcides, et terque quaterque rotatum 
 mittit in Eubo'icas tormento fortius undas. 
 ille per aerias pendens induruit auras ; 
 utque ferunt imbres gelidis concrescere ventis, 220 
 
 inde nives fieri, nivibus quoque molle rotatis 
 astringi, et spissa glomerari grandine corpus : 
 sic ilium validis actum per inane lacertis 
 exsanguemque metu nee quicquam humoris habentem, 
 in rigidos versum silices prior edidit aetas. 225 
 
 nunc quoque in Euboico scopulus brevis emicat alto 
 gurgite, et humanae servat vestigia formae, 
 quern, quasi sensurum, nautae calcare verentur, 
 appellantque Lichan. 
 
 At tu, Jovis inclita proles, 
 arboribus caesis, quas ardua gesserat Oete, 230 
 
 inque pyram structis, arcum pharetramque capacem 
 regnaque visuras iterum Trojana sagittas 
 ferre jubes Poeante satum, quo flamma ministro 
 subdita ; dumque avidis comprenditur ignibus agger, 
 congeriem silvae Nemeaeo vellere summam 235 
 
 sternis, et imposita clavae cervice recumbis, 
 haud alio vultu, quam si conviva jaceres 
 inter plena meri redimitus pocula sertis. 
 
 Jamque valens et in omne latus diffusa sonabat, 
 securosque artus contemptoremque petebat 240 
 
 flamma suum. Timuere dei pro vindice terrae : 
 quos ita, sensit enira, laeto Saturnius ore 
 Juppiter adloquitur : ' Nostra est timor iste voluptas, 
 
96 1 he Death of Hercules, [Metam. 
 
 O superi ; totoque libens mihi pectore grator, 
 
 quod memoris populi dicor rectorque paterque, 245 
 
 et mea progenies vestro quoque tuta favore est. 
 
 nam quamquam ipsius datur hoc immanibus actis, 
 
 obligor ipse tamen. Sed enim, ne pectora vano 
 
 fida metu paveant, Oetaeas spernite flammas. 
 
 omnia qui vicit, vincet, quos cernitis, ignes ; 250 
 
 nee nisi materna vulcanum parte potentem 
 
 sentiet. Aeternum est a me quod traxit, et expers 
 
 atque immune necis, nullaque domabile flamma : 
 
 idque ego defunctum terra caelestibus oris 
 
 accipiam, cunctisque meum laetabile factum 255 
 
 dis fore confido. Siquis tamen Hercule, siquis 
 
 forte deo doliturus erit, data praemia nolet : 
 
 sed meruisse dari sciet, invitusque probabit.' 
 
 Assensere dei ; conjunx quoque regia visa est 
 cetera non duro, duro tamen ultima vultu 260 
 
 dicta tulisse Jovis, seque indoluisse notatam. 
 
 Interea quodcumque fuit populabile flammae, 
 Mulciber abstulerat ; nee cognoscenda remansit 
 Herculis effigies, nee quicquam ab imagine ductum 
 matris habet, tantumque Jovis vestigia servat. 265 
 
 utque novus serpens posita cum pelle senecta 
 luxuriare solet, squamaque virere recenti : 
 sic ubi mortales Tirynthius exuit artus, 
 parte sui meliore viget, majorque videri 
 coepit, et augusta fieri gravitate verendus. 270 
 
 quern pater omnipotens inter cava nubila raptum 
 quadrijugo curru radiantibus intulit astris. 
 
X. 7-] Orpheus and Eurydice. 97 
 
 XIV. Orpheus and Eurydice. 
 [Book X. — 1-77.] 
 
 [Alcmene, mother of Hercules, to entertain Iole (who had 
 married his son Hyllus), relates the tale of Hercules' birth, which 
 was long delayed, but at last brought about by the artifice of Galan- 
 this, a waiting maid ; who, for the falsehood she told, was turned 
 into a weasel by Ilithyia, whom she had deceived (IX. 273-323). 
 Iole relates in turn of her sister Dryope, changed to a lotus 
 (324-339). The restoring of Iolaus to youth, and the miraculous 
 manhood bestowed on the children of Callirhoe, having moved the 
 displeasure of some of the gods, Jupiter reminds them of the pain- 
 ful old age of his own son Minos (400-442). The tale is told of 
 Byblis, daughter of Miletus (who had migrated from Crete to Asia) : 
 she, filled with a guilty love for her brother Cannus, became a foun- 
 tain in Caria (443-665). Iphis ; daughter of Ligdus of Crete, having 
 been brought up as a youth to avoid her father's displeasure that a 
 daughter was born to him, was at length changed to a young man 
 by Isis, and so became the husband of Ianthe (666-797).] 
 
 Hymen, proceeding to Thrace, after the marriage of Iphis, 
 unites Orpheus to Eurydice, but not happily, for she died from the 
 bite of a serpent. To recover her, Orpheus penetrated the shadows 
 of the Lower World, where even the Furies are moved to tears at 
 his song, the pains of hell are stayed, and Proserpine is won to 
 yield him back his wife, only on condition that he shall not look 
 behind him till again in the upper world. Turning about too soon, 
 in his eagerness to see her, he loses her again, and is not suffered 
 a second time to enter Hades (X. 1-77). 
 
 TNDE per immensum croceo velatus amictu 
 
 ■*■ aethera digreditur, Ciconumque Hymenaeus ad 
 
 oras 
 tendit, et Orphea nequiquam voce vocatur. 
 adfuit ille quidem ; sed nee sollemnia verba, 
 nee laetos vultus, nee felix attulit omen. 5 
 
 fax quoque, quam tenuit, lacrimoso stridula fumo 
 usque fuit, nullosque invenit motibus ignes. 
 
 I 
 
98 Orpheus and Eurydice. [Metam. 
 
 exitus auspicio gravior ; nam nupta, per herbas 
 
 dum nova nai'adum turba comitata vagatur, 
 
 occidit, in talum serpentis dente recepto. 10 
 
 Quam satis ad superas postquam Rhodopeius auras 
 deflevit vates, ne non temptaret et umbras, 
 ad Styga Taenaria est ausus descendere porta ; 
 perque leves populos simulacraque functa sepulcro 
 Persephonen adiit, inamoenaque regna tenentem 15 
 umbrarum dominum. Pulsisque ad carmina nervis 
 sic ait : * O positi sub terra numina mundi, 
 in quern recidimus, quicquid mortale creamur; 
 si licet, et falsi positis ambagibus oris 
 vera loqui sinitis, non hue, ut opaca viderem 20 
 
 Tartara, descendi, nee uti villosa colubris 
 terna Medusaei vincirem guttura monstri. 
 causa viae conjunx, in quam calcata venenum 
 vipera diffudit, crescentesque abstulit annos. 
 posse pati volui, nee me temptasse negabo : 25 
 
 vicit Amor. Supera deus hie bene notus in ora est : 
 an sit et hie, dubito, sed et hie tamen auguror esse, 
 famaque si veteris non est mentita rapinae, 
 vos quoque junxit Amor. Per ego haec loca plena 
 
 timoris, 
 per Chaos hoc ingens, vastique silentia regni, 30 
 
 Eurydices, oro, properata retexite fata, 
 omnia debemur vobis, paulumque morati 
 serius aut citius sedem properamus ad unam. 
 tendimus hue omnes, haec est domus ultima ; vosque 
 humani generis longissima regna tenetis. 35 
 
 haec quoque, cum justos matura peregerit annos, 
 juris erit vestri. Pro munere poscimus usum. 
 quod si fata negant veniam pro conjuge, certum est 
 nolle redire mihi : leto gaudete duorum.' 
 
 Talia dicentem nervosque ad verba moventem 40 
 
X. 74-] Half -won, but lost again. 99 
 
 exsangues flebant animae ; nee Tantalus undam 
 
 captavit refugam, stupuitque Ixionis orbis, 
 
 nee carpsere jecur volucres, urnisque vacarunt 
 
 Belides, inque tuo sedisti, Sisyphe, saxo. 
 
 tunc primum lacrimis victarum carmine fama est 45 
 
 Eumenidum maduisse genas. Nee regia conjunx 
 
 sustinet oranti, nee qui regit ima, negare : 
 
 Eurydicenque vocant. Umbras erat ilia recentes 
 
 inter, et incessit passu de vulnere tardo. 
 
 hanc simul et legem Rhodopei'us accipit heros, 50 
 
 ne flectat retro sua lumina, donee Avernas 
 
 exierit valles, aut irrita dona futura. 
 
 Carpitur acclivis per muta silentia trames, 
 arduus, obscurus, caligine densus opaca. 
 nee procul afuerunt telluris margine summae : 55 
 
 hie, ne deficeret metuens, avidusque videndi, 
 flexit amans oculos ; et protinus ilia relapsa est, 
 bracchiaque intendens prendique et prendere captans 
 nil nisi cedentes infelix arripit auras, 
 jamque iterum moriens non est de conjuge quicquam 
 questa suo : quid enim nisi se quereretur amatam? 
 supremumque Vale 1 quod jam vix auribus ille 
 acciperet, dixit, revolutaque rursus eodem est. 
 
 Non aliter stupuit gemina nece conjugis Orpheus, 
 quam tria qui timidus, medio portante catenas, 65 
 
 colla canis vidit ; quern non pavor ante reliquit, 
 quam natura prior, saxo per corpus oborto : 
 quique in se crimen traxit voluitque videri 
 Olenos esse nocens, tuque O confisa figurae, 
 infelix Lethaea, tuae, junctissima quondam 70 
 
 pectora, nunc lapides, quos humida sustinet Ide. 
 
 Orantem frustraque iterum transire volentem 
 portitor arcuerat. Septem tamen ille diebus 
 squalidus in ripa Cereris sine munere sedit ; 
 
ioo The Song of Orpheus, [Metam. 
 
 cura dolorque animi lacrimaeque alimenta fuere. 75 
 
 esse deos Erebi crudeles questus, in altam 
 
 se recipit Rhodopen pulsumque aquilonibus Haemum. 
 
 XV. The Song of Orpheus. 
 [Book X. — 86-219.] 
 
 Withdrawn apart from the love of women, and having 
 gathered by his song a grove of forest trees [among them the pine 
 which was once the youth Attis, and Cyparissus changed by Apollo 
 into a Cypress], Orpheus sings of the loves of the gods for mortal 
 men. And first of Ganymede of Troy, borne to heaven by Jupiter 
 in the form of an eagle (143-161) ; and of Hyacinthus, a beautiful 
 youth of Sparta, beloved by Apollo, but accidentally killed by him 
 with a discus (or quoit) that he had hurled into the air; from 
 whose blood sprang the flower that bears his name (162-219). 
 
 [He further sings of certain people of Cyprus, cruel to 
 strangers, who by Venus were changed to oxen (220-237) ; of the 
 statue wrought by Pygmalion, which became a living maiden, and 
 his bride (243-297) ; of Myrrha, who because of her incestuous love 
 of her father became a tree weeping fragrant gum (298-502) ; of her 
 child Adonis, loved by Venus (503-559) ; of Atalanta, fleet of foot, 
 who was won in the race by craft of Hippomenes with three golden 
 apples, but both were afterwards changed into lions (560-707) ; 
 and of the death of Adonis, slain by a wild boar, and by Venus 
 converted into the flower Anemone, as Menthe had aforetime been 
 by Proserpine into the herb Mint (708-739).] 
 
 /^OLLIS erat, collemque super planissima campi 
 
 ^-^ area, quam viridem faciebant graminis herbae. 
 
 umbra loco deerat : qua postquam parte resedit 
 
 dis genitus vates, et fila sonantia movit, 
 
 umbra loco venit. Non Chaonis afuit arbor, 90 
 
 non nemus Heliadum, non frondibus aesculus altis, 
 
X. i62.] The Rafe of Gctnymcde. 101 
 
 nee tiliae molles, nee fagus et innuba laurus, 
 
 nee coryli fragiles, et fraxinus utilis hastis, 
 
 enodisque abies, curvataque glandibus ilex, 
 
 et platanus genialis, acerque coloribus impar, 95 
 
 amnicolaeque simul salices et aquatica lotos, 
 
 perpetuoque virens buxum, tenuesque myricae, 
 
 et bicolor myrtus, et bacis caerula tinus. 
 
 vos quoque, flexipedes hederae, venistis, et una 
 
 pampineae vites et amictae vitibus ulmi ; 100 
 
 ornique et piceae,pomoque onerata rubenti 
 
 arbutus, et lentae (victoris praemia) palmae, 
 
 et succincta comas hirsutaque vertice pinus, 
 
 grata deum matri : siquidem Cybeleius Attis 
 
 exuit hac hominem, truncoque induruit illo. 105 
 
 Tale nemus vates attraxerat ; inque ferarum 
 concilio medius turba volucrumque sedebat. 
 ut satis impulsas temptavit pollice chordas, 145 
 
 et sensit varios, quamvis diversa sonarent, 
 concordare modos, hoc vocem carmine movit : 
 
 * Ab Jove, Musa parens (cedunt Jovis omnia regno) 
 carmina nostra move : Jovis est mihi saepe potestas 
 dicta prius. Cecini plectro graviore Gigantas, 150 
 sparsaque Phlegraeis victricia fulmina campis ; 
 nunc opus est leviore lyra, puerosque canamus 
 dilectos superis, inconcessisque puellas 
 ignibus attonitas meruisse libidine poenam. 
 
 'Rex superum Phrygii quondam Ganymedis amore 
 arsit, et inventum est aliquid, quod Juppiter esse, 
 quam quod erat, mallet. Nulla tamen alite verti 
 dignatur, nisi quae posset sua fulmina ferre. 
 nee mora : percusso mendacibus aere pennis 
 abripit Iliaden, qui nunc quoque pocula miscet, 160 
 invitaque Jovi nectar Junone ministrat. 
 
 ' Te quoque, Amyclide, posuisset in aethere Phoebus, 
 
io?< The Song of Orfheus, [Metam. 
 
 tristia si spatium ponendi fata dedissent. 
 
 qua licet, aeternus tamen es ; quotiensque repellit 
 
 ver hiemem, Piscique Aries succedit aquoso, 165 
 
 tu totiens oreris, viridique in cespite flores. 
 
 te meus ante omnes genitor dilexit, et orbe 
 
 in medio positi caruerunt praeside Delphi, 
 
 dum deus Eurotan immunitamque frequentat 
 
 Sparten : nee citharae, nee sunt in honore sagittae. 170 
 
 inmemor ipse sui non retia ferre recusat, 
 
 non tenuisse canes, non per juga montis iniqui 
 
 isse comes ; longaque alit assuetudine flammas. 
 
 * Jamque fere medius Titan venientis et actae 
 noctis erat, spatioque pari distabat utrimque : 175 
 corpora veste levant, et suco pinguis olivi 
 splendescunt, latique ineunt certamina disci. 
 
 * Quem prius aerias libratum Phoebus in auras 
 misit, et oppositas disjecit pondere nubes. 
 
 recidit in solidam longo post tempore terram 180 
 
 pondus, et exhibuit junctam cum viribus artem. 
 protinus imprudens actusque cupidine ludi 
 tollere Taenarides orbem properabat ; at ilium 
 dura repercussum subjecit in aera tellus 
 in vultus, Hyacinthe, tuos. Expalluit aeque 185 
 
 quam puer ipse deus ; collapsosque excipit artus, 
 et modo te refovet, modo tristia vulnera siccat, 
 nunc animam admotis fugientem sustinet herbis. 
 
 * Nil prosunt artes : erat immedicabile vulnus. 
 
 ut si quis violas riguove papaver in horto, 190 
 
 liliaque infringat fulvis haerentia virgis, 
 marcida demittant subito caput ilia gravatum, 
 nee se sustineant, spectentque cacumine terram : 
 sic vultus moriens jacet, et defecta vigore 
 ipsa sibi est oneri cervix humerpque recumbit. 195 
 
 ' * Laberis, Oebalide, prima fraudate juventa, 
 
X. 219] Death of Hyacinthus. 103 
 
 Phoebus ait, videoque tuum, mea crimina, vulnus, 
 tu dolor es, facinusque meum : mea dextera leto 
 inscribenda tuo est ; ego sum tibi funeris auctor. 
 quae mea culpa tamen? nisi si lusisse vocari 200 
 
 culpa potest, nisi culpa potest et amasse vocari. 
 atque utinam pro te vitam, tecumve liceret 
 reddere ! Quod quoniam fatali lege tenemur, 
 semper eris mecum, memorique haerebis in ore. 
 te lyra pulsa manu, te carmina nostra sonabunt; 205 
 flosque novus scripto gemitus imitabere nostros : 
 tempus et illud erit, quo se fortissimus heros 
 addat in hunc florem, folioque legatur eodem." 
 4 Talia dum vero memorantur Apollinis ore, 
 ecce cruor, qui fusus humo signaverat herbam, 210 
 desinit esse cruor, Tyrioque nitentior ostro 
 flos oritur, formamque capit quam lilia, si non 
 purpureus color his, argenteus esset in illis. 
 non satis hoc Phoebo est (is enim fuit auctor honoris) : 
 ipse suos gemitus foliis inscribit, et ai ai 215 
 
 flos habet inscriptum, funestaque littera ducta est. 
 nee genuisse pudet Sparten Hyacinthon, honorque 
 durat in hoc aevi ; celebrandaque more priorum 
 annua praelata redeunt Hyacinthia pompa.' 
 
104 The Death of Orpheus. [Met am. 
 
 XVT. The Death of Orpheus. 
 
 [Book XL — 1-84.] 
 
 Still lamenting in solitude for his lost Eurydice, Orpheus is 
 assailed in a frenzy by the women of Thrace, who tear him in 
 pieces ; so that while his body is borne upon the Hebrus, and to 
 the isle of Lesbos, his shade securely joins that of his wife in the 
 Elysian Fields (XL 1-66) ; the women who had caused his death 
 being by Bacchus changed to trees (67-84) . 
 
 /^ARMINE dum tali silvas ani mosque ferarum 
 
 ^^ Threicius vates et saxa sequentia ducit, 
 
 ecce nurus Ciconum, tectae lymphata ferinis 
 
 pectora velleribus, tumuli de vertice cernunt 
 
 Orphea, percussis sociantem carmina nervis. 5 
 
 e quibus una, levem jactato crine per auram, 
 
 * En,' ait * en hie est nostri contemptor \h et hastam 
 
 vatis Apollinei vocalia misit in ora : 
 
 quae foliis praesuta notam sine vulnere fecit. 
 
 Alterius telum lapis est, qui missus, in ipso 10 
 
 aere concentu victus vocisque lyraeque est, 
 ac veluti supplex pro tarn furialibus ausis 
 ante pedes jacuit. Sed enim temeraria crescunt 
 bella, modusque abiit, insanaque regnat Erinys. 
 
 Cunctaque tela forent cantu mollita ; sed ingens 15 
 clamor et infracto Berecyntia tibia cornu, 
 tympanaque et plausus et Bacchei ululatus 
 obstrepuere sono citharae. Turn denique saxa 
 non exauditi rubuerunt sanguine vatis. 
 ac primum attonitas etiamnum voce canentis 20 
 
 innumeras volucres, anguesque agmenque ferarum, 
 Maenades Orphei titulum rapuere triumphi. 
 
 Inde cruentatis vertuntur in Orphea dextris, 
 et coeunt ut aves, si quando luce vagantem 
 
XI. 53.] TMe Thracian Mcenadcs. 105 
 
 noctis avem cernunt ; structoque utrimque theatro 25 
 
 ceu matutina cervus periturus arena 
 
 praeda canum est, vatemque petunt, et fronde virentes 
 
 coniciunt thyrsos, non haec in munera factos. 
 
 hae glebas, illae direptos arbore ramos, 
 
 pars torquent silices. Neu desint tela furori, 30 
 
 forte boves presso subigebant vomere terram ; 
 
 nee procul hinc, multo fructum sudore parantes, 
 
 dura lacertosi fodiebant arva coloni. 
 
 agmine qui viso fugiunt, operisque relinquunt 
 
 arma sui ; vacuosque jacent dispersa per agros 35 
 
 sarculaque rastrique graves longique ligones. 
 
 quae postquam rapuere ferae, cornuque minaces 
 
 divellere boves, ad vatis fata recurrunt, 
 
 tendentemque manus atque illo tempore primum 
 
 irrita dicentem, nee quicquam voce moventem, 40 
 
 sacrilegae perimunt ; perque os, pro Juppiter ! illud, 
 
 auditum saxis intellectumque ferarum 
 
 sensibus, in ventos anima exhalata recessit. 
 
 Te maestae volucres, Orpheu, te turba ferarum, 
 te rigidi silices, te carmina saepe secutae 45 
 
 fleverunt silvae ; positis te frondibus arbos 
 tonsa comam luxit ; lacrimis quoque flumina dicunt 
 increvisse suis, obstrusaque carbasa pullo 
 naides et dryades passosque habuere capillos. 
 membra jacent diversa locis : caput, Hebre, lyramque 
 excipis ; et, mirum ! medio dum labitur amne, 
 flebile nescio quid queritur lyra, flebile lingua 
 murmurat exanimis, respondent flebile ripae. 
 jamque mare invectae flumen populare relinquunt, 
 et Methymnaeae potiuntur litore Lesbi. 55 
 
 hie ferus expositum peregrinis anguis arenis 
 os petit et sparsos stillanti rore capillos. 
 tandem Phoebus adest, morsusque inferre parantem 
 
106 The Death of Orpheus, [Metam. 
 
 arcet, et in lapidem rictus serpentis apertos 
 
 congelat, et patulos, ut erant, indurat hiatus. 60 
 
 Umbra subit terras, et quae loca viderat ante, 
 cuncta recognoscit ; quaerensque per arva piorum 
 invenit Eurydicen, cupidisque amplectitur ulnis. 
 hie modo conjunctis spatiantur passibus ambo, 
 nunc praecedentem sequitur, nunc praevius anteit, 65 
 Eurydicenque suam jam tuto respicit Orpheus. 
 
 Non impune tamen scelus hoc sinit esse Lyaeus : 
 amissoque dolens sacrorum vate suorum, 
 protinus in silvis matres Edonidas omnes, 
 quae videre nefas, torta radice ligavit. 70 
 
 quippe pedum digitos, in quantum quaeque secuta est, 
 traxit, et in solidam detrusit acumine terram ; 
 utque suum laqueis, quos callidus abdidit auceps, 
 crus ubi commisit volucris, sensitque teneri, 
 plangitur, ac trepidans astringit vincula motu : 75 
 
 sic, ut quaeque solo defixa cohaeserat harum, 
 exsternata fugam frustra temptabat ; at illam 
 lenta tenet radix, exsultantemque coercet. 
 dumque ubi sint digiti, dum pes ubi, quaerit, et ungues, 
 aspicit in teretes lignum succedere suras ; 80 
 
 et conata femur maerenti plangere dextra, 
 robora percussit. Pectus quoque robora fiunt ; 
 robora sunt humeri ; porrectaque bracchia veros 
 esse putes ramos, et non fallare putando. 
 
XI. ioi.] Bacchus in Phrygia. 107 
 
 XVII. The Story of Midas. 
 
 [Book XI. — 85-193.] 
 
 Proceeding from Thrace into Phrygia, Bacchus is deserted by 
 Silenus, whom king Midas restores to him, and so receives from 
 Bacchus whatever boon he should desire. Choosing that whatever 
 he touched might become gold, Midas presently finds his gift a 
 curse ; but by help of the god is freed from it on bathing in the 
 river Pactolus, whose sands thenceforth become gold (85-145). 
 Afterwards, frequenting woods and lonely places, he became 
 witness of a contest for the palm of music between Pan and 
 Apollo. By Tmolus, the mountain-god, Apollo is judged victor; 
 and Midas pronouncing for Pan, his ears are by Apollo lengthened 
 into ass's ears (146-179) ; the secret of which being by his servant 
 whispered to the earth, there sprang up reeds, which in their 
 rustling told the shame of Midas (180-193). 
 
 TVTEC satis hoc Baccho est : ipsos quoque deserit 
 ■*" ^ agros, 
 
 cumque choro meliore sui vineta Timoli 
 Pactolonque petit — quamvis non aureus illo 
 tempore, nee caris erat invidiosus arenis. 
 hunc assueta cohors satyri bacchaeque frequentant, 
 at Silenus abest. Titubantem annisque meroque 90 
 ruricolae cepere Phryges, vinctumque coronis 
 ad regem duxere Midan, cui Thracius Orpheus 
 orgia tradiderat cum Cecropio Eumolpo. 
 qui simul agnovit socium comitemque sacrorum, 
 hospitis adventu festum genialiter egit 95 
 
 per bis quinque dies et junctas ordine noctes. 
 Et jam stellarum sublime coegerat agmen 
 Lucifer undecimus, Lydos cum laetus in agros 
 rex venit, et juveni Silenum reddit alumno. 
 huic deus optandi gratum, sed inutile, fecit I00 
 
 muneris arbitrium, gaudens altore recepto. 
 
108 The Story of Midas, [Metam. 
 
 ille, male usurus donis, ait ' Effice, quicquid 
 corpore contigero, fulvum vertatur in aurum.' 
 adnuit optatis, nocituraque munera solvit 
 Liber, et indoluit, quod non meliora petisset. 105 
 
 Laetus abit, gaudetque malo Berecyntius heros : 
 pollicitique fidem tarigendo singula temptat. 
 vixque sibi credens, non alta fronde virenti 
 ilice detraxit virgam : virga aurea facta est ; 
 tollit humo saxum : saxum quoque palluit auro ; no 
 contigit et glebam : contactu gleba potenti 
 massa fit; arentis Cereris decerpsit aristas : 
 aurea messis erat ; demptum tenet arbore pomum : 
 Hesperidas donasse putes. Si postibus altis 
 admovit digitos, postes radiare videntur ; 115 
 
 ille etiam liqu'idis palmas ubi laverat undis, 
 unda fluens palmis Danaen eludere posset. 
 
 Vix spes ipse suas animo capit, aurea fingens 
 omnia. Gaudenti mensas posuere ministri 
 exstructas dapibus, nee tostae frugis egentes : 120 
 
 turn vero, sive ille sua Cerealia dextra 
 munera contigerat, Cerealia dona rigebant ; 
 sive dapes avido convellere dente parabat, 
 lamina fulva dapes, admoto dente, premebat; 
 miscuerat puris auctorem muneris undis : 125 
 
 fusile per rictus aurum fluitare videres. 
 
 Attonitus novitate mali, divesque miserque, 
 effugere optat opes, et quae modo voverat, odit. 
 copia nulla famem relevat : sitis arida guttur 
 urit, et inviso meritus torquetur ab auro. 130 
 
 ad caelumque manus et splendida bracchia tollens, 
 ' Da veniam, Lenaee pater ! peccavimus,' inquit, 
 ' sed miserere, precor, speciosoque eripe damno.' 
 , Mite deum numen, Bacchus peccasse fatentem 
 restituit, factique fide data munera solvit. 135 
 
XI. 169.] Contest of Pan and Apollo. 109 
 
 « Neve male optato maneas circumlitus auro, 
 vade' ait * ad magnis vicinum Sardibus amnem, 
 perque jugum montis labentibus obvius undis 
 carpe viam, donee venias ad fluminis ortus ; 
 spumigeroque tuum fonti, quo plurimus exit, 140 
 
 subde caput, corpusque simul, simul elue crimen. ' 
 rex jussae succedit aquae. Vis aurea tinxit 
 flumen, et humano de corpore cessit in amnem. 
 nunc quoque jam veteris percepto semine venae 
 arva rigent auro madidis pallentia glebis. 145 
 
 Ille, perosus opes, silvas et rura colebat, 
 Panaque montanis habitantem semper in antris. 
 pingue sed ingenium mansit ; nocituraque, ut ante, 
 rursus erant domino stolidae praecordia mentis, 
 nam freta prospiciens late riget arduus alto 150 
 
 Tmolus in ascensu, clivoque extensus utroque 
 Sardibus hinc, illinc parvis finitur Hypaepis. 
 Pan ibi dum teneris jactat sua carmina nymphis, 
 et leve cerata modulatur arundine carmen, 
 ausus Apollineos prae se contemnere cantus, 155 
 
 judice sub Tmolo certamen venit ad impar. 
 
 Monte suo senior judex consedit, et aures 
 liberat arboribus : quercu coma caerula tantum 
 cingitur, et pendent circum cava tempora glandes. 
 isque deum pecoris spectans, ' In judice' dixit 160 
 
 * nulla- mora est.' Calamis agrestibus insonat ille : 
 barbaricoque Midan — aderat nam forte canenti — 
 carmine delenit. Post hunc sacer ora retorsit 
 Tmolus ad os Phoebi : vultum sua silva secuta est. 
 
 Ille, caput flavum lauro Parnaside vinctus, 165 
 
 verrit humum Tyrio saturata murice palla ; 
 instrictamque fidem gemmis et dentibus Indis 
 sustinet a laeva, tenuit manus altera plectrum : 
 artificis status ipse fuit. Turn stamina docto 
 
HO The Story of Midas. [Metam. 
 
 pollice sollicitat, quorum dulcedine captus 170 
 
 Pana jubet Tmolus citharae summittere cannas. 
 
 Judicium sanctique placet sententia montis 
 omnibus. Arguitur tamen, atque injusta vocatur 
 unius sermone Midae. Nee Delius aures 
 humanam stolidas patitur retinere figuram ; 175 
 
 sed trahit in spatium, villisque albentibus implet, 
 instabilesque imas facit, et dat posse moveri. 
 cetera sunt hominis : partem damnatur in unam, 
 induiturque aures lente gradientis aselli. 
 
 Ille quidem celat, turpique onerata pudore 180 
 
 tempora purpureis temptat velare tiaris ; 
 sed solitus longos ferro resecare capillos 
 viderat hoc famulus. Qui, cum nee prodere visum 
 dedecus auderet, cupiens efferre sub auras, 
 nee posset reticere tamen, secedit, humumque 185 
 
 effodit, et, domini quales aspexerit aures, 
 voce refert parva, terraeque inmurmurat haustae ; 
 indiciumque suae vocis tellure regesta 
 obruit, et scrobibus tacitus discedit opertis. 
 creber arundinibus tremulis ibi surgere lucus 190 
 
 coepit, et, ut primum pleno maturuit anno, 
 prodidit agricolam. Leni nam motus ab austro 
 obruta verba refert, dominique coarguit aures. 
 
XII. 5-] T%e Chiefs at Troy. ill 
 
 XVIII. The Chiefs at Troy. 
 [Book XII. — 1-145.] 
 
 [Departing from Tmolus, Apollo, with Neptune, serves king 
 Laomedon in building the walls of Troy, whom they punish for his 
 perfidy (XI. 194-220). The transformations of Thetis, who is 
 given as bride to Peleus and becomes mother of Achilles (221-265). 
 But Peleus, having slain his brother Phocus, flees to Ceyx of Tra- 
 chin, whose brother Dasdalion (grieving for the loss of his daughter 
 Chio) had cast himself from Parnassus and been turned by Apollo 
 into a hawk (266-345). Meanwhile the cattle brought by Peleus 
 are destroyed by a wolf, through anger of the Nereid mother of 
 Phocus, the wolf being afterwards turned to stone (346-409). 
 Ceyx, against the entreaty of his wife Alcyone, goes to consult 
 the oracle of Apollo at Claros upon these prodigies ; but being 
 shipwrecked, and so not returning at the appointed time, Alcyone 
 entreats Juno for him in her prayers, until she is shown in vision 
 that he is dead, and discovers his floating body near the shore ; 
 and by pity of the gods they are both transformed to kingfishers, 
 in whose breeding season the waters are ever still and calm 
 (410-748). An old man, beholding them as they circle in their 
 flight, points out a sea-gull, which (he says) is the altered form of 
 >£sacus, son of Priam, who had plunged into the sea through grief 
 at the loss of the nymph Hesperia (749-795).] 
 
 At the mourning for jEsacus, Paris is absent, whose guilt in the 
 rape of Helen brought the chiefs of Greece to war against Troy. 
 Detained at Aulis by contrary winds, Agamemnon is commanded 
 to sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia ; who, however, is borne away 
 by Diana, a hind being put in her place (XII. 1-36). The Palace 
 of Fame, who reports the Grecian armament (37-65). In the fight 
 at their landing, the invulnerable Cygnus is strangled by Achilles, 
 and changed by his father Neptune to a Swan (65-145). 
 
 1VTESCIUS adsumptis Priamus pater Aesacon alis 
 ^ vivere, lugebat ; tumulo quoque nomen habenti 
 inferias dederat cum fratribus Hector inanes. 
 defuit officio Paridis praesentia tristi, 
 postmodo qui rapta longum cum conjuge bellum 5 
 
H2 The Chiefs at Troy, [Metam. 
 
 attulit in patriam, conjurataeque sequuntur 
 
 mille rates, gentisque simul commune Pelasgae. 
 
 nee dilata foret vindicta, nisi aequora saevi 
 
 invia fecissent venti, Boeotaque tellus 
 
 Aulide piscosa puppes tenuisset ituras. 10 
 
 Hie patrio de more Jovi cum sacra parassent, 
 ut vetus accensis incanduit ignibus ara, 
 serpere caeruleum Danai videre draconem 
 in platanum, coeptis quae stabat proxima sacris. 
 nidus erat volucrum bis quattuor arbore summa, 15 
 quas simul et matrem circum sua damna volantem 
 corripuit serpens, avidaque abscondidit alvo. 
 obstupuere omnes. At veri providus augur 
 Thestorides ' Vincemus' ait, ' gaudete, Pelasgi : 
 Troja cadet ; sed erit nostri mora longa laboris ; ' 20 
 atque novem volucres in belli digerit annos. 
 ille, ut erat, virides amplexus in arbore ramos 
 fit lapis, et superat serpentis imagine saxum. 
 
 Permanet Aoniis Nereus violentus in undis, 
 bellaque non transfert ; et sunt, qui parcere Trojae 25 
 Neptunum credant, quia moenia fecerat urbi. 
 at non Thestorides : nee enim nescitve tacetve, 
 sanguine virgineo placandam virginis iram 
 esse deae. Postquam pietatem publica causa, 
 rexque patrem vicit, castumque datura cruorem 30 
 
 flentibus ante aram stetit Iphigenia ministris, 
 victa dea est, nubemque oculis objecit, et inter 
 officium turbamque sacri vocesque precantum 
 subposita fertur mutasse Mycenida cerva. 
 ergo ubi, qua decuit, lenita est caede Diana, y 
 
 et pariter Phoebes, pariter maris ira recessit ; 
 accipiunt ventos a tergo mille carinae, 
 multaque perpessae Phrygia potiuntur arena. 
 
 Orbe locus medio est inter terrasque fretumque 
 
XII. 73-] Tke House of Fame. 113 
 
 caelestesque plagas, triplicis confinia mundi : 40 
 
 unde quod est usquam, quamvis regionibus absit, 
 
 inspicitur, penetratque cavas vox omnis ad aures. 
 
 Fama tenet, summaque domum sibi legit in arce ; 
 
 innumerosque aditus ac mille foramina tectis 
 
 addidit, et nullis inclusit limina portis. 45 
 
 nocte dieque patet : tota est ex aere sonanti ; 
 
 tota fremit, vocesque refert, iteratque quod audit ; 
 
 nulla quies intus, nullaque silentia parte. 
 
 nee tamen est clamor, sed parvae murmura vocis : 
 
 qualia de pelagi, si quis procul audiat, undis 50 
 
 esse solent; qualemve sonum, cum Juppiter atras 
 
 increpuit nubes, extrema tonitrua reddunt. 
 
 atria turba tenet : veniunt leve vulgus, euntque ; 
 
 mixtaque cum veris passim commenta vagantur 
 
 milia rumorum, confusaque verba volutant. 55 
 
 e quibus hi vacuas implent sermonibus aures, 
 
 hi narrata ferunt alio, mensuraque ficti 
 
 crescit, et auditis aliquid novus adicit auctor. 
 
 illic Credulitas, illic temerarius Error, 
 
 vanaque Laetitia est, consternatique Timores, 60 
 
 Seditioque recens, dubioque auctore Susurri. 
 
 ipsa quid in caelo rerum pelagoque geratur 
 
 et tellure, videt, totumque inquirit in orbem. 
 
 Fecerat haec notum, Graias cum milite forti 
 adventare rates ; neque inexspectatus in armis 65 
 
 hostis adest. Prohibent aditus, litusque tuentur 
 Troes ; et Hectorea primus fataliter hasta, 
 Protesilae, cadis, commissaque proelia magno 
 stant Danais, fortisque animae nece cognitus Hector, 
 nee Phryges exiguo, quid Achaica dextera posset, 70 
 sanguine senserunt. Et jam Sigea rubebant 
 litora ; jam leto proles Neptunia, Cygnus 
 mille viros dederat ; jam curru instabat Achilles, 
 
 8 
 
114 The Chiefs at Troy. [Met am. 
 
 totaque Peliacae sternebat cuspidis ictu 
 agmina,perque aeies autCygnum autHectoraquaerens. 
 
 Congreditur Cygno : decimum dilatus in annum 
 Hector erat. Turn colla jugo candentia pressos 
 exhortatus equos, currum direxit in hostem, 
 concutiensque suis vibrantia tela lacertis, 
 1 Quisquis es, O juvenis,' dixit ' solamen habeto 80 
 
 mortis, ab Haemonio quod sis jugulatus Achille.' 
 hactenus Aeacides : vocem gravis hasta secuta est. 
 sed quamquam certa nullus fuit error in hasta, 
 nil tamen emissi profecit acumine ferri, 
 utque hebeti pectus tantummodo contudit ictu. 85 
 
 * Nate dea, nam te fama praenovimus,' inquit 
 ille, * quid a nobis vulnus miraris abesse? ' — 
 mirabantur enim — ' Non haec, quam cernis, equinis 
 fulva jubis cassis, neque onus cava parma sinistrae 
 auxilio mihi sunt : decor est quaesitus ab istis ; 90 
 
 Mars quoque ob hoc capere arma solet. Removebitur 
 
 hujus 
 tegminis officium : tamen indestrictus abibo. 
 est aliquid, non esse satum Nere'ide, sed qui 
 Nereaque et natas et totum temperet aequor.' 
 
 Dixit, et haesurum clipei curvamine telum 95 
 
 misit in Aeaciden, quod et aes et proxima rupit 
 terga novena bourn, decimo tamen orbe moratum est. 
 excutit hoc heros, rursusque trementia forti 
 tela manu torsit : rursus sine vulnere corpus 
 sincerumque fuit ; nee tertia cuspis apertum 100 
 
 et se praebentem valuit destringere Cygnum. 
 haud secus exarsit, quam circo taurus aperto, 
 cum sua terribili petit irritamina cornu, 
 poeniceas vestes, elusaque vulnera sensit. 
 
 Num tamen exciderit ferrum, considerat, hastae : 
 haerebat ligno. * Manus est mea debilis ergo, 
 
XII. I39-] Death of Cygnus. 115 
 
 quasque ' ait ' ante habuit vires, effudit in uno? 
 nam certe valui, vel cum Lyrnesia primus 
 moenia dejeci, vel cum Tenedonque suoque 
 Eetioneas implevi sanguine Thebas ; no 
 
 vel cum purpureus populari caede Caycus 
 fluxit, opusque meae bis sensit Telephus hastae. 
 hie quoque tot caesis, quorum per litus acervos 
 et feci, et video, valuit mea dextra valetque.' 
 
 Dixit, et, ante actis veluti male crederet, hastam 115 
 misit in adversum Lycia de plebe Menoeten, 
 loricamque simul subjectaque pectora rupit. 
 quo plangente gravem moribundo vertice terram, 
 extrahit illud idem calido de vulnere telum, 
 atque ait : * Haec manus est, haec, qua modo vicimus, 
 hasta ; 120 
 
 utar in hoc isdem : sit in hoc precor exitus idem.' 
 sic fatur, Cygnumque petit ; nee fraxinus errat, 
 inque humero sonuit non evitata sinistro : 
 inde velut muro solidaque a caute repulsa est. 
 qua tamen ictus erat, signatum sanguine Cygnum 125 
 viderat, et frustra fuerat gavisus Achilles, 
 vulnus erat nullum : sanguis erat ille Menoetae. 
 
 Turn vero praeceps curru fremebundus ab alto 
 desilit, et nitido securum cominus hostem 
 ense petens, parmam gladio galeamque cavari 130 
 
 cernit, at in duro laedi quoque corpore ferrum. 
 haud tulit ulterius, clipeoque adversa retecto 
 ter quater ora viri et capulo cava tempora pulsat ; 
 cedentique sequens instat, turbatque, ruitque, 
 attonitoque negat requiem. Pavor occupat ilium : 135 
 ante oculosque natant tenebrae, retroque ferenti 
 aversos passus medio lapis obstitit arvo. 
 quern super impulsum resupino pectore Cygnum 
 vi multa vertit, terraeque adflixit Achilles. 
 
n6 The Chiefs at Troy, [Metam. 
 
 turn clipeo genibusque premens praecordia duris, 140 
 vincla trahit galeae, quae presso subdita mento 
 elidunt fauces, et respiramen iterque 
 eripiunt animae. Victum spoliare parabat : 
 arma relicta videt ; corpus deus aequoris albam 
 contulit in volucrem, cujus modo nomen habebat. 145 
 
XIII. 7»] Rivalry of Ajax and Ulysses. 117 
 
 XIX. Rivalry of Ajax and Ulysses. 
 
 [Book XIII.— 1-398.] 
 
 [As the chiefs marvel at this prodigy, Nestor relates of Caeneus, 
 once a maiden (Casnis), but made into an invulnerable man, who 
 was present when the nuptial feast of Pirithous and Hippodamia 
 was disturbed by the battle of the Lapithae and the Centaurs. For 
 the Centaurs, monsters of vast strength and fury, half-man, half- 
 horse, had attempted to steal away the bride. And Caeneus, 
 remaining unhurt through the fight, was at length overwhelmed 
 with vast piles of trees, and transformed by Neptune to an eagle 
 (XII. 146-535). The son of Hercules, Tlepolemus, tells also of 
 Periclymenus, slain by Hercules as he flew against him in the form 
 of an eagle (536-579). At the request of Neptune, whose son 
 Cygnus had been slain, Apollo guides the arrow of Paris to the 
 vulnerable heel of Achilles ; so that he dies, and a strife arises 
 among the other chiefs who shall receive his armor, the rival 
 claimants being Ajax and Ulysses (580-628).] 
 
 Ajax maintains his claim, before the assembled chiefs, first as of 
 nobler descent, and then by his martial exploits, chiefly the defence 
 of the Grecian fleet ; at the same time scorning the strategy of 
 Ulysses, and asserting that himself alone has might to wield the 
 immortal armour (1-122). To which Ulysses replies, that his own 
 counsel had been most effective in the siege, and his own acts most 
 essential, especially in the night attack of the tents of Rhesus, and 
 the carrying away of the Palladium (123-381). To him the victory 
 is judged ; and Ajax, in ungovernable wrath, slays himself with 
 his own sword, — the flower hyacinth springing from his blood 
 (382-398). 
 
 /^ONSEDERE duces, et vulgi stante corona 
 ^■^ surgit ad hos clipei dominus septemplicis Ajax. 
 utque erat impatiens irae, Sigeia torvo 
 litora respexit, classemque in litore vultu, 
 intendensque manus, i Agimus, pro Juppiter ! ' inquit 5 
 * ante rates causam, et mecum confertur Ulixes ! 
 at non Hectoreis dubitavit cedere flammis, 
 
n8 Rivalry of Ajaoc and Ulysses. [Metam. 
 
 quas ego sustinui, quas hac a classe fugavi. 
 
 tutius est igitur fictis contendere verbis, 
 
 quam pugnare manu. Sed nee mihi dicere promptum, 
 
 nee facere est isti ; quantumque ego marte feroci 
 
 inque acie valeo, tantum valet iste loquendo. 
 
 1 Nee memoranda tamen vobis mea facta, Pelasgi, 
 esse reor, vidistis enim : sua narret Ulixes, 
 quae sine teste gerit, quorum nox conscia sola est. 15 
 praemia magna peti fateor, sed demit honorem 
 aemulus : Ajaci non est tenuisse superbum, 
 sit licet hoc ingens, quicquid speravit Ulixes. 
 iste tulit pretium jam nunc certaminis hujus : 
 quo cum victus erit, mecum certasse feretur. 20 
 
 1 Atque ego, si virtus in me dubitabilis esset, 
 nobilitate potens essem, Telamone creatus, 
 moenia qui forti Trojana sub Hercule cepit, 
 litoraque intravit Pagasaea Colcha carina. 
 Aeacus huic pater est, qui jura silentibus illic 25 
 
 reddit, ubi Aeoliden saxum grave Sisyphon urguet. 
 Aeacon agnoscit summus, prolemque fatetur 
 Juppiter esse suam. Sic ab Jove tertius Ajax. 
 nee tamen haec series in causam prosit, Achivi, 
 si mihi cum magno non est communis Achille. 30 
 
 frater erat : fraterna peto. Quid sanguine cretus 
 Sisyphio, furtisque et fraude simillimus illi, 
 inserit Aeacidis alienae nomina gentis? 
 
 'An quod in arma prior, nulloque sub indice veni, 
 arma neganda mihi? potiorque videbitur ille, 35 
 
 ultima qui cepit, detrectavitque furore 
 militiam ficto, donee sollertior isto, 
 sed sibi inutilior, timidi commenta retexit 
 Naupliades animi, vitataque traxit in arma? 
 optima num sumat, quia sumere noluit ulla? 40 
 
 nos inhonorati et donis patruelibus orbi, 
 
XIII. 7^.] Claim of Ajax. 119 
 
 obtulimus quia nos ad prima pericula, simus? 
 
 * Atque utinam aut verus furor ille, aut creditus esset, 
 nee comes hie Phrygias umquam venisset ad arces 
 hortator scelerum ! non te, Poeantia proles, 45 
 expositum Lemnos nostro cum crimine haberet : 
 
 qui nunc, ut memorant, silvestribus abditus antris, 
 
 saxa moves gemitu, Laertiadaeque precaris 
 
 quae meruit, quae, si di sunt, non vana precaris. 
 
 et nunc ille eadem nobis juratus in arma, 50 
 
 heu ! pars una ducum, quo successore sagittae 
 
 Herculis utuntur, fractus morboque fameque 
 
 velaturque aliturque avibus, volucresque petendo 
 
 debita Trojanis exercet spicula fatis, 
 
 ille tamen vivit, quia non comitavit Ulixen. 55 
 
 * Mallet et infelix Palamedes esse relictus : 
 quern male convicti nimium memor iste furoris 
 prodere rem Danaam finxit, fictumque probavit 
 crimen, et ostendit, quod jam praefoderat, aurum. 60 
 
 * Ergo aut exsilio vires subduxit Achivis, 
 
 aut nece : sic pugnat, sic est metuendus Ulixes. 
 qui licet eloquio fidum quoque Nestora vincat, 
 haud tamen efficiet, desertum ut Nestora crimen 
 esse rear nullum : qui cum imploraret Ulixen 65 
 
 vulnere tardus equi, fessusque senilibus annis, 
 proditus a socio est. Non haec mihi crimina fingi 
 scit bene Tydides, qui nomine saepe vocatum 
 corripuit, trepidoque fugam exprobravit amico. 
 aspiciunt oculis superi mortalia justis : 70 
 
 en eget auxilio, qui non tulit ; utque reliquit, 
 sic linquendus erat : legem sibi dixerat ipse. 
 
 ' Conclamat socios. Adsum ; videoque trementem 
 pallentemque metu et trepidantem morte futura. 
 opposui molem clipei, texique jacentem, 75 
 
 servavique animam (minimum est hoc laudis) inertem. 
 
120 Rivalry of Ajax and Ulysses, [Met am. 
 
 si perstas certare, locum redeamus in ilium : 
 
 redde hostem, vulnusque tuum, solitumque timorem, 
 
 post clipeumque late, et mecum contende sub illo. 
 
 at postquam eripui, cui standi vulnera vires 80 
 
 non dederant, nullo tardatus vulnere fugit. 
 
