THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES .,-.-. DAL: LAWYER of COMPLETE GUIDE TO THE ACQUISITION OF if nun's JJbonotic :; BY ELI AS LOXCLEY. (9; CINCIXXATI: X ELI AS LOXGLEY, IMIONKTK! ITIJLIgHEB. XKW YORK: D. L. SCOTT-BROWNK, 7:17 IJROADWAY. 1877. ^- Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S77, BY ELIAS LONGLEY, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, B.C. IN preparing this Manual of Phonetic Shorthand, the author has had one leading object in view, namely: to fur- nish a means for acquiring speedily a correct and practical knowledge of the much coveted art. The books that have heretofore been used have all answered a good purpose; but they have, with one exception probably, been rendered com- paratively obsolete by the introduction into the system of two or three important improvements. These are incorporated into the present work, by which it is rendered a reliable and permanent text-book. In one important particular this treatise differs from all others heretofore published; namely, the exercises to' be written by the pupil are printed in phonetic spelling.*- By this arrangement three important advantages are gained: First: the learner will be made acquainted with the philoso- phy and utility of phonetic spelling as applied to printing, and will generally be so well pleased with it as to become its ardent advocate. Second; in writing his exercises the pupil will be enabled to transcribe the words into Phonography more readily, for learners are very apt to be troubled by try- ing to get as many letters into their phonographic words as the old spoiling contains, and thus make blunders; and, from inexperience in the analysis of words, there is great liability of inaccurate vocalization; but by writing from the words printed phonetically both of these difficulties will be avoided. Third: the familiarity with Phonotypy thus acquired will also *An edit ion is also printed, in which the exercises to bo written are ir. tin* common spelling, for the accommodation i;t' such persons as do not wish to give any attention to pUon.>'V|iy. That will be designated in the T'liint'ii'- edition: this as tb.- vkm in >i<-, which will always, be sent, in lillin.; orders, unless the other is specified. 449586 IV PREPACK. be of service to the phonographic student hereafter, in ena- bling him to read with ease such phonetic books and papers as he may meet with elsewhere. In support of the utility of this feature we might give the testimony of scores of phonographic teachers and hundreds of private learners; but the following from Henry M. Park- hurst, the distinguished Congressional Reporter, will suffice here: "One phonographer thoroughly imbued with the spirit of the Spelling Reform, is worth more than a dozen who have merely taken a course of lessons. Indeed, I rather think there is more hope of a man who has never heard of Phonography, than of one who has learned it without learn- ing Phonotypy." Another leading feature is such an arrangement of the les- sons that no word, or class of words, is required to be written until the principle has been explained by which they are written in their most approved forms. By this means, the student is not compelled to spend his time in learning to write certain words, and then suffer the discouragement of having to drop and forget the forms thus learned, and famil- iarize himself with new and better ones. What is once learned in this book, remains a fixed fact with the pupil in all his after use of the system. There are hundreds of persons, who, having studied Phonography through what was called the " learner's style," have not yet been able to drop it and adopt the advanced and more practical style of writing; but they will have to do it before they can be recognized as good phonographic writers; and the unlearning of their present lengthy and awkward forms for words, added to the new forms they must learn, is fully equal to learning the system from the beginning. In consequence of this progressive arrangement, the exer- cises to be written necessarily possess an imperfect style of composition. And the words in each exercise being confined as much as possible to the illustration of the principle just introduced, renders necessary a resort to many circuitous ex- PREFACK. V pressions for the development of an idea; this harshness and quaintness, however, diminishes as successive lessons are mastered. The Review at the close of each lesson is a new feature, and will be of great assistance to the teacher, especially to the inexperienced, in questioning his class as to what they have gone over; it wi'l also be useful to the private learner, filling the place, almost, of an oral instructor. The questions may be asked the class either collectively or individually; the latter is general ly the better way. It would be well, as often as convenient, to have the pupils illustrate their answers on the black-board. Immediately following the explanation of each new prin- ciple is a Reading Exercise, embracing, as much as possible, words illustrative of the preceding text. This is followed by an Exercise for Writing, which should be written before pro- gressing further, while the manner in which the words are to be formed are fresh in the mind. Then, at the close of each ;i, is a general Writing Exercise, embodying, beside the principles just presented, all that has previously been learned. This should be written by each pupil, during the interval be- tween the meetings of the class; and at the next recitation, the pupils should exchange their manuscripts with each other, and then read, each a sentence in turn, from their written exercises. They might then be passed to the teacher for his correction. The author would acknowledge his indebtedness to the .roj/Ji/c Class-look of AXRREWS & BOYLE, the first text- book of the system published in America, for many of hia most appropriate illustrations; and to the Plumographic In- . by JAMES C. BOOTHE, the more recent work generally used, for numerous sentences, and; in a few cases, whole par- agraphs of exercises for reading and writing. For the expression of some of the following "Advantages of Phonography," he is indebted to Prof. Gouraud, the author of a work but little known, entitled "Cosmo-Phonography." PHONOGRAPHY has been defined as a philosophical method of writing the English language, with an alphabet composed of the simplest geometrical signs, which accurately represent the sounds of spoken words. It may be written six times as fast as the ordinary longhand, and is equally legible. Aside from the scientific propriety of the system, as made manifest in the Introduction which follows, the following practical advantnges are worthy of consideration: 1. To professors of scientific and literary institutions to gentlemen of the bench or the bar to legislators in the halls of representation to ministers of religion to lecturers on the various arts and sciences it presents the most invalu- able aid, in enabling them to arrange, condense, and fix their thoughts, facts, arguments and proofs, in the briefest period of time and the shortest possible space, presenting, in the condensed schedule of a. s-mallpage, a full and complete syn- opsis of their most elaborate speeches, orations, or discourses. 2. By its aid, the advocates in the courts of justice or the halls of trial, will be enabled to write, with ease and accu- racy, either the full depositions of important witnesses, or the facts, proofs, evidences, and arguments of legal opponents, and thus be in a position, not only to meet them with readi- ness and strength, but eventually to thoroughly overthrow and refute them. 3. The student in the halls of science can transcribe with faithfulness, and preserve in the smallest compass, the valu- able lessons of professors, and thus preserve, for the medita- tion of his leisure hours, a connected whole, instead of broken, detached, and uncertain fragments, that often serve to con- fuse, bewilder, or perplex. 4. Merchants, and clerks of mercantile houses, to whom tims and space are really a desideratum, will find Phonography a n.ost invaluable auxiliary; as the ease wkh which it can ADVANTAIIKS (iF IMI<>\< KiKA I'll Y. Vll be learned and acquired, and the facility and readiness with which it can be *rr>v/< and read, will enable them to tran- scribe their accounts, to note their memoranda, ii> -Alphabet ;wi> (LVtbognip'irr. Like the ancient implements of industry and modes of labor, the alphabet of our fathers, was constructed at a time when the inge- nuity of man had not been brought into full play. The letters ;ire complex, and the use of them cumbersome in the extreme. To illustrate: take the letter for example; to make this letter, the fingers have to perform four inflections or movements, while it represents but a simple sound; in making the letter ?u seven inflections are required, while it, presents but one sound; and every letter of the old al- phabet is thus complex, to a greater or less degree, although they arc d 'siirued each to represent but a single sound. Now. while there is this complexity in the art of writing, in .s;>;>keu 1 .ingu ig the organs of spoech perform but one movement in the enunciation of each letter; und hence the labor of the penman is four or five times as great as that of the speaker; while the latter is moving off freely, as on the wings of the wind, the former is trudging at the snail's pace, \v.-ary and provoked at the contrast. The object to be accomplished, therefore, is to present an alphabet each letler of which can be written by one inflec- tion of the pen, so that the writer need no longer be four tiiii :'.s distanced by the moderate speaker; and if the reader will follow us through this book, he will see that the system we are about to develop more than meets this requisition. But a greater difficulty, if possible, than the mere substitu- tion of a new alphabet, is to be overcome. The orthography employed in using the old alphabet is nearly as cumbrous as the formation of its letters; while its want of system makes it a .study of many years to memorize the spelling of the fifty or eighty thousand words in our language. Thus, take tho sound of a; if we had nothing to do, in order to represent it in our common writing, but to write the on& letter called , the evil would be trilling compared with what 12 INTRODUCTION TO THE it is. But we more frequently have to write two or three, or even four letters to represent this one sound. It has, in fact, thirty-four different modes o f representation, consisting of various combinations of nine different letters, a few only of which we have room to exhibit. Thus, aa, as in _4rron; i, as in poz'n; aig, aa in campaign; aiijh. as in strati/hi; eig/ie, as in weighed, &c. Now common sense, as well as the laws of science, suggests that the sound of a in each and all these should be written with the same letter. When this shall be done, more than two thirds of the labor of representing this sound will b3 saved; but by substituting a new letter that can be made with one movement of the pen instead of the four that a requires, and of the four times four that several of the above combinations require, nine-tentlis of this labor will be avoided. In writing the sound a in these five words, in- stead of making fifty inflections of the pen, we will have to make but Jive! The sound of e is represented \nforty different ways. Ex- amples: ca, as in each; ea-ue as in league; eye, as in keyed; eig, as in se^nor; eiyh, as in Leigh. We need not repeat thai the sound of e in each of these words should be repre- sented by the same letter; or that by substituting for the complex letter e a simple character that can be made with one motion of the pen, seven-eights or nine-tenths of the la- bor in writing would be saved. These are facts that are evi- dent, after the illustrations are presented. And \ve might thus illustrate the unscientific mode of representing nearly every word in our language, with equally formidable results. But we will only state the melancholy fact, that the various sounds employed in speaking the English language are each represented in from four to forty ways, and that in the larg-j majority of cases two or more letters are required to do the service. It is also true, that there is no letter in the alpha- bet that uniformly represents the same sound; thus, a has a different sound in each of the following words : ate, at, ell, are, any. MAM'AI. <>! lMlnNO(iKAlMIV. The consequence of this want o is. in the lan- gu-iiri 1 "t a distinguished writer on the subject of education, $ that " reading is the most difficult of human attainments." An I. as ;i further consequence, one thinl of the population of England are unable to read, and <>m hn'f unable to write; w!iik> in the United States, the number of adult white per- \vho can neither read nor write, is one to every twenty who can; and this wide-spread ignorance must continue until th rudiments of education are simplified. Such inconsisten- cies and mischievous errors as we have referred to, are not in harmony with the developments of order and science in most other branches of industry and art, and hence they must be superseded by something truer and more expedi- ti us; or, if not superseded, we must use the more speedy and ii system in connection with the old. as steamboats, ? railroads and telegraphs are used conjointly with the old modes of conveyance. (The phonetic principle. The term PJtonetic is derived from the Greek word wi-ij speech. A phonetic alphabet, therefore, is one which, referring solely to speech, derives all its laws from a consideration of the elements of speech. To illustrate what we mean by the phrase -'elements qf speech,'' w,> have but t.) ask the reader to adjust his lips to a round position and deliver the voice as he would commence to ; the words ole,otl;, 0:011. Now this same sound is heard in thousands of words in our language, and is what we call an element of speech. Another element is heard in the commencement of the word axe and at the termination of the word n^ut. In pronouncing the words .see, say, s.tw. hear, at the beginning of each of them, the same kind of a sound, namely a A/.