r.lHKAKV University of California. oit^-1^ < ^\' Received Mf-^y/^-^i .i8o<^. Accessions No: ^d^y 3- Class No. "J h^, J74p . A' '?'^f^^:r >e: ';v'. , "1?^"';/ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/firstlessonsinlaOOjonerich FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN: ADAPTED TO THE LATIN GRAMMAES Jt^.£c ALLEN AND GREENOUGH, ANDREWS AND STODDARD, BARTHOLOM BULLIONS AND MORRIS, GILDERSLEEVE, AND HARKNESS, AND PREPARED AS AN INTEODUCTTON TO CESAR'S COMMENTAEIES ON THE GALLIC WAR. ELISHA JONES, M. A., ACTING ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, AND AUTHOR OF *' EXERCISES IN GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION." CHICAGO: S. C. GRIGGS AND COMPANY. 1878, Uyi^ Copyright, 1877. By S. C. GRIGGS AND COMPANY. University Press : Welch, Bigelow, & Co., Cambridge. ^v^^ 0? THIS! >|^ [UHI7BESIT7) PKEFACE These Lessons are intended as a practical drill-book for tlie beginner in Latin. They aim to make him familiar with the ordinary Latin inflections and the simpler principles of Latin syntax ; to teach him as many words and expressions from Caesar's Commentaries as he can learn with profit, and thus prepare him for the successful study of that work. Eeferences are made to six of our best Latin grammars, with any one of which the book may be used. In the part devoted to inflection, the learner's attention is directed, as far as thought practicable, to the elements of words declined and conjugated, — to stems, endings, signs, and connecting vowels. The root and formation of stems are not referred to ; these subjects be- long more properly to a later stage of the study. In syntax, the principal rules only are introduced, and these are illustrated by numerous examples. Of the latter, translations are given which the learner may imitate in rendering the parallel exer- cises that follow ; these exercises are taken chiefly from the Commentaries and accompanied by explanatory notes. English exercises to be turned into Latin are also added ; these are so formed that the Latin sentences immediately preceding furnish models for their construction. IV PREFACE. A few pages of fables and selections from early Eoman his- tory, together with the necessary annotations, follow the lessons. Complete vocabularies are added ; in the Latin-English part, such derivations of Latin words as can be most readily under- stood are given, and al^ some English derivatives. Of these others will suggest themselves. With neither, however, should the mind of the beginner be much burdened. Their main use at this time is to aid him in fixing the meanings of words. The chief worh of the first year in Latin is to master the injiec- tions and build up a vocabulary. The order of the grammars has not been followed. The verb is introduced early and made to alternate with the declensions, so as to give greater variety to the character of the sentences. No effort has been made to adapt the length of the lessons to the capacity of all classes ; such an attempt would be futile. It will often be found necessary to devote two or more recita- tions to a single lesson. Some teachers may think it expedient to omit a few sentences from many of the exercises. To in- sure a good preparation for Caesar, however, nothing should be omitted. It is believed that for classes in general the book con- tains matter sufficient for a year's labor. The use of blackboards sufficiently extensive for an entire class cannot be too urgently recommended. The practice of requiring inflections and translations to be written every day upon the blackboard, and subjected to the criticism of the class, is most excellent. It not only adds great interest to the recita- tion, but also secures an accuracy and readiness which cannot be as easily attained, perhaps, by any other means. The plan of the book was formed for the most part during a seven years' experience with beginners. It does not seem to me PREFACE. V necessary to give a list of the introductory books, grammars, edi- tions of Caesar, and lexicons — American, English, and German — which have been consulted in its preparation. Some things which appear to be common property have been adopted without credit. I may here express my sincere thanks to kind friends for encouragement and practical suggestions ; to the University Press of Cambridge for great patience and pains in securing typo- graphical excellence ; and especially to my publishers, Messrs. S. C. Griggs & Co. of Chicago, for sparing no expense to produce a school-book unsurpassed in mechanical execution. These Lessons are offered to the public with much hesitation, but with the hope that they may prove serviceable to some teachers and beginners. ELISHA JONES. University of Michigan, August, 1877. >>^ Off THR^^ CONTENTS. Page ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . ix INTRODUCTORY PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS . . 1 LESSON I. — Nouns : First Declension 3 LESSON II. — Nouns : First Declension. — Prepositions . 4 Declension of deS. and fili^. LESSON III. — Nouns : Second Declension .... 6 Nouns in iis ; Gender. LESSON IV. — Nouns: Second Declension. — Prepositions 7 Nouns in r and um. — Prepositions used with the Ablative. LESSON V. — Nouns : Second Declension. — Prepositions . 9 Genitive Singular of Nouns in iiis or ium ; Vocative of filiiis and proper names in iiis. ; Declension of deiis. — Use of in and siib. LESSON VI. — Adjectives: First and Second Declensions . 11 Declension and Agreement of Adjectives. LESSON VII. — Adjectives: First and Second Declensions {continued) . . . . . . . . . . .12 Genitive in iiis and Dative in i. LESSON VIII. — Additional Exercises. — Apposition. . 14 LESSON IX. — Verbs : Preliminary Definitions . . ,15 LESSON X. — Verbs : First Conjugation . . . . 16 Personal Endings of the Active Voice ; Present Stem ; Present Indica- tive Active of ^mo. LESSON XI. — The Simple Sentence . . ' . . .18 Subject Nominative. —Agreement of Verb. — Direct Object. LESSON XII. — Verbs : First Conjugation {continued) . . 19 Imperfect and Future Indicative Active of ^mo. LESSON XIII. — Modifiers of the Subject and Predicate; Dative of Indirect Object ; Genitive with Nouns . . 21 LESSON XIV. — Verbs: First Conjugation ; Perfect, Pluper- fect, AND Future Perfect Tenses ; the Perfect Stem . . 23 LESSON XV. — Verbs : First Conjugation : Imperative Mood ; Use of the Imperative 25 LESSON XVI. — Verbs : Infinitives, Participles, Gerund, and Supine 26 VlU CONTENTS. LESSON XVII. — Use of the Infinitive .... 27 Infinitive as Object ; Subject of the Infinitive. LESSON XVIIL — General Exercise. Ablative of Means . 29 LESSON XIX. —Third Declension: Nouns .... 31 LESSON XX. — Third Declension (continued) .... 32 LESSON XXI. — Third Declension (continued) ... 33 Two Accusatives of the same Person or Thing. LESSON XXII. — Third J)ECLE^sio^(contimied) . . . .35 LESSON XXIII. —Thhid Declension (cwi^wmcc?) . . . 36 LESSON XXIV. —Conjugation OF the Verb Sum ... 38 LESSON XXV. — Predicate Noun and Adjective . . 38 LESSON XXVL— The Subjunctive Mood 40 LESSON XXVII. — Compounds of Sum. — Dative with Com- pounds 41 LESSON XXVIII. — Conjugation of Possum. — Use of the Infinitive 43 Infinitive without Subject Accusative. LESSON XXIX. —Subjunctive Mood of Amo ... 44 LESSON XXX. —Review of Amo. —Two Accusatives . . 46 LESSON XXXI. — Passive Voice of Amo .... 48 Definitions and Personal Endings of the Passive Voice. LESSON XXXII. —Passive Voice of A}.io (cmitinued) . . 49 LESSON XXXIII. — Vassiye Yoic-R OF Ako (continued) . . 51 LESSON XXXIV. — Subjunctive Passive of Amo ... 52 LESSON XXXV. —Deponent Verbs: First Conjugation . 53 LESSON XXXVI. — Ablative of Cause. — Complex and Com- pound Sentences 55 LESSON XXXVII. — Adjectives : Third Declension . . 66 LESSON XXXVIII. — Adjectives : Third Declension (con- tinued) ............ 58 LESSON XXXIX. — Comparison of Adjectives ... 59 Declension of Comparatives. LESSON XL. — Comparison OF Adjectives (co?i^i?mc" OF THJt"**:^ X CONTENTS. LESSON LXXI. — Use of the Dative 110 Dative with Intransitive Verbs. LESSON LXXIL — Use of the Ablative and Subjunctive . 112 Ablative with Comparatives. — Subjunctive expressing a Wish or Command. LESSON LXXIII. — Sequence of Tenses. — Subjunctive in Final Clauses 114 LESSON LXXIV. — Use of the Dative (continued) . . 116 Dative of the Person possessing ; Two Datives. LESSON LXXV. — Subjunctive in Consecutive Clauses . .118 LESSON LXXVL — Use of the Genitive .... 120 Genitive with Adjectives ; Genitive in Predicate ; Genitive with cer- tain Verbs. LESSON LXXVII. — Conditional Sentences . . . .122 LESSON LXXVIII. — Use OF THE Ablative .... 124 Ablative expressing Measure of Difference ; Ablative of Quality. LESSON LXXIX. — Concessive Clauses 126 LESSON LXXX, — Use of the Ablative (continued) . . 128 Ablative of Price ; Ablative of Distance ; Ablative with Adjectives. LESSON LXXXL — Causal Clauses 130 LESSON LXXXII. — Temporal Clauses 132 LESSON LXXXIIL — Subjunctive in Indirect Questions . 134 LESSON LXXXI V. — Oratio Obliqu a. — Indirect Discourse 136 LESSON LXXXV. — Indirect Discourse (continued) . . .138 LESSON LXXXVL — Indirect Discourse (continued) . . 139 LESSON LXXXVIL— The Gerund 140 LESSON LXXXVIIL— The Gerundive 142 LESSON LXXXIX.— The Supine 144 LESSON XC. — The Roman Calendar. — Abbreviations . 146 LESSON XCL— General Exercise 148 LESSON XCII. — General Exercise 150 SELECTIONS FOR READING. I. Fables 153 II. Stories from Early Roman History .... 156 GENERAL VOCABULARY. I. Latin-English 167 II. English-Latin 211 ABBEEVIATIONS. A. & G., Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar. A. & S., Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar. abl., ablative. ace, accusative. act., active. adj., adjective. B., Bartholomew's Latin Grammar. B. & M., Bullions and Morris's Latin Grammar. of., confer, compare, comp., comparative, conj., conjunction, dat., dative, dem., demonstrative, dep,, deponent. Ex., Example, f., feminine. fr., from. G., Gildersleeve's Latin Grammar, gen., genitive. H., Harkness's Latin Grammar, lat- est edition, ind., indicative. indecl., indeclinable, indef., indefinite, interrog., interrogative, lit., literal, literally. Ln., Lesson. m., masculine, n., neuter, num., numeral, part., participle, pass., passive, perf., perfect, pers., person, pi., plural, poss., possessive, prep., preposition, pres., present, pron., pronoun. Ref., Reference, rel., relative, sc, scilicet, understand, sing., singular, subst., substantive, voc, vocative. Yy., Vocabulary. w., with. N. B. — The different sections of this book are marked by italicized numerals. Tlie numerals in the notes printed thus (4) refer to such sections. INTEODUCTOEY PEINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS. The following numerals and letters refer to snch portions of the grammar as are to be committed to memory. When two are joined by a dash the intermediate sections or paragraphs are also included : e. g. 2 - 4 or a - c signifies that the parts designated by 2, 3, and 4, or by a, h, and c are to be committed to memory. Only the coarse print is to be learned unless a special reference is made to the fine. 1. Alphabet. A. & G. 1, 1, «, 6 ; A. & S. 2, 1 : 3, 1, 2 ; 4 : B. 3-10, 10. fine print under 6 and 7: B. & M. 5; 5/ 6; 7: G. 1 ; 2 ; 6 : H. 2-4:, w. fine print under 3 and 4. 2, Promuiciation and Syllables, (a) 'Roman Method. A. & G. \,b,a-d) 2, I, a-c: B. 11 - 15 ; 16-21: G. 3; 4; 7; 8; 9: H. 15, 1-4; 16; 17; 18, 1-3. (b) English Method. A. & G.2,2, a-d ; 1,5, a- d : A. & S. 7-12, u\ fine print; 17-23: B. 377, the ivhole : B. & M. 11,' 12; IS, 1-6: H. 6-14, w. fine print. (c) Continental Method. A. & S. 6 ; 17-23: B. & M. i4, 1-5 ; JS, 1-6: H. 19. S. Quatitity. A. & G. 3, 1, 2,a-e, Note : A. & S. 5, 1 ; 13, 1-6, w. fineprint: B. 12, a-c : B. & M. 8,- 16-19: G. 2, 2 ; 10 - 13, Eemark 1 : R. 20-23, w. fine print. 4. Accent. A. & G. 4, 1, 2, a, 6, Note : A. & S. 14, 4, 5 ; 15, 1, 2 ; 16, 1 - 3 : B. 22 - 25 : B. & M. 20, w. fine print : G. 14 : H. 24; 25. 5. Parts of Speech and Inflection. A. & G. 5, 1 - 4 : A. & S. 24, 1-4 ; 25, 1-3 ; 26, 1-7 : B. 26-33; 34-40; 115: B. & M. 24; 25, 1, 2; 26, 1, 2, Ohs. 1-2; 27-SO: G. 15-17, the whole: H. 37-40. 6. Gender. A. & G. 6, 1, a, c, 2-4 : A. & S. 27-30 ; 33; 34, 1-4: B. 116-118, L- III.: B. & Isi. 32 - 35 : G. 18; 19, 1.- III. ; 20, 1-3: H. 41; 42, I.-III. 2 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 7. Person^ Number , and Case. A. & G. 7, 1 - 7 : A. & S. 35, 1 - 2 ; 36 ; 37, 1 - 6 : B. 119 - 120, w. fine print : B. & M. 31 ; 4:2, 4. Case ; 43, w. fine print : G. 21 - 24 : H. 44 ; 45-, iv. fine print. 8, Declension. A. & G. 8, 1, a, 6, %a-f\ A. & S. 38 ; 39, I. ; 40, 2- 10 : B. 121 ; 122, Kem. 1 - 5 ; 123 : B. & M. 44-46, w. fine print; 47; 50, Dec. I. : G. 25-26, the whole: H. 46, w. fine print; 47. Note. The division of the above introductory matter into suitable lessons is left to the teacher. He may find it necessary at first to go over each lesson in advance with the class and point out the portions designated. The follow- ing suggestion is ottered. Each definition should be made practical by application. E. g., as soon as the learner has committed to memory the portions of grammar referred to under "J. Alphabet,'' he should turn to "Lesson 1." and classify the letters of the Latin words there found. After learning *'^," he should pronounce the same letters in accordance with the rules under "^," and divide the words which they form into syllables. JJearn thoroughly ; review often; use the blackboard. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. LESSON I. NOUNS : FIRST DECLENSION. 0» Learn t"he declension of the model noun, the stem and case- endings, the mfieaning of each case, and the rule of gender for nouns of the First Declension. A. & G. 9, 1, 2, c ; 8, 1, a : A. & S. 41 ; 39, 1. ; 40, 2-10 : B. 121; 123; 124: B. & M. 46; 48, First; 51; 53: G. 24 ; 2T, Remark 2 ; 28 : H. 46, 1 ; 48, 1, 2, I)- 3), 4. 10, The learner should make the words of the Vocabularies so familiar that when the Laiin is pronounced, he can give promptly the English equivalent, or when the English is pronounced, he can give promptly the Latin equivalent. Not only the Nonlinative, but also the Genitive and Gender of each Latin noun should always be learned. VOCABULARY. causa, ae,i f.^ cause, reason, Geneva, ae, f. Geneva.^ gI5rla, ae, f. glory. lingua, ae, f. tongue, language. memoria, ae, f. memory. ripa, ae, f. bank (of a stream). via, ae, f. way, road. 1 ae is the case-ending of the Genitive. To form the Genitive of causa, substitute ae for final a : e. g. Nom. causa, Gen. causae. 2 In the Vocabularies, f. stands for feminine gender, m. for masculine, and n. for neuter. ^ For a fuller description of Proper Names given in the special Vocabu- laries, see Vocabulary at end of the book. % 4 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. N. B. Careful attention should be given to the pronunciation of each syl- lable ; the rules for quantity and accent will need to be called to mind very often. Kemember that the final syllable of a Latin word is never accented. Pronounce; translate; decline and describe i eacli word. 1. Causa.2 2. Gloriamm.^ 3. Eipae. 4. Lingua.^ 5. Memoria.^ 6. Linguas. 7. Yia. 8. Eipas. 9. Me- moriae. 10. Gloriae. 11. Causas. 12. Yiam. 13. Memo- rias. 14. Yia. 15. Gloriam. 16. Linguarum. 17. Causls. 18. Eipa. 19. Genevae.^ Write in r.atin. 1. Of a^ cause. 2. Of the causes. 3. Witli glory. 4. Eor glory. 5. With tongues. 6. In the language. 7. Memory. 8. In memory. 9. Of the banks. 10. Ey the way. Noies and Questions. ^ To describe a noun is to tell its case, number, and gender, its stem and case-ending (termination). 2 The Latin language has no article. In translating Latin nouns into English, a, an, or the may be supplied according to the sense. E. g. causa may be rendered a cause, the cause, or simply catise. 3 AVhich syllable of gidriariim is accented ? Why ? (4) — Numerals pinnted thus (4) refer to sections of this book. 4 What is the quantity of the penult of lingua ? Why ? (3) 5 The Ablative may often be rendered by the preposition in and the noun : e. g. mgmoria, in memory ; lingua, in the language. 6 Locative Case ; translate by the preposition at or in and the noun : e. g. Eomae, at Rome, or in Rome. LESSON II. NOUNS : FIRST DECLENSION. — PREPOSITIONS. 11, neclension of dea and filia. A. & G. 9, 2, e : A. & S. 43, 2, last part : B. 124, Rem. 1 : B. & M. 57: G. 27, Remark 3 : H. 49, 4. riRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 5 12. Use of JPrepositions, A. & G. 56, 1 : A. & S. 235 : B. 329, Rule LXXX.: B. & M. 9Sl: G. 417: H. 432. VOCABULARY. Sd, prep. w. acc.i to. angustiae,2 arum, f. narrow pass. circum, prep. w. ace. around. dea, ae, f. goddess. filia, ae, f. daughter. Matrona, ae, m. the Marne. per, prep. w. ace. through. provincia, ae, f. province. silva, ae, f. forest. trans, prep. w. ace. across. 1 "prep. w. ace." signifies that ad is a preposition used with the Accusa- tive. 2 angustiae is rarely used in the singular. Notice that it is equivalent to two English words, narrow, an adjective, and^a^s, a noun. Pronounce; translate; decline and describe each noun. 1. Ad riprim.^ 2. Ad rlpam Matronae.^ 3. Trans Ma- tronam. 4. Dea.'^ 5. Deae. 6. Deariim. 7. Deabus. 8. Trans viam. 9. Per angustias.^ 10. Per silvas. 11. Per provinciam. 12. Circum Genevam. 13. Silvarum. 14. Sil- vis.^ 15. Ad fllias dearum. \'^ Write in L.atin. 1. The daughter. 2. A daughter. 3. daughter. 4. To the daughter of a goddess. 5. To^ the Marne. 6. To^ the banks of the Marne. 7. For the daughters. 8. Through the provinces. 9. Through the forest. 10. In^ the forest. 11. In^ the memory of the daughters. Notes and Questions. 1 When a noun is governed by a preposition, give the rule referred to under 12. b FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 2 Give the rule for gender of Matrona. {6) 3 See Ln. I., Note 2. * What is the quantity of the penult of angustias ? Why ? (3) Which syllable then has the accent ? (4) ^ See Ln. I., Note 5. Which cases of the First Declension are alike in the singular ? Which in the plural ? What is the difference between silva and silva ? ^ Translate by the proper preposition. LESSON III. NOUNS: SECOND DECLENSION. 13. Nouns in lis. A. & G. 10, 1, 2, serviis, 4, a : A. & S. 46, dominus: B. 126; 127, dominiis, Rem. 4: B. & M. 59; 01, dunii- niis : G. 29, hortus, Remark 4: H. 51, serviis, 1, 2, l)-3), 6. 14. Gender. A. & G. 10,3: A. & S. 46 : B. 127, Rem. 3 : B. & M. 71: G. 30: H. 51. VOCABULARY. ante, prep. w. ace. before. amicitia, ae, f. friendship, amicus, i, m. friend. carrus, i, in. cart, wagon, contra, prep. w. ace. against. German!, oriim, m. the Germans, legatus, i, m. legate, lieutenant, numerus, I, m. number. oculiis, 1, m. eye, populiis, i, m. people. Rheniis, i, m. the Rhine. Rhodanus, i, m. the Rhone, Pronounce; translate; decline and describe each nonn. 1. Popuii.i 2. Popiile. 3. Popiilis. 4. AmTcitia popfilT. 5. Ante ociilos popiili. 6. Niimeriis carrorum. 7. Nume- FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 7 riis Germanoriim. 8. Niimems amTc5mm. 9. Niimerus flliarum. 10. Filia legatl.^ 11. Amico populi. 12. Contra amicimi populi. 13. Contra legat5s populi. 14. Trans Ehodanum. 15. Populi^ amicis. 16. Ad Germ an os. Write in Liatin. 1. Of a friend. 2. To a friend. 3. friend. 4. Against a friend. 5. Of friends. 6. The friends of the Germans. 7. Against the friends of the Germans. 8. Before the eyes of the Germans. 9. Across the Ehine. 10. Before the lieutenant^s^ eyes. 11. The friendship of the Germans. Noies and Questions. 1 What is the stem of populi ? What are the case-endings of the Second Declension ? Which cases are alike in the singular ? Which in the plural ? Which cases are like the same cases of the First Declension ? What is the rule of gender for the Second Declension ? {14) What is the rule of gender for the First Declension ? What are the general rules for gender ? {6) 2 The Latin Genitive is often equivalent to the English possessive case : filia legati is best rendered the lieutenant's daughter. ^ The Genitive usually stands after the noun which it limits, but often before it. In the latter case the Genitive is made emphatic : e. g., filia amici, the friend's daughter; but amici filia, the friend's daughter. LESSON IV. NOUNS : SECOND DECLENSION. — PREPOSITIONS. 15. Nouns in r and um. A. & G. 10, 2 : A. & S. 46 : B. 12T, a, 6, Rem. 1, 2 : B. & M. 60; 61; 63: G.-29 ; 31 : H. 51, 2, 3) -6), 4,1). 16, Prepositions useil tvith the Ablative. A. & G. 56, 1, b : A. & S. 241 : B. 178 : B. & M. 470: G. 418 : H. 434. N. B. The list of prepositions used with the Ablative should be com- mitted to memory. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. VOCABULARY. a, ab,i prep. w. abL from^ hy. ager, agri, m. field. belliim, i, n. war. ciim, prep. w. abL with. e, ex,i prep. w. abL out of. f rumentiiin, i, n. corn. f gener, generi, m. son-in-law. Helvetii, orum, m. the Helvetii. puer, pueri, m. hoy. regnum, i, n. sovereignty, kingdom. sine, prep. w. abl. without. templiim, i, ii. temple. vir, viri, m. man. 1 a and e are used only before words beginning with a consonant ; Sb and ex before either a vowel or consonant. Pronounce; translate; parse l the nouns governed by prepositions. 1. Pueri/ pueroriim. 2. Genero^ generis. 3. Agri Hel- vetiorum. 4. Ciim viris. 5. Sine viris. 6. Ex templo.^ 7. Ciim HelvetiTs. 8. Sine regno. 9. Sine frumento.* 10. Bellum ciim GermanTs. 11. Ex provincia. VZ. Ab HelvetiTs. 13. Per agros Helvetiorum. 14. E Eliodano.^ 15. Ciim amico Helvetioriim. 16. Kegniim Germanoriim. Write in r.atin. 1. Of the war^ of the wars. 2. For the war^ for the wars. 3. The wars with the Helvetii. 4. By the Germans. 5. Without friendship. 6. With the man^s^ daughters. 7. Without the bovs. 8. O boys. 9. Before the war with the Germans. 10. Without wagons. 11. Out of the Ehine. 12. Out of the temples of the Germans. Notes and Questions. 1 Form for iiarsing a noun. — cum viris : viris is a masculine noun of tho Second Declension; stem, viro ; declined, vir, vlrl, viro, virum^ vir, vlro; FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 9 plural, viri, virorUm, virls, viros, v^iri, virls ; it is in the Ablative plural and governed by the preposition cum; rule (i6). Repeat the rule giving the list of prepositions used with the Ablative. 2 Which endings do nouns in r drop ? Ans. The Nominative us and the Vocative e. To which declension does pueri belong ? Why ? provincia ? Why ? How many declensions are there and how distinguished from one another? (8) 3 Notice that the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative of neuter nouns are alike and end in the plural in a. 4 What is the quantity of the penult of frumento ? Why ? Which syl- lable then is accented ? (3 and 4) ^ Which syllable of Rhodanus takes tte accent ? eSeeLN. 111., Note 2. LESSON V. NOUNS: SECOND DECLENSION. — PREPOSITIONS. 17 • Nouns in iiis or ium generally form the Genitive Singular with one i, while the accent remains unchanged : Cassi, of Cassius ; fill, of the son ; consili, of counsel. IS, Vocative of filiiis and ztroper names in ius. A. & G. 10, 4, c : A. & S. 52 : B. 128, a: B. & M. 65: G. 29, 2 : H. 52, 2. 19. Use of in and siib. A. & G. 56, 1, c : A. & S. 235, (2) : ;. 179: B. & M. 9S7,' 9S8: G. 419 : H. 435, 1. 20, deus — stem deo — : is declined as follows : Singular. Plural. Nom. deiis, del, dii, di. Gen. del, * de5riim, deiim. Dat. deo, * dels, diis, dis. Ace. deum, deos. Voc. deus, del, dii, di. Abl. deo, • deis, diis, dis. VOCABULARY. Cassius, i, m. Cassius. castrum, i, n. fort ; pi. camp. 10 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. concilium, i, n. council, assembly. consilium, I, n. counsel, plan. deiis, 1, m. (see 20), god. equus, i, m. horse. et, conj. and. filius, i, m. son. in, prep. w. ace. or abL into, in. jiigum, i, n. yoke. L/Uciiis, i, m. Lucius. oppidiim, i, n. town. sub, prep. w. ace. or- abl. under. Pronounce; translate; parse the nouns governed by prepositions. 1. Ad deos et^ deas. 2. Cum dels et deabus. 3. Ante ociilos deorum et deariim. 4. Iii^ oppido. 6. In^ oppTdum. 6. In castra^ Germanoriim. 7. ConsTlio* deorum. 8. Sine consTlils. 9. In concTlio Helvetioriim. 10. Siib jugum. 11. Ciim equis et cams. 12. Cum equTs et earns LucT. 13. Kliiis LucT Cassi. 14. Fill^ LucT CassT. 15. Per op- ptda Germanoriim.^ 16. Germanoriim^ opjmla. 17. Trans Eheniim et Ehodaniim. 18. Gener LucT. 19. CassT.^ TVrite in r.atin. 1. To sons and daughters. 2. AVith sons and daughters. 3. Before the eyes of sons and daughters. 4. Into^ the towns of the Germans. 5. In^ the Germans^ camp.^ 6. Into the council of the Germans. 7. By the plans of the gods. 8. O son^ of Cassius. 9. Cassius.^ 10. Under the yoke. Notes and Questions. 1 ^t is a conjunction ; conjunctions connect words and clauses in Latin as in English. St connects similar constructions ; hence de&s is governed the same as deos by ad. 2 Observe caiefully the difference in meaning between in used with the Accusative and in used with the Ablative. 8 Observe that castrum means in the Singular a forty but in the Plural a camp (military camp) ; a Roman camp was surrounded by a trench and a rampart. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 11 4 See 17, 6 See 18 and A. & G. 53: A. & S. '^40: B. 5J10, Rule VI. : B. & M. 974: G. 194, Rem. 3 : H. 369. 6 What is the difference between oppida Germanorum and Germanoriiiii oppida? Ln. III., Note 3. LESSON VI. ADJECTIVES : FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. 21* Learn the declension of boniis (cariis). A. & G. 16, I : A. & S. 104; 105, 1, 2 : B. 154; 155, 1 : B. & M. 189; 190, 1 : G. 15, L, 2 ; 33: H. 146-148. 22. Agreement of Adjectives. A. & G. 47 : A. & S. 205 : B. 266, Rule LL: B. & M. 650; G. 285: H. 438. VOCABULARY. bonus, a,i um,i good. carus, a, iim. dear, beloved. exempluni, i, n. example. lacrinia, ae, f. tear. magniis, a, iim. great, big, large. malus, a, iim. bad. multiis, a, iim, much; pi. many. parviis, a, iim. small. reliquiis, a, iim, remaining. Romaniis, a, iim. Roman, 1 a and iiin are the feminine and neuter endings : recite as if it ^ye^e printed boniis, bona, boniim. Pronounce ; translate ; parse the adjectives.^ 1. Yir- bonus/ filia bona^^ exempliiin bonum. 2. Yiri mall, filiae^ make, exempla mala. 3. Cum filia cara. 4. Cum filiis^ carls. 5. Gloria magna Luci Cassl.* 6. Ex- emplo populi Eomani. 7. Multis cum lacrimis. 8. Pueri 12 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. multi et parvi.^ 9. Oppida multa et magna. 10. Per mul- tos agros. 11. In leliqaa oppida. 12. Amicus popiili EomanT. 13. Cum amicls populi Eomaiy. 14. In provin- ciam magnam. 15. Carri multi et parvi. 16. In templTs magnis Germanorum. Write in I^atin. 1. Tlirough small ^ fields. 2. Through small towns. 3. Through a small province. 4. Through the remaining towns. 5. The friendship of the Roman'' people. 6. Many good boys.^ 7. Many beloved daughters. 8. Many bad men. 9. In a large temple. 10. With many friends. Notes and Questions. 1 Form for parsing an adjectioe. — vir bonus : bonus is an adjective of the First and Second Declensions ; Stems, eoxo and Bt)NA ; declined, hS- nUs, bdna, h^nUm ; hunl, honae^ b^ni; bono, bonaey bono; bonum, bdndiUy bonUm; bone, bond, bonUm ; bono, bond, bono; Plural, b^nl, b^nae, b6nd; bonorum, bdndrum, bonorUm ; bonis, bonis, bonis; b6nos, b^nds, bSnd ; bunl, bonac, bond; bSnis, bonis, boms; it is in the Nominative Singular Masculine to agree. with its noun vir; inile {22). Repeat the rule. 2 The adjective like the Genitive follows its noun unless emphatic. 3 What irregularity in declension have dea and f ilia ? 4 What irregularities in declension have f iliiis and Cassiiis ? {17 and 18) ^ The Romans wrote multi 6t parvi, many and small; the English write many small, without the conjunction. 6 Notice that the adjective has the same number, gender, and case as its noun (see 22). "' In the Latin expression equivalent to Roman xjeople^ the adjective always follows its noun. LESSON VII. ADJECTIVES : FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS {co7itirmed), 23. A. & G. 16, I, a: A. & S. 105, 3 ; 106 : B. 155, 2, 3 : B. & M. 190, 2, 3 : G. 34 : H. 149, 150. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 13 24:, Genitive in ius and Dative ini. A. & G. 16, 1, 6 : A. & 8. lOT, Remark 1, 2 : B. 155, 4, Rem. 1 : B. & M. 191: G 35, Remark : H. 151, 2, 3. The list of adjectives having their Genitive in ius and Dative in i should be committed to memory. VOCABULARY, aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick. alius, alia, aliud, other, another. liber, libera, liberum, free. miser, misera, misertim, wretched. nuUiis, a, um, none, no. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautifuL soliis, a, iim, alone. tener, tenera, teneriiin, tender, delicate. totus, a, um, whole, entire. uUiis, a, iim, any. unus, a, um, one. Pronounce; translate; parse the adjectives. 1. Cum flHls teneris. 2. Ad viros aegros.^ 3. Ad alios viros aegros. 4. Per agros pulchros. 5. Ab HelvetiTs liberis. 6. Contra legatiim miser um. 7. Filiae multae et pulclirae.^ 8. Eiliarum pulchrarum. 9. Filiis et filiabus pulcliris. 10. Yiri multi et miseri. 11. Totis castris.^ 12. Per Hel- vetios solos. 13. Una per Helvetios via. 14. Alia* via nulla. 15. Ulla sine causa. 16. Alii amico. 17. Alii amici. 18. Alius amici. 19. Unus e filiis^ Cassi. 20. In^ aliud'' oppidum. Noies and Questions. 1 How does filiiis Cassi differ from Cassi f iliiis ? (Ln. III., Note 3). How does ad viros aegros differ from ad aegros viros ? (Ln. VI., Note 2). 2 See Ln. VI., Note 5. 3 gee Ln. I., Note 5. ^ What is the Nominative Neuter Singular of alius ? The Genitive Sin- gular ? The Dative Sing«lar ? s Translate uniis e filiis like unus filioriim. 6 How is in to be rendered when used with the Ablative ? ■^ What adjectives have their Genitive in iiis and Dative in i ? 14 riRST LESSONS IN LATIN. LESSON VIII. ADDITIONAL EXERCISES. — APPOSITION. 25. Appositives. A. & G. 46, 1 : A. & S. 204 : B. 265, KuLE L.: B. & M. 622: G. 318; 319 : H. 352, 2 ; 363. EXAMPLES. 