THE HISTORY OFMORLEY. BY WILLIAM SMITH.F.S.A.S.&c. THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES m ,?'-'f iff ffl$8 (1 m if] THE HISTORY OF MORLEY From Flioto^Tapli by Braithwaite Leeds THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF MORLEY, JJn tfje E2Eest &toing of t&e ountg of WITH UPWARDS OF ONE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS. SMITH, F.S.A..S., AUTHOR OF "ADVENTURES WITH MY ALPEN-STOCK AND CARPET- BAG: on A THREE WEEKS' TRIP TO FRANCE AND SWITZERLAND;" "A YORKSHIREMAN'S TRIP TO ROME;" "RAMBLES ABOUT MORLEY;" "THE CHRONICLES OF MORLEY;" ETC., ETC. Subscribers' (Eopg. LONDON : LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., PATERNOSTER ROW. 1876. [ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL.] MORLEY : PRINTED BY S. STEAD, "OBSERVER" OFFICE, COMMERCIAL STREET, College Library TO SIE TITUS SALT, BAET., J.P., D.L., OF SALTAIEE AND CEOW NEST. DEAR SIB, Allow me to thank you most sincerely for the permission, so politely and readily granted, to dedicate to you this humble attempt to make the inhabitants of Morley better acquainted with their ancestors and the history of the place in which, by the order of Providence, they first saw the light. Al 1221610 vi. DEDICATION. I esteem it a high gratification to be permitted to dedicate this work to you, a native of Morley, not more noble by the rank into which our Sovereign has raised you, and by your social position, than by the virtues with which you adorn the station in which you are placed. Your benevolence and kindness are virtues of the highest order, in as much as they are both liberal, diffusive, and universal. Not narrowed by party prejudice, nor bounded by the limits of party connection or local circumstances, your generosity has scarcely known any bounds, but purified, strengthened, and animated by Christian principle, it has been steady, uniform, and persevering. Of your public career it may with truth be said, that your eloquence has been more that of deeds than one of words. While others have spent a lifetime in endeavouring to define benevolence, you have studied the practice of it; and like your Divine Master, whose example you have copied, you have gone about "continually doing good." During a long and laborious life, you have rendered noble services to the cause of humanity, of social progress, and of religion. To furnish employment for thousands of your countrymen ; to supply the pressing needs of the really indigent and necessitous; to assuage the sorrows of poverty overtaken by sickness or cast down by misfortune ; " to smooth the furrowed cheek, and make the winter of age wear the aspect of spring;" to be a father to the helpless orphan; to relieve the distress and yet spare the blushes of those who have known better days; to help the cause of religion when struggling with worldly difficulties; these have been your employment these the objects of your beneficence these the offices of mercy in which you have delighted. As a tribute of respect, for your public spirit and services, this Work is dedicated to you, by Your Obliged and Humble Servant, WILLIAM SMITH. MOELEY, JUNE 1ST, 1876. PREFACE. The purpose of this book is, to present the reader with a succinct account, historical and topographical, of a locality, which both on account of its ancient history and its modern manufactures, is not unknown to fame. In the year 1830, Norrisson Scatcherd, Esq., published his HISTORY OP MORLEY, which, though displaying considerable research and antiquarian knowledge, and being, in its information, both valuable and curious, yet cannot, in any sense, be considered as a popular or comprehensive account of the place. It is rather the history of the times and persons more intimately associated with the Old Chapel ; the portion devoted to the general history and manufactures of the town is very meagre, besides being prolix to all but antiquarian readers. In addition to this, nearly half a century has passed away since Mr. Scatcherd's book was published, and the mere lapse of time must have rendered it, in many respects, obsolete, even if no new information had come to light respecting the Old Chapel and other portions of the History. I cannot, however, omit to acknowledge my obligations to the painstaking and laborious writer just mentioned, for which, in every case, due acknowledgement is made; and my object in quoting somewhat freely from his book, has been to render it by compression and elucidation more useful and acceptable to the general reader. To those who may read this work, I would further say that, notwithstanding the labour and difficulty of collecting so much varied information, and the liability to error hi regard to names and dates, I have spared no pains to ensure accuracy, to write impartially, to avoid misrepresentation, and I have not wilfully falsified facts or led my readers into error. viii. PKEFACE. I have, as far as possible, adopted an easy and familiar style of writing, in order to render the book agreeable to the various classes of readers who may favour it with a perusal. I have, purposely, avoided reference to many of the authorities I have consulted, and have not larded the pages with explanatory notes, being of opinion that what was not worthy of being inserted in the body of the work, might as well be left out altogether. To my friend, Charles A. Federer, Esq., of Bradford, I am anxious to express my grateful acknowledgements, for his kindly aid in pre- paring the copious index at the end of the work, and in supplying several valuable items of information. To Messrs. J. Horsfall Turner, of Idle, Simeon Rayner, of Pudsey, and Thomas P. Empsall, of Bradford, my thanks are due for several obliging communications. For the gift or loan of several photographs and engravings (possibly not the least interesting feature in the book) I am indebted to Sir Titus Salt, M. Rhodes, Esq., J. Lumley, Esq., and Messrs. Lockwood and Mawson, of Bradford; W. II. Parkinson and George Mallinson, Esquires, of Leeds; Messrs. T. Harrison and Sons, of Bingley; E. Eldon Deane, Esq., of London ; Messrs. S. Law and Sons, W. Kempe and Co., Joseph Rhodes and Sons, Houghton, Kuowles, and Co., and some others. This work having been written during the intervals of leisure, found hi the midst of an active business life, indulgence is asked for any mistakes or errors which may unintentionally have been made. W. S. MORLEY, JUNE, 1876. CONTENTS Page HISTORICAL NOTICES ... 1 ETYMOLOGIES 10 BOUNDARIES 17 WAPENTAKE 19 THE LORDS OF MORLEY 21 SCENERY AND GEOLOGICAL FEATURES ... 45 AGRICULTURE 49 DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE 52 MEANS OF COMMUNICATION ... ... ... G2 LOCAL GOVERNMENT ... ... ... GS SOCIAL CONDITION AND HABITS ... SO ANCIENT CUSTOMS AND AMUSEMENTS ... 84 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 94 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY 124 LITERARY AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS ... 199 INDUSTRIAL AND PROVIDENT SOCIETIES 204 THE WOOLLEN AND UNION CLOTH MANUFACTURE 207 APPENDICES ... 249 INDEX ... 253 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, Portrait of the Author ... ... ... ... to face Title Page. Old Manor House ... ... ... ... ... 1 Arms of Lacy ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5 Manor House ... ... ... ... ... ... 22 Arms of Beeston ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 24 Arms of Lisle ... ... ... ... ... ... 26 Arms of Savile ... ... ... ... ... .. ... 30 Howley Hall (from an old Engraving) ... ... ... 31 Howley Ruins ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 35 Arms of Dartmouth ... ... ... ... ... 44 Old Houses, Pinfold, and Town's Quarry ... ... ... ... 53 Old House and Gateway ... ... ... ... 55 MorleyHall ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 57 Mount Pleasant ... ... ... ... ... 58 Thornfield House ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 58 Osborne House ... ... ... ... ... 59 Carrier's Waggon ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 65 Waterworks Pumping Station ... ... ... ... 77 Offices of the Local Board ... ... ... ... ... ... 79 Ducking Stool... ... ... ... .. ... 88 Portrait of Sir Titus Salt, Bart. ... ... ... ... ... 95 Arms of Salt ... ... ... ... ... ... 95 Saltaire ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 96 Saltaire Mills... 97 Saltaire Congregational Church ... ... ... ... ... 99 Saltaire Club and Institute ... ... ... ... 100 Saltaire Elementary Schools... ... ... ... ... ... 101 Crow Nest, the Seat of Sir Titus Salt, Bart. ... ... 103 Portrait of Norrisson Scatcherd, Esq. , F. S. A. . . . ... ... ... 107 Morley House ... ... ... ... ... ... 108 Portrait of Manoah Rhodes, Esq., J. P. ... ... ... ... 118 Old Chapel, 1770 124 LIST OP ILLUSTKATIONS. XI. Page. Anglo-Saxon Church ... ... ... ... ... ... 126 Arms of Nostel Priory ... ... ... ... ... 129 Old Chapel, 1870 ... ... ... ... ... ... 134 New Congregational Church ... ... ... ... 135 Arms of Savile ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 136 Corporal Crowther's House, Banks' Hill ... ... ... 133 Old Chapel Parsonage ... ... ... ... ... ... 143 Arms of Sharp... ... ... ... ... ... 151 Portrait of Rev. Joseph Fox ... ... ... ... ... 156 New School, Troy Hill... ... 157 Ancient Tombstones ... ... ... ... ... ... 163 Ancient Tombstones ... ... ... ... ... 166 St. Peter's Church... ... ... 174 St. Peter's Infant Schools ... ... ... 176 St. Paul's Church ... ... ..'. ... 178 Eehoboth Chapel ... ... ... 180 Portrait of Rev. J. Fletcher... ... ... 184 Cross HaU ... ... ... ... 184 Portrait of Ptev. J. Wesley ... ... ... ... ... 185 Wesleyan Chapel ... ... ... ... 186 Baptist Tabernacle... ... ... ... ... ... ... 188 Zion Congregational Sunday School ... ... ... 189 Bethel Reform Chapel ... ... ... 1 90 Brunswick Primitive Methodist Chapel ... ... ... 191 Exterior of Catholic Apostolic Church ... ... ... ... 192 Interior of Catholic Apostolic Church ... ... ... 193 Ebenezer Primitive Methodist Chapel ... ... ... ... 194 New Connexion School, Bruntcliffe ... ... ... 195 Zoar Particular Baptist Chapel ... ... ... ... ... 196 Turton Hall School, Gildersome ... ... ... ... 201 Co-operative Hall and Stores ... ... ... 205 Flemish Weaver, XlVth Century 209 Crank Mill ... ... 212 Albert Mills ... ... ... ... 213 Rag Cleaning Machine ... ... ... ... ... ... 219 Rag Grinding Machine ... ... ... ... ... 219 Shake Willey ... ... 221 Teaser ... ... 221 Card Setting Machines ... 223 Scribbling Machine ... ... ... ... ... 224 Carding Machine and Condenser ... ... ... ... 224 Distaff and Spindle ... 225 xii. LIST OP ILLUSTATIONS. Page. Whorl, for the Spindle of the Distaff. . . ... ... ... ... 226 Spindle of the Whorl ... ... ... ... ... 226 Jersey Spinning Wheel ... ... ... ... ... ... 227 Billey or Slubbing Machine ... ... ... ... 227 Jenny or Hand Spinning Machine ... ... ... ... ... 228 Portrait of Arkwright ... ... ... ... ... 229 Portrait of S. Crompton ... ... ... ... ... ... 230 Self -Acting Spinning Mule ... ... ... ... 230 Long Handled Comb ... ... ... ... ... ... 232 Clay Loom Weights ... ... ... ... ... 233 Ancient Hand Loom ... ... ... ... ... ... 234 Portrait of Cartwright ... ... ... ... ... 235 Power Loom ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 235 Fulling Stocks 237 Fulling Machine (Side View) ... ... ... ... ... 233 Fulling Machine (Moveable Trough) ... ... ... 239 Fulling Machine (Front View) ... ... ... ... ... 239 Hand Raising ... ... ... ... ... ... , 240 Teazle Setting ... 241 Raising Gig ... ... ... ... ... ... 242 Teazle Head 242 Perpetual Shearing Machine ... ... ... ... 243 Winding-on Gig for Roller Boiling ... ... ... ... 244 Tentering Machine ... ... ... ... ... ' 245 Brushing and Steaming Mill... ... ... ... ... ... 247 HISTORY OF MOELEY. 233 forward one of these wands the warp could be passed through from side to side, either by a long rod or by a shuttle. The rest of the process is thus described : " After the woof had been conveyed through the warp it was driven downwards or upwards, according as the web was woven from the top or from the bottom. Two different instruments were used in this part of the process. The simplest, and probably the most ancient, was in the form of a large wooden sword (spatha). This instrument is still used in Iceland exactly as it was in ancient times. "The spatha was, however, in a great degree superseded by the comb (pecten], the teeth of which were inserted between the threads of the warp, and thus made by a forcible impulse to drive the threads of the woof close together. It is probable that the teeth were sometimes made of metal, and they were accom- modated to the purpose intended by being curved (pectinis unci), as is still the case in the combs which are used in the same manner by the Hindoos. Among us the office of the comb is executed with greater ease and effect by the reed, sley, or batten." Clay Loom Weights. Adam, in his "Roman Antiquities" (Lond. 1830), p. 485, says: " When the web was woven upright, a thin piece of wood, like a sword (spatha), seems to have been used for this purpose ; and in weaving of Arras, of Turkey carpeting, etc., in which alone the upright mode of working is now retained, the weft is driven up with an instrument somewhat like a hand u'ith the Jingers stretched out, made of lead or iron. " Juvenal (Sat. ix. 30), makes Naevolus complain that sometimes he gets greasy and coarse clothes badly woven : "Et male percussas textoris pectine Galli," 'and insufficiently struck with the comb of a Gaulish weaver,' i.e., the threads of the woof not driven closely enough together by the comb, which then served the purpose now effected by the sley." The comb was used by the hand of the weaver, in the operation of driving home the weft, and this rude implement is still in use among the Hindoos. B 234 HISTORY OF MORLEY. In Morley, for many centuries, the hand-loom was in use, and was of a rude description. Previous to the year 1780, the shuttle was thrown by the weaver from one hand to be caught by the other ; and where the cloth was more than a yard in width, two weavers were required, one at each end of the loom. In the above year John Kay, of Bury, produced the fly-shuttle, to be driven by the "picking peg," a straight wooden handle, by means of which the weaver impelled his shuttle. Fifty years ago, the nick-nack of the handloom was the most familiar sound in the streets of Morley, and at the present day a few of these relics of a past generation may still be met with. George Eliot, in " Silas Marner," Ancient Handloom. has given us a faithful picture of the old handloom weaver in his best days, and has drawn a contrast between the loom's questionable sound and " the natural cheerful trotting of the winnowing machine and the simpler rhythm of the flail." Dyer thus describes the operation of handloom weaving : "From hand to hand The thready shuttle glides along the lines, Which open to the woof, and shut alternate ; And ever and anon, to firm the work, Against the web is driven the noisy frame. " " From hand to hand Again, across the lines of opening, glides The thready shuttle, while the web apace Increases. " HISTORY OF MOELEY. 235 In 1785 the power-loom was invented by Dr. Cartwright, of Hollander House, Kent, but it was a clumsy machine and was never got effectually to work. The origin of the power-loom was as follows : Dr. Cartwright, happening to be conversing with a number of manufacturers whom he casually met at Matlock, on the merits of Arkwright's spinning- jenny, suggested that machinery for weaving ought to be invented, if they were to keep pace with the spinning. The idea was ridiculed, but the Kentish clergyman nursed the idea, and although at that time he had never even seen a weaver at work, he set about the task of inventing the power-loom. Within the last thirty years two thousand power-looms have been set to work in Morley, and are chiefly attended to by upgrown females, under the Dr. Cartwright. Power Loom. supervision of men called "tuners." The earnings of these females average about thirteen shillings per week ; and so great is the demand for power-loom weavers, that it is all but impossible to secure a supply of domestic servants. 236 HISTOEY OF MORLEY. In the simplest form of power-loom, such as is used for plain union cloth, the threads required for the warp are wound to the necessary length, on a horizontal cylinder as long as the breadth of the intended fabric, and are so attached to levers that every other thread is first raised, and then depressed, by the alternate action of the loom. As they are thus separated, the shuttle flies between them, carrying the woof thread, which is instantly driven home to that last placed by the stroke of the beam ; and the series of warp threads that were above the woof thread at one passage come to lie below it at the next. A simple stripe in the- warp can be managed upon a similar loom; but a twill, diagonal, ribbed, or other so-called "fancy" weaving, or the production of a varied pattern, will require more complicated machinery, such as many bobbins, instead of a single cylinder, to carry the warp, and arrange- ments by W 7 hich the warp threads may be lifted in some irregular or varied order. Notwithstanding the comparative perfection at which the power-loom and other woollen machinery has arrived, improvements are still beiug constantly made, hence ' ' Amidst the dust, and speed, and clamour, Of the loom shed and the mill, "Midst the clank of wheel' and hammer, Great results are growing still. " The power-loom, well adapted for the cotton warps, was introduced into Morley by Mr. Matthew Smith, when the haudlooms began to rapidly disappear from the cottages of the operatives. 11. BUKLING. The weft and warp having now assumed, with the aid of the loom, the character of cloth, it is carefully inspected by women called " burlers," who, with strong-pointed nippers, pluck out all knots or other imperfections in the yarn, and also remove from the surface of the cloth all inequalities or irregularities made in the weaving. The cloth is then hung over a wide frame or " perch," in a good light, and any imperfection which may have escaped the notice of the burler, is seen by the " taker-in," whose duty it is to call the attention of the weaver to bad workmanship. 12. MILLING. This operation requires much skill and care, in order to cleanse the piece from the grease it contains, and so to "felt" the cloth that it shall reach the required width in proper condition. Twenty years ago, all the milling in this locality was done by means of the " fulling stocks," but these have made way for the " milling machine," which thickens or " mills " the cloth to the required substance with less waste and loss of weight, than was occasioned by the old method. H1STOBY OF MOELEY. 237 The fulling stock is of ancient invention ; no one can tell when it was first used in this country, nor by whom it was introduced. It was in use in Spain a long time ago, and is mentioned by Cervantes, when he calls the machines "Fulling hammers," which shows that "fallers" were then used. Sixty years ago, the fulling of cloth was only carried on in places where water power was plentiful, and the Morley clothiers of that day had to prepare the cloth at home, and then take it to Ilunslet, Harewood, or more generally to Greenwood's mill at Dewsbury. Fulling Stocks. We have listened with great interest to the tales of some clothiers when speaking of those milling days of yore. Greenwood's mill was situated in a lovely spot, surrounded by fine meadows and scenery ; and near to the mill ran the river, which furnished a stream by which the ponderous water wheel was turned. The clothier was glad, rather than otherwise, to make a journey to this spot : it was a kind of relief to the monotony of home a change of scenery, and made him intimate with a number of boon companions ; for he had to stay sometimes two or three 238 HISTOKY OP MOBLEY. days until his turn came, and he could carry the cloth back in a milled state. In the fulling mills we have an instance of the origin of surnames. "Walker" reminds us of the early fashion of treading out the cloth before the invention of the stocks. In Wicklyffe's version of the story of Christ's transfiguration, he speaks of his clothes shining so as no Fig. 1. Fulling Machine. ' ; fullere or walkere of cloth" may make white upon earth. Langland, writing of this mode of fulling, says : 'Cloth that cometh fro the wevyng Is naught comely to wear Til it be fulled under fool, Or in fullying stokkes, Washen well with water And with tasselas cracched Y-touked, and y-tented And under taillours hande." The " fulling stocks '' consisted of heavy wooden mallets, driven by a revolving wheel, after the manner of tilt hammers. After the cloth had been saturated with a hot solution of soap, it was placed in the trough, ready for the action of the " fallers." By means of projecting cogs on the wheel, the two ponderous mallets alternately rose and fell, each as it descended striking the cloth with a heavy blow. The felting was continued until the cloth was fulled to the required extent. Fuller's earth was long used in Morley for scouring and fulling purposes, but soap is now preferred HISTORY OF MOELEY. 239 The fulling process is now performed by a machine called the " milling machine," which is more convenient than the stocks, does the work in a shorter time, and requires less soap. It consists of a strong iron framework, A A, Fig. 1, supporting a wooden case B B, which is screwed on to it ; C C are strong cogwheels, the lower one of which is set in motion by the dram K, Fig. 3. On the axis of these wheels are fixed two narrow wooden rollers, which are F1 * 2 " Moveable To(l of TrouglK shown in section in Fig. 2 ; the lower one, D, has a copper flange on each side, the use of which will be noticed presently. On a horizontal Fig. 3. Fulling Machine. line, passing between these rollers, there is fixed a sort of trough or shoot, F, a part of the top of which is moveable on a hinge, as shown in Fig. 2 : at the end of this moveable lid there is a kind of box, H, in which weights are placed. The upper roller E is pressed on by the 240 HISTOKY OF MOELEY. springs S, Fig 1 . 1, the force with which they press downwards being regulated by the nuts at the ends of the rods attached to the springs. The cloth is shown in Fig. 3, in the position which it occupies while being milled ; the two ends of the cloth are fastened together so as to form an endless cloth. Passing through two holes in the piece of wood 0, the two parts of the cloth pass together over and between guide rollers until the united cloths pass between the rollers E D, being kept in place by the copper flange before mentioned. The action of these rollers forces the cloth on into the trough F, where it is doubled and folded up in the way represented, the weights in the box II preventing it from passing freely out of the trough. The force thus exerted between the rollers and in the trough has the effect of milling the cloth, and Hand Raising. causing the fibres to felt together, just as in the stocks. Soap is added by being poured on the cloth in front of the machine, as it is at work, the doors D D being made to open for that purpose. In the course of a few hours, by the combined action of heat, friction, and moisture, the cloth is milled or felted, i.e., the fibres of the wool interlock into each other, thereby forming, as it were, a new matted surface on the cloth. After the cloth has shrunk to the required width, it is scoured with great care and attention, in order to remove both the oil and soap which have been used in the process. 13. EAISING THE NAP. This, the first of many processes which come under the head of "finishing" the cloth, is a most interesting and HISTOBY OF MOKLEY. 241 curious operation. Raising was formerly done entirely by hand, arid was very laborious employment, insomuch that it was customary to allow the men a plentiful supply of beer, in addition to money payment. The raising gig, introduced into Morley about the year 1836, was a great improvement upon the " dubbing, nellying, and cross-raising " by hand. The raising of the points from the fibres of the cloth is done by means of teazles, the ripe heads of a thistle-like plant, called Dipsacus Teazle Setting. Fullonium. This plant is cultivated in Wilts, Essex, Yorkshire, and many parts of France. In Willsford's "Nature's Secrets" it is said, " Tezils, or Fuller's Thistle, being gathered or hanged up in the house, where the air may come freely to it upon the alteration of cold and windy weather will grow smoother, and against rain will close up its prickles." The occupation of tayseler is referred to in an old statute of Edward IV. " Item, that every fuller, from the said feast of St. Peter, in his craft 242 HISTOEY OP MOELEY. and occupation of fuller, rower, or tayseler of cloth, shall exercise and use taysels and no cards, deceitfully impairing the same cloth." Raising Gig. The teazles are arranged in oblong iron frames, which are placed on the circumference of a revolving drum, and there is an arrangement of rollers, for exposing the cloth to the prickly points of the teazle. The use of the teazle for "finishing" purposes is somewhat remarkable, since it has never yet been superseded by mechanical appliances. Its hooked scales or points are better suited than wire for raising the nap, because whilst strong enough to do this, they yield and break under circumstances where wire would by its resistance cause injury to the cloth. The gig- mill is of various forms, but in all the Teazle Head. cloth moves in a contrary direction to the dram, and with a much slower motion. When the cloth leaves HISTOEY OF HOELEY. 243 the gig, it presents a very rough and uneven surface, the raised points of wool being of unequal length, and requiring cutting or shearing to a uniform level. 14. SHEAEING. Seventy years ago, the raised goods were handed over to workmen called "croppers," who cut the surface of the cloth with shears. Persons now living remember the time when shearing was entirely done by hand, and the workmen presumed on their skill and their value to their employers to be turbulent and disorderly in a degree that rendered them public nuisances. When the catting machine was introduced, it was received in Morley with determined opposition, though without those acts of violence with which it was associated Perpetua Machine. elsewhere. The croppers especially directed their attacks against the machines themselves, and destroyed them wherever they could. Connected with this movement was the rising of the " Luddites," as they were called, a body of men composed chiefly of croppers. The shearing or cropping of cloth, at the present time, is effected by means of a machine called a "perpetual," consisting of a roller with cutting blades passing spirally round it ; a straight piece of steel with a fine edge, called a "ledger blade," and an arrangement of rollers by which the cloth is brought up against the " cutting blades." As the spiral revolves, it, together with the straight fixed blade, acts like a pair of scissors, and cuts the nap of the cloth to the desired length. 244 HISTOBY OP MOELEY. The various parts of the "cutting machine" have to be carefully adjusted, in order that it may do the delicate work required of it, and for this purpose the bearings are made compensating, and are so constructed that, if the ends of the cutting roller should wear unequally, the bushes in which its ends rest adjust so as to prevent irregular cutting. In like manner, if the ledger blade or spiral cutter should wear more at one side of the machine than at the other, a similar compensa- ting action takes place. 15. BOILING. This process, called "roller boiling," was introduced about the year 1825, and although a very simple operation, is of great importance to the satisfactory finishing of the cloth, as the boiling Wincling-on G'g for Holler Boiling. produces a permanent lustre on its surface which not even rain injures. The cloth is wound tightly round a roller, which is then immersed in a tank of hot water for some hours. This treatment is repeated several times, when the cloth is placed in a cool atmosphere. Another and shorter mode is, to wind the cloth round a perforated copper cylinder, and to allow steam to pass through it. 16. DYEING. As this process is not carried on in Morley, we shall pass over it with the remark, that blue and black are the principal colours into which the Morley cloths are dyed. Formerly dyeing was carried on in several places in Morley, notably at the " Leadhouse dye works," in Brunswick Street, where the machinery was turned by a horse-gin, for many years. HISTORY OF MORLEY. 215 17. TENTERING. Fifty years ago, in Morley, there were numerous tenter fields large open spaces of ground, containing rows of poles and rails, studded with tenter hooks, on which the cloth was stretched while drying. Bardsley says : "We still speak, when harassed, of being on the stretch, or when in a state of suspense, of being upon tenter-hooks, both of which proverbial expressions must have arisen in the common converse of cloth-workers. The tenter itself was the stretcher upon which the cloth was laid while in the dyer's hands, On account of various deceits that had become notorious in the craft, such, for instance, as the overstretching of the material, a law was passed in the first year of Richard III. .that tentering or ' teyntering ' should only be done in an open place, and for this purpose public tenters were to be set up." Tentering Machine. Thoresby, referring to some stairs near the bridge at Leeds, says : "These stairs lead to the Tentures, a place so called from the Instrumental ad extendendos Pannos, or in the Law Lathi of the MS. Survey of the Manner, Farias Tenturartim. 'Tis observable, that the ground then let by the Lords for a pair of Tenters, was but 26 or 28 yards long, cloth being then generally made either into Dozens or Short Cloths, consisting of two such Ends, whereas now, to the great oppression of both Man and Beast n Carriage, etc., Cloths are often above GO yards long." The occupation of the out-door tenterer is gone, and in its stead the cloth was, for many years, dried in fire or steam heated rooms, but this method has also been discarded for the " tentering machine," a valuable invention, which not only dries the cloth, but stretches it to the proper width. The machine, from its intricate construction, is costly, the kind used in Morley costing upwards of six hundred pounds. The invention is due to Mr. Wm. Whiteley, of Lockwood, Yorkshire, and the saving of labour by its use was so great that manufacturers 246 HISTOEY OF MOELEY. readily adopted it. The machine is a huge mass of iron work, weighing about twenty tons, and yet in its working is both simple and highly efficacious. The attendant, when minding the machine, stands in a cool atmosphere, while the cloth is being carried through the hot room on chains, having fine steel or brass hooks, which keep the cloth out to the required width. The machine will dry and tenter 2,500 yards of cloth per day of ten hours. 18. PBESSING. Although the cloth is cut a second time by means of the perpetual, and is brushed and steamed, these processes are but a Brushing and Steaming Mill. repetition of those to which allusion has already been made; and pressing is the only other process we need specially notice. The first pressing is given to the cloth before the roller boiling, after it has been brushed by revolving brushes. For this purpose the cloth is folded up in regular lengths, with glazed paper between the folds to prevent the surfaces of the cloth from coming into contact. Hot iron plates are then introduced between each folded end or piece, and when a sufficient thickness or height is made up the whole is subjected to the action of a powerful hydraulic press. When the hot plates came into vogue at the commencement of the seventeenth century, measures were taken for their suppression, and the clothiers of the West Eiding petitioned the Lords of the Privy Council for the continuance of the use of the " hot HISTORY OF MOELEY. 2i7 presse papers and boards," as they were called. The justices of the riding supported this petition, in the following terms : " The Justices of the "West Riding to the Privy Council. "May itt please your Lordshipps "Accordinge to your Lordshipps directions by your Letters of the 29th of December last upon a petition with reasons thereto annexed, exhibited to your Lordshipps by the clothiers of the westridinge of Yorkeshire, for the continuance of the hott presse Boards and papers, as the same are nowe in use, which wee receaved togeather with the saide Letters. Our Quarter Sessions fallinge out to be holden upon the 10th and 1 1th dayes of this instant January at Wakefeilde, which nowe is the greatest markett and principall place of resorte of all sorts of Clothiers Drapers and other Traffikers for Cloath in all theis parts. * * * Wee his Majesty's Justices of Peace for our satisfaction and better discharge of our dutyes and service to his Majesty, your Lordshipps and the Countrie in this behalf e, have caused both the said Letters, Petition and Reasons to be pnbliquely and distinctly read in the open Cort of the saide Sessions there beinge then present a very great concorse of people both Clothiers Drapers and others attendinge the same, requiringe them to object what they or any of them coulde either against the use of the hott presse Boards and papers as they were then generally practised, or against the said Reasons and allegations made to your Lordshipps by the saide Clothiers. Att which time we did not finde any one to oppose the same, but of the contrary a generall acclamation and concurrence of the voice of the whole Countrie with the said petition. Neither hath any man sithence offered himselfc to any of us, againste the same. And we doe further upon Examination findc that the hott presse Boards and Papers have bene very muche in use from the time of the makinge of the Lawes against them. And that the same albeit they add some glosse to the Cloath yet the saide Cloath beinge withall well dressed is much bettered thereby, as well by the dryinge shriiikinge Thickninge and fasteninge of the same, and layinge it even and smooth from Cocklinge, as by the Trial and betteringe of the dye therof. And we find that meanes of the quicke and readie dispatche of the pressings of cloathes with the said hott presse Boards aud papers, the poore Clothiers do prepare and make readie theire clothes much the sooner. Soe that thereby they double and treble their returnes. And by occasion hereof multitudes of families are sett on worke and manteyned, which of the same sholde be taken away should be left without Imployment or nieanes. The could presse nott beinge able in longe tyme to afford that dispatche which the hot presse will doe in short tyme. And soe wee humbly take our leaves Restinge "Att your Lordshipps Comandment "H. SAVTLE (of Methley). , Ric. BEAU-MONT (of Whitley). ROBERT CLAY (Vicar of Halifax). Jo. KAYE (of Woodsome). " Att our Generall Sessions at Wakefeilde the Xlth of January, 1627-8." When the cloth is taken out of the press, it is folded again in such a way that the creases of former folds may come opposite the flat faces of 248 HISTORY OP MOELEY. the press papers and be removed at the second pressure. Hot-pressing- gives a lustre and smoothness to the face of the cloth, which is further improved by the brushing machine, consisting of a series of brushes attached to a cylinder. In passing through this machine the face of the cloth is softened by being slightly damped by exposure to steam, which escapes in minute jets from pipes enclosed in a wooden box, extending the whole length of the machine. After pressing, the cloth is made up for the market in bales, by means of hydraulic pressure. Having briefly sketched the processes by which Union cloths are produced, we shall conclude, by naming some of the varieties of this fabric, which are manufactured in Morley. These are, Plain Cloths. The arrangement of the warp and weft in these is of the simplest character, and the largest proportion of this class of union cloth is dyed black, and is extensively used in the mantle and clothing trades. Satarras. Ribbed cloths, which are in demand for summer coatings ; in the home trade, principally. Deerskins. This cloth is similar in character to a twill or Venetian, and is well adapted for clothing purposes, for which it is extensively used in the home trade. Beavers. A stout cloth, slightly finished on the face, having been previously milled until very hard and compact. Meltons. Medium cloths, for mantles and summer coatings, not dressed or finished, except by being slightly cut and pressed. Tweeds. A thin cloth slightly milled, and finished, and used for ladies' overalls. These cloths are waterproofed and shrunk before pressing. The above are a few of the leading types, but they do not by any means comprise all the varieties produced by the combination of wool and mungo. Professor Archer, writing of this manufacture, says that : " There is a popular prejudice against the employment of these materials ; but so well are they used, and such fine goods are made from them, that not one in a hundred thousand of those who wear them have the slight- est suspicion of their origin. Instead of a disgrace to our manufacturing industry, the employment of mungo and shoddy is a credit to the age, for waste is a sin against the present and future generations." THE HISTORY OF MORLEY. HISTORICAL NOTICES. 1 HARK ! to the impassion'd song that mem'ry pours, As up Time's vale, with outspread wing, she soars, She, with bright kindling eye. ;he past surveys, And robes in light the scenes of former days, Makes the past brighter than the present seem, (As scenes shine brightest in the ev'ning beam), And while she loves their image to restore, Half-sad she feels that they are here no more." CHAKLES PHILIP GIBSON*. |ORLEY is a township-chapelry, situate in the parish of Batley, in the diocese of Ripon, archdeaconry of Craven, rural deanery of Birstal, and is included in the Dewsbury Poor Law Union, Petty Sessional Division and County Court district. It also belongs to the Agbrigg and Morley Wapentake, and is a polling district for the South- Western division of the West Riding. The chapel ry includes Churwell, and the town is subdivided into the hamlets of Bruntcliffe, Howley, Stump Cross, and Owlers. Morley is distant four miles from Leeds, five from Dewsbury, seven from Wakefield and Bradford, eleven from Huddersfield, and one hundred and ninety from London. Morley has not been altogether neglected by county historians and local topographers. The earliest mention of the place in the history of this country is to be found in " Doomsday Book," which was compiled between the years 1080 and 1086 ; it is there named in connection with the Norman survey, made by William the Conqueror as a register of the lands of which he had recently taken possession. "In MORELIA halmit Dunstau VI Car. terrae ad Geld, et VI Car. possunt ibi esse qui Ilbertus habuit sed weist est. Ibi est Ecclt*ia. Silva past. 1. leng. long et 1 late. T. R. R Val XL, Sol," 13 2 HISTORY OF MOELEY. The following is the translation : " In Morley, Dunstan held six carrucates (about six hundred acres) of land subject to taxes ; and other six carrucates may be there, which Ilbert held, but it is waste. There is a Church a native wood, one mile long 1 and one broad in the time of King Edward value forty shillings." From a very early period Morley appears to have been a place of some consequence, and must have been of some importance in the 14th century when a portion of the Scottish army wintered here. We have, however, no historic records as to whether the place had an existence in the dark ages, long before the Conquest, when the inhabitants dwelt amid the primeval forests, with which this, as well as other parts of the country, were covered, and which also harboured wolves and other wild animals, to such an extent that Yorkshire received the name of Deira or wild-beast kingdom. We may, however, fairly suppose that Morley had a "local habitation and a name" even before the birth of Christ. We have a " Street" or Roman road, which stretches within the township of Morley, from Gildersome Street to Tingley Bar, and it is therefore more than pro- bable that the place was not unknown to the Roman legions, with their glittering arms and ensigns "Those dauntless chiefs Who clad in armour bright and lofty crests, Dealt death with many a ghastly wound." BYRON. The Roman roads were of four kinds, viz.: 1. the via militaris, 21 feet wide, elevated three feet and upwards above the surface of the ground ; these roads were called vice stratce. 