 * Hector adest, secumque deos in proelia ducit : 
 quaque ruit, non tu tantum terreris, Ulixe, 
 
 sed fortes etiam, tantum trahit ille timoris. 
 
 hunc ego sanguineae successu caedis ovantem 85 
 
 cominus ingenti resupinum pondere fudi ; 
 
 hunc ego poscentem, cum quo concurreret, unus 
 
 sustinui, sortemque meam vovistis, Achivi, 
 
 et vestrae valuere preces. Si quaeritis hujus 
 
 fortunam pugnae, non sum superatus ab illo. 90 
 
 ecce ferunt Troes ferrumque ignemque Jovemque 
 
 in Danaas classes: ubi nunc facundus Ulixes? 
 
 nempe ego mille meo protexi pectore puppes, 
 
 spem vestri reditus. Date tot pro navibus arma. 
 
 * Quod si vera licet mihi dicere, quaeritur istis, 95 
 quam mihi, major honos, conjunctaque gloria nostra 
 
 est: 
 atque Ajax armis, non Ajaci arma petuntur. 
 conferat his Ithacus Rhesum, imbellemque Dolona, 
 Priamidenque Helenum rapta cum Pallade captum. 
 luce nihil gestum, nihil est Diomede remoto. 100 
 
 si semel ista datis meritis tarn vilibus arma, 
 dividite, et pars sit major Diomedis in illis. 
 quo tamen haec Ithaco? qui clam, qui semper inermis 
 rem gerit, et furtis incautum decipit hostem? 
 ipse nitor galeae claro radiantis ab auro 105 
 
 insidias prodet, manifestabitque latentem. 
 
 * Sed neque Dulichius sub Achillis casside vertex 
 pondera tanta feret, nee non onerosa gravisque 
 Pelias hasta potest imbellibus esse lacertis, 
 
XIII. i43] Refly of Ulysses, 121 
 
 nee clipeus, vasti caelatus imagine mundi, no 
 
 conveniet timidae nataeque ad furta sinistrae. 
 
 debilitaturum quid te petis, improbe, munus? 
 
 quod tibi si populi donaverit error Achivi, 
 
 cur spolieris erit, non cur metuaris ab hoste : 
 
 et fuga, qua sola cunctos, timidissime, vincis, 115 
 
 tarda futura tibi est gestamina tanta trahenti. 
 
 * Adde quod iste tuus, tarn raro proelia passus, 
 integer est clipeus : nostro, qui tela ferendo 
 mille patet plagis, novus est successor habendus. 
 denique, quid verbis opus est? Spectemur agendo! 
 arma viri fortis medios mittantur in hostes : 
 
 hide jubete peti, et referentem ornate relatis.' 
 Finierat Telamone satus, vulgique secutum 
 ultima murmur erat ; donee Laertius heros 
 astitit, atque oculos paulum teliure moratos 125 
 
 sustulit ad proceres, expectatoque resolvit 
 ora sono ; neque abest facundis gratia dictis. 
 
 * Si mea cum vestris valuissent vota, Pelasgi, 
 non foret ambiguus tanti certaminis heres, 
 
 tuque tuis armis, nos te poteremur, Achille. 130 
 
 quern quoniam non aequa mihi vobisque negarunt 
 fata,' manuque simul veluti lacrimantia tersit 
 lumina * quis magno melius succedat Achilli, 
 quam per quern magnus Danais successit Achilles? 
 huic modo ne prosit, quod, uti est, hebes esse videtur : 
 neve mihi noceat, quod vobis semper, Achivi, 
 profuit ingenium ; meaque haec facundia, siqua est, 
 quae nunc pro domino, pro vobis saepe locuta est, 
 invidia careat ; bona nee sua quisque recuset. 
 
 1 Nam genus et proavos et quae non fecimus ipsi, 
 vix ea nostra voco. Sed enim, quia rettulit Ajax 
 esse Jovis pronepos, nostri quoque sanguinis auctor 
 Juppiter est, totidemque gradus distamus ab illo. 
 
122 Rivalry of AJax and Ulysses, [Metam. 
 
 nam mihi Laertes pater est, Arcesius illi, 
 Juppiter huic; neque in his quisquam damnatus et 
 exsul. 145 
 
 est quoque per matrem Cyllenius addita nobis 
 altera nobilitas : deus est in utroque parente. 
 
 * Sed neque materno quod sum generosior ortu, 
 nee mihi quod pater est fraterni sanguinis insons, 
 proposita arma peto : meritis expendite causam. 150 
 dummodo quod fratres Telamon Peleusque fuerunt 
 Ajacis meritum non sit, nee sanguinis ordo, 
 
 sed virtutis honor spoliis quaeratur in istis. 
 
 aut — si proximitas primusque requiritur heres — 
 
 est genitor Peleus, est Pyrrhus Alius illi. 155 
 
 quis locus Ajaci? Phthiam haec Scyronve ferantur. 
 
 nee minus est isto Teucer patruelis Achilli : 
 
 num petit ille tamen? num,sipetat, auferat ilia? 
 
 ergo operum quoniam nudum certamen habetur, 
 
 plura quidem feci quam quae comprendere dictis 160 
 
 in promptu mihi sit ; rerum tamen ordine ducar. 
 
 * Praescia venturi genitrix Nere'ia leti 
 dissimulat cultu natum : deceperat omnes, 
 in quibus Ajacem, sumptae fallacia vestis. 
 
 arma ego femineis, animum motura virilem, 165 
 
 mercibus inserui. Neque adhuc projecerat heros 
 virgineos habitus, cum parmam hastamque tenenti 
 Nate dea (dixi) tibi se -peritura reservant 
 Pcrgama. £>uid dubitas ingentem evertcre Trojam f 
 injecique manum, fortemque ad fortia misi. 170 
 
 ergo opera illius mea sunt. Ego Telephon hasta 
 pugnantem domui ; victum orantemque refeci. 
 quod Thebae cecidere, meum est. Me credite Lesbon, 
 me Tenedon, Chrysenque, et Cillan, Apollinis urbes, 
 et Scyron cepisse. Mea concussa putate 175 
 
 procubuisse solo Lyrnesia moenia dextra. 
 
XIII. 2io.] The Embassy to Troy, 123 
 
 utque alios taceam, qui saevum perdere posset 
 Hectora, nempe dedi : per me jacet inclitus Hector. 
 illis haec armis, quibus est inventus Achilles, 
 arma peto : vivo dederam, post fata reposco. i3o 
 
 1 Ut dolor unius Danaos pervenit ad omnes, 
 Aulidaque Euboicam complerunt mille carinae, 
 exspectata diu, nulla aut contraria classi 
 flamina sunt, duraeque jubent Agamemnona sortes 
 immeritam saevae natam mactare Dianae. 185 
 
 denegat hoc genitor, divisque irascitur ipsis, 
 atque in rege tamen pater est. Ego mite parentis 
 ingenium verbis ad publica commoda verti. 
 nunc equidem fateor, fassoque ignoscat Atrides : 
 difficilem tenui sub iniquo judice causam. 190 
 
 hunc tamen utilitas populi fraterque datique 
 summa movet sceptri, laudem ut cum sanguine penset 
 mittor et ad matrem, quae non hortanda, sed astu 
 decipienda fuit. Quo si Telamonius isset, 
 orba suis essent etiam nunc lintea ventis. 195 
 
 1 Mittor et Iliacas audax orator ad arces, 
 visaque et intrata est altae mihi curia Trojae : 
 plenaque adhuc erat ilia viris. Interritus egi 
 quam mihi mandarat communis Graecia causam, 
 accusoque Parin, praedamque Helenamque reposco, 
 et moveo Priamum Priamoque Antenora junctum. 
 at Paris et fratres et qui rapuere sub illo, 
 vix tenuere manus — scis hoc, Menelae ! — nefandas ; 
 primaque lux nostri tecum fuit ilia pericli. 
 
 * Longa referre mora est, quae consilioque manuque 
 utiliter feci spatiosi tempore belli, 
 post acies primas urbis se moenibus hostes 
 continuere diu, nee aperti copia martis 
 ulla fuit : decimo demum pugnavimus anno, 
 quid facis interea, qui nil, nisi proelia, nosti? 210 
 
124 Rivalry of Ajax and Ulysses. [Metam. 
 
 quis tuus usus erat? Nam si mea facta requiris, 
 
 hostibus insidior, fossas munimine cingo, 
 
 consolor socios, ut longi taedia belli 
 
 mente ferant placida ; doceo, quo simus alendi 
 
 armandique modo ; mittor, quo postulat usus. 215 
 
 * Ecce Jovis monitu, deceptus imagine somni, 
 rex jubet incoepti curam dimittere belli : 
 
 ille potest auctore suam defendere vocem. 
 non sinat hoc Ajax, delendaque Pergama poscat, 
 quodque potest, pugnet I Cur non remoratur ituros? 
 cur non arma capit, dat, quod vaga turba sequatur? 
 non erat hoc nimium numquam nisi magna loquenti. 
 quid quod et ipse fugit? Vidi, puduitque videre, 
 cum tu terga dares, inhonestaque vela parares. 
 nee mora : Quid facitis ? quae vos dementia (dixi) 
 concitat, O socii, captam dimittere Trojam f 
 quidve domttm fertis decimo, nisi dedecus, anno f 
 talibus atque aliis, in quae dolor ipse disertum 
 fecerat, aversos profuga de classe reduxi. 
 
 * Convocat Atrides socios terrore paventes ; 230 
 nee Telamoniades etiam nunc hiscere quicquam 
 audet. At ausus erat reges incessere dictis 
 Thersites, etiam per me haud impune 9 protervis. 
 erigor, et trepidos cives exhortor in hostem, 
 amissamque mea virtutem voce reposco. 235 
 tempore ab hoc, quodcumque potest fecisse videri 
 fortiter iste, meum est, qui dantem terga retraxi. 
 denique de Danais quis te laudatve petitve? 
 
 < At sua Tydides mecum communicat acta, 
 me probat, et socio semper confidit Ulixe. 240 
 
 est aliquid, de tot Graiorum milibus unum 
 a Diomede legi. Nee me sors ire jubebat : 
 sic tamen, et spreto noctisque hostisque periclo, 
 ausum eadem, quae nos, Phrygia de gente Dolona 
 
XIII. 278.] Battles before Troy. 125 
 
 interimo ; non ante tamen, quam cuncta coegi 245 
 
 prodere, et edidici, quid perfida Troja pararet. 
 
 omnia cognoram, nee quod specularer habebam ; 
 
 et jam promissa poteram cum laude reverti : 
 
 haud contentus eo, petii tentoria Rhesi, 
 
 inque suis ipsum castris comitesque peremi : 250 
 
 atque ita captivo victor votisque potitus 
 
 ingredior curru laetos imitante triumphos. 
 
 cujus equos pretium pro nocte poposcerat hostis, 
 
 arma negate mihi, fueritque benignior Ajax ! 
 
 * Quid Lycii referam Sarpedonis agmina ferro 255 
 devastata meo? cum multo sanguine fudi 
 Coeranon Iphitiden et Alastoraque Chromiumque 
 Alcandrumque Haliumque Noemonaque Prytaninque, 
 exitioque dedi cum Chersidamante Thoona, 
 et Charopem, fatisque immitibus Ennomon actum, 260 
 quique minus celebres nostra sub moenibus urbis 
 procubuere manu. Sunt et mihi vulnera, cives, 
 ipso pulchra loco : nee vanis credite verbis, 
 aspicite en ! ' vestemque manu diduxit ; et * Haec sunt 
 pectora semper ! ait ' vestris exercita rebus. 265 
 
 at nil impendit per tot Telamonius annos 
 sanguinis in socios, et habet sine vulnere corpus. 
 
 4 Quid tamen ho^refert, si se pro classe Pelasga 
 arma tulisse refert contra Troasque Jovemque ? 
 confiteorque, tulit : neque enim benefacta maligne 270 
 detractare meum est ; sed ne communia solus 
 occupet, atque aliquem vobis quoque reddat honorem ; 
 reppulit Actorides sub imagine tutus Achillis 
 Troas ab arsuris cum defensore carinis. 
 ausum etiam Hectoreo solum concurrere marti 275 
 
 se putat, oblitus regisque ducumque meique, 
 nonus in officio, et praelatus munere sortis. 
 sed tamen eventus vestrae, fortissime, pugnae 
 
126 Rivalry of Ajax and Ulysses. [Metam. 
 
 quis fuit? est Hector violatus vulnere nullo. 
 
 ' Me miserum ! quanto cogor meminisse dolore 280 
 temporis illius, quo Graium mums, Achilles 
 procubuit ! nee me lacrimae luctusve timorve 
 tardarunt, quin corpus humo sublime referrem. 
 his humeris, his, inquam, humeris ego corpus Achillis, 
 et simul arma tuli, quae nunc quoque ferre laboro. 285 
 
 * Sunt mihi, quae valeant in talia pondera, vires ; 
 est animus certe vestros sensurus honores. 
 scilicet idcirco pro gnato caerula mater 
 ambitiosa suo fuit, ut caelestia dona, 
 
 artis opus tantae, rudis et sine pectore miles 290 
 
 indueret? neque enim clipei caelamina norit, 
 Oceanum et terras, cumque alto sidera caelo, 
 Pleiadasque, Hyadasque, immunemque aequoris 
 
 Arcton , 
 diversasque urbes, nitidumque Ononis ensem. 
 postulat ut capiat quae non intellegit arma. 295 
 
 1 Quid quod me, duri fugientem munera belli, 
 arguit incoepto serum accessisse labori, 
 nee se maomanimo maledicere sentit Achilli? 
 si simulasse vocas crimen, simulavimus ambo ; 
 si mora pro culpa est, ego sum maturior illo. 300 
 
 me pia detinuit conjunx, pia mat^Achillem ; 
 primaque sunt illis data tempora, cetera vobis. 
 haud timeo, si jam nequeo defendere crimen 
 cum tanto commune viro. Deprensus Ulixis 
 ingenio tamen ille, at non Ajacis Ulixes. 305 
 
 * Neve in me stolidae convicia fundere linguae 
 admiremur eum, vobis quoque digna pudore 
 obicit. An falso Palameden crimine turpe 
 accusasse mihi, vobis damnasse decorum est? 
 
 sed neque Naupliades facinus defendere tantum 310 
 tamque patens valuit, nee vos audistis in illo 
 
XIII. 345] Philoctetes. 127 
 
 crimina : vidistis, pretioque objecta patebant. 
 
 Nee Poeantiaden quod habet Vulcania Lemnos, 
 esse reus merui : factum defendite vestrum ; 
 consensistis enim. Nee me suasisse negabo, 315 
 
 ut se subtraheret bellique viaeque labori, 
 temptaretque feros requie lenire dolores : 
 paruit, et vivit. Non haec sententia tantum 
 fida, sed et felix ; cum sit satis, esse fidelem. 
 quern quoniam vates delenda ad Pergama poscunt, 320 
 ne mandate mihi : melius Telamonius ibit, 
 eloquioque virum morbis iraque furentem 
 molliet, aut aliqua producet callidus arte, 
 ante retro Simois fluet, et sine frondibus Ide 
 stabit, et auxilium promittet Achaia Trojae, 325 
 
 quam, cessante meo pro vestris pectore rebus, 
 Ajacis stolidi Danais sollertia prosit, 
 sis licet infestus sociis, regique, mihique, 
 dure Philoctete : licet exsecrere, meumque 
 devoveas sine fine caput, cupiasque dolenti 330 
 
 me tibi forte dari, nostrumque haurire cruorem; 
 utque tui mihi, sic fiat tibi copia nostri : 
 te tamen aggrediar, mecumque reducere nitar ; 
 tamque tuis potiar, faveat Fortuna, sagittis, 
 quam sum Dardanio, quern cepi, vate potitus ; 335 
 
 quam responsa deum Trojanaque fata retexi ; 
 quam rapui Phrygiae signum penetrale Minervae 
 hostibus e mediis. Et se mihi comparat Ajax? 
 nempe capi Trojam prohibebant fata sine illis. 
 
 1 Fortis ubi est Ajax? ubi sunt ingentia magni 340 
 verba viri? cur hie metuis? cur audet Ulixes 
 ire per excubias, et se committere nocti? 
 perque feros enses non tantum moenia Troum, 
 verum etiam summas arces intrare, suaque 
 eripere aede deam, raptamque adferre per hostes? 345 
 
128 Rivalry of A/ax and Ulysses. [Met am. 
 
 quae nisi fecissem, frustra Telamone creatus 
 gestasset laeva taurorum tergora septem. 
 ilia nocte mihi Trojae victoria parta est : 
 Pergama tunc vici, cum vinci posse coegi. 
 
 * Desine Tydiden vultuque et murmure nobis 350 
 ostentare meum : pars est sua laudis in illo. 
 
 nee tu, cum socia clipeum pro classe tenebas, 
 
 solus eras : tibi turba comes, mihi contigit unus ; 
 
 qui nisi pugnacem sciret sapiente minorem 
 
 esse, nee indomitae deberi praemia dextrae, 355 
 
 ipse quoque haec peteret ; peteret moderatior Ajax, 
 
 Eurypylusque ferox, claroque Andraemone natus ; 
 
 nee minus Idomeneus, patriaque creatus eadem 
 
 Meriones ; peteret majoris frater Atridae : 
 
 quippe manu fortes, nee sunt mihi marte secundi, 360 
 
 consiliis cessere meis. Tibi dextera bello 
 
 utilis : ingenium est, quod eget moderamine nostro. 
 
 tu vires sine mente geris : mihi cura futuri. 
 
 tu pugnare potes : pugnandi tempora mecum 
 
 eligit Atrides. Tu tantum corpore prodes : 365 
 
 nos animo. Quantoque ratem qui temperat, anteit 
 
 remigis officium, quanto dux milite major, 
 
 tantum ego te supero. Nee non in corpore nostro 
 
 pectora sunt potiora manu : vigor omnis in illis. 
 
 * At vos, O proceres, vigili date praemia vestro : 370 
 proque tot annorum cura, quibus anxius egi, 
 
 nunc titulum meritis pensandum reddite nostris. 
 
 jam labor in fine est : obstantia fata removi, 
 
 altaque posse capi faciendo Pergama, cepi. 
 
 per spes nunc socias, casuraque moenia Troum, 375 
 
 perque deos oro, quos hosti nuper ademi, 
 
 per siquid superest, quod sit sapienter agendum, — 
 
 si quid adhuc audax, ex praecipitique petendum est, 
 
 si Trojae fatis aliquid restare putatis, — 
 
XIII. 398.] Ajax slays himself in Wrath* 129 
 
 este mei memores ! aut si mihi non datis arma, 380 
 huic date ! ' — et ostendit signum fatale Minervae. 
 
 Mota manus procerum est, et quid facundia posset, 
 re patuit ; fortisque viri tulit arma disertus. 
 Hectora qui solus, qui ferrum, ignesque, Jovemque 
 sustinuit totiens, unam non sustinet iram : 385 
 
 invictumque virum vincit dolor. Arripit ensem, 
 et * Meus hie certe est. An et hunc sibi poscit Ulixes ? 
 hoc ' ait ' utendum est in me mihi ; quique cruore 
 saepe Phrygum maduit, domini nunc caede madebit, 
 ne quisquam Ajacem possit superare, nisi Ajax.' 390 
 dixit, et in pectus turn demum vulnera passum 
 qua patuit ferrum, letalem condidit ensem. 
 nee valuere manus infixum educere telum : 
 expulit ipse cruor ; rubefactaque sanguine tellus 
 purpureum viridi genuit de cespite florem, 395 
 
 qui prius Oebalio fuerat de vulnere natus. 
 littera communis mediis pueroque viroque 
 inscripta est foliis : haec nominis, ilia querellae. 
 
130 The Tale of Galatea, [Metam. 
 
 XX. The Tale of Galatea. 
 
 [Book XIII. — 750-897.] 
 
 [During the return of the chiefs from Troy, Hecuba, having 
 plucked out the eyes of Polymestor, king of Thrace, who had 
 murdered her son Polydorus, is changed to a dog (XIII. 399-575). 
 Aurora, mourning for her son Memnon, slain by Achilles, obtains 
 that his ashes shall become birds, while her tears are changed to 
 dew (576-622). >Eneas at Delphi is told by Anius, priest of 
 Apollo, of his daughters' transformation into doves while fleeing 
 from the power of Agamemnon (623-674) ; and at his departing 
 receives from him a bowl engraved with the self-devotion of Orion's 
 daughters, sacrificed for Thebes, out of whose ashes sprang the 
 youths Coro?icB (675-699). Thence sailing to Crete and Italy, he 
 passes at Actium the stone image of the judge Ambracus, and 
 Dodona where the sons of Molossus took the form of birds 
 (700-718). On the coast of Sicily he nears the rock of the 
 monster Scylla, once the beautiful daughter of Phorcus, who hears 
 from her attendant nymph Galatea (daughter of Nereus and Doris) 
 the following tale (719-749).] 
 
 Acis, son of Faunus and the nymph Symaethis, the most beau- 
 tiful youth of Sicily, loved and was loved by Galatea. But the 
 giant Polyphemus had likewise conceived a wild passion for her, 
 which he utters in song (750-869) ; and seeing them as they are 
 seated together in a wood, he is filled with jealousy, and casts a 
 rock from ^Etna upon them, by which Acis is crushed, and his 
 blood, oozing beneath the rock, becomes a river (870-897). 
 
 [Thereafter, as Scylla paces the shore, she is seen and pursued 
 by Glaucus, who relates to her the story of his own transformation 
 from a mortal to a sea-divinity (898-968). Going then to Circe, a 
 mistress of enchantments, he entreats her to aid his suit of Scylla ; 
 but she in jealousy, because she herself loved Glaucus, so en- 
 chanted the waters Scylla used to bathe, that she was converted to 
 a foul monster, girt about the loins with wild dogs, and afterwards 
 (lest she might harm ^Eneas' fleet) to a rock (XIV. i-74)-] 
 
 A CIS erat Fauno nymphaque Symaethide cretus, 
 •*-*- magna quidem patrisque sui matrisque voluptas, 
 nostra tamen major, nam me sibi junxerat uni. 
 
XIII. 785-] The Cyclops Polyphemus, 131 
 
 pulcher et octonis iterum natalibus actis, 
 
 signarat dubia teneras lanugine malas. 
 
 hunc ego, me Cyclops nulla cum fine petebat; 755 
 
 nee, si quaesieris, odium Cyclopis, amorne 
 
 Acidis in nobis fuerit praesentior, edam : 
 
 par utrumque fuit. Pro ! quanta potentia regni 
 
 est, Venus alma, tui ! nempe ille immitis et ipsis 
 
 horrendus silvis, et visus ab hospite nullo 760 
 
 impune, et magni cum dis contemptor Olympi, 
 
 quid sit amor sentit, nostrique cupidine captus 
 
 uritur, oblitus pecorum antrorumque suorum. 
 
 Jamque tibi formae, jamque est tibi cura placendi, 
 jam rigidos pectis rastris, Polypheme, capillos ; 765 
 jam libet hirsutam tibi falce recidere barbam, 
 et spectare feros in aqua, et componere vultus. 
 caedis amor feritasque sitisque immensa cruoris 
 cessant, et tutae veniuntque abeuntque carinae. 
 Telemus interea Siculam delatus ad Aetnen, 770 
 
 Telemus Eurymides, quern nulla fefellerat ales, 
 terribilem Polyphemon adit ; ' Lumen ' que, f quod 
 
 unum 
 fronte geris media, rapiet tibi ' dixit f Ulixes.' 
 risit, et f O vatum stolidissime, falleris ' inquit : 
 f altera jam rapuit.' Sic frustra vera monentem 775 
 spernit, et aut gradiens ingenti litora passu 
 degravat, aut fessus sub opaca revertitur antra. 
 
 Prominet in pontum cuneatus acumine longo 
 collis : utrumque latus circumfluit aequoris unda : 
 hue ferus ascendit Cyclops, mediusque resedit ; 780 
 lanigerae pecudes, nullo ducente, secutae. 
 cui postquam pinus, baculi quae praebuit usum, 
 ante pedes posita est, antemnis apta ferendis, 
 sumptaque arundinibus compacta est fistula centum, 
 senserunt toti pastoria sibila montes, 7S5 
 
132 The Tale of Galatea, [Metam. 
 
 senserunt undae. Latitans ego rupe, meique 
 Acidis in gremio residens, procul auribus hausi 
 talia dicta meis, auditaque mente notavi : 
 
 * Candidior folio nivei, Galatea, ligustri, 
 floridior pratis, longa procerior alno, 790 
 
 splendidior vitro, tenero lascivior haedo, 
 levior adsiduo detritis aequore conchis, 
 solibus hibernis, aestiva gratior umbra, 
 nobilior pomis, platano conspectior alta, 
 lucidior glacie, matura dulcior uva, 795 
 
 mollior et cygni plumis et lacte coacto, 
 et, si non fugias, riguo formosior horto : — 
 saevior indomitis eadem Galatea juvencis, 
 durior annosa quercu, fallacior undis, 
 lentior et salicis virgis et vitibus albis, 800 
 
 his immobilior scopulis, violentior amne, 
 laudato pavone superbior, acrior igni, 
 asperior tribulis, foeta truculentior ursa, 
 surdior aequoribus, calcato immitior hydro, 
 et (quod praecipue vellem tibi demere possem) 805 
 non tantum cervo Claris latratibus acto, 
 verum etiam ventis volucrique fugacior aura ! 
 
 1 At, bene si noris, pigeat fugisse ; morasque 
 ipsa tuas damnes, et me retinere labores. 
 sunt mihi, pars montis, vivo pendentia saxo 810 
 
 antra, quibus nee sol medio sentitur in aestu, 
 nee sentitur hiemps ; sunt poma gravantia ramos ; 
 sunt auro similes longis in vitibus uvae ; 
 sunt et purpureae : tibi et has servamus, et illas. 
 ipsa tuis manibus silvestri nata sub umbra 815 
 
 mollia fraga leges, ipsa autumnalia corna, 
 prunaque, non solum nigro liventia suco, 
 verum etiam generosa novasque imitantia ceras. 
 nee tibi castaneae me conjuge, nee tibi deerunt 
 
XIII. 853] S° n g °f Polyphemus. 133 
 
 arbutei fetus : omnis tibi serviet arbos. 820 
 
 ' Hoc pecus omne meum est : multae quoque valli- 
 bus errant, 
 multas silva tegit, multae stabulantur in antris ; 
 nee, si forte roges, possim tibi dicere quot sint : 
 pauperis est numerare pecus. De laudibus harum 
 nil mihi credideris : praesens potes ipsa videre, 825 
 ut vix circumeant distentum cruribus uber. 
 sunt, fetura minor, tepidis in ovilibus agni ; 
 sunt quoque, par aetas, aliis in ovilibus haedi. 
 lac mihi semper adest niveum : pars inde bibenda 
 servatur, partem liquefacta coagula durant. 830 
 
 • Nee tibi deliciae faciles, vulgataque tantum 
 munera contingent, dammae, leporesque, caperque, 
 parve columbarum, demptusve cacumine nidus, 
 inveni geminos, qui tecum ludere possint, 
 inter se similes, vix ut dignoscere possis, 835 
 
 villosae catulos in summis montibus ursae ; 
 inveni, et dixi Dominae servabimus istos. 
 jam modo caeruleo nitidum caput exsere ponto, 
 jam, Galatea, veni, nee munera despice nostra. 
 
 f Certe ego me novi, liquidaeque in imagine vidi 840 
 nuper aquae: placuitque mihi mea forma videnti. 
 aspice, sim quantus : non est hoc corpore major 
 Juppiter in caelo — nam vos narrare soletis 
 nescio quern regnare Jovem. Coma plurima torvos 
 prominet in vultus, humerosque, ut lucus, obumbrat. 
 nee mihi quod rigidis horrent densissima saetis 
 corpora, turpe puta. Turpis sine frondibus arbor ; 
 turpis equus, nisi colla jubae flaventia velent ; 
 barba viros hirtaeque decent in corpore saetae. 850 
 unum est in media lumen mihi fronte, sed instar 
 ingentis clipei. Quid? non haec omnia magno 
 sol videt e caelo? soli tamen unicus orbis. 
 
134* The Tale of Galatea. [Metam. 
 
 adde, quod in vestro genitor meus aequore regnat: 
 hunc tibi do socerum. Tantum miserere, precesque 
 supplicis exaudi, tibi enim succumbimus uni. 
 quique Jovem et caelum sperno et penetrabile fulmen, 
 Nerei, te vereor : tua fulmine saevior ira est. 
 
 * Atque ego contemptus essem patientior hujus, 
 si fugeres omnes. Sed cur Cyclope repulso 860 
 
 Acin amas? praefersque meis amplexibus Acin? 
 ille tamen placeatque sibi, placeatque licebit, 
 quod nollem, Galatea, tibi. Modo copia detur ! 
 sentiet esse mihi tanto pro corpore vires : 
 viscera viva traham, divulsaque membra per agros, 
 perque tuas spargam — sic se tibi misceat ! — undas. 
 uror enim, laesusque exaestuat acrius ignis ; 
 cumque suis videor translatam viribus Aetnam 
 pectore ferre meo : nee tu, Galatea, moveris.' 
 
 Talia nequiquam questus — nam cuncta videbam — 
 surgit, et ut taurus vacca furibundus adempta, 
 stare nequit, silvaque et notis saltibus errat : 
 cum ferus ignaros, nee quicquam tale timentes, 
 me videt atque Acin ; * Video ' que exclamat ' et ista 
 ultima sit, faciam, veneris concordia vestrae.' 875 
 
 tantaque vox, quantam Cyclops iratus habere 
 debuit, ilia fuit. Clamore perhorruit Aetne, 
 ast ego vicino pavefacta sub aequore mergor. 
 
 Terga fugae dederat conversa Symaethius heros, 
 et « Fer opem, Galatea, precor, mihi ! ferte parentes,' 
 dixerat, * et vestris periturum admittite regnis ! ' 
 insequitur Cyclops, partemque e monte revulsam 
 mittit; et extremus quamvis pervenit ad ilium 
 angulus is montis, totum tamen obruit Acin. 
 
 At nos, quod solum fieri per fata licebat, 885 
 
 fecimus, ut vires assumeret Acis avitas. 
 puniceus de mole cruor manabat, et intra 
 
XIII. 897-] Death of Acts. 135 
 
 temporis exiguum rubor evanescere coepit : 
 fitque color primo turbati flu minis imbre, 
 purgaturque mora. Turn moles fracta dehiscit, 8qo 
 vivaque per rimas proceraque surgit arundo, 
 osque cavum saxi sonat exsultantibus undis ; 
 miraque res, subito media tenus exstitit alvo 
 incinctus juvenis flexis nova cornua cannis, 
 qui, nisi quod major, quod toto caerulus ore, 895 
 
 Acis erat. Sed sic quoque erat tamen Acis, in amnem 
 versus, et antiquum tenuerunt flumina nomen. 
 
136 The Wisdom of King Numa. [Metam. 
 
 XXL The Wisdom of King Numa. 
 [Book XV. — 1-487.] 
 
 [>Eneas had passed, on the coast of Italy, the isle of the Cer- 
 copes, turned by Jupiter into apes (XIV. 75-100), and coming to 
 Cumae, finds the Sibyl Amalthea, daughter of Scylla, who relates 
 that, being loved by Apollo, he had granted her wish to live so 
 many years as the grains of sand in her hand (101-153). Arriving 
 at Cajetas, he meets Macareus, an old companion of Ulysses, who 
 relates the adventure of the Cyclops and the enchantments of 
 Circe, at whose palace they had remained a full year (154-312). 
 During this time, Circe tells of Picus, son of Saturn, whom, not 
 returning her love, she had converted to a woodpecker, and his 
 companions to various beasts, while his wife Canens wasted into 
 air (313-440). In the wars which followed yEneas' arrival in 
 Latium, Diomed refuses aid to Turnus, but his companions, desir- 
 ing to grant it, are changed to white hinds (441-5 11). Various 
 transformations follow : of the shepherd Apulus to a wild olive ; 
 of Eneas' ships to water-nymphs ; of the ashes of the city Ardea 
 to a heron ; and at length of jEneas himself to one of the gods 
 Indigetes; of Tiberinus to a river ; of Vertumnus to sundry shapes, 
 with the tales by which he at length won the love of Pomona ; 
 lastly of Romulus, who at his death became the god Quirinus, and 
 his wife Hersilia the goddess Ora (512-851).] 
 
 Guided by an ancient sage, Numa seeks wisdom among the 
 Greeks of Southern Italy ; [whereby violating the Sabine law, he 
 is accused, but acquitted, the black lots being changed by miracle 
 to white in the urn (XV. 1-59)]. At Heraclea Pythagoras, exiled 
 from Samos, instructs him in the doctrine of metempsychosis, 
 and the law which forbids all shedding of blood. This was 
 unknown in the golden age, but began with the slaughter of 
 animals for food (75-142). Pythagoras — recalling his own former 
 existence as Euphorbas (slain by Menelaus before Troy) — teaches 
 that all life incessantly passes from one to another form ; all tilings 
 are in flux and change — the heavenly bodies, the seasons types of 
 human life, the elements with their transmutations, the vast changes 
 on the face of the earth (237-277). [These changes detailed: 
 waters that disappear, or overflow regions once dry ; islands formed 
 from mainland, and plains uplifted into hills ; springs alternately 
 
XV. 7i.] Doctrine of Pythagoras. 137 
 
 hot and cold, or strangely affecting those who drink of them; 
 Delos and the Symplegades ; yEtna, which did not always flame. 
 Earth herself lives and breathes, and suffers all these changes ; 
 life springs from decay, and shows strange metamorphoses, as of 
 worms to butterflies, tadpoles to frogs, and shapeless cubs to 
 bears ; fable of the Phoenix, hyaena, and chameleon, and the 
 growth of coral ; States change and pass away, — Sparta, Mycenae, 
 Thebes, — while new Rome is rising from ancient Troy (278-453).] 
 The lesson of mercy is reinforced ; and, fortified with this doc- 
 trine, Numa rules peacefully the state of Rome until his death 
 (454-457). 
 
 [Egeria, grieving at his loss, listens to the tale of Hippolytus, 
 son of Theseus (banished by the false accusations of Phaedra, and 
 dashed to pieces on the shores of Corinth), but changed to the 
 Italian Virbius, and is changed by Diana to a fountain (488-551). 
 Tale of the Etruscan Tages, who sprang from a clod ; and of Cipus, 
 on whose brow grew horns, and who refused the sovereignty of his 
 city portended thereby (532-621).] 
 
 F^VESTINAT imperio clarum praenuntia veri 
 
 ■*-^ Fama Numam. Non ille satis cognosse Sabinae 
 
 gentis habet ritus : animo majora capaci 5 
 
 concipit, et quae sit rerum natura requirit. 
 
 hujus amor curae, patria Curibusque relictis, 
 
 fecit, ut Herculei penetraret ad hospitis urbem. 
 
 Vir fuit hie, ortu Samius, sed fugerat una 60 
 
 et Samon et dominos, odioque tyrannidis exsul 
 sponte erat; isque, licet caeli regione remotos, 
 mente deos adiit, et quae natura negabat 
 visibus humanis, oculis ea pectoris hausit. 
 cumque animo et vigili perspexerat omnia cura, 65 
 in medium discenda dabat ; coetusque silentum 
 dictaque mirantum magni primordia mundi 
 et rerum causas et quid natura, docebat : 
 quid deus, unde nives, quae fulminis esset origo ; 
 Juppiter an venti discussa nube tonarent ; 70 
 
 quid quateret terras, qua sidera lege mearent, 
 
138 The Wisdom of King JVuma. [Metam. 
 
 et quodcumque latet ; primusque animalia mensis 
 arguit imponi. Primus quoque talibus ora 
 docta quidem solvit, sed non et credita, verbis : 
 
 * Parcite, mortales, dapibus temerare nefandis 75 
 corpora ! Sunt fruges, sunt deducentia ramos 
 pondere poma suo, tumidaeque in vitibus uvae ; 
 
 sunt herbae dulces, sunt quae mitescere flamma 
 
 mollirique queant ; nee vobis lacteus humor 
 
 eripitur, nee mella thymi redolentia flore. 80 
 
 prodiga divitias alimentaque mitia tellus 
 
 suggerit, atque epulas sine caede et sanguine praebet. 
 
 came ferae sedant jejunia, nee tamen omnes : 
 
 quippe equus et pecudes armentaque gramine vivunt ; 
 
 at quibus ingenium est inmansuetumque ferumque, 85 
 
 Armeniaeque tigres iracundique leones, 
 
 cumque lupis ursi, dapibus cum sanguine gaudent. 
 
 ' Heu quantum scelus est in viscera viscera condi, 
 congestoque avidum pinguescere corpore corpus, 
 alteriusque animantem animantis vivere leto ! 90 
 
 ' Scilicet in tantis opibus, quas optima matrum 
 Terra parit, nil te nisi tristia mandere saevo 
 vulnera dente juvat, rictusque referre Cyclopum? 
 nee, nisi perdideris alium, placare voracis 
 et male morati poteris jejunia ventris? 95 
 
 * At vetus ilia aetas, cui fecimus aurea nomen, 
 fetibus arboreis et quas humus educat herbis 
 fortunata fuit, neC polluit ora cruore. 
 
 tunc et aves tutae movere per aera pennas, 
 et lepus inpavidus mediis erravit in herbis, 100 
 
 nee sua credulitas piscem suspenderat hamo ; 
 cuncta sine insidiis nullamque timentia fraudem 
 plenaque pacis erant. Postquam non utilis auctor 
 victibus invidit, quisquis fuit ille, priorum, 
 corporeasque dapes avidam demersit in alvum, 105 
 
XV. 1 39.] The Guilt and Cruelty of Bloodshed. 139 
 
 fecit iter sceleri. Primaque e caede ferarum 
 incaluisse putem maculatum sanguine ferrum. 
 idque satis fuerat : nostrumque petentia letum 
 corpora missa neci salva pietate fatemur ; 
 sed quam danda neci, tarn non epulanda fuerunt. . no 
 
 4 Longius inde nefas abiit, et prima putatur 
 hostia sus meruisse mori, quia semina pando 
 eruerit rostro, spemque interceperit anni. 
 vite caper morsa Bacchi mactandus ad aras 
 ducitur ultoris : nocuit sua culpa duobus. 115 
 
 quid meruistis, oves, placidum pecus, inque tuendos 
 natum homines, pleno quae fertis in ubere nectar, 
 mollia quae nobis vestras velamina lanas 
 praebetis, vitaque magis, quam morte juvatis? 
 quid meruere boves, animal sine fraude dolisque, 120 
 innocuum, simplex, natum tolerare labores? 
 immemor est demum, nee frugum munere dignus, 
 qui potuit curvi dempto modo pondere aratri 
 ruricolam mactare suum, qui trita labore 
 ilia, quibus totiens durum renovaverat arvum, 125 
 
 condiderat messes, percussit colla securi. 
 
 1 Nee satis est, quod tale nefas committitur : ipsos 
 inscripsere deos sceleri, numenque supernum 
 caede laboriferi credunt gaudere juvenci. 
 victima labe carens et praestantissima forma — 130 
 nam placuisse nocet — vittis praesignis et auro 
 sistitur ante aras, auditque ignara precantem, 
 imponique suae videt inter cornua fronti 
 quas coluit, fruges, percussaque sanguine cultros 
 inficit in liquida praevisos forsitan unda. 135 
 
 protinus ereptas viventi pectore fibras 
 inspiciunt, mentesque deum scrutantur in illis. 
 unde fames homini vetitorum tanta ciborum est? 
 audetis vesci, genus O mortale? quod (oro) 
 
140 The Wisdom of King Numa. [Met am. 
 
 ne facite, et monitis animos advertite nostris : 140 
 
 cumque bourn dabitis caesorum membra palato, 
 mandere vos vestros scite et sentite colonos. 
 
 * Et, quoniam deus ora movet, sequar ora moventem 
 rite deum, Delphosque meos ipsumque recludam 
 aethera et augustae reserabo oracula mentis. 145 
 
 magna, nee ingeniis evestigata priorum, 
 quaeque diu latuere, canam. Juvat ire per alta 
 astra ; juvat terris et inerti sede relicta 
 nube vehi, validique humeris insistere Atlantis ; 
 palantesque homines passim ac rationis egentes 150 
 despectare procul, trepidosque obitumque timentes 
 sic exhortari, seriemque evolvere fati. 
 
 f O genus attonitum gelidae formidine mortis ! 
 quid Styga, quid tenebras et nomina vana timetis, 
 materiem vatum, falsique pericula mundi? 155 
 
 corpora sive rogus flamma, seu tabe vetustas 
 abstulerit, mala posse pati non ulla putetis. 
 morte carent animae, semperque, priore relicta 
 sede, novis domibus vivunt habitantque receptae. 
 ipse ego — nam memini — Trojani tempore belli 160 
 Pantho'ides Euphorbus eram, cui pectore quondam 
 haesit in adverso gravis hasta minoris Atridae. 
 cognovi clipeum, laevae gestamina nostrae, 
 nuper Abanteis templo Junonis in Argis. 
 
   Omnia mutantur : nihil interit. Errat, et illinc 165 
 hue venit, hinc illuc, et quoslibet occupat artus 
 spiritus, eque feris humana in corpora transit, 
 inque feras noster, nee tempore deperit ullo. 
 utque novis facilis signatur cera figuris, 
 nee manet ut fuerat, nee formas servat easdem, 17a 
 sed tamen ipsa eadem est, animam sic semper eandem 
 esse, sed in varias doceo migrare figuras. 
 ergo — nee pietas sit victa cupidine ventris — 
 
XV. 207-] The Changing Seasons. 141 
 
 parcite, vaticinor, cognatas caede nefanda 
 
 exturbare animas, nee sanguine sanguis alatur. 175 
 
 * Et quoniam magno feror aequore, plenaque venlis 
 vela dedi : Nihil est, toto quod perstet in orbe. 
 cuncta fluunt, omnisque vagans formatur imago, 
 ipsa quoque assiduo labuntur tempora motu, 
 
 non secus ac flumen. Neque enim consistere flumen, 
 nee levis hora potest ; sed ut unda impellitur unda, 
 urgueturque eadem veniens urguetque priorem — 
 tempora sic fugiunt pariter, pariterque sequuntur, 
 et nova sunt semper ; nam quod fuit ante, relictum est, 
 fitque, quod haud fuerat, momentaque cuncta novantur. 
 
 * Cernis et emensas in lucem tendere noctes, 
 et jubar hoc nitidum nigrae succedere nocti ; 
 nee color est idem caelo, cum lassa quiete 
 cuncta jacent media, cumque albo Lucifer exit 
 clarus equo ; rursusque alius, cum praevia lucis 190 
 tradendum Phoebo Pallantias inrlcit orbem. 
 
 ipse dei clipeus terra cum tollitur ima 
 
 mane rubet, terraque rubet cum conditur ima ; 
 
 candidus in summo est, melior natura quod illic 
 
 aetheris est, terraeque procul contagia fugit. 195 
 
 nee par aut eadem nocturnae forma Dianae 
 
 esse potest umquam ; semperque hodierna sequente, 
 
 si crescit, minor est, major, si contrahit orbem. 
 
 * Quid? non in species succedere quattuor annum 
 aspicis, aetatis peragentem imitamina nostrae? 200 
 nam tener et lactens puerique simillimus aevo 
 
 Vere novo est ; tunc herba recens et roboris expers 
 turget, et insolida est, et spe delectat agrestes. 
 omnia tunc florent, florumque coloribus almus 
 ludit ager, neque adhuc virtus in frondibus ulla est. 
 transit in Aestatem post ver robustior annus 
 fitque valens juvenis ; neque enim robustior aetas 
 
144 The Wisdom of King JVuma. [Metam. 
 
 aut hominum certe, tuta esse et honesta sinamus, 
 neve Thyesteis cumulemus viscera mensis. 
 
 * Quam male consuescit, quam se parat ille cruori 
 impius humano, vituli qui guttura ferro 
 rumpit, et inmotas praebet mugitibus aures ! 465 
 
 aut qui vagitus similes puerilibus haedum 
 edentem jugulare potest, aut alite vesci, 
 cui dedit ipse cibos ! Quantum est, quod desit in istis 
 ad plenum facinus? quo transitus inde paratur? 
 bos aret, aut mortem senioribus imputet annis ; 470 
 horriferum contra Borean ovis arma ministret ; 
 ubera dent saturae manibus pressanda capellae. 
 retia cum pedicis, laqueos, artesque dolosas 
 tollite ; nee volucrem viscata fallite virga ; 
 nee formidatis cervos illudite pennis ; 475 
 
 nee celate cibis uncos fallacibus hamos. 
 perdite siqua nocent, verum haec quoque perdite 
 
 tantum : 
 ora vacent epulis, alimentaque mitia carpant.' 
 
 Talibus atque aliis instructo pectore dictis 
 in patriam remeasse ferunt, ultroque petitum 480 
 
 accepisse Numam populi Latiaris habenas : 
 conjuge qui felix nympha ducibusque Camenis 
 sacriiicos docuit ritus, gentemque feroci 
 assuetam bello pacis traduxit ad artes. 
 qui postquam senior regnumque aevumque peregit, 
 exstinctum Latiaeque nurus populusque Patresque 
 deflevere Numam. 
 
XV. 644-] The Worship of jEsadafius. 145 
 
 XXII. The Worship of ^Esculapius. 
 
 [Book XV. — 622-744.] 
 
 The people of Rome, being in terror of a pestilence, seek 
 counsel of Apollo, who bids them invite his son (jEsculapius) to 
 their city. Proceeding to Epidaurus, the messengers summon his 
 help (622-652) ; who, giving them favorable answer in a dream, 
 takes the shape of a serpent, and goes aboard their ship (653-693) ; 
 and arriving at Rome, makes his dwelling in an island of the Tiber 
 (694-744).— B.C. 293. 
 
 "DANDITE nunc, Musae, praesentia numina vatum, 
 ■*■ (scitis enim, nee vos fallit spatiosa vetustas) 
 unde Coroniden circumflua Thybridis alti 
 insula Romuleae sacris asciverit urbis. 625 
 
 Dira lues quondam Latias vitiaverat auras, 
 pallidaque exsangui squalebant corpora tabo. 
 funeribus fessi postquam mortalia cernunt 
 temptamenta nihil, nihil artes posse medentum, 
 auxilium caeleste petunt ; mediamque tenentes 630 
 
 orbis humum Delphos adeunt, oracula Phoebi, 
 utque salutifera miseris succurrere rebus 
 sorte velit, tantaeque urbis mala finiat, orant. 
 et locus et laurus et, quas habet ipse, pharetrae 
 intremuere simul ; cortinaque reddidit imo 635 
 
 hanc adyto vocem, pavefactaque pectora movit: 
 4 Quod petis hinc, propiore loco, Romane, petisses : 
 et pete nunc propiore loco ; nee Apolline vobis, 
 qui minuat luctus, opus est, sed Apolline nato : 
 ite bonis avibus, prolemque accersite nostram.' 640 
 
 Jussa dei prudens postquam accepere Senatus, 
 quam colat, explorant, juvenis Phoebeius urbem, 
 quique petant ventis Epidauria litora, mittunt. 
 quae postquam curva missi tetigere carina, 
 
 10 
 
144 The Wisdom of King Numa. [Metam. 
 
 aut hominum certe, tuta esse et honesta sinamus, 
 neve Thyesteis cumulemus viscera mensis. 
 
 ' Quam male consuescit, quam se parat ille cruori 
 impius humano, vituli qui guttura ferro 
 rumpit, et inmotas praebet mugitibus aures ! 465 
 
 aut qui vagitus similes puerilibus haedum 
 edentem jugulare potest, aut alite vesci, 
 cui dedit ipse cibos ! Quantum est, quod desit in istis 
 ad plenum facinus? quo transitus inde paratur? 
 bos aret, aut mortem senioribus imputet annis ; 470 
 horriferum contra Borean ovis arma ministret ; 
 ubera dent saturae manibus pressanda capellae. 
 retia cum pedicis, laqueos, artesque dolosas 
 tollite ; nee volucrem viscata fallite virga ; 
 nee formidatis cervos illudite pennis ; 475 
 
 nee celate cibis uncos fallacibus hamos. 
 perdite siqua nocent, verum haec quoque perdite 
 
 tantum : 
 ora vacent epulis, alimentaque mitia carpant.' 
 
