UC-NRLF 
 
 4(9 
 L4 
 
IN MEMOR1AM 
 FLOR1AN CAJORI 
 
Tides 
 
 THE CONTINENT -MAKING 
 FORCES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 SOLAR 
 
 SYSTEM 
 
 
 
 Written in 
 Confirmation 
 and 
 
 Elucidation 
 of the 
 Author's 
 Discovery 
 of the 
 Fabric of 
 Cosmic 
 Energy 
 
 By 
 JOHN LEUTHOLD 
 
THE TIDES 
 
 AND 
 
 THE CONTINENT - MAKING FORCES 
 OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM 
 
.-<*-". 
 
THE TIDES 
 
 AND 
 
 The Continent-Making Forces 
 of the Solar System 
 
 WRITTEN IN CONFIRMATION AND ELUCIDATION OF 
 THE DOCTRINE OF 
 
 THE FABRIC OF COSMIC ENERGY 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN\LEUTHOLD 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 
 
 AT BRECKENRIDGE, COLORADO, U. S. A. 
 
 1921 
 
CAJORI 
 
 It is 
 
 the Junc- 
 tion of science, 
 not, as some think, 
 to divest this universe 
 of its wonder and mystery, 
 but, as in the case before us, to point 
 out the wonder and mystery of common things. 
 The phenomena of matter and force lie 
 within our intellectual range, 
 and as far as they reach ' 
 we will at all hazards 
 push our in- 
 quiries. 
 TCKDALL 
 
 PRINTED BY 
 
 THE SUMMIT COUNTY JOURNAL PRESS 
 BRECKENRIDGE, COLO. 
 
L4 
 
 " It was t*<utd that die mu,d of raajct had the power of penetrating far beyond the boundaries 
 of his fire sendee; that tke thine* which are Men in the material world depend for their action 
 upon things nnaeea ; in short, that, besides the phenomena which address the senses, there are 
 laws and principles and nroeesws which do not address the senses at all, bat which must be, and 
 can be, spiritually discerned. To the subjects which reqnire this discernment belong the phenom- 
 ena of Molecular [?] force. - JOHN TTNDALL. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY NOTES 
 
 and very 
 
 HE days of the " luminiferous ether" theory are -numbered ; so are the days of that 
 element in the wave-theory of light which is based upon an analogy with the circu- 
 lar undulations produced when an object is dropped upon a placid sheet of water ; 
 and so are the days of the theory that the light-propagating force is resident in the 
 atoms from which the light proceeds. With the ether hypothesis will also die the 
 electron theory of electricity and the attraction theory of magnetism and gravitation. 
 The death sentence was pronounced upon the ether theory when for the first time it 
 was said by scientific authority that the space-filling medium has the rigidity of a 
 solid (Lord Kelvin). The sentence has been repeatedly confirmed by similar authority, 
 recently by Prof. Hugh Eliot, who says in his book on "Modern Science and Materialism" : 
 
 "This ether, whatever else it may be, is not matter. The properties which it must possess, if it is 
 to account for the facts for which it was invoked, could not possibly exist together in matter. It must 
 have a rigidity greater than that of steel ; it must have a density many million times greater than that 
 of lead ; and yet it must be so attenuated that the stars and planets can fly through it at huge velocities 
 without the smallest sign of retardation or friction." 
 
 No substance consisting of detached and widely separated particles can qualify for the functions 
 of the space-filling, light-transmitting, gravitation-producing medium. The ether is pictured as an 
 extremely attenuated gas, immeasurably thinner than air. Yet even air fails utterly as a medium for 
 carrying anything in straight paths such as light pursues. 
 
 "In air, for instance, at normal temperatures, the molecules are all traveling on the average at 
 about a thousand miles an hour nearly as fast as a rifle bullet, and faster than the velocity of sound 
 through air. Their motion takes place in all directions ; and since they are incessantly colliding with 
 one another, each molecule is constantly changing the direction of its motion. On the average, a 
 molecule moves only three-millionths of an inch before colliding with another; and since their velocity 
 is so great, the average number of collisions for each molecule is about six thousand million a second." 
 (Eliot.) 
 
 For the attenuated ether, these figures as to distances and velocities must be multiplied thou- 
 sands, if not millions, of times. Thus the ether is utterly disqualified for the functions of the space- 
 filling medium. 
 
 To these damaging declarations of the physicists Dr. Albert Einstein has added the adverse testi- 
 mony of higher mathematics. 
 
 These developments made the time seem opportune for the publication of the conclusions to which 
 many years of nature-study had led the undersigned in regard to the nature of what Herbert Spencer 
 called "the space-occupying kind of force." That such a force existed had been impressed upon the 
 undersigned both by observation and reason. Consequently, on March 27, 1920, he committed to the 
 columns of his newspaper, The Summit County Star, a brief and general description of the space- 
 filling kind of force as reason had revealed it to him, and he named it The Fabric of Cosmic Energy. 
 
 In that article there was expressed the conviction that all space is filled with a densely woven 
 network or fabric of invisible, all-penetrating, continuous and indestructible lines or wires of force, 
 of which the lines of force in a magnetic field are examples made observable by distortion ; that the 
 magnetic fields which man creates in shops and laboratories are intensified small fields within im- 
 mensely larger but weaker fields existing in space ; that all magnetic fields, both the natural and the 
 artificial, are strains in or distortions of the Fabric of Cosmic Energy ; that the rays or lines of the 
 
 L 
 
INTRODUCTORY NOTES 
 
 Fabric of Cosmic Energy have an inherent normal speed equal to that of light in vacuum, which apeed 
 is more or less reduced when the rays pass through matter, in which retardation lies the explanation 
 of the force of gravitation ; that the rays of the Fabric of Cosmic Energy are the carriers of the 
 vibrations of light, heat, wireless messages and other electrical phenomena ; in short, that the Fabric 
 of Cosmic Energy is the seat and source of all enei-gy. 
 
 This is, of course, a revolutionary scientific doctrine. Moreover, it is purely physical, and requires 
 a kind of mental vision which perhaps few possess. Scientific thought has so long been directed and 
 dominated by the mathematicians that constructive imagination illuminated by pure reason has be- 
 come a sadly neglected accomplishment of the human mind, and especially in scholastic circles. The 
 attainments of the mathematicians have been so wonderful and awe-inspiring that the world confi- 
 dently looked to them for the solution of physical problems also, not realizing that the highly devel- 
 oped mathematical mind is the most untrustworthy in the domain of physics. 
 
 The position of scholastic science was fittingly stated by one of its representatives, after perusal 
 of several articles on The Fabric of Cosmic Energy : 
 
 " I appreciate your articles greatly. I found them very interesting. But I cannot pass expert 
 judgment on them. My interests lie almost exclusively in the field of pure mathematics." 
 
 So far as the mathematical physicists can see, the undersigned has merely substituted one theory 
 for another regarding the space-filling medium, and they say they must withhold judgment pending 
 further elucidation. 
 
 The Einstein theory met the same attitude. For fifteen years after Dr. Einstein had propounded 
 his theory, the scientific world remained strangely silent concerning it. Finally, when confirmation of 
 the theory had apparently been supplied by the solar eclipse of May, 1919, (by observations also sug- 
 gested by Einstein himself), the Royal Society of England " recognized " the Einstein theory, and 
 now nearly every person laying claim to scholarly attainments pretends to be interested in it, and 
 many pretend to comprehend it. 
 
 "Seeing is believing." "Except ye see signs and wonders, ye will not believe." 
 
 Visual confirmation of a hypothesis must produce faith in it, but faith and comprehension are far 
 from being the same thing. However, where comprehension is unattainable, faith and respectful 
 attention will not be despised. 
 
 The Fabric of Cosmic Energy, being absolutely invisible, intangible, like the lines of force of a 
 magnetic field, can only be studied indirectly, by the effects of it. 
 
 This essay on the tides and the continent-making forces has been written in elucidation and con- 
 firmation of the doctrine of The Fabric of Cosmic Energy. It aims to picture some of the attributes 
 and functions of the lines of the fabric, such as their continuity, elasticity and great tensile strength. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that the conception of The Fabric of Cosmic Energy is a bold and novel 
 one. To ascertain the details of its construction and operation will be the work of centuries. To de- 
 scribe the conception either in words or diagrams at this time is pioneer work and quite difficult. 
 
 The essay offers an entirely new explanation of tide-production. The offer is made with great 
 confidence, because the explanation is one that can in its main features be verified instrumental!/, 
 and the author believes that this verification will soon be forthcoming. 
 
 Happily, some forty to sixty years ago the scientific world was blessed with representatives like 
 Whewell, Airy. Proctor and Loomis, who did not allow preconceived theory to distort their vision. To 
 these great men the present writer is indebted for authoritative descriptions of tidal facts. And the 
 explanation here advanced is in perfect agreement with those facts. 
 
 The inevitable fall of the present theory of tide-production, upon which so much labor has been 
 bestowed and to which so much profound literature has been devoted, will necessarily shake confi- 
 dence in many other explanations of natural phenomena formulated by the mathematical physicists. 
 A new day will then have dawned for pure physics and real physicists. 
 
 From time to time the undersigned hopes to publish essays offering new views on the mechanism 
 of the atom, on the nature of electricity, on gravitation and magnetism, on the probable mode of pro- 
 duction of sunlight, etc., all logical deductions from the doctrine of The Fabric of Cosmic Energy. 
 