1. ad oppidiim Genevam (appositive), to the toum of Geneva, 2. Titus Labienus legatiis (appositive), Titus Labienus the lieu- tenant. VOCABULARY, aedificium, i, n. building, edifice, arma,! oriiin, n. arnfis, weajpons. Belgae, arum, m. the Belgae, copia, ae, f. plenty ; pi. troops. Gallia, ae, f. Gaul, Labienus, i, m. Labienus. locus,2 i, m. place. maturus, a, um, ripe. periculum, i, n. danger. privatiis, a, um, private. SequSni, orum, m. the Sequani. Titus, i, m. Titus. victoria, ae, f. victory. 1 arma, like the English arms, is used only in the plural. ^ locus is both masculine and neuter in the plural and is declined in that number as follows: Nom., Ucl and Ucd; Gen., locorum; Dat., locls; Ace, locos and Ucd ; Voc, loci and Ucd ; Abl., Wcif. Pronouhce; translate; parse the nouns which are in apposition or gov- erned by prepositions, and the adjectives. 1. Ad Titum Labieniim legatiim.^ 2. Ciim flliabus^ pul- cliris Titi Labieni legatT. 3. Per agios magnos Titi Labieni legati. 4. Ex oppido Geneva.^ 5. In oppidiim Genevam. 6. Magno cum periciilo. 7. Eeliqua privata aedificia. 8. Frumentum maturiim m agris. 9. Copia frumenti maturi FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 15 in agris. 10. In Galliam^ in Gallia. 11. Ex^ Gallia^ a^ Gallia. 12. Victoria magna Sequanorum. 13. Cum copiis Belgarum. 14. Trans Ehodanum^ in Galliam. 15. Per multa loca. 16. Periciiliim deoriim et dearum. 17. Nulla victoria sine armis. Write in liatin. 1. Through the entire town. 2. Through the entire town of Geneva.^ 3. Into the province of Gaul. 4. With the troops of Titus Labienus the lieutenant. 5. The remaining private wagons. 6. Into no place. 7. In one place. 8. Witli many dangers. 9. With many sons and daughters. 10. The Sequani alone. Notes and Questions. 1 What are the general rules for gender ? (6) What is the gender of nouns of the First Declension ? (9) Of the Second Declension ? (i4) 2 What irregular case-endings have dea and filia ? {ID 3 See 23 and Example 1. * e, ex signifies oict of, from, in the sense of from ivithi7i a place ; a, &b, from, in the sense of /rom near a place. s Which syllable of Rhodaniis takes the accent ? Why ? (4) Which of Sequani ? ^ With which cases are prepositions used in Latin ? Which prepositions are used only with the Ablative ? Which with both the Ablative and Accu- sative ? When are in and sub used with the Ablative ? When with the Accusative ? LESSON IX. VERBS : PRELIMINARY DEFINITIONS. 26, Learn the following definitions when they are given in the grammar : Use of the Verb ; Transitive and Intransitive Verbs ; Active Voice ; Use of the Indicative Mood ; Use of the Present Tense ; Person and Number ; Conjugation. 16 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. A. & G. 23, 1,3; 24, 1 ; 58, 2 ; 30. A. & S. 140; 141, L, XL; 259; 145; 146; 147; 149, 1, 2. B. 26 ; 41, 6 : 43 ; 44 ; 57 ; 63 ; 68 ; 292, Rule LVI. B. & M. 258; 259, 1-3; 262; 266; 270; 271; 272; 1079; 1080. G. 15, III.; 109; 204; 245; 246; 218; 116; 117. H. 192; 193; 194; 195, L; 474; 466; 199; 200. LESSON X. VERBS : FIRST CONJUGATION. 27* JPersonal JEndings of the Active Voice and Stem, A. & G. 28, 1, a ; 5, 2 ; 27, 5 : A. «fe S. 147, 3 ; 150, 1,2: B. 64, a ; 69 : B. & M. SSS, Active Voice ; 274: G. Ill : H. 247, person., ACT., MEANING ; 250. 28, The Present Stem"^ is found in tlie Present Infinitive Ac- tive by dropping the ending re in the First, Second, and Fourth Con- jugations, and ere in the Third : e. g. PUTAre is a Present Infinitive Active and puta its Present Stem ; so Die from Dicere. 29* Learn the conjugation^ and meanings of the Present Indicative Active of Sms. A. & G. 31 : A. & S. 155 : B. 74 : B. & M. 282: G. 119 : H. 205 ; 247, 1. 30. Observe that the Present Indicative Active of the First Con- jugation is conjugated by annexing the Personal Endings (27) to the Present Stem {28) ; also that the first person singular takes the termi- nation 6, wHch absorbs the final stem- vowel a. VOCABULARY. Smo, amare, love.^ convoco, convocare, call together, summon, confirmo, confirmare, establish, strengtJien. importo, importare, bring in, import. occiipo, occiipare, seize, occupy. vasto, vastare, lay waste, devastate. PIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 17 Pronounce ; translate ; inflect the verbs and give their elements.^ 1. Importas/ importatis^ importamils. 2. Amamus, amant, amat. '3. Convoco. convocas. convocat. 4. Convo- camtis^, convocatis^ coftvocant. 5. Coiifirmant, confirmatis^ confirnlamus. 6. Confirmat^ confirmas^ confirmo. 7. Oc- cupo^ amas, importat.' 8. Importo^ amatis, occupant. 9. Occupamus, importatis^ amo. 10. Occupas^ occupat, occupatis. , ' "Write in Latin. 1. I am importing, you are establishing, he is loving. 2. We occupy, you summon, they devastate. 3. We do import, you do devastate, they do summon. 4. I devastate, you devastate, he devastates. 5. We are devastating, you are devastating, they are devastating. Notes and Questions. 1 The Present Stem is named The First Stem in some grammars ; in others, The First Root. 2 The conjurjation of a verb is the change made in its ending to express voice, mood, tense, person, and number. 3 Only the general meaning of the verb, without reference to person, number, mood, tense, or voice will be given in the Vocabularies. The fecial meanings can be learned with aid of the grammar. * The elements of a verb in»the present tense are the stem and personal ending : e. g. amamus has the stem ama, signifying love, and the personal ending mus, signifying we. 5 importas may be rendered you are importing^ you do import, or you import ; translate each verb the three ways. 6 What is the Present Stem of piitare ? What does the personal ending nt signify ? mils ? s ? tis ? Define the Indicative Mood. The Active Voice. The Present Tense. How is the Present Stem found ? {28) 18 FIRST LESSONS IN L ATDJr LESSON XI. THE SIMPLE SENTprCE. ^ 31. A. & G. 45, 1, a, 2, 7, 8 : A. & S. 200, 2, 3, 5 ; aA, 1 - 3, 10; 203, 1, 2, IIL, 6-9: B. 203, a-(/ : B. & M. 616, 1, 4- 10 ; 61S-620: G. 192; 193: H. 344; 345,1.; 346, L ; 347,1,2; 351; 353. ^ 32. Subject Nominative. A. & S. 49, 2 : A. & j;. 209, (a.) : B. 205, KuLE L: B. & M. 63S: G. 194 : H. 367. ' 33. Agreement of Verb. A. & G. 49 : A. & S. 209, (b.) : B. 287, KuLE LV.: B. & M. 6S4: G. 202 : H. 460. 34. IHrect Object. A. & G. 52, 1 : A. & S. 229 : B. 212, Rule VIL: B. & M. 712: G. 329: H. 371. EXAMPLES. 1. Puer (subject) Smat (predicate), the hoy loves. 2. Titus concilium 1 (direct object) convocat, Titus summons a council. VOCABULARY. de, prep. w. abl., down from, concerning, for, expugno, expugnare, storm, capture. Galliis, i, m. a Gaul. imperium, i, n. em;^ire, supreme power. pugno, pugnare, f^jht, contend. Romaniis, i, m. a Roman. serviis, i, m. slave. vexo, vexare, disturb, harass. Pronounce; translate; name the subject and predicate; conjugrate the verbs; parse the nouns and adjectives. 1. Cassius^ oppTdiiTn^ expugnat.** 2. Helvetii oppidilm expugnant. 3. Galli totiim^ oppidiim occupant. 4. Galli multa oppida occupant. 5. SequanT agros vastant. 6. Agr5s pulchros vastamiis.^ 7. Agros magnos vastas. 8. Cassitis conciliiim'^ convocat. 9. Germani Gallos vexant. 10. Eo- FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 19 mani oppidum Genevam^ expugjiant. 11. Tittis Labienus legatus oppi-dum occiipat. 12. EomanT de imperio^ pugnant. 13. De imperio^ugnamus. 14. De imperio pugnatis. ^ ^* Write in Ijatin. 1. The slave fights. 2. The slaves are fighting.^^ 3. The Gauls are storming the town.^ 4. The Gauls storm many towns. 5. The Helvetii are laying waste the fields. 6. The Gauls figjitfor empire. 7. The Germans occupy the town of Geneva. 8. Cassius the legate summons a large council. 9. We occupy the entire town. Notes and Questions. 1 Observe that in a Latin sentence the subject stands first, the verb last, and the object between. 2 See 32 and Ln. IV., Note 1. 3 gge 34. * Why is expugnat in the third person singular ?* {33) ^ See 24 and 22. Which adjectives have their Genitive in ius and Dative in i ? 6 The subject of a verb in thejirst and second person is generally expressed by the personal ending alone ; hence vastamus includes both the simple subject and the simple predicate : <^^^^^fj^ ^f ^ See 17. 8 See 23. 9 See 16. 10 See Ln. X., JSTote 5. LESSON XII. VERBS : FIRST CONJUGATION. — IMPERFECT AND FUTURE TENSES. 3S. Learn the Imperfect and Future Indicative Active of Smo. A. & G. 28, 3, a {for endings) ; 31 (for conjugation) : A. & S. 155 : B. T2, Indicative ; 74 : B. & M. 282 : G. Ill, I - 3 ; 119 : H. 205 ; 247, 1 ; 243, Tense-Signs, Ind., Imp., Fut, 20 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 36» Use of the- Imperfect and Future Tenses, A. & G. 58, 3, 4: A. & S. 145, XL, ift. ; B. 57 : B. & M. 10S7^ 1090: G.232; 234: H. 468; 470. 37 • Observe that the same Stem and.Personar^ndings are used in the conjugation of the Imperfect and Future as in the present ; that between these, however, there is a Tense-Sign, ba in the Imper- fect and bi in the Future ; that the first singular of the Future has the termination o, like the Present ; that in the third plural of the Future u takes the place of i. VOCABULARY. Aquileia, ae, f. Aquileia, Aquitania, ae, f. Aquitania. Aquitani, orum, m. the Aquitani, circum, prep. w. ace. around, near, Helvetius, a, iiin, of the Helvetii. Memo, hiemare, pass the winter, siipero, superare, overcome, Prononnce; translate; conjugate the verbs and give their elements.! 1. Titus regimm occupat. 2. Titus regnum occupabat. 3. Titus regnum occupabit. 4. Eegnum occupabamiis. 5. Eegnum occupabimus. 6. Eegnum occiipabo. 7, Co- piae^ circum Aquileiam^ hiemabant. 8. Aquitani circum Genevam hiemabunt. 9. Aquitanos superabis. 10. Eomani Helvetios superabunt. 11. Galli multa loca^ in Aquitania^ occupant. 12. Multi Germani agros Helvetios vastabant. Write in Ijatin. 1. We are overcoming, we were overcoming, we shall over- come. 2. You are storming, you were storming, you will storm,^)^. Titus will storm the town. 4. Titus was storming the townj^^. Titus storms many towns. 6. The Eomans will pass the winter near Aquikia. , 7. The Aquitani are passing the winter near Genevai^^S. The Gauls were fighting for^ empire. 9. The Eomans fight for glory. ^ ^/w^v^ FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 21 Noies and Questions. 1 The elements of a verb in the Imperfect and Future Tenses are the stem,, tense-sign, 'personal ending : e. g. „ _ , „ "(« has the Stem ama, love ; the Future Tense-Sign bi, will ; the Personal Ending tis, you, 2 What meaning has copiae in the Singular I Ln. VIII., Yy. 3 See 1^. * Decline loca. Ln. YIII., Vy., 2. 5 See 19, 6 Fm\ in the sense of concerning, about, is to be rendered by de. "^ How is the Present Stem found ? {28) Remember that the Present Stem and the tenses formed upon it — Present, Imperfect, Future — denote incomplete action. LESSON XIII. MODIFIERS OF THE SUBJECT AND PREDICATE; DATIVE OF INDIRECT OBJECT; GENITIVE WITH NOUNS. 38. Modifiers, A. & G. 45, 3, c^, &, 4 : A. & S. 203, 6, I., I, (I.) -(3.), 2; 203, 5, L, I, (I.)-(4.), 2 : B. 288, a : B. & M. 14.01, 1-4; 14:05, IL, 1-4 : H. 349; 352, L, IL; 354, L, I, 2, IL, 1, 2. 39. Indirect Object. A. & G. 51, I : A. & S. 223 : B. 239, EuLE XXYIII. : B. & M. 818; 819: G. 344 : H. 384, L, II. 40. Genitive tvith Nouns. A. & G. 50 : A. & S. 211 : B. 226 ; 230, Rule XIX.: B. & M. 751: G. 35T; 358; 360: H. 395. EXAMPLES. 1. Titus Labienus legatus consilia Gallorum enunciat,i Titus Labienus the lieutenant reports the plans of the Gauls, 2. Cassius Tito filiam in matrimonluni dat,^ Cassius gives to Titus a daugliter in marriage. Notes on ihe Examples. 1 Of this sentence, Titus Labienus is the subject and is modified by lega- tus, an appositive ; consilia Gallorum enunciat is the predicate and is made up of the verb enunciat and its modifier consilia, a direct object ; consilia is modified by Gallorum, a genitive. ^2 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 2 Of this sentence, Cassius is the subject and is not modified ; Tito filiam in matrimoniuin dat is the predicate, and is made np of the verb dat and its modifiers, viz : Tito, an indirect object ; filiam, a direct object ; and in matrimonium, a phrase. VOCABULARY. do, dare, give. enuncio, enunciare, report, matrimSnium, 1, n. marriage. in matrimonium dare, to give in marriage. Pronounce; translate; analyze;! conjugate the verbs; parse the nouns and adjectives. 1. Cassius 2 consilia Belgarum^ enunciabit. 2. Eomanis^ consilia Belgamm enunciabit. 3. Titus filiam m^ matrimo- nium dabit.^ 4. Legato filiam in matrimonium dabit. 5. Legatis fllias m matrim5nium damns. 6. Helvetii multa loca in Aquitania occupant. 7. Cassius concilium Eomano- rum convocat. 8. Deos"^ et deas^ in templa convoc^t. 9. Eomani oppida multa et magna ^ expugnabant. 10. Ami- citiam ciim Helvetiis confirmant. 11. Totum^^ oppidum uUo^^ sine periculo occupabitis. 12. Galli agros multos et pulchros^ in Aquitania vastabunt. Notes and Questions. 1 To analyze a simple sentence is to name its subject and predicate ; the modifiers of the subject, if any ; the verb, and its modifiers, if any ; see Notes on the Examples. 2 What is the Genitive and Vocative of Cassius ? (17 and 18) 3 See 40. ^ See 39. ^ A preposition with its noun is a Phrase ; when the Phrase limits a verb, as in this sentence, it is an Adverbial Phrase ; when it limits a noun, as in sentence 6, it is an Adjective Phrase. 6 Observe that in do the characteristic a is short ; in the other verbs of the First Conjugation it is long.*^ 7 See 20. 8 See ii. 9 See Ln. VI., Note 5. lo See 24. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 23 LESSON XIV. VERBS : FIRST CONJUGATION : PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT TENSES. 41, Learn the Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative Active of amo. A. & G. 28, 3, a ; 31 : A. & S. 155 : B. 75 : B. & M. 282: G. 120: H. 205; 243, Tense-Signs of Plup. and F. Perf.; 247, I, 2. 4=2, XJse of the Tlwperfeet and Future Terfect Tenses. A. & G. 58, 6, 7 : A. & S. 145, V., VI. : B. 57 : B. & M. 1090; 1098: G. 233; 236: H. 472 ; 473. 43* What are the two uses of the Perfect Indicative ? A. & G. 27, 3 ; 58, 5 : A. & S. 145, IV. and Remark : B. 60 : B. & M. 1092; 1093: G. 226; 227; 231 : H. 471, L, IL 44. The Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative Active of every verb, whatever its conjugation may be, are conjugated Hkc the same tejises of amo. These tenses are formed on the Perfect Stem and denote completed action, 45, The Perfect Stem is found in the Perfect Indicative Active by dropping the ending i : e. g. Perfect Indicative vastavi. Perfect Stem VASTAV. VOCABULARY. confirmo, confirmare. confirmavi,! establish, strengthen. convoco. convocare. convocavi, call together, summon. do. dare. dedi. give. expugno, expugnare, expugnavi. storm, capture. Memo, hiemare. hiemavi. pass the winter. occiipO, occupare. occiipavi. seize, occupy. RomS, ae, f. Rome. supero, siiperare,- superavi, overcome, subdue. vasto. vastare, vastavi, lay waste, devastate. vexo, vexare. vexavi, disturb, harass. 1 In this Vocabulary the First Person Singular of the Present Indicative Active, the Present Infinitive Active, and the First Person Singular of the Perfect Indicative Active are given. 24 rmST LESSONS IN LATIN. Pronounce ; translate ; conjugate and grive a synopsis i of the Indicative Mood of each. verh. 1. Cassius multos agros vastavit.^ 2. Concilium Gallomm convocavero.^ 3. Galli to turn oppidum occupaverant. 4. Hel- vetii castra occupaverint. 5. EomanT agrum Helvetium vas- taverunt.2 6. Amicitiam cum Romanis confirmaverit. 7. Co- piae circum Eomam hiemavere.^ 8. Cassius Tito filiam in matrimonium dcdit.^ 9. Eomani Helvetios vexaverunt.^ 10. Sequani Germanos superaverunt.^ 11. Circum Eomam hiamaverant. 12. Oppidam Aquileiam occupavi. Xr Write in Latin. 1. The Aquitani have stormed the town. 2. The Aquitani will have stormed the town. 3. Tfie Aquitani had stormed the town. 4/ I have given a daughter in marriage.)\5. I had given a daughter in marriage. 6. I shall have given a daughter in marriage. X,^. I gave a daughter in marriage to the son of Cassius. 8. You have summoned a council of Eomans. 9. You had summoned a council of Eomans. Notes and Quesiions. 1 A Synopds of the Indicative Mood consists of the First Person Singular of each tense : e. g. the synopsis of vastavit is vasto^ vastdbdmy vastdbo, vas- tdin, vastdv^dm, vastdvM). 2 Translate each Perfect in accordance with both its uses : Cassius vas- tavit, Cassius has laid waste, and Cassius laid waste. (See 43) 3 Which tenses are formed on the Perfect Stem and what action do they denote ? {44) Which are formed on the Present Stem and what action do they denote ? (Ln. XII., Kote 7.) The Phiperfect denotes that an action is completed in what time ? {42) The Future Perfect ? The Present Tense denotes that an action is going on in what time ? {26) The Imperfect Tense ? {36) The Future Tense ? Give the elements of each verb in the Pluperfect and Future Perfect Tenses : e. g. /^^v-^Sa-n? ^^^ *^'^ "Peri^^^t *Stem amav, loved; the Pluperfect Tense-Sign 6ra, luid ; the Personal End- ing nt, theij. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 25 LESSON XV. VERBS : FIRST CONJUGATION : IMPERATIVE MOOD. 4:6» Learn the Imperative Mood, Active Voice, of amo and its meanings. A. & G. 31 ; 28, I, c, for personal endings: A. & S. 155 : B. 74, a ; 64, h, for personal endings : B. & M. 282: G. 119 : H. 305; 247, 3, for personal endings, 47. Use of the Imperative. A. & G. 57, 7 : A. & S. 267 : B. 312, Rule LXXI. : B. & M. lllO: G. 259 : H. 535. VOCABULARY. ,^ , avus, 1, m. grandfather, Divitiaciis, i, m. Divitiacus, jiivo, juvare, juvi, heli^, aid. maturo, maturare, maturavi, make haste, hasten, natura, ae, f. nature, nuncio, nunclare, nunciavi, announce, proelium, i, n. battle, socer, soceri, m. father-in-law, vito, vitare, vitavi, avoid, shun, voco, vocare, vocavi, call. Pronounce; translate; parse the Nouns; conjugate the Imperatives and give the rule for their use. {47) 1. Jiiva/ matura_, nuncia. 2, Jiivato^ maturato^ nunciatS. 3. Juvate, maturate^ nimciate. 4. Yita, Divitiace,^ proelium. 5. Yita^ ave/ perTculum. 6. Date^ virT^ Eomams* arma.^ 7. Yoca^ socer^ pueros. 8. Matura^ Cassi/ Tito^ nunciare. 9. Maturate^ virl, oppidiim expugnare. 10. Vastate agros. 11. Vastate multos agros. 12. Yastate totam provinciam. "Write in liatin. 1. Call the men. 2. Help the boys. 3. Shun the danger. 4. Avoid a battle^ Divitiacus. 5. Summon a council^ Cassius. 6. Call the men, my grandfather. 7. Announce to Cassius. 8. Make haste to announce to Divitiacus. 9. Men, give arms to the Belgae. 10. Import corn. 26 FTRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Nofes and Quesfions. 1 Observe that the Personal Endings are added to the Present Stem {28); that the Second Person Singular of the Present is the same in form as the Present Stem ; that, like the English, the Latin Imperative has no First Person. 2 See Ln. v.. Note 5. 3 avS, grandfather^ or my grandfather. * See 39. 5 See Ln. VIIL, Vy. 6 gge 18. What is the Present Stem of each verb in the lesson ? The Perfect Stem ? Which Stem is used in the Imperative ? Does the Imperative then denote incomplete or completed action ? What are the Personal Endings of the Imperative ? LESSON XVI. VERBS : INFINITIVES, PARTICIPLES, GERUND, AND SUPINE. d8. Learn the Active Infinitives and Participles, the Gerund and Supine of amg. A. & G. 24, 4 ; 25 ; 26 ; 28, 3, & ; 31 : A. & S. 143,4; 148,1-3; 155: B. 51 ; 53, a-rf ; 65; 66; 72; 74, a ; 75: B. & M. 264, IV.; 265; 282: G. 110; 119; 120: H. 196, XL, 1-4 ; 205; 248, Active, 49, Principal ra^*ts {Stem Foinns). A. & G. 30, 5 : A. & S. 151, 4 : B. 73 : B. & M. 275: G. 118 : H. 201 ; 202. 50, The Supine Stem is found in the Supine in iiin by drop- ping the um : e. g. cuRATum is a Supine in um and curat its Supine Stem. 51, Each Verb has regularly three Stems, the Present {28\ the Perfect {45), and the Supine (50). Name the three Stems of each verb in the following Vocabulary. VOCABULARY.^ ^mo. are. avi, atviin,2 love. euro. are. avi, atuin,2 care for. do, dare,3 dedi, datum,3 give. jfivo, juvare. juvi, jutiiin, help, aid. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 27 negO, are. avi. atum. deny. pugno. are. avi. atum. fight. vasto. are. avi. atiim. lay waste, devastate. vexo. are. avi. atum. disturb, harass. voco. are. avi. atiim. call. Notes and Questions. 1 The Principal Parts {49) will be given hereafter in the Yocabularies ; these Parts should always be learned. 2 Most verbs of the First Conjugation form their Perfect and Supine like amo. To form the Principal Parts let are, avi, atiiln take the place of final in the Present Indicative Active : e. g. euro, curare, curavi, curatum. 3 See Ln. XIII., Note 6. How many Infinitives has each verb in the Active Voice ? On which Stem is each formed ? Name the Infinitives of do, cure, jiivo, and vasto. What is the Ending of each Infinitive ? On which Stems are the Active Participles formed ? What is the Ending of each Participle ? What is the Future Active Participle of do, nego, pugno ? What is the Present Parti- ciple of each ? On which Stem is the Gerund formed ? Form and decline the Gerund of do and curS. What are the Endings of the Supine ? LESSON XVII. USE OF THE INFINITIVE. 52, Infinitive as Object. A. & G. 57, 8, e : A. & S. 270 : B. 315,/: B,&M.1148: G. 527 : H. 550. 53. Subject of the Infinitive. A. & G. 52, 4, h: A. & S. 239: B. 225, Rule XVI. : B. c& M. 1136: G. 526, second part: H. 545. EXAMPLES. 1. Dicit Romanes^ oppidum^ expugnare,^ he says {that^) the Romans'^ are storming^ the town. 2. Dicit Romanos oppidum expugnavisse, he says (that) the Romans have stormed the town ; or he says (that) the Romans stormed the town. 28 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 3. Dicit Romanos oppidum expugnaturos^ esse, he says {that) the Romans are about to storm the town ; or he says (that) the Bomans will storm the town. Notes on the Examples. 1 See 53. ^ See 34, 8 The whole expression ESmands oppidum expugnare is the Direct Ob- ject of dicit (see 52), * Observe that the Infinitive expugnare is translated by the Indicative are storming ; the Subject Accusative Romanos, by the Subject Nomina- tive the Romans; and the Conjunction that is supplied. 5 Observe that the Participle of the Future Infinitive Active agrees with the Subject of the Infinitive in gender, number, and case. VOCABULARY. Aedui, oriiin, m. the Aedui, Ariovistus, i, m. Ariovistus. demonstro, are, avi, atiini,! show, declare, dicit, he says, existimo, are, avi, atiiin, think, suppose, negS, are, avi, atiiin, deny, nuncio, are, avi, atiim, announce, puto, are, avi, atum, think. Pronounce; translate; parse the Nonns. and Infinitives. 1. Dicit^ Eomanos Helvetios vexare.^ 2. Putat Eoman5s Helveti5s vexavisse. 3. Nunciat Eomanos Helvetios vexa- turos esse. 4. Existimat Ariovistum regniim in Gallia occu- paturiim esse. 5. TTtiis existimat Ariovistum regnum in Gallia occiipavisse. 6. Ariovistus nunciat Germanos agrum Helvetiiim vastaturos esse. 7. Dicit Eomanos frumentum importare. 8. Existimat Helvetios frumentum importaturos esse. 9. Dicit Gallos frumentum Eomanis* daturos esse. 10. Dicit Aeduos Eomanis^ arma daturos esse Write in Xatin. •^. He says^ (that^) the Sequani are about to harass the Helvetii. -N^. He says (that) the Germans are laying waste FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 29 the Helvetian territory, k 3. Titus thinks (that) the Eomans will give corn to th^ Aedui.y^ 4. Titus thinks (that) the Eomans are importing corn. '5. He says (that) Cassius has summoned a council of Eomans. 6. He announces (that) the Aquitani have stormed the towns. Notes. 1 The verbs in this Yy. may have as Object an Infinitive with its Sub- ject Accusative. 2 Study carefully the Examples and Notes on the Examples before attempting to translate the sentences. 3 Form for parsing an Infinitive. — vexarl is a Transitive {26) Verb ; Principal Parts (49), veoc^, vexdr^, vexdvi, vexdtum ; Stems, vexa {28\ VEXAV {43), vexat (30) ; Infinitives of the Active Voice, vexdre, vexdvissS, vexdtHrus esse; it is made in the Present Infinitive Active and with its Subject Romanos is the Object of dicit ; rule (see 52). 4 See 39. 5 Words in parentheses are not to be translated ; see also Notes on the Examples, 4. LESSON XVIII. GENEllAL EXERCISE. — ABLATIVE. 54. Ablative of Means. A. & G. 54, 6 : A. & S. 247: B. 258, KULE XLIIL: B. & M. 873: G. 403: H. 414, 4. VOCABULARY, animus, i, m. mind. concilio, are, avi, atum, win, conciliate. conflrmo, are, avi, atiim, establish, encourage. inter, prep. w. ace. between, among. Noreia, ae, f. Noreia. oppugno, are, avi, atiim, attack, besiege, assault. propter, prep. w. ace. on account. of, Treviri, orum, m. the Treviri. verbiim, i, n. word. 30 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Pronounce; translate; analyze ;i parse. 1. Inter^ Sequanos et Helvetios. 2. Propter^ angustias. 3. Noreiam oppugnamus.^ 4. Noreiam oppugnabant. 5. Eo- mfini Noreiam oppugnaveniiit.* 6. Treviri Noreiam oppug- nabunt. 7. Dicit Treviros^ Noreiam oppugnaturos^ esse J 8. Noreiam oppugnatis. 9. Noreiam oppugnate.^ 10. Di- vitiacus Gallorum animos verbis^ confirmavit. 11. Divitiacus Gallorum ammos verbis confirmabit. 12. Titus piitat Diviti- Scum Gallorum animos verbis confirmaturiim esse. 13. Cassius regnum conciliavit. 14. Cassius regnum copiis conciliabat. 15. Cassius regnum copiis Divitiaco ^^ conciliabit. 16. Negat Cassium regnum copiis Divitiaco concTliaturiim esse. 17. Titus Divitiaco^^ filiam in matrimonium^^ dedit. Notes and Questions. 1 See Ln. XIII., Note 1. 2 gee Ln. XIIL, Note 5. 8 Form for parsing a verb in the Judicative Mood. — oppugnamus is a Transitive {26) Verb ; Piincipal Parts (49), oppugno, opimgndre, oppugndvly oppiigndittm ; it is of the First Conjugation, because the characteristic vowel is a ; Stems, oppugna, oppugnav, oppugnat ; Synopsis (Ln. XIV., Note 1), oppugnu, oppugnabdm, oppugndbo, opp)ugndvi, ojyjJiigndv^- rmn, oppugndv^o ; conjugated, oppugno, opjmgnds, op^pugndt, oppugndrnUSy oppugndtis, oppugnant ; it is"made in the First Person Plural of the Present Indicative Active to agree with its Subject, a pronoun (nos, we) under- stood ; rule (33). * What are the two uses of the Perfect Indicative ? (43) ^ See 53. 6 See Lx. XVII., Notes on the Examples, 5. 7 See 52, In what two ways may the Future Infinitive be translated ? See Ln. XVII., Example 3. 8 See 47. How does this form differ from the Second Person Plural of the Present Indicxilive ? » verbis, with words^ or hy means of words; it is a modifier {38) of con- flrmftvit. 10 See 39, n See 19. FIRST LESSOJ^S IN LATIN. 31 LESSON XIX. THIRD DECLENSION: NOUNS. 55. stem and Declension. A. & G. 5, 2 ; 8, 1, a : A. & S. 38; 40, 10: B. 36; 131: B. & M. 44-47: G. 16; 25; 26: H. 46 - 47, including fine print, 56, A. & G. 11, II., a-d, w. declension o/ consul, nomen, honor, leo, pater, virgo, opiis : A. & S. 56, II., Remarks I - 3 ; 57, declen- sion o/ honor, sernio, pater, carmen : B. 130 ; 135, iv declension of consul, virgO, leo, nomen, amor, pater : B. & M. 73-77; 90-97, including the Paradigms : G. 36 - 39 ; 40 ; 42 ; 43 ; 44 ; 46 ; 47 : H. 55 ; 56 ; 57, Case-Endings ; 60, Paradigms, I, 3, 4. VOCABULARY, accuso, are, avi, atum, accuse, censure, Caesar, Caesaris, m. Caesar. consfil, consuHs, m. consul. citra, prep. w. ace. this side of. flumen, fluminis, n. river. f rater, fratris, m. brother. honor, honoris, m. honor. mater, matris, f. mother, pater, patris, m. father. Sequana, ae, m. the Seine, soror, sororis, f. sister. uxor, uxoris, f. wife. Pronounce; translate; decline each noun and give its Stem and End- ings ; parse the verbs. 1. A^ flumme Ehodano.^ 2. E^ flumine Ehodano. 3. Ad flumen Sequanam. 4. Citra flumen Elienum. 5. Pater sororem in matrim5nium dat. 6. Mater sororem in matri- monium dabit. 7. Caesar sororem in matrimonium dedit. 8. Titus dlcit Caesarem sororem in matrimonium dedisse. 9. Caesar uxorem accusavit. 10. Caesar consul^ Titum lega- tum^ accusaverat. 11. Negat Caesarem consulem Titum 32 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. legatum accusavisse. 12. Caesaris^ uxorem accusabimus. 13. Patrem et matrem et fratrem accusant. Write in liatin. 1. To the river Ehone. 2. This side of the river Seine. 3. Across the river Ehine. 4. Caesar gives a sister in mar- riage. 5. Caesar has given to the consul a daughter in mar- riage. 6. He thinks (that) Caesar has given a daughter in marriage. 7. We shall accuse Caesar the consul. 8. Brothers accuse sisters. Notes and Questions. 1 See Ln. IV., Vy., and Ln. VIII., Note 4. 2 See 25, 8 See Ln. III., Notes 2 and 3. How is the Stem of a noun found ? "What are the Case-Endings of the Third Declension ? Which Case-Endings do nouns with liquid Stems omit ? How does the Stem of fluminis differ in form from the Nominative Sin- gular ? LESSON XX. THIRD DECLENSION {continued), 57* A. & G. 11, III., 1-3, coarse 'print - including the Paradigms: A. & S. 56, I., Remarks I - 3 ; 57, declension of nox, ars, miles, iSpis, caput, poema: B. 130 - 134, including the Paradigms: B. & M. all of 86-88: G. 37; 39; 51; 54; 56; 57: H. 28,2; 33; 36 ; all of 56 - 59. VOCABULARY. atque i or ac,i conj. and. cSput, capitis, n. head. custos, cvistodis, m. guard. Dumnorix, Dumnorigis, m. Dummrix, Jura, ae, m. tlu Jura. miles, militis, m. soldier. mons, mentis, in. mountain. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 33 pars. partis, f. part. princeps, principis, m. chief. radix, radicis, f. root. rex. regis, m. king. urbs. urbis, f. city. Pronounce; translate; decline each noun, give its Stem and form its Nominatives. 1. Ad regem Germanorum. 2. Ad principem Galliae pr5vinciae. 3. Ad moiitem^ Juram. 4. Sub^ inonte Jura. 5. Inter montem Juram et fltimen Ehodanum. 6. Circum urbem Eomam.^ 7. In urbe Eoma. 8. Propter honores Caesaris. 9. In partes Galliae. 10. Cum Dumnorige fratre Divitiaci. 11. Eex atque amicus. 12. Sine rege atque sine amicis. 13. Capita militiim. 14. Ad radices montis. 15. Cum principe to tins Galliae. 16. Urbes multae et mag- nae.^ Notes. 1 atquS is used before vowels and consonants ; ac, only before consonants. * 2 A. & G. 11, III., Note : A. & S. S3, II., 3 : B. 137, a, 1 : B. & M. 116; 119: G. 54, REMARK : H. 65, 2. 3 See sub, in General Vocabulary at end of the book. * Words not given in the Special Vocabularies can be found in the General Vocabulary, s See Ln. VI., Note 5. LESSON XXI. THIRD DECLENSION. — TWO ACCUSATIVES. SS, Ttvo Accusatives of the same JPerson or Thing, A. & G. 52, 2 : A. & S. 230 : B. 216, Rule VIII. : B. & M. 715: G. 334 : H. 373. EXAMPLES. 