 Talibus atque aliis instructo pectore dictis 
 in patriam remeasse ferunt, ultroque petitum 480 
 
 accepisse Numam populi Latiaris habenas : 
 conjuge qui felix nympha ducibusque Camenis 
 sacriilcos docuit ritus, gentemque feroci 
 assuetam bello pacis traduxit ad artes. 
 qui postquam senior regnumque aevumque peregit, 
 exstinctum Latiaeque nurus populusque Patresque 
 deflevere Numam. 
 
XV. 644-] The Worship of sEsculafius. 145 
 
 XXII. The Worship of ^Esculapius. 
 
 [Book XV. — 622-744.] 
 
 The people of Rome, being in terror of a pestilence, seek 
 counsel of Apollo, who bids them invite his son (.dEsculapius) to 
 their city. Proceeding to Epidaurus, the messengers summon his 
 help (622-652) ; who, giving them favorable answer in a dream, 
 takes the shape of a serpent, and goes aboard their ship (653-693) ; 
 and arriving at Rome, makes his dwelling in an island of the Tiber 
 (694-744).— b. c. 293. 
 
 TT)ANDITE nunc, Musae, praesentia numina vatum, 
 ■*■ (scitis enim, nee vos fallit spatiosa vetustas) 
 unde Coroniden circumflua Thybridis alti 
 insula Romuleae sacris asciverit urbis. 625 
 
 Dira lues quondam Latias vitiaverat auras, 
 pallidaque exsangui squalebant corpora tabo. 
 funeribus fessi postquam mortalia cernunt 
 temptamenta nihil, nihil artes posse medentum, 
 auxilium caeleste petunt ; mediamque tenentes 630 
 
 orbis humum Delphos adeunt, oracula Phoebi, 
 utque salutifera miseris succurrere rebus 
 sorte velit, tantaeque urbis mala finiat, orant. 
 et locus et laurus et, quas habet ipse, pharetrae 
 intremuere simul ; cortinaque reddidit imo 635 
 
 hanc adyto vocem, pavefactaque pectora movit: 
 4 Quod petis hinc, propiore loco, Romane, petisses : 
 et pete nunc propiore loco ; nee Apolline vobis, 
 qui minuat luctus, opus est, sed Apolline nato : 
 ite bonis avibus, prolemque accersite nostram.' 640 
 
 Jussa dei prudens postquam accepere Senatus, 
 quam colat, explorant, juvenis Phoebei'us urbem, 
 quique petant ventis Epidauria litora, mittunt. 
 quae postquam curva missi tetigere carina, 
 
146 The Worship of JEsculaftus. [Metam. 
 
 concilium Graiosque patres adiere, darentque, 645 
 
 oravere, deum, qui praesens funera gentis 
 finiat Ausoniae : certas ita dicere sortes. 
 
 Dissidet et variat sententia ; parsque negandum 
 non putat auxilium ; multi retinere, suamque 
 non emittere opem, nee numina tradere suadent. 650 
 dum dubitant, seram pepulere crepuscula lucem, 
 umbraque telluris tenebras induxerat orbi : 
 cum deus in somnis opifer consistere visus 
 ante tuum, Romane, torum, sed qualis in aede 
 esse solet, baculumque tenens agreste sinistra, 655 
 
 caesariem longae dextra deducere barbae, 
 et placido tales emittere pectore voces : 
 
 1 Pone metus ; veniam, simulacraque nostra relin- 
 quam : 
 hunc modo serpentem, baculum qui nexibus ambit, 
 perspice, et usque nota visu, ut cognoscere possis: 660 
 vertar in hunc ; sed major ero, tantusque videbor, 
 in quantum debent caelestia corpora verti.' 
 extemplo cum voce deus, cum voce deoque 
 somnus abit, somnique fugam lux alma secuta est. 
 
 Postera sidereos Aurora fugaverat ignes ; 665 
 
 incerti quid agant, proceres ad templa petiti 
 conveniunt operosa dei, quaque ipse morari 
 sede velit, signis caelestibus indicet, orant. 
 vix bene desierant, cum cristis aureus altis 
 in serpente deus praenuntia sibila misit, 670 
 
 adventuque suo signumque arasque foresque 
 marmoreumque solum fastigiaque aurea movit, 
 pectoribusque tenus media sublimis in aede 
 constitit, atque oculos circumtulit igne micantes. 
 
 Territa turba pavet : cognovit numina castos 675 
 evinctus vitta crines albente sacerdos, 
 et * Deus en ! deus en ! animis linguisque favete, 
 
XV. 7ii.] Arrival in Italy. 147 
 
 quisquis ades ! ' dixit * Sis, O pulcherrime, visus 
 utiliter, populosque juves tua sacra colentes.' 
 quisquis adest, jussum veneratur numen, et omnes 63o 
 verba sacerdotis referunt geminata, piumque 
 Aeneadae praestant et mente et voce favorem. 
 adnuit his, motisque deus rata pignora cristis 
 et repetita dedit vibrata sibila lingua, 
 turn gradibus nitidis delabitur, oraque retro 685 
 
 flectit, et antiquas abiturus respicit aras, 
 assuetasque domos habitataque templa salutat ; 
 inde per injectis adopertam fioribus ingens 
 serpit humum, flectitque sinus, mediamque per urbem 
 tendit ad incurvo munitos aggere portus ; 690 
 
 restitit hie, agmenque suum turbaeque sequentis 
 officium placido visus dimittere vultu 
 corpus in Ausonia posuit rate. Numinis ilia 
 sensit onus, pressa estque dei gravitate carina. 
 
 Aeneadae gaudent, caesoque in litore tauro 695 
 
 torta coronatae solvunt retinacula classis. 
 impulerat levis aura ratem. Deus eminet alte, 
 impositaque premens puppim cervice recurvam 
 caeruleas despectat aquas, modicisque per aequor 
 Ionium zephyris sexto Pallantidos ortu 700 
 
 Italiam tenuit, praeterque Lacinia templo 
 nobilitata deae, Scylaceaque litora fertur. 
 linquit Iapygiam, laevisque Amphrisia remis 
 saxa fugit, dextra praerupta Celennia parte, 
 Romethiumque legit, Caulonaque, Naryciamque, 705 
 evincitque fretum Siculique angusta Pelori, 
 Hippotadaeque domos regis, Temesesque metalla, 
 Leucosiamque petit, tepidique rosaria Paesti. 
 inde legit Capreas, promontoriumque Minervae, 
 et Surrentino generosos palmite colles, 710 
 
 Herculeamque urbem, Stabiasque, et in otia natam 
 
148 The Worship of ^Lsculafius. [Metam. 
 
 Parthenopen, et ab hac Cumaeae templa Sibyllae. 
 hinc calidi fontes lentisciferumque tenetur 
 Linternum, multamque trahens sub gurgite arenam 
 Volturnus, niveisque frequens Sinuessa columbis, 715 
 Minturnaeque graves, et quam tumulavit alumnus, 
 Antiphataeque domus, Trachasque obsessa palude, 
 et tellus Circaea, et spissi litoris Antium. 
 
 Hue ubi veliferam nautae advertere carinam — 
 asper enim jam pontus erat — deus explicat orbes, 720 
 perque sinus crebros et magna volumina labens, 
 templa parentis init flavum tangentia litus. 
 aequore pacato patrias Epidaurius aras 
 linquit, et hospitio juncti sibi numinis usus 
 litoream tractu squamae crepitants arenam 725 
 
 sulcat, et innixus moderamine navis in alta 
 puppe caput posuit, donee Castrumque sacrasque 
 Lavini sedes Tiberinaque ad ostia venit. 
 
 Hue omnes populi passim, matrumque patrumque 
 obvia turba ruit, quaeque ignes, Troica, servant, 730 
 Vesta, tuos, laetoque deum clamore salutant ; 
 quaque per adversas navis cita ducitur undas, 
 tura super ripas aris ex ordine factis 
 parte ab utraque sonant, et odorant aera fumis : 
 ictaque conjectos incalfacit hostia cultros. 735 
 
 Jamque caput rerum, Romanam intraverat urbem. 
 erigitur serpens, summoque acclinia malo 
 colla movet, sedesque sibi circumspicit aptas. 
 scinditur in geminas partes circumfluus amnis : 
 insula nomen habet ; laterumque e parte duorum 740 
 porrigit aequales media tellure lacertos. 
 hue se de Latia pinu Phoebeius anguis 
 contulit, et finem specie caeleste resumpta 
 luctibus imposuit, venitque salutifer Urbi. 
 
XV. 766.] The Apotheosis of Ccesar. 149 
 
 XXIII. The Apotheosis of CLesar. 
 [Book XV. — 745-879.] 
 
 After the triumphs ot Caesar, and his death by treachery of 
 his friends, Venus obtained from Jupiter that he should be received 
 into the number of the Immortals, —a native deity, while ^Escula- 
 pius was of foreign origin (745-844). She takes therefore his 
 spirit as he falls, and bears it above, his path being shown by 
 a miraculous star which appeared in the heavens at his death 
 (845-880). 
 
 Conclusion, 881-889. 
 
 T TIC tamen accessit delubris advena nostris : 
 
 •*■ Caesar in Urbe sua deus est, quern marte togaque 
 
 praecipuum non bella magis finita triumphis, 
 
 resque domi gestae properataque gloria rerum, 
 
 in sidus vertere novum stellamque comantem, 
 
 quam sua progenies. Neque enim de Caesaris actis 
 
 ullum majus opus, quam quod pater exstitit hujus. 
 
 scilicet aequoreos plus est domuisse Britannos, 
 
 perque papyriferi semptemflua flumina Nili 
 
 victrices egisse rates, Numidasque rebelles 
 
 Cinyphiumque Jubam, Mithridateisque tumentem 755 
 
 nominibus Pontum populo adjecisse Quirini, 
 
 et multos meruisse, aliquos egisse triumphos, 
 
 quam tantum genuisse virum? Quo praeside rerum 
 
 humano generi, Superi, favistis abunde. 
 
 Ne foret hie igitur mortali semine cretus, 760 
 
 ille deus faciendus erat. Quod ut aurea vidit 
 Aeneae genitrix, vidit quoque triste parari 
 pontifici letum et conjurata arma moveri, 
 palluit; et cunctis, ut cuique erat obvia, divis 
 * Aspice,' dicebat * quanta mihi mole parentur 765 
 
 insidiae, quantaque caput cum fraude petatur, 
 
150 The Afotheosis of Ccesar. [Metam. 
 
 quod de Dardanio solum mihi restat Iiilo. 
 solane semper ero justis exercita curis? 
 quam modo Tydidae Calydonia vulneret hasta, 
 nunc male defensae confundant moenia Trojae ; 770 
 quae videam natum longis erroribus actum 
 jactarique freto sedesque intrare silentum, 
 bellaque cum Turno gerere, aut, si vera fatemur, 
 cum Junone magis? Quid nunc antiqua recordor 
 damna mei generis? Timor hie meminisse priorum 
 non sinit : in me acui sceleratos cernitis enses. 
 quos prohibete* precor, facinusque repellite ! neve 
 caede sacerdotis flammas exstinguite Vestae.' 
 
 Talia nequiquam toto Venus anxia caelo 
 verba jacit, superosque movet ; qui rumpere quamquam 
 ferrea non possunt veterum decreta sororum, 
 signa tamen luctus dant baud incerta futuri. 
 arma ferunt inter nigras crepitantia nubes 
 terribilesque tubas, auditaque cornua caelo 
 praemonuisse nefas. Solis quoque tristis imago 785 
 lurida sollicitis praebebat lumina terris. 
 saepe faces visae mediis ardere sub astris ; 
 saepe inter nimbos guttae cecidere cruentae. 
 caerulus et vultum ferrugine Lucifer atra 
 sparsus erat, sparsi lunares sanguine currus. 790 
 
 tristia mille locis Stygius dedit omina bubo ; 
 mille locis lacrimavit ebur, cantusque feruntur 
 auditi Sanctis et verba minantia lucis. 
 victima nulla litat, magnosque instare tumultus 
 fibra monet, caesumque caput reperitur in extis ; 795 
 inque foro circumque domos et templa deorum 
 nocturnos ululasse canes, umbrasque silentum 
 erravisse ferunt, motamque tremoribus urbem. 
 
 Non tamen insidias venturaque vincere fata 
 praemonitus potuere deum ; strictique feruntur 800 
 
XV. 834] Juf iter foretells his Glory. 151 
 
 in templum gladii ; neque enim locus ullus in Urbe 
 
 ad facinus diramque placet, nisi curia, caedem. 
 
 turn vero Cytherea manu percussit utraque 
 
 pectus, et aetheria molitur condere nube, 
 
 qua prius infesto Paris est ereptus Atridae, 805 
 
 et Diomedeos Aeneas fugerat enses. 
 
 Talibus hanc genitor : ' Sola insuperabile fatum, 
 nata, movere paras? intres licet ipsa sororum 
 tecta trium ! cernes illic molimine vasto 
 ex aere et solido rerum tabularia ferro, 810 
 
 quae neque concursum caeli, neque fulminis iram, 
 nee metuunt ullas tuta atque aetarna ruinas. 
 invenies illic incisa adamante perenni 
 fata tui generis : legi ipse animoque notavi, 
 et referam, ne sis etiamnum ignara futuri. 815 
 
 1 Hie sua complevit, pro quo, Cytherea, laboras, 
 tempora perfectis quos terrae debuit annis. 
 ut deus accedat caelo templisque locetur, 
 tu facies natusque suus, qui nominis haeres 
 impositum feret unus onus, caedisque parentis 820 
 
 nos in bella suos fortissimus ultor habebit. 
 illius auspiciis obsessae moenia pacem 
 victa petunt Mutinae ; Pharsalia sentiet ilium ; 
 Emathiaque iterum madefient caede Philippi ; 
 et magnum Siculis nomen superabitur undis ; 825 
 
 Romanique ducis conjunx Aegyptia taedae 
 non bene fisa cadet : frustraque erit ilia minata, 
 servitura suo Capitolia nostra Canopo. 
 
 1 Quid tibi barbariem, gentes ab utroque jacentes 
 Oceano numerem? Quodcumque habitabile tellus 830 
 sustinet, hujus erit ; pontus quoque serviet illi. 
 pace data terris, animum ad civilia vertet 
 jura suiim, legesque feret justissimus auctor : 
 exemploque suo mores reget, inque futuri 
 
152 The Apotheosis of Ccssar. [Metam. 
 
 temporis aetatem venturorumque nepotum 835 
 
 prospiciens, prolem sancta de conjuge natam 
 ferre simul nomenque suum curasque jubebit : 
 nee, nisi cum senior Pylios aequaverit annos, 
 aetherias sedes cognataque sidera tanget. 
 hanc animam interea caeso de corpore raptam 840 
 
 fac jubar, ut semper Capitolia nostra forumque 
 divus ab excelsa prospectet Julius aede.' 
 
 Vix ea fatus erat, media cum sede senatus 
 constitit alma Venus, nulli cernenda, suique 
 Caesaris eripuit membris, nee in aera solvi 845 
 
 passa recentem animam caelestibus intulit astris. 
 dumque tulit, lumen capere atque ignescere sensit, 
 emisitque sinu. Luna volat altius ilia, 
 flammiferumque trahens spatioso limite crinem 
 stella micat, natique videns benefacta fatetur 850 
 
 esse suis majora, et vinci gaudet ab illo. 
 hie sua praeferri quamquam vetat acta paternis, 
 libera fama tamen nullisque obnoxia jussis 
 invitum praefert, unaque in parte repugnat. 
 sic magni cedit titulis Agamemnonis Atreus ; 855 
 
 Aegea sic Theseus, sic Pelea vincit Achilles, 
 denique, ut exemplis ipsos aequantibus utar, 
 sic et Saturnus minor est Jove. Juppiter arces 
 temperat aetherias et mundi regna triformis ; 
 terra sub Augusto : pater est et rector uterque. 860 
 
 Di, precor, Aeneae comites, quibus ensis et ignis 
 cesserunt, dique Indigetes, genitorque Quirine 
 Urbis, et invicti genitor Gradive Quirini, 
 Vestaque Caesareos inter sacrata penates, 
 et cum Caesarea tu, Phoebe domestice, Vesta, 865 
 
 quique tenes altus Tarpeias Juppiter arces, 
 quosque alios vati fas appellare piumque est : 
 tarda sit ilia dies et nostro serior aevo, 
 
XV. 879-] The Poet's Immortality. 153 
 
 qua caput Augustum, quern temperat, orbe relicto 
 accedat caelo, faveatque precantibus absens. 870 
 
 Jamque opus exegi, — quod nee Jovis ira nee ignis 
 nee poterit ferrum nee edax abolere vetustas. 
 cum volet, ilia dies, quae nil nisi corporis hujus 
 jus habet, incerti spatium mihi finiat aevi : 
 parte tamen meliore mei super alta perennis 875 
 
 astra ferar, nomenque erit indelebile nostrum, 
 quaque patet domitis Romana potentia terris, 
 ore legar populi, perque omnia saecula fama, 
 si quid habent veri vatum praesagia, vivam. 
 
SHORTER POEMS. 
 
 I. The Fasti. 
 
 The word fasti, properly applied to those days of the year on 
 which it was permitted {fas) to transact public business, came to 
 be applied to the Roman Calendar, or systematic arrangement 
 and classification of the days of each month. Ovid's purpose in 
 this poem was to cast this calendar into a poetic form, describ- 
 ing whatever was peculiar and characteristic in the Roman usages, 
 — as festivals and rites, — and working into it whatever traditions 
 and myths were current among the people. The Roman religion 
 was so meagre in the elements of fable, that its mythology, as pre- 
 sented in this work, is hardly more than a clumsy adaptation and 
 vamping over of Grecian myths. It was, however, as rich in 
 form and ceremonial as it was poor in story ; and the most valu- 
 able and original portions of the Fasti are those which describe 
 fragments of these primitive rites, which had managed to survive 
 the inroad of the more fashionable Greek and Oriental forms of 
 worship, and still lingered in the community. Some of them, 
 indeed, held their own for centuries longer, and some were 
 transformed and adopted into the Christian calendar. 
 
 Only six books of the Fasti, containing the months from Jan- 
 uary to June inclusive, are extant. It is a much disputed question 
 whether the other six books have been lost, or were never written. 
 It is probable that they were written in the rough, but unfinished 
 at the time of the poet's exile, and never published. At any rate, 
 there are no citations in ancient authors from any but the first 
 six books. 
 
 The following extracts from the fourth book (April) contain a 
 description of two very ancient festivals, with the traditional 
 account of the founding of Rome, introduced in the usual manner 
 of the poet. 
 
 i. The Festival of Pales (April 21). 
 
 "T^TOX abiit, oriturque Aurora. Par ilia poscor : 
 x ^ Non poscor frustra, si fa vet alma Pales. 
 
i$6 Shorter Poems. [Fasti 
 
 Alma Pales, faveas pastoria sacra canenti, 
 
 Prosequor officio si tua festa pio. 
 Certe ego de vitulo cinerem stipulasque fabalis 725 
 
 Saepe tuli plena (februa casta) manu. 
 Certe ego transilui positas ter in ordine flammas, 
 
 Udaque roratas laurea misit aquas. 
 Mota dea est, operique favet : navalibus exi, 
 
 Puppis ! habent ventos jam mea vela suos. 730 
 
 I, pete virginea, populus, suffimen ab ara : 
 
 Vesta dabit; Vestae munere purus eris. 
 Sanguis equi suffimen erit, vitulique favilla, 
 
 Tertia res durae culmen inane fabae. 
 Pastor, oves saturas ad prima crepuscula lustra : 735 
 
 - Unda prius spargat, virgaque verrat humum. 
 Frondibus et fixis decorentur ovilia ramis, 
 
 Et tegat ornatas longa corona fores. 
 Caerulei fiant vivo de sulphure fumi, 
 
 Tactaque fumanti sulphure balet ovis. 740 
 
 Ure mares oleas, taedamque, herbasque Sabinas, 
 
 Et crepet in mediis laurus adusta focis. 
 Libaque de milio milii fiscella sequetur : 
 
 Rustica praecipue est hoc dea laeta cibo. 
 Adde dapes mulctramque suas, dapibusque resectis 745 
 
 Silvicolam tepido lacte precare Palen. 
 Consule (die) pecori far iter pecorisque magi sir is: 
 
 Effngiat stabulis noxa repulsa meis. 
 Sive sacro pavi, sedive sub arbore sacra, 
 
 Pabulaque e bustis inscia carpsit ovis; 750 
 
 Si nemus intravi vetitum, nostrisve fugatae 
 
 Sunt oculis nymphae, semicapervc deus; 
 Simcafalx ramo lucum spoliavit opaco, 
 
 Unde data est aegrae jiscina frondis ovi; 
 Da veniam culpae, nee, dum degrandinat, obsit 755 
 
 Agresti fano supposuisse pecus. 
 
IV. 79 2 -3 The Fasti. i$7 
 
 Nee noceat turbasse lacus : ig??oscite, nymphae, 
 
 Mota quod obscuras ungula fecit aquas. 
 Tu, dea, pro nobis fontes fontanaque placa 
 
 Numina; tu spar so s -per ncmus otnne deos. 760 
 
 Nee dryadas, nee nos vidcamus labra Dianae, 
 
 Nee Faumim, medio cum premit arva die. 
 Pelle procul morbos : valeant hominesque gregesque, 
 
 Ft valeant vigiles, provida turba, canes. 
 Neve minus multos redigam quam mancfucrunt, 765 
 
 Neve gemam refer ens vellera rapt a lupo. 
 Absit ini qua fames : herbae frondesque supersint, 
 
 £>uacque lavent artus, quaeque bibantur, aquae. 
 Ubera plena premam : refer at mihi caseus aera> 
 
 Dentque viam liquido vimina rara sero. 770 
 
 Lanaque proveniat nullas lacsura puellas, 
 
 Mollis et ad teneras quamlibct apta manus. 
 £>iiae precor, eveniant; et nosfaciamus ad annum 775 
 
 Pastorum dominae grandia liba Pali. 
 His dea placanda est ; haec tu conversus ad ortus 
 
 Die quater, et vivo perlue rore manus. 
 Turn licet adposita, veluti cratere, camella, 
 
 Lac niveum potes purpureamque sapam ; 780 
 
 Moxque per ardentes stipulae crepitantes acervos 
 
 Traicias celeri strenua membra pede. 
 Exposttus mos est : moris mihi restat origo. 
 
 Turba facit dubium, coeptaque nostra tenet. 
 Omnia purgat edax ignis, vitiumque metallis 785 
 
 Excoquit : idcirco cum duce purgat ovis? 
 An, quia cunctarum contraria semina rerum 
 
 Sunt duo discordes, ignis et unda, dei, 
 Junxerunt elementa patres, aptumque putarunt 
 
 Ignibus et sparsa tangere corpus aqua? 790 
 
 An, quod in his vitae causa est, haec perdidit exsul, 
 
 His nova fit conjunx, haec duo magna putant? 
 
158 Shorter Poems. [Fasti 
 
 Vix equidem credo : sunt qui Phaethonta referri 
 
 Credant, et nimias Deucalionis aquas. 
 Pars quoque, cum saxis pastores saxa feribant, 795 
 
 Scintillam subito prosiluisse ferunt : 
 Prima quidem periit, stipulis excepta secunda est. 
 
 Hoc argumentum flamma Parilis habet? 
 An magis hunc morem pietas Aeneia fecit, 
 
 Innocuum victo cui dedit ignis iter? 800 
 
 Num tamen est vero propius, cum condita Roma est, 
 
 Transferri jussos in nova tecta Lares, 
 Mutantesque domum tectis agrestibus ignem, 
 
 Et cessaturae supposuisse casae, 
 Per flammas saluisse pecus, saluisse colonos? 805 
 
 Quod fit natali nunc quoque, Roma, tuo. 
 Ipse locus causas vati facit. Urbis origo 
 
 Venit : ades factis, magne Quirine, tuis ! 
 
 2. The Founding of Rome. 
 
 TAM luerat poenas frater Numitoris, et omne 
 •^ Pastorum gemino sub duce volgus erat. 810 
 
 Contrahere agrestes et moenia ponere utrique 
 
 Convenit : ambigitur, moenia ponat uter. 
 % Nil opus est \ dixit * certamine ' Romulus * ullo : 
 
 Magna fides avium est ; experiamur aves.' 
 Res placet : alter adit nemorosi saxa Palati ; 815 
 
 Alter Aventinum mane cacumen init. 
 Sex Remus, hie volucres bis sex videt ordine ; pacto 
 
 Statur, et arbitrium Romulus urbis habet. 
 Apta dies legitur, qua moenia signet aratro. 
 
 Sacra Palis suberant ; inde movetur opus : 820 
 
 Fossa fit ad solidum ; fruges jaciuntur in ima, 
 
 Et de vicino terra petita solo. 
 
IV. 856.] The Founding of Rome. 159 
 
 Fossa repletur humo, plenaeque imponitur ara, 
 
 Et novus accenso fungitur igne focus. 
 Inde premens stivam designat moenia sulco : 825 
 
 Alba jugum niveo cum bove vacca tulit. 
 Vox fuit haec regis : Condenti, Juppiter , urbem 
 
 JEt genitor Mavors Vestaque mater , adesl 
 £>uosquc pium est adhibere dcos, advertite cuncti! 
 
 Auspicibus vobis hoc mihi surgat opus. 830 
 
 Longa sit huic aetas dominacque potentia terrae, 
 
 Sit que sub hac oriens occiduusque dies. 
 Ille precabatur : tonitru dedit omina laevo 
 
 Juppiter, et laevo fulmina missa polo. 
 Augurio laeti jaciunt fundamina cives, 835 
 
 Et novus exiguo tempore murus erat. 
 Hoc Celer urget opus, quern Romulus ipse vocarat, 
 
 * Sint'que, ( Celer, curae' dixerat * ista tuae : 
 Neve quis aut muros, aut factam vomere fossam 
 
 Transeat, audentem talia dede neci.' 840 
 
 Quod Remus ignorans humiles contemnere muros 
 
 Coepit, et * His populus ' dicere ' tutus erit?' 
 Nee mora, transiluit : rutro Celer occupat ausum ; 
 
 Ille premit duram sanguinulentus humum. 
 Haec ubi rex didicit, lacrimas introrsus obortas 845 
 
 Devorat, et clausum pectore volnus habet ; 
 Flere palam non volt, exemplaque fortia servat, 
 
 Sic que meos muros transeat hostis ait. 
 Dat tamen exsequias ; nee jam suspendere fletum 
 
 Sustinet, et pietas dissimulata patet. 850 
 
 Osculaque adplicuit posito suprema feretro, 
 
 Atque ait, Invito f rater adempte, vale! 
 Arsurosque artus unxit. Fecere, quod ille, 
 
 Faustulus et maestas Acca soluta comas ; 
 Turn juvenem nondum facti flevere Quirites ; ^55 
 
 Ultima plorato subdita flamma rogo est. 
 
160 Shorter Poems. [Fasti 
 
 Urbs oritur — quis tunc hoc ulli credere posset? — 
 
 Victorem terris impositura pedem. 
 Cuncta regas, et sis magno sub Caesare semper : 
 
 Saepe etiam pluris nominis hujus habe ; 860 
 
 Et quotiens steteris domito sublimis in orbe, 
 
 Omnia sint humeris inferiora tuis. 
 
 2. Ritual to avert Blight (April 25). 
 
 QEX ubi, quae restant, luces Aprilis habebit, 
 
 ^ In medio cursu tempora veris erunt, 
 
 Et frustra pecudem quaeres Athamantidos Helles, 
 
 Signaque dant imbres, exoriturque Canis. 
 Hac mihi Nomento Romam cum luce redirem, 905 
 
 Obstitit in media Candida turba via ; 
 Flamen in antiquae lucum Robiginis ibat, 
 
 Exta canis flammis, exta daturus ovis. 
 Protinus accessi, ritus ne nescius essem ; 
 
 Edidit haec Flamen verba, Quirine, tuus : 910 
 
 Aspera Robigo , parcas Cerialibus her bis, 
 
 Et tremat in summa leve cacumen humo. 
 Tu sata sideribus caeli nutrita secundi 
 
 Crescere, dum jiant falcibus apta, sinas. 
 Vis tua non levis est: quae tu frumenta notasti, 915 
 
 Maestus in amissis ilia colonus habet. 
 Nee venti tantum Cereri nocuere, nee imbres, 
 
 Nee sic marmoreo -pallet adusta gelu, 
 Quantum, si culmos Titan incalfacit udos : 
 
 Tunc locus est irae, diva timenda, tuae. 920 
 
 Parce, precor, scabrasque manus a messibus aufer, 
 
 Neve noce cultis : posse nocere sat est. 
 Nee ten eras segetes, sed durum ample et ere ferrum, 
 
 £>uodque potest alios perdere, perde prior. 
 
IV. 942.] Ritual to avert Blight. 161 
 
 Utilius gladios et tela nocentia carpes : 925 
 
 Nil opus est Hits; otia mundus agit. 
 Sarcula nunc durusque bidens et vomer aduncus, 
 
 Ruris opes, niteant: inquinet arma situs. 
 Conatusque aliquis vagina ducereferrum y 
 
 Adstrictum longa sentiat esse mora. 930 
 
 At tu ne viola Cerereml semper que colonus 
 
 Absenti possit solvere vota tibi. 
 Dixerat; a dextra villis mantele solutis, 
 
 Cumque meri patera turis acerra fuit ; 
 Tura focis vinumque dedit, fibrasque bidentis, 935 
 
 Turpiaque obscenae (vidimus) exta canis. 
 Turn mihi ' Cur detur sacris nova victima, quaeris? ' — 
 
 Quaesieram — * Causam percipe ' flamen ait. 
 * Est canis, Icarium dicunt, quo sidere moto 
 
 Tosta sitit tellus, praecipiturque seges. 940 
 
 Pro cane sidereo canis hie imponitur arae, 
 
 Et quare pereat, nil nisi nomen habet.' 
 
162 Shorter Poems* [Heroides 
 
 II. Heroides. 
 
 The Heroides (" Heroines ") are a series of about twenty letters 
 addressed from various mythical and legendary persons, — chiefly 
 from lonely wives and forsaken brides to husband or lover. The 
 example here given is the first and perhaps best of the series. 
 
 Penelope to Ulysses, 
 
 TTANC tua Penelope lento tibi mittit, Ulixe : 
 ■** ■*■ Nil mihi rescribas, at tamen ipse veni. 
 Troja jacet certe, Danais invisa puellis ; 
 
 Vix Priamus tanti totaque Troja fuit. 
 O utinam turn, cum Lacedaemona classe petebat, 5 
 
 Obrutus insanis esset adulter aquis ! 
 Non ego deserto jacuissem frigida lecto, 
 
 Non quererer tardos ire relicta dies ; 
 Nee mihi quaerenti spatiosam fallere noctem 
 
 Lassasset viduas pendula tela manus. 10 
 
 Quando ego non timui graviora pericula veris? 
 
 Res est solliciti plena timoris amor. 
 In te fingebam violentos Troas ituros ; 
 
 Nomine in Hectoreo pallida semper eram. 
 Sive quis Antilochum narrabat ab Hectore victum, 15 
 
 Antilochus nostri causa timoris erat ; 
 Sive, Menoetiaden falsis cecidisse sub armis, 
 
 Flebam successu posse carere dolos ; 
 Sanguine Tlepolemus Lyciam tepefecerat hastam, 
 
 Tlepolemi leto cura novata mea est ; 20 
 
 Denique, quisquis erat castris jugulatus Achivis 
 
 Frigidius glacie pectus amantis erat. 
 Sed bene consuluit casto deus aequus amori : 
 
 Versa est in cineres sospite Troja viro. 
 
I. i, 58.J Penelope to Ulysses. 163 
 
 Argolici rediere duces : altaria fumant ; 25 
 
 Ponitur ad patrios barbara praeda deos ; 
 Grata ferunt nymphae pro salvis dona maritis ; 
 
 Illi victa suis Tro'ica fata canunt. 
 Mirantur justique senes trepidaeque puellae : 
 
 Narrantis conjunx pendet ab ore viri. 30 
 
 Atque aliquis posita monstrat fera proelia mensa, 
 
 Pingit et exiguo Pergama tota mero : 
 ' Hac ibat Simois, hac est Sigeia tellus, 
 
 Hie steterat Priami regia celsa senis ; 
 Ulic Aeacides, illic tendebat Ulixes ; 35 
 
 Hie alacer missos terruit Hector equos.' 
 Omnia namque tuo senior, te quaerere misso, 
 
 Retulerat gnato Nestor, at ille mihi. 
 Retulit et ferro Rhesumque Dolonaque caesos, 
 
 Utque sit hie somno proditus, ille dolo. 40 
 
 Ausus es, O nimium nimiumque oblite tuorum, 
 
 Thracia nocturno tangere castra dolo, 
 Totque simul mactare viros, adjutus ab uno ! 
 
 At bene cautus eras et memor ante mei? 
 Usque metu micuere sinus, dum victor amicum 45 
 
 Dictus es Ismariis isse per agmen equis. 
 Sed mihi quid prodest vestris disjecta lacertis 
 
 Ilios et murus quod fuit, esse solum, 
 Si maneo qualis Troja durante manebam, 
 
 Virque mihi dempto fine carendus abest? 50 
 
 Diruta sunt aliis, uni mihi Pergama restant, 
 
 Incola captivo quae bove victor arat. 
 Jam seges est, ubi Troja fuit, resecandaque fake 
 
 Luxuriat Phrygio sanguine pinguis humus ; 
 Semisepulta virum curvis feriuntur aratris 55 
 
 Ossa ; ruinosas occulit herba domos. 
 Victor abes : nee scire mihi, quae causa morandi, 
 
 Aut in quo lateas ferreus orbe, licet. 
 
164 Shorter Poems. [Heroides 
 
 Qiiisquis ad haec vertit peregrinam littora puppim, 
 
 Ille mihi de te multa rogatus abit : 60 
 
 Quamque tibi reddat, si te modo viderit usquam, 
 
 Traditur huic digitis charta novata meis. 
 Nos Pylon, antiqui Neleia Nestoris arva, 
 
 Misimus : incerta est fama remissa Pylo. 
 Misimus et Sparten : Sparte quoque nescia veri. 65 
 
 Quas habitas terras, aut ubi lentus abes? 
 Utilius starent etiam nunc moenia Phoebi. 
 
 Irascor votis heu levis ipsa meis ! 
 Scirem ubi pugnares, et tantum bella timerem, 
 
 Et mea cum multis juncta querela foret. y 
 
 Quid timeam, ignoro ; timeo tamen omnia demens, 
 
 Et patet in curas area lata meas. 
 Quaecumque aequor habet, quaecumque pericula tellus, 
 
 Tarn longae causas suspicor esse morae. 
 Haec ego dum stulte metuo, quae vestra libido est, 75 
 
 Esse peregrino captus amore potes. 
 Forsitan et narres, quam sit tibi rustica conjunx, 
 
 Quae tantum lanas non sinat esse rudes. 
 Fallar, et hoc crimen tenues vanescat in auras, 
 
 Neve, revertendi liber, abesse velis ! 80 
 
 Me pater Icarius viduo discedere lecto 
 
 Cogit, et immensas increpat usque moras. 
 Increpet usque licet: tua sum, tua dicar oportet; 
 
 Penelope conjunx semper Ulixis ero. 
 Ille tamen pietate mea precibusque pudicis 85 
 
 Frangitur, et vires temperat ipse suas. 
 Dulichii Samiique et quos tulit alta Zacynthos, 
 
 Turba ruunt in me luxuriosa proci ; 
 Inque tua regnant, nullis prohibentibus, aula : 
 
 Viscera nostra, tuae dilacerantur opes. 90 
 
 Quid tibi Pisandrum Polybumque Medontaque dirum 
 
 Eurymachique avidas Antinoique manus 
 
I. i, n6.] Penelofe to Ulysses. 165 
 
 Atque alios referam, quos omnes turpiter absens 
 
 Ipse tuo partis sanguine rebus alis? 
 Irus egens pecorisque Melanthius actor edendi 95 
 
 Ultimus accedunt in tua damna pudor. 
 Tres sumus inbelles numero, sine viribus uxor, 
 
 Laertesque senex, Telemachusque puer. 
 Ille per insidias paene est mihi nuper ademptus, 
 
 Dum parat invitis omnibus ire Pylon. 100 
 
 Di, precor, hoc jubeant, ut euntibus ordine fatis 
 
 Ille meos oculos comprimat, ille tuos. 
 Hinc faciunt custosque bourn longaevaque nutrix, 
 
 Tertius immundae cura fidelis harae. 
 Sed neque Laertes, ut qui sit inutilis armis, 105 
 
 Hostibus in mediis regna tenere potest. 
 Telemacho veniet, vivat modo, fortior aetas : 
 
 Nunc erat auxiliis ilia tuenda patris. 
 Nee mihi sunt vires inimicos pellere tectis : 
 
 Tu citius venias, portus et aura tuis. no 
 
 Est tibi, sitque, precor, gnatus, qui mollibus annis 
 
 In patrias artes erudiendus erat. 
 Respice Laerten, ut jam sua lumina condas, 
 
 Extremum fati sustinet ille diem. 
 Certe ego, quae fueram te discedente puella, 115 
 
 Protinus ut venias, facta videbor anus. 
 
1 66 Shorter Poems, [Amores 
 
 III. Amores. 
 
 The Amores consist of three books of short poems, very miscel- 
 laneous in their subjects, sentimental, voluptuous, complimentary, 
 or personal. Those here given have a special interest, as illus- 
 trating the poet's earlier aspiration, and the more playful aspect of 
 his verse. 
 
 i. The Poet of Idleness (i. 15). 
 
 QUID mihi, Livor edax, ignavos obicis annos, 
 Ingeniique vocas carmen inertis opus? 
 Non me more patrum, dum strenua sustinet aetas 
 
 Praemia militiae pulverulenta sequi, 
 Nee me verbosas leges ediscere, nee me 5 
 
 Ingrato vocem prostituisse foro. 
 Mortale est, quod quaeris, opus : mihi fama perennis 
 
 Quaeritur, in toto semper ut orbe canar. 
 Vivet Maeonides, Tenedos dum stabit et Ide, 
 
 Dum rapidas Simois in mare volvet aquas. 10 
 
 Vivet et Ascraeus, dum mustis uva tumebit, 
 
 Dum cadet incurva falce resecta Ceres. 
 Battiades semper toto cantabitur orbe : 
 
 Quamvis ingenio non valet, arte valet. 
 Nulla Sophocleo veniet jactura cothurno ; 15 
 
 Cum sole et luna semper Aratus erit. 
 Dum fallax servus, durus pater, improba lena 
 
 Vivent et meretrix blanda, Menandros erit. 
 Ennius arte carens animosique Accius oris 
 
 Casurum nullo tempore nomen habent. 20 
 
 Varronem primamque ratem quae nesciet aetas, 
 
 Aureaque Aesonio terga petita duci? 
 Carmina sublimis tunc sunt peritura Lucreti, 
 
 Exitio terras cum dabit una dies. 
 
II. 6, i2.] Elegy on a Parrot. 167 
 
 Tityrus et fruges Aenei'aque arma legentur, 25 
 
 Roma triumphati dum caput orbis erit. 
 Donee erunt ignes arcusque Cupidinis arma, 
 
 Discentur numeri, culte Tibulle, tui. 
 Gallus et Hesperiis et Gallus notus Eois, 
 
 Et sua cum Gallo nota Lycoris erit. 30 
 
 Ergo cum silices, cum dens patientis aratri 
 
 Depereant aevo, carmina morte carent. 
 Cedant carminibus reges regumque triumphi, 
 
 Cedat et auriferi ripa benigna Tagi. 
 Vilia miretur vulgus : mihi flavus Apollo 35 
 
 Pocula Castalia plena ministret aqua, 
 Sustineamque coma metuentem frigora myrtum : 
 
 Atque fta sollicito multus amante legar. 
 Pascitur in vivis Livor ; post fata quiescit, 
 
 Cum suus ex merito quemque tuetur honos. 40 
 
 Ergo etiam cum me supremus adederit ignis, 
 
 Vivam, parsque mei multa superstes erit. 
 
 2. Elegy on a Parrot (ii. 6). 
 
 TpSITTACUS, eois imitatrix ales ab Indis, 
 A Occidit ! exsequias ite frequenter, aves. 
 Ite, piae volucres, et plangite pectora pinnis, 
 
 Et rigido teneras ungue notate genas. 
 Horrida pro maestis lanietur pluma capillis, 5 
 
 Pro longa resonent carmina vestra tuba. 
 Quod scelus Ismarii quereris, Philomela, tyranni, 
 
 Expleta est annis ista querella suis. 
 Alitis in rarae miserum devertere funus : 
 
 Magna sed antiqui causa doloris Itys. 10 
 
 Omnes, quae liquido libratis in aere cursus, 
 
 Tu tamen ante alios, turtur amice, dole. 
 
1 68 Shorter Poems, [Amores 
 
 Plena fuit vobis omni concordia vita, 
 
 Et stetit ad finem longa tenaxque fides. 
 Quod fuit Argolico juvenis Phoceus Orestae, 15 
 
 Hoc tibi, dum licuit, psittace, turtur erat. 
 Quid tamen ista fides, quid rari forma coloris, 
 
 Quid vox mutandis ingeniosa sonis, 
 Quid juvat, ut datus es, nostrae placuisse puellae? 
 
 Infelix avium gloria, nempe jaces. 20 
 
 Tu poteras fragiles pinnis hebetare zmaragdos, 
 
 Tincta gerens rubro Punica rostra croco. 
 Non fuit in terris vocum simulantior ales : 
 
 Reddebas blaeso tarn bene verba sono. 
 Raptus es invidia : non tu fera bella movebas ; 25 
 
 Garrulus et placidae pacis amator eras. 
 Ecce, coturnices inter sua proelia vivunt, 
 
 Forsitan et riant inde frequenter anus. 
 Plenus eras minimo : nee prae sermonis amore 
 
 In multos poteras ora vacare cibos. 30 
 
 Nux erat esca tibi, causaeque papavera somni, 
 
 Pellebatque sitim simplicis umor aquae. 
 Vivet edax vultur, ducensque per aera gyros 
 
 Miluus, et pluviae graculus auctor aquae ; 
 Vivet et armiferae cornix invisa Minervae, 35 
 
 Ilia quidem saeclis vix moritura novem. 
 Occidit ille loquax, humanae vocis imago, 
 
 Psittacus, extremo munus ab orbe datum. 
 Optima prima fere manibus rapiuntur avaris ; 
 
 Implentur numeris deteriora suis. 40 
 
 Tristia Phylacidae Thersites funera vidit : 
 
 Jamque cinis, vivis fratribus, Hector erat. 
 Quid referam timidae pro te pia vota puellae, 
 
 Vota procelloso per mare rapta noto? 
 Septima lux aderat, non exhibitura sequentem, 45 
 
 Et stabat vacuo jam tibi Parca colo ; 
 
III. 15, 14.] Farewell to the Loves. 169 
 
 Nee tamen ignavo stupuerunt verba palato : 
 
 Clamavit moriens lingua Corinna, vale! 
 Colle sub Elysio nigra nemus ilice frondet, 
 
 Udaque perpetuo gramine terra viret. 50 
 
 Siqua fides dubiis, volucrum locus ille piarum 
 
 Dicitur, obscenae quo prohibentur aves : 
 Illic innocui late pascuntur olores, 
 
 Et vivax phoenix, unica semper avis ; 
 Explicat ipsa suas ales Junonia pinnas, 55 
 
 Oscula dat cupido blanda columba mari. 
 Psittacus has inter nemorali sede receptus 
 
 Convertit volucres in sua verba pias. 
 Ossa tegit tumulus, tumulus pro corpore magnus, 
 
 Quo lapis exiguus par sibi carmen habet : 60 
 
 Colligor ex ipso dominae placuisse sepulchro : 
 
 Orafuere mihi -plus ave docta loqui. 
 
 3. Farewell to the Loves (iii. 15). 
 
 QUAERE novum vatem,tenerorum mater Amorum ! 
 Raditur hie elegis ultima meta meis : 
 Quos ego composui, Peligni ruris alumnus; 
 
 Nee me deliciae dedecuere meae. 
 Siquid id est, usque a proavis vetus ordinis heres, 5 
 
 Non modo militiae turbine factus eques. 
 Mantua Vergilio gaudet ; Verona Catullo : 
 
 Pelignae dicar gloria gentis ego, 
 Quam sua libertas ad honesta coegerat arma, 
 
 Cum timuit socias anxia Roma manus. 10 
 
 Atque aliquis spectans hospes Sulmonis aquosi 
 
 Moenia, quae campi jugera pauca tenent, 
 * Quae tantum' dicet * potuistis ferre poetam, 
 
 Quantulacumque estis, vos ego magna voco.' 
 
170 Shorter Poems, [Amores 
 
 Culte puer, puerique parens Amathusia culti, 15 
 
 Aurea de campo vellite signa meo. 
 Corniger increpuit thyrso graviore Lyaeus : 
 
 Pulsanda est magnis area major equis. 
 Imbelles Elegi, genialis Musa, valete, 
 
 Post mea mansurum fata superstes opus ! 20 
 
I. 3,24.] Banished from Rome, 171 
 
 IV. Tristia. 
 
 The Tristia (" Complaints ") are five books of poems written 
 during Ovid's long banishment. Some of them tiave much bio- 
 graphical interest, and all are full of personal feeling ; sometimes 
 monotonous, abject, and unmanly, more often a genuine and most 
 pathetic expression of the sorrows of exile. (Respecting the 
 causes and circumstances of Ovid's banishment, see the Life.) 
 
 i. Banished from Rome (i. 3). 
 
 piJM subit illius Iristissima noctis imago, 
 ^■^ Qua mihi supremum tempus in Urbe fuit, 
 Cum repeto noctem, qua tot mihi cara reliqui, 
 
 Labitur ex oculis nunc quoque gutta meis. 
 Jam prope lux aderat, qua me discedere Caesar 5 
 
 Finibus extremae jusserat Ausoniae. 
 Nee spatium fuerat, nee mens satis apta parandi : 
 
 Torpuerant longa pectora nostra mora. 
 Non mihi servorum, comitis non cura legendi, 
 
 Non aptae profugo vestis opisve fuit. 10 
 
 Non aliter stupui, quam qui Jovis ignibus ictus 
 
 Vivit, et est vitae nescius ipse suae. 
 Ut tamen hanc animi nubem dolor ipse removit, 
 
 Et tandem sensus convaluere mei ; 
 Adloquor extremum maestos abiturus amicos, 15 
 
 Qui modo de multis unus et alter erant. 
 Uxor amans flentem flens acrius ipsa tenebat, 
 
 Imbre per indignas usque cadente genas ; 
 Nata procul Libycis aberat diversa sub oris, 
 
 Nee poterat fati certior esse mei. 20 
 
 Quocumque aspiceres, luctus gemitusque sonabant, 
 
 Formaque non taciti funeris intus erat. 
 Femina virque meo, pueri quoque funere maerent ; 
 
 Inque domo lacrimas angulus omnis habet : 
 
172 Shorter Poems, [Tristia 
 
 Si licet exemplis in parvo grandibus uti, 25 
 
 Haec facies Trojae, cum caperetur, erat. 
 Jamque quiescebant voces hominumque canumque, 
 
 Lunaque nocturnos alta regebat equos. 
 Hanc ego suspiciens et ab hac Capitolia cernens, 
 
 Quae nostro frustra juncta fuere lari, 30 
 
 * Numina vicinis habitantia sedibus,' inquam, 
 
 * Jamque oculis numquam templa videnda meis, 
 Dique relinquendi, quos urbs tenet alta Quirini, 
 
 Este salutati tempus in omne mihi ! 
 Et quamquam sero clipeum post vulnera sumo, 35 
 
 Attamen hanc odiis exonerate fugam, 
 Caelestique viro, quis me deceperit error, 
 
 Dicite : pro culpa ne scelus esse putet. 
 Ut quod vos scitis, poenae quoque sentiat auctor, 
 
 Placato possum non miser esse deo.' 40 
 
 Hac prece adoravi superos ego : pluribus uxor, 
 
 Singultu medios impediente sonos. 
 Ilia etiam, ante Lares passis prostrata capillis, 
 
 Contigit exstinctos ore tremente focos, 
 Multaque in adversos effudit verba Penates 45 
 
 Pro deplorato non valitura viro. 
 Jamque morae spatium nox praecipitata negabat, 
 
 Versaque ab axe suo Parrhasis arctos erat. 
 Quid facerem? blando patriae retinebar amore ; 
 
 Ultima sed jussae nox erat ilia fugae. 50 
 
 Ah ! quotiens aliquo dixi properante * Quid urgues ? 
 