 Any member of the Illuminating Engineering Society, from whose intelligent interest the author 
 has derived much encouragement, may obtain one copy of this booklet free upon application. Addi- 
 tional copies may be had for $2.00 each. 
 
 JOHN LEUTHOLD. 
 Breckenridge, Colorado, January 1, 1921. 
 
THE TIDES 
 
 AND 
 
 THE CONTINENT-MAKING FORCES OP THE SOLAR SYSTEM 
 
 SEISMIC PRODUCTS OF THE FABRIC OF COSMIC ENERGY 
 
 i 
 
 N the latter pert of August of this year (1920), central Chile and a 
 part of western Argentina were visited by a seismic disturbance, 
 
 said to have been the most violent since the earthquake of 1916, event 
 when Valparaiso was partly destroyed, with great loss of life. This from a 
 disturbance was spoken of as "a happy event from a scientific point scientific 
 of view" by Count Montessus de Bailee, director of the Chilean seis- view-point 
 mological observatory. Count de Balloe was by the Associated Press 
 credited with the following explanation of his remark : 
 
 "For the last eighteen months there has been complete seismic 
 tranquility, and we know that an undisturbed condition prepares dis- 
 asters in countries subject to such phenomena. The frequent rumblings 
 correspond to what may be called 'small coin ' earthquakes. When no 
 quakes are produced for a long period, the effort is accumulated until 
 it breaks out violently as the forces succeed in crushing the elastic 
 resistance of the terrestrial strata." 
 
 The count was further credited with the statement that "Now, ac- 
 cording to all probabilities, we will return to a state of normal seis- 
 mical activity instead of a menacing calm." 
 
 "We will return to a state of normal seismical activity ! " Count 
 de Balloe says in effect that he lives in a region where "normal 
 seismical activity" is synonymous with almost constant seismical 
 activity. And he does live in such a region. Still, the causes of this 
 condition remain a deep mystery to him, the director of the seismo- 
 logical observatory. 
 
 Count de Bailee's reference to "accumulated effort" in connection 
 with Chilean earthquakes calls to mind what the late G. K. Gilbert, 
 of the United States Geological Survey, many years ago wrote on the 
 subject of earthquakes for an encyclopedia : 
 
 Good 
 region for 
 study of 
 earth- 
 quakes 
 
THE TIDES AND THE CONTINENT -MAKING_FORCES_: 
 
 "In the descriptive literature of earthquakes there is probably 
 E " considerable confusion of cause and effect. In connection with an 
 g earthquake in 1822 several hundred miles of the coast of Chile were 
 forces are lifted to a height of several feet, and there is reason to believe that 
 building a portions of the land at a distance from the sea were raised more than 
 mountain those at its border. It was computed that the volume of rock changed 
 range from a position below the plane of sea-level to a position above that 
 plane was comparable in magnitude with Mount JEtna, and this stu- 
 pendous result was supposed to have been caused by the earthquake. 
 As the subject is at present understood, it appears more reasonable 
 to suppose that the continent-making for ces of the earth's crust, what- 
 ever their origin may be, tended to elevate that portion of South 
 America, and for a long period had accumulated strains which were 
 opposed by the elasticity and rigidity of the crustal material. When 
 By accu- fi na lty ^ ie resistance was overpowered by the strains, fractures oc- 
 * ~ curred along certain critical lines, the tract of land rose, the strains 
 ivere in great part relieved, and an earthquake occurred as an inci- 
 }T dental result a result of supreme importance to the unfortunate in- 
 of strains habitants of that country, but relatively insignificant as a phenome- 
 non of physical geography." 
 
 Count de Bailee's statement also renders timely a repetition of 
 some sentences from an essay on "The Earthquake in Peru," by 
 Richard A. Proctor, also written many years ago : 
 
 "The difference in character between the Peruvian and Chilean 
 earthquakes is a singular and interesting phenomenon. ... It is said 
 that in Chile a year scarcely ever passes without shocks of earthquake 
 being felt; in certain regions not even a month. A similar persistence 
 of earthquake disturbance characterizes Peru. Yet, although both 
 districts are shaken in this manner, there seems to be a distinct evi- 
 dence of alternating disturbance as respects the occurrence of great 
 earthquakes. Thus, in 1797, took place the terrible earthquake of Rio- 
 bamba. Then, thirty years later, a series of great earthquakes shook 
 Chile, permanently elevating the whole line of coast to the height of 
 several feet 
 
 "Darwin relates that near Valparaiso he saw beds of sea-shells 
 belonging to recent species at a height of about a quarter of a mile 
 above the present sea-level, and he concluded that the land had been 
 raised to this height by a series of such small elevations as were ob- 
 served to have taken place during the earthquakes of 1822, 1835 and 
 1837." 
 
 According to Mr. Gilbert, one Chilean earthquake alone had the 
 "stupendous result" of changing from a position below sea-level to a 
 position above that level a volume of rock comparable in magnitude 
 with Mount ^Itna ! It must surely be pardonable to take issue with 
 him when he finally declares the event to have been "relatively in- 
 significant as a phenomenon of physical geography." 
 
 " The continent-making forces of the earth's crust! " Are not the 
 re of forces to which Mr. Gilbert, in the scientific light of his day, chose to 
 give this name calculated to awaken the keenest kind of interest and 
 forces? P rom P t diligent research ? Is it not reasonable to expect that a dis- 
 covery and explanation of these stupendous forces would have a far- 
 reaching influence upon the world's scientific knowledge and probably 
 revolutionize and wonderfully advance much of it ? 
 
SEISMIC PRODUCTS OF THE FABRIC OF COSMIC ENERGY 
 
 The Discovery of these forces may not be as difficult as it at first Discovery 
 thought appears. To many the true facts may be hidden by a veil of not so 
 preconceived ideas based upon fallacies and accepted "on faith" difficult as 
 from pseudo-scientific literature written by the mathematical physi- it at first 
 cists who unfortunately have long been permitted to dominate physi- 3 PP ears 
 cal science. This veil is getting thinner every day now. 
 
 One of the fallacies woven into this veil is that subtle one which 
 insinuates that energy is somehow inherent in matter an endowment 
 of matter. Physicists have not yet been able to revise their concep- 
 tions into agreement with their own dictum that 
 
 "As regards matter, the fundamental property by which it is dis- p ftntine 
 tinguished is that of inertia. That is to say, if any portion of matter 
 is at rest, it cannot start into motion without the action upon it of Pl 
 some external force; if it is already in motion, it equally cannot alter * orce 
 its velocity or direction of motion without the action of an external does not 
 force. Resistance to change in its state of rest or of motion is the dwell in 
 fundamental property of matter." (Prof. Hugh Eliot, in "Modern our globe 
 Science and Materialism.") 
 
 "The continent-making forces of the earth's crust!" This term 
 was coined when the geologist was contemplating a natural phenome- 
 non for the production of which scientific observation and reasoning 
 had discovered no exterior cause a land-lifting result in each of a 
 series of Chilean earthquakes. Where earthquakes resulted in the Nor has 
 subsidance of land, an exterior force gravitative pressure was our globe 
 available and used for explanation ; but in the case of land-uplift such a 
 there occurred a helpless reversion to the unscientific notion that the thing as a 
 phenomenon was due to forces dwelling in the earth's crust itself. cru$ t 
 Were not a connection between the ocean-tides and the moon so obvi- 
 ous that mankind discovered it several thousand years ago, we might 
 in this twentieth century still read about "the tide-producing forces 
 of the waters of the ocean." 
 
 A second important aid in the search for the land-lifting force is 
 rendered by the scientific conclusion that there exists no such thing 
 as a crust in the earth's makeup. A number of years ago an article in 
 the Scientific American, commenting on the researches along this line 
 of Prof. T. J. J. See, U. S. navy, said: 
 
 "By considering the pressure throughout the whole earth, it is E ar tn is 
 found that, even if fluid, our globe would have a rigidity greater than as S0 |j d as 
 that of wrought iron. The earth's matter under this great pressure t . 
 acts as a solid, and so vibrates in an earthquake ; and the average * 
 rigidity of the whole mass is nearly equal to that of nickel steel, such n 
 as is used in the armor of a battleship. Nickel steel is one of the 
 strongest and hardest metals known, and it affords us a good idea of 
 the strength and rigidity of the earth. Our globe is thus proved to be 
 capable of withstanding enormous strain; and we need have no fear 
 that earthquakes or volcanic outbursts will ever endanger its stability. " 
 
 The theory long held by geologists, that the earth is a globe of 
 molten matter inclosed in a thin crust, like the shell of an egg, having 
 
10 THE TIDES AND THE CONTINENT - MAKING FORCES: 
 
 No limit to at last yielded to more reasonable ideas, we are not restricted, in a 
 depth at search for the continent-making forces, to a depth of but a few miles 
 which we below the earth's surface. According to Mr. Gilbert, these forces 
 )k manifest themselves in the production of strains in the earth's mass, 
 or 8 which strains are susceptible of accumulation and final collective up- 
 liftinj? action - The theory of the rigidity of the earth permits us to 
 forces * tne center f tne earth, if necessary, in search of these strains 
 and their causes. 
 