1. Caesarem consulem creaverunt, they elected Caesar consul. 2. Oppidum appellant Genevam, they call the town Geneva. 34 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. VOCABULARY. appellS, are, avi, atum, name, call. civitas, civitatis, f. state. creO, are, avi, atiim, elect, appoint. legatio, legationis, f. emh lex, legis, f. law. mors, mortis, f. death. pax, pacis, f. peace. post, prep. w. ace. after. proximius, a, um, nearest. Pyrenaeus, a, um, Pyrenean, senator, senatoris, m. senator. suiis, a, iim, his, their. virtus, virtiitis, f. valor, virtue. Pronounce; translate; analyze;^ parse. 1. Populus Caesarem^ consulem^ creavit. 2. Ancurn Mar- tium regem populus creavit. 3. Nunciat Ancum Martium regem popiiluin^ creavisse.* 4. Populus Eomanus senatores patres appellat. 5. Eomani suam^ urbem Eomam appella- verunt. 6./ Dumnorix, frater^ Divitiaci/ regnum in sua^ clvitate occupavit. | 7. Helvetii cum proximis civitatibus • pacem et amicitiam confirmant. 8. Caesar oppidum virtute^ suorum militum expugnavit. 9. Ex oppido Geneva^ pons ad Helvetios pertinet (extends). 10. AquTtania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos^ montes pertinet. 11. Legatidnis prin- cipem Dumnorigem creaverunt. 12. Belgae et Galli lingua ^^ et legibiis^^ differunt (differ). 13. Post mortem Caesaris. Write in I^atin. 1. After the death of Dumnorix. 2. After the death of his brother Divitiacus. 3. The Eomans elected the man con- sul. 4. The Eomans call their city Eome. 5. The Gauls will appoint Dumnorix chief. 6. He says that the Gauls will appoint Dumnorix chief. 7. Dumnorix will seize the royal power in his state. 8. We shall take the town by means of the soldiers^ valor.^ riEST LESSONS IN LATIN. 35 Notes and Questions. 1 See Ln. XIII. , Note 1. 2 q^q ^g and Examples. 3 See 53. * See Ln. XYII., Note 3. 5 When suiis refers to a noun in the Plural, as in sentence 5 it refers to Edmani, render it their : when it refers to a noun in the Singular, as in sentence 6 it refers to Dumnorix, render it his, hcTy or its. It generally refers to the subject of its clause. 6 See 25. "^ See 40. 8 See 54, ^ See General Vocabulary. 1*^ See Ln. I., Note 5. LESSON XXII. THIRD DECLENSION {continued).- 59, A. & G. Review 11, IL, a-d, IIL, 1-3, including all Para- digms under these references: A. & S. 57, opiis and the declensions already learned: B. 136 : B. & M. all the Paradigms binder 88-97, IIL: G. 48-50: H. all of Gl. 60. Mules of Gender. A. & G. 11, IV., 1, a-c : A. & S. 58 ; 59; 62; 66: B. 140: B. & M. 152; 159; 168: G.40; 44; 4T; 50; 57; 61, 1,2: H. 99; 105; 111. VOCABULARY. corpus, crus, flos, frigus, funus, genus, jus, mos, onus, opiis, scelus, tempus, vulniis. corporis, n. cruris, n. fl5ris, m. frigoris, n. f uneris, n. generis, n. juris, n. moris, m. oneris, n. operis, n. sceleris, n. temporis, n. vulneris, 11. body. leg. flower. cold, frost. funeral procession, kind. right, law. custom, manner. load, burden. work. crime, guilt. time. wound. 36 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Decline each noun, name its Stem, form its Nominative, and grive its Bule of Gender, i 1. Jus^ belli; jurS, popiili Eomani. 2. Genus proeli;^ multa genera funerum. 3. Tempore^ patrum; tempora et mores. 4. Yulnera militiim. 5. Flores pulcliri.^ 6. Prop- ter frigora. 7. In^ reliquum tempiis. 8. More et exemplo popiili Eomani. 9. Milites multa vulnera acceperunt {have received), 10. Scelera virorum sunt [are) multa. 11. Crura equi sunt magna. 12. Corpus viri est {is) parvum. 13. Ge- nera floriim sunt multa. 14. NuUum'' onus aliud. 15. Nulla onera alia. 16. Onera multa et magna. 17. Facta^ mala^ scelera^ appellamus. 18. Rex jura et mores viris^^ dabat.^^ 19. Multa genera frumenti importabimus. 20. Dicit Eo- manos multa genera frumenti importare.^^ Notes and Questions. ^ All Exercises are to be pronounced and translated, whether the direction ** pronounce; translate," is given or not. 2 Which cases of Neuter nouns are alike in form ? What is the Plural Ending of these cases ? 8 See 17. 4 See Ln. L, Note 5. ^ How does flores pulchri differ from pulchri flores ? (Ln. VI., Note 2.) 6 in, for. ' Name the adjectives with Genitive in ius and Dative in 1. (;?4) 8 mal^ modifies facta. 9 See 5«. 10 See 39. 11 What does the Imperfect Tense denote ? (36') 12 See Ln. XVII. LESSON XXIII. THIRD DECLENSION (continued), 61. A. & G. 11, I., 1, 2, and the Paradigms on page 18 : A. & S. 57, declension of turris, rupes, sedile, animal : B. 130 ; 137, a, b, 1-2, Remark : B. & M. all of 98, I., and 99, IL; lOO: G. 58-61 : H. 62-64. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 37 VOCABULARY. AUobroges, AUobrogiim, m. the AUobroges. animalj , animalis. 11. animal. coUis, collis, m. hill. cremo. are, avi, atum. hum. finis. finis, m. limit; pi. territory. hostis. hostis, m. and f. enemy. ignis, ignis, m. fire. mare. maris, n. sea. navis. navis, f. ship^ nubes. nubis, f. cloud. que,^ conj. and. rupes. rupis, f. roch, cliff. terra, ae, f. earth, lan^. turris. turris, f. tower. 1 qug is appended to the second of the connected words : e. g. rflpfis turrisque, cliff and tower. Words thus appended are called enclitics. Decline each noun, name its Stem, and form its Nominatives. 1. In navibus. 2. Iii^ colle et in monte. 3. In hostiiim niimer5. 4. Genera animalium multa sunt. 5. Terra ma- nque.^ 6. Viros igni ^ cremant. 7. AUobroges virum ignl cremant. 8. Nunciat AUobroges^ virum igni cremare. 9. In turribus et in^ rupibus. 10. In nubibus. 11. Inter fines Helvetiorum et AUobrogiim^ Ehodanns fluit {flows) . 12. Hel- vetii per angustias et fines Sequanorum suas^ Copias tra- cluxerant {liadlecl across). 13. Mons Jura fines Sequanorum ab Helvetiis dividit [separates). Write in liatin. 2. Out of the ships. 3. Through the 4. Into the territory of the Sequani. 1. Oni the cliffs, territory of the Aedui. 5. On the hills and mountains. 6. In the number of animals. 7. Men will burn the tower with fire.^ 8. He says that men will burn the tower with fire. 9. Many kinds of towers. 10. The danp^ers of land and sea. 38 PIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Notes and Questions. 1 in, cm, 2 A. & G. 43, 3, a: A. & S. 198, II., Remark {a.\ (h.): B. 330, a: G. 477;, 478; 479: H. 587, I., 2. 8 See 54. * See 53. 6 What does Allobr5gum modify ? 6 See Ln. XXL, Note 5. To what noun does it refer ? 7 What is the rule of gender for marg, rtipes, miles, navis, tempus, Ii5ii5r, civitas, legatio ? {60) LESSON XXIV. THE VERB SUM. €2» Learn the entire conjugation of sum. A. & G. 29 : A. & S. 153: B. 71 : B. & M. 277: G. 112 : H. 204. 63. What is an Irregular Verb ? A. & G. 37 : A. & S. 178 : B. & M. 4:10: H. 289. What are the Stems of sum ? What are the Personal Endings ] What are the Principal Parts of sum ? Where are the following forms made : eram, est, fuerunt, siiniis, erunt, f ugrant, esto, f uissem, f uerD ? LESSON XXV. PREDICATE NOUN AND ADJECTIVE. 64. A. & G. 46, 2 ; 47, Kemark : A. & S. 210, Eemark 1, (a.) : B. 206, Rule IL : B. & M. 666: G. 202 : H. 362; 438, 2. VOCABULARY. ArSr, ArSris, ace. Ararim, m. the Saone, pronounced Sone. Divico, onis, m. Divico. extremus, S, iim, furthermost hom6,i inis, m. and f. mian. impgrator, oris, m. commander-in-chief, general. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. legio, onis, f. legion. mulier, eris, f. woman. obses, idis, m. and f. hostage. potestas, atis, f. power. testis, is, m. and f. witness. 39 Pronounce; translate; analyze; parse. 1. Oppidum est magnum.^ 2. Animal fuit parvum. 3. Piitat suam sororem esse pulchram.^ 4. Homines fuerunt aegri. 5. Sequani soli erunt liberi. 6. Caesar erat imperator. 7. Mulier est bona. 8. Dlcit Sequanos solos fiitiiros esse llberos. 9. Este/ pueri^ boiii. 10. Ariovistus fuit rex Germanorum. 11. Divico dux Helvetiorum fuerat. 12. Le- gationis Divico princeps fuit. 13. Extremum oppTdum Allo- brogum est Geneva. 14. Populus^ Eomanus est testis. 15. Erat in Gallia legio una. 16. Pars citra flumen Ararim^ reliqua est. 17. Elumen'^ est Arar quod (wliicli) per fines Aeduorum et Sequan5rum in Rhodanum influit {flows), 18. Mons Jura^ est inter Sequanos et Helvetios. 19. Prop- ter frigora frumenta^ in agris matura non erant. 20. Aedui Sequanis^^ obsides dederunt. Notes and Questions. 1 li6mo means a human being, man or woman ; vir means man, hero, never woman. 2 oppidum est magnum may be rendered th~e town is large ; it is a large town ; or thxre is a large town : the word there as used in the last rendering has no equivalent in Latin. 3 See Ln. XYII. and Examples. * gee 47. 5 populus takes a Singular verb ; people, its English equivalent, usually takes a Plural verb. 6 What is the rule of gender for Arar ? {6) 7 See 64, ^ See 2S. ^ Translate frumenta as if it were Singular. 10 See 39. 40 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. LESSON XXVI. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 65. A. & G. 57, 2, a- 5 : A. & S. 260 : B. 293 : B. & M. 1161: G. 24T-249: H. 483. EXAMPLES. 1. Si Liscus sit dux, if Liscus should be leader; or, if Liscus be leader. 2. Si Liscus esset dux, if Liscus were leader. 3. Si Liscus fuerit dux, if Liscus should have BEEN leader; or, if Liscus SHOULD BE leader. 4. Si Liscus f uisset dux, if Liscus had been leader. 5. Simus duces, let us be leaders. VOCABULARY. ciipidltas, atis, f. desire. dux, diicis, m. and f. leader , guide, Liscus, i, m. Liscus. multitudo, inis, f. multitude. non, adv. not. oratio, onis, f. speech, oration. si, conj. if. vectigal, alls, n. tax, revenue. Conjugate and give a synopsis^ of each Subjunctive; parse tlie nouns and adjectives. 1. Si 2 Caesar sit^ consul.'* 2. Si Caesar esset consul. 3. Si Caesar fuerit consul. 4. Si Caesar f uisset consul. 5. Siraus consiiles. 6. Si frumentum esset maturum. 7. Si propter frigora frumentum in agris sit n5n^ maturum. 8. Si vectigalia fuissent magna. 9. Si vectigalia essent parva. 10. Si Divico princeps legationis f uisset. 11. Si non^ bonus sis. 12. Si orationes Caesaris fuissent multae. 13. Si mul- titude militum sit magna. 14. Si cupiditas regni esset magna. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 41 15. Si rex fuisses. 16. Milites simus. 17. Si miles essem. 18. Si sis imperator. Write in liatin. 1. If Ariovistus should be king. 2. If Ariovistus were king. 3. If Ariovistus had been king. 4. Let us be kings. 5. Let us be good. 6. If the mountain were large. 7. If the boys had been bad. 8. If we were not free. 9. If the furthermost town had been Geneva. 10. If the corn had not been ripe. 11. If Divitiacus were leader of the Helvetii. 12. If the danger had been great. Notes. 1 A Synopsis of the Subjunctive includes the First Person Singular of each tense : e. g. sim, essem, fuerim, fuissem. 2 si is a conditional conjunction ; the sentence which it introduces is a conditional sentence. 2 Before translating the sentences observe carefully how each tense of the Subjunctive is rendered in the Examples. 4 See 64. 5 A. & G. 45, 3, a : A. & S. 190, 2 : B. 30: B. & M. 460; G. 440, 1, 2 : H. 582. What does non modify ? LESSON XXVII. COMPOUNDS OF SUM. — DATIVE WITH COMPOUNDS. ^G. Coinpoiinds of sum. A. & G. 29, a, h, prosum : A. & S. 154, Rem. 5 and 6 : B. 109, L, a: B. &M. 279,- 411: G. 113; 114: H. 289 ; 290, L, III. 07 • Dative with Compounds. A. & G. 51, 2, d : A. & S. 224 : B. 242, Rule XXX.: B. & M. S26: G. 346 : H. 386. EXAMPLES. 1. Paucl^ superfuerunt, few survived. 2. Dux suis militibus (67) aderat, the leader WAS ASSISTING his soldiers. 42 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 3. Caesar provinciae (67) praefuit, Caesar RULED OVER the province, 4. Si Liscus multis^ prodesset, if Liscus WERE USEFUL to many. 5. SI consilium def uisset, if counsel HAD BEEN WANTING. 6. Titus legioni {67) praeerat, Titus WAS IN COMMAND OF the legion. VOCABULARY. Sb-siim, ab-esse. Sb-fui, he away, he ahsent, he distant. ^d-siim, ad-esse. Sf2-fui, he present, assist. de-sum, de-esse. de-fui. be wanting. humanitas, atis, f. refinement, hwmanity. longissime, adv. very far. pauci,! ae, a. few. prae-sum, prae-esse. prae-fui. he over, rule over, he in com- mand of. pro-sum, prod-esse. pro-fui. he for, he useful. super-sum, siiper-esse. super-fui. he over, survive. Conjugate and give a synopsis of each verb; parse the nouns and adjectives. 1. Multi^ superfuenint. 2. Multi^ supersumus. 3. Pauci siipererimus. 4. Caesar suis militibus^ aderit. 5. Si Caesar suis militibus non adsit.^ 6. Consul urbi praeerat. 7. Labi- enus oppido^ Genevae"^ praeerit. 8. Consul legioni praeest. 9. Si Caesar multis^ prdfuisset. 10. Multis proslmus.^ 11. Non deest consilium. 12. Consiiles^ desumus. 13. Bel- gae a humanitate provinciae ^^ longissime^^ absunt. 14. Si deus^^ adsit. Write in liatin. 1. Many ^ will survive. 2. Few^ (of us) survive. 3. The consul will assist his soldiers. 4. If the consul should not assist his soldiers. 5. Let^ us assist the soldiers. 6. Labie- nus was in command of the legion. 7. If Labienus were^^ in command of the legion. 8. If we consuls^ had been wanting. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 43 Notes. 1 pauci and multi, like the corresponding English words few and many^ are often used substantively, i. e. as nouns. Parse them, however, as ad- jectives modifying either the omitted subject of the verb, as in Example 1, or its omitted object, as in Example 4. Pauci is rarely used in the Singular. 2 Observe that in ad-sum the d of ad becomes f before f. ? multi modifies nos (i^e), tlie omitted subject of super sumus ; render, many of us survive. * See 67 and Example 2 ; translate as if it were an Accusative. 5 See Ln. XXVI., Example 1. ^ gee 67. 7 See 25. ^ See Ln. XXVI., Example 5. 9 consules is an appositive to nos (we), the omitted subject of desumus. 10 See 40. 11 See Ln. XXVI. , Note 5. 12 See 20. i^ See Ln. XXVL, Example 2. LESSON XXVIII. CONJUGATION OF POSSUM. — USE OF THE INFINITIVE. 68. Possum. A. & G. 29, h: A. & S. 154, Eem. 7 : B. 109, I., h: B. & M. 412: G. 115 : H. 290, IL, including fine print. 60, Infinitive without Subject Accusative, A. & G. 5T, 8, c : A. & S. 271 : B. 315, c : B. & M. 1138: G. 424 : H. 552. EXAMPLES. 1. Milites pugnare {69) possunt, the soldiers ARE able to fight; or the soldiers can fight, 2. Milites pugnare poterant, the soldiers WERE able to fight; or the soldiers could fight. 3. Milites pugnare poterunt, the soldiers WILL be able to fight. 4. Milites pugnare potuerunt, the soldiers have been able to fight ; or the soldiers could have fought. 5. Si milites pugnare possint, if the soldiers should be able to fight. 6. Si milites pugnare possent, if the soldiers were able to fight. 44 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 7, Si milites pugnare potuissent, if the soldiers had been able to fight. 8. Dicit milites {5S) pugnare {69) potuisse {52), he says that the soldiers were able to fight. Coidnsrate and give a synopsis ^ of eacli form of POSSUM; parse the Infinitives.^ 1. Consul oppidum expugnare potest.^ 2. Consul oppidum expugnare poterat. 3. Consul oppidum expugnare potent. 4. Consul oppidum expugnare potuit. 5. Dicit consulem* oppidum expugnare potuisse.^ 6. Si consul oppidum expu- gnare possit. 7. Si consul oppidum expugnare posset. 8. Si consul oppidum expugnare potuisset. 9. Populus Eomanus Cassium^ consiilem^ creare non poterit. 10. Tito'^ filiam meam {7n?/) in matrimonium dare non possum. 11. Consuli^ adesse poteris. 12. Milites agros liostium vastare poterunt. 13. Amicis prodesse possumiis. 14. Nemo {no one) sine virtiite bonus esse potest. Notes and Questions. 1 See Ln. XIV., Note 1 and Ln. XXVI. , Note 1. 2 See Ln. XVII., Note 3. ^ Observe carefully how each tense of possum is translated in the Exam- ples. What two words unite to form possum ? Which part of p6tis is used ? What does the final t become before s ? What becomes of f in the Perfect Tenses ? ^ R..y^S^ * See 53. ^ 5See5;?. 6 See 58. 7 ggg sd. 8 See 67. LESSON XXIX. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD OF AMO. 70» Ijearn the Subjunctive Active of amo. A. & G. 28, 3, a, Active Voice, for the Verh-Endings of the Subjunctive; 31: FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 45 A. & S. 155: B. 72; 74, a ; 75: B. & IsL 282 : G. 119; 120: H. 205; 243; 245. Observe that the Stems and Personal Endings are the same as those of the Indicative. EXAMPLES. 1. Si urbem occiipeinus, if WE SHOULD OCCUPY the city, 2. Si urbem occuparemus, if WE OCCUPIED the city. 3. Si urbem oeciipaverimus, if we should have OCCUPIED the city ; or if we should occupy the city, 4. Si urbem occiipavissemus, if WE HAD OCCUPIED the city, 5. Uti urbem oeciipemus, that WE MAY OCCUPY the city, 6. Ut urbem occuparemus, that WE MIGHT OCCUPY the city, 7. Urbem oeciipemus, LET US OCCUPY the city. Conjugate, analyze, and give a synopsis of each. verb. 1. Si Sequani Helvetios juvent.^ 2. Si Eomani Germanos juvarent. 3. Si rex Helvetios juverit. 4. Si Aqmtani Se- quanos juvissent. 5. Ut^ consul Helvetios jiivet. 6. Ut pater suos f ilios juvaret. 7. Allobroges juvemus. 8. Pueros vocemus. 9. Concilium Gallorum convocemus. 10. Si Caesari^ flliam suam in matrimoniuni det. 11. Si cum prox- imis civitatibus"^ pacem et amicitiam confirmes. 12. Ut mi- ll tes circum Eomam hiemarent. 13. Ut populus Ariovistum^ regem^ crearet. 14. Ut consul oppidum Genevam^ occuparet. 15. Ut mllites Eomani agros Gallorum vastent. 16. Ut suis copiis''' regna conciliaret. Write in ]Latin. 1. If we should love (our) friends. 2. If we loved (our) friends. 3. If we had loved (our) friends. 4. That we may harass the enemy. 5. That we might harass the enemy. 6. Let us love friends. 7. If you should import ripe corn. 8. If you had imported ripe corn. 9. Let us aid the boys. 10. Let us elect the man^ senator.^ 46 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Notes and Questions. 1 nt in this Lesson is a final conjunction and is equivalent to thM, in order that, 2 Imitate the Examples in translating the different tenses of the Sub- junctive Mood. Define the Subjunctive Mood {65). Define the Indica- tive Mood {26). What tenses has the Subjunctive ? The Indicative ? Name the three Stems of juvo. 8 See 39. * See 16, Name the prepositions which are used with the Ablative. 6 See 58. 6 gge 25. 7 sols copiis, with his troops. See 54. LESSON XXX. REVIEW OF AMO. — TWO ACCUSATIVES. Review the entire Active Voice of amo. 71* Ttvo Accusatives. A. & G. 52, 2, c, d: A. & S. 231 : B. 21T, KuLE IX. : B. & M. 784: G. 333 : H. 374. EXAMPLES. 1. Caesarem sententiam rogavit, he asked Caesar (his) opinion. 2. Caesar Aeduos frumentum flagitavit, Caesar demanded corn of the Aedui. 3. Rex populum sermonem celavit, the king concealed the conver- sation from the people. VOCABULARY. eelo, are, avi, atum, commeo, are, avi, atum, exspecto, are, avi, atum, flagito, are, avi, atum, graviter, adv. mercator, oris, m. minime, adv. rogd, are, avi, atum. conceal. go hack and forth, await, expect. demand. severely. trader, merchant least, by no msans. ask. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 47 saepe, adv. often, sententia, ae, f. opinion. sermo, ouis, m. discourse, conversation, vulnero, are, avi, atum, wound. Analyze i and parse. 1. Labienus suos^ milites^ exspectabat.* 2. Galli merca- tores exspectavere.^ 3. Titus nuntiat Gallos mercatores ex- spectavisse.^ 4. Milites Sequanos graviter vuliiaverunt. 5. Caesar priiicipes Aeduorum graviter accusat. 6. Dicit Caesarem principes Aeduorum graviter accusare. 7, Merca- tores ad'' Belgas commeant."^ 8. Mercatores ad Belgas noii saepe commeant. 9. Mininie^ ad Belgas mercatores saepe corn- meant. 10. Commeate/ mercatores^ ad Belgas. 11. Consul Germanos copias flagitabit. 12. Consul Gallos frumentum flagitat. 13. Si consul Aeduos copias flagitet. 14. Caesar consiilem sententiam rogabit. 15. Dicit Caesarem consulem sententiam rogaturum esse. 16. Titum sermonem non celabo. 17. Si Ariovistum sermonem celavissem. 18. Ut regem ser- monem celarem. 19. Aeduos frumentum flagitemus.^^ Notes and Questions. 1 See Ln. XIII., Note 1. 2 gee Ln. YI., Note 1. 3 See Ln. IV., Note 1. * See Ln. XVIII., Note 3. ^ What are the two uses of the Perfect Indicative ? {4S) 6 See Ln. XVII., Examples, Notes on the Examples, and Note 3. 7 ad — commeant, go-back-and-forth to, may be rendered visit. 8 minime modiiies saepe. ^ See 47. 10 See Ln. XXIX., Example 7. What Stems has each verb and how are they found? Which tenses denote incomplete and which completed action ? What are the Personal Endings of the Indicative and Subjunctive Moods, Active Voice ? Of the Imperative ? What are the Endings of the Infinitives ? Of the Participles ? Which tenses of the Indicative are formed upon the Present Stem ? Which of the Subjunctive ? Which of each are formed upon the Perfect Stem ? 48 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. LESSON XXXI. VERBS : PASSIVE VOICE OF AMO. 72. Definition and Personal Endings of the Passive Voice, A. & G. 23, 3 ; 28, 1, Passive, 3, a : A. & S. 141, 2 ; 147, 3, Pas- dve: B. 44; 64, a, Passive: B. & M. 262, 2; S3S, Passive Voice : G. 205; 111 : H. 195, II.; 24*7, Person, Pass., Meaning. 73, Learn the Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative Passive of ams. A. & G. 31 : A. & S. 156 : B. 74, b: B. & M. 283: G. 121: H. 206. f a. Observe that the Active and Passive Voices of these three tenses differ in form only in the Personal Endings : e. g. ama-mus, we love ; ama-miir, we are loveD : amabi-tis, you will love; amabi-mini, you will BE loveB. The only exception is the Second Person Singular of the Future, which, in the Active Voice, has bi, and in the Passive, be : e. g. ama-bi-s, you will love ; ama-be-ris or re, you will be lovei>. It is a good practice to write both the Active and Passive Voices side by side on the blackboard, and compare them with each other. VOCABULARY, appello, are, avi, atum, name, call, Casticiis, i, m. Casticus. noster, nostra, nostrum, our, occulto, are, avi, atum, hide, conceal. Conjngrate the verbs ; name their elements ; i parse the nouns. 1. Oppida expugnabuntur. 2. Nostri agri vastabuntur. 3. Homo igni^ cremabitiir. 4. Concilium Gallomm convoca- battir. 5. Nostra lingua^ Galli^ appellaiitiir. 6. Ariovistus rex atque amicus appellabatiir. 7. Lucius Cassius consul^ amicus* appellabitur. 8. Eex* appellaberis. 9. Divitiacus f rater ^ Dumnorigis amicus* populi Eomani appellabatiir. 10. Pater CastTci populi Eomani amicus appellabatur. 11. In tanta multitudine fiiga occultatiir. 12. Oratione^ Lisci Dum- norix Divitiaci frater designatiir. 13. Dumnorix ab Aeduis^ accusabatur. 14. A Caesare^ accusabiminl. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 49 Write in liatin. 1. The town will be stormed. 2. Our field will be laid waste. 3. The men will be burned with fire. 4. (In) our language they are called Sequani. 5. They will be called kings. 6. He was called a friend of the Eoman people. 7. In so great a multitude our flight will be concealed. 8. The brothers of Dumnorix were accused by the Gauls. 9. Dum- norix is described by Caesar^'s speech. Notes. 1 See Ln. X., Note 4, and Ln. XII., Note 1. 2 See 54. 3 See 54 and Ln. L, Note 5. 4 See 64, s gee 25, 6 With verbs in the Passive Voice the agents i. e. the person by whom anything is done, is expressed by the Ablative ivith a, ab ; the instrmnentf i. e. the thing hy means of which or with which anything is done, by the Ab- lative without a preposition : e. g. He is overcome by the soldier, a milite supgratiir ; he is overcome by the soldiers weapons, telis militis superatur. LESSON XXXII. VERBS : PASSIVE VOICE OF AMO {contimied). 74:, Learn the Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative Passive of amo. A. & G. 23, 2, 6 ; 31 : A. & S. 156 : B. 76 : B. & M. 281, 6, 4 ; 283: G. 122 : H. 206. VOCABULARY. arx, arcis, f. citadel comporto, are, avi, atum, collect enuncio, are, avT, atum, divulge, report eques, itis, m. horseman, cavalryman. praetor, oris, m. praetor. 50 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Conjugate and give a Synopsis^ of each verb in the Indicative Passive ; parse the nouns and adjectives. 1. Frumentum ab Aeduis^ comportatum^ est. 2. Magna copia frumenti ab Aeduis comportata erat. 3. Obsides Hel- vetiis* dati^ erant. 4. Multi obsides Helvetiis a Sequanis dati erant. 5. Nullae^ arces expugnatae^ sunt. 6. Nostra consilia^ hostibus^ enunciata sunt. 7. Nostra consilia hosti- bus ab Aeduis enunciata erant. 8. Caesar a Romanis praetor^ creatus^ est. 9. Praetores^ creati erimus. 10. Nostri agri vastati sunt. 11. Nostra oppida expugnata sunt. 12. Tanta multitudo equitum superata^ est. 13. In tanta multitudme equTtum nostra fiiga occulta est. 14. Copiae Caesaris ab Ger- manis uno proelio^ siiperatae sunt. 15. Equites a Caesare graviter^ accusati sunt. Write in ]Latin. 1. An abundance of corn lias been collected. 2. The cita- dels will have been stormed. 3. The citadels had been stormed by the Romans.*^ 4. Caesaris plans have been reported to the Gauls* by the Germans. 6. Cassius had been elected praetor.^ 6. A large multitude of cavalrymen has been overcome. 7. The troops of Cassius had been overcome in a single bat- tle.'^ 8. The troops of Cassius have been overcome by the Germans. 9. We have been severely^ censured by the consul. Notes and Questions. 1 See Ln. XIV., Note 1. 2 gee Ln. XXXI., Note 6. 8 Observe that the Participle, like the predicate adjective (C4), agrees with the subject of tlie verb in gender, number, and case. * See S9. 5 See 24, 6 See 64, What was a praetor ? (See Gen. Yy.) What was a consul ? How often were these officers elected ? 7 uno proelio, in a single battle. See 54, 8 See Ln. XXVI., Note 5. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 51 LESSON XXXIII. VERBS: PASSIVE VOICE OF AMO {continued), 75. Learn the Imperative, Infinitives, and Participles of the Pas- sive Voice of amg. A. & G. 28, 1, c, and 3, 6 ; 31 : A. & S. 156 : B. 64, 6 ; 65 ; 66 ; 74, b ; 76 : B. & M. 283: G. 131 ; 123 : H. 247,3; 248; 206. Conjugrate the Imperatives; name the Stem and Ending of each verb; parse the Infinitives and Nouns. 1. Accusare^acciisamini.^ 2. Accusator^ accusantor. 3. Ju- vare, jiivator. 4. Yocamim, vocantor. 5. Dicit suum fra- trem creatum esse.^ 6. Dicit fratrem Divitiaci designattiin esse. 7. Dicit montem a Labien oocciiparT. 8. Negat^ no- stros agros vastatos esse. 9. Negat ciim proximis civitatibus pacem confirmatam esse. 10. Dicit regnum iri cTvitate sua occupatam esse. 11. Nunciat Caesarem creatum esse consulem. 12. Nunciat Cassium praetorem creatum esse. 13. Dicit Ariovistum a Eomanis regem appellatum esse. Nofes and Questions. 1 How is the Imperative used ? {47) 2 creatum essg, has been elected^ or was elected. See Ln. XVII., Refer- ences to the Grammar, Examples, and Notes on the Examples. 3 nggat, he says not ; lit. he denies : He says our fields have not heen laid waste. Upon which Stem are the different tenses of the Indicative Active formed ? Of the Indicative Passive ? The Imperative Active and Passive ? The In- finitives Active and Passive ? The Participles Active and Passive ? How many Participles has a transitive verb ? A. & G. '^3, 1, c : A. & S. 148, 1, (2.): B. 545 35: B. & M. 269: H. 196, II., i, fine print. 62 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. LESSON XXXIV. VERBS : PASSIVE VOICE OF AMO {continued). 70, Learn the Subjunctive Passive of amo. A. & G. 31 : A. & S. 156 : B. 74, b ; 76 : B. & M. 28S:^ G. 121 ; 122 : H. 206. EXAMPLES. 1. Si homo cremetiir, if the man SHOULD BE BURNED. 2. Si homo cremaretiir, if the man were being burned. 3. Si homo crematiis sit, if the man should have been burned ; or if the man should be burned. 4. Si homo crematiis esset, if the man HAD been burned ; or if the man were burned. 5. Si sententiam rogetiir, if he should be asked Qiis) opinion, Conjugrate and give a synopsis of each verb. 1. Si Caesar sententiam^ rogatus esset. 2. Si sententiam rogatus sim. 3. Si sententiam rogareris. 4. Si cremati es- semiis. 5. Si Ariovistus rex^ creatus esset. 6. Si miles vul- neretur. 7. Si non vulneratiis esses. 8. Si Ariovistus amicus populi Eomani appellarettir. ' 9. Si obsides Eomanis^ a Gallis* n5n dentiir. 10. Si obsides Germanis ab Helvetiis non dati essent. 11. Si copia frumenti importetur. 12. ST copia fru- menti non importata esset. 13. Si Divitiacus a popiilo Eomaiio rex appellatiis esset. 14. Si rex atque amicus a Helvetiis ap- pellareris. 15. Si sententiam rogati essemus. 16. Si senten- tiam rogati eritis. 17. Si reges creati essetis. 18. Si con- siiles creati essemus. Write in liatin. 1. If I should be asked (my) opinion. 2. If you were asked (your) opinion. 3. If you had been burned. 4. If Cassius had been elected consul. 5. If Cassius had not been called a friend of the Gauls. 6. If hostages should be given EIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 53 to the Germans by the consul. 7. If the soldiers had not been wounded. 8. If we had not been wounded. 9. If an abundance of corn were being imported. 10. If you should be elected consul. Notes and Questions. 1 See 71. 2 See 64. 3 See 39, 4 Which prepositions are used with the Ablative ? {16) How is the agent of a verb in the Passive Voice expressed in Latin ? (Ln. XXXI., Note 6.) How is the instrument expressed ? What is meant by the agent ? By the instrument ? LESSON XXXV. DEPONENT VERBS : FIRST CONJUGATION. 77. Definition. A. & G. 35, 1 : A. & S. 142, 4, (a.) : B. 46 : B. & M. 304=: G. 211 : H. 195, II., 2. 78. Learn the entire Deponent Verb of the First Conjugation. A. & G. page 76, miror : A. & S. 161 : B. 93, conor; 55, second sentence: B. & M. S06, second 'part; 307: G. 141; 142: H. 225; 226. VOCABULARY. Conor, ari. atus sum,i attempt, try. glorior, ari. atus sum. glory, boast. hortor. ari. atus sum, exhort, urge. laetor. ari. atiis sum. rejoice, exult. miror. ari. atus sum. admire, wonder at moror. ari. atiis siim. tarry, delay. vagor. ari. atiis siim. wander about. popiilor. ari, atiis siim. ravage, lay waste. 1 The principal parts of a deponent verb are the Present Indicative, Pres- ent Infinitive, Perfect Indicative ; e. g. Conor, conari, conatils siim. 54 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Conjugrate and grive a complete synopsis of each verb. 1. Conamur, conabamur, conabimur. 