 Vel quo festines ire, vel unde, vide ! ' 
 Ah ! quotiens certam me sum mentitus habere 
 
 Horam, propositae quae foret apta viae. 
 Ter limen tetigi, ter sum revocatus, et ipse 55 
 
 Indulgens animo pes mihi tardus erat ; 
 Saepe V r ale dicto rursus sum multa locutus, 
 
 Et quasi discedens oscula summa dedi ; 
 
I. 3, 92.] Banished from Rome, 173 
 
 Saepe eadem mandata dedi, meque ipse fefelli, 
 
 Respiciens oculis pignora cara meis. 60 
 
 Denique 'Quid propero? Scythia est, quo mittimur,' 
 inquam ; 
 * Roma relinquenda est : utraque justa mora est. 
 
 Uxor in aeternum vivo mihi viva negatur, 
 Et domus et fidae dulcia membra domus, 
 
 Quosque ego fraterno dilexi more sodales, 65 
 
 mihi Thesea pectora juncta fide ! 
 
 Dum licet, amplectar : numquam fortasse licebit 
 
 Amplius : in lucro est quae datur hora mihi.' 
 Nee mora, sermonis verba inperfecta relinquo, 
 
 Complectens animo proxima quaeque meo. 70 
 
 Dum loquor et flemus, caelo nitidissimus alto, 
 
 Stella gravis nobis, Lucifer ortus erat : 
 Dividor haud aliter, quam si mea membra relinquam, 
 
 Et pars abrumpi corpore visa suo est. 
 Sic doluit Mettus tunc, cum in contraria versos 75 
 
 Ultores habuit proditionis equos. 
 Turn vero exoritur clamor gemitusque meorum, 
 
 Et feriunt maestae pectora nuda manus. 
 Turn vero conjunx, humeris abeuntis inhaerens, 
 
 Miscuit haec lacrimis tristia dicta suis : 80 
 
 1 Non potes avelli : simul, ah ! simul ibimus' inquit ; 
 
 1 Te sequar et conjunx exsulis exsul ero. 
 
 Et mihi facta via est, et me capit ultima tellus : 
 
 Accedam profugae sarcina parva rati. 
 Te jubet a patria discedere Caesaris ira, 85 
 
 Me pietas : pietas haec mihi Caesar erit.' 
 Talia temptabat, sicut temptaverat ante, 
 
 Vixque dedit victas utilitate manus. 
 Egredior, — sive illud erat sine funere ferri, 
 
 Squalidus inmissis hirta per ora comis. 90 
 
 Ilia dolore amens tenebris narratur obortis 
 
 Semianimis media procubuisse domo ; , 
 
174 Shorter Poems, [Tristia 
 
 Utque resurrexit, foedatis pulvere turpi 
 
 Crinibus, et gelida membra levavit humo, 
 Se modo, desertos modo complorasse Penates, 95 
 
 Nomen et erepti saepe vocasse viri ; 
 Nee gemuisse minus, quam si nataeve meumve 
 
 Vidisset structos corpus habere rogos, 
 Et voluisse mori, moriendo ponere sensus — 
 
 Respectuque tamen non voluisse mei. 100 
 
 Vivat ! et absentem — quoniam sic fata tulerunt — 
 
 Vivat ut auxilio sublevet usque suo. 
 
 2. The Exile *s Sick Chamber (iii. 3). 
 
 TTAEC mea, si casu miraris, epistola quare 
 - 1 - ■*■ Alterius digitis scripta sit, aeger eram. 
 Aeger in extremis ignoti partibus orbis, 
 
 Incertusque meae paene salutis eram. 
 Quid mihi nunc animi dira regione jacenti 5 
 
 Inter Sauromatas esse Getasque putes? 
 Nee caelum patior, nee aquis adsuevimus istis, 
 
 Terraque nescio quo non placet ipsa modo. 
 Non domus apta satis, non hie cibus utilis aegro ; 
 
 Nullus, Apollinea qui levet arte malum ; 10 
 
 Non qui soletur, non qui labentia tarde 
 
 Tempora narrando fallat, amicus adest. 
 Lassus in extremis jaceo populisque locisque, 
 
 Et subit adfecto nunc mihi, quicquid abest. 
 Omnia cum subeant, vincis tamen omnia, conjunx, 15 
 
 Et plus in nostro pectore parte tenes. 
 Te loquor absentem, te vox mea nominat unam ; 
 
 Nulla venit sine te nox mihi, nulla dies. 
 Quin etiam sic me dicunt aliena locutum, 
 
 Ut foret amenti nomen in ore tuum. 20 
 
Ill- 3» 54-] T%e Exiles Sick Chamber, 175 
 
 Si jam deficiam, subpressaque lingua palato 
 
 Vix instillato restituenda mero, 
 Nuntiet hue aliquis dominam venisse, resurgam, 
 
 Spesque tui nobis causa vigoris erit. 
 Ergo ego sum dubius vitae, tu forsitan istic 25 
 
 Jucundum nostri nescia tempus agis? 
 Non agis, adfirmo : liquet hoc, carissima, nobis, 
 
 Tempus agi sine me non nisi triste tibi. 
 Si tamen implevit mea sors, quos debuit, annos, 
 
 Et mihi vivendi tarn cito finis adest : 30 
 
 Quantum erat, O magni, morituro parcere, Divi, 
 
 Ut saltern patria contumularer humo? 
 Vel poena in tempus mortis dilata fuisset, 
 
 Vel praecepisset mors properata fugam. 
 Integer hanc potui nuper bene reddere lucem : 35 
 
 Exsul ut occiderem, nunc mihi vita data est. 
 Tarn procul ignotis igitur moriemur in oris, 
 
 Et fient ipso tristia fata loco ? 
 Nee mea consueto languescent corpora lecto? 
 
 Depositum nee me qui fleat, ullus erit? 40 
 
 Nee dominae lacrimis in nostra cadentibus ora 
 
 Accedent animae tempora parva meae ? 
 Nee mandata dabo, nee cum clamore supremo 
 
 Labentes oculos condet arnica manus? 
 Sed sine funeribus caput hoc, sine honore sepulcri 45 
 
 Indeploratum barbara terra teget? 
 Ecquid, ut audieris, tota turbabere mente, 
 
 Et feries pavida pectora fida manu? 
 Ecquid, in has frustra tendens tua bracchia partes, 
 
 Clamabis miseri nomen inane viri? 50 
 
 Parce tamen lacerare genas, nee scinde capillos : 
 
 Non tibi nunc primum, lux mea, raptus ero. 
 Cum patriam amisi, tunc me periisse putato ; 
 
 Et prior et gravior mors fuit ilia mihi. 
 
176 Shorter Poems. [Tristia 
 
 Nunc, si forte potes (sed non potes, optima conjunx) , 
 
 Finitis gaude tot mihi morte malis. 
 Quod potes, extenua forti mala corde ferendo, 
 
 Ad quae jampridem non rude pectus habes. 
 Atque utinam pereant animae cum corpore nostrae, 
 
 Effugiatque avidos pars mihi nulla rogos ! 60 
 
 Nam si morte carens vacua volat altus in aura 
 
 Spiritus, et Samii sunt rata dicta senis, 
 Inter Sarmaticas Romana vagabitur umbras, 
 
 Perque feros manes hospita semper erit. 
 Ossa tamen facito parva referantur in urna s 65 
 
 Sic ego non etiam mortuus exsul ero. 
 Non vetat hoc quisquam : fratrem Thebana peremptum 
 
 Subposuit tumuio rege vetante soror. 
 Atque ea cum foliis et amomi pulvere misce, 
 
 Inque suburbano condita pone solo. 70 
 
 Quosque legat versus oculo properante viator, 
 
 Grandibus in tituli marmore caede notis : 
 
 HIC EGO qui JACEO TENERORUM LUSOR AMORUM 
 
 INGENIO PERU NASO POETA MEO : 
 AT TIBI QUI TRANSIS NE SIT GRAVE QUISQUIS AMASTI 
 
 DICERE NASQNIS MOLLITER OSSA CUBENT. 
 
 Hoc satis in titulo est ; etenim majora libelli 
 
 Et diuturna magis sunt monimenta mihi, 
 Quos ego confido, quamvis nocuere, daturos 
 
 Nomen et auctori tempora longa suo. 80 
 
 Tu tamen exstincto feralia munera semper 
 
 Deque tuis lacrimis humida serta dato : 
 Quamvis in cineres corpus mutaverit ignis, 
 
 Sentiet officium maesta favilla pium. 
 Scribere plura libet, sed vox mihi fessa loquendo 85 
 
 Dictandi vires siccaque lingua negat. 
 Accipe supremo dictum mihi forsitan ore, 
 
 Quod, tibi qui mittit, non habet ipse, vale ! 
 
III. 10, 32.] Winter Scenes in Thrace, 177 
 
 3. Winter Scenes in Thrace (iii. 10). 
 
 OIQpiS adhuc istic meminit Nasonis adempti, 
 h^ Et superest sine me nomen in Urbe meum, 
 Suppositum stellis numquam tangentibus aequor 
 
 Me sciat in media vivere barbaric 
 Sauromatae cingunt, fera gens, Bessique Getaeque, 5 
 
 Quam non ingenio nomina digna meo ! 
 Dum tamen aura tepet, medio defendimur Histro : 
 
 Ille suis liquidus bella repellit aquis. 
 At cum tristis hiemps squalentia protulit ora, 
 
 Terraque marmoreo Candida facta gelu est, 10 
 
 Dum vetat et Boreas et nix habitare sub Arcto, 
 
 Turn liquet, has gentes axe tremente premi. 
 Nix jacet, et glaciem nee sol pluviaeve resolvunt, 
 
 Indurat Boreas perpetuamque facit ; 
 Ergo ubi delicuit nondum prior, altera venit, 15 
 
 Et solet in multis bima manere locis. 
 Tantaque commoti vis est Aquilonis, ut altas 
 
 Aequet humo turres tectaque rapta ferat. 
 Pellibus et sutis arcent mala frigora braccis, 
 
 Oraque de toto corpore sola patent. 20 
 
 Saepe sonant moti glacie pendente capilli, 
 
 Et nitet inducto Candida barba gelu. 
 Nudaque consistunt, formarri servanda testae, 
 
 Vina, nee hausta meri, sed data frusta bibunt. 
 Quid loquar, ut vincti concrescant frigore rivi, 25 
 
 Deque lacu fragiles effodiantur aquae? 
 Ipse, papyrifero qui non angustior amne 
 
 Miscetur vasto multa per ora freto, 
 Caeruleos ventis latices durantibus, Hister 
 
 Congelat, et tectis in mare serpit aquis. 30 
 
 Quaque rates ierant, pedibus nunc itur, et undas 
 
 Frigore concretas ungula pulsat equi ; 
 
ij8 Shorter Poems, [Tristia. 
 
 Perque novos pontes subter labentibus undis 
 
 Ducunt Sarmatici barbara plaustra boves. 
 Vix equidem credar : sed cum sint praemia falsi 35 
 
 Nulla, ratam debet testis habere fidem. 
 Vidimus ingentem glacie consistere pontum, 
 
 Lubricaque inmotas testa premebat aquas. 
 Nee vidisse sat est : durum calcavimus aequor, 
 
 Undaque non udo sub pede summa fuit. 40 
 
 Si tibi tale fretum quondam, Leandre, fuisset, 
 
 Non foret angustae mors tua crimen aquae. 
 Turn neque se pandi possunt delphines in auras 
 
 Tollere : conantes dura coercet hiems. 
 Et quamvis Boreas jactatis insonet alis, 45 
 
 Fluctus in obsesso gurgite nullus erit ; 
 Inclusaeque gelu stabunt, ut marmore, puppes, 
 
 Nee poterit rigidas findere remus aquas. 
 Vidimus in glacie pisces haerere ligatos, 
 
 Sed pars ex illis tunc quoque viva fuit. 50 
 
 Sive igitur nimii Boreae vis saeva marinas, 
 
 Sive redundatas flumine cogit aquas, 
 Protinus, aequato siccis aquilonibus Histro, 
 
 Invehitur celeri barbarus hostis equo : 
 Hostis equo pollens longeque volante sagitta 55 
 
 Vicinam late depopulatur humum. 
 Diffugiunt alii, nullisque tuentibus agros 
 
 Incustoditae diripiuntur opes ; 
 Ruris opes parvae, pecus et stridentia plaustra, 
 
 Et quas divitias incola pauper habet. 60 
 
 Pars agitur vinctis post tergum capta lacertis, 
 
 Respiciens frustra rura laremque suum ; 
 Pars cadit hamatis misere confixa sagittis ; 
 
 Nam volucri ferro tinctile virus inest. 
 Quae nequeunt secum ferre aut abducere, perdunt, 6$ 
 
 Et cremat insontes hostica flamma casas. 
 
IV. io, 1 8.] The Poet's Autobiography. 179 
 
 Tunc quoque, cum pax est, trepidant formidine belli, 
 
 Nee quisquam presso vomere sulcat humum. 
 Aut videt, aut metuit locus hie, quern non videt, hostem , 
 
 Cessat iners rigido terra relicta situ. 70 
 
 Non hie pampinea dulcis latet uva sub umbra, 
 
 Nee cumulant altos fervida musta lacus. 
 Poma negat regio ; nee haberet Acontius, in quo 
 
 Scriberet hie dominae verba legenda suae. 
 Aspiceres nudos sine fronde, sine arbore, campos : y$ 
 
 Heu loca felici non adeunda viro ! 
 Ergo tarn late pateat cum maximus orbis, 
 
 Haec est in poenam terra reperta meam? 
 
 4. The Poet's Autobiography (iv. 10). 
 
 TLLE ego qui fuerim, tenerorum lusor amorum, 
 *■ Quern legis, ut noris, accipe posteritas. 
 Sulmo mihi patria est, gelidis uberrimus undis, 
 
 Milia qui novies distat ab Urbe decern. 
 Editus hinc ego sum, nee non ut tempora noris, 5 
 
 Cum cecidit fato consul uterque pari : 
 Si quid id est, usque a proavis vetus ordinis heres, 
 
 Non modo fortunae munere factus eques. 
 Nee stirps prima fui : genito sum fratre creatus, 
 
 Qui tribus ante quater mensibus ortus erat. 10 
 
 Lucifer amborum natalibus adfuit idem : 
 
 Una celebrata est per duo liba dies. 
 Haec est armiferae festis de quinque Minervae, 
 
 Quae fieri pugna prima cruenta solet. 
 Protinus excolimur teneri, curaque parentis 15 
 
 Imus ad insignes Urbis ab arte viros. 
 Frater ad eloquium viridi tendebat ab aevo, 
 
 Fortia verbosi natus ad arma fori ; 
 
180 Shorter Poems, [Tristia. 
 
 At mihi jam puero caelestia sacra placebant, 
 
 Inque suum furtim Musa trahebat opus. 2 o 
 
 Saepe pater dixit * Studium quid inutile temptas? 
 
 Maeonides nullas ipse reliquit opes.* 
 Motus eram dictis, totoque Helicone relicto 
 
 Scribere conabar verba soluta modis. 
 Sponte sua carmen numeros veniebat ad aptos, 25 
 
 Et quod temptabam dicere, versus erat. 
 Interea tacito passu labentibus annis 
 
 Liberior fratri sumpta mihique toga est, 
 Induiturque humeris cum lato purpura clavo, 
 
 Et studium nobis quod fuit ante, manet. 30 
 
 Jamque decern vitae frater geminaverat annos, 
 
 Cum perit, et coepi parte carere mei. 
 Cepimus et tenerae primos aetatis honores, 
 
 Deque viris quondam pars tribus una fui. 
 Curia restabat ; clavi mensura coacta est : 35 
 
 Majus erat nostris viribus illud onus. 
 Nee patiens corpus, nee mens fuit apta labori, 
 
 Sollicitaeque fugax ambitionis eram. 
 Et petere Aoniae suadebant tuta sorores 
 
 Otia, judicio semper amata meo. 40 
 
 Temporis illius colui fovique poetas, 
 
 Quotque aderant vates, rebar adesse deos. 
 Saepe suas Volucreslegit mihi grandior aevo, 
 
 Quaeque necet serpens, quae juvet herba, Macer. 
 Saepe suos solitus recitare Propertius ignes, 45 
 
 Jure sodalicio qui mihi junctus erat. 
 Ponticus heroo, Bassus quoque clarus iambis 
 
 Dulcia convictus membra fuere mei. 
 Et tenuit nostras numerosus Horatius aures, 
 
 Dum ferit Ausonia carmina culta lyra. 50 
 
 Vergilium vidi tantum ; nee amara Tibullo 
 
 Tempus amicitiae fata dedere meae. 
 
IV. io, 86.] The Pocfs Autobiography. 181 
 
 Successor fuit hie tibi, Galle ; Propertius illi ; 
 
 Quartus ab his serie temporis ipse fui. 
 Utque ego majores, sic me coluere minores, 55 
 
 Notaque non tarde facta Thalia mea est. 
 Carmina cum primum populo juvenilia legi, 
 
 Barba resecta mihi bisve semelve fuit. 
 Moverat ingenium totam cantata per Urbem 
 
 Nomine non vero dicta Corinna mihi. 60 
 
 Multa quidem scripsi ; sed quae vitiosa putavi, 
 
 Emendaturis ignibus ipse dedi. [cremavi, 
 
 Tunc quoque, cum fugerem, quaedam placitura 
 
 Iratus studio carminibusque meis. 
 Molle Cupidineis nee inexpugnabile telis 65 
 
 Cor mihi, quodque levis causa moveret, erat. 
 Cum tamen hie essem, minimoque accenderer igne, 
 
 Nomine sub nostro fabula nulla fuit. 
 Paene mihi puero nee digna nee utilis uxor 
 
 Est data, quae tempus per breve nupta fuit. 70 
 
 Illi successit, quamvis sine crimine conjunx, 
 
 Non tamen in nostro firma futura toro. 
 Ultima, quae mecum seros permansit in annos, 
 
 Sustinuit conjunx exsulis esse viri. 
 Filia me mea bis prima fecunda juventa, 75 
 
 Sed non ex uno conjuge, fecit avum ; 
 Et jam complerat genitor sua fata, novemque 
 
 Addiderat lustris altera lustra novem. 
 Non aliter flevi, quam me fleturus ademptum 
 
 Ille fuit. Matri proxima justa tuli. 80 
 
 Felices ambo tempestiveque sepulti, 
 
 Ante diem poenae quod periere meae ! 
 Me quoque felicem, quod non viventibus illis 
 
 Sum miser, et de me quod doluere nihil. 
 Si tamen exstinctis aliquid nisi nomina restat, 85 
 
 Et gracilis structos effugit umbra rogos ; 
 
182 Shorter Poems. [Tristia. 
 
 Faraa, parentales, si vos mea contigit, umbrae 
 
 Et sunt in Stygio crimina nostra foro, 
 Scite, precor, causam — nee vos mihi fallere fas est — 
 
 Errorem jussae, non scelus, esse'fugae. 90 
 
 Manibus hoc satis est: ad vos, studiosa, revertor, 
 
 Pectora, qui vitae quaeritis acta meae. 
 Jam mihi canities pulsis melioribus annis 
 
 Venerat, antiquas miscueratque comas, 
 Postque meos ortus Pisaea vinctus oliva 95 
 
 Abstulerat decies praemia victor equus, 
 Cum maris Euxini positos ad laeva Tomitas 
 
 Quaerere me laesi principis ira jubet. 
 Causa meae cunctis nimium quoque nota ruinae 
 
 Indicio non est testiflcanda meo. 100 
 
 Quid referam comitumque nefas famulosque nocentes? 
 
 Ipsa multa tuli non leviora fuga. 
 Indignata malis mens est succumbere, seque 
 
 Praestitit invictam viribus usa suis. 
 Oblitusque mei ductaeque per otia vitae, 105 
 
 Insolita cepi temporis arma manu. 
 Totque tuli casus pelagoque terraque, quot inter 
 
 Occultum stellae conspicuumque polum. 
 Tacta mihi tandem longis erroribus acto 
 
 Juncta pharetratis Sarmatis ora Getis. no 
 
 Hie ego finitimis quamvis circumsoner armis, 
 
 Tristia, quo possum, carmine fata levo. 
 Quod quamvis nemo est, cujus referatur ad aures, 
 
 Sic tamen absumo decipioque diem. 
 Ergo quod vivo, durisque laboribus obsto, 115 
 
 Nee me sollicitae taedia lucis habent, 
 Gratia, Musa, tibi ; nam tu solacia praebes, 
 
 Tu curae requies, tu medicina venis ; 
 Tu dux et comes es ; tu nos abducis ab Histro, 
 
 In medioque mihi das Helicone locum. 120 
 
IV. io, 132.] The Poet's Autobiography, 183 
 
 Tu mihi, quod rarum est, vivo sublime dedisti 
 
 Nomen, ab exsequiis quod dare fama solet. 
 Nee qui detrectat praesentia, Livor iniquo 
 
 Ullum de nostris dente momordit opus. 
 Nam tulerint magnos cum saecula nostra poetas, 125 
 
 Non fuit ingenio fama maligna meo. 
 Cumque ego praeponam multos mihi, non minor illis 
 
 Dicor et in toto plurimus orbe legor. 
 Si quid habent igitur vatum praesagia veri, 
 
 Protinus ut moriar, non ero, terra, tuus. 130 
 
 Sive favore tuli, sive hanc ego carmine famam 
 
 Jure, tibi grates, candide lector, ago. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 It is supposed that most classes who read Ovid at all, will read 
 Ovid before any other Latin poet; and as it is desirable that a 
 poetical composition should always be read as verse, — that is, with 
 a knowledge of its rhythmical structure, — a few directions will 
 here be given for scanning at sight, or by ear ; which, with a little 
 practice, will be found an easy, almost mechanical process. 
 
 It is necessary, first, for the learner to understand the nature 
 of the verse, as depending on precisely the same principles as the 
 rhythmical divisions of a piece of music (§ 77) ; also, to be familiar 
 with the general rules of Quantity and Accent (§§ 3, 4).* Besides 
 this, the teacher should explain and illustrate, so far as may be 
 necessary, the structure of the hexameter (§ 82, a), reading from 
 the text of the poem itself, until its peculiar movement has become 
 familiar to the learner's ear. It will now be observed — 
 
 1. That the difficulties in scanning lie almost entirely in the 
 first half of the verse. With very rare exceptions, the last two 
 feet, and generally the last three, are accented in verse exactly as 
 they would be in prose : that is, the Arsis (first syllable) of the 
 foot corresponds with the natural or prose accent of the word. 
 
 2. That in hexameter verse the third foot (rarely the fourth 
 instead) regularly begins with the last syllable of a word. Thus, 
 while the last half of a verse is almost always accented as in prose, 
 the first half very seldom is. The slight pause interrupting the 
 foot at the end of the word is called a casural pause (§ 79, 5) ; 
 and is the most important point that distinguishes the movement 
 of verse from that of prose. The pause in the third foot (less 
 commonly the fourth) usually corresponds with a pause in the 
 sense, and is called the principal caesura. 
 
 3. That whenever a short syllable occurs in the verse, there 
 must be a dactyl. This becomes a most convenient rule, as soon 
 as the pronunciation of even the commonest words is known, in 
 
 * To these it may be well to add the quantity of final syllables (§ 78, 2). The 
 learner should also be habituated to an accurate pronunciation of words according to their 
 prose accent 
 
1 86 Notes: Ovid. [Met am. 
 
 all cases where there are words of more than two syllables ; for 
 thus a short syllable will often serve as a key to the entire structure 
 of the verse. 
 
 For examples, we will take the first four lines of the poem. 
 
 1. I?i novafert dniinus mutdtas die ere for mas. 
 
 Here the last three words are scanned exactly as they read : 
 mu,tatas | dlcere | fdrmas. Of the others, dnimus shows by its 
 accent that the i of the penult is short ; and, as its last syllable 
 must belong to the following foot, nothing more is needed to show 
 that the verse will scan as follows : — 
 
 In nova | fert anilmus || mu|tatas | dlcere | formas ; 
 and the quantity of the other syllables is shown at once by their 
 position in the verse. 
 
 2. Corpora : Di, cceptis — nam vos ?nutastis et Mas — 
 
 The first word corpora, being a dactyl, at once gives a correct start to 
 
 the verse. The second foot, Di ccep is equally plain, as a spondee ; 
 
 and after this beginning, the rest of the verse scans of itself: — 
 Corpora : j Di, coepjtis || — nam | vos multastTs et | illas. 
 
 3. Adspirdte meisy ftrimague ab origine mundi. 
 
 The first word, adspirdte, is nearly as clear, as, when we remember 
 either the pronunciatien of adspiro or the quantity of the a of the 
 first conjugation, we see that it contains three long syllables, a 
 spondee and the beginning of a dactyl. The last three feet are 
 pronounced exactly as in prose (observing the elision) : — 
 Adspikate me I Is ; || priimaqu' ab 6|riglne | mundi. 
 
 4. Ad mea perpetuum deducite tempora carmen. 
 
 Here the three last words form a perfect metrical series ; and the 
 only difficulty in the verse is caused by the ictus coming on the 
 first syllable of perpetuum, while the accent is on the second. 
 Ad mea | perpetulum || delducite | tempora | carmen. 
 These directions would be sufficient for all or nearly all cases,* 
 if it were not for the frequent elision of the last syllable of words : 
 viz., in general, whenever a word ending in a vowel or in ni is 
 followed by a word beginning with a vowel or with h. This 
 makes the commonest and most annoying of the obstacles to be 
 met, and requires the beginner to be constantly on the watch. If 
 he will now carefully compare the following lines, as metrically 
 divided, with the rules which have been given above, it is hoped 
 that he will have little difficulty hereafter. 
 
 * It will be observed that, of the first twenty verses of the poem, only the 8th and 13th 
 lack the caesura in the third foot ; while hi the 16th, iSth, and 19th the principal pause is 
 in the fourth foot instead of the third. 
 
I. 1-14.] 1. The Creation and the Flood. 1S7 
 
 Ante ma|r' et terlras || et | quod tegit | omnia | caelum, p. 
 
 Unus elrat tolto || na|turae | vultus in | orbe, 
 
 Quern dixlere Cha|os : || rudis | indi|gestaque | moles, 
 
 Nee quiclquam nisi | pondus in|ers, || con|gestaqu' ejodem 
 
 Non bene | junctakum || dis|cordia | semina | rerum. 
 
 Nullus adlhuc munldo || pras|bebat J lumina | Titan, 10 
 
 Nee nova | crescenldo || repa|rabat | cornua | Phoebe, 
 
 Nee cincumfulso || penidebat in | aere | Tellus 
 
 Ponderilbus lilbrata sulis, || nee | brachia | longo 
 
 Margine | terralrum || por|rexerat | Amphii trite ; 
 
 Quaque fulit telllus, || ill lie et | pontus et | aer. 15 
 
 Sic erat | instabillis telilus, || in|nabilis | unda, 
 
 Lucis elgens aler; || nuljli sua | forma mainebat, 
 
 Obstalbatqu' ali,is alilud, || quia | corpor' in | uno 
 
 Frigida | pugnalbant calildis, || hulmentia | siccis, 
 
 Mollia I cum dulris, || sine | ponder 1 ha|bentia | pondus. 20 
 
 I. The Creation and the Flood. 
 
 v. 1. In nova . . . corpora. At first sight it would seem that 
 it ought to be corpora mutata in novas formas. But formas and 
 corpora mean nearly the same thing : the forms are changed and 
 so the bodies are new. — animus, the soul; hence often the inclina- 
 tion. — fert, impels [me] (a standing expression). — dicere, depends 
 on fert animus, as an expression of wishing (§ 57, 8, d; G. 424). 
 
 2. cceptis, efforts: lit. things begun. — et, too, belonging with 
 vos : You too have changed (your forms). 
 
 3. mundi, the universe, or system of things ; a word having 
 the original sense (like the Greek Koo-fxoi) of order or beauty. 
 
 4. perpetuum carmen, uninterrupted song, implying the intro- 
 duction of the later (Italian) myths, along with the Greek. 
 
 6. orbe, sphere of space : more strictly, orbis is a flat disk, 
 which was the ancient poetic notion of the " circle " of being. 
 
 7. chaos : this word is from the same root as the Greek gat'ito, 
 yawn = the yawning void. — moles, heap, as of elements, or 
 materials, chance-piled together. — nee quicquam, and nothings 
 the negative and connective being combined as usual. 
 
 8. iners, i. e., lacking the skill (ars) to combine them. — eodem, 
 into the same place (§ 41, \,f, and 2, a). 
 
 10-14. Titan, Phoebe, Tellus, Amphitrite = Sun, Moon, Earth, 
 Sea. As the last of the old nature-divinities (Titans), the Sun 
 sometimes retains this name in poetry : 
 
 Didst thou never see Titan kiss a dish of butter ? 
 
1 88 Notes: Ovid. [Met am. 
 
 The variety of names of the ancient divinities comes from the fact 
 that new sets of gods springing up or introduced from abroad were 
 identified with the old ones. 
 
 ii. Phoebe ((f)olfiri), the bright one, feminine form of Phoebus 
 {Apollo), later identified with Diana {Artemis), goddess of the 
 chase. — crescendo, in her waxing. — reparabat : re- means in 
 place of the old. 
 
 12. circumfuso aere: later philosophers taught that the Earth 
 is a sphere or globe, surrounded by air, in which it hangs balanced 
 by its own weight — fionderibus librata suis. — Tellus, the Earth 
 as contrasted with the heavens : terra (connected with torreo) is 
 the " dry " land, as contrasted with the sea. 
 
 13. longo margine, about the long outline (§ 55, 4 ; G. 387). 
 
 14. Amphitrite : Atnphitrite, "she that enfolds," the wife of 
 Neptune, is poetically the Sea — here confounded with the Ocean, 
 which (in Homer) embraces the whole earth like a vast river. 
 Observe that this is a spondaic verse : Amphitrite. 
 
 16. sic, so, i. e. in this condition of things. — instabilis, inna- 
 bilis = " the earth that could not be trod, the wave that could not 
 be swum," the opposite of their most striking properties. 
 
 17. nulli, sc. eorum. — manebat, was fixed. 
 
 1 8 . obstabat aliis aliud = every thing hindered every thing else. 
 
 19. calidis, dat. (§ 51, 2, g; G. 344, R 3 ). 
 
 20. sine pondere (understand "with those ") =levibus. — 
 habentia pondus = gravia, in the same construction with frigida, 
 humentia, mollia. 
 
 21. hanc litem, this strife, of which a case at court seemed the 
 most natural image to a Roman: etymologically, strife = stlit-(lis). 
 
 23. spisso aere, the grosser air. 
 
 24. quae relates to the elements ; terras, undas, caelum, aer : 
 when he had unfolded these. 
 
 25. locis : each element is supposed to have its own place, or 
 natural level. — vis, nature. — at connects ignem and sine pondere. 
 
 26. convexi, bending, as if considering it from the outside. 
 Observe the four elements in the order of their gravity : iguca 
 vis, aer, tellus, humor. — sine pondere = levis, agreeing with cceli. 
 
 27. emicuit, leaped forth, as if its nature ; perhaps also as if it 
 took the supremacy and occupied the citadel. — summa arce, the 
 zenith (topmost height). 
 
 29. grandia, coarser. 
 
 32. ubi secuit, when he had parted : the subject is quisquis. 
 dispositam, i. e. so that it was arranged. 
 
I. 11-64.] 1. The Creation and the Flood. 189 
 
 34. principio, in the beginning, qualifying glomeravit 
 
 35. speciem . . . in = in speciem. — orbis, see note to v. 6. 
 
 36. rapidis, not merely swift, but (with active force) dragging 
 the waters, which swell under them. 
 
 39. obliquis, sloping; declivia, down-flowing (clivus) . 
 
 40. ipsa, sc. terra (v. 37). The ab shows that the Earth is 
 here represented as a living agent (§ 56, 4 ; G. 403). 
 
 42. aquae, construed with campo, expanse (the sea). — ripis, 
 litora: notice the contrast, one word meaning banks, the other 
 shores. 
 
 45. ut, as. — dextra, sinistra, right and left in reference to the 
 celestial equator. The division into five zones was first made by 
 Eudoxus, a pupil of Aristotle. 
 
 46. quinta est, there is a fifth (in the middle). 
 
 47. onus inclusum, i. e. the earth. — numero, sc. zonarum. 
 
 48. premuntnr, lie below. This word often loses its passive 
 force, and means merely to lie, with the idea of lowness added. — 
 tellure, on earth (loc. abl.). 
 
 50. totidem, sc. zonas. — locavit: the subject is cura dei 
 52. his, i. e. the terrestrial zones. — quanto, etc. = is as much 
 
 heavier than flame as water is lighter than earth (§ 54, 6, e; G. 
 
 400). 
 
 54. illic, here, in this. — nebulas, vapors j nubes, clouds. 
 
 55. motura, destined to excite. 
 
 56. cum . . . ventos, winds which cause cold along with light- 
 nings. The ancients thought that lightning was caused by the 
 friction of wind upon the clouds (see Book XV. 70). 
 
 57. his, i. e. the winds. — passim, at random (an adverbial 
 form from pando, spread}. — fabricator, framer. — quoque, these 
 too, as well as the elements, were set each in his place. 
 
 58. vix obsistitur Wis = scarce can they be withstood (imper- 
 sonal, § 51, i,f; G. 208). — nunc, as it is, when they are separated, 
 giving the reason of separating them by implying the consequence 
 of their being together. 
 
 "59. cum . . . regant, while they direct each his own blast 
 (subj. of characteristic). — tractu, region. 
 
 60. quin, following vix obsistitur, from rending, lit. so but 
 that, Or*c. 
 
 61. Nabataea regna, in Arabia Petrasa. 
 
 63. juga, mountain ranges. Notice how Ovid varies the de- 
 scription in the four cases. 
 
 64. Scythiam : this term was applied to the vast steppes of 
 
190 Notes: Ovid, [Metam. 
 
 Independent Tartary and south-eastern Russia. It was therefore 
 north-east rather than north. — septemtrionem, a compound (also 
 used in the plural), separated by tmesis by the enclitic -que. 
 The meaning of the word is the " seven ox-team," i. e. the constel- 
 lation of the Bear (north). 
 
 66. madescit, is moistened. 
 
 68. nee quicquam habentem, and having nought. — terrenee 
 feeds, dregs of earth. — liquidum, having no consistency. — 
 aethera, identical with the element of fire. 
 
 70. quse, the antecedent is sidera. — pressa, hidden. 
 72. neu (neve), and /est, the regular connective with ne. — foret, 
 § 58, 10, h; G. 519, R. 
 
 74. cesserunt, fell to the lot of. 
 
 yS- agitabilis, beaten with the wing (compare v. 16), poetical 
 for yielding. 
 
 76. animal, a being. — mentis, following capacius (§ 50, 3, & ; 
 G. 374). 
 
 77. deerat, two syllables. — quod posset, which might : clause 
 of purpose, § 64; G. 544. 
 
 79 origo, source. 
 
 80. sive, sive, i. e. whether it was an act of creation or a manu- 
 facture from materials already endowed with life. 
 
 82. quara, which (i.e. earth). — satus Iapeto (§ 54, 2, a; G. 
 395), son of Iapetus, Prometheus. 
 
 83. in effigiem, etc. : compare " Let us make man in our image," 
 Genesis, i. 26. — moderantum = qui moderantur, which would be 
 used in prose. 
 
 84. cum, while, whereas (§ 62, 2, e; G. 587, r). 
 
 85. sublime, erect. 
 
 88. modo qua3, which but now. 
 
 89. aurea : compare the description of the Golden Age in 
 Virgil, Eel. iv. — vindice nullo (abl. abs.), when there was no 
 avenger [of guilt], i. e. by no constraint. 
 
 91. fixo Eere, posted up in brass, like the tablets of the Roman 
 law. — poena metusque —fear of punishment. 
 
 94. Ccesa, agreeing with pinus ; suis with montibus : the pine 
 felled on its native hills, and wrought into ships. 
 
 95. norant (§ 30, 6, a), knew, lit. had learned (§ 58, 5, r; G. 
 227, r 2 ). 
 
 98. directi, flexi, both agreeing with aeris (gen. of material, 
 § 50, 1, ej G. 367, r). The tuba was a long straight brazen horn *, 
 the cornu was curved. 
 
I. 66-135.] 1. The Creation and the Flood. 191 
 
 100. securae, free from care. Notice the interlocked order, a 
 very common one in Latin. 
 
 101. immunis tellus, the earth unburdened. Strictly, without 
 any duties to perform, not called on by man for tribute. 
 
 103. nullo cogente = with no co?npulsion, qualifying creatis. 
 
 104. legebant, [men] gathered (§ 49, 2, bj G. 199, R 3 ). 
 
 105. mora, blackberries. 
 
 106. Jovis arbore, the oak, sacred to Jupiter. 
 
 108. mulcebant, fanned, caressed, 
 
 109. mox, soon (after flowering). — tellus: a feminine ending, 
 see § 11, iv. 2, n. — fruges, grain, not fruit in the modern sense. 
 
 1 1 o. nee renovatus = needing no renewal. — canebat, whitened. 
 
 112. mella : i.e. in the Golden Age honey dropped sponta- 
 neously from the leaves ; while that gathered by bees is spurious 
 and inferior. 
 
 113. postquam . . . misso, when, after Saturn was banished. 
 &c. (the relative clause ends with erat). Saturnus was an old 
 Italian god of the crops (satus, sero), but was identified by the 
 later Romans with the Greek /Cronos, father of Zeus, who was de- 
 throned and sent to Tartarus by his son. 
 
 1 14. sub Jove : the reign of stern law, under Jupiter, follows 
 that of peace and innocence. — subiit : contrary to rule, the last i is 
 long, which seems to be a relic of an earlier usage (see § 83, 5 ; 
 cf. JEn. viii. 362, x. 67). 
 
 1 16. contraxit, shortened (compare v. 7) : the changing seasons 
 are the first sign of nature's loss. 
 
 117. inaequales, changeable; or, perhaps, injurious from the 
 sickly autumn heats. 
 
 118. exegit, led forth . 
 
 122. cortice, improperly used for liber, the fibrous inner bark. 
 
 123. semina cerealia, seeds of grain. 
 126. ingeniis, in temper. 
 
 128. venae . . . aevum, upon an age of worse vein or (quality). 
 
 131. amor . . . habendi, the guilty love of gain. 
 
 132. vela, etc., notice that foreign commerce, now regarded as the 
 source of civilization, was anciently held in disesteem by the poets. 
 
 133. diu steterant, see v. 94. 
 
 134. ignotis = hitherto unknown. — insultavere : the meaning 
 is double. They danced upon the waves, and with contempt of the 
 danger. 
 
 135. communem humum, the soil, before common (free to all), 
 like sunlight and air. 
 
192 Notes: Ovid, [Metam. 
 
 136. limite : the limes was the boundary-path described by the 
 agrimensor in laying out the public lands. 
 
 137. segetes poscebatur humus = crops were demanded of 
 the earth (§ 52, 2, c, R ; G. 333, R 2 ). 
 
 138. itum est = men penetrated (§ 39, cj G. 199, R 1 ). 
 
 139. recondiderat, she [the earth] had hidden. — admoverat, 
 had brought near to. — Stygiis umbris (dat), the shades of Styx : 
 the realms of the dead, conceived to be under the earth. 
 
 141. ferrum, aurum : these were a part of the opes. 
 
 142. prodit, stalks, as a monster springing from the bowels of 
 the earth. — utroque, with both (abl. of instrument): gold, as well 
 as iron, is one of the ** sinews of war." 
 
 144. kospSs (for the quantity, see § 78, 2, h, e), friend. 
 There is here indicated a peculiar relation between persons of 
 different countries who were bound to furnish hospitality to each 
 other. 
 
 146. imminet, broods over. — conjugis, mariti, both limiting 
 exitio. 
 
 147. novercae, step-mothers. The evil practice of divorce 
 among the Romans, and the domestic misery that came from it, 
 made this name a proverb of cruelty. — lurida, dark. The asso- 
 ciation of poison with dark mixtures is old and general. Blue and 
 poison are associated in Sanskrit and Greek. — aconita, the plural 
 on account of repeated cases. 
 
 148. inquirit, questions (of fortune-tellers ; he is impatient for 
 his inheritance). 
 
 149. virgo Astraea, the maid Astraa, goddess of justice ; 
 madentea terras, the earth reeking. 
 
 153. struxisse montes, piled the mountains. 
 
 154. misso fulmine, hurling the thunderbolt. 
 
 156. corpora, i.e. of the giants. 
 
 157. natorum, her sons. 
 160. ilia, i. e. as well as men. 
 
 162. scires, you might have known (§ 60, 2, a; G. 252. For 
 tense see § 59, 3, c; G. 599, r 1 ). 
 
 163. quae, see §48, 4; G. 612, R 1 . 
 
 164. facto recenti (abl. abs.), since the deed was recent. — 
 vulgata (belonging to convivia), made known. 
 
 165. Lycaonia, of Lycaofi, see v. 210 and the following. — 
 referens, revolving. 
 
 166. dignas, deserved. 
 
 167. concilium, sc. deorum. 
 
I. 136-190.] 1. The Creation and the Flood. 193 
 
 169. Lactea, nominative in form, as being the simple name, a 
 mere word, in no grammatical relation. This word, however, is in 
 apposition with nomen. 
 
 170. hac, hereby (§ 55, 4; G. 387). — superis (dat.), for 
 the gods. 
 
 172. celebrantur, are thronged. The figure is taken from the 
 custom of Roman nobles, whose halls {atria) were visited every 
 morning by the throng of their clients and dependants. — dextra, 
 i. e. of the street, with houses on both sides. 
 
 173. plebs, i e. the lower gods {Di minorum gentium) ; poten- 
 tes caelicolae, heavenly potentates ; the twelve great gods of 
 Olympus {Di majorum gentium). Notice that the whole is 
 modelled on the Roman polity. — diveraa, i.e. only the great 
 live here. — a fronte, in front, as one goes up the street. 
 
 174. penates = households. 
 
 176. Palatia : this word had not yet acquired its modern mean- 
 ing of palace, but meant the dwelling of Augustus, on the Palatine 
 hill. Augustus is thus, by a daring flattery (audacia), compared 
 with the king of gods. — durisse, the perfect does not differ from 
 the present in sense. It seems to be an imitation, common in the 
 poets, of the Greek aorist. 
 
 177. recessu, an interior apartment, for " secret session." 
 
 178. ipse, by a common usage the king or chief^ as in ipse dixit. 
 
 181. ora . . . solvit, opened his angry lips. 
 
 182. ilia tempestate, at that crisis. 
 
 184. inicere, the proper spelling of injicere. The compounds 
 of jacio, which change a into i, lose the j before the i. — anguipe- 
 dum, limiting quisque. The Giants were represented with bodies 
 terminating in serpents: they are here confounded with the 
 " hundred-handed " {centum brachia) Cottus, Briareus, and Gyas 
 who were brothers of the Titans, but aided Jupiter against the 
 rebellious deities (see Iliad, i. 399-406). — caelo, dative following 
 inicere : to cast their hundred hands upon the captive sky. 
 
 185. ab uno corpore, from a single class (of divinities), con- 
 trasted with the present rebellion of the whole human race. 
 
 187. qua, wherever. — Nereus, an ancient sea divinity, especi- 
 ally associated with the calm depths : here put for the sea. 
 
 189. Stygio luco Hoc. abl.), in the grove of Styx (** Gloom "), 
 the river which bounds the entrance to the world below. The oath 
 by the Styx was the most awful and binding that could be taken by 
 the gods. 
 
 190. cuncta = all other means. 
 
 13 
 
194 Notes: Ovid. [Metam. 
 
 191. ne . . . trahatur, lest the sound (lit. clean) part be drawn 
 [into the same disease]. 
 
 193. faunique : the enclitic -que is here made long in imitation 
 of Homer, who makes the Greek re long. It is probably made so 
 by the pause at the end of the word, or, as it is sometimes called, 
 by ccBsura. This occurs generally in the second foot of the verse, 
 and only when a second -que follows. The Fauni and Silvani — 
 Italian nature divinities — are here joined with the Greek Satyrs. 
 These were fabulous creatures, types of the wild life of the forest. 
 They are represented with horns, goats' legs and feet, and pointed 
 hairy ears. The Greek name is an old word for goat. 
 
 194. dignamur, deem worthy. — honore, governed by digna- 
 mur, which like its primitive dignus takes the ablative. 
 
 195. certe, at least. — sinamus, hortatory subjunctive. 
 
 196. an, very commonly used in argumentative questions, as 
 here, where the thing asked is obviously absurd. — illos, opposed 
 to mihi. 
 
 197. niihi, against me, following struxerit (§ 51, 2, gj G. 344, 
 R 3 ). — qui habes, § 48, 1 ; G. 616. — struxerit, (§ 62, 2, e; G. 587). 
 
 199. ausum . . . deposcunt, they demand (for vengeance) him 
 who has dared such things. A regular meaning of deposco. The 
 use of the participle for a relative clause is forced and poetic. 
 
 200. seevit, for sseviit. Notice the indicative with cum, 
 denoting absolute time, i. e. a time independent of the main clause, 
 not relative to it. 
 
 201. Ceesareo, § 47, 5; G. 360, R l . — exstinguere means here 
 not merely destroy, but with the figure of extinguishing a fire with 
 blood. 
 
 202. attonitum est, was thunderstruck. 
 
 204. tuorum, thine own. By a pleasant fiction, the subjects of 
 Augustus's empire are spoken of as his kindred or friends. — 
 pietas, filial affection. 
 
 205. postquam compressit, when he had hushed. 
 
 207. regentis. The use of the participle in the singular as a 
 noun is poetic, though the language is very capricious in its use of 
 participles as nouns. — quidem (concessive), it is true, i. e. there is 
 no need of your being alarmed to be sure, but I will tell the story 
 to gratify your curiosity. 
 
 210. admissum, thing done, i. e. crime. 
 
 2 1 r . infamia, evil report. 
 
 212. falsam, predicative. 
 
 213. deus (appos.), /, a god. Notice how it is purposely set 
 
I. 191-233.] 1. The Creation and the Flood. 195 
 
 next to humana for contrast — lustro, survey. The word is 
 primarily used of a priest who "lustrates " or purifies by ceremo- 
 nial the company of worshippers ; then of an officer who surveys 
 or reviews the ranks of his troops. 
 
 214. est, would be (§ 60, 2, cj G. 246, R 1 ). 
 
 215. vero, than the truth. — ipsa, even (i. e. bad as it was). 
 
 216. Maenala, a mountain in Southern Arcadia, fabled as the 
 dwelling-place of nymphs and satyrs. 
 
 218. ArcadSs, gen. agreeing with tyranni (Greek form as shown 
 by the short 6, requiring the nom. Areas). As Latin poetry is 
 imitated and translated from Greek, such forms, especially of 
 proper names, are common. 
 
 222. deus ... an mortalis, [whether] god or mortal (§ 71, 2, 
 a; G. 460). — discrimine aperto, by a plain test. 
 
 225. haec illi, spoken with scorn, as if he said, " That's his idea 
 of a test of truth." 
 
 227. unius, here simply a. The Latin not uncommonly used 
 unus, as well as guidam, as an indefinite article, of which the want 
 is often felt. In the same way the demonstrative pronouns are 
 used for the definite article. 
 
 228. ita, i. e. just as he was, with his throat cut. — partim, not 
 Partly, but a part of, &>c. 
 