2. The viapublica, or public road, about 14 feet wide, not paved but covered with glarem, or gravel. 3. The vice, vicinales, or private roads, seven feet wide, with wider spaces here and there, for conveyances to meet and pass. 4. The diverticu'la, or cross roads. We are not in a position to state whether Morley has furnished any positive evidence, beyond the above, connecting it with pre-historic times, or with the Roman period. We may mention, however, that on the 5th of May, 1846, an interesting discovery of bronze weapons was made, at a point near to the boundary between Morley and Churwell. These weapons consisted of two spear heads and five palstaves. One of the spear heads is very finely-formed and well-proportioned, and measures lOf inches in length. The other is of a ruder form, though finely patinated, but wants the lower portion; it is 4 inches in length. There is a palstave G^ inches in length, rough from the mould, and HISTORY OF MOKLEY. 3 ounces iu weight. The others, of the same type, bear the marks of service ; they are the same length, and average 15^ ounces in weight. A few years previous to this discovery, a large bronze palstave was found in a garden at Morley, measuring 7 inches in length, and weighing 21| ounces. Mr. John Holmes, of Methley, a well-known antiquarian, states that, from the IGth to the middle of the 19th century, antiquarians attributed bronze, and in some instances stone implements to the Romans ; indeed it would appear, " It ne'er cam i' their heads t' cloot it Till chields gat up and wad dispute it And ca' it wrang, And muckle din they made aboot it. " Gradually, however, the opinion that all or most of these implements were Roman has been abandoned ; and while there is no doubt that the Romans did use certain bronze implements, it is now held that, as a rule, stone and bronze weapons are pre-Roman and pre-historic. Pliny records that the Romans used iron, in the third and fourth centuries B.C., in the manufacture of arms and agricultural implements; and while bronze and brass were used, as at present, for ornamental piirposes, yet considering the abundance of iron at hand, it is not likely that bronze would be used for purposes to which iron is so much better adapted. Besides, more bronze swords, daggers, etc., are found in places where the Romans never were, than in Italy itself. Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland yield bronzes iu abundance ; Sweden and Denmark far more and finer still. Yet these were never subject to the Romans, whereas in Italy, and especially in Latium itself, finds of bronze tools and weapons are comparatively rare. But in Greece and all the countries inhabited by Etruscans and Phoenicians bronzes are found in abundance. If we look back over past centuries we shall find that, in a manufac- turing point of view, Morley has held a prominent position for some hundreds of years ; yet as an ancient abode of men it is a place of still higher antiquity. The date of its foundation is unknown. Like many another settlement in this "land of just and old renown," there is mention of it at a remote period ; but who shall say how much earlier it acquired its name ? From the before-mentioned notice in Doomsday Book we gather that a great depreciation took place in the value of Morley, from the time of Edward the Confessor to that of the Doomsday survey, which may fairly be placed to the account of William the Conqueror, as resulting from the ravages he made in this locality. The whole of Yorkshire 4 HISTORY OF MOBLEY. suffered greatly from his devastations, and Morley, which previously had laud of considerable value, subject to taxes, was in Doomsday Book returned as waste. William did not subdue his northern subjects so easily as he, doubtless, anticipated he would; and his oppressions excited the indignation of the Yorkshiremen of those days, and caused great discontent. With a view to put down this discontent, and suppress the conspiracies which everywhere abounded, he established the curfew, which compelled our forefathers to extinguish fire and light at eight o'clock in the evening. The curfew was a species of shield extinguisher, called couvre-feu, to be placed over the embers of every hearth in the kingdom, at sound of the bell which rang at eight o'clock. Thomson, in his Seasons, thus beautifully notices the tyranny of this custom, though it must be admitted that it was also intended as a precaution against fires, which were very frequent and destructive when so many houses were built of wood : " The shivering wretches, at the curfew sound, Dejected sunk into their sordid beds, And through the mournful gloom of ancient times Mused sad, or dreamt of better." The establishment of the curfew, however, had not the desired effect, and the Conqueror, finding himself still set at defiance, made a fearful resolution that " he would exterminate or subdue the unbroken spirits of the North." For this purpose he entered Yorkshire, when one deplorable scene of devastation ensued. " The country was laid waste with fire and sword, the inhabitants were massacred, religious houses were desecrated, and every enormity was perpetrated." With regard to the native wood, value forty shillings, mentioned in Doomsday Book, it is necessary to explain that the above sum, though small at the present day, was something considerable eight centuries ago. The pound sterling at that time was a pound weight in troy of silver, and its intrinsic value when in money was 3, but its extrinsic value was about one hundred times more than 1 of the present day. The annual value then, in King Edward's time, would be about 200 of our money, and in the time of the Conqueror 80, and would be considered a valuable possession in those days. It may be well here to note that, previous to the Doomsday survey, a Saxon landed proprietor, named Dunstan, held lands in Morley, as well as in Gomersal, Cleckheaton, and other places, but lost all his possessions by his patriotism in defending his property from the ruthless Norman invader. Of the terrible devastations made by William the Conqueror, HISTORY OF MORLEY. 5 Pope, the poet, thus writes, after having spoken of Nimrocl as the u first mighty hunter," ' ' Our haughty Xorman boasts that barb'rous name, And makes his trembling slaves the royal game. The fields are ravish'd from the industrious swains, From men their cities and from gods their fanes ; The levell'd towns with weeds he covered o'er ; And hollow winds through naked temples roar ; Round broken columns clasping ivy twined ; O'er heaps of ruin stalks the stately hind." The family of Lacy, who occupied such a conspicuous position in Yorkshire, and who held Morley after Dunstan, were the Lacies, Earls of Pontefract. Ilbert, to whom Moiiey was given, was one of the Normans who assisted in the sub- jugation of the kingdom, and had bestowed upon him by the Conqueror 150 manors in the West Riding alone. He was created Baron of Pontefract in 1070, and built a castle at that place, and lived in a degree of splendour little, if anything, inferior to that of England's greatest monarchs. Ilbert de Lacy is said to have built a castle on Mill Hill, at Leeds, on the north side of the town, which was Arms of Lacy, besieged and taken by King Stephen in 1139. In this castle Richard II. was confined for a short time, but all trace of it had disappeared in the reign of Henry III. When Ilbert added Morley to his Barony of Pontefract, it was, in all probability, a small farming village of about a score or two of houses. Of the 2,698 acres of land within the township, we may reasonably conclude that by far the largest portion was covered with timber, for there were other woods of all extensive character besides the one mentioned in Doomsday, which latter, it is said, was one mile long and one broad. Many indications of these ancient forests are still discernible, especially in the names of fields and localities. As the Church of St. Mary's was said to be in the wood, all evidence points to the probability that this wood chiefly lay to the North and North East of the Church and the village, and extended as far as Middleton beck on the Leeds and Dewsbury road. In all likelihood the Southern side of this wood extended from a point above where Rods Mill now stands, down by Gillroyd or Dunuingley Beck to Middletou Wood. It was customary, in the eleventh and twelth centuries, to call land that was reclaimed or thrown into cultivation, " terra rodata, or rode land" and we find that the tract of land from Rods Mill to Middleton Beck was called, from G HISTORY OF MOELEY. time immemorial, "the Rods," an abbreviation of rocles or royds. Gillroyd, which formed part of this tract, was so named from royd or rode, and Gill, a beck or rivulet. Another wood, of considerable extent, was situate about half-a-mile to the North West of the village, and was known as Dean AVood, which, doubtless at the time of the survey, included the smaller cop?es, still known as Daffield Wood, Clubbed Oaks, and Clark Springs, and which extended West and East down to the hospital at Beeston. Dean or Den, has very many etymologies, some of which we shall notice hereafter. Kemble, who wrote " The Saxons in England," gives several meanings to the word. ''Den," (A.S.) says he, "signifies a forest, or outlying pasture in the woods ; Den, (Celtic) a small valley or dingle. Names of places ending in den (neuter) always denoted pasture, usually for swine that is, cubile ferarum, or the den-lair abode of ivild beasts and other animals" A competent etymological authority gives a definition of the word which, we think, applies more forcibly than any of the above to the Dean Wood, in Morley. He says, " the term dene or dean, in its local acceptation, indicates a narrow wooded valley, whose banks rise less abruptly than those of a cleft, or clough ; and, in addition to a stream at the bottom, is furnished with a small strip of flat alluvial land lying on its margin." In 1322 an army of Scots wintered at Morley. In their invasion of England, in the disastrous and inglorious reign of Edward II., they halted at this place, which they made their head quarters, and thence spread terror and devastation throughout the surrounding country. Now when the bleak and exposed situation of Morley is considered, it will be evident that they could only have been induced to select Morley for their abode, during so long a period, by the number of its houses, the excellence of its accommodation, and consequently its comparative superiority to other localities. In further proof of the importance of Morley at this time, one writer says, " That it was anciently possessed of a respectable numerical population, is proved by the fact of the existence of so rich and so cele brated a church as that of St. Mary's, which would surely have never been founded in a place where there was not an adequate and imposing number of parishioners. We have before affirmed our conviction that the annihilation of this consequence, and the decline and ruin of Morley, are to be attributed to the ravages of the Scots, whose ferocious character, inflamed by a sense of national injury, would bo developed by the demolition or conflagration of the towns which they cursed with their presence. Our own belief is that, prior to this period, Morley was the most flourishing town in the district. HISTORY OF MORLEY. 7 As to the appearance of Morley, for several centuries after the devastation made by the Scottish army in 1322, we have no authentic- information. In 1523, Morley contained only four persons of any consequence or position, and at that time the place, we believe, could not boast of any group of dwellings worthy of the epithet of village or hamlet, but scattered over an area of more than two and a half miles, and rusticated by hedgerows and in narrow lanes were a few farmers in their homesteads, interspersed with a very few detached cottages, inhabited by people little better than serfs. From an interesting communication made to the Yorkshire Archa3o- logical Society, by J. J. Cartwright, M.A., of London, we learn that, in the 14 and 15 Henry VIII., a yearly subsidy was granted to the King, to be continued for four years. The subsidy roll for the Wapentake of Agbrigg and Morley is preserved, with all documents of the same class, in the Public Record Office, in London. These rolls possess especial interest, serving, as they do, to give the names of the principal persons in each of the townships named, and the relative values of the property held by each, and liable to assessment, with the sums collected in each place. The following extract has reference to Morley : "MORLEY Adam Harrop for 4guds, 2s. ; Thomas Grethed for 41 gilds, 2s. ; Robert Ellys for 40s. guds, 12d. ; William Tomson for 40s. guds, 12d. Sum Gs." We have much pleasure in drawing the attention of local historians, as well as general readers, to the Subsidy Rolls of the Wapentakes of Agbrigg, Morley, and Skyrack, a complete copy of which may be found in the journal of the above-named Society. Of their value, the Rev. Robert Collyer, of America, thus speaks : " Coming in as they do before the Parish Registers, and reporting to us not only the names and condition of the larger landholders, but of the yeomen, tradesmen, and peasants, they form one of the most valuable side lights of the antique common life in the different local centres 350 years ago I have ever met with, are unique indeed, and entirely invaluable, as one tries to trace, the earthward immortality of the common people, those long lines of stout men and women at the foundations of the English life, who hold their own, on the same spot as the primroses do on the green banks and the throstles in the hollies. I can hold this list in my hand of those who paid their subsidy in the Wapentake of Skyrack, and trace the families by their names to the very hearthstones where I saw them sitting a quarter of a century ago; compare their condition in 1840 with that of 1523, and see how_they have gone up or down or held 8 HISTORY OF MORLEY. their own. I suppose if these Rolls, for England, are all printed, they will sparkle on all sides with points of light for great numbers of people, and as the history of my mother land is changing in the hands of men like Froude, from a recital of what battles were fought by the Kings, to the far more vital struggles of the people so from materials like these we can, in the course of time, build up again the waste places of our local histories." Amongst former landed proprietors, in Morley, we read of several who were of some consequence in their day. From documents preserved in the muniment room at Langton Hall, in the East Riding, we give the following abstracts : [1616 September 30.] Francis Norcliffe, Esquire, of Beeston, son and heir of Thomas Norcliffe, late of Nunnington, deceased, grants to Thomas Norcliffe, Councillor-at-law, his Brother, at 42 year rent, the manor of Hunburton Co. York and lands in Great Gomersall, Byrstall, Heckmondwyke, a messauge in Churwell, a close called Ostlenroyde, two closes called Mawnsell, two called Great Bromley and Little Bromley, one called Do/aide Wood. Doffald Wood, Lamb Close, * * * Overlong Close, the Home Close, land called the Tenter Garths in Beeston, Cottingley, Churwell, and Mooreley, and whatsoever lands Thomas Norcliffe the father, purchased of Ralph Beyston in the parish of Batley, and an annuity of 6 13s. 4d., purchased of Christopher Hodgson and Isabel his wife. Witnesses. Stephen Norcliffe, Wm. Tompson, Cti. Robinson, Richard Skinner. [1627 Nov. 3, 3 Chas.] Deed Poll of Covenant whereby Sir Thomas Norcliffe, of Nunnington, Knt. covenants with Sir Thomas Fairfax of Gilling, Kt., Sir Thomas Wentworth of Elmsall, Kt. ; Sir Richard Young of London, Kt. and Richard Brend of Howsam, gent, to levy a fine of his lands in Langton, his manor of Hunburton, tythes in Batley, lands in Beeston, Churwell, Cottingley, Morley, Gomersall, Gildersome, and Batley, to use of himself for life ; remainder, one third to dame Katherine his wife, in lieu of Dower, and one third till her sons are of age, and a third to raise portions for younger children, with divers remainders over. This Sir Thomas Norcliffe was born in 1579, bought Langton 1618, being then a knight, was high sheriff in 1626, had a general pardon under the Great Seal, 10 Feb., 1625-6, and died in 1628. Christopher Hodgson, whose name appears above, was a member of a family, of great wealth and consequence, hereabouts. In 1613 he was living at Ncwhall. He was attorney to the Council in the North. He married Isabel, daughter of Henry Currer, of Holling-llall, Esq., and had two sons John and Christopher. Ralph Beiston, or Beyston, was also the possessor of considerable estates in and around Morley. His arms were : Sable, a bend or HISTORY OF MOKLEV. I) between six crosses, croslet, botanee argent. This person would, doubtless, be a successor to Ralph Beeston, who was buried at Leeds Old Church in 1496, and of whom Scatcherd says, " beyond this Ralph I can find no further mention of this family, except that William Beeston, Esq., with Sir John Mirfield and Christopher Ward, were seized of lands, amounting to a Knight's fee, in Morley, Beeston, and Drighlington." In these " good old times," as they are sometimes called, our villagers were not "given to change." Empires might rise and fall, wars and rumours of wars might be constantly taking place, and towns like Leeds and Manchester might be receiving influxions of settlers, but here, in this quiet and healthy nook of Old England, the same family stock inhabited the same dwelling for generations, and from written records, as well as from tradition, with scarcely the intrusion of a single stranger, we find the same family names continuously transmitted, until the place became quite a nest of Websters, Smiths, Crowthers, Dixons, Clarks, Reyners, Brooks, Asquiths, Dawsons, Listers, Scatcherds, etc. With respect to the name of Webster, of which we have many representatives still living in Morley, Scatcherd says, that " the name of the first person whom I can discover living at Morley, is Richard Webster, married in 1575 to Johan Watson Webster, like the name of Walker, arose from the trade or business which the first of the name followed." ETYMOLOGIES. " The great lesson to be drawn from the fact that Anglo-Saxon underlies, like original granite, all the strata of the English life, is, that to write in it is to write for the hearts of the people. It is their mother-tongue, strong, sinewy, and expressive ; and they cling to it with a fondness which no change of usage can uproot, and no caprice of fashion can destroy. FKASEU. " As we go back in history, language becomes more picturesque, until its infancy, when it is all poetry, or all spiritual facts are represented by natural symbols. The same symbols areJound to make the original elements of all languages. It has moreover been observed, that the idioms of all languages approach each other in passages of the greatest eloquence and power." EMERHON. |T would be difficult to settle authoritatively what, in past times, was the orthography of the name Morley. Glancing over the leaves of our historical authorities, we have a choice of answers to such a query. In common with numerous other names in those far-away generations, Morley was written in a charming variety of ways. It occurs as Morlege, Moreley, Moorley, Morlei, Maurley, and Morley. Such are some of the forms of the word as perpetuated by the pens of our ancestors, when there was no printing to give greater agreement in orthography. What its pronunciation was, on Saxon or on Norman lips, may be conjectured but not decided. The above transmutations do not by any means include every modification of the word. Generally speaking, in the olden time, there was a large super- abundance of letters employed ; and very often, in the same legal or other document, would be found several variations in the spelling of the same name. As to the origin of the name, there are various and conflicting opinions. Scatcherd ventures no definition, but we explain it as being derived from Moor and Ley, meaning Moorfields. " Moor," in allusion to the physical appearance of the district at the time it was named, and " Ley," a field or fields. Baines, in his recently-published work, " Yorkshire : Past and Present," writes, " Morley (West Riding) is written Moreleia in Doomsday, and probably means the field of the mor or moor," HISTOBY OF MORLEY. 11 We Lave no doubt that most of the present local designations of farms, fields, and places, in Morley, are of very early origin ; and the meanings of most of them can be clearly ascertained, though some of the appellations have evidently met with contraction and corruption in their transmission to us. We have in the township several considerable elevations, known as Banks' Hill, Scatcherd's Hill, Dawson's Hill, Troy Hill, Chapel Hill, Cinderhill, and Hungerhill. Banks' Hill is evidently so called from its position on an eminence. We have many other places named Bank as Bank Top, Bank End, Bank Side, and Bank Fields. Scatcherd's and Dawson's Hills were so named from their approximation to the residences of the old families of that name. As to the origin of Troy Hill, we dare not hazard a conjecture. Chapel Hill was, doubtless, so named a century ago, when the Old New" Chapel, as it was called, was built thereon. Cinderhill is, evidently, of more ancient origin ; and Scatcherd accounts for the name as follows: " From the- rugged aspect of many places about Morley the turning up of much scorias upon my own premises, and the name of a place at the Town's end called ' The Cinderhill,' I am satisfied that -in the Plantagenet reigns, or perhaps before then, there were iron foundries to the west, north, and north-east of Morley. The extensive beds of cinders discovered in our neighbouring woods, especially those of Faruley and Middleton, and very near their respective rivulets, put the matter out of doubt. On the Middleton side of the Leeds and Dewsbury Eoad (going thereto from Low Common) there are still (1831) traces of a large dam, and some remains of very large ovens, with thin bricks, such as the Romans used, were lately discovered. But the most curious fact connected with this discovery is, that these very works were actually upon, and BUT A VERY FEW YARDS ABOVE, A THIN BED OF COAL, which the people of these times seem little to have regarded, using timber, more than anything, for their blast or smelting." Hungerhill, the last of the " seven hills," can lay claim to even greater antiquity than Cinderhill. Scatcherd does not give us the origin or meaning of it, but simply remarks : " It is another evidence of the ancient greatness of Morley." AVe shall therefore submit the following opinion thereon : This name is one of the many landmarks of ancient superstition which have survived after the legends connected with them have been long buried in oblivion. Ancient mythology peopled every mountain with deities beneficent and attractive in Roman and Grecian lands, where every tree and grove had its dryad, every brook its nymph, every crag its sylph terrible and dreaded when shrouded in the dark mysteries of the Northern Giant- gods. Wherever the Saxon tongue and race have penetrated, they 12 HISTORY OF MOELEY. have left traces of their dark belief; the howling tempest was to the Saxon peasant the whirling past of the Odin's chase ; the lowering cloud arid the mountain mist were Thor's impenetrable garment; giants of immense power and mischievous dwarfs were dwelling in the mountains and in the impenetrable forest; thence the word "Hun," (i.e. Giant, Mysterious Being, God of Thunder) is almost universally associated with names of mountains, under the different forms, of Unna, lion, Ilungr. Hungerhill is thus equivalent to " Hill of the Huns," and is a term met with very frequently, especially in connection with places where in Druidic times sacrifices were offered, as is sufficiently evidenced by remains of Druidic stones, ashes, etc., found in many places connected with the name Hun. There is little doubt that this eminence, known by the name of Hungerhill, must in olden times have been a sacred grove, where the Druids performed their mystic rites, until the Roman arms destroyed the organization of their religious polity, but yet were unable to efface from the mind of the people the impression of dread and awe with which the sacred place inspired them, so that the place would for ages be still held as the abode of the Hun or God, until Christianity dispelled these dark superstitions, and bereft the spot of every mystery connected therewith, leaving nothing but its sacred name, " Hill of Mystery," or Hill of Hun. In further illustration of the etymologies of the township, we note that many of the appellations refer to depressions^as Morley Hole, Bottoms, Hollow, Low Common, Low Moor, Low Nop Koyd, and many others. There are many names which indicate the former existence of moors or commons. Of this class are Upper Moor, North Moor, Far Moor, Low Moor, Low Common, and others. Names, indicating the situation of wells, are found in Salter Well Close, Well Hill, Spout Well, Well Close, and Well Croft ; arid in some few instances we have the species of trees given, as in Yew Tree House, Owlers (i.e. Alders), and Nutty Koyd. Lower Short Butts, Upper Short Butts, Short Butts, on the Low Common, commemorate the prevalence of archery in days when onr battles were fought, and our victories earned, with the bow and arrow. Then the law of tlie land, as well as custom and inclination, made the youth of the country crowd to the shooting butts. Some persons are still living who recollect the time when, upon the Common, there were several mounds or hillocks, about four or five feet high, and situate from each other about ten or twelve yards. Mr. Nicolas, a writer on the subject of " Butts," as these mounds were called, thus explains their use : " Butts," he says, "were mounds of earth erected for the purpose HISTORY OF MOELEY. 13 of a target, against which arrows were shot. They were called ' rounds,' no doubt, from their form. ' In the fifth year of Edward the Fourth, an Act passed that every Englishman and Irishman dwelling with Englishmen, should have an English bow of his own height, which was to be of yew, wych, hazel, ash, or accorne, and that butts should be made in every Toivnship, at which the inhabitants should shoot up and down every Feast-day, under the penalty of a halfpenny when they should omit this exercise." Some weight may attach to this explanation, wheii we bear in mind that the village feast was held on the Common, previous to the Enclosure ; and, in fact, this waste was the " Public Recreation Ground" of our ancestors. The property now belonging to Mr. Charles Dixon is built upon ground where formerly stood these " butts," and this ground, the north side of the Old Chapel Yard and the Low Common, was certainly the village play-ground, and that as lately as the reign of Charles the First ; for some of his coins were found in the hedges' banks, and the village sports were on the Common until 1816. Resuming our local etymologies, until within the last few years, there existed in Morley sundry clusters of houses, called "folds," some of them of ancient date, and originally erected for purposes of mutual protection and defence. These were known as Old Fold, Jackson Fold. Swinden Fold, Bailey Fold, and some others. It may be well to state that, notwithstanding "fold" has for several centuries been used, as applying to a single enclosure, it originally meant a wide, open plain. Of other names of fields in Morley, which may afford the student of etymology exercise for his talents, we have Burn or Burnt Knowl, Far Botany Bay, Toft Close, Sour Ing, Upper Holden, Far Joan Royd, Upper Buntake or Bundock, High Nop Royd, Nob Royd, Spout Croft, Pan Place, Upper, Middle, and Lower Mere, Hunter Lands, Pudding Close, Isabel Close, Little Dog Close, Buckley Brow, Birkby Brow and Flatts. Schole-croft. Sclwles or Schales was a term in our ancient tongue, denoting slcells or huts. In Saxon times, when hamlets were formed when small colonies of freemen associated for mutual protection and were answerable for each other's conduct this would be an appropriate term for the rude dwellings then existing. Before leaving the subject, it will be interesting to indicate how far the names of some of the families in Morley are territorial, i.e., transferred to them from the spot or locality some time occupied by them. Mr. C. Federer, in " Yorkshire Surnames," writes : " On the arrival of the Saxons, they found Yorkshire a wilderness of moor, forest, and feu, in which the new settler has as many difficulties to contend with as the 14 HISTORY OF MOELEY. backwoodsman in the wilds of North America. Their first work was to hew down the secular trees, burn out the stumps, remove the under- growth, collect the stones, in short form a clearing, but what was then named a rydding, ridding, roddiug, or royd." That many such "clearings" were made in Morley, is shown in the names of fields, as Upper and Lower Royds, Tong Royds, Far Ing Royd, Upper Colling Royd, Far Royd, Near Joan Royd, Four Royds, Brown Royd, Rods Mill, and those previously mentioned. From the circumstance of making these "roddings" or "royds," the Saxons became known by the surname of Rhodes, Ryder, Rider, and Riding ; and when their efforts to cultivate the laud were crowned with success, and the "oak-corn" (acorn) grew into the stately oak, it gave the name to OaTcroyd, Aclcroyd, and Akeroyd. In like manner, Boothroyd was applied to one who erected a shanty or booth on his clearing. Holroyd and Hoiuroyd (from hoi, low) was given to one who cast his lot in a low and flat district. Illingworth is derived from hill-field, and Barrowcloiigh from barrow hill, and clough a shady recess. Stoclcwell comes from Stock, a dwelling, and well, the well near the dwelling. Slack signifies low ground, and SlivpUy is equivalent to sheep-pasture. Asquith is an instance of that peculiar metathesis which takes place in Askew Akesheugh. Thus Asquith is Akeswith, the with or wath, that is, the ford of oaks. In Byivater we find how the relative aspect of the site gave the person- ality of the nominee. In old Hundred Rolls such entries as the following are found, viz. : " John- Above-Brook," " Thomas-Behind- Water," and others. Brook, a very ancient name in Morley, is a further example. Our Brooks and Bywaters are but the descendants of some early ancestors who dwelt beside some shallow stream or brook. Hirst, a very common name in Morley, is derived from clumps of trees or hursts. This name has many compounds, as for instance, " If filberts abound it is Hazlchurst ; if lindens, Lyndhurst; if elms, Elmhirst ; and if deer, Dewliirst (spelt Dwerhurst, 1375). Den, or Dean, has also given us names of a familiar kind. Bardsley says that, " a den was a sunken and wooded vale, where cattle might find alike covert and pasture." In this way " den " came to be spoken of in connection with animal life ; and we find the ram in Ramsden, the swine in Swinden, the wolf in Wolfenden, the sow in Soivden, and hog in Hogden or Ogden. In like manner the words Lee, a shelter, and Ley, a pasture, have given us many Morley surnames connected with the animal kingdom. Hart-ley, Ox-Icy, Buck-ley, and Ship-ley, may be cited as examples. HISTORY OF MOELEY. 15 Greaves is a surname also associated with locality, and represents a woodland avenue, cut out of a forest, and from this comes our Hargreaves, a grove, where the hares are plentiful. Holmes is derived from the "holm," or flat meadow-land near the windings of some valley stream, and Knowles from the gently rising slopes in the woods, grassy and free of timber. Our doughs and Cliffs, ancient surnames in Morley, represent the narrow fissures betwixt the hills. Appleyard is significant enough, and requires no explanation. " The Celtic ' booth,' a frail tenement of ' boughs,' Avhose temporary character our Biblical account of the Israelitish wanderings so well helps to preserve, has given birth to our ' Booths ' and ' Booihmans.' " Surnames of office have given us Clark, from " Clerk," as connected with the Church. Cook, from an important functionary in the baronial establishments of ancient times. Spencers, from " despencer," the man who had charge of the "buttery" or "spence," where the household store was kept. In like manner our Marshall comes from " marechals," the early name for a horse-groom or blacksmith. In Foster we have the "forester," in Bailey the "bailiff," and in Fowler the trapper of birds. All these surnames are well represented in Morley at the present day. The occupations of the people here, as elsewhere, have furnished many of the surnames still existing amongst us. Of these we have numerous examples, though many of them refer to much of our English life that has become obsolete. Thackray is, perhaps, one of the oldest of these surnames, and dates back to the time when the husbandman's house roof was composed of thack or. thatch, and every village had its " thatcher." Slater, derived troni the same occupation of covering the homestead, is of more modern origin. From agricultural pursuits we derive Shepherd and Calvert or " Calveherd." Also Wether ill from our rams, and Day from a dairyman, of which word it is but another form. Of the miller and his mill we have examples in Hills, Milnes, Miller, and Milner. The old word for mill was " mime," hence the variations. Coming to the good old Saxon name of Smith we find that for many generations it has figured conspicuously in the annals of this ancient town. Bardsley, writing of the name, says : " How can we hope to do justice to it in a few sentences ? We do not know where to begin, and having once begun, the difficulty at once arises as to where we can end. How few of us reflect upon the close connection that exists between the anvil and the smith himself, and yet it is because he smote thereupon that he has got his name. As old Verstigan has it ' From whence comes Smith, all be he knight or squire, But from the smith that forgeth at the fire.' 16 HISTORY OF MORLEY. Were we to put into one community the persons who bear this name in our land we should have a town larger than Leeds." In connection with our woollen manufacture we have several surnames, notably Webster, a name common in Morley for several centuries. Originally it was " Webbe," then it became lengthened into the masculine " Webber," and the originally feminine " Webster." In mediaeval and still earlier records such entries as " John le Webestre " and " Elyas le Webbe " often occur. Lister, a favourite name here, is derived from the occupation of dyer. Ilalliwell gives the obsolete verb "to lit" or dye, and quotes an old manuscript which says, " We use na clathis that are litted of dy verse coloures." In leaving the subject of our etymologies, we wish it to be understood that the derivations are not given as indisputable facts. BOUNDARIES. " That ev'ry man might keep his owne possessions, Our father's used, in reverent Processions, (With zealous prayers, and with praiseful cheere,) To walke their parish-limits once a year ; And well knowne marks (which sacrilegious hands Now cut or breake) so bord'red out their lands, That ev'ry one distinctly knewe his owne ; And many brawles, now rife, were then unknowne." WITHEE'S Emblems, Fol. 1C35. p. 1C1. | ER AMBULATING the parish boundary (to fix its limits), with all its rites and ceremonies, has been observed in Morley, time out of mind, and has generally been made the occasion of con- siderable festivity. The last occasion of "beating the parish bounds" was on the 21st of January, 1859, the arrangements for which ceremony had been made at a Vestry meeting, when it was resolved : " First, the expenses of perambulating the Township shall not be more than twelve pounds. Second, that a Luncheon be provided, not to cost more than three pounds ten shillings. Third, that ten shillings shall be given to children, in copper, to be thrown amongst them." Early in the morning of the appointed day, notwithstanding the inclemency of the weather, a large number of the inhabitants, comprising many of the boys of the village, met at the starting point. The Churwell boundary was first defined. Here some little difficulty had to be encountered. The dam connected with Crowther's mill had to be passed through ; by no means a pleasant task a person was at last found, however, who was venturesome enough to take a cold bath on a winter's morning. At various points of the journey stakes were driven to mark the boundary. Much amusement was created by the custom of bumping. Numbers of people who were not previously acquainted with this ancient ceremonial, were highly tickled by the mirth and good feeling of those C 18 HISTOEY OF MORLEY. who were made to undergo the infliction ; the more so as the stone used for the purpose was not perhaps so soft as the recipients might have wished. The boundary, as then defined, is as follows : Beginning at the south-east verge of the township, near Tingley Bar, Morley is separated from the township of East Ardsley by hedgerows, along " The Knolls," above Rods Mill, and the boundary line, taking an easterly direction, runs by Topcliffe Moor beck, to what was formerly the Ford of Middleton Mill, a little beyond the Leeds and Dewsbury Road. From this point Morley is separated from the township of Middleton by the fringe of Middleton Wood; after recrossing the Leeds and Dewsbury turnpike, the line runs past the iron works of the Messrs. Harding, continuing through Broad Oaks farm, from which point Morley is divided from the township of Churwell by hedgerows and dykes, until Churwell Lane is reached, a little below the residence of the Misses Crowther. Crossing the Leeds and Elland Road, a little above T. P. Crowther, Esq.'s residence, in a westerly direction, the boundary is right through the centre of Mr. Crowther's mill dam, and Morley continues to be divided from Churwell by a beck, until Gelderd road is reached, about one hundred yards below the end of Rooms Lane. Crossing Gelderd Road, Morley is separated from the township of Farnley by a stream, until the said road is recrossed opposite Rooms farm ; from which point the course lies along Whin Hill, Clubbed Oaks, and Dean Wood, by