IBRARY HVERSITY OF :AU( ; AN ^x THE WESTERN WOBLD GUIDE ^-HAND-BOOK FIBST EDITION. PUBLISHED BY THE WESTERN WORLD, CHICAGO. PRICE, 50 CENTS. COPYRIGHTED. BT THE "WESTERN "WORLD. CONTENTS. HISTORIES OF EACH OF THE STATES FROM EARLIEST TIMES, descriptive of their topography, soil, climate, rivers, mountains, natural wonders, population, area, islands, lakes, mines, products, manufactures, industries, cities, school systems, collection and exemption laws, date of holding 1 elections, number of representatives, senators, congressmen, and presidential electors, number soldiers in the field, price of land cleared and in forest, extent of forest, number of different call- ings, rate of intf-rest, usury laws, peddlers' or drummers' license laws, divorce laws, mining laws, description of public lands, list of lands subject to the various forms of entry, list land offices, opportunities for homes or enterprise, rainfall, health, ports of entry, population (male, female and foreign), number of Indians, mineral resources, nicknames of states and for whom or what they are named. Miles of railroad and canals, tidal frontage, state land laws, number of coun- ties and names. A COLORED MAP of each State and Territory will be f ouud accompanying its history. Page. Alabama 134 Alaska 191 Arizona 179 Arkansas 175 California 184 Colorado 183 Connecticut 106 Dakota 163 Delaware 116 District of Columbia 130 Florida 131 Georgia 129 Idaho 189 Illinois 153 Indiana 151 Indian Territory 177 Iowa ... 165 Kansas 173 Kentucky 147 Louisiana 139 Maine 96 Maryland 118 Massachusetts 102 Michigan, 165 Minnesota 161 Page. Mississippi 136 Missouri 170 Montana 188 Nebraska 168 Nevada 1?2 New Hampshire 98 New Jersey Ill New Mexico 178 New York 109 North Carolina 124 Ohio 148 Oregon 193 Pennsylvania 114 Rhode Island 104 South Carolina 126 Tennessee 144 Texas 141 Utah 181 Vermont 100 Virginia 121 Washington Territory 190 West Virginia 123 Wisconsin 158 Wyoming 186 Page. THE PUBLIC DOMAIN LAWS RELATING TO THE ENTRY OF GOVERNMENT LANDS 9 AGRICULTURAL LANDS. CASH ENTRY Page. Public sale 9 Private sale 9 Price 9 Applications to buy 9 Warrants 9 Page. Additional homesteads.. 13 Soldiers' homesteads 14 Sailors' homesteads 14 Soldiers' widows 14 Soldiers' tiling 14 THE WESTERN WORLD Page. Page. Fees for warrant entry.. 9 Sold iers'additional home- Agricultural college scrip 10 stead 14 Private land scrip 10 Partial waver 14 PRE-EMPTION, right of 10 Indians, rights of 14 Price 10 Exemption from debt. .. 15 Relinquishment 10 Special surveys 15 Final proof 10 TIMBER CULTURE 15 Death of pre-emptor 11 Payments 15 Grasshopper sufferers... 11 Amount of timber culti- Fees 11 vated 15 HOMESTEAD, rights of 11 Final proof 16 Fees 11 Liability for debt 16 Title, how completed 11 TIMBER AND STONE LANDS. 16 Grasshopper sufferers... 12 SALINE LANDS 16 Final proof 12 DESERT LANDS 16 "Where insanity occurs. . . 13 Title, how acquired 17 Heirs of deceased home- Final proof 17 steader. 12 Repayments 17 Conversion from pre- MINERAL LANDS 17 emption ." 13 Length of claim 17 Commutation of home- Placer claims 18 stead 12 When veins intersect 18 Sale of homestead 13 When veins unite 18 Relinquishment of home- Land used for milling 18 stead 12 Application of the laws. . 18 Abandonment 13 Removal of timber 18 Adjoining farm home- Fees and charges 18 steads 13 COAL LANDS 20 Page. POSTAL, LAWS OP THE UNITED STATES. RATES AND RULES 36 PATENT LAWS OP THE UNITED STATES, includ- ing right trade mark, etc., 26 PENSION LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES (who are entitled, amount, etc 34 COATS OF ARMS OF EACH STATE (see history of each state). SYSTEMS OP LAND MEASURE IN THE 21 LOCAL MINING LAWS OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES 22 DIVORCE LAWS OF THE STATES AND TERRI- TORIES 23 THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES, How CONSTITUTED 39 NATIONS OP THE WORLD : Page. Page. Argentine Republic 58 Hawaiian Isles 64 Austria 58 Honduras 64 Belgium 59 Italy 65 Bolivia 59 Japan fi5 Brazil 59 Mexico &5 Canada 60 Netherlands 65 Chili 60 Nicaragua 65 China 60 Paraguay 66 Columbia 61 Persia 66 Costa Rica 61 Peru 66 Cubii 61 Portugal 66 Denmark 61 Russi i 66 Ecuador 62 San Salvador 66 Egypt 62 Switzerland 67 France 62 Siam 67 GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. Page. Germany 63 Great Britain 63 Greece 64 Guatemala 64 Guiana 64 Hayti 64 Page. Sweden and Norway 67 Spain 67 Santo Domingo 67 Turkey 67 Uruguay .' 68 Venezuela ... . 68 CITIES OF THE WOULD CONTAINING 100,000 POPULATION 69 LIST OF COUNTIES AND COUNTY SEATS IN THE UNITED STATES 74 Animals, ages reached 250 Army an J navy officers of the U. S., pay of 40 Air line distances from Washington to various parts of the world 54 Average velocity of vari- ous bodies 239 Alcohol, percentage of in liquors 236 American ministers to for- eign countries, pay of . . . 40 Army rations 40 Army of U. S 206 Areas of circles 255 Area of islands 230 Bible facts 251 Birds, ages reached 230 Biggest things of their kind 215 Boxes, capacity of 233 Boilinsr point 227 Bridtres, celebrated ones . . 217 Builders, facts for 251 Board and plank measure at sight 249 Business laws, etc 255 Books, number of pub- lished 229 Books, sizes of various 234 Belting, notes on 225 Coal fields, extent of in America Owl fields of world Coin, fineness of U S Cities, mortality of Church membership in the U.S 56 Comparative yields of grain, vegetables and fruit. 239 Carrying capacity of a freight car 229 Cisterns, capacity and rules for measuring 225 Cities, altitude of 256 Coin, weights and meas- ures of the Scriptures 236 Corn, how to measure same in all shaped cribs 235 Capital letters, use of 230 Coinage 1783-1880 42 Page. Distances by water from New York city to all for- eign ports 53 Dollar, origin of 55 Durability of various woods 229 Days of week, origin of the names 217 Debt of the United States at various times 45 Diamonds, size of largest.. 229 Drug, scientific names of.. 239 Divorce, proportion in dif- ferent sections 229 Difference in time 245 Ensigns and flags 41 Elections, popular and electoral vote for presi- dent 17X9 to 1884 46 Electric lights, largest 223 Emergencies, what to do in 256 Expenditures in U. S.,vari- ous yearly 54 Expense of U. S. govern- ment 228 Exports,greatest from U.S. 51 Food digestion, time re- quired 224 Freezing point 227 Fusing point 227 Fences, cost of 232 First printing press 212 " postoffice 212 First money coined in U. S.. 50 First iron furnace 57 Fastest 1 mile time on req- ord 230 Fastest railroad time 255 passenger time across the Atlantic 247 Facts worth knowing 254 Food for stock 243 Grain, shrinkage of in keeping 249 Gold and silver, value of a ton 224 Greatcanals 56 H istorical events 210 Handy facts important discoveries 210 Holidays, legal of the U. S. 43 THE WESTERN WORLD Page. Heights of principal mon- uments and towers 222 Highest mountains 56 Housewife's tables 243 Immigration, total to U. S. 55 Indians inumber in U. S.).. . 51 Iron furnaces in U. S 225 Interest, short rules for counting 252 Imports of U. S 51 Internal revenue taxes (U.S.) 71 Judges of U. S. court, how appointed 39 Language, derivation of English 226 Limits of perpetual snow and tree growth 230 Locomotive first used 210 Log tables 248 Liquids, weight of 233 Military Academy (U.S.) . 207 Maine law 225 Measures, miscellaneous. . . 235 Money, time at which it doubles at compound in- terest 246 Money, amount of in U. S. 42 Money, value of foreign in U. S. currency 43 Months, the derivations of the names of 217 Metals, weight of 233 Mason and Dixon's line 45 Mythology, dictionary of. . 218 Noms de Plume 223 Navies, comparative strength of (see Nations). Navy of U. S 207 Naval Academy (U. S.). ... 208 Nationality of immigrants.. 55 Newspapers, inU. S 229 Notes (promissory) 239 Nutrition in foods 253 No. of pounds iron bars to the foot 231 No. of nails to the pound 246 Number brick necessary in chimney 251 Number miles from New York city to prominent places 52 Number of pounds to the bushel in different states, 238 Nickname-! of cities 51 Names, personal, meaning 241 Ocean, depth of X'09 Oils, amount in seeds 244 Occupation, numbers en- gaged in leading 214 Oatmeal 253 Portraits on bank notes and stamps 50 Power necessary to grind grain 252 Paper, sizes of flat writing. 234 Page. Penny, origin of the term as applied to nails 255 Poison, antidotes for 2.~i<> Population of the world... .243 Prices of necessaries in Eu- i ope and the U. S 247 Products (U. S.) Total 51 Qualification of voters in each state 244 Rails for mile of track 231 Railroad ties 231 Revenue of U. S. (internal). 53 Rope, strength and weight 254 Railroads, first in the U. S. 210 Rooster in politics 224 Relative hardness of woods 251 Religions of World 225 Rivers, largest and longest in world 68 Sovereigns, present ruling (see Countries). Snow equivalent of water. 229 Salaries of U. S. officers. . . 40 Shrinkage in timber in seasoning 255 Shingles required for roof. 251 Shoemakers measure 236 Sun-dial, how to make 253 Standard weights of grain. 238 Salt River 225 Seed, bushels of, to the acre 234 Seeds, vitality of 231 Seven hills of Rome, the. . . 223 Seven sleepers, the 224 Seven wise men of Greece. 224 Seven wonders of the world 224 Solder 238 Standard time 209 Steamboat, first in the US. 213 Tacks, weight and number 245 Thermometers 231 Tunnels of the world 214 Telegraph, mileage, etc 217 Telescope, largest 222 Trees, California big 228 Union and Confederate sol- diers killed 50 Velocity of falling bodies. . 228 " " sound 228 Weight, iron, rules for 231 Whitewashes 251 Wonders of America 55 Wages, comparative week- ly rates paid in Europe and the United States 246 Wars of the United States, cost of . . . r '' Wedding anniversaries 214 Weight of cu. ft. of sub- stances 232 Weights and measures of all kinds .. 235 Weight of various woods . . 232 Weight of persons 228 GOVERNMENT LANDS, Government lands exist in Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, Cali- fornia, Colorado, Dakota, Florida, Iowa, Idaho, Kansas, Louisi- ana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Ne- braska. Nevada. New Mexico. Oregon, Utah, Wisconsin, Wyo- ming and Washington. In Indiana, Illinois and Ohio, also a very few isolated tracts remain. The states and territories are divided into districts, in each of which is a land office, where land ma}' be entered and information relating- to the same ob- tained. The land offices for Indiana, Illinois and Ohio are abol- ished, and their business is transacted at the General Land Department, Washington. D. C. Alaska lands are not open to any form of entry and the same is true of Indian territory and the various reservations. A list of land offices within the same is given in the description of each state, paxes 97 to 200. Letters should be addressed, " U. S. Land Office, at ." Each office controls all land in its district. THE PUBLIC DOMAIN is divided into agricultural, min- ernl, (1 exert, tii >er and coal lands, each governed by different laws of acquisition. TITLE TO AGRICULTURAL LANDS may be acquired by purchase at puntic -aie <>r private entry, by pre-emption, homestead, tim'er-i:ulture and other laws, and by virtue of mili- tary service, w ir ants, -cript, etc. AT PUBLIC SALE, lands may be purchased by any one who shall be tuo Highest bidder when offered pursuant to proper notice. AT PRIVATE ENTRY such lands may be purchased as have been publicly otter d and remain unsold unless subse- quently withdrawn or reserved. THE PRICE cannot be less than $1.25 per acre in any case. La n Is at this price are called minimum lands. Lands lying along railroads within the limits of the alternate section grant to said roads, and ye , held by the government, are held at 2.50 per acre, and an- called clmlii 'minimum Ittwl*. APPLICATIONS TO PURCHASE must be written, and describe the uind sought and its area. The law of first come first served is rigidly enforced, and if the land applied for is va- cant :\ patent i-^ues on payment in due course. WARRANTS issued to soldiers as bounty for services may \)e located upon any public land subject to private entry at the time of such location, application being made the same as if cash were to be paid as the consideration for the land. The warrant must be duly assigned. The amount of land called for by the warrant must be located in a compact body. Warrants were not issued in the late war, the bounty then being paid in money. "Warrants are locataule only on minimum lands, and where the holder wishes to obtain double minimum land he must furnish a warrantor such denomination as will, at the value of $1.25 per acre, cover the price of the land, or he must pay one dollar and a quarter per acre in addition to ihe surrendered warrant. If there is a small excels in the area of the tract over the quantity called for in the warrant, such excess may be paid for in money. If the tract contains a less number of acres, rated at $1.25 per acre, the warrant must be surrendered in full satisfac- THB FEES FOR ENTRY BY WARRANT payable at the time of location to the register aud receiver of the gov- 10 THE WESTERN WORLD eminent land office in the district wherein the lands lie are as follows : For a 40acre warrant, 50 cents each to the register and re- cei ver; total . $100 For a (id acre warrant, 75 cents each to the register and re- ceiver; total 1 50 For an SO-acre warrant, SI each to the register and receiver; total 200 Fora 130-acre warrant, 8 1.50 each to the register and re- ceiver; total 3 00 For a 169-acre warrant, $2 each to register and receiver; total, 4 00 AGRICULTURAL COLLEG-E SCRIP may be used to pay for minimum land, not mineral, at private entry, and is restricted to a technical " quai'ter section," that is, land embraced by the quarter-section lines; or it maybe local -il on a part of a "quarter section,' 1 where such part is taken as in full for a quarter; hut it cannot be applied to different subdivisions to make an area equivalent to a quarter section. The manner of proceeding to acquire title with this class of paper is the same as in cash and warrant cases, the fees to be paid being the same as on warrants. The location of this scrip at private entry is restricted to three sections in each township, and 1,0(10,000 acres in ain/ one state. This scrip may be used also to pay pre-emption claims, in the same manner and under the same rules and regula- tions as govern the application to pre-emption by military war- rants, and without, restriction on entries in any township or state. Commuted homesteads may also be paid for with scrip. PRIVATE LAND CLAIM SCRIP may be used in the same way as the above. PRE-EMPTION rights secure to residents upon public lands the right to buy within a certain time in preference to other purchasers. Heads of families, widows, and single per- sons 21 years old, who are citizens of the United States, or have legally declared their intention to become such, can pre-empt 160 acres of offered, unoffered or unsurveyed lands where the Indian title is extinguished, provided the pre-empter has not moved from land belonging to him in the same state or territory onto the public land, and provided he does not own 320 acres of land in any state or territory, or has not previously exercised the right of pre-emption. THE PRICE of land to pre-emptors on due filing is $1.25 per acre. On Offered Lands the pre-emptor must file in the land office lor the district his declaration of settlement within thirty days from the date of same, and must make proof of actual residence on and cultivation of the tract within one year, and secure the same by ma king payment in cash, warrants or scrip. On. Unoffered Land when Surveyed the claimant must file his declaratory statement within three months from date of settle- ment, and make proof and payment within 33 months from date of settlement. On Unsurveyed lands no definitive proceedings can be had as to the completion of the title until the surveys are made and returned to the district land office. After such return the pro- ceedings are the same as on unoffered lands. A filing without actual settlement is illegal, and no rights are acquired thereby. The existence of a pre-emption filing on a tract of land does not prevent another filing for the same land, subject to any valid rights acquired by virtue of any former filing and settlement. RELINQ.UISHMENT of pre-emption filings may be made by claimants in writing at the proper district land office, or the relinquishment may lie executed by the claimant on the back of the declaratory statement receipt. The second fiLlng of a declara- tory statement by any pre-emptor who was qualified at the date of his first filing is illegal. Where the first filing, however, was illegal from auy cause not the willful act of the party, he has the right to make a second and legal filing. FINAL PROOF of compliance with the law is made by filing a written notice at the land office describing the land and naming GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 11 witnesses, accompanied by sufficient money to pay for publishing 1 the register's