 230. simul (= simul ac), as soon as. — vindice flamma, avenging 
 fame, i. e. the thunderbolt. 
 
 231. dignos, i. e. because they did not prevent the crime. 
 
 232. territus fugit, etc. : this transformation to a wolf is sug- 
 gested perhaps by the name Lycaon (Greek \vkos). It corresponds 
 with the wild superstition of the were-wolf, which makes the sub- 
 ject of many old popular tales. The name lycanthropy is given to 
 a particular form of madness connected with this superstition. 
 " In 1600, multitudes were attacked with the disease in the Jura, 
 emulated the destructive habits of the wolf, murdered and devoured 
 children, howled, walked on all-fours, so that the palms of the 
 hands became hard and horny ; and admitted that they congregated 
 in the mountains for a sort of cannibal or devil's Sabbath. Six 
 hundred persons were executed on their own confession." — Cham- 
 bers^ Encyclopedia. Many notices of this superstition are found 
 in ancient writers of many nations, especially in connection with 
 Arcadia, a pastoral and forest country, where the inhabitants 
 suffered greatly from wolves. 
 
 233. ab ipso, i. e. from his natural character, needing no trans- 
 formation. The allusion is to foam at the mouth. 
 
196 Notes: Ovid. [Metam. 
 
 236. abeunt, pass. 
 
 239. idem = iidem. 
 
 240. perire : what construction would be usual in prose ? 
 
 241. Erinys, properly the Greek name of the divinity that 
 inflicts vengeance for violated law, but here signifying the instigator 
 of crime (Virg. JEn. vii. 324). 
 
 242. putes, you might suppose (§ 60, 2, a; G. 252). — jurasse, 
 sc. homines. — dent = let them pay (§ 57, 3; G. 256). — ocius, 
 § 17, 5, a. 
 
 243. stat, is fixed. 
 
 244. frementi, sc. ei. 
 
 245. partes, their part, as members of the council. — adiciunt, 
 i. e. they spur him already excited. — assensibus, opposed to voce, 
 the first part made speeches, the second only assented (assentior), 
 as was the custom in the Roman Senate. 
 
 246. jactura, destruction: the image is from the casting of 
 goods overboard in a storm at sea. — dolori (§ 51, 5 ; G. 350), a 
 cause of grief . 
 
 247. mortalibus (abl. of separation) orbae, bereft of tnen. 
 
 249. populandas, § 72, 5, cj G. 431. 
 
 250. quaerentes, sc. eos, object of vetat. — enim : he forbids 
 them to tremble, for the rest [he says] shall be his care. — sibi, 
 emphatic. 
 
 254. sacer, i.e. as the abode of the gods. 
 
 256. adfore tempus, etc., subj. of esse, following reminiscitur. 
 — in fatis : the Destinies were above the gods themselves. 
 
 257. correpta, sc. flammis. 
 
 258. mundi moles operosa, the fabric of the world wrought 
 with toil. — laboret, be endangered. The doctrine, perhaps 
 borrowed from the East, belongs to the stories of periodic con- 
 flagrations of the world. 
 
 259. manibus with fabricata. 
 
 262. JEoliis antris, the caves of sEolus (compare Virgil, ALn. 
 ii. 52-63). — Aquilonem : the north-west wind, bringing (in Italy) 
 cold and dry weather. 
 
 265. tectus vultum, wrapping his face (§ 52, 3, r ; G. 332, R 9 ). 
 
 267. sinus, folds, or rounded outline of the clouds, which 
 represent his garments. 
 
 268. nubila, mists ; nimbi, storm-clouds. — ut . . . pressit : 
 the ancients thought that thunder was caused by the clashing 
 of the clouds. 
 
 270. colores, § 52, 3, R ; G. 332, r 8 . 
 
I. 236-321.] 1. The Creation and the Flood, 197 
 
 271. alimenta nubibus adfert : as if the rainbow were a path- 
 way for the waters. Compare " the sun drawing water." 
 
 273. vota, i. e. the crops, object of their vows. 
 
 274. cselo suo : the heavens were the especial realm of Jupiter. 
 
 275. ceeruleus frater, Neptune. 
 
 279. domos, i. e. the hollows and clefts which are the home of 
 the waters. — mole, dike. 
 
 281. ora relaxant, i.e. take from their mouth the pressure of 
 the curb. The figure of horses is kept through the three lines. 
 
 284. vias aquarum : compare the expression, "The fountains 
 of the great deep were broken up." — iutremuit, quaked. — motu, 
 i. e. motus terrce, earthquake. 
 
 286. satis (part, of sero), the crops. 
 
 287. sacris, i. e. the altar, statues, &c, belonging to the pene- 
 tralia. — suis, refers to penetralia. 
 
 289. hujus, limiting culmen. 
 
 290. pressae, submerged. 
 
 292. deerant, dissyllable. 
 
 293. hie, alter, one, another. — cymba, loc. ablative. 
 
 294. illic ubi, on the very spot where. 
 
 295. villae, farmhouse. 
 
 303. agitata, i. e. so as to make them shake. 
 
 305. fulminis : the tusks of the wild boar are often compared 
 to the thunderbolt for speed, power, and gleaming. 
 
 306. ablato, swept away. 
 
 310. novi, strange to them. 
 
 311. quibus: the antecedent is illos. 
 
 312. inopi victu, with lack of food. 
 
 313. Aonios, Bosoiian. Phocis lay between Bceotia and the 
 mountain range of (Eta, which separates it from Thessaly. 
 
 316. verticibus duobus : this is not correct. Parnassus has 
 only one chief peak ; but there are two spurs renowned in the wor- 
 ship of Dionysus (Bacchus), and having the Castalian fount between 
 them. This has occasioned the error. 
 
 318. Deucalion, son of Prometheus, and father of Hellen, the 
 eponym of the Hellenes (Greeks). — hie ubi adhaesit, while he 
 clung to this. 
 
 320. Corycidas : Corycus was a grotto sacred to the nymphs, 
 on the slopes of Parnassus. The numina montis are the Muses. 
 
 321. Themin (§ 11. iv. 4): Themis, goddess of justice, was 
 daughter of Uranus. She presided over the oracle of Delphi, 
 which afterwards belonged to Apollo. 
 
198 Notes: Ovid. [Metam. 
 
 323. metuentior deorum, more reverent to the gods. 
 
 324. ut videt, when he sees. 
 
 325. modo, but just now, qualifying tot. 
 
 328. disjecit, rent asunder. — aquilone, compare v. 262. 
 
 330. tricuspide telo, trident. 
 
 331. supra profundum, sc. mare, construed with eacstantem, 
 which agrees with Tritona. Compare Virgil, JEn. i. 144. 
 
 332. innato murice : Triton here appears, like Glaucus, over- 
 grown with shell-fish and seaweed. He was a sea-god, son of 
 Neptune, and is represented as blowing on a conch-shell. 
 
 334. bucina tortilis, " the winding horn? a spiral shell. — illi, 
 dat. of agency (§ 51, 4, c; G. 352, r). 
 
 336. crescit, broadens. — turbine, mouthpiece (shaped like a 
 top). 
 
 337. aera, his breath. 
 
 338. sub utroque Fkcebo, the rising and the setting sun. 
 
 339. dei, Triton. 
 
 340. contigit, sc. bucina. 
 
 346. diem = moram. — nudata, bared (of waves). 
 
 349. agere, keep. 
 
 352. patruelis origo : Deucalion was son of Prometheus; 
 Pyrrha, daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora. Prometheus and 
 Epimetheus were brothers, sons of Iapetus. 
 
 354. terrarum turba, the whole throng of earth. — occasus et 
 ortus, the setting and the rising sun. 
 
 356. haec fiducia, i. e. such confidence as we have now. 
 
 359. aninii, feelings, limiting quid, above. — miseranda, voca- 
 tive. 
 
 360. quo consolante (abl. abs.) = who would console thee in 
 grief? 
 
 362. paternis artibus : i. e. by the skill of Prometheus, who 
 fashioned man of clay, and bestowed upon him fire stolen from 
 the sky. 
 
 365. genus restat mortale, the human race survives. 
 
 366. exempla, i.e. the only specimens. — sortes, lots; here 
 put for any mode of consulting the divine will. 
 
 369. Cephisidas : the Cephisus was a river of Bceotia. It 
 means they went to Delphi by crossing the Cephisus. 
 
 370. ut . . . sic, though . . . yet. The deluge had not so far 
 subsided as to let them flow quietly as a stream, but yet enough 
 for them to recognize their old channels. — nondum liquidas, not 
 yet clear. 
 
I. 323-414.] 1. The Creation and the Flood. 199 
 
 371. inde, from this, i. e. the river. — libatoa, tasted, and so 
 taken up. It was necessary for them to purify themselves with 
 water before consulting the oracle. — inroravere, had sprinkled. 
 
 373. turpi, ill-looking. 
 
 374. pallebant : describing the dulness of mould and moss, 
 rather than their color. 
 
 377. precibus justis, at the prayers of the just. 
 
 380. mersia rebus = our ?nisf or tunes from the flood. 
 
 381. aortem, strictly an Italian oracle written on a wooden 
 tablet, but put for any response. 
 
 383. magnae parentis, of your great mother. 
 
 387. leedere, to offend. 
 
 388. repetunt secum, they revolve apart. 
 
 389. inter se volutant, discuss together. 
 
 390. Promethiades : this patronymic recalls the prophetic gift 
 of his father Prometheus (-ades and -is are the masculine and 
 feminine patronymic forms). 
 
 391. fallax, etc. = my skill fails me. 
 
 392. pia agrees with oracula. 
 
 394. ossa reor dici, / think that stones, &*c, are meant by 
 bones. 
 
 395. augurio, i. e. interpretation. — Titania : Epimetheus and 
 his brother were Titans ; i. e. of the elder race of naturc-diviuitics. 
 
 399. juaaoa, as commanded. 
 
 400. vetuataa, i. e. old tradition. 
 
 401. ponere = deponere. 
 
 402. mora, by lapse of time. 
 
 404. quasdam forma, something {it is true) of the form of man, 
 yet, &*c. 
 
 405. ccepto, sc. fingL 
 
 406. rudibua aignia, statues in the rough. 
 
 412. traxere, put on. 
 
 413. femina, womankind. 
 
 414. experiena, doomed to endure. 
 
200 Notes: Ovid. [Metam. 
 
 II. The Adventure of Phaethon. 
 
 1 . Regia, sc. domus, palace. 
 
 2. pyropo, " fire-face," a mixture of gold and copper. 
 
 3. cujus limits fastigia. 
 
 4. valvae, double doors, opening to each side. 
 
 5. Mulciber, a name of Vulcan, from the softening by fire 
 (mulcendo) of the metal which he wrought. 
 
 6. medias cingentia, embracing. 
 
 8. caeruleos : the sea-gods are dark blue, the color of the 
 waters. — canoruni: the horn of Triton, representing the roaring 
 of the blast. 
 
 9. ambiguum : Proteus had the power of changing his form at 
 will. See Virg. G. iv. 441, 2 : — 
 
 Omnia transformat sese in miracula rerum, 
 Ignemque horribilemque feram fluviumque liquentem. 
 
 10. lacertis : ./Egaeon (Briareus) was represented with a hun- 
 dred arms. The notion was possibly derived from the monster 
 cuttle-fish described by sailors in hot latitudes. 
 
 11. Dorida: Doris is the wife of Nereus and mother of the 
 Nereids, or ocean-nymphs. 
 
 12. in mole, upon a massy rock. 
 
 14. qualem, sc. sed talis. 
 
 15. terra, i. e. as carved in relief on the palace-walls. 
 
 18. signa, the signs of the Zodiac. 
 
 19. quo, whither. — acclivo limite, up the steep pathway. 
 
 20. dubitati, because his descent from the sun-god had been 
 denied by Epaphus (see Introd.). 
 
 22. neque ferebat, could not bear. 
 
 24. Phoebus (see i. 1 1), a name of Apollo, here used for the 
 Sun. 
 
 26. Horae, usually in mythology the Seasons, but here in the 
 usual prose sense of Hours. 
 
 28. mida, because the flowers have withered. 
 
 29. calcatis, trampled 'in the wine-vat. 
 
 30. capillos, Greek accusative (§ 52, 3, c; G. 332). 
 
 31. paventem: this word refers to the outward signs of fear, — 
 paleness, trembling, &c. 
 
 33. -que connects ait with the preceding. 
 
 34. progenies, voc. — haud infitianda = worthy to be acknowl- 
 edged. 
 
II. 1-73 ] n - The Adventure of Phaethon. 201 
 
 35. publica, common to all. 
 
 36. usurn, enjoyment. 
 
 39. credar ; negari (v. 42), see § 70, 2, b; G. 528, R. 
 
 42. nee, on the one hand not. 
 
 43. dignus es, used in Latin both of good and bad things ; 
 here, deserve. — ortus, the plural is constantly used in poetry for 
 the singular. 
 
 44. quo . . . dubites, § 64, 1, a; G. 545, 2. 
 
 45. promissi, of my promise (lit. of the thing promised'). 
 
 46. palus, the Styx, by which the gods swore their most awful 
 oaths. Being beneath the earth, it could never be beheld by the 
 sun. It is called palus from its sluggish flow. 
 
 47. desierat (desino), had ceased. — rogat, sc. eum. 
 
 48. in diem, for a day. — alipedum agrees with equorum 
 (obj. gen.). 
 
 49. jurasse, subject of poenituit (§ 57, 8, b ; G. 535). 
 
 50. illustre, alluding to his brightness. 
 
 51. tua, sc. voce. 
 
 53. tuta, predicate. 
 
 54. istis, those (of yours). 
 
 55. quae nee conveniant, such as befit not (§ 65, 2 ; G. 633). 
 
 56. mortale = suited to a mortal. 
 
 57. superis, those on high, i. e. the heavenly gods. — fas, what 
 is permitted by divine law. 
 
 58. placeat, sc. ut (§ 70, 3, c, R ; G. 608) : i. e. though each 
 of the gods may have his will, &c. 
 
 59. consistere, to keep his foothold. 
 
 60. axe, i.e. chariot: the part for the whole, by the figure 
 called synecdoche. 
 
 62. non agat, may not drive (potential subjunctive : § 60, 2, 
 a; G. 602). 
 
 63. prima via, § 47, 8 ; G. 287, R. — qua, § 55, 4 ; G. 387. 
 65. videre, subj. of fit 
 
 67. moderamine certo, a steady check. 
 
 68. quae, referring to Tethys. 
 
 69. Tethys : wife of Oceanus, and mother of Clymene. 
 
 70. assidua vertigine, in a constant whirl (the daily apparent 
 revolution of the heavens). 
 
 71. torquet, spins. 
 
 72,. rapido . . . orbi: i.e. as the sun's apparent path among 
 the stars is towards the east, he is supposed in his daily course to 
 make headway against the revolution of the celestial sphere. 
 
202 Notes: Ovid. [Metam. 
 
 75. obvius ire polis, same idea as in v. 73. 
 
 78. insidias, i.e. concealed perils. — formas ferarum, shapes 
 of beasts, i. e. the Lion, Bull, &c, the signs of the Zodiac. 
 
 79. Tit, though (concessive, § 57, 5 ; G. 610). 
 
 80. adversi, turned towards you, i. e. right in your face. — Tauri, 
 etc., see the sun's path as traced on a celestial map or globe. 
 
 81. Haemonios, Thessalian : the Archer (Sagittarius) is repre- 
 sented as a Centaur, of which fabulous monster the home is Thessaly 
 (see the story of the Centaurs and Lapithae, Metam. xii. 146-535). 
 
 83. aliter, the other way. 
 
 84. ignibus, qualifying animosos. 
 
 86. in promptu, an easy thing (lit. ready to your hand) . 
 
 90. sanguine, abl. of source ( § 54, 2, a; G. 295). 
 
 91. timendo, by my fear [for you]. 
 
 92. probor, I prove myself Notice the collocation of patrio 
 and pater, a favorite order. 
 
 97. bonis, governed by e. 
 
 98. vero, agreeing with nomine. 
 
 101. ne dubita, § 57, 7, bj G. 267. — undas, apparently direct 
 object of juravimus by a Greek construction ; in Latin it would 
 regularly take per. 
 
 103. ille, the other, a very common use of the pronoun. 
 
 104. premit, urges. 
 
 105. qua licuit = while he could. 
 
 106. Vulcania, § 47, 5 ; G. 360, R. 
 
 107. summae rotas, of the wheel's rim. 
 
 109. chrysolithi, topaz, a nearly transparent precious stone, 
 often of a bright golden color : the word is Greek, and signifies 
 gold-stone. — gemmae, i. e. the other gems, subj. of reddebant. 
 
 in. magnanimus, exulting (lit. high-spirited) . 
 
 1 14. agmina cogit, brings up the rear (lit. gathers in the troops'). 
 
 115. caeli statione, his post in the sky. — novissimus, last: 
 the morning star is often seen just before and after sunrise. 
 
 1 16. quae ... vidit, when he saw them [the stars]_/&v to earth. 
 Their disappearance is imagined as a sudden setting. 
 
 117. extremae, i.e. near the end of her monthly course. — 
 velut evanescere, as she seems to sink and disappear in the sky. 
 
 120. ambrosias, lit. immortal food, i. e. food of the immortals. 
 
 123. patientia, a&le to endure (agreeing with ora). — rapidae, 
 = devouring, cf. rapax from same root. 
 
 124. comae, dat., upon his head. — luctus, obj. gen. 
 
 129. directos . . . arcus, the road right across the five zones. 
 
II. j$-\'j2.'] ii. The Adventure of Phaethon. 203 
 
 130. sectus limes, the Ecliptic, " bounded by the limit of three 
 zones " (see next line), i. e. the torrid and the two temperate, as 
 represented on a celestial globe. 
 
 135. preme, bear down. — molire, ply : this verb implies the 
 effort made in climbing the celestial heights. (Construe summum 
 with aethera.) 
 
 136. egressus, i. e. if you quit the way (§ 60, 1, a; G. 594). 
 13S. dexterior, sc. rota. 
 
 139. pressam, lying low : the Altar lies south of the Sun's 
 winter path, barely appearing in Greece ; the Serpent fAQphiuchui 
 is on the equator, just north of the Ecliptic. 
 
 141. quae juvet opto, who I wish may aid you (see note, v. 58). 
 
 142. Hesperio, western. Hesperus is the Greek form of the 
 word which in Latin is Vesper. The name Hesperia, "Land of the 
 West," was by the Greeks poetically applied to Italy, and by the 
 Romans to Spain (Virg. Mn. i. 530 ; Hor. Od. iii. 6). 
 
 143. noz, i. e. the Night advances towards the west like the 
 Day. 
 
 144. poscimur, we are wanted : it is getting late. 
 
 146. nostris, agrees with consiliis as well as curribus. 
 149. quae, referring to lumina. — dare, depending on sine (from 
 sino). — spectes, subj. of purpose. 
 
 151. contingere . poetic, as depending upon gaudet. — super, 
 erect. 
 
 152. grates agit, renders thanks. 
 
 153. Pyrois, etc. : the names of the steeds signify fiery, of the 
 dawn, blazing, fla?ning. 
 
 155. repagula, barriers (of a race-course). 
 
 156. nepotis, see note, v. 69. — quae, i. e. repugula. 
 
 157. copia = access to. 
 
 161. quod possent, such as, &*c. (subj. of characteristic). 
 163. pondere, ballast. — justo, regular (a common meaning). — 
 levitate, abl. of cause. 
 
 165. onere, following vacuus (§ 54, 1 ; G. 389). 
 
 166. inani, an empty one. 
 168. or dine, direction. 
 
 170. si sciat (§ 59, 4, b ; G. 598) ; the present subj. of future 
 condition, where our idiom seems to require the imperfect contrary 
 to fact. 
 
 171. triones, the North (see note, i. 64). 
 
 172. vetito aequore : the Northern Bear in these latitudes 
 never goes below the horizon. 
 
204 Notes: Ovid, [Metam. 
 
 173. Serpens, the constellation called Draco {the Dragon), near 
 the north pole, at the feet of Hercules. 
 
 176. Boote : Bootes is represented as a wagoner : the constella- 
 tion includes the bright star Arcturus. 
 
 179. penitus penitusque, far, far below. 
 
 181. tenebrae, i. e. from dizziness. 
 
 182. mallet, i. e. if it were possible ; hence the imperfect. 
 
 183. valuisse, to have prevailed. 
 
 184. Meropis : Merops was the husband of Clymene. — ut, as. 
 
 185. pinus, ship. — remisit frena, cast loose the rein, i. e. let go 
 the helm. 
 
 196. flexis utrumque, bending both ways (agreeing with both 
 Cauda and lacertis). 
 
 197. signorum duorum: the Scorpion is represented as at first 
 occupying the space of two " signs " of the Zodiac, until Libra was 
 inserted where the claws had been. 
 
 198. madidum : moist, as the venom oozes out on account 
 of the heat. — ut, when. 
 
 199. curvata cuspide, the curved sting (" spear-head") of the 
 scorpion's tail. 
 
 202. exspatiantur, wander fro?n the track (ex-spatium) . 
 204. hac, correl. to qua, sc. via. 
 
 206. summa, the height. 
 
 207. terrae, dative. 
 
 208. inferius suis (abl.), lower than her own. — Luna, sister 
 of the sun : poetically, Diana, sister of Apollo. 
 
 210. ut quaeque altissima, each in the order of its height, as 
 he comes nearer and nearer. 
 
 213. materiam, fuel. 
 
 214. parva, small calamities. 
 
 217-225. Athos, etc. This catalogue of mountains, ranging 
 the whole field of mythical geography, may be verified in any good 
 dictionary or Atlas. 
 
 230. ore trahit, breathes in. 
 
 235. summa, the surface. 
 
 238. passis (pando), dishevelled, as in mourning. 
 
 239. deflevere, wept as lost. 
 
 240. Ephyre, the old name of Corinth. 
 
 241. sortita, having obtained by lot, here simply possessing; it 
 governs ripas. — loco distantes, remote hi space. 
 
 243. senex : the river gods are represented as old men (see 
 note on mountains). 
 
II. 173-313] n - T%e Adventure of Pha'cihon. 20j 
 
 245. arsunis iterum, i. e. when set on fire by Vulcan, to stay 
 the attack of Achilles (see Iliad, Book xxi. 342-389). 
 
 253. volucres : the melodious swans of the Cayster in Lydia 
 (Maeonia) are famous in ancient poetry. 
 
 255. quod adhuc latet : the problem of the source of the Nile 
 was not solved until our own day. 
 
 260. Tartara, Tartarus, the ancient Hell. The king and queen 
 are Pluto and Proserpine. — dissilit, yawns apart. 
 
 263. quos relates to montes. 
 
 264. Cycladas, a Greek ending, as Delphines, v. 266. — 
 augent, i. e. by rising above the water and so becoming islands. 
 The Cyclades are the islands grouped about Delos in the iEgean 
 Sea. 
 
 267. lesnpina., floating on the back. 
 
 273. fontes (in appos. with aquas), mere water springs. 
 
 274. matris, mother earth. 
 
 277. infra quam solet, lower than her wont, i. e. crouching 
 in distress. 
 
 279. quid, why t 
 
 280. periturae, sc. mini, i. e. if I must perish. 
 
 281. auctore levare : it would be a relief to perish by the 
 thunderbolt of Jupiter. 
 
 283. tostos, scorched. — crines : i. e. the withered foliage of the 
 forest. 
 
 285. fructus, etc., objective genitive. 
 
 288. alimenta, in apposition to fruges. 
 
 289. vobis, i. e. to the gods. 
 
 290. fa.c, grant, suppose. 
 
 291. frater tuus, i.e. Neptune. 
 
 293. fratris, obj. gen. limiting gratia. — mea gratia, regard 
 for me. 
 
 300. rerum summae, for the universe itself The regular ex- 
 pression for the fate of the state or the army, or whatever highest 
 interest is staked on an engagement. 
 
 301. neque enim, [she spoke no more] for, Ssr'c. 
 
 303. Manibus, the shades, spirits of the dead: the infernal 
 regions. 
 
 304. ipsum, Apollo. 
 
 311. ab aure, the picture is of one throwing a javelin. 
 
 312. anima . . . expulit, i. e. deprived (privavit would here be 
 the right word) of breath and cast from the chariot. 
 
 313. expulit, sc. euro. 
 
206 Notes: Ovid, [Metam. 
 
 323. diverso orbe, a remote region of earth, i. e. towards the west. 
 
 324. Eridanus, a mythical river, the source of amber. It was 
 often identified with the Po, sometimes with the Rhone (v. 372). 
 
 325. Hesperiee, see v. 142 and note. — trifida, thrice-cleft, an 
 epithet of the "jagged lightning," supposed to be most fatal. 
 
 327. currus limits auriga, which is in appos. with Phaethon ; 
 quern relates to currus. 
 
 329. nam, i.e. it would be the father's place naturally, but he 
 had withdrawn. — pater, the Sun. 
 
 331. isse ferunt, they say that one day passed. 
 
 333. quaecumque diceuda, the conventional words of mourning. 
 
 335. lauiata sinus, tearing her breast. 
 
 336. mox, when the limbs had decayed from lapse of time. 
 
 337. tamen, i. e. though she sought long, yet she did at last 
 find them. 
 
 340. Heliades, daughters of the Sun, sisters of Phaethon. — 
 morti = to the dead. 
 
 343. adsternuntur, prostrate themselves. 
 
 344. junctis cornibus, filing out her horns. 
 
 346. Fhaethusa, bright; Lampetie (below), flaming* 
 
 347. maxima, eldest. 
 
 349. subita, i. e. suddenly growing. 
 
 352. fieri, are turning into. 
 
 356. quid faciat, § 57, 6 ; G. 258. — impetus, excitement. 
 
 364. sole, abl. of cause, with rigescunt. 
 
 365. electra, a?nber ; in truth a fossil exudation from trees. 
 
 366. gestanda : amber was a favorite material for ornaments 
 among the Roman ladies, who carried balls of it in their hands for 
 coolness. — nuribus Latinis, daughters-in-law of Roman nobles ; 
 a term used for young matrons. 
 
 367. monstro, prodigy. — Stheneleia proles, son of Sthenelus. 
 — Cycnus : compare the story in XII. 65-145. 
 
 369. propior, still nearer. 
 
 370. Ligurum, of the coast region near Genoa, Piedtnont. 
 
 371. querellis, laments. 
 
 372. sororibus, sisters (of Phaethon), now added to the forest. 
 
 373. viro, dat. of reference. — canaeque . . . collumque, an 
 infrequent form of the correlative. 
 
 375. junctura, a joining-7ne7>ibrane. 
 
 377. caeloque Jovique = to the sky of fove. 
 
 378. ut memor, as rememberi?ig (the motive for not trusting 
 the sky). — ignis, thunderbolt. 
 
II. 3 2 3-843] n « The Adventure of Pha'ethon. 207 
 
 380. quae, the antecedent is flumina. 
 
 381. expers (ex-pars), devoid. — squalidus, in mourning. 
 
 382. cum deficit orbem, when he unmakes his disc, i. c. in an 
 eclipse. 
 
 385. aevi limits principiis. 
 
 387. actorum mini, things done by me. 
 
 388. quilibet, whoever will. 
 
 390. ipse, Jupiter. 
 
 391. ponat, lay aside. 
 
 392. expertus, when he has tried. 
 
 393. meruisse, sc. eum, antecedent of qui. 
 397. excusat, alleges the cause. 
 
 400. objectat, throws at them as a reproach ; imputat, bears 
 resentment against them as offenders. — natum = his son's death. 
 
 This interesting myth requires no explanation beyond the 
 simplest and most obvious analogies of natural phenomena, — an 
 intensely hot summer, trees bearing a vague resemblance to slender 
 maidens (Lombardy poplars), drops of amber shaped like tears, — 
 all combined with the familiar lesson of M vaulting ambition that 
 o'erleaps itself." It is probably the best told and most popular of 
 all the stories in the Metamorphoses. 
 
 III. The Rape of Europa. 
 
 833. has, referring to the punishment of Aglauros (see heading). 
 
 834. ce^it = had inflicted: the pa>na is, in its original sense, a 
 fine or forfeit. — Atlantiades : the mother of Mercury was Maia, 
 daughter of Atlas. — dictas a Pallade : Pallas, " the brandisher," 
 is an epithet of Athena {Minerva), tutelary divinity of Athens. 
 
 835. pennis : Mercury is represented with a winged cap 
 (petasus), and winged sandals (talaria). 
 
 836. genitor : Jupiter. — causam amoris = love as his motive. 
 
 838. solito cursu, i.e. the air, his accustomed path. 
 
 839. tuam matrem suspicit, looks up to thy mother. Maia is 
 one of the stars in the group of Pleiades. — a parte sinistra: on 
 the left, &*c, i. e. towards the East. Jupiter is looking from Mt. 
 Olympus. 
 
 840. Sidonida, i. e. Phoenicia, "the land of Sidon." 
 
 843. jamdudum : expresses the promptness of Mercury's 
 obedience. So, among some very courteous populations, if you 
 ask for any favor, the answer will be, " It is done already." 
 
208 Notes: Ovid. [Metam. 
 
 844. filia : Europa, " the broad brow," daughter of the Eastern 
 king, is one of the numerous names given to the Dawn in the 
 Greek mythology. The "dawn" of civilization rises upon the 
 western world from Asia. For the signification of this fable, see 
 introductory note to the next section. 
 
 846. non bene conveniunt, are not very consistent. — moran- 
 tur, reside. 
 
 848. cui, dat. of reference (§ 51, 7, a; G. 343, r 2 ). 
 
 849. nutu : so Zeus " nodded with his black brows and shook 
 great Olympus" (II. i. 528-30). 
 
 854. toris, with the swell of muscles. 
 
 855. contendere possis, you might maintain* 
 
 858. Agenore : see heading. 
 
 859. formosus, sc. sit. 
 871. falsa, i. e. not his own. 
 
 874. dextra tenet : the picture as here given was familiar to 
 the poet on gems, &c. 
 
 IV. The Search of Cadmus. 
 
 2. Dictsea : Dicte is a mountain in the eastern part of Crete. 
 The Phoenicians, in very ancient times, were colonists and traders 
 among the Grecian islands. Several of the divinities worshipped 
 by the Greeks were probably introduced by them. The fable of 
 Europa may perhaps point to such a settlement in Crete, with the 
 introduction of cattle from Asia. The heifer which guides Cadmus 
 would thus have the same signification in the story with the bull 
 which bears away Europa. 
 
 3. perquirere, to search everywhere. 
 
 5. pius et sceleratus, "tender" towards his daughter, and 
 " guilty " towards his son. 
 
 7. furta, deceptions. 
 
 8. Phcebi oracula, i. e. at Delphi, near Bceotia. 
 
 10. solis in arvis, in solitary pastures. 
 
 11. passa: cows as well as oxen were trained to the yoke, as 
 on the continent of Europe now. 
 
 12. herba, on the grass. 
 
 13. fac condas, § 70, $,f, R ; G. 546, R 3 . — Boeotia, connected 
 with ftovs, Lat. bos. 
 
 14. Castalio : the oracle of Apollo was in a cave of Mt. Par- 
 nassus, whence flowed the Castalian fount. 
 
II. 844- — HI. 98.] iv. The Search of Cadmus, 209 
 
 15. videt, sc. cum. 
 
 17. presso, sustained. — legit, traces : lit. picks up, apparently 
 the original meaning of the word. 
 
 19. Panopes, an old town on the Cephisus. 
 
 27. libandas =for the libation, which consisted in pouring 
 water or wine upon the earth in honor of some divinity. 
 
 30. humilem arcum, a low arch. 
 
 32. Martius, sacred to Mars. 
 
 35. quern . . . gradu, when the men descended from Tyrian 
 race had reached this grove with hapless step. Tyre was a colony 
 of Sidon, but became far more famous and powerful than its 
 mother city. 
 
 38. cseruleus, livid. 
 
 41. nexibus, folds / orbes, coils. 
 
 43. media plus parte, more than half his length. 
 
 45. geminas . . . Arctos : the great constellation of the Dragon. 
 
 46. nee mora = without delay. 
 48. hos, sc. necat. 
 
 50. sol altissimus, the sun at noon. 
 54. praestantior, more prompt. 
 
 56. supra, adverb. — spatiosi corporis, descriptive genitive. 
 59. molarem, sc. lapidem, a stone as big as a millstone. 
 62. mota forent, might have been shaken. 
 64. loricae modo, like a coat-of-mail. 
 
 66. lentse, pliant. — medio curvamine, in the middle of 
 the coil. 
 
 70. id, the shaft. 
 
 72. accessit, was added. 
 
 76. Stygio, i. e. fearful as the Styx. 
 
 77. modo . . . interdum, now . . . now. 
 
 78. cingitur, knots hi?nself; exstat, erects himself 
 
 79. impete, an old form of the ablative (3d declension) : the 
 regular form would be impetu (4th declension). — concitus im- 
 bribus, swollen by rains. 
 
 83. praetenta, held before him. 
 
 84. ferro, dative. 
 
 88. plagam . . . arcebat, kept the blonu from striking deep. 
 91. usque aecpiens, following up. — eunti, sc. serpenti. 
 
 94. gemuit, etc., groaned (like a living thing) that its trunk was 
 lashed by the e?id of his tail. 
 
 95. spatium, the bulk. 
 
 98. tu spectabere serpens, see Book iv. 563-614 (argument). 
 
210 Notes: Ovid. [Metam. 
 
 ioi. fautrix : Pallas is regularly represented as the protectress 
 and guide of heroes in their exploits. She was the goddess of 
 invention and mental energy. 
 
 102. motas terrae (dat.), beneath the broken earth. 
 
 106. fide majus, an incredible thing ! 
 
 1 08. pic to, decorated. 
 
 in. festis, on a holiday. 
 
 112. signa, figures, painted on the curtain. The closing of the 
 curtain is referred to, which was done from the bottom, not from 
 the top as with us. 
 
 113. placido tenore, with quiet (or easy) motion. 
 
 119. eminus (construe with jaculo), thrown from a distance. 
 
 122. suo marte, in mutual strife. 
 
 1 24. sortita, having enjoyed, 
 
 125. matrem, i. e. the Earth. 
 
 127. Tritonis : Tritonis is an epithet of Minerva, probably 
 from a brook in Bceotia. 
 
 128. fraternae pacis, peace among the (surviving) brothers. 
 
 131. jam, at length. 
 
 132. soceri : Hermione (or Harmonia), daughter of Mars and 
 Venus, was wife of Cadmus. 
 
 135. sed . . , debet : " Call no man happy till he dies," a 
 favorite maxim of ancient wisdom. — juvenes, youths, i.e. grown 
 up, not pueri. 
 
 In the myth of Cadmus we may recognize a genuine tradition 
 of the trading settlements and factories established by Phoeni- 
 cians in very early times, along the coast of Greece. From them 
 the rude Greeks received the first beginnings of civilization, 
 especially the knowledge of the alphabet. Many religious rites 
 were likewise borrowed from them, especially the worship of 
 Herakles {Hercules, the Phoenician Melkarf) and Aphrodite 
 {Astarte) or Venus. 
 
 V. Pyramus and Thisbe. 
 
 The reader will remember this story as presented in "Mid- 
 summer-Night's Dream." 
 
 v. 56. piselata., preferred before : most excellent among. 
 
 58. Semiramis, wife of Ninus, and founder of Babylon. — coc- 
 tilibus, of burnt brick. 
 
 59. nctitiam . . . gxaaxia = lhe first steps of intimacy. 
 
III. ioi. — IV. 158.] Pyramus and Thisbe. 211 
 
 60. taedae, gen. with jure = in lawful marriage. A torchlight 
 procession was a regular part of the nuptial ceremony. 
 
 61. quod relates to v. 62. 
 
 62. ex aequo captis, equally enslaved. 
 
 63. conscius, witness. 
 
 65. fissus erat paries, the party -wall was cloven. — duxerat, 
 had got, i. e. the chink had been left in it. 
 
 67. id vitium, this defect. — nulli notatum, remarked by no one. 
 69. fecistis iter, made it a passage. 
 
 74. erat = esset (§ 60, 2 cj G. 246, r 2 ). — toto corpore, in 
 bodily presence. 
 
 75. pateres, open far enough. 
 
 77. quod, etc., obj. of debere. — arnicas, beloved. 
 
 78. diversa sede, i. e. parted as they were. 
 
 79. parti suae, his own side. 
 
 80. contra, to the other. 
 
 87. neve sit errandum, and that there be no mistake. 
 
 88. lateant, conceal themselves. 
 91. lux, the daylight. 
 
 96. recenti . . . rictus, a lioness, whose foaming jaw is smeared 
 (obllta) with fresh blood of cattle (rictus, ace. of specification). 
 
 105. serius, too late for his appointment. 
 
 no. nocens, the guilty one. 
 
 in. jussi venires, bade you come. The prose construction 
 would be infinitive. 
 
 113. scelerata viscera, guilty flesh. 
 
 117. notae, agreeing with vesti. 
 
 119. quo: the antecedent is ferrum. 
 
 121. resupinus, fallen back. — humo, loc. abl. for the more 
 usual locative form humi. 
 
 122. fistula, a water-pipe. — vitiato plumbo, i. e. from a flaw 
 in the lead. 
 
 128. fallat, disappoint. 130. gestit, is eager. 
 
 132. facit incertam, makes her doubtful.— pomi, fruit. 
 
 133. tremebunda, quivering. 135. exhorruit, shivered. 
 136. summum, its surface. 
 
 142. mihi,from me (§ 51, 2, e; G. 346). 
 
 146. visa ilia, having looked upon her. 
 
 148. ebur, ivory scabbard. 
 
 151. persequar, sc. te. 153. nee, not even. 
 
 154. hoc, secondary object: § 52, 2, R ; G. 333, R*. 
 
 158. componi invideatis, forbid to be laid. 
 
212 Notes: Ovid. [Metam. 
 
 VI. Perseus and Andromeda. 
 
 Acrisius, king of Argos, had been warned that he should be 
 dethroned and slain by the child of his daughter Danae, whom 
 therefore, to elude the oracle, he confined in a dungeon with brazen 
 walls. But Jupiter gained admission in the form of a shower of 
 gold, and Danae became the mother of Perseus. Being shut with 
 the child — then four years of age — in a chest, or coffer, and cast 
 into the sea, she drifted to the island of Seriphus, where the boy 
 grew up, and was sent craftily by the tyrant of the island for the 
 head of the Gorgon Medusa. In this enterprise he was helped 
 and delivered by the friendly care of the divinities Mercury and 
 Minerva, who armed him for his task, gave him the power of flight, 
 and made him invulnerable and invincible. (See, for an admirable 
 narrative of the adventure, Kingsley's "Heroes," and "Andro- 
 meda.") 
 
 IV. 615. viperei monstri, the Gorgon Medusa, whose beautiful 
 locks of hair had been changed to serpents by the wrath of Minerva 
 (yv. 801-803). 
 
 616. stridentibus alis : Perseus had been equipped for his 
 aerial journey by the aegis of Minerva, the winged cap and sandals 
 furnished by the Graiae, the cap of Pluto making its wearer invisi- 
 ble, and the curved sword {harpe) of Mercury, with its two points, 
 one straight and the other curved. (See the interpretation of the 
 fable of the Gorgons in " Modern Painters," vol. v. p. 150.) 
 
 617. Libycas, African : Libya was the earlier general name of 
 Africa, the home of the Gorgons. 
 
 622. exemplo, in the manner. 
 
 623. longe, from afar, qualifying despectat 
 
 625. Cancri: used for the tropical region, as Arctos for the 
 polar. 
 
 628. Hesperio = far western. The gardens of the Hesperides, 
 daughters of Atlas, were placed somewhere in the west of Africa. 
 
 630. Auroras, sc. currus. — diurnos, of the day. 
 
 632. Atlas, "the unwearied," one of the Titans, condemned 
 after their rebellion to bear the weight of heaven upon his 
 shoulders. 
 
 634. subdit, see ii. 68. 
 
 637. arboreae frondes, etc., a description of the garden of the 
 Hesperides. Some report of oranges — a fruit unknown to the 
 ancients — may have helped in shaping the story of the golden 
 apples. 
 
IV. 615-685] vi. Perseus and Andromeda. 213 
 
 639. seu, if on the one hand; sive, or if. 
 
 641. rerum, heroic deeds. 
 
 643. Themis, see note, i. 321. 
 
 645. Jove natus : the son of Jupiter, who stole the golden 
 apples of the Hesperides, was Hercules, himself a remote descend- 
 ant of Perseus. 
 
 649. ne longe . . , absit, lest the glory, &>c, be far from help- 
 ing thee. 
 
 650. mentiris, falsely boast. 
 
 654. parvi, of little worth. 
 
 655. Medusae ora: the horror of the countenance of Medusa, 
 with its snaky locks, chilled the beholder into stone. Perseus 
 himself had approached the monster averted — ipse retroversus — 
 gazing at her reflection in the polished shield ; and had borne the 
 bleeding head in an enchanted sack, given him by the sea-nymphs. 
 
 657. quantus erat, sc. tantus —   of just his size. 
 
 658. abeunt, pass, or are converted. 
 661. di, vocative. 
 
 663. Hippotades, i^olus, son of Hippotas, god of the winds. 
 
 664. admonitor operum, summoner to toil. 
 
 665. ille, Perseus. 
 
 669. Cephea (adj.), of Cepheus, king of Ethiopia, brother of 
 ^gyptus and Danaus. 
 
 670. maternae linguae : Cassiopeia, mother of Andromeda, was 
 
 " That starred Ethiop queen that strove 
 To set her beauty's praise above 
 The sea-nymphs, and their powers offended." 
 Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Andromeda, and Perseus are among the 
 most striking constellations in the northern heavens. 
 
 671. Ammon : the chief divinity of Egypt, identified with the 
 Greek Zeus (Jupiter) ; represented with the head of a ram. He 
 had an oracle in the Libyan desert. 
 
 672. bracchia, ace. of specification. 
 
 673. Abantiades: Abas, king of Argos, descended from 
 Danaus, was father of Acrisius. 
 
 675. ignes, the flames of love. 
 
 679. quibus, sc. eis catenis. 680. requirenti, sc. mini. 
 
 683. religata, i. e. her hands bound behind. 
 
 684. quod potuit, i. e. the only thing she could : its antecedent 
 is the sentence lumina, etc. 
 
 685. instanti, to him urgent. — sua, emphatic: she would not 
 seem to confess guilt. 
 
214 Notes: Ovid, [Met am. 
 
 688. nondum . . . omnibus, before all was told. 
 692. ilia : the mother had more reason for grief, by reason of 
 her offence, which incurred this penalty. 
 
 695. lacrimarum limits tempora ; manere governs vo9. 
 697. peterem, seek in marriage. — Perseus, in appos. with ego. 
 
 702. meritum : i. e. that the boon should be my own earning. — 
 dotibus, endowments. 
 
 703. mea, predicate. 
 
 704. legem, condition. 
 
 705. super = insuper. — do tale, a bridal gift. In Ovid's time 
 the wife brought a dowry to the husband. This usage he has 
 transferred to the heroic times, when the husband purchased the 
 wife from her parents. 
 
 706. rostro, construe with sulcat. 
 
 709. Balearica : the people of these islands were famous 
 slingers. 
 
 710. caeli, space : partitive genitive with quantum. — plumbo, 
 i. e. the leaden slug thrown by the sling. 
 
 714. Jovis praepes, the eagle. 
 
 715. praebentem Phcebo, turning to the Sun. 
 718. inane, the void (i. e. air). 
 
 720. Inachides : Inachos, son of Oceanus, was the first king 
 of Argos. 
 
 720. hamo, see note, v. 616. 
 
 725. qua patent, where they are exposed. 
 
 729. graves, ?nade heavy. 
 
 730. bibulis, soaked whh blood. 
 732. stantibus, ouiet. 
 
 734. exegit, thrust through; repetita, attacked repeatedly \ 
 
 735. implevere: the plural subject is cum plausu clamor 
 (§ 49, 1; G. 281, R 2 ). 
 
 742. mollit, carpels. 
 
 744. bibula medulla, with porous pith. 
 
 745. rapuit, caught. 
 
 749. iterant j aetata, toss repeatedly. 
 
 750. curaliis, coral. 
 
 751. duritiam capiant : as if the coral were a sea-plant, which 
 turns to stone by contact with the air. — tacto ab aere, from con- 
 tact with the air. 
 
 756. alipedi, Mercury. 
 
 757. praemia indotata, i. e. herself the price of the exploit, 
 without other dowry. 
 
IV. 688-79I-] vl - Perseus and Andromeda, 215 
 
 758. Hymenaeus, the god of marriage. 
 
 759. praecutiunt, brandish in front in the bridal procession. 
 
 762. reseratis, thrown back. 
 
 763. instructa, prepared. 
 
 764. Cepheni, people of Cepheus. 
 
 765. functi, etc., having discharged the service of high-born 
 Bacchus. 
 
 766. diffudere, relaxed, 
 
 767. Lyncides : Lynceus was a fabled ancestor of Perseus. 
 769. qui relates to Cepheus. 
 
 771. crinita draconibus = with snaky locks. 
 
 772. Agenorides, Perseus, descended from a brother of Agenor. 
 
 773. unius luminis usum : the sisters Graiae, daughters of 
 Phorcys, had but one eye between them, which Perseus — made 
 invisible by the cap of Pluto — caught as it was passing from one 
 to the other. Thus made helpless, they were constrained to tell 
 him the secrets on which the fate of the Gorgon depended. 
 
 775. partitas, sharing. 
 
 780. ferarumque : observe that the syllable -que is elided 
 before the vowel at the beginning of the next verse {synapheid). 
 
 781. ex ipsis —from their proper shape. 
 
 783. sere repercusso, i. e. by the image reflected from the 
 polished brass ; limited by clipei, above (see note, v. 655). 
 
 785. pennis fugacem Pegason : the winged horse Pegasus, 
 sacred to the Muses, and the giant Chrysaor, wielding a golden 
 sword, sprang from the blood of the slain Gorgon. 
 
 791. sola sororum, Medusa was the only one of the three 
 sisters who was mortal. All, however, had the power of convert- 
 ing the beholder into stone. — 798. vitiasse, dishonored. 
 
 The tale of Perseus (like that of Hercules and many other 
 heroes) represents the daily course of the sun, in conflict with the 
 powers of darkness and storm. The harpe is his gleaming ray ; 
 the Graiae are the twilight ; the Gorgons are the storm-cloud, 
 which rests upon the bosom of the sea- wave, and is cloven by the 
 "golden sword " of the lightning. The jagged edges of the cloud, 
 and the crimson stream which pours from it in the glow of sunset, 
 help out the features qf the image. 
 
216 Notes: Ovid. [Met am. 
 
 VII. The Wandering of Ceres. 
 
 Ceres, in the Greek myth, is the Earth-Mother (A^rr/p), type 
 of the productive power of the soil, who seeks her child Proser- 
 pina (Persephone, called also Koprj, the maiden), stolen from her 
 sight by the king of the lower world, and only restored to her by 
 Jupiter for six months of each year. By this parable the ancients 
 understood the annual sowing of the grain-harvest, by which the 
 corn is hidden in the ground through the winter months, but re- 
 stored in spring to sunlight, and ripening to the harvest, in which 
 the yearly festival of Ceres is celebrated with religious rites. 
 
 V. 341. unco aratro : the ancient plough, still sometimes seen 
 in Italy, was a rude wooden instrument which broke the soil with 
 its hooked extremity. 
 
 343. dedit leges : because agriculture first led men to an 
 orderly life, she was called Ceres legifera (A^r^p Qea-pocpopos). 
 
 346. membris (dat. after ingesta), heaped on the giant limbs 
 (Typhoeus, see Introd.). Typhoeus was not reckoned one of the 
 giants, but represented the violent powers of nature, especially in 
 the earthquake : hence he is placed for punishment under the 
 volcano Etna. 
 
 347. Trinacris, " the three headlands," is the ancient name 
 describing the triangular form of Sicily, which, on a rude map, 
 might suggest the notion of a buried giant. — subjectum and 
 ausuni agree with Typhoea ; molibus depends on subjectum, 
 and sperare on ausum ; sedes is object of sperare. 
 