the beck which separates Morley from Gildersome. From the west corner of Dean Wood, the boundary line runs through the " Stone Pits " to the top of " Neepshaw Lane," in Wakefield and Bradford Road; then crossing the last named and passing through Crosby's farm, along Howden Clough beck, on to Howden Clough mill. Leaving the mill to the right, Morley is separated from the township of Birstal by a stream running along the foot of Birkby Brow and Cliffe Wood to Howley Bridge, where the township of Morley is separated from that of Batley by the said bridge, erected at the joint expense of both townships. The boundary line is then along Alice Wood to Howley Old Mill, and passing through Soothill Wood, near Lady Anne's Well, runs along Howley and Jackie's plantations, past America Moor to Stump Cross ; from whence the starting point of the perambulation is only some three hundred yards distant. WAPENTAKE. ' AGES have passed, since the vassal horde, Eose at the call of the feudal lord, Serf and chief, the fettered and free, Are resting beneath the greenwood tree. And the blazon 'd shield, and the badge of shame, Each are alike, an empty name." ANON. ' They were days when the sword settled questions of right, And Falsehood was first to monopolise Might ; When the fighter of battles was always adored, And the greater the tyrant, the dearer the Lord ; When the king who by myriads could number his slain, Was considered by far the most worthy to reign ; When the fate of the multitude hung on his breath A god in his life, a saint in his death." CHARLES MACKAY. ] HE Wapeutake, which derives its name from Morley, was formed in the time of King Alfred, when the people were classed into families of tens, over which one man was elected, and held responsible, called the tytheing-man, who had to maintain peace, and the laws common for their association. Ten tytheings constituted a higher court, called the Hundred Court, which had its officials, who had power over lands, roads, water-courses ; over weights, measures, money, and order; to secure honesty, commerce, and life. Certain of these Hundreds formed a Riding, Rape, Lythe or Higher Court, that had charge of bridges, King's highways, general laws, defence and internal arrangement over lesser courts. Some of these customs are still in existence. Morley is still under the jurisdiction of the Court Leet at Bradford, as regards the appointment of the ancient public guardian, known as pindar and bye-law man. " Having, in Alfred's time, no standing armies, the Courts required all youths of fourteen years to be brought to do suit and service, to be sworn to uphold the law, and to take share in the defence of the districts. They fixed the time for drilling into military discipline, and appointed the 20 HISTOKY OP MORLEY. place of rendezvous, and the leaders in war or defence. These districts were called Wapen-taks, because they took their weapons when called upon, and touched the stone or centre when they swore their oaths." Hovendon, a celebrated writer on these subjects, says that " when a person received the government of one of these divisions, at the appointed time and usual place, the elder sort met him, and when he had alighted from his horse, arose up to him then he held up his spear and took security of all present, according to custom ; whoever came touched his spear with theirs, and by this touch of armour was confirmed in one common interest, and thus from " Wapan" or " weapons" and " tac" or " touch " they were called " Wapen takes." Morley Wapentake, in 1821, comprised four parishes; Birstal, Bradford, Calverley, and Halifax 53 townships, 35,509 inhabited houses, and 176,475 inhabitants. The fee of this Wapentake at one time was the property of Henry, Duke of Lancaster, who dying without male issue, his large estates were divided between his daughters, of whom Blanch, being married to John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, 4th son of King Edward III., had the bailliwick of this Hundred or Wapentake assigned for her property." The populous Wapentake of Morley is joined with the more thinly- peopled Wapentakes of Ewcross and Staincliffe, to fonn the north- western division of the West Riding of Yorkshire. Near the top of Owlers Lane, in Morley, there was until a few years ago a place known as " RATTEN ROW " or Rotten Row, a name of very high antiquity. The meaning of the term, according to the best authorities, is Muster Row ; and this, so far as we are concerned, explains its use in reference to Morley. " Musters were formerly taken of the armour and weapons of the several inhabitants of every Wapentake, and from such as could not find sufficient pledges of their good a- bearing, their weapons were taken and delivered to others." It is, therefore, more than probable that the Wapentake, or inspection of arms for this district, was held on this spot. THE LORDS OF MORLEY. " WEALTH, and the high estate of pride, With what untimely speed they glide : How soon depart." AXON. LBERT, of the noble bouse of Lacy, was the first of the lords of the Manor of Morley, of whom we have any particular account. For his devotedness to his royal master he was rewarded by the gift of one hundred and sixty-four manors hi the counties of York, Lincoln, and Notts. He was a tenant who held his lands immediately of the king 1 , which were confirmed to him by William in the tenth year of his reign. Ilbert had further granted to him the barony of Pontefract, and he held much land in Morley, which previous to the spoliations of the Conqueror, was enjoyed' by Dunstan, the Saxon. Ilbert died in the early part of the twelfth century, and was succeeded by his sou, ROBEET DE LACY. This baron was confirmed in his possessions by the king, and subsequently founded the priory of Pontefract. A contest having arisen between Henry I. and Robert of Normandy, as to the sovereignty of England, Robert de Lacy took the part of the last-named, and for this act was, along with his son, banished the kingdom. Dodsworth says: "Anno 1102. Heuricus Rex, Robertum Malletum et Yvoneni de Grentsniill, Robertum de Pontefracto, filium Ilberti de Laceis, et potentiorem omnibus Robertum de Belisuro, etc., ad judicium summonivit." After the exile of father and son, the castle and honour of Pontefract was bestowed upon Henry Traverse, Arms of Lacy - who, after a few days, was murdered by one of his servants, and Hugh de la Val next held the possessions, formerly belonging to Ilbert and 22 HISTORY OF MOELEY. Kobert de Lacy. After a few years' banishment the last-named was restored to his estates and honours, but dying towards the close of the reign of Henry I., was succeeded by his son, ILBEET DE LACY. Shortly after his accession to the honours and possessions of the de Lacies, Stephen was raised to the throne, and found in Ilbert one of his most faithful adherents. When Ilbert died is not known, but, having no children, his estates went to his brother Henry. HENEY DE LACY. In the year 1147 Henry did, with the consent of the Abbot of Fountaynes, and in accomplishment of a vow made in the time of his sickness, found a monastery for Cistercian monks, first at Bernoldswicke, and afterwards removed them to Kirkstall, which monastery he amply endowed with lands and revenues. Henry died in the latter part of the reign of Henry II., and was buried in Kirkstall Abbey. ROBEET DE LACY. This person was the son of the above-named Henry de Lacy. Robert died in 1193, and having no issue he made his cousin-german, Albreda de Lisours, his heir. This lady was the daughter of Albreda, aunt of Robert de Lacy, who had married Robert de Lisours, as proved by the following extract from the Great Roll of the Exchequer of the year 1311 : "Robertas de Lusoriis rcddit compotum de viij li. vj s. viij d. ut ducat in uxorem sororem Ilberti de Laci. In thesauro iiij li. Et debet iiij li. vj s. viij d." HISTORY OF MORLEY. 23 As nearly all previous historians, who have written of the de Lacies, assert that " Robert de Lacy made his half-sister his heir," we shall give further explanation of the statement we have made, viz., that it was his cousin-gennan, and not his half-sister, as affirmed by Dugdale, Boothroyd, Whitaker, Orrnerod, Hunter, and others. In the preface to the record of the Great Roll of the Exchequer the Editor says : "A new view is opened of a very important fact in the history of one of the great feudal tenancies of England, which became at length, as it still continues, a fief of the Crown, the Honor of Pontefract. The original grantee was an Hbert de Lacy, whose great possessions are described in Doomsday Book. From him descended other Lacies, who held this fee till the reign of Richard L, when Robert, the last of them, deceased without issue. On his death the fee descended to Albreda de Lizours, of whom there exists a fine of the fifth year of King Richard, showing her in possession and to whom she disposed of it. The question is how Albreda stood related to the last Laci last seised ; and Dugdale, together with the whole body of genealogists, have followed the Historia Laceiorum, an historical fragment written not earlier than the time of Henry VI. , printed in the Monasticon from a chartulary. The writer of this little piece of history declares Albreda to have been half-sister, ex parte materna, to the last of the Lacies. But as it would show a rule of descent of which it is presumed no similar instance can be produced from those times, and might, if admitted, lead to general conclusions that were erroneous in respect of the inheritance of feudal tenures under the early monarchy, it is of importance to observe that in this Roll there is an entry in the accounts for Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, that Robert de Lizours paid 8?. 6s. 8d., that he might take to wife the sister and heir of Ilbert de Lasci, a second of that name ; and there can scarcely be a doubt that Albreda, the issue of that marriage, was cousin and heir, and not half-sister, of the last Lasci, and therefore a partaker of the blood of the Ilbert de Lasci who was the original grantee from the Conqueror." Albreda de Lisours carried sixty knights' fees of the Honour of Pontefract into the family of the Constable of Cheshire, having married Richard Fitz-Eustace, Baron of Halton. During the lifetime of this lady the manor of Morley must have changed hands, for there is evidence to prove that in 1216 some parts of the manor of Morley belonged to the Priory of St. Oswald at Nostel. Burton's Monasticon tells us, that Ralph de Insula and William his son, or brother, gave twelve oxgangs of land in Morley to the said Priory. Ralph de Insula or de Lisle was, we believe, a member of the family of Rougemonte, though Jones, in his History of Harewood, and in the pedigree of the de Insulas, makes no mention of a Ralph as a member of the family. At this time the manor of Morley appears to have been held, jointly, by Ralph de Insula and Robert Beeston. The Beestons appear to have possessed immense wealth, for, in 1226, Robert de Beeston gave twelve acres of laud in Morley to the Church of 24 HISTORY OF MOELEY. St. Oswald, and also twelve acres of land to the house of St. Nicholas of Pontefract. Another of the family, Hugh de Beeston, gave ten acres of land in Morley to the monks of Kirkstall ; and other members of the same family also bequeathed land in Morley to many other institutions. A notice of this family, with pedigree, appears in Thoresby's Leeds, page 206. " In a list of the knight's fees in the Wapentake of Morley I find that William de Beeston held in Beeston and Morley 3 Plow- lands, or as it is in Mr. Thornton's MS. redde-booke, Tres carecutas terra, whereof 8 oxgangs make a Plow-land 18 a Fee." Adam de Beeston was witness to the noted Charter of Leeds, Anno. 1207. When the connection of the Beestons with Morley ceased we have been unable to ascertain. The following pedigree is from Hopkinson's MSS. : THE BEESTONS OF BEESTON. 2Lmeajje. ADAM BEISTON, of Beiston, m. dau. of Sir John Herewith, Knt., had issue, ADAM BEISTON, of B S & H of Adam, m. dau. of Sr. Peter Plompton of Plompton, had issue ADAM BEISTON of B S & II of m. dau. of Sir Robert Ughtred of Scar- borough, had issue ADAM BEISTON of B S & II of m. dau. had issue ADAM BEISTON of B S & H of Adam, m. dau. of Mr. Pilkington, of Lancashire, had issue SIE WILLIAM BEISTON, of B. Knt. living 3 Ed. III. m. dau. had issue. In 4th Ed. II. he obtained a grant for Free Warren at Beiston, Chorlewell, and Cotingley. He had one-third part of a Knight's fee in Beeston, held of the Honor of Pomfret. KALPH BEISTON of B. Esq. S & H of Sir Will. m. dau. of had issue Will and young Ealph, John, Matthew, Miles, and Isabel. In Ed. III. he paid 25s. Relief for a fourth part of a Knight's Fee in Beeston. RALPH BEISTON of B. Esq. m. Margt. dau. of Mr. Langtou of Arms of Beeston. HISTOHY OF MOELEY. 25 Huddleston, had issue Will, Ralph, Tho. This Ralph gave to Kirkstall Abbey 4 acres of meadow in Beeston, also the meadow at Hulbeck rode. WILLIAM BEESTON of B. Esq. S & H of Ralph, m. Eliz. dau. of John Boffevile of Chevet, Esq. had issue Ralph, Bryan, Will (m. dau. of Gilbert Legh of Middleton, Esq.) Agnes, and Joanna. RALPH BEESTON of B. Esq. S & H of Will. m. Jane dau. of Richard Green of Newby, Esq., had issue Ralph, Kath (m. Will. Wentworth of Woodhouse, Esq.) He m. 2ndly dau. of Sir John Laugton, Knt.) Alice in. Parcivall Moor of Austrope Hall, Esq.) This Ralph was buried in St. Peter's Church in Leeds ano 1496. RALPH BEESTON of B. Esq. S & H of Ralph m. Margery dau. of Sir Robt. Nevile of Liversedge, Knt. had issue Ralph died s. p. Robert, Biyan (m. Eliz. dau. of Mr. Callbeck at Leeds 6 May 1574 to his first wife. She d. in Dec. 1585. Ralph, Bapt. 13 Aug, 1579, Bryan, Bapt. 9 Feby 1581, left issue Dorothy, I. 1576, d. 1635, having m. Mr. George Brown, who had issue George d. s. p. and Dorothy Brown, who m. Ralph Dixon of Leeds. The 2nd wife of Bryan was Francis dau. of Mr. Heathfield, by her he had issue, Robert 5. 1590, lived at Cottingiey (the said Bryan was buried in June 1592.) Leonard 3rd S. Joan, m. Mr. Nich. Denham, of Rufford in Nottinghamshire. ROBEET BEESTON of Beeston, Esq., S & H of Ralph, m. dau. of Sir Will Calverley of Calverley, Knt. 3rd Ed. VI. had issue Ralph, Robert, bora 1564, died s. p. 1604, Dorothy (m. Mr. Sheffield Savile, 1584) Frances d. unmar. 1577. N.B. Ralph was Mace Bearer to the Earl of Strafford when President of the North. This Robert was buried 23rd April 1566. RALPH BEESTON of B. Esq., Justice of Peace 25 Eliz. m. 2 wives, Anne dau. of Will Swift, Esq., she died s. p. 2nd, Susanna, dau. of Edw. or Henry Hall of Great in Lincolnshire, Esq., by her he had issue Dorothy, was bapt. 11 Sep. 1591 (m. Thos. Grace of Sandal, Esq. Helen (m. Mich. Denham of Wickhill, Esq.) This Ralph commonly called Capt. Beeston sold the Manor of Beeston to Sir John Wood, Kut. Arms Vert, a Lion rampant, Argent, honored, langued and armed gules. With regard to the connection of the de Insulas or de Lisles, with Mbrley, Burton's Monasticon tells us, that Ralph de Insula or de Lisle and William his eon or brother, gave twelve oxgangs of land in Morley to the Priory at Nostel. In all probability this Ralph was the sou of Fulk de Breaut, who was a great favourite of King John's, who made him the general of one of 26 HISTOEY OF MOELEY. his armies, which he was forced to raise against the citizens of London and the malcontented Barons. Fulk carried out his duties with great severity, firing, burning, and pillaging the Barons' houses, parks, etc., and destroying the suburbs of London, carrying away great spoil. The King, approving his activity, gave him the Castle of Bedford, and bestowed upon him Margery de Redvers in marriage, with her own lands, and those of her late husband Baldwin. Fulk de Breant, from his lands and estates in the Isle of Wight, was called de Insula or de Lisle, and was the first of this name who came into Yorkshire. In 9 Henry III., A.D. 1225 Margery obtained a divorce from her husband. LISLE BARONS DE LISLE OF ROUGEMONT. Etage. Of this surname were several families, springing originally from two, which had derived the designation, one from the Isle of Ely, the other from the Isle of Wight. ROBEET DE LISLE of Rougemont, co. Bedford, having m. Rohese de Tatshall, widow of Robert de Tatshall, and dau. and co-heir of John de Wahull, feudal lord of Wahull (now Wodhull) co. Bedford, had livery of the lands of her inheritance, upon paying his relief in the 1st Henry III.. A.D. 1217, at which period he had restitution of his own estates in the cos. of Lincoln, Kent, York, Norfolk, and Suffolk, which had been seized by the crown in the preceding reign during the baronial contest. After this feudal lord came another, ROBEET DE LISLE who in the 48th Henry III., was constituted governor of the castles of Marl- borough and Lutgareshull, and the next year taking part with the barons, was made by them governor of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. " From this Robert," says Dugdale, " I must make a large leap to another," ROBEET DE LISLE, who was summoned to Parliament as a baron, from 19 December, 1311, to 25 February, 1342. This nobleman was in the expedition made in 1339 into Flanders, but he subsequently took holy orders, having before doing so settled the manors of Rampton, Cotenham, West Wike, with the advowson of the church of Wimpole, co. Cambridge, upon Alice, dau. of Robert de Lisle, Elizabeth Peverill, Arms of Lisle. HISTOEY OF MOELEY. 27 and Richard Bayeaux, for life, with remainder to John, son of Robert de Lisle, and his heirs. His lordship d. in 1342, and was s. by his son, JOHN DE LlSLE, 2nd baron, summoned to Parliament, by writ, addressed " Johanni de Insula de Rubeo Monte" from 25 Nov. 1350, to 15 March, 1354. This nobleman, in the 10th of Edward III., had obtained a grant from his father of the manor of Harewood, co. York, valued at 400 marks per annum, to enable him the better to serve the king in his wars. In three years subsequently he was in the English army, then drawn up to encounter the French at Virowfosse and we find him soon after engaged in an expedition made into Gascony. In the 1 6th of the same reign he was one of the commanders at the siege of Nantes. In the 18th he was again in Gascony, and in the 20th he had a pension from the king of 200 per annum, to be paid out of the exchequer, to enable him to sustain his rank of banneret. John Lisle was so highly esteemed by King Edward III. for his courage and martial prowess that he was made one of the Knights Companions of the Garter, at the institution of that order. He subsequently obtained from the crown a grant for life of the sheriffalty of the counties of Cambridge and Huntingdon, with the governorship of the castle of Cambridge ; and the year before he died (29 Edward III.) he was again with Piiuce Edward in the wars of France. His lordship d. 14 October, 1356, leaving issue, Robert his heir ; John, cL s. p. ; and Elizabeth, m. to William, Lord Aldeburgh. The eldest son, ROBERT LISLE, was summoned to Parliament as by writ, addressed, " Roberto de Insula Rubeo Monte," 15 Dec., 1357, and 20 Nov., 1360. He is stated to have d. in 1399, and the Somersetshire Visitation of 1623, sa^s, that he left a son, Sir William Lisle, of Waterperry, co. Oxford, but this is very doubtful. Arms Or, a fesse between two chevronels, sa. In 1226 the connection of the De Lisles with Morley ceased, by the marriage of Euphemia de Lisle with Nicholas de Rotherfield. The manor of Morley was in the family of Rotherfield for nearly a century and a half; and though we have found it impossible to trace the descent, during this long period, from one member of the family to another, we have met with several notices of the connection which existed between the Rotherfields and the township. From a list of knights' fees, in the year 1277, we find that, " Lady Albreda de Rotherfield holds in Morley 15 caracutes of land for Ponto- fract Castle." 28 HISTORY OF MOELEY. In the 9th year of Edward II. it is shown, from the Nomina Villarum, that the King was the Lord of the Wapentake of Morley, and John of Derford or Eotherfield was Lord of the Manor of Morley. In the account of the receiver of Pontefract 9th Edward II. 1315, we find that 58s. 6d. were paid for the relief of John de Rotherfield for half a knight's fee, the eighth and sixteenth part of one knight's fee in Morley, Drighlington, and Beestou. It seems probable that Peter de Rotherfield, the ancestor of the above John, was killed in the fatal battle of Bannockburn, which had taken place in the previous year. John de Rotherfield held his hereditary possessions in Morley until the 38th Edw. III. 1364. From the Pontefract accounts, we learn that Adam, son of John de Rotherfield, paid 10 for the relief of two knights' fees, in Queldale, Suttou, Morley, and Austhorpe, after the decease of the same John. The last of their house appears to have been Albredus de Rotherfield, for we find from the feodary account that John Mirfield, William Beeston, and Christopher Ward paid 5 for the relief of one knight's fee in Morley, Beestou, and Drighlington, which Albredus de Rotherfield sometime held. The John Mirfield was no doubt of the family of Mirfield of Batley. Scatcherd tells us their ancient manor house, or family seat, stood in what is now called the " Hall-Croft." After the decay of the Rotherfield family, they appear to have been of most importance in Morley. In the 10th Hen. VI., 1431, a suit was instituted between William Mirfield, Esq., plaintiff, and William Richardson, of Morley, son of John Richardson, deforct., of two tofts, sixty acres of land, fourteen acres of meadow, twelve acres of pasture, and two acres of wood, with the appurtenances in Morley. The right was adjudicated to William Mirfield and his heirs. In the 1st Edw. IV., 1461, the feoffees of Oliver Mirfield, who had died in that year, had power to make over an estate at Morley to William Mirfield, his son, and to the heirs of his body begotten. "In the name of God, Amen. I Oliver Mirfield, squier, hole of mynde in the vij. day of Jaimar, makis my willc in this fourme folowing. First, I be wite my saule unto God Almighty, to our Lady and to all the Santes in heven. Also I wille as touching all the Lordeshippes lands and tenenements, rentis and service which I have within the Counte of Yorke, or in thos that any men be enfeffed unto my use by me or any other persone or persones to performe my will. First I wille that my ferns that air enfeffed in all my lordschippes in the towns of Mirfield, Dighton, Egerton, Gleydholte, Heyton, Hopton, Batley, Holey, Morley, Gildosome, Boton, Chekynlay, Leede, Newstede, Halyfax, Wakefelde, Westerton, with all theire appurtenaunces, make a state of theim to William Mirfield my son and to his eyeres of his body accordinge unto the dede of feffement afore made. Aiso I wille that haly kirk have all his duites that hym ought for to have. Also HISTORY OF MOELEY. 20 I wille that I be broughte forthe at the day of berial as my degree askis withouten any seven day and my dettis to be payed of my goodes. Also I wille that William my sone have the peces with covertour that my fader gave me, also the chymneth a hanging laver with the hailing, a cesterne, the ledes with other brewing vessell. Also I wille that my wife have all the array of my chapell til my sone come to ful age, and to be delivered to William Mirfield my sone. Also I wille that my wife have xl. marcs in the name of hir dower for to be taken in the formes aforesaide, except the maner of Holay, which I wille my son have when he comes to full age. ***** AI SO i wille that myn exeoutours finde a preste vj. yere at my parish kirke to sing for my saule, myne elder for al Christen saules." Prob. s. d. 1462. In the 1st Henry VIII. this William Mirfield seems to have died, for in that year William his son paid relief for half a knight's fee in Morley, Beeston, and Drighlington. From the Mirfields the Manor of Morley came into the possession of the Saviles, by the marriage of one of the Mil-fields to the daughter of Sir John Savile of Sandal. The last-named was knight of the Shire in the 29th Hen. VI., and High Sheriff in the 33rd Hen. VI. He was chief steward of the Manor of Wakefield, and had the custody of the Castle of Sandal, where he died, 1482. His lady was a daughter of one of the Sir William Gascoignes of Gawthorp. They had several daughters, who intermarried with the principal families of the West Riding the Mirfields, Meltons, Watertons, and others. SAVILE BARONS SAVILE, EARLS OF SUSSEX. 3Ltneagc. The family of Savile is of great antiquity in the North of England. In the reign of Edward III. 1327-77, SIR JOHN SAVILE, Knt. of Elland, in Yorkshire, was constituted escheator for the cos. Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland, and in the next reign was sheriff of Yorkshire, and governor of the Castle of York. In the 2nd Henry V. 1414-15, THOMAS SAVILE, of Thornhill, co. York, being at that time one of the esquires to Edward, Duke of York, was, in consideration of his good services, made forester of that Prince's chase and park at Aryngden, in the same shire. From this Thomas descended SIR HENRY SAVILE, of Thornhill, K.B., temp. King Henry VIII., who by his wife, a dau. and co-heir of Thomas Soothill, Esq., of Soothill, had a son and heir, Edward, who d. s. p., and a dau. Dorothy, 30 HISTOEY OP MOELEY. Arms of Savile. m. to John Kaye, Esq., of Woodsome, co. York. He had also, by a concubine, named Barkston, another son, SIE ROBERT SAVILE, alias BAEKSTON, Knt., who in the 15th Elizabeth, served the office of high sheriff for the county of Lincoln. ^ He m. a sister of John, Lord Hussey, and widow of Sir Richard Thimelby, and was s. by his son, SIE JOHN SAVILE, Knt., of Howley, near Morley. Was high sheriff for Lincolnshire, in the 32nd Elizabeth, and member of Parliament for the co. of York, temp. King JAMES I. and King CHAELES I. He was likewise high steward for the honour of Pontefract, and was elevated to the peerage, by letters patent, dated 21 July, 1628, as BAEON SAVILE, of Pontefract. His lordship was subsequently sworn of the Privy Council, and appointed comptroller of the household. Lord Savile m. 1st, Catherine, dau. of Lord Willoughby, of Parham, but had no issue. He m. 2ndly, Elizabeth, dau. of Sir Edward Carey, Rut., and had issue, I. Henry, who m. Helen, dau. and co-heir of William Oglethorpe, Esq., and d. v. p., leaving a son. 1 John, who d. also before Lord Savile. II. Edward, m. Anne, dau. and heir of Richard Tolson, Esq., of Cumber- land but d. s. p. III. THOMAS (Sir), who s. to the peerage. IV. Robert, d. unm. V. Edmund, d. unm. VI. Catherine, m. 1st, to Sir Thomas Bland, of Kippax Park, in Yorkshire, and 2ndly to Walter Welsh, Esq. VII. Anne, m. to Piers Leigh, son and heir of Sir Piers Leigh, of Lyme. VIII. Elizabeth, m. 1st, to Alvera Cooper, Esq., of Batley, in Yorkshire, and 2ndly, to Richard Banks, Esq. IX. Frances, m. to the Rev. Thomas Bradley, D.D., rector of Castleford, co. York. The connection of Sir John Savile with Howley, Morley, Leeds, and the West Riding generally, demands a somewhat lengthy notice. He was the first Alderman, or mayor, of the borough of Leeds, which was incorporated by Charles I. in 1626. He built Howley Hall, in Morley, called by Camden " a most elegant house." After occupying many years in its erection, it was completed in 1590. Dr. Whitaker, the historian, says that this hall was " the magnificent seat of an illegitimate branch of the Savills, though by address and court favour, they outstripped the heads of the family for a time in HISTORY OF MOELEY. 31 honour." The hall must have been one of the most splendid residences in the country, if the magnificence of any edifice is to be estimated by its cost. About two hundred yards to the north-west was an ancient mansion of the Mirfield family, which was abandoned, and probably destroyed, when the more modern hall was built. Part of the old mansion was preserved in the outhouses and offices of the new one ; and Dr. Whitaker declares that one part which appears to have been the chapel, exhibits some appearances of antiquity greater than he had ever observed in a domestic building, and probably not later than the year 1200. Howley Hall, at the time of erection, is said to have cost one hundred thousand pounds, that is to say, about six hundred thousand pounds of our present money a sum which staggers credulity itself. From the elevation of the south front the house seems to have truly merited its title of " a most elegant house," it had a high and massive Howley Hall (from an old Engraving). tower at each extremity ; the middle or principal building was perfectly regular and well-proportioned ; it had a projecting centre, or porch, on the south side, ormamented with columns and capitals ; and the battle- ments on the summit, the chimneys so constructed as to rise like the minarets of an Oriental mosque, and the high and graceful cupolas surmounting the whole, must have imparted to it an aspect extremely noble and striking. A fine bowling green adjoined the west side of the hall, a cherry orchard occupied the east, an ornamental flower garden the north, and a kitchen garden the south. J. J. Cartwright, Esq., in his " Chapters of Yorkshire History," says that, "the foremost Yorkshireman in the early part of the reign of James I. was undoubtedly Sir John Savile, of Howley." In all probability, this nobleman came into Yorkshire when in his 35th year, 32 HISTORY OP MORLEY. and took possession of Rowley Hall on its completion. Coming 1 , as he did, amongst a manufacturing population, be made commercial interests an especial study ; and having been returned to represent the county, in the first Parliament of King James I., he took a very prominent part in the discussions on commercial matters, and very soon became a favourite amongst the clothiers of Morley, Leeds, Dewsbury, and the district. On one occasion a debate arose about a new patent for dyeing and dressing woollen cloths, which led to numerous complaints of the stagnation of the cloth trade by different members of the House. Sir John took an important part in the discussion, and quoted the following statistics bearing upon the question. He told his hearers that some thousands of pounds' worth of cloth remained upon the hands of the manufacturers in his country, the buyers being so few ; thai 13,000 men were occupied with this kind of work within ten miles of his house, 2,000 of whom were householders, and the value of whose respective stocks varied between 5L and 201. ; there were also 800 householders, makers of cotton, who were not worth 30s. each. He thought this state of the country could not endure a month. Sir John was keeper of the rolls for the West Riding ; high steward of Pontefract, Wakefield, and Bradford ; six times M.P. for the county. He was a Trustee for the Batley Free School, as well as a Governor of the Wakefield Grammar School. It is reputed that the celebrated Eubens visited Lord Savile at Howley Hall, and painted for him a view of Pontefract; also, that Archbishop Usher was staying at Howley, when he assumed the disguise of a Jesuit, in order to tiy the contro- versial talents of Robert Cooke, the learned Vicar of Leeds. Sir John died at Howley Hall on the 31st of August, 1630, and was buried at Batley. There was an inquisition of his estates after his death, taken at Leeds, on the 31st of March, 1631. The jurors John Midgley, John Harrison, Benjamin Wade, Francis Jackson, Alexander Metcalf, George Killingbeck, William Simpson, gentlemen and others certified that he held the manors of Headingley, Batley, MOELEY, East Ardsley, Woodchurch, and Gildersome, with their appurtenances, also certain lands known by the name of New Park of Wakefield, situate in the several parishes, towns, and places of Wakefield, Dewsbury, Alverthorpe, and Ossett ; the rectory of Woodchurch ; a Fabrica ferraria, Anglice, "the Iron Forge" at Kirkstall, with the buildings, floodgates, and streams connected with the said forge. Savile also held six corn-mills and one fulling mill in connection with his several manors. SIR THOMAS SAVILE, Knt., 2nd Baron Savile. This nobleman, the eldest surviving son of Sir John Savile, was created 11 June, 1628, H1STOBY OF MORLEY. 33 Viscount Savile, of Castlebar, in the peerage of Ireland. His lordship was comptroller of the household, and whilst attending CHARLES I. at Oxford, was advanced by letters patent, dated 25 May, 1644, to the dignity of EARL OF SUSSEX. Like his father, he was the enemy of Wentworth, and at the same time he was most certainly attached to the Puritans. This nobleman, by sending a letter to the general of the Scots, professedly signed by six of the principal noblemen in England, and inviting them to advance to the rescue of the country, was the means of bringing them into this part of the kingdom, and thus of effecting the ruin of Wentworth and the triumph of the Parliament. On the 16ch of May, 1643, a meeting took place at Howley Hall, of the army, who afterwards obtained what an old account calls the " miraculous victory gained by the Right Honourable Ferdinando Lord Fairfax, against the army under the command of the Earl of Newcastle at Wakefield, in Yorkshire." The following is the despatch of Sir Thomas Fairfax and his brother officers who won the victory. It is among the Lenthal papers : " Saterday night, the 20th of May, the Lord Generall gave Order ffor a pty of 1000 foote three Companyes of Dragoons and eight Troopes of horse to March from the Garrisons of Leeds, Bradford, and Howley. Sir Thomas ffairfax Comanded in Chefe. The ffoote were Comanded by Sert. Maior Gennal Gifford and Sr. William ffairfax. The Horse were devided into two bodyes, four Troopes Comanded by Sr. Thomas ffairfax and the other four Troopes by Sr. Henry ffoulis. Howley was the Rendizvous, where they all mett on Satterday last about twelve a Clocke at night. Aboute two next morneinge they Marcht away. And coming to Stauley (Stanley) where two of the enenyes Troopes lay with some dragoons that Quarter was beaten vp and about one and twenty prisnos taken. About four a Clocke in the morneing wee came before Wakefeild where, after four of their Horse were beaten into the Towne, The ffoote with vnspeakable Courage, Beat the enemyes from the hedges which they had lyned with Musketteares into the Town And assaulted it in two places, Wrengate and Norgate. * The enemy had in the Towne 3000 ffoote and seaven Troopes of Horse besydes C'ol. Lumpton's Regiment which came into the Towne after wee had entered the Towne. The enemy left behynd them ffour peeces of Ordinance with Amiaucon which we brought away." Thomas fairfax Henry ffoulis, &c., &c., &c. After the death of Wentworth, Sir John declared for the King, and he enrolled his name at York, in the list of those who resolved to devote their lives and fortunes to the royal cause. On the 22nd of June, 1645, the Earl of Newcastle laid siege to Howley Hall, which was at the time garrisoned by Sir John Savile of Lupset, near Wakefield, and a body of raw, inexperienced soldiers, D 34 HISTORY OF MORLEY. hastily-collected and ill-provisioned. Although Newcastle brought his cannon to bear upon the building and fiercely battered its walls, the gallant governor resisted him with great resolution ; the superiority of numbers and artillery, however, prevailed, and the place was taken by storm. Although the stores and goods in the hall were plundered, the building received but little injury ; and it was, a short time afterwards, a garrison for the Parliament. When Howley Hall had thus been stormed, Lord Savile applied for compensation for the damage which had been done by the Royalists, but his memorial did him no good, and elicited a mortifying reply from the court. To Sir Thomas Savile the Presbyterians at Morley, in 1650, were indebted for the lease for 500 years of the " Old Chapel premises, with land and buildings, and all the tithes of corn, grain, grass, and hay thereunto belonging, at an annual rent of twenty shillings, for the benefit of a preaching minister." Sir Thomas m. 1st, Francis, dau. of Sir Michael Londes, Knt. of Throwley, in Kent, and widow of Sir John Leveson, but had no issue. He m. 2ndly, Lady Anne Yilliers, dau. of Christopher, Earl of Anglesey, and eventually sole heiress of her brother Charles, last Earl of Anglesey, of the family of Villiers. By this lady he had issue, I. JAMES, Lord Savile, his successor. II. Frances, m. to Francis, Lord Brudenel, son and heir of Robert, Earl of Cardigan, by whom she had issue, 1. George, 3rd Earl of Cardigan. 2. James. 3. Mary, m. to Richard, Viscount Molineux. 4. Anne, m. 1st, to Henry, Lord Belayse, of Worlaby; and 2ndly, to Charles Lenox, Duke of Richmond. 5. Frances, m. 1st, to Charles Levingston, 2nd Earl of Newburgh ; and 2ndly, to Richard, Lord Bellew. In Burke's Extinct Peerage, page 475, it is stated that Sir Thomas d. in 1646, and was s. by his son, JAMES SAVILE, 2nd Earl of Sussex. This is clearly incorrect, as proved by his granting the lease of the Old Chapel in 1650. The date of his death is unknown, but Scatcherd thinks that it took place about 1661. JAMES SAVILE, 2nd Earl of Sussex. This nobleman m. Anne, dau. of Robert Wake, a merchant at Antwerp, but d. early, and was buried at Batley, 11 Oct., 1671, having had a son of the same Christian name buried there on the 16 October preceding. This James, Earl of Sussex, must have been the last male heir of his family, for directly after his death, Francis, Lord Brudenel, husband to Frances Savile, heiress of this HISTORY OF MOELEY. 35 branch, acquired possession of Howley and the other estates, which have remained in the Cardigan family since that time. The following, having reference to this period in the history of Howley, is copied from the Sessions Rolls : Abraham Harrison, of Howley Hall (one of the servts of James Lord Viscount Savile Earl of Sussex) being appointed collector of the present three months assessmts of the Royal Ayde for Morley Howley Hall, however, being a priviledged place and that noe psons liveing at Howley Hall ought to serve any office within the Constablery of Morley, the warrant was suppressed and Robt Morley of Morley appointed 1665. Ordered also that he be free from keeping town apprentices. Under the hands and seals of Sir John Armytage, Sir John Kaye, Francis Whyte, Esq. Howley Hall Ruins, 1876. Lord Brudenell was living at Howley in 1678 ; and in July of that year, "Mr. Francis Hyde," his cooke, was buried at Batley. This nobleman died in 1698. Howley Hall was demolished in 1730 by order of the then Earl of Cardigan, in all probability to save the great cost of maintaining it. When the mandate had been given, the work was speedily accomplished ; the colossal masses which composed the angles were blown up with gunpowder ; and immense quantities of its wrought stone were dispersed through Morley, Birstal, Batley, and other places. Dr. A\ r hitaker states that the wainscotting was sold about the country, and in 1787 many rooms remained in "Wakefield fitted up with portions of it, bearing date 1590. 