 Both the forces which raise and those which depress the surface of 
 the earth must be considered to be continent-making forces. But here 
 we are concerned only with those that raise by uplift on a considerable 
 scale. It is admitted by geologists that the latter are comparatively in- 
 active and feeble in the present period of the earth's geological history. 
 
 "There may be great terrestrial revolutions which happen so 
 rarely that none has occurred since man began to take note of such 
 things. Among these revolutions of which he has had as yet no expe- 
 rience the most gigantic is the formation of a mountain-chain. That 
 the various mountain-chains of the globe are of very different ages, 
 and that some of the most gigantic of them are, compared with others, 
 of recent date, are facts in the history of the globe . . . ; but so far 
 as human history goes, man has never witnessed the uprise of a range 
 of mountains. " (Geikie. ) 
 
 Chile a This slightly contradicts Geologist Gilbert's statement given above. 
 promising According to him, there is one region on our globe where man is given 
 region for opportunity to watch nature in the slow, laborious, groaning task of 
 seismolog- rearing a mountain-chain. It is a remarkable opportunity, not dupli- 
 icaJ study ca ted anywhere else on the globe. Can this process justly be de- 
 scribed as "relatively insignificant as a phenomenon of physical 
 geography " ? Does it not rather excite the keenest curiosity of every 
 lover of Nature and of every man who takes delight in tracing the 
 foot-prints of the Creator ? 
 
 Search for this now operative continent-making force cannot assume 
 an aspect of hopelessness, for the reason that the force operates within a 
 region of limited extent the narrow southern portion of the South 
 American continent. A close study of this tract of our globe would 
 seem to be quite possible and promise to show peculiar characteristics 
 fit to serve as clues for the solution of the mystery. 
 
 Naturs As the forces of nature are unfailing, the Chilean earthquake de- 
 produces scribed by Mr. Gilbert was, of course, an inevitable result of the 
 strains accumulation of strains, and it cannot well be scientific to speak of 
 in her the earthquake as "an incidental result." From the character and 
 'P effect of the quake alone can we deduct conclusions concerning the 
 m nature and trend of the forces which produced the strains indicated. 
 As the effect of the quake was uplift, the force which produced the 
 strains must have worked in the same direction. Attaining results 
 by means of cumulative strains produced by mallet, hammer or sledge 
 is quite a common procedure in our workshops. In such cases the 
 
SEISMIC PRODUCTS OF THE FABRIC OF COSMIC ENERGY 11 
 
 taps or blows are always applied judiciously, to make sure that the 
 strains accumulate in the direction of the contemplated breaking- 
 point. The last tap or blow which brings about the desired yielding 
 or break need not be as forceful as its predecessors. 
 
 It must be admitted to be reasonable, therefore, to look in the Chilean 
 Chilean earthquake region for seismic shocks tending to lift the quakes 
 region, but singly not strong enough to do more than produce strain, b 
 and to assume that the final shock which brought on the quake was or , 
 no more violent or obvious than those which produced the strain. .< taDS 
 This explains why the violent quakes of that region occur without' - m ^ a ^ 
 any "provocation" in the shape of something unsusual being ob- region 
 servable in nature. 
 
 Under what conditions does inanimate Nature perform work by 
 means of strains ? Only where there have somehow been brought 
 about the necessary inequalities. We thus see Nature produce strains 
 in an imperfectly balanced flywheel. Each revolution of such a wheel 
 is accompanied by a ''hammer-blow " on the axle or bearings. (In 
 the case of an imperfect wheel rolling swiftly on a rail, the blow is w 
 administered to the rail.) If the unbalance is not remedied, an accu- e j emen t f 
 mulation of strains v/ill result, and this will ultimately find relief in inequality 
 the bursting of the wheel. Where the wheel revolves very slowly, present In 
 the force of gravitation will cause acceleration of speed when the Chilean 
 heavy part approaches the earth, and retardation of speed when the seismic 
 heavy part recedes from the earth. This adjustment to the require- situation 
 ments of gravitative force prevents disturbance ; but where rotation 
 is too rapid to permit of acceleration and retardation, trouble occurs ; 
 and the faster the rotation, the more violent become the blows. 
 
 If we now examine the Chilean earthquake region geographically, 
 we find it to be almost opposite the greatest protuberance on the sur- 
 face of this globe, the plateau of Tibet and the Himalaya mountains. 
 The Chilean Andes rise practically from sea-level between the 20th Almost 
 and 40th degrees of southern latitude and in about longitude 70 west; rf ct '. y 
 the plateau of Tibet and the Himalayas attain a mean altitude of P po$ite 
 nearly 20,000 feet, between the 20th and 40th degrees of northern yjjj^nd 
 latitude and between the 60th and 100th degrees of longitude east. Himalaya 
 
 Here exists one of those inequalities which Nature must have be- fountains 
 fore she can produce shocks and strains. Here there is a difference of 
 four miles in the length of opposite radii of the earth. 
 
 In the moon we have the requisite gravitational factor, and on the 
 part of the earth we have the requisite density, rigidity and speed of 
 rotation, for the production of shock along the line of unbalance. 
 
 It may be objected by some that, in proportion to the diameter of 
 the earth, this radial difference of four miles , is too small to produce 
 any such effect as is here hinted at. To this I answer that one of the 
 very objects of this brochure is to show how extremely sensitive are 
 the nerves of Nature the lines or threads of the Fabric of Cosmic 
 
12 THE TIDES AND THE CONTINENT - MAKING FORCES 
 
 Inequality Energy. True, the inequality is comparatively small, and the disturb- 
 
 ^ ing gravitational factor is small and remote. But note the extreme 
 
 |^ e smallness of the disturbance. The individual shocks which produce 
 
 ,. . the continent-making strains are so weak that they have so far es- 
 
 caped identification by the seismologists. During hundreds of years 
 
 the resultant land-lifts have totalled but a few feet. 
 
 The demonstrations furnished by gyrostats will serve as answers 
 to the possible objections that what we may observe in a flywheel 
 rotating in fixed bearings cannot apply to a sphere rotating free in 
 space. It is undoubtedly true that the weakness of the earth-shocks 
 is partly due to some instability and flexibility of the earth's axis of 
 rotation. 
 
 Inequality Let it now be objected that, if my contention is correct, then the 
 greatest m center of the area of strain and seismic upheaval should be out in the 
 Pacific Pacific ocean, some one thousand miles west of the coast of Chile, 
 * n because that spot and not the Chilean coast is directly opposite the 
 a I ^ Tibetan protuberance, and there the difference in length of opposing 
 ' radii is about two miles greater, inasmuch as the Pacific ocean has a 
 
 Chile coast de P tn there of about 10,000 feet. 
 
 This objection I am courting, for we have indisputable evidence 
 that the bottom of the Pacific ocean in longitude 90 west and latitude 
 30 south is subject to the most regular and occasionally to the most 
 violent vertical shocks recorded anywhere on the earth. 
 
 The tremors of the ocean-bottom are here communicated to and 
 isters revealed by the waters of the ocean. Tidal waves of various sizes 
 of Nature's invariably accompany the Chilean and Peruvian earthquakes. 
 
 tide- A fluid responds more readily to impact than does a solid, rigid 
 
 producing substance. An earth-tremor which is imperceptible to any of our 
 
 taps senses will visibly disturb a body of water. The qualities of incom- 
 
 pressibility, inelasticity and extreme mobility make water very re- 
 
 sponsive to tremors, shocks and tilts. 
 
 "At the time of the Lisbon earthquake, on November 1, 1755, the 
 waters of Loch Lomond were observed to rise and fall every five 
 minutes for nearly two hours, the range of the motion amounting to 
 two feet six inches. Similar motions were noticed in Lochs Katrine 
 and Ness." (Article on Seiches in Nelson's L. L. Encyclopedia.) 
 
 Prof. George H. Darwin, in his book on "Tides and Kindred Phe- 
 nomena in the Solar System," very properly says: 
 
 In search "Some, and perhaps many, seiches are due to the tilting of the 
 
 for whole lake-bed by minute earthquakes. Modern investigations seem 
 
 continent- to show that this is a more fertile cause than Forel was disposed to 
 
 rnakin^ a ^ow, and it would therefore be interesting to see the investigation 
 
 fn " of seiches repeated with the aid of delicate instruments for the study 
 
 *, must of earthquakes." 
 
 be studied A study of the tidal waves accompanying the earthquakes of Chile 
 and Peru cannot be dispensed with in a search for the continent- 
 
SEISMIC PRODUCTS OF THE FABRIC OF COSMIC ENERGY 13 
 
 making forces. And for purposes of such study the largest specimen fcreatest 
 
 available must serve best. Sea-Wave 
 
 The tidal wave which accompanied the Peruvian earthquake of ^ 
 
 August 13, 1868, was by Richard A. Proctor, the English astronomer, t! 
 
 called "the greatest sea-wave ever known." Fortunately he has stu( j v 
 transmitted down to us an exhaustive description of it. 
 