--S. which is also an element of speech, for it frequently combines with other sounds to make words. By analyzing all the words in the English language, it has ! vn fjund that it is constituted of but forty-three eleraen- t v sounds; or, to be more precise, thirty-nine simple 14 INTRODUCTION TO THE sounds, and four compound ones, formed by the close union of certain simple sounds, which it is convenient to consider as elements. In speaking', therefore, our words consist simply in the utterance of one of these, or a combination of two or more of them: and in writing these words, common sense would suggest that each element should be represented by a single letter, that should never stand for any other sound. It is supposed the original Phoenician alphabet, from which our present alphabet is remotely derived, was phonetic; thai is, it represented the elements of speech in such a manner that when the sounds of a word were heard the writer knew immediatoly what letters to use, and when he saw the letters he knew at once what sounds he was to utter. But when this alphabet was adopted by the Greeks and Romans, who used sounds unknown to the Phoenicians, many of the old letters were necessarily used to represent new sounds as well as old ones, so that there was no longer any very strict ac- cordance between the sounds and letters of words. But when other European nations, including the English, adopted the romanic alphabet, and used it in very different ways, inso- much that no one could guess what sound should be attributed to any one letter, almost all trace of the phonetic nature of the alphabet was lost. And hence the deplorable state of English spelling and writing, as depicted in previous pages, which, in few words, is so bad that no one can tell the sound of an unknown word from its spelling, or the spelling of a new word from its sound. Phonetic spelling, therefore, is no new thing, and the efforts of writing and spelling reformers is simply an attempt to place the representation of the English language on the same rational basis that the most classic of the ancient lan- guages stood, and in addition thereto to afford the means of the most rapid writing that it is possible to attain. No fur- ther argument, therefore, should be required, in presenting a system so accordant with truth and utility. MANC.U. lF I'HONOIJKAI'HY. jJbouotlvn. The word Phonotypy. from the Greek t-^T* speech, and n-.-r--. type, signifies the printing of language by types which represent the sounds heard in speaking; while Phonography, also from $urr t and another Greek word, 7? a tT ; '' tu write, signifies to write by sound, or with charac- ters that represent the sounds heard in speech. Although the latter is the art which this work is specially designed to ex. plain, yet a knowledge of the former will materially aid in its acquisition; and as a sufficient acquaintance with it may be obtained in a few minutes' study, we shall here present a brief exposition of it. The forty-three elementary and dipthongal sounds that it has been found necessary to represent in a true orthography of the English language, are exhibited by the italic letters in the following words : eel earth ale at'r arm all oak ooze; ill ell am ask on up wood; tee, oil, oiol, mute; yea, way, 7uy : pole, Jowl, ^oe, rfoe, c/ieer, ,/eer, came, same, /ear, veer, thigh, thy, seal, 2eal, s/iall, vision, rare, lull; mum, nun, sing. Of course the old twenty-six letter alphabet was incompe- tent to ive a character for each of these forty-three sounds. And in determining upon the introduction of new letters, t\vo important considerations present'-d tlr-mselves to the mind. both grounded on the fact that the romanic style of spelling already existed in printed books, and flourishes \ herever our langu.ige is spoken or read. First, that those who can al- ready reail r Mnani.- spelling should IKIVL' very little difficulty in acTuirin^ phonetic spelling: and secondly, that those who are taught to read phonetically should find that the greater part of the difficulties attendant on the acquirement of ro- manic reading were then overcome. In order to accomplish thes two very important objects, it was necessary to u.-e as many of the old romanic letters as 1(> INTRODUCTION TO THE possible, in the senses which they most froijuently have in the romanic spelling of English; and to make the new pho- netic letters suggest the letters or combinations of letters which are most frequently employed to express their sounds romanically. The grand object was to make English reading easy not merely in phonetic but also in romanic spelling, in order that the large number of boo!\s already printed should be still use- ful, or rather should be made useful to those to whom they are at present useless the book-blind, those who cannot read. Tliis has been r/eci&l. Not only is phonetic reading so easy to those who read romanically that few find any difficulty in the matter at all, but those who have only learned to read phonetically occupy the same position in regard to romanic reading. Out of the twenty-six romanic letters, three, c, q, x. have been rejected. The fifteen consonants, bdfhjlmnprtvwyz are used in their usual romanic sense; that is, in the sense which the English romanic reader would naturally expect them to have in any new word, as they are pronouuced at the beginnin of the romanic words, ied, <^eed, /it, /ead, ,/est, fall, raun, un, peep, rare, r>e, vote, ooe, yes, zeal, The five vowels, . c, i, o, ti, and the remaining three con- sonants k, ij, s, aiv to bj pronounced as at the beginning of am, egg, in, on, up, &ite, get, sup. New letters have been invented for the sounds expressed by the italic letters in the under-written words in the follow- ing ta! 1 : C e E e t [ a ft ^ Ho. (I a G e O o (D CD U u * j eel mrth we- azr rm nsk all oak ooze foot ice (3 (r ~$ is U u G cj Rt (Td XJ Xg TJg w? owl m>/le cate/i //(in ttine she vision sing 1 Iu plronetic ^Upbitbct. The Jetton is altcays The letter is ,/ written printei loanded as writt I'll printed Sciuinli-d as d? r c CC as in C(A 0^/t Pp /i as in I'OjyQ & ? ]; <; ca .. earth 84 Bb b . . ro/>e c%& [ a a .. f/\(> LS ' Tt / .. fa/e *J^ ' <*7 'A q, a .. mv & (/ D d d . . fa'/e \^ 1* 7< iKAPH V. 11.) - -nt the vowels; the straight lines and curves represent the consonants. The following diagrams exhibit the source from which the latter are derived, and show the different posi- tions they occupy in representing different let; \ / It will he observed that the straight line assumes fjur dif- ferent positions, and the curved one eight; these are as many positions as can be recognized without danger of confusion; and these two simple characters can be written in these twelve positions so as to be just as distinct and legible as though this number of differently shaped letters were em- ployed. Here, now, we have the m?an.s of representing t\velve consonant sounds; but since in writing we can make either light or heavy marks, this number may be doubled by :iiziug the same number of heavy straight lines and curv While it is found necessary to make each of the primitive characters heavy, in order to obtain a suffijifiit number, it is ; aind a useful and philosophical method of distinguish- ing between the natures of different sounds. Thus, eight of unds which these characters are to represent are mere >.'odiiced by the transition of the organs of speech, from one position to another, or by the simple contact of dif- parts of the mouth, without any vocal sound ; and there are eight others made in the same manner, but they h ivc in addition a slightly roughened or v.-tcnl sound, which require a greater effort to produce them. To follow nature, therefore, and preserve a correspondenc-3 between signs and sounds, the light signs are mado to repre- sent the light or whispered sounds, and the heavy signs to rz- :t t!ie heavy sounds. Tims, both tho K I'lIOXOURAPHV. 21 2. CONTINUANTS: The organs of speech are in contact in the production of ihese elements, yet not so firmly as to totally obstruct the passaga of breath, or voice; but the sounds may be continued any length of time. There are, >ht of these el MII -nts half of them whispered and half spoken; and as they are of a fl swing, yielding nature, tlu-y are appropriately represented by curved and flowing signs; thus: r I, ^_ s. //.>, f \\reaUi, J buy?, ) vicious. fyxtl-cii, V^ sai-?, ( \\TC3.t'ie, ) buzz, ^vision. 3. LIQUIDS: These are r and /. and arj called liquids be- cause they readily run into or unite with other consonant sounds. They are not distinguished by any variation of sound, as the abrupt^ and continuants, and are represented by light curves; t!m--: f fa//, for. ^ 4. NASALS: The sounds of m, n and ng, are called nasals from the fact that the organs are brought in complete contact, and the voice driven through the nose. The m and n are represented by the two remaining light curves, and ng by the heavy curve corresponding to n, as being nearly related to that sound; thus: s~^ seem, *^_^ see??, - si?? Spoken. \. ' v. > Liquids. fiesonants, /- N m Ambigues. ^\ w t I* ( th ) s /ch /.i "V < --n In the above division of the consonant sounds, reading in columns downwards, we begin with, (1) those fortficd at ?he lips, as p, b, /, &c., and call them Labials; (2) wo then go back to the region of the tip of the tongue and the teeth, where t, d, &c., are formed, which class we term Linguo-Dcn- tals, (tongue-teeth sounds;) (.')) then to the hard palate or roof of the mouth, a little back of the teeth, where we find ch,j,sh, &c., which we call Lintjuo- r - ^ n seen CO j H^ < 2 H 25 J s buss ? ^V si<7 / j ec^e O ; z buzz g i w tway k locfe _y* J vicious 1, 2 ( lo \\ dupe REMARK. The above is a tabular view of the phonetic ', alphabet. It shows the simplicity of the characters cm- ployed, as contrasted with the longhand letters of the old alphabet. It is placed in this form for occasional reference by the student; to appreciate the beauty and utility of .its use, the following course of lessons must be mastered. . _ . Manual of Hjj0n0grjroto. ^^ t -|r y u -' r 0-s Jess ai.l. KXPLODENT CONSONANTS. 1. Let the pupil take a pointer, or a pen without ink, and trace the signs in the following division of the con- sonants, termed cxplodents, the perpendicular and in- clined ones from the top downwards, and the horizontal ones from left to right, speaking, at the same time, the name of each, as printed beneath. \ / - Pe Be Te De Chay Jay Kay Gay The consecutive order and tabular arrangement of these signs should be fixed in the mind, by repeating them frequently as above ; after which the exercise may be varied as follows : \\ \\ \\ T, D _i_ Ch.Jl 7>^ I i I -tl-i-l- I I // // // / / // K, G -- . -- -- -- -- NOTE. In the above, and a few subsequent exercises, is ex- hibited the manner of writing on double-ruled paper; in the use of a single line tiie signs should be written lo it as though it were the lower line in the double-ruling. 3 C25) 26 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 2. The power, or simple sound, of each sign, must now be learned, and this may be most readily done as follows: Beneath each sign we will place a key-word, with a hyphen just bsfore the letter, or letters, repre- senting the last sound in the word; and if the learner will pronounce each word as far as the hyphen, then pause, and in a moment give the final sound by itself, that sound will be the unvarying power of the short-hand sign above the word. Thus : \\.l-l / - ro-pe ro-6e, fa-te fa-de, ea-cA a- k S- The first downward stroke should stop on the bottom line, and when another one occurs in the same word it ON WHITING THE CONSONANTS. 27 should be 'continued on below, as the tail of a letter in longhand writing. The following, and all other reading exercises, after being read (Mice or twice by sound, should also be copied into the 'learner's copy-book, the pupil speaking the sounds of the signs as he copies them. In copying this exercise, observe that the place of beginning each form, or outline, of a word, is the length of a consonant stroke above the line of writing; on double-ruled paper the bottom line always being considered the line proper. READING EXERCISE I. In writing the following exercise, from print, fre- quent reference to paragraphs 1 and 3 will be necessary for a time, in order to insure correctness. If doubt should arise as to the proper shorthand sign to he used for any letter, it may be settled at once by con- sulting sec. 2. WRITING EXERCISE I. pk bk tk dk ch-k jk kg g-ch kp kb kt kd k-ck kj kk kg pb td ch-p tb bt p-ch d-ch jb 28 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. LONG VOWELS. 4. The six primary or long vowels of the English language, for practical purposes, -are thus arranged, in conformity somewhat with the scientific classification of the elementary sounds of the language. The sounds are indicated by the following letters and the words beneath : E A AH AW O OO eel ale arm awl old ooze The first three sounds are represented by a heavy dot, placed at the beginning, middle, or end, of a con- sonant ; and the last three by a short, heavy dash in the same positions. Thus: E A AH AW O OO ee-\ a-le a-rm aw-\ o-ld oo ze NOTE. The shorthand sign j , in connection with the dots and dashes above, is used merely to indicate their positions to any consonant. 5. The sounds of these dots and dashes maybe learned by first pronouncing the key-words underneath, notic- ing the first or vowel sound in each; then, by pro- nouncing each word as far as the hyphen only, the proper sound of the shorthand vowel sign will be heard. 6. This vowel scale should be repeated over and over, thus: "E, A, AH, heavy dots; AW, o, oo, heavy dashes," until they can be as readily recalled as the figures 1, 2, 3, etc. They may be described as follows: OX WHITING THE VOWKL8. E is the first place Ivavy doi ; A is the second place heavy dot; AH is the third place heavy dot; AW is the first place heavy dish; o is the second place heavy dash ; oo is the third place heavy dash. NOTE. The sound of al in air, of a in mare, and of e in there, may be represented by lengthening the dot for a into a parallel dash, thus: >| , (the | , of course, being only the consonant t); but the difference between the two, -| and ), is so slight that, practically, it is thought not worth while to indi- cate it. 7. In vocalizing the consonants, that is, in placing the vowels to them, the dots and dashes should be written near the strokes, but not so that they will join, thus, tea, )/ age, \. pa. The dashes should be written at right angles, or nearly so, with the consonants, a.s, \ paw, -p go, |_ two. Inclined signs are regarded as perpendicular, with reference to the reading or placing of vowels before or after them. 8. If the vowel is to be read first, we place it before or to the left of vertical and inclined consonants, and. above horizontal ones; thus, ' eat, X, ape, L oak ; if the vowel is to be read aftsr the consonant, we place it after, or to the right of vertical and inclined conso- nants, and below horizontal ones, thus, J- day, N^ bow, /^ s jaw, r key. 9. The following exorcise should be read over fre- quently, till the learner acquires the correct sounds of the vowels, and their consecutive order. 