36 HISTORY OF MOELEY. On the death of the second EARL OF SUSSEX, the manor of Morley passed into the Thornhill branch of the Savile family, then represented by SIR WILLIAM SAVILE, Bart. The principal legitimate branch of the SAVILE family was represented by SIR GEORGE SAVILE, Bart., of Thornhill, co. York, who m. Lady Mary Talbot, dau. of George, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, and was grand- father of SIR WILLIAM SAVILE, Bart., who m. Anne, dau. of Thomas, Lord Coventry, and was s. by his son, SIR WILLIAM SAVILE, Bart., of Thornhill, who in consideration of his own and his father's eminent services during the Civil Wars, was elected to the peerage by King CHARLES II., 13 January, 1668, as Baron Savile, of Elland, co. York, and VISCOUNT HALIFAX. On 16 July, 1679, his lordship was created EARL OF HALIFAX, and MARQUIS OF HALIFAX, 22 August, 1682. He m. 1st, Lady Dorothy Spencer, dau. of Henry, Earl of Sunderland, and had issue, I. HENRY, who m. Esther, dau. and co-heir of Charles de la Tour, Marquess of Governet, in France, and d. s. p. , r. p. II. WILLIAM, his successor. III. George, fell at the Siege of Buda, in 1688, and d. imm. IV. Anne, TO. to John, Lord Vaughan. His lordship married 2ndly, Gertrude, dau. of William Pierrepont, of Thoresby, 2nd son of Eobert, 1st Earl of Kingston, by whom he had an only dau., ELIZABETH, who m. Philip, eldest son of Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Chester- field. The Marquis of Halifax was lord privy seal and some time president of the council, temp. CHARLES II. He was esteemed a statesman of the first grade. Burnet characterises him " as a man of great and ready wit, full of life, and very pleasant, but much turned to satire ; his imagination was too hard for his judgment ; and a severe jest took more with him than all arguments whatever. He let his wit run much on matters of religion, which got him the reputation of a confirmed atheist ; but he denied the charge. Friendship and morality were great topics with him ; and punctuality and justice remarkable in his private dealings. In relation to the public he went backwards and forwards, and changed sides so often, that in the conclusion no side would trust him." Macaulay bears more flattering testimony to the merit of this eminent politician: " The memory of Halifax," says that accomplished HISTORY OF MORLEY. 37 writer, " is entitled iii an especial manner to the protection of history. For what distinguishes him from all other statesmen is this, that, through a long public life, and through frequent and violent revolutions of public feeling, he almost invariably took that view of the great questions of his time which history has finally adopted. lie was called inconsistent, because the relative position in which he stood to the contending factions was perpetually varying. As well might the pole star be called inconsistent, because it is sometimes to the east and sometimes to the west of the pointers. To have defended the ancient and legal constitution of the realm against a seditious populace at one conjuncture, and against a tyrannical government at another ; to have been the foremost champion of order in the turbulent Parliament of 1680. and the foremost champion of liberty in the servile Parliament of 1685 ; to have' been just -and merciful to Roman Catholics in the days of the Popish Plot ; and to Exclusionists in the days of the Rye House Plot ; to have done all in his power to save both the head of Straff orcl and the head of Russell; this was a course which contemporaries, heated by passion and deluded by names and badges, might not unnaturally call fickle, but which deserves a very different name from the late justice of posterity." His lordship d. in 1605, and was s. by his eldest surviving son, WILLIAM SAVILE, 2nd marquis. This nobleman married 1st, Elizabeth, dau. of Sir Samuel Grimston, Bart., of Gorhambury, co. Herts, and sister and heiress of Sir Harbottle Grimston, by whom he had an only dau., in. to Charles, 4th Earl of Elgin, and 3rd Earl of Ailesbury, and wag mother of "a dau. and eventual heiress, LADY MARY BRUCE, who in. 1728, Henry Brydges, 2nd Duke of Chandos (whose dau. and heiress, Anne Eliza, m. 1796, Richard, Earl Temple, afterwards Duke of Buckingham and Chandos), and one dau. Caroline, wife of John Leigh, Esq., of Adlestrop. His lordship m. 2ndly, Lady Mary Finch, dau. of Daniel, Earl of Nottingham, by Lady Essex Rich, dau. and co-heiress of Richard, Earl of Warwick and Holland, and had, with two sons, who both d. young, three daus., viz. : 1. Essex, d. young. 2. Dorothy, m. to Richard Boyle, Earl of Burlington. 3. Mary, ?. to Sackville Tufton, Earl of Thanet. The marquis d. 31st August, 1700, when his estates devolved upon his daus. as co-heirs, and all his honours became extinct. Arms Arg., on a bend, sa. three owls of the 1st. 38 HISTOEY OF MOELEY. In 1706 the manor of Morley was bought from the trustees of the Marquis of Halifax by Baron Dartmouth, in whose family it has remained to the present time. DARTMOUTH OP DARTMOUTH. The founder of this family, THOMAS LEGGE, served the office of sheriff for the city of London in 1343, and was Lord Mayor in the years 1346 and 1353. In 1338 this opulent citizen lent EDWAED III. 300 towards carrying on the war with France, which was a very considerable sum in those days, and more than any other citizen advanced, except the lord mayor and Simon de Francis, who lent each 800 in the ensuing year. Alderman Legge m. Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, and was succeeded by his elder son, SlMON LEGGE, who m. Margaret, dau. of Sir John Blount ; and his eldest surviving son, WILLIAM LEGGE, going into Ireland, m. Anne, only dau. of John, son of Miles, Lord Birmingham. He d. at Cassilis, at the advanced age of 92, and was succeeded by his son, EDWAED LEGGE, who made a voyage in 1584 with Sir Walter Raleigh, and died in 1616, aged 74. By Mary, daughter of Percy Walsh, of Moyvallie, he had six sous and seven daughters, of whom Mary was mother of Admiral Sir Edward Spragge. The eldest son, WILLIAM LEGGE, was brought out of Ireland by his grandfather, Henry Danvers, Earl of Dudley, and sent by him to serve as a volunteer under Gustavus-Adolphus of Sweden ; he also served afterwards under Prince Maurice of Orange, in the Low Countries. On his return to England, he was first constituted keeper of the king's wardrobe during life; and made, soon after, groom of the bedchamber. Col. Legge, during the Civil Wars, became eminently distinguished by his faithful attachment to CHABLES I., attending that monarch with constancy during his sufferings, Lord Clarendon speaking highly of his reputation for integrity and fidelity to his master. He was also noted for his persevering exertions in the royal cause, before and after the death of the king. He was afterwards wounded and taken prisoner at the battle of Worcester, and would have been executed had he not effected his HISTORY OF MORLEY. 39 escape. He was again imprisoned during the Protectorate, but contrived to get free and exert himself for the Restoration, on which event he was offered an earldom, but declined it on account of his large family and small fortune. lie was high in favour after the Restoration, and enjoyed several lucrative and honourable offices. He in. Elizabeth, eldest dau. of Sir William Washington, of Packingtou, co. Leicester, and grand-dau. maternally, of Sir George Villiers, of Brooksby, in the same co. ; and dying of a fever, in 1672, aged G3, was s. by his eldest son, GEORGE LEGGE, Esq., a naval and military officer of eminence. From 1667 to 1672 he commanded line-of-battle ships, and was appointed in the latter year lieut.-governor of Portsmouth; in 1673 advanced to the governorship, and appointed master of the horse and gentleman of the bedchamber to James, Duke of York. In 1677, Governor Legge was constituted Col. of a regiment of foot, and nominated lieut.-geu. of the ordnance, of which he was soon afterwards made master. He was subsequently sworn of the privy council, and elevated to the peerage, 2 Dec., 1682, as Baron of Dartmouth, co. Devon, with remainder, after his own male heirs, to his brother William, and his heirs male. His lordship soon afterwards was sent as admiral of the whole English fleet to demolish Tangier, and on his return obtained a grant of 10,000, in reward of his services. During the reign of JAMES II., Lord Dartmouth enjoyed the confidence of that monarch, and filled some of the most important offices. In 1687, he was appointed admiral of the fleet to intercept the Prince of Orange. " The King," says Burnet, " gave the command to Lord Dartmouth, who was, indeed, one of the worthiest men of his Court; he loved him, and had been long in his service and confidence, but he was much against all the conduct of his affairs ; yet he resolved to stick to him at all hazards." The fleet collected in the Thames, consisted of thirty ships of the line. The winds, however, were favourable to WILLIAM, and proved treacherous to JAMES. Having got out of the Thames, Lord Dartmouth's fleet was prevented making way down the Channel by a gale from the west, which sprang up just after William's forces had disembarked in Torbay. Then the king's fleet was becalmed for two days off Beachey Head. At length Dartmouth was able to proceed. He passed the Isle of Wight, and one of his ships came in sight of the Dutch masts in Torbay. Just at this moment he was encountered by a tempest, and compelled to take shelter in the harbour of Portsmouth. While at the latter place he received instructions to convey the Prince of Wales to France. This was done at the instigation of James, who, as aoon as the child anrl Queen should be 40 HISTORY OF MORLEY. safe, intended to leave England. Dartmouth, in a truly spirited manner, sent a reply to the request, refusing to obey it, declaring that he had already carried his obedience to the furthest point to which a Protestant and an Englishman could go. To put the heir-apparent of the British crown into the hands of Lewis Avould be nothing less than treason against the monarchy. ^Referring to this episode in Dartmouth's life, Macaulay says, " His conduct on this occasion was the most honourable part of a not very honourable life." The same writer, somewhat severely, if not untruthfully as well, criticises the policy of Dartmouth with respect to WILLIAM and MARY. He writes as follows : " Dartmouth, though he had sworn allegiance to the sovereigns who were in possession, was one of their most active enemies. His mind was constantly occupied by schemes, disgraceful to an English seaman, for the destruction of the English fleets and arsenals. The treason of Dartmouth was of no common dye. He was an English seaman, yet had offered to take the command of a French squadron against his country. He was arrested and brought to the Council Chamber. He vehemently protested his innocence, saying, 'My Lords, I am an Englishman. I always, when the interest of the house of Bourbon was strongest here, shunned the French, both men and women. I would lose the last drop of my blood rather than see Portsmouth in the power of foreigners. I am not such a fool as to think that King Lewis will conquer us merely for the benefit of King James. I am certain that nothing can be truly imputed to me beyond some foolish talk over a bottle.' He was sent to the Tower, and after a few weeks' confinement, ch'ed of apoplexy ; but he lived long enough to complete his disgrace by offering his sword to the new government, and by expressing in fervent language his hope that he might, by the goodness of God, and of their Majesties, have an opportunity of showing how much he hated the French." His lordship in. Barbara, dau. and sole heir of Sir Henry Archbold, of Abbots Bromley, and had issue : Mary, who m. 1st, Philip Musgrave, Esq., and 2ndly, John Crawford, Esq. ; four other daus., who all died unm., and an only son, his successor in 1671, WILLIAM, 2nd Baron. This nobleman enjoyed the confidence of Queen ANNE, was sworn one of her principal secretaries of State in 1710, and advanced to the dignities of Viscount Lewisliam, and EARL OP DARTMOUTH, 5 Sept., 1711. In 1713, his lordship was appointed lord-privy-seal, and on the demise of his royal mistress, was one of the lords- justices of Great Britain. He was eminently qualified by his high moral character, extensive learning, sound reasoning, and the kindness HISTOKY OF MOKLEY. 41 of his disposition, to fulfil with credit the many important offices to which he was called by his sovereign, and his public life was marked by diligence, faithfulness, and strict impartiality. He m. in 1700, Anne, dau. of Heneage, Earl of Aylesford, and had issue, I. GEORGE, Viscount Lewisham, m. Elizabeth, dau. and heir of Sir Arthur Kaye, Bart. , of Woodsome, co. York ; and dying before his father, left surviving issue, 1. WILLIAM, successor to his grandfather. 2. Anne, m. to James Brudenel, Earl of Cardigan. 3. Elizabeth, m. to Whitshed Keene, Esq., M.P. II. Heneage, one of the barons of the Exchequer, in 1739, m. in June, 1740, Catherine, dau. and co-heiress of Jonathan Fogg, Esq. ; and d. 29 Aug. , 1759, leaving by her, who d. 12 November following, 1. Heneage, 6. 7 Jan., 1747 ; m. in 1768, Elizabeth, dau. of Sir Philip Musgrave, Bart. ; and d. 1 Jan., 1827. 2. Catherine, m. to Charles Chester, Esq., brother of William, 1st Lord Bagot. III. Henry-Bilson, (the Right Hon. ) sometime Chancellor of the Exchequer ; b. 29 May, 1708 ; m. Mary Stawell, created BARONESS STAWELL of Somerton (who m. after his decease, Wills, Marquis of Downshire. ) He had an only son, Henry, 2nd Stawell, who m. Mary, dau. of Viscount Curzou ; and d. in 1820, when the barony expired. He left an only daughter, Mary, ?. to John, Lord Sherborne. IV. Edward, b. in 1710; commodore in the R.N. ; d. in 1747. V. Barbara, m. to Sir Walter Bagot, of Blithetield. VI. Anne, m. to Sir Lister Holte, Bart. ; and d. in 1740. The earl d. 15 Dec., 1 750, and was s. by his grandson, WILLIAM, 2nd earl; &. in 1731 ; who m. in 1755, Francis-Catherine, only dau. and heiress of Sir Charles-Gunter Nicholl, K.B. lie was in 1765 appointed First Commissioner of Trade and Plantations, and in 1772, Secretary of State for the Colonies. He was highly venerated for his piety and quiet, amiable, and benevolent disposition. lie had issue, I. GEORGE, 3rd earl. II. Henry, barrister-at-law ; 6. 23 Jan., 1765 ; d. 19 April, 1844. III. Arthur- Kaye (Sir), K.C.B., admiral of the Blue ; d. unm. 12 May, 1835. IV. Edward, in holy orders, Lord Bishop of Oxford ; d. 27 Jan., 1827. V. Augustus-George, in holy orders, M.A. ; b. 21 Aug. 1773; m. 15 Dec., 1795, Hoiiora, eldest dau. of the late Rev. Walter Bagot ; and d. in 1828, leaving issue, 1. George- Augustus, in holy orders, b. 8 July, 1801 ; m. in Aug., 1825, Frances- Augusta, eldest dau. of William Bowyer Atkins, Esq., of Braywick Grove, Berks ; and d. 16 June, 1826. His widow m. 2ndly, in 1828, Rev. S. W. Cobbe, rector of Ightham, Kent. 42 HISTORY OF MORLEY. 2. William, in holy orders, rector of Ashstead, b. 29 July, 1802. 3. Henry, in holy orders, rector of East Lavant, Sussex ; b. 29 June, 1803, in. 5 May, 1830, Elizabeth-Louisa, eldest dau. of the late Admiral Stair Douglas, and had by her (who d. 28 Oct. 1840), Henry-Edwin, b. in 1831. Augustus-George, b. 20 Jan., 1835. William-Douglas, b. 13 Dec., 1836. Charles-Egerton, b. 22 May, 1840. Honoria- Anne-Charlotte. 4. Charlotte-Anne, m. 15 Dec. 1825, to the Hon. and Ilev. Arthur- Philip-Percival. 5. Honora-Augusta. 6. Louisa-Frances. VI. Charlotte, m. in 1795, to Lord Feversham, who d. in 1841. Ills lordship d. in 1801, and was s. by his eldest son, GEORGE, 3rd earl, K.G. His lordship was born 3 Oct., 1755 , was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, and obtained the degree of M.A. in 1775. In 1775 he was returned M.P. for Plymouth, and in 1780 for Staffordshire ; and two years after, was appointed one of the Lords of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales ; and in 1789, Lord Warden of the Stanneries. While he was member for Staffordshire, he supported the Coalition administration, and voted for Mr. Fox's India Bill ; and in 1783 was nominated one of the Commissioners of Mr. Fox's new Board of Admiralty, who were to be assisted by a subordinate Board of nine Directors. He was called up to the House of Peers, as Baron Dartmouth, June 1C, 1801, during the life-time of his father; succeeded his father in the earldom, July 15 ; and was appointed president of the Board of Control in the same year. He was appointed Lord Steward of his Majesty's household, 1802, and Lord Chamberlain, 1804. In the summer of 1807 he resigned the Colonelcy of the Loyal Birmingham Volunteers, on account of ill health. His lordship was much beloved, and inherited the amiable qualities of his family, for which they were distinguished from the time of " honest Will Legge," as King Charles L called him. The following lines were written on the Earl by the Earl of Carlisle, when boys at Eton School : " Mild as the dew that whitens yonder plain, LEGGE shines serenest 'midst your youthful train ; He whom the search of fame with rapture moves ; Disdains the pedant, though the muse he loves By Nature form'd with modesty to please, And join with wisdom unaffected ease." Ilis lordship was a most active member of the House of Peers, and his abilities as a statesman won for him many marks of the royal favour. HISTORY OF MOHLEY. 4o His death was deeply deplored by all classes of the people, who testified by the large attendance at his funeral their high appreciation of his many estimable qualities. His lordship m. 24 Sep., 1782, Frances, dau. of Heneage, 3rd Earl of Aylesford, and by her (who died 21 Nov., 1838), had issue, I. WILLIAM, 4tli earl. II. Heneage, b. 29th Feb., 1788; commissioner of the Customs; in. 19 July, 1821, Mary, dau. of Major Johnstone ; and d. 12 Dec., 1844, having had one dau., Mary. III. Charles, R.N. ; b. in 1799 ; d. in 1821. IV. Arthur-Charles, major in the army ; b. 25 July, 1800 ; m. 1 June, 1827, Anne-Frederica, dau. of John, 1st Earl of Sheffield ; and 2ndly, 29 Aug., 1837, Caroline, 4th dau. of the late James- C.- P. Bouwens, Esq. By the former (who d. 31 Aug., 1829) he had a son, Charles, b. 5 Aug., 1829 ; and by the latter, another sou, Alfred- Arthur- Kaye, b. 31 July, 1839 ; and a dau. b. 27 May, 1843. V. Henry, in holy orders, rector of Lewisham ; b. in 1803 ; m. 12 May, 1842, Marian, dau. of Frederick-Leman Rogers, Esq. VI. Louisa, in. in 1807, to William, Lord Bagot ; and d. in 1816. VII. Charlotte, m. in 1816, to the Hon. and Rev. George-Neville Grenville, Master of Magdalen College, Cambridge. VIII. Harriet, m. in 1815, to Gen. the Hon. Sir Edward Paget, G.C.B., d. 11 Mar., 1855. IX. Barbara-Maria, m. in 1820, to F. Newdigate, Esq. ; d. 22 April, 1840. X. Georgiana-Caroline. XI. Mary. XII. Anne. The earl d. in 1810, and was s. by WILLIAM LEGGE. 4th earl, D.C.L., F.R., and A.S. ; Viscount Lewisham; t>. 29 Nov., 1784, s. 2 Nov. 1810; m. 1st, 5 April, 1821, Frances-Charlotte, dau. of Charles-Chetwynd, 2nd Earl Talbot, by whom (who d. 4 Oct., 1823) he had an only sou, WILLIAM-WALTER, Viscount Lewisham, the present earl. His lordship m. 2udly, 25 Oct., 1828, Frances, 2nd dau. of George, 5th Viscount Barrington, and had by that lady, I. George Barrington, b. Dec., 1831 ; late captain in Rifle Brigade, now in holy orders, late vicar of Packington, co. Warwick; in. 9 Oct., 1860, Sophia-Frances-Mary, dau. of the late John Levitt, Esq., of Wichnor Park, co. Stafford, and has 1. Arthur-Edward-John, b. 25 May, 1863. 2. Robt. -George, b. 3 Aug. 1864. 3. Augusta-Sophia. 44 HISTORY OF MOELEY. WILLIAM WALTER, 5th earl, 1). 12 August, 1823, was educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford, (B.A. 1844, M.A. 1847); is a Dep.-Lieut. of Staffordshire, and a Magis- trate for that county and Shropshire ; was M.P. for South Staffordshire 1849-53; Capt. of the Staffordshire Militia 1843-54 ; and has been Capt. of the 27th Stafford- shire Rifle Volunteers since 1860. Is Lord of the Manor of Morley, and owns a large portion of the soil, as well as valuable beds of coal and stone. Has Arms of Dartmouth. 1 . ~ , , . been a munificent benefactor to various movements for church extension and educational requirements within the township. The Earl is patron of nine livings Pattingham, V. Patshull, I. Christchurch I. West-Bromwich, I. Staffordshire ; Lewisham, V. Forest-hill, I. Sydenham, I. Kent; Farnley Tyas, I. Yorkshire ; Oluey, V. Buckinghamshire. His lordship is a churchman and staunch supporter of Conservatism. He m. (1846) Lady- Augusta- Finch, eldest daughter of the 5th Earl of Aylesford, and has had issue, I. Frances-Charlotte, b. 10 July, 1848. II. Elizabeth-Sarah, b. 30 Jany., 1850. III. WILLIAM HENEAGE, Viscount Lewisham, b. 6 May, 1851, c. at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. IV. Henry-Charles, b. 4 November, 1852. V. Augusta-Georgiana, b. 21 May, 1854. VI. Gerald, b. 30, d. 31 July, 1855. VII. Mary-Florence-Henrietta, b. 4 March, 1862, d. 14 May, 1863. His lordship has seats at Patshull-hall, Wolverhamptou ; Sandwell-park, Birmingham; Woodsome-hall, Huddersfield. Toivn Residence 40, Grosveuor-square, W. Cluls Carlton, Travellers. Azure : a buck's head, cabossed, argent. @t0t Out of a ducal coronet, or, a plume of six ostrich feathers, argent and azure, alternately. Supporters Dexter, a lion argent, semee of fleur-de-lis, sable, ducally crowned, or, and issuing from the coronet a plume of six ostrich feathers, argent and azure, alternately. Sinister a stag argent, unguled, or, and semee of mullets, gules. Motto Gaudet tentamiue virtus. (Virtue rejoices in trial.) SCENERY AND GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. ' WHO digs the mine or quarry, digs with glee ! No slave ! His option and his gain are free : Him the same laws the same protection yield, Who ploughs the furrow, or who owns the field." SAVAGE. ' WHAT spacious veins enrich the British soil ; The various ores, and skilful miners' toil ; How ripening metals lie concealed in earth, And teeming nature forms the wond'rous birth." YALDEN. JLTHOUGH destitute of prospects which excite wonder and admiration, yet the scenery around Morley is pleasing and attractive. The first impressions of a stranger will not prove unfavourable to the district, if obtained, on a clear day, from (say) the graveyard of the Old Chapel, the Railway bridge in Scatcherd's Lane, or the banks of the reservoir in Bruntcliffe Lane, from whence the views are both extensive and diversified, exhibiting a succession of fields and woods, farmsteads and manufactories, church steeples and tall chimneys. No doubt the aspect of the township has been much changed by progressive mining and manufacturing developments, comprising the opening of coal mines, stone quarries, and erection of dwellings ; yet its general contour remains unchanged. Scatcherd, writing near half a century ago, says : " Respecting Morley in a local and picturesque view, I cannot but observe it excels any village hereabouts ; and much more any village that I have noticed in the dull uniform scenery of the Midland Counties Perhaps I may be thought partial to the place, but I assure the reader I have no extraordinary reason to be so ; or my taste may be questioned, but that I cannot help. There is certainly nothing so various as taste, but at all events I am not very singular in my opinion, for many of our visitors from the South, and some 4G HISTOEY OF MOBLEY. settlers from flat countries, are much pleased with the picturesque, if not romantic beauties of Morley its hills and valleys its woods and waters its fine prospects and diversified walks its pure air and excellent springs the fine country around it, and convenient distance of the market town." A later writer says : " If Morley has not the green fields and shady groves the gardens and conservatories of the South, neither have we the obsequiousness and poverty which seem to be almost invariable accompaniments of beautiful landscapes and stately homes." The contour of the township varies considerably, hill and dale being the rule, and a flat surface the exception. On the west the greatest regularity in appearance exists, and the soil under cultivation rests on a somewhat stiff and clayey substratum, while beneath the last-named are beds of sandstone and coal. On the east side the surface undulates, and the mould, little more than a graft deep, is lighter in colour than on the west side, and rests on the cold stiff clay, also having underlying beds of stone, coal, and ironstone. The south and north sides have characteristics in common with the west, so far as regards their mineral wealth. The coal mines within the township open up an important branch of trade, and find employment for near two thousand persons. The quality of the coal is good, and comprises house, cannel, and engine coals, which find a ready market throughout Yorkshire and Lancashire. The following list gives the names of the mines, the situation, and the names of the owners : Dean Hall Neepshaw Lane Bedford and Co. Dartmouth Daisy Hill Lister and Co. Farnley Gelderd Road Farnley Iron Co. Howley Park Howley Howley Park Co. Middleton Dewsbury Road Harding and Co. Morley Main Albert Road W. Ackroyd and Bros. Victoria Bruntcliffe John Haigh and Son West End Howley West End Coal Co. One hundred years ago coal was obtained from several mines in Morlej 7 , in a very different manner from that in which it is obtained at the present day; nor was there, at the time of which we speak, the same danger attending the occupation of the miner. The beds of coal then worked were those near the surface; except in one or two instances, where " gin-horses " were employed to raise the coal to the pit's mouth. Instead, however, of being got at by perpendicular shafts, the coal was much oftener reached by means of " day-holes," that is, by an opening HISTOBY OF MOELEY. 47 in the ground, the road being by a gentle descent until the coal was reached. At that time coal was obtained in small quantities, sufficient to supply the wants of the then thinly-populated district, and carried by the modes of conveyance, then common, up and down the almost impassable lanes and roads of the township. None of these primitive pits are to be found in work at present ; but the colliery proprietors of the present day have often had cause to complain that their predecessors were not so particular in confining themselves to the getting only of the coal which they had leased. Morley owes much of its commercial prosperity to the coal and stone trades. During the last twenty years its hidden mineral treasures have been sought for and brought to the surface in an abundance that would have astonished our forefathers, and instead of the Hollidays and Bedfords of a century ago sending out their twenty tons per day, we have the descendants of these persons, along with the Ackroyds and the Haighs, sending away by rail thousands of tons per week. There has also been a great alteration in the price of coal. In 1750 house coal was one shilling per ton; in 1790 two shillings and sixpence were paid for the same quantity ; while at the present day, the prices at the pit, for this class of coal, range from fourteen to sixteen shillings per ton. The Morley Main is by far the most extensive of the collieries within the township. Above and below ground are employed several hundred men and boys, and seventy-five horses. Thirteen steam engines are at work, either raising coal, pumping water, working the inclines, sawing wood, or hammering iron. Four of these engines are in the deep pit, working the ropes engaged in drawing the coal to the bottom of the shaft. One of these ropes is 2,400 yards and the other 1,200 yards long. The shaft of the Deep Pit is 153 yards in depth, and 10 feet in diameter, and the shaft of the Little Pit is 125 yards in depth and 11 feet in diameter. These pits were opened in 1855, and in 1872 occurred one of those disastrous explosions which result in a fearful loss of life. While the men were at work, on the 7th of October, and just before two o'clock in the afternoon, an explosion of fire-damp occurred by wluch thirty-four men and boys lost their lives. This was, by far, the most fearful calamity which ever occurred in Morley. An important branch of industry in Morley is the stone trade. Rich in coal and iron, the township contains many very valuable and extensive beds of stone. Much of this stone finds its way to London, and in some cases it is packed in wood and shipped to America. We are unable to give statistics as to the amount quarried, but as 500 persons find employment in these quarries, we may reasonably conclude that the 48 HISTORY OF MOELEY. aggregate amount must be considerable. The following list gives the names of the quarries, the situation, and names of the owners : Bruntcliffe Brmitcliffe Henry Smith Do. Do. Samuel Nelson Hembrigg High Street William Denton Finsclale Scotchman Lane Do. Stump Cross High Street Do. Finsdale No. 1. Finsclale J. Ackroycl and Son Do. No. 2. Do. Do. Finsdale Do. Thomas Clough Co-operative Scotchman Lane Co-operative Quarry Co. Finsdale Do. John Haigh Morley Wellington Street Hannah Pawson The Morley quarries were first opened about the beginning of the eighteenth century, and for a long time were carried on by Earl Dartmouth, lord of the manor. The stone is handsome in appearance, but rather perishable. Fossil remains have, on several occasions, been found in the stone workings. They consisted, principally, of fossil stems of plants which for ages have been unknown in this kingdom. Scatcherd gives some curious particulars respecting the finding of organic remains within these quarries. lie says, " Sometime in the summer of 1824, in a solid block of stone, twenty-five feet from the surface of the earth, there were found eight or ten fossil nuts or acorns. They are ovate and angular and there can be little doubt are the nuts of the ' Carpinus Betulus ' (the large hornbeam). Some of these nuts have assuredly not arrived at maturity when they fell from the tree, and were overwhelmed by that awful catastrophe whereby the ' fountains of the great deep were broken up.' I am satisfied, however, that in England these kind of nuts are indigenous ; that they grew to the full size and came to maturity in what is now Yorkshire ; and possibly near the spot where are now our quarries, before the last General Deluge, or great Convulsion of Nature. I say the last General Deluge, because it appears to me that one deluge will not account for appearances in various parts of the Earth." Scatcherd does not explain what appearances he here alludes to which gave him the neiv idea of two separate and distinct Deluges. In some parts of Morley the beds of stone have a singular formation, as may be observed near the station of the London and North Western Kailway, in the Valley. The line here runs through a deep cutting of solid rock, and, close by the goods-shed, has exposed some very interesting geological phenomena, in the shape of a singularly contorted stratum of flagstone, warped and twisted by some mighty "throw" or dislocation, in the earlier days of mother earth. AGRICULTURE. " HONOUR awaits, o'er all the earth, Through all the generations, The art that calls her harvests forth, And feeds the expectant nations.' W. C. BRYANT " AGRICULTURE is the most certain source of strength, wealth, and independence. Commerce flourishes by circumstances precarious, contingent, transitory, almost as liable to change as the winds and waves that waft it to our shores. She may well be termed the younger sister, for, in all emergencies she looks to agriculture both for defence and for supply." COLTON. HE land of the township generally, with one or two exceptions, is broken up into small farm holdings, which consequently are sub-divided into small fields or closes. Morley, at one time, had a considerable agricultural population, and previous to the develop- ment of the union cloth manufacture, the cottages were far outnumbered by the farmsteads, and the inhabitants were engaged in an admixture of trade and agriculture. With a few exceptions the land is badly cultivated, which arises from the fact that manufacturing enterprise is rapidly using up the land for other purposes, and partly from the farms being let from year to year ; the lease principle, which offers greater inducement to thorough cultivation, not being in operation here to any great extent. - An old lease which we have before us, contains some curious particulars with regard to the holding of land by our forefathers. This document bears date " the tenth day of February, Annoque Domini, 1695," and is " between the Right Honourable Lord Marquis of Halifax, Baron of Elland, of the one part, and Susan Brook, widow, and William Askwith, of Morley, husbandman, of the other part." After describing the property, which consisted of a messuage or tenement with the appurtenances, and eight acres of land, provision is made to reserve to the Earl the " woods, underwoods and trees, mines of coal, lead-oar, and iron-stone and other mines, and all quarries of stone and slate." The property is to be held for twenty years, paying during that term the E 50 HISTOKY OF MORLEY. yearly rent of Four Pounds and Twelve Shillings, at the feasts of Pentecost and St. Martin, the Bishop, in winter. Then comes the clause : "The said Susan Brook and William Askwith shall and will do suit and service to the Court Baron of the said Lord Marqitess, to be holden for his Manor of Morley, when and so often as the said Court, shall be summoned to be there held and kept. And also, they shall and will do suit to the mills of the said Lord Marquess, situate in Howley Park, by grinding all such corn, grain, and malt, as they the said Susan Brook and William Askwith shall from time to time use and expend in or about the said leased premises or turn into oatmeal shilling, and shall and will pay for the grinding thereof, all such toll and mulcture, as is usiially paid by other the tenants and suitors to the said mills." Provision is afterwards made that the land shall receive proper cultiva- tion, in terms as follows : " The said Susan Brook and William Askwith, shall and will lay and spread iipon every day's work, with a plough of the said leased premises which they shall plough, grave or rive out, to be sown with corn or grain, twenty sufficient horse-loads of well-burnt and unfaln lime or ten sufficient wain-loads of mairure, and shall not take above three crops together, for once so liming and manuring the aforesaid. And shall also lay and spread upon the said premises for the better husbandry thereof, all the hay, straw, fodder, compost, dung and ashes, which shall yearly come, grow, be gotten or bred upon the said premises. And they also, shall and will for every acre of Ley -ground of the said premises which shall be ploughed, graved or riven out to be sown with corn or grain in any of the three last years of the said term, well and truly satisfie and pay unto the said Earl over and above the yearly rent hereby reserved, the yearly Summ of three pounds of like money." The above notice respecting " Mills " is the second intimation we have of their existence within the township. A\ r e should not have been surprised had mention of a mill been made in Doomsday Book as then existing in Morley, seeing that mills for grinding corn had become common about the close of the Saxon period. These corn mills invariably belonged to the Lords of the manors, and the tenants were permitted to grind only at the Lord's Mill, a restriction which has not been abolished in some cases even at the present day. In Morley, during the early part of last century, on many of the farms, manure was carried into the fields in square boxes or crates, called " Hotts," which hung like panniers over the backs of the horses, and which were generally managed by women. They had doors at the bottom, through which the manure was discharged upon the land ; and while one box or pannier was emptying, the other was borne up by an assistant. The soil in Morley is, for the most part, a heavy loam, on a substratum of stiff clay, and much of it comparatively sterile, little energy or skill HISTORY OP MORLEY. 51 being expended on its improvement. The land is in many cases held by persons engaged in trade, who are supposed to know, by some intuitive instinct, how to purchase and attend to live stock, manage systems of drainage and irrigation, pursue the best rotation of crops and culture of artificial grasses, with the right changes of seed and proper applications of manure. Hence we find that bone, guano, and other artificial manures are seldom used, and the land continues, year after year, in a state of comparative infertility. Grass and hay are the chief products of the fields, milk production monopolising in a great measure the attention of the farmers, who retail it at threepence per quart. Oats were at one time a favourite cereal, and the crops were for home consumption, as oat-cakes or "haver- bread " was the staple article of diet ; and these cakes were suspended, in every house, across the lines of the " creels " under the ceiling. A regiment of soldiers raised in these parts, eighty years ago, took the name of the "Oaten-cake lads;" assuming as their badge an oaten-cake, which was placed for the purpose of attraction on the point of the recruiting sergeant's sword. Scatcherd says that, " united in groups of three or four together at Leeds winter fair, they would purchase an ox, and Having made partitions of it, they salted and hung the pieces for their winter food. The broth and ' rashers ' which these afforded, with oat-cakes, were a perpetual repast." In connection with this subject we notice t The Morley Floral and Agricultural Society," which was formed in 1836, under the modest title of " The Morley Floral Society." The first meeting of this society was held in August, 1836, when X. Scatcherd, Esq., was appointed president ; Dr. Swiuden, treasurer ; and Mr. D. Butterfield, secretary. The first show was held in the National School Room, Town End. The number of subscribers was 27, subscriptions 3 7s. 6d., admission to the show 11s. 6d., out of which items $he committee gave 20s. as prizes. The expenses were 20s. 3d., leaving a balance in hand of 30s. 9d. The show went on expanding year after year, until in 1866 it had for patrons, earls, baronets, commoners, and men of all classes, with a noble list of nearly five hundred subscribers ; an annual revenue of more than 300 ; a splendid show ground, and 10,000 visitors on the show day. At the present time the show has dwindled to very insignificant dimensions, and lacking the energy thrown into it by Mr. John Jackson, the secretary during the years of its greatest prosperity, it bids fan* to become, altogether, a thing of the past. DOMESTIC AECIIITECTURE, ' The grassy lane, the wood-surrounded field, The rude stone fence with fragrant wall-flowers gay, The clay built cot, to me more pleasure yield, Than all the pomp imperial domes display." SCOTT OF AM jjOST of the huts, booths, cots, or dwellings inhabited by the peasantry in Morley, centuries ago, were slight structures of one storey, open to the rafters, and divided into "house part" and sleeping room. To construct these, a vertical framework of oaken crooks was inserted in the ground, and pegged well together. The lower portion was crossed with transverse timbers, and the interstices .were filled in with laths, wattles, or wicker work, and plastered with clay. The roof was hipped at both ends, and thatched with straw. The door was kept closed or shut with the aid of a " sneck," and was opened or unlatched by means of a finger-hole, or else by pulling the " sneck-band." No preliminary knocking at the door was then expected. Bells, knockers, and patent or other locks were then undreamt of, and visitors, whether "the aukl beggar man" or some friend or relation, let themselves in, and as a rule, were welcome to such hospitalities as the inmates could afford. Light was admitted to these homes by a casement window or two, glazed with small lozenge-shaped panes of a greenish hue. Ventilation was generally provided for by a hole in the roof, caused by the wear and tear of the elements; this mode had the disadvantage of leaving a free passage for wet. Two centuries ago these " homes of the people " existed here, and until the latter part of the eighteenth century were numerous in Morley. They were, indeed, mere hovels, unworthy the designation of " homes," as the following description of one of them (only pulled down about ten years ago, and known for more than a century as " Slack's cottage ") will shew. Scatcherd thus describes it : " This singular building is an HISTORY OF MORLEY. 