notice in the nearest newspaper once a week for thirty days. To save exnense several notices may be published together. The final proof must be made in court. IF A PRE-EMPTOR DIE without establishing his claim within the period limited by law, the title may be perfected by the executor, administrator, or one of the heirs, by making the requisite proof of settlement and payments, the entry to be made in the name of " the heirs " of the deceased settler, and the patent will issue accordingly. The legal representatives of the deceased pre-emptor are entitled to make the entry at anv time within the period during which the pre-emptor would have been entitled to do so had he lived. The rights of a claimant who be- comes insane may be proved up, and his claim perfected, by any person duly authorized to not for him during his disability. GRASSHOPPER SUFFERERS who are pre-emptors may leave their pre-emptions for not more than one year continuously and retain their rights under certain regulations fixed by the Commissioner of the Land Department. The time of making payment may also be extended under such circumstances at the discretion of said Commissioner. FEES for pre-emption are for declaratory statement $2, ex- cept in t he Pacific states and territories, where it is 83. THE HOMESTEAD laws enable actual settlers on public lands to acquire title to not more than 160 acres without charge, except the entry and other fees fixed bylaw. The qualifications of the homesteader are that he be 21 years old, or the head of a family, a citizen of the United States, or has legally declared his intention to become such, and that the entry is made for his exclusive use and benefit, and for actual settlement and cultiva- tion. A deserted or divorced wife, dependent upon her own re- sources, may make a homestead entry. Att United State* lands not denominated mineral or coal lands, or reserved, are subject to homestead entry except double minimum lands made such since January 1, 1861, where the same lies in odd sections. In Arkansas and Missouri the odd sections may also be taken. A homestead settler on unsuryeyed public land not yet open to entry must make entry within three months after the filing of the township plat of survey in the district land office. When two or more parties apply at the same time to enter a tract, prefer- ence is given to the one who has actually settled on the same. When there is no settlement it is awarded to the highest bidder. Priority in all cases governs. THE FEES for homestead entries, payable when application is made, are in Alabama, Arkansas, Dakota, Florida, Iowa, Kan- sas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin and Mississippi : Land at $2.50 per acre : For 160 acres, $18.00 ; for 80 acres, $9.00 ; for 40 acres, $7.00 : Land at SI. 35 per acre: For 160 acres, $14.00; for 80 acres, $7.00; for 40 acres, $6.00. In Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyoming : Land at $2.50 per acre : For ]BO acres, $22.01 ; for 80 acres, $11.00 ; for 40 acre, $8.00: Land at $1.25 per acre : For 160 acres, $16.00 ; for 80 acres, $8 00 ; for 40 acres, $6.50. The fees for final proof in the first named states are $4.00, and in the last named states $6.00, for 160 acres of $1.25 land, and double these for $2.50 land, smaller tracts being charged proportionally. The fees for reducing tes- timony to writing in making final proof are, in the former states, 15 cents, and in the latter states and territories 22j^ cents for each 100 words. No other land office fees are payable in homestead on c e<5. TO COMPLETE TITLE the homesteader must within 6 months after entry, begin to live upon the land and must con- tin' le his residence there for five years without a break. At the end of five years, the requirements as to proof and fees being complied with a patent issues. During these five years the land must be cultivated, but stock-raising and dairying are construed as cultivation. 12 THE WESTERN WORLD GRASSHOPPERS. The exceptions in favor of pre-emptors also apply to homestead entries. When a homestead settler has been prevented by climatic reasons from establishing actual resi- dence within six months from entry, the commissioner of the General Land Office may, in his discretion, allow twelve months from that date in which to commence his residence. FINAL PROOF is made in the same manner as in pre-emp- tions. RIGHTS OF CLAIMANTS WHO BECOME INSANE may be proved up and perfected m the same manner as in the case of pre-emptions. THE HEIRS of dying homesteaders may complete the claim, the title passing' to the widow if she proves up, or if all are minors the homestead may be sold for cash, or the title completed as may be decided upon. If sold the purchaser gets title from the government. A homestead right cannot be devised away from a widow or minor children. In case of the death of a per- son after having entered a homestead, the failure of the widow, children, or devisee of the deceased to take up residence on the land within six months after the entry, or otherwise to fulfill the demands of the letter of the law as to residence, will not neces- sarily subject the entry to forfeiture on the ground of abandon- ment. It' the land is cultivated in good faith the law will be con- sidered >; havinsr been substantial! v complied with. CONVERSION OF PRE-EMPTIONS INTO HOME- STEADS. A pei-son who has made settlement on a tract and tiled his pre-emption declaration therefor, may change his tiling into a homestead if he continues in good faith to comply with the pre-emption laws until the change is effected ; and the time during which he has resided upon and claimed the land as a pre- emptor will be credited upon the period of residence and culti- vation required under the homestead laws. In his first home- stead affidavit he must set forth the fact of a previous pre- emption filing, the time of actual residence thereunder, and the intention to claim the benefit of such time, as provided for in the act. In making final proof on his homestead entry he is re- quired, in addition to the usual affidavit and proof, to make the prescribed " prt'-emption homestead affidavit." COMMUTATION OF HOMESTEAD ENTRIES.-If a homestead settler does not wish to remain five years on a tract, he may pay lor it with cash, warrants, or agricultural college or private claim scrip. To entitle him to the land upon making such payment he must prove actual settlement, improvement and cultivation from the date of entry to the time of offering proof which must be a period of not less than six months; the form of proof to correspond with the regular fi- al proof in homestead cases. A person commuting a homestead entry when he has not actually resided upon the land and improved and cul- tivated it as required by law, forfeits all rights to the land and to the purchase money paid, and in addition thereto renders himself liable to criminal prosecution. THE SALE OF A HOMESTEAD claim by the settler before completion of title vests no title or equities in the pur- chaser, and is not recognized by law. In making final proof, the settler is by law required to swear that no part of the land has been alienated except for church, cemetery or school purposes, or the right of way of railroad RELtNQTJISHMENT OF HOMESTEAD may be made in the same way as in pre-emption claims. As but one homestead is allowed, a settler relinquishing or abandoning his claim cannot therenfter make a second entry; although where the entry is canceled as invalid for some reason other than abandonment, and not the willful act of the party, he is not thereby debarred from entering again, if in other respects entitled, and may have the fees and commissions paid on the canceled entry refunded on proper application. Where a party makes a selection of land for a homestead, he must abide by his choice If he has neglected to examine the character of the land prior to entry and it proves GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 13 to be barren or otherwise unsatisfactory, he must suffer the con- sequences of his own lu-gKvt. In some cases. However, where obstacles which could not have been foreseen, and which render it impracticable to cultivate the land, are discovered subsequently to entry such as the impossibility of obtaining water by digging' wells ur otherwise), or where, subsequently to entry, and through no fault of the homesteader, the land becomes useless for agri- cultural purposes as where by the deposit of "tailings" in the channel of a stream a dam is formed, causing the waters to over- flow), the entry may. in the discretion of the Commissioner of the General Land OlHce, be canceled and a second entry allowed. But in the event of a new entry, the party will be required to show the same compliance with law in connection therewith as though he had not made a previous entry, and must pay the proper fees and commis^'on-! uion the same. CONTEST ON GROUND OF ABANDONMENT. Where application is ma 10 to coi.uo.st lac v, aunty <>l a uoine- stead entry on the ground ot aba idonment, the party must tile his affidavit with the district land officers-, accompanied by the affidavits of one or more witnesses in support of the allegations made, setting forth the facts on which his application is founded, describing the tract and giving the name of the bettler. Upon this the officers will set apart a day for hearing, giving all the parties in interest due notice of the time and place of trial. The contestant must pay the costs, and if successful, has a preler- ence riffht of entry for thirty days ADJOINING- FARM HOMESTEADS.-A person pos- sessing the requisite qualifications under the homestead law, owning and residing on land not amounting to a quarter-sectio ., may enter other land adjoining his to an amount which shall nor. with the land already owned, exceed 160 acres. He must fulfill the requirements of the homestead law, except that he ii--ed not move on to the tract so catered residence on his own adjoining land heinsr sufficient. ADDITIONAL HOMESTEADS.-Under the old laws only minimum lands, or their equivalent, were subject to homestead, and as a consequence, but eighty acres of double minimum lan-l could be taken. By subsequent enactments a homesteader was permitted to take 160 acres of double minimum lands for a homestead, with such exceptions as are given above, and in justice to parties who entered such lands under the old law, a- d were restricted to 80 acres, it is provided that a ly such pers m may enter 80 acres additional, adjoining his original entry, if such adjoining lands are subject to entry. Such additional homestead entry is allowable, even though the original homeste id entry has been commuted to a cash entry. A woman who h is married since making the original entry is not thereby disqu i i- fied from making an adjoining homestead entry. Incase.now- ever, there should be no land subject to entry adjoining . ht original homestead, or if for any other reason the homester 1 party does not desire to select adjoining land, he may surreud -i- his original entry to tne Government for cancellation, and be entitled to enter land elsewhere, under the homestead law, the same as if the surrendered entry had never been made. A pers >n making additional entry, or new entry after surrender and can- cellation of his original entry, can do so without payment of further fees and commissions. The residence and cultivation of such person upon the land embraced in his original entry shall be considered residence and cultivation for the same length of time upon tne land embraced in his new entry, and will be deducted from the five years' residence and cultivation required by law; provided, that in no case shall a patent issue upon an adjoining or new homestead entry until the person has actually, and in conformity with the homestead laws, resided upon and cultivated the land embraced therein for at least one year. Re- moval onto the adjoining new entry is not necessary. Soldiers and sailors were not restricted to 80 acres under the old law, and cannot make additional entries under the new acts. Odd sections 14 THE WESTERN WORLD of double minimum lands made double minimum sine* January 1, 1861, are not subject to additional entry, except in Arkansas and Missom i. SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' HOMESTEADS.- Any officer, soldier, seaman, or marine who terved lor not less than 90 days in the Army or Navy of the United States during the re- bellion, and who was honorably discharged, can enter 160 acres of land, including the alternate reserved sections along the line of any railroad or other public work. The time of service, or If discharged on account of wounds or disabilities incurred in the line of duty, the whole term of enlistment, shall be deducted from the period of five years during which an ordinary claimant must, to perfect title, reside upon and cultivate the entered tract; but the party must, in evei y case, reside upon, improve, and cultivate his homestead for a period of at least one year after he shall have commenced his improvements. A T arty applying for the benefit of this provision of the law must tile with the register and receiver a certified copy of certificate of discharge, showing when he enlisted and when he was discharged; or the affidavit of two respectable, disinterested witnesses corro- borative of the allegations contained in the prescribed affidavit on these points, or, if neither can be procured, his own afiidavit 9 that effect. A soldier is held to have exhausted h.s homestead right by filing his declaratory statement ; the right to file being a privilege granted to soldiers in addition to the ordinal y privi- lege only in the matter of Diving them power to hold their claims for six months after selection, before entry ; but is not a license to abandon such selection with the rignt thereafter to make a regular homestead entry independently of such Ming. SOLDIERS' WIDOWS, if unmarried, or their minor chil- dren, it' the w idows are diad or married, may enter in the same way as the soldier himself. If he died in service, they are entitled to deduct the whole time of enlistment from the period necessary to complete title. Minors can act only by legal guardians. Neither the guardian nor the minor children are required to reside upon the land, but the same must be cultivated and improved for the period of time during which the father would have been required to reside upon the tract. SOLDIERS' FILING. A soldier may file a declaratory statement for land which he intends to enter. The fee is $2, ex- cept in the Pacific states and territories, where it is $3. This statement may be filed personally or by an agent. The entry can be made only by the soldier in person at the local land office, and he must commence his settlement on the land within six months after his filing. A soldier's homestead declarator}- statement does not prevent anybody else from making an entry of the same land, subject to such right as the soldier may acquire by virtue of actual residence on the land and full compliance with law. If the soldier does not establish his residence on the tract as re- quired, the next comer may take the land. SOLDIERS' ADDITIONAL HOMESTEAD ENTRY. Any officer, soldier, seaman, or marine, or his unmarried widow or minor children who served for not less than 90 days in the army or navy of the United States during the rebellion, who had, prior to June 22, 1874, made a homestead entry of less than one hundred and sixty acres, may enter an additional quantity of land, adjacent to his former entry or elsewhere, sufficient to make, with the previous entry, one hundred and sixty acres. This right is personal and not subject to assignment or lien, and entry must be made in person. The fees paid for the additional entry when the original one is con- summated is the same as for the original entry. PARTIAL WAIVER OF HOMESTEAD RIGHTS. The choice to take less than the law allows, is construed as a waiver of claim for a larger quantity; and the same in case of an adjoining farm entry or soldier s additional entry. INDIANS may make homestead entries but cannot com- mute the same to cash entries, nor can they incumber or transfer GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 15 their claims by their own act or through judgment of court. The land is theirs, absolutely and inalienably, for twenty years after issue of parent. EXEMPTIONS OF HOMESTEADS.