30 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. READING EXERCISE II. Words in u'hich the Vowels follow the Consonants. \ \ \ \ X v pea pay pa paw bow pooh I' ! \- tea day bah taw toe two gee jay jaw joe do key gay caw Vowels preceding Consonants. eat ate each age eke ache I - 'I -I X ->- ought oat awed owed ope oak WRITING EXERCISE II. Tea, day, pay, pa, key, gay, eat, aid, each, age, ache, bee, bay ; paw, bow, booh, taw 7 , toe, two, dough, do, chaw, joe, caw, go, coo. VOCALIZING COMBINED CONSONANTS. 10. The spelling, and manner of writing, the follow- ing words may be studied first with the aid of the key underneath; after'which it is a good plan to lay a strip OX WHITING THE CURVES. 31 of piper over the key a:id read u'itliout the aid of the printed words; then reverse the process: lay the paper over the shorthand line, and write in phonography from the printed copy, and afterward compare your own with the forms here given. READING AND WRITING EXERCISE III. peak keep take gate talk coat coop ZL -7 n z- -A. ~n - chock cage caught chalk joke goat cake beat paid date taught boat pope boot. CONTINUANT CONSONANTS. 11. The second division of consonant signs is given below, preceded by their names, and followed by a line of key-words beneath, indicating their several sounds: eF Ve iTII Tile eS Ze iSII Zlle ^. ('<)') J sa-fo su-ue oa- \ .L sliow slice ease eve owes oath ooze ask ft eel fade faith food sheep shape shade A shake shan>e sheaf sliuve thief veto evoke. OX WRITING THE CUHVE8. 3?> LIQUIDS AND N'ASALS. 14. The rem:iincl(!r of the consonants can not be grouped us those heretofore given ; nor do they exist in pairs of whispered and vocal, therefore they must be le.irncd as independent signs. The pure sounds of these signs should be learned as the others have been, and as indicated below : eL aB eM eN fa-rt si-ng THE AMBIGUES AND ASPIRATE. 15. To obtain the powers of these last three signs, commsnce to pronounce the key-words underneath, and stop suddenly when you come to the hyphen, which will give you the proper sounds. The key-words are also the names of the signs: ^ r s TF-ay F-ea H-ay 16. L f is written upward, Avlien the only stroke c'>n.-:>:nnt in a word, and gonerally so in combination with others, .but it is written downward when it is more convenient to do so ; r ~~\ is written downward; in ^~^, n *- , "f/-^ > from left to right ; w ~^ and y (~ are written downward, as all heavy perpendicular and in- clined strokes are; h _ is always written upward. MANUAL OF PHOXOGHAPHY. WRITING EXERCISE. 17. First trace the following lines with a pointer, repeating the sound of each sign in doing so; after- wards copy them with pencil and pen : L r r r r r r c r B S ^v "S ~S "S -"VS. "S H//////// 18. In the following exercise observe that the first- place vowels, long e and aw, are written to f~ at the place where you begin to write it, viz: on the line; the rule being, that the first-place position of a conso- nant is at the end where you begin to form it, and the third-place where you finish it. This rule applies also to the sign How are the first three represented? The la-st three? (7) How are the dasli vowels written with reference to the consonants? (81 How are the vow. -Is written to the consonants with reference to reading the same? (11 What are the names of the first eight curved consonants? What are rmed? Repeat tlu-ir powers. (12) How are they written? (13) How are the dash vowels written to the curved consonants? (11) What are the names of the liquid consonants? Of the nasals? How are these five signs written? (live their sounds. (1,~ What are the names and sounds of the simhi^nes? What of the aspirate? (16) How are these si^ns written? (18) Where is the first-place vowel written to I and h ? Where the third place ? lesson 2. SHORT VOWELS DIPHTHONGS DOT H VOCALIZING COMBINED CONSONANTS. IP the student has become familiar with the arrange- ment and manner of writing the long vowels, it will be a very easy matter for him to understand and use the following scale of SHORT VOWELS. ! : i ~i j U ;e ja 10 -ju ju as in it, et, at, on, up, foot. The six vowel sounds above given approximate so nearly in quality to those given on page 30, the main difference being in length or fulness, that they are repre- sented in precisely the same manner, excepting that the signs are made lighter. [See Introduction, pages 20, 21.] 19. The proper sounds of these dots and dashes, in their several positions, must be well memorized. They may be designated thus: i is the first place light dot; e is the second place light dot; a is the third place light dot; is the first place light dash; tl is the second place light dash ; U is the third place light dash. As a general thing it is more convenient, and, except in analyzing words, it is just as well to name the short vowels with the consonant / after them; thus: it, tt, at, ot, lit, not. (36) EXERCISE OX THE SHORT VO\VKI,S. 37 The following exercise on the short vowel scale should be practised till their consecutive order is well mastered, and the position of each sound can be told without hesi- tation. READING EXERCISK II. 'I -I I ~! -I I X \ \ x \ z: L_ Z. \r x WRITING EXERCISE II. FIRST PLACE LIGHT DOT. Pit, tip, pil, pik, dip, mil. SECOND PLACE LIGHT DOT. Eb, cj, eg, bel, tel. THIRD PLACE LIGHT DOT. Ad, am, lak, bak. FIRST PLACE LIGHT DASH. Od, of, top, got, Jok, lok, mok, foil, bodi. SECOND PLACE LIGHT DASH. Up, us, kut, luk, luv. THIRD PLACE LIGHT DASH. Pul, buk, tuk, ruk, luk, kuk, puli, fuli. 449586 38 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. DIPHTHONGS. as in u ice. oil, owl, new. 20. These diphthong characters, excepting ^ ,* oc- cupy but two places, the beginning and end of a conso- nant. When written in the first place, with the point downward, the angle represents the first sound in ice; thus, ^N^ pie, ( v thy, ^ "*" my; with the point upward, in the same place, the first sound in oil; thus, \ boy, A coy; with the point upward, and in the third place, the first sound in oicl; as, /\ our, ^ now. The char- A. acters should be written without lifting the pen, and placed in a perpendicular position to the inclined and horizontal strokes, as well as to the vertical. HEADING EXERCISE III. \|V IV -X V f /-"I V\ V^. \ -v V /v > / x r /* v WRITING EXERCISE III. jcr, j, tj, fj, vj, dj, SJ, ker; o-l, ano-. B, mj, nj ; js, jz, jl, jr, jsi. y, vs, sy, als, ns ; st, Ber, ter, -sr TS\. * Thi.=, though representing, ordinarily, the pure diphthong, is also em- ployed in an extended scheme of compound vowels, which will be treated of hereafter. THE DOT //. 21. DOT //. Since the aspirate never occurs in Eng- lish except before a vowel, a briefer mode of represent- ing it than the long sign s is generally employed, namely, a light dot placed immediately before the vowel; it should be written to the left of the dot vowels that belong to a vertical or inclined stroke, and above those belonging to horizontals; and above the dash vowels of the former, and to the left of those of the latter; thus, "| Jiff, ^-^ /inn, | hod, ~/\ her, ;.'_ honn'. Although this It is the same in shape as the light dot vowels, it need never lead to any mistake, from the fact that no dot vowel ever occurs immediately before another dot vowel. For the stroke, h will be italicized. READING EXERCISE IV. r _ o T\ n A A WRITING EXERCISE IV. L i\<; VOWELS. lift, hat, lied, hel, hal, her, har; hop, hoop, hod, hok, hoi, horn. FIRST PLACE LIGHT DOT. Hip, hit, hiq, hil, him. SECOND PLACE LIGHT DOT. Hcd, hej, hem. THIRD PLACE LIGHT DOT. Hat, had, hacj, hak, ham, harj, hapi. FIRST PLACE LIGHT DASH. Hop, hot, hog, hod. SECOND PLACE LIGHT DASH. Hub, hut, huj, hul, hum huij. DIPHTHONGS. Iljt, hjd, h;;.'. 40 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. VOCALIZING COMBINED CONSONANTS. 22. In vocalizing two or more consonants it is very important to keep the vowel signs away from the angles or places where the consonants join, especially from the inside of angles, as in such positions it is impossible to tell to which stroke they belong ; thus, it cannot be told whether Y->, ls the word beam or balm. The following rules should be observed: First. When a first place vowel, or diphthong, comes between two consonants it is placed immediately after the first ; as \ keep, not *\ , where it is before the second consonant; ^~^ meek, not ~~; kill, not if ; y_ ^ ream, v j kite, &c. Second. A second place vowel, if it is long, is also written after the first consonant; as ~"~] gate, |^ dome; but if short, it is written before the second; as } get, \j^ dumb; by which arrangement we are enabled to de- termine the sound of the middle place vowel by position, if it should not be clearly indicated by the size. Third. Third place vowels, whether long or short, are written before the second consonant ; as ^V < balm, \boot, > bad, X [book, \duubt. -' .' A! ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISE. VOr,\M/l.\<; m.MIMNKT) CONSONANTS. 41 Fourth. If two vowels conic between two consonants, the first one spoken is written to the first stroke. ;iml the next one to the second ; thus, \X poem, ^^ P<'H'" fl '- Some deviations from these rules occur in contracted forms of writing; hut their general observance renders the manuscript more legible than it could otherwise be. 24. If two vowels precede the first consonant in a word, the first is written farther from it than the second; thus. v -\ iutd : if it terminate with two, the last is writ- ten farther from the consonant sign; as, ^ i<>, &c. 2(>. In reading words of two or more consonants, it must be observed that each stroke, and the vowel-sign or signs placed to it, must be read precisely as they would be if they stood unconnected with other consonant strokes; thus, V~) re;i( l i' 1 tn ' s W;IV would be considered thus: \ (~ )' pu-li-ry; ^V > ^ \ C migh-ti-ly. This process will be necessary till the learner can read words from their general appearance. 42 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. WRITING EXERCISE V. LONG DOT VOWELS. Bet, bak, ba.r, peq, bqm, pad, pal, pqm, tern, dam, tq,", de;l, dat, qep, qqr, qer, qef, kep, gat, kel, gal, kqm, kak, Jam, qrk, qrrn, lep, lat, \t\S, nav, i ; ani. a\vak, a\vqr. SHJBT DOT VOWELS. Bit, pet, pad, piq, bsg, bag, pil, del, rim, lip, lej, liv, mac, mej, Ifiaj, mil, milk, vali, aAe.l. L<>im DASH V"\VELS. Bot, pop, boot, tet, l, gudi, t'erm, vot, frm of the aspirate ? How distinguished from vowel Combined consonants, what is important? What vowels? Second place? Third place? If two v consonants, how are they written? (23. ) If two nant ? If two terminate a word? (21.) How m: ? (22.) In vocalizing s the rule for first place wels occur between-two precede a conso- ! 1 sometimes be writ- ten? (25.) What is the rule for reading wordi containing two or more consonants and thoir accompanying vowels. 3. UP-STROKES II, 8H, AND L VOWEL WORD-SIGNS, Ac. 2G. Iii order to prevent words from running too far below the line for convenience or beauty, and to afford a variety of skeleton outlines, by which different words having the same consonant sounds may be written differ- ently, and thus be distinguished without being vocalized, provision is made for representing several of the conso- nant sounds by both upward and downward strokes. This provision also makes the writing moia* easy of execution, since these up-strokes are all in the inclina- tion of the line of writing, from left to right. The letters thus represented are r, s/i. and I; the former of which, only, requires a different character. 27. The second sign lor r is a straight line struck upward at an angle of thirty degrees; thus, /^ Though this character is specially available in writing words re- quiring two or more consonants, yet it is frequently used alone, as /S ri/<-; and more frequently when termi- nating with a circle or hook, (Lessons IV, VI,) when it is less likely to be confounded with r/i, written down- ward and of nearly tlie same inclination ; in neither case, however, is there any difficulty experienced by the adept, since the sense of the preceding words nearly always suggests what the following word is. 28. When written in connection with other conso- nants, there is never any ambiguity, since it can be seen (43)""" 44 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. at a glance whether the stroke is written upward or downward; thus, [X' tr, J tch, /\ rt. So that while the rule is that ch shall be written at an angle of sixty degrees, and r at an angle of thirty degrees, they may both be written at the same inclination, except when either is the only consonant in a word, and except, also, when one of them immediately follows the other, as /"/, in which case necessity compels one to be written at a different inclination from the other. 29. The rule that the beginning of a consonant stroke is where the first-place vowel is written, and the termina- tion of a stroke the third-place, must be observed in vocalizing this up -stroke r: thus, ^ reach, // \ ripe, "^l charity. RULES FOR WRITING It UPWARD OR DOWNWARD.