53 ancient lath and plaster or ' post and pan ' cottage. The shaft of the chimney immensely large, with a top of sticks and bindings, being, doubtless, a funnel for the smoke, constructed at an after period, displays the antiquity of the dwelling. But the fire-place is the most surprising, it is eleven feet ten inches wide ; five feet two niches deep ; and five feet five inches high. In the centre of this space, no doubt, in ancient times, was the skeleton of a rude range ; and here around a fire, partly perhaps of coal, but principally of wood, did the ancestors of Slack sit plaiting their straw hats by the light of the chimney in the day-time." In course of time stone was substituted for wood and plaster, but the houses were still only one storey high and had no chambers. Some of these primitive dwellings may yet be seen in various parts of the town, but others have been swept away during the last few years ; notably, a Old Houses, Pinfold, and Town's Quarry. row which existed upon the site of the ancient ducking pond, and near to the " Pinfold," or common Pound. In order that our readers may judge of these " homes " of the " good old times," we append a view of the cottages last named. Around these homes of our ancestors stretched the moorland, unreclaimed by the plough or the spade ; and fine woods where " Thick as a forest grew the towering trees." Here and there on the hills, and in the valleys, were a few houses, of a somewhat better class, with small gardens attached to them, and 54 HISTORY OF MOBLET. generally a patch of land sufficient to maintain a cow ; these were occupied by the "niaister clothiers," as they were called ; for the chief employment of the population, both of Morley and the neighbourhood, was the making of cloth. Nearly every house had its loom and spinning wheel, for the entire manufacture was carried on by hand labour. When the cloth manufacture began to still further develope itself, houses of a much more roomy, if not of a more substantial character, were built, generally of stone. In these the various operations connected with the " domestic manufacture " of woollen cloth were carried on. The small manufacturers, employing generally only the members of their own families, were also farmers, yet the farming of that day was of a very indifferent character, and was done by the husband and other male members of the family, whilst the wife and daughters, after they had milked the cows and churned the butter, busied themselves in carding, slubbing, and spinning of wool, and preparing the warp for the loom. The warp was then sized, dried, and beamed by the men ; and either they, or the females, as circumstances admitted, wove the warp in the loom-house. The number of looms did not often exceed three to a family, and what with the farming, the house work, and the manufacturing, there was generally plenty of employment for all who were able to work, The farm buildings (outhouses) were chiefly antique, inconvenient erections, sometimes covered with thatch, but oftener with grey slates. Many of these noticeable buildings might be seen until very recently in the neighbourhood of Owlers Lane, Stump Cross, Bank Top, and other parts of the town. The "living part" of these buildings was, as we have already observed, of a roomy character, and consisted of house, parlour, pantry, attics, and loom-house. In the yard, or " fold " as it was called, were the horsing-stock or mount, the dog-kennel, and can-tree ; this latter fixture was a portion of a many-armed tree, sunk in the ground, and was intended to hold the clean "piggins" or milk cans. Of the better class of houses, built in the seventeenth century, and occupied by the yeomanry of the village, we have several good examples left to us. Yew Tree House, on Banks' Hill, was built in 1650 by one Richard Huntington, from whom it was purchased by Miss Waller, daughter of Edmund Waller, the poet. On Banks' Hill is an old house, built during the " Oliver days," which externally bears evidence of its former respectability, while the interior is furnished with some fine specimens of wood carvings, and in all respects it is a fair sample of the type of West Riding houses, inhabited by the more wealthy citizens HISTORY OF MORLEY. 55 in the seventeenth century. Another house, of a still more ancient date than the last-named, is to be seen at the top of Chapel Hill. On the gateway leading to this house there was, until ^lately, the following inscription : " Porta patens esto, Nulli dauda/ris honesto," gate be thou open ; thou mayest not be shut to any honest man. The first half was upon the pillar of the gateway to the left as we enter ; this has been pulled down, but the other pillar, containing the latter half of the inscription, still remains. Tradition says that Mr. Pickering, at one time minister of the Old Chapel, lived here, and after him, and probably until 1695, when he died, one Wyther, an attorney, who lies buried at Batley. Next, probably one Rothwell, a schoolmaster, and after him Old House and Gateway. some of the Rayner family. Since that time, one Trenholme, a school- master ; and after this person Mr. Overend, a well-to-do manufacturer, and others. Near to the Old House last mentioned is a specimen of the farm-house common in Morley about the beginning of the eighteenth centuiy. This was at one time the residence of Samuel Clark, a drysalter and well-to-do farmer, who was of some importance in his day, as appears by the part he took in town's affairs. He served the office of Chief Constable in 1760, Churchwarden in 1766, and Overseer of the Poor in 1786. Given to hospitality, this village worthy was accustomed to receive the visits of his neighbours in the old farm-house. In this place, with (in winter) its warm, roaring fire, and where sundry flitches of bacon, oaten cake 56 HISTORY OF MORLEY. and hard wheaten bread burdened the hooks and "creels" of the kitchen ceiling sitting on the high-backed settle near the fire, with pot and pipe, they would discuss political, parochial, fanning, and other matters. The old house, forty years ago, underwent many internal alterations to adapt it to suit the purposes of the village post office, then kept by Andrew Cowburn. Cross Hall is an antiquated structure, situate on the line of " The Street." It was built in the latter part of the seventeenth century, and is noticeable as being at one time the property and residence of Miss Bosanquet, afterwards Mrs. Fletcher, whose name has become a house- hold word, in the homes of the Yorkshire people especially. Cross Hall, in 1704, was in the possession of Mr. Thomas Hardcastle, maltster, who sold the " messuage tenement and maltkiln, lately builded, and one croft, to Sanil. Middlebrook for 103 3s. 6d." In order to show the increase in the value of property in Morley, at different periods, we give the following particulars respecting this estate : In 1743, Middlebrook sold to Jeremiah Scott " Cross s. d. Hall, one cottage, one maltkiln, one barn, one stable, one garden, one orchard, four acres of land," for 300 Sold by Scott to Francis Bentley, and by the latter to Wm. Wilcock in August, 1766, for 2GG On the 27th of March, 1769, Wilcock sold to Mary Bosanquet, " Cross Hall, one barn, one cow-house, four stables, two maltkilns, three granaries, one orchard, and one close of land," for ... ... ... ... ... 650 In 1781, John William Fletcher and Mary, his wife, (Miss B.) sold the estate to Henry Preston, merchant, of Leeds, for 1470 May 22nd, 1832, Henry Preston sold the property to the Kev. A. G. Kinsman, for 1600 August 2nd, 1836, Mr. Kinsman sold it to Benjamin Walker for 2000 In 1851, R. H. Ellis, Esq., J.P., of Dewsbury, purchased the estate from William Tipping, Esq., who had married the daughter of Mr. Walker. In 1853, Cross Hall became the property of Mr. J. J. Mallinson, who now occupies the premises. One or two of the above- named deserve a passing notice. Jeremiah Scott was a gentleman of fortune, if one may judge from the memorial of his death a handsome mural monument in Batley Church. Mary Bosanquet was a lady of distinguished piety. During her residence at Cross Hall she applied an ample fortune to the relief of the friendless, collecting together and HISTORY OF MORLEY. 57 supporting under her own roof an extensive family, composed of the afflicted, the indigent, and the . helpless, but chiefly consisting of orphan children. Mr. Henry Preston, who purchased the Hall from Mr. Fletcher, was a merchant at Leeds, and ran the first close carriage in this neighbourhood. Morley Hall, built in 1683 by Thomas Dawson, Esq., is an old- fashioned, but by no means a pleasing, specimen of the architecture of the times in which it was built. It has a low central portion, flanked by several gabled erections, and at one end a new wing, which, not having the weather stains of the rest of the building, seems somewhat Morley Hall. out of keeping with it. It stands on the knoll of a hill, with a broad green meadow in front, sloping gradually down to the village, and is planted at the back with trees. One peculiarity of these trees we cannot pass over. Thirty years ago, quite a colony of rooks inhabited them, and the evening's proceedings and playful manoeuvres of this feathered tribe afforded much amusement to the juveniles of those days. In the autumn time, just before dusk, they came in long strings from their day's wanderings, and wheeling round and round in the air, in a playful manner, they made a loud cawing, preparatory to settling down to their rest. The number of these yearly visitants to the Hall is now 58 HISTORY OF MORLEY. much less than formerly, when they were so numerous that to speak of " The Rookery" was equivalent to giving the place its proper name. During the last thirty years a large number of better class cottages have been built in the town, as well as several good shops ; and taking the whole town' as a sample, it presents a good illustration of the results of manufacturing activity, as compared with the " jog-trot" lethargy of a century ago. At the same time we enter our humble protest against the retrogressive step now being taken by "builders and contractors," who are, in all parts of the town, running up rows of "back-to-back" houses, built close up to the street lines, without allowing any space for a garden, of even the narrowest town pattern. A few modern mansions claim passing attention. Prominent amongst them is Mount Pleasant, the residence of Joshua Asquith, Esq., which Mount Pleasant. stands at the foot of one of the " seven hills" of the town. It is, as its name implies, a pleasant spot a choice corner of the village, and the view thence across the valley to the meadows and woods beyond, and over a wide stretch of picturesquely varied country, including the mansions and grounds of Temple Newsam, is, perhaps, not equalled in the neighbourhood. Thomfield House, the residence of William Jackson, Esq., is a good specimen of the class of residences which spring up as a result of commercial prosperity. It has been erected within the last eighteen months, and with its beautiful entrance porch, clustered chimneys, bay HISTORY OF MOELEY. windows, and commanding situation, is worth notice. From the accompanying- view, it will be seen that the residence has all the appearances of substantiality, comfort, and adaptability to the domestic requirements of the successful manufacturer. The style of architecture is an adaptation of Gothic outline with modernised details, and has a somewhat picturesque appearance. The Morley Hall Estate, tolerably secluded from the hum and bustle of manufacturing life, offers to working people the opportunity of becoming their own landlords, and living in a most healthy and desirable locality. The estate is the property of a limited company, whose praiseworthy efforts to meet the ever- increasing demand for improved dwellings have not, as yet, met with the support and sympathy of the capitalists or working-men which it deserves. Notwithstanding this drawback, upwards of eighty dwelling- Osbome House, houses have been erected on the estate, in addition to several pleasing villas in the cottage omee style, of which we present a specimen. Morley possesses abundance of stone and clay, the latter of which can be cheaply and expeditiously manufactured into bricks, notwith- standing which there is a great lack of cottage houses, as well as of an intermediate class of dwellings. EXTENT AND POPULATION. " I love the place, in which my infant sight Caught the first beams of animating light ; Thy Saxon tongue to polished ears uncoutli In guile unpractised, but allied to Truth ; Thy hardy sons, who know with equal pride To chase the shuttle or the plough to guide ; Thy thrifty wives, thy daughters ever dear, Thy hearty welcome to their simple cheer." ANON. ROM an old town's book we learn that the township is upwards of two miles long, and about three miles broad. Its superficial area is given in Scatcherd's History as 2,300 acres ; William Wordsworth, Esq.'s survey in 1840, exclusive of roads, as 2,699 acres ; "White's Clothing District," in 1866, as 2,698; Porter's Directory of Leeds, 1872, as 2,645 ; and the ordnance survey, the most accurate of all, yields 2,698 acres. From the scanty memorials accessible, apparently during several centuries the population was but small, and the prosperity of the place at a comparative standstill. No record is preserved of the number of the population previous to the year 1800, but the following tabulated statement of the several censuses taken by Government, shows the modern progressive increase of population : Date. Inhabited Houses. Uninhabited Houses. Males. Females. Total. 1801 422 1094 1014 2108 1811 1231 1226 2457 1821 1556 1475 3031 1831 1921 1898 3819 1841 846 56 2109 1978 4087 1851 1010 26 2439 2382 4821 1861 1427 14 3382 3458 6840 1871 2036 57 4759 4848 9607 Although the rate of increase per cent, in 1841 shews a considerable HIST OK Y OP MORLEY. Gl decline upon the previous enumerations, this was altered in 1851, and in the ten years ending April 1861, the progress had been singularly rapid, owing to the erection of woollen mills, and the opening out of the coal and stone trades. The population at the present time (1876) is estimated at upwards of 12,000 souls. The population of Churwell, one mile from Morley, is given below. The area of this township is 488*acres. The boundary stone separating the two townships is in Churwell Lane, nearly opposite the residence of the Misses Crowther. Year. Inhabited Houses. Uninhabited Houses. Males. Females. Total. 1801 127 1 202 300 502 1811 138 9 347 319 666 1821 155 13 419 395 814 1831 204 6 518 505 1023 1841 233 5 607 591 1198 1851 226 27 572 531 1103 1861 319 7 791 773 1564 1871 355 1 856 834 1690 The population of Gildersome, two miles from Morley, is appended. The area of the township is 1120 acres. Year. Inhabited Houses. Uninhabited Houses. Males. Females. Total. 1801 241 5 628 604 1232 1811 278 6 682 727 1409 1821 306 19 799 793 1592 1831 328 4 815 837 1652 1841 387 5 945 972 1917 1851 431 34 1075 1051 2126 1861 558 20 1375 1326 2701 1871 729 18 1790 1698 3488 MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. ' Your late old coachman, though oft splash'd by dirt, And out in many a storm, remains unhurt ; Enjoys your kind reward for all his pains, And now to other hands resigns the reins." GARRICK. " THE poetry of tiavelling is gone, the romance of roadside adventure is at an end. I confess that I love not this break-neck work, this breathless hurrying through the world, this skip-jack, money-making rapidity. It is not characteristic of our nation it accords not with the heavy tread and sure and stable movements of John Bull. I am one of the few lovers of old fashions ; content with the country as God has made it, and with the speed which bore our old forefathers to the grave quick enough, and yet left them time to make their country the greatest nation in the world." THOMAS MILLER. to the middle of the seventeenth century the roads in existence in Morley, as elsewhere, were of the most primitive character, and, except in rare instances, simply footpaths, leading from one part of the village to another, and to the market at Leeds. Many of these by-paths are still in existence, and form public conveniences for business, and healthy outlets for invigorating strolls. In all probability the earliest bridle lane or " sty," or public trackway for horses, carts being then unknown or very uncommon, was a line connecting Morley with Leeds and Thorpe or Middleton, which coming up Rooms Lane, went by way of the " ginnel " on Chapel Hill, and then across what was at that time the Common, on to Dunningley. This is likely, when it is remembered that previous to the enclosure of the common in 1817, the lane or road was of a similar width with that .of Rooms Lane of the present, and the " Wide Lane " of this day was, at the time of which we speak, only a "bridle lane." We believe that Rooms Lane still retains all the features which it possessed in the days of " pack-horses," and is a fair specimen of the roads that were to be found in Morley a century ago. In this lane a path still remains, similar to that on which the pack-horses used to travel, it being laid with flags on which the horses could obtain a firm footing. Why this ancient road should, more than a century ago, have ceased to be a HISTORY OF MORLEY. 63 public highway, is difficult to understand, except it was on account of the Leeds and Elland Road having been made, and the old lane thus becoming less useful, or superfluous. Of the days of the pack-horses much that is interesting has been written. In these days of express trains we can form but a faint idea of the sensation that would be caused in village circles on the arrival of these cavalcades ; by the musical tingling of the bells on the horses' necks, the clatter of their hoofs on the causeway, and the large packs of goods, like small mountains, on their backs. The village gossips would gather round their drivers to learn what was going on in Leeds, and to listen to the "news of the times" in which they were generally well posted up. Scatcherd has left an interesting communication relative to these travellers, formerly very numerous in these parts. He says : " I have a faint recollection of them passing through Morley twice a week, on Mondays and Thursdays, as I am told. They were called pack-horses from carrying large packs of cloth, wool, etc., on their backs. These horses and their drivers were the chief conveyances during the middle ages, and down to the times of the great Civil War. By means of them, not only various goods, but letters, and even young Oxford and Cambridge students, were passed from various parts of the kingdom. AVhen I saw the bell-horses at Morley, passing on to Dewsbury and Thornhill, the first horse only wore a bell. The roads were then narrow and rugged, with deep ruts, and the causeways, generally, were single and uneven. The bell-horses always kept this footpath, and forced therefrom travellers of every description, so that on dark nights, and especially in the winter time, the bell of the proud leader was a most useful appendage. These roadsters ceased to travel, sometime, as I fancy, about 1794, but I cannot ascertain the precise date." With increasing commerce the old roads were exposed to a severity of stress and wear for which they were not adapted, and more commodious modes of transit were forced into existence. Local powers being unequal to the emergency, the aid of Parliament was sought and obtained. The first turnpike was made in England in 1663, but it was not until a century later that other Acts were passed to facilitate the communication between the towns and villages of the AVest Riding. On the best turnpikes, in 1750, the ruts were deep, the descents precipitous, and the way often such that it was hardly possible to distinguish in the dark the road from the unenclosed common which lay on both sides. The turnpike from Leeds to Manchester ran as follows : Leeds, through Beeston, up old road at C bur well, and on to Morley Hole, and then up Neepshaiv Lane to the " Street" or Roman Road ; next, along this road 64 HISTORY OF MOELEY. till it reached Adwalton. From the latter village, the way was over Adwalton Moor to Gomersal, and forward to Manchester. For a long time the passenger traffic was carried on by means of "machines with steel springs," better known as stage coaches. "The Dart, four-horse Post Coach, will run daily from Leeds to Iluddersfield, at six o'clock in the evening, by way of Morley, Birstal, etc., April, 1815." The stage-coach was then in its glory, and was described by a great traveller as " the perfection of travel." There are many yet in our town who have a vivid recollection of the ups and downs, the lights and shades, the social variety and freshness of a trip to London or Manchester in these old coaching days. The stage coach was a great improvement upon the locomotion of a century before, when by means of the " social pillion" farmers' horses carried double. In this way the people had to come from Churwell, Gildersome, and many other places to the Old Chapel on Sunday, for at that time none of these villages had churches or chapels ; but the people were all united in one common fold under the Puritan pastor at Morley. Every Sabbath day, by way of Neepshaw Lane, Rooms Lane, and other roads of a similar kind, came the clothiers, the farmers, and operatives, with their families, some on foot, toiling along the narrow rugged roads, and miry footpaths, while others, the farmer and his wife, used frequently to ride together on horseback, the " guidwife " being seated behind her lord and master, on what was called a pillion a kind of stuffed seat. As this was also the way in which they went to market, or came on business to the village to accommodate those who travelled in this rude fashion, there used to be stone steps, called "mounts" or " horsig-stones " attached to the inns in the village, for the use of equestrians who wished to mount or dismount. Some of these mounts still remain in various parts of the West Riding, and the old fashioned method of " going to market " is yet pursued in some parts of England. For the requirements of trade, after the pack-horses came the ponderous waggons of the common carriers, with four or six horses to each. In the early part of the present century "The Lodge" near St. Peter's Church was occupied by George Mitchell, who was the principal carrier between Leeds and Manchester. At that time the traffic upon this turnpike road was considerable, and the " Swan," now the " Dartmouth Arms," was a well-known stopping place, noted for its high character and good accommodation. Not only was it the head- quarters of the " Dart," but it was also patronised by the innumerable stage-waggons, post-chaises, flys, and other vehicles which then lined the road, presenting an appearance of liveliness which would form a HISTORY OF MOELEY. 65 strange contrast to the quietude of the road during the last thirty years. Nearly a century ago, a better picture of an English way-side inn than the " Swan " presented could scarcely have been found ; and it would be a matter of some difficulty to point to any other spot in our town which, at the time we have alluded to, could furnish a better photograph of the rural life of its inhabitants. In the olden times, ere the railroad had penetrated through the veiy heart of the village, it was the meeting place of all the idlers in the neighbourhood, attracted thither by the horn of the guard of the stage coach, which eveiy evening stopped at this noted hostelry, and from whose passengers, as they replenished the " inner man," the news-loving villagers gathered information of what was passing in the " Town," as Leeds was then called. The interior of the " Swan" is worthy of notice. The kitchen or principal room was a Carrier's Waggon. large old-fashioned apartment, with the indispensable " long-settle," which eveiy evening was noticeable for the variety of its occupants. The travelling packman, the regular tramp, having a home nowhere, and a home everywhere, whose life must have derived its peculiar attraction from its endless change of scene; the fanner's man resting after his day's toil ; the operative glad to find excitement anywhere ; the gamekeeper and others which we cannot stop to enumerate all gathered around the cheerful hearth. On the afternoon of market day, the various carriers belonging to the neighbouring villages drew up their teams, at the door of the inn, as they return heavily laden from market ; and as they relate the t; news " to the assembled rustics, they are joined by " old Michael," the master of the house, who, having been to market himself, is very civil and communicative. Over the long-settle, and P 66 HISTOKY OF HOKLEY. nailed to the wall, you may observe a board on which is painted, in conspicuous letters, the following warning : " Since man to man is so unjust, One scarcely knows what man to trust ; I've trusted many to my sorrow, So pay to-day, I'll trust to-morrow." But our village inn was not only visited by numerous and varied individuals of the locality itself, but occasionally strangers, who had been to visit Howley, and other picturesque places in the neighbourhood, would drop in to wait the departure of the coach, and for these better accommodation was provided in the parlour, with its high backed chairs, dimity curtains, and glass cupboard, full of antique gaily-painted china. At the present day, in addition to the facilities for traffic afforded by "common carriers" to Leeds, and goods traffic by rail, two lines of railway compete for the transit of passengers. The Leeds and Manchester (L. & N. W.) Railway, with a station in the township, was commenced in 1845. The line is through the very heart of the town by a tunnel, commencing about one hundred yards from the station house. The following particulars respecting this tunnel may not be uninteresting. It is in length 3,370 yards, or nearly two miles. The extreme breadth is 26 feet, and the height 26 feet. The tunnel is nearly level throughout the fall being only what is required for its proper drainage. In executing the works, twenty-three working shafts were used, besides four permanent shafts. At one time workmen were employed at forty- eight different places. Eleven powerful steam engines were at work, fifteen double horse-gins, three hundred and thirty horses, and two thousand workmen. The Act for its construction was obtained in July, 1845, and the tunnel was opened in about three years from that time. The first stone of this stupendous undertaking was laid on Monday, the 22nd of February, 1846, and was made the occasion of considerable festivity and display. In August, 1848, the key-stone of the last arch of the tunnel, at the north or Moiiey entrance, was laid by Mr. Grainger, the principal engineer. The line was opened to the public on the 18th day of September, 1848, but owing to the high rate of charges, omnibuses continued to ply between the village and Leeds for several years after that time. The goods, as well as the passenger traffic, is now very large. In the article of coal only, more than eight thousand tons are often sent by rail from Morley alone in one week; and the goods warehouses at our village stations daily receive large quantities of w r ool, rags, mungo, and other materials required by our manufacturers, The Great Northern Railway, passing along the western boundary of HISTOEY OF HORLEY. 67 the town, has a station near Hungerhill, opened in 1858; and this line has placed several important West Riding towns within easy access of Morley. In the matter of postal arrangements, Morley has made considerable advances upon the primitive foot messenger who, less than a century ago, performed the duty of post-master. Fifty years ago, one Betty Hartley acted as post-mistress in a humble one-storey cottage, on Banks Hill, at its junction with Chapel Hill. The letters at that time were called for every night and morning by John Cowburn, who, coming from Adwalton, collected them from all the villages on his way to and from Leeds. In the times preceding these, it was the custom for them to be collected from every house by a person called the " Foot Postman," who, walking through the village, blew a horn, the sound of which, when heard, brought forth the people to him with their letters, or prepared them to be on the look-out for some long-expected communication. A writer says : u The family of the ' Hornblowers ' was pretty numerous in these days, and one of the number at Morley was the village postman. It is a usage as old as Shakespeare's days, but quite discontinued here now." In the Merchant of Venice, Act. 5, scene 1, Launcelot says : "Tell him there 's a horn come from my master full of good news." It may be interesting to note that, fifty years ago, the following were the rates of postage from Morley to the following places : Leeds, 4d. ; Huddersfield, 4d. ; Manchester, 7d. ; London, lid.; Ireland, Is. 3d. ; America, 3s.; France, 2s. Id.; Germany, 2s. 7d. At the present time the post-office, in Queen Street, is a most important public institution, and is ably presided over by Mr. Roger Penning Sleigh. In addition to two despatches and two arrivals of letters daily, there are money order, savings' bank, and telegraphic departments, and office for the sale of stamps, as well as issue of licenses. LOCAL GOVERNMENT. ' ' DESCRIBE the Borough 'though our idle tribe May love description, can we so describe, That you shall fairly streets and buildings trace, And all that gives distinction to a place ? This cannot be ; yet moved by your request A part I paint let Fancy form the rest." CK ABBE. ROM various records in our possession, we learn that from 1665 to 1860, or thereabouts, the maintenance of the peace of the township was vested in the " Constable," a most important public functionary, elected annually at a town's meeting, and the appointment subsequently confirmed by the Justices of the Peace. In 1693 Morley was the head of a division of the Constabulary, and the following notice relating thereto is from the Sessions rolls . Chief Constable for Hundred of Morley, appointed at the Sessions, Edwd. Langley, Hipperholme, Esq., nominated 1693. William Rawson, of Boiling, nominated 1696. With reference to the appointment of the first named gentleman, we find that a letter was sent to the justices, to the following effect: "Gentlemen, Mr. Edward Langley of Hipperholme who wee presume is known to some of yw was this time two yeares sumoned to bee Cheeife Constable for the Division of Morley, yw were pleased to excuse him then from that Office Hee haveing buisenes of great concerne of his owne to follow and promising hee would succeed Mr. Dearden who was then made Chiefe Constable if yw should think fitt. the psons Mr. Dearden nominated for yw to appeare of were Mr. Edward Langley Mr. Thos. Holdsworth Mr. John Whittell Mr. John Ramsdeu we doe desire yt yw will giue order that hee may be sworne We are Yr. Humble Servants Apl. 20, 1696. Thos. Horton. Gilbt. Rigby. The last named were justices of the peace, residing near Halifax. The duties of the village Constable, a century ago, were by no means of HISTORY OF MOELEY. 69 an easy character. In addition to the protection of property and life, numerous other matters required his vigilant supervision. The manage- ment of the Old Chapel clock was in his hands, and constant reference is made in the town's accounts to payments connected therewith. In 1752, John Clark ' ; paid 8s. Id. for mending klock and candles, and l-|d. for oyl." In 1781 the sum of " 13s. 4d. was paid for winding the klock up." This sum seems to have been the fixed yearly amount, paid for more than half-a-centur}', to the important public officer, who was intrusted with the useful task of giving "Greenwich time" to our ancient villagers. The " testing of the weights " was part of the duty of the revenue officers, a century ago, and at this performance the constable was expected to be present. In 1761, Joseph Crowther, the then constable, was more than usually generous to the Government officers, for we find that his account was objected to by the vestry meeting, the item being "12s. 6d., which was expended in treating the people who try the weights, which is disapproved of, and will not be allowed in future accounts." The accounts of the Constable were audited yearly, and the following is a sample of such accounts and audit : October 4th, 1752. Accounted then with Saml. Webster, Constable for the year last past : s. d. And he has reed, by one Assessment ... 10 15 3;} And he has disburst as appears by the particulars of his accts. ... 917 1 Remains due to the town ..................... 18 Paid the same time to Jos. Hague ... ... ... ... ... ... 9 1 1 g And paid into Samuel Rayner hands (of wch. 8s. Id. was paid for mending Klock and Candles, also l^d. for Oyl)... ... ... ... 8 2^ Allowed by us, Thos. Hopkins, Saml. Reyner, Jos. Rayner, Jos. Webster. April 10th, 1761. Accounted then with Samuel Clark, Constable for the year last past : And he has reed- by Two Assessments ... ... ... ... ... 27 7 2| And he has disburst as appears by the particulars of his accounts ... 21 14 4 Rest due to the Town ..................... 5 12 lOi Which was immediately paid to Joseph Crowther, the succeeding Constable, out of wch. the sd. J. Crowther immediately paid to Joseph Haigh for looking after the Chapel Clock ......... 013 4 4 19 The following are the most noticeable particulars of the disbursements of the Constable for the year 1781, and we feel sure that it would afford 70 HISTORY OF MOELEY. instruction, as well as amusement, to the younger portion of our readers, if they would try to ascertain the meanings of the items for which the various payments were made : 1781. s. d. October 10. Adwalton Court Expenses ... 18 7 ,, 20. Journey to Wakefield paid for Warrants... ... ... 6 ,, 26. Three Passingers 006 Nov. 5. Paid to Nathaniel Slack for Ringing ... ... ... 010 ,, 25. Paid for winding the Klock up 13 4 January 6. Journey to Wakefield for the Crouner ... ... ... 010 , , 7. Funeral expenses for Mr. Balmforth ... ... ... 040 ,, 12. Melitiah Bill paid 050 March 2. Journey to Wakefiald to sign York Castle Bill 023 ,, 3. An Inquest at East Ardsley ... ... ... ... ... Oil 5 April 6. Bridg Money 724 ,, 16. Tobacko and Candles 007 ,, 28. Going a Whindow Peeping ... ... ... ... ... 050 July 7. Journey to Wakefield to fetch the Dublicates ... ... 044 Sept. 5. Sesment signing ... ... ... ... ... ... 010 ,, 18. Paid for Weighing 050 ,, 21. Paid Ben Fosterd for blowing the Horn 006 ,, 24. Tobacko and Pipes 008 Dec. 7. The Chapil Klock Bands 086 January 17. The Fine and Loosing 13 4 8 We shall endeavour to give an explanation of some of the above items ; for the others, we leave them for the ingenuity or research of our readers : The " Melitiah Bill " was for expenses incurred in balloting for the Militia, and concerning these allotments many incidental notices occur in the " Town's Book," the first in 1757, when, in September of that year, the following were ballotted, viz., Nathaniel Kayner, David Mitchell, John Coats, Nicholas Morris, and Joseph Judge. The following persons were ballotted in the years as follows : 1759. July 9. Samuel Webster, Joseph, son of Nathl. Webster, and Saml. Crowther. ,, Sept. 9. Edward Fletcher, William Wilson, and Charles Broadbent. 1760. Oct. Jno. Binks, the son of John Biuks. 1762. Apl. Jeremy Ackroyd, Jeremiah Walker, John Dodgeson, John Aired. 1763. Oct. John Rhodes. 1766. Apl. Thomas Sugden, served for himself; John Lister, jun., James Bilsberry, and John Milner, son of Matthew Milner. 1767. May 12. William Stuart, served for himself. 1770. Mar. 31. Samuel Waring, clothier, Thomas Roberts, Geo. Brook, and James Wilson. ,, May 24. Wm. Banks. HISTOEY OF MOELEY. 71 1773. ApL 29. John Lister, son of Wm. Lister, sen., John Whitley, John Garnett, John Robinson, and Thomas Crocker. 1776. Mar. 18. Wm. Gloodhill, William Tempest, Wm. Scott, Wm. Bradley, and Matthias Murgetroid. 1779. John Lawson, Joseph Watson, John Leathley, John Hey, and James Stanhope. 1782. John Smith, staymaker, and John Westerman, breeches maker. 1783. Benjamin Ellis, son of Moses Ellis, Wm. Scatcherd, and Jno. Jackson. 1785. Jno. Scott, Abm. Fittan, Saml. Asquith (comber), Wm. Smith, (clothier), and Jonas Hartley (smith). 1787. Elijah Brook, Chris. Milner, Benj. Ellis, and Arthur Hemsworth, worstedman. 1793. Joseph Davinson, Richard Savile, Jno. Mortimer, William Aldred, and James Fox. In 1796, when Bonaparte threatened England with invasion, the inhabitants, fired with patriotism, revived with increased power the militia system, and seventeen persons were balloted as a supplementary militia, and Henry Preston, of Cross Hall, was appointed one of the Provisional Cavalry. At that time clubs for providing substitutes for those ballotted were held at one or two public-houses in the village. The expenses of volunteering, recruiting, and of the army of reserve fell heavily on the ratepayers. The militia account in 1801 was nearly twenty pounds, whilst the payments on behalf of the militia and army of reserve, in 1803-4, were more than sixty pounds. Whilst on the subject of the militia, we may note that, in 1680, a law was in force, that, every person who had .50 a year arising from property, or had personal estate amounting to the sum of 600, were bound to furnish one pikeman or musketeer to the militia then being- raised. The militia was at that time the only force England possessed, and its strength was estimated at 130,000 persons. In the muster roll of Sir Michael Wentworth's regiment, raised in the before-named year, we find the following names from Morley : "Matthew Scatcher and Tho. Craister, Musketeers." The dress of a musketeer consisted of a steel morion, a good combe cap, a gorget for the neck, and a pike-proof cuirass. The musket barrel was four-and-a-half feet long, and the stock of walnut or beech wood. In later times Morley has taken its due share in the defence of the country, for at the time when the revolutionary war broke out with France, our gallant Captain "Webster and others, the inhabitants of this village, distinguished themselves by their loyalty and patriotism. The Morley cavalry, raised and equipped without any expense to the country, was 72 HISTOEY OP MOELEY. no disgrace, it is said, to the numerous regiments who were reviewed by General Cameron, on Chapeltown Moor, on the 25th of June, 1795. The martial spirit of the men of Morley seems to have departed, for the present Volunteer movement throughout England has met with no response here. The "Adwaltou Court Leet." The word "Leet" comes from a Saxon word which means a little court, and a Court Leet is out of the Sheriff's turn. The Court Leet was held for Morley twice a year, in April and October ; many of the duties now performed by the magistrates then devolved upon the Leet jury. The following may be taken as a specimen of the offences which were brought before the Court, and the fines adjudged. Heavy fines were imposed upon unruly tempers, gaming, allowing persons to play at cards at night. For an assault where no blood was drawn, the fine was generally 3s. 4d. ; where blood was drawn, 10s. In further explanation of the Constable's account we note that, the " Passingers " to whom money was given were, in some cases, persons passing through the town as paupers, but small sums were also given to " gentlemen " and " gentlewomen " who, in going from town to town, held licenses to beg. In some cases, even scholars of the Universities had these given to them by the heads of the Universities. The " Bridg money " was the proportion levied upon Morley by the County justices, for the repairs of the bridges throughout the Riding. By an Act, 22 Henry VIII., c. 5, the various townships in the different Ridings were compelled to keep the public bridges in repair : "With the repairing of a decayed bridge, four justices, one being a quorum, may tax the inhabitants and make collectors and overseers for repayring of it ; and appoint surveyors, and exact an accompt of them, and if they refuse so to do, the said justices may make out warrants against them, returnable at the Quarter Sessions. " The next item, " Tobacko and Candles," is more easily understood, for whilst the latter would be indispensable, the former would doubtless often prove a soporific in the discussion of town's affairs in these troublous times. "Whindow Peepers" were the persons appointed to assess the amount to be paid for " window duty" in the days when this obnoxious impost was the law of the land. AVheu, periodically, it became noised abroad that those officials were assessing, people became fidgetty and alarmed, and many a useful old window was blocked up, as the farmers, even when their rental excluded them from the operation of the law, believed they should, somehow or other, be made amenable to the duty. HISTORY OF MOELEY. 