 "The progress of the great sea- wave which was generated by the 
 upheaval of the Peruvian shores and propagated over the whole of 
 the Pacific ocean differs altogether from any earthquake phenomenon 
 before observed. Other earthquakes have indeed been followed by 
 oceanic disturbances; but these have been accompanied by terrestrial 
 motions, so as to suggest the idea that they had been caused by the 
 motion of the sea-bottom, or of the neighboring land. In no instance 
 has it ever before been known that a well-marked wave of enormous 
 proportions should have been propagated over the largest ocean-tract 
 on our globe, by an earth-shock whose direct action was limited to a 
 relatively emcul region, and that region not situated in the center, 
 bat on one side of the wide area traversed by the wave.' 1 
 
 In the course of my argument it will become apparent that tidal 
 waves bearing the characteristics here described, except the size, are 
 the rule and not the exception that with respect to what Proctor 
 pointed out as a singularity this mammoth wave was typical of the 
 regular tidal waves which daily traverse the oceans. 
 
 If Mr. Proctor meant to tell us in the above sentences that the 
 motions of the Peruvian shores and not of the sea-bottom produced 
 the huge wave, then he contradicted himself later on. In the course 
 of his essay he wrote: 
 
 "The northerly shore-wave seems to have been more considerable; Originated 
 and a moment's study of a chart of the two Americas will show that in 
 this circumstance is highly significant. When we remember that the antipodes 
 principal effects of the land-shock were experienced within the angle O f Tibetan 
 which the Peruvian Andes form with the long north-and-south line of 
 the Chilean' and Bolivian Andes, we see at once that, had the center 
 of the subterranean action been near the scene where the most de- 
 structive effects were perceived, no sea-wave, or but a small one, 
 could have been sent toward the shores of North America. The pro- 
 jecting shores of northern Peru and Ecuador could not have failed to 
 divert the sea-wave toward the west ; and though a reflected wave 
 might have reached California, it would only have been after a con- 
 siderable interval of time and with dimensions much less than those 
 which traveled southward. When we see that, on the contrary, a 
 wave of even greater proportions traveled toward the shores of 
 North America, we seem forced to the conclusion that the center of 
 the subterranean action 'must have been so far to the west that the 
 sea-wave generated by it had a free course to the shores of California. ' ' 
 
 If the center of the subterranean action was in a southwesterly 
 direction from the shore-angle referred to, a path is opened for a 
 wave toward the California!! coast without going very far to the west. 
 As will be shown later on, there is strong reason for the belief that 
 said center was near longitude 90 west and latitude 30 south the 
 tract directly opposite the Tibetan plateau. 
 
14 
 
 THE TIDES AND THE CONTINENT - MAKING FORCES 
 
 To produce 
 
 the wave, 
 
 water had 
 
 to be first 
 
 withdrawn 
 
 from a 
 
 vast area 
 
 of ocean 
 
 Even 
 
 Australia 
 
 had to 
 
 furnish its 
 
 quota 
 
 Professor Proctor's essay furnishes further proof that the center 
 of subterranean action was out in the Pacific ocean: 
 
 "AtArica the sea-wave produced even more destructive effects 
 than had been caused by the earthquake. About twenty minutes after 
 the first earth-shock, the sea was seen to retire, as if about to leave 
 the shores wholly dry; but presently its waters returned with tre- 
 mendous force. A mighty wave, whose length seemed immeasurable, 
 was seen advancing like a dark wall upon the unfortunate town, a 
 large part of which was overwhelmed by it." 
 
 "At Callao a yet more singular instance was afforded of the effect 
 which circumstances may have upon the motion of the sea after a 
 great earthquake has disturbed it. In former earthquakes Callao had 
 suffered terribly from the effects of the great sea-wave. . . . But upon 
 this occasion the center of subterranean disturbance must have been 
 so situated that . . . . , although the water retreated strangely from 
 the coast near Callao, insomuch that a wide tract of the sea-bottom 
 was uncovered, there was no inrushing wave comparable with those 
 described above Six hours after the occurrence of the earth- 
 shock .... three considerable waves rolled in upon the town. But 
 clearly these waves must not be compared with those which in other 
 instances had made their appearance within half an hour of the earth- 
 throes." 
 
 "At about half -past three on the morning of August 14th, the 
 water began to retreat in a singular manner from the port of Little- 
 ton, on the eastern shores of the southernmost of the New Zealand 
 islands. At length the whole port was left entirely dry, and so re- 
 mained for about twenty minutes. ' ' 
 
 Figure 1 depicts the cause of a withdrawal of water from parts 
 of the ocean. 
 
 FIG. 1 
 
 The retirement of the sea as long as nine hours after the shock 
 indicates a tremendous drawing-together and piling-up of the water 
 of the ocean somewhere. And the fact that the retirement took place 
 within twenty minutes after the shock on the coast of Chile and nine 
 hours after the shock at New Zealand indicates that the center of 
 the shock was proportionately much nearer to the Chilean coast than 
 to New Zealand so near to the former, in fact, that, because of its 
 proximity, most of the elevated water had to be drawn from the west. 
 
SEISMIC PRODUCTS OF THE FABRIC OF COSMIC ENERGY 
 
 The east-bound wave which rolled in upon some of the Peruvian 
 and Chilean coast-towns is described as having been fifty feet high, 
 and the west-bound wave as having been from 200 to 1,000 miles wide 
 and its length to have extended from one side to the other of the 
 great ocean. The height of the west-bound wave in mid-ocean was 
 indeterminable ; but its vast other dimensions represented an enor- 
 mous volume of water. As far away as the coast of California, the 
 wave is said to have been sixty feet high. 
 
 Such a wave must have come from the region where the upheav- 
 ing continent-making forces are at work of which Mr. Gilbert wrote. 
 It must have been the result of one of those upheavals which period- 
 ically relieve an accumulation of earth-strains. Perhaps its tract of 
 origin "a relatively small region ... on one side of the wide area 
 traversed by the wave " marks the region where the strain-producing 
 hammer-blows of the continent-making forces do their best work. It 
 may be possible to discern evidences there of these tappings of Nature. 
 
 Since the cumulative effect of the blows or throes is a gigantic 
 tidal wave, why should not the single blows or throes produce small 
 tidal waves ? 
 
 Tidal waves there are on the oceans, plenty of them. Observation 
 has, however, determined that there are two main daily tides. These 
 tides having been platted and described by conscientious scientists who 
 loved facts more than theory, we are enabled to study them closely. 
 
 Figure 2 is a reproduction of a map of cotidal lines found in Guyot's 
 Physical Geography. The same map was used by Prof. Simon New- 
 comb in connection with his writings on the tides. It was first drawn, 
 I believe, by Sir George Airy, an eminent English astronomer. 
 
 On this map, lines are drawn connecting all those places which 
 are reached by a given wave at the same hour of absolute time. The 
 cotidal lines are drawn at intervals of one hour. The arrows are in- 
 serted by the writer, to visualize conditions hitherto either ignored or 
 explained away. 
 
 We will let Prof. Elias Loomis, erstwhile of Yale college, who used 
 a skeleton of this map in his Treatise on Astronomy, tell us what the 
 map reveals : 
 
 " By inspecting the map, we perceive that the great tidal wave 
 originates in the Pacific ocean, not far from the western coast of 
 South America, in which region high water occurs about two hours 
 after the moon has passed the meridian." 
 
 " The wave of high water, first raised near the western coast of 
 South America, travels toward the northwest through the deep water 
 of the Pacific at the rate of 850 miles per hour." 
 
 "The tidal wave which we have thus traced through oceans, bays 
 and rivers has every variety of direction ; in some places advancing 
 westward, and in others eastward ; in some places northward, and in 
 others southward ; but in each case it may be regarded as a continu- 
 ous forward movement, and the change in its direction results from a 
 change in the direction of the channel. But there is one exception to 
 
 Wave the 
 result of a 
 tifting-up 
 ef water 
 by vertical 
 seismic 
 shock 
 attended 
 by relief of 
 strain 
 
 In same 
 tract we 
 may look 
 for 
 
 high water 
 raised by 
 Nature's 
 strain- 
 producing 
 " taps " 
 
 Maps of 
 cotidal 
 lines 
 
 show that 
 the main 
 daily tide 
 originates 
 in this 
 tract 
 
16 
 
 THE TIDES AND THE CONTINENT - MAKING FORCES 
 
 Testimony this general rule. We have traced the origin of the tidal wave to a 
 
 of region about 1,000 miles west of the coast of South America. From 
 
 Prof Ellas this point high water is not only propagated westward around the 
 
 Loomis fflbe, but also eastward toward Cape Horn. In this region the motion 
 
 of the tidal wave appears to be similar to that of the wave produced 
 
 by throwing a stone upon the surface of a tranquil lake, the wave 
 
 traveling off in all directions from the first point of disturbance." 
 
 The regular daily tides have their origin in the Pacific ocean about 
 1,000 miles west of the coast of South America. This fact was established 
 and published by scientists into whose theories it did 
 not fit at all, which is proof of the obviousness and un- 
 deniability of their findings. 
 
 In this tract of origin we behold, not a wave, but 
 high water a lifting of the water above the normal 
 
 CONTOUR or THE 
 SURFACE OTTHE EARTH 
 
 Orl 1-HI- 
 
 3o* ' 
 
 4 
 
 ; VI M* O AH 6 
 
 $oufM AME.^ICA 
 
 \o2 go 30 
 
 level. This phenomenon is repeated every day, about two hours after 
 the moon has passed the meridian. 
 