* 30. The following rules in regard to the use of the two forms of r, will guide the learner to the best forms of words: First. The up-stroke should be used when the follow- ing consonant is to be written downward, as in the examples above. (29.) Second. When r is the initial letter of a word, and is followed by the s-circle, it-hook, (see Lessons IV and VIII,) k, Irish, 'V early, A_^ error. Third. Whenever preceded by v, th, or m, the upward r is employed; as \^_/ veer, (~\/ theory, <^/ mire. * These rules may bo passed over without much studying at first : but on reviewing the lessons they should be well understood and applied. (IN WRITING THK IP-STKOKE R. 45 Fourth. Whenever followed by n or ny the up-stroke is employed; /* rainy, /^ " wrong. Fifth. When r is the final stroke consonant in a word, and followed l>y a voice!, the up~ttroke is to be used, as in the words \^/' ln-i/. / carry; but if no vowel fol- lows, the down-stroke is employed; as \. poor, ~~\ car. Sixth. When one r follows another, except at the be- ginning of a word when preceded by a vowel (as in error,) they are both written upward; as ^f^\ rarify, X / /////. When followed by m, the down-stroke is always used; as V-J room, / diarm. EXERCISE VI. A 1X7 1 xr MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. WRITING EXERCISE VI. Repel, retjr, redem, redi, ratifj, ravaj, pqrti, dcrjd, arjv, nrj, erft ; raj, rak, riketi. Boro, feri, jvori, teori, kari, memori, rotari, turoli, mer, demijr, aclmjr. Ifandom, reform, rayk, reanimat, adorin. Boroer, borer, barier, inferior, naroer, kurier, miror, derer, Jerer, karer. [Down-stroke R.~\ Rern, qm, remedi, remo>v. RULES FOR WRITING L AND SH. 31. L and sh may be written upward or downward without any change of form ; and in vocalizing, or read- ing, the direction in which they were made, as in the ease of the up-stroke r. will be known by their connection /"~ ^"i J^ with other consonant signs; as _J, -#> > leave, of the,? on the, >. to the. MARKS OP PUNCTUATION: x period, J colon, in- terrogation, \ wonder, jf grief, ? laughter, ( ) paren- theses; the comma and semi-colon may be written as in common manuscript. An emphatic word or sentence is indicated by a waved line being drawn beneath it; thus, ^7; if it is desired to indicate that a word should commence with a capital let- ter, it is shown by two parallel lines being written under it; thus, ^ READING EXERCISE VII E. A * ' ^ s / /\r /j i x v * -y. ^~r^ ) ^ < 'Vj. J vl -v iv X ..I . t ) I V v NT /--^-^ I \ x X > ^^/: 50 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. WRITING EXERCISE VIII. NOTE. In the following and a few subsequent exercises the sign-words thus far introduced will be indicated by being enclosed in quotation marks. As additional ones are spoken of, they will be indicated in the same way. When the may be united with a preceding word, they will be connected by a hyphen. Gariti tariet ?orj; hjdeti muq n>n; qen'Jeft no il; aperet holli luvli amurj us. 'cle' erfi 'and' 'de' a/. A Ijvli 'and' hapi, 'but' gidi, ber. (E o nufiin. 'tie' het 'ov-de' fjr. Go 'tia-de' dor. He ma rjt 'el-de' tjm. La it 'on-de' /elf. Go 'tu' mj Jop 'and' rip 'de' bel. Q Jadi pore; 'and' ka>/in Jser. Ma hqrmoni Zog abjd in ^r qurcj. FcDlij" ber! 'hs' da/ 'he' lavi/ mj muni 'on' so vjl a pol- isi? '91' 'boo' no 'de' rjt /ud' da> it. REVIEW. (26.) Which are the letters that may be written either up- ward or downward ? (27.) Explain the up-stroke r as compared with ch. (28.) In words containing more than one consonant, how is up-stroke r distinguished from ch? (29.) Where are the first and third place vowels put to the up-stroke rf (30.) Give the first rule for writing r; the sec- ond, ditto; third: fourth: fifth: sixth; seventh? (31.) How is it determined when the strokes sh, r, I are written upward? (32.) Give the first rule for writing I; the second: third: fourth; fifth? (33.) Under what circum- stance is sh nearly always written upward ? (3i. ) What is a word-sign ? Explain the difference between a word-sign and a sign- word. (35.) What is the word represented by the first place heavy dot ? The third place heavy dot ? Third place light dot? The diphthongs? What three words does the first place heavy dash represent ? What three the third place heavy dash ? What three the first place light dash ? What, three the third place light dash? (36.) What is the practice in writing the after other word- signs. -ft. THE CIRCLE S AND ZOOM, COX, LVG, AND HP CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS. The fact that s and z represent sounds of very fre- quent recurrence, renders it necessary, in order to secure the greatest brevity and beauty in writing, that they be furnished with an additional sign. Indeed, each subsequent chapter of these lessons is but to introduce some more abbreviated method of writing; which, while it seems to render the system more com- plex, adds to it new beauty as well as value. 37. The second forms for s and z are, a small circle, made light for the first, and thickened on one side for the latter; thus, o s, o z; the thickening of the z-circle, however, is scarcely ever necessary, as the sense will nearly always indicate whether the circle should be s or 2. Where great precision is requisite, the stroke z should be used. The circle is used much more frequently than the stroke s; it is employed, however, only in connection with stroke consonants, except as a word-sign. The table on the following page will assist the learner in fixing in his mind the peculiar connection the circle has with each long sign ; it will also be of service for refer- ence, in writing out the exercises in the lesson. (51) 52 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. TABLE OF THE CIRCLE S. \ sp [ st / sch Q sk \ sb . I sd X sj Q sg X. sf ( sth J ss ^_y ssli V, sv ( sth ) sz ^/ szh 6 si ) sr o/ sr 6~~^ sm (>_> sn sng ^ sw sh 38. The stroke y never takes an initial circle, because not needed; it is used on its termination, however. The table presents the circle written only at the initial end of the strokes, whereas it may be written at either end, according as it is desired to read before or after the stroke; thus, \o ps, o Ars, j tcs, < X^A; and it may also, of course, be written between two strokes; thus, | kst, \o^,fsn. 39. The learner must observe the following rules in writing the circle: First. On all the straight vertical and inclined strokes it is written on the right-hand side, both beginning and end. Second. On the straight horizontal signs, which in- clude the up-stroke r, since it is nearer horizontal than vertical, it is written on the upper side. Third. It is written on the inner or concave side of all the curved signs. Compare the foregoing with the table. Fourth. When it comes between two consonants it is turned in the shortest way; thus, J tsk, /^ chsn, ON WHITING THE CIRCLE S AND Z. 53 40. In vocalizing words in which the circle 8 is used, the vowel-signs are to be placed to the strokes before which or after which they are heard, without any refer- ence to the circle. As rules to assist the learner in reading words containing the circle s, the following ob- servations are sufficiently explicit: First. If there is an initial circle, it is always read first, and then the vowel that precedes the stroke, and p %>-- lastly the stroke itself, as I scat, a : sack, & aonl. Second. If no vowel precedes the stroke, the circle, stroke, and following vowel are read, in the order QV /^~ named ; as \ spy, \- stoic, o_Y scale. Third. When the circle terminates a word, it isialways t 1 r. * this, -j-o goes. { looks, 6~~*> seems, ^ enjoys, ^\> suppose; when written between two strokes, its relation to the vowels is always evident, as will be seen in examining , lessen, *] excite. HEADING EXERCISE IX. f t *- *- V" MANUAL Or PHONOGRAPHY. WRITING EXERCISE IX. Sip, scop, sap, sop, set, s^d, set. set, sej, stiq, sek, sok, sav, sj4, sxfl, sez, saj, ser, ssr, sel, sol, sam, sum, sjn, som, sin, stink. Spj, sta, 8kj, sla, slo, slj, sno. Pes, daz, qez, jerz, gas, fez, vjs, .\ -AFFIX. IXii. 55 44. The circle is used as a word-sign lor is, written above the line, thus, ; and for . )-, with the dot aspirate prefixed the} become ln's, .0 h'ts. READING EXERCISE X. /o <*? ' V \ ") V \ \ L, L- / rf x XD "\VRITIXO EXERCISE X. jsi, aslfp, esj.^zal, asjnz, s^onz ; bizi, spjsi, lazi, rsa, ekselensi, obstinasi, epilepsi, suHJeiisi; eooloji, zero, zclusli zi ir za* r Scs, sos, sez, sez, sisorz, sizm. Basis, dosez, qo>zez, kisez, diskusez, v^scz, ?nsez, relesez, egzist, pozesor. THE PREFIXES CO.V AND COX THE AFFIX JXG. 4."). For the sake of rendering Phonography as brief as possible, a few arbitrary signs are used, for the repre- sentation __,, passing, \^3 confessing, /"" rising; and after J>, LI, br 1 th, m; as,^A nothing, ^^ 'seeming. Generally ^^ is written for ings; as \^ beings, ^^Y } rejoicings. A dash may be used when more convenient; as | do- ings, \o . I ) S V O V \- * EXERCISE AND REVIEW. 59 WHITING EXERCISE XII. i Ijk 'no' kiijilom 'A?.' j Mo>' a republik. ' da 'fcink' da '\vil' 'kum' 'up' 'tu-de' mqrk. (1 t'e/ig 'ov' o 'Jiid' fi/ dj sol 'in' dis fioli Ass. Asperiti Ubzez 'de' qef 'ov' 'its' dezjnz. 'Hi/,' lazines 'iz' eksesiv; 'he' disljks 'hiz' buks. 'Hiz' fansi iz 'yugnali' nq, ';ind' 'liiz' dezinz tul 'ov' Ijt. <:'Haz' dis juj 'no' justis. Oncsti 'iz' rjt polisi. 'Ol' eskap 'tui-de' siti 'iz' hoples. ''Xud' 'de' nam 'be' put 'on-de' tsjd 'and' 'on-de' top 'ov-de' boks. <:'Hs' nieni '(ir' 'tu' go. 'It' 'iz' 'to' muq 'tu' besto 'on' 'd^m'. 7/isn 'tu.-de' /eson, 'and' 'be' bizi, 'az' a IKJ 'Jud' 'be' 'liU)' aspi/-z 'tu' 'be' at 'de' lied 'ov-de' sko>/. Sinser soro 'iz' ezili sen besjd fo/s. So/al Ijt' 'givz' inuq hapines. (Isk 'no' fiisiliti 'in' biznes af^rz, un?es 'it' 'be' nesesari. Sunset senen Joz riq kulorz 'and' handbiim Jadz; 'and' 'it' qanjez intu. nieni varid fonnz. 7ti(jez 'qr' set bj sum, 'az'-'de' sors 'ov' jtr 'iu' dis l^t', bekoz reali nesesa/'i, 'az' da supoz. REVIEW. (37.) What are the second forms for s and z? (38.) When; may the circle be written ? (39.) On which side of the vertical and in- clined strokes is it turned? Which side of the straight horizontal.* ? Which side of all the curves? Hn\v is it written between two strokes? (41*. ) How are strokes having an -circle vocalized? If there be an initial circle and preceding vowel, what is the order of reading ? If vowels both precede and follow, what is the ordor ? (41.) How many cases are there where the stroke * must be used? What is the first? second? third? and fourth? i I-. How >h<>uld the an in the same syllable be written? How .vr/ 1 ):!. > What syllables dors ihr double circle represent? What is the exception? l 4 t. i What are th-.' sign-words for the circle? (45.) What are the prefix.-*? ( 4'i. i What is the affix? When is it more convenient to write the iilnhali -tii; /| wu wo) ,| wu 52. To obtain suitable characters for the representa- tion of the w-series, a small circle is divided perpendicu- larly, thus V, the first or left-hand half of the circle representing the union of w with the first, or dot series of vowels; and like them it is made heavy for the long sounds; as CN \. weep, f '.< ^ -\__v- 64 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. WRITING EXERCISE XV. Wjvz, kwjet, wjdnes, kwjetnes, kwcrt, I ikwer. Hwip, hwjit, hwigeri; hw^rbj. Wajwitl h\va_rat, hwerlpml, enihwqr, nohwqr; hwelbaro, hwtlrjt, hwi'er, hwimzikaliti, hwelm; hwens, hwjn; hwiskcr, hwislcr. JF WORD-SIUNS. c we c were with what > would why while when one where well 61. These word-signs, like the simple vowel-signs, are to be written above or on the line, as their positions \ in the table indicate, READING EXERCISE XV. nX iv V-N) I c EXERC1SK ON IMPROPER DIPHTHONCS. (!.") C L x : / Hi X . WRITING EXERCISE XVI. ov-rte' wjn kup. (I \vj.z qa.s. 'We' Svu'l' 'be' hapi \vid' 'hi/.' kumpani. ' H\vj_' 'ju 1' '\ve' kil 'and' et sw^n? 'Hwot' 'i/' 'liix.' \vi|, 'and' 'Inv^r' '\vuul' 'he' go? 'H\vj', o! 'h\vj', 'mj' sol, dis aggwij. $ go awa 'h\v^r' aijzjeti, wo 'and' agkjus terl asal no 'wun'. '\Vud' j '\ver' at ham. "VVor wurks mizeri, 'hwjl' pes 'givz' kqm repoz 'tu' 'ol'. 66 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. J'-SERIES. THE DOT GROUP. long. short. I/: ./': i ye ; yi ya -! ye ya THE IJA9H GROUP. long. short. re i yo vo si y^ G2. To obtain characters to represent the ^-series of improper diphthongs, the small circle is taken and divided horizontally, thus, 3~; the under half repre- sents the dot group of vowels, and is made heavy for the long sounds; as, W " N \ year, "7^ Yale, Jf Yazoo; and light for the short; as, ") yi$, (a common but not approved pronunciation of yes,) f ~ yell, ,--v yam; the upper half represents the union of y with the da'sh group of vowels, heavy and light; as, A /'" yawl, _*__ yoke, ) use; ^ y" n t ^zs y un 9> y never occurs before ivt, in the English language. 63. In writing, the same rules must be observed in regard to these signs as with the w-series. (52.) 64. WORD-SIGNS. ye, years, yet, beyond, you. READING EXERCISE XVI. KXKKCISKS ox IMl'Itol'KR DIPHTHONGS. (n WRITIXO EXERCISE XVII. Yerli, yen, yerlii), yeloij, yolpii), yonrnnri, Yokijani, yuijij, NH York, hiij, sijt. ainii/., re-liis d\\t\, ret'^z, 'clc" yajfi 'ov' >T koni'i'iiti 'Jid 1' cr; (}!/ sum fyr egzampl, 'and' I'olo 'it' kontinyi^ili. Pt|,r siinplisiti '^ivz' 'ine' jer. clis ju 1' 'bs' -you'' gjd. 'It' 'iz' a wurk 'ov' yqtiliti. UKADINU EXERCISE XVII. 68 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. WRITING EXERCISE XVIII. Nij York 'iz' a popynlus siti. 'Ya>' 'no' 'ha>' j am 'yet' j am at a los 'tu' spek 'yr' nam. Hi|maniti 'Jud' liv 'in' pes 'az' 'wun' komiiniti; da 'Jud' dwel 'tugeder' 'in' 'el-de' erf) 'in' hq,rmoni 'and' luv. It' 'yoo' male falyqrz 'in' diiti, 'yo>' 'wil' resev 'de' laj 'ov' justis. '3e' ntiz-ber amiizez himself 'hwjl' wekig. Ho yes! ho yes! sez 'de' yug bel-riner. 'cfe' yok 'ov-de' oks 'iz' hevi; 'it' golz 'hiz' nek dis worm da. 'In' daz 'ov' yor, 'hweu' 'we' 'wer' yug. ' 'We' 'yn^Tiali' 'giv' 'dem' -at srz 'for' slep, twelv'ter* wurk, 'and' for 'hwicj' da 'ma' 'impro)v' 'in' cni *wa'. 'cle' bo-z j am teqii] 'q,r' dezjrus 'ov' 'imprtuvment'; da sem 'tu' 'fcirjk' 'in' dis *\va' 'hwot' 'iz' wurfi dooip at 'ol' 'iz' wurfi dooin 'wel'. (B hop da 'wil' ehvaz liv 'up' *tui' dis maksini, 'so' 'Jal' da 'hav' suk- ses 'in' Ijt'. Sun, 'giv' 'me' 'ya>r' er, 'and' j 'wil' tec) 'ya>' 'de' 'wa' 'ov' ijf. Lei)6 'ov' daz 'iz' 'givn' us s iei' sojal 'and' re- lijus 'impro)vment'. REVIEW. (51.) Explain the improper diphthongs, the triphthong?. (52.) How are those of the zi'-series represented? Which series of vowels, combined with >, does the left-hand half of the circle represent? (5:5.