2. Gloriatus sum, gloriatus eram, gloriatus ero. 3. Si hortetur, si hortaretur. 4. Si hortatus sis, si hortatus esses. 5. Laetare, laetammi, laetemur.2 q Dicit Caesarem laetatjum esse. 7. Mirari^ non possumus. 8. Vagari^ conemur.^ 9. Yagari non potemnus. 10. Caesar ad* Eomam moratus est. 11. Helvetii agros Aeduorum popiilabantur. 12. Ut vagarentur.^ Write in I^atin. 1. You are exhorting, you were exhorting, you will exhort. 2. You tarried in the vicinity of Eome; you had tarried; you will have tarried. 3. If he should tarry, if he tarried. 4. If he had tarried near Eome. 5. Let us tarry in the vicinity of Geneva. 6. They can^ not rejoice. 7. They could^ not re- joice. 8. Let us try^ to rejorde. Noies. 1 A complete Synopsis of cOnor, for example, is as follows : Indicative, Conor, conabar, conabor, conatus sum, conatus Sram, conatus Sro ; Sub- juncfAve, coner, conarer, conatus sim, conatus essem ; Imperative, conare, cdnator ; Infinitives, conari, conatus essg, conaturus essS ; Participles, c6nans, conandus, conatus, conaturus ; Gerund, conandi ; Supines, cona- tum, cOnatu. 2 See Ln. XXIX., Example 7. « gee e9, * ad with the name of a town may often be rendered near, in the vicinity of. ^ Render by the Imperfect Indicative. ^ Can and could in these and similar sentences are equivalent to are able, were able; translate them, therefore, by the proper tense of the Indicative of possilm, and the principal verb by the Present Infinitive. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 55 LESSON XXXVI. ABLATIVE OF CAUSE. — COMPLEX AND COMPOUND SENTENCES. 79. Ablative of Cause.^ A. & G. 54, 3 : A. & S. 247 : B. 257, Rule XLIL : B. & M. 87S: G. 407: H. 414, 2. 80, Complex and Compound Sentences, A. & G. 45, 5, a-f, 6 : A. & S. 201, 11-13 : B. 288, a-f: B. & M. 1407-1409; 1411: G. 474, 1-4 : H. 345, IL, IIL EXAMPLES. 1. Pueri equisi (79) laetantur, boys rejoice IN HORSES. 2. Helvetii sua victoria ^ (79) gloriabantur, the Helvetii were boasting because op their victory ; or the Helvetii were glorying in their victory. 3. Orgetorix Casticum hortatur lit regnum occupet,^ Orgetorix urges Gasticus to seize the royal poiver. 4. Miles non laetetur, si vuliieretur,^ the soldier would not rejoice, if he should be wounded, 5. Si multi vulnerati essent, non laetati essemus, if many had been wounded, we should not have rejoiced. 6. Ariovistus fuit rex St Caesar fuit consul,* Ariovistus was king and Caesar was consul. Analyze the sentences and parse, 1. Imperator militibus bonis laetatur. 2. Eomani sua vic- toria non gloriabantur. 3. Seqnani victoria sua non gloriabun- tur. 4. Negat^ Sequanos victoria gloriaturos esse. 5. Mi- ll tes hortabimur tit agros populentur. 6. Imperator mill tes suos hortatus est^ ut agros Gallorum populentur. 7. Dum- norigem hortabor ut regnum in "^ sua cTvitate occupet. 8. Si igni^ cremer^ non laeteris. 9. Si Cassius praetor^ creatus esset, laetatus essem. 10. Si Caesar sermonem^^ milites^^ celet, laeter. 11. Si dux militibus^^ adesse^^ possitl aetentur. 12. Hortemur^^ Helvetios tit ciim proximis civitatibus pacem 56 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. et amicitiam confirment. 13. ST Caesar multos obsides dedis^ set hostibus;^^ hostes laetati essent. 14. Puer erat mains eb puella erat bona. 15. Consul abest et praetor est aeger.^ Notes. 1 In Examples 1 and 2 equis and victoria are the cause of the rejoicing and boasting, and hence are in the Ablative in accordance with the rule referred to in 79, 2 Example 3 is a complex sentence^ because it is made up of a principal clausCf Orgetorix Casticum hortatur, and a subordinate clause, ut reg- nuin occupet. Observe that ut occupet is rendered by the Infinitive to seize ; lit. tJiat he may seize, 3 Example 4 is a complex sentence ; principal clause, miles non laetetur ; subordinate clause, si vulneretur : si and ut are subordinate conjunctions ; hence the clauses which they introduce are subordinate clauses. * Example 6 is a compound sentence, because it is made up of clauses which are independent of each other. Such clauses are called coordinate clauses ; and the conjunctions which connect them, coordinate conjunctions, 5 See Ln. XXXIIL, Note 3. ^ hortatus est, has urged, 7 See Ln. XIIL, Note 5. AVhich is this ? 8 See 54. 9 gge 64. 10 See 71. ii See 67. 12 See 69. 13 See Ln. XXIX., Ex. 7. • 1* See 39. LESSON XXXVII. ADJECTIVES: THIRD DECLENSION. 81. A. & G. 16, 2, levis, acer, h, Case-Forms: A. & S. 108; 109 ; 113, 1 ; 114, I : B. 156 ; 157, levis : B. & M. 193, Rules 1, 2; 196,11., mitis; 198, acer: G. 81 ; 83: H. 152; 153; 154, tristis, 3. VOCABULARY, alacer,! cris, ere, lively, eager, brevis,2 e, short, brief, celer,! celeris, celere, swift. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 57 diflFicilis,2 e, difficult, impracticable. equester,^ tris, tre, of cavalry. f acilis,2 g^ g^g^^ practicable. f amilia, ae, f. household, family. fortis,^ e, brave, courageous, strong. iter, itineris, n. journey, route, m/irch. judicium, i, n. trial. omnis,2 e, all, every. tristis,2 e, sad. 1 Declined like ac^r. 2 Declined like levis, mitis, facilis, tristis. Analyze and parse. 1. Ex omnl^ Gallia. 2. Cum omnibus c5piis. 3. Per omnes urbes. 4. Per totam^ urbem. 5. E qui sunt celeres.^ 6. Negat^ equos esse cele res. 7. ST equites fuissent celeres, rex laetatiis esset.^ 8. Tempus est breve. 9. Helvetii oppida sua omnia incendunt {burn), 10. Fuit proelium equestre. 11. Dlcit futurum esse proelium equestre. 12. Sequani fue- runt tristes. 13. Iter^^ erat difficile. 14. Si iter sit facile, laeter.^ 15. Puto iter esse facile. 16. Titus Labienus lega- tus*^ suos milites hortatur lit^ fortes sint.^ 17. Orgetorix ad judicium omnem suam familiam coegit {ftr ought), 18. Or- getorix Helvetios hortatiis est iit^^ de flnibiis suls ciim omni- bus copiis exirent.^^ 19. Viris^^ fortibiis laetor. Notes. 1 See Ln. YI., Note 1. 2 See 24L. 8 See 64. * Se Ln. XXXIII. , Note 3. sSeeLN. XXXYL, Ex. 5. 6 See Ln. XXYL, Ex. 1 and Ln. XXXYL, Ex. 4. 7 See 25. ^ See Ln. XXXYL, Ex. 3. 10 lit — exirent, to go out. " See 79. 12 See A. & G. 11, III. 4, c : A. & S. 57: B. 138: B. & M. 104. 58 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. LESSON XXXVIII. ADJECTIVES : THIRD DECLENSION {continued), 82. A. & G. 16, 3, a, c, 1, 2 : A. & S. Ill ; 113, 2, 3 ; 114 : B. all of 158 : B. & M. all of 193: G. 83; 84 ; 85, 1 -3 : H. all of 155-158. VOCABULARY . audax, acis. holdj audacious. conditio, onis, f. condition. contumelia, ae, f. insult. dives, itis. rich. f elix, icis. happy. flens, entis. weeping. implorO, are, avi. atiim, beseech, implore. injuria, ae, f. injury. mulier, eris, f. woman. oriens, entis. rising. par, paris. equal. princeps, ipis. first, chief. recens, entis. recent. sol, solis, m. sun. speeto, are, avi, atiim. hole, front. vetus, eris. old, ancient. Analyze and parse. 1. Veteres causae. 2. Vetus urbs^ estEoma. 3. Memoria veteris contumeliae. 4. In parem conditionein servTtutis. 5. Eecentium injuriarum memoria. 6. Mulieres erant felTces. 7. Mulieres flentes Caesarem implorabant. 8. Helvetii flentes pacem petierunt {soiigJd), 9. Hortemiir^ mllites ut^ alacres et audaces sint.^ 10. Belgae spectant m^ orientem solem.^ 11. Legationis principem^ locum "^ obtinebant [thei/ held). 12. Romani divTtes fuerunt. 13. German! non pares sunt nostris militibus.^ FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 59 Write in Liatin. 1. There ^ will be a battle of cavalry. 2. Our soldiers are trave. 3. Let us exhort our soldiers to be brave. 4. Geneva is an old town. 5. AlP^ are not happy. 6. Our leaders will be bold. 7. All cannot be^^ rich. 8. Weeping women will implore the consul. 9. Gauls are not equal to our cavalry- men. Notes. 1 See 64. 2 See Ln. XXIX., Ex. 7. 8 How is the Subjunctive with ut to be translated after verbs signifying asTc, command, exhort, persuade, please, strive, urge ? Answ. By the Pres- ent Infinitive. See Ln. XXXVI. , Ex. 3. 4 in, towards. s See B. 135 : B. & M. 121 : H. 60. 6 principem is here used as an adjective ; it is often a noun. ■^ How is locus declined in the Plural ? See Vy., Ln. VIII. 8 militibiis is a Dative. ^ See Ln. XXV., Note 2, last part 10 omnes, like the English all, is often used substantively. 11 cannot he, esse non possunt. LESSON XXXIX. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 83. A. & G. 17, I, a : A. & S. 122, I -6 ; 124, 1 -3 ; 125, 1 : B. 161; 162; 163, a: B. & M. 214-218: G. 86; 88, 1 : H. 160 -162; 163, 1. 84, JDeclension of Comparatives. A. & G. 16, 3, 6 : A. & S. 110 : B. 15T, Remark : B. & M. 197: G. 8T: H. 154, 3, 4. VOCABULARY. altus, a, um, high, deep, fortuna, ae, f. fortune. gravis, e, heavy, grievous, latus, a, um, broad, wide. 60 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. longe, adv. by far. miser, misera. miserum, wretched, pitiable. nobilis, e. well-hnown, noble. potens, entis. powerful. quam, adv. than. utiUs, e. useful. Compare and decline tlie adjectives. 1. Jura est mons^ altissimiis.^ 2. Caesar dicit Juram esse montem altissimum. 3. Rheiius est ilumen latissimus et altissimus. 4. Homm^nobilissTmo ac^potentissTmoaderam. 5. Omnium^ fortissTmi sunt Belgae. 6. Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus et ditissimus^^ fuit Orgetorix. 7. Pertres [three) potentissimos populos totiiis Galliae. 8. Nostrae f iliae pulclierrimae sunt. 9. Milites hortemur tit fortiores sint.^ 10. Si tempus fuisset brevius, non laetatus essem. 11. Mi- iTtes fuerunt Caesari utilissTmi. 12. Dlcit esse miseriorem gravioremque "^ fortunam^ Sequanorum quam^ reliquorum Gallorum. "Write in Llcice ? 107, Whence ? or From ichat place ? EXAMPLES. 1. Caesar Genevam {105) contendit, Caesar hastened to Geneva. 2. Liscus Aquileiae {106) fuit, Liscus was IN Aquileia. 3. Cassius Roma {107) venit, Cassius came from Rome. 4. Divitiacus plurimum domi poterat, Divitiacus was very powerful AT home. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 83 VOCABULARY. domus, us and i, f. house, home : domi, at home ; domiiin, home, homeward; domo, from home, nihil (an indecl. neuter noun), nothing. Noviodunum, i, n. Noviodunum. plurimus, a, iim, most : plurimum poss^, to be very powerful, prae-mitto, ere, misi, missiim, send forward. re-vertor, verti, versus sum, return. Suevi, orum, m. the Suevi. tra-duco, ducere, duxi, ductum, lead across. Analyze 1 and parse. 1. Consiiles Eomae plurimos^ annos^ fuerunt. 2. Eoma venerunt legati Genevam. 3. Divitiacus plurimum^ domi^ atque in reliqua Gallia poterat.^ 4. Imperator omnem equi- tatum Noviodunum praemisit. 5. Domum mittam pueros malos. 6. Suevi ad ripas Elieni venerant et domum reverte- bantur. 7. Nitemur tit Noreiam revertamiir. 8. Si Eoma proficiscamur^^ non domum revertamiir. 9. Yeremiir iit^ nostri amici Eomae multos dies maneant.^ 10. Helvetii jam per angustias et fines Sequanorum suas copias traduxerant et in Aeduorum fines pervenerant. Write in "Latin, 1. We shall be at home very many ^ days.^ 2. The friends will come home. 3. They same from Noviodunum to Eome. 4. The consul sent forward all the troops to Geneva. 5. He fears that we shall not® return® home. 6. Let^ us return home. 7. They will attempt to return to Geneva. 8. He was not able to return home. 9. If the soldiers had marched more quickly^ they would have come to the banks of the Ehone. 84 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Notes. 1 See Ln. XXXIX., Note 2. 2 gee 93. 3 See Ex. 4. * How is domus declined ? (97) ^ How is tlie Present Subjunctive with si translated ? (Ln. XXIX., Ex. 1.) 6 See Ln. XLVL, Note 4 and Ln. XLIX., Note 4. 7 See Ln. XXIX., Ex. 7. 8 See Ln. LIL, Note 9 and Ln. XXXVI., Ex 5. LESSON LV. NUMERALS. — EXTENT IN SPACE. 108. Learn the Cardinals and Ordinals j the declension of unus, duo, tres, and miUe. A. & G. 18, l,a-e: A. & S. 117, L ; 118, 1, 2,6; 119: B. 167; 168, Eem. 1-5: B. &M. 201-204; 206; 207. - G. 92-94; 308: H. 171 ; 172; 174-179. 109. Extent in Space. A. & G. 52, 4, c : A. & S. 236 : B. 220, Rule XL: B. & M. 958: G. 335; 336: H. 378. This answers such questions as How far ? How deep ? How high ? How wide ? How long ? EXAMPLES. 1. Castra ab urbe milia passuum octo absunt, the camp is EIGHT MILES distant from the city. 2. Flumen pedes viginti altiim est, the river is twenty feet deep, 3. Mons pedes nongentos altiis est, the mountain is nine hundred feet high. VOCABULARY. alter, altera, alterum, one of two, the other. latiis, a, um, wide. longus, a, um, lo7ig. passus, us, m. step, pace ; mille passuum, a mile; lit., a thousand of paces. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 85 pes, pedis, m. foot. pono, p5iiere, posui, positum, jplace, put ; castr^ ponSrg, to 'pitch a camp. vigilia, ae, f. watch ; de prima vigilia, in the first watch. N. B. No numerals will be given in the Vocabularies ; they must be learned from the grammar. Translate and parse* 1. Flumen est pedes quadraginta tres latum.^ 2. Mons decern milia^ trecentos pedes altus est. 3. Fossa pedes tre- centos longa est, sex pedes alta. 4. Fossa pedes quindecTm lata est. 5. Milites duas fossas quindecim pedes latas fode- runt. 6. Caesar domum^ tertiam* legionem misit. 7. De tertia vigilia^ centum et triginta quinque mllites praemittit. 8. Milia passu um^ tria ab urbe castra posuit. 9. Oppida Sd'^ quadraginta et vicos ad quadringentos incendunt. 10. Erant itinera duo ; unum per Sequanos ; alterum per provinciain nostram. 11. Summa^ erat capTtum Helvetiorum^ milia ducenta et sexaginta tria. 12. Circiter milia hominum cen- tum et triginta superfuerunt. Write in liatin. 1. The river is sixteen feet deep. 2. The river is two hundred feet wide. 3. The mountain is eight thousand feet liigh. 4. The river is ninety-four miles long. 5. The men dug a ditch ten feet deep. 6. We shall send the soldiers home in the second watch. 7. They burned about eiglity towns. 8. We shall pitch our camp about twenty miles from Rome. Notes and Questions. 1 What does latum modify ? "What is it modified by ? 2 Spelled also with two I's : millia. 3 See 105, * What kind of a numeral is tertiam ? 86 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. ^ The Romans divided the night into four equal parts named prima vigilia, secunda vigilia, tertia vigilia, quarta vigilia. ^ A Roman pace (passus) as a measure of length was about five feet. ^ ad with numerals signifies about. 8 summa, the sum total. ® capitum Helvetiorum, of the Helvetii ; lit. of the heads of the Helvetii. LESSON LVI. COMPOUND NOUNS. — ABLATIVE OF TIME. 110* Compound Nouns. A. & G. 14, 2, d : A. & S. 91 : B. 151: B. & M. 176: H. 125; 126. 111. Ablative of Time. A. & G. 55, I : A. & S. 253 : B. 252, Rule XXXVIIL : B. & M. 949: G. 392: H. 426. The Ablative of Time answers the questions When ? At what time ? Within what tiTne ? What question does the Accusative of Time answer ? See 93. EXAMPLES. 1. Die septimo pervenit, he arrived ON THE SEVENTH DAY. 2. Proxima noete castra movit, the next night he broke up camp. VOCABULARY. di-vido, vidgrg, vidi, visum, divide, separate. in-c6l6, colere, colui, cultum, inhabit, dwell. jusjurandum, jurisjurandi, n. oath. lS<;us, us, m. lake. mensis, is, m. month. potens, potentis, adj. able, powerful. pro, prep. w. ahl. before, for. respublica, reipublicae, f. republic, commx)nwealth. Analyze and parse. 1. Galli Edmanis^ jusjurandum dederunt. 2. Dixit Gallos Eoinanis jusjurandum dedisse.^ 3. Multas res jurejiirando ^ FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. ^ 87 sanxerunt [theT/ ratified), 4. In^ rempubicam legatus sex legiones duxit. 5. Pr5 republica; pro castris. 6. Per tres potentissimos populos totius^'Galliae. 7. In fines Lingonum die quarto pervenerunt. 8. Proxima nocte de quarta vigTlia^ castra moverunt. 9. Proximo die Caesar e castris copias suas eduxit. 10. Solis occasu suas copias Ariovistus in castra re- duxit. 11. Domi'^ manserunt septem menses.^ 12. Quadra- ginta tres annos regnavit. 13. Nitamur^ tit solis occasu pr6- ficiscamur.^^ 14. Gallia est^^ omnis dlvTsa^^ in partes tres, quarum [of which) unam^^ incolunt Belgae, aliam^ Aquitani,^^ tertiam^^ Galli.^^ 15. A lacu Lemanno ad montem Juram fossam vigintl pedes ^^ latam fodit. 16. De tertia vigilia cum legionibus tribus e castris profectus est. 17. Dicithostes sub monte castra posuisse mllia^^ passuumab nostris castris octo.^^ Notes. 1 See 39. 2 See Ln. XVII. 8 See 54, * in, against. s Which adjectives are declined like totus ? {24) 6 See Ln. LY., Note 5. "^ See 106. 8 See 93, ^ See Ln. XXIX., Ex. 7. 10 See Ln. XXXVIII. , Note 3. 11 est — divisa is the same as divisa — est. 12 Understand partem. i^ Subject of inc blunt understood. 1* See 109, ^^ octo modifies milia. LESSON LVII. PRONOUNS : PERSONAL, POSSESSIVE, AND REFLEXIVE. 112. Learn the declension of ego, tu, sui. A. & G. 19, 1-3, a, e : A. & S. 132, I ; 133, 4 ; 139, I -3 : B. 171 ; 172, a, 6, Rem. 2 ; 173,^: B. & M. 230-232; 234=; 236: G. 97-100: H. 182; 184, 1, 4, 5, 7, 9 ; 185. 88 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Translate and parse. " 1. Ego^ sum malus^ sed tu es bonus. 2. Ego vos sub jugum mittam. 3. Nos vobis^ amici silmus. 4. Nunciat nobis te venisse. 5. Ego de prima vigilia profectus essem, si tuvenisses. 6. Nostra consilia hostibus enunciantur. 7. Ob- sid«s inter sese* dant. 8. Inter se jusjurandum dant. 9. Omnes lingua^^ institutis/ legibus^ inter se^ differunt (differ), 10. Helvetii suls finibus'^' Germanos prohibebant. 11. Caesar suos milites in Galliam mittet sed in provinciam nostros.^ 12. Tuus filius in Galliam citeriorem iter faciet. Write in I^atin. 1. I am a Eoman but you are a Gaul. 2. He will announce to you (that) we have come. 3. Your plans will be reported to us. 4. The Helvetii and Sequani will give hostages to each other. 5. He says (that) the Gauls and Germans will give hostages to each other. 6. I shall send my soldiers home^ but yours into Gaul. 7. You will be friendly to us. 8. I fear that you will not^^ be^^ friendly to us. Nofes. 1 Form, for parsing a pronoun, — gg5 is a personal pronoun ; declined, eg : A. & S. iJ63, 5, Kem. 2 : B. 304, Kule LXY. : B. & M. 1244 : G. 581, II. : H. 518, II., 1. 3 See 133, * See 122 ; what is the literal meaning of equo admisso ? ^ What mood is voluerit ? Why is that mood used in this clause ? See 152. eSeeLN. LXXV., Note 11. 7 See Ln. LXXXIII., Note 1. 8 See 152. 9 eo magis, the more; for eo, see 79. 10 See A. & G. 50, 4, c, Remark : A. & S. 212, Rem. 4, Note 6 : B. & M. 1005: H. 411, 2. 11 quin — conjicerent, fronn hurling ; why is the Imperfect used ? See 135; why is the Subjunctive used ? See A. & G. 65, 1, & : A. & S. 262, Rem. 10 : B. 297, Rule LX.: B. & M. 1218: G. 551: H. 498. 12 See 147. 13 at full speedy Squis admissis ; why the Plural ? LESSON XCII. GENERAL EXERCISE. EXAMPLES. 1. plus posse, to he more powerful, 2. plurimum posse, to he the most powerful^ or to he very powerful, 3. ei gratlas agere, to thank him. 4. nobis est in animo iter facere, we intend to mxirch. 5. latere aperto, on the unprotected flank, 6. ex equis, on horseback. 7. memoria tenere, to remember, 8. maximis potest itineribus, hy the longest possible marches. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 151 Translate and parse. 1. Liscus dicit esse nonnuUos^ qui privatim plus^ pos- sint^ quam ipsi magistratus. 2. Non erat diibium, quin totlus Galliae plurimum^ Helvetii possent.^ 3. Damnorix gratia et largltione apud Sequaiios plurimum poterat. 4. DivitiScus dixit eos^ qui et sua virtute et popiili Eomani hospitio atquS amlcitia plurimum ante in Gallia potuissent^^ coactos esse* Sequanis^ obsides dare. 5. Decima legio per tribunes mlK- tum ei gratias egit. 6. Caesari renunciatur^ Helvetiis'^ esse in animo per agrum Sequanorum et Aeduorum iter in San- tonum fines facere. 7. Helvetii legates ad eum mittunt^ qui dlcerent^ sibi esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per pro- vinciam facere. 8. Pars aperto latere ^^ legiones circumvS- nire coepit.^^ 9. Capto monte^^ Boii et Tulingi nostros latere aperto agressi circumvenlre coeperunt. 10. Ariovistus, ex equis lit coUoquerentur ^^ et praeter se denos tit ad colloquium adducerent^^^ postulavit. 11. Eorum una pars^ quam Gallos obtinere dictum est/* attingit ab^^ Sequanis et Helvetiis flu- men Ehenum. 12. Id^^ hoc facilius eis persuasit, quod un- dique loci natura Helvetii continentur. 13. Moribus^^ suis Orgetorigem ex vinculis^^ causam dlcere coegerunt; damna- tum^^poenam sequi oportebat.^o ^t igni cremaretur. 14. Cae- sar, quod memoria'^i tenebat^^ L. Cassium consulem occisum exercitumque ejus ab Helvetiis pulsum^^ et sub jiigum mis- sum,23 concedendum^* n5n piitabat. 15. Caesari quum id^^ nunciatum esset/^ eos per provinciam nostram iter fiicere c6nari,27 maturat ab urbe proficisci et quam maximis potest itineribus^i in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genevam pervenit. 16. Itaque re^^ frumentaria quam celerrime potuit comparata magnis itineribus ad Ariovistum contendit. 17. Liscus dicit Dumnorigem complures annos^s portoria reliquaque'^9 omnia Aeduorum vectigalia parvo pr(3tio redempta habere/^ propterea quod illo^^ licente contra liceri audeat*^ nemo. 15^ FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Notes and Questions. 1 See A. & G. 53, 3 : A. & S. 333, (3.) : B. 323, Rule XIII.: B. & M. 728: G. 331, Remarks 2 and 3 : H. 380. 2 Why is the Subjunctive used in this clause ? See 152* 8 Why the Subjunctive ? See Ln. XCL, Note 11. 4 From cogo. ^ See 39. 6 What is the subject of rSnunciatur ? What is it that is reported to Caesar ? ■^ See 137 ; what is it that the Helvetii intend (have in mind) to do? What then is the subject of esse ? 8 See Ln. LXXXIL, Note 1. ^ See 130 and Example 10 ; what question does qni dicSrent answer ? 10 latSre is an Ablative of Place, answering the question Where ? 11 What kind of a verb is coepit ? See 127, 12 See 122. 13 See 136 and Example 9. 1* What is the subject of dictum est ? 1^ ab, on the side of. 16 id — qu6d, he persuaded them to this the more easily, because; lit., he persiutded this to them, etc. ; for hoc, see 79, 1' See Ln. LXXXV., Note 7. 18 ex vinculis, in chains ; what is its literal meaning ? 19 damnatum, if condemned; see 121; it modifies eilm understood, the object of sSqui. 2D What kind of a verb is 5portebat ? See 128 ; what is its subject ? See Ln. LXIX., Examples 6 and 7. 21 See 54, 22 What kind of a clause is quod — tSngbat ? See 149 ; what is the object of t^nebat ? 23 See Ln. LXXXVIL, Note 5. 24 concedendum, sc. essS ; translate, that it ought to he granted, 25 To what does id refer ? What had been reported to Caesar ? 26 See Ln. XCL, Note 2. 27 conari is in apposition with id. 28 See 93* 29 See Ln. LXXXIX., Note 1. 3^ rSdempta habere, had bought up. 31 What kind of a verb is audeat ? See A. & G. 35, 2 : A. & S. 143, 2 : B. 110, a: B. & M. 312: G. 183: H. 371, 3. SELECTIONS FOR READING. I. FABLES. !• The Mouse and the Kite. Milvius laqueis irretltus musculum exoravit^ ut eum, corro- sis plagis^ liberaret. Quo facto, milvius liberatus murem arripuit et devoravit. Haec fabula ostendit, quam gratiam mali pro beneficiis red- dere soleant. ». The Kid and the Wolf. Haedus, stans in tecto domus^ lupo praetereunti maledixit. Cui lupus, Non tu, inquit, sed tectum mihi malerUcit, Saepe locus et tempus homines timidos audaces reddit. S. The Crane and the Peacock. Pavo, coram grue pennas suas explicans, Quanta esty inquit, formosttas mea et tua deforrmtas ! At grus evolans, Et quanta est, inquit, levttas mea et tua tardUas ! Monet haec fabula, ne ob aliquod bonum, quod nobis natura tribuit, alios contemnamus, quibus natura alia et fortasse ma- jora dedit. 154 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 4. The Goat and the Wolf. Lupus capram in alta rupe stantem conspicatus^, Cur non, inquit^ relinquis nuda ilia et sterilia loca, et hue desceiidis in herbulos campos, qui tibi laetum pabulum offerunt ? Cui respondit capra : Mihi nou est in ammo didcia tutis praepo- nere. 5, The Dog in the Manger. Canis jacebat in praesepi bovesque latrando a pabiilo arcebat. Cui unus bourn, Quanta ista, inquit, invidia est, quod non pater is ut eo cibo vescdmur, quern tu ipse capere nee velis nee possis ! Haec fabiila invidiae indolem declarat. 6. The Fox and the Lion. Vulpes, quae nunquam leonem viderat, quum ei forte occur- risset, ita est perternta^ ut paene moreretur formidine. Eun- dem conspicata iterum, timuit quidem, sed nequaquam, ut antea. Tertio ilH obviam facta^ ausa est etiam propius acce- dere eumque alloqui. 7. The Oxen. In eodem prato pascebantur tres boves in maxima concordia, et sic ab omni ferarum incursione tuti erant. Sed dissidio inter illos orto, singuli a feris petiti et laniati sunt. Fabula docet quantum boni sit in concordia. 8. The Ass in the Lion's Skin. Asmus, pelle leonis indutus, territabat homines et bestias tamquam leo esset. Sed forte, dum se celerius movet, aures FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 155 eminebantj mide agnitus in pistrmum abductus est, ubi poenas petulantiae dedit. Haec fabula stolidos notat, qui immeritis honoribus supe^- biant. 9. The Golden Egg. Mulier quaedanri habebat gallmam, quae ei quotidie ovum pariebat aureum. Plinc suspicari coepit, illam auri massam intus celare, et gallinam occTdit. Sed nihil in ea reperit, nisi quod in aliis gallinis reperiri solet. Itaque dum majoribus divitiis inhiabat, etiam minores perdidit. lO, The Travellers and the Ass. Duo qui una iter faciebant, asmum oberrantem in solitu- dine conspicati, accurrunt laeti, et uterque eum sibi vindicfire coepit, quod eum prior conspexisset. Dum vero contendunt et rixantur, nee a verberibus abstinent, asinus aufiigit et neuter eo potitur. 11, The Trumpeter. Tubicen ab hostibus captus, Ne me, inquit, inter jicite ; nam inermis sum, neque quidqiiam haheo praeier hanc tubam. At hostes, Propter hoc ips2im, inquiunt, te interimemus, quod, qmun ipse pug nandi sis imperUus, alios ad pug nam incitdre soles, Fabula docet, non solum malef icos esse puniendos sed etiam eos, qui alios ad male faciendum irritent. 12, Sour Grapes. Vulpes uvam in vite conspicata ad illam subsiliit omnium virium suarum contentione, si eam forte attingere posset. RSITVi, ^W 156 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Tandem defatigata inani labore discedens dixit : At nunc etiam acerbae sunt, nee eas in via rej}ertas tollerem. Haec fabiila docet^ multos ea contemnere^ quae se assequi posse desperent. IS. The Mice. Mures aliquando habuerunt consilium, quomodo sibi a fele caverent. Multis aliis propositis, omnibus placuit ut ei tin- tinnabulum annecteretur ; sic enim ipsos sonitu admonitos earn fugere posse. Sed quum jam inter mures quaereretur, qui feli tintinnabulum annecteret, nemo repertus est. Fab u la docet, in suadendo plurimos esse audaces, sed in ipso periciilo timidos. 14:. The Wolf and the Crane. In faucibus lupi os inhaeserat. Mercede igitur conducit gruem, qui illud extrahat. Hoc grus longitudine colli facile effecit. Quum autem mercedem postularet, subridens lupus et dentibus infrendens, Num tibi, inquit, parva merces videtuT, quod caput inpolume ex lupi faucibus extraxisti ? II. STOEIES PEOM EAELY EOMAN HISTOEY. Saturn. 1. Antiquissimis temporibus Saturnus in Italiam venisse dicTtur. Ibi baud procul a Janiciilo arcem condidit, eamque Saturniam appellavit. Hie Italos primus agriculturam do- cuit. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 167 Latinus and Aeneas. 2. Postea Latinus in illis regionibus imperavit. Sub hoc rege Troja in Asia eversa est. Hinc Aeneas, Anchisae filius, cum multis Trojanis, quibus ferrum Graecorum pepercerat, aufugit et in Italiam pervenit. Ibi Latinus rex ei benigiie recepto filiam Laviniam in matrimonium dedit. Aeneas urbein condidit, quam in lionorem conjugis Lavinium appellavit. Founding of Alba Longa by Ascanius. 3. Post Aeneae mortem Ascanius, Aeneae filius, regnum ac- cepit. Hie sedem regni in alium locum transtiilit, urbemque condidit in monte Albano, eamque Albam Longam nuncu- pavit. Eum secutus est Silvius, qui post Aeneae mortem a Lavinia genitus erat. Ejus posteri omnes usque ad Romam conditam Albae regnaverunt. Other Kings of Alba. 4. TJnus horum regum, Komulus Silvius, se Jove majorem esse dicebat, et, quum tonaret, militibus imperavit, ut clypeos liastis percuterent, dicebatque liunc sonum multo clariorem esse quam tonitru. Fulmine ictus et in Albanum lacum praecipitatus est. 5. Silvius Procas, rex Alban5rum, duos filios relTquit Nu- mitdrem et Amulium. Horum minor natu, Amulius, fratri optionem dedit, utrum regnum habere vellet, an bona, (juae pater reliquisset. Numitor paterna bona praetiilit ; Amulius regnum obtinuit. Birth of Romulus and Remus. 6. Amulius, ut regnum firmissime possideret, Numitoris filium per insidias interemit et filiam fratris Rheam Silviam 158 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Vestalem virgmem fecit. Nam his Yestae sacerdotibas non licet viro nubere. Sed haec a Marte gemiiios filios Romulum et Eemum peperit. Hoc quum Amulius comperisset,, matrem in vinciila conjecit^ pueros autein in Tiberini abjici jussit. 7. Forte Tiberis aqua ultra ripam se effuderat^ et, quum pueri in vado essent positi, aqua refluens eos in sicco rellquit. Ad eorum vagltum lupa accurrit, eosque uberibus suis aluit. Quod videns Faustulus quidam, pastor illTus regionis, pueros sustulit et uxori Accae Laurentiae nutriendos dedit. Foundation of Rome, B. C. 753. 8. Sic Eomulus et Eemus pueritiam inter pastores transe- genint. Quum adolevissent et forte compcrissent quis ipso- rum avus, quae mater fuisset, A'mulium interfecerunt et Numitori avo regnum restituerunt. Turn urbem condiderunt in monte Aventino quam Eomulus a suo nomine Eomam vo- cavit. Haec quum moenibus circumdaretur, Eemus occisus est; dum fratrem irridens moenia transiliebat. How Romulus increased the Number of Citizens. 9. Eomulus, ut civium numerum augeret, asylum patefecit, ad quod multi ex civitatibus suis pulsi accurrerunt. Sed novae urbis civibus conjuges deerant. Festum itaque Neptuni et ludos instituit. Ad hos quum multi ex finitimis populis cum mulieribus et liberis venissent, Eomani inter ipsos ludos spectantes virgines rapuerunt. War with the Sabines. — Tarpeia. 