 High watef Every day, about two hours after the moon has passed over the 
 two hours center of the tract, an earth-shock is here communicated to the water 
 alter the o f the ocean and lifts it above the normal level. Here, directly oppo- 
 15 site the Tibetan plateau, there is enacted daily a small-scale repeti- 
 tion f the occurrence wnich produced, fifty-two years ago, in exactly 
 the same area, what Proctor called "the greatest sea- wave ever 
 known," and 183 years ago (October 6, 1737) what Nelson's Encyclo- 
 pedia speaks of as "the greatest sea-wave on record." 
 
 The map records several other things which assume great signific- 
 ance when the true cause of tppi-production is recognized, but which 
 have hitherto been ignored. ~h<fo~ 
 
SEISMIC PRODUCTS OF THE FABRIC OF COSMIC ENERGY 
 
 17 
 
 For instance, the map shows that not only is a wave propagated Small wave 
 eastward to and slightly beyond Cape Horn, but a small wave starts goes east 
 away from the coast of southern Argentina. This wave does not go from coast 
 far, however. Together with the wave which comes eastward and ' southern 
 rounds Cape Horn, it is soon merged with a wave which, after a Af S8ntina 
 forty-eight hours' journey almost around the world, reaches Cape 
 Horn from the South Atlantic ocean. Here, every day, the oldest of 
 three tidal waves which for several hours are on the oceans at the 
 same time dies in the arms of the youngest wave. 
 
 Short-lived though it may be, the wave which comes 
 out of Saint George's Bay, in southern Argentina, pro- 
 claims that an earth-tremor has crossed that narrow 
 portion of South America from the west or northwest. 
 
 IT CONSTITUTES AN INVITATION TO THE Natwt 
 SCIENTIFIC WORLD TO BRING THEIR "DEL- here 
 
 ICATE INSTRUMENTS FOR THE STUDY OF 
 EARTHQUAKES" AND OBTAIN THE AUTO- 
 
 beckons ta 
 
 30 |0 
 
 15 o |<|o l*jo ISo io o <JO 
 
 GRAPHS OF THE TIDE -PRODUCING, CONTINENT- MAKING 
 FORCES OF THE UNIVERSE. 
 
 In the current literature on earthquakes there are found many 
 statements which encourage the belief that the scientific world will 
 deem reasonable the request that the suggested seismological obser- 
 vations in the region of tide-origin be made. Writing on earthquakes 
 for Nelson's Encyclopedia, one authority says : 
 
 "A daily periodicity has been made out ; but there is no clear evi- 
 dence that the moon has any influence upon the occurrence of earth- 
 quakes. Since earthquakes must be due to an instability in the earth's 
 crust, it is reasonable to expect this instability to be influenced by 
 tide-producing forces such as might result from the moon's gravita- 
 tion action." 
 
 Scwaci 
 
 in 
 
 within 
 sight of 
 the truth 
 
18 THE TIDES AND THE CONTINENT- MAKING FORCES: 
 
 Professor Proctor's description of the great sea-wave shows that 
 * in its general movements this wave conformed to the movements of 
 
 ** the diurnal tides as charted on the map (Fig. 2) : 
 wave 
 
 pictured <i n somewhat less than three hours after the occurrence of the 
 
 move- earthquake, the ocean-wave inundated the port of Coquimbo, on the 
 
 ments ef Chilean seaboard, some 800 miles from Arica. An hour or so later it 
 
 (tally wave had reached Constitucion, 450 miles farther south ; and here for some 
 
 three hours the sea rose and fell with strange violence. Farther 
 
 south, along the shore of Chile, even to the island of Chiloe, the 
 
 shore-wave traveled, though with continually diminishing force. . . . 
 
 * ' The northerly shore-wave seems to have been more considerable. 
 .... There can be no doubt that the wave which swept the shores 
 of Southern California, rising upward of sixty feet above the ordinary 
 sea-level, was absolutely the most imposing of all the indirect effects 
 of the great earthquake. When we consider that even in San Pedro 
 Bay, fully 5,000 miles from the center of disturbance, a wave twice 
 the height of an ordinary house rolled in with unspeakable violence 
 only a few hours after the occurrence of the earth-throe, we are most 
 strikingly impressed with the tremendous energy of the earth's move- 
 ment 
 
 "At Yokohama, in Japan, more than 10,500 miles from Arica, an 
 enormous wave poured in on August 14th, but at what hour we have 
 no satisfactory record. So far as distance is concerned, this wave 
 affords most surprising evidence of the stupendous nature of the dis- 
 turbance to which the waters of the Pacific Ocean had been subjected. 
 The whole circumference of the earth is but 25,000 miles, so that this 
 wave had traveled over a distance considerably greater than two-fifths 
 of the earth's circumference " 
 
 ! and jt j s evident from this description, which could be quoted more ex- 
 I nort s^tensively to the same effect, that the westward and northwestward 
 cy progress of this wave was far more rapid, and carried a far greater 
 v ___ volume of water, than its eastward and southeastward progress, 
 pounced In the course of his essay, Professor Proctor ventured the opinion 
 "that if the surface of the earth were all sea, waves setting out in 
 opposite directions from the center of disturbance would have met 
 each other at the antipodes of their starting-point/' The above cita- 
 tions from the essay argue conclusively against such an inference. 
 They show that the wave required nearly three hours to reach the 
 Chilean coast at Coquimbo, and four hours to reach that coast at 
 Constitucion, both of which places were situated but a few hundred 
 miles east and southeast from the eastern edge of the tract of high 
 water created by the earthquake. And notwithstanding the admitted 
 extreme proximity of the Peruvian and Chilean seaboards to the focus 
 of the seismic disturbance, no wave exceeding fifty feet in height is 
 recorded to have reached either seaboard. The wave traveled toward 
 Cape Horn "with continually diminishing force, " and there is no 
 record of its having gone any distance to the east of that cape. In its 
 northwestward journey, on the other hand, the wave carried sixty 
 feet of water to the distant shores of Southern California, and arrived 
 in Japan, 10,500 miles away, within less than twenty-four (probably 
 
SEISMIC PRODUCTS OF THE FABRIC OF COSMIC ENERGY 
 
 19 
 
 less than twelve) hours. The great sea-wave of October 6, 1737, which 
 originated in the same tract, is said to have broken near Cape Lopatka, 
 at the southern end of Kamchatka, 210 feet in height, yet it left no 
 record of extreme size or violence on the east of the tract of origin. 
 
 Airy' map 
 ofcetidal 
 lines 
 
 On a smaller scale, these are the characteristics of the regular 
 daily tidal waves. Says Professor Loomis : 
 
20 
 
 THE TIDES AND THE CONTINENT- MAKING FORCES: 
 
 "The wave of high water, first raised near the western coast of 
 South America, travels toward the northwest through the deep water 
 of the Pacific at the rate of 850 miles per hour, and in about ten hours 
 reaches the coast of Kamchatka. On account of more shallow water, 
 the same wave travels westward and southwestward with less velocity, 
 and it is about twelve hours old when it reaches New Zealand, having 
 advanced at the rate of about 400 miles per hour. Passing south of 
 Australia, the tidal wave travels westward and northward into the 
 Indian Ocean, and is twenty -nine hours old when it reaches the Cape 
 of Good Hope." 
 
 The enormously preponderating northwestward rush of every tidal 
 westerly wave w hich originates in the tract described is the composite result 
 
 rush of The cause of the westward tendency is illustrated by Fig. 3. Being 
 
 the wave raised above the normal sea-level, the elevated body of water cannot 
 
 keep up with the earth's rotation, which on the equator has a speed 
 
 FIG. 3 
 
 of about 1,000 miles per hour and in latitudes 30 a speed of about 650 
 miles per hour, and is from west to east. This inability to continue 
 eastward with the main body of water gives the elevated body of 
 water the character of a westward-moving wave. For a compara- 
 tively short distance, a portion of the elevated water .is carried east- 
 ward by the momentum which it had before it was thrown up. That 
 its westward movement nowhere fully equals the eastward movement 
 of the main body of water is due to the friction incident to the oppo- 
 site movements of the two bodies of water. This friction is greater 
 over shallow water than over deep water, and it is therefore over 
 shallow water especially that the wave assumes the shape pictured 
 in Fig. 3. To again quote from Proctor's essa.y : 
 
 Semathmg "The eminent physicist Mallet speaks thus (we follow LyelPs 
 
 moves ta quotation) about the waves which traverse an open sea: 'The great 
 
 opposite sea-wave, advancing at the rate of several miles in a minute, consists, 
 
 direction m the deep ocean, of a long, low swell of enormous volume, having 
 
 underneath an ec l ua i slope before and behind, and that so gentle that it might 
 
 pass under a ship without being noticed. But when it reaches the 
 
 edge of soundings, its front slope becomes short and steep, while its 
 
 rear slope is long and gentle V 
 
SEISMIC PRODUCTS OF THE FABRIC OF COSMIC ENERGY 
 
 21 
 
 That the wave which passes south of New Zealand and Australia 
 has a speed of only 400 miles per hour is not due to shallowness of 
 the ocean, but to the fact that in that latitude the speed of the 
 earth's motion from west to east is less than 500 miles per hour. 
 