73 Dairy windows, when filled in with lattice work in lieu of glazing, were exempt ; hence the word " Dairy " was inscribed over windows in many houses in Morley. The custom of "Blowing the Horn" was very common a century ago, and by it the apprentices and labourers were aroused at five o'clock in the morning in summer, and at six in winter, and it is said that " so shrill were its blasts, that no excuse was allowed to the lazy on the plea of not having heard it." The " Ringing of the Bell " on Guy Fawkes' day was then practised; but we may mention that it was customary at that time to ring it on the occasion of every town's meeting. Amongst the other duties pertaining to the office of Constable, was the custody of the Village Stocks the old-fashioned panacea for reforming swearers, drunkards, and desecrators of the Sabbath. This crazy wooden machine stood near the gates of the Old Chapel burying ground, and was removed about sixty years ago, the use of them having been abandoned many years before. In former days, when troubles were abroad in the land, the Constable was assisted in his duties by a local body of watchmen, known as the " AVatcn and Ward," who were provided with long spears, staves, and other means of defence. Some of these are still to be found in the possession of our townsmen, but were formerly kept in a room at the Town's school, amongst other public property. That property in 18 1C consisted of the following articles : ' ' Inventory of the Weights, Measures, etc. , belonging to the Township of Morley, taken this 30th clay of December, 1816, and delivered to Wm. Marshall, the present Constable, by Wm. Wilkinson. 2 Constable's Staves ; 1 Pair Handcuffs and Lock ; 1 Beam, Scales, and Standard ; 2 Eight Pound Weights ; 1 Four Pound Weight ; 1 Three and a Half do. ; 1 Stroke Measure and Roller ; 1 Pint Wine Measure, and 1 Jack Do. ; 1 Pint Ale Measure ; 1 Vagrant Whip. Signed W. WILKINSON. Morley was included within the County Constabulary jurisdiction in 1860, and subsequently the protective vigilance of the new police force was introduced. A sergeant and five officers are now stationed in the township. Formerly prisoners were taken to Dewsbury, a distance of four miles, as soon as apprehended, but in 1873 a county constabulary station was erected in New Street. It is a compact stone edifice, containing separate lock-ups or cells for males and females, with office and residence for the sergeant. In addition to the nightly patrol of the police, a private watchman is kept at most of the mills and manufactories. The parochial affairs of the township, for upwards of two centuries. 74 HISTOEY OP MORLEY. have been vested in the " Overseers of the Poor," annually elected at the town's meeting-, their appointment being confirmed by the magistrates. As complete a list as possible of the Overseers from 1700 to 1876 will be given in Appendix I. We trust that our readers will not look upon this list as a mere dry catalogue of names, devoid of any interest. It is in truth an enumeration of the oldest families in the township, for a period of nearly two hundred years, and as such is of some historic value. We believe it to be desirable, and it certainly is pleasurable, to be able to trace our ancestors back through the centuries, to recount their virtues, and in some measure to unravel the intricacies of the times in which they lived. It is worthy of remark that in this list we find nearly all the old names which exist amongst us at present. We have the Dixons, the Scatcherds, the Websters, the Rayners, and the Asquiths in abundance, along with others equally familiar. In connection with the office of Overseer, it will be interesting to look into the history of Morley, in respect to its rating. The amount raised in 1751 was as follows : Poor Rate, 54 ; Highway Rate, 12 ; Constable Rate, 14 ; and Church Rate, 15 ; making a total of 92. In 1791 the poor rate had materially increased in amount, being 382, and the payments from this sum included, besides militia expenses and relief moneys, such items as coals, shoes, clothing, oatmeal, corn, and rent for the poor, burial fees for paupers ; paid with apprentices, medicine, etc. In 1801 the poor's rate amounted to 1,079, levied by several assessments, the total of which was 13s. 6d. in the pound. (The present amount of assessment is Is. 6d. in the pound.) The increase in the rateable value may be taken as a practical indication of the growing prosperity of the town. In this respect we find that in 1781 the property assessable was 1,333 ; in 1815, 5,964 ; in 1841, 10,831 ; in 1865, 26,589 ; in 1876, 45,457. Previous to 1700, Poor Laws were unknown in Morley, and after the Legislature had passed these measures, Morley, for a long time, dealt with its own poor, and the amount required for their maintenance was very small, and collected, as it was required, in small sums or leys, from the ratepayers in the township. The first, and indeed the only, Poorhouse in Morley was established about 1730, and consisted of two or three one-storey cottages, situate on the site now occupied by the offices of the Local Board. This site was granted to the town's authorities by the Earl of Dartmouth, lord of the manor. In many cases the poor were employed to make up articles of clothing, and in other ways to assist in their own maintenance. All the respectable inhabitants in Morley were bound to take HISTOKY OF MORLEY. 75 apprentices, with whom they received a small premium, or pay a fine of 10. Persons in receipt of parochial relief had to " wear upon y e right sleeve of their upper garment a badge, being a large Roman P, with the first letter of y 6 parish or place, cut in red or blue cloth, as y e church- wardens or overseers should appoint, upon pain of having their relief abridged or withdrawn, or being sent to y e house of correction for any time not exceeding 21 days; and if any churchwarden or overseer should relieve any such person not wearing such badge, he shall forfeit 20s., one-half to go to y e informer and the other to y e poor." A " List ' of Persons' Names who have had Town or Parish Apprentices, from 1710 to 1802," to the number of 188, appears in an old Town's Book in my possession. In 1775, it is recorded as follows: " Rec d - of Alice Halstead, Widow, 5 15s. Gd., in lieu of a Town's Apprentice. Another entry is to the following effect : "March 5th, 1759. Whereas, Willm. Worseman, a poor child, being put Parish Apprentice to SamL Fozzard, and he, the said apprentice, being set at liberty by Two of Her Majesty's Justices of the Peace, and there being a consider- able charge about the sd. apprentice wch amounts to 1 8s. 6d., and now the said Saml. Fozzard does hereby agree to beare half of the charge and the Constble. the other halfe. And for that the said SamL Fozzard is to be freed of a Parish Apprentice, for seven years next ensuing the date hereof." A century ago the following scale of allowances was agreed to be made to "such officers or other persons who went away on town's affairs: To Wakefield, Is.; Birstal, 4d. ; and Bradford, Is." The expenses to Adwalton were included in the Court fees. Morley was at that time still held of the Crown as parcel of the Honour of Pontefract, and the Court Leet was held at Adwalton. To this Court the Constable was required to summon all the king's tenants and such freeholders as were required to do " suit, service, and fealty." Notwithstanding the allowances above-named, some extravagant overseer occasionally exceeded the limits, for we read that, in 1768, "John Webster, Freeholder and Hireling under Samuel Crowther, charged Three Shillings and Sixpence for going to Cottingly, being the first person ever Acted in so scandalous a manner." Under the old system of management of town's affairs, the ratepayers are often to be found regaling themselves with " ale and tobacko " at the town's meetings, and paying for it out of the poor's rate. Among other uses to which the money thus collected was put, we find payments for Godfrey's cordial, medicine, coffius, and burials ; binding apprentices ; searching the town for "vagrom men"; fetching back runaway 76 HISTORY OF MORLEY. apprentices; paying for loom hire; allowances to " passingers," tramps, or vagrants; purchasing sparrows' heads at a halfpenny each; and buying articles of clothing and furniture for paupers. The first Surveyors of Highways for Morley, of whom we have any record, were John Atkinson and Thomas Asquith, elected March, 1700. The assessment for the Highways for the year ending May 27th, 1751, amounted to 12 2s. 6d., and the disbursements to 11 7s. lOd. Of turnpikes in Morley at that time there were three miles and three furlongs ; and of other highways three miles and six furlongs. In a " highway rate made upon the inhabitants of Morley to defray the disbursements of Christopher Milner, Benjamin Clark, and William Lister, Surveyors of the Highways, August 28th, 1794," we find the following list of ratepayers, whose rates at one shilling in the pound amounted to over twenty shillings : s. a. Mr. Whitley, Howley 5 14 Joseph Dixon ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 230 Mr. Wetherill 1 16 9 Lord Dartmouth ... 1 11 9 Mr. Lister 2 G Julius Mortimer ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 160 Robert Dixon ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 138 Widow Birtby 100 Widow Webster 170 John Wilson 1 3 Thomas Crooker 190 Thomas Hemsworth ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 1 Peter Hepworth 106 With smaller sums making 66 15 3 In 1817, on its being shown, to use the words of the preamble, that " there are several commons or parcels of waste land, called Upper Common, Low Common, Bruntcliffe Common, and Street Common, in Morley, which in their present state are incapable of any improvements, and it would be of great advantage if the same were divided, and specific parts thereof allotted unto and among the several persons interested," an Act of Parliament was passed for enclosing the same : Nicholas Brown, Esq., of Wakefield, being appointed commissioner for carrying the Act into execution. From the survey made, the waste lands amounted to 119a. 3r. 36p. In the first place, 8a. 3r. 39p. were reserved to Earl Dartmouth as lord of the manor, " in lieu of, and in full compensation for, all such his a: ra o z o ^ CD 3 CO l-> g * i J A % *->t ft on y 02^ 02 O *1 *> i i -^ TS'o SS SO S3 cifi *s a5 SO 3 Albert A. Barrowclough & Co. 60 9 3840 120 11 3 6 Albion John Mitchell 35 7 2724 62 12 1 Britannia James Ross 35 10 4292 124 10 2 8 Cobden Jas. Sharp 10 3 1200 30 Crank Charles Hirst & Bro. 15 8 Daisy Hill David Hartley 25 3 1320 20 2 Fountain Street John Driver 20 5 2280 58 7 1 - Finishing Cloth Finishing Co. 25 28 Gillroyd Gillroyd Mill Co. 110 22 8992 290 25 4 Hembrigg Stockwell and Barron 25 8 3384 104 9 2 Hollow Top Watson and Holton 6 47 Low Moor S. Dixon and Son 25 3 1368 48 5 1 Prospect Isaac Bradley 16 5 2064 56 Peel W. and E. Jackson 50 14 5076 146 11 . Peel Street J. and S. Rayner 17 3 1296 36 2 Prospect Josiah Rhodes 40 9 3676 111 11 3 8 Providence S. and J. Schofield 20 4 1296 45, 5 Perseverance A. Marshall and Son 25 4 1908 53 5 4 Perseverance W. Ramsden 32 5 3104 68 9 1 Quarry D. Scholes 16 3 1020 32 4 Queen's J. Stanhope and Son 35 11 3474 113 12 2 10 Rods Watson and Holton 40 9 4447 81 11 Springfield Hudson, Sykes, and Co. 35 10 3560 140 9 2 Spout Well John Greenwood 15 3 Valley Valley Mills Co. 40 11 4200 105 13 Victoria S. Binks 25 6 2496 78 5 1 Wellington J. Webster and Son 25 4 1208 33 6 Totals ... 822 168 68225 2000 | 180 30 72 Many of the mills in the above list are occupied under a plurality of tenure, the various occupiers having just risen to the dignity of employers of labour, and making up by their personal work and supervision, for smallness of capital and other disadvantages ; and in course of time, if things go well with them, they will build for themselves, and leave their present temporary holdings to the next aspirants for mastership. In many of the above-named mills, light, cleanliness, and comfort are prominent features; the rooms are lofty and well ventilated, and are carefully lime-washed. A stranger visiting the Morley mills would not discern anything approaching an unhealthy appearance amongst the operatives. The manufacture is not injurious to health, as the registrar's returns of the 216 HISTORY OP MORLEY. mortality of the town will compare favourably with other districts ; and it is not uncommon to find, that in the weaving sheds, occupied by female workers, cheerful hilarity is the rule, and the noise of the machinery is often drowned by the singing of a favourite hymn or popular melody. Such is the popularity of factory employment in Morley, that domestic service has to be performed by strangers, and good servants are both scarce and costly. The order of the trade of Morley seems to have been, first, the domestic woollen manufacture ; next, the making of wool goods, known as " German twills," for the German market ; afterwards the production of haberdashery cloths, which for a long time gave the name of "dashers" to the makers. These latter cloths were made principally for the American market, and were very much similar to the cloths now made, except in being made with woollen instead of cotton warp. A few superfine cloths were also made about that time ; then followed the present manufacture of union cloths. To the industry, prudently con- ducted enterprise, and perseverance of the few manufacturers who, under no ordinary difficulties, prosecuted this last manufacture, are the working population of Morley at this day indebted for the enjoyment of comforts unknown to their forefathers. Verily, if he who makes " two blades of grass grow where only one grew before," is to be esteemed as a benefactor to his country, we may well regard with admiration and praise the men who have made twelve thousand people happy, where formerly there were scarcely as many hundreds, who dragged on a miserable, half-civilised kind of life, with few or any of the comforts which may now be found in almost every house in the town. In 1869 a Chamber of Commerce was established, which has rendered important services to the town and trade of the district, but we are sorry to learn that the Chamber does not receive that encouragement which its importance deserves. The number of members at present is forty-two ; the office of president is held by Joshua Asquith, Esq., wool merchant ; and the secretary is Mr. Lewis Dransfield. In 1872 the manufacturers, feeling themselves aggrieved by the exorbitant premiums for insurance of woollen mills, charged by the various insurance offices, formed a local company under the title of the " Morley Mutual Fire Insurance Company, Limited." The services of an inspector of fire risks were obtained, and a steam fire-engine pur- chased at a cost of eight hundred pounds. The chairman of the company is Councillor Webster, of Gildersome, and Mr. W. Smith is secretary. Having traced the rise and progress of the staple trade of the town, from the earliest period to the present time, we shall now describe the H1STOEY OF MORLEY. 217 processes of manufacture, ancient and modern, from the selection of the raw material, to the finished piece of cloth. The processes are : ' 1. Selection and Sorting of the Wool. 2. Scouring the Wool to remove the grease and dirt. 3. Rags, Shoddy, and Mungo cleaning and grinding. 4. Willeying, for rough-cleaning the various materials. 5. Sprinkling with Oil, to facilitate the working. 6. Teasing, with the Teaser, to mix or blend the materials. 7. Scribbling, Carding, and Condensing. 8. Spinning, by means of the Self-acting Mule. 9. Dressing or Beaming of Cotton Warp. 10. Weaving, at the Power Loom. 11. Burling, to pick out dirt and irregularities in Weaving. 12. Milling, or Fulling with soap. 13. Raising the nap or face of the Cloth with Teazles. 14. Cutting or shearing off the nap. 15. Boiling, to give the cloth a permanent face. 1 6. Dyeing the cloth. 17. Drying and Tentering, to keep out the width. 18. Pressing in hydraulic presses with heat. In describing the above processes, we shall notice the various improve- ments which have, from time to time, been made in the machinery by which these processes are carried on ; and also endeavour to give, by means of the numerous illustrations accompanying the text, some idea to the uninitiated of the various complex and ingenious contrivances by means of which clothing for the masses is produced. To any who may wish for a better acquaintance with the processes of manufacture, we would recommend a visit to one of our mills, where much may be seen, both to please and to instruct. 1. SELECTION AND SORTING OF WOOL. This article, though absolutely necessary, does not enter so largely into the union manufac- ture as it does into other branches of the woollen trade. German wool was, at one time, the only kind used here, but it has been superseded by the Australian wools, which are better adapted for the Morley trade, possessing, as they do, superior felting properties ; that is, when subjected to pressure and warm moisture, in the milling process, the fibres of the wool interlock with the fibres of the other materials, and the whole form a compact material, or substance, not easily separable. Wool is received by the manufacturers in the state of firmly-rolled single fleeces, tied up with twine, except in cases where the wool has been scoured or hand- washed before leaving Australia. In either case, 218 HISTORY OF MORLEY. the wool has been packed in bales (weighing from two to five hundred- weights each), by means of hydraulic pressure. It is loaded with natural grease, and holds entangled in its fibres much foreign matter such as earth, stones, seeds, bits of stick, and other substances with which the sheep had come in contact. In the days when sorting the wool was more a necessity than it is at present, this work was performed by a workman called a "sorter," who stood in front of a table, or " hurl," made of open wirework, on which he unrolled and spread out. each fleece by itself. He then proceeded to detach from the bulk those portions which yielded wool of an inferior quality, and put them into separate baskets; whilst this process went on, the interstices in the wire table allowed small stones, and loose coarse dirt of any kind, to pass through on to the floor below. Many Colonial wools are filled with " burrs" of extraordinary tenacity, and before they can be used, they have to be freed from these, by means of the " burring machine," by which the " burrs " are separated from the fibres. The Colonials wools are, in most cases, obtained from the brokers in London, who hold periodical sales by auction five times in the course of the year. The present value of the wools used in Morley ranges from Is. 6d. to 3s. per Ib. for scoured Port Philips and Sydneys, or about treble the price of the two vegetable substances used in the cotton and linen manufactures. The points which guide the manufacturer in the selection of wool are, fineness, strength, freedom from burrs, moits, kemps or white hairs (impervious to the dye), and dust. As the sorting process, except in very special cases, is not carried on in Morley, it is necessary that the wool, when bought, should be, as much as possible, uniform in quality. As a rule the wool, when received in bales from London, is at once subjected to the scouring process. 2. WOOL SCOURING. Alkali is the principal ingredient used in this process, which has for its object the cleansing of the wool from the grease with which it is naturally impregnated. The wool scouring machine was brought into use at Morley about the year 1826, and was of the most simple character, consisting of an iron pan, about five feet in diameter, and four feet in depth, into which the wool was placed, along with scouring liquor or ley. Having been agitated and allowed to remain some time, it was, by means of a three-pronged wooden fork, transferred to a feed brat, which passed it to the two squeezing rollers, and thence into a bag or sheet placed for its reception. This mode of scouring is still all but universal here, though great improvements upon hand-scouring have been made by a patent wool-scouring machine, introduced in 1853. This excellent machine consists of a long trough :-,. PATENT RAG GR1NDTK HISTOEY OF MOELEY. 219 containing alkaline lye, in which four rakes are made to " pass or drag the wool automatically from the continual in-feed of wool until it reaches a patent slide-lifter, which transfers it in regular quantities, according to the feed, to the squeezing rollers." These rollers express the surplus liquor, and the wool is then thoroughly washed in water as pure and soft as possible. The apparently simple operation of drying the wool requires careful attention, because if either too much or too suddenly heated, it becomes harsh and brittle. A very efficient plan is to spread the wool on galvanised wire-work, and then blow either hot or cold air through it by means of a blast-fan. This dissipates the moisture while it retains the natural softness of the fibre. The first of these machines in Yorkshire was worked at Saltaire. After the wool is scoured by the hand process it is taken to the drying room, over the boilers, which supply steam for the mill, and the wool is spread over a floor consisting of perforated iron plates. When the wool is perfectly dry it is taken up and weighed ; thence transferred to the " willey room," where it joins company with many other kinds of material, all of which are required to produce the multifarious descrip- tions of union cloths for which Morley has become famous. First and foremost amongst these auxiliaries is Mungo, or ground " tailors' clippings ;" Fud, the waste obtained from mills, in which all wool cloths are manufactured, and is the refuse from the scribbling machines ; Willey-locks, the small fine locks that fall through the grates in the process of willeying ; German flocks, the waste in the finishing of fine German cloths; Nippings, the refuse of the spinning mules; all these and some others of less importance enter into the manufacture of Union cloths. 3. KAG CLEANING AND GRINDING. Of the use of woollen rags, new and old, in the union manufacture, much has been said, both of a disparaging and of a complimentary nature. Our own opinion is, that this manufacture has created a source of national wealth, by utilising materials which were previously thrown away ; employs an enormous amount of capital, and supplies both home and foreign markets with cloth in every respect suitable to meet the requirements of the million. As to the origin of " mungo," the principal ingredient in the Morley manufacture, we have definite information. The discovery of this article of commerce was made by George Parr, of Howley Mill, in Morley. On seeing some old clothes being torn up by rag machines, for the purpose of being used as flocks, the idea occurred to him that the material was capable of being used for more important purposes. He determined to purchase a quantity and have it manufactured into 220 HISTORY OF MORLEY. cloth. Having bought the material, he persuaded Mr. John Watson, manufacturer, of Hungerhill, Morley, to try its properties, and the trial proved the possibility of its being ultimately utilised. The cloth was, however, spoiled by the presence of cotton, from the seams of the garments, but this was remedied by the employment of women to sort and seam the rags previous to their being ground. The experiment was renewed and with perfect success. This occurred about the year 1834, and it is noteworthy that the article derives its name from two vernacular words which, translated into English, mean "must go." It originated from a remark made by Saml. Parr, brother of the discoverer, who, on being unable to persuade a manufacturer to buy some of the material, wrapped up his samples, with the remark that, it inun go, meaning that it must go. After the rags have been received from the rag merchant, who has sorted them into various qualities, they are subjected to a process of cleaning, by means of the " rag-shaker," a machine intended to free the rags from dust. When the rags are sufficiently cleaned, they are spread in layers upon the floor of the grinding room, and upon each layer is sprinkled a quantity of olive or galipoli oil, to facilitate the grinding process and lessen the friction. The merit of introducing the rag machine into Yorkshire must be awarded to Brighouse, though soon after that time two of these machines were in operation in Scotchman Lane, Morley, near to Howley Mill. These were propelled by a water wheel, though it had been elsewhere attempted to work them by manual labour, a feat altogether impossible, on account of the force required. The rag machine of 1820 was very different to the rag machine of 1876, for the swift, or revolving cylinder, set with iron-toothed plates, ground the rags at two points, viz., at the corresponding level of its ascending and descending revolution, or, to speak less technically, on both sides of the swift. The speed of the machine when working was much slower than at present, and the waste, from all the rags not being torn sufficiently, was considerable. The rag machine at present consists of a swift or cylinder, containing some fourteen thousand teeth, revolving at the rate of seven hundred revolutions per minute, and would travel, if running over the ground in a straight line, nearly one hundred miles per hour ; it is, in fact, this rapid revolution which is the cause of its effectiveness. The rags are placed on a travelling " server" which carries them to the swift, when the machine seizes them and tears them at one point only, viz., at the centre of the ascending motion, or at the front of the swift. The rags are now suddenly transformed into fibrous wool, which is used, along 3- SHAKE WILLEY, 4. TEASER. Woodburytype, HISTOEY Ol 1 MOKLEY. 221 with other materials, to produce a cheap cloth with a fine surface and of moderate strength. At the present time there are thirty rag machines in the town, each producing twenty packs of rag-wool or mungo per week ; allowing two weeks per year for holidays and repairs, the annual production will amount to the grand total of 7,200,000 pounds weight. In addition to this quantity of home-made mnngo, an equal amount in weight of mungo, "imported" from neighbouring towns ani the Continent of Europe, principally from Germany, is used. The qualities of the mungoes sent to England from the last-named country are much superior to those of home production, and are evidently the result of careful supervision in the sorting and subsequent processes. One result of the use of mungo in Morley manufactures is, that it cheapens cloth, and enables thousands, nay millions, to have a woollen garment who might otherwise be unable to procure one. It is, so far, a legitimate application of a waste fabric to useful industrial purposes, and the Union manufacture is now to be classed amongst the great industries of the nation. WlLLEYlNG. Fifty years ago the "teazer" only was in use for opening the wool and mixing or "blending" the material together. About the year 1825, the " shake- willey," a stronger and coarser- toothed machine, was introduced, to open and disentangle the locks of wool and other materials, whilst at the same time ridding them of sand, dust, seeds, and other impurities. The willey consists of an open cylinder or drum, with ten or twelve ribs, on each of which is a row of spikes. Three rollers, each with ten rows of similar spikes, are placed over the drum, so that when the machine is in motion, the spikes on the roller pass through the spaces between those on the drum. By this arrangement the wool is opened, and the impurities fall through the wire grating beneath. The time has now arrived when it is necessary to decide upon the proportions of the various materials which are intended to form the "blend," and having laid them upon the floor of the willey house, proceed with the operation of mixing together. As the wool is mixed with the other materials, it is plentifully sprinkled with oil, which renders the fibres soft, flexible, and better fitted for later operations. 5. SPRINKLING WITII OIL. This is a most necessary operation, in order that subsequent processes may be accomplished satisfactorily. The oil is sprinkled on the wool by means of a tin vessel, having a wide spout with numerous small holes, emitting a continuous spray. Galipoli, olive, and "Price's Patent" are the oils chiefly used in this district, Q 222 HISTORY OF MORLEY. though substitutes for oil have been repeatedly tried, but with little success. As the blending and oiling proceeds, we may remark that, forty years ago, the weavers and spinners were called from their own work to assist in this operation, and with the exception of an allowance of beer, received no remuneration, but blending is now done by persons appointed solely for the purpose. The materials having been mixed, they are next passed through the teaser. 6. TEASING. By means of the "teaser" the matted portions of the materials, which have not been subjected to the process of willeying, are torn open and separated into small tufts. The machine consists of one large and a number of small cylinders, studded over with many thousands of iron teeth, and performing from 1,000 to 2,000 revolutions per minute ; they tease the materials as they revolve, and throw them out in light and airy flakes. 7. SCRIBBLING, CARDING, AND CONDENSING. These are the most important operations in the manufacture of cloth, because the quality of the yarn depends on the manner in which they are executed, and it is not easy to remedy any defects in these processes in the subsequent stages. The scribbler is a formidable looking machine, thirty to forty feet in length, and consists of three or four large cylinders, known as "swifts," each surrounded by a number of small rollers, called "workers, fancies, and strippers." There is also a "doffing" cylinder and one or two others. All these are covered with cards formed of wire, the points of which on the " swifts " and " strippers," etc., incline in opposite directions, so as to card the wool by opening, mixing, and blending the fibres until they reach the "feed" of the carder in one thin continuous sheet. We shall now say something respecting the cards which cover the cylinders, etc., of both scribbling and carding engines. Cards, for the preparation of all fibrous substances, have been in use from time immemorial ; indeed, ever since we have any traces of civilisation. The following description of cards and cardmaking cannot fail to prove interesting : " A card, such as was used in the early stages of manufacture, was more like a large brush, and this brush was composed of fine wire bristles, which leaned at a given angle instead of being straight up. Two such brushes or cards were used together by the operator, having one in each hand ; tufts of wool were placed on them, and by repeatedly stroking one brush against the other, the tufts of wool were straightened and lay amongst the wire bristles, which then only required to be taken carefully away from the card without HISTOEY OF MOKLEY. 223 disturbing the smoothness of the wool. These straightened tufts were called 'cardings.' After being prepared in this manner, the carding was taken and spun by hand. This primitive mode of manufacture gave employment to a large portion of our agricultural population when not required upon the land. We now come to the card as since introduced, first noticing its preparation by hand. The mode of pro- cedure was to prepare a sheet of leather, 18iu. or 20in. long and 4in. broad, which was ruled with lines at regular intervals, and pierced with a two-bladed pricker until the sheec was full of little holes. The wire was next cut with a pair of shears into lengths of about an inch, bent by hand into the shape of a staple, and next bent again or hooked to form a card-tooth. These teeth were then taken singly and put into the holes of the leather, and when the sheet was filled with teeth it was nailed on to a board with a handle, and was ready for use. During this early period the manufacture of cards was on a very limited scale in proportion to the present. As will be seen, three operations were required to make the tooth alone, besides the pricking of the holes in the leather and inserting the wire teeth one by one. All these operations are now "performed by machines of the most ingenious and beautiful mechanism, and by their assistance one man can now produce more work than one thousand could by hand labour. It may be interesting to know how such an important change has been accomplished. About fifty years ago a machine was invented which took the wire from the hank and cut off the desired length, doubled the staple, made the crook or bend at one operation, and produced about one hundred teeth per minute. One man would superintend twenty such machines, thus making an important saving in point of labour ; but at the same time no progress had been made in putting (or, what is called by the trade, setting) the card teeth into the leather sheet, this having been done by hand. An experienced hand could set 1800 teeth per hour. As far back as 1811 letters patent w r ere taken out for a machine for setting cards; again in 1814 and 1824; but none could be brought into practical use until the late Mr. Dyer brought a machine from America and commenced successful operations in Manchester about forty years ago. Since that period hand setting has generally disappeared, and at present the trade has adopted this mode of machine setting. The best machine will set and make about 300 teeth per minute, or 18,000 per hour; and one man will superintend fifteen of such machines. This would give 270,000 per hour, or 150 times as much as when done by hand." We have, through the kindness of Messrs. S. Law and Sons, of Cleckheaton, the privilege to present our readers with representations of these beautiful card setting machines. 224 HISTORY OF MOELEY. Without attempting to settle the disputed point as to who was the inventor of the carding machine, we must award to Arkwright the merit of effecting great improvements in the carding process. The father of the first Sir Robert Peel had attempted cylinder carding in Blackburn, about 17GO, instead of handcombing, to straighten the fibres of cotton, but the difficulty of stripping the cylinders by hand caused its abandon- ment. Hargreaves, in 1773, brought out the crank and comb for stripping the wool from the cylinders in one continuous fleece. Two years later this contrivance was included in a patent by Arkwright, and Ilargreaves lost the credit of the invention. The carder, like the scribbler, is made up of a series of cylinders, each covered with the leather fabric, from which an infinite number of wire teeth project. When the delicate film leaves the scribbler, it drops on to a travelling apron, and whilst the latter is moving backwards and forwards, the wool is laid upon it in numerous thicknesses, and it is at the same time being wound upon a cylinder or bobbin, the width of tlie carder. This bobbin is then attached to the carder, and the wool is still further straightened by the time it has passed over the numerous swifts, fancies, and workers of the machine. In this process of feeding the carder, many improvements have been made. Twenty years ago, the feeding of both scribbler and carder was done by hand, and commenced by a sort of travelling platform, on which a weighed quantity of wool was evenly spread, to be carried by it under the first wheel. When the wool had passed over the scribbling machine, it was detached from the " doffer " or last cylinder by a sort of comb, and was diverted laterally through a smooth ring, which delivered it in a continuous rope. This was known as " Apperley's feed," and was a great improvement upon hand-feeding, inasmuch as it dispensed with the services of an attendant, and performed the work much better. Apperley's feed has, in a great measure, been superseded by the feed already described, which is known as " Blamires' Feed." In the operations of scribbling and carding, it is absolutely necessary to keep the card-points well sharpened, otherwise it is impossible to obtain a satisfactory condensed thread. For this purpose an emery roller is occasionally geared upon the top of the swifts and doffer, and being carefully set, is brought to bear upon the wire. The swift and roller are then driven rapidly against each other until all the points are made level and sharp. To further keep the cards in good condition, a concave emery cloth is held gently to the wire at frequent intervals. To grind and sharpen the fancies and workers, it is usual to take them from the carder, and let them run for a short time against an emery roller in a grinding frame, HISTORY OF MOELEY. 