 350. Feloro, etc., Pelorus is the headland nearest Italy ; 
 Pachynus, the S. E. extremity of the island ; Libybatum, the 
 western. — Ausonio, Italian (an old name of Southern Italy). 
 
 352. resupinus,^:/ on his back. 
 
 354. remoliri, to cast off (with effort). 
 
 356. rex silentum, king of the silent realms, Pluto. 
 
 361. ambibat, surveyed, going his rounds, like a watchman. 
 
 363. Erycina, Venus, who had a famous temple on Mt. Eryx, 
 in the western part of Sicily, apparently of Phoenician origin. 
 Eryx was fabled to be her son, killed by Hercules in a boxing- 
 match, and buried on this mountain (see Virgil, JEn. v. 392-420). 
 
 364. natum volucrem, her winged son, Cupido ( ="Epcos ) or 
 Desire, son of Venus : the modern Cupid, whose attributes of bow 
 and arrows, with wings, have come down from ancient works 
 of art. 
 
V. 34 1-407 •] vn * The Wandering of Ceres. 217 
 
 365. arma, etc., vocative. 
 
 366. ilia tela, those shafts, pointed with gold or lead, according 
 as they were to stir love or hate. 
 
 368. triplicis . . . regni, the last lot fell of the threefold realm : 
 Jupiter having taken by lot the empire of the heavens and Neptune 
 that of the waters. 
 
 370. regit qui = qui regit — ipsum, Neptune. 
 
 371. Tar tar a, etc., why does Tartarus hold aloof t 
 yj2.. agitur, is at stake. 
 
 373- quae . . . est, such is our endurance. 
 
 375. Pallada, etc. : Pallas (Minerva) and Artemis (Diana) were 
 virgins, and patrons of chastity. 
 
 376. filia, Proserpine. — virgo, predicate. 
 
 378. pro socio regno, for a united realm. 
 
 379. patruo : the patruus is the father's brother ; the avunculus 
 the mother's. Proserpine was daughter of Jupiter and Ceres. 
 
 382. magis audiat, is more obedient. 
 
 383. opposito genu (abl. abs.), bracing his knee against it. 
 
 384. hamata, barbed. — arundine, reed, of which the arrow was 
 made. 
 
 385. altae aquae, of deep water. 
 
 386. illo, than he [does] ; a construction rare in Latin, but 
 common in Greek. — Caystros, see ii. 258. The Cayster was 
 famous for its swans, which the ancients made a melodious bird. 
 
 389. ut velo, as by a veil (referring to the awning which 
 sheltered the Roman amphitheatre from the sun). 
 
 390. Tyrios, purple. 
 
 391. quo luco (loc. abl.), in this grove. Proserpina (pro-serpo) 
 was the name of a native Italian goddess who presided over the 
 growth of plants, identified with the Greek Ilepo-ecpovT). 
 
 394. sequales, comrades. 
 
 395. simul, at one moment. 
 
 396. usque adeo, to such a degree. 
 398. summa ab ora, at its upper edge. 
 
 406. ferventia, agreeing with stagna : boiling up through the 
 broken earth. Palicorura : these were two brothers, who presided 
 over some bubbling sulphurous springs near Palike, in Sicily. 
 
 407. qua . . . portus, i. e. the site of Syracuse, between the 
 outer (lesser) and inner (greater) harbors. — bimari, a common 
 epithet of Corinth, on the isthmus "between two seas." — Bacchia- 
 dae, the leading family of Corinth, claiming descent from Hercules. 
 Syracuse was a Corinthian colony. 
 
218 Notes: Ovid, [Metam. 
 
 409. medium . . . aequor, a sea between Cyane and Arethusa. 
 The fountain Arethusa, on the peninsula (Ortygia) which made the 
 old city of Syracuse, offered the strange phenomenon of fresh 
 water springing up, apparently, from the midst of salt. Hence the 
 fable related below (vv. 577-641). Cyane was a spring whose 
 waters flowed into the Great Harbor. 
 
 410. angustis cornibus, narrow points of land. The "sea" 
 (aequor) is the Great Harbor. 
 
 413. summa tenus alvo = as far as the waist. 
 420. Saturnius, son of Saturn. 
 
 425. fontis jura : fountains were held to have a sacred 
 character, on which Cyane had presumed too far. 
 428. modo, but now. 
 
 43 1 . tenuissima quasque, all the slenderest parts. 
 436. vitiatas, impaired. 
 
 438. matri, dat. of agent, with quaesita est 
 
 439. profimdo, deep = sea. 
 443. inrequieta, never resting. 
 
 450. dulce, a sweet drink which she had first strewn with 
 Parched barley. The plural dulcia is often used for sweetmeats. 
 
 453. neque : the negative qualifies epota. 
 
 458. parva lacerta : the stellio, or spotted lizard, is one of the 
 smallest species. 
 
 463. defuit orbis, the world did not suffice (no part of it was 
 left unsearched). 
 
 464. Sicaniam, Sicily. 
 467. quo, with which. 
 
 471. simul [atque], as soon as. — raptam, sc. earn esse. 
 
 473. repetita, again struck. 
 
 474. sit, i.e. Proserpine. 
 
 475. nec = et non. 
 
 477. saeva manu, with cruel hand. 
 
 478. parili agrees with leto. 
 
 480. depositum, sc. semen. 
 
 481. vulgato, famed: Sicily was in old times "the granary of 
 Rome." 
 
 482. falsa, disappointed. — primis in herbis, in the young blade. 
 484. sideraque : the -que is made long by caesura. — que . . . 
 
 que, both . . . and: the constellations were thought to have an 
 influence upon the crops. 
 
 487. Eleis, daughter of Elis (a district of Greece) ; Alpheias, 
 loved by Alpheus. 
 
V. 4°£-55 2 -] VII « The Wandering of Ceres, 219 
 
 493. nee sum, etc., i. e. it is not affection for my native land, &c. 
 
 495. penates, household gods = home. 
 
 500. curaque . . . et vultus melioris, relieved from care, and 
 of more cheerful aspect. 
 
 502. cavernas, i. e. of the sea. 
 
 503. desueta, i. e. from the long dark journey. 
 
 504. labor, I glide. 
 
 509. ceu saxea, as if turned to marble. 
 
 510. ut . . . amentia, when her grievous frenzy was dispelled 
 by grievous pain. 
 
 511. pulsa, banished. 
 
 513. invidiosa =full of bitter thoughts. 
 
 515. matris, objective gen. 
 
 516. cura vilior, a less precious charge. 
 
 517. illius, i. e. Proserpine. 
 
 519. scire . . . vocas, if you call it finding, to know where 
 she is. 
 
 520. quod rapta [est], that she is stolen. 
 
 525. injuria, amor, predicate. 
 
 526. pudori, dat of service. 
 
 527. tu modo velis, if only thou consent. — ut desint (con- 
 cessive), though, Qr'c. ; § 61, 2 ; G. 606. 
 
 528. quid, quod, etc., what [do you say to this] that, &*c. — 
 cetera, other grounds. 
 
 529. nisi sorte, except by lot. 
 
 531. lege, condition. 
 
 532. cautum est, it was provided. 
 
 533. certum est, her mind is made up. 
 
 537. de cortice : the seeds of the pomegranate are wrapped 
 each in its separate pulpy sheath. This fruit is often used as a 
 symbol of the lower world. 
 
 540. Avernales : the name Avernus was applied to the sul- 
 phurous waters whose fumes were thought to kill the birds that 
 flew over. 
 
 541. buo, her kindred. 
 
 543. profanam, of evil omen. 
 
 546. sibi ablatus, deprived of himself (his own identity). 
 
 547. in caput crescit = his head enlarges. — ungues, bends 
 back long claws, i. e. receives long hooked claws. 
 
 548. natas, which had grown. 
 
 552. Acheloide3, daughters of Achelous (a river of central 
 Greece). — unde, sc. sunt. 
 
220 Notes: Ovid. [Metam. 
 
 555. doctee, skilled (in singing). The Sirens had the faces of 
 maidens and bodies of birds, and were endowed with the gift 
 of song. 
 
 557. ut, etc., that the waters as well as the land might experi- 
 ence, &c. 
 
 559. faciles, good-natured. 
 
 564. medius, Between. 
 
 571. victis, i. e. after conquering them. 
 
 576. fluminis Elei, i. e. the Alpheus. 
 
 578. saltus legit, scoured the glades (in the chase). — Achaide, 
 Greece. 
 
 583. rustica, choosing the field. 
 
 585. Stymphalide : Stymphalus was a district of Arcadia. 
 
 587. sine vertice, without an eddy. 
 
 590. nutrita unda, fed by the wave. 
 
 607. Cyllenenque : a spondaic verse. Orchomenos and Psophis 
 are cities, Cyllene, Maenalus, and Erymanthus are mountains, of 
 Arcadia. The course here described is an almost impossible one ; 
 nor, for the matter of that, does the Alpheus flow near Stymphalos. 
 
 609. me, ablative. 
 
 615. umbram, i e. of Alpheus. 
 
 619. Dictynna, a name of Diana, from a mountain in Crete. 
 
 622. tectam, sc. me. 
 
 625. Io : the final vowel of interjections is not elided. 
 
 633. caeruleae, i. e. the color proper to water deities : she was 
 already turning to a fountain. 
 
 634. lacus, pool. 
 
 636. sed enim: the ellipsis is something as follows, — but [I 
 was not yet safe]/<?r, &*c. 
 
 637. posito, laying aside. — ore, countenance. 
 
 639. Delia, an epithet of Diana from the island of Delos, which 
 was sacred to her. 
 
 640. cognomine meae, welcome by the name of ?ny protecting 
 divinity : Ortygia (named from oprvg, a quail) was sacred to Diana, 
 and is one of her titles. 
 
 642. angues, dragons, or winged serpents. — fertilis — of 
 fertility. The chariot of Ceres was drawn by serpents. 
 
 645. Tritonida in urbem, into the city of Pallas (Athens). 
 
 646. rudi humo, virgin soil. — Triptolemo : Triptolemus was 
 a son of Celeus, king of Eleusis, with whom Ceres had found 
 shelter during her wanderings. She undertook to make the boy 
 immortal by laying him in the hot ashes ; and when this was pre- 
 
V. 555 — VI. i87-] vm - Pride and Grief of Niobe. 2 21 
 
 vented by the fears of his mother, taught him the arts of husbandry. 
 Triptolemus was a principal figure in the Eleusinian worship of 
 Demeter, being regarded as the medium through whom agriculture 
 was taught to mankind. 
 
 647. post . . . recultae = which had long lam fallow (agreeing 
 with humo). 
 
 650. subit penates, arrives at the dwelling. 
 
 651. qua veniat, indir. question with rogatus ; in the same 
 construction with the accusatives nomen and patriam. 
 
 661. sacros jugales, the sacred yoke-beasts : i. e. dragons. — 
 Mopsonium:an ancient name of Attica was Mopsonia. 
 
 VIII. The Pride and the Grief of Niobe. 
 
 VI. 165. turba, ablative. 
 
 168. inmissos, flowing. 
 
 170. auditos, i.e. who have been only heard of, not seen. — 
 visis, sc. caelestibus. 
 
 172. Tantalus : a king of Phrygia, honored with the society of 
 the gods. He is said to have desired, as a boon from them, that he 
 might be immersed to the lips in sensual delights ; and was pun- 
 ished for his crimes by the torment of eternal hunger and thirst, 
 standing in a lake whose waters would never rise above his lips, 
 while branches laden with rich fruit swung back whenever he tried 
 to touch them, — a penalty which has made his name immortal in 
 the word tantalize. 
 
 174. Pleiadum soror : Dione, mother of Niobe, and daughter 
 of Atlas. 
 
 176. Jupiter : father of Tantalus , as well as of Niobe's husband, 
 Amphion. 
 
 177. regia Cadmi : i. e. Thebes, over which Amphion ruled. — 
 me, ablative, in appos. with domina. 
 
 178. fidibus, strings. The huge blocks of stone, of which the 
 walls of Thebes were built, moved of themselves to their place, at 
 the sound of Amphion's lyre. 
 
 180. accedit eodem = add to this. 
 
 185. nescio quo, i. e. nobody knows who. — Cceo satam, child 
 of Cosos, father of Latona, and a Titan. 
 
 187. negavit : the jealousy of Juno prevented Latona from 
 finding rest upon any spot of earth ; but at last she found a refuge 
 
222 Notes: Ovid. [Met am. 
 
 in the island of Delos, where her children, Apollo and Artemis, 
 were born. This island had before floated upon the sea, but was 
 now fixed in its place. 
 
 189. miserata (agreeing with Delos), having compassion. 
 
 190. hospita, a stranger without a home. 
 
 195. possit, § 65, 2, cj G. 313. 
 
 196. ut, although. 
 
 197. fingite, suppose. 
 
 198. huic populo (§ 51, 2, e; G. 346): her children almost 
 made a nation by themselves. The children of Latona are 
 derisively called a moo, turba. 
 
 201. sacri, vocative, addressed to her children. Haupt's read- 
 ing is perhaps better : 
 
 Ite sacris, propere He sacris, laurum, etc. 
 
 202. deponunt, i. e. the people lay aside their wreaths in honor 
 of Latona, and worship her only in silence. . 
 
 204. Cynthi, a mountain of Delos. 
 
 206. animosa, proud. 
 
 208. cultis, worshipped (agreeing with aris). 
 
 210. facto, i. e. the exclusion from the altars. She adds insult 
 to injury. 
 
 212. recidat: the first syllable is made long by the require- 
 ments of metre. 
 
 215. poenae limits mora; querella, ground of cotnpiaint. 
 
 216. Phoebe = Diana : if it were the vocative of Phoebus, the 
 e would be short. 
 
 217. Cadmeida = of Thebes. 
 
 220. -mollierat, beaten into dust. 
 
 221. Amphione, § 54, 2, a; G. 395. 
 
 222. Tyrio suco, the famous purple dye obtained from a species 
 of shell-fish. 
 
 229. in latus, sideways. 
 
 230. inane, void. 
 
 231. frena dabat, i.e. in order to flee. — imbris, objective 
 genitive with preescius. 
 
 2 33« Q ua » sc. parte. — effhiat, escape. 
 
 2.yj. admissa, at full speed. 
 
 241. nitidae : because the wrestlers anointed their bodies 
 with oil. 
 
 245. incurvata, writhing. 
 
 246. suprema.yfrr the last time. 
 249. allevet,free, untwine. 
 
VI. 189— VII. 3] IX » The Enchantments of Medea. 223 
 
 254. non belongs with simplex. — intonaum : the Grecian 
 boys did not cut their hair until they arrived at manhood. 
 261. profectura (from proficio), fated to avail. 
 
 264. motus, affected. — jam non, no longer. 
 
 265. Arcitenens, the archer, Apollo. 
 
 269. potuisse, sc. superos hoc (see below) following mirantem. 
 271. nam : this explains why only Niobe is mentioned. 
 
 275. resupina, with head erect, i. e. tossed so far back as 
 almost to have the face turned upwards. 
 
 276. invidiosa, an object of envy. 
 
 280. pascere, imperative passive in reflexive sense =glut thy 
 wrath. 
 
 283. efferor : the term regularly used for carrying the body 
 forth to burial. 
 
 286. contento, tight-strung. 
 
 289. toros, biers. 
 
 291. imposito, sc. toro (dat.), laid on his bier {or abl. with ore). 
 
 293. duplicata est, befit double. 
 
 296. trepidare, rush about (to find shelter). 
 
 304. color, complexion. 
 
 310. circumdata, wrapped. 
 
 311. in patriam, i.e. Phrygia ; these events had taken place in 
 Thebes. There was in ancient times a colossal statue of a weeping 
 woman on Mt. Sipylus, in Lydia (originally a part of Phrygia) : 
 this was identified with Niobe, and was probably a freak of nature 
 with some touches of the human hand. Some modern explorers 
 have thought that they have discovered this. 
 
 IX. The Enchantments of Medea. 
 
 VII. 1. Minyae : a mythical race of Greece with whom the 
 Argonauts appear to have been connected, and whose name they 
 often bear. — Pagasaea : the ship Argo, in which Jason and his 
 companions sailed, was built in Pagasae, a city of Thessaly. 
 
 3. Phineus, a blind king of Thrace; he had been tormented by 
 the harpies, — filthy birds with faces of maidens, — but was freed 
 from them by Zethus and Calais (two of the Argonauts), sons of 
 Boreas (Aouilo), who drove them away and pursued them through 
 the air as far as the islands of the Strophades, where they were 
 afterwards found by ^neas. 
 
224 Notes: Ovid. [Metam. 
 
 7. regem : ^Eetes, king of Colchis, in whose possession was 
 found the golden fleece. This had been carried by Phryxos to 
 Colchis, and there offered to Zeus (Jupiter), and placed in his 
 temple. 
 
 8. vox, answer j numeris is abl. of cause with horrenda = 
 dreadful on account of the number of toils imposed. In reality 
 there were but three of these, — to plough with the fire-breathing 
 oxen ; to sow the dragon's teeth, and fight with the armed men 
 who sprang from the soil ; after which he was to get the fleece, 
 guarded by a sleepless dragon. 
 
 9. 2Eetias, a feminine patronymic : the daughter of iEetes was 
 the famous enchantress Medea. 
 
 13. quod relates to hoc and huic. 
 
 14. jussa, i. e. the tasks imposed upon Jason. 
 
 15. modo denique, only ju st now, 
 20. mens, reason. 
 
 22. alieni orbis (poss. gen.), in another world. 
 
 23. quod ames (§ 64; G. 544), something to love, — vivat 
 ille, whether he live, &*c. 
 
 24. in dis est, depends upon the gods, 
 26. tangat, § 57, 6 ; G. 258. 
 
 28. ore, beauty of countenance. 
 
 30. suae segetis, of his own planting, limiting hostibus (dat.). 
 
 31. praeda, predicate. 
 
 37. precanda, facienda, emphatic. 
 
 38. prodani : it had been foretold that the power of >Eetes 
 should last as long as he kept the golden fleece in his possession. 
 
 39. nescio quis advena : Jason might be a mere worthless 
 adventurer. — ope nostra, by my aid. 
 
 40. per me, construed with sospes. 
 
 43. non in sense qualifies timeam : such are his features, &v., 
 that I have no cause to fear. 
 
 46. ante, beforehand. 
 
 47. quin, why not? she is deriding her own fears. 
 
 49. Pelasgas, Grecian. 
 
 50. servatrix, i. e. of Jason. — matrum, i. e. of the Argonauts : 
 it limits turba. 
 
 56. magna, explained by the following words. — servatee pubis, 
 of having saved the youth. 
 
 58. cultus : Colchis appears then, as now, to have been an 
 uncivilized region. 
 
 60. JSEteoniden, Jason, son of uEson : this is in sense the ante- 
 
VII. 7-i i6.] ix. The Enchantments of Medea. 225 
 
 cedent of quem, attracted into the relative clause. Observe the 
 different idiom of English . we should say ; ' for whom I would 
 exchange, 15 &c. 
 
 62. nescio qui montes, the Symplcgades, the cliffs between 
 which vessels must pass, but which closed upon and crushed them. 
 The Argo, by watching its opportunity, had passed through with 
 only the loss of its rudder, after which the rocks had become 
 immovable. — incurrere, run against the voyager. 
 
 63. Char'ybdis, Scylla : these were placed between Sicily and 
 Italy. There is even now a cliff {Scylla) on the Italian side, and 
 a succession of eddies within the opposite point, which may have 
 been more formidable in ancient times. Jason passed between 
 them on his long and circuitous homeward voyage. 
 
 72. pietas,f Hal love. 
 
 7 3. dabat, was on the point of turning. 
 
 74. Hecates : Hecate, daughter of Perse, was the goddess of 
 magic, and was identified with Artemis as goddess of the under 
 world. 
 
 76. fortis, i. e. against her passion. 
 
 79. solet agrees with scintilla; -que connects assumere and 
 crescere : the quantity of the final a in pai va and inducta shows 
 their agreement. 
 
 83. specie, beauty. 
 
 84. solito follows formosior. 
 86. turn denique, not until then. 
 91 torum, marriage. 
 
 94. promissa dato = keep your promises. — triformis : Hecate 
 was represented as composed of three bodies, standing back to 
 back. 
 
 95. quod, whatever. 
 
 96. patrem soceri : the father of ^Eetes was Helios, the 
 sun-god. 
 
 97. eventus, fate. 
 
 98. cantatas, enchanted (having been the subject of magic 
 incantations). 
 
 99. tesca, waste places. 
 
 10 1. Mavortis, Mayors, an ancient form of Mars. 
 
 102. jugis, on the lines of hills. 
 104. adamanteis, unsubdued. 
 
 107. silices, limestone. — soluti, crumbled. 
 
 1 1 1. vertere, perfect. 
 
 116. medicamiua, the herbs given him by Medea. 
 
 15 
 
226 Notes: Ovid. [Metam. 
 
 118. subpositos, sc. tauros. 
 
 123. preetincta agrees with semina. 
 
 132. Haemonii, Thessalian. 
 
 138. auxiliare, in aid of her former incantations. 
 
 140. a se depulsum, tnrned away from himself. 
 
 142. Achivi, another ancient name for the Greeks. 
 
 144. barbara, i. e. Medea. 
 
 147. adfectu, transport. 
 
 148. horum, i. e. the incantations. 
 
 152. Lethaei, possessing the property of the water of Lethe, — 
 to cause forgetfulness. 
 
 154. concita, raging. 
 
 155. sibi relates to somnus = (j'w that were unacquainted 
 with it. 
 
 157. spolia, in apposition with auctorem (Medea). 
 
 158. Iolciacos : Iolcos was a sea-coast upon the Pagasa^an 
 Gulf, from which the Argo had sailed. 
 
 161. cornibus, dat. following iuducta = with gilded horns. — 
 aurum, § 52, 3, R ; G. 332, r 2 . 
 
 162. JEIson, father of Jason. 
 
 168. deme, sc. annos. — meis, fated to me. 
 
 170. dissimilem [her mind], unlike his. — iEeta • relictus, the 
 image of the deserted AZeta [yEetes] ; see § 72, aj G. 687, R 2 . 
 
 171. affectus, emotions. 
 
 173. transcribere, a term used by money-dealers, to describe 
 the written bill or draft by which money was transferred. 
 
 174. aequa, a reasonable request. — isto (sc. munere) follows 
 ma jus. 
 
 177. annis tuis, abl. of means. 
 
 179. ut, i.e. until the time that: it was three nights from full 
 moon, when magic rites could be best practised. — tota, wholly. 
 183. nudos, tmbound. 
 191. solvit, opened. 
 193. aurea, predicate, agreeing with astra. 
 
 195. magorum : the magi were a priestly class among the 
 Medes, whose religion consisted in the worship of the evil 
 principle, embodied in the serpent Afrasiab ; it is represented by 
 that of the Devil-worshippers of the present day. As was natural, 
 their worship was associated with necromantic arts, and the word 
 7nagic is derived from their name. — cantusque artesque (ace), 
 governed by instruis : another object (of the person) is magos. 
 
 196. herbis, ablative of means. 
 
VII. 118-261.] ix. The Enchantments of Medea, 227 
 
 200. concussa agrees with freta, being contrasted with stantia; 
 sisto and concutio are also contrasted : she checks them when in 
 motion, and excites them when at rest. 
 
 204. sua convulsa terra, torn up from the earth in which they 
 grew. 
 
 207. traho : it was believed that eclipses were caused by magic 
 arts. — Temessea, an epithet probably derived from Tamassus, in 
 Cyprus, where were copper mines. On the occasion of an eclipse 
 of the moon, they beat brazen vessels, in order to dispel the magic 
 by the noise. — labores, eclipse. 
 
 209. avi, i. e. the Sun-god, father of jEetes. 
 
 210. vos refers to the objects addressed, vv. 192-196. 
 
 213. rudem, unacquainted with t construed with somni. — 
 aurum, i. e. the golden fleece. 
 
 214. vindice, its guardian, the dragon. 
 
 219. aderat, i. e. sent by her grandfather, the Sun. 
 
 223. Threces : under this name was comprised, in early times, 
 Macedonia, lying north of Thessaly. 
 
 226. placitas, sc. herbas, those that she selects. The mountains 
 and rivers here mentioned are all in Thessaly. 
 
 231. Boebea : Bcebe and Anthedon were cities of Bceotia ; the 
 latter lying on the Euripus, opposite Euboea. 
 
 233. Glauci: Glaucus was a fisherman who, by tasting these 
 herbs, was impelled to leap into the water, where he was changed 
 into a sea-god (see xiii. 917). 
 
 237. posuere : that the serpents, from the mere odor of the 
 herbs had sloughed their skins and become young, was an indica- 
 tion of their magic power. 
 
 242. verbenia, sprigs of various plants, used in sacred rites. 
 
 243. scrobibus, sc. e, construed with egesta. 
 
 244. velleris atri = a black-fleeced sheep. 
 2.46. bacchi, wine. 
 
 249. conjuge, i. e. Proserpine. 
 
 250. ne properent, i. e. during the performance of the magic 
 rites. 
 
 253. plenos, sound. 
 
 258. bacchantum : in the rites of Bacchus {Dionysus'), cele- 
 brated by women, the votaries unbound their hair and were 
 possessed for a time with a religious frenzy. 
 
 259. multifidas faces, light-wood split fine. 
 
 261. lustrat : this word here describes the circling about the 
 old man, as well as the purifying rites. 
 
228 Notes: Ovid, [Metam. 
 
 265. acres, rank. 
 
 267. refluura describes the motion of the tides, which did not 
 occur in the Mediterranean = the tides of the Ocean. 
 
 268. pemocte, full, when it shines through the night. 
 
 269. strigis : the strix is a bird often mentioned in magic, but, 
 says Pliny, quce sit avium constare non arbitror. It is usually 
 identified with the screech-owl. 
 
 271. prosecta, the parts set off for an offering. — lupi : the 
 vuere-wolf, here described, was rather a man who could assume the 
 form of a wolf, than a wolf who could turn into a man. 
 
 272. Ciny phii = Libyan . 
 
 273. vivacis, long-lived: the stag, as well as the crow, was 
 believed to live to a great age. 
 
 274. passae, that had passed or lived. 
 
 276. munus (the magic gift) is subject, and Tartara {death) 
 object of remorari. 
 
 277. jampridem qualifies arenti. — mitis, the quality of the 
 fruit transferred to the tree. 
 
 290. situs, long tarrying in one place, and so the rust and dirt 
 resulting from such tarrying ; here, the decay of age. 
 
 293. hunc, sc. fuisse, of this aspect. 
 
 In the story of Jason, a national hero of Thessaly, and Medea, 
 " the wise one," we have the simple creation of the Grecian mind 
 complicated with the unholy magical rites of the East. This is a 
 myth, therefore, which records not only the early converse with far 
 Asia, but the far more important mental intercourse which helped 
 burden the Greek theology with superstition and fanaticism. 
 
 X. The Flight. of Daedalus. 
 
 VIII. 152. vota, votive offerings, i. e. for his victory over Athens 
 and Megara : it is in apposition with corpora. 
 
 153. ut, as soon as. — Curetida : the Curetes were priests of 
 Zeus in Crete ; they celebrated his worship with strange, wild rites, 
 dancing, and beating their spears upon their shields. 
 
 155. opprobrium: the Minotaur, half man and half bull, the 
 offspring of Pasiphae, daughter of the Sun, and wife of Minos. 
 
 138. multiplici domo, the labyrinth. 
 
 159. ingenio fabrse artis, talent in the art of building. 
 
VIII. 2o8.] The Flight of Dcedalus. 229 
 
 160. opus, i.e. multiplex domus. — n6tas, marks, by which 
 the passages could be remembered. — lumina, eyes. — flexum 
 agrees with errorem. 
 
 162. Maeandros : this river was famed for its winding course, 
 and its name has passed into the English language with this 
 signification — meander. 
 
 166. incertas, undecided. 
 
 169. quo = in quem. 
 
 170. A.ctseo== Attic: the Athenians were obliged, by the con- 
 ditions of peace, to send every nine years seven boys and seven 
 girls to be devoured by the Minotaur : these were selected by lot. 
 
 171. sora, i. e. those who composed the third lot, and especially 
 its voluntary leader, Theseus, son of king ./Egeus. 
 
 172. iterata, reached again. — nullis (dat.), by none of those 
 before. 
 
 173. filo, thread. Ariadne, daughter of Minos, gave Theseus 
 a clew of thread, by the aid of which he traced his way back 
 through the labyrinth. 
 
 174. Diam, an ancient name of the island Naxos. This island 
 was sacred to Dionysus {Bacchus), who found Ariadne here after 
 her abandonment by Theseus ; henceforth she is associated with 
 his worship. 
 
 177. amplexus, ace. plural. — Liber, a Roman god, identified 
 with the Greek Dionysus. 
 
 178. de fironte, i. e. Ariadne's. 
 
 179. ilia, i. e. corona. 
 
 182. niari (nitor) genu, the kneeler ; Anguem tenentia, the 
 snake-holder ; two constellations. See, on a celestial map or 
 globe, the position of this beautiful constellation, " the Northern 
 Crown." 
 
 184. loci natalis, Athens. 
 
 186. obstruat, i.e. Minos. 
 
 189. novat, sc. sibi, makes for himself a new nature. 
 
 191. clivo, i. e. the tops of trees growing on a slope overlap 
 one another. 
 
 192. fistula, an instrument consisting of a row of pipes, like a 
 child's harmonicon : these pipes were of different lengths, so as to 
 give different tones. 
 
 205. ignis, sc. so lis. 
 
 206. Booten, the constellation Arctophylax, near Helice (the 
 Great Bear). 
 
 208. pariter, at the same time. 
 
230 Notes: Ovid. [Metam. 
 
 212. non repetenda, destined never to be repeated. 
 217. arundiue, fishing-rod. 
 
 219. -que connects obstupuit and credidit. 
 
 220. Junonia : Samos was sacred to Hera (Juno). 
 
 221. relictse : they had flown north, over the Cyclades (Delos, 
 etc.), and then easterly, leaving Samos upon the north. 
 
 225. rapidi (rapio), burning. 
 
 226. odoratas, i. e. from the melting. 
 
 230. nomen : the waters west and south of Samos were called 
 the Icarian sea. 
 
 231. nee jam, ?io longer. — 237. elice trench. 
 235. tellus, the island Icaria, west of Samos. 
 239. unica, only one of its kind. 
 
 242. germana, i. e. of Daedalus. 
 
 243. bis senis, § 18, 2, c. — puerum, in appos. with proge- 
 niem. — animi, genitive of quality. 
 
 245. traxit in exemplum, took as a model. 
 
 246. perpetuos, a row of. 
 
 248. aequali spatio, at an equal distance. — illis, abl. absolute. 
 
 249. duceret orbem, drew a circle. 
 
 250. arce Minervae, the Acropolis of Athens. 
 
 251. lapsum, sc. esse eum. 
 253. reddidit, turned him into. 
 259. antiqui, agrees with casus. 
 
 XI. The Calydonian Hunt. 
 
 VIII. 260. tellus .ffitnaea : Sicily, where Daedalus found a 
 refuge with king Cocalus ; his native land, Athens, not being safe 
 for him. 
 
 265. sanguine, i. e. of victims. 
 
 267. Argolicas, Achaia : both names are used as equivalent to 
 the whole land of Greece. 
 
 268. Thesebs, genitive. 272. infestae, offended. 
 
 274. Lyaeo, an epithet of Bacchus. 
 
 275. Palladios latices, olive oil, sacred to Pallas (Minerva). 
 278. Latoidos, the daughter of Lato (Latona). 
 
 280. quaeque, etc.= et nos, guce inhonoratcs dicimur, non, etc. : 
 the person speaking is Latona, who speaks of herself in the plural 
 by a common license. 
 
VII.2I2 — VIII. 33o-] XI * The Calydonian Hunt, 231 
 
 281. CEneos, adj. ; the genitive form is CEn£6s. 
 
 282. quanto, sc. tantum. 
 
 2S3. Epiros : both Epirus and Sicily were famed for cattle, but 
 it seems that those of Epirus were the finest. 
 
 285. horrent, stand erect. 
 
 287. dentibus Indis, elephants' tusks. 
 
 292. Cererem, corn, as Bacchus is put for wine. 
 
 294. fetus, produce (of the vine). 
 
 297. non armenta, not even, &>c. ; armenta are herds of large 
 cattle, as distinguished from the pecudes, sheep and goats, which 
 were gathered in flocks, pecora. 
 
 299. una, with him. 
 
 300. lecta, chosen, not from that country alone, but from all 
 Greece. The hunt of the Calydonian boar is represented as about 
 a generation earlier than the Trojan war, several of whose heroes 
 were sons of those who took part in this ; as Achilles (son of 
 Peleus) and Ajax (son of Telamon). 
 
 301. Tyndaridae : these were the Dioscuri, or twin brothers, 
 Castor and Pollux, children of Leda, wife of Tyndarus. Castor 
 was famed for horsemanship and Pollux for skill in boxing. 
 
 302. Iason : see the story of the Argonautic expedition, which 
 is represented as the beginning of seafaring. 
 
 303. concordia, in apposition with Theseus cum Pirithoo : 
 their friendship was proverbial, like that of Damon and Pythias. 
 
 304. Thestiadae : Toxeus and Plexippus, sons of king Thestius 
 of ^tolia, and brother of Althaea, mother of Meleager. Lynceus 
 and Idas were sons of Aphareus, king of Messenia. 
 
 305. Caeneus : he had been a woman, but was changed to a man. 
 Most of the names that follow are nothing but names ; all of any 
 importance will be found in the Index of Proper Names. 
 
 315. socer : Penelope was wife of Ulysses, whose father (her 
 father in law) was Laertes. 
 
 316. Amphycides : this was Mopsus, a soothsayer of the 
 Lapithae. 
 
 317. CEclides, Amphiaraus, an Argive soothsayer. — Tegeaea, 
 Atalanta of Tegea, famed for her skill in hunting and her speed in 
 running. 
 
 318. mordebat, hooked. 321. telorum custos = pharetra. 
 325. renuente deo, without the approbation 0/ the gods; an 
 
 ill-omened love. 
 
 330. devexaque, etc. : i. e. it rose from the plain, so as to look 
 down upon the cultivated fields. 
 
232 Notes: Ovid, [Metam. 
 
 333. pedum, i. e. apri. 
 
 335. ima, bottom (ace). 
 
 343. lit quisque, whichever of them. 
 
 346. mittentis : i. e. if the sender had not, &c. 
 
 350. Phoebe (voc.) : the soothsayer Mopsus calls upon Phoebus, 
 the god of prophecy. 
 
 352. qua, as far as. 
 
 357. moles, the block of stone hurled by a balista or catapult 
 against a wall or a wooden tower. These were constructed on the 
 principle of a bow, with cords (nervi). 
 
 361. cornua, wings, as in an army ; the hunters moved upon the 
 boar in a crescent-shaped line. 
 
 365. citra, before : Nestor of Pylos was one of the chief leaders 
 against Troy. 
 
 366. sumpto conamine, giving himself a start. — posita ab 
 hasta, by bracing his spear. 
 
 369. dentibus tritis, whetting his tusks. 
 
 370. recentibus armis, these fresh weapons. 
 
 371. hausit = tore. 
 
 372. nondum : Castor and Pollux became the constellation 
 Gemini; they were always represented as mounted on white 
 horses. 
 
 376. ssetiger, the bristle-bearer, i. e. boar. 
 
 377. jaculis, equo, dative after pervia ; loca, in apposition with 
 silvas. 
 
 380. Tegeaea, Atalanta. 
 
 390. jactis, sc. telis. — ictus, the hits. 
 
 391. Areas, an Arcadian; his name, Ancaeus, is given in 
 v. 401. 
 
 392. quid prsestent, how far they excel. 
 
 393. concedite, make way. 
 
 395. invita Diana, in spite of Diana. 
 
 398. institerat digitis, rose upon his toes. — primos, etc., 
 resting upon the extreme of the limb. 
 
 405. iEgides : Theseus, son of ^Egeus. 
 
 406. licet, sc. nobis, § 57, 8, e, R 1 ; G. 535, R 3 . 
 
 409. voti limits potente. — futuro, upon the point of accom- 
 plishing his wish (potente is an old dat. ; some eds. have quo). 
 411. .ffisonides, Jason, son of ^son. 412. latrantis, a dog. 
 
 413. tellure, etc., pinned to the earth. 
 
 414. CEnidae, Meleager, son of QEneus. — variat, varies in its 
 work. 
 
VIII. 333-478.] xi. The Calydonian Hunt. 233 
 
 416. in orbem, around. 
 
 420. secundo, of applause. 
 
 421. victricem, of the conqueror. 
 
 422. multa tellure, over a great space. 
 
 423. neque cruentat : so the Greeks at once dread and mangle 
 the slain body of Hector (II. xxii. 368-371). 
 
 426. Nonacria, Atalanta, who was from the mountain Nonacris. 
 — mei juris, which belongs to me. 
 
 427. in partem veniat tecum, be shared with thee. 
 
 430. illi, Atalanta. — laetitiae, a source of pleasure. — cum 
 munere, as well as the gift. 
 
 433. titulos, honors. 
 
 434. Thestiadae, the uncle of Meleager ; see v. 304. 
 
 435. sit longe, i. e. from helping thee. — captus amore, lovesick. 
 
 436. auctor, sc. muneris= Meleager. — huic, Atalanta. — jus, 
 rigl it of disposing. 
 
 437. Mavortius : Meleager was thought to be a son of Mars. 
 439. facta, deeds. 
 
 441. dubium agrees with Toxea — pariter, at the same time. 
 445. nato victore, on account of her son's victory. 
 450. poenae amorem, thirst for vengeance. 
 
 452. Thestias: Althaea, daughter of Thestius. — triplices 
 sorores, the three Fates. 
 
 453. stamina, the thread of Meleager's life; object of nentes. 
 The Fates were Clotho, who span the thread of each man's life ; 
 Lachesis, who drew it forth ; and Atropos, who cut it off. 
 
 455. modo nate (voc), new-born. 
 
 462. conata : it cost her so much effort, because maternal and 
 sisterly love were in conflict. " According to the rules of vengeance 
 which then prevailed, she holds herself in duty bound to offer the 
 murderer as an expiation for her murdered brothers. Without 
 such vengeance they believed that the soul of the murdered man 
 would not obtain rest." — Siebelis. 
 
 467. nescio quid crudele, obj. of minanti, which is dative 
 after similis. 
 
 471. vento, dat. after contrarius. 
 
 475. germana, as a sister. 
 
 477. impietate, towards her son ; pia, towards her brothers. 
 
 478. rogus : the fire before which she stood was likened to a 
 funeral pile ; also {v. 480) to the altar erected by a tomb {sepulcrales 
 aroj) to receive offerings to the deceased. — mea viscera, my 
 own flesh, i. e. child. 
 
234 Notes: Ovid, [Metam. 
 
 481. pcenarum dese, the furies. — furialibus sacris (dat.), the 
 vengeance-offering. 
 
 483. nefas is object to both ulciscor and facio. 
 
 489. magno, at great price. 
 
 491. ei mini ! here her determination fails her. 
 
 493. auctor, i. e. as his mother. 
 
 496. cinis exiguus, a handful of dust. 
 
 510. solacia, i. e. her son. 
 
 525. paulatim, etc., as little by little the white ash covered the 
 brand. 
 
 526. jacet, is overwhelmed. 
 
 528. Eueninae : the Euenus was the chief river of >Etolia. 
 
 529. fusus, stretched, in grief. — spatiosum, weary, from its 
 length. 
 
 530. manus, i. e. her own. 
 
 533. Helicona : Mt. Helicon, between Bceotia and Phocis, the 
 home of the Muses. 
 
 535. liventia, i. e. ita ut liveant, a proleptic use. 
 538. haustos, collected. 
 
 541. quas (the sisters), obj. of allevat. — Parthaoniae : Par- 
 thaon was father of (Eneus and grandfather of Meleager. 
 
 542. nurum Alcmenae : Dejanira, who married Hercules, son 
 of Alcmene ; all but these two were metamorphosed into guinea- 
 hens. 
 
 The wild boar, according to the mythologists, is a type of winter, 
 and Meleager a hero of the forces of spring (somewhat like Perseus 
 and Hercules), himself carrying with him, in the fatal torch, the 
 seeds of his own death. 
 
 XII. Philemon and Baucis. 
 
 VIII. 626. specie mortali, iti mortal form. 
 627. Atlantiades : Hermes, whose mother Maia was daughter 
 of Atlas ; his herald's staff was called caduceus. 
 
 632. ilia, sc. casa. 
 
 633. fatendo nee . . . ferendo : i. e. neither concealing nor 
 complaining. 
 
 636. tota, etc., these two are the whole household, — neither 
 masters nor slaves. 
 
 640. quo = in quern. — textum rude, apiece of coarse cloth. 
 
VIII. 481-723] XI1 ' Philemon and Baucis. 235 
 
 643. anili, weak with old age. 
 
 644. tecto, garret. 
 
 645. minuit, cut up. 
 
 647. tnincat foliis, strips. 
 
 648. sordida, nigro, i. e. with smoke. — suis, from sus. 
 650. domat, softens. 
 
 654. medias horas, the interval. 
 
 656. salignis agrees with both nouns (ablative absolute). 
 
 660. accubuere : the Greeks and Romans reclined upon couches 
 at their meals, and this custom is here described as if it had existed 
 in the heroic times. It appears from Homer, however, that in 
 early times they sat instead of reclining. — succincta : waiters at 
 table girded up their garments, in order not to be impeded by them. 
 
 661. tertius, i.e. the table had but three legs, — a mark of 
 poverty. 
 
 662. clivum, the sloping surface. 
 664. baca Minervse, the olive. 
 
 667. non acri, not glowing. 
 
 668. fictilibus, i. e. in common earthenware. — eodem argento 
 (in joke), the same sort of plate. 
 
 670. qua cava sunt, the inside. 
 
 672. nee longae senectae, gen. of quality, of no great age. — 
 referuntur, are carried off. 
 
 673. seducta agrees with vina. 
 
 674. rugosis palmis, wrinkled (dried) dates. — carica, dried 
 figs (from Caria). 
 
 677. vultus boni, kindly faces. 
 
 678. voluntas, their good will, contrasted with their means. 
 
 683. nullis paratibus, want of preparation. 
 
 684. villae, farm-house. 
 
 690. immunibus, predicate dative following esse (§ 57, 8, e, 
 R'; G. 535, R 2 )- 
 
 699. etiam qualifies dominis. — vetus and parva agree with 
 casa. 
 
 700. furcas subiere, took the place of the crotched poles. 
 711. fides, fulfilment. 
 
 714. inciperent, i. e. to relate. 
 
 721. non vani, trustworthy. 
 
 723. ponens, i. e. as was often done by passers-by. 
 
236 Notes: Ovid. [Metam. 
 
 XIII. The Death of Hercules. 
 
 IX. 135. novercae, Juno. Hercules was the son of Jupiter, 
 but not of his queen, Juno, who, through jealousy, imposed upon 
 him the famous Twelve Labors. 
 
 136. CEchalia : this was the city of Eubcea, of which Eurytus 
 was king : after capturing CEchalia and putting Eurytus to death, 
 Hercules proceeded with Iole, daughter of Eurytus, to the Cenaean 
 promontory, to offer sacrifices to Jove. 
 
 140. Amphitryoniaden : Hercules' mother, Alcmene, was wife 
 of Amphitryon. 
 
 143. diffudit, gave vent. 
 
 145. aliquid novandum est, some new counsel must be taken. 
 
 147. Calydona : Dejanira was daughter of CEneus, king of 
 Calydon. 
 
 149. me esse, etc., depends on memor. The reference is to 
 Meleager killing his uncles. 
 
 150. injuria, sense of wrong. 
 152. incursus, suggestions. 
 
 157. det, sc. ut, following mandat. 
 
 159. -primis, just kindled. 
 
 163. -virtute, fortitude. 
 
 165. CEten : after feeling the effects of the poison, he crossed 
 over from Euboea to Mt. (Eta in Thessaly. 
 
 173. ceeruleus, livid (steel-blue). 
 
 174. caeca, invisible. 
 
 176. Saturnia, i. e. Juno, his old enemy. — pascere, glut thyself. 
 
 1 79 . hoc aestu, on account of this flame. — cruciatibus qualifies 
 aegram. 
 
 180. laboribus, dat. after natam (§ 51, 6 ; G. 356). 
 
 182. peregrino = peregrinorum : Busiris (a king of Egypt) 
 had caused Hercules to be dragged to the altar for sacrifice ; but 
 here he burst his bonds, and slew the impious king, together with 
 his son and herald. The fettered Hercules is said to represent the 
 sun in winter, and his victory the sun's reviving power in spring. 
 
 184. Antaeo : Antaeus (a giant of Libya), whenever he touched 
 the earth, his mother, derived new strength from her. Hercules 
 overcame him by lifting him from the ground and strangling him. — 
 pastoris : Geryon, a three-headed giant, whose cattle Hercules 
 drove away. With this commences the commemorating of the 
 Twelve Labors. 
 
IX. 135-235] xm - The Death of Hercules. 237 
 
 185. Cerberus, the three-headed dog who guarded the lower 
 world : Hercules dragged him up upon the earth. 
 
 186. tauri : the Cretan bull, which he must bind and bring to 
 Eurystheus. 
 
 187. Elis : here he cleansed the stables of king Augeas in one 
 day, by turning the river Alpheus through them. — Stymphalides : 
 he freed the Stymphalian vale of numberless man-eating birds. 
 
 188. Parthenium : a mountain between Arcadia and Argolis, 
 where he wounded and captured the brazen-footed hind of Artemis. 
 
 189. balteus : the belt of Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons, 
 who dwelt on the river Thermodon, in Asia Minor : he slew her 
 and carried off her girdle. 
 
 190. poma : the apples of the Hesperides, daughters of Atlas ; 
 see iv. 637. 
 
 191. Centauri: the fight with the Centaurs was one of his 
 exploits, but not one of the Twelve Labors. 
 
 192. aper : the Erymanthian boar, which ravaged Arcadia. — 
 hydrae, the Lernaean hydra : whenever he cut off one of its nine 
 heads, two sprang up in its place. 
 
 194. Thracis : king Diomedes of Thrace, whose horses were 
 fed on human flesh. 
 
 197. Nemeaea moles : the Nemean lion, the first and chief of 
 the labors ; he always afterwards wore its hide. 
 
 198. hac cervice : he took the place of Atlas, in supporting 
 the earth, while Atlas was gathering for him the three golden 
 apples of the Hesperides. 
 
 203. valet, prospers. 
 
 210. patrio, i.e. as son of Jupiter. 
 
 212. collegerat, had passed into. 
 
 213. feralia, deathly : the feralia were a Roman festival to the 
 dead, celebrated February 21. 
 
 216. genibus, i.e. of Hercules. 
 
 218. tormento (torqueo), abl. of comparison : it is an engine 
 for hurling weights, — catapult or balista. 
 
 221. molle agrees with corpus, subj. of astringi and glomerari. 
 
 225. prior edidit setas, antiquity gave out or declared. 
 
 229. tu, Hercules. 
 
 232. iterum : Hercules had captured Troy, when ruled by king 
 Laomedon ; his bow and arrows were carried by Philoctetes (the 
 son of Pceas) to the great siege of Troy. 
 
 235. vellere : this word properly means the fleece of a sheep j 
 here it is transferred to the lion's hide. 
 
238 Notes: Ovid. [Metam. 
 
 236. clavee (dat.) : a knotty club was a regular attribute of 
 Hercules. 
 
 238. redimitus sertis : guests at a banquet wore garlands. 
 
 239. in omne latus, over his whole body. 
 
 240. securos, indifferent. 
 
 241. vindice, i. e. because he had freed the earth from so many- 
 plagues. 
 
 243. iste, that which you feel. 
 
 245. memoris, grateful. 247. hoc, i. e. your favor. 
 
 251. materna parte: his mother, Alcmena, being a mortal, 
 whatever he derived from her was mortal. — vulcanum = ignem. 
 
 254. id, that part of him. — terra, governed by defunctum. — 
 ceelestibus oris (from ora), within the bounds of heaven. 
 