10. Populi ilii^ quorum virgines raptae erant^ bellum ad- versus raptores susceperunt. Quum Eomae aj^propinquarent, forte in Tarpeiam virginem inciderunt, quae in arce sacra pro- FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 159 curabat. Hanc rogabant, ut viam in arcem monstraret, elque permiserunt, ut munus sibi posceret. Ilia petiit, ut sibi darent, quod in sinistris manibus gererent, anulos aureos et armillas signif Tcans. At hostes in arcem ab ea perducti scutts Tarpeiam obruemnt; nam et ea in sinistris manibus gere- bant. Treaty with the Sabines. 11. Tum Eomulus cum hoste, qui montem Tarpeium tene- bat^ pugnam conseruit in eo loco, ubi nunc forum Romanum est. In media caede raptae processerunt, et hinc patres hinc conjuges et soceros complectebantur, et rogabant, ut caedis finem facerent. Utrique his precibus commoti sunt. Eomulus foedus icit et Sabinos in urbem recepit. Institutions of Romulus. — His Death. 12. Postea civitatem descripsit. Centum senatores legit eosque quum ob aetatem tum ob reverentiam iis debitam patres appellavit. Plebera in triginta curias distribuit, casque rap- tarum nominibus nuncupavit. Anno regni tricesimo septimo, quum exercitum lustraret, inter tempestatem ortam reppiite oculis hominum subductus est. Hinc alii eum a senatoribus interfectum, alii ad deos sublatum esse existimaverunt. Reign of Numa Pompilius, B. C. 716 - 673. 13. Post Eomiili mortem unTus anni interregnum fuit. Quo elapso, Numa Pompilius Curibus, urbe in agro Sabinorum, natus rex creatus est. Hie vir bellum quidem nullum gessit ; nee minus tamen civitati profuit. Nam et leges dedit, et sacra plurima instituit, ut populi barbari et bellicosi mores moUiret. Omnia autem, quae faciebat, se nymphae Egeriae, 160 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. conjiigis su9e^ jussu facere dicebat. Morbo decessit^ quadra- gesimo tertio imperi anno. Keign of Tullus HostiUus, B. C. 673 - 641. 14. Numae successit Tullus Hostilius^ cujus avus se in bello adversus Sablnos fortem et strenuum virum praestiterat. Rex creatus bellum Albanis indixit, idque trigeminorum Hora- tiomm et Curiatiorum certamine finivit. Albam propter per- fidiam Metti Fufeti diruit. Quum triginta duobus annis regnasset^ fulinine ictus cum domo sua arsit. Beign of Ancus Marcius, B. C. 640-616. 15. Post liunc Ancus Marcius, Numae ex filia nepos, sus- cepit imperium. Hie vir aequitate et religione avo similis, Latinos bello domuit, urbem ampliavit, et nova ei raoenia cir- cumdedit. Carcerem primus aedificavit. Ad Tiberis ostia urbem condidit, Ostiamque vocavit. Vicesimo quarto anno imperi morbo obiit. Reign of Tarquinius Priscus, B. C. 616 - 578. 16. Deinde regnum Lucius Tarquinius Priscus accepit, Demarati filius, qui tjrannos patriae Corintlii fugiens in Etru- riam venerat. Ipse Tarquinius, qui nomen ab urbe Tarqmniis accepit, aliquando Eomam profectus erat. Advenienti aquila pileum abstulit, et, postquam alte evolaverat, reposuit. Hinc Tanaquil conjux, mulier auguriorum perita, regnum ei portendi intellexit. 17. Quum Eomse commoraretur, Anci regis familiaritatem consecutus est, qui eum filidrum suorum tutorem rellquit. Sed is pupillis regnum intercepit. Senatoribus, quos Eomiilus creaverat^ centum alios addidit, qui minorum gentium sunt FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 161 appellati. Plura bella feliciter gessit, nee paueos agros hostt- bas ademptos urbis territorio adjunxit. Primus triuiuplians urbem intravit. Cloacas fecit; Capitolium inchofivit. Tri- cesimo octavo imperi anno per Anci filios^ quibus regnum eripuerat^ occTsus est. Reign of Servius Tullius, B. C. 578 - 534. 18. Post Imnc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, genitus ex nobili femma, captiva tamen et famula. Quum iu domo Tarquini Prisci educaretur, flamma in ejus capTte visa est. Hoc prodigio Tanaquil ei summam dignitatem portendi intel- lexit, et conjugi persuasit, ut eum sicuti liberos suos edacaret. Quum adolevisset^ rex ei filiam in matrimonium dedit. 19. Quum Priscus Tarquinius occTsus esset, Tanaquil do superiore parte domus populum allocuta est, dicens ; regent grave quidem seel non leidle viilnus accepisse ; eum peih'e, ut populits, dum convaliiissefy Sewio Tiillio ohedlreL Sic Servius regnare coepit, sed bene imperium administravit. Montes tres urbi adjunxit. Primus omnium censum ordinavit. Sub co Eoma habuit octoginta tria milia civium Eomanorum cum his, qui in agris erant. 20. Hie rex interfectus est scelere filiae Tulliae et Tarquini Superbi, fili ejus regis, cui Servius successerat. Nam ab ipso Tarquinio de gradibus curiae dejectus, quum domum fugeret, interfectus est. Tullia in forum properavit, et prima conjiigem regem salutavit. Quum domum rediret, aurlgam super patris corpus in via jacens carpentum agere jussit. Reign of Tarquinius Superbus, the last king of Rome, B. C. 534-510. 21. Tarquinius Superbus cognomen mortbus meruit. Bello tamen strenuus plures finitimorum populorum vicit. Tern- 162 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. plum Jovis in Capitolio aedificavit. Postea, dum Ardeam oppugnabat, urbem Lati^ imperium perdidit. Nam quum filius ejus Lucretiae_, nobilissimae femmae^ conjugi Tarquini CoUatini^ vim fecisset^ haec se ipsam occidit in conspectu mariti, patris^ et amicorum, postquam eos obtestata fuerat, nt lianc injuriam ulciscerentur. 2^. Hanc ob causam L. Brutus^ Collatinns^ aliique nonnulli in exitium regis conjurarunt^ populoque persuaserunt, ut ei portas urbis clauderet. Exercitus quoque^ qui civitatem Ar- deam cum rege oppugnabat^ eum relTquit. Fugit itaque cum uxore et liberis suis. Ita Eomae septem reges regnaveruiit annos ducentos quadraginta ties. NOTES ON THE SELECTIONS FOR EEADING. The References are mainly to the Sections of this Book. I. FABLES. 1. ut — liberaret, see 136 and Ln. XXXVIII., Note 3. — corrosis plagis, hy gnaiving the nets; see 122. — quo, see 122 ; what is its ante- cedent ?— ostendit, what is its object ? — mali, see Ln. LXXXV., Note 9. — soleant, see 151 and Lx. XCII., Note 31. ^, lupo, see 132. — praetereunti (praeter and eo), see 126; translate the Participle by a Relative Clause. — inquit, see A. & G. 38, 2, & : A. & S. 183, 5 : B. Ill, c, 2 : B. & M. 444; G. 190 2: H. 297, II., 2. — reddit, see A. & G. 49, \ d\ A. & S. 209, Rem. 12, (2) : B. 287, a : B. & M. 64:4:', G. 281, Exception 1 : H. 463, I. S, explicans, sj^reading. — inquit, see note on inquit, Eable 2. — ali- quod, see 116, a. — quod, see 34 and 115. — contemnamus, see 136, — alia, majora, see Ln. LXXXV., Note 1. 4. laetum, abundant. — mihi, see 137, — est, what is its subject ? — dulcia, see Ln. LXXXV., Xote 1. — tutis, see 67, 5, boves, see A. & G. 11, III., 4, d, Note : A. & S. 83, II., Remark 1 ; 84, Exc. 1 : B. 138: B. & M. 123: G. 80: H. 66, — latrando, see 153 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 163 and 54, — quod — pat6ris, see 149» — cibo, see 54 and 104, — veils, see 125 and Ln. LXXXIX., Note 5. 6. occurrisset, see A. & G. 63, 2, 6 : A. & S. 263, 5, Rem. 2 : B. 304, Rule LXY.: B. & M. 1244: G. 581, II.: H. 518, II. — morerfitur, see 130. — necLuaquam, antea, what do they modify ? — obviam facta, having met; obviam is used with the Dative. — ausa est, see Ln. XCII., Note 31. 7. pascebantur, what does the Imperfect Tense denote ? see 36» — boves, see note on boves, Fable 5. — petiti, sc. sunt. — boni, see Ln. LXXXIIL, Note 1. — sit, see 151* 8. pelle, see 54, — indutus, having clothed himself. — esset, see A. & G. 61, 1: A. & S. 263, 2: G. 604: H. 506. — movet, see Ln. LXXXIL, Note 11. — unde, for vihich reason^ i. e. because his ears stuck out. — agnitus, from agnosco ; render as if it were agnitus est, and supply and. — dedit, suffered. — honoribus, see 79. 9. suspicari, see 69. — coepit, see 127. — illam, why in the Accusa- tive ? why Feminine ? — quod is here equivalent to id quod ; compare the English ivhatj equivalent to that ivhich. — solet, see Ln. XCII., Note 31. — majoribus, see 84 and 85, — divitiis, see 67. — minfires, what does it modify ? 10. duo, see 108 and Ln. LXXXY., Note 9. — accurrunt, see Ln. LXXXIL, Note 1. — laeti, joyfully ; see A. & G. 47, 6 : A. & S. 205, Rem. 15 : B. 270, h : B. & M. 663: G. 324, Remark 6 : H. 443.— prior, see note on laeti ; the comparative is used when two only are men- tioned. — conspexisset, see 149, — eo, see 104, 11. tubican, what is its derivation? see Gen. Vy. — inquit, see note on inquit. Fable 2. — interficite, see 47, — inermis, derivation ? see Gen. Vy. — propter hoc ipsum, for this very reason; what is the reason? — pugnandi, see 153 and 140, — sis, see 145, — soles, see Ln. XCII., Note 31. — esse puniendos, see 130, — eos, why in the Accusative? — irritent, see A. & G. 65, 2 : A. & S. 264, 1. {a.) : B. 301: B. & M. 1220, b: G. 633: H. 500, 2, last part 12. vulpes, see A. & G. 6, 4 : A. & S. 33: B. 118, IIL, Rem. 2: B. & M. 41: G. 20, 3 : H. 43, 3. — omnium — contentiOne, with all its might ; what is the literal translation ? for the Abl. contentifine, see 54. — si, (to see) lohethcr. — posset, see 151. — repertas, from reperio ; see 121. — tollerem, see 143 and A. & G. 60, 1, a: A. & S. 261, Rem. 4 : B. 305, third clause: G. 594, 2 : H. 503, 2, 1). — quae, see 34, — M, see 53, — desperent, see note on irritent. Fable 11. 13. quomodo, {to see) by what means. — sibi, see A. & G. 51, 2, ff, 8 : A. k S. 223: B. 239: B. & M. 836: G. 347 1 H. 385, 3. — cavfirent, 164 FIllST LESSONS IN LATIN. see 151, — aliis, see Ln. LXXXV., Note 1 and 122, — placuit, what is its subject ? — annecteretur, see A. & G. 70, 4, a : A. & S. 'ZG-Z, Rem. 3 : B. 301, KuLE LXll. : B. & M. 1222 : G. 558 : H. 495, 2. — sic — posse ; this Infinitive Clause depends upon some such expression as they thought, they said. — quaereretur, see note on occurrisset, Fable 6 ; what is the sub- ject of quaereretur ? — suadendo, see 153, — plurimos, see 85 and Ln. LXXXV., Note 9. 14, inhaeserat, from inhaereo. — mercede, see 146, — extrahat, see 136, — hoc, what was this that the crane accomplished ? — postularet, see note on occurrisset, Fable 6. — num, what answer is implied f See Ln. LXL, Note 1. — merces, see 64, — videtur, what is its subject ? — fauci- bus, how declined in the Singular ? in the Plural ? See Gen. Vy. n. STORIES PROM EARLY ROMAN HISTORY. 1, Janiculo, the Janiculum is a hill on the west side of the Tiber ; the seven hills are on the east side ; these are the Palatine, Cajntoline, Qiiiri' nal, Avcntine, Coelian, Usquiline, and Viminal. — earn Saturniam, see 58, — Italos, agriculturam, see 71» — primus — docuit, ivas the first who taught; see A. & G. 47, 6 : A. & S. 205, Rem. 15 : B. 271, Remark : B. & M. 663: G. 324, 7 : H. 442, 1. 2, in — regionibus ; what country is meant ? — sub, in tJie reign of, — Troja, Troy is said to have been destroyed in b. c. 1184. — hinc, from this place, i. e. from Troy. — Aeneae, Anchisae, how declined ? See A. & G. 9, 8: A. & S. 44: B. 125: B. & M. 52: G. 72: H. 50. — quibus, see 132, — Lavinium was situated about 16 miles south of Rome, three miles from the coast. S, Aeneae, see note on Aeneae in preceding section. — trans tulit, see 123, — Albam Longam, Alba Longa was about 16 miles southeast of Rome, situated on the western slope of the Alban Mount and overlooking the Alban Lake. — secutus est, succeeded. — genitus erat, from gigno. — ad Romam conditam, until the founding of Rome ; what is the literal trans- lation ? — Albae, see 106. 4, Jove, see 133 and A. & G. 11, III., 4, & : A. & S. 85: B. 138: B. & M. 123: H. 66, 3.— tonaret, see 128 and note on occurrisset, Fable 6. — multo, see 144, — tonitru, what case? why? — ictus, sc. est. — Alba- num Lacum, see note on Albam Longam in section 3. 5, minor natu = junior ; for natu, see 124, — vellet, see 125 and 151, reliquisset, see Ln. LXXXIX., Note 5. nnST LESSONS IN LATIN. 165 6. vestalem virginem, a vestal virgin was bound by a vow of chastity ; if she broke her vow she was buried alive. — licet, what is its subject? viro nubere, to marry ; for viro, see 132 ; what does nubgre mean ? pepSrit, from pario. — hoc, what was it that Amulius had found out ? 7. essent positi, see A. & G. 62, 2, e : A. & S. 263, 5 : B. 302, 1 : B. & M. 1251: G. 587: H. 518, I. — quod, what is its antecedent ? what did a certain Faustulus see ? — regionis, what region is meant ? — nutrien- dos, to he nourished y modifies pueros, and expresses the purpose of dedit. 8. adolevissent, from adolesco ; see note on occurrisset, Fable 6. — quis, see 64, — avus, sc. fuisset and see 151, — monte Aventlno, Mount Aventine, one of the seven hills of Rome. The best authorities agree that Rome was built at first on the Palatine, which hill stands a short distance northeast of the Aventine. 9. civibus, see A. & G. 51, Z, a-. A. & S. 226, Rem. 2 : B. 242, Rem. 3: B. & M. 820: H. 386, 2. — inter, in the midst o/. — ipsos, very, — spectantes, translate by a relative clause. 10. Romae, see 67. — in inciderunt, they came unexpectedly upon. — quod, see note on quod. Fable 9. — gererent, see Ln. LXXXIX., Note 5. — et ea, these also, i. e. as well as the rings and bracelets. 11. Montem Tarpeium, the Tarpeian mount; probably the Capitoline hill. — forum Romanum, the Roman Forum^ an open space in the valley between the Capitoline and Palatine, surrounded by temples and other buildings ; here the Roman people, the Populus EomanuSy met to transiict business. — media, 7nidst of. — raptae, sc. muli^res. — hino — hinc, here — the7'e. — utrique, who are meant ? — icit, compare the English expres- sion, strike a bargain ; the Romans were accustomed to offer a sacrifice to confirm a treaty, and hence this use of ico. 12. quum — turn, both — and. — raptarum, sc. muliSrum. — inter, in the midst of. — ortam, which had ariseii. — oculis, see 67. — hinc, i. e. by reason of the fact mentioned in the preceding sentence. — alii — alii, some — others. — interfectum, sc. esse. — sublatum esse from tollo. 13. quo, what is its antecedent ? — Curibus, see 106. — jussu, see 79. facere, what is its object ? — morbo decessit, i. e. Numa died a natural death, which has not always been the lot of kings ; with decessit supply de vita. 14. praestiterat, what does it govern ? see 58. — crefttus, see Ln. LXIII. and Examples. — Horatifirum. The Horatii fought for Rome, the Curiatii for Alba. The three Curiatii fell, but one of the Horatii survived ; this gave the victory to the Romans. — Metti Fuf6ti, see 17; for his treachery he was torn asunder by horses driven in opi>osite directions, and his city Alba razed to the ground. The inhabitants of Alba were removed 166 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. to Rome and located on the Coclian hill ; this was the origin of the Roman Plebs. — annis expresses duration of time ; what is the more usual con- struction ? see 93. — arsit, fr. ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsum, hum. 15, aequitate, see 124, — avo, see 86, — bello, see 54. — ei, see A. & G. 51, 1, c : A. & S. 349, Rem. 3 : B. 243, Rem. 3 : B. & M. 859: G. 348: H. 384, II., 1. — primus, see note on primus, section 1, — obiit, see 120 and note on morbo decessit, section 13, 16, deinde, i. e. after the death of Ancus Marcius. — qui refers to Demarati. — advenienti, sc. ei and see A. & G. 51, 2, c : A. & S. 224, Rem. 1 : B. 242, Rem. 3 : B. & M. 829: H. 386, 2. — abstiilit from aufgro, auferre, abstuli, ablatum, carry off; derived from ab aivay, off; and fero carry. — auguriorum, see 140, 17, Romae, see 106, — commoraretur, see note on occurrisset, Fable 6. — tutorem, as guardiani ; compare 58, — pupillis, see 67, — gentium modifies senatores understood. — plura, several; how declined? See Ln. LXXXIV., Note 11. — ademptos, from adimo primus, see note on primus, section 1, — Cloacas. The main sewer, known as the Cloaca Maxi- ma, and a branch running from the Forum are still in use. — Capitolium, tJie Capitol, signifies here the temple of Jupiter on the Cajiitoline. — per filios, at the instigatimi of the sons ; they hired assassins to murder liim : a filiis would signify that they killed him with their own hands. — quibus, see note on ei, section 16, IS, genitus, from gigno. — captiva, see 25, — domo, how declined ? See 97, — conjiigi, see 132 and Ex. 1. — educaret, see 136, 19, domus ; this stood on the Palatine. — regem — obediret ; change this to the Direct Discourse ; see 152, — eum refers to regem. — coepit, see 127, montes — adjunxit. The Palatine, Capitoline, Quirinal, and Aventine had been previously occupied. — milia, how declined ? see 108, — civium, see Ln. LXXXIIL, Note 1. 20, scelere, see 79, — filiae, see 25, — curiae. The senate-house stood near the Forum. — domum, see 105 ; how declined ? — prima, see note on primus, section 1, — regem, asking; compare 58, 21, cognomen, i. e. Superbus, the Proud. — moribus, see 79, — bello, see 111, — plures, how declined ? see note on plura, section 17, — populo- rum, see Lx. LXXXIIL, Note 1. — Templum. This temple had been begun by Tarquinius Priscus ; see section 17, — Jovis, how declined ? see note on Jove, section 4, — Lucretiae, see 39, — vim, how declined ? See Gex. Vy. — ut — ulciscerentur, see 136 and Ln. XXXYIIL, Note 3. 22, in, /or. ~ conjurarunt, see Ln. LXXV., Note 11. — populo, see 132, — ei, against him; see 39, — civitatem = urbem. — Ardea was situated about 18 miles south of Rome. GENERAL VOCABULARY. I. Latin-English. Numerals and Pronouns not given in this Vocabulary can be found in the Grammar. The References are to Sections of this book. The English words in small capitals are derived either directly or indirectly "from the Latin words under which they stand, or from the same Root. The parts in Parentheses give the derivation of the Latin words. For Ab- breviations see page xii. A., abbreviation of Aulus, a Ro- man praenomen. ab, a, prep. w. abl. from, mmy from ; hy : on the side of ab-duco, ducerg, duxi, ductum (ab away, duco lead), lead away. Abduct, abduction. ab-jicio, jicere, jeci, jectiim (ab aicay, doion ; jacio cast), cast away or down. Abject. abs-tineo, tinere, tinifi, tentiim (ab(s) from, teneo keep), keep from, ABSTAIN. Abstinence. ab-sum, esse, fui (ab away, sum he) he away, he absent, he distant. ac. See atque. Acca, ae, f., Acca Larentia^ the wife of Faustulus. ac-cedo, cedSrS, cessi, cesstim (ad towards, cedo go), go to- wards, draw near, approach; assault. Accede, accession. ac-cido, cidSrg, cidi (ad xipon, cado fall), fall upon, befall, happen. Accident. ac-cipio, cXpgrg, cepi, cepttlm (ad to one's self, capio take), receive, accept, take. ac-curro, currgrg, ctlcurri and curri, cursum (ad to, curro run), run to, hasten to. accuse, arg, avi, atiim (ad to, causa a laiosuit), accuse, blames censure. Accusation. ac^r, acr^, acr6, sharp. Acrid. 168 ACERBUS — AEquITJS acerbtts, a, um, sour. Acerbity. acies, aciei, f., edge; line, line of battle ; army in battle-array. See agmen. acriter, acrius, acerrime, adv. (acer sharp), sharply, fiercely, violently. ad, prep. w. ace. to, towards : for; near; w. numerals, about; w. names of towns, towards, in or into the vicinity of. ad-amo, are, avi, atum (ad de- noting a beginning, amo love), begin to love, acquire a liking for. ad-do, dere, didi, ditum (ad to, beside; do put), add. ad-duco, ducere, duxi, ductum (ad to, duco lead), lead to, lead; influence. ad-eo, ire, ii, itiim (ad to, eogo), go to. See 12 G. ad-imo, imere, emi, emptum (ad to one's self, emo take), take away. aditiis, us, m. (adeo go to), ap- proach, access. ad-jungo, jungerg, junxi, junc- tum (ad to, jungo join), join to, join. ad-miuistro, are, avi, atum (ad without additional force, ministro serve), administer, manage. Administration, ADMINISTRATOR. ad-mitto, mittere, misi, missum (ad to, milto let go), allow, ad- mit ; give the reins to ; equo admisso, at full speed. Ad- mission. ad-moneo, monere, monui, monitum (ad w. no percep- tible additional force, moneo admonish), ADMONISH, warn. Admonition. adolesce, adolescere, adolevi, adultum (adoleo cause to grow , up), grow, increase, grow up. Adult. ad-sum, ad-ess e, af-fui (ad near, sum be), be near, be present; assist. ad-venio, venire, veni, ventum (ad to, venio come), come to, arrive, come. Adventure. adventiis, us, m. (advenio come to), arrival, approach. Advent.. adversiis and adversum, prep, w. ace. towards, against. ad-verto, vertere, verti, ver- sum (ad towards, verto turn), turn towards; id animum ad- vertSre, to turn the mind to- icards it, to perceive it. Ad- vert. aedificium, i, n. (aedifico build), building, edifice. aedilico, are, avi, atum (aedes building for habitation, facie make), build. Edify, edifica- tion. Aedui, orum, m. pL, a tribe in Central Gaul. aeger, aegra, aegriim, sick. Aeneas, ae, m., a Trojan prince, son of Venus and Anchlses. aequitas, atis, f. (aequus fair, equitable), BqviTY, justice, mod- eration. JEqVUS — AMICUS 169 aequus, a, um, even, level; EQUAL ; like ; fail', equitable, aestas, atis, f., summer, aetas, atis, f., age, af-fero, af-ferre, at-tiili, al-lattim (ad to, fero bring), bring to, carnj to ; offer ; carry. af-ficio, ficere, feci, fectiim (ad ^0, facio do), AFFECT, injiaence; magno dolore affici, to be very grievously affected, ager, agri, m., field, land; country, territory. agger, aggeris, m., mound; mate- rials/or a mound. ag-gredior, gredi, gressiis sum (ad to, gradior go), go to, op- jiroacli ; go against, attack. Ag- GIIESSIOX, AGGRESSIVE. agmen, agminis, n. (ago put in inotion), ariny on the march, line of march ; [acies, army in battle array ; exercitus, a dis- ciplined army"] ; agmen novis- simum, the rear; primum agmen, the van, ag-nosco, noscere, novi, nitiim (ad denoting reference, (g)nos- co know), recognize ; know. ago, agere, egi, actum, put in motion : had, drive, conduct ; act, do, perform. Actiox, agent. agricultura, ae, f. (ager field, colo cultivate), agriculture. alacer, alacris, alacrg, lively, cheerful : eager, fierce. alacritas, atis, f. (alacer lively), liveliness, eagerness, zeal, Alac- RITY. Alba or Alba LongS, the mother city of Home, built by Ascanius. Albaniis, i, m., an Alban, an in- habitant of Alba, aliquando, adv. (aliquis some one), at some time, once^ for- merly. aliquis, indef. pron. [see lie, a], some one, somebody, something, some; anyone, anybody, anything^ any. alius, alia, aliiid [see 24"], others another, Allobroges, um, m. pi., a people in the southeastern part of Gaul. al-16quor, ISqui, 16cutiis siim (ad to, loquor speak), speak tOy address. alo, alere, alui, alitiim or al- tiim, nourish, feed, support, Alpes, Alpiiim, f. pi. the Alps. alte, altiiis, altissime (altus high, low), on high, highly ; loto, lowly. alter, altera, altgriim [see ;?4], one of two, the other, the second; alter — aligr, the one — the other. altitude, altitudinis, f. (altus high, deep), height ; depth ; alti- tude. altus, a, iim (alo nourish), high, lofty: deep. amicitia, ao, f. (amicus friendly), friendship. amicus, a, um (amo love), loving, friendly : amicus, i, m. friend. Amicable. 170 AMITTO — ARIOriSTUS a-mitto, mittere, misi, missum (ab away, mitto let go), lose. amplio, are, avi, atum (amplus of large extent), enlarge. ampliiis, adv. more, farther. Amuliiis, i, m., son of Silviiis Procas and brother of Numitor. an, adv. or. Anchises, ae, m., a Trojan, the father of Aeneas. Ancus Marcius, i, m., the fourth king of Rome. angustiae, arum, f. pi. (angus- tus narrow), narrow pans, defile; difficulty. anira-ad-verto, vertere, verti, versum (animus mind, adver- to turn towards), notice. Anim- advert, ANIMADVERSION. animal, animalis, n., animal. animus, i, m., mind, soul; dh^^posi- tion ; affection ; feeling, courage. [animus denotes the human . soul, including all its faculties, including mens; mens denotes the thinking, mental faculty.] an-necto, nectere, nexui, nex- iim (ad to, necto tie, fasten), tie to, fasten to. Annex. annus, i, m., year. Annual. ante, prep. w. ace, before; adv. hefare, previously. Ante in antecedent, etc. antea, adv. (ante before, ea that), before, previously. antiquiis, a, iim (ante before), ancient, old; of long continuance. Antique, antiquated. anulils, i, m., ring. Annular. Ap., abbreviation of Appius, a Roman pr^enomen. apertiis, a, iim (aperio uncover), uncovered, unprotected. ap-pello, are, avi, atiim (ad to, pello bring one's self to a per- son), address; name, call. Ap- peal, appellation. ap-propinquo, are, avi, atum (ad to, propinquo draw near), draw near to, approach. apiid, prep. w. ace, at, near, in pi'esence of, among. aqua, ae, f., icater. Aqueduct. aquiia, ae, f., eagle. Aquileia, ae, f., a town at the head of the Adriatic Sea. Aquitani, orum, m. pi., inhabi- tants of Aquitania. Aquitania, ae, f., the southwest- ern division of Gaul. Arar, Araris, ace. Ararim, m., the Saone [pronounced SOne'], a river in Gaul, tributary to the Rhone. arcesso, arcessere, arcessivi, arcessitum, invite, summon, arceo, arcere, arcui, drive away; ivard off, keep from; restrain. Ardea, ae, f., a city of Latium, capital of the Rutuli. arma, orum, n. pi., arms, iceap- ons. armilla, ae, f., bracelet or ring, worn on the left arm by sol- diers as a reward for valor. Ariovistus, i, m., a powerful German king in the time of Caesar. JRRIPIO — BELGAE 171 ar-ripio, ripere, ripui, reptum (ad upon., rapio seize), seize upon. arrogantia, ae, f. (arrogans as- Sliming) f haughtiness, insolence, ARROGANCE. Arverni, orum, m. pi., a people in the eastern part of Aqui- tania. arx, arcis, f., citadel, fortress, Ascanius, i, m., son of Aeneas. Asia, ae, f., Asia. asinus, i, in., an ass. as-sequor, sequi, secutus sum (ad with no perceptible addi- tional force, sequor follow), fol- low ; overtake ; obtain. asylum, i, n. asylum. at, conj. hut. at-tingo, tingere, tigi, tactum (ad against, tango touch), touch against, border upon; touch, reach. atque, ac, conj. (ad in addition, que and), and also, and. auctoritas, atis, f. (auctor pro- ducer), AUTHORITY, influence. audacia, ae, f. (audax bold), boldtiess, AUDACITY. audaciter or audacter, audaci- us, audacissime, adv. (audax bold), boldly, courageoushj. audax, gen. audacis (audeo dare), hold, daring, AUDACIOUS. audeo, audere, ausus sum [see Ln. XCIL, Note 31], dare, ven- ture. audio, ire, ivi, itiim, hear. Au- dit, AUDITOR, AUDIENCE. au-fugio, fiiggrg, fugi, fiigltiim (ab away, fugio Jlee), fee away, escape ; flee. augeo, augerg, auxi, auctiim, increase, augment. augiirium, i, n. (auguror fr. au- gur diviner), augury, divina- tion. aureus, a, iim (aurum gold), golden. auriga, ae, m. (aurea bridle, ago manage)^ charioteer. auris, auris, f. ear. Auri-cular. auriim, i, n., gold. aut, conj. or; aut — aut, either — or. autem, conj., hut, yet, moreover. auxilium, i, n. (augeo increase) , help, aid; pi. auxiliaries. Aventinus, i, m., the A ventine. aversiis, a, iim (averto turn aivay), turned away; avexsus hostis, a retreating enemy. a-verto, verterg, verti, versiim (ab away, verto turn), turn away, turn aside, avert. Aver- sion. avus, i, m., grandfather. barbSrtls, S, iim, foreign: xm- civilized; savage, rude, bar- barous. Barbarian. beatus, a, iim (beo bless), happy. Beatific. Belgae, ariim, m. pi., a powerful people dwelling in Northern Gaul. 17^ BELLICOSUS— CJSSIUS belHcosiis, a, iim, icarllke, bello, are, avi, atum (bellum ?mr), carry on war, bellum i, n., war, bene, adv., well^ finely, benef icium, i, n., kindness, bene- fit. Beneficial. benigne, adv. (benignus kind), kindly ; benignly. Benign, BENIGNANT. bestia, ae, f., beast. Bibracte, is, n., the chief town of the Aedui. biennium, i, n. (bis twice, annus year), two years. Biennial. Boil, oriim, ra. pi., the Boii [pro- nounced Bb-yl], a nomadic peo- ple dwelling chiefly in Gaul, Italy, and Germany. b6nus, a, iim, good, friendly ; b6- niim, i, n. a good thing, an ad- vantage; b5na, orum, n. pi., goods, an estate, bos, bovis, m. and f., ox, coiv, brSvis, brSve, short, brief. Brutus, i, m. (brutus stupid), L, Junius Brutus, the deliverer of Rome from regal dominion. C, abbreviation of Caiiis [pro- nounced Ca-yus^, a Roman praenomen. caedes, caedis, f. (caedo kill), murder, slaughter, carnage, caedo, caedere, cecidi, cae- siim, cut, cut down; kill, mur- der, -cide in parri-cide, matri-cide, etc. Caesar, Caesaris,m., Caius Julius Caesar, a distinguished Roman general, orator, statesman, and author. Caius Valerius Procillus, a dis- tinguished Gaul, friend of Cae- sar. calamitas, atis, f., calamity, disaster, misfortune. campiis, i, m., plain, field ; Cam- pus, the Campus Martius, a grassy plain just outside the walls of Rome on which the people assembled for elections, military drills, and games. canis, canis, m. and f., dog. capio, caper e, cepi, captiim, take, capture. Capitolium, i, n. (caput head), THE Capitol, the temple of Ju- piter on the Capitoline hill at Rome; the Capitoline hill, in- cluding both temple and cifadel. capra, ae, f., a she- goat, captiviis, a, um (capio capture), captive; captiviis, i, m., a captive, a prisoner, capiit, capitis, n., head. Oc- ciput. career, carceris, m., prison, In- carcer-ate. careo, carere, carui, caritiim, he icithout, lack. carpentlim, i, n., chariot. carrus, i, m., cart, wagon. carus, a, um, dear, helored. Cassiiis, i, m., a Roman name. CASTELLUM— COGITO 178 castelliim, i, n. (castrum aforti- Jied place), castl,k, fort, strong- hold. Casticiis, i, m., a chief of the Sequani. castrum, i, n., fort, castle; pi. camp, causa, ae, f., cause, reason, mo- tioe; causa, for the sake of, when following a Genitive ; causam dicere, to plead one's cause. caveo, cavere, cavi, cautiim, he on one's guard. Cautious. eeler, celeris, celere (cello im- pel), swift, speedy. Celerity. celeriter, celerius, celerrime, adv. (celer swift), swiftly, quick- ly, immediately, celo, are, avi, atum, conceal, hide. census, us, m. (censeo assess, register), census. Centrones, iim, m. pi., a tribe in Southeastern Gaul. centum, num. adj. indecl., hun- dred. certamen, certaminis, n. (certo contend), contest; battle. certiis, a, iim (cemo determine), CERTAIN, sure ; Caesarem certiorem facere, to inform Caesar. ceteri, ae, a, adj. pi., the rest. cibiis, i, m.,food, cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctiim, surround, encircle. Cincture. circiter, adv. (circus circle), about, near. circiim, prep. w. ace. (circus circle), around; near, in the en' virons of Circum- is a prefix in many English words; e. g. CIRCUM-FERENCE, CIRCUM- NAVIGATE. circum-do, darg, dgdi, dStiim (circum around, do put), put around, surround, circum-vgnio, venirg, veni, ventiim (circum around, ve- nio come), come around^ sur^ round; circumvent. citerior, citeriiis [see 85], hither. citra, prep. w. ace, this side of. civis, civis, m. and f., citizen. Civil. civitas, atis, f. (civis citizen), a body of citizens, a state; citizen- ship. clariis, a, iim, clear ; famous. claudo, clauderg, clausi, clau- siim, close ^ enclose, shut; agmen claudere, to bring up the rear, In-clude, ex-clude. cliens, clientis, m. and f., (clu- ens fr. clueo hear), client, vassal. clipeus or clypeiis, i, m., shield. cloaca, ae, f., drain, sewer; Clo- aca maxima, the great sewer in Rome, constructed by Tar- quinius Priscus. coepi, coepissg [see i;87], have begun, began. cogito, arg, avi, atiim (cum de- noting completeness, agito wei(/h in the mind), consider^ reflect upon. Cogitate. 