225 Not only must the cards be sharp, but they must also be carefully adjusted or set ; that is, those upon the fancies and workers must be perfectly parallel with those upon the swifts, and so close that they almost touch. This is done by means of screws, which raise or lower the workers and fancies, in a radial direction. The carding engine has an important work to perfonn, for it has not only to disentangle every knot, but to lay all the fibres straight between the cards, and afterwards by means of the " doffer " to remove them in a continuous film of fibres, or a series of films. Each of these pass between the "rubbers" or endless bands of leather, running on small rollers, which "condense" them by a slightly lateral as well as forward motion. The wool is then gathered into a small compass by being made to go through a small groove, which by the motion of the small rollers of the condenser, is rubbed into a round, but as yet untwisted cord. The condensers in use at Morley give off as many as fifty of these round slivers, which as they leave the condenser, are collected on bobbins, into four sets of twelve each, the two outer ones being rejected as uneven and imperfect. The bobbins when full are removed and transferred to the spinning mule, a mechanical contrivance of an ingenious and beautiful kind. 8. SPINNING. In Morley, two centuries ago, the distaff and spindle were in general use, and in almost every cottage home the maidens of the household might have been seen industriously spinning a single thread from the carded wool hence they were designated spinsters, a title which unmarried adult females still retain. The work of the distaff was followed by women among our Anglo-Saxon ancestors of all ranks of life, from the king's daughter downwards. Spinning from a distaff is even now common all through Italy and Germany. Every now and then the opened graves of our female ancestors yield up the elabo- rately ornamented leaden whorls which were fastened at the lower end of their spindles to give them weight and steadiness. Representa- tions of this, the most primitive spinning apparatus, are to be seen on 22G HISTOBT OF MOBLEY. Whorl for the Spindle of the Distaff. the earliest Egyptian monuments, and the whorl at that time formed part of the mechanism. The whorl was, however, much oftener made of stone, and was intended to act as a flywheel to the whirling spindle, and by its w r eight to assist in drawing out and twisting the thread which was rolled upon the spindle from time to time as it was made from the distaff. The latter was a staff with a notched head on which the carded wool was wound, and from which the spinner fed the spindle as required. The distaff having the wool loosely wound round its head, was stuck in the girdle of the spinner, and projected upwards under the left arm, so as to give ease to both hands in managing the thread. The distaff and spindle are still in use in many parts of the Continent, but in Morley it was early superseded by the spinning wheel, which, in its turn, has also become a thing of the past. In many parts of Scotland, fifty years ago, the distaff and spindle were in general use; and J. A. Smith, Esq., F.S.A.S., says that, "in 1857, when I was in Skye, I noticed an old woman busily engaged in spinning with the distaff and spindle, at the village of Advasear, Sleat." In 1530, an improvement upon this primitive mode of spinning was invented in Nuremberg, by which the spindle was set in a frame and made to revolve by a band, passing over a wheel driven by an impetus from the hand ; this constituted the spinning-wheel, A local writer, speaking of the " good old times, says, " We can readily conceive that the monotonous whirr of the wheel would induce abstraction of thought; but we do not suppose that, in her most speculative moods, the dame would ever dream of the great future of the humble art in which she was engaged ; however this may be, we feel a pleasure in taking a retrospective glance at thee and thy occupation, which we cannot but regard as links in the chain of causation, and the course of events." At that time, the manufacturer had to travel on horseback to purchase his raw material from the farmers, or to attend at Wakefield, which was the Spindle with its stone whori in great wool market of this district. lie had then to give the wool out to be spun, to be subsequently returned to HISTORY OF MOELEY. 227 him as yarn. The process of producing yarn, by means of the one spindle wheel, was the "slabbing" of that day. The dame twisted one end of a carding round the point of a spindle, to which a rotatory movement was imparted by her right hand, through turning the band wheel, whose rim was some three feet in diameter, whilst at the same time, holding the other end between the finger and thumb of the left hand, she rapidly drew out the slubbing horizontally by pacing back to the extent of her reach. After stopping until the necessary spiral twist Jersey Spinning Wheel. had been given to the soft thread (called a slubbing), she wound it on the spindle, and continued the process until the cop was large enough to be taken off. Generally this operation of drawing and twisting was repeated, whereby the slubbing was converted into a smaller, finer, and longer thread; and to this latter operation the term "spinning" was more properly applied. By the introduction of the carding engine, the occupation of the spinster came to an end. The u Billy," which was at first driven by 228 HISTORY OF MOELEY. hand, consisted of twenty spindles, and greatly increased the power of production. At one end of the " Billy " was a sloping board or inclined plane, on which the rolls or " cardings " of wool were laid side by side, by young boys or girls called " pieceners. " By the action of the machine, these cardiugs were caught up, drawn in by means of a series of rollers, and elongated by a kind of spinning process so as to be reduced in thickness to a cord about a twelfth of an inch in diameter. Each cord, about a yard long, became lengthened to several yards. The pieceners, as the cards were drawn in, had to place new cardings on the sloping board, and to rub the ends sufficiently to enable them to cohere. This work was very arduous ; the child had to watch each carding attentively, and twist another to the end of it ; and woe betide him if he permitted a carding to slip through the rollers, for the " slubbers " of even thirty years ago used their "pieceners" with great severity. At the right hand side of the machine was a wheeled carriage or frame, having a row of spindles upon it. By the turning of a handle and moving the carriage to and fro, the cardings were stretched into slubbings and wound upon spindles. Fifty years ago, the " pieceners " employed on these machines were children of seven, or even six years of age, and their hours of labour were from six a.m., or earlier, to eight or nine p.m., or later, at wages varying from 2s. to 3s. per week. Shortly before the invention of the " billy " the " spinning jenny " was constructed, in 1763, by Thomas Highs, a reed maker at Leigh, and so named after his beloved and favourite daughter Jane. " This was the first step that led to the extension of the woollen and cotton trades throughout the civilised world; and however meritorious may have been the subsequent improvements, the sagacious mind that first made this wonderful discovery must be entitled to the. praise of an original and powerful genius." In 1767 the spinning jenny was improved upon by James Hargreaves, of Blackburn. This inventor died in 1777, in obscurity, unrewarded, in Nottingham workhouse, having had his machinery destroyed, his patent invaded, and his abilities blighted. Hargreaves' jenny commenced with eight spindles ; in 1770 it had sixteen spindles, and it gradually increased to sixty spindles. Arkwright followed closely upon the heels of Hargreaves, and produced the water frame, a great improvement upon the original jenny, and which superseded the latter, and left Hargreaves unrewarded for all his labours. When jennies had been in use a short time, the number of spindles was increased ; and an anecdote is related of one old man, not far from IIISTOEY OF MOKLEY. 229 Morley, who went to see a neighbour who had just obtained a new jenny of fifty spindles. On seeing the wonderful new apparatus, the old fellow exclaimed with astonishment, " E' gow, lad, hahivver duz ta see 'em all ? I've nobbut twenty-four, and I let five on 'em lake" (stand). We may here note that the manufacture of machinery used in the union trade, is extensively carried on within the township. Messrs. J. Rhodes and Son, of Hope Foundry, have acquired some note in the manufacture of rag grinding machines, scribblers, carders, and condensers, and the productions of this firm are in use in nearly every part of the kingdom, and are also well known and largely used on the Continent of Europe. Richard Arkwright was born of humble parentage, at Preston, in Lancashire, 23rd December, 1732. He was the youngest of thirteen children, and his early education was very scanty. He was fifty years of age before he found leisure to study English grammar, and to acquire the art of writing to each of which he devoted an hour each day. This, in some measure, gives a clue to his extraordinary character, showing the energy of his nature, and accounts for his wonderful aud well-won success. Arkwright was brought up to the humble trade of a barber; quitting this business in 1760, he became a dealer in hair, and devoted his leisure to mechanics. He followed his experiments with so much devotion and enthusiasm that he lost the little money he had saved, and was reduced to great poverty; and to crown his misfortunes at this particular time, his wife, one day in a moment of sudden anger and wrath at his wasting his time over his profitless inventions, burnt his wooden model of his spinning wheel, and destroyed all the other models upon which he had expended so much labour, patience, and anxiety " for which, however," says Carlyle, " he decisively, as thou wilt rejoice to understand, packed her out of doors." But, nothing daunted, Arkwright went to work again, and finally triumphed in the perfection of the " spinning jenny," which ultimately enriched him, X Richard Aikwright. HlS TOBY OF MOKLEY. In 1779 the inventions of Ilargreaves and Arkwright were supplanted by the " mule " produced by Samuel Crompton, of Hall-i-th'-Wood, near Bolton. This invention was regarded as of great value, and Parliament granted the sum of 5,000 to Cromptou as a reward for his services to the country. More than sixty years elapsed from the invention of the mule to its introduction in Morley ; a singular fact, considering its wonderful adaptability for the woollen manufacture. The mule has undergone many improvements in order to make it suitable for the spuming of woollen manufactures or yarns, the latter sometimes of a tender or brittle nature. The mules, by which the carded and condensed wool is twisted, or spun into yarn, consist of a stationary portion, to which feeding cylinders taken from the condenser are attached, and a travelling portion, which runs to and fro upon wheels, over rails fixed to the floor, and carries the vertical bobbins on which the yarn is wound. These bobbins are of a suitable size and shape to be placed in a shuttle, where their threads form the woof of the fabric. The travelling recedes from the stationary portion for about six feet, and during the first half of this journey the feeding cylinders revolve and give out their rope of condensed wool. They then stop ; so that in the second half of the journey the rope is stretched to twice its former length. As the travelling portion goes back the stretched rope is twisted, and is wound upon the bobbin to which it belongs. Each set of mules has an attendant and several "pieceners," who walk to and fro with the traveller, and whose chief business it is to piece any threads that may be broken. 9. BEAMING OF WAEP. With the introduction of cotton warps, in 1838, by Mr. J. Hodgshon, the occupation of "woollen warper" disappeared, and as the cotton warps are prepared (except in one instance), in other towns than Morley, we pass over the various Samuel Crompton. Ld O o_ oo o i- o Li_ _1 U HISTORY OF MORLEY. 231 processes of the cotton manufacture, and merely note that the warps are delivered ready -for beaming to the manufacturer. Beaming is the process of putting the warp on the weaver's beam in a proper manner. Having ascertained the breadth of the web, the beamer, after passing two rods through the "lease," proceeds to draw the warp ends into a reed; two threads into each split of the reed. After this is done, the ends of warp are tied to the beam, and the winding-on is commenced. It requires great care on the part of the beamer to tie all the broken threads; and, in doing so, not to cross them, or much trouble will be caused to the weaver, who will have to stop frequently to take out the crossed yam, and put it in its proper place. The warp being wound upon the beam, the next process is the actual weaving of the fabric. In the days when woollen warps were only used, these had to undergo the process of sizing before being put into the loom. This was a domestic process, more important than agreeable. The size being melted to the proper consistence, the warp was immersed in it, subsequently wrung out, and afterwards carried into the open air to dry. The hill- sides, lanes, and fields in the town, on a fine day, presented a very different appearance to that which they assume at the present time. Standing upon one of the "seven hills," the spectator would see stretching along the edges of the highways and lanes, long wavy wreaths, of various colours, motionless in the still air, or blown about by the wind that found its way into the valley. These were the warps, stretched upon the "web-stretch," consisting of wooden stakes, inserted in the crevices of the fence walls in a horizontal position, and supported at the other end by upright stakes. 10. WEAVING. This constitutes one of the principal features of the woollen manufacture, as it has done since the days of Moses, when, as we are told, " all the women that were wise-hearted did spin with their hands, and brought that which they had spun, both of blue and of purple, and of scarlet and of fine linen," and further, " Them hath he filled with wisdom of heart, to work all manner of work, of the engraver and of the weaver, even of them that do any work, and of those that devise cunning work." Job says : " My days are swifter than a weaver's shuttle, and are spent without hope." Other passages might be cited to show that the ancients understood and practiced the art of weaving. The Hindoos have been acquainted with weaving for thousands of years, and have, up to the present time, made little or no improvement in their looms ; and yet with their rude machines they succeed in weaving fabrics which can scarcely be rivalled II1STOEY OP HORLEY. by the Yorkshire looms, even with the aid of the most elaborate machinery. Annexed is a representation of a long-handled comb, used, in all probability, in the earlier days of the weaver's art. The peculiar marks of wear upon the teeth are such as would be produced by its use as a reed or slay, and are scarcely likely to have been caused, as has been suggested, by its simple use as a toilet-comb. Many similar combs have been found in hut- circles in Scotland, and occasionally in England, with Roman remains. In the Philosophical Society's museum at York there are some very fine specimens, found in connection with Roman relics. It is not difficult to show that this comb was the characteristic implement of the ancient weaver's art, and was in use amongst the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Romans, and in mediaeval times in most of the countries of Europe. Rich, in the " Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary," says under the word pecten: "An instrument with teeth like a comb, employed by the ancient weavers for the same purpose as the reed, lay, or batten of our own time, viz., to run the threads of the web close together, by inserting its teeth between the threads of the warp, and pressing the comb up or down, according to the direction in which the web was intended to be driven." In Donnegan's " Greek Lexicon" the following definition is given of one of these implements: "A comb, the comb of a loom, a hand with the fingers outspread;" and in another part of the same book it is rendered as follows: "A weaver's comb, an instrument used for fastening (compacting ?) the threads in weaving." In Smith's " Dictionary of Antiquities," (Lond. 1856), under the word Tola (a loom), there is a full description of the ancient methods of weaving in the upright loom. It consisted of two side posts connected by a cross bar at the top, under which was the beam on which the cloth was rolled as it was woven. From the beam the warp (stamen) hung down, and was kept hanging straight by weights (pondera), usually smooth stones or clay tied to the lower end. The warp was decussated by straight wands thrust horizontally through it, the threads alternating on either side, so that by pulling Long-handled Comb. APPENDIX I. " A Catalogue of the Names of such Persons w ch - has Served the office of the Overseer of the Poor, in the Township of Morley." 1700 Samuel Clark 1701 William Roebuck 1702 Thomas Hemsworth 1703 William Benson 1704 Robert Ellis 1705 William Leathley 1706 John Ellis 1707 John Crooker 1708 Mr. John Dawson 1709 Joseph Asqnith, sen. 1710 Jno. Reyner 1711 Thomas Burnell 1712 Thomas Asquith 1713 Nathaniel Slack 1714 William Sykes 1715 John Middlebrook 1716 Joseph Dixon 1717 William Lister 1718 Matthew Jefferson 1719 Theophilus Turner 1720 William Clark 1721 Joshua Reyner 1722 Samuel Ellis 1723 Jonathan Pease 1724 George Hepton 1725 William Westerman 1726 Benjamin Cromack 1727 Mr. Robt. Ray 1728 John Westerman 1729 William Athey 1730 John Ellis Cooper 1731 Isaac Crowther 1732 Joseph Hall 1733 John Ellis Smith 1734 William ReveU 1735 Samuel Reyner 1736 John Brook, clothier 1737 Joseph Asquith 1738 Mr. Samuel Scatcherd 1739 Samuel Birtby 1740 Joseph Tolson 1741 Samuel Waring 1742 Benjamin Brook 1743 Robert Parke 1744 Nehemiah Westerman 1745 James Garnet 1746 Thomas Marshall 1747 Mr. William Lister 1748 William Banks 1749 Nathaniel Webster 1750 Robert Dixon 1751 Francis Moor 1752 John Milner 1753 John Handish 1754 Samuel Asquith 1755 Samuel Clark 1756 Thomas Hopkins 1757 James Halstead 1758 William Lumby 1759 John Crowther 1760 John Hemsworth 1761 Joseph Webster 1762 Isaac Brown 1763 Samuel Fozzard 1764 Samuel Webster the elder 1765 Samuel Webster the younger 1766 Richard Prince 1767 Samuel Crowther 1768 Thomas Crooker 1769 John Clark 1770 William Milner 1771 Samuel Hall 1772 William Cromack 1773 John Dixon, Scholecroft 1774 John Whitley 1775 John Asquith 1776 William Watson 1777 Micah Robinson 1778 Joseph Asquith 1779 William Fox 1780 William Harris 1781 JohnWormald 1782 William Asquith 1783 Joseph Towlson 1784 John Webster and Thomas Dixon 1785 Henry Preston, Esq., and Mr. William Lister 1786 Samuel Clark and Thomas Roberts 1787 Isaac Smithies and John Lister S 250 APPENDIX. 1788 John Hirst and Robert Dixon, jun. 1789 Thomas Middlebrook and John Crowther 1790 Samuel Ellis and Joseph Mitchell 1791 Samuel Ellis, hired by the Town 1792 Do. do. 1793 Do. do. 1794 John Wetherill and John Webster, glue maker 1795 Joseph Dixon, John Webster, and S. Ellis 1796 William Marshall and John Asquith 1797 Thomas Hemsworth and Robert Dixon 1798 Benjamin Clark and John Towlson 1799 Christopher Milner and John Barras 1800 Samuel Gaunt and Robert Ellis 1801 John Rollings and Samuel H. Whitley 1802 John Dixon and Joseph Dixon The names of those who served the office from 1803 to 1838 are missing, the " Town's Minute Book "being lost. From 1839 the list of Overseers is as given below : 1839 Samuel Asquith and Henry Hirst 1840 John Rayner and John Slack 1841 Joseph Webster and John Barren 1842 William Dixon and Joseph Dodgshun 1843 James Saville and William Theaker 1844 Joseph Dixon and Samuel Marshall 1845 Isaac Watson and Thomas Garnett 1846 John S. Perkin and John Jackson 1847 Abraham Tetley and John Senior 1848 David Binks and John Booth 1849 Henry Webster and Joseph Crowther 1850 Nathaniel Hartley and William Smith, senior 1851 James Nicholls and John Siddall 1852 Nathaniel Dixon and John Hard wick 1853 Samuel Webster and Joshua Hirst 1 854 Benjamin Driver and Thomas Smith 1855 Thomas Smith and Joseph Wade 1856 William G. Scarth and Isaac Watson 1857 Elliott Hinchliffe and William G. Scarth 1858 Edward Jackson and Daniel Hinchcliff 1859 Edward Jackson and Thomas Scott 1860 William Scott and David Hirst 1861 William Scott and Samuel Scatcherd 1862 George Sykes and Humphrey Bradley 1863 George Sykes and Alexander Scott 1864 William Jackson and Thomas Daniel Dixon 1865 William Jackson and William Marshall 1866 John Dixon and Samuel Hirst, junior 1867 W. T. G. Hirst and Joseph Mortimer 1868 Joseph Mortimer and George Ward 1869 David Scholes and Joseph Mortimer 1870 Samuel Stockdale and David Scholes 1871 Samuel Stockdale and Samuel Tetley Hirst 1872 Samuel Tetley Hirst and Robert Barron 1873 Robert Barron and John Stanhope 1874 Thomas Marshall and Samuel Bedford 1 875 Samuel Bedford and Samuel Stockdale 187C Samuel Bedford and Samuel Stockdale APPENDIX. 251 Other Catalogues follow in the "Town's Minute Book, 1749," of persons who served the offices of Churchwarden, Constable, Surveyors of the Highways and Collectors of Taxes, but as the same names are found in all these, we do not print them. APPENDIX II. A TEUE AND PERFECT INVENTORY OF ALL THE GOODS, CATTLE, CHATTELLS, and personal effects of Nathaniel Booth, late of Gildersome, iu the county of York, viewed and apprised, this Twenty-seventh day of November, 1734, by us, John Marshall, William Hudson, and Sam 11 - Crowther. In Kitchen. Two arm chairs and six bo\v-back'cl do. ... ... 01 00 00 One easy chair and quishion (cushion) ... ... 00 02 00 Thirteen pewther dishes ... ... ... 01 17 00 One old warming pann ... ... ... 00 03 00 Five chairs and four quishons ... ... ... 00 04 00 Some beef hanging in the kitchen ... 01 10 00 One dozen of pewther plates ... ... ... 00 06 00 In the Shop. In white Wooll ... ... ... ... 12 00 06 In Died Wooll ... ... ... ... 03 10 00 Three milnd cloths ... ... ... 23 00 00 One Loom and gears ... ... ... 02 00 00 Scribbling boxes and Swinging Float ... ... 00 05 00 Half of the sizing land... ... ... 02 10 00 Half of a pair of Looms ... ... ... 00 05 00 In the Barn. Barley in the mough ... ... 01 10 00 Six days mowing of hay ... ... 05 00 00 One mare, with two saddles .. ... 02 10 00 Three cows ... ... ... ... 06 00 00 In a Library of Books ... ... ... ... ... 06 06 00 Debts owing to deceased for cloth ... 55 05 03 With numerous other items, making a total of ... ... 183 01 03 The liabilities were enumerated as follows : Debts owing for Wooll ...060 16 06 In Rents for Land ffarmed ... ... ... 009 01 00 For Dieiug Wares ... ... ... ... 013 02 01 And in borrowed money ... ... ... 020 00 00 Trustees in taking administration to expend, and for a mortuary ... ... ... ... 002 16 00 The whole is 105 15 07 Then the clear sum of the inventory is ... 077 05 08 252 APPENDIX. APPENDIX III In the " Domesday Book," published 1876, or, " A Return of Owners of Land of England and Wales, 1873," appear the names of the follow- ing- Morley freeholders, who own one acre and upwards. The total number of owners of land of one acre and upwards in the West Riding is 17,417, the extent, I,519,ll9a. 3r. 3p., and the gross estimated rental, 5,027,300 14s. Owners, having less than an acre in extent, 59,496, the extent, 13,226a. Ir. 5p., and the gross estimated rental, 3,172,538 18s. The Earl of Dartmouth, lord of the manor of Morley, owns in the West Riding, 14,724 acres, of the gross estimated rental of 26,539 9s. This includes his Morley land and property. Name of Owner. Situation. Extent of Lands. Gross Estimated Rental. s. a. Binks, Samuel ! Bank Street 3 3 451 10 Bradley, Emmanuel High Street 2 3 4 89 8 Bradley, Brian Bridge Street 1 1 20 231 6 Barrowclough, A. and Co. Princess Street 2 2 5 620 3 Old Chapel, Trustees of Commercial Street 3 2 28 37 2 Wesleyan, do. Wesley Street 1 18 43 Driver, John Fountain Street 2 20 310 12 Gas Company iValley 1 30 1875 Gath, George ( Daisy Hill 2 30 94 9 Gelder, H. Exors Rooms Lane 1 2 120 17 Hainsworth, J. do. Gelderd Road 1 2 37 10 Hirst Brothers High Street 1 30 417 Jackson, William Peel Mills 3 15 569 13 Local Board Queen Street 4 10 417 6 Mallinson, J. J. Cross Hall 15 2 7 379 Mill Co., Gillroyd Gillroyd 5 1 5 1832 16 Mill Co., Valley Valley 1 1 30 600 Mitchell John Church Street 1 15 534 11 Mitchell, Matthew Bruntcliffe 6 2 1 18 2 Hudson, Sykes, & Bousfield Springfield 17 696 12 Rhodes, Josiah Victoria Road 1 1 30 709 14 Rhodes, Joseph Queen Street 1 6 343 10 Scatcherd, Mary Do. 57 1 24 255 2 Scatcherd, Exors. of 0. Do. 2 2 13 4 10 Scatcherd, Norrison Do. 83 1 11 433 15 Scatcherd, Samuel Do. 73 2 38 239 19 Smith, Saml. Exors. Bruntcliffe 1 1 12 45 15 Stanhope, John Queen Street 1 15 641 16 Watson, Orlando Queen Street 1 1 22 456 5 Watson, Thomas Croft House 6 3 30 376 Webster, Joseph The Hall 22 3 8 834 8 Wordsworth, William Black Gates 8 2 10 36 GENERAL INDEX. A. Abbots-Bromley, 40. Ackroyd, Jeremiah, 70 ; J. and Sons, 48; W. ami Bros., 46, 47; Win., jun., 191. Acton-Adams, 102. Adam, 233. Adel, 151. Adlestrop, 37. Adwalton, 64, 67, 70, 72, 75, 139, 155. Agbrigg, 1, 7. Ailesbury, 37. Airedale College, 179. Albert Road, 46, 87. Aldeburgh, de, 27. Alfred, King, 19. Alice, Wood, 18. Allott, John, 118. Aired, George, 141 ; John, 70 ; Rev. Timothy, 145, 153, 154, 171, 1/2 ; William, 71. Alverthorpe, 32, 137. Ambleside. 105. America, 67, 223 ; Moor, IS. Anglesey, Earl of, 34. Anne, Queen, 40. Antwerp, 34. Appleyard, 15. Appleton, John Reed, 117. Aram, Eugene, 107, 108, 109, 110; Sally, 109. Archbold, Sir Henry, 40 ; Barbara, 40. Archer, 248. Ardsley, 18, 32, 70, 171, 173. Arkwright, Richard, 224, 228, 229, 230. Armine, Lady, 114. Armley, 177. Armitage, Sir John, 35. Arne, Dr., 112. Aryngden, 29. Aserby, 113. Ashstead, 42. Asquith, Herbert H., 122, 123 ; James, 142 ; Joseph, 141 ; Josh, D., 122, 182 ; Joshua, 58, 77, 78, 137, 138, 139, 216; Samuel, 71; Thos., 76; W. Willans, 49, 50, 122, 141. Atkins, Frances A., 41 ; W. B., 41. Atkinson, John, 76; Rev. J., 135; Thomas, 150 ; 138. Austhorpe, 25, 28. Aveyard, John, 139. Aylesford, Earl of. 41, 43, 44. B. Backhouse, 14. Bagot, Honora, 41 ; Sir Walter, 41 ; Lord William, 41, 43. Baildon, 102. Bailey, Rev. SamL, 144, 149, 150, 166. Bailey Fold, 13. Baiubridge, John, 168; Susannah, 168. Baines, 10. Balmforth, 70, 200. Bancke, William, 136. Banks, Richard, 30 ; William, 70. Banks' Hill, 11, 54, 67, 106, 138, 142, 164. Bank 'End, 11. Bank Fields, 11. Bank House, 169. Bank Side, 11. Bank Top, 11, 54. Bannockburn, 28. Baptist Tabernacle, 188. Bardsley, 15, 245. Barker, Rev. J., 188. Barkston, 30. Barnes, Rev. Fred., 135, 145, 158, 159. Barnoldswick, 22. Barnsley, 120. Barrington, Frances, 43 ; George, 43. Barron, Robert, 142. Barrowclough, Alfred, 213, 215. Batley, 1, 8, 18, 28, 30, 32, 34, 35, 55, 56, 92, 118, 120, 126, 127, 129, 131, 148, 149, 173, 175, 184. Bayeaux, Richard, 27. Beaconstield, 163. Beauchamp, Elizabeth, 38; Thos., 38. Beachy Head, 39. Beaumont, Frances, 170; Jacob, 170; Richard, 247. Bedford, 26 ; B. and Co., 46, 47. Beeston, 6, 8, 9, 24, 25, 23, 29, 63, 168. 254 INDEX. Beeston, Ralph, 8, 9, 24, 25 ; Robert, 23, 25, 127, 129; William, 9, 24, 25, 28 ; Adam, 24, 128 ; family of, 24, 25. Belisur, Robert cle, 21. Belayse, Henry, 34. Bellew, Richard, 34. Benn, William, 194. Bentley, Francis, 56 ; William, 206. Bethel Chapel, 190. Beverley, 147. Bilborough, John, 161. Billy, the Slabbing, 227. Bilsberry, John, 70. Bingley, 155, 181. Binks, John, 70 ; Samuel, 215. Birkby Brow, 13, 18. Birkenhead, 159. Birkett, 105. Birkhead, John, 140 ; Samuel, 140. Birmingham, 44, 159. Birmingham, John, 38 ; Ann, 38 ; Miles, 38. Birstal, 1, 8, 18, 20, 35, 64, 75, 85, 131, 152, 182, 185, 187. Birtbie, Edward, 136. Birtby, Mrs., 176. Blackburn, 157. Blakeley, Tommy, 85, 86. Blanchard, 112. Blanche of Lancaster, 20. Bland, Sir Thomas, 30. Blithefield, 41. Blount, Sir John, 38 ; Margaret, 38. BofFeville, John, 25 ; Elizabeth, 25. Boiling, 68, 139. Booth, F., 175, 176; Rev. N., 164. Boothroyd, B., 23. Bosanquet, Mary, 56, 184. Boston, Ann, 146. Boton, 28. Bottoms, 12. Bourne, H. and J., 193, 194. Bouwens, Caroline, 43; Jas. C. P., 43. Boulton, J., 139, 140. Bovil, Rev. , 147. Bowling, 68, 139. Bowling, J. W., 86. Bowring, 115. Boyle, John, 141 ; Richard, 37. Bradford, 18, 19, 20, 32, 33, 75, 78, 95, 98, 102, 118, 119, 139, 149, 151. Bradley, Emmanuel, 142 ; Isaac, 215 ; William, 71 ; Rev. Thomas, 30. Bramham, 120. Bramhope, 151. Bramley, 147. Brandling, Charles, 177. Bray wick Grove, 41. Breant, Fulk de, 25, 26. Brecon, 157. Brend, Richard, 8. Broad Oaks, 18. Broadbent, Charles, 70 ; Sarah, 172 William, 172. Broadhead, Rev. , 149. Broadsworth, 147, 153. Bromley, 8, 40. Bromsgrove, 142, 169. Bromwich, 44. Brook, Elijah, 71; George, 70; Susan, 49, 50. Brooksbank, Abraham, 151. Brooksby, 139. Brown, Dorothy, 25 ; George, 25 ; Nicholas, 76. Brownroyd, 14. Bruce, Caroline, 37 ; Mary, 37. Brudenel, Francis, 34, 35 ; James, 41. Brunswick Chapel, 191. Brunswick Street, 244. Bruntcliffe, 1, 46, 48, 76, 78, 172, 195. Bruutcliffe Lane, 45. Bruntcliffe Quarry, 48. Bryant, W. C., 49. Brydges, Ann E., 37 ; Henry, 37. Buckingham, Duke of, 37, 139. Buckley, Joseph, 171. Buckley, Brow, 13. Bnda, 36. Bull, Rev. G. S., 177. Bulwer, Lytton, 110. Bunhill Fields, 147. Bunting, Dr. Jabez, 106, 107. Burley, 103. Burling, process of, 236. Burlington, Earl of, 37. Burnell. William, 136. Burnet, Bishop, 36, 39. Burns, Robert, 105. Burnt Kiiowl, 13. Burton, Line., 175. Burton, John, 106, 107 ; Dr. John, 23, 25. Butterfield, David, 51. Butterworth, John, 149. Butts, 12. Byron, 2. C. Cabool, 121. Calamy, Rev. Dr., 146, 152, 153, 168, 171. Calcutta, 121. Callbeck, Elizabeth, 25. INDEX. 255 Calverley, 20, 25. Calverley, Sir William, 25. Calvert, Rev. John, 180, 181. Cambridge, 26, 27, 107, 111, 113, 146, 147, 149, 165. Camden, 30. Cameron, 72. Campbell, Rev. J. R., 135. Card Setting process, 223. Cardigan, Earl of, 34, 35, 41. Cardmaker, Joshua, 137, 138, 139. Carey, Sir Edwd., 30; Elizabeth, 30. Carlisle, 105. Carlisle, Earl of, 42. Carlyle, Thomas, 229. Carmarthen, 157, 178. Carr, Ann, 194. Cartwright, Dr., 235 ; J. J., 7, 31. Cassells, Rev. Andrew, 175, 177. Cassilis, 38. Castlebar, 33. Castleford, 30. Castleton, Lord, 139. Cathcart, Colonel, 104. Catholic Apostolic Church, 192, 199. Cave, Rev. C. B., 175 ; Sir W., 175. Cavendish, Lord, 119. Cawnpore, 121. Cervantes, 237. Chadshill, 169. Chalmers, Dr., 220. Chamber of Commerce, 216. Chambers, Eliza, 120 ; Robert, 120. Chandos, Duke of, 37. Chantrell, R. D., 174. Chapel-le-Brears, 170. Chapel Fold, 149. Chapel Hill, 11, 55, 62, 67. Chapeltown Moor, 72. Chappell, John, 161. Charles I., 13, 30, 33, 38, 42, 131. Charles II., 36, 92, 151, 164. Chatham, Lord, 112, 116. Cheshire, 23. Chester, 137. Chester, Charles, 41 ; William, 41. Chesterfield, 171. Chesterfield. Earl of, 36. Chetwynd, Chas., 43; Frances C., 43. Chevet, 25. Chickenley, 28. China, 104. Chislet, 160. Christchurch, 144. Churwell, 1, 2, 8, 17, 24, 61, 63, 64, 78, 104, 120, 136, 137, 140, 141, 172, 187, 188, 202. Churwell Lane, 18, 61. Cinderhill, 11. Clapham, Rev. C., 1?7 ; Robert, 174. Clarendon, Lord, 38. Clark, Benj., 76, 77; Daniel, 108; John, 69 ; Samuel, 15, 55, 69 ; William, 140. Clark Springs, 6. Clay, Robert, 247. Cleckheaton, 4. Clegg, James and Son, 135. Cliff Wood, 18. Clough, Thomas, 48 ; Misses, 201 ; Rev. J., 179, 188. Cloth Finishing Company, 215. Cloth Boiling Process, 244. Cloth Raising Process, 240. Clubbed Oaks, 6, 18. Clubs and Friendly Societies, 206. Coates, John, 70. Cobbe, S. W., 41. Cockerham, John, 187. Colton, 49. CoUyer, Rev. Robert, 7. Commercial Street, 143. Cones, Rev. J., 179. Conder, Rev. E. R., 135. Conventicle Act, 147. Co-operative Quarry, 48, 206. Co-operative Society, 205. Cooke, Rev. J., 180; Dr. Robert, 32. Cooper, Alvera, 30. Copley, Justice, 149 ; Edward, 137. Coppendale, John, 139, 144, 152. Cornwall, 130. Cotenham, 26. Cottingham, 147. Cottingley, 8, 24, 25, 75, 168. Cotton, Rev. , 146. Coventry, Anna, 36 ; Thomas, 36. Cowburn, Andrew, 56, 78 ; John, 67. Crabbe, 68. Crank Mill, 211. Craister, Thomas, 71, 139, 166. Craven, 1. Crawford, John, 40. Croft House, 119. Crofton, 95. Crompton, Samuel 230. Cromwell, 146, 164. Crook, Rev. James, 175, 177. Crocker, John, 140; Thomas, 71, 76. Croppers, 243. Crosby's Farm, 18. Cross Hall, 56, 71, 184, 201. Crossley, Sir Francis, 103; Rev. Jas., 179 ; Joseph, 103 ; Catherine, 103. Crow Nest, 95. 256 INDEX. Crowther, Isaac, 106, 107, 119, 140, 194, 210 ; George, 174, 175; Joseph, 69, 137, 138; John, 136, 140; Samuel, 75, 106; Thomas P., 18; Thos., 141 ; Timothy, 137 ; Misses, 18, 61. Crowther's Mill, 17, 18. Cumberland, 29, 112. Currer, Henry, 8 ; Isabel, 8. Curzon, Viscount, 41. D. Daffield Wood, 6, S, 189. Daffield Chapel, 189. Daisy Hill, 46. Danby, William, 104. Danvers, Henry, 38. Dartmouth, Earl of, 38 to 44, 48, 74, 76, 169, 174, 176, 178, 179, 185, 199, 211. Dartmouth, family of, 38 to 44. Dartmouth, arms of, 64. Dartmouth Mine, 46. Daventry, 154. Davil, Helewisa, 128 ; M., 128. Davies, Rev. R., 188. Davinson, Joseph, 71. Dawson, Abraham, 137, 138, 141, 152, 165 ; Betty Anne, 164 ; Elizabeth, 164; John, 140. 141, 164, 172; Rev. Joseph, 144, 145, 147, 152, 165, 171 ; Mark, 118 ; Samuel, 141 ; Thomas, 57, 139, 149. Dawson's Hill, 10, 120. Dean Hall Mine, 46. Dean Wood, 6, 18. Deane, E. Eldon, 138, 193. Dearden, 68. Deighton, 28. Deighton, Mary, 172 ; Samuel, 172. Deira, 2. Delaval, Hugh, 21. Delatour, Charles, 36. Delhi, 122. Delph, 154. Denham, Michael, 25 ; Nicholas, 25. Denmark, 3. Denton, William, 48. Derbyshire, 23. Derford, John de, 28. Devonshire, Duke of, 119. Dewsbury, 1, 5, 18, 32, 46, 63, 73, 79, 127, 137, 171, 237. Dickenson, Rev. Nathaniel, 189. Dickinson, John, 140 ; William, 137, 138, 140. Distaff and Spindle, 225. Dixon, Charles, 13 ; Benjamin, 140, 210; John, 201, 210; Joseph, 76, 140, 210 ; Nathaniel, 77, 78, 187 ; Ralph, 25 ; Robert, 76, 93, 141 ; S. and Son, 215; T. D., 214; Wm., 77, 78, 175, 210 ; Dr. James, 185 ; David, 210 ; Thomas, 210. Dixon, Nicholls, and Co., 214. Doddridge, Dr., 154. Dodgshun, Isaac, 158 ; John, 70. Dodsworth, 21. Donnegan, 232. Domestic Manufacture, the, 209. Downshire, Marquis of, 41. Dransfield, Lewis, 216. Drighlington, 9, 28, 29, 117. Driver, John, 215. Dublin, 170. Duckworth, James, 135. Dudley, Earl of, 38. Dugdale, 23, 26. Duncan, Rev. , 145, 155. Dunningley, 5, 62, 137. Dunstan, 1, 2, 4, 5, 21. Dunton, John, 152. Dyeing process, 244. Dyer, 223, 234. Dyneley, R., 151. E. East Lavant, 42. Ebenezer Chapel, 193. 194. Edinburgh, 120. Edinburgh, Duke of, 122. Edmondson, Jacob, 109, 110. Edward I., 1, 3, 4, 125, 207; II, 6, 24, 28, 129 ; III., 20, 24, 27, 28, 29, 38. Edwards, Rev. J., 179. Egerton, 28. Elgood, Mary J. S., 103; Samuel, 103. Elgin, Earl of, 37. Eliot, George, 234. Elizabeth, Queen, 25, 30, 111, 136. Elland, 18, 29, 36, 63. Elland, Baron of, 49. Ellis, Benjamin, 71 ; John, 137, 138, 140, 142 ; Joseph, 141 ; Matthew, 171 ; Moses, 71 ; Robert, 7, 141 ; Samuel, 139; Dr. W., 77, 138; Robert H., 56. Elmhirst, 14. Elmsall, 8. Elston, R., 170; Thos., 150, 170, 171. Ely, 26. Ely, Rev. John, 158, 180. Emerson, 10. INDEX. 257 Epping, 158. Essex, 241. Etheringtou, C., 108; Rev. , 142, 145, 147. Eton, 42. Etruscans, 3. Evans, 207. Everett, Rev. James, 101. Ewcross, 20. F. Fairbairn, Sir William, 98. Fairfax, Lord Ferdinand, 33; Sir T., 8, 33, 138, 151 ; Sir Wm., 33. Falling Stocks, 237. Far Botany Bay, 13. Far Ing Royd, 14. Far Joan Royd, 14. Far Moor, 12. Far Royd, 14. Farnley, 11,18, 168. Farnley Iron Company, 46. Farnley Mine, 46. Faruley Tyas, 44. Farnley Wood Plot, 132, 136 to 130, 152. Federer, Charles A., 13. Ferrand, Robert, 144. Feversham, Lord, 42. Ferniehurst, 102. Field, 111. Fielclkirk Fair, 91. Finch, Augusta, 44; D., 37; M., 37. Finsdale Quarry, 48. Fittan, Abraham, 71. Fitz-Eustace, Richard, 23. Five Mile Act, 150, 153. Flanders, 26. Flatts, 13. Fletcher, Edward, 70; John, 123; Rev. J. W., 56, 184 ; Mr. 104. Flush Pond, 86. Fogg, Catherine, 41 ; Jonathan, 41. Forest Hill, 44. Forster, W. E., 202. Forsyth, 111. Foster, Benjamin, 70, 160, 172. Fothergill, Jonathan, 140, 199. Fountaine, Rev. J., 141 ; Frances, 141. Fountain's Abbey, 22. Foulis, Sir Henry, 33. Fox, Rev. Joseph, 145, 156, 158 ; C. James, 71. Foxley, Rev. Thomas, 174, 175, 177. Fozzard, 137, 138, -139 ; Samuel, 75. France, 67, 241. Francis, Simon de, 38. T Freeman, Rev. A., 187. Freemasons, 206. Friendly Societies, 206. Frizinghall, 207. Frost, Rev. William, 190. Froude, J. A., 8. Fulling Machine, 233. Fulling Stocks, 237. Garnett, John, 71, 141, 142, 210; Joseph, 172 ; Thomas, 78. Garrick, 62. Gascoigne, Sir William, 29. Gaunt, John of, 20; Samuel, 141. Gawthorpe, 29. Gay, William, 102. Gelderd Road, 18, 146. Germany, 67, 221, 225. Gibson, Charles Philip, 1, 134, 168. Gifford, General, 33. Gibson, Richard, 171. Gildersome, 2, 8, 18, 28, 32, 61, 64, 136, 137, 140, 164, 165, 166, 168, 182, 187, 201, 202. Gill, Misses, 201. Gillroyd, 5, 6, 116, 215. Gisburn, Dr. John, 77, 81, 141, 142. Gomersal, 4, 8, 64, 182, 207. Gorhambury, 37. Goveruet, 36. Grace, Thomas, 25. Grainger, 66. Granville, Dr. A. B., 108, 110. Greatheed, Mary, 140 ; Joseph, 136 ; Thomas, 7, 132, 136, 140; Henry, 166 ; Martha, 166. Green, Jane, 25 ; Richard, 25. Greenwood, John, 192, 215. Grentsmill, Yvo de, 21. Grenville, George Neville, 43. Grey, Earl de, 1 18. Grimston, Eliz., 37 ; Sir Harbottle, 37 ; Sir Samuel, 37. Gustavus, Adolphus, 38. H. Haigh, John and Son, 46, 47, 48, 195 ; Joseph, 159, 172 ; Joseph A., 78 ; William, 139. Halifax, 20, 28, 68, 137, 152, 166, 179. Halifax, Marquis of, 36, 38, 49. Hall, Edward, 25 ; H. r 25 ; S., 25. Halstead, Alice, 75. Hamilton, Dr. R. W., 156, 180. Handel, 112, 141. 258 INDEX. Hardcastle, Thomas, 56. Harding and Company, 46. Harewood, 23, 27, 173, 237. Hargreaves, 224, 228, 230. Hargrove, E., 108, 109. Harland, Edward, 135. Harris, Dove, 103 ; John Dove, 103 ; Hannah, 172; Rev. R., 189, 191. Harrison, Abraham, 35 ; Enoch, 95 ; John, 32. Harrop, Adam, 7. Hartley, Betty, 67 ; David, 188, 215 ; Jonas, 71 ; Mary, 172. Hawden, Rev. Wm., 147, 153, 1G5. Haslam, Rev. John, 188, 202. Hay ward, Rev. E., 187. Heathfield, Frances, 25. Heckmondwike, 8, 86. Hembrigg Quarry, 48. Hems worth, Arthur, 71 ; John, 141 ; Thomas, 76, 140. Henry I., 21, 22, 131 ; II., 22, 207 ; III., 5, 26, 127, 173; V., 29; VI., 28, 29; VIII., 7, 29, 72. Henry, Duke of Lancaster, 20. Hepworth, Peter, 76. Heselton, John, 179. Hesse, Princess Louise of, 120. Hewley, Lady, 153. Heywood, Rev. Oliver, 148, 149, 152. Highs, Thomas, 228. Hinchcliff, Daniel, 78, 214; S., 172. Hipperholme, 68, 107. Hirst, David, 85, 86 ; George, 186 ; H. E., 123; Dr., 77, 142; C. and Bro., 215. Hodgson, Christopher, 8 ; Isabel, 8 ; John, 8; Joshua, 213, 230; Capt., 137. Holbeck, 25, 137, 168. Holdsworth, John, 137, 170; Sarah, 170 ; Thomas, 68 ; Rev. , 150. Holland, Earl of, 37. Holling Hall, 8. Rollings, John, 141, 142. Holroyd, 168; Abraham, 9". Holte, Sir Lister, 41. Hone, William, 84, 108. Hopkins, Thomas, 69. Horner, Joseph, 182. Howden Clough Farm, 18. Howden Clough Beck, 18. Hovenden, 20. Howdill, Thomas, 192. Horton, 151 ; Thomas, 68. Houghton. Lord, 154. Howley, 1, 28 to 35, 46, 50, 66, 75, 91, 136, 139. Howley Bridge, 18. Howley Mill, 18, 50, 219, 220. Howley Park Mine, 46. Howley Plantation, 18. Huddersfield, 1, 44, 64, 67, 122, 164. Hudswell, Rev. A., 145, 155, 180 ; William, 156. Hudson, Sykes, and Bousfield, 215. Hull, 104, 153. Hungerhill, 11, 67, 187, 220. Hunslet, 103, 137, 147, 237. Hunter, Rev. J., 23, 110. Hiinter-lands, 13. Huntington, Richd., 54; family, 164. Hussey, John, 30. Hyde, Francis, 35. 