-Lands acquired by homestead an; exempt from liability for debts contracted prior to tlio issue of the patent therefor. SPECIAL SURVEYS. When the settlers in any township (the laud in which is not mineral or reserved to the Government) desire a government survey thereof, and file an application therefor, and deposit in any government depository to the credit of the United States a sum sufficient to pay for such survey, if the township is within the range of the regular progress of the public surveys, the commissioner of the general land office will instruct the surveyor general to survey such township. The amount so deposited by settlors may be applied in part payment for their lands. The certificates issued for such deposits are assignable by indorsement; and while not receivable in payment for land at cash entry, except from the settlers who made the deposit, such certificates will be received in payment from settlers under the pre-emption law, or in commutation of homestead entries, but the act of August 7, 1883, restricts tbe application of certificates of deposit issued subsequently to its passage to lauds situated in the district embracing the township the surveying of which is to be puid out of such deposit. TIMBER CULTURE entries may be made by any person twenty-one years old or the head of a family who is or has de- clared legally his, or her, intention of becoming a citizen of the United States, provided the ris. white willow, white wood (ortulip-tre< ;;md other trees recognized in the neighborhood as of value lor timber, for firewood or domestic use, or for commercial pur- poses. Fruit trees and shrubbery cannot be classed as " timber," and their cultivation is not sufficient to satisfy the demands of the i-iw. FINAL. PROOF can be made at the expiration of eight years from date of entry. It must be shown that for the said eight years the trees have been planted, protected and cultivated as aforesaid; that not less than 2,700 trees were planted on each of the ten acres, and ttmt at the time of making- proof there are growing at least 675 living thrifty trees to each acre. Where less than one quarter section of land is entered, the same proportionate amount of plowinu-, planting, and cultivation of trees must be done as required in entries of 160 acres. If the trees, seeds, or cuttings are dastroyed in any one year they must be replanted. A party will not be released from a continued attempt to promote the actual growth of timber or forest trees. A failure in this respect will subject the otitry to cancellation. In computing the period of cultivation wie time runs from the dale of entry, if the necessary acts of cultivation wer-- performed within the proper time. LIABILITY FOR DEBT contracted previous to the issue of tinal certificate does not attach to land acquired under this law. Land accpiircd under any of the forrgmng laws and rettnqutehed is (it ncr mini 1<> srttlcmrnt nr et'trii nnnin. TIMBER AND STONE LANDS. Surveyed public lands in California., Oregon, Nevada and Washington territory, not in- cluded within any military, Indian or other rei-er vation, which are unfit for cultivation, and consequently for disposal under the home-tead or pre-emption laws, non-mineral in character, and which have never been offered at public sale, valuable chiefly for the timber upon them or the stone they contain, may be pur- chased by citizens of the United States, or persons who have de- clared their intention to become such, iitquantities not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres to any one person or association of persons, at a price of not less than $2.5'> per acre. But one pur- chase under this act is permitted, and the land must be declared, under oath, to be purchased for the sole use of the applicant. Proof of the character of the land must be made by applicant be- fore the receiver of the land office. Ilie fees are $10 for the entry ami 22H> cents per 100 words for testimony reduced to writing for claimant. An Axstociation applying to purchase such lands, each of the persons must prove the requisite qualifications, and their names must appear in and be subscribed to the sworn statement, as in cae of an individual person. They must also unite in the resrnlar application for entry, which will be made in their joint names as in other cases of joint cash entry. SALINE LANDS. Lands adjudged as saline after due in- quiry are offered for sale, after public notice, at the local land office of the district in which the same shall be situated, and sold to the highest bidder for cash, at a price not less than $1.25 per acre. In case said lands are not sold when so offered, they are sub- ject to private sale for cash, at a price not less than 81-25 per acre, in the same manner as other public lands. This few is not ap- plicable to lands in the territories, nor to any within the states of Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida, California and Nevada, none of which have had a s-rant of salines by act of Congress. DESERT LANDS. By "desert land " is meant land "which will not without irrigation, produce some agricultural crop." The expression " tome agricultural crop " does not refer solely to the amount of the crop : it refers also to the kind. If the land will produce " some " crop of a kind and in amount sufficient to make the cultivation reasonably remunerative, it is not desert. Land along streams, or near bodies of water, which, without GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 17 artificial irrigation, will produce grass sufficient for hay. is not "desert laud " within the meaning of the law, and is nut subject to desert entry. Title to desert lands can be acquired, under the restrictions of the law only in California, Oregon, Nevada, Wash- ington, Idaho, Montana, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Wyoming and Dakota. The amount of land which may be entered by any one person under the desert-land law cannot exceed one section. or 6W acres, wh eh must lie in compact form. The requirement of compactness will be held to be complied with on surveyed lands when a section, or part thereof, is described by legal s'ub- divisions as nearly in the form of a technical section as the situ- ation of the land and its relation to other lands will admit, although parts of two or more sections may be taken to make up the quantity or equivalent of one section. But entries running' along the margin or including both sides of streams, or being continuous merely in the sense of lying in aline so as to form a narrow strip, or in any other way showing a gross departure fr. 'in all reasonable requirements of compactness, will not be ad- mitted. In no case, where the full quantity of 640 acres is entered, will the side line on either side be permitted to exceed one mile and a quarter; and less in proportion in case the entry embraces less than a whole section or'i s equivalent. METHOD OF ACQUIRING- TITLS.-A party desiring to avail himself of tue privileges of the :<.-> rt-land.act must file, at the proper district land office, a decluratiou under oath. It must be set forth that the applicant is a citizen of the United states, or that he has declared his intention to become such in which e ise a duly certified copy of his declaration of intention to become a citizen must be presented and tiled. th.e "desert." Such ap- Vlication, etc., being satisfactory, twenty-five cents per a< re must be paid the receiver for the land. Claims on unsurveyed lands must lie made to conform to the legal subdivisions when the sur- ve\ shall be made. FINAL PROOF in sy be made at any time within three years thar enough water has in -en conducted on the land to reclaim the same. If satisfactory proof of this is made, and $1 more per acre is paid, a patent issues and title is complete. Water must be conveyed on to eveiy forty acres of the tract. REPAYMENTS are made uy the government when land has lx?en erroneously sold or entered so that the sale cannot be confirmed, but the same does not extend to fraud as in cases where false proof has been made. When application for repay- ment is made, all receipts, patents, etc., must be surrendered and proper reconveyance made. The repayment may be made to heirs, executors, or assignees purchasing innocently. When land has been paid for at $2.50 per acre, and is afterward found to have been on the market at $1.25, the excess will be refunded. MINERAL. LANDS are reserved for sale under special laws. Such lands, surveyed or unsurveyed, are open to explora- tion or purchase by citizens of the United States, or those declar- ing their purpose to become such, under the laws and according to the local customs of miners when consistent with the laws of the United States THE LENGTH OF A CLAIM upon a lode bearing gold, silver, cinnibar, lead, tin, copper, or other valuable deposits, whether located by one or more persons, is limited to 1,500 feet, and the cUirn cannot be located until after the discovery of the vein thereon. Xo claim win extend more than 300 feet on each side of the middle of the vein at the surface, nor shall it be limited by mining regulations to less than 25 feet on each side of said middle at the surface. The end lines of each claim must be parallel. To such locators is given the exclusive right of posses- 18 THE WESTERN WORLD sion and enjoyment of all the surface Included within the lines of their locutions, a,.d of all veins, lodes and ledges throughout their entire depth, the top of which lies inside of such surface Hues extended downward vertically, although such veins may depart from a perpendicular in their course downward afed ex- tend outside the vertical side-Hues of such surface locutions. But their right of possession to such outside parts ol such veins or ledges shall be confined to such portions thereof as lie between vertical planes drawn downward as above described, through the end-lines of their locations, so continued in their own direction that such planes will intersect such exterior parts of such veins or ledges. The locator or possessor of a vein which extends in its downward course beyond the vertical lines of his claim is not authorized to enter upon the surface of a claim owned or pos- sessed by another. Where a tunnel is run for the development of a vein, or for the discovery of mines, the owners of such tunnel shall have the right to all veins within 3,1100 feet from the face of such tunnel on the line thereof, not previously known to exist, discovered in such tunnel, to the same extent as if discovered from the surface; and locations on the line of such tunnel of veins or lodes not appear- ing on the surface, made by other parties after the commence- ment of the tunnel, and while the same is being prosecuted with reasonable diligence, shall be invalid; but failure to prosecute the work on the tunnel fv>r six months shall be considered an abandonment of the right to all undiscovered veins ou the line of the same. The miners of each mining-district mav make regulations not in conflict with the laws of the United States or with the laws of the State or territory in which the district is situated, governing the location, manner of recording, amount of work necessary to hold possession of a mining-claim, subject to the following require- ments: The location must be distinctly marked oil the ground so that its boundaries can be clearly traced; on each claim located not less than $100 we uses of' the survey of vein or lode claims, and the survey and subdivisions of placer-claims into smaller quantities than one hundred and sixty acres, together with the cost of pub- lication of notices, shall be paid by the applicants, and they shall be at liberty to obtain the same at the most reasonable rates, and they shall also be at liberty to employ any United States deputy surveyor to make the survey. The Commissioner of the General Land Office shall also have power to establish the maximum charges for surveys and publication of notices and may designate the paper for publishing such notices and fix the charges there- for. WHEN TWO OR MOKE VEINS INTERSECT or cross each other, the prior location is entitled to all ore contained in the intersection, but the subsequent locations are given right of way through the space of intersection for working their mine beyond s:iid sp:\ee. WHEN VEINS UNITE, the oldest location is entitled to the vein in-low the point of union, including all space of inter- sections. WHEN NON-MINERAL LAND, not contiguous to the vein is used by the, proprietor of the latter for mining or milling purposes, such land to the extent of 5 acres, may be embraced in the application for patent on the vein, and patented therewith on the same conditions and at the same price governing the vein. The owner of a mill or reduction works not owning a mine, may in the same way geta patent for his mill site. H'ltoicvtr, 1>n pri- ori/;/ of possession, riyhts to the use of water for mining, agricult- ural, manufacturing, or other purposes, have vested and accrued, a/id the same are recognized and acknowledged by the local customs, laws, and the decisions of courts, the possessors and owners of the same are maintained and protected in them; and the right of way for ditches and canals for the purposes herein specified is acknowledged and confirmed; but whenever any person, in the construction of any ditch or canal, injures or damages the possession of any settler on the public domain, the party committing such injury or damage is liable to the party THE LAWS ABOVE GIVEN DO NOT APPLY to mineral lands in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Missouri and Kansas, which are declared free and open to exploration and pur- chase in the same way as agricultural lands. THE REMOVAL OF TIMBER from public lands for mining, building, agricultural and domestic purposes is per- mitted in Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Wyo- ming, Dakota, Idaho and Montana, and in all other mining dis- tricts of the Union, where said lands are mineral and subject to entry only as such, but this privilege does not extend to rail- roads. FEES AND CHARGES. The following rates are fixed as the maximum charges for newspaper publications : in a daily, $7 for each ten lines of space; in a weekly, $5 for the same space. For publication of citations in contests involving the character so THE WESTEUX V.'OULD of lands, the charges shall not exceed ?s for five publications in weekly papers, or 10 for publications in dailies for 'M days. The fees payable to the register and receiver for linn? and acting upon applications for mineral-land patents are 5 to each, to be pai-l at the time of filing-, and the like sum is payable to each by au adverse claimant at the time of filing his adverse claim. COAL LANDS. Any person 21 years old, and a citizen of the L inted States, or who has declared his intention to become such, or any association of persons severally qualified as above, can enter by legal subdivisions, any quantity of vacant coal lands not otherwise appropriated or reserved, not exceeding 160 acres to each person, or 320 acres to each association, upon pay- ment to the receiver of not less than 10 per acre for such lands, where the same shall be situated more than 15 miles from any completed railroad, and not less than 8^0 per acre for such lands as shall be within 15 miles of such road. The pa3'meut to oe made within one year from the filing of the ciaim. Any pei-son or association of persons severally qualified as above, who have opened and improved, or shall hereafter open and improve, any coal mine upon public land, and are in Hctiml possession are entitled to a preference-right of entry of the mines so opened and improved: Provided, That when any associa- tion of not less than four persons, shall have expended not less than $5,000 in working and improving any such mine, such asso- ciation may enter not exceeding six hundred and forty acres, in- cluding such mining improvements. All claims, must be presented to the register of the proper land district within sixty days after the date of actual possession and the commencement of improvements on the land, by the filing of a declaratory statement therefor; but when the town- ship plat is not on file at the date of such improvement, filing- must be made within sixty days from the receipt of such plat at the district office. The law authorizes but one entry by the same person or asso- ciation. z\o association, any member of which shall have taken the benefit of this law, either as an individual or as a member of any other association, can enter or hold any other lands ; and no member of any association, which shall have taken the benefit of this law can enter or hold any other land under its provisions. In case of conflicting claims, priority of possession and im- provement, followed by proper filing and continued good faith, determines the preference-right to purchase. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. SYSTEMS OF SURVEYING. Two systems of surveying are practiced in the United States, viz: by metes and bounds, and the Congressional township sys- tem. BY METES AND BOUNDS is the system in force in the older status, where i" was adopted from the old world before the ons. The location of a township is determined by the number of its towns north or south, that is, by the number of town lines it is north or south of the base line, which is always counted as one town line, and by its range east or west, that is, by the number of range lines it is east or west of the principal meridian, which is always counted as one range line. For instance a township beginning 18 miles north of a base line, and 30 miles west of a principal merid- ian, would be described as town 4, north, range 6, west. The townships are divided into 36 sections, each 1 mile square, and containing 640 acres, as shown in the diagram, thus: 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 18 17 16 15 14 13 19 20 21 22 23 24 80 29 28 27 26 25 31 32 33 34 35 36 The sections are, as a rule, numbered from 1 to 36, as shown in the diagram, beginning at the northeast corner of the township 22 THE WESTERN WORLD and running back and forth; but in a few states this method of numbering is departed from slightly. The sections arc divided into quarter sections, each a half mile square and containing 100 acres, and these in turn are divided into four quarters, each of which is -fa of a section, )4 mile square, and contains 40 acres. Both quarter and sixteenths of a section are named by the points of the compass. The method of division is shown in the following diagram of a section: Thus, the division marked as the N. E. 54 represents 160 acres; division marked "VV. H of the N. W. 1-4 represents 80 acres, and the divisions marked N. E. !4 of the N. W. y represents 40 acres. Sections frequently exceed or fall short of the prescribed 640 acres. They are most fre- quently excessive on the west border of a township. Such descriptions as the above are sufficient in deeds, the number of section, town aiid range being given. LOCAL MINING LAWS. The Pacific States, the Territories and Colorado, have all local laws regulating, to a greater or less extent, mining claims and operations within their borders. They make such laws at dis- cretion, provided they do not conflict with the Federal laws, in which C:ISP thi-y are void. ARIZONA has no importjrtt local laws. Recording claims is charged for at $1 for first 100 words, and 20 cents for each additional 100. CALIFORNIA. Use of running water is acquired by appro- priation, and same may be diverted or place of diversion changed, and ditches, flumes, aqueducts, etc. .extended if no injury is done others by the change. Priority of use gives priority of right. No- tice of appropriation must be posted at point of diversion, setting forth rhe number of inches claimed at 4 inches pressure, the uses and places thereof and the means of diversion and size of same, and within 10 days after posting a copy of the notice must be recorded in the county recorder's office, and work be begun in 60 days, and prosecuted continuously. California school lands, which include sections 16 and 33 in each township, where mineral, are purchasable, after proper affidavit describing the land and setting forth the desire to buy, the occupation of but 40 acres by the applicant and the absence of other occupants, or that the township plat has been filed over six months, and the adverse occupation has existed longer than that period, at $2.50 per acre. Occupants making application to buy within six months after the filing of the township plat are preferred. COLORADO. Counties have power to fix the width of mining claims within the limits prescribed by Congress. Where not so fixed, the width is 150 feet on each side of the middle of the vein. In Gilpin, Clear Creek, Boulder and Summit counties it is 75 feet on each side of the vein. A certificate of location, containing names of locators and vein, date of location, number of feet claimed and general course of the vein, must be recorded with the county recorder in 3 months after the discovery of the lode. The claim must be located by sinking within 60 days, a discovery shaft or tunnel 10 or more feet deep, to show a defined crevice, by posting on the surface of the claim a notice of the name and date of finding of the lode, and name of locator, and by mark- ing the surface boundaries by six. squared posts at each corner GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 23 and in the middle of the sides. Lodes dipping beyond the sides of a claim are covered by the same, but if they dip beyond the vertical extensions of the ends they are not covered. Right of way is given, where opposition is made by condemnation, over othfr claims for ditches, tramways, pack trails, etc. A defective location may be relocated if no other rights have arisen. Tnis requires a new shaft or tunnel, or an extension of the old one 10 feet deeper. But one location can be covered by a location cer- tificate. Placer claims must be recorded, describing same bv permanent monuments in same way as lode claims. Improve- ments must be made in the proportion of $100 to 160 acres of claim. Penalties are provided for destroying landmarks of claims, for buying stolen ore, etc. Where mines drain in com- mon, either owner may drain after notice to the other to share expense. The washing of tailings from a sluice onto the claim of another is forbidden. Title under United States law is not affected by state laws. DAKOTA. Discoveries of lodes must be recorded within 20 days. Provisions and measurements for location same as in Col- orado, except that 8 posts are required, one in the middle of each end. Discovery shaft must be dug within 30 days. IDAHO. Liens on mines for labor and material, good if filed within BO days, or where work is done under a sub-contractor by notifying owner within 30 days, and nling within 40 days. MONTANA. Statement in accordance with United States law mu~t be Hied within 20 days after discovery, at the office of the county recorder, a vein with one defined wall having previ- ously been discovered. Claims may be limited to 25 feet on each side of the middle of the lode, or may extend 300 feet on each side. NEVADA. Laws relate principally to recording and are un- importiint. United States laws govern. NEW MEXICO. Record of locations must be made in 3 mouths after posting notice of claim. Vacant unsurveyed coal lands may be taken under United States statute. GROUNDS FOR DIVORCE. In addition to adultery and impotency which arc comiYXn grounds for divorce in pretty much all the states and territories^ the following are the principal recognized causes, though othol of a less general nature exist including many discretionary "Jib the courts. ALABAMA. Desertion two years : imprisonment two years, the sentence being seven years or more; crime against nature, drunkenness of husband before marriage, if concealed, preg- nancy of wife at marriage, if unknown to the husband, and for cruelty of husband. ARIZONA. Desertion one year, cruelty, conviction of felony alter marriage, habitual intemperance, fraud or forced const-lit of either party to the marriage. ARKANSAS. Desertion one year, cruelty, habitual drunk- enness for one year, conviction of felony or infamous crime. CALIFORNIA. Desertion or neglect one year, cruelty, drunkenness one year, and conviction of felony. COLORADO. Desertion one year, want of cupport one year, husband being in good health, cruelty, drunkenness one year, convii-tioii of infamous crime. CONNECTICUT. Willful desertion three years, or seven years' absence, drunkenness, cruelty, conviction of infamc^r crime. DAKOTA. Cruelty, desertion, drunkenness or neglect for one year ; conviction for felony. 34 THE WESTERN WORLD DELAWARE. Desertion three years, drunkenness, cruelty, and conviction for felony, neglect to provide for support ot wife for three years. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Desertion three years, crueitr. FLORIDA. Desertion one year, cruelty, and drunkenness. Applicant must have resided in state two years previous to ap- plication. GEORGIA. Desertion three years, imprisonment two years or longer, cruelty, drunkenness, pregnancy of wife at marriage if unki, own to husband. IDAHO. Desertion one year, failure TO provide two years, husband having- ability cruelty or drunkenness, and conviction Of felony, when the sentence is two years' imprisonment or more. ILLINOIS. Desertion or drunkenness for two years, cruelty, attempt on lite, and conviction of infamous crime. INDIANA. Desertion two years, drunkenness, cruelty, failure to provide for family for two years, and conviction of infamous crime. IOWA. Desertion two years, cruelty, drunkenness, convic- tion of felony, pregnancy of wife at marriage by another than husband, unless husband has illegitimate child unknown to wife. KANSAS. Desertion one year, cruelty, drunkenness, neg- lect, conviction of felony, or pregnancy of wife by another. KENTUCKY. Desertion one year, cruelty, drunkenness, conviction of felony, loathsome disease, pregnancy of wife by another, and union with religious society requiring renunciation of marriage. LOUISIANA. Conviction of felony, and after one year after decree of separation for desertion, drunkenness, excess, cruelty and attempt on life. MAINE. Desertion three years; cruelty, or if the judge deems it reasonable and proper, conducive to domestic harmony and consNtont with the peace and morality of society. MARYLAND. Desertion three years, and fornication of wife before marriage, separation for cruelty. IIASS-tlCHUSETTS. Desertion three years: drunkenness, cruelty, neglect to provide if able; unitinar with religious society believing the. marriage relation unlawful, and sentence to im- prisonment for five years. MICHIGAN. Desertion two years, cruelty, neglect to pro- vide it aiile, and sentence to imprisonment for three years. MINNESOTA. Desertion three years, cruelty, drunken- ness one year, sentence to imprisonment, separation for neglect to provide. MISSISSIPPI. Desertion two years, cruelty, drunkenness, and seine- re TO penitentiary. MISSOURI Desertion one year, cruelty, drunkenness, vagrancy of husband, conviction of infamous crime before or after marriage, pregnancy of wife at marriage without husband's knowledge. NEBRASKA. Desertion two years, cruelty, drunkenness, sentence to imprisonment for three years or more, failure of husband to provide. NEVADA. Desertion one year, cruelty, drunkenness, con- viction ot infamous crime, neglect to provide for one year if not unavoidable. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Desertion or absence three years, cruelty, drunkenness three years, sentence to imprisonment for one year or more, joining religious society believing marriage unlawful. NEW JERSEY. Desertion three years; separation for cruelty. NEW MEXICO. Desertion, cruelty. NEW YORK. Separation for desertion and cruelty; remar- riage is not allowed the guilty party divorced for adultery. NOHTH CAROLINA. Pregnancy of wife at marriage GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 25 without husband's knowledge; separation for desertion, cruelty ami drunken ness. OHIO. Desertion three years, cruelty, drunkenness, three years' imprisonment in penitentiary. OREGON. -Desertion three years, cruelty, drunkenness two years, conviction of felony. PENNSYLVANIA. Desertion two years, cruelty, sentenco for felony for two veal's. RHODE ISLAND. -Desertion five years, or at discretion of court: cruelty, drunkenness, neglect to provide, and civil death. SOUTH CAROLINA. All laws permitting divorce for any Ciiiist- are repealed. TENNESSEE. Desertion two years, drunkenness, attempt on life, conviction of infamous crime, pregnancy of wife at marriage without husband's knowledge. TEXAS. Desertion three years, cruelty, confinement in State prison after one year. UTAH. Desertion one year, cruelty, drunkenness, neglect to provide. VERMONT. Desertion three years, or absence seven years; cruelty, neglect to provide; sentence to three years or more in stat> prison. VIRGINIA. Desertion five years; conviction of infamous crime after or before marriage, if without knowledge of the other; prostitution, or pregnancy of wife before marriage with- out knowledge of husband; separation for desertion and criK'ltv. WEST VIRGINIA. -Desertion three years; sentence to confine-incut in penitentiary before or after marriage; pregnancy or prostitution of wife h'fore marriage without knowledge; separation tor cruelty and drunkenness. WISCONSIN. Desertion one year, cruelty, drunkenness, sent*- n. e to three years' imprisonment or more. Desertion must be willful and continuing at the time of the petition for divorce. Cruelty must be extreme, or dangerous, or barbarous, or inhuman. Drunkenness' must sometimes have been contracted after the marriage. Its sufficiency is weakened as a cause if not. A divorce In one state is good in all others. The time that one must live in the state to be entitled to a divorce varies, though it is usually one year. Fraud vitiates divorces as everything else. 26 THE WESTERN WORLD LAW OF PATENTS. EVERY PERSON IS ENTITLED TO A PATENT who invents or discovers any new and useful device, art, process, manufacture, machine or composition of matter, or any new and useful rearrangement of parts, or Improvement or application thereof, or any new and original design for manufacture, for work in art, for printing upon fabrics, for painting, casting or to be worked into any manufacture, or any new and useful shape or configuration of any article of manufacture upon proper appli- cation and proceeding, and afterpayment of the fees establisued by law, provided the article, etc., patented has not been known or used by others in this country, or patented or described in any printed publication in any country before the invention or discovery thereof by the applicant, and provided the same has not been in public use or on sale for more than two years prior to the application for patent, unless proof of the abandonment of the same is made. Citizenship is not necessary to entitle an inventor to a patent. THE APPLICATION must be made in writing in the English language to the Commissioner of Patents, and should comprise petition, specifications, oath and (li'(tii'i>nj<, and when re- quired a model or specimen and the first fee of $15. Until all the parts of the application, except tiie model or specimen, are re- ceived, it will not be put on file, arid applications signed or sworn to in blank, or without actual inspection of the petition and speci- fications or altered or partially filled up after being signed or cworn to. arc stricken from the files if the irregularity is discov- ered before delivery of the patent. All applications for each year are numbered, and the applicant informed of the serial num- ber of his complete application. The application must be com- plete for examination within two years after filing the petition, or it will be considered abandoned unless the delay be shown to be unavoidable. It is best to file all the parts of an application together. Where this is not done a letter should accompany each part setting forth its connection with the others. THE PETITION is a written request to the Commissioner of Patents for a patent. It must be signed by the applicant and set forth his address and the name of his invention, and refer to the specification for full c'isclosures concerning the same. THE SPECIFICATION is a written description of the in- vention or discovery, and the method of making, constructing, compounding and using the same. It must be full, clear, con- cise and exact, so that any one with skill in the art or science, to which the invention pertains, may create and use the same. It should set forth the name and residence of the applicant, the name, object and nature of the invention, a brief description of the drawings, indicating what each represents, a description in detail of the invention and the manner of constructing, prac- ticing, operating or using it, the specific claims of the inventor as to what his invention is, his signature and the signatures of two witnesses, full names being given. All descriptions must be pre- cise, and must refer to the different drawings when there are such by figures, and the various parts thereof by letters or figures, or both. When the claim is for improvement only, the part to which the improvement relates must be designated, and the im- provement explicitly distinguished from what is old. Drawings in such cases need only show so much as is necessary to an under- standing of the application, operation, etc., of the specific im- provement. In original applications the applicant must state under oath whether the invention has been patented to himself or others with his consent or knowledge in any country, and if so, the countries, date and number of each patent, and that it GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 27 has been patented in no other country than those given, and that it has not, according to his knowledge and belief, been in public use in the United States for more than two years prior to his ap- plication in this country. Two or more independent inventions cannot be claimed in one application, but when inventions de- pend upon each other and contribute mutually to a single result, they can be claimed in one application. When an inventor claims several inventions determined to be independent of each other, he must limit his specification of the pending application to one of them, and file separate applications on the others as in orig- inal applications. When two or more applications are made re- lating to the same subject matter of invention, all showing, but only one claiming, the same thing, those not claiming must con- tain disclaimers thereof, with reference to the application