^ What are the sounds of the right-hand half of the circle? (54. ) To what consonants may the signs for ivaw and too be written without lifting the pen? (55.) How should these signs be written? (56.) To what strokes does the w semi -circle connect and form a hook? On which side of the up-stroke r is it written? How does it differ in powar from the improper diphthongs? (57.) When must fhe alphabetic w bo employed? (_58.) Describe the representation of the triphthongs. (59.) What is the pho- nographic representation of whf (60.) How is the to- hook aspirated': (61.) Designate the first line of word-signs: the second. (62.) What are the signs to represent the y-series? Which half of the circle represents the dot series? What are their sounds? What are the sounds of the upper half? (63.) How are they to be witten to the con- sonants? (64.) What are the word-signs? less nn 6. INITIAL HOOKS THE Z-HOOK EXPLAINED. 65. A peculiar characteristic of / and r is, that they readily unite with preceding consonants they flow back into them, as it were; and hence their classification as liquids. This union, though a kind of double sound, is formed by little more than a single effort of the voice. Take, for illustration, the two words play and pray, and observe how simultaneously the pi and pr are spoken ; so in the termination of the words titfr and acre.; in the former class of words no vowel sound comes between the two consonants, of course; in the latter a very indistinct one is heard, but which it is not necessary to represent in Phonography. C6. The most philosophical and brief way of repre- senting these combinations is undoubtedly by some dis- tinct and uniform modification of the simple letters. The modification adopted for the I is that of a hook written thus: \ p, \ & i ', f a; V^ /, V. /, etc - 67. As the long consonants are heard first in the words, consistency would seem to require that they be written first and the hooks afterward; but the reverse of this is the case, for the reason that hooks on the termi- nation of strokes may be more philosophically and advantageously employed for other purposes; and be- ro MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. sides, pi, tf, kl, fl, &e., being considered single sounds almost, the stroke and the hook must be regarded as an indivisible sign; they should actually be spoken as such in spelling and reading, i. e., as the final syllables in apple (pi), little (tl), muffle (y?), fic&fe (kl); and not as p, I; t, I; f, I; li, I. A distinction is thus made between p, I pronounced as two letters, and pi pronounced as one; the former suggests N/^ and the latter S^ . 68. To assist the pupil in remembering these hooks, it may be observed, that if the left hand be held up, with the first finger bent, the outline of tl will be seen ; and by turning the hand round in the various positions assumed by the letters, p, f, r/, k, all the double conso- nants of the pi series will be formed; thus, pl tl r\ Id TABLE OF THE i-HOOK. P tl /' chl kl \M zhl struck up. 69. The hook is first turned, and then the long con- sonant struck in the usual manner. The 7-hook, like the s-circle, is made on the right-hand side of the verti- cal and inclined straight strokes, on the upper side of the straight horizontals, and on the inside of the curves. THK /,-HOOK. 71 70. This hook to the strokes 8, z, down-stroke r, and ng, is not needed, since for si and zl, the circle is used with more advantage; as, /* slay, /f~tf~ muscle; and the initial hook to I, up-stroke r, in, and n, is more useful as 10. X^) 71. The s/t and zh take the /-hook only when they are combined with other stroke consonants, and then they are struck iqnninl; thus, )_^J cssi-iitiaf, I'l. The stroke and the hook being considered as one nif'iy. liimsclf ktosli 'tu' 'hiz' biaks, 'he' loozez 'el' klam 'tu-de' npA"/. 'ov' 'liiz' famili 'or' 'hiz' ofiJaZ superior. 'It' 'iz' Jamfu/; 'tor' 'he' 'Jutl' reko/ekt hs 'hiz' famili 'hav' a rjt 'tia' luk 'for' sumtii) ynstW 'in"him"tu' repa 'dem' 'for' tcrl 'and' arjzj- eti. 'It' 'iz' unreznab/; 'for' unles 'he' 'giv' 'up' 'hiz' evi/ '\va' 'and' 'd' fat)fu/i ap/jz himself 'tu' wurk, 'wil' ob/ij 'him' 'hd)' tecjez 'him', 'and' p/ez 'ol' pcpl 'lid)' 'no : 'him'. REVIEW. (65.) Explain the peculiar character of I and r. (66.) Wli;it is the contracted form of representing them? (67.) How are strokes with / and /'-hooks to be spoken? (68.) How may you remember the po- sitinn of the hook? (69.) On which side of the vertical and inclined straight strnk'-< is the /-hook written? Which sido of the straight hori- /oiitals? \Vhit-h side of the curves? (70.) To which of the strokes is the /-hook not written, and why? (71.) How do *7t an 1 zh take the ?-hook? (72.) How are /-hook strokes vocalized? (74.) What is said about a vow>'l sound between the stroke consonant arid the hook? (75.) How are v.ivVelsot the ,l,,t series represented in the scheme for vocalizing the hook? How the, dash series? How the diphthongs? (76.) How may the -circlo be written to the hooked strokes? (78.) What is the rule for reading such compound strokes? (79.) What are the l-houk word-signs? lesson 7. THE tf-HOOK DOUBLE CURVE FOR THR. 80. If the right hand be held up, with the first finger bent, the outline of tr will be seen, and by turn- ing tho hand round to the following positions, all the double consonants of the pr series will be produced. \br -yft tr r\ chr kr C TABLE OF THE tf-HOOK. I tr X 7 chr 1 dr /jr ^ thr J) shr \ thr >> zhr c kr c gr struck down. 81. The r-hook is written on the left-hand side of the vertical and inclined straight strokes, and on the under side of the straight horizontals just the reverse of the Z-hook. TIIK 82. It will be seen from the table that/, r. fit, and th take the r-hook by assuming inverted positions and occupying the places of r, ic, s, and z; thus, ^ free, <: /\ J through, J either, which they can do without ambiguity, since these letters never receive an initial hook. In this there is an apparent .disorder, but. when properly viewed, they are in strict analogy with the straight consonants. If the character \ pi be cut out in a piece of paper or card, and then turned over, \ pr is produced; in the same way v fly if cut in card, and reversed, gives ^ fr. 83. To indicate the r-hook on m and n, the strokes are made heavy, which distinguishes them from icm ten; thus, <^*> honor, J dinner, ,~x- gnrmmar: and as neither mp nor ng take any hook, it will not lead to any confusion. Sometimes this hook, like the 7-hook, has to be made rather indistinctly, as | _ degree,} _ cfi-i/n'. After w \ _y the downward / is used instead of the hook, as 84. The remarks in regard to vocalizing the 7-hook strokes apply in every particular to the r-hook strokes. It should especially be borne in mind that the hooked strokes are regarded as one letter, and spoken as the last syllable in reaper, letfc-r. aov. fcc., and not as />. /; t, r, /.-. r, &c.; and that as a general thing the hook is only used when no distinct vowel sound comes between an- other consonant and a following r; as in \ pray, c i' (/'/'. -I titter. -' j fiisui-' . 85. When j fr is preceded by 1 (?ctf). they may be united ; as in 1 icuter. and all its compounds. 78 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. *> READING EXERCISE XXT. S. I- P^ ^>X^"> ^ V x / 1 y .1 \ \- ^^ -^ L s / *\ -^ ^/ ' ^ *\ . r A \^s A 'jr*. \ WRITING EXERCISE XXIT. Drj, tre, dra, krj, gro, aker, odor, uper, aprjz, ffpril, aprmv, drem, brij, frek, Frjda, moover, klover, tro, gader, eragiir, plumer, murder, maner, onorabl, overluk, everihwqr, krim- inal, purqasez, transpoz, trembl, bruder, jurni, jurual, framer, wundert'ul. Geker, joker. 86. A limited license is taken with the above rule, (84) as in the case of the ?-hook, and the r-hook is some- times used when a distinct vowel sound comes between it and the previous. consonant; in which case the same pecu- liar scheme of vocalization is employed; thus, "T^ Dear- sir, '\3_^, person, c-K course, /' require, \ t posture. READING EXERCISE XXII. TIIK fl-HoOK. 79 AVKITIN<; KXKHCISK XXIII. Crrful. ka/los, merli, nerli, Gf\_\-}/., cjqrkol, paragraf, Jqrk, Jqrper, torni, p -rvers, korsli, moraliti, nort, nnrij', eiiormiti, preliminari, ' THE /MIOOK I'RKCKDKI) BY THE S-CIUCLK. 87. The s-circle precedes tlic r-hook in much the same manner as it does the /-hook; thus, it might be written ' J \ xj>r. G skr; but cilice the s-circle alone never occupies the r-hook side of the straight strokes, advantage is taken of the circumstance, since a circle is more easily written than a circle and a. hook, to write simply the circle; thus, ! stray, C T"^~^ sen-am, V ] oV*r, ' Kiiiroi'. /* siri/rr. But with the curves this con- traction cannot be made, since the simple s-circle occu- pies the place; hence the circle and hook must both be written; thus /^\ sifjf<:f, o~\ summer, ^-^ sinner. 88. When the s-circle and y-hook come between two straight consonants, it is often more convenient to write the hook in addition to the circle than not; as in \. ,'. -'I. The same rules are to be observed in vocalizing and reading that were given for the /-hook preceded by the .s-circle, (77, 78.; READING EXERCISE XXIII. 80 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. WRITING EXERCISE XXIV. Sprj, stra, strjk, strem, skrap, skroopl, skrjb, strerjfi, strugl, strati], stronger, super, saber, siipremasi, sekresi, sjfer, suferin, sever, simer, sooner. THE DOUBLE CURVE FOR THR, TR AND DR. 90. When a curved stroke is repeated, an angle is made between the two; thus, ^-^ jjf, ^_^_^ nn, which leaves at liberty, to be used for some other purpose, the double-length strokes. A somewhat arbitrary, though convenient use, is made of them thus: Doubling the length of a curved stroke, adds the syllable thr, tr dr to the strokes; thus, V^ . father, ^^ another. These forms are used chiefly as word-signs for father, mother, neither (above the line,) another, rather, further, letter. 91. /MIOOK WORD-SIGNS- \ principle-al > from J) sure \ re-member ^ every .S pleasure n r \ | ..vlr., re-mark truth ) three ^ ' ( more c care ) there, their ^^ nor, near * BEADING EXERCISE XXIV. ^ N s 1 rv t . ) KXERCiSH ON TilK 7M1OOK. 81 f t -^ L f *v <- T (^ X ,"T \ n 1 82 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. NOTE. In the following exercise r is italicized when it is to be written with the hook. WRITING EXERCISE XXV. SERIUSNES AND SOBR-I8TI. Nutiin nobl iz tu be had but wid seriusnes and sobrjeti. (1 sober person seks tu \va de tro> 'valyn' ov tiijz and tu la no tregtirz in trjt'lz, but 'rader' on hwot iz 'important.' Xuflir), perhaps, strjks us az so stranj and t'odlij az tu notis pepl sevius abst trjfl/,, and trjt'lii) wid serius tir>z. -:Sosjeti siu'erz konsiderabli bj de trjfler, hat bats sobrjeti and seriusnes, and \vud sooner hav r'oli tu ran siiprem. Supljd wid strez tu pla wid, he sut'erz de strem ov Ijt tu flo awa, until defc puts in hiz sikl, and separats de striij ov Ijf. Ks iz no tjm for sukor or eskap. He strjks \vid streiji) and unerig am; strips him ov ol hiz plez, strooz hiz hops intu de ^r, and a strugl klozez hiz karer. It iz bot tintra and st? - anj tu konstrco seriusnes intu sadnes, er tu konsider sob/|eti de sam az unhapines; for it iz-sk^rsli posibl tu be properli ga or trcoli hapi, unles we no hwcn tu be sober. REVIEW. (80.) How will you remember the form of the r-hook? (81.) On which side of the straight strokes is the r-hook written? (82.) What strokes do not take the ?'-hook? In what w:iy do/, v, th, th, take the 7'-hook? Explain' this irregularity. (83.) How do in and n taka this hook? (84.) What is said about vocalizing? How do you nams the .strokes of the r-hook? (83.) What is the license in regird to the u.se of the r-hook? Explain the peculiar scheme of voaali/ition. (87.) How i- th; -circle prefixed to the straight r-hook strokes? How to the curves? (90.) What is effected by doubling the length of curved strokes? (01.) Des- ignate the first four word-signs; the next four; the last three. 011 on 8 TERMINAL HOOKS. 02. Since tho hooked strokes, although representing two elementary sounds, are written with nearly the same facility as the simple strokes, the method of hooking is applied to the termination of the consonant signs as well as to the beginning. The inost useful purposes which the two terminal hooks can subserve, are to represent the frequent sounds of /(. /'and r, and the common final syllable (ion, heard in such words as nation. physician, dY. TABLE OF THE JT-HOOK. \ pn J tn ^X ehn 5 \lm J dn X'j" 3 Vo fn (j thn J sn V> vn ^ thn J zn ^ y r IQ c f 5 mil v y nn \ wn X vn b * '..",. On the straight strokes the //-hook is written on the left-hand side of the vertical ami inclined, and on the under side of the horizontal strokes, emhracinir. of course, the up-stroke / ; while on the curxes it is 84 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. written on the inner or concave side, whether to the left or right; as illustrated in the preceding table. 94. The -hook might be written on all the strokes; but on the ng it would seldom, if ever, be of any advan- tage. The tc-hook to the n answers every purpose that an 7i-hook to the w would. 95. Of the two forms for In, shn, the down-stroke sh and the up-stroke I are generally used, the others being employed only in connection with other strokes when the first mentioned would be unhandily written. 96. The -hook is always the last thing, belonging to a stroke, to be read ; thus, 5 pain, \^ fine, (j* thin, (, thine, /v run, /^ = line. If no distinct> vowel sound is heard between the stroke and the hook, no vowel sign is written; as, \^ Jicaven, v/ ocean; where a third place vowel sound is heard, the sign must be placed on the outside of the hook ; thus, , s man, (^ than, => coon; thus the vocalization is the same as in other compound strokes. 97. Strokes having an initial circle or hook, of any kind, may also have a final hook or circle; as \.,j)lun, ] strain. 98. When the n is the last consonant in a word, followed by a vowel, it must be written at length ; as ^~-^/ money, /" C.dna. HEADING EXERCISE XXV. / > v / /f / /*\ \ ^f /" / C J J^ s& >/ I V n, qan, jom, kan, go:i, fjn, van, den, Jjn, oj'an, ran, run, Ion, Ijn, nijii, mjun, non, insn; opn, rjpn, gqrden, Jakn, organ, ttrian, cnlivn, morn, werniy, feln, I balum, roraan, wuman. Brsn, dran, restran, pqrdn, burdn, refran, regan, enjo-n, abstan. THE JT-IIOOK FOLLOWED BY N. 99. When s follows after i, without an intervening vowel, the circle may be turned on the hook, as in the case of s preceding the Miook ; thus, \^- fans, ^~~^ mans, iwnnrite<.