1. lanson, James, 139 ; Joshua, 140. . Ibbotson, Julius Ccssar, 104, 105 ; Richard, 104. Illingworth, Ananiah, 161, 200. Insula, de, see de Lisle family. Innocent, Pope, 147. Ireland, 3, 33, 38, 67. Italy, 3, 225. J. Jackie's Plantation, 18. Jackson Fold, 13. Jackson, Francis, 32 ; Edward, 77, 77; John, 51, 71, 141, 210; James, 210 ; William, 58 ; W. and E., 215. James, I., 30, 31, 32; II., 39, 40, 131 ; Rev. John, 135, 181. Jeremiah, 90. John, King, 25. John of Gaunt, 20. Jones, 23, 200 ; Sir W., 94. Judge, Joseph, 70. Junius, 116. Juvenal, 233. K. Kay, John, 234. Kaye, Sir John, 30, 35, 144, 247 ; Sir Arthur, 41. Keene, Witshed, 41. Kemp, John, 208. Kent, 26, 235. Killingbeck, George, 32. King, William, 214 ; Dr., 77. King's College, 120. Kingston, Earl of, 36. Kinsman, Rev. A. G., 56. INDEX. 259 Kirk, Jonathan, 200. Kirkstall, 22, 24, 25, 32, 128, 133. Knaresborough, 109, 175. Knight, Rev. Titus, 179. Lacy, Ilbert de, 1, 2, 5, 21, 23, 131 ; Robert, 21, 22, 126, 127 ; Family, 21, 22, 23. Lady Anne's Well, 18, 91. Lake, Sir Edward, 113. Lambert, General, 138. Lancaster, Blanche of, 20 ; Henry of, 20. Langland, 238. Langley, Edward, 68. Langton Hall, 8. Langton, Sir John, 25 ; Margaret, 24. Latium, 3. Law, S. and Sons, 223 ; James, 135. Lawson, Elizabeth, 172 ; John 71 ; Lawrence, 172. Leadhouse, 244. Leathley, John, 71, 210; Saml., 141 ; William, 140, 141. Lee Fair, 150. Leeds Old Church, 9. Legge, Family, 38 to 41. Legh, Gilbert, 25. Leigh, John, 37 ; Piers, 30. Lenox, Charles, 34. Leveson, Sir John, 34. Levington, Charles, 34. Lewisham, Viscount, 40 to 44, 178. Lincoln, 21, 26, 113, 114. Lincolnshire, 25, 30. Lisle, Ralph de, 23, 25, 127, 128; AVm., 23, 25, 127 ; Family, 26, 27. Lisours, Albreda de, 22, 23 ; Robert, 22, 23. Lister and Co., 46. Lister, John, 70, 71, 144 ; James, 210. Samuel, 210; Rev. Joseph, 149, 171 ; William, 71, 75, 140. Liverpool, 96, 186. Lobley, William, 203. Local Board, 200. Lockwood and Mawson, 98, 135. Lodge, The, 64, 142. Londes, Frances, 34; SirM., 34. Longfellow, 120. Loughborough, Lord and Lady, 140, 164, 172. Low Common, 11, 12, 13, 76, 77, 85. Lower Short Butts, 12. Louis XIV., 40. Lucas, Rev. Samuel, 145, 154. Lumley, James, 78. Liitgareshull, 26. M. Macaulay, 36, 40. Mackay, Charles, 19. Macdonald, Rev. G. B., 185. Macartney, Lord, 104. Madeley, 141. Mallinson, J. J., 56; George, 59, 79, 195. Manchester, 63, 64, 66, 67, 98, 152, 157, 223. Manor House, 95, 103, 138. Market Rasen, 113. Marlborough, 26. Marsden, Gamaliel, 149, 150, 170. Marshall, A. and Son, 215 ; Rev. C., 146, 149, 170; Eliz., 170; Sarah, 170 ; AVilliam, 73. Marston Moor, 139. Mary, William and, 39, 182. Marylebone, 107, 111, 112. Masham, 104, 105, 132. Matthews, Dr. Toby, 113. Maurice, Prince, 38. Mays, Rev. A., 175. Mechanics' Institute, 203. Melton Cloths, 248. Merewith, Sir John, 24. Metingham, John de, 129. Mexborough, Earl of, 177. Middlebrook, Thomas, 142 ; Samuel, 56, 194; William, 142. Middlesex Hospital, 120. Middleton, 5, 11, 18, 25, 62. Middleton Wood, 18 ; Mine, 46, 47. Millbank, Lady Augusta, 105. Mill HiU, Leeds, 5, 151, 154. Milling, process, 236. Miller, Rev. G. D., 175, ; Thos., 62. Milner, C., 71, 76 ; John, 70, 140 ; M., 70. Millshaw, 141, 155, 165. Mirfield, John, 28, 31 ; Sir John, 9 ; Oliver, 28 ; William, 28, 29. Mitchell, D., 70; George, 64; John, 215. Molineux, Richard, 34. Monmouth, Duke of, 153. Morgan, Rev. T., 145, 154, 172, 178. Morley, Robert, 35. Morley Hall, 57, 59, 140, 144 ; House, 79, 107, 112; Insurance Co., 216; Obsen-er, 203 ; Main Colliery, 46. Morris, Rev. John, 145, 157, 158 ; Nich., 70. 260 INDEX. Mortimer, John, 71 ; Julius, 76. Mount, The, 201. Mount Pleasant, 58. Mungo, Origin of, 219. Murgatroyd, John, 182, 183; M., 71. Musgrave, Philip, 40, fl. N. Naevolus, 233. National School, 110. Needless Inn, the, 82. Neepshaw Lane, 18, 46, 63, 64, 82. Nelson, Rev. James, 175 ; John, 182 ; Samuel, 48. Nelson Cricket Club, 86. Nesse, Rev. C., 144, 147, 148, 149, 170. Nevile, Margery, 25 ; Sir Robert, 25. New Connexion School, 195. Newcastle, Earl of, 33, 34. Newdigate, F., 43. Newburgh, Earl of, 34. New Hall, 8, 139, 141. Newton, Sir I., Ill ; Rawcliffe, 175. Nicholl, Sir C. G., 41 ; Frances C., 41. Noble, Rev. David, 144, 149, 171. Norcliffe, Frances, 8 ; Katherine, 8 ; Stephen, 8 ; Thomas, 8. Normandy, Robert, Duke of, 21. North Tidmouth, 141. Nottingham, Earl of, 37. Nostel Priory, 23, 25, 127, 128, 129. 0. Gates, Thomas, 132, 136 to 139, 199 ; Ralph, 137, 152. Oglethorpe, Helen, 30 ; William, 30. Old Chapel, 91, 124 to 169, 196. Old Chapel Yard, 13, 73, 89, 160, 162 to 169. Old New Chapel, 11, 179, 200. Old Parsonage, 143, 164. Oldred, Richard, 137 ; Robert, 137. Orange, Prince of, 38, 39. Orgar, Rev. William, 181, 185. Orleans Family, 120. Ormescliffe, 173. Owen, Rev. Owen, 175. Owlers, 1, 12 ; Lane, 20, 54, 87. Oxford, 27, 33, 41, 42, 44. Oxlee, Rev. J. A., 175. P. Packington, 39, 43. Paget, Sir Edward, 43. Parkinson, Rev. A. M., 175; Juliet Fanny, 175 ; Wm. Henry, 176, 178. Parr, George, 219 ; Samuel, 220. Paulden, Robert, 136, 139. Peel, Sir Robert, 224. Percival, Arthur Philip, 42. Perkins, Rev. W. H., 121. Perevill, Elizabeth, 26. Phoenicians, 3. Pickering, Captain, 137, 146 ; Daniel, 140 ; Deborah, 170 ; Hannah, 170 ; John, 150, 171 ; Mary, 150 ; Rev. Robert, 145, 147, 151, 165, 170. Pinfold, 53, 87. Pierrepont, G, 36; William, 36. Plompton, Sir Peter, 24. Plug Riots, 214. Pollock, General, 121. Pope Innocent, 147. Pontefract, 5, 21, 23, 28, 30, 32, 75, 128, 139. Portland, Duke of, 111. Pressing, process, 246. Preston, Henry, 56, 57, 71. Priestley, Joseph, 120 ; Dr. Joseph, 154 ; Dr. W. Overend, 120. Pudsey, 111, 113, 145, 146, 173. Pycock, R.ev. Joseph, 175. R. Raikes, Robert, 181. Rag Grinding, 219. Raleigh, Sir Walter, 38. Ramsden, John, 68 ; W., 215. Ratten Row, 20, 87. Rayner, Edward, M.A., 112 to 115 ; John, 55, 136, 141, 142, 159 ; Joseph, 69 ; Joshua, 140 ; J. and S., 215 ; Nathaniel, 70 ; Samuel, 69, 142 ; Thomas, 141 ; Wm., 141. Redvers, Baldwin de, 26 ; M., 26. Reeve, Rev. Jonah, 181, 191. Rehoboth Chapel, 117, 178. Religious Tract Society, 202. Rhodes, Hannah, 170 ; Israel, 137 ; John, 70; Joseph, 78, 118 ; J. and Sons, 229 ; Josiah, 215 ; Manoah, 118, 119. Rich, Dorothy, 37 ; Essex, 37 ; Mary, 37. Richard, I., 23; II., 5. Richardson, John, 28 ; William, 28. Richmond, Duke of, 34. Riley, , 111 ; Rev. John, 150, 171. Ripley, Henry Wm., M.P., 119. Ripon, 1, 174, 175. Robert, Duke of Normandy, 21. INDEX. 261 Roberts, Thomas, 70; Rev. R., 185. Robinson, C., 8 ; James, 203 ; J., 71. Rods, 6 ; Mill, 5, 14, 18, 212. Rogers, F. L., 43 ; Marian, 43. Rookery, The, 58. Rooms Lane, 18, 62, 64, 82, 168. Rosslyn, Lord, 140. Rotherfield, Nicholas de., 27, 128, 129. Rotherfield, Family, 27, 28. Rothwell, 55, 129. Rouse, Sarah A., 103; William, 103. Rougemont, 23, 26, 127. Rowland, Rev. J., 191. Russell, Lord John, 37, 112. Sadler, Dr. M. T., 120. Salt, Sir Titus, 94 to 103 ; Daniel, 95, 103. Salt, Family, 102, 103. Saltaire, 95 to 102, 219. Savile, Sheffield, 25 ; Thomas, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 127, 136 ; Henry, 29, 30, 36, 247; Hon. P. Y., 177. Savile, Family, 29 to 37, 71, 137. Scales, Rev. Thomas, 170, 180. Scatcherd, N., 9, 10, 11, 28, 45, 48, 51, 52, 60, 63, 82, 84, 85, 87, 89, 107 to 112, 116, 142, 167, 175, 176, 202 ; Samuel, 77, 78, 140, 141, 167, 172, 199, 200 ; Matthew, 71, 166 ; Thomas, 139, 140, 166; Henry, 141; Mary, 175; Oliver, 86; Win., 71. Scatcherd, Family, 167, 172. Scatcherd's Lane, 45. School Board, 202. Scotchman Lane, 48, 82. Scholecroft, 136, 139, 220. Scotland, 3, 226, 232. Scott, Rev. , 197; Rev. H. T., 175; Alex., 79; Jerh., 56; John, 71; Robert, 137 ; Ruth, 172 ; Timothy, 172 ; Thomas, 77. Scott of Amwell, 52. Scribbling process, 222. Scurr, John, 168 ; Leonard, 168. Shakespere, 141. Sharp, Abp., 151, James, 215; John, 151 ; Thomas, 145, 151. Sheffield, Earl of, 43 ; Ann F., 43. Shearing process, 243. Shirtcliffe, Miles, 141. Shrewsbury, Earl of, 36. Simpson, J., 186, 188; Dr. 120; W., 32. Skinner, Richard, 8. Slack, Darnel, 141 ; Nathaniel, 70, 140, 159, 172; Rev. Wm., 187.' Sleigh, Roger Fanning, 67. Smith, George, 159, 16, 172, 210; Hannah, 121 ; Henry, 48 ; James, 121, 122; John, 71, 136; J. A., - 226 ; Joseph, 121 ; Matthew, 236 ; Samuel, 210 ; William, 71, 77, 213, 214, 216. Smithies, Grace, 95, 103 ; Isaac, 95. 103. Smurthwaite, Jane, 140. Snittles, 168, 172. Snowden, John, 139 ; Joseph, 77. Soothill, Thomas, 29 ; Wood, 18. Southey, Rev. George, B.A., 145, 159, 172. Sparling, Joshua, 137, 138, 139. Spencer, Rev. , 145, 154 ; D., 36. Spinning Mule, 230. Spinning process, 225. Spragge, Sir Edward, 38. St. Mary's-in-the-W r ood, 5, 6, 124 to 127. St. Nicholas' Church, 128. St. Paul's Church, 176. St. Peter's Church, 64, 116, 173. St. Peter's Schools, 202. Stair, Douglas, 42; E. L., 42. Stainer, Old, 159. Stanhope, James, 71 ; Philip, 36 ; J. and Son, 215. Starkey, Lewis Randle, M.P., 176. Stead, G. H., 86; Samuel, 78, 203. Stephen, King, 5, 22 ; Prior, 128. Stockwell, J. and E., 214. Stone Pits, 18. Strachan, Sir J. R., 104. Strafford, Earl of, 25, 37. Street Common, 76. Stump Cross, 1, 18, 54. Sunday School Union, 202. Sunderland, Earl of, 36. Sussex, Earls of, 29, 33 to 36, 127, 136, 142. Swainson, J., 77 ; Wm., 168, 200. Swan Inn, 64, 65. Swift, Ann, 25 ; Jeremy, 140, 141 : W., 25. Swinden Fold, 13. Swinden, Dr., 51, 115, 116, 175, 177, 202. Swinton Park, 104. T. Talbot, Earl, 43 ; Mary, 36. Tanckard, Sir Richard, 137, 139, 262 INDEX. Tatshall, Robert cle, 26 ; R., 26. Taylor, John, 160 ; Joshua, 190. Teasing, process, 222. Teazles, 241. Teazle Setting, 241. Temple Newsam, 58, 173. Tentering, process, 245. Tentergarths, 8". Thanet, Earl of, 37. Thimelby, Sir Richard, 30. Thompson, A. H., 182; Stephen, 1G3 ; William, 8, 104, 163. Thompson's Mill, Bradford, 96. Thornhill, 29, 36, 63. Thoresby, Ralph, 24, 36, 146, 151, 152, 171, 210, 211, 245. Thornfield House, 58. Thornton, 24, 147, 152; J., 196; Richard, 139. Thorpe, 62. Tillotson, Archbishop, 151 Tiugley, 2, 18, 138, 150, 171, 187. Tipping, William, 56. Toleration Act, 152. Tolson, Anne, 30 ; Richard 30; Win., 137, 139. Topdiffe, 141, 146, 148, 149, 150, 169, 170, 171. Topclifle Moor Beck, 18. Tower of London, 40. Town's School, 200. Town End School, 202. Trenholme, 55, 200. Troutbeck, 105. Troy Hill, 11, 158, 160. Turton Hall, Gildersome, 201. Tutin, Rev. William, 175. Tweddell, George Markam, 110. Tyerman, Rev. Luke, 185. U. Ughtred, Sir Robert, 24. Uniformity Act, the, 146, 148, 152. Union Cloth Manufacture, 207 to 248. Upper Bundock, 13 ; Buntake, 13 ; Common, 76 ; Colling Royd, 14 ; Holden, 13 ; Mere, 13 ; Moor, 12 ; Royd, 14. Usher, Archbishop, 32. V. Valley Mills Company, 215. Villiers Ann, 34; Charles, 24; C. 34; Sir George, 39. Virowfosse, 27. Waddy, Rev. Samuel, D., 185. Wahull, John de, 26. Wake, Ann, 34 ; Robert, 34. Wakefield, 1, 18, 28, 29, 32, 33, 35, 70, 75, 76, 95, 108, 125, 127, 153, 183, 186, 226, 247. Wales, Prince of, 39, 42; Rev. E., 145, 146 ; Rev. S., 136, 145, 146. Walker, Ann, 172 ; Benjamin, 56 ; John, 172 ; Jeremiah, 70. Waller, Dorothy, 54, 163, 164; K, 54, 163, 164 ; Philip, 132. Walsh, Percy, 38 ; Mary, 38. Ward, Christopher, 9, 28 ; Samuel, 139 ; William, 136. Warp Beaming Process, 231. Warwick, 43, 159 ; Countess of, 113 ; Earl of, 37, 38. Washington, E., 39 ; Sir W., 39. Watson, Ann, 119 ; Joan, 9 ; John, 220 ; Joseph, 71, 119 ; Thomas, 78; Thos. A., 78 ; W. and Holton, 215. Watt, James, 211. Weaving, process of, 231. Webster, George, 216 ; Henry, 17 ; John, 75, 93, 140, 141, 142, 172 ; Joseph, 69, 70, 71, 77, 78, 93, 140, 142, 142, 179; Joseph and Son, 214, 215 ; Edward, 137 ; Elizabeth, 172; Mary, 172; Richard, 9, 142, 155, 165, 208 ; Samuel, 16, 69, 70, 76, 93, 140, 141, 142, 172, 199 ; Miss, 135 ; Nathaniel, 70, 141, 142. Webster, Family of, 169. Wedderburn, Alexander, 140, 164. Well Close, 12 ; Croft, 12 ; Hill, 12. Welsh, Walter, 30. Wentworth, Marmaduke, 144 ; Sir Michael, 71, 168 ; Sir Thomas, 8, 139 ; Sir William, 25, 33. Wesley, Rev. John, 86, 182, 184, 185 ; Rev. Charles, 112; Rev. S., 112. Wesleyan Chapel, 107, 182 ; Day School, 202 ; Sunday School, 187. West, Benjamin, 104 ; Ardsley, 202. West Bromwich, 44. Westerman, John, 71 ; Thomas, 137 ; William, 137. Westerton, 28. Wetherill, John, 15, 76, 141, 141, 142 ; Samuel, 141, 142, 155, 165. Wharton, Lord, 145, 146. Wheelwright, Miss, 201. Whin Hill, 18. Whitaker, Dr., 23, 30, 31, 35, 163, 208 ; Abraham, 171. INDEX. 2G3 Whiteley, William, 245: Whitkirk, 111, 173, 175. Whitlam, Caroline, 103 ; George, 103. Whitley, John, 71. 75. Whyte, Sir Francis, 85. Wicklyffe, 238. Wichnor Park, 43. Wide Lane, 62. Wight, Isle of, 26, 39. Wilkinson, William, 73. Willans, William, 122. William I., 1, 3, 4, 5, 21, 23; II., 30, 40, 144, 152. Williams, Dr., 113. Williamson, Miss, 187. William, Deacon and Co., 106. Willeying, process, 221. Willoughby, Lord, 30; Catherine, 30. Wills, 41. Wilson, Abigail, 170 ; George, 135 ; James, 70 ; John, 76 ; William, 70 ; Sir M., 119. Windermere, 104. Winter, Dr., 147. Wolfenden, Rev. James, 188; Wolsey, Cardinal, 90. Womersley, Elizabeth, 171. Wonnacott, Rev. Jas., 144, 158, 160. Wolverhampton, 44. Wood, Rev. , 150; Sir John, 25. Woodchurch, 32, 137, 139, 150, 171. Woodhouse, 25. Woodsome, 30, 41, 44. Wool Scouring, 218, Wool Sorting, 217. Woollen Trade, 207. Woolhouse, 149. Worcester, 38, 92. Wordsworth, Wm., 60 ; J., 77, 206. Worlaby, 34. Wormald, John, 141. Worseman, William, 75. Wrengate, 33. Wright, Henry, 103 ; Miss, 20. Wyther, 55. Yeovil, 90. Yew Tree House, 12, 54, 164. York, 21, 30, 70, 108, 114, 119, 128, 139, 153, 174, 175, 208, 214, 232. York, Dukes of, 29, 39. Young, Sir Richard, 8. Young Men's Christian Association, 203. Z. Zion Chapel, 188. Zoar Chapel, 196. END. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS, ALLBCTT, T. CLIFFORD, M.A., M.D., F.S.A., F.L.S., Leeds. Armitage, George J. , F. S. A. , Clifton, Brighouse. Ackroyd, William, J.P., Wheatleys, Birkenshaw, near Leeds. Appleton, J. R., F.S.A., F.R.S.N.A., Western Hill, Durham. Andrews, William, F.R.H.S., 1, Caughey Street, Hull. Adlard, Henry, Engraver, 42, Hatton Garden, London. Ackroyd, George, Bradford Banking Company, Bradford. (3 copies) Allen Hammond, 16, St. Stephen's Square, Bayswater, London. Almond, John, 12, Oriental Terrace, Armley. Anderton, William, Worsted Spinner, Cleckheaton. Appleton, T. W., Photographer, Horton Lane, Bradford. Asquith, Mrs. J.D,, Morley House, St. Leonard's-on-the-Sea. Andrew, John, 28, Sunny Bank Terrace, Leeds. Adey, Rev. W. T., Baptist Minister, Woodsley Road, Leeds. Ackroyd, William, Junior, Oakroyd Hall, Birkenshaw. (3 copies) Armitage, George, Eastthorpe, Mirfield. Askham, Joel, 14, May Day Green, Barnsley. Atkinson, J. (D. Midgley and Sons), Huddersfield. BAINES, EDWARD, J.P., D.L., Burley Hill, Leeds. Brigg, J. Fligg, J.P., Mayor of Huddersfield, Greenhead Hall. Balme, E. B. W., J.P., M.A., Sands House, Mirfield. Brown, Henry, J. P. , Daisy Hill, Rawden, near Leeds. Briggs, Nathaniel, J. P. , Cliffe House, Rawden, near Leeds. Barber, Fairless, F.S.A., Castle Hill, Raistrick, Brighouse. Boyne, W., F.S.A., Author of "The Yorkshire Library," London. Barnes, Rev. Fred, B.A., Oxton Park, Birkenhead. Beer, J. T., F.S.A.S., F.R.S.L., Threaplands House, Fulneck. Bownas, Robert, Engraver, 20, Park Place, Leeds. Barraclough, William, Union Foundry, Barnsley. Beaumont, John, College of Science, Cookridge Street, Leeds. By water, James H., Schoolmaster, Gomersal, near Leeds. Binks, William, Cloth Miller, Millshaw, Beeston, near Leeds. Brear, Thomas, Bookseller, Kirkgate, Bradford. (2 copies) Braithwaite, Samuel, Idle, near Bradford. Binns, Isaac, Borough Accountant, Town Hall, Batley. Broadbent, James, Bookseller, Covered Market, Leeds. (12 copies) Barmby, Thomas, 18, Briggate, Leeds. (20 copies) Braithwaite, C. H. , Photographer, Top of Briggate, Leeds. Bilbrough, Joseph B., 15, Beech Grove Terrace, Leeds. Booth, Henry, Manufacturer, Gildersome, near Leeds. Barrett, J. W. , Lane Side, Churwell, near Leeds. Binks, John, Corn Factor, Wakefield. Bousfield, C. E. , Woollen Merchant, Wellington Street, Leeds, Blamires, Henry, Card Maker, Cleckheaton. Brailsford, Rev. E. J. , Wesleyan Minister, Mirfield. SUBSCRIBERS. 265 Burrell, Benjamin R., Solicitor, 20, Albion Street, Leeds. Bulmer, Charles, Solicitor, Blenheim Lodge, Leeds. Binks, Samuel, Millowner, Rose Villa, Churwell. Barker, James, Woollen Manufacturer, Fold Head, Mirfield. Brigg, Benjamin S. , Burlington House, Keighley. Burnley, James, (Saunterer), Author, 40, Salt Street, Bradford. Bedford, George Troughton, Colliery Owner, Gildersome. Butler, John Dyson, Land Surveyor and Valuer, Birstal. Barber, J. M., Greenside, Heckmondwike. Bundle, F., Turton Hall, Gildersome. Bradley, Humphrey, Tingley Common, West Ardsley. Bywater, William, Engineer and Machine Maker, Birstall. Basden, E., 14, Murray, Street, Hoxton, Middlesex. Bentley, Samuel, Cloth Finisher, Somers Street, Leeds. Butterfield, John, Manager, Hartlepool. Bailey, S. 0,, Engraver, Leeds Road, Bradford. Banks, John and Co., Limited, 11, Lavender Road, Battersea. Barmby, Rev. Goodwyu, Unitarian Minister, Wakefield. Batley, Richard, Engineer, Albert Street, Batley. CARTER, Alderman RICHARD, J.P., F.G S., Mayor of Barnsley. Crowther, William, J.P., Field House, Gomersal. (2 copies) Crossley, James, F.S.A., Pres. Chetham Soc., Manchester. Cartwright, J. J., M.A., F.S.A., Public Record Office, London. Carpenter, Rev. J. E., M.A., Manchester New College, London. Clark, J. Chaundy, M.R.C.S., Bank House, Morley. Cullingworth, Mrs. G. D., Springfield Place, Dewsbury. Crook, Rev. James, Vicar of St. Paul's, Morley. (2 copies) Crook, Charles, Secretary, Mechanics' Institute, Mirfield. Cowan, Rev. D. R., Congregational Minister, Saltaire. Carnes, George, Schoolmaster, Board Schools, Churwell. Clapham, John. Medical Botanist, Wade Lane, Leeds. (2 copies) Clapham, Joshua, Manager, Lane Side, Churwell. Compston, Rev. John, Baptist Minister, Beestoii Hill, Leeds. Carr, Edwin, Surveyor, Headingley, and 12, Park Row, Leeds. Clapham, John Arthur, Bank Chambers, Bradford. Calvert, Rev. Joseph Mason, Independent Minister, Gargrave. Crawford, J. W., Cloth Merchant, King Street, Leeds. Clarke, W. H., Insurance Agent, Temple View, Beeston. Crosland David, Oakes Mill, Lindley, Huddersfield. Crowther, Miss, Lane Side House, Churwell. Crowther, T. P., Woollen Merchant, Lane Side, Churwell. Curzon, Frank, Lecturer, 12, Victoria Chambers, Leeds. Cud worth, William, Undercliffe Street, Bradford. Chadwick, S. J. , Church Street, Dewsbury. Craven, Franklin, Radcliffe Hall, Pudsey. Crann, William, County Court Office, Bradford. (8 copies) Cowburn and Crowther, Chemical Manufacturers, Gomersal. (2 copies) Child, James, Bookkeeper, Belle Vue, Wakefield. Conyers, William Henry, 17, Water Lane, Leeds. Colefax, J. S.. 36, Mannville Terrace, Bradford. Clay, J. W., 16, Warwick Place, Leeds. Cluderay, Charles, Clerk to Guardians, Holbeck. DEVONSHIRE, The Most Noble the DUKE of, E.G., Piccadilly, London. Dartmouth, the Right Hon. the Earl of, Patshull. (2 copies) Denison, W. Beckett, M. P. , J. P. , D. L. , Meanwood Park, Leeds. Dodgshun, Joseph, Merchant, Melbourne, Australia. U 266 SUBSCEIBEES. Dodgshun, James, Merchant, Melbourne, Australia. Dawson, Samuel, Bookseller, Market Place, Dewsbury. (2 copies) Dixon, Elizabeth, 3, Oak Villas, Parish Gill Road, Ilkley. (4 copies) Dixon, George, Dyer, Kirkstall Road, Leeds. Dixon, John, Secretary, Leeds General Infirmary. Deane, J. Arthur, Solicitor and Town Clerk, Batley. Dodgson, Joseph, Bookseller, Grosvenor Place, Leeds. Denton, William, Stone Merchant, Potternewton. Dovenor, James, Linen Merchant, 91, Hyde Park Road, Leeds. Dodgshun, James, Hamburg Villa, St. John's Hill, Leeds. Dodgshun, Isaac, Wool Merchant, Basinghall Street, Leeds. Dunckley, Henry, Editor, " Examiner and Times," Manchester. Dixon, Abraham, Dyer, Beeston Royds, near Leeds. Dalton, Eli, Dyer, Kirkstall Road, Leeds. (2 copies) Dickons, J. Norton, Solicitor, Bradford. Deane, Edward Eldon, Architect, 14, Argyle Street, King's Cross, London. Dillon, John, 25, Fore Street, London, B.C. Denby, Alfred, Exchange Buildings, Albion Street, Leeds. Dyson, W. C. (Colbeck Brothers), Batley. Dixon, David, Manufacturer, 18, Carlton Mount, Leeds. ELLIS, ROBERT HATTERSLEY, J. P. , Cotes Grange, Louth, Lincolnshire. Ellis, William, M.R.C.S., Manor House, Queen Street, Morley. Eddison, John, Junction Mills, New Wortley. (4 copies) Earnshaw, Aaron, Manager, West Ardsley. (2 copies) Eccles, J. H., Author, 7, Tonbridge Place, Leeds. Ellis, Stead, Architect and Surveyor, Batley. Empsall, Thomas P., 46, Manchester Road, Bradford. (2 copies) FORSTER, The Right Hon. WM. EDWARD, M.P., Burley, Wharf edale. Firth, Thomas Freeman, J.P., Westfield House, Heckmondwike. Fallow T. M., M.A., Chapel Allerton, Leeds. Federer, C. Anton, F.R.H.S., L.C.P., 8, Hallfield Road, Bradford. Ford, J. Rawlinson, F.R.H.S., Solicitor, 18, Albion Street. Leeds. Friend, A., Leeds. (20 copies) Farrar, H. M. (the late), Accountant, Heckmondwike. Fawcett, J. M. , Architect and Surveyor, Wortley Lodge, Leeds. Fox, William, Driffield Street, Leeds. Forrest, Charles, Lofthouse, near Wakefield. Fox, William, 12, Belle Vue Terrace, Leeds. (3 copies) Firth, Thomas, Silver Letter Maker, Huddersfield. Firth, J., Grove House, Heckmondwike, near Leeds. Falshaw, James, 14, Belgrave Crescent, Edinburgh. GREENBURY, Rev. THOMAS, F.S. A.S., Ilkley. Greaves, J. Edward, Reed and Heald Maker, Purlwell House, Batley. Greaves, J. Oldroyd, Land and Mineral Surveyor, St. John's, Wakefield. Gibson, Pearson, White Stone Lane, Huddersfield. Graham, John, Back Lane, Churwell. Gouldthorp, George, 29, Crawford Street, Camp Road, Leeds. Gaunt, Joseph, Greenside, Wortley, near Leeds. Gledhill, David, 12, Acton Street, Beeston Hill, Leeds. Goodhall, Charles, Cookridge Street and Park Lane, Leeds. Grainge, William, Author, Harrogate. HOUGHTON, The Right Hon. LORD, D.C.L., F.S. A., Fryston Hall. Heaton, J. Deakin, J.P., M.D., F.R.C.P., Claremont, Leeds. Hailstone, Edward, F.S. A., F.G.S., Walton Hall, Wakefield. SUBSCRIBERS. 267 Hirst, H. E., M.A., B.C.L., Barrister-at-Law, Temple, London. Homer, Joseph A., F.S.S., F.R.S.L., Tennesse, United States. Howard, J. J., L.L.D., F.S.A., Blackheath, Kent. Hulbert, Canon, M.A., Vicarage, Almondbury, Huddersfield. Holliugs, Robert, M.R.C,S., Grove House, Wakefield. Houghton, Councillor J. Denton, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds. Hemingway and Webster, Painters, Batley. (2 copies) Haslam, Rev. John, Turton Hall, Gildersome. (3 copies) Haigh, John, Stone Merchant, Tingley House, West Ardsley. Holmes, John, Holmville, Methley. Holroyd, Abraham, Bookseller, Victoria Road, Saltaire. Hinchcliff, Daniel, Laburnum House, Wortley, Leeds. (2 copies) Heatley, A., Eaton Grange, Market Drayton. Hiuchlitfe, Elliot, West Lodge, Chapeltowii. (3 copies) Hepper, John, Auctioneer, Clare ville, Headingley. (2 copies) Hepper, J. H., Auctioneer, Balks House, Wortley. Helliwell, Edward, Grove Cottage, New Road, Batley. (2 copies) Houghton, William, Machine Maker, Goinersal. Hardcastle, John, Jun., Accountant, South Milford. Hainsworth, John E. , Engineer, Savile Town, near Dewsbury. Haigh, George, Coal Proprietor, West Ardsley, near Wakefield. Hepton, A. F. L., Addingham Honse, Ilkley. HeUiwell, John, Cloth Manufacturer, Yarra House, Gildersome. Hanson, Thomas, Earlsheaton, near Dewsbury. Healey, John, Jun., Manufacturer, Batley. Hawkeswell, William, 2, Aire Street, Leeds. Hartley, Mrs., Baby Linen Repository, 157, Briggate, Leeds. Hopkins, Thomas, Gentleman, The Mount, Malton. Hinchliffe, James, Queen's Mill, Armley R^oad, Leeds. Hargreave, Jabez, Cotton Spinner, Wortley, near Leeds. Hammond, H. C. , Turner's Ford, Stanningley, near Leeds. Holliday, Robert, Coal Owner, Gildersome Street, near Leeds. Harrison, Thomas, and Son, Printers, Bingley. Hart, James, Bookseller, Bradford. (4 copies) Hinchliffe, John, Victoria Villas, Clarendon Road, Leeds. ING HAM, DANIEL S., Clover Works, Dewsbury. Ingham, John, Churwell, near Leeds. JUBB, JOHN, J.P., ex-Mayor of Batley, Lamplands, Batley. Jubb, Samuel, J.P., Author of "Shoddy Trade," Batley. James, Rev. John, F.S.A.S., Windsor House, Morley. Jessen, Henry, Merchant, Christiania, Norway. Jasper, Enoch, Iron Works, Famley. Johnson, David, Grosvenor Terrace, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds. Jackson, Edward, The Mount, Potternewton, near Leeds. (4 copies) Jepson, E. G. , 8, Woodsley Terrace, Leeds. KENNEDY, Mrs. GEORGE, Keir Terrace, Pollokshields, Glasgow. Kerr and Jubb, Northgate, Halifax. (2 copies) Kirk, John, Surveyor, Brecon, South Wales. Kilner, Caleb, Gentleman, Thornhill, near Dewsbury. Kitchen, George, Farmer, Wales, near Sheffield. Kempe, William, Machinist, Holbeck Mills, Leeds. Kinsman, Andrew Guyse, Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia. (2 copies. ) LLOYD, SAMPSON S., M.P., J.P., Moor Park, Sutton Coldfield. Leatham, E. Aldam, M.P., M.A., Whitley, Huddersfield. 268 SUBSCEIBEBS. Leatham, W. Henry, J.P., Hemsworth Hall, Pontefract. Lee, Councillor W. H., J.P., ex-Mayor of Wakefield. Law, Alderman, J. P. , Bolton House, Bradford. Lumley, James, C.E., 14, Kirkgate, Bradford. (4 copies) Leeds Public Library. (James Yates, Librarian. ) (10 copies) Library, Bradford Public. (Charles J. Virgo, Librarian.) Library, Leeds. (V. Sternberg, Librarian.) Library, Leeds Mechanics' Institution and Literary Society. Library, Village, Yorkshire Union of Mechanics' Institutes. Leathley, George, 1, Claud Terrace, Seatoii St., Sculcoates, Hull. Legg, Henry B., Woollen Merchant, 14, Blenheim Square, Leeds. Law, Alfred, Cardmaker, Cleckheaton. Lennox, John, Engraver, 40, Commercial Street, Leeds. Langhorne, J. Bailey, Outwood Hall, Wakefield. Law, Edwin, Howley Mill, Morley. Lockwood, Benjamin, Storthes Hall, Huddersfield. Lumb, William, Cloth Finisher, Beeston Hill, near Leeds. Law, Samuel, Cardmaker, Cleckheaton, via Normanton. Lockwood and Mawson, Architects, Exchange Buildings, Bradford. Ladley, Joseph, Manufacturer, Steander Mills, Leeds. MORLEY, SAMUEL, M.P., J.P., Hall Place, Tonbridge. (2 copies) Marsden (the late), Alderman H. R., J.P., Avenue House, Leeds. Mackie, Robert Bownas, J.P., St. John's, Wakefield. Marsden, John, J.P., Cotton Spinner, Beechwood, Huddersfield. Marshall, Thomas, M.A., Registrar, Chapel- Allerton. Morehouse, H. J., F.S.A., Stoney Bank, Holmfirth. Miall, Louis C., F.G.S., Curator, Philosophical Hall, Leeds. Mayhall, John, F.R.H.S., Rose Villa, Horsforth. Milner, Henry B. W. , J. P. , Kirkstall Grange, Leeds. Midgley, A. E., 2, Alexandra Terrace, Rochdale Road, Manchester. Marshall, William, Beulah Terrace, Gildersome near Leeds. Morton, H. J., Garforth House, Garforth. McCarthy, D. W., Jun., Horsforth, near Leeds. (2 copies) McCarthy, D. W., Gentleman, Harrogate. Megson, A., Bradford. Mitchell, Joseph, Rag Merchant, Field House, Ossett. Morrell, W. Wilberforce, Author of " History of Selby," York. Mallinson, George, Architect, Alexandra Crescent, Dewsbury. Marshall, William, Whitetield Road, West Derby Road, Liverpool. Mellor, Richard, Gentleman, Westfield Lodge, Huddersfield. Morris, Professor John, Brecon College, South Wales. Middlebrook, John, Gentleman, Birstal, near Leeds. Moore, Joseph, Green Terrace, Gildersome, near Leeds. NUSSEY, OBADIAH, J. P. , Cloth Merchant, Morley House, Hcadingley. Nussey, Thomas, Cloth Merchant, Victoria House, Headingley. Newell, George Fiederick, 30, Fenton Street, Leeds. North, Edward, Wool and Waste Merchant, Dewsbury. Nussey, S. L., Potternewton Hall, near Leeds. Nussey, George Henry, Cloth Merchant, Burley, near Leeds. Nussey, Arthur, Morley House, Headingley. Naylor, Benjamin, Cloth Merchant, Bramley Grange, Thoriier. Naylor, Samuel, Professor of Music, Drighlington. North, Joseph, Cloth Miller, Leeds. OXLEY, Alderman HENRY, J.P., Banker, Weetwood, Leeds. Oldfield, T. B., M.R.C.S., Hill Top House, Heckmondwike. SUBSCRIBERS. 269 Gates, Henry, Heckmondwike. Oxley, Henry, West Riding Prison, Wakefield. PRIESTLEY, W. OVEREND, M.D., F.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., Mayfair, London. Phillips, C. T. , Rag Merchant, Ossett, near Wakefield. Parker, William, Cloth Manufacturer, Batley. Pullan, B. C., Solicitor, Bank Chambers, Leeds. Peel, Frank, Draper, Heckmondwike. Popple well, George, Oldfield Lane, New Wortley. Parr, Benjamin, Listing Manufacturer, Howley, near Morley. Parkinson, Walter H., Architect, Upper Fomitaiue Street, Leeds. Parker, Benjamin P., Manufacturer, Batley. Peel, James, Church Street, Dewsbury. Priestley, William, Gentleman, Birstal. Penistone, Joseph, Harrison Place, Beeston Hill, Leeds. Parker, Joseph, Jun., Woollen Manufacturer, Batley. Pudsey Mechanics' Institute. ( J. A. Lawson, Secretary. ) Pollard, Mrs. Robert, Windsor Road, Southport. ('2 copies) Phillips, Edward, Garth Works, Rhiwderin, Newport, Mon. Phillips, Robert E., Ossett, near Wakefield. RIPON, The Most Noble the MARQUIS of, E.G., D.C.L., Studley Royal. Ripley, Henry W., M.P., Acacia, Rawden, near Leeds. Rhodes, Manoah, J.P., ex-Mayor of Bradford. Ridgway, Matthew, J.P. , Market Place, Dewsbury. Robinson, J. Ryley, LL.D., F.S.A.S., F.R.S.N.A., F.R.G.S., Dewsbury. Roebuck, W. Denison, 9, Sunny Bank Terrace, Leeds. Rayner, John, Mamifacturer, Alva, Scotland. Robinson, John, Agricultural Implement Maker, Leeds. Rayner, Simeon, Linen Draper, Chapeltown, Pudsey. Ramsden, Mrs. (care of T. Barmby), Leeds. Robinson, J. W., 14, Mount Preston, Leeds. Redfern, William, Commission Merchant, 11, Wood Street, London. Rhodes, M. Sharpley, Victoria Park, Shipley. Rhodes, Rev. Charles, Independent Minister, East Hartlepool. Ratcliffe, Joseph, Relieving Officer, Burmantofts, Leeds. Routh, John, Accountant, Royal Insurance Buildings, Leeds. Robertshaw, Thomas, Farmer and Valuer, Moat Hill, Birstal. Ross, James, Millowner and Contractor, Warren Terrace, Wakefield. Roberts, George, Lofthouse, near Wakefield. Reeve, Rev. Jonah, Independent Minister, Stowmarket, Suffolk. Richards, Job, Gentleman, 29, East Beach, Lytham. Rodley, John, Queen's Mill, Armley, near Leeds. Render, Dan, Colliery Owner, Gelderd House, Gildersome. (2 copies) Roberts, Henry, Printer, Wakefield Road, Adwalton, near Leeds. SALT, Sir TITUS, Bart., J.P., D.L., Crow Nest and Saltaire. (G copies) Sykes, John, J.P., M.D., F.S.A., Doncaster. Shaw, Bentley, J.P., D.L., Woodfield House, Huddersfield. Sutcliffe, Wilson, J.P., Mayor of Bradford. Swithenbank, G. E., LL.D., F.S.A., Anerley, S.E., Tynemouth Lodge. (2 copies) Sewell, Edward, M.A., F.R.G.S., College, Ilkley. Swithenbank, Councillor W. E. , Armley, near Leeds. Smith, Rev. James, 15, Richmond Gardens, West Bromstead, London. Swithenbank, Joshua Sweyn, Henley-on-Thames. (2 copies) Swithenbank, Councillor W. C., Armley, near Leeds. Scatcherd, Oliver, Solicitor, 27, Virginia Road, Leeds. (2 copies) Smith, Samuel, Assistant Librarian, Public Library, Leeds. 270 SUBSCEIBEES. Sharp, William, Card Maker, Scholes, near Cleckheaton. Smith, Jeremiah, 3, St. Michael's Square, Chapeltown Road. (3 copies) Scott, Mark, Oil Merchant, Selby. Steward, Wilson, North Terrace, Birstal. Scholefield, Matthew S., Solicitor, Batley. Smith, Alfred, Reginald Terrace, Leeds. (2 copies) Stead, Samuel, 2, West Grove Terrace, Scarborough. Stillwell, Thomas, 8, Portland Crescent, Leeds. Storey, John, Artist, 7, Pilgrim Street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Swithenbank, James, Rag Merchant, Street Side, Ossett. Stead, Joseph, Ashfield Villa, Heckmondwike. Smith, Henry Stocks, Gentleman, Headingley. Sands, W. H., 32, Ridge Terrace, Bagby Fields, Leeds. Sheard, Michael, Architect, Brookroyd House, Batley. Shaw, Rev. N. Herbert, Baptist Minister, Dewsbury. Sugden, Richard, Brighouse. Schofield, Wright, Castle Bank Mill, Wakefield. . (2 copies) Smith, Swire, Worsted Spinner, Low Field, Keighley. Smith, Charles, 17, Greek Street, Leeds. Stansfield, William, Boot and Shoe Maker, Beeston. Snowden, Frederick, Plumber, Tingley. (2 copies) Stead, J. J., Union Street, Heckmondwike. Sheard, Joseph, Gentleman, Sunny Bank, Batley. Stringer, J. W., 21, Fawcett Street, Ellerby Road, Leeds. Simpson, Thomas, Solicitor, 20, Albion Street, Leeds. Stephenson, C. H., 1, West End Villas, Barnes, Surrey. Slater, Philemon, Manufacturer, Yeaclon, near Leeds. Sheen, Alfred, Turton Hall, Gildersome, near Leeds. Scaife, Robert H., 5, Blenheim Place, Holgate Road, York. TAYLOR, Rev. R. VICKERMAN, B.A., Edlington Rectory, Rotherham. Tweddell, G. M., F.S.A.S., F.R.S.N.A., Author, Stokesley. Tatham, Alderman George, Springfield Mount, Leeds. Terry, Alderman Benjamin, Solicitor, Barkhill, Idle. Tipping, Mrs. William, Brasted Park, Sevenoaks, Kent. Todd, Joseph Longley, Boot Maker, Dewsbury Moor, Dewsbury. Taylor, Thomas, Manufacturer, Blakeridge Mills, Batley. Turner, J. Horsfall, Schoolmaster, College House, Idle. Tomlinson, G. W., Queen Street, Huddersfield. Thompson, Samuel E., Sub-Librarian, Public Library, Leeds. Turner, Thomas, Solicitor, 28, East Parade, Leeds. Taylor, Thomas, Coroner, Wakefield. Taylor, Joshua, Healey House, near Batley. Theaker, Samuel, Stanley, near Wakefield. Tyas, Charles, Woollen Manufacturer, Batley. Townend, Benjamin, City Missionary, Middleton, near Manchester. Tetley, Rev. W. M., Budleigh, Salterton, Devon. VAUSE, THOMAS, 13, Gower Street, Bridge Street, Leeds. Vero, E. H., Dewsbury. WHEATLEY, CHARLES, J.P., Sands House, Mirfield, near Leeds. White, George, J.P., Wine and Spirit Merchant, ex- May or of Scarborough. Whaley, Thomas, M.E., Wigan, Lancashire. Webster, Councillor George, Merchant, Park House, Gildersome. Wigglesworth, James, Accountant, Idle and Bradford. Wardman, Henry, Bridge Road, Holbeck, near Leeds. Walker, David, Chapel Fold, Staincliffe, near Dewsbury. SUBSCRIBERS. 271 Webster, T. H., 3, Elniwood Terrace, Camp Road, Leeds. Wake, C. Staniland, 74, Wright Street, Hull. Watmough, Thomas, Grocer and Draper, Churwell, near Leeds. Webster, Samuel, Beulah Terrace, Gildersome, near Leeds. (2 copies) Webster, James, Cloth Manufacturer, Wortley Hill. Webb, J. P., Cloth Merchant, Wellington Street, Leeds. Ward, William, Coal Proprietor, Manor House, Churwell. Walker, Matthew, Swinnow Villa, Pudsey. Webster, Joseph, Woollen Manufacturer, Old Hall, Gildersome. Woolley, Jabez, Baron Close House, Elland Road, Leeds. Wheater, William, Surveyor, 28, Albion Street, Leeds. Wilson, Edmund, Solicitor, 8, Osborne Terrace, Leeds. Watson, Thomas A. , Solicitor, Bradford. Whitley, Samuel, Branch Road, Gildersome. Whitehead, John, Manufacturer, 7, St. Paul's Street, Leeds. (2 copies) Whitehead, John, Wellington Bridge Dye Works, Leeds. Whiteley, Jeremiah, Rag Merchant, Chidswell, near Dewsbury. Whiteley, William, and Sons, Lockwood, near Huddersfield. Whaley, Henry, 3, Harcourt Buildings, Temple, London. Webster, Samuel, Gentleman, Boston Spa, near Tadcaster. YEWDALL (the late), Councillor J. GLUT, Stanningley, near Leeds. AARON, JOHN. Asquith, Ezra. Armitage, Jacob. Asquith, Joshua. (2) Asquith, E. W. (2) Asquith, J. D. Asquith, William H. Asquith, Samuel T. Auty, David. BINKS, J. W. (2) Bradley, Albert. Butler, Edwin. Binks, Thomas. Brunswick Library. Bradley, Jacob. Baxter Robert. Birds, John. Brown, James. Baxter, Jonathan. Brown, Robert. Bethel Library. Brown, Eli. Brown, Charles S. (2) Brook, David. Bradley, Miss. Brown, James. Barren, Tom. Butterworth, John. Bywater, Samuel. Bradley, Emanuel. (2) Brown, Stephen. Brooksbank, George. Brown, Edwin. Baines, William. Baiues, Harry. Barron, Edwin. Bradley, Joseph. Brown, Joseph. Bryden, William. Brown, David. Barrowclough, A. (4) Brook, John. Banks, Elisha. Brown, Reuben. Brown, Israel. Barron, Sam. Bradley, David. Briggs, David. Brooksbank, James. Boyes, Edwin. Blakeley, Alfred. CHEW, WALTER. Clough, James. Cook, Benjamin. Crowther, Young. Crowther, Joseph. Co-operative Library, Cowburn, Andrew. Crowther, Fanny. Crowther, Eva. Crowther, Charles. Crowther, William. Coop, James. Clough, Miss E. Clark, David. (2) DODGSHUN, J. E. Dodgshun, Ebenezer. Dixon, F. E. Dodgshun, Wm. (4) Dodgshun, Enoch. Dransfield, Lewis. Dodgshun, Wm. H. Dixon, Joseph. Driver, John. Dixon, Charles. Dixon, Alfred. Davies, Rev. R. Dixon, Thomas D. Dixon, Thos. H. (2) Dover, Joseph A. Dickenson, Thomas. Fox, JOHN. (2) Furness, David. Foster, Sam. Frost, Rev. William. Fisher, John. GREENWOOD, JOHN. (4) Gamble, J. (2) Garnett, George. Gaunt, Sarah. Garnett, Hannah. Garnett, Robert. Gledhill, Thomas. Gledhill, David. 272 SUBSCRIBERS. Greaves, Amos. Mortimer, Joseph. Sykes, Alfred. Gledhill, Abraham. Marshall, Robert D. Scott, Samuel. Gibson, Jeremiah. Mallinson, J. J. Stead, Thomas. (2) Gray, George N. Myers, William. (2) Stead, Samuel. Greenwood, Nathan. Marshal], Thomas. Stead, George H. HEMSLEY, JOHN. (2) Hirst, Mephibosheth. Hirst, Benjamin. Horsfall, J. Rayner. Hartley, Samuel. Horsfall, J. Theaker. Hirst, Samuel, Jun. (2) Mitchell, William. Milner, Joseph. Merrills, Benjamin. NAYLOR, JOHN. Newton, Abraham. Nichols, James, (3) OAKES, THOMAS. (2) Smiddy, Dan. Sykes, Matthew, Sen. Sleigh, Roger Fanning. Scholes, E. F. (2) Spencer, Thomas. Smith, Edward. (2) Scatcherd, Samuel. (2) Scholes, Paul. Hill, John. Oakes, William. Smith, Alfred. (2) Hirst, Charles. Hazzlewood, Edwin. (2) PEEL, JAMES. (2) Parker, Charles. Sykes, Matthew, Jun. Scott, Mrs. T. Hinchliffe, George. Peel, Samuel. Sykes, Thomas. Habergham, George. Pullan, Stephen. Stansfield, Samuel. Hirst, Samuel Tetley. Pullan, Robert. Spurr, Samuel. (2) Hardcastle, Joseph. (2) Hepworth, John Wm. Priestley, Samuel. Perkin, Miss. Southey, Mrs. G. (2) Scholes, David \V. Holton, William. (2) Pawson, Thomas. Haigh, John. Popplewell, Edwin. TURNER, ELIZABETH H. Hall, Miles. (2) Peel, Ann. Townsend, Albert. Horsfall, Thomas. HinchclifFe, Edwin. Hargreaves, Joseph. Hall, Joseph. Hazzlewood, Joseph. (5) Hartley, Benjamin. (3) Hirst, Samuel, Sen. Hirst, William. RHODES, JOSIAH. (2) Rhodes, Matthew. Rehoboth Library. Robinson, John, Jun. Rhodes, Joshua. Rhodes, Joseph. (2) Rhodes, William S. Robinson, James. Teale, Mrs. Turner, William. Turner, Joseph. Terry, George. Tesseyman, Fred. Thackray, David. (2) Taylor, Joseph. (2) Thackray, Francis, Jun. Tomlmson "William ILLINGWORTH, JOSEPH. JACKSON, Mrs. WM. Jackson, Edward. (4) Rayner, John H. Rayner, Samuel. Roclley, Thomas. Theaker, Benjamin. (2) Teale, George. (2) Johnson, George. Rayner, John. (2) Upton, J. F. Jowett, George. KING, Miss. (2) King, Thomas. King, Elizabeth. Rayner, W. A. Rayner, Samuel. Jun. Rodley, William, (2) Rylands, Richard. Roberts, Mark. WHITELEY, JOHN T. Walker, John. Walker, William. Wilson, John, V.R. King, James. King, John. (3) King, William. (2) Kershaw, Benjamin. Kenyon, John. Kirkby, Joseph. (2) LEATHLEY, THOMAS. Lassey, Thomas. Lawton, Edwin. Lobley, William. Lassey, George. Lee, Robert. Lamb, William. Lawton, Joseph. SCARTH, CHARLES. (4) Summersgill, Joseph. Scarth, Enoch. Stead, Jonathan. Stockwell, Edward. (2) Stockwell, Joseph. (2) Stubley, W. R. Stephenson, Thomas. Smith, Robert D. Smith, John Henry. Scarth, Joseph. Sissons, Henry. Schofield, Joseph. (2) Schofield, Samuel. (2) \V ornicilcl, xi. Wilson, John, N.B. (2) Webster, Alfred. Westerman, Fred. Wilkinson, John. Worrall, Benj. Hale. Webster, Joseph. (2) Webster, Mark. Webster, Mrs. R. (2) Wade, Ezra. Wilson, Oliver. (2) Walsh, Samuel. Waterhouse, Joseph. Wilkinson, Thomas. (2) Watson, I. C. (2) MlDDLEBROOK, W. J. (2) Stockdale, Samuel. Metcalfe, Joseph. Stables, Daniel. Y. M. C. ASSOCIATION. S. STEADj PRINTER, "OBSERVER" OFFICE, MORLEY. ^ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY, LOS ANGELES COLLEGE LIBRARY This book is due on the last date stamped below. Book Slip-35m-9,'62(D2218s4)4280 A 001 010 120 2 UCLA-College Library DA 690 M8S6h L 005 756 788 5 College Library DA 690 M8S6h