 257. deo, as a god, in apposition with Hercule. — nolet (fut.), 
 he may disapprove. 
 
 260. ultima, his last words. 
 
 261. notatam, marked for censure. 
 
 268. Tirynthius : Hercules was born at Tiryns in Argolis. 
 272. astris, dat. after intulit. 
 
 XIV. OltPHEUS AND EURYDICE. 
 
 X. 1. inde, i. e. from Crete. 
 
 2. Cicbnum : the Cicones were a people of Thrace. 
 
 3. Orphea, an adjective ; the noun would be Orphea. — nequi- 
 quam : because the marriage had an unfortunate end. 
 
 4. quidem, to be sure : he was present, but brought no luck 
 with him. 
 
 6. fax : the torch was the attribute of Hymen. 
 
 7. motibus, by swinging. 
 
 11. Rhodopeius : Rhodope was a mountain of Thrace, the 
 home of Orpheus. — ad superas auras = towards the sky : i. e. 
 to the gods, in order to gain their favor. 
 
 13. Taenaria : Tasnarum was a promontory south of Greece, 
 where it was believed was an entrance to the infernal regions. 
 
 14. leves, i.e. because mere shadows. — functa sepulcro, 
 which have passed the tomb. 
 
 16. nervis, i. e. of his lyre. 
 
 18. quicquid relates to the subject of recidimus, whatever of 
 us. &*c. 
 
IX. 236 — X. 73 •] XIV - Orfheus and Eurydice. 239 
 
 19. positis, laid aside, —oris from os. 
 
 22. Medusaei : the mother of Cerberus was Echidna, a daughter 
 of Medusa. 
 
 25. pati, i. e. the loss. 
 
 31. properata fata, premature death. — retearite, spin back- 
 ward, referring to the Fates, who spin the thread of life. 
 
 32. omnia, all we earthly objects. 
 
 36. justos, allotted, i. e. to which she had a right (jus). 
 
 37. usum : the right to the temporary enjoyment of property 
 belonging to another was called usus. 
 
 38. certum est mini, my mind is resolved. 
 
 41. Tantalus : his punishment was to be placed up to his chin 
 in water, which retreated from him as soon as he stooped to drink. 
 
 42. Ixionis : he was bound to a revolving fiery wheel. 
 
 43. jecur, the liver of Tityus, fed upon by vultures, and grow- 
 ing again as fast as consumed. 
 
 44. BelidS3 (a Greek plural), grand-daughters of Belus 
 (daughters of Danaus, hence usually called Danaides) : their 
 punishment was to carry water in a vase with holes in the bottom. 
 — Sisyphe : the punishment of Sisyphus is thus described : — 
 
 " With many a weary step, and many a groan, 
 Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone ; 
 The huge round stone, resulting with a bound, 
 Thunders impetuous down, and smokes along the ground." 
 
 Pope's Odyssey, Book xi. 
 46. Eumenidum : the Furies, to whom this name — as well as 
 that of "venerable," "revered" — was given, in order to soothe 
 them and deprecate their anger. 
 
 50. legem, in appos. with ne flectat, etc. 
 55. afueruut : e short by systole. — summee, the surface, 
 58. cap tans, eagerly reaching. 
 
 61. quid, as well as se amatam [esse], governed by quereretur. 
 65. tria : the story went, that when Hercules dragged the three- 
 headed Cerberus from the lower world, a person meeting them was 
 turned into stone from fear. 
 
 67. natura prior, his former nature, sc. reliquit. 
 
 68. traarit : the story here referred to is not known any further : 
 it would seem that Lethaea drew upon herself the anger of the gods 
 by pride in her beauty ; that her husband Olenos assumed the 
 blame to himself, and that both were turned into stone. — Siebelis. 
 
 71. pectora, lapides, in apposition with Olenos and Lethaea. 
 73. portitor, Charon, the ferry-man over the Styx. 
 
240 Notes: Ovid. [Met am. 
 
 74. squalidus, in mourning. — Cereris munere, food, 
 yj. Rhodopen : the mountain boundary of Thrace ; Heemum, a 
 Thracian river (See xi. 50). 
 
 XV. The Song of Orpheus. 
 
 X. 89. dis genitu3 : Orpheus was the son of Apollo and the 
 muse Calliope. 
 
 90. loco, dat. by poetic use (§51, 1, b; G. 344, R 1 ). — Chaonis 
 arbor : the oak, sacred to Jove, whose chief sanctuary was at 
 Dodona, where the Chaonians had once lived. 
 
 91. nemus Heiiadum, poplars : see ii. 340. 
 
 92. innuba, because Daphne had been metamorphosed into a 
 laurel, in order to escape Apollo's suit. 
 
 95. genialis : the shadow of the plane was a favorite resort for 
 pleasure and mirth. — impar, varied (the autumn colors of the 
 maple). 
 
 98. tinus, a plant similar to the viburnum. 
 
 100. ulmi : the elms were used for vines to run upon. 
 
 103. pinus : the stone pine of Italy spreads out at the top to a 
 broad head, on a very high trunk. 
 
 104. Cybeleius, loved by Cybe/e, mother of the gods. 
 
 105. hac, sc. pinu : abl. of means. 
 
 144. -que connects concilio and turba. 
 147. modos, tones. 
 
 151. Phlegraeis campis : near Olympus, where the battle with 
 the giants took place. 
 
 155. Ganymedis, son of Tros, king of Troy. 
 
 156. aliquid, i.e. some form. 
 
 158. quae posset, etc., i. e. the eagle, the bird of Jove. 
 
 159. mendacibus, as being not really his own. 
 
 160. Iliaden : this patronymic describes the country (f/ium), 
 not the parentage of Ganymede ; king Ilus was his brother. 
 
 162. Amyclide, Hyacinthus, great-grandson of Amyclas, king 
 of Amyclae, near Sparta. — posuisset in aethere — received into 
 heaven. 
 
 164. qua, so far as. 
 
 165. Aries: this is the first constellation of Spring, and the 
 idea symbolized by the myth of Hyacinthus is that of the destroy- 
 
X. 74— XI. is] XVI - The Death of Orpheus. 241 
 
 ing power of the hot sun. The festival Hyacinthia at Sparta was 
 in commemoration of this ; at first sad, afterwards joyful, to rejoice 
 in his restoration to life. 
 
 167. genitor, Phoebus Apollo. 
 
 168. Delphi, the place of the oracle of Apollo ; this was con- 
 sidered the middle of the earth, and a stone was preserved here in 
 the sanctuary, called the omphalos, or navel of the earth. 
 
 169. Eurotan, the river which flows past Sparta. — immumtam, 
 Sparta had no walls, its citizens believing that its best defence was 
 in the valor of its citizens. In fact, no enemy ever came within 
 sight of the city until the invasion of Epaminondas, b. c. 370. 
 
 170. citharae, sagittee : the lyre and the bow were the two 
 chief attributes of Apollo. 
 
 171. sui, i. e. of his dignity. 
 
 174. Titan, the sun. — medius, half-way between. 
 
 176. olivi : those who took part in these contests rubbed 
 themselves over with oil, to render themselves supple. 
 
 183. Taenarides, from Tamarum, a promontory of Laconia = 
 the Lacedcemonian. 
 
 196. CEbalide : Hyacinthus was son of CEbalus, king of Sparta. 
 
 203. reddere, give up. — quod (§ 52, 3, by G. 331, R 2 ), but. 
 
 206. scripto, inscription; see v. 215. 
 
 207. heros, Ajax, which name in Greek was Aiay. This same 
 flower was supposed to have sprung from his blood, when he killed 
 himself (see xiii. 398). 
 
 212. lilia, sc. capiunt : the flower here described is supposed to 
 be the Turk's cap lily (see Virgil, " Index of Plants "). 
 
 216. funesta litera: the Greek cry of mourning was at ax. 
 
 218. praelata pompa, with exhibition of festal parade : the 
 festival came in July. 
 
 XVI. The Death of Orpheus. 
 
 XI. 3. minis (plur.), often used for ladies of rank. — Ciconum, 
 a Thracian tribe. — lymphata, frenzied. 
 
 5. percussis . . . nervis, accompanying his song with striking 
 the strings. 
 
 8. n5tam, bruise. 
 13. pedes, i. e. of Orpheus. 
 15. mollita, i. e. like this stone. 
 
 16 
 
242 Notes: Ovid, [Metam. 
 
 16. infracto, curved. The Phrygian pipe — called Berecyntian, 
 from Berecyntus, the chief seat of the worship of Cybele — was 
 curved at the end into the shape of a horn. 
 
 1 7 plausus, clapping of hands : these various sounds were 
 connected with the orgiastic worship of Bacchus. 
 
 18. obstrepuere, drowned. 
 
 22. Maeuadgs, the name of the female worshippers of Bacchus, 
 from ixaiveaBai, to rave. — rapuere, tore in pieces. 
 
 24. luce, by day-light. 
 
 25. structo utrimque theatro, amphitheatre : the Greek term 
 was not yet introduced into Latin. The space in the middle was 
 spread with sand, hence the term arena. 
 
 28. thyrsos, a rod crowned with a pine-cone or with ivy, carried 
 by Bacchus and his votaries. — munera, service. 
 
 yj. ferae, the wild women. 
 
 48. carbasa, light garments. — obstrusa pullo, obscured with 
 black. 
 
 52. flebile nescio quid queritur, utters some tearful C07nftlaint. 
 
 54. populare, of their native land. 
 
 55. Methymnaei, so called from the city Methymna. Lesbos 
 was afterwards celebrated for its lyric poets, particularly Alcasus 
 and Sappho. 
 
 58. tandem : implying that Phoebus should have protected him 
 before. 
 
 62. arva piorum, the Elysian fields, the abode of the blessed. 
 64. modo, now, corresponding to nunc . . . nunc. 
 
 67. Lyaeus, an epithet of Bacchus : Bacchus as well as Apollo 
 was a patron of poets. 
 
 68. sacrorum suorum: Orpheus had introduced these into 
 Thrace. 
 
 69. Edonidas = Thracian. 
 
 70. videre : the infinitive would be vldere : it means here 
 participated in. 
 
 71. in quantum = on the spot to which. — secuta est, sc. 
 Orphea. 
 
 72. traxit, sc. in terram. 
 
 73. suum agrees with crua. 
 
 75. astringit, tightens. 
 
 76. harum limits quaeque. 
 
XI. i6-i45-] xvn - The Story of Midas, 243 
 
 XVII. The Story of Midas. 
 
 XI. 86. Timoli, Timolus (or Tmolus), a mountain in Lydia, 
 from which the river Pactolus flows. 
 
 87. aureus : this will be explained by the story now to be 
 related. 
 
 89. satyri : a woodland race, half men and half goats, who 
 followed in the train of Bacchus. — Bacchae : the female wor- 
 shippers of Bacchus, also called Mcenades. 
 
 90. Silenus, the foster-father of Bacchus : he too was of the 
 nature of the satyrs. 
 
 91. coronis : the ancients, when carousing, wore garlands of 
 flowers. 
 
 92. Midan, a mythical king of Lydia, a country which possessed 
 great power in the sixth and seventh centuries B. C, its territory 
 comprising the whole western half of Asia Minor. It was con- 
 quered by the Persian Cyrus, b. c. 546. 
 
 93. Eumolpo, a Thracian singer, who found a home in Attica 
 (called Cecropia, from a very ancient mythical king of Athens, 
 Cecrops) . 
 
 98. undecimus, the tenth : the ancients, in counting a series, 
 reckoned the one from which the series began, as being the first 
 from itself. 
 
 106. Berecyntius : Midas was son of Cybele. 
 
 107. polliciti, the promise. 
 
 108. non qualifies alta, which agrees with ilice. 
 
 1 1 7. eludere, deceive. 
 
 118. animo capit, comprehends or realizes. — fingens, fancying. 
 120. tostae : in early times the corn was parched before being 
 
 ground. 
 
 124. premebat, spread over, agrees with lamina. 
 
 131. splendida : even his skin was tinged with gold. 
 
 132. Lensee, an epithet of Bacchus. 
 
 134. mite, sc. est. 
 
 135. facti fide, in testimony of the act. 
 
 137. Sardibus : Sardes was capital of Lydia ; it was north of 
 Tmolus, 
 
 138. undis follows obvius. 
 
 140. plurimus, in full stream, 
 
 141. corpus, obj. of elue. 
 
 1 45 . madidis, steeped with . 
 
244 Notes: Ovid. [Metam. 
 
 147. Pana, Pan, a god of nature, represented with the legs, 
 ears, and tail of a goat. 
 
 148. pingue, dull; as shown by the absurdity of his request. 
 
 149. praecordia mentis = mens. 
 
 152. Hypaepis, Hypcepa, a little town, south of Mt. Tmolus. 
 
 154. arundine, the syrinx, or Pan's pipe, was made of reeds 
 joined together with wax. 
 
 156. Tmolo, here the god of the mountain ; in apposition with 
 judice. 
 
 158. liberat arboribus : the head of the god is quaintly con- 
 ceived as covered with trees, so as to obstruct his hearing. — 
 quercu, an oak-wreath. 
 
 160. deum pecoris : Pan, the nature god, was guardian of 
 flocks. 
 
 162. barbarico, i. e. as being in Phrygian style. 
 
 164. sua, i. e. which crowned it. 
 
 166. palla, a poetical form for pallium, the outer garment worn 
 by Greeks ; it was rectangular, while the Roman toga was rounded 
 at the ends. 
 
 167. dentibus Indis, ivory. 
 
 168. plectrum, the instrument with which the strings of the 
 lyre were touched in playing. 
 
 169. artificis, artist. — status, his very posture. 
 171. summittere, i. e. in token of inferiority. 
 174. unius, alone. 
 
 176. in spatium, lengthwise. 
 
 181. tiaris : a high cap, bound under the chin, worn by oriental 
 monarchs. 187. haustae = effosae. 
 
 192. agricolam : so called because he had, so to speak, planted 
 the secret in the earth. 
 
 XVIII. The Chiefs at Troy. 
 
 XII. 2. nomen [not corpus] : it was called a ccenotaph (empty 
 tomb). 
 
 3. inferias, offerings to the dead: they are called inanes, 
 because ^Esacus was still living, although they did not know it. 
 
 4. Paridis: Paris was absent on his visit to Lacedaemon, 
 whence he brought back Helen, — the cause of the Grecian expe- 
 dition against Troy (the conjuratcz rates). 
 
XI. i47 — XII. 89.] xvm - T7ie Chiefs at Troy. 245 
 
 7. commune, union or combined power.. 
 
 10. Aulide : Aulis, in Bceotia, was the rendezvous of the fleet, 
 and here they were detained for several weeks by adverse winds. 
 
 16. damna, loss, i. e. her young. 
 
 19. Thestorides, Calchas, son of Thestor, the chief soothsayer 
 of the Grecian host. 
 
 21. digerit, divide off, i. e. by way of interpretation. 
 
 23. superat, remains. 
 
 24. Aoniis, Boeotian. 
 
 25. bella, i. e. the host, by metonymy. 
 
 28. virgini.3 deae, Diana. Agamemnon had killed a hind con- 
 secrated to her, and so his daughter Iphigenia must be sacrificed 
 by way of atonement. 
 
 29. pietatem, fatherly love. 
 
 32. victa est: according to the original form of the story, the 
 maiden was actually sacrificed : but it was afterwards modified in 
 this way, in order to satisfy the popular sympathies. 
 
 33. sacri, the sacred rite. 
 
 34. Mycenida : Iphigenia's home was Mycence. 
 36. Phcebes, as well as maris, limits ira. 
 
 40. triplicis mundi, the three worlds, of heaven, earth, and 
 hades. 
 
 41. quamvis regionibus, by however wide spaces. 
 
 46. tota, sc. domus. 
 
 47. fremit, murmurs. — refert, re-echoes. 
 
 52. extrema, the last peals. 
 
 53. leve vulgus, i. e. milia rumorum. 
 56. quibus relates to rumorum. 
 
 62 rerum limits quid. 
 
 68. Protesilae: Protesilaus, a Thessalian, the first of the Greeks 
 who fell at Troy : this had been foretold by an oracle. — magno 
 stant, cost dear. 
 
 69. fortis animae, genitive limiting nece, by the death of Protes- 
 ilaus, that valiant soul. 
 
 72. Cygnus, king of Colonae, near Troy : he was invulnerable, 
 as being a son of Neptune. 
 
 74. Peliacse : its shaft was taken from the forests of Mt. 
 Pelion, in Thessaly, near the home of Achilles (See II. xix. 390). 
 
 77. Hector, i. e. his death. 
 
 81. Haemonio, Thessalian. 
 
 87. ille, Cygnus ; Achilles was son of the sea-goddess Thetis. 
 
 89. parma, a small round buckler. 
 
246 Notes: Ovid, [Metam. 
 
 90. decor, i. e. nothing but ornament. 
 
 93. qui, sc. eo, i. e. Neptune. 
 
 97. novena, used here for the cardinal number : his shield was 
 composed of ten thicknesses of hide. 
 
 100. apertum, exposed. 
 
 102. circo, i. e. the arena of the amphitheatre. 
 
 104. elusa . . . sensit, perceived that his blow had missed; i.e. 
 the red cloth, held out to excite the bull, gave way when he 
 plunged against it. 
 
 106. manus, i.e. not the weapon. 
 
 108. Lyrnesia, he had captured the city Lyrnesos in Mysia. 
 
 109. Tenedon, Tenedos, a small island off the coast of Troy. 
 no. Thebas, a city of Mysia, ruled by king Eetion, father of 
 
 Andromache. 
 
 in. Caycus, a river of Mysia, where he wounded Telephus, 
 son of Hercules, and afterwards healed him by the application of 
 rust from his spear. 
 
 112. opus, efficacy : once in the wound, and once in the healing. 
 
 115. ante actis, what he had done before. 
 
 121. in hoc, in respect to this one, i. e. Cygnus. 
 
 127. sanguis : final is in this word was originally long. 
 
 130. cavari, indented. 
 
 131. laedi, blunted. 
 
 132. retecto, pulling off, i.e. the shield of Cygnus. 
 
 137. aversos, turned away, i. e. from the direction in which he 
 was going = as he went backwards . 
 
 138. quern relates to lapis. 
 
 140. prsecordia = pectus. 
 
 141. vincla, bands. — subdita, bound beneath. 
 
 XIX. Rivalry of Ajax axd Ulysses. 
 
 XIII. 1. vulgi corona, a ring of the common soldiers. 
 3. impatiens, unable to control. — Sigeia, from Sigeum, the 
 north-western promontory of Asia Minor, east of which were the 
 Grecian camp and fleet. 
 5. agimus, plead. 
 
 7. Hectoreis flammis : when Hector attempted to burn the 
 Grecian fleet, Ajax almost alone withstood him. 
 10. promptum, easy. 
 
XII. 90 — XIII. 98.] xix. Rivalry of Aj ax & Ulysses. 247 
 
 15. nox, i. e. such exploits as carrying off the Palladium from 
 the citadel of Troy. 
 
 16. demit honorem, i. e. because of the inferiority of his rival. 
 
 17. superbum, a matter of boasting : however great the prize, 
 that one like Ulysses could aspire to it lowers its value. 
 
 20. feretur, he will have the reputation. 
 22. nobilitate, high birth. 
 
 24. litora Colcha : he was one of the Argonauts. 
 
 25. huic, Telamon : ^Eacus, king of ^gina, was one of the 
 judges of the infernal regions, with Minos and Rhadamanthus. 
 
 26. iEoliden : Sisyphus was son of ^olus. He is mentioned 
 here because many believed Ulysses to be his son. Like Ulysses, 
 he was notorious for his trickery. 
 
 31. frater, equivalent here to cousin. 
 
 33. inserit, etc. : foists upon the family of i^acus names of 
 another race. 
 
 34. indice : this is explained by what follows. 
 36. ultima, i. e. at the very last moment. 
 
 39. Naupliades : Palamedes, son of Nauplius, who detected 
 Ulysses' pretence of insanity, by laying the latter's infant son, 
 Telemachus, in front of the plough which he was holding ; upon 
 which he turned the plough aside, thus confessing his sanity. 
 
 45. Pceantia proles, Philoctetes, who was wounded with an 
 arrow while on the way to Troy, and by advice of Ulysses left 
 behind on the island of Lemnos. 
 
 48. precaris, with dative, imprecate upon. 
 
 50. nobis, with us, following eadem (§ 51, 6 ; G. 356). 
 
 51. sagittae Herculis, see IX. 233. 
 
 54. debita, etc., the oracle had declared that Troy could not be 
 taken except with the aid of the arrows of Hercules. 
 
 58. male, unfortunately : Palamedes was put to death by the 
 Greeks on a false charge of treason brought by Ulysses out of 
 revenge. 
 
 64. desertum : this was once when the Greeks were fleeing 
 before Hector. 
 
 69. corripuit, upbraided. 
 
 79. late, from lateo (the adverb is late). 
 
 86. resupinum fudi, threw down on his back. 
 
 91. Jovemque, i. e. the favor of Jove. 
 
 94. reditus, genitive. — tot agrees with navibus. 
 
 98. Rhesum : Rhesus and Dolon were killed by Ulysses and 
 Diomedes upon the nightly expedition in which they captured 
 
248 Notes: Ovid, [Metam. 
 
 the soothsayer Helenus, and the Palladium, or ancient image of 
 Pallas. 
 
 100. Diomede : Diomedes was the bravest of the Greeks next 
 to Achilles and Ajax ; he accompanied Ulysses upon his nocturnal 
 expedition. 
 
 103. quo ; etc., to what purpose bestow these on Ulysses t 
 
 107. Dulichius : the island Dulichius belonged to Ulysses. — 
 vertex = caput. 
 
 109. Pelias, see note XII. 74; the final as shows that it is a 
 feminine patronymic. 
 
 114. erit, sc. causa. — 130. potior is here 3d conj. 
 
 131. non gequa, envious. 
 
 134. per quem, see v. 162 and following. 
 
 135. huic, Ajax : he was not renowned for intellect. 
 139. horn., good qualities or advantages. 
 
 145. damnatus : Telamon, father of Ajax, had killed his 
 brother, and was banished for the crime. 
 
 146. Cyllenius : an epithet of Mercury, from his birthplace, 
 Mt. Cyllene ; it is in apposition with nobilitas. Ulysses' mother 
 Anticlea was granddaughter of Mercury. 
 
 151. Peleus was father of Achilles. 
 
 156. Phthia was the home of Peleus, Scyros of Pyrrhus. 
 
 157. isto, i. e. Ajax. 159- nudum, ?nerely. 
 
 162. genetrix Nereia : Thetis, mother of Achilles, was daugh- 
 ter of Nereus. 
 
 163. cultu : he wore female dress. 
 
 165. mercibus, wares; he was disguised as a peddler. 
 169. Pergama: this was the citadel of Troy. 
 173. Lesbon, etc., places captured by Achilles. 
 
 1 79. illis armis, in recompense for those arms. 
 
 180. dederam : of course not these special arms, = 7" had 
 armed him living. 
 
 181. unius, i. e. Menelaus, at the loss of his wife. 
 187. in rege, while still a king. 
 
 190. tenui causam, gained my case. — iniquo, prejudiced. 
 
 192. summa sceptri = summa imperii. 
 
 193. matrem : Clytaemnestra, wife of Agamemnon : she after- 
 wards murdered him, in revenge for the sacrifice of her daughter. 
 — astu : Ulysses pretended that Iphigenia was to be married to 
 Achilles. 
 
 195. lintea = vela, sails. 
 
 196. orator, ambassador. 
 
XIII. 100-273] XIX * -Rivalry of Ajax and Ulysses, 249 
 
 198. adhuc, i.e. it was at the beginning of the siege. — egi, 
 pleaded. 
 
 199. communis Greecia, the Greek confederacy. 
 
 200. praedam : Paris had carried off treasures besides the 
 bride. 
 
 201. junctum : he had married a sister of Hecuba, wife of 
 Priam. 
 
 203. nefandas : because the person of an ambassador was 
 sacred in antiquity, as now. 
 
 204. prima lux, predicate. — nostri tecum, ours and thine = 
 our common. 
 
 207. acies primas, the first engagements. 
 
 217. rex, Agamemnon ; ille refers to the same. 
 
 218. auctore = Jove. 
 
 219. sinat, ironical ; Ajax, I suppose, &c. 
 
 220. ituros, i.e. as they start to return to Greece. 
 
 221. dat, i. e. some example or command. 
 
 222. nimium, i. e. to undertake. — magna loquenti, a boaster. 
 226. captam, i. e. as good as captured. 
 
 230. Atrides, Agamemnon, son of Atreus. 
 
 233. Thersites, a snarling, misshapen fellow in the Grecian 
 host, who was fond of wrangling with the leaders. — etiam, etc., 
 that it did not go unpunished was due to me likewise. 
 
 lyj. dantem terga, turning his back. 
 
 238. petit, i.e. in friendship. 
 
 242. sors : this refers to the nocturnal expedition of Ulysses 
 and Diomedes ; see v. 98. 
 
 243. sic tamen, even under these circumstances. 
 247. quod specularer, any object to act the spy. 
 
 251. votis, my wish; obj. of potitus. 
 
 252. imitante, like. — triumphos : the Roman triumphal pro- 
 cession was a type of splendid pomp. 
 
 2 53« cujus, sc. ejus, limiting arma ; Dolon had demanded the 
 horses of Achilles as a reward, in case of success. 
 
 254. benignior, refers to the offer of Ajax, v. 102. 
 
 255. Sarpedonis : Sarpedon had been wounded and repulsed, 
 and then Ulysses slew his comrades. — 257. -que, scan as long, 
 
 263. ipso loco, i. e. the breast 
 
 267. sanguinis limits nil. 
 
 268. refert, not from refero. 
 
 271. meum, my way. — communia, the credit of all. 
 
 273. Actorides, notice the position ; it was Actorides that, &»c. 
 
250 Notes: Ovid. [Metam. 
 
 274. cum defensore : i. e. their defender (Ajax) was destined 
 to be burned with them. 
 
 275. marti = prcelio. 
 
 277. nonus, with eight others; not after eight others, but 
 indicating that he was but one of the nine. — munere, favor : he 
 was selected not for his valor, but by lot (II. vii. 182). 
 
 288. caerula: referring to Thetis being a sea-nymph. She 
 brought to her son arms wrought by Hephaestus (Vulcan). 
 
 290. pectore, taste: Ajax was merely a rude soldier. 
 
 291. norit, understand. 
 
 293. immunem, who never touches. 
 
 298. Achilli : he, too, had stayed away from the war until forced 
 to go. 
 
 307. digna pudore : i. e. that you should be ashamed of. 
 
 311. in illo, in his case. 
 
 312. objecta, sc. crimina, laid to hi?n. — pretio, abl. of means, 
 with patebant. 
 
 313. Vulcania: Lemnos was a volcanic island, sacred to 
 Vulcan. 
 
 326. pectore, ititellect. 
 
 332. mini, sc. fuit : as I have had power over thee. 
 
 334. faveat, sc. dummodo. 
 
 335. Dardanio vate, i. e. Helenus, see v. 99. 
 
 336. responsa, i. e. those given by Helenus. 
 
 337. signum, the Palladium. 
 
 339. illis, i. e. Helenus and the Palladium. 
 341. hie, on such occasions as these. 
 348. Trojae, over Troy. 
 
 350. desine : Ajax has pointed to Diomedes (son of Tydeus), 
 to indicate that all the credit of the achievement belongs to him. 
 
 351. est sua, delongs to him. 
 
 356. moderatior = modestior : Ajax the less was son of 
 Oileus. 
 
 357. Eurypylus : he and Thoas (son of Andrasmon) were two 
 Grecian leaders. Idomeneus of Crete was a famous chief, also 
 Meriones, and Menelaus, son of Atreus. 
 
 368. nostro, i. e. the human. 
 
 370. vigili, watchman. 
 
 372. titulum, mark of honor. 
 
 373. labor, i. e. of the siege. 
 
 376. ademi, this again refers to the Palladium. 
 379. fatis, dest?'uction. — restare, still remains. 
 
XIII. 274-38o.] xx. The Tale of Galatea. 251 
 
 383. re, by the event. 
 
 384. qui solus, etc., see v. 91. 
 
 391. turn demum, see v. 266. 
 
 392. ferrum = lorica. 
 
 396. GEIbalio de vulnere, see x. 207. 
 
 XX. The Tale of Galatea. 
 
 XIII. 753. octonis iterum, twice eight. 
 
 755. Cyclops : a misshapen race, sons of Poseidon ; they had 
 but one eye, which was in the middle of the forehead. This one 
 was named Polyphemus. , 
 
 759. ille, the Cyclops. 
 
 760. silvis, dative. 
 
 769. tutae, etc. : see the story of the adventures of Ulysses and 
 of yEneas with the Cyclops, in the third book of Virgil's /Eneid. 
 
 771. nulla, etc.: he was a soothsayer, who interpreted the 
 flight of birds. 
 
 775. altera, i. e. Galatea. 
 
 783. apta, i. e. as the mast of a ship. 
 
 785. senserunt, /<?//, i. e. trembled with. 
 
 806. Claris latratibus, at loud barking. 
 
 808. noris, sc. me. 
 
 821. multae, sc. oves. 
 
 827. fetura minor, a younger generation. 
 
 829. inde = ejus. 
 
 830. liquefacta coagula, steeped rennet: the English would 
 prefer here a passive construction, part is curdled with rennet. 
 
 833. par-ve : the adverb from parvus (if there were one) 
 would be parve. 
 
 840. liquidee aquae, in clear (or calm) water. 
 
 844. nescio quern : Polyphemus is represented as so rude as 
 not even to recognize the existence of the gods. 
 
 852. heec omnia, all nature. 
 
 858. Nerel, Greek vocative. 
 
 863. quod nollem relates to placeat tibi — copia, opportunity. 
 
 867. laesus, stirred up. 
 
 875. veneris, love. — ista . . . vestrae, is object of faciam. 
 
 879. Symaethius : the mother of Acis was the nymph Symaethis. 
 
 880 parentes, vocative. 
 
252 Notes: Ovid. [Metam. 
 
 883. extremus, only the extremity. 
 
 885. per fata, with the permission of the fates. 
 
 886. avitas, of his grandsire, the river god Symaethus. 
 
 894. cornua : horns were the regular attributes of river gods : 
 they were symbols of strength. 
 
 XXI. The Wisdom of King Numa. 
 
 XV. 3. veri, the truth. 
 5. habet, holds = considers. 
 
 8. urbem, i. e. Croton, which was named from a certain 
 Croton, a guest-friend of Hercules. 
 
 60. vir, Pythagoras, born at Samos, about b. c. 580. 
 
 61. dominos : Samos was ruled by the cruel tyrant Polycrates ; 
 Pythagoras therefore left his native land, and passed the rest of his 
 life in Magna Graecia, principally at Croton : he died at Metapon- 
 tum, about B. c. 504. 
 
 66. in medium dabat, made public, 
 73. arguit, censured. 
 89. congesto, swallowed. 
 93. referre, repeat. 
 
 95. morati, verbal from mores, character. 
 99. movere, perfect : the infinitive would be mSvere. 
 104. invidit, took a distaste to. 
 109. salva pietate, without violation of duty. 
 no. quam . . . tam = ut . . . sic {although . . . yet). 
 116. tuendos, i. e. with wool and milk. 
 122. immemor, ungrateful, relates to qui, etc. 
 124. ruricolam, sc. bovem. — trita agrees with ilia and colla. 
 128. inscripsere : it was customary on indictments to write the 
 name of the accused by the side of the crime. 
 
 134. fruges, subj. of imponi ; it refers to the mola salsa, 
 parched barley meal mixed with salt, which was sprinkled on the 
 head of the victim. 
 
 135. in unda : the bucket of water, in which the officiating 
 priest washed his hands to purify them, before the sacrifice. 
 
 137. inspiciunt : this inspection of the entrails, to learn the 
 wish of the gods, was usually performed by the haruspices. 
 
 142. colonos, citizens [inhabitants, from colo] : this word is 
 perhaps chosen because the address was delivered in the Greek 
 
XV. I-470-] xxi. The Wisdom of King Numa. 253 
 
 colony of Croton. The assertion here made belongs to the doc- 
 trine of metempsychosis. 
 
 143. movet, i. e. to eloquence. 
 
 144. Delphos, as being the treasure-house of oracles. 
 149. Atlantis : because heaven rested upon his shoulders. 
 155. materiem vatum = //*<? material of fables, sung by poets. 
 157. posse has for subj. ea understood, referring to corpora. — 
 
 pute tis, you should believe. 
 
 162. minoris Atridse, Menelaus. 
 
 164. Abanteis : Abas was one of the mythical heroes of Argos. 
 
 173. pietas, i. e. because these animals are of kin to us. 
 
 176. magno aequore, referring to the immensity of his topic. 
 
 191. Pallantias, Aurora, descendant of Pallas. 
 
 192. dei clipeus, the disc of the sun. 
 200. eetatis, life. 
 
 205. virtus, vigor. 
 
 222. ritu, after the manner of. 
 
 229. Milon, a celebrated athlete of Croton. 
 
 230. illos agrees with lacertos. 
 
 2 33> Tyndaris, Helen : she was carried away not only by Paris, 
 but before that by Theseus. 
 
 239. genitalia, producing, i. e. elementary. 
 
 245. resoluta, when dissolved. 
 
 258. summa, in their essence, or on the whole. 
 
 260. ad ferrum, etc. : referring to the succession of Ages, — 
 Golden, Silver, Bronze, Iron. 
 
 261. fortuna, lot or condition. 
 272. excaecata, becoming unseen. 
 
 [For the verses omitted, see Argument of this Book.] 
 453. tendere depends on oblitis. 
 
 459. corpora, object of sinamus and subject of esse (v. 46). 
 
 460. aliquo foedere, construed with junctorum. 
 
 461. certe, at any rate. 
 
 462. Thyesteis : Thyestes feasted unwittingly upon the body of 
 his own son, placed before him by his brother Atreus : hence any 
 unnatural and horrible feast was called a Thyestean banquet. 
 
 463. male consuescit, accustoms himself to ill = hardens 
 himself. 
 
 467. edentem, uttering (from edo ; gdo, to eat has short S) . 
 
 468. istis, i. e. those of the Golden Age. 
 
 469. paratur, is brought about. 
 
 470. imputet, charge against, i.e. these alone. 
 
254 Notes: Ovid* [Met am. 
 
 474. viscata virga, limed twig: small birds were caught by 
 smearing the twigs on which they perched with a sort of vegetable 
 glue (viscum). 
 
 475. formidatis pennis : bright feathers were attached to cords 
 put about the space in which the deer were, and the deer were 
 afraid to pass them. 
 
 480. ultro, i. e. without presenting himself as a candidate. 
 
 482. conjuge : his wife was the nymph Egeria, from whom he 
 was thought to receive maxims of wisdom : she was one of the 
 Camence, nymphs of prophetic song, identified with the Grecian 
 Muses. 
 
 XXII. The Worship of ^Esculapius. 
 
 XV. 622. praesentia, helpful. 
 
 624. Coroniden : ^Esculapius was son of Apollo and the 
 nymph Coronis. 
 
 625. insula : the island of the Tiber was the seat of the wor- 
 ship of iEsculapius (see v. 739). — aacris asciverit, enrolled 
 among the sacred rites. 
 
 629. nihil posse, have no power. 
 
 630. mediam orbis humum : the oracle at Delphi was held 
 to be the middle point {omphalos) of the earth. 
 
 634. et locus, etc. : the usual description of the circumstances 
 attending the utterance of oracles. 
 
 637. propiore loco : Epidaurus, the chief seat of the worship 
 of ^Esculapius, was nearer by sea to Rome than was Delphi. 
 
 640. avibus, auspices, because the chief auspices were by the 
 flight or song of birds. 
 
 642. colat, inhabits. 
 
 645. concilium, etc., hendiadys = M* council of the Grecian 
 fathers. — darent (sc. ut) follows oravere. 
 
 647. Ausoniae, an ancient name of Italy. 
 
 652. telluris limits orbi. 
 
 654. sed qualis, etc., i. e. in contrast to his assumption of a 
 snake's form the next day. ^Esculapius is represented in art as 
 an old man with a staff about which a serpent is twined (see 
 v. 659). 
 
 660. n5ta, imperative. 
 
 667. operosa, constructed with labor (see i. 258). 
 
V. 474-727-] xxii. The Worship of ^Esculafius. 255 
 
 669. cristis altis limits aureus. 
 
 670. in serpente deus, the god incarnate in the serpent. 
 
 677. animis, etc., a common formula for commanding a reve- 
 rential silence. 
 
 681. referunt geminata, repeat. 
 
 682. iEneadae : the two syllables ea are contracted into one 
 in scanning. 
 
 683. rata, authenticating. 
 
 691. suum, of his attendants. 692. officium, reverent service. 
 696. coronatae : ships were festooned with flowers on sailing. 
 
 700. Pallantidos, Aurora. 
 
 701. Lacinia: the Lacinian promontory, where was a temple of 
 Juno : Scylaceum was a little further south-west. 
 
 703. Iapygiam ; this was the south-eastern promontory of 
 Italy, which came in due course before Lacinium : the three names 
 that follow cannot be identified. 
 
 705. Caulona, a city of Bruttium. — Naryciam : this name was 
 given to Locri Epizephyrii, as being a colony of the Locrian 
 Narycus. 
 
 706. fretum angustaque = fretum angustum. 
 
 707. Hippotadce, /Eolus, son of Hippotes, king of the Winds : 
 his home is the ^Eolian islands. — Temeses : Tempsa, famed for 
 copper mines. 
 
 708. Leucosiam, a promontory, south of Paestum, — a place 
 now, as then, famed for its roses. 
 
 709. Minervse, the promontory opposite the island of Capri ; 
 then come Surrentum, Herculaneum, Stabiae, Neapolis (whose 
 ancient name was Parthenope), and Cumae, the abode of the Sibyl. 
 
 713. calidi fontes, Baiae, a fashionable watering-place in 
 Ovid's time. Liternum lay between here and the mouth of the 
 Volturnus. The other names are of well-known towns. 
 
 716. graves, unhealthy, by reason of the swamps. — quam, 
 etc., Cajeta, where ^Eneas built a sepulchre to his nurse Cajeta. 
 
 717. Antiphatae domus : Formiae, where Antiphates was king. 
 — Trachae was another name for Tarracina, situated near the 
 Pomptine Marshes. 
 
 718. tellus Circaea, Circeii. — spissi, with deep sand. 
 
 721. per sinus, etc., i. e. making, &*c. 
 
 722. parentis, Apollo. 
 
 725. moderamine, the rudder. 
 
 727. Castrum, sc. Inui, a town midway between Antium and 
 the mouth of the Tiber ; the ancient town of Lavinium was near by. 
 
256 Notes: Ovid. [Metam. 
 
 730. Troica agrees with Vesta : the worship of Vesta and the 
 
 Penates was fabled to have been brought by ^Eneas from Troy. 
 
 732. per adversas undas, up the stream. 
 
 734. sonant, crackle. 
 
 jtf. malo, mast (malus, bad, has short a). 
 
 740. laterura e parte duorum, on the two sides. 
 
 743. ceeleste, a poetic form of the ablative. 
 
 XXIII. The Apotheosis of Caesar. 
 
 XV. 745. hie, jEsculapius. 
 
 746. marte togaque, war and peace, the toga being the distinc- 
 tive garb of peace. 
 
 747. magis, construed with quam, v. 750. 
 
 748. properata, speedily now. — rerum, deeds. 
 
 749. sidus, see v. 850. 
 
 750. progenies, the emperor Augustus, his adopted son. 
 
 752. domuisse : Tacitus, more modestly, says : potest videri 
 oslendisse posteris, non tradidisse. — Agr. 13. 
 
 753. septemflua : there were seven principal mouths of the Nile. 
 
 755. Jubam : Juba, king of Numidia, fought against Caesar at 
 Thapsus (b. c. 46). 
 
 756. Pontum : Caesar overthrew Pharnaces, son of king 
 Mithridates, b. c. 47. — Quirini : Quirinus, an ancient god of 
 the Romans, was identified by them with their eponymous hero, 
 Romulus. 
 
 757. egisse : the word regularly used for triumphal processions. 
 
 758. quo, etc., in his administering affairs. 
 
 762. genetrix, Venus. 
 
 763. pontifici : Caesar held the office of pontifex maximus, the 
 head of the state religion. The word is used here, in order to 
 fasten upon his murder the character of sacrilege. 
 
 767. Iulo : lulus, son of ^Eneas, was the alleged ancestor of 
 the Julian gens. 
 
 768. justis curis, well-grounded fears. 
 
 769. Calydonia: Diomedes, son of Tydeus, of Calydon, had 
 wounded Venus at the siege of Troy, when she was interfering in 
 behalf of the Trojans. — vulneret, and the following subjunctives 
 (§ 65, 2, e), seeing that, &*c. : the relatives refer to the subject of 
 ero, v. 768. 
 
XV. 73°-S23-] xxiii. The Afotheosts of Ccesar. 257 
 
 770. male defensae mcenia, the unsuccessful defence of the 
 walls. — confundant, overwhelm. 
 
 771. natum, ^Eneas : his wanderings, his descent into the 
 infernal regions, and his war with Turnus (who was supported by 
 Juno) are enumerated. 
 
 778. sacerdotis Vest* : the worship of Vesta was under the 
 special oversight of the pontifex maximus, who resided in the 
 Regia, adjoining her temple. 
 
 781. veterum sororum, the Fates. 
 
 783. ferunt, they declare. — arma, tubas, cornua are subjects 
 of prasmonuisse, depending upon ferunt. All these signs are 
 said to have preceded Caesar's death. 
 
 789. caerulus, livid. 
 
 792. ebur, the ivory images of the gods : this was a common 
 portent. — cantus and verba are prophetic voices and incanta- 
 tions, heard in the air. 
 
 795. caput, a projecting portion of the liver : it was a very bad 
 sign if any portion of the viscera was cut by the slaughterer's 
 knife. 
 
 800. praemonitus, premonitions. 
 
 801. in templum : the place of the assassination was the Curia 
 (senate-house) Pompeii, which was a templum, in the Roman 
 sense, as being a place formally consecrated by auguries. This 
 was necessary for assemblies of the Senate, or of the people ; 
 while, on the other hand, every cedes, or abode of a god, was not 
 necessarily a templum. 
 
 803. Cytherea, an epithet of Venus, from the island Cythera. 
 805. condere, sc. Caesarem : in this manner Venus had 
 rescued both Paris and /Eneas. 
 
 810. rerum tabularia, the archives of fate. 
 812. metuunt : Fate was even above the gods. 
 
 818. deus (pred.), as a god. 
 
 819. natus suus, Augustus, his adopted son. 
 
 821. nos, i. e. the Fates. — suos, sc. socios. 
 
 822. illius auspiciis : the auspices could be taken only by the 
 commander, who had been formally vested with the imperium. — 
 obsessae : Mutina was besieged by Antony, b. c. 43, and relieved 
 by Octavius and others, acting then in the interests of the Senate. 
 
 823. Pharsalia : because Philippi, where Octavius and Antony 
 defeated Brutus and Cassius (b. c. 42), might be poetically regarded 
 as in the same country as Pharsalia in Thessaly : Emathia is a 
 district of Macedonia. 
 
 17 
 
258 Notes: Ovid. [Metam. 
 
 825. Siculis undis : it was in the neighborhood of Messana, 
 in Sicily, that Agrippa, the admiral of Octavius, defeated Sex. 
 Pompeius, b. c. 36. 
 
 826. conjunx, Cleopatra, who married Antony. 
 
 827. non bene, unfortunately. 
 
 828. servitura, sc. esse, etc., depends on minata erit. 
 
 833. jura : Octavius, as Augustus, reorganized the civil institu- 
 tions of Rome. 
 
 836. prolem : Tiberius and Drusus, sons of Livia (wife of 
 Augustus) by a former marriage. They were adopted by their 
 step-father, and Tiberius succeeded him as Emperor. 
 
 838. Pylios annos, i. e. the years of Nestor. 
 
 842. sede, the temple of Divus Julius fronted on the Forum. 
 
 843. sede, i. e. the curia; this act followed immediately upon 
 "the murder. 
 
 845. eripuit governs animam. 
 
 853. obnoxia, subject to. 
 
 854. una in parte, in this one point, i. e. his superiority to his 
 father. 
 
 857. ipsos eequantibus, i. e. because they were both divine. 
 859. triformis, i. e. consisting of earth, sea, and sky. 
 
 861. iEneae comites, the Penates, or household gods, brought 
 by iEneas — through fire and sword — from Troy, and established 
 in Lavinium. 
 
 862. di Indigetes : these are generally reckoned as deified 
 heroes ; among them was ^Eneas himself. Romulus (Quirinus) 
 again was son of Mars, one of whose chief titles was Gradivus } 
 " the strider." 
 
 865. Phoebe* : Apollo was the tutelary deity of Augustus. 
 
 866. Tarpeias, the original name of the Capitoline Mount: 
 afterwards confined to a part of the hill. 
 
 869. Augustum, an adjective. — quern relates to orbe. 
 873. corporis, objective genitive with jus. 
 
Fasti, IV.] Shorter Poems. 259 
 
 SHORTER POEMS. 
 
 For the metre of this, and all the following extracts {elegiac), 
 see § 82, 1, b. The Pentameter is most conveniently scanned by 
 dividing it into two half-verses (hemistichs), consisting each of two 
 feet with an added half-foot 
 
 I. Fasti. 
 
 1. The Festival of Pales. 
 
 IV. 721. Parilia, § 52, 2, c, r. The form Partita seems to have 
 been in common use, by an interchange of 1 and r frequent among 
 primitive nations, and also among young children. — poscor : this 
 is the word regularly used of a person formally called upon to sing 
 or speak. 
 
 722. Pales : an Italian goddess of pasturage (possibly of the 
 same root as pa-scor). It is sometimes masculine. 
 
 725. certe : this gives the reason why he deserves her favor. — 
 de vitulo cinerem : the ashes were preserved from the sacrifice 
 of the fordicidia (Apr. 15), and used for the lustrating rites of the 
 palilia. They were mixed with bean-straw (beans being regarded 
 by the ancients as having a peculiar purifying efficacy), and the 
 curdled blood of the October horse, sacrificed October 15 (see 
 
 V. 733). 
 
 726. februa : from this is derived the name of February, the 
 month of purification, — the last in the old Roman year. 
 
 727. transilui : the chief ceremonial of the palilia was leaping 
 through heaps of blazing hay and stubble ; the herds also were 
 driven through them. This, too, is a cleansing rite. 
 
 728. uda laurea : a bough of laurel was used to sprinkle puri- 
 fying water. 
 
 731. virginea: the suffimen (fumigation) was prepared by the 
 Vestal Virgin, by whom the blood of the October horse had been 
 preserved. 
 
 732. Vestae : she was the special guardian of chastity. 
 736. virga, a brush-broom, usually of laurel. 
 
 738. longa corona, festoon. 
 
 739. vivo, crude. 
 
260 Notes: Ovid, [Fasti 
 
 741. mares: it is hard to see why this epithet should be 
 applied to the olive, except from their tonic bitterness. — taedam, 
 pitch-pine. — herbaa Sabinas, juniper : the name is still preserved 
 in the word savin. 
 
 742. crepet, crackle : this was an especially favorable sign. 
 
 745. suas, appropriate to her : no blood could be shed on her 
 festival. — reseotis : this is explained as referring to the cutting 
 up of the food to be shared among the worshippers. 
 
 746. silvicolam : the pastures were openings in the forest, or 
 themselves covered with a light growth of wood. 
 
 749. sacro, sc. loco. " The list of innocent sins which follows 
 curiously illustrates both the superstitious fears and the trifling 
 observances of a primitive pastoral life. There is moreover a 
 touching simplicity throughout the whole petition, which affords 
 a strong contrast to the frightful depravity of civilized Rome, as 
 described in the pages of Juvenal and Martial." — Paley. As illus- 
 trated, too, we may add, in many of the writings of Ovid himself. 
 
 750. bustis : the bus turn was a mound heaped up upon the spot 
 where the body was burned. 
 
 752. semicaper deus : the rural god Faunus was identified 
 with the Greek Pan, who was represented with goat's legs. 
 