174 COGNOMEN— COIBIUNIO cognomen, cognominis, n. (cum denoting similarity, (g)nomen name), a surname. co-gnosco, gnoscere, gnovi, gnitum (cum denoting com- pleteness, (g)nosco know), know completely; find out, ascertain, learn, discover. Cognitiox. cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum (cum together, ago drive), drive or lead together, collect ; compel. Cogent. cohors, cohortis, f ., cohort, the tenth part of a legion. co-hortor, ari, atiis sum (cum intensive, hortor urge), exhort, encourage. Collatiniis, i, m., cognomen of L. Tarquinius. collis, coUis, m., a hill. col-16co, are, avi, atum (cum denoting completeness, loco place), lay, put, place; nuptum — coUocare, to give in mar- riage. Collocate, colloca- tion. coll6quium, i, n. (colloquor speak together), conference, inter- view. Colloquy. col-16quor, 16 qui, 16cutus siim (cum with, loquor speak), speak with, hold a conference. coUum, i, n., neck. colo, colere, colui, cultum, dwell : till, cultivate ; ho7ior. com-buro, burere, bussi, bus- tiim (cum denoting complete- ness, (b)uro burn), burn up. Combustion. comitium, i, n. (cum together, eo go), the comitium, a place where the Romans assembled to vote. commeatus, us, m. (commeo come and go), supplies, provi- sions. com-memoro, are, avi, atum (cum intensive, memoro remind of), call to mind; relate. Com- memoration. com-meo, are, avi, atiim (cum denoting frequency, meo go), come and go, resort; ad Bel- gas commeare, to visit the Bel- gae. com-mitto, mittere, misi, mis- sum (cum tog ether, ^juitio cause to go), join; begin; commit. Commission. commode, adv. (commodus advantageous), advantageously^ fitly, conveniently; satis com- m5de, conveniently enough, with sufficient ease. commodus, a, um (cum denot- ing completeness, modus meas- ure), advantageous, suitable, fit. Commodious. com-m5ror, ari, atiis siim (cum denoting completeness, moror tarry), stop ; reside, stay at ; re- main. com-moveo, mbvere, movi, motiim (cum intensive, moveo move), move, affect, excite, dis- turb, stir up, induce. Commo- tion. com-miinio, miinire, miinivi and miinii, miinitum (cum C03t MUNIS ~ CONOR 175 denoting completeness^ munio forlifij)^ fortify on all sides. communis, commune (cum to- gether, munis serving), com- mon. com-paro, are, avi, atum (cum intensive, 'psiro prepare), prepare with zeal, make ready. com-perio, perire, pSri, per- tum, leai^n, discover. com-plector, plecti, plexus sum (cum with, plector en- ticine one's self), embrace. complures, complura (rarely compluria), gen. compluri- um, adj. pi. (cum together, plu- res several) ^several together, very many. com-porto, are, avi, atiim (cum together, porto bring), bring to- gether, collect. Comport. conatum, i, n. (conor to attempt), an attempt. con-cedo, cedere, cessi, cessiim (cum denoting completeness, ce- de yield), grant; concede. Concession. concilio, are, avi, atiim (con- cilium a calling together), bring together; ivin, conciliate. concilium, i, n. (cum together, calo call), council, assembly. Concordia, ae, f. (concors fr. cum denoting similarity, cor heart), concord, harmony. con-curro, currere, cucurri and curri, cursiim (cum together, curro run), rush together; has- ten. Concurrent. conditio, conditionts, f. (condo put together), cOxNDition. condo, condgrg, condidi, con- ditum (cum together, do jnit), found, build. con-duco, ducgrg, duxi, duc- tum (cum together, duco lead), lead together, collect ; hire; con- duce. con-fero, ferrg, tuli, col-latfim (cum together, fero bring), bring together, collect; put off; con- fer; se conferre, to betake 07ie's self. Conference, col- late, collation. con-ficio, ficerg, feci, fectiim (cum denoting completeness, fa- cio make), execute, accomplish, finish. Confection. con-firmo, are, avi, atum (cum denoting completeness, Annus firm), establish, strengthen, con- firm; encourage; assert. Con- firmation. con-jicio, jicerS, jeci, jecttim (cum intensive, jacio throw), hurl. Conjecture. conjuratio, conjurationis, f. (conjuro swear together), con- spiracy. con-juro, arg, avi, atiim (cum together, jure swear), swear to- gether; conspire. Conjure. conjux, conjiigis, ni. and f. (conjungo fr. cum together, jungo join), spouse, husband, wife. Conor, ari, atils siim, attempt, try. Conative. 176 CONSCIUS— CONTRA consciiis, a, um (cum withj scio knoiv), CONSCIOUS. con-sensus, us, m. (consentio think together) J agreement, con- sent. con-sequor, sequi, secutus sum (cum denoting completeness^ se- quoT folio w), follow after, folio iv; gain: obtain. Consequent. con-sero, serere, serui, sertum (cum together, sero join), join together, Join; pugnam con- serere, to join battle, to fight. Considiiis, i, m., Publius Consi- dins, an officer in Caesar*s army. con-sido, sidere, sedi, sessiiin (cum together, side sit down), sit down together, encamp. consilium, i, n., deliberation, counsel, plan, design. con-sisto, sistere, stiti, stitum (cum denoting completeness, sisto place one's self), take a stand; keep a position; halt. Consist, consistent. con-solor, ari, atiis sum (cum intensive, soloT comfort), comfort greatly, console ; encourage, cheer. conspectus, us, m. (conspicio look at), sight^ view, presence. con-spicio, spicere, spexi, spec- ttim (cum denoting complete- ness, specie look), behold, see. conspicor, ari, atiis sum (con- spicio), behold, see. constantia, ae, f. (constans standing firm), firmness, stead- fastness, constancy. con-stituo, stituere, stitui, sti- tutum (cum denoting complete- ness, statue cause to stand), re- solve, determine; establish, station. Constitute, constituent. consuesco, consuescere, con- suevi, consuetum, become ac- customed, be wont. consiil, consillis, m. (akin to censule consult), consul; one of the two chief magistrates at Rome, chosen annually. con-siimo, siimere, sumpsi, sumptiim (cum denoting com- ple'eness, sumo take), consume, icaste, destroy. Consumption. con-temno, temnere, tempsi, temptum, despise, contemn. Contempt. con-tendo, tenders, tendi, ten- tiim (cum denoting complete- ness, tendo stretch), hasten, march in haste; contend, dispute, fight; w. inf. proceed, set out eagerly. contentio, contention's, f . (con- tendo contend), contention, strife. con-tineo, tmere, tinui, tentiim (cum together, teneo hold), hold together; encompass, hem in, bound ; occupy, restrain. Con- tent, continent. continenter, adv. (continens hanging together), continually, icithout cessation. con-tingo, tingere, tigi, tactum (cum denoting completeness, tange touch), touch on all sides ; touch, border upon. Contact. contra, prep. w. ace, against. CONWMELIA — CUSTOS 177 contumelia, ae,f. (cum intensive, tumeo swell), insult, abuse; dis- c/race. Contumely. con-valesco, valescere, valui (cum denoting coynpleteness, va- lesco grow ^strong), regain health, recover. Convalescent. con-venio, venire, veni, ven- tiim (cum together, yenio come), come together, assemble; con- vene. Convention. conventus, us, m. (convenio come together), court ; conven- tum agere, to hold a court, con-verto, vertere, verti, ver- sum (cum denoting complete- ness, verto turn), turn about, change; in fugam convertere, to put to flight. Convert, con- version. con-v6co, are, avi, atum (cum together, voce call), call together, summon, convoke. Convoca- tion. copia, ae, f. (cum denoting com- pleteness, ops means of any kind), plenty, abundance, supply ; num- ber ; ^\., forces, troops; liches. copiosus, a, urn (copia ple7ity, osus full of), wealthy, well-sup- plied ; COPIOUS. coram, prep. w. abl., in the pres- ence of; before: adv., openly. Corinthus, i, f., Corinth, a city in Greece. corpus, corporis, n., body; CORPSE. cornu, us, n., horn; loing, flank of an army. cor-rodo, rodgrS, rosi, rostim (cum denoting completeness, ro- do gnaw), gnaw to pieces, gnaw; CORRODE. Crassus, M. Licinius Crassus, a celebrated Roman. crgmo, arg, avi, atiim, burn. Cremation. creo, are, avi, atum, create, elect, choose, appoint. Crea- tion. crus, cruris, n., leg, cultus, lis, m. (cole cultivate), CULTURE. cum, prep.w.abl.,ut7^, togethermih, cupiditas, atis, f. (cupidus de- si?^ous), desire, ivish, longing; eagerness, enthsuiasm; cupid- ity. cupidus, a, um, (cupio desire), desirous, fond. cupio, cupere, ctipivi and ciipii, cupittim, desire, ciir, interrog. adv., whyf where- fore ? ciir a, ae, f. (quaere seek), care. Cures, Curium, f. pi, chief towa of the Sabines. curia, ae, f., curia or tvard; senate- house. Curiatii, oriim, m. pi., the name of an Alban tribe. Three brotli- ers belonging to this tribe fought with the Horatii. euro, ar6, avi, atiim (cura core), care for, attend to, cause some- thing to be done. Curate. custos.custodis, m. and f., guards watch. Custodian. 178 DJ3IN0 — BESTITUO damno, are, avi, atum (dam- num jye?ia%), CONDEMN. de, prep. w. abl., down from^ from ; of; abouty concerning : for, dea, ae, f. [see 11], goddess. debeo, ere, ui, itum (de from, habeo hare), owe. de-cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum (de away, cedo go), go away, depart, retire. de-certo, are, avi, atum (de intensive, certo contend), fght, contend. decimiis, a, um (decem ten), tenth. de-cipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum (de intensice, capio ensnare), DECEIVE. Deception. declare, are, avi, atiini, show, declare. de-duco, ducere, duxi, ductiim (de down, away, duco lead), lead down or away, withdraw, lead. Deduce, deduct, etc. de-fatigo, are, avi, atum (de denoting completeness, fatigo weary) , weary completely, fatigue. de-fendo, fend^re, fendi, fen- Siim, DEFEND. deformitas, atis, f., deformity, ugliness. deinde, adv., then, after that. de-jicio, jicere, jeci, jectum (de down, jacio throw), throw or cast down. Dejection. delectus, a, um (deligo choose), chosen. deleo, delere, delevi, deletum destroy. Deleterious. de-libero, are, avi, atum (de denoting completeness, libro iceigh in one's mind), weigh well in mind, deliberate. Delib- eration. de-ligo, ligere, legi, lectum (de apart, lego gather), select, choose, Demaratiis, i, m., a Corinthian, father of Tarquinius Priscus. de-mitto, mittere, misi, mis- stim (de doivn, mitto let go), let go down; capite demisso, with bowed head. de-monstro, arS, avi, atum (de intensive, monstro shoio)^ point out, show, demonstrate; de- clare. Demonstration. deni, ae, a, num. adj. pi., ten each, deniquS, adv., at last, finally. dens, dentis, m., tooth. Dental. de-p6no, ponere, pbsui, p5si- tiim (de down, pono put), put down, lay aside, get rid of. De- posit, deponent. de-scendo, scendere, scendi, scensiim (de down, scando go), DESCEND. de-scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptiim, describe ; divide. Description. de-signo, are, avi, atum (de intensive, signo mark), desig- nate, describe, mean. de-spero, are, avi, atum (de denoting negation, spero hope) despair. Desperation. de-stituo, stituere, stitui, stitii- DESVM — BOMUS 179 turn (de aicay, statuo put), forsake, abandon. Destitute, DESTITUTION. de-siim, de-esse, de-fui (de away, sum he), he wanting, deterior, deteriiis [see 85'], ivorse. detrimentum, i, n. (detero fr. de away, tero ruh), loss ; dam- age, injury ; detriment. Det- rimental. deiis, i, m. [see 20], god; deity. de-veho, vehere, vexi, vectiim (de away, veho carry), carry away, hring. de-v6ro, are, avi, atiim (de down, voro swallow), devour, eat up. dexter, dextra, dextriim, right ; dextra (so. manu hand), on the right. Dexterous. dico, dicere, dixi, dictum, say, tell, speak ; appoint ; call, name ; causam dicere, to plead one's cause. Dictum. dies, diei, m., day. dif-fero, dif-ferre, dis-tuli, di- latiim (dis in different direc- tions, fero carry), carry different ways ; put off; differ. difficilis, e (dis negative, facilis easy), difficult; impractica- hle. dignitas, atis, f. (dignus worthy), dignity, rank; honor, office. digniis, a, iim, icorthy. Dignify. di-mitto, mittere, misi, missum (dis hither and thither^ mitto send), dismiss. di-ruo, rugrg, rui, ruttlra (dis asunder, ruo hurl down), destroy; overthrow; raze. dis, m. and f.; dite, n.; gen. ditis [ditiSr, ditissimiis], rich. dis-cedo, cedere, cessi, cessttm (dis away, cedo go), go away, depart, leave. dissidiiim, i, n. (dissideo fr. dis apart, sedeo sit), dissension. dis-tribuo, tribugrg, tribui, trl- butum (dis among several, tri- buo give), distribute, divide. ditio, ditionis, f ., dominion, poiver. dill, diutiiis, diiitissime, adv., a long time. dives, gen. divitis, adj., rich, Divico, onis, m., a distinguished man among the Helvetii. di-vido, vidgrg, vidi, visum (dis asunder, root vid separate), divide; separate. Division. Divitiacus, i, m., a chief of the Aedui. divitiae, ariim, f. pi. (dives rich), riches, ivealth. do, dare, dedi, datiim, give. doceo, dbcere, dbcui, doctiim teach, instruct; infonn. Doc- tor. d616r, dSloris, m. (doleo feel pain), grief, sorrow, trouble. Dolorous. dSltis, i, m., fraud, deceit, strata- gem. d6mo, arg, d6mui, dbmltiim, subdue, conquer. d5mtis, lis and i [see ©7], house: dbmi, at home; ddmiUn, /tome, *^'of mn' 180 DUBITATIO — ETIA3I homeward; d6mo, from home. Dome. diibitatio, onis, f. (dublto waver in opinion), doubt, hesitation. diibius, a, um, doubtful. Dubi- ous. diicenti, ae, a, num. adj. pi. (duo twOf centum hundred), two hun- dred, duco, ducere, duxi, ductiim, lead, draw; suppose, consider; put off. Duct, aqueduct. dulcis, dulcS, sweet, pleasant. Dulcet. dum, conj.j while, as long as; un- til. Dumnbrix, Dumnbrigis, m., one of the Aedui. du6, ae, 6, num. adj. [see i08'\, two. dux, diicis, m. and f., leader, guide; commander, general. E. ediico, are, avi, atum (educo bring up a child), educate. Educatiox. e-duoo, ducere, duxi, ductum (ex out, duco lead), lead out, lead forth. Educe, eductiox. efEemino, are, avi, atum (ex denoting change of nature, fe- mina woman), enervate. Ef- feminate. ef-ficio, ficere, feci, fectum (ex out, facio make), effect, accomplish. ef-fundo, fundere, fudi, fusiiui (ex out, fundo pour), pour out^ ocerfow. Effusiox. Egeria, ae, f., a nymph, celebrated in Roman mythology as the wife and instructress of Numa. ego, pers. pron. [see 112'], I. e-gredior, gredi, gressus sum (ex out, gradior go), go out, depart. Egress. e-labor, labi, lapsus sum (ex out, labor slip), glide away, escape. Elapse. e-mineo, minere, minui (ex out, mineo jut), rise above ; appear. Eminent. emo, emere, emi, emptiim, buy, purchase. e-nuncio, arg, avi, atiim (ex out o/ a place, nuncio carry a report), divulge, report. eo, ire, ivi, itiim [see 126], go. eo, adv., to that place, thither, there ; eo — quo, the — the. gques, equitis, m. (equus horse, eo go), rider, horseman; cavalry- man ; pL, cavalry. equester, tris, trg (eques horse- man), of horsemen, of cavalry. Equestrian. equitatus, us, m. (equito to be a horseman), cavalry. equiis, i, m., horse. e-ripio, ripgrg, ripui, reptum (ex out, rapio tear), tear out or from, take from. St, conj., and, even; gt — et, both — and. gtiam, conj. (et-jam), and also, also, even. ETSI — FACVLTAS 181 et-si, conj., even if^ although. Etruria, ae,f., a country of Italy, modern Tuscany. e-verto, vertere, verti, versiim (ex out, verto turn), turn out; overturn, destroy. e-v61o, are, avi, atiim (ex out, volofly), fly out, fly away. ex, e, prep. w. abl. [see Ln. IV., Vy., 1], out of, from among; from; of exempliim, i, n. (eximo fr. ex out, emo take)^ Example. ex-eo, ire, ii, itiini (ex o^it, eo go), go out, go forth, depart; pass., he gone. exercitatio, onis, f. (exercito to exercise), practice. exercitiis, us, m. (exerceo exer- cise), army. See agmen. ex-igo, igere, egi, actum (ex out, ago drive), drive out, lead out, spend; aestas exacta est, the summer is gone. Exac- tion. existimo, are, avi, atiim, think, suppose; believe, imagine. exitiiim, i, n. (exeo go out), de- struction, ruin. ex-oro, are, avi, atum (ex eflectually, oro entreat), move by entreaty ; obtain by entreaty. expgditus, a, iim (expedio fr. ex away from, pes foot), unin- cumbered, passable. Expp:diti- ous. ex-plico, are, avi, atum (ex out, plico fold), unfold, explain, spread. Explication. exploratSr, orfe, m. (explore explore), spy, scout. ex-pugno, are, avi, atiim (ex effectualhj, pngnoflght), take by assault; storm, capture. ex-specto, ar6, avi, attlm (ex very much, specto look for), EXPECT, long for; wait. Ex- pectation. extra, prep. w. ace, without, beyond. ex-traho, traherg, trasd, trac- tiim (ex out, traho draw), dram out, extract. Extraction. extremiis, a, iim [see S5], fur- thermost, most distant, extreme. ex-iiro, urgrS, ussi, ustiim (ex entirely, uro burn), burn up. P. fabiila, ae, f. (fari to speak), skyry, fable. facilS, faciliiis, facillime, adv. (facilis easij), easily, readily, without difficulty. facilXs, facilg (facie do, ills de- noting capability), easy, practi- cable. Facile. facio, facerg, feci, factiim, do, make ; incite, furnish ; iter fa- cgre, to march, to journey. factio, factionis, f. (facio take part with one), faction, politi- cal party. factiim, i, n. (facio do), deed, act, facultas, atls, f. (facilis which see), ability, opportunity. Fac- ulty. 182 FAMILIA — FRATER familia, ae, f. (famulus servant), household, family. familiaritas, atis, f. (familiaris intimate), intimacy, friendship, FAMILIARITY. famiila, ae, f., maldj maid-ser- vant. fauce, abl., f. sing., throat; fau- ces, fauciiiin, f. pi., throat. Fausttiliis, i, m., the shepherd by whom Romulus and Remus were brought up. faveo, favere, favi, fautum, fa- vor, show favor. feles and felis, felis, f., cat. Feline. feliciter, adv. (felix happy), hap- pily, successfully, felix, gen. felicis, adj. (feo pro- duce), happy, fortunate. Fe- licitous. femina, ae, £., female^ woman. Feminine. fSre, adv., almost, nearly, fgro, ferrg, tiili, latilin, bear, bring, carry; endure. fSrus, a, um, wild, uncultivated; fgrS, ae, f., wild beast. ferriim, i, n., iron ; sword. festtim, i, n., feast. fides, fidgi, f. (Mo trust), faith, confidence ; pledge, promise ; protection. Fidelity. filia, ae, f. [see 11], daughter, filiiis, i, m., son. finio, finirg, finivi, finitiini (finis end), end, finish. finis, finis, m., end, limit, boun- dary ; pi., territory. Final. finitimiis, a, iim (finis boun- dary), neighboring; finitimi, ortim, m. pi., neighbors. fio, fieri, factiis siim [see 126], be made; become; occur, hap- pen. firmiter, adv. (finnus^rm),/rm- ly, securely. flagito, arS, avi, atiim, demand. flamma, ae, f., flame. fleo, flere, flevi, fletiim, weep, flens, gen. flentis, weeping. flos, floris, m., flower. Floral. fliimgn, fliiminis, n. (fluo flow), river, fluo, fluSrg, fluxi, fluxtim, flow. Fluent, fluency. f5dio, f5dgrg, fossi, fossum, dig. Fossil. foediis, foederis, n., league^ treaty. Federal. formido, formidinis, £., fear, terror. form5sitas, atis, £., beauty, fortassS, adv. (fors chance), per- haps. fortg, adv. (fors chance), acci- dentally, by chance, fortis, forts, brave, bold, coura- geous, valiant ; strong. fortitSr, forties, fortissime, adv. (fortis brave), bravely, valiantly. fortuna, ae, f., fortune. fSriini, i, n., market-place; fo- rum ; court of justice. fossa, ae, f. (fodio dig), ditch, trench. fratgr, fratris, m., brother. Fra- ternal. FRIGUS—GRVS 183 frigtis, frigbris, n., cold, frost. frumentariiis, a, iim (frumen- tum corn), of corn ; res f ru- in entaria, supplies. frumentum, i, n., corn, grain. fruor, frui, fructiis stim, enjoy [see J04]. fuga, ae, L, flight. fugio, fiigere, fugi, m^it^m, flee; escape. Fugitive. fulmgn, fulminis, n. (fulgeo flash), thunder-holt, lightning. Fulminate. funiis, fungris, n., funeral proces- sion, burial, funeral. G. Gabinitis, i, m., Aulus Gahinius, a Roman consul. Gallia, ae, f., Gaul; it embraced modern France, Belgium, that part of the Netherlands south of the Rhine, the provinces of Germany west of the Rhine, and a large part of Switzer- land; all this was known as Gallia ulterior, farther Gaul, and as Gallia transalpina, Gaul across the Alps, i. e. from Rome : the northern part of modern Italy was known as Gallia citerior, hither Gaul, and as Gallia cisalpma, Gaul this side the Alps, i. e. towards Rome. gallina, ae, f., hen. Galliis, i, m., a Gaul. GarumnS, ae, f., a river of Gaul, the Garonne. ggminiis, a, iim, double ; gemlui filii, Vwin-sons. ggngr, ggngri, m., son-in-law. Geneva, ae, f., a town of the Al- lobroges, on Lake Lemannus, modern Geneva. gens, gentXs, f. (gigno beget), nation, tribe. Gentile. ggniis, ggngris, n., birth, kind, race, Germani, orum, m. pi., the Germans. ggro, gergrg, gessi, gestiim, bear, carry; carry on, wage; pass. happen, take place. gigno, gigngrg, gSnui, ggnitiim, beget ; bear ; pass., be born. gloria, ae, f., glory, renown. glorior, ari, attis stlm (gloria glory), boast, GLORY. grSdiis, lis, m. (gradior to step), step, stair. Grade. Graeciis, S, tlm, Grecian, Greek. gratia, ae, f. (gratus beloved, dear), favor; influence, popu- larity ; GRACE ; pi., thanks. gratiilor, ari, atiis siim, con- gratulate. gravis, gravg, heavy, burden- some; grievous, painful, se- vere. Grief. gravitgr, gravitis, grSvissIme, adv. (gravis heavy), heavily; grievously, severely. grus, gruls, m. atd f., crane (a bird). 184 HABEO — IMPEDIMENWM H. hibeo, erS, ui, ittim, have, hold; regard^ consider ; deliver. Harudes, um, m. pL, a people of Southern Germany. hast^ ae, f., spear, lance. haud, adv., not at all, by no means. haediis and hoediis, i, m., kid, a young goat. Helvetii, oriim, m. pL, an an- cient people occupying a large part of the country now called Switzerland. Helvetiiis, §., um, of tlie Helvetii. herbidus, ^ um (herba grass), grassy. hibernS, orum, n. pi. (hiems winter), winter-quarters; [prop- erly an adjective with castra understood.] Hibernate. hic, haec, hoc, this; pL, these [see il5]. hic, adv. (hic this), here, in this place. hiemo, are, avi, atum (hiems winter), pass the icinter. hinc, adv. (hic this), lyence, from this place. Hispani^ ae, f., Spain. hSdie, adv. (contracted fr. hoc and die, on this day), to-day. h6m6, hbminis, m. and f., human being^ person, man. [See Ln. XXV., Note 1.] hSnor, hbnoris, m., honor. horS, ae, f., hour. Horatii, orum, m. pi., three Ro- man brothers who fought against the Curiatii. hortor, ari, atiis siim, exhort, urge. Hortatory. hospitium, i, n. (hospes guest), hospitality. Hospital, hos- pitable. hostis, hostis, m. and f., enemy, public enemy; [inim.icus is a personal enemy."] Hostile. hue, adv. (hic this), hither, to this place. humanitas, atis, f. (humanus of or belonging to man), humani- ty, refinement, culture. I. ibi, adv. (is), there, in that place; then. ico, icerS, ici, ictiim, strike; foedus icgre, to ratify or make a treaty. Ictus. idem, e^dem, idem (is and dem. suffix dem), the same [see 113], idoneiis, a, um^fit, suitable. igitur, conj., therefore. ignis, is, m., fire. ille, ilia, illiid, that, he; pi., thoae, immeritiis, S, iim (in negative, meritus deserving)^ not deserv- ing : not deserved. immortalis, immortale (in neg- ative, mortalis mortal), immor- tal. immortalitas, atis, f. (immorta- lis immortal), immortality. impedimentiim, T, n. (impedio fr. in in the way of, pedes /eei), niPENLEO ^ INLULGEO 185 hindrance; pL, baggage of an army, including beasts of bur- den and their drivers; [sar- cinae are packs carried by the soldiers.] Ijmpediment. im-pendeo, pendere, no perf. nor sup. (in over, pendeo hang), overhang; impend. imperator, oris, m. (impero command), commander-in-chief, general. imperitiis, S, um (in negative, peritus skilled), unskilled, in- experienced. imperifim, i, n. (impero com- mand), command; government; EMPIRE, supreme power. impero, arg, avi, atiim (in upon, paro put), give orders, order; command; rule. impetus, us, m., attack, assault. Impetus. im-ploro, arg, avi, atiim, beseech, entreat, implore. im-p6no, pongrS, posuT, p6si- tiim (in upon, pono place), place upon ; levy upon. Impose, IMPOSITION. im-porto, arg, avT, atiim (in into, porto bring), bring into, IMPORT. in, prep. w. ace and abl. ; w. ace, into, to, towards, against; w. abl., in, on^ upon, among. inanis, inanS, empty; vain, in- effectual. incendo, incendSrS, incendi, incensiim, set on Jire, burn. Incendiary. inchoo, arg, avi, 5ttim, begin. , in-cido, cidgrg, cidi (in into, cado fall), fall into or upon; chance to meet with. Lncidlnt, incidental. in-cito, arg, avi. attim (in with- out additional force, cito put in quick motion), instigate, en- courage; incite. in-c61o, c61gre, c61uT, cultiim (in in, colo dwell), inhubUy dwell. incoliimis, g, unhurt, safe. incommbdiim, i, (incommodus fr. in negative, commodus con- venient), inconvenience, misfor- tune^ defeat. incredibilis, g (in negative, credo believe, bilis denoting capabil- ity), INCREDIBLE ; extraordi- nary. incursio, onis, f. (incurro fr. in into, against; curro run), at- tack; INCURSION. in-cuso, arg, 5vi, atiim (in against, causa cause), censure, blame. in-dico, dicgrg, dixi, dicttim (in among, dice speak), declare, proclaim. indigniis, S, iim (in negative, dig- nus worthy), unworthy. ind51es, is, f., dv^position, nature, in-diico, ducgrg, duzi, ducttim (in info, duco lead), lead into; INDUCE. indulgeo, indulggrg, indulsl, indultiim, favor, show favor; INDULGE. 186 INBUO — INTERNECW in-duo, dugrg, dui, dutiim, put on^ dress ; clothe. inermis, S (in negative, arma arms), unarmed ; defenceless. inferior, inferiiis, lower. Infe- rior [see 85^. in-fero, in-ferrS, in-tiili, 11- latiim (in into, upon, feio bring), bring into or upon, make upon. Infer, inference. in-fluo, flugrg, fluxi, fluxiim (in ifito, fiViO flow), flow into, empty. Influence, influx. in-frendeo, frenderg, gnash with the teeth. ingens, gen. ingentis, vast, enor- mous, large, in-haereo, haererS, haesT, hae- siim (in to, in; haereo 6/ic^), stick or cleace to or in. in-hio, arg, avi, attim (in for, hie gape), gape for, desire. inlmlcus, 5, um (in negative, amicus friendly), unfriendly, hostile ; inimical. See hostis. initium, i, n. (ineo fr. in upon, eo enter), beginning. Initial. in-jicio, jicgrg, jeci, jectiim (in into, jacio throw), throw into; inspire, infuse. Inject. injuria ae, f. (injurius fr. in negative, jus right), injury, wrong; injustice, damage; in- sult. in-nascor, nasci, nattis siim (in in, nascor be born), spring up in. inopia, ae, f. (inopes fr. in neg- ative, opes resources), want, scarcity. inquam and inquio, defective verb, say. insidiae, ariim, f. pi., treachery, deceit. Insidious. insignis, insigne (in upon, sig- num mark), remarkable, extraor- dinary ; insigne, is, n., sign. in-stituo, stituere, stitui, sti- tutiini, appoint, institute; train up, instruct. institutiim, I, n., custom ; insti- tution. in-struo, struSre, stnixi, stnic- tiim (in vv^ithout additional force, struo arrange), arrange, form, draw up. Instruct, in- structive, INSTRUCTION. intel-ligo (lego), liggrg, legi, lectiini (inter between, lego choose), understand, know. In- telligent. inter, prep. w. ace, hetiveen, among. inter-cedo, cedSrg, cessi, ces- stim (inter between, cedo go), intervene. Intercede, inter- cession. inter-cipio, cipere, cepi, cep- ttim (inter between, capio take), usurp : take away fraudulently ; intercept. inter-ficio, ficerg, feci, fectiim (inter between, facio make), kill, slay. inter-imo, imerg, emi, emptiini, kill, put to death. internecio, onis, f. (intem^co fr. inter completely, neco kill), slaughter. INTERREGNUM— JURA 187 interregnum, T, n. (inter between, regnum reign), interregnum. inter-sttm, esse, fui (inter be- tween, sum be), be between, inter- vene. intervalliim, T, n. (inter between, vallum rampart), interval, distance. intro, arg, avT, atiim, enter. in-tueor, tueri, tuitiis siim (in upon, at; tueor look), look at or upon, inttis, adv., within, invidia, ae, f. (invideo look askance at), envy, hatred. invitiis, a, iim, unwilling ; se in- vito, against his will. ipse, ipsa, ipsiim [see IIS], self; himself, herself, itself; very; ipse rex, the very king. irretio, ire, ivi, itiim (in in, rete net), entangle, ensnare, ir-rideo, riderg, risi, risiini (in at, rideo laugh), laugh at, deride, irrito, are, avi, atiim, provoke, incite, irritate. Irritation. is, eS, id, he, her, it; this; that [see lis]. Isocrates, is, m., a celebrated Greek orator and rhetorician. it^, adv. (is), so, thus, in this man- ner, as follows. Italia, ae, £., Italy. Italiis, a, tim, Italian. itS-qug, conj., and so, accordingly, therefore, itSm, adv. (is), in like manner, likeioise. iter, itingris, n. (eo go). Journey ; march; way, road, route; iter facSre, to march. Itinerant. itgrtim, adv. (is), again, a second time. jSceo, erg, ui, jScitiim, lie. jScio, j&c6rg, jeci, jacttLm, throw, hurl, cast. j&m, adv., noio, already, Janiciiliim, i, n., a hill across the Tiber from Rome. jiibeo, jiiberg, jussi, jussiim, command, order. judiciiim, i, n., (judex judge), judgment; trial; sentence; de- cision. Judicial. judico, arS, avi, atiim (jus law, dice point out), judge; deter- mine, conclude; think. Ad- judicate. jilgiim, i, n. (jungo join), yoke; ridge, summit: in war a frame made of two upright spears sup- porting a third in a horizontal position, under which a con- quered army was made to pass in token of subjection. jumentiim, i, n., beast of burden as a horse or an ox. Juppiter and Jiipiter, J6vis, m., son of Saturn, father of gods and king of men. Jiira, ae, m., the Jura, a chain of mountains extending from tlio Rhine to the Rhone and form- ing the western boundary of Switzerland. 