 Were it not for the earth's rapid rotation, there would be no 
 vertical earth-shocks and consequently no tidal waves ; but if a tract 
 of high water could be produced on an ocean of a non-rotating, 
 
 Strong 
 northward 
 trend of 
 high water 
 from tract 
 of uplift 
 
 FIG. 4 
 
 perfectly symmetrical earth, then, and then only, would the ele- 
 vated water flow off evenly in all directions. It is safe to say, how- 
 ever, that the resultant wave would nowhere attain anything like the 
 speed displayed by the tidal waves on the rotating earth. 
 
 The pronounced northerly tendency of the tidal wave is due to the 
 fact that the southern hemisphere is considerably lighter than the 
 
22 THE TIDES AND THE CONTINENT -MAKING FORCES: 
 
 Due to northern, and the earth's axis is consequently less stable in the 
 lesser sou thern hemisphere than in the northern. The tide-producing earth- 
 D throes, arising, as will be shown later, from a violent shifting of the 
 earth's center (or centers) of gravity, disturb the earth's axis, but 
 the southern half of the axis responds to the shocks much more 
 readily than the northern half. This tends to throw northward the 
 water which is lifted up when the shock reaches the surface of the 
 solid portion of the earth. 
 
 How pronounced this northward thrust is may be learned from 
 Fig. 4. The tract of high water from which the tidal wave proceeds 
 has never been observed as circular. It assumes an oblong shape at 
 once, extending north from the point of origin. 
 
 Northerly The map of cotidal lines (Fig. 2) shows the northward trend of 
 trend very the tidal wave to be very persistent. That portion of it which at first 
 persistent j 9 forced by circumstances to travel southwestward and pass New 
 Zealand and Australia to the south turns sharply northward as soon 
 as opportunity offers, a part of it making for the point of the penin- 
 sula of India and most of the remainder turning into the Atlantic 
 Ocean, stopping in its northward march only when compelled to by 
 the icy barriers of the Arctic regions. 
 
 Tide- As said before, the tidal wave is the product of vertical waves in 
 producing the solid earth due to a violent shifting of the earth's center 
 sh ock due O f gravity . Professor Loomis tells us that high water occurs in the 
 '^ tract of tide origin two hours after the moon h9s passed the me- 
 "J? ridian ; in other words, two hours after the moon was over the center 
 , , of the tract of tide-origin and directly opposite the Tibetan plateau. 
 gravity ^ s ^ le ^ enav i r f the tidal wave testifies to a disturbance of the 
 earth's axis of rotation incident to the shifting of the center of 
 gravity, the tide-producing earth- tremors must be produced in or 
 near that axis and proceed thence to the surface of the globe. The 
 radii of the earth are approximately 4,000 miles in length, and verti- 
 cal seismic waves have, according to Humboldt, a speed of about 
 Seismfc thirty miles per minute. The tide-producing earth-waves do therefore 
 waves require nearly two hours to travel from the center of the earth to its 
 require sur face (and my theory may help to ascertain what the speed of 
 urs vertical seismic waves really is). The shift of the center of gravity 
 e . must, to agree with my doctrine of the Fabric of Cosmic Energy, 
 of gravity occur immediately after the center of gravity, which lies outside of 
 to surface tne ax * s ^ rotation in the direction of the Tibetan protuberance, has 
 reached its maximum distance from the moon ; in other words, im- 
 mediately after the center of the moon has crossed the meridian of 
 the center of the tract of tide origin. Two hours later the water 
 rises. 
 
 A violent shifting of the center of gravity and tilting of the axis 
 of the earth, such as tide-production and the earthquakes which from 
 
SEISMIC PRODUCTS OF THE FABRIC OF COSMIC ENERGY 23 
 
 time to time accompany them demonstrate, calls for a coupling be- 
 tween the earth and the moon far more substantial and tenacious 
 than any which an extremely rarefied gas could furnish, such as the 
 ether is pictured to be. Prof. Charles R. Gibson argued better than 
 he knew when he wrote, in "Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony": 
 
 " There must be some substantial coupling between the earth and Coupling 
 the moon. We see the moon making continual monthly journeys between 
 around the earth, and a simple calculation tells us that her speed is 8ar tb and 
 about fifty miles per minute. Her natural tendency is to mov v e in a 
 straight line, and it requires a gigantic force to pull such a huge 
 mass of matter away from its normally straight path. We know that * f 
 the gravitative pull of the earth keeps the moon tethered. Sir Oliver 
 Lodge has calculated what material thing would be required to tether 
 the moon to the earth, and having arrived at a great array of fig- 
 ures, he puts the result into the following picture : ' The force with 
 which the moon is held in its orbit would be great enough to tear 
 asunder a steel rod four hundred miles thick, with a tenacity of 
 thirty tons per square inch ; so that if the moon and earth were con- 
 nected by steel instead of gravity, a forest of pillars would be nec- 
 essary to whirl the system once a month round their common center 
 of gravity." 
 
 No space-filling medium which consists of detached and widely 
 separated particles of matter can supply this coupling. Continuity 
 and tenacity, in addition to great quantity, must be characteristics 
 of the medium of gravitation. 
 
 There are two forces in the universe which are very similar in Attraction 
 their operation so similar, in fact, that it is sometimes difficult to 
 determine to which of them observed effects should be ascribed. These 
 forces are gravitation and magnetism.* Erroneously in the case of 
 both, the manner of their operation is being called attraction.* -I- 
 
 * As calling attention to the vagueness of the boundary between gravitation and magnetism, the 
 following is quoted from an appendix to R. A. Proctor's "Saturn and Its System": 
 
 "The planetary system presents certain points of uniformity for which the lav/ of gravity does 
 not account; thus: The planets revolve in the same direction around the sun. in orbits nearly circu- 
 lar, and nearly in one plane; they also rotate on their axes, and their satellites (exceytir.gr those of 
 Uranus, and possibly Neptune's satellite) revolve, in the same direction; all the known asteroids re- 
 volve in the same direction. That this uniformity is not the effect of chance will appear from a single 
 example: The probability that the 83 known asteroids, if projected in the sarre piare but otherwise at 
 random, should all revolve in one direction, is less than 1 in 4,835,700,000,000,000,000,000,000." 
 
 ** Because it is unreasonable and inconceivable, even Sir Isaac Newton took care to disavow un- 
 qualified endorsement of the attraction-theory of gravitation. In his treatise on "Optics," Newton 
 wrote: 
 
 "How these attractions [of gravity, magnetism and electricity] may be performed, I do not here 
 consider. What I call attraction may be performed by impulse or by some ol.her means unknown to 
 me. I use that word here to signify only in a general way any force by which bodies tend toward each 
 other, whatever be the cause." 
 
 Thomas H. Huxley said in one of his magazine articles: 
 
 "Anyone who will look into the 'Principia,' or the 'Optics,' or the 'Letters to Rentlcy,' will see, 
 even if he has no more special knowledge of the topics discussed than I have, that Newton ovf-r and 
 over again insisted that he had nothing to do with gravitation as a physical cause, and that, when he 
 used the terms attraction, force and the like, he employed them, es he says, 'mathematice.' and not 
 'physice.' .... According to my reading of the best authorities upon the history of science, Newton 
 discovered neither gravitation nor the laws of gravitation; nor did he pretend to offer more than a 
 conjecture as to the causation of gravitation. Moreover, his assertion that the notion of a body acting 
 where it is not is one that no competent thinker could entertain, is antagonistic to the whole current 
 conception of attractive and repulsive forces and therefore of 'the attractive force of gravitation'." 
 
24 THE TIDES AND THE CONTINENT - MAKING FORCES: 
 
 Gravity, jt i s a part of the doctrine of the Fabric of Cosmic Energy that 
 m gravitation, magnetism and electricity are but different manifesta- 
 tions of the same agency a dense fabric of lines traveling in closed 
 
 , paths of immeasurable extent at a normal speed of 186,000 miles per 
 
 closely r 
 
 related second. 
 
 These rays or lines of force are retarded in the course of their 
 passage throngh a body of matter. The amount of resistance offered 
 their pasgage depends upon the atomic structure of the body and 
 determines the specific gravity of the body. The rays emerge from 
 a material body with less speed and force than they possessed when 
 they entered the body. Between two material bodies close together 
 there is therefore less dynamic force than in the rest of the fabric of 
 force, and the faster and more dynamic rays of free space tend 
 to drive the bodies together. This is the force of gravitation, which 
 affects all material objects impartially. All of the Newtonian laws of 
 gravitation are applicable to it. 
 
 Strains in Magnetism and electricity are special and more intense strains in 
 Fabric of the network of lines of force. They, however, need not be considered 
 
 Cosmic here Suffice it to gay that all three of the fabric's manifestations 
 iergy owe their irresistible power to the enormous inherent speed of the 
 rays or threads and to the fact that, while the threads may be dis- 
 torted, twisted and strained, their continuity cannot be broken nor 
 their progress altogether arrested. While attempts to do so are 
 giving us the benefit of electric light and power, the operation in- 
 volves a well known element of danger. 
 
 In a body of uniform average density or symmetrically varying 
 density, the lines of force reach their individual maximum retarda- 
 tion in the center of their paths through the body. The solid portion 
 of the earth, for instance, may be considered a body of symmetrically 
 varying density ; that is, while its density is greatest in the geomet- 
 rical center of mass, the density decreases uniformly in all directions 
 toward the surface. The rays of the fabric penetrate the earth in 
 every conceivable direction,* forming chords of every conceivable 
 length. The longer the chords, the greater the retardation; therefore, 
 the larger and denser the body, the stronger the force of gravitation. 
 