 753. opaco, shady. 
 
 754. fiscina frondia : "In countries where grass is less plenti- 
 ful than with us, sheep, goats, and cattle are still fed in great 
 measure on the foliage and succulent twigs of trees : see Virg. G. 
 i. 226, ii. 435 ; Eel. x. 30." — Paley. 
 
 759. fontana numina, etc. : " Nothing is more pleasing in 
 ancient mythology than the fanciful doctrine which peopled all 
 earth and sea with multitudes of fair female spirits. Every hill and 
 dale, every grot and crystal spring, every lake and brook and river, 
 every azure plain and coral cave of ocean, was animated and 
 hallowed by the presence and protection of the Nymphs." — 
 Ramsay. 
 
 761. labra Dianse, referring to the story of Actaeon, who saw 
 Diana in her bath : the goddess, as a punishment, turned him into 
 a stag, and he was torn in pieces by his own dogs. 
 
 762. Faunum : this well-meaning god (from faveo) was angry 
 if discovered asleep on the ground. 
 
 765. redigam, gather in, i.e. at night. 
 
 766. vellera, i. e. the carcass having been devoured. 
 
 770. vimina rara, ivickerwork, through which the curd was 
 allowed to drain ; they were CdMz&jiscella. 
 
IV. 74i-8 I 5-3 The Founding of Rome. 261 
 
 772. quamlibet qualifies teneras. 
 
 775. ad annum = quotannis. 
 
 777. ad ortus : the proper position for the worshipper. 
 
 780. sapam, new wine (mustum) boiled down to a third. 
 
 781. per, etc., the ceremony alluded to in v. 727. 
 
 784. tnrba, i. e. of interpretations : it is Ovid's custom, on 
 occasion, to introduce a multitude of these, as here. 
 
 786. duce, i. e. the shepherd. 
 
 787. semina is predicate : that fire and water are called dei, 
 illustrates the ancient custom of deifying all objects and powers of 
 nature. 
 
 791. exsul : the formula of exile was aqud et igni interdicere; 
 the bride also was welcomed to her new home with these elements. 
 
 793. Phaethonta, i. e. his memory ; see Met. ii. 1 ; i. 253. 
 
 799. pietas JEneia, i. e. in carrying his father Anchises through 
 the flames of burning Troy : dattt tela locum flammceque recedunt 
 (/En. ii. 633). 
 
 801. condita est : Rome was said to have been founded on the 
 day of the Palilia. 
 
 802. Lares, the household gods : in practice there was very little 
 difference made between the Lares and Penates, but in their origin 
 they were quite different. The Lares were deified ancestors, the 
 Penates were associated with Vesta, and worshipped on the hearth, 
 the name being connected with penus, penetralia, and other words 
 referring to something in the interior. 
 
 803. mutantes agrees with incolas understood, subject of 
 supposuisse. 
 
 804. et connects tectis and casas. 
 
 2. The Founding of Rome. 
 
 809. frater Numitoris : Amulius, who had stolen the kingdom 
 from his brother. Romulus and Remus, grandsons of Numitor, 
 restored his authority to him, and put the usurper to death. 
 
 812. ponat uter : not to be understood of the mere act of 
 building the city, which was to be done in common, but as to which 
 should enjoy the dignity of founder. 
 
 814. fides, reliance on: the word auspice is derived from avis 
 (auis) and -specie 
 
 815. Palati: this was the original seat of the city: the Aven- 
 tine, south of it, lay for a long time outside the limits of the city. 
 
262 Notes: Ovid. [Fasti 
 
 819. aratro : the founder of the city marked out the walls by 
 ploughing about the space, the sods being turned inward : the sod 
 represented the walls, the furrow the moat. 
 
 821. fossa : this was not the moat, but a pit dug in the centre 
 of the city ; in Rome it was in front of the Temple of Apollo, on 
 the Palatine. It was called mundus, and in it were placed the ob- 
 jects here enumerated. It bore thus a certain analogy to the 
 corner-stone of modern buildings. — ad solidum, to fir?n earth. — 
 fruges, i. e. boni ominis causa. 
 
 822. vicino, i. e. not the neighborhood, but the vicus from 
 which each of the settlers had come. 
 
 825. fungitur, gets through with or does its duty by. 
 
 826. vacca : the bull was harnessed outside, at the right of 
 the cow. 
 
 828. Mavors, an old form of Mars. — mater : this word is not 
 here used to imply relationship (as genitor or genitrix) ; but, like 
 pater ; is often applied to the deities in reverence, as in Jupiter, 
 Marspiter, Liber pater. 
 
 831. huic is to be taken with dominse terrae, — dominse being 
 used proleptically, that is, in the way of anticipation. 
 
 832. dies = soL 
 
 833. laevo : thunder on the left was a favorable sign ; because, 
 as the person taking the auspices faced south, the east, the place of 
 the sun's rising, was at his left. 
 
 837. Celer, a mythical companion of Romulus, the eponym of the 
 Celeres, or Roman Knights. — vocarat, i. e. by this name, Swift. 
 
 843. Celer : the usual story was that the blow was given by 
 Romulus himself. 
 
 851. adplicuit, sc. fratri. 
 
 854. Faustulus and Acca, the shepherd and his wife, who had 
 reared Romulus and Remus. 
 
 855. nondum facti Quirites: this term was, in historical times, 
 applied to all the Roman citizens, in their character of citizens. Its 
 origin is uncertain, but it was usually supposed to have been the 
 name of a Sabine settlement upon the Quirinal, which was after- 
 wards incorporated with the Palatine Rome. 
 
 856. ultima, as the last act. 
 
 857. hoc, § 51, 2, c. 
 
 860. nominis hujus (i. e. Caesar), limits pluris (ace. plural). 
 862. humeris, i. e. by head and shoulders, implying a great 
 disparity. 
 
IV. 8 1 9-933.] Ritual to avert Blight. 263 
 
 3. Ritual to avert Blight. 
 
 902. in medio cursu: a division of the season which is not easy 
 to account for, and is inconsistent with other authors. 
 
 903. pecudem Helles, the golden-fleeced ram, which carried 
 away Phrixus and Helle, children of Athamas, and gave its name 
 to the constellation Aries. It really sets March 25, while Cam's 
 does not rise, but sets (i.e. ceases to appear in the west after 
 sunset) in April. 
 
 904. signa dant imbres. " The showers give indications of the 
 seasons." — Ramsay. 
 
 905. Nomento: Nomentum was a town about twelve miles 
 north-east of Rome, on the Via Salaria; the grove of Robigo was 
 five miles from Rome on the Via Clodia, which was westerly of 
 this. Probably therefore Ovid got upon the Via Clodia by a cross 
 road. 
 
 907. flamen : the fiamen was a special sacrificing priest, either 
 attached to the worship of a special god, or to a special corporation. 
 There were three of chief rank, called flamines majores, the Dialis 
 (of Jupiter), Afartialis, and Quirinalis; the other twelve were de- 
 voted to the worship of inferior deities, some of them utterly passed 
 into oblivion. The Flamen of Quirinus had charge of the worship 
 of Robigo (see v. 910). 
 
 911. aspera : this word, as well as scabras (v. 621), describes 
 the roughened surface of the blighted plant. 
 
 913. sideribus, construed with nutrita : it is well known how 
 strong is the belief in most primitive communities of an influence of 
 the stars upon the crops. 
 
 915. notasti : perhaps an allusion to the nota censoria, or rank 
 of infamy, stamped by the censors upon those whom they degraded 
 politically. 
 
 916. habet, reckons. 
 
 918. pallet, loses color. 
 
 919. incalfacit udos : this was their explanation of blight. 
 923. ferrum : robigo means rust as well as blight. 
 
 926. otia agit, is at peace : in the reign of Augustus, the temple 
 of Janus was closed, for the first time for two hundred years. 
 928. situs, see note, Met. vii. 290. 
 
 932. absenti, in gratitude for thy absence. 
 
 933. villis solutis, with long nap: linen, among the ancients, 
 was woven with a nap, as wool is now : the mantele (maniple), 
 patera, and acerra were regular implements of sacrifice. " Acerra 
 
264 JVotes: Ovid. [Heroides. 
 
 ought to be translated incense-box [not censer]. The frankincense 
 in ancient sacrifices was generally consumed on the altar, not in a 
 vessel constructed for the purpose, as in the ceremonies of the 
 Jewish religion and the Roman Catholic church." — Ramsay. 
 
 936. obscenae : " as early as the time of Homer, the dog was 
 taken as the symbol of shamelessness and impudence." — Peter. 
 
 937. nova, unusual. 
 
 939. Icarium : the dog-star, Canicula, was metamorphosed from 
 the dog of Erigone (the Virgin), daughter of Icarius. It rose (i. e. 
 reappeared in the east just before sunrise) July 26. 
 
 940. prsecipitur, ripens too fast. 
 
 Heroides. 
 Penelope to Ulysses. 
 
 1. lento: after the ten years' siege of Troy, Ulysses was de- 
 layed by ten years of wandering and adventures before returning to 
 Ithaca, as related in the Odyssey. 
 
 2. vSni, imperative. 
 
 3. jacet certe, has doubtless fallen. 
 
 4. tanti fuit, was worth what it cost. 
 9. fallere, to while away. 
 
 10. tela : she spent her time in weaving an embroidered mar- 
 riage-veil, what she wove by day being unravelled at night, to foil 
 the importunity of her suitors {v. 88). 
 
 17. Mencetiaden. Patroclus, son of Menoetius, dearest friend 
 of Achilles : he was killed by Hector, while wearing Achilles' 
 armor. 
 
 28. suis, sc. fatis. 
 
 35. .ffiacides : both Peleus, father of Achilles, and Telamon, 
 father of Ajax, were sons of ^Eacus. Here Achilles is meant. 
 
 36. missos, let go = at full speed. 
 
 38. gnato : the wanderings of Telemachus, son of Ulysses (see 
 Odyssey, Books i.-iv.), were almost as noted as those of his father. 
 
 39. Rhesum, etc., see Met. xiii. 98. 
 43. uno, i. e. Diomed. 
 
 46. Ismariis, of Is?narus, a mountain of Thrace. 
 
 47. vestris, of you and your comrades. 
 
 5 1 . aliis, for other wives. 
 
 52. incola, etc. ; the conquerors often colonized a captured city, 
 the land, cattle, &c, passing to the new settlers. 
 
Amores, i.] The Poet of Idleness. 265 
 
 62. charta = epistola. 
 
 63. Pylon : Pylos was reigned over by Nestor, son of Neleus. 
 
 67. moenia Phoebi : the walls of Troy were built by Apollo and 
 Neptune. 
 
 68. votis, i. e. for a speedy end of the war. 
 80. revertendi liber, free to return. 
 
 82. cogit, attempts to compel. 
 
 87. Dulichium, an island at the mouth of the Achelous ; Samos, 
 an island off the coast of Asia Minor ; Zacynthos, now Zante, one 
 of the group near Ithaca. 
 
 91. Pisandrum, etc.; names of suitors. 
 
 94. tuo sanguine qualifies partis (from pario). 
 
 95. edendi limits ultimus pudor, a most shameful eater. 
 
 103. nine faciunt, besides these are counted. 
 
 104. cura = curator. 
 108. ilia, sc. aetas. 
 116. ut, although. 
 
 Amores. 
 1. The Poet of Idleness. 
 
 I. 15. 1. Livor : properly, a livid color ; figuratively, malice. 
 
 3. non me : these accusatives with infinitive are dependent 
 upon obicis. The only honorable careers for a Roman youth of 
 good family were war and law, or statesmanship. 
 
 6. foro, the courts of justice as well as some of the public as- 
 semblies (those of the tribes) were held on the Forum. — ingrato, 
 unremunerative. 
 
 9. Maeonides, Homer ; Tenedos, an island ; Ide, a mountain, 
 and Simois, a river near Troy. 
 
 II. Ascraeus, Hesiod of Ascra, whose "Works and Days" 
 treat of the operations of agriculture. 
 
 13. Battiades, Callimachus (about 250 B. a), a native of Cy- 
 rene, a city ruled by a dynasty of Battiadae. Ovid's judgment of 
 this poet in the next verse is probably sound. 
 
 15. cothurno, buskin, a high shoe worn in tragedy, put there- 
 fore for tragic poetry. 
 
 16. Aratus (about 250 b. c.) wrote on Astronomy. 
 
 17. fallax servus, etc., characters of the new Attic comedy, the 
 chief writer of which was Menander {d. 291 B. c.) 
 
266 Notes: Ovid. [Amores 
 
 19. Ennius, a Roman poet (d. 169 B.C.): Accius, a Roman 
 tragic poet (d. about ioob.c). 
 
 21. Varronem : not the celebrated antiquary, but Varro Atacinus 
 (b. 82 b. a), who translated the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius. 
 
 23. Lucretius, a sublime poet upon philosophy : De Rerum 
 Naturd (d. about b. c. 52). 
 
 25. Tityrus, a character in Virgil's first Eclogue. — fruges, the 
 subject of the Georgics. 
 
 28. Tibullus, a favorite poet of love, of Ovid's own time. Ovid 
 laments his death, Am iii. 9. 
 
 29.- Gallus, another elegiac poet, contemporary of Ovid, also re- 
 nowned as a soldier, in east and west : Lycoris was the name of his 
 mistress. 
 
 34. Tagi : a river of Spain, then famed for its gold mines. 
 
 36. Castalia, a fountain at Delphi, sacred to Apollo. 
 
 37. myrtum : this plant was sacred to Venus. 
 
 2. Elegy on a Parrot. 
 
 II. 6. 2. exsequias, funeral procession. 
 
 7. quod scelus ista querella, that lamentation for the crime 
 which, &r»c. — Ismarii, Thracian : this was Tereus, king of 
 Thrace. — Philomela, the nightingale. 
 9. devertere, imperative. 
 
 10. Itys, son of Tereus, served up to him by his wife Progne, 
 and her sister Philomela, in revenge for an atrocious crime. 
 
 15. juvenis Phoceus, Pylades, son of king Strophius of Phocis, 
 and friend of Orestes. 
 
 21. hebetare, make dull. 
 
 22. Punica, of Tyrian dye, a deep purple. — croco, saffron, of 
 a reddish yellow, or orange. 
 
 28. fiant anus, i.e. grow old. 
 
 29. miiiimo, abl. of means, not of fulness. — prae sermonis 
 amore, by reason of your love of talking. 
 
 30. ora, synecdochical accusative. 
 
 34. auctor, prophet. 
 
 35. invisa Minervse : the crow had lost the favor of Minerva 
 by prating (see Met. II. 551). 
 
 36. vix moritura : the longevity of the crow has always been 
 proverbial. 
 
 38. extrenio ab oihe, from the ends of the earth. 
 
II. 6; III. 15.] Farewell to the Loves. 267 
 
 40. suis, i. e. of their years. 
 
 41. Phylacidae, Protesilaus, the first slain of the Greeks at the 
 siege of Troy ; for Thersites, see note on Met. XIII. 233. 
 
 44. per mare rapta, swept to nought. 
 
 45. septima lux, i. e. of his illness. 
 
 46. vacuo colo : the thread of his life had been spun out. 
 The Parcce, or Fates, were represented as spinning out the thread 
 of life. 
 
 48. Corinna, the name of the young lady (puella, v. 43). 
 
 54. unica, the only one of his kind. The belief of the ancients 
 was that there was but one phcenix at a time, and upon his death a 
 young one sprang from his ashes. 
 
 55. ales Junonia, the peacock. 
 
 61. colligor, etc., it is inferred from my very tomb that I, <SrV. 
 (§ 70, 2, b; G. 528, R). 
 
 82. ora fuere mini, etc., / had a mouth taught to speak more 
 than {would be expected of) a bird. 
 
 3. Farewell to the Loves. 
 
 III. 15. I. mater Amorum, Venus. 
 
 2. meta : a conical pillar, or goal, at the end of the Circus, 
 about which the chariots turned in the race, of course often graz- 
 ing it. 
 
 3. quos relates to elegis (Amores). — Peligni, see Life. 
 
 5. ordinis, sc. equestria ; this was an aristocracy of wealth in 
 Rome ; here it appears to indicate a class of country gentlemen. 
 
 6. militiae turbine : referring to the parvenu aristocracy 
 which had sprung from the civil wars. 
 
 7. Catullo, a lyric poet of great merit, who lived about a 
 generation before Ovid (b. c. 87). 
 
 9. coegerat ad arma, in the Social or Italian War, B.C. 90. 
 This was a revolt of the Italian allies, to force from Rome an 
 equality of political rights. 
 
 15. Amathusia, an epithet of Venus, from Amathus, a city of 
 Cyprus. 
 
 16. aurea signa, golden ears of grain. 
 
 17. corniger : Bacchus was sometimes represented with horns, 
 as a symbol of the powers of nature ; it was chiefly in his mystic 
 worship (see Tib. ii. I, 3). 
 
 18. area major : this refers to his undertaking greater works, 
 — the Metamorphoses and the Fasti. 
 
268 Notes: Ovid. [Tristia 
 
 Tristia. 
 
 i. Banished from Rome. 
 
 I. 3. 6. Ausoniae, Italy. 
 20. certior, informed. 
 
 30. lari, abode. 32. jam, again. 
 
 36. odiis, abl. of deprivation. 37. caslesti viro, Augustus. 
 
 48. Parrhasis, Arcadian : the Great Bear was originally an 
 Arcadian maiden, a companion of Diana, named Callisto. 
 
 50. fugae, exile. 57. vale die to, ablative absolute. 
 
 62. utraque, i. e. for either reason. 
 
 66. Thesea, i. e. with the love of Theseus for Pirithous. 
 
 75. Mettus Pufetius, king of Alba, who was thus punished for 
 treachery by Tullus Hostilius (Liv. i. 28). 
 83. ultima, far distant. 
 
 88. utilitate, i. e. that this was best. 
 
 89. ferri, the technical term for carrying upon the bier. 
 92. Bem(i)5nXmi8, § 78, 1. d, R. 
 
 100. mei limits respectu. 
 
 2. The Exile's Sick Chamber. 
 
 III. 3. 2. eram, epistolary imperfect (§ 58, 8; G. 244). 
 6. inter, among, not between; for both these tribes were north 
 of Tomi : the Sauromatae (Sarmalcz) inhabited Southern Russia, 
 the Getae the modern Moldavia and Wallachia. 
 
 10. Apollinea : yEsculapius, god of healing, was son of Apollo. 
 
 16. parte, sc. tua., for thy share. 
 
 19. sic qualifies aliena locutum — been delirious. 
 
 23. restituenda, sc sit. 
 
 58. rude, inexperienced. 
 
 62. Samii senis, Pythagoras. — rata, authentic. 
 
 67. fratrem, Polynices; who was killed in the war of "the Seven 
 against Thebes," and buried by his sister Antigone, contrary to the 
 command of the tyrant Creon. 
 
 70. suburbano : the Roman tombs were along the sides of the 
 roads which led from the city. 
 
 72. tituli, inscription, limits notis (§ 50, i,f; G. 359). 
 
 77. majora monimenta, predicate. 
 
 81. feralia munera : gifts carried to the grave of the departed ; 
 there was a special festival styled Feralia, celebrated Feb. 21. 
 
 88. vale, i. e. good health. 
 
1.3; III. 3, io.] Winter Scenes in Thrace. 269 
 
 3. Winter Scenes in Thrace. 
 
 III. 10. 3. suppositum agrees with me, and governs stellis. 
 
 5. Bessi, a native of Thrace : for the others, see III. 3, 6. 
 
 6. quam qualifies non digna. 
 
 7. medio, intervening, i.e. between us and the savages. 
 
 12. axe tremente, the pole, poetically represented as quivering 
 with the earth's weight. 
 
 19. braccis : trousers were unknown to Greeks and Romans 
 until they came in contact with Gauls and Sarmatians. 
 
 20. ora, face. 
 
 23. nuda, bare, i. e. without the jar. 
 
 27. papyrifero amne, the Nile. 
 
 28. multa ora, seven according to Ovid (Trist. ii. 189); accord- 
 ing to Tacitus (Germ. 1), there were six : septimum os paludibus 
 hauritur. The Danube was known to the ancients in its lower 
 course by the name Hister, and afterwards in its upper waters as 
 the Danubius. — vasto freto, the Black Sea. 
 
 34. plaustra : the Sarmatians, a nomadic race, dwelt in carts 
 drawn by oxen. 
 
 41. Leandre : the youth Leander swam across the Hellespont 
 from Abydos to Sestos, to visit his mistress Hero. 
 
 45. alia : the winds were personified as winged creatures, and 
 are so represented in art. 
 
 52. redundatas, brimming. 
 
 55. equo pollens, like the Cossacks of the present day. 
 
 64. tbnotXL&,/rom being dipped. 
 
 73. Acontiua, who wrote upon an apple the words Per Dianam 
 juro me Acontii futuram conjugem, and laid it where his mistress 
 Cydippe should pick it up. As soon as she had read off the words, 
 she was held bound by the solemn vow. 
 
 4. The Poefs Autobiography. 
 
 IV. 10. 2. ut noris, depends on accipe. 
 
 3. gelidis undis : it was in the mountain region of the Peligni. 
 
 6. cecidit, etc.: B.C. 43, when both consuls, Hirtius and Pansa, 
 were killed in the civil war, before Mutina. 
 
 7. usque a proavis : see note, Am. iii. 15. 5. 
 
 12. liba: the cakes offered to the genius or inborn spirit on 
 the birthday. These were made of flour, cheese, and eggs, and 
 honey was usually poured over them. 
 
270 Notes: Ovid. [Tristia 
 
 13. festis quinque : the Quinquatria, or five days' festival of 
 Minerva, began March 19, and the gladiatorial shows began on the 
 second day. 
 
 16. ab arte, from their professional skill. 
 
 22. Maeonides, Homer. 
 
 24. soluta modis, devoid of ' rhythm, i. e. prose. 
 
 25. numeros, measures. 
 
 28. liberior toga, the toga virilis, the ordinary dress of a 
 Roman gentleman, was assumed at about the age of sixteen, on the 
 festival of the Liberalia, March 17. Before this age boys wore the 
 toga fircetexta, bordered with purple. 
 
 29. lato clavo : this was a broad purple stripe running up and 
 down the front of the tunic or body-garment : it was the mark of 
 senatorial dignity, and was also given by Augustus to a special 
 body of the equites, — the illustres, — who were thus marked as 
 being destined to the Senate and a political career. 
 
 30. studium, taste. 
 
 33. primos honores, the first steps of honor : no person could 
 aspire to the higher offices until he had held certain lower positions. 
 The first grade was usually the vigintiviratus, or occupancy of one 
 of the group of twenty magistracies ; this was a step to the quaestor- 
 ship, but did not entitle him to a seat in the Senate. The office 
 held by Ovid was probably that of triwnvir cafiitalis, police com- 
 missioner. 
 
 35. curia, the Senate-house : as Ovid did not care to pursue a 
 political career, he exchanged the broad senatorial stripe for the 
 narrow equestrian. 
 
 41. poetas, i. e. those enumerated below. 
 
 44. Macer : he wrote a poem on birds, herbs, &c, not a line of 
 which is extant. 
 
 45. Propertius, an elegiac poet of great merit. 
 
 46. sodalicio : they were members of the same sodalitas. 
 
 47. Ponticus, who wrote a Thebaid: there were more than one 
 poet of the name of Bassus. 
 
 50. Ausonia : Horace himself claims 
 
 Principes Aeolium carmen ad Italos 
 Deduxisse modos. — Od. iii. 30. 23. 
 53. Galle: see note, Am. i. 15. 29. 
 
 60. Corinna : see note, Am. ii. 6. 48 : it has been conjectured 
 that she was Julia, daughter of Augustus, and that this intrigue 
 may have been the cause of Ovid's banishment. 
 67. hie, i. e. in Rome. 
 
IV. io.] The Poets Autobiography. 271 
 
 68. fabula, scandal. 
 
 78. lustris : as the lustrum is generally reckoned at five years, 
 this would make his father ninety at the time of his death (but see 
 below, note to v. 95). 
 
 80. justa, due (funeral) rites. 
 
 85. aliquid nisi, something besides. 
 
 88. in Stygio foro, in the court of Pluto. 
 
 95. ortus, birth. — Pisasa oliva : the reward to the victor in 
 the Olympic games (held in the territory of Pisa) was a crown of 
 wild olive. As these games came once in four years, decies victor 
 would naturally mean forty years ; he was, however, fifty at the time 
 of his banishment, and we can account for the discrepancy only by 
 supposing that he reckoned the Olympiad at five years, an almost 
 inconceivable blunder. Mommsen explains it, however {Rom. 
 Chrofi. p. 170), by calling attention to the confusion of the ancients 
 themselves in regard to the expression quinto quoque anno, for the 
 period in the Julian calendar : u the poet," he says, " rightly sup- 
 posed that the Olympiad and the Julian lustra [decern lustris perac- 
 tis, Ibis. 1], were of equal length, and very wrongly supposed the 
 latter to be five years." 
 
 97. ad laeva, i. e. as one sails out from the Propontis (Mar- 
 mora). 
 
 106. temporis anna; i. e. of the exigency, or the new life into 
 which he was thrown. 
 
 no. Sarmatis (patrial adj. fern.) agrees with ora, 
 
 1 14. sic, even thus. 
 
 122. ab exsequiis, after the funeral . 
 
 1 26. maligna, grudging. 
 
 129. veri limits quid. 
 
 130. protinus ut moriar, although I should die at once. 
 132. jure, deservedly, qualifies carmine tuli. 
 
Index of Proper Names. 273 
 
 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES, 
 
 Achelous, a river of Epirus (ix. 63), one of whose horns, being 
 
 wrested away, became the Horn of Plenty. 
 Acheron {joyless), a river of Hades (named from a river of Epirus, 
 
 which disappears in the earth). 
 Achilles, son of Peleus and Thetis, champion of the Greeks at 
 
 Troy; slain by Paris (xii. 580-628). 
 Acis, son of Faunus, loved by Galatea, slain in jealousy by Poly- 
 phemus (xiii. 884). 
 Action, son of Cadmus, changed to a stag by Diana, and torn by 
 
 his own hounds (iii. 138-252). 
 Adonis, son of Myrrha, dear to Venus; killed in the chase by a 
 
 wild boar (x. 708-739). 
 ,/Eacus, son of Jupiter and ^Egina, prince of the island of ^Egina; 
 
 father of Peleus and Telamon (viii. 425-660) ; judge in the 
 
 infernal regions (xiii. 25). 
 ^Eetes, son of the Sun and Persa, king of Colchis, father of Medea, 
 
 who killed the ram of the golden fleece. 
 «<Eg.eon (or Briareus), a hundred-handed giant, son of Uranos and 
 
 Gaia. 
 ^Egeus, a king of Athens, 6on of Pandion, and father of Theseus : 
 
 who cast himself into the sea in grief at the supposed death of 
 
 his son. 
 ^Eneas, son of Anchises and Venus, a prince of Troy; he settled 
 
 Italy and became one of the gods Indigetes (xiv. 608). 
 ^Eolus, god of the Winds, having his dwelling in the yEolian Isles. 
 ^Esculapius, son of Apollo and Coronis, god of Healing (xv. 622- 
 
 744)- 
 yEsoN, king of Iolchos, father of Jason, miraculously restored to 
 
 youth by Medea (vii. 287-293). 
 Agamemnon (Atrides), son of Atreus, chief of the Greeks at Troy, 
 
 slain at his return by ^Egisthus, son of Thyestes. 
 Agenor, king of Phoenicia, father of Cadmus and Europa. 
 Ajax, son of Telamon, a chief at Troy, who slew himself in 
 
 jealousy at failing to receive Achilles' armour (xiii. 391). 
 Alcmene, wife of Amphitryon and mother of Hercules. 
 Alpheus, a river of Elis (see Arethusa). 
 
274 Ovid. 
 
 Althaea, wife of CEneus, king of Calydon, mother of Meleager 
 
 (viii. 446). 
 Amphion, son of Jupiter and Antiope, husband of Niobe, who by 
 
 the power of music built the walls of Thebes. 
 Amphitrite, daughter of Nereus, wife of Neptune. 
 Amphitryon, prince of Thebes, husband of Alcmene. 
 Androgeos, son of Minos, slain by the Marathonian bull at 
 
 Athens. 
 Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus, exposed to perish by a sea- 
 monster, and rescued by Perseus (iv. 683-739). 
 Apollo, son of Jupiter and Latona, god of music, archery, and 
 
 prophecy. Under the name Phoebus, god of the sun. 
 Arachne, a maid of Lydia, who challenged Minerva to a trial of 
 
 skill in embroidery, and was by her changed to a spider 
 
 (vi. 1-145). 
 Arethusa, a fountain nymph of Elis, pursued by Alpheus, from 
 
 whom she took refuge beneath the sea, reappearing in the isle 
 
 of Ortygia (v. 597-641). 
 Argo, the ship which bore the Argonauts, under Jason, to Colchis, 
 
 in quest of the Golden Fleece. 
 Ariadne, daughter of Minos, who rescued Theseus from the laby- 
 rinth, and afterwards, being deserted by him, became the bride 
 
 of Bacchus (viii. 172-182). 
 Ascalaphus, son of Acheron, changed by Proserpine into an owl 
 
 (v. 533-550). 
 Astr^ea. goddess of Justice, who forsook the earth in the iron age 
 
 (i. 150), and became the constellation Virgo. 
 Atalanta, daughter of Iasos, beloved by Meleager (viii. 324), and 
 
 afterwards won by Hippomenes, and changed to a lioness 
 
 (x. 560-707). 
 Athamas, son of /Eolus, king of Thebes, father of Phrixus and 
 
 Hello (see Ino). 
 Atlas, son of Iapetos and Clymene, converted by the head of 
 
 Medusa into a mountain, still bearing the heavens on its 
 
 summit (iv. 631-662). 
 Atrides (son of Atreus), a name of Agamemnon and Menelaus. 
 Aurora (dawn), daughter of Hyperion and Theia, mother of 
 
 Boreas, Zephyrus, and Notus, also (by Tithonus) of Memnon. 
 Avernus, a small deep lake in Campania, near Naples, the entrance 
 
 to the infernal regions. 
 
 Bacchus {Dionysus), son of Jupiter and Semele (daughter of 
 Cadmus, iii. 253-315), god of wine and revelry. 
 
Index of Profer Names, 275 
 
 Baucis, wife of Philemon, changed to a linden (viii. 620-721). 
 Berecyntus, a mountain in Phrygia sacred to Cybele. 
 Boreas (North wind), son of Astraeus and Aurora. 
 Busiris, king of Egypt, who sacrificed strangers on the altar of 
 Jupiter, and was slain by Hercules. 
 
 Cadmus, son of Agenor, sent in search of Europa; founder of 
 
 Thebes (iii. 1-137). 
 C^eneus, one of the Lapithae, originally a maiden (Caenis), crushed 
 
 in battle with the Centaurs, and changed to an eagle (xii. 
 
 514-526). 
 Calais, winged son of Boreas and Orithyia. 
 Calydon, a district of yEtolia, ravaged by the wild boar slain in 
 
 the Calydonian Hunt (viii. 260-525). 
 Cassiopeia, queen of Ethiopia, wife of Cepheus, and mother of 
 
 Andromeda. 
 Castalia, a spring of Mount Parnassus (iii. 14). 
 Caystrus, a river of Asia Minor, forming the Asian marsh, near 
 
 Ephesus. 
 Centauri, a fierce race of Thessaly, — horses with human head 
 
 and breast, — offspring of Ixion, routed in battle with the 
 
 Lapithae (xii. 210-525). 
 Cephalus, prince of Athens, grandson of ^Eolus, who killed unwit- 
 tingly his wife Procris (vii. 661-865). 
 Cepheus, king of Ethiopia, father of Andromeda. 
 Cephisus, a stream of Boeotia (iii. 19). 
 
 Cerberus, the three-headed watch-dog of the infernal regions, off- 
 spring of Typhon and Echidna. 
 Ceres (Demeter), goddess of harvests, daughters of Saturn, and 
 
 mother of Proserpina (v. 341-661). 
 Charybdis, a whirlpool of the Sicilian strait, opposite Scylla. 
 Circe, an enchantress, daughter of the Sun, sister of yEetes, who 
 
 bewitched the companions of Ulysses. 
 Clymene, mother of Phaethon (i. 756). 
 Clytie, a nymph who in hopeless love of the sun-god is changed to 
 
 a sunflower (iv. 232-270). 
 Colchis, a district east of the Black Sea, sought by the Argonauts 
 
 for the Golden Fleece. 
 Cupido (Eros), god of Love, son of Mars and Venus. 
 Cyane, a nymph of Sicily, converted by Pluto to a fountain 
 
 (v. 409-437). 
 Cybele, " mother of the gods," daughter of Uranos and Gaia, 
 
 worshipped in Phrygia with frantic rites. 
 
276 Ovid, 
 
 Cyclopes, monsters with a single eye (see Polyphemus). 
 Cycnus, a Ligurian prince, kinsman of Phaethon (ii. 367-380) ; a 
 
 son of Neptune, overcome in battle by Achilles and converted 
 
 to a swan (xii. 72-148). 
 Cyllene, a mountain of Arcadia, birthplace of Mercury. 
 
 Daedalus, a skilful artist of Athens, builder of the Cretan labyrinth 
 
 (viii. 152-259). 
 Deianira, sister of Meleager and wife of Hercules, to whom she 
 
 sent the poisoned shirt of Nessus (ix. 130-158). 
 Delos, a small island of the vEgean sea, birthplace of Apollo and 
 
 Diana. 
 Deucalion, son of Prometheus, prince of Thessaly; he and his 
 
 wife Pyrrha are sole survivors of the deluge (i. 313-415). 
 Diana (Artemis), daughter of Jupiter and Latona, twin-sister of 
 
 Apollo, goddess of the chase. 
 Dicte, a mountain of Crete. 
 Dictynna, a mountain nymph of Crete. 
 Diomedes (Tydides), son of Tydeus, a Greek chief at Troy 
 
 (xiv. 441). 
 
 Echion, one of the offspring of the dragon's teeth sown by Cad- 
 mus (iii. 126). 
 
 Egeria, a fountain nymph, wife and counsellor of Numa (488-551.). 
 
 Erebus, offspring of Chaos, divinity of the lower world. 
 
 Erinyes, a name of the Furies. 
 
 Eumenides (merciful), the same. 
 
 Europa, daughter of Agenor, king of Sidon, borne to Crete by 
 Jupiter in the form of a bull : mother of Minos (ii. 833-875). 
 
 Eurus, the South-east wind. 
 
 Eurydice, wife of Orpheus, who in search of her visits the infernal 
 regions (x. 177). 
 
 Eurystheus, grandson of Pelops, king of Argos, who imposes the 
 twelve labors on Hercules. 
 
 Faunus, a rural deity of the Latins. 
 
 Galatea, a sea-nymph of Sicily, loved by Polyphemus (see Acis : 
 
 xiii. 750-897). 
 Ganymedes, son of Tros, borne to Olympus by Jupiter in form of 
 
 an eagle (x. 143-161). 
 
Index of Proper Names. 277 
 
 Gig antes {Giants), sons of Uranos and Gaia, who made war upon 
 
 the gods (i. 152-162). 
 Gorgones, Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, daughters of Phorcys 
 
 and Ceto, monsters with serpent-hair, converting all who saw 
 
 them into stone (see Medusa). 
 
 Hades, the dwelling-place of departed souls, beneath the earth, 
 
 ruled by Pluto. 
 ELemus, a mountain range making the northern boundary of 
 
 Thrace. 
 Hecate, goddess of night and enchantments : the Diana of the 
 
 lower world. 
 Hector, eldest son of Priam, and champion of Troy, — slain by 
 
 Achilles. 
 Helen, daughter of Jupiter and Leda, wife of Menelaus, stolen by 
 
 Paris, and so the cause of the siege of Troy. 
 Heliades, daughters of the Sun, sisters of Phaethon, changed after 
 
 his death to poplars (ii. 325-366). 
 Helicon, a mountain of Boeotia, sacred to Apollo and the Muses. 
 Helle, daughter of Athamas and Nephele, who fled from Ino with 
 
 the Golden Ram, and was drowned in the Hellespont, to which 
 
 she gave her name. 
 Hercules {Heracles), son of Jupiter and Alcmene, received among 
 
 the gods after performing the twelve labors imposed by Eury- 
 
 stheus (ix. 134-272). 
 Hermione (Harmonia), daughter of Mars and Venus, and wife of 
 
 Cadmus : changed to a serpent (iv. 576-603). 
 Hesperus, son of Iapetus and Asia: the Evening Star. 
 Hyacinthus, a beautiful youth of Laconia, loved by Apollo, acci- 
 dentally killed by him, and converted to the flower hyacinth 
 
 (x. 162-219). 
 Hymen^eus, god of marriage. 
 
 Iapetus, a Titan, son of Uranos and Gaia, father of Atlas and Pro- 
 metheus. 
 
 Icarus, son of Daedalus, who fled with him from Crete, on wings 
 fastened with wax, and was drowned in the Icarian Sea (viii. 
 152-259). 
 
 Idomeneus, a king of Crete, who fought at the siege of Troy. 
 
 Inachus, son of Oceanus, king of Argos, father of Io. 
 
 Ino, daughter of Cadmus, wife of Athamas, converted into the sea- 
 divinity Leucothea (iv. 416-542. 
 
278 Ovid. 
 
 Io, daughter of Inachus, changed to a heifer to avoid the jealousy of 
 
 Juno; afterwards made the Egyptian goddess Isis (i. 5S4-747). 
 Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon, offered in sacrifice to Diana 
 
 {Artemis) at Aulis (xii. 27-35). 
 Itys, son of Tereus, slain by his mother Progne and served at meat 
 
 to his father (vi. 620-651). 
 Ixion, father of the Centaurs, chained for his crimes to a fiery wheel 
 
 in Tartarus. 
 
 Jason, son of ^Eson, king of Thessaly, leader of the Argonauts (vii. 
 
 1-122). 
 Juno (Here), daughter of Saturn (Kronos), queen of the gods, sister 
 
 and wife of Jupiter. 
 Jupiter (Zeus), son of Saturn (Kronos), king of the gods. 
 
 Laertes, king of Ithaca, father of Ulysses. 
 
 Latona (Leto), daughter of Cceus and Phoebe, mother of Apollo 
 
 and Diana. 
 Lichas, the messenger who gave the poisoned shirt to Hercules 
 
 (ix. 24-227). 
 Lucifer (light-bearer), the Morning Star. 
 Lyceus, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Jupiter and to Pan. 
 Lycaon, king of Thrace, changed to a wolf by Jupiter (i. 163-243). 
 Lyncus, a Scythian king, changed to a lynx by Ceres (v. 620-660). 
 
 M^enades (frenzied), female worshippers of Bacchus. 
 Mars (Ares or Mavors), son of Jupiter and Juno, god of War. 
 Marsyas, a satyr, who defied Apollo in music, and was flayed by 
 
 him (vi. 383-400). 
 Medea, daughter of ./Eetes, king of Colchis, an enchantress, who 
 
 delivered Jason from his perils and fled with him (vii. 1-424). 
 Medusa, the Gorgon, slain by Perseus, and her head set in the 
 
 aegis of Minerva (iv. 793-803). 
 Meleager, son of CEneus and Althaea, hero of the Calydonian 
 
 Hunt, who perished by burning of the fatal brand (viii. 260-525). 
 Merops, husband of Clymene, mother of Phaethon. 
 Midas, king of Phrygia, whose touch, by gift of Bacchus, turned 
 
 all things into gold (xi. 85-193). 
 Minos, son of Jupiter and Europa, king of Crete : makes war on 
 
 Athens, and builds the Labyrinth (viii. 1-151). 
 Minotaurus, a monster, half-man and half-bull, born of Pasiphae, 
 
 in Crete. 
 
Index of Profer Names. 279 
 
 Miny^e, a people of Thessaly, companions of Jason. 
 Mulciber, a name of Vulcan. 
 
 Nereus, god of the sea depths, son of Pontus and Gaia. 
 Nestor, king of Pylus, eldest and wisest of the Greek chiefs at 
 Troy, present at the fight of the Centaurs and Lapithse (xii. 
 
 I48-535)- 
 
 Ninus, founder and king of Nineveh, husband of Semiramis. 
 
 Niobe, daughter of Tantalus, wife of Amphion, all of whose chil- 
 dren were slain by Apollo and Diana in punishment of her 
 pride (vi. 165-312). 
 
 Nisus, kign of Megara, betrayed to Minos by his daughter Scylla 
 (viii. 17-XSI). 
 
 Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome, taught by Pythagoras 
 (xv. 1-487). 
 
 CEneus, king of ^Etolia, father of Meleager. 
 
 Orion, a giant son of Neptune, loved by Diana, and unwittingly 
 
 killed by her. 
 Orpheus, son of Apollo and Calliope, a bard of Thrace, who 
 
 moved wild beasts and trees by his music (x. 1 — xi. 84). 
 Ortygia, an isle on the coast of Sicily, the site of Syracuse. 
 
 Palamedes, son of Nauplius, one of the chiefs against Troy, put 
 
 to death by the wiles of Ulysses (xiii. 35-60). 
 Pales, Italian goddess of cattle and pastures. 
 Pallas (brandisker), a name of Minerva. 
 
 Parcve, the Fates or Destinies, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atrofos. 
 Paris, son of Priam, who abducts Helen, and so brings on the 
 
 siege of Troy; slayer of Achilles (xii. 580-628). 
 Pasiphae, daughter of the Sun, wife of Minos. 
 Peleus, son of ^Eacus, king of Thessaly, father of Achilles. 
 Penelope, daughter of Icarius and wife of Ulysses (Her. i. 1). 
 Persephone, Greek name of Proserpina. 
 Perseus, son of Jupiter and Danae, who slays Medusa and delivers 
 
 Andromeda (iv. 615-803). 
 Phaethon, son of Clymene and Phoebus, who drives his father's 
 
 chariot for a day (ii. 1-400). 
 Philemon, a pious rustic of Phrygia (viii. 620-724). 
 Philoctetes, one of the Grecian chiefs at Troy, who held the 
 
 poisoned arrows of Hercules, without which Troy could not be 
 
280 Ovid. 
 
 taken, and lay at Lesbos, wounded by them (xiii. 45-55, 
 
 3I3-339). 
 
 Philomela, sister of Progne, wife of Tereus ; changed to a night- 
 ingale. 
 
 Phcebe, name of Diana, or the Moon. 
 
 Phoebus, name of Apollo, or the Sun. 
 
 Phrixus, son of Athamas, borne from Thessaly by the ram with 
 golden fleece (see Helle). 
 
 Pirithous, son of Ixion, friend of Theseus, at whose marriage 
 with Hippodamia befell the fight of the Centaurs and Lapithae. 
 
 Pleiades, daughters of Atlas, pursued by Orion, and changed to a 
 group of stars. 
 
 Polyphemus, a Cyclops, son of Neptune, enamoured of Galatea 
 (viii. 750-869). 
 
 Priamus, son of Laomedon, king of Troy. 
 
 Procris, wife of Cephalus, shot by him unwittingly with an arrow. 
 
 Progne, daughter of Pandion, wife of Tereus, who avenged her- 
 self on him by killing his child Itys, and was changed to a 
 swallow (see Itys). 
 
 Prometheus, son of Iapetos, who % fashioned men from clay, and 
 bestowed on them fire stolen from heaven : chained by Jupiter 
 to a rock of Caucasus, where his liver was torn by vultures. 
 
 Proserpina (Perse/>/ione), daughter of Jupiter and Ceres, who 
 being stolen by Pluto, became queen of the Lower World. 
 
 Protesilaus, the first of the Greeks slain at the landing at Troy. 
 
 Proteus, a sea-divinity, son of Oceanus, having the power of con- 
 verting himself into any form. 
 
 Pylus, a city in the west of the Peloponnesus, the kingdom of 
 Nestor. 
 
 Pyrrha, daughter of Epimetheus, wife of Deucalion. 
 
 Pythagoras, a sage of Samos, about b. c. 550. 
 
 Romulus, first king of Rome, made a deity under the name Quiri- 
 anus. 
 
 Saturnus (name of the old Italian god of husbandry) : in mytho- 
 logy the same with Kronos, son of Uranus and Gaia, youngest 
 of the Titans, father of Jupiter, by whom he is dethroned and 
 banished. 
 
 Scylla : 1. daughter of Nisus of Megara, who betrayed her father 
 to Minos, and was changed to a sea-mew {ciris) ; 2. a nymph, 
 daughter of Phorcus, changed by Circe to a sea-monster in the 
 waters of Sicily (xiv. 1-74). 
 
Index of Prosper Names. 281 
 
 Semele, daughter of Cadmus, mother of Bacchus, blasted by the 
 
 lightnings of Jupiter (iii. 253-315). 
 Silenus, an attendant of Bacchus (vi. 90-99). 
 Sipylus, a mountain of Lydia, home of Tantalus and Niobe. 
 Sirens, sea-maidens, who by their song enchanted mariners to 
 
 perish. 
 Sisyphus, son of yEolus, famous for craft, condemned in Tartarus 
 
 to roll a stone for ever to a hill-top, from which it immediately 
 
 falls back. 
 Sthenelus, king of Mycenae, son of Perseus, father of Eurystheus. 
 Styx, a river of Hades, by which the gods swore their most 
 
 inviolable oath. 
 
 Tantalus, king of Lydia, son of Jupiter, father of Pelops and 
 
 Niobe (vi. 382-411 ; see note to vi. 172). 
 Tartarus, the place of torment in the Lower World. 
 Telamon, son of ^Eacus, king of Salamis, father of Ajax and 
 
 Teucer; a hero of the Calydonian Hunt and of the Argonautic 
 
 Expedition. 
 Telemachus, son of Ulysses and Penelope. 
 Tereus, king of Thrace, husband of Progne, changed to a hoopoe 
 
 (vi. 412-676). 
 Tethys, wife of Oceanus, mother of the ocean-nymphs. 
 Thalia, the Muse of Comedy. 
 
 Themis, goddess of justice, whose oracle was at Delphi (i. 379). 
 Thersites, a deformed and malignant Greek at the siege of Troy 
 
 (xiii. 233). 
 Theseus, son of ^Egeus, king of Athens, who slays the Minotaur, 
 
 and escapes from Crete by aid of Ariadne : a hero of the Caly- 
 donian Hunt and Argonautic Expedition, who delivered the 
 
 land from many monsters. 
 Thetis, a sea-nymph, mother of Achilles. 
 Thyestes, brother of Atreus, by whom his two sons were killed 
 
 and served to him in a banquet. 
 Titan, name of the eldest progeny of Heaven and Earth, and 
 
 poetically of the Sun. 
 Tmolus, a mountain of Phrygia (xi. 151-171). 
 Triptolemus, prince of Eleusis, instructed in agriculture by Ceres 
 
 (v. 645-661). 
 Triton, son and attendant of Neptune : his form part human and 
 
 part that of a fish. 
 Tritonis, an appellation of Minerva. 
 Tydides (son of Tydeus), a name of Diomed. 
 
282 Ovid. 
 
 Tyndarus, king of Sparta, father of Helen and Clytemnestra. 
 Typhoeus, a monster, who warred against the gods and was buried 
 by Jupiter beneath Mt. ./Etna. 
 
 Ulysses (Ulixes), son of Laertes, king of Ithaca, most crafty of the 
 Grecian chiefs at Troy (xiii. 1-381 ; Her. i. 1). 
 
 Venus {Aphrodite), daughter of Jupiter and Dione, goddess of love 
 and beauty. 
 
 Vertumnus, Italian god of the Seasons. 
 
 Vesper {Hesperus), the Evening Star. 
 
 Vesta {Hestia), daughter of Saturn, goddess of the hearth and the 
 sacred fire. 
 
 Vulcanus (Hephaistos), or Mulciber, god of fire: his forge in 
 ./Etna, and the Cyclopes his workmen, who forged the thunder- 
 bolts of Jupiter. 
 
 Zephyrus, the west wind, son of Astraeus and Aurora. 
 Zetes, one of the winged sons of Boreas and Orithyia, who 
 accompanied the Argonauts (see Calais). 
 
g,nnouiutmcnts. 
 
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