188 JUS — LIBERO jus, juris, n., riglit^ law. Jurist. jusjurandiim, jurisjurandi, n., oath [see 110~\. jussu, m. abl. (jubeo command)^ by command. justiis, a, iim (jus law, suffix tus ^^noiing fulness), just, right, jiivo, jiivare, juvT, jutiiin, help, aid, assist. Ad-jut ant. L. L., abbreviation of Lucius, a Ro- man praenomen. L^bieniis, 1 m., one of Caesar*s lieutenants in the Gallic war. l^bor, l^boris, m., labor, toil. lacrim^, ae, f., tear. l^CliS, us, m., LAKE. laetor, ari, atiis stim (laetns joyful), rejoice, exult. laettis, S, iim, joyful, lS.uio, arg, avi, atilin, tear in pieces. l^pis, l^pidis, m., stone. Lapid- ary. ISqueiis, i, m., noose, snare. Larenti^, ae, f. See Acca. largitio, onis, f. (largior give hountifully), liberality. late, adv. (latus broad), widely, extensively. Latintis, i, m., an ancient king of the Laurentes, a people of Italy, latro, latronis, m., robber. latro, are, avi, atttm, bark, bark at. l^tiis, lS.teris, n., side; flank. Lateral. latiis, S, iim, broad, ivide ; large, spacious. Lat-itude. Lavini^, ae, f., daughter of Lati- nus and second wife of Aeneas. Laviniiim, i, n., a city in Italy built by Aeneas. legatio, onis,* f. (lego send on an embassy), embassy. Lega- tion. legatiis, i, m. (lego send as a rep^ resentative), ambassador, envoy, legate; lieutenant. Iggio, Iggionis, f. (lego levy), LEGION, a body of infantry va- rying in number from 4000 to 6000, and generally accompa- nied by about 300 cavalrymen. 16go, Iggerg, legi, lecttim, choose. Lemanniis, T, m., Lake Leman or Geneva in the southern part of Switzerland. leo, leSnis, m., lton. letalis, 6 (latum death; suffix alls, belonging to), fatal, deadly, levitas, atis, f. (levis smooth), smoothness. Igvitas, atis, f. (levis light), lightness. Levity. lex, legis, f., law. Legal. liber, libgrS, ITber urn, free, libSralitas, atis, f. (liberalis fr. liber free), liberality, gen- erosity. libgre, liberiiis, adv. (liber/re^), freely, unreservedly. liberi, orum, m. pi., children. libero, axe, avi, atum (liber free), to free, liberate. LICEOR — MANEO 189 liceor, licSrT, licitiis stim, hid at an auction. licgt, licere, licuit or licitiim est, it is permitted, allowed; one may [see 128 and Ln. LXIX., Examples 2 - 5]. licSt, although, Lingones, iim, m. pi, a people in Northeastern Gaul. lingua, ae, f., tongue; language. Linguist, lingual. Lisciis, i, m., a magistrate among the Aedui. littera and litSrS, ae, f. (lino besmear), letter of the alpha- bet ; pi., letter, epistle. Litera- ture. lociis, T, m. [pi. loci and loca], place. Local, locality. longe, longiiis, longissime, adv. (longus long), far, hy far; often used to strengthen superla- tives. longissime, adv., very far. longitudo, inis, f. (longus long), length. Longitude. longus, a, lim, long. loquor, loqui, locutiis siim, speak, talk. Loquacious. Liicius, i, m., a Roman prae- nomen. Lucretia, ae, f., a Roman matron, wife of CoUatinus. ludiis, i, m., play, game. liipa, ae, f., she-wolf. liipiis, 1, m., wolf lustro, arg, avi, attim, revieiu. lux, lucis, f. (luceo shine), light. lyra, ae, f., lyre. M. M., abbreviation of Marcus^ a Roman praenomen. M'., abbreviation of ManiuSy a Roman praenomen. mSgis, maxime, adv., more, ra/Aer. mSgistratiis, us, m. (magister fr. mag-, root of magnus, signifying to be great), magis- trate. magnitudo, inls, f. (magnus great), size, magnitude. magniis, S, tim, great, large, big, mighty. Magni-. majestas atis, f., majesty, dignity. majbr, majiis, gen. majorls (comp. of magnus), larger, greater, bigger; majorgs, ilm, m. pi., ancestors. Major. mS16, pejtis, pessimg, adv., bad- ly, ill, wickedly. m^lS-dico, dicSrg, dixi, dicttim (male ill, dico speak), speak ill of revile, rail at; [with dat.] Malediction. maigficitim, i, n. [maleficus do- ing evil), mischief, damage. maieficiis, S, lim (male wicked- ly, facio do), wicked; mSlgfl- ctis, i, m., an evil-doer. malo, mallg, mSlui (magis more, volo be icilling), be more williug, choose rather, prefer [see J,^5]. m^iis, a, tim, bad, wicked, evil, destructive. m&neo, man6rS, mansl, man- siim, stay, re- main. 190 MANBATUM— JIINOR mandattim, T, n. (mando fr. ma- nus hand, do put; put in one's hand), charge, order, command. Mandate. maiius, us, f., hand; force of soldiers. Manufacture. Manius, i, m. See M'. Marciiis, i, m., a Roman name. Marcus, i, m. See M. mare, maris, n., sea. marltus, i, m. (marita wife), be- longing to a wife, husband. Mars, Martis, m., son of Jupiter and Juno, and god of war. Martial. massa, ae, f., mass, lump. mat^r, matris, f., mother ; ma- tron. matrimonium, i, n. (mater mother), marriage; in matri- monium dare, to give in mar- riage; in matrimonium du- c6re, to marry. Matrimony. Matr5na, ae, m., a river in Gaul, the modern Marne. mature, adv. (maturus ripe), early, soon. maturo, arS, avi, attim, hasten, make haste. maturiis, a, iim, ripe, mature. mediocriter, adv. (mediocris fr. medius denoting a middle state), moderately ; non mediocriter, exceedingly. mediiis, a, iim, in the middle or midst ; in the middle of; middle, central. mSl, mellis, n., honey. Melli- fluent. mSlibr, mgliiis, gen. mSliorls (comp. of bonus), better. memini, meminissS, remember [see 127\ mgmor, gen. memSris, mindful of, mindful. mSmoria, ae, f. (memor mind- ful of), memory, recollection, remembrance. mens, mentis, f., mind. See animus. Mental. mensis, mensis, m., month. mercator, oris, m. (mercer to trade), trader, merchant. merces, mercedis, f., wages, hire, reward, price. mgreo, erS, ui, ittim, deserve, acquire. meritlim, i, n., desert. Merit. MessalS, ae, m., a Roman name. metior, metirg, mensiis stim, MEASURE, deal out. Mettiiis, i, m., Mettius Fufetius, an Alban general, put to death by Tullus Hostilius. meus, a, iim, my, mine. miles, militis, m., soldier, militaris, g (miles soldier, aris belonging to), military; res militaris, military science, mille, pi. milia, miliilm, thou- sand [see ids']. milviiis, i, m., kite (a bird). minime [parve, miniis, mini- me]. adv., least, by no means. minimiis, a, iim, least [see 85^. minor, miniis, smaller, less [see 85 \ ; minor natu, younger. MINUO — NEMO 191 minuo, minugrg, mmui, mmu- tiim, Di-MiNiSH. Diminution. minus, adv. less. See minime. miror, ari, atiis siim, ad-mike ; wonder at. miriis, S, iim (miror wonder at), wonderful. miser, misSra, miseriim, wretch- ed, pitiable, lamentable, miser- able. mitto, mitterg, misi, missiim, send, moenia, moeniiim, n. pi., walls of a city. mollio, irg, ivT, itiim (mollis soft), soften, subdue. moneo, erg, ui, itiim, remind; advise, ad-monish. mons, mentis, m., mountain, MOUNT. monstro, arS, avi, atiim (mon- strum a dicine omen), show, point out. De-monstrate. morbus, i, m., disease. Morbid. mbrior, mori and moriri, mor- tuiis Slim, die. moror, ari, atiis siim, tarry, de- lay, hinder. mors, mortis, f., death. Mortal. mos, moris, m., custom, manner: usage: pL, character. Moral. m6veo, moverS, movi, motum, MOVE ; excite : castra movere, to break up camp. miiligr, muligris, f., ivoman. multitudo, inis, f. (multus much), MULTITUDE. multiis, a, tim, much, many a; pi. many. Multi-ply. munio, irg, ivi, itiim (moenia wall, rampart), fortify. munitio, 6nis,f. (munio >r/i/^), fortification. Munition. muniis, mungris, n., gift^ reward, Re-muner-ate. mus, miiris, m., mouse. musciiliis, m. (mus), a Utile 7nouse, N. nam, conj.,ybr. nascor, nasci, natiis siim, be born. Nascent. natii, abl. sing, m., by birth; mi- nor natu, younger, natura, ae, f. (nascor be born), NATURE. natiis, 5, iim (nascor be bom), old. navis, navis, f., ship. Nav-al, NAVI-GATE. ne, conj., not; that not; that, lest, 116, interrog. particle ; is appended to first word of the question and asks for information. n6c. See ngqug. nSco, ar6, avi, atiim, I'ill, put to death. nggo, arg, avi, attlm, deny, re- fuse. Negation. nSgotiiim, i, n. (nee not, otium leisure), business; quid negS- ti? what business? Negoti- ate. nemo, neminis, m. and f. (ne not, homo a man), no one^ no- body. 192 NEFOS — NUTRIO nSpos, nepotis, m., grandson. Nepotism. Neptuniis, i, m., Neptune , god of the sea. nequaquam, adv., hy no means. nSquS, nee, conj., and not; ngquS — nequ^, neither — nor. nerviis, i, m., nerve, vigor, en- ergy. nescio, irS, ivi and ii, itiim (ne not, scio know), not knoiu. neutSr, neutra, neutrtim (ne not, liter one or the other), nei- ther [see 24:'], Neuter. nihil, n. indecl., nothing. nihilo miniis, adv., none the less, nevertheless. nihiliini, i, n., nothing, nisi, conj. (ne not, si if), if not, unless, except. nitor, niti, nisiis or nixus stim, strive, endeavor. nobilis, nobilg (nosco knoio, bills denoting capability), well known, noble, of high rank, nobilitas, atis, f. (nobilis noble), NOBILITY. nolo, noUS, n51ui (non not, volo willing), be unwilling. nomSn, nominis, n., name. non, adv., not. nonng, interrog. particle, expects the answer yes. non-nulliis, a, tim, some one; nonnullT, orum, m. pi., several persons. NoreiS, ae, f., a town in Noricum. Noriciis, a, iim, of Noricum, a country lying between the Up- per Danube and Eastern Alps, nos, pers. pron., we [see 112']. noster, nostra, nostrum, our, ours. noto, are, avi, attim (nota, a mark), mark. Note, nota- tion. Novioduniim, i, n., the name of several cities in Gaul. n6viis, a, iim, new, strange; re- cent, fresh ; novae res, revolu- tion ; agmen novissimum, the rear. Novel. nox, noctis, f., night. nubes, nubis, f., cloud, nubo, nubere, nupsi, nupttini, veil herself for the bridegroom, marry [of a bride]. Nuptial. nudtis, a, lim, naked, bare; nude. nulliis, a, lim (ne not, ullus any one), no, none, not any one, niim, whether ; in direct questions to be omitted in translation. Ntima, ae, m., Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome. niimSriis, i, m., number. Niimitor, oris, m., father of Rhea Silvia. nunc, adv., now. nuncio, arg, avi, atiim (nuncius messenger), an-nounce, report. nunciipo, arS, avi, atiim, to name. nunquSm and numquam, adv. (ne not, unquam ever), never. nuper, adv. (novus neiv), newly, recently. nutrio, irg, ivi, itiim, nourish. Nutrition, nutriment. NYMPHA — OFFICIUM 193 nymphS, ae, f., a nymph; the nyiiiplis were demi-goddesses inhabiting the sea, rivers, foun- tains, woods, trees, and moun- tains. 6b, prep. w. ace, on account of, for, obedio, irg, ivi, itiim (ob with- out any additional force, audio listen to), listen to, obey; he sub- ject to. Obedient. 6b-eo, ire, ivi and ii, itiim (ob towards, eo go), die, 6b-erro, arg, avi, atiim (ob about, erro wander), wander about, wander. ob-jicio, jicgrg, jeci, jectttm (ob before, at; jacio throw), throw before, at, or against; throio up. Object, objec- tion. obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitiis Slim, forget. ob-ruo, rugrg, rui, riitiim (ob without additional force, ruo cast down with violence), over- whelm; cover. ob-secro, are, avi, atiim (ob on account of sacra sacrifices), be- seech, implore. obses, obsidis,m. (obsideo stay), hostage. ob-testor, ari, atiis siim (ob with no additional force, tes- tor bear witness), conjure, he- seech. ob-tineo, tingrg, tinui, tentiim (ob with no additional force, teneo hold), hold, obtain, pos- sess. obviSm, adv., in the way; ob- viam irS or figri, to meet, occasiis, lis, m. (occido fall), going down; soils occSsu, at sunset. oc-cido, cidgrg, cidi, cistim (ob against, caedo cut, strike), Jcilly slay. oc-culto, arg, avi, attim, hide, conceal. Occult. oc-ciipo, arg, avi, atiim (ob with no additional force, capio take), seize, take possession of, OCCUPY. Occupation. oc-curro, currgrS, ciicurri and curri, cursiim (ob towards, curro run), meet. Occur, oc- currence. Oce^iis, i, m., ocean. Ocgliim, i, n., a town in the west- ern part of Cisalpine Gaul. octaviis, S, iim, eighth. Octave. octo-dgcim, num. adj., eighteen, octo-ginta, num. adj , eighty, dctUiis, i, m., eye. Oculist, odi, odissg, hate (see l;27]. of-fendo, fendSrS, fendi, fen- siim, OFFEND, wound. Of- fence. of-fgro, of-fgrrg, ob-tiUi, ob- latiim (ob towards, fero bring), OFFER, present, officium, 1, n. (opes aid, facio render), service^ duty; obedience^ allegiance. Office. 194 OMNINO — PASCOn omnino, adv. (omnis all), alto- gether^ at all. omnis, omnS, all, every, the whole. Omni-science, omxi-potent, omni-present. oniis, onSris, n., load, hurden ; weight; size. Onerous. 6pis, opSm, 6pg [nom., dat., and voc. sing, not used ; pi. entire] ; pL, 6pes, opiim, 6pibtis, etc. ; f., power ; means, resources. Sportgt, oporterg, oportuit, it behooves, it is necessary, one ought [see 128 and Ln. LXIX., Examples 6 - 8], oppidiim, i, n., town, walled town. op-pugno, arg, avi, attiin (ob against, pugno fight), attack, besiege, assault. optio, onis, f. (opto choose), choice, OPTION, bptis, 6p6ris, n., icork, labor. oratio, orationis, f. (ore speak), speech, harangue; oration. orator, oratoris, m. (ore plead), orator. ordino, arg, avi, atiim (ordo arranging), arrange, order. Orgetorix, igis, m., the noblest and richest among the Helvetii. Sriens, gen. brientis (part. fr. orior), rising. Orient. 6rior, oriri, ortus sttm, rise, arise, begin. ornamentum, i, n. (omo adorn), ORNAMENT, distinction. 6ro, arg, avi, atiim (os mouth), beseech, beg ; implore, pray. OS, oris, n., mouth ; face. Oral. OS, ossis, n., bone. Ossi-fy. os-tendo, tendere, tendi, ten- tiim (ob before, t^ndo spread), show, point out, exhibit. Osten- sible. Ostia, ae, f., a town at the mouth of the Tiber, built by Ancus Marcius. ostiiim, i, n., mouth of a river. ovtun, i, n., egg. Oval. P. P., abbreviation of Publius, a Ro- man praenomen*. pabiilatio, onis, t, foraging. pabiiliim, i, n. (pasco feed\ food. paco, arg, avi, atiim (pax /)eace), PACIFY. paeng, adv., almost, nearly, pagiis, i, m., district, canton. . par, gen. p^is, equal, like. Par. paratiis, S, iim (part, of pare prepare), pre-pared, ready. parco, parcgrg, pgperci and parsi, parcitiim and parsiim (parous spare), to spare, pario, pargrg, pgpgri, p^itiim and partiim, bear, bring forth ; ovum pargre, to lay an egg, pars, partis, f., part, share; side ; direction. parviis, a, iim [comp., minor, superl., minimus], small, Utile, insignificant. pascor, pasci, pastiis siXm.j feed, graze. FASSUS — PEllSUALEO 195 passiis, us, m. (pando stretch out the feet), step^ pace ; as a measure of length, about five feet. pastSr, pastoris, m. (pasco/eec?), shepherd. Pastor. p§.te-f^cio, fScere, feci, factum (pateo he open, facio make), make open, open. pS-ter, patris, m., father. paterniis, a, um (pater father), PATERNAL, potior, pati, passiis siim, let^ allow; suffer. Passion, pas- sive. p atria, ae, f. (pater father), native land, fatherland. Pa- trial. pauci, ae, S, adj. \A.,few. paulus, a, iim, little; paulo, n. abl. sing., hy a little, little. pave, onis, m. and f., peacock. pax, pacis, f., peace. Pacify. pellis, pellis, f., skin. pello, pellere, pgpiili, pulsum, drive out or away, banish ; rout. Re-pulse. penn^, ae, f ., feather. Pen. per, prep. w. ace., through; hy means of, hy. per-ciitio, ciitSre, cussi, cussum (per through, quatio strike), strike through, strike. Percus- sion. per-do, dere, didi, ditum (per through, do put), lose. Perdi- tion. per-duco, ducere, duxi, duc- tum (per through, duco lead). lead through or to, conduct ; fos- sam perducgre, to extend or make a trench. per-facilis, g (per very, facilis easy), very easy. per-ficio, fic6re, feci, fecttim (per completely, facio make), accomplish. Perfection. perfidiS, ae, f. (perfldus one who hreaks his promise), perfidy. perictilosiis, a, lim (periculum danger; suffix osus fall of), dangerous. pgriciiliim, i, n., danger, risk, peril. pgritiis, S, iim, skilful, experi- enced. per-mitto, mittSrg, misi, mis- siim (per through, mitto let go), permit, allow. Permis- sion. per-m6veo, mSverg, movi, mo- tum (per completely, moveo move), prevail upon. pernicies, perniciei, f. (pem^co fr. per completely, neco kill), ruin, destruction. Pernicious. perpauci, ae, & (per very, pauci few), very few. per-s6quor, sgqui, sSciitiis siim (per perseveringly, sequor fol- low), pursue. Persecutk. per-sgvero, arS, avi, atdm (per- severus very strict), perse- vere, continue. per-suSdeo, suSderg, su&si, suasiim (per thoroughly, sua- deo adv'ise), persuade, prevail upon. Persuasion. 196 PERTERREO — FOSTERUS per-terreo, ere, ui, itiim (per thoroughly^ terreo frighten), thoroughly frigl ten, . terrify. per-tineo, tmere, tinui, tenttim (per thoroughly, teneo hold, lay hold of), extend; reach, tend; PERTAIN, belong. per-turbo, are, avi, atiim (per thoroughly, turbo disturb), great- ly disturb, disturb. Perturb, PERTURBATION. per-venio, venire, veni, ven- tiiin (per quite through, venio come), come through, come to; arrive; reach. pes, pgdis, m.,foot. Pedal. peto, peterg, pgtivi and pgtii, pgtitum, ask, request; beseech, beg for; seek; attack. Peti- tion. pgtiilantiS, ae, f. (petiilans saucy), sauciness; insolence; PETULANCE. pTletis, 1, m., hat ; cap. pHum, i, n., javelin. Piso, onis, m., a Roman consul. pistriniim, i, n. (pistor miller), mill. pl^ceo, plScere, plScui, plSci- tum, PLEASE ; placet, impers., it pleases, it seems good. plaga, ae, f., hunting-net, toil. plebs, plebis, f., commons, com- mon people. plurimiis, S., tim [superl. of mul- tus], most. plus, pluris [compar. of multus, see 55], inore, poen^ae,i., punishment. Penal. poUiceor, pollicerT, pollicitiis sum (insep. prefix pot largely, liceor offer), promise. pono, ponere, posui, positiim, place, j)ut; castra ponere, to pitch a camp. Position. popiilatio, onis, f. (populor rav- age), ravaging. popiilor, ari, attis siim (popu- lus people), ravage, lay waste, De-populate. popiilus, 1, m., people; pL, na- tions, tribes. porta, ae, f., gate. Portal. por-tendo, tend^re, tendi, ten- tiim, fortell, predict, presage; betoken ; portend. porto, arS, avi, atiim, carry, bear, TRANS-PORT. Ex-PORT. portoriiim, i, n. (porto carry), duty paid on goods imported or exported. posco, poscere, p6posci, no sup., demand. possessio, onis, f. (possideo possess), POSSESSION. pos-sideo, sidere, sedi, sessilm (potis powerful, sedeo sit), be master of; possess. pos-siim, pos-se, pot-ui (potis able, sum be), be able, can [see 68~\. post, prep. w. ace, after. postea, adv. (post after, ea that), after that, afterwards. post-ea-quam, after that, after. posteriis, a, iim [comp., pos- terior; superl, postremus and posttimus], following, ensuing. FOSTQUJM— PREMO 197 succeeding; postero die, on the following day; postSri, ortim, m. pi., descendants, post-quam, conj., after, as soon a?. postridie, adv. (postero follow- ing, die on the day), on the fol- lowing day, postiilo, are, avi, atiim, ask for, demand. potens, gen. pQtentis (possum be able), able, powerful, influen- tial. Potent. potestas, atis, f. (potens able), ability, power ; opportunity; ali- cui potestatem facSrg, to give any one an opportunity, potior, potiri, potitiis siim (po- tis able), acquire, obtain, get possession of, pbtiiis, adv., rather, sooner, prae-cedo, cedgre, cessi, ces- stim (prae before, cedo go), sur- pass, excel; precede. Pre- cedence, PRECEDENT. praecipito, are, avi, atiim (prae- ceps headlong), throw violently, throw. Precipitate. praecipue, adv. (praecipuus fr. praecipio fr. prae before, capio take), especially, chiefly, prae- die o, are, avi, atiim (prae publicly, dico tell), proclaim, de- clare ; boast. Predicate. prae-fero, ferrg, ttili, latiim (prae before, fero bear) , pref e r. prae-ficio, ficere, feci, fectiim (prae over, facio place), place over, put in command of. prae-mitto, mittgrS, misi, mis- siim (prae forward, mitto send), send forward, praemiiim, i, n. (prae beyond others, emo take), profit, reward. Premium. prae-pono, pongrg, p6sui, p6- situm. (j^T2i,Q before^ first ; pono put), put before or first; prefer. Preposition. praesepe, is, n. (praesepio, to fence in front), manger, praesidiiim, i, n. (praesideo fr. prae before, sedeo sit), d( fence, protection ; guard, garrison. prae-sto, stare, stiti, stitiim and statiim (prae before, sto stand), stand before, excel; se praestare, to show one's self, prae-siim, essg, fui (prae over, sum be), be over, rule over, be in command of praetgr, prep. w. ace. (prae />e- fore and suffix ter), past, by; besides, except. praeter-eo, irg, ii, itiim (prae- ter by, eo go), go by. Pre- terit. praeter-quam, adv., except. praetbr, praetorls, m., praetor^ a Roman magistrate, next in rank to a consul and elected annually. pratiim, i, n., meadow, prgci, precgm, prScS [nom. and gen. sing, not used], pi., pri- ces, prSciim, etc., request^ prayer. prSmo, prSmSrg, pressi, pres- 198 PRETIUM— FROFINQUUS sum, PRESS, press upon. Op- pression. pretiiim, i, n., worth, value, price, Ap-preciate. pridie, adv., on the day he/ore, primo, adv. (primus), at first, primiim, adv. (primus), at first; quam primum, as soon as pos- sible, primus, S, umi [see 85], first; primiim (agmSn), the van of an army. Prime, primal, PRIMARY. princeps, gen. principis, adj. (primus y?rsf, capio take), first, chief; princeps, ipis, m., chief, leader. Prince, principal. principatiis, us, m. (princeps chief), first place ; pre-eminence; ^ principatum tenere, to he at the head, prior, prius [superl. primiis, see 8.5], the former; first, Priscus, 1, m., a surname of the elder Tarquin. pristmiis, a, iim, former ; pris- tine. priusquam, adv., before. privatim, adv. (privus single), as a piivate citizen, privates, a, iim (part, of privo deprive), private. pro, prep. w. abl., before, for, in- stead of probo, are, avi, atum (probus good), show ; prove. Proba- tion. Pr6cas, ae, m. See Silvius. pro-cedo, cedSrg, cessi, cessilm (j^TO forward, cedo go), go forth, PROCEED, advance. Proces- sion. prSciil, adv. (procello drive for- ivard), afar off, far. pro-ciiro, are, avi, atiim (pro for, euro care), care for, take care of, manage. Procure. prodigiiim, i, n. (pro beforehand, root die point out), prodigy. proeliiim, i, n., battle. pr6fectio, onis, f. (proficiscor set out), departure. prb-ficiscor, ficisci, fectiis siim (pro forwards, facio put one's self), set out, depart; go, march, travel, prb-fugio, fiigSrg, fugi, fiigitiim. (pro before, fugio flee), flee be- fore, flee, pr6-hibeo, hiberg, hibui, hibi- ttim (pro in front, habeo hold), restrain, prevent, keep from ; PROHIBIT. Prohibition. pro-jicio, jicSrg, jeci, jectiim (pro/on^a?'<7, jacio throw), throio forward, cast away; se pro- jicSrg, to throw one's self for- ward or down. Project. pro-moveo, moverg, movi, motiim (pro forward, moveo move), move forward, advance. Promotion. propg, prbpiiis, proxime, adv., near, almost. propSro, are, avi, atiim (pro- perus speedy), hasten. propinquus, i, m. (props not far, hinc hence), relative; prbpin- PROPIOR — QUJRTUS 199 qua, ae, f., kinswoman. Pro- pinquity. propior, prbpiiis [superl. proxi- mus, see 55], nearer, pro-pono, ponSrS, pSsui, p6si- tiim (pro before, pono place), expose to view ; propose. Pro- posal, PROPOSITION. propter, prep. w. ace, on account of- proptgr-ea, adv., for tJiis reason, protSrea qu6d, because. pro-spicio, spicSrS, spexi, spectiim (pro forwards, spe- cio look), look forwards ; look out for. Prospect, prospec- tive. pro-sum, prod-ess§, pro-fui (pro(d) for, sum be), be for, be useful ; benefit, profit. provinci^, ae, i., province. proxime, adv. [positive prSpS, compar. prbpiiis], very near, very recently, last, proximus, a, um [see 85], next, nearest; ensuing, last. Ap- proximate. public e, adv. (publicus fr. po- pulus people), in the name of the state, Publiiis, i, m., a Roman name. pud6r, piidoris, m. (pudeo feel shame), shame, feeling of shame. puella, ae, f., girl. puSr, pugri, m., boy, Puer-ile. puSritia, ae, f. (puer boy), boij- hood, childhood. pugna, ae, f., battle. Pugna- cious. pugno, arg, 5vi, sit^m, fight. pulchgr, pulchra, ptdchrttm (polio polish), beautiful. punio, irg, ivi, itiim (poena punishment), PUNisii. pupillus, 1, m. (puptUus a little boy), PUPIL, ward. pttto, arg, avi, attim, think, be- lieve, Pyrenaeiis, a, tim, Pyrenean; Pyrenaei montes, the Pyrenees, Q. qua, adv. (qui) where. qu^dragesimiis, a, tim (quadra- ginta forty), fortieth. quadraginta, num. adj. indecl. (quattuor four) , forty. quaere, quaergrS, quaesivi and quaesii, quaesittim, see, ask, IN-QUIRE. In-QUEST, IN-QUI- sition. qualis, qualg, of what sort; as. quSm, conj. and adv., than; as. quSm-ob-rgm, adv., on account of which thing ; for which rea- son; wherefore, quam-quam, conj., although, quamvis, conj. (quam as, vis you will), as you will; however much ; although. quanttis, S, urn, how much : how great; as; quantum boni, how much good. quarS, adv. (abl. of quae and res), /or which thing, for which, quartiis, S, tim (quattuor /our), fourth. Quart. 200 qUATTUOR — REBUIO quattu6r, num. adj. indecL, ybwr. quS, coiij., and [see Ln. XXIIL, Vy., 1]. quSror, queri, questiis siim, complain. Querulous. qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., v^ho, which J what; that [see 114]. qui, quae, qu6d [interrog. pro- noun used adjectively, see 116], which f what f what sort of af what kind of a? quid, why? [see Ln. XCIL, Note 1]. quidam, quaed^m, quoddam or quidd^m; gen. cu3usdS.in; [indef. pron. declined like qui], a certain, quidSm, adv., indeed; ne — quidem, not — eiwn. quin, conj. (qui by which, ne not), but that, that not, quindScim, num. adj. indecl. (quinque fve, decern teji), fif- teen, quin gent 1, ae, S (quinque five, centum hundred)^ five hundred. quini, ae, S (quinque five), five each, quis, quae, quid, interrog. proh., icho? what? [see 116], quis, indef. pronoun, anybody, anything [see 11G~\. quisqu^m, quaequam, quid- quam or quicquam ; gen. cu- jusquam; [indef. pron. declined like quis], any one, anything, any. quo, adv., that, in order that, qu6d, conj., because, that. qu6m6d6, adv. (qui ivhat, mo- dus manner), in what manner, by what means, how, qu6quS, conj , also, quotidie, adv. (quot every, dies daij), every day, daily. quiim and cum, rel. adv., when, as; conj., since; although; qutim — turn, both — and. radix, radicis, f., root ; radix or radices mentis, the foot of a mountain. Radish. r Spina, ae, f. (rapio seize), plun- dering ; RAPINE. rapio, rSpSrg, rapuT, raptiim, seize, plunder. Rapture. raptSr, oris, m. (rapio seize), one who seizes; robber. Rauraci, ortim, m., a people in Northeastern Gaul, neighbors of the Helvetii. rScens, gen. r^centis, recent, fresh, new. rS-cipio, cipSrS, cepi, ceptiim (re back, capio take)^ take back ; receive; se recipSre, to be- take one's self, withdraw. Re- ception. red-do, d6rg, didi, ditiim (re(d) back again, do give), return. Render, rendition. rgd-eo, Trg, ii, itiim (re(d) back, 60 go), go back, return. rSd-imo, imere, emi, empttim (re(d) back, emo buy), buy back, release, ransom ; purchase ; hire, . BEBITIO — REVERTO 201 farm. Redeem, redemp- tion. rgditio, onis, f. (redeo go hack), going back^ reimm. rg-duco, ducSrg, duxi, ducttim (re back J duco lead), lead back, lead. Reduce, reduction. r6-fgro, ferrg, tiili, lattim (re back, fero bear), bear or bri7ig back, restore. Refer, re- late. re-fluo, flugrS, no perf. nor sup. (re back, Ancyjlow), flow back. Refluent, reflux. rggio, onis, f., region. regiiis, S, um (rex king), royal regno, are, avi, atiim (regnum rule), reign, rule, regniim, i, (rego to rule), royal power, sovereignty ; government ; kingdom. re-jicio, jicSre, jeci, jectiim (re back, jacio throw), throw back, hurl back. Reject, rejec- tion. rSligio, onis, f., religion, sanc- tity. rg-linquo, linquSrS, liqui, lic- tiim (re behind, linquo leave), leave behind, leave; quit, aban- don. Relinquish. reliqutis, a, iim (relinquo let re- main), remaining, rest of. rS-maneo, m^erg, mansi, mansiini (re behind, maneo stay), stay behind, remain. rSminiscor, rSminisci, recall to 7mnd, recollect. Rkminiscence. rg-mbveo, mdverg, movi, mo- tiim (re hack, moveo wioue), remove. Remote. Rgmiis, 1, m., twin brother of Romulus. rg-nuncio, arg, Svi, atiim (re back, nuncio biding word), re- port. Renounce. rgpentg, adv. (repens sudden), suddenly. r6-pgrio, p6rir6, pgri, perttlm (re again, pario produce), fnd, discover. re-p6no, pongrg, p6sm, p6sl- tiim (re again, pono place), j)lace again, restore. Repose. res, rgi, f., thing, affair. re-scindo, scindSrS, scidi, scis- stim (re away, scindo cut), cut away, destroy. Rescind. re-spondeo, sponderS, spondi, sponsiim (re in return, spon- dee promise), reply, answer. Respond. responsiim, i, n. (respondeo re- ply), answer. Response. respublicS, reipublicae, f. (res affair, publica belonging to the people), republic, common- wealth [see 110\ re-stituo, stituSrg, stitui, stX- tutiim (re again, statuo .^et up), restore. .Restitution. rS-tineo, tinerg, tinui, tentiim (re back, teneo hold), hold back, restrain, prevent. Retention. rgvgrentia, ae, f. (revereor stand in awe of), reverence. rg-verto, vertgrg, verti, ver- siim and 202 REVERTOR — SEBES re-vertor, verti, versiis sum (re hack, verto tum)^ turn back, return. Revert, reversion. rS-v6co, are, avi, atum (re hack, voco call), call back. Revoke. rex, regis, m., king. Regal. Rhea, ae, f., Bhea Silvia, the mother of Romulus and Remus. Rheniis, i, m., the Rhine. Rhodanus, T, m., the Rhone. ripa, ae, f., hank (of a stream). rixor, ari, atus siim (rixa quar- rel), to quarrel. r6go, are, avi, atum, ask, de- mand, request. Roma, ae, f., Rome. Romantis, a, iim, Roman; R6- maniis, i, m., a Roman. Romiilus, i, m., the founder and first king of Rome ; RomtQus Silvius, a king of Alba. rupes, rupis, f. (rumpo break), rock, cliff, s. S^bini, ortim, m., the Sahines, an ancient Italian people ad- joining the Latins. s^cer, sacra, sacrtim, sacred ; sacra, oriim, n. pi., sacred rites, sacrifices. sacerdos, otis, m. and f. (sacer sacred, do give), jniest; priest- ess. saepS, saepiils, saepissime, adv., often. saepe-nilmSro, adv., oftentimes, frequently. saluto, are, avi, atiim (salus greeting), greet, SALUTE. Salu- tation. sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood. Sanguine, sanguinary. Sant6nes, um and Sant6ni, oriim, m. pi., a people of Aqui- tania. sapientiS, ae, f. (sapiens wise), tcisdom. sarcinS, ae, f. (sarcio to patch), bundle : pi., baggage carried by soldiers. See impedimenta. s^tis, adv., enough, sufficiently; used adjectively in the sense of sufficient. sStis-facio, fScerg, feci, faotiim (satis enough, facie do), do enough, satisfy, give satis- faction. Saturnia, ae, f., a town built by Saturn on the Capitoline Hill. Saturniis, i, m. (sero sow), Sat- urn, the father of Jupiter ; hon- ored as the god of agriculture. senilis, scSlSris, n., crime, guilt, wickedness. scio, scirg, scivi and scii, sci- tiim, know, understand. Sci- ence. scribo, scribere, scripsi, scrip- tiim, write. Scribe, de-scribe, SCRIPT, scripture. scutiim, i, n., a shield : [scutum was an oblong shield, made of wood, and covered with leather; clipeus, a round brazen shield.'] sSd, conj , but. sedes, sedis, f. (sedeo sit), seat; SEGUSUm — SONITUS 203 dwelling-place ; sedes regni, seat of government. Sggusiani, orum, m. pi., a people of Gaul, neighbors of the AUo- broges and Aedui. s6mel, adv., once. semper, adv., always^ continually. senator, oris, m. (senex old), SENATOR. sgnatus, us, m. (senex old)^ SENATE. seni, ae, a (sex six), six each,. sententia, ae, f. (sentio think), opinion. Sentence. septum, num. adj. indecl., seven. septentriones (septemtriones), um, m. pL, the north; sub sep- tentrionibus, towards the north. Septimus, a, iim (septem seven), seventh. S equina, ae, m., a river of Gaul, the modern Seine, Sequani, oriim, m. pi., a people of Gaul, dwelling on the Se- quana. Sequaiiiis, a, iim, of the Sequani. sequor, sequi, secutus sum, follow; accompany. Sequence. sermo, sermionis, m., discourse, conversation. Sermon. servitus, utis, f. (servus slave), slavery, bondage, Serviiis, i, m., Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome, servus, i, m., slave, servant. sex, num. adj. indecl., six. SI, conj., if; whether; see whether. sic, adv., so, thus. siccus, 5, tlm, dry; sicctlm, i, n., dry land. sTc-tlt and sic-iiti, adv., as; as if- signlfico, arg, avi, attlm (sig- num sign, facie make), mean, signify. Significant. signiim, i, n., sign, mark; sig- nal. silva, ae, f., zooods, forest. Sil- van. Silvia, ae, f., Rhea Silvia, the mother of Romulus and Remus. Silviiis, i, m., name of several kings of Alba; Silvius Pro- cas, a king of Alba and father of Numitor and Amulius. similis, simile, like, similar. sin, conj. (si if ne not), but if. sing, prep. w. abl., without. singuli, ae, a, single, one by one; each, sinister, sinistra, sinistriim, left. Sinister. sbcgr, s6c6ri, m., father-in-law, sdcius, T, m., ally. As-soci-ate. sol, soils, m., sun. Solar. sdleo, sdlere, sblitiis stim, be ivont, be accustomed. solitude, inis, f. (solus alone), desert; solitary place; soli- tude. soltim, adv. (solus alone), only, alone. s61um, i, n., ground, soil. soltls, a, iim, alone, only [see sdnitus, us, m (sono make a noise), sound, noise. 