 THE CENTER OF GRAVITY OF A BODY IS THAT POINT 
 
 a physical IN WHICH THOSE RAYS OF THE FABRIC OF COSMIC 
 
 fact ENERGY INTERSECT WHICH TAKE THE LONGEST PATHS 
 
 THROUGH THE BODY AND EXPERIENCE MAXIMUM AND 
 
 EQUAL RETARDATION IN THAT POINT. 
 
 * The rays of the Fabric pass through material bodies in deflected, tortuous paths, but for the 
 purposes of the present argument they may be regarded as straight lines. The fact that they are re- 
 tarded in their passage through matter is of supreme importance here. And this fact has been estab- 
 lished experimentally by means of light-bearing rays passing through transparent and semi- 
 transparent matter. See Charles R. Gibson's "Scientific Ideas of Today," page 102. 
 
SEISMIC PRODUCTS OF THE FABRIC OF COSMIC ENERGY 25 
 
 In a geometrically perfect sphere of symmetrical density, remote to"* 61 " of 
 from possible exterior gravitational influences, the center of gravity"^ 
 lies in the center of figure; but any irregularity of shape or density, 
 
 or proximity to another object, will necessarily draw the center 
 gravity out of the center of figure. The lines of force which enter a 
 sphere like the earth by way of a protuberance like the plateau of 
 Tibet attain the maximum of retardation before they reach the cen- 
 ter of figure. If now there is a depression in the figure of the earth 
 directly opposite the protuberance, the lines which enter the earth 
 by way of that depression must pass still farther beyond the center 
 of figure before their degree of retardation balances that of the 
 lines coming from the direction of the protuberance. 
 
 Lines of the fabric which pass from one material body to a neigh- 
 boring one enter the second body already more or less retarded, and 
 reach the maximum of retardation sooner than those coming from 
 clear fields. This moves the center of gravity in the direction of the 
 neighboring body. The moon (and in a lesser degree the sun) would 
 draw the earth's center of gravity out of the axis of rotation even if 
 the center of gravity were not thus moved by the earth's own irreg- 
 ularity of shape. 
 
 When the lines of force entering a body do so by way of both a *** 
 neighboring body and a protuberance, the maximum of their retarda- 
 
 |J? t 
 
 tion is hastened still more, and the center of gravity goes farther Cft|ltef | 
 than ever to meet them. Thus, when the Tibetan plateau is directly gravity 
 under the moon, the earth's center of gravity is moved abnormally 
 far in the direction of the plateau. And it naturally follows that, 
 when the moon and the 'plateau are on opposite sides of the earth, 
 conditions are radically changed, and the center of gravity is not un- 
 der full command of the plateau, but seeks to draw away from it 
 toward the moon. This desire is intensified by the fact that, when 
 the plateau is opposite the moon, a deep ocean-bed is under the moon. 
 
 When a wheel or sphere whose center of gravity, because of some 
 deformity, lies without the axis, rotates within the field of gravitative 
 influence of another body, the center of gravity of such wheel or 
 sphere constantly changes its position with reference to the axis or 
 center of figure; and in a sphere, unless the disturbing body is di- 
 rectly over the equator, the center of gravity must also constantly 
 change its position with reference to the equatorial plane. 
 
 As said once before, where the rotation is slow, the body can ad- Rapid 
 just itself in a quiet way to the movements of the center of gravity rotation 
 by alternating acceleration and retardation of the speed of rotation, causes 
 In rapid rotation the adjustment is accomplished violently at a certain vio * e nt 
 point in each revolution. disturb- 
 
 ance 
 
 I have endeavored, with the means at my command, to picture my 
 
 conception of the movement of the earth's center of gravity during 
 a revolution, and the moment of violent readjustment, in diagrams 
 
26 
 
 THE TIDES AND THE CONTINENT - MAKING FORCES: 
 
 representing five situations. Except the first and the last, which are 
 almost simultaneous, the situations are six hours apart. 
 
 Sit. 1 shows the location of the center of gravity of the earth 
 
 immediately after the readjustment. 
 As the result of a compromise, fig- 
 uratively speaking, between the 
 earth's deformity and the moon, 
 the center of gravity must be nearer 
 the axis than at any other time. 
 
 Sit. 2 shows the location of the 
 center of gravity six hours later, 
 when the deformity's pull on the 
 center of gravity is not only unop- 
 posed, but aided, by the moon. 
 
 Sit. 3 shows a further removal of 
 the center of gravity from the center 
 of figure, due to the fact that the 
 deformity and the moon co-operate 
 in pulling it away. It is quite prob- 
 able that my drawing is too conser- 
 vative, and that under the favorable 
 circumstances the center of gravity 
 proceeds much farther from the cen- 
 ter of figure. 
 
 Sit. 4 shows a still greater removal 
 of the center of gravity, due to the 
 momentum it had gained in its easy 
 progress to Sit. 3. The moon's influ- 
 ence is now opposed to, but not yet 
 strong enough to overcome, the 
 effect of the earth's rapid rota- 
 tion. To say that a center of 
 gravity acquires momentum may 
 startle by its novelty, but it is 
 one of the facts disclosed by a 
 study of the Fabric of Cosmic 
 Energy. 
 
 Sit. 5 shows the time of violent 
 shifting of the center of gravity 
 to the position shown in Sit. 1, 
 and indicates the seismic waves 
 which the event produces and sends 
 toward the surface of the earth. 
 
 The drawings aim to demonstrate 
 that the earth's center of gravity 
 must, under the alternately co-oper- 
 ating and counteracting influences of 
 
SEISMIC PRODUCTS OF THE FABRIC OF COSMIC ENERGY 
 
 27 
 
 the terrestrial deformity and the nearness of the moon, describe a 
 parabolic or spiral path around the center of figure. If this condition 
 were not annulled at a certain stage of every re volution, che center of 
 gravity would perforce 
 draw farther and far- 
 ther away from the cen- 
 ter of figure. 
 
 This is impossible, for 
 
 the reason that a rapid 
 
 increase in the distance 
 
 between the centers of 
 
 gravity of the earth 
 
 and the moon 
 
 6 PM 
 
 IV 
 
28 
 
 THE TIDES AND THE CONTINENT- MAKING FORCES : 
 
 Moiorf 
 
 (Sits. 4 and 5) results in a stretching of the lines of force running 
 in opposite directions through both. Because of the degree of retar- 
 dation in each center of gravity, the lines of energy running through 
 both are tense even 
 when the relative posi- 
 tions of the gravity cen- 
 ters are normal, and 
 when the distance be- 
 tween the centers is in- 
 creased rapidly, the ten- 
 sion is increased. At a 
 certain moment, which 
 science may be able to 
 determine by a 
 study of the 
 seismic shock 
 incident 
 
SEISMIC PRODUCTS OF THE FABRIC OF COSMIC ENERGY 29 
 
 thereto, this tension is released and the moon wins a compromise 
 from the deformity of the earth. 
 
 This proves the kinship of the lines of the Fabric of Cosmic Energy y nes O f 
 to the magnetic lines of force which special conditions can bring into force are 
 the direct and controlled service of humanity. By subjecting them to all of one 
 various degrees of tension, we make magnetic lines of force perform family 
 work for us. Science will ultimately glory in the great discovery 
 that the Ruler of the Univer.se performs all His wondrous works by 
 the same agency. 
 
 It cannot be thought that the earth's center of gravity, when Oscillation 
 suddenly shifted, promptly finds the point of equilibrium. Like the of center 
 center of gravity of any other body which experiences a violent dis- of gravity 
 placement, it will first go beyond the point of equilibrium, and thus 
 set up a seismic vibration in the opposite direction toward the pla- 
 teau. In this manner a minor tidal wave is daily generated in the 
 Indian Ocean, forming the lesser of the semi-diurnal tides. 
 
 This explains how the great sea-wave of 1837, which originated in 
 the South Pacific Ocean, came to coincide with an earthquake in India, 
 and why on the day when this was being put in type (December 20, 
 1920) press dispatches reported severe earthquakes both in the Chile- 
 Argentine Andes and in the desert of Gobi, in central Asia. 
 
 The oscillatory movements of violently displaced centers of grav- May be 
 ity may be studied in any collision between rapidly moving heavy studied in 
 bodies, such as railroad cars. When the colliding bodies are brought cases of 
 to a sudden standstill, their centers of gravity (the lines of force colHsf011 
 which intersect there) continues on aways, until the lines of force 
 have acquired sufficient tension to balance the momentum. During 
 these- seconds of time the collided bodies press against each other 
 forcefully. When the momentum has been overcome, the centers of 
 gravity, with their lines of force, return rapidly to their normal posi- 
 tions, only to be carried beyond these positions by the new momen- 
 tum acquired. The collided bodies not only cease their pressing, but, 
 with squeaks and groans, often manage to draw slightly apart. As 
 the centers of gravity perform another oscillation, the bodies come 
 together once more. Finally they come to a state of rest with a 
 vibratory motion suggesting a shudder, responsive to the short and 
 quick oscillations of their centers of gravity across their respective 
 points of equilibrium. 
 