-< ; but as a double circle cannot ^ well be formed on the hook attached to a curve, a stroke n must be used in such words as V ^Q Ji nonets, evinces. READING EXERCISE XXVI. v j /, ^"~3 /^-^ ^' y~\ ( 3 J' <* /. '- . A ... o! / V3 > 86 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. WHITENO EXERCISE XXVII. Panz, benz, penz, tonz, c;anz, ganz, mornz, burnz, Junz, erfanz, balans, remanz, Jermanz, pronsns ; komplanz, eks- planz, akordans, kwestyonz, kristyanz, enjcpnz, inkl^nz. Prinsez, dansez, kondensez, glansez, ekspensez, konsekwen- sez, pronsnsez, advansez, konjensez. \ upon \ been J done 99 64. L ^ ^ 'f />, * S 'N/1,., (/- ^<^- . IL-, A! r- r^\ / ^ i. 9 V) V-X> WRITING EXERCISE XXVIII. KURcfJ. Tro) kurai haz its orijin in verty^. Animal fei- Icsnes puts on de senihlaHs ov kuraj, and iz. ot' takn fer it, bj nj,/? 7>t ov tc>7? arnmj 'men'; but As, falasi ov dis 'opinyon' haz 'bin' Jora bi 'jeneral' eksperie?2S, for prodcus iz ekwali esenjal tu it. Tu atan trcr> kuraj enter 'upon' nutirj rajli, egzamin wel Jnvot de ijn i/, Ij.kli tu. be, and form yo>r 'opinyon' befor yoj Ilx 'kan' vd< de?? fer, if ya> liav gon tu wurk 'upon' 'prinsipl', and hav dun ol yd) 'kan' da>? or hw j Jiad ya> t'el a konsern for kon^ek\ve5^, liwiq luiv 'bin' olredi wad bj yco? In litunbl reljaiis 'upon' de asistiws ov Hevn, go opnli and \vid koiit'ideHs tu finij yibr planz. tlis simpl t'afi 'alon', de rclians ov qildren 'upon' a tro) FqdcT, \vil kari yo> safli tro>. 'Remember' dis 'trait', hoover, 'dj\r' iz 'jenerali' 'mor' tro> kuraj jo?? lij, (i jiasiv nv.i^taws tu de skor/? and snerz ov 'men', 'dan' haz 'bin' se?? in eni merli fizikal rezistana. Tni) kuraj i/. bj no me??z savaj vjolens, ner a fcolhqrdi in- seusibiliti tu danjer; nor a hedstroij rajnes tu run siidenli intu MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. it; ner a burnirj frenzi broken lens 'Zrom' && guvernig pser ov rezn; but it iz a seren, ferm determiHig de kuraj ova 'man' but never de fersnes ov a tjger. REVIEW. (92.) What do the final hooks represent? (93.) On which side of the straight strokes is the -hook written? On which side if the curves? . (9i.) On what strokes is the -hook not written? (95.) Which forms of the In and shn are generally used? (96.) How are the ft-hook strokes vocalized? (98.) In what ce must the stroke n be employed? (99.) How is the circle "written to the .-hook on the curves? How on the straight strokes? (100.) What is the double circle when written in the n-hook place? (101.) Designate the straight stroke word-signs; the curved strokes. 9. F AXD F HOOK SUIT HOOK VOWEL CONTRACTIONS DISSYLLABIC DIPHTHONGS. 101. The hook for f and v which is made heavy for the latter when precision is necessary is written on the straight strokes only ; on the right-hand side of ver- tical and inclined signs, and on the upper side of the horizontals, including r and h. TABLE OF THE F AND V HOOK. v pf or pv I tf tv / chf chv _ 3 kf kv \bfbv [dfdv /jfjv -^gfgv X'rfrv This hook occupies the side of the consonant opposite that of the n-hook ; but as a hook cannot be convenient- ly or gracefully written on the convex side of curves, tlii'-e signs do not take the/ and v-hook. 102. Strokes having this hook are vocalized and read as those having the n-hook ; thus. \ beef -. ^couqh. QV ' ., v i. , ' ^ i-or:\ strife, <-} grave, ,_p> curve, _ defense. But when/ or 'v i.s the la t consonant in a word, and followed by a vowel, the full stroke must be written ; thu.s, I above, {, tvfiatever, \j differ-ence-ent, / whichever, a gave, / half. READING EXERCISE XXVIII. ^<3 Na _ \:<-^ if S N, WRITING EXERCISE XXIV. Paf, def, gav, ruf, rtof, hq,f, stov, skof, serv, kurv, drov, gref, klev, grav ; stavz, klifs, gluvz, grovz ; berev, derjv, pro ok, prg/erv, re/erv, retrev, kontrjv, sedativ ; David, divjkl, provjd. bravado; obzervz, reprmvz, engravz. Gref drov ber tin fte grav. fla hco dezerv reproof, kontrjv tu endqr it wift braveri. dictionary, /\j< rev- olutionary. 106. The s-circle may be added by writing it dis- tinctly on the inside of these hooks, to the straight strokes as well as the curves; thus, b conditions, \^> invasions. 107. WORD-SIGNS. \^oljcction, N. subjection, -* VO\VKL n)NTKA. This coalition of vowels so nearly pn>du;.vs tli3 articulations ys, ya, yo, yu, that the signs for these improper diphthongs are used in such cases : thus. V^ ^ r./r/Ws, *s asxvciatioii, ^y^ ratio. 109. DISSYLLABIC DIPHTHONGS. The following is an additional scale of diphthongs, simply formed, and some of which are very useful: ^ ei <| ai j qi > | .,- >| oi > | o>i ; as in V~ cliiyy, ~^ snoicy, \>^ owing, r stoic, (* 1H. The close diphthong heard in the word aye, though differing but little from ^ j i, is written thus, v ! READING EXERCISE XXIX. \ , -- 94 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. r WRITING EXERCISE XXX. Envins, cronens, glorias, serins, konveniens, eksperiens, variajon, enunfiajon, konsiliajon, abreviajon, paliajon, alevi- ajon, homeopati. Klai, flei, biloi, stoikal, gli[i. Ambijon iz rts 'okagon' ov sedi/on, konfujon, and desola- Jon, and arszez 'evcri' evil emojon and pajon. An as, pikii) np a Ijonz skin h\viq had 'bin' tron awa, put it on; and runin intu de wudz and pcistyTjrz, began tu bra, in iraitajon ov de l^onz ror, Inviq tro) de floks intia teribl kon- fi{3on. At lept de oner kam alop and wud bav bin struk wid konsternajon elso, but 'upon' biz lisnig mor klosli, he scon so de ilxigon in de vcrs, and so, morover, de asez erz stikig t. ,S'//.V HOOK EXKRCISE AM) HKVIKW. 95 Wid no hezitajon lie ran up tu de as, and wid hiz kujel bet him severli, saiy: "Yco foil, yo> hav 'bin' de 'okagon' ov skajii) de floks, but jrl hav yo> tu no eldo yo> luk Ijk a lion, yet ya> bra Ijk an as!" APLIKCfXON. Afektajon iz Jqr tu ckspoz a man tu de- rigon in proper/on tu hiz asumjon. HKVIF.W. (103.) On which side of the straight strokes is the An-hook m ulc'.' How is it made to the curves? ( 104. ) How is the A;-hook re;i,l? i li).J."i How may it be used except at the termination of \vur.ls'.' (10S.) II. i\v is the -circle added? ( 107.) What are the word-signs? ( 10:>. ) Ex- plain the vowel contractions. (IOC.) The dissyllabic diphthongs. How is aye written? lesson ID. HALF-LENGTH STROKES. In consequence of the frequent recurrence of the sounds t and <7, it is found very convenient, and sometimes necessary, to give them another and more contracted representation. 110. But every philosophical means has already been resorted to for the purpose of giving to Phonography the ultimatum of brevity ; and if the following scheme has only the semblance of philosophy in it, it'will be as much as can be expected. In chemistry, it is well known, the more a substance a poison, or steam, for instance is concentrated, the greater is its power : so, in order to get a repetition of the consonants t and d without writing them at length, the single strokes | and , by being compressed into lialf their length, are made to represent the addition of a t and d. Resort is had to the same means for the addition of t and d to all the other consonants, except the strokes y, w, h, ng, which are not made half-length. 111. To illustrate this principle, suppose the word faded is to be written : there are three consonants in it, all downward strokes, which would carry the last d the length of two strokes below the line; but by making the first d half its usual length, another d is supposed to be added, and the word is thus neatly written : V; faded. HALF LEXUTII STROKES 97 The principle is further illustrated by the following words: j _ talk, i_ talked; /\ wrap, /^ wrapped; i. v. lice, ' 112. A vowel before a half-length consonant is read before both letters; as \flrpf, J east, >i art, _ : act; but when placed after, it is read immediately after the pri- mary letter, and the added t or d follows, it; thus, " caught, ^ read, V spite, L^confempf, / little. 113. As a general thing the light strokes, when halved, are followed by the light sound t; as, ( thought, ^ 9 l f t i f'-'Kyht; an( l the heavy ones by the heavy sound d; thus, J ?/- ^V. moved. Frequently, however, the heavy sound d is read from a half-length light consonant, and vice versa, the light sound t is read from a half-length heavy consonant; as, ^-*/* melted, >. peopled, f\. alphabet. 114. Since, however, the heavy strokes occupying the places of r, I, m, and , are not made half-length, these four letters, when followed by a d, are, for the sake of distinction, made heavy; as, / cheered, */*~ old, \^ fi'i-iii'if : and light when :i t follows: as, "^ art, y^ diU'jht, \^ remit. The I is struck upward when t is to be added, and when d, downward, since in this direction it is more easy to make a heavy stroke. 115. Strokes beginning or ending with the s-circle, or either of the hooks, or both hook and circle, are also made half-length, when necessary; thus, \ speed, X fm:ift. T treat, \ complete,^ freight, { straight, -f settled; ^ {"-'ids, ^ mates. V band, \a patient, < plant, -n grand; the order of reading being the same as in the full length strokes. 98 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 116. It must be observed that when the circle s is written to a half-length consonant it must be read after the added t or d; because the s is added to the consonant after it has been halved, and because it cannot be added to tlie circle; thus, \ pat, \; pats, (notpasf,) V^. fat, \^ fats, (not fast.} 117. Half-length consonants, unconnected with other strokes, should be employed only for words containing but one vowel; as void, ^ night; and the two full length letters should be used in words containing two i V ^ f\t or more vowels; as S- avoid, ' \ unit. 118. The past tense of verbs ending like \/ part, are more conveniently written thus, \/< parted, than ^j 119. There are a few words in which t and d occur three times in succession, which make it necessary to sep- arate the half-length from the long stroke; as, ' ^attitude. 120. Since the half-lengths occupy only a portion of the usual space, they follow the rules given to the hori- zontals, of accented vowel positions, above or on the line according as the consonant has a first, second, or third place vowel ; thus, 1 street, x spread, ^ find, \ji found. READING EXERCISE XXX. -V I l I . I ' HALF LENGTH STKOKKS. L. DALLAS, REAPING EXERCISE XXXI. Pet, fat, Jet, lar, mat, not, spot, skot, savil, solt, smjt, sent; port it, benci, kontend, ordand, enjcrnd. knid, rer'jnd, Icnh-nd, land, mjnd; pants, band/, pretend/,, kontents, dis- ksnts; i'riMid, advent, hqrdli, servd, knnsijmd, hold/, [Stroke ti: beted, habit, hurld,] perild, uprjt, gqrded, deljted, upward, persevd, qjld, lektynrd. 121. Under certain circumstances t and d should not be represented by half-length strokes: First, When a vowel follows t or d at the end of a word; thus, having r guilt, we cannot make guilty by placing y after the half-length I, for it would then read guilit; hence the stroke t must be written in order to give a place after it for the vowel; thus, ("\ guilty. Second, In many words of one syllable, where if the vowels were omitted, or indistinct, they would be mistaken for the vowel word-signs; thus, \ Lad, instead of V; \ put, in- stead of v Third, When the half-stroke would not make a distinct angle with the preceding or following stroke, as "" | amend, instead of ""^'. 122. HALF-LENGTH WORD- SIGNS. -{ M <{ quite could particular-ly opportunity that without gentlemen gentleman great called* f God ( good ( cannot | account went wont ( not ) nature might* ) establish-^lf" ^ J immediate-ly | made ^ | Lord [ word P told 1 toward \ according-ly* J short* thought* after spirit* under world 100 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. READING EXERCISE XXXI. , \ \ \ c '^v \ ^ x A \ -^ HALF LENGTH STItOKES. 101 WRITING EXERCISE XXXII. L6RENS LaZI, OR LEKNITJ FOXOGRAFI. Tu lern, er 'not' tu lern, 'dat-' iz de kwestyon: Hweder -tiz nobler in de mind tu sufer tie kompleks kwiblz ov ambigyii.us Loghand; Or tu opoz \vid pen and vers a tszand erorz, And, bj opozig, end dem? Tu leru, tu rjt, And, bj Fonografi tu sa we end \vud bqr de imimerabl ilz ov Loghand, Its bqrbarus legf), its ambigniti, Its cjild-tormentig difikultiz, and Its wont ov rol, tugeder wid de tcrl Hwiq pajent skrjbz ov suq a sistem hav, Hwen he himself 'mjt' hiz relesuient mak AVid a Duzn Lesonz? Ha> yet wud yq,z (Tis bq.rbarus relik ov ~sr bj-gon daz, But 'dat' de dred ov sumtig tu be lernt, (clat 1 wek un man li ez, from hcoz embras No lazi man kan t lie yet uoz nutig ov. oft retqrdz de mind; And dus de progres ov a yi^sful qrt Iz qekt, but not prevented; fer de tjui \\\\ kum hsven dis sani bref Fonografi Eal tqumf OT its i'inal oponent. REVIEW. (110.) What is the second mode for representing t and d f Explain the philosophy of halving a consonant. (113. ) What is the gen- eral rule for knowing whether a t or a d is added? (114.) What strokes are tint written half-length? What halt-length light strokes are nia.le heavy for the addition of d f In what direction are the half-lengths I and r struck, for the addition of d ? for the addition of if (11<>.) When the circle is written at the end of a half-length siirn. is it read before or alter the added t or d ? (119.) How are words written in which t and d occur three tiuu>< in 121. What is the first case in which a stroke should uot be halved for a following t or c/ f The second? the third? 11. SPECIAL CONSONANT CONTRACTIONS. The s-circle l initial and final hooks, and half-length stems, are contracted modes of writing that admit of general application, and of perfect vocalization. But as Phonography studies the greatest degree of abbrevia- tion, consistent with legibility, a few combinations of consonants, and some syllables of frequent occurrence, are provided with special forms of contraction, some of which only are capable of vocalization. Of these there are the frequent st, in the past parti- ciple of verbs ending in s, in the superlative of adjec- tives, and in many other words, as pressed, wisest, stiff ; the str in the comparative of adjectives, &c., as faster, sister ; the initial in, of instruction, inspiration, c base, \v Lam-d, /'^f x rejoice, <"0 r^~7 (Uxtniytilxh, &y^ j ltsf 'fy- 120. When this loop is written in the position of the r-hook, like the s-circle it takes the additional power of r: thus, \ stonpn; ^ sticker; and when turned in the j/-hook position, it assumes the power of that hook; as ] condensed, -~> against. 