claim- ing it. All specifications must be clearly written on one side of paper with a wide margin to the left. THE OATH must declare that the applicant verily believes himself to be the original inventor or discoverer of the article for which patent is sought; that he does not know or believe that the same has ever been used or known, and of what country he is a citizen or resident. In reissue cases the oath must declare the belief of the applicant that the original patent was invalid or inoperative because of defective or insufficient specifications, or of excessive claim regarding what is new, and that the error was the result of accideru, mistake or inadvertence, and without fraudulent intent to deceive. Oaths by administrators, etc., are changed to meet the different case, but correspond m tenor. The oath may be made before anybody authorized by law to administer oaths. "Where a claim not embraced in the original application is sought to be introduced, a supplemental oath on the same paper as the proposed amendment is required, setting forth that the said amendment was part of his invention, and invented before the filing of his original application. THE DRAWINGS are required when the nature of the in- rentiou admits them. Tney must be signed by the inventor or his attorney and by two witnesses, and must exhibit every feature of the invention, and when connected with some previous de- vice, its connection with or application thereto. Three sets of pat- ent drawingsare published, one -ix9i4 inchest' or ofiice use.certified copies, etc.; one a quarter the size for illustrating the volume sent to courts, and a small one for the ( Mlicial Gazette. All drawings should be well executed, and must be on pure white paper of the thickness of three sheet Bristol board, with smooth surface, and drawn in India ink, and with p;_\i only. The si/.e of the sheets must be exactly 10x15 inches, and one inch from the edges a single marginal line must be drawn, ami within these margins all signatures and drawings must be included. A space at the top of each page of not less than 1)4 inches must be left for the title, name, number and date. This top must be one of the shorter sides of the page. All lines must be clean, cle;:r Mnl solid, and not too fine or crowded. Surface shading should be open; se -tional shading should l>e by oblique parallel linesabcut 1-20 inch apart. As few lines as possible s' , mid be used. Letters and figures of reference must be carei'uhy formed, and should avoid mingling with the lines of the drawing and U' of sufficient size to bear reduction to ^ their size. Drawings must be signed by the inventor at the lower right, and by witnesses at the lower left hand corner of the sheet. The title should be written in pencil on the back, and is inserted by the officials in uniform style. When drawings are so long as to require to go on the sheet lengthwise, the top is kept to the right with signatures at left. All views on a sheet must stand iu ihe same direction. Drawings should be rolled, not folded, for sending to the office, and no stamp, advertisement or address will be permitted on the face of a drawing. Heis>ue applications must be accompanied by new drawings the same as in original applications, and the inventor's name must appear upon them when granted after 28 THE "\VESTEUX WORLD July 8, 1870, and the drawings must be upon the same scale as the original ones, or larger, unless otherwise especially authorized by fie Commissioner. All lines of drawings must be black, and the scale must be large enough to show the mechanism wiinout crowding. More than one sheet can be used when necessary, but this should be avoided. Drawings not well executed and in con- lormiiy with the foregoing will be returned to the applicant, or it' he j i refer, the department will make the proper corrections. The office will also make drawings, at cost, as rapidly as possible when so desired, when the applicant cannot otherwise conven- iently get them. MODELS are not required or admit', ed unless found to be necessary or useful by the primary examiner, and a written Statement to that effect is filed by him. \\ lien required the examination is suspended till the model is furnished. Appeals can be made from the decision of the primary examiner to tlie Commissioner. The model should clearly exhibit every feature of the machine, but should include as little not pertinent to the invention as possible, unless a working model be desirable. It must be neatly made, substantial and durable, metal being the material preferred; but if the invention has essential y to do with a material, it must be of that material. It must not exceed a foot in any of its dimensions, except by especial p<-r- mission. If made of wood, it must be painted or varnished, and giue must not be used, it being desired that the connection of the parts be capable of resisting heat and moisture. Th? name of the inventor should be permanently ttxeu on the model. Ap- plications will not be examined where a mod< 1 is necessary unt.l a proper one is furnished. Unless for esptcial reasons, models are subject to the removal of the applicant when the application has been rejected more than two years, and upon the tiling of a formal abandonment of an application, signed by the applicant in person, before two years have expired, the model may be returned. .Mode's belonging to patented eases are pe milled to leave the office only in charge of a sworn employe especially authorized by the Commissioner, with the written approval of the Secretary of the Interior. Models in contested cases may be returned to the applicants, and when not claimed in a reasonable time may be disposed of at the discretion of the claimant. Models not required are returned. SPECIMENS. When a patent is sought upon some form or composition of matler, specimens of it and its ingredients are required in sufficient quantity for experiment and preservation where not perishable. EXAMINATIONS are made in regular order, all applica- tions being classified. Inventions esteemed important to the public service may be taken up out of their order at the request of any head of department of the government. REJECTIONS, ETC. Applicants are notified of rejections, and the reasons for the same fully and exactly given, with such information and references as may enable him to judge of the advisability of further prosecuting his application, or of chang- ing his specifications. If he persist with or without changing the specifications the ease will be re-examined, and if again rejected, the reasons therefor will be again fully given. Notice of ad- verse decisions on preliminary or intermediate questions without rejection of any claim is also given to applicant with reasons, and if he dispute tlie propriety of such decision it will be recon- sidered. AMENDMENTS may be made before or after the first re- jection, wi-d as often as new reasons for rejection aie offered. In case of such amendments the applicant m st clearly show all paten table points which the invention presents in. view of the references cited or objections made, and must point out how the amendments cover such objections or references. The right to amend is usually denied when such action has been taken on all claims as entitle the applicant to an appeal to the Board of Ex- GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. amincrs in Chief. Good reasons for presenting subsequent amendments must be shown as well as reasons for not making- them earlier. Jf consideration of them is refused, an appeal to the Commissioner may be made, the error of the Examiner being- specifically pointed out. Amendments for inaccuracy and cler- ical faults may be made or required. Nothing- not a part of the original invention can be covered by an amendment. The appli- cation once complete, the specifications will not be returned under any conditions, but copies will be furnished at a fixed charge. DESIGNS are patentable by citizens or aliens, after proceed- ings as in inventions and payment of dues, for 3^, 7 or 14 years, as may be desired by the applicant. The specification must exhibit the name and residence of the applicant, name of design and article for which it is created, description of the design as it ap- pears in the drawing, using letters and figures to indicate the parts, claims and signatures of inventor and two witnesses. A model may be required if a drawing or photograph does not sufficiently represent it. The drawings and photographs must conform to the requirements in the case of inventions, but where photographs are ue'l. 10 extra copies must he furnished. IF AN INVENTOR DIE, application may in all cases be made by his legal representatives, and patent will issue to them for th<- benefit of his estate. IF AN INVENTOR BELIEVED in gpod faith, at the time of making application, that he was the originator of the article, compound, design or improvement, etc.. he may receive a patent, even though, without his knowledge, the invention was or had been in use in foreign countries prior to his invention, provided it had not been patented or described in any printed publication. JOINT INVENTORS receive joint patents ; neither can ob- tain a separate one. Inventors of different parts of a device or different improvements therein cannot, when Independent of each other, get a joint patent. If one party furnish the capital and another make the invention a joint application cannot be made, but the patent may issue to them jointly or to either if proper assignment bf m>'de PATENTS FROM FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS are not an obstacle to the acquirement of a patent by the inventor in the United States, unless the invention has been in public use in. this country for more than two years prior to the application, but such patent will expire at the time the foreign patent, having- the shortest life, expires. No patent will remain in force more than 17 years. RE-ISSUE is granted to the holders of the origin nl patent when the same is Inoperative through defect of any kind arising- from ace dental or other causes, free from fraud or intention to deceive. In case of patents dated prior to July 8th. 1870. the ap- plication can be made by the assignees, but in patents junior to that date the application must be made and specification sworn to by the inventors, if living. The application must be accom- panied by an abstract showing the complete chain of title, mid if made by the inventor, when assigned, by a written consent Iroin the owners; by a statement of defects or insufficiencies in the original specification which render the patent inoperative, and pointing out such claims as were in excess of the rights of the- in- ventor; by a statement explanatory of how such errors came to be made and by an oath that the errors were not made with fraudulent intent. If the examiner declare the statement insuffi- cient, an appeal lies to the Commissioner. New matter cannot be introduced into the re-issue specifications, nor can the model or drawings be amended except each b\ the other. When there is neither model or drawing, amendment may be made upon satis- factory proof that the matter Offered was a part of the original invention and omitted by Inadvertence, accident or error. Several patents may issue fur separate parts of the device patented, if so requested by the patentee, a fee being charged for each. Each 30 THE WESTERN WORLD division so made forms a subject of separate specification of the part or parts claimed therein, and the drawing's or model should represent only such portion. Unless otherwise directed by the commissioner all such divisions of a re-issue issue at the same time, and delay or controversy in one will delay all. An original claim reproduced in the amended specification is subject to re-examin- ation, and the application to rev sion and restriction as in original cases. The application for re-issue must be accompanied by a surrender of the original patent or an affidavit of its loss and a cer- tilied copy. If re-issue is denied the original will be returned. Any points which might have legitimately been claimed in the original patent, but were neglected without fraudulent intention, may be covered by a re-issue, but cannot be made the subject of a separate patent. PRIORITY OF INVENTION between different claimants to an invention is determined bv proceedings termed inter f> n n<-<\ and is not barred by the issue of a patent. It may arise lietween original applicants, original applicants and holders of patent in force, original applicants and applicants for re- issue, two or more applicants for re-issue, a re-issue applicant and unexpired patent and re-issue applicants of unexpired patents. THE PATENT issues when on due examination it appears that the applicant is entitled to one. He is notified of the allow- ance prior to the issue, and must remit the final fee, when the patent will be delivered or mailed to him on date of issue or to his attorney, as the latter may direct, but to no one eho unless especially requested. When the fee is paid and date and number given the case, a withdrawal is not permitted for any reason ex- cept fraud, a mistake on the part of the patent office, interfer- ence or illegality. DATE, DURATION AND FORM OF PATENTS.- Patents bear date not later than fc mom hs after date of passing' on application and allowance, if final fee is paid. On failure to pay in the -.me named the patent is withheld. Patents cannot be antedated. They contain a recital of the invention in brief, in- dicating 1 its nature and purpose, and grant to the patentee and his legal representatives exclusive right to make, use and sell the invention in the United States and Territories for 17 years, or so long, if patented abroad, as the shortest of the foreign patents ism force, not to exceed 17 years. Design patents run }4, 7 and 14 years as stated, a copy of specifications and drawings forms part of the patent. CORRECTIONS in patents, of errors made by the Patent < iflice, will be made on due application, and if sufficient to warrant a reissue, such will be made. No charge is made for such corrections or re-issue, but mistakes made by the patentee, or not through any fault of the office unless forming grounds for a reissue, will not be corrected after delivery of patent. PATENTS ABANDONED, FORFEITED, ETC. -Appli- cations not completed for examination in :.' years after filing petition, or not prosecuted in proper manner in 2 years after no- tice of action, therein, or in regard to which a written declara- tion of abandonment has been filed, are held to be abandoned, and the same cannot be renewed unless the failure to prosecute be shown to have been unavoidable. If an abandoned application be renewed, new specifications, oath, fees and drawings are re- quired, but the old model, if suitable, may be used. Failure to pay the final fee within the time fixed works a forfeiture of patent. When so forfeited any one interested may file a new ' application any time within 2 years. DISCLAIMER in writing maybe filed upon payment of the prescribed fee, whenever the original patentee has, by uninten- tional error, claimed more than he was entitled to, disclaiming such parts, and his patent is valid for what portion is justly his if such part is a material portion of the thing patented. Such disclaimer may be filed by any one interested in the patent, such interest being duly set forth therein, but pending actions are un- GUIDE AND HAND-HOOK. 31 affected by it. One witness is required, and the disclaimer must be recorded in the patent office. It must be distinguished from disclaimers filed in original or reissue applications, or to avoid prolonged interference cases. CAVEATS are notices to the Patent Office of claims to in- vention to prevent the grant of a patent to another for the same invention upon application filed during the life of the caveat without proper notice to the filer of the same. A caveat may be filod by any inventor who is a citizen of the United States, or has been a resident lor 1 year ami swears to his intention to bjcoinca citizen, and wants time to perfect his invention, upon payment of the pr /per fee. Th<; caveat sets lorth the principle and purpose of the invention, and asks protection until the same shall be perfected. They are preserved in secret and are valid for 1 year from date of filing. It must cover only one invention, con- tain a specification and oath, and, if possible, a drawing, but the description need not be so precise as in an application for patent. The caveat may be re -owed. It' an application 1'or a patent be filed by any other person during the life of the cave.it for an in- vention interfering with that set forth in the caveat, and said application shall be found patentable before the expiration of the caveat, the application will be suspended, notice given the caveator and an interference granted, if the latter files a com- plete application within the prescribed time. Tlu last n-.uued application must be filed within 3 months from the date indorsed on the notice afore-mentioned. No