 The moon is also a deformed body. There probably was a time fAow 
 when the moon rotated of tener than once a month, so that its center also a 
 of gravity did not always lie toward the earth. If so, the tug-of-war deformed 
 between the two centers of gravity must have been still more strenu- 
 ous, the continent-changing forces on both bodies more active and 
 powerful, and the resultant tides much higher and more frequent. 
 Evidently the moon has lost out in the contest, and its center of 
 gravity is under complete control of the earth's center of gravity. 
 
30 THE TIDES AND THE CONTINENT -MAKING FORCES 
 
 The moon's diurnal libration in longitude is not hap-hazard, but in 
 strict obedience to the conditions pictured in Sits. 2 and 4. 
 
 What is being taught under the old theory of tide-production con- 
 ^ cerning the relation of "spring tides" and "neap tides" to the 
 
 relative position of the earth, moon and sun holds true for this new 
 
 Neap 
 
 theory. 
 
 When the moon is in quadrature, the lines of force operating be- 
 tween the sun and earth counteract, in a measure the lines of force 
 operating between the moon and the earth, and alter the movement 
 of the earth's center of gravity in a way that leaves less play, in 
 Sit. 5, for the shifting of the earth's center of gravity. The resultant 
 vibrations are weaker and the tidal waves lower. 
 
 When the sun and moon are on the same side of the earth, the 
 process pictured in the five situations is intensified, and high 4MMMttp 
 tides are the result. 
 
 Higher tides being the result of more pronounced seismic waves, 
 there must be greater danger of the vibrations releasing accumulated 
 strain and producing earthquakes when the sun and moon are in con- 
 junction than at other times, especially in the South Pacific region. 
 Ouakes When the sun and moon are on opposite sides of the earth, the 
 most lines of force operating between the sun and the earth tend to aggra- 
 vate the oscillations of the earth's center of gravity which follow 
 .* the shifting, and to make the seismic waves traveling toward the 
 Indian Ocean stronger, and the semi-diurnal tides more equal in size. 
 Hence, when the sun and moon are in opposition, there is also more 
 than average danger of earthquake, especially in India and adjacent 
 parts of Asia. 
 
 In Guyot's "Physical Geography" is found the following state- 
 ment corroborative of my contentions : 
 
 "Perrey, by comparing 7,000 observations, found the number of 
 earthquakes occurring at the syzygies when the attraction of the 
 sun and moon is combined arid the moon is nearest the earth greater 
 than at the time of their quadratures, when the moon is most distant; 
 also that, during an earthquake, the shocks are more frequent where 
 the moon is on the meridian." 
 
 Secondary With a view to simplifying this exposition, I have proceeded as if 
 canters of our S^^ e na( * but one protuberance and but one depression, directly 
 gravity opposite each other. The fact is, however, that the earth has numer- 
 ous other, though lesser, deformities. These minor deformities, as 
 they enter into varying relations to the moon and the sun, cause 
 varying retardation of the lines of force passing through them and 
 the extra-terrestrial bodies. Because of the ever-changing relations 
 due to the earth's rapid rotation, the lines of force passing through 
 the earth's deformities and the extra-terrestrial bodies cannot all 
 attain equal maximum retardation in one point of intersection or 
 center of gravity, but must form secondary centers of gravity. These 
 secondary centers must perforce independently go through all the 
 
SEISMIC PRODUCTS OF THE FABRIC OF COSMIC ENERGY 31 
 
 situations pictured for the main center, with the same effects. Many 
 minor tides observed on the oceans find their only explanation in this 
 fact. To cite one typical case : 
 
 In an essay on "The Secret of the North Pole," Richard A. 
 Proctor wrote : 
 
 "But a circumstance was noticed respecting this sea [an open sea Also 
 lying to the northeast of Kennedy Channel] which was very signifi- produce 
 
 cant. The tides ebbed and flowed in it The narrow straits tides 
 
 between Greenland on the one side and Ellesmere Land and Grinnell 
 Land on the other are completely ice-bound. We cannot suppose that 
 the tidal wave could have found its way beneath such a barrier as 
 this. 'I apprehend,' says Captain Maury, 'that the tidal wave from 
 the Atlantic can no more pass under this icy barrier, to be propagated 
 in the seas beyond, than the vibrations of a musical string can pass 
 with its notes a fret on which the musician has placed his finger.' 
 Are we to suppose, then, that the tidal waves were formed in the 
 very sea in which they were seen by Kane and Hayes ? This is Cap- 
 tain Maury 's opinion. 'These tides,' says he, 'must have been born 
 in that cold sea, having their cradle about the North Pole'." 
 
 Between the South Pole and the North Pole there exists an in- North and 
 equality of terrestrial radii similar to that between Tibet and the South 
 
 South Pacific Ocean, the South Pole being situated on a high plateau - 
 rising abruptly out of the Antarctic Ocean, and the North Pole in an Ul 
 extensive ocean of unascertained depth. 
 
 As to conditions at the South Pole, Nelson's Encyclopedia soys, in 
 describing Captain Amundson's discovery of that Pole : 
 
 "On November 11 land was sighted dead ahead, and on November 
 17 the ascent between the mighty peaks of South Victoria Land be- 
 gan some of the way climbing glaciers so steep that twenty clogs 
 were required to pull the loads. The first night camp was pitched at 
 2,000 feet altitude; the second at twice that; and on the fourth day 
 later, having covered seventeen nautical miles and ascender! 5,600 
 feet, camp was made at an altitude of 10, 600 feet. Through a. heavily 
 glaciated, mountainous country, peaks appeared at levels of from 
 9,000 to 15,000 feet, the highest being Neilson Mountain. Over the 
 'Devil's Dancing Room' the party reached the greatest height, 
 
 10,750 feet, on December 6 The Pole was located upon a vast 
 
 ivhite, snow-covered plain, slightly descending to the south, and at an 
 elevation of about 10,750 feet." 
 
 Describing the Arctic Ocean, the same work says : 
 
 "Apparently there is no land in the higher, latitudes, and the -,- 
 [North] Pole is in a vast sea of comparatively smooth ice." 
 
 DO 10 HI 
 
 Captain Maury was right. The tides of the Arctic Ocean "have Arctic 
 their cradle about the North Pole." 
 
 Several pages could be devoted to showing that other minor tides 
 are similarly related to deformities in the earth's shape, but the size 
 planned for this booklet forbids it. 
 
 It should not be necessary to point out that this essay does not 
 say that, because the vibrations which produce the tides come from 
 
32 THE TIDES AND THE CONTINENT - MAKING FORCES: 
 
 Strain- near the center of the earth, the earthquakes periodically resulting 
 release f rom these vibrations also reach that depth. Just as there is no telling 
 J where an unbalanced flywheel will crack and break if subjected to the 
 * shock-strains too long, so is there no predicting at what depth in the 
 earth the accumulated seismic strains may produce earthquake. The 
 depth undoubtedly varies greatly. The vaster the extent of an earth- 
 quake, the deeper go undoubtedly its roots. Probably less than a 
 hundred miles from the earth's surface, the pressure, density and 
 rigidity are so great that no yielding or fracturing is possible, and 
 the tide- generating vibrations are there undulations pure and simple. 
 Near the beginning of this essay, appeal was made to the conclu- 
 sion already arrived at by science that the earth is rigid throughout. 
 It must now be apparent that, if the ciAist or egg-shell theory still 
 governed, this argument would show a practical and sure way of re- 
 futing it. 
 
 Earth When Geologist Gilbert spoke of "the continent-making forces of 
 throbs the earth's crust," he referred to the land-lifting forces, for which 
 with science had no explanation. To explain these is the primary object of 
 seismic this essay. As there can no considerable uplift occur anywhere in the 
 pulses surface of the earth without a compensating drop elsewhere, this 
 essay indirectly explains many other earthquakes. If the booklet 
 succeeds in arousing enough interest to induce seismologists to test 
 its statements with their instruments, it will be found that the earth 
 throbs with rhythmic heart-beats due to law-governed adjustments 
 of the lines or wires of cosmic energy during their laborious passage 
 through its mass, which heart-beats produce not only all true tides, 
 but more or less directly all the earthquake and volcanic phenomena. 
 Continent- In the term "continent-making forces of the earth's crust" lurks 
 making more than one error. In addition to harboring the egg-shell fallacy, 
 56 it succors the more subtle fallacy that matter can set itself in motion 
 by its own boot-straps. The explanation of tide and earthquake phe- 
 nomena advanced by this essay place the active energy in space out- 
 side of the aggregations of matter involved. The essay teaches that the 
 energy dwells in the invisible, intangible, and yet all-penetrating and 
 all-powerful rays or lines of the Fabric of Cosmic Energy. There is 
 strictly complied with the scientific axiom that "resistance to change 
 in its state of rest or of motion is the fundamental property of matter. ' ' 
 Falst The first few paragraphs of this essay call attention to the fact 
 theory t na t ? with nothing but the current fallacious theories to work with, a 
 5t man may live in the constant presence of certain natural phenomena, 
 7 and even be engaged in the study and recording of them, and yet re- 
 herni mam utterly blind to their causes and functions. On the other hand, 
 with the aid of truth arrived at by pure reasoning, a man residing far 
 away from an opportunity to personally observe the phenomena, and 
 having but a general knowledge of them derived from books, may be 
 enabled to recognize those causes and functions. 
 
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