227. Half-length strokes also admit of the sMoop, to a limited extent ; as ' " n masters. 130. WORD-SIGN. The s^-loop is used as a word-sign for first, written on the line and inclined to the right, thus, . HEADING EXERCISE XXXIT. r- <* ~i / x *\ \ f V ^ \\ WRITING EXERCISE XXXIII. Past, host, dust, tast, <;est, kost, gust, fest, safest, rost, arest, arszd, rust, lest, last, mist, most, ami^zd, fjnest, de- nsnst; stop, stedfast, stagnant, stif, stov, ster, stil, stem; stoper, stajer, stager; clistir/ktli, justifikajon; bests, hosts, kasts, rezists, infests, masts; stilt, sterd, stord, stamt; kondenst, agenst. Boster, bluster, faster, blister, sister, im- poster; punster, spinsters. Stated, advanst, suprest, pretckst, prodiist. KXKIU ISKS >N T1IK X7' l.(Kil>. 105 liF.ADIMl KXF.KCISE XXXIII. \ ^ j" ,^ ~ ;U "I" x \ " \ K ( / / o Ni D / V , X a \ / O f " ^ . V . * , I ^ I 5T>T " x V / x^V >v ' S% / ; " x / ^ _ '- , x ' ^ X. v i. . ^\ ./' " i * x^ - n v^v,. ^ ^ ^-< i 1 u ^ \ ) ' - ^ ^ v^ ^ ( N , ^ ^ ' , ) i , . S " \ x 1 WRITINC EXERCISE XXXIV. rTC TEMPKST. On de 'ferst' da st de master ov -sr fast ' Mi) vesel, in de mills: v ci kqm, ])rofest tu se in de distant ! storm aprooii). At 't'erst,' we hist, but sa>n de fninii) k rests danst iq^on de \vavz; de blakest kl^dz lamd up; de t'rvsot litniij perst dr ,'la,ni; de Jqrpcst and heviest tunder mad sfstost hqrts t-cinb!. re.-tii) de l'ilr>/. l^nivli. Stedili s'erig for de distant port, we suprust sr ferz and sail! reQt de l.uid. 106 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. PECULIAR MODE OF WRITING Jff AXD SHUT. 131. When the sounds spr, str, and skr follow n in such words as inspiration, instruct, inscribe, it is impossi- ble, with the former mode of writing n, to write the circle sr to the strokes p, t, k, without making it on the back of the n, thus J , which is difficult to do, and un- seemly when done. To obviate this difficulty the stroke '^-^ is permitted, in these cases, to be struck backward or vertically, as the nature of the case may require ; but, as there is never occasion for any vowel but the first place i, the stroke for the n need not be written full length ; indeed, it may be regarded as the ?i-hook used Q-^ O"l 7} \ initially ; thus, I ' instruction, ^x insuperable, \j inscription. ^ 132. In a considerable class of words the syllable tion follows after the sound of s or z, as position, decision, &c., which would require that the strokes for these sounds, with the s/wt-hook appended, be employed ; but such would be inconvenient forms, and hence it is allowable to use the circle and turn a hook for tion on the opposite side of the stroke ; thus, 4i decision, /^ supposition; the same license is allowed for the loops st and str; thus, ^pv molestation, -i ^illustration. This hook is used in .some such words as ^> e persuasion; and it may also be used when followed by the termination al; as, \b positional. 133. If it be required to write the syllable tion after ns, the circle for the latter combination may be em- ployed, and the hook turned on the opposite side ; thus, N v^ compensation. The plural may be formed, in all these cases, by adding the circle to the s/m-hook ; thus, ^ superstitions, fc condensations. KXKiirrxK ox TM;: IXITIAI. .v l!>7 HEADLV; Kxr.nci.sK XXXI V. \ s** s \ u - v r h > WRITING EXERCISE XXXV. Instiperabl, instrukt, instrcDment, instrcDmcntaliti, inskrjbd, inskratabl; pozijon, dcsigon, kezajon, sivilizajon. nnizijan; inanifestajon, inkrustajon, kondensaj'on, dispensajon; sup- ozijonz, akiizajonz, ilustrajonz, sensajonz. Studi kondensajon in yo>r stil ov kompozijon, fer rto it ma kost y;D sura trubl at t'ort, yet it wil asist VCD tu master per- ^pikqiti and presigon, on df akwizijon ov liwic, qast and pser- ful rjtii] iz bast. Prom ted bj, a dczjr for de akwizijon ov weifi, man stein/, dt- storm/: ov dt oj'iin, land/, on cveri kost, in spjt ov df i^ratest danjer/, arj/.ii) from kljnmt or dc hand ov unsivil- jzd man. Rclijon t'oKjz in dr \\ak nv kotn^ra, kontendig agenst its evil/.; and dns, Invjl savaj iiaj'onz cir blu.-t \vid de Ijt ov siv- ilizajon, da qr jnit in po/.ejon ov de \vnrd ov inspiiajoo, and tot de o^ust tradz ov de gospjl dispengajon. 108 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. REVIEW. (123.) How are ft and zd written? (124.) How may the circle be added? (125.) In what situations may the loop be written? (126.) When written in the place of the r-hook, what power does it give the stroke? What, when written in the -hook place? (127.) How should the words midst and student, be written? (128.) In what case is the loop not to be used? (129.) How is tr written? What effect does it have on this loop to place it on the -hook side? If the sound of s fol- low, how is it written? (130.) What is the word-sign in this lesson? (131.) When is it necessary to use the peculiar mode of writing n? How is it written? (132.) Under what circumstance is the peculiar sTin em- ployed? How is it written? (133.) Suppose it be required to write shtt. after nt, how is it done? If s f?low the thn, how may it be written? lesson 12. PREFIXES AND OTHER CONTRACTIONS. 134. PREFIXES. The following arc some additional prefixes and affixes that are found convenient and sug- gestive with the advanced phonographer. They should be written near the word, but not joined. A<-<;,m is expressed by the sign &, placed before the initial end ofjthe following consonant ; thus, \__> accompany, \o accomplice. Circum, by a small circle placed in the first vowel posi- tion of the next consonant; as, ' circum$(nc< , ~^\ circumscribe. D:om, by I as, I jo decomposition. Discom, discon, by t as, \ of /\ disconcerted . Iitcom. incon. by ' written above the other part of the word ; as, V incomplete, ^-P inconsistent. r. In fro, by ^ in any position near the following letter ; as, ** v interview, L.J introduction. By some kind of license the frequent word interest is allowed to be written thus: | , the prefix int irreconciluhli . 110 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Magna, magni, by '"~ x written above the after part of the word; as, '>!> ^ magnanimous, '\^_ magnify. Recog, by / as, /v~* recognize. Rccom, recon, by / as, /^ recommend, ^Q\ recoji- cilable. Self, by a circle at the middle place of the next conso- nant; as, J>/ selfish. Uncom, nncon, ^J\ written on the line; as, ^-^ un- common. ^_JL unconditional. r It is allowable to represent a prefix which is similar in sound to one of the foregoing, by one of the signs there furnished; thus, ^ may represent enter, as well as inter; and v ^ ma y represent encum, incum, as well as incom, incon. 135. AFFIXES. The following affixes are written near the preceding part of the word : Bility, by \ as, */\. durability, ^^ probability. i written after the word ; thus, N ^ f~ patiently, constantly. But where it can be written on without lifting the pen, it is better to do so ; thus, X< abundantly. I Ment, by -o as, -^ atonement, ^ contentment. But it may often be written without disconnecting it from the body of the word. Self, by a circle, as, " myself. Selves, by making the circle double size; as, (o tltemselves, fo yourselves. S!u'p, by _J as, ^J lordship. 136. A word-sign may be used as a prefix or an affix ; as, -^ advantageous, ' i^. hereafter. KRCISK (i.\ PREKIXKS AND AFKIXKS. Ill READING EXERCISE XXXV. >x ( ^ x (o > A,J (, '. 5 112 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. WRITING EXERCISE XXXVI. Akomplijment, akomodafon, serkumfleks, serkumnavigat, dekompoz, diskontiny^d, inkompatibl, inkonsolabl, inter- upfon, introdiis, magnifisent, rekognijon, rekonsiliajon, self- ajurans, unkompromizin, posibiliti, konsekwentli, himself, hersmanjip, d^rfor, Lern tu akomodat yoorself tu serkumstansez. Serkumstan- Jal evidens Jud be kejusli entertand agenst batman Ijf. Be serkumspekt in el yo>r waz. It is unkonfermabl tu troyf) tu sa dat kompajon, frendjip, &s., qr at de botom onli selfijnes in disgjz; bekez it iz we srselvz laco fel plegur er pan in de gud er evil ov uderz; fer de menig ov selMuv iz, not dat it iz I dat luvz, but dat j luv myself. If de ert be serkumskrjbd at de ekwator, we obtan its gratest serktimferens, hwiq iz abst 24,780 mjlz; a magnitud hwiq we kan not term inkonsevabl, oldo we ma not entcrtan a veri distigkt jdea ov it, mucj mor wud de savaj be tmkonjus ov the fakt and unkonvinst, in spjt ov yoor endevorz tu proov it. For unles tanjibl proof akumpani de aserjon, yoo kan not akom- plij ycor am, and suq praf iz unkontrovertibli imposibl. We rekomend tu el, never tu undertak givig a serkumstanjal eksplanajon tu doz hco q,r inkompeteut tu understand it. 137. NOMINAL CONSONANT. It is sometimes neces- sary to express one or more vowels or dipb.tb.ongs with- out a consonant. In this case 'f )( \> , may be em- ployed as outlines having no specific values, to which the vowels may be placed ; thus, \ E., for Edward or Edmund; "j A., for Alfred; 'Jfc Eah, an Irish family surname, &c. The dash-vowels may be struck through the nominal consonant, as "j" ^-> f r Oliver, -j- U. Proper names should be written in full when they are known. VARIOUS CONTRACTIONS. 113 138. STROKE //. The stroke 7t is generally used when it is initial and is followed by s; thus, ~ hasten; also when r and a vowel, or r and some other consonant follow; thus ^-<^^ hurry, f ^-~r^/' horizontal, li/. 139. VOCAI.IZING THE LAROE CIRCLE. The large circle ss is understood to represent a syllable containing the vowels t or <, thus, s/s or sr.s. It may be vocalized to express any vowel or diphthong: as, ^ jn-i^unxire. 140. When p occurs between m and /. and /. be- tween n distinction. In cases where t comes between s and another conso- nant. the t may generally be omitted without detriment to legibility ; thus, /'p/,.'" mostly, /& restless, ^^ post- pniii'. ^ TJ ^_ ini&tnkc. 141. OF THE. The connective phrase "of the," which merely points out that the following noun is in the possessive case, is infiumfr,/ by writing the words between which it occurs ;/"// to each other, thus showing by their proximity that the one is of the other ; thus, love of the beautiful, N^ subject of the work. REVIEW. (134.) How is the prefix awm written? Circum? Decom? Ditaom, ditcont I ' Inter, intro; iittcrettf In-eom? llayna, .' A'I ,-'iir; fi'-i/tn.. n -i--i>i 7 Si-//.' I'n, -i ill. wicnn? How may etiter be written? /.! ' \'-''i. ) How is the affix HUtif written? lyf mtnt? I-'. 1 '. M'hat i~ sniJ about word-signs in this con- iiuction? (137.) Explain the nominal consonant. (138.) Under what circumstances is the stroke It generally u^L-il? i loll.) How may the double circle be vocalized? (140.) When may p be omitted? /.-, and tl (141.) '\Yhat is said of the phrase f tlie. 10 I BBS Oil 13. UN VOCALIZED WRITING PHRASEOGRAPHY, AC. 142. As in some of the preceding exercises the manner of writing certain words has been introduced that would not admit of full vocalization, the learner may commence omitting some of the least prominent vowels in his common words. As a general thing these omissions should be the unaccented vowels. But in reporting, no vowels are inserted, except an occasional one that is necessary to distinguish one word from an- other, where both have the same consonant outline. It requires a good degree of familiarity with the system to be able to read this style of writing readily. After re- ports are taken, however, it is customary to go over the manuscript and insert the prominent vowels, so that any one may afterward read it with ease. 143. Positive and negative words containing the same consonants, should be distinguished thus : When the word commences with r, (except this letter is fol- lowed by ?,) write the upward r for the positive word, and the downward one for the negative ; thus, s\ re- sponsible, <^, irresponsible; /* resolute, O~~ irresolute. The common words p--' mortal, jZ^L immortal, ^/f material, _2^JL immaterial, may be distinguished by writing the positive on the line, and the negative above it. In all other cases, insert the initial vowel in the negative word ; thus, s credence, accordance greatly, gradually favored, favorite fiscal, physical HAVIXc; T1IK SA.MK CONSONANTS. 117 X > ^ firm, frame, form, farm >. support, separate steady, study, stead J situation, station J J sure, assure s*\ s^\\ labored, elaborate f / A learned, v., adj. writer, reader, orator, rhetor \ I /r / | ruined, renewed impatient, impassioned innovation, invasion ^"1 ^\^ indefinite, undefined lr ' ^~ L "~ V unavoidable, inevitable This list might be greatly extended, but space will not permit it here; from the examples given, the stu- dent will learn what form to give each word, where different outlines arc ivijuired for words that might be misread if written alike. Quite an extensive list of words, two or more of them having the same outline, --arily, are distinguished by position; of which take the following: piety. 1 pity.- opposition, 1 position,* -ion j 3 prescription. 1 proscription 3 , &c. 118 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. ALL THE WORD-SIGNS ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. Those marked with a * are written, above the line. . A j dear ^ ' in* c ~ according* c difficulty o jg^: * account I do it / advantage J done " common* V. after ) establish- 611 IDC-Ill - s language , again ^ every "\ Lord* s all* S first \ member f alone \^ for might* 1 already* } from c - more . an, and ^ full ^ Mr.* / are word \ subject \ up c/ world \^ subjection upon 5 would -/ sure ^ usual w ye* f tell, till ) was u yet ( that* ' the* ( them A way c we* C well " you f your o yours (^ then c^ went* On the following page is a different class of word- signs, their signification being indicated by the position in which the sign is written to the line. Three positions are recognized : on the line, above the line, and through or below the line. In the table the line of writing is suggested by a dotted line, which will guide the learner ! as to where the word should be written. 12U MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. ~f-- Allow -^\- however .._ perfect v.-^ another V. if practic able any "i~ itself _L read ..!_ at ~^ kind \ ) 1 ..... see _7>v away -/-. large ._/.. than , % may ..{'... thank [^ different ^~^ me, my ( thee Doctor _ mind (j these ---!-- down --X- much ^-- those ' neither --}-- during ^\j- number -( though .... each _.^_ other -/- through '...:_. either ought time V \ ^ ever } us "V" few --X.-- our ...x_ ours _i U gg (y er l^ -]- had d -~r^y. ourselves ^- value N^- happy \ out -A^-- view hear, here own __ will (iiouii) ^ CONTRACTED WORDS. 121 CONTRACTED WORDS. In addition to the word-signs that have been given, represented by the alphabetic signs, simple and com- pound, a list of contracted words is given below. These , are abbreviated by giving the more prominent conso- nants that would be employed in writing the word in full. Words having a * affixed are written above the line. S acknowledge v \ indispensable s acknowledged s *^- individual* because* ^-5 influence* |, doctrine ts influential* ) especial-ly \j instruction \ .. o f interest ^ expensive ~\/ extraordinary \__ irregular ft ^/ knowledge I extravagant ^-^^^ma n uscript V^/ forward ^~^ myself* *' highly* *y natural ^~o himself \^ never \ imperfect ^^ nevertheless .>} imperfection v v new """k importance* ^ are not could not be \^ as far 1 j do not < x. as far as \a for instance d o-o as good as S\ hc has been as soon as ^*v have been 1 am Qo as soon as possible * b as well as I am not 1 I do must not ^- if it ^< no doubt ^ if it had not \ of course S: if it were ^ on account of / in such L ought to be *- is it not xv should be o it is xi should have h^ it is not should not b it would d. so as to S it would be er- such as can -^ I will ^ that is PIIRASEOGUAPHY. 125 \/ there are y* there are not 7_- there would not l, v there would not have ^^ been C think that v) this is \ to be ^ to do ^ to have /vy you should be rf~~ you will //'X you will be able to r^> you will not \_ we have V , we have not we have not had we were when there is whether or not which would which would not be which it would be < which it would have ^-v been P will not ' N will not be ( without doubt / with which ' with which it o^ with which it is not A^ who are ^ would be would not be 126 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. A word of caution is necessary against a too extensive use of phraseography ; it should never be allowed to destroy the lineality of the writing, nor make difficult joinings. In either case, time will be saved by remov- ing the pen from the paper, and commencing afresh. In phraseography, the, or some other unimportant word, is occasionally omitted; as, N / in the world; Vo for the sake of. The connective word and is sometimes written in connection with the following word, where it may be represented by a small horizontal stroke; _, and the, -, and which. WRITING EXERCISE XXXVII. NOTE. In the following exercise instead of repeating the initial wordu of phrases every time they are to be written, they are indicated by dashes; and the other words forming a phrase are connected by hyphens. 01. 01-hiz, (01 - z) iz lost, hwiq, dis, dut-iz-sed, men, da_r, suq-tinz, important. Ov. Ov-it, hwicj, sue,, az-qr, me, (mj,) mjn, (men,) dqr, impertans, biz, advcintaj, dis kjnd, dat, dem, kors. On. On-el, sue,, ' aksnt-ov, mj, us, her, dqr, hiz, sjd. Tu. Tu-it, do>, be, hav, bin, dun, sum-ekstent, luv, him, dat, meni. Ho:. Ha)-iz-dis, wud, not, ma, not, (mairr,) kan, r.o, qr, not, (qrn't.) Xuul. Xti'l-be, not-be, hav, do>, 'not-hav-sed, tirjk-dat. 'J. i-ani, ma, am not, or ma-not, do>, (had,) not, (don't, hadn't) hav, not, (\vid huk,) bin, kan-not, \vil, tirjk, Jal, never, ned, not-.sa, bop, fer, beg, ain-veri-sori-inded, bop- yr. Wer-da, we, dat. Hw^r-iz, (hwaj'z) (? up- stroke.) Hwot. Hwot-iz, wer, wud, dot), if, qr, kud-be, posibli. Wiul. WuJ-yu), be, do>, hav, not, not-hav- sed. ]!. Be-sed, abl-tu. Bj-dis, me, meni, sum- menz, everi-menz, sum-personz, <3a,r. T. It-iz, not, sod, sa>n, (the last two with a double circle,) m^ ma, kan, kud, wu, da.r, ( double-f above the line.) Fer- suq, az-qr, hwiq, sum-tini, dqr, (double-t' on the line.) If-it-wer, be, iz, had. Y. IJav-yo), bin, had, sed. Veri-gud, grat, sam, serten, wel, soon, muq. Everi-pqrt, wun, ]>erson, man. 11. Jiink-dat, yfl)-qr, wil, ma. n-az. Iz-not; haz-not. X X;il-be, hav, doo, find, not. L. Wil, not, be, hav, fjnd. E. Rr-yo), sumtimz, sori, not; yoo qr veri, tro>li. M. Ma-be, hav, da, az-wel, konsider. Mit-hav, dis, sem. Must-be, tri, do>, kum, go, se, 128 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. not. Most-hapi, ( mos'-hapi,) likli, - - important. Meni-tjmz, tigz, mor, ov-dem. N. In-el, konsekwens, fakt, dis, suq, meni- tigz, hiz. Eni-wun, tig, bodi. No-pqrt, dst, rezn, mor, tjm, wun, tig, (in full.) Ns-ser. Not, be, kwjt, dat, in, onli, n^, non; ned- not. Ner-wer, iz-dis, q,r. WRITING EXERCISE XXXV. (In pbraseography, and containing all the word-signs.) ON IMPRQVMENT. The following, in the construction of sentences, for the employment of all the word signs, was furnished for the early edition of Phonography by the Rev. John Hope, an English clergyman. It should be written and re-written, until every word can be put upon paper without hesitation. The words connected by hyphens should be written as phrases, without lifting the pen. Establijments fer-imprcovment and fer nolej in-jeneral, qr important tigz in a kigdom; and de mor so hwaj it-iz yTigqal wid dem tu aknolej gud prinsiplz. d Fonografik establij- mentin partikyujar, iz an imediat advantaj tu everi jentlman or cjjld, ho> iz a member ov-it, and tu el. Akerdirj tu jeneral opinyon, Fonografi iz a subjekt we kud, and Jud hav ple^r in; widst it, laggwaj iz-not kwjt hwot-it-jud-be a remcyk in- hwiq-dqr-iz grat tra>t, and tu-hwiq j-tigk dqr-kan-be no objek- Jon. Agen, everi wun hoo haz tets hwiq-qr-der tia-him, er im- pertant tu-de Avurld, iz keld upon tu kqr fer-dem and imprc&v dem, tia-ds fial, hwen he haz oportqriiti. Hs, er on hwot prin- sipl kan we be giad widst improovment. Remember dat everi- tig iz an objekt ov impertans dat kumz under it; and, beyond el, dat-de Ju/ wurd ov-de Lord God woz givn for-improovment. 2ud dj^r-be difikultiz in-de-wa ov-yt, den j kel upon yo>, hwjl yco-kan improav, tu-doo-so. Qfter hwot j-hav told-yoo Sqr- dqr yet objekjonz tu it. Wer da_r, an aksnt ov-dem wud elredi hav-bin givn. Grat and gud tigz kan-not kum tugeder Avidst improDvment. But Jud j be told-dat it mjt hav-bin so, from hwot j no ov-de jeneral spirit ov el, j tel-yco de trcot iz az j-hav givn it, ner kan ye objekt tu-it. In Jert, jentlmen, VCD et tu es- tablij it az yo>r ferst prinsipl, dat-yco-wil-not-giv up; but az yo> hav oportiiniti, hwj not doo-el dat kan-be-dun toardz improDv- mentin everi-tig in-dis-wurld; and Jud it-be-dun wel, ycn-wil giv ple3n,r not tu me alon, but tu el. AN EXTENDED ALPHABET. 120 LONG TOWELS. 9 earth, E.; \c, F. a., e fair,!?.; frere F. a pate, F. o Konig, G. eu deux, F. u rue, F. 9 10 11 12 SHORT VOWELS. i ici, F. k ete,F. a, a ask, E.; pat(c,jP. ii I 6 Bocke, G. 'I o bonne, F. si ii Kiinste, (7. NASAL VOWELS. 13 ^ in fin, F. 14 <^> en en, danse,.F. 15 1C un brun, on bon, 17 18 19 20 CONSONANTS. ch ichjG./ f_ gh einig, G. ~ 11 Llanelly, TF. /* r amor, /. In tlie introduction to this work (See pp. 15, 16, 17.) it -was shown that an accurate analysis of the English language gave forty-three elementary sounds, including the diphthongs necessary to be regarded as simple sounds; and in the writing exercises of the phonotypic edition this number of sounds are represented, although, on account of the greater simplicity of a six-vowel scale, three vowels, (e, a., a,) have not been recognized in the phonographic exercises. 130 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. For the benefit of such as may wish to be as precise in the representation of correct pronunciation in their writing as it is advisable to be in printing, thraa addi- tional signs for the English language are. provided on the preceding page. Suitable signs are also given for the additional sounds used in the French and German, &c., which will enable those who understand these languages to employ Phonography in writing them. Nos. 1, 2, and 9, will be recognized as English by the words earth, air, ask. No. 6 is so near the close Eng- lish diphthong u in d? ^ b r 132 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. . .-\ P X N -^v * X DECLARATION OF IXDEl'EXDEXCE. 133 , c ".o j ' 7* "o /V 5 V. . C 1^ v y J^ 5 134 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. \yV '\ ^ ^ ^ > V NO 51 /% Vv \ ^-F\y <\ ..<\ r,' j- S s /- x \ - r r, . ^ ") 6 J - > \ DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 135 V. *? l_6 ) < V -P 9 " V^v, \ X V_ ) > , \ 1 ' 'S "^ s "^7 c ^ . v\. . C VL. ,T> C, . , 136 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. " \ .o T- H-l _n- . % a ^ vx (o \ ) J . Is X t -% V \ V, A " DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 137 30 x .\ _ \ XN e \ ' ^- N , ) . V < ( \ I* ! I \* ii i > v*> C ( v , . V ( , o ' V No ^' X - 9 . t '-r-% \ N ./i i s '' " V \ ' 138 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPIIV. ^ 1* .e- X> 5 L; rl . N 139 MAM AL OF PHONOGRAPHY. American yfroiutic gsscnation. President BEXN PITMAN, Cincinnati, 0. Secretary ELIAS LOXGLEY, " Treasurer R. P. PROSSER, " . The object of the Association is the union and cooperation of the friends of Phonetic writing and printing in the United States and the Can:idas. The members are divided into the following classes: Class 1. Phonographers who teach the arts professionally or privately, who can not, on account of other duties, attend to the gratuitous correc- tion of exercises of learners through the post, but who are willing to an- swer letters of inquiry, or letters of Phonographers soliciting advice or information on matters connected with Phonography or Phonetics. Class 2. Phonographers who generously volunteer to correct the exer- cises of learners, through the post. Class 3. Phonographers who do their utmost to spread a knowledge of the Phonetic arts in private, but who are prevented by other duties from answering letters, or attending to the correction of exercises. Class 4. Phoneticians who do not write Phonography. Cl I 5. Honorary members. Phonographers of either class who write at the rate of 100 or more words per minute, are indicated, in the list of members, by the letter R, (Reporter.) Phonograpbers who wish to cultivate a correspondence with members of kindred sentiments, are indicated by the letter C, (Correspondent.) Conductors of and contributors to Ever-Circulating Magazines, are in- dicated by the letters E C, (Ever-Cire-uIatcr. ) Honorary members are indicated by the *. Phonographers under sixteen years of age are indicated by the letter J, (Junior.) A President, Council and other Officers are elected annually by the members of the Association. The Council consists of fifty (inclusive of the Officers,) of those who are regarded as the most intelligent, earnest, and reliable American Pho- no^raphers and Phoneticians, to whom are submitted all matters of theory and practice on which an intelligent opinion may be desired, but on which the opinions of Phonographers might be divided. Persons of learning and distinction who favor the Phonetic principle mav become Honorary membirs by the concurrence of any six members of the Council. Phonographers in the United States and the Canadas, and writers of Phonetic longhand, are eligible to membership on making a written ap- plication. Subscription of funds, voluntary. Membership renewed annually. Persons wishing to become members should address the Secretary, stating occupation or profession, and naming tho Class in which they wish to be enrolled. |3F~The Constitution and Annual List of Members, in pamphlet ^orm, may be obtained by addressing the Secretary and enclosing lOcts. Or, Phonetic Short-Hand. Writing is a necessity of modern civilization, and it is therefore desira- ble to possess the best and speediest means of committing thought to paper. Phonography provides that means, for by it words may be committed to paper as rapidly as they are spoken. If you would secure the subtile thoughts that flow into your own mind, or that yon feel worth preserving while listening to the spoken thoughts of others, learn Phonography. If yon are a I'hysician, and would preserve a record of your'cases, so that from your accumulated experience you may help to evolve the laws of health and disease, learn Phonography. If you are a Minister, and would sa\e five-sixths of the time yon at present employ in writing your notes, or elaborating your sermons in full, learn Phonography. If you are a Lawyer, and would secure the fleeting testimony on which may depend the fortune, life, or honor of your client, learn Phonography. If you are a Student, and would fully benefit by the oral instruction of your professors and teachers, learn Phonography. If you are desirous of qualifying yourself for tli nsefnl and honorable profession of a Beporter should your education and abilities in other re- spects warrant such a determination learn Phonography, for it is not only a lucrative calling, but to young men of talent it is one of the most certain stepping-stones to a position of honor and emolument. Said the Hon Thomas Benton : " Had this art been known forty years ago, it would have saved me twenty years of hard labor." " The more I practice, the more I like this beantifnl art, * * * * I write it faster than I can long-hand, anJ it is not quite a month since 1 re- ceived my books and first set phonographic pen to paper." "I find Phonography a great service to me. I nse it for all my pulpit notes, and writing them in a bold style, and on every other line, I have not the least difficulty in reading them at a glance." Jiee. E. 11. Waring, M. E. Cl.urcli. " I can write in four hours a discourse that would otherwise occupy the whole working day ; and I can then read and memorize it in less time, and with far more ease, than if it were written in the ordinary way. I love it for its beauty, its philosophy, and its eminent practical utility. It has given me a clearer insight into the structure of the English language, and made me more exact in my pronunciation." Rev. T. H. Bereridge, Philadel- phia, Pa. THE AMERICAN MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY, Adapted to the use of pupils without a teacher, may be obtained by en- closing $1.00 to the author, ELIAS LONGLEY, Daily Times Office, Cincinnati, O. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. Form L9-10m-3,'48(A7920)444 UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES LIBRARY A ""'< Hill Illlf linn 000 576 259 Z56 L86a 1877