204 SONUS— SU3I0 soniis, i, m. (sono make a noise) ^ 7ioise. s5r6r, sSroris, f., sister, spatiiiin, i, n., space; oppor- tunity. specto, are, avi, atiim (specio look)^ look at, behold, see; face, front, be situated. spes, spei, f. hope, expectation, spiritiis, us, m.*(spiro breathe), breath ; pride ; lofty airs. sponte, f. abl. [gen. spoutis ; no other cases found], of free will; sua sponte, of his own free will. Spontaneous. statue, stStugrS, statui, statu- tiiin (status standing), set up; put; establish; decide. Stat- ute. sterilis, e, unfruitful, sterile. stipendiiim, i, n. (stips contri- bution, pendo pay), tax, tribute. Stipend. sto, stare, steti, stattim, stand; nobis sanguine stat, it costs us much blood. State, sta- tion. st61idus, a, um,/oo?i.s^. Stolid. strenuiis, a, iim, bold, brave. Strenuous. sttideo, stiidere, stiidui, no sup., be eager or zealous, desire. stiidium, i, n. (studeo be eager), zeal, desire. Study. suadeo, suadere, suasi, sua- siim, advise, per-suade. sub, prep. w. abl., under, beneath : in the time of; sub monte, at the foot of a mountain. sub-duco, ducerg, duxT, duc- tum (sub from under, duco draw), draw from under ; with- draw ; take away. sub-eo, ir6, ivi and ii, ittim (sub under, eo go), go under; en- dure, stibito, adv. (subitus sudden), suddenly, quickly. sub-levo, are, avi, atiini (sub from beneath, levo //// up), raise up, support ; help, aid. sub-rideo, riderS, risT, risiim (sub a litUe, rideo laugh), smile, sub-silio, silire, silui and silii, no sup. (sub up, salio leap), leap up, jump, sub-veho, vehSre, vexi, vec- tum (sub from below, veho carry), bring up, transport. suc-cedo, cedere, cessi, ces- siim (sub behind, cede come), svccKKD, follow. Succession. Suevi, oriim, m. pi., a powerful people of Germany. sui, of himself, herself, itself, them- selves [see 112^. Sull^, ae, m., Lucius Cornelius Sulla, a celebrated Roman. stini, essS, fui, be [see 62], summS, ae, f. (summus highest), amount, sum total. Sum. summus, a, iim, highest [positive supSrus, comparative supe- rior, superlative supremus and summus]. sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sump- tiim, take, as-sume. As-sump- TION. SUPER — TJRQUINIUS 205 siiper, prep. w. ace. and abl., over, above, upon. Super-. siiperbio, Ire, no perf. nor sup. (superbus proud), be proud of. superbus, a, jim, proud; Super- bus, i, m., the Proud, a surname of the younger Tarquin, the last king of Rome. superior, siipgriiis, upper, high- er : former. Superior. See supgrus. siipgriis, a, um [comp. superior, superl. supremus or summus] (super over, above), above, on high, upper, siipero, are, avi, atiim (super over), surmount^ surpass, over- come, subdue. siiper-siim, esse, fuT (super over, beyond; sum be), he over ; survive. supplicium, 1, n., punishment. sus-cipio, cipere, cepi, ceptiiin (sub under, capio take), under- take, take upon; engage in; re- ceive; sibi suscipere, to take upon one's self suspicio, onis, f. (suspicor sus- pect), SUSPICION. suspicor, ari, atus siim (suspi- cio fr. sub secretly, specie look at), SUSPECT. sus-tineo, tmerg, tlnui, ten- tiim (sub up, teneo hold), hold up, sustain; endure; withstand. suiis, a, iim (sui), his, his own; her, her own ; its, its own ; their, their own. T., abbreviation of Titus, a Ro- man praenomen. tabilia, ae, f., board; writing- table ; muster-roll. Table. talentiim, i, n., a talent, a sum of money equal to about $ 1 200. tain, adv., so, so very. t^m^n, adv., nevertheless; yet, still. tamquam and tanqu^m, adv. (tarn so, quam as), as much as ; as if TanSquil, life, f., wife of Tarqui- nius Prisons. tandgm, adv., at length; at last. tantiis, S, tim, so great, such, so large. tarditas, Stis, f. (tardus slow), slowness, tardiness ; heavi- ness. Tarpeia, ae, f., Tarpeia [pro- nounced Tar-pe-ya"], daughter of Spurius Tarpeius. Tarpeitis, S, tlm, Tarpeian [pro- nounced Tar-pe-yan'] ; mons Tarpeius, the Tarpeian Rock, the name of a rock on the Capitoline hill from which criminals were thrown head- long; the Tarpeian Mount. Tarquinii, oriim, m. pi, an an- cient town of Etruria. Tarqulniiis, i, m., Tarquin, the name of an illustrious R*>- man family, of which two, Priscus and Sujjcrbus, were kin2;s. 206 TECTU3f— TRANSILIO tectiiin, 1, n. (tego to cover), roof. telum, 1, n., weapon, missile, tempero, arS, avi, atum (tem- pus a piece cut off), abstain. Temper, temperate. tempestas, atis, f. (tempus time), storm; tempest. templiim, i, n., temple. temptls, tempdris, n., time. Temporal. tSneo, tSnere, tSnui, tenttLm, hold; have, possess: keep; re- strain; meiadria tener^, to remember. tSner, tSngra, tengrtim, ten- der, delicate. tento, arg,^avi, atxim, try. Ten- tative. terra, ae, f., earth, land. Ter- race. terreo, erS, ui, ittim, frighten, terri-fy. territo, are, avi, atiim (terreo frighten), terrify. territoritlin, i, n. (terra earth), territory. tertio, adv. (tertius third), the third time. testis, testis, m. and f., witness. Testify. Ti., abbreviation of Tiberius, a Roman praenomen. Tiberis, is [ace. im, abl. T], m., the Tiber, a river in Italy on which Rome is situated. Tiberiiis, i, m. See Ti. timeo, ere, ui, no supine, to fear. timidiis, S, ttm, (timeo to fear), TIMID ; cowardly. tim6r, timoris, m., fear. Tim- orous. tintinnabiilum, i, n. (tintinno to ring), bell. Titiis, 1, m. See T. toUo, tollere, sustiilT, subla- tiira, lift, raise; pick up; re- move, take away ; destroy. t6nitriis, us, m., and tSnitrti, n. indecl. (tono to thunder), thun- der, tdno, tSnare, t6nui, tSnitiim, thunder. tottis, S., tini, whole, entire, tra-duco and trans-duco, du- c6rg, duxi, ductiim (trans across, duco lead), lead across ; lead ; lead from one place to an- other. Traduce, trans, prep. w. ace., across, over; beyond. Trans-. trans-eo, irg, ii, ittim (trans across, over ; eo go), go across or over; cross. Transit, tran- sitive, transient, transi- tion. trans-fgro, ferrS, ttili, lattim (trans across, fero bear), bear across; transfer. Transla- tion. trans-igo, igSrS, egi, acttim (trans through to the end, ago bring), bring to an end; spend. Transact, transaction. tran-silio or trans-silio, silirg, silivi, silii, or silui, sultum (trans over, salio leap), leap over. TRANSPORTO — UNUS 207 trans-porto, arg, avi, attim (trans across, porto carry), carry across, transport. Transportation. tres, triS. [see 108], three. Treviri, oriim, m. pL, a people of Northern Gaul. tribuniis, i, m. (tribus tribe), tribune; tribuni militiim, military tribunes, of which offi- cers each legion had six. tribuo, tribuSrg, tribui, tribu- ttim, give, grant, bestow. Trib- ute, CON-TRIBUTE, CON-TRI- BUTION. tricesimiis, a, urn (triginta thir- ty), thirtieth. triduiim, i, n. (tres three, dies daij), three days, trigSmini, oriim, m. pi. (tres three gignor be horn), three brothers born at a birth. triginta, num. adj. indecl., thirty. tristis, tristg, sad, sorrowful. triumpho, arg, avi, atum (tri- umphus a triumph), to triumph. TrojS, ae, f., Troy, a city in the northwestern part of Asia Mi- nor. Trojaniis, S, lim, Trojan. tu, pers. pron., thou, you [see li^]. tab a, ae, f. (akin to tubus, a tube), trumpet. tiibicgn, inis, m. (tuba trumpet, cano to sound), trumpeter. Tulingi, ortim, m. pi, a people of Southern Germany, neigh- bors of the Helvetii. Tulliiis, i, m. See Servius. Tuiua, ae, f., daughter of Servius Tullius, and wife of Tanjuinius Superbus. TuUtis, 1, m., Ttdlus IlostiliuSf the third king of Home. tiim, adv., then; also. tiimiilTis, i, m. (tumeo swell), mound. turris, turris, f., tower. Tur- ret. tutSr, oris, m. (tueor protect) j guardian ; tutor. tutiis, a, tim (tueor protect), safe. tutis, a, tim, poss. pron. (tu thouj you), thy, thine ; your, yours. tyranniis, i, m., monarch ; tyrant, V. ubgr, ubgris, n., udder ; t€aJt,% iibi, adv., lohen, where. ulciscor, ulcisci, ulttls silm, take revenge; avenge. ulliis, ^ iim, any [see 24\ ult6ri6r, ultgritts (ulter that m beyond), farther [see 85]. Ul- terior. ultra, prep. w. ace., beyond. Ultra-. una, adv. (unus one and the same), at the same time; in company, together, und6, adv., from which place, whence. undique, adv. (unde, que), from all parts; on all sides, untis, a, Tim, one, single ; one and the same; pi, alone [see »4}, 208 URBS — VESTALIS urbs, urbis, f., city. Sub-urbs. tisiis, us, m. (utor use), use; advantage. usque, adv., even ; till. ut and iiti, conj., that, in order that; as. titSr, utra, utrum, which of two, which [see 24:~\. titerque, iitraque, iitrumque; gen. utriusque, etc. [declined like uter, see 24'], each, both. utilis, utilg (utor use, suffix ills denoting capability), useful, ben- eficial, profitable. utor, uti, usiis stim, use, make use of; adopt. utriim, adv. (uter which of two), ichether. uvS, ae, f., a grape; a hunch oj grapes. u^r, uxoris, f., wife. V. vSco, arS, avi, attim, be unoccu- pied. Vacate, vacant, va- cation. vadiiin, i, n. (vado go), ford, shallow. vagitiis, us, m. (vagio cry, squall), crying, squalling. vS^or, ari, atiis stini (vagus roaming about), roam about, wander about. Vaga-bond. valeo, erg, ui, itiim, pre-vail. vallum, 1, n. (vallus the line of palisades, stakes, set about an in- trenchment), rampart, intrench- ment. vasto, arg, avi, atiini (vastus einpty, desolate), lay waste, de- vastate. vectigal, vectigalis, n. (veho carry), toll paid for carrying goods into a country ; tax ; rev- enue. vehementgr, vehgrnentitis, vg- hgmentissime, adv. (vehe- mens violent), violently, severely ; furiously; vehemently. v61, conj., or; vSl — vel, either — or. vendo, vendgrg, vendidi, ven- ditiim (venum sale, do give)^ sell. Vend. vgnio, vgnirg, veni, ventiim, come; arrive at. verbgr, Sris, n., blow. Re-ver- ber-ate. verbtiin, i, n., word. Verb, VERBAL. vSreor, vgreri, vgrittis stim, fear. v§r6, adv. (verus true), in truth, truly; indeed; but, vescor, Mesci, fill one's selficith; live upon; eat. Vgsontio, onis, f., the chief town of the Sequani. vespgr, vesperis and vesper, i, m., evening star; evening; ad vesperiim, till evening. Ves- per, VESPERS. Vesta, ae, f., Vesta, the goddess of the hearth, to whom a per- petual fire was kept burning. Vestalis, e, of or belonging to Vesta, Vestal. VESTER — rULPES 209 vestgr, vestrS, vestriim, poss. pron., your, yours. vgtiis, gen. veteris, old, long standing, ancient. Veteran, IN-VETER-ATE. vexillum, T, n. (velum sail), standard; flag. vexo, are, avi, atiim (veho car- ry), trouble, annoy, harass. Vex, VEXATION, VEXATIOUS. via, ae, f., way, road; path; march. vicesimiis, S, iim (viginti twen- ty), ttventieth. victoria, ae, f. (victor conqueror), VICTORY. vie lis, i, m., village. video, videre, vidi, vTsiim, see. videor, videri, vistis siim, pass. and deponent, he seen; seem; seem good or proper. vigilia, ae, f. (vigilo to watch), icatch; de tertia vigilia, in the third watch. See Ln. LV., Note 5. viginti, num. adj. indecl., twenty. vinco, vine erg, vIcT, victiim, conquer. vincTiliim, i, n. (vincio hind), a chain; in vinciila conjic^re, to throw into prison. vindico, arg, 5vi, 5ttim, claim. Vindicate, vindication. vir, viri, m., man ; hero ; hnahand. See Ln. XXV., Note 1. virgd, inis, f. (vireo flourish, bloom), virgin. virtiis, virtutis, f. (vir man, hero), valor, courage; virtue. VIS, vis, [ace. vim, dat. and abl. vi; pL, vires, viritim, virl- biis, etc.] f., strength, power, vita, ae, f. (vivo live), life. Vital. vitis, is, f., vine. vito, arg, avi, atiim, shun, avoid, vix, adv., with difficulty ; scarcely, hardly. vbco, arg, avi, attim, call, sum- mon, invite. Vocation, voca- tive. v61o, vellg, v61ui, be willing ; wish : desire [see l/$5'}, voluntas, atis, f. (volo to wish), wish, consent. Voluntary. vos, pers. pron. pi, you [sec 1121. vox, vocis, f., VOICE. Vocal. vulngro, arg, avi, attim (vulnus icound), to wound. vulniis, vulngris, a wound, VULNER-ABLE. vulpes, is, f ., fox. II. English-Latin. The words given in this Vocabulary are more fully described in the preceding. See that Vocabulary also for the Proper Names. able, he able, possum. about, w. numerals, ad, circiter. abundance, copia. accuse, accuse. across, trans. adopt, utor. advancing, veniens. advise, moneo. affair, res. after, prep, post : con j. postquam. afterwards, postea. against, in, contra. aid, auxilium ; to aid, juvo. all, every, omnis ; pi. omnes ; all, the whole, totus. ally, socius. almost, paene, prope. alone, solus. also, etiam. although, quum, etsi. ambassador, legatus. among, apud, inter, in. and, et, atque, que ; both — and^ et — et. animal, animal. announce, nuncio. any, quis, ullus. anything, quid, aliquid {116, a), appoint, creo. arms, arma. army, exercltus, agmen. around, circum. arrive, pervenio. arrival, adventus. ascertain, cognosco. as soon as, postquam ; as soon as possible, quam primum. 05^;, quaero; ask for, rogo. assemble, convenio. assembly, concilium. asskt, adsum. at home, domi. attack, impetus; to attack^ op- pugno. attempt, conor. at Caesar's feet, Caesari ad pe- des. auxiliaries, auxilia. avoid, vito. aioay, take away, tollo. B. bad, malus. baggage, impedimenta. bank, ripa. battle, proelium, pugna. be, sum; be present, adaom; be from or distant, absum. beautifuly pulcher. 212 BECAUSE— CORN became, quod, quia. become, fio ; become master of, po- tior. before, ante, pro. beg for, peto. beginning, initium. besiege, oppugno. best, optimus. betake myself, me confero, me recipio. better, melior. between, inter. big, magnus. bold, audax. born, be born, nascor. both, uterque ; both — and, et — et. boy, puer. brave, fortis. bravely, fortiter. break up {camp), (castra) moveo. bridge, pons. bring, fero ; bring upon, infero. broad, latus. , brother, frater. building, aedifioium. burn, incendo, cremo; burn up, exuro, comburo. but if sin. buy, emo. by, a, ab ; by no means, minime. call, summon, voco; call, name, appello ; call together, conv6- co ; call to mind, commem6ro. camp, castra; pitch a camp, cas- tra pono ; break up camp, cas- tra moveo. can, possum. capture, expugno. carry, carry on, gero ; carry on war, bellum gero ; bello. cart, carrus. cause, causa. cavalry^ equitatus; of cavalry, equester. cavalryman, eques. censure, accuse. character, natura. chief princeps. choose, creo. citadel, arx. citizen, civis. city, urbs. cliff, rupes. cold, frigus. collect, comporto, confero, con- diico. come, venio ; come together, con- venio ; come to, pervenio. comitium, comitium. command, be in command of, prae- sum. company, in company, una. complain, queror. conceal, occulto. concerning, de. confidence, fides. congratulate, gratulor. comjuer, vinco. consent, voluntas. consider, habeo, duco. conspiracy, conjuratio. consul, consul; in the consulship of Caesar, Caesare consule. continually, continenter. corn, frumentum. COVLD — EXPECTATION 213 could, past tense of possum. council, concilium. counsel^ consilium. country, fatherland, patria. cowardly, ignavus. cross, transeo. D. danger, periciilum. dangerouii, periculosus. daughter, filia, daicn, at the earliest dawn, prima luce. day, dies; at daybreak^ prima luce ; on the day before, pridie. death, mors. deceive, decipio. decide, statuo. decision, judicium. deep, altus. defend, defendo. delay, moror. deliberate, delibero. demand, postiilo, posco. depart, discedo. (Ie/)arture, profectio. describe, designo. design, consilium. desire, studium, cupidltas. desirous, cupidus. destroy, deleo. destruction, pernicies. determine, judico. devastate, vasto. die, morior. differ, differo. difficulty, angustiae; loith diffi- culty, vix. dig, fodio. direction, pars. distance, spatium. distant, be distant, absum; most distant, extremus. distinguished, nobilis. disturb, commoveo. ditch, fossa. divulge, enuncio. do, facio. draw, duco. dwell, incblo. B. each, to each other, inter se. easily, facile. easy, facilis ; very easy, perfacUis. either — or, aut — aut. elect, creo. embassy, legatio. empire, imperium. empty, influo. encamp, castra pono; consido. encompass, contineo. encourage, confirmo. end, finis. endeavor, nitor. endure, subeo. enemy, hostis. enervate, eflfemlno. entire, totus. entreat, implore, oro. equal, par, aequus. establish, confirmo. even, not even, ne — quidem. excel, praecedo, praesto. exhort, hortor. expectation, spes. 214 EXTRAORBINJRY — GUARD extraordinary^ incredibilis. eye, octilus. far, hy far, longe ; very far, lon- gissime. farther, adj., ulterior; adv., lon- gius. father, pater. father-in-laic, socer. fatherland, patria. favor, faveo. fear, timor ; to fear, timeo, ve- reor. few, pauci. feld, ager. ffleen, quindgcim. ffih, quintus. fght, pugno. fnd, reperio. fire, ignis ; set on fire, incendo. first, primus ; in the first part of the night, prima nocte. five, quinque. flight, fuga. flee, fugio. flow, fluo. follow, sequor. fond, cupidus. foot, pes ; at the foot of the moun- tain, sub monte. for, de w. abl., ad w. ace; for this reason, hoc, eo. foraging, pabulatio. falsest, silva. forget, obliviscor. former, pristinus, vetus. forth, lead forth, educo. fortify, munio. fortune, fortuna. forward, send forward, praemitto ; move forward, promoveo. free, liber; of one^s aion free will, sua sponte. friend, amicus. friendly, amicus. friendship, amicitia. from^ from near, a, ab ; from out of e, ex. furiously, vehementer. furnish, facio. furthermost, extremus. future, in the future, in reliquum tempus. G. garrison, praesidium. general, imperator. generosity, liberalitas. get possession of potior. get rid of, depono. girl, puella. give, do ; give orders, impSro ; give satisfaction, satisfacio. glory, gloria. go, eo ; go forth, exec. god, deus. goddess, dea. gone, perf. part, of exigo. good, bonus. government, imperium. grandfather, avus. grant, concede. great, magnus ; so great, tantus. grievous, gravis. guard, custos. HAPPEN— LETTER 215 happen, accido, fio. happy, felix. harass, vexo. hasten, maturo, contendo, ac- curro. have^ habeo. he says, dicit. hear, audio. height, altitude. help, juvo. hem in, contineo. high^ altus. highest, summus. hill, coUis. hindrance^ impedimentum. h'ls, his own, suus. hither^ citerior. hold, habeo, obtineo, teneo; hold a conference, coUoquor. home, at home, domi; homeward, domum ; from home, domo. hope, spes. horse, equus. hostage, obses. hour, hora. house, domus. hurl, conjioio. husband, vir. /, ego. if si. implore, imploro. import, importo. in, into, in. incite, facio. influence, auctorltas. influenced, adductus. inform Caesar, Caesarem cer- tiorem facio. infuse, injicio. inquire, quaero. insult, contumelia. intervene, intersum. invite, arcesso. just, Justus. K. keep, teneo; keep from, pro- hibeo. kill, caedo, interficio. kindness, beneficium. king, rex. knoiv, scio ; know, find out, co- gnosco ; not know, nescio. L. land, terra. language, lingua. large, magnus. late in the day, multo die. law, lex, jus. lay waste, vasto. lead, duco ; lead forth, edaco. leader, dux. , leave, relinquo. left, sinister. legate, legStus. legion, legio. letter, epistSla. 216 LEVY— ONE levy on, impono. lieutenant, legatus. like, similis. line of battle, acies. little^ paulus ; a little^ paulo. lofty airs, spiritus. long, for a long time, diu; longer, diutius. look at, intueor; look out for, prospicio. love, amor ; to love, amo. M. make, facio ; rnake or deliver a speech, orationem habeo ; make haste, maturo; make upon, infSro. man, vir, homo. manner, in such a manner, ita. many, multi. march, iter; to march, iter facSre. marriage, matrimonium ; to give in marriage, in matrimonium dare. master, become master of, potior. means, by no means, minime ; by means of, see 54, memory, memoria. mile, mille passuum. mind, animus, mens. misfortune, incommbdum. missile, telum. month, mensis. more, magis, amplius ; be more willing., malo. mother, mater. mountain, mons. move, moveo ; move forward, pro- moveo. much, multus. multitude, multitudo. murder, caedes; to murder, cae- do, occido. my, my own, meus. N. narrow pass, angustiae. nature, natura. near, circum, ad. nearest, proximus. nearly, fere. neighbors, finitimi. neither — no?', neque — neque. nine, novem. no, none, nuUus. nobility, nobilitas. noble, nobilis. not, non; not — even, ne — quidem. none the less, nihilo minus. nothing, nihil. notice, animadverto. number, numSrus. obtain, obtineo, consgquor. occupy, occupo. often, saepe. old, vetus, natus. on, upon, in. on account of, propter. on all sides, undique. on the day before, pridie. one, unus. ONE— REMOVE 217 one hy one, singiili. one party — the otlier^ altgri — altgri. opinion, sententia. opportunity, potestas, facultas. or, aut, vel, an. order, give orders, impSro. other, alius ; to each other, from each other, inter se. ought, oportet, debeo. See also Ln. LXX. our, our own, noster. OM,', set out, proficiscor; out of, e, ex. overcome, supero. oivn, his own, suus; my own, mens ; your own, tuus, ves- ter; their own, suus. P. pace, passus. part, pars. party, one party — the other, al- teri — alteri. pass the winter, hiemo. peace, pax. people, popiilus. peril, periculum. persist, persevere. persuade, persuadeo. pitch a camp, castra pono. place, locus ; j)lace, put, pono. plan, consilium. please, placeo. pledge, fides. poor, pauper. possession, possessio ; get posses- sion of, potior. power, royal power, sovereign pow- er, regnum. practicable, facilis. practice, exercitatio. praetor, praetor. prepare, compSro. present, be present, adsum, press, press upon, premo. prevail upon, permoveo. prevent, retineo. price, pretium. private, privatus. proceed, precede. promise, poUiceor. protection, praesidium. province, provincia. provisions, commeatus. pursue, persSquor. put off, confSro. R. ready, paratus. rear of an army, agmen novis- simum. reason, causa. recall to mind, reminiscor. recent, recens. refinement, humanitas. reign, regno. rejoice, laetor, relief subsidium. remain, maneo. remaining, reliquus. remember, memini ; memoricl teneo. remembrance^ memoria. remove, moveo, removeo. 218 REPLY— STRENGTHEN reply, responsum; to reply, re- spondeo. report, enuncio. resolve, constituo. rest, the rest, ceteri ; rest of, reli- quus. restrain, retineo, prohibeo. return, reverter, reverto. recenue, vectigal. reward, praemium. rich, dives. ri(l(je, jugum. right, dexter. ripe, maturus. ricer, flumen. road, via. rout, pello. rou'e, iter. royal power, regnum. ruin, pernicies. S. sad, tristis. sake, for the sake of causa. same, the same, idem. satisfaction, give satisfaction, satis- facio. satisfy, satisfacio. say, dico ; he says, dicit. sea, mare. see, video. seem, videor ; it seems good, vide- tur. seize, occupo. select, deligo. sell, vendo. senator, senator. send, mitto; send forward, prae- mitto. separate, divido. set on fire, incendo. set out, proficiscor. severely, graviter, vehementer. ship^ navis. short, brevis; shortest way or route, proximum iter. show, probo. shun, vito. side, this side of, citra. sides, on all sides, undique. sight, conspectus. signal, signum. since, quum. single, unus. sister, soror. skilful, peritus. slave, servus. slavery, servitus. small, parvus. so, ita ; with adjectives, tam ; so great, tantus. soldier, miles. some, some one, aliquis. See 116, a. son, filius ; son-in-law, gener. soon, matiire. sovereignty, sovereign power, reg- num. Spain, Hispania. speak, loquor. speech, oratio ; make, deliver a speech, orati5nem habeo. stand, sto. state, civitas. station, colloco, constituo. stay, maneo. storm, expugno. strengthen, confirmo. STRIVE— USEFUL 219 strive, nitor. such^ tantus. sufficient, sufficiently, satis ; with sufficient ease, satis com- mode. suitable^ idoneus, commodus. summer, aestas. summon, voco, conv6co. sunset, occasus solis. supply, copia; supplies, res fru- mentaria, commeatus. surround, cingo. surcive, supersum. suspicion, suspicio. swiftly, celeriter. T. take, capture, capio, expugno; take away, toUo ; take to one's self, sumo. tarry, moror. teach, doceo. ten, decem. tend, pertineo. territory, ager, fines. than, quam. that, ille. that, in order that, ut ; after verbs oi fearing, ne. that not, ne ; after verbs of fear- ing, ut. the same, idem. there, in that place, ibi. their, their own, suus. they, them, see Ln. LVIII., Note 2. thing, res. think, puto, abXtror. third, tertius. this, hie. those, illi. three days, triduum. three hundred, trecenti. through, per. throw one's self, se projicSre. till evening, ad vespdrum. time, tempus; for a long time^ diu. to, ad. to-day, hodie. together, come together^ convenio. tongue, lingua. top of the moHntain, summus mons. toioards, ad; towards the north, sub septemtrionibus. tower, turris. town, oppidum. trader, mercator. train up, instituo. tribute, stipendium. troops, copiae. try, Conor. twenty, viginti. two days, biduum. u. under, sub. unoccupied, he unoccupied^ vaoo. until, dum. unwilling, he unwilling, nolo. upon, in. upper, superior. urge, hortor. use, utor ; make use of utor. useful, utilis. 220 VALOR— YOUTH vahr, virtus. very, valde ; very easy, perfaci- lis ; very great, maximus ; eery is often rendered by ipse : e. g. the very city, urbs ipsa. vicinity^ in or into the vicinity of, ad w. name of town in aec. victory, victoria. w. wage, gero. laages, merces. wagon, carrus. wait, exspecto. walled town, oppidum. wanting, he loanting, desum. umr, bellum. waste, lay ivaste, vasto. watch^ vigilia ; in the third watch, de tertia vigilia. way, via. we, nos. See Ln. LVII. wealthy, copiosus. weapon, telum. tveep, fleo ; iveeping, flens. what? quid? what sort of a? LX. when. quum. where, ubi. whether, utrum. qui? See Ln. ivhich, quod. while, dum. zvho, qui ; who ? quis ? whole, totus. why? quid? wide, latus. willing, be willing, volo. icin, concilio. wing of an army, cornu. winter, pass the winter, hiemo. winter- quarters, hiberna. rcish, volo. with, cum. icithdrarv, se recipSre. without, sine. withstand, sustineo. witness, testis. woman, mulier. word, verbum. worthy, dignus. wound, vulnus; to ivoundy vul- ngro. write, scribo. wrong, injuria. Y. year, annus. yet, tamen. yoke, jugum. you, tu, vos. your, tuus, vester. youth, adolescens. See Ln. LYIL (tnyiVBESITY) a, Bigelow, & Co. VALUABLE GREEK BOOKS PUBLISHKD BY S. C. GEIGGS AND COMPANY, CHICAGO. "No better exercises can be found for clashes in Greek Prose Compo- sition, whether in College or the Preparatory School." — KD WAKU NORTH, L.. H. D., Professor of Greek, Hamilton CoUege, N. Y. 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" It is a work of extraordinary power We think it is vtore likely to lodge an impression in the human conscience^ in favor of the divine authority of Christianity^ than any work of the modern press." — London Evangelical Magazine, England. *' No single volume we ever read has been so satisfactory a demonstration of the truth of religion, or has had so strong a controlling influence over our habits of thought No better book can be put into the hands of the honest and intellectual sceptic. It is overwhelmingly convincing to reason, and leaves the doubter nothing but his passions and prejudices to bolster him up Every minister's library should have a copy."— - The Methodist Protestant, Baltimore. "We have commended this book before, — not too highly, for, like wine, it has im- proved by age. We wish it were in eveiy library in the land, and its contents in every head." — 71te Presbyterian, Philadelphia. THE DOCTRINE OF THE HOLY SPIRIT; OR, PHILOSOPHY OF THE DIVINE OPERATION IN THE REDEMPTION OF MAN. Being volume second of " The Philosophy of the Plan of Salvation." By Rev. J. B. Walker, D. D. Fourth Edition, Revised and En- larged. Price, ^1.50. " The author's former able works have prepared the public for the rich treasures of thought in this volume. It is a book of foundation principles, and deals in the verities of the gospel as with scientific facts. It is an unanswerable argument in behalf of Christ's life, mission, and doctrine, and especially rich in its teachings concerning the office and work of the Spirit. No volume has lately issued from the press which brines so many timely truths to the public attention. While it is metaphysical and th<»roiij;h, it is also clever, forceful, winning for its grand truth's sake, and e7>ery way readable- The author has wrought a great work for the Christian Church, and et'ery minister and teacher should arm himself with strong weapons by perusing the arguments (if this book. It is printed and bound in the exquisite style of all publications which issue from Messrs. S. C. Griggs & Co.'s establishment." — i)/^///c7 Of TH^^^-^ THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO 50 CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. SEP 10 Ibo. Vi^ \%'i'i LD 21-20m-6,'32 iT ';'■ - [25m-]