notice is given the caveator of actions pending at the time of filing the caveat, or of u implica- tions filed after it has expired. Caveats may be renewe ' from time to time, a new fee being paid each time. It gives no rights or protection except the notice of interfering applications. It is not assignable, although the invention covered is assignable, caveat papers cannot be removed from the office, but copies will be issued, for which a charge is made. All new matter requires a separate caveat. ALIENATION' of any patent or interest therein may be made in writing, and may cover all or any specified part of the Union. Tne rights accruing under a patent may be granted in writing to any parson to make and use the invention in the United States, or any specified part thereof, or to grant the right in turn to others, and may exclude the patentee therefrom. A patent may be mortgaged in writing. License to use the patent may also be granted orally or in writing. An assignment, grant, conveyance or mortgage, unless recorded in the patent office within 3 months from date of execution, is void against subse- ?uent purchasers, mortgagees, eta, for a valuable consideration, nstruments which amount to a license, mortgage, convey- ance, assignment, grant or lien, or affect the title to the patent, may be recorded, and no others. Conditional assignments (recorded) are regarded as absolute until canceled by consent of b< >t h parties or the decree of a competent court. \Vhen it is desired that the patent shall issue to an assignee, the assignment must be nvorded at the patent office not later than the date of payment of the final fee. FEES are, as a rule, payable in advance upon application for each action. They are as follows : On filing each application for design patent for 3J years. -SIC 00 < Mi issuing same no further charge. On filing each original application for design patent for seven years 15 00 On filing each original application for design patent for f i mrteen years 30 00 On filing each caveat 10 00 On filing each original application for patent 15 00 On filing each original application for invention or dis- covery 20 00 On filing a disclaimer 10 00 32 THE WESTEKX WORLD On filing each application for re-issue $30 00 On filing each application for division of a reissue 30 00 On filing every application for extension of a patent 50 dO On the grant of every extension 50 00 On filing an appeal from a primary examiner to the exam- iners in chief 10 00 On filing appeal to the commissioners from examiners in chief 20 00 For certified copies of patents or other instruments, except copies of printed patents sold by the office for every 100 words 10 Forcertifled copies of printed patents sold by the office, 10 cents tor every 100 words, less the price actually paid for such copies without certification. For certified copies of drawings, the reasonable cost of making them. For recording an assignment of 300 words or less 1 00 For recording an assignment of more than 300 and not more than 1,000 words 200 For recording every assignment of more than 1,000 words. . 3 00 For uncertified copies of the specifications and accompan- ing drawings of all patents which are in print: Single copies 25 Twemy copies or more, whether of one or several patents, per copy 10 For uncertified copies of the specifications and drawings of pate ts not in print, the reasonable cost of making the same. For copies of matter in any foreign language, per 100 words, or fraction thereof 20 For translations, per 100 words, or fraction thereof 50 For assistance to attorneys and others in examination of records, one hour or less 50 Each additional hour, or fraction thereof 50 For assistance to attorneys in examination of patents and other works in thtr Scientific Library, one hour or less. . 1 00 Each additional hour, or fraction thereof 1 00 MISCELLANEOUS. All business must be done in writing. All letters must be addressed to the "Commissioner of Patents." All charges on matter sent to the Patent Office must be pre- paid or the same will not be received. The personal presence of applicants at the Patent Office is un- necessary. A separate letter should be written on each subject of inquiry or application. Assignments for record, final fees and orders for copies or abstracts must each be in a separate letter. Letters concerning applications should give name of applicant and invention, serial number and date of the application. Letters relating to a patent should give name of patentee and article patented, and number and date of patent. After patent is granted models, specifications are open to pub- lic inspection. Any person of good moral character, duly empowered hy power of attorney, may act as attorney, but a power of attorney exe- cuted to a firm must specify names, and the power must be filed at the Patent Office before the authority of the attorney will be recognized. ( )rders for copies of assignments must give book and page of record and name of inventor, or an extra charge will be made. Xn one is permitted to make copies or tracings from the files or records of the Patent Office. The weekly issue of patents is made on Thursday, and the patents bear date on the 3d Tuesday thereafter. All money sent is at the risk of the sender. Money paid by mistake, in excess, when not required, will be returned, but no GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 33 return will be mrrle to thoe changing their intention and wishing 1 to withdraw applications etc. COPYRIGHTS niiiy be obtained by any citizen or resident of the Uniteil States who is the author, inventor, designer or owner of any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print (unless a trade-mark or label), photograph (or negative ot same), painting, drawing, chromo, statuary, statue, or any model or design intended to l>e perfected as a work of art. The title or description inust be deposited with the Librarian of Congress lief ore the publication of the work. A copy- right is granted for twenty-eight years, and may be renewed for fourteen years. It may be assigned, the assignment to be recorded in the Library of Congress. The fee to the government taSL TRADE-MARKS used in commerce with any foreign country, or with any Indian tribe, may be registered by the owner in the Patent OlHce for the period of thirty years, and are protected by the act of Congress of March 3, 1881. Trade-marks registered under prior unconstitutional acts may be re-registered without the payment of any additional Government fee. Trade- marks may be assigned, and the deed should be recorded in the Patent Office within sixty days after its execution. The Govern- ment foe is -"> LABELS include any device, picture, word or words, figure or figures (not a trade-mark) applied to articles of manufacture to indicate the contents of a package, the name of the manufact- urer or place of manufacture, the quality of the goods, direc- tions for use, etc., and may be registered in the Patent Office. The term of the grant is for twenty-eight years. The Govern- ment fee is $fi. If application is made for registration as a label when the application should be for a trade-mark, the registration will be refused and the foe paid lost. APPLICATIONS FOR TRADE-MARK OR LABEL should give names, reside nee and p'ace of business ot the owners of the trade-mark or label (if owned by a company a statement that the same is or is not incorporated); a foe-simile of the mark or label ; a, statement of the class of merchandise to which it has been applied, and the particular description or kind of goods comprised in such class; a description of the particular manner in which the mark or label has been applied, whether direct to the article, or to wrappers or to packages or oilier vessels con- taining the article, and whether applied in colors or not. The owner of a mark or label is not confined to any particular man- ner of applying the mark or labrl. although it is necessary to state in what manner it has been usually applied and how long the mark or label has been used on the particular class of goods, and if used on goods in commerce with foreign nations or Indian tribes, with what nation or tribe it has been so used should be stated. CANADIAN PATENTS may be taken out at any time within a year after issued here. Model is required and must not exceed one foot by eighteen inches in size. The term of the patent is five, ten or fifteen years, at the option of the applicant, and may be taken at first for a short term, and afterwards ex- tended to the longer term. The Government fee for five years is $20 ; for ten years, $40 ; and for fifteen years, 860. The proced- ure and laws are smell the same as in the United States. 34 THE WESTERN WORLD PENSIONS. PENSIONS ARE GRANTED to all soldiers and sailors disabled by wounds or disease incurred in the line of duty in the military or naval service of the United States. Where the sol- dier or sailor has died of such wounds or disease so contracted, his widow is entitled to a pension till she remarry. If she be dead or remarry, the pension goes to the children under 16 years old of the soldier or sailor. If there are neither widow nor chil- dren under 16 years old the deceased soldier's or sailor's mother, if dependent wholly or m part upon him for support, takes the pension, and when there are neither widow, children, nor mother, sisters under 16 years old dependent on the deceased are entitled to pension. Injuries or disease hereafter received in the service asst >te'l also entitle to pension. THE AMOUNT OF PENSION allowed is for total disa- bility to ollicers, commissioned or non-commissioned, privates, musicians and marines as follows: Lieutenant-Colonel or higher rank, per month $30 00 Major, per month 25 00 Captain, per month 20 00 First-Lieutenant, per month 1700 Second Lieutenant, per month 1500 Non-commissioned officers, musicians and privates, per month 800 In the naval service the amount of pension allowed is as fol- lows: Captains, commanders, surgeons, paymasters and chief en- gineers, ranking by law with commander, lieutenants- commanding and masters-commanding, per month $30 00 Lieutenants, surgeons, paymasters, chief engineers, rank- ing with lieutenant by law and passed assistant sur- geons, per month 25 00 Professors of mathematics, masters, assistant-surgeons, assistant-paymasters and chaplains, per month 20 00 First assistant-engineers and pilots, per month 1500 Passed midshipmen, captains and paymasters, clerks, sec- ond and third assistant-engineers, masters, mates, and all wan ant officers, per month 1000 Petty officers, seameu, etc., per month 8 00 BUT ONE FULL PENSION is allowed, and is the prop- erty of the person having precedent right in the order above stated. When it goes to children or sisters it must be equally divided between them. PENSIONS BEGIN at the date of discharge from service in invalid cases, if application be made within a year thereafter, otherwise at the date of application. Pensions to widows, etc., bejrin with the death of the husband, etc. PROOF OF RIGHT TO PENSION. -The declaration of the right of the claimant, including evidence of identity, must be sworn to before a court of record or some officer of such court having authority. In support of the allegations in the claimant's declaration, tes- timony must be produced and the following rules obse.-ved: 1. The claimant's identity must be proved by two witnesses, certified by a judicial officer to be respectable and credible, who are present and witness the signature of the declarant, and who state, upon oath or affirmation, their belief , either from personal acquaintance or for other reasons given, that he or she is the iden- tical person he or she represents himself or herself to be. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 35 2. Every applicant for an invalid pension must, if in his power, produce the certificate of the captain, or oi ooiiie other commissioned officer under whom he served, distinctly stating the time and place of the said applicant's having 1 been wounded or otherwise disabled and the nature of the disability; and that the said disability arose while he was in the service of the United States and in the line of his duty. 3. If it be impracticable to obtain such certificate, by the rea- son of the death or removal of said officers, it must be so stated under oath by the applicant, and his averment of the fact proved by persons of known respectability, who must state paiticularly all the knowledge they may possess in relation to such death or removal; then secondary evidence can be received. In such case the applicant must produce the testimony of at least two cred- ible witnesses (who were in a condition to know the facts about which they testify), whose good character must be vouched for by a judicial officer, or by some one known to the department. The witnesses must give a minute narrative of the facts in rela- tion to the matter, and must show how they obtained a knowl- edge of the facts to which they testify. 4. The usual certificate of disability for discharge should show the origin, character, and degree 9! the claimant's disability; but when that is wanting or defective, the applicant will be re- quired to be examined l>y some surgeon regularly appointed, unless clearly impracticable. 5. The habits of the applicant, and his occupation since he left the service, should be shown by at least two credible witnesses. If the applicant claims a pension as the widow of a deceased officer or soldier, she must prove the legality of her marriage, the death of her husband, and thatsheisstilla widow. She must also furnish the names and ages of the decedent's children under 16 years of age at her husband's death, and the place of their resi- dence. On remarriage her pension ceases, and the child or children of the deceased officer or soldier, if any be living, uuder the age of 16 years, are entitled to the same in her stead, from the date of such remarriage, on the requisite proof, under a new declaration. Proof of the marriage of the parent" and of the age of claimants will be required in all applications in behalf of minor children. The legality of the marriage, in either case, may be ascertained by the certificate of the clergyman who performed the marriage ceremony, or by the testimony of respectable persons having knowldge of the fact, in default of record evidence, which last must always be furnished, or its absence shown. The ages and number of children may be ascertained by the deposition of the mother, accompanied by the testimony of respectable persons having knowledge of them, or by transcripts from the parish or town registers duly authenticated. A mother, to be entitled to a pension, as haying been wholly or partly dependent on a deceased officer or soldier, must prove that the latter contributed to her support for a certain period, show- ing specifically in what manner and to what extent. If the claimant be a dependent sister, like proof will be re- quired of the marriage of her parents and of her relationship to the deceased. Guardians of minor claimants must, in all cases, produce evi- dence of their authority as such, under the seal of the court from which their appointment is obtained. Applicants of the last four classes enumerated at the head of the chapter, who have in any manner aided or abetted the rebellion against the United States Government, are not entitled to the benefits of this act. Invalid applicants who are minors may apply in their own be- half, without the intervention of a guardian. Attorneys for claimants must have proper authority from those in whose behalf they appear. Powers of attorney must be signed in the presence of two witnesses and acknowledged before 36 THE WESTERN WORLD a duly qualified officer, whose official character must be certified under seal. In nil cases the post-office address of the claimant must be dis- tinctly stated, over his or her proper signature. In filing' additional evidence, correspondents should always give the number of the claim as well as the name of the claimant. Pensions are also drawn by invalid soldiers of the war of !>!:.' and the Mexican war, and their unmarried widows, unless barred by acts construed as against the government in the war of 1861- 186.-.. ALL. INFORMATION relative to pensions and the means of procuring' them, together with a copy of the pension laws and all necessary blanks and directions for proceedings, are fur- nished free on application to the Commissioner of Pensions, at Washington, D. C., or to any pension ugent. POSTAL RATES AND RULES. (XEW.) DIRECTIONS FOR MAILING.-A11 mail matter must be directed to a postoffice, otherwise it will not be forwarded. Di- rections should be as full as possible. If name and address of sender is on the envelope or package, same will be returned if not delivered without passing through the Dead Letter Office. FIRST CLASS MATTER includes letters and all matter partly or wholly in wr.ting. sealed or unsealed, and all other matter sealed, or in any way fastened against easy inspection. The rate on this class of matter is 2 cents for each ounce or fraction of an ounce, and there is no limit to the weight of pack- age which may be mailed. SECOND CLASS MATTER includes newspapers and periodicals when sent by publisher or news-agents, and are mailable at 1 cent per pound or fraction thereof . They may be marked except by written or printed word without increase of postage. Newspapers and periodicals sent by persons other than the publisher or a news agent must be stamped at the nite of 1 cent for every four ounces or fraction thereof. No limit to weight. THIRD CLASS MATTER includes printed matter in un- sealed envelopes only (it is not sufficient that the envelope be notched, it must be unsealed), and is mailable at the rate of 1 cent for each two ounces or fraction thereof. This class includes books, circulars, chromos, engravings, music, hand-bills, proof sheets, lithographs, pamphlets, magazines, papers, manuscript (accompanying proof sheets), or any reproduction upon paper by any process but hand or type-writing not in the nature of per- sonal correspondence. The weight cannot exceed 4 pounds, ex- cept the article mailed be a single book. FOURTH CLASS MATTER includes all mailable matter not included in the ab<">ve, so mailed as to be easily examined. It must be paid for at the rate of 1 cent per ounce or fraction of an ounce, and the weight of each package is limited to four pounds POSTAL CARDS are first-class matter. They must not have anything written or printed on the address side except the directions, and must not have anything pasted or attached to them. PERMISSIBLE WRITING. On third and fourth class matter the following writing only is permitted : Name and ad- dress of sender preceded by the word "from," and list of articles contained in the cover, and a dedication or inscription on GUIDE AND HAXD-BOOK. 87 the fly leaf or hack of book or pamphlet. A passage may also be marked in a book, goods marked for identification, and the name of the oneaddressed or sender, with date, written in circular. Any other writing will be liable at letter rates, and to a fine of 10 for each offense. Printed matter inclosed with fourth class matter is subje'-t to fouith class rates. A SPECIAL, STAMP of the value of 10 cents is issued, which, when attached to a letter, in addition to the lawful post- age thereon, entitles the letter p immediate delivery at any place containing 4,01)0 population or over, according to the Fed- eral census, within the carrier limit of any free-delivery oltice, or within one mile of the postoffice, or any other postoffice coming within the provisions of this law, which may. in like manner, be designated as aspecial delivery office. Such specially- stamped letters shall be delivered between 7 o'clock a. m. an 1 midnight, and a book is provided in which the person to whom the letter is addressed shall acknowledge its receipt. RATES TO CANADA are the same in all respects as in the United States, but merchandise is rigidly excluded, except sam- ples of goods tor sale to weight of 8 ounces charged for at 10 cents eaoh. RATES TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES in the Universal Postal Union 5 cents for each half ounce or fraction thereof for letters, and 2 cents for postal cards. Registration fee 1( cents. Printed matter and samples 1 cent for each 2 ounces or fraction thereof. Merchandise rigidly excluded. The Postal Union in- cludes all considerable powers and many lesser ones, and others are joining constantly. Countries out of the Union have especial rates which will be given by nny postmaster. TJNMAILABLE MATTER. Obscene books, letters, pa- pers, pictures and postal cards, lottery circulars and letters, Iiquids,gunpowderand otherexplosives, live reptiles, ammalsand insects (except queen Vices), poisons, and any article liable to in- jure the mails or those handling them, are unmailable. LETTERS REFORWARDED. First-class matter will be forwarded from one office to another at the request of the one to whom it is addressed without charge. Other classes of matter have to be paid for afrain. GENERAL INFORMATION.-Postmasters are not obliged to take mutilated money, or to take more than 25 cents in coppers or nickels. They are forbidden to give credit for stamps Packages of mutilated currency may be registered to the Treasurer of the United States free. Money orders must be paid lor in cash. Any other payment is forbidden under pen- alty. Spoiled postal cards are not redeemable by postmasters. Pnetoffice employes nv st not change an incorrect address, even thonsrh they know the right one. POSTAL NOTES are issued at all money-order offices for sums less thnn $5, payable to bearer at any time within 3 months from the last day of ihe month of issue. The fee for a postal note is three ceiita. The person who presents a postal note for payment is required to receipt it. A postal note ma y also be re- paid at the office of issue to the bearer at any time within three mouths from the last day of the month of is^ue. Lost or de- stroyed postal notes are not duplicated, and notes not paid in the time above specified are invalid, and a return of the money can only be secured ban application for a duplicate at the issuing office nnd tlin payment of a fee of 3 cents. POSTAL MONEY ORDERS are issued for any amount up to $100, and offer security and convenience in the transmission of small sums. Safety is secured by leaving out of the orderthe name of the person for whom the money is intended. An advice or notification, containing full particulars of the order, is trans- mitted without delay by the issuing postmaster to the postmaster at the office of payment. The latter is thus furnished, before the order itself is presented, with information which will enable him to prevent its payment to any person not entitled thereto, pro- 38 THE WESTERN WORLD Tided the remitter complies with the regulation of the Department which prohibits him from sending the same information in a let- ter inclosed with his money-order. After once paying a money- order, by whomsoever presented, the post office department will not l)e liable to any further claim therefor. Under no circum- stances can payment of an order be demanded on the day 0 and not exceeding $70 35 cents. For orders exceeding 70 and not exceeding' .-'0. . . 40 cents. For orders exceeding aO and not exceeding 100 45 cents. When a larger sum than $100 is required, additional orders to make it up must be obtained. But postmasters are instructed to refuse to issue in one day, to the same remitter and iiT favor of the same payee, more than three money-orders payable at the same post office. Money orders may be endorsed directing pay- ment to any person ; and it is the duty of the postmaster upon whom the order is drawn to pay the amount thereof to the per- son thus designated, provided the postmaster is satisfied that such indorsement is genuine, and that the second party shall, if re- quired, prove his ide ntiti/, and shall give correct information as to the name and address of the person who originally obtained the order. More than one indorsement is prohibited by law, and will render and order invalid and not payable. The signature to the receipt on the face of the order should be that of the person who presents and receives payment of the same. Orders may be repaid by the issuing office within a year after issue. Lost orders on proper application and indemnity are duplicated if the orig- inal is unpaid and the latter then becomes invalid. FOREIGN MONEY ORDERS Money may be trans- mitted by postal order between the L'nited States and Switzer- land, ijreat liritain and Ireland, Germany, France, Italy, Canada and Newfoundland, Jamaica, New South Wales, Victoria. New Zealand, Queensland, the Cape Colony, the Windward Islands, Belgium, Portugal, Tasmania, and the Hawaiian Kingdom. The fees are: For sums not exceeding $10 15 cents. Over SiO and not exceeding $20 30 cents. Over $20 and not exceeding $30 45 cents. Over SW and not exceeding 40 60 cents. Over $40 and not exceeding $M 75 cents. REGISTERED MATTER. First, third and fourth class matter m.iy be registered at all post offices on payment of a fee of 10 cents for each letter or parcel in addition to the postage, and the fee is the same whether the matter be addressed to domestic or foreign post offices. Registered letters are protected with great care, and delivered to the person to whom they are addressed, and a receipt from him returned to the sender. A receipt is also given by the postmaster at the time of reg- istering. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 89 THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. The government of the United States is formed of three dis- tinct branches, the Legislative, Executive and Judicial. THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT comp-fces the Senate and House of Representatives and makes all laws. Each state has two representatives in the Senate-, elected for 6 years by the state legislatures. The number of congressmen from each state is governed by its population, but each state has at least one. They are elected for two years by the voters of the con- gressional districts into which the states are divided. One-third of the senators go out of office every two years. Ihe pay of both senators and congressmen is $5,000 per year, with mileage (at 20 cents per miles) and other extras. The Speaker of the House gets $8,000. The Vice-President of the United States is President of the Senate, and receives $10,000 per year. Senators must be 33 years old, nine years citizens of the United States and live in the states they represent. A congressman must be 25 years old, seven years a citizen of the United States and live in the district he represents. Congress now comprises 7ft senators and .'> representatives. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT enforces the laws made. The executive power is vested in the President of the United States, who is elected for four years by electors chosen in each state by the voters thereof. The number of electors for each state is equal to the number of its con- gressmen, and United States senators, or two more than the number of its congressmen. The electors (now numbering in all 401) cast their ballots, the same are sealed, and opened by the President of the Senate in the presence of the two Houses of Congress. When two candidates receive the same number of electoral votes the election is thrown into the House of Representatives, which elects a president. The Presi- dent must be born in the United States, have lived in the same for 14 years and be 35 years old. His pay is $50,000 per year. He is commander in chief of the army and navy, and appoints cabinet, judicial and executive officers, the appointments being confirmed by the Senate. The qualifications for Vice-President are the same as for President. The Cabinet comprises the Secretaries of State, Treasury, War, Navy and Interior, and the Postmaster and Attorney Generals, each of whom receives $8,000 per year. THE JUDICIARY comprises, 1st. A Supreme C'ourt sitting at Washington composed of a chief justice (salary $10,500 per year) and eight associate judges at $10.000 per year. They are appointed by the President, and hold office for life, unless re- moved for malfeasance. 2nd. Nine Circuit Courts, having jurisdiction over one or more states. 3d. Fifty-eight district courts. Appeals he from the district to the circuit courts, and from the latter to the Supreme Court. 4th. Court of Claims, where suits against the United States must be brought. THE STATES are governments within a government, and all powers not expressly granted to the general government remain in the states THE TERRITORIES are governed by officers appointed by the Presid'-nt of the United Suites. THE REVENUE of the United States is derived from custom and internal revenue taxes on liquors and tobacco, and the sale of land. 40 THE WESTERN WORLD PAY OF UNITED STATES OFFICERS. ARMY AND NAVY OFFICERS rank in the order given below and receive the salaries opposite each rank : ARMY. NAVY. General $13,500 Admiral $:.1,nv> Lieutenant General 11,000 Vice Admiral 9,000 Major General 7,500 Hear Admiral 6,000 Brigadier General 5,500 Commodore 5,000 Colonel 3,500 Captain. 4.500 Lietenant Colonel 3,000 Commander 3,500 Major 2,500 Lieutenant Commander. 2. NX) Captain 2,000 Lieutenant 2,400 Regimental Adjutant... 1,800 Master 1,800 First lieutenant 1,6^0 Ensign 1,200 Second Lieutenant l,iOO Midshipman 1,000 MINISTERS ABROAD receive pay as follows : To England $17,500 To Hawaiian Isles $7,500 Germany 17,500 " Belgium 7,500 France 17,500 " Hayti 7,500 Russia 17,500 " Columbia 7,500 Austria 12,000 " Turkey 7,500 China 12,000 " Venezuela 7,500 Brazil 12,000 " Sweden 7,500 Mexico 12,000 " Netherlands 7.5TO Italy 12,000 " Switzerland ... 5,000 Japan 12,000 " Portugal 5,000 Spain 12,0.0 " Bolivia 5,000 r-hili 10,000 " Denmark 5,000 Peru 10,OfO " Paraguay 5,000 Central America 10,000 " Liberia 4,000 " Argentine Confed... 7,500 HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS are compensated as below: Director Geolog. Surv'ys . $6,000 Supt. Signal Service $4.000 Supt. Coast Surveys 6,OTO Commr. Land Office 4,000 Treasurer 6,000 Commr. Customs 4,000 Supt. Census 5,000 Commr. Pensions 3,* 00 Supt. Naval Observatory. 5,000 Commdr. Marine Corps... 3,500 Supt. Bureau Engraver. 4,500 Commr. Agriculture 3,000 Public Printer 4,500 Commr. Indian Affairs... 3,000 Director Mint 4.500 Commr. Education 3,000 Register Treasury 4,000 POSTAL DEPARTMENT. Three Assistant Postmaster Generals, $3,500 each : Chief < lerlc, $2.200. Postmasters are paid as follows, except at New York, where salary is 8,000 : First Class $3,000 to $4,000 Third Class Sl.OO ' to $2,000 Second Class.. . . $2,OOU to fc3,OCO Fourth Class. . .less than *!,000 Postmasters of the first, second and third classes are appointed by the President, all others by the Postmaster General. TT. S. ARMY RATION. The following is a list of the Com- ponents of the Arn\y Ration as established by existing law, the General Regulations, and the orders of the War Department, viz : 12 oz. of pork or bacon, or 20 oz. of fresh beef, or 22 oz. of salt beef. GUIDE AKD EAND-BOOK 41 18 oz. of soft bread or flour, or 16 oz. of hard-bread, or 20 oz. of corn-meal. And, f 15 Ibs. of beans or peas, or 10 Ibs. of rice or hominy. og 10 Ibs. of green coffee, or 8 Ibs. of roasted (or roasted and ground) coffee, or 2 Ibs. of tea. :g 15 Ibs. of sugar. 4 quarts of vinegar. -1 1^ Ibs. of adamantine or star candles. g 4 I hs. of soap. " I 4 Ibs. of salt. 4 oz. of pepper. &, I And to troops in the field, when necessary, 4 Ibs. of yeast- l powder to 100 rations of flour. SUBSTITUTIVE ISSUES. Fresh mutton may be issued in lieu of and at the same rate as fresh beef, when the cost of the former does not exceed that of the latter. 14 oz. of dried fish, or 18 oz. of pickled or fresh fish may be issued in lieu of the meat component of a ration. .Molasses or syrup may be issued in lieu of sugar at the rate of 2 gallons of molasses or syrup in lieu of 15 Ibs. of sugar. Three pints of liquid coffee to each man may be issued daily in lieu of sugar and coffee components to the ration to troops travel : ng upon cars or having no facilities for cooking coffee, the cost thereof not to exceed 21 cents per day. The following issues may be made to troops traveling or in the field when it is impracticable to cook rations. ( In lieu of the usual meat j 75 Ibs. canned fresh beef, or oc I portion of the ration. J 75 Ibs. canned corned beef. f 33 one-pound cans baked beHiis; or I In lieu of the dry vegetable portion of the ration. beans ; or 5 one-gallon cans baked beans f or 25 pounds cheese. Similar issues may be made when in the interest of economy or a supply of the articles is on hand in excess of the probable wants of troops traveling- or in the Held. 20 two-pound cans baked beans ; or 15 three-pound cans backed TJ. S. ENSIGNS AND FLAGS. ENSIGN. Head or IT> >;,! ten-nineteenths of its length. Field. Thirteen horizontal strips of equal breadth, alternately red and white, beginning with red. 1'nimi. A blue field in the upper quarter, next the head. 4ofthe length of the ensign and seven stripes in depth, with white stars, ranged in equidistant horizontal and vertical lines, equal in num- ber to the number of states of the Union. JACK. Like the Union of an Ensien. CUSTOMS OK REVENUE FLAG-. Head or Hoist ten- sixteenths of its length. Field. Sixteen perpendicular stripes, alternately red and white, beginning with red at the head. Union. Composed of the Coat of Arms of the United States in dark blue on a white field, in the upper quarter next the head. eight-sixteenths of the length of the flag, or to the first edge of the fifth red stripe from the head, and extending down the uead half way. 42 THE WESTERN WORLD COINS OF THE UNITED STATES. WEIGHT. WEIOHT. Double Eagle=$20,gold 510 grs. HalfDollar silver.. 192.!) grs. 258 129 " 64.5" 77.4" 25.b" Quarter Doll.... ' .. 9 .45 Twenty Cents.. " .. 17.10 Dime " .. 38.58 Five Cents .cop'r-nick'l 77.16 Three Cents " 30 One Cent bronze 48 Eagle = 10, Half Eagle = 5, Quart'r Eagle= 2}4 Three Dollars One Dollar Trade Dollar silver 420 One Dollar " 412Jij" TJ. S. gold and silver coins are 9-10 fine. The coinage of the silver dollar of 412^ grains, the tiTe and three-cent silver pieces, and the bronze two-cent pieces was discontinued under the Coin- age Act of 1873. The act of February 28, 1878, again authorized the Coinage of the silver dollar of 412^j grains, and restored its legal tender character. THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF MONEY circulating or other- wise held in the United Status is estimated at 81.545,588,140, of whic'i $446,68 ',016 is Legal Tender notes; $332,473,693 National Bank Notes, SK 2,732,487 gold ami gold certificates, and $193,821,110 silver aud silver certificates, fractional currency, etc. COINAGE OF GOLD AND SILVEB.-1793-1880. Years. Gold. Prior to 1835 1835 to "1852, incl 18i3to 1873, incl 1874 $15,780,160.00 221,011,41*1.00 5*0,114,258.50 50,442,690.00 33,5-j3,965.00 38,178,962.50 44,078,199.00 52,798,980.00 40.986.912.27 56,157,735.00 $39,690,079.90 ) 39,5-^,292.00 } 6>,928,512,70i 5,983,601.30 10,070,368.00 19,126,502.50 *28,549,935.00 +28,290.825.50 27.227,88'J.rO 27,942,437.50 $11,919,888.55 411,925.00 230,375.00 260.350.00 62.125.00 80,604.00 97,79.H.iH) 269,971.50 Io75 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 Total 81,133,103,322.00 $292,333,43S.90 $13,283,107.05 Silver. Minor. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 43 VALTTE OF FOREIGN COIN IN TJ. S. MONEY. -The first section of the act of March 3, 1873, provides " that the value of foreign coin, as expressed in the money of account of the United States, shall be that of the pure metal of such coin of standard value," and that " the values of the standard coins in circulation of the various nations of the world shall be estimated annually by the Director of the Mint, and be proclaimed on the first day of January by the Secretary of the Treasury. The esti- mates of values contained in the following' table are those made by the Director of the Mint, Jan. 1, 1885. Country. Monetary Unit. Standard. Value. D. C. M. Argen. Rep Austria Peso fuerte Florin Hold Silver 1 00 39 3 Belgium Franc Dollar Gold and Silver.. Gold and Silver. 19 3 79 5 Brazil Milreis of ],000 reis. Gold 54 6 Dollar Gold 100 Bogota . . . Peso Gold 98 5 Dollar Silver 91 8 t hili Peso Gold 91 2 Cuba Peso Gold a3 2 Denmark .... Crown Gold 26 8 Ecuador Dollar Silver 19 5 Egypt Pound of 100 piast's Gold . 4 97 4 France Franc Gold and Silver. . 19 3 Gt. Britain Pouii'l sterling . . . 2 Norway Paraguay. . Crown Peso Gold Gold :.J 8 100 Peru Sol Silver .. 79 5 Porto Rico. Peso.. ... Gold .... C " ' 5 Portugal Mil., 1,000 r's Gold 108 Russia... . R'bl., 100 co . Silver CO 6 Sandwich Islands. Dollar Gold 100 Spain Peseta of lOOc'ntim Gold and Silver. 19 3 Sweden . Gold . 26 8 19 3 Tripoli Mah.,20pi's Silver 71 7 Tunis Pi's., 16 car Silver OILS Turkey Piaster Gold 044 Columbia Peso Silver 91 8 Uruguay Patacon Gold 94 9 The above rates are the true or commercial values, proclaimed by the Secretary of the Treasury, and are taken at the custom houses in estimating the values of all foreign merchandise m:ido out in any of said currencies. They should not be confounded with the Mint values. LEGAL HOI.IDAYS.~Tn all the states and territories of the United States the following are legal holidays : Chritttnias (Dec. 25th), Uth Jill)/, and Tliniili^t/irniy (usually last Thursday in Nov.); Fear's is a legal holiday in all the states and territories ex- 44 THE WESTERN WORLD cept Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Maine, Massachu- setts, New Hampshire. North Carolina, South Carolina and Rhode Island. Decoration Day (May 30), is a legal holiday in Colorado, Maine, Vermont, Connecticut, Mi higan. New Hampshire, New Jersey, lihode Island, New York, Pennsylvania and District 01 Columbia. Washington's Birthday (Feb. 22) is a legal holiday in Alabama, Arkansas, Flerida, Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Texas, Oregon and Ten- nessee. In Louisiana Shrove Tuesday, Anniversary of Battle of J\'ew Orleans (Jan. 8), Lincoln'* Birthday (Feb. 12), Firemen's Anni- versary (March 4.) and Good Friday are 1. gal holidays. In Texas the Anniversary of Texan Independence (March 2,) and Battle of San Jacinto (April 21.) are legal holidays. In Georgia Memorial Day (April 2'); in Mobile, Montgomery and Selma, Ala., Shrove Tuesday, and in Florida, Minnesota and Pennsylvania Good Friday are legal holidays. General Election days are ordered as holidays in California, Maine, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, South Carolina and Wisconsin. SLLVKJA SPRINGS, FLORIDA. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 45 PUBLIC DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES, in each year since 1790. (.Official.) $75,463,476 52 1839 Jan. 1 $11,983,737 53 77 227 924 06 1840 . . . . " 5 125 077 63 80,352,634: 04 1841 " 6,737,398 00 78,427,404 77 1842 . . . . " 15,028,486 37 80,747,587 38 1843 July 1 27,203,450 69 . 83.762,172 07 1844 . . .. " 24,748,188 23 82,064,479 33 1845 " 17,093,794 80 . . 79,228,529 12 1846 " 16,750,926 33 78,408,669 77 1847 " 38,956.f 23 38 . 82,976,294 P5 1848 ... " 48,526,3~9 37 83,038,050 80 1849 Dec. 1 64,704,693 71 .. 80,712,632 25 1850 " 64.228,'-'38 37 77,054,686 ' 1851 No V-.30 62,560,395 26 . 86,427,120 88 1852 . . ..Dec. 20 65,131.692 13 82,312,150 50 1853 July 1 67,340,628 78 . 75,723.2 68 185t " 47,242,206 05 69,218,398 1-4 . 65,196,317 97 1855 1856 Nov. 17 39.969,731 05 " 15 30,963,9(19 64 57 03 1!'2 09 1857 .. ..Julyl 29,' 60,386 90 . . 53,173,217 52 1858 " 44,9 '0,777 66 . 48,005,587 76 1859 " 58,754,699 33 . 45,209,737 90 1860 " 64,769,703 08 55 962 827 57 1861 . . " 90 867 828 68 81,487,84624 99,833.660 15 1862 1863 " 514,211,371 92 " 1,098,793,181 37 .. . 127.334,903 74 1864 " 1,740690,48949 125,491,965 16 1865 " 2,682,593,026 53 . 103,466 (33 83 1866 " 2,783,425.879 21 95, r 29,648 28 . 94,015,566 15 1867 1868 " 2,692,199.215 13 " 2,636,320,964 67 89,987,427 1 6 1869 " 2,489,002.480 58 . 93,546,67li 98 1870 " 2,386,a58.599 74 90,875,87727 90,269,777 77 Jan. 1 83.788,43271 81,064,059 '.!) 1871 1872 1873 1874 Jan. 1 2,332,067,793 75 " 2,243,81-58.4)1 14 " X,l(i2.252.:?38 12 " 2,159,315.336 17 73,987,357 20 1875 " 2,142,598,:;02 02 67,4~5,04'> 87 1876 " 2,1 19,8152, i9."> 27 58 4?1 4i3 07 1877 .. .. " 2,092921.241 81 48,55,406 50 1878 " 2,045,955,442 79 39,1?3,191 f8 24,322,23518 7,001.032 ^8 187!) 1880 1881 " 2,028,648,111 09 " 2,011,798.504 87 Julyl I,ei9,850;130 00 4,760,081 08 351,28't C5 2!1,d8!t (i5 1.878.2:.':: ;'5 4,857,660 46 1882 1883 1881 1885 " 1,675,023,474 00 " 1,538,78 1.8;.-5 00 " 1.4:58.542,99500 Jan. 1 1,418,548,371 00 In the last nineteen amounts the cash in the Treasury is de- ducted f ro_m the aggregate debt, and bonds issued in aid of the Pacific Railroads are not included ; these amounted, on the first day of January, 1885, to $107,870,475, including interest paid by the United States. MASON AND DIXON'S LINE is a popular term used to signify the dividing line between the free and slave states. It originated from the fact that the line between Pennsylvania and Maryland and Virginia was surveyed by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon. Its more general application is due to John Kandolph, of Koanoke. 46 THE WESTERN WORLD POPULAR AND ELECTORAL VOTE at all Presi- dential Elections since the Revolution are given in the following tables. Until 1804 each elector voted for two candi- dates for President ; the one receiving the highest number of votes was elected President; and the next highest, Vice-Presi- dent, provided he received a major'ty of the votes. New York, North Carolina and Khode Island did not vote at the first election: i PARTY. ANDIDATES. VOTE. Popular. Elecotral. 1789 1792 1796 1800 1804 George Washington 69 34 9 6 6 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 4 132 77 50 4 1 3 71 68 59 30 15 11 7 5 3 2 2 2 1 73 73 65 64 1 162 14 John Adams R H Harrison John Rutledge George Clinton John Milton [Jen jamin Lincoln Edward Telf air Federalist Vacancies George Washington Federalist John Adams rtepublican George Clinton Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr Federalist Vacancies John Adams Federalist. Thomas Pinckney .... Republican Aaron Burr Samuel Adams Oliver Ellsworth George Clinton John Jay . George Washington .. John Henry S Johnson . Charles C. Pinckney Republican Republican Federalist Federalist Republican Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr Charles C. Pinckney John Jay.... The election being a tie, tros thrown into Congtess, and Jeff erson chosen, with Burr as Vice. ( Thomas Jefferson for P. 1 1 George Clinton for V.P. f j Chas. C. Pinckney for P. I ( Ruf us King for V.P. ) GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 47 i t PARTY. CANDIDATES. VOTE. Popular. o 01 W 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 Republican j James Madison for P. i 1 George Clinton for V. P. )" j Chas. C. Pinckney for P I *( Ruf us King for V. P. J j James Madison for P. I j Elbridge Gerry for V.P. f t De Witt Clinton f or P 1 '( Jared Ingersoll for V. P. f j James Monroe for P. I 1 D. D. Tompkins for V.P. f I Ruf us King for P. { John E. Howard for V.P. - ( and Scattering. ( James Monroe for P. ) 1 D. D. Tompkins for V.P. f I John Q. Adams for P. -< Richard Stockton for > ( V. P. and Scattering. \ ( Andrew Jackson for P. ) < Wm. H. Crawford for P. - ( Henry Clay for P. John C. Calhoun for V.P. ' Nathaniel Macon for ' Andrew Jackson for " Martin Van Buren for " Henry Clay lor j John Q Adams for P. I ( Nathan Sanford for V.P. f Election thrown into House, and Adams chosen, with CaL- hmm as Vice. j Andrew Jackson for P. ) (JohnC. Calhoun for V.P. f j. J. Q. Adams for P. | 'I Richard Rush for V. P. f j Andrew Jackson for P. 1 ") MartinVan Buren forV.P J j Henry Clay for P. I John Sargent for V. P. ) John Floyd for P. Henry Lee for V. P. ( William Wirt for P. "( Amostllmaker for V. P. j Martin Van Buren for P. I ( R. M. Johnson for V. P. j f Wm . H. Harrison for P. 1 Hugh L. White for P. 1 Daniel Webster for P . -{ W P. Mangum for P. 1 Francis Granger for V.P. John Tyler for V. P. 1 William Smith for V. P. 122 47 131 89 183 34 231 8 99 41 37 182 24 13 9 2 84 30 178 83 219 49 11 7 170 147 73 26 14 11 77 47 28 Republican Republican Federalist Republican Opposition Republican Republican Coalition 155,872 44,282 46,58', 105,321 Democratic Nat. Republic.. Democratic Nat. Rep 647,231 509,097 687,502 530,189 Independent . . . Anti-Mason Democratic Whig... 761,549 736,656 48 THE WESTERN WORLD 1 r-l PARTY. CANDIDATES. VOTE. Popular. Elcct'l. 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 Whig Election of Vice-President tlirairti into Congress and JolDivon chosen. f Wm. H. Harrison for P. > "/ John Tyler for V. P. ( ( Martin Van Buren for P. ] j R. M Johnson for V. P i S. \V. Tazewell for V. P. | I. James K. Polk for V. P. j James G. Birney for P \ James K. Polk for P. ) i George M. Dallas forV.P. f i Henry Clay for P. i T. Frelinghuysen f orV. P j James G. Birney for P ( Zachary Taylor for P. I i MillardFillmorofor V.P. f i Lewis Cass for P. / Wm. O. Butler for V. P. f i Martin Van Buren for P. i i Charles F. Adams for V. P f ( Franklin Pierce for P ) / \Vm. H. King for V.P.... J i Winfleld Scott f or P .... i ~t Win. A. Graham for V.P. f \ John P. Hale for P | "l Geo. W. Julian for V. P. . j ( James Buchanan for P. . | "i J.C.Breckenridge " V.P. j ( John C Fremont for P. . 1 't Wm. L. Dayton for V. P. f Millard Fillmore for P. . . 1 "I A. J. Donelson for V. P. ) 1,275,017 1,123,',02 234 60 48 11 1 170 105 163 127 254 42 174 114 8 180 39 233 213 21 Democratic Liberty 7,059 1,337,243 1,299,068 62,300 1,360,101 1,220,544 291,203 1,601,474 1,386,578 J 56,149 1,838,1C9 l,34U't:4 874,534 1,866,352 845,763 589,581 1,375,157 2,216,067 1,808,725 Democratic Whig Liberty Whig Democratic. ... Free Soil Democratic .... Whig Free Democ Democratic . . . Republican American Republican. . Democratic Cons. Union Ind. Democrat. Republican Democratic 't Hanibal Hamlin for V. P. | J.C.Breckenridge for P. . ) Joseph Lane for V. P . . f John Bell for P ) Edward Everett for V.P. f Stephen A. Douglas for P. 1 H. V. Johnson for V. P. . f (A Lincoln for P ) "( A. Johnson for V.P. ... \ t Geo. B. McClellan for P. . I 1 G. H. Pendleton for V.P. \ Alabama, Arkansas, Florida. Georyia* Louisiana, Mi**i.--- sippi, North Carolina, Ten- nessee, Texas ami Virginia, did not vote. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 49 t>1 PARTY. CANDIDATES. VOTE. Popular. 1 3 214 80 286 47 5 5 18 184 214 155 219 182 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 Republican Democratic... . Republican Dem. and Liber. Democratic Temperance Republican Democratic Greenback JUS Grant for P 1 3,015,071 2,709,613 3,597,070 2,834,079 29,408 6,608 4,033,950 4,284,885 81,740 9,522 4,449,053 4,442,035 307,306 4,838,319 4,844.061 208,553 150,335 J S. Coif ax for V. P. . f j Horatio Seymour for P. . 1 1 F. P. Blair, Jr., for V. P. e found below: Adrian, Mich 775 Akron, Ohio 610 Albany, X. Y 143 Alexandria, Va 238 Algiers, La 1,556 Allegheny, Pa 434 Allentown, Pa 93 Alton, 111 1,068 Annapolis, Md 222 Ann Arbor, Mich 716 Atchison, Kan 1,368 Atlanta, Ga 1,018 Auburn, N.Y 328 Augusta, Me 407 Augusta, Ga 887 Aurora, 111 951 Baltimore, Md 188 Bangor, Me 482 Bath, Me 382 Baton Rouge, La 1,320 Belfast, Me... 424 Belief ontaine, Ohio 6f>8 Binghamton, N. Y 215 Blackstone, Mass 272 Bloomington, 111 1,037 Boston, Mass 236 Bristol, R. I 215 Bucyrus, Ohio 632 Buffalo, N.Y 4:3 Burlington, N. J 74 Burlington, Iowa 1,122 Burlington, Vt 280 Cambridge, Mass 239 Camden, N. J 91 Canandaigua, N. Y 377 Carson City, Nevada 2,800 Chambersburg. Pa 246 Charleston, S. C 874 Charlestown, Mass 235 Chattanooga, Tenn 982 Chicago, 111 911 Chillicothe, Ohio . 645 Cincinnati, Ohio 754 Circleville, Ohio 640 Cleveland, Ohio 581 Columbia, S. C 744 Columbus, Ohio 624 Concord, N. H 308 Covington, Ky 755 Cumberland, Md.. 364 Davenport, Iowa 1,093 Dayton, Ohio 804 Denver City, Col 1,998 Des Moines, Iowa 1,251 Detroit, Mich 679 Dover, N. H 304 Dubuque, Iowa 1,100 Dunkirk. N. Y 460 Elmira, N. Y 274 Erie, Pa 508 Evansville, Tnd 1,026 Fall River, Mass 180 Fitchburg, Mass 218 Fort Kearney, Neb 1,598 Fort Wayne, Ind 763 Fredericksburg, Va 296 Galena, 111 1,083 Galesburg, 111 1,076 Galveston, Tex 1,900 Georgetown. D. C 2:23 Hamilton, Ohio ',W Harrisburg, Pa 1S2 Hartford, Conn '. . . . 1 12 Hudson, N. Y 115 Indianapolis. Ind 838 Jackson, M iss 1,498 Jefferson City, Mo 1,210 Kalamazqo, Mich s22 Kansas City, Mo 1,307 Kingstown, N. Y 88 Lafayette, Ind 903 Lansing, Mich 785 Lawrence, Mass 2t;2 Leayenworth, Kan 1.3.SS Lexington, Ky tvll Lexington, Mo 1,354 Little Rock, Ark 1,430 Lockport, N.Y 507 Louisville, Ky 904 Lowell, Mass 261 Lynchburg. Va 40t Macon, Ga 1,121 Madison, \Vis ],04!> Memphis, Tenn 1.289 Milledgeville. Ga. ...:... 1,110 Milwaukee, Wis. 996 Mobile, Ala 1,370 Montgomery, Ala 1,193 Montpelier, Vt 4.">4 Nashua, N. H 275 Nashville, Tenn 1,088 New Albany, Ind 907 New Bedford, Mass 181 New Brunswick, N.J 32 Newburgh, N. Y 53 New Haven, Conn 76 New Orleans, La 1,550 Newport, Ky 744 Newport, R. 1 102 Norwalk, Conn 45 Omaha, Neb 1,455 Oswego, N. Y 237 Philadelphia 89 Pittsburg, Pa 445 Pittsfield, Mass 161 Portland, Me 341 Poughkeepsie, N. Y 76 Providence. R. I 189 Richmond, Va 343 Rochester, N. Y 37 1 Sacramento, Cal 3,1J St. Louis, Mo 1,066 St. Paul, Minn 1,322 Salt Lake Cit y, Utah 2,476 GUIDE AND HAXD-BOOK. 53 Mile*. Miles. San Antonio, Tex 1,953 Trenton, N. J 58 San Francisco, Cal 3,273 Troy, N. Y 151 Savannah, Ga 913 Utica, N. Y 240 Springfield. Ill 1,033 Vicksburg, Miss 1,287 Springfield, Mass 139 Washington, D. C 328 Syracuse, N. Y 293 Wheeling, W. Va 511 Terre Haute, Ind 899 Wilmington, Del 118 Toledo, O 706 Worcester, Mass 193 BY WATER. Place. Country. Aftfcs. Alexandria Egypt 5,095 Amsterdam Holland 3,530 Bermudas West Indies 680 Bombay India -. 11,575 Bordeaux France . 3,334 Brussels Belgium 3,418 Cape of Good Hope Africa 6,810 Cape Horn South America 7.000 Constantinople Turkey 5,156 Copenhagen Denmark 3,650 Calcutta India 12,510 Canton China 14,115 < iil milter Spain 3,290 Glasgow Scotland 2,934 Halifax Nova Scotia 563 Havana Cuba 1,275 Lima Peru 11,312 Lisbon v Portugal 3.184 London England 3,376 Liverpool England 3,080 Madras British India 11,864 Naples Italy 4,327 Pekin China 15,325 Pernambuco Brazil. ... 4,926 St.John Newfoundland 786 St. Petersburg Russia 4,437 ..Sandwich Islands 7,159 San Francisco California 18,843 Shanghai China 14,510 Stockholm Sweden 4,075 Valparaiso Chili 4,813 Vi-ra Cruz Mexico 2,185 Vienna Austria 4,095 Yokohama Japan 7,529 THE REVENUE RECEIPTS for 1885 will be about $110,- 000,000, and will be distribued about as follows: Alabama. $35 000; Arizona, $2,750; Arkansas. S90.000; California, S3.300.000; Colorado; $200,000; Connecticut, $425,000: Dakota, 810,000; Delaware, $21)0,000, Florida, $173,000; Georgia. 575,000; Idaho, $2,500; Illinois. $25,000,- 000: Indiana, $5.600.000: Iowa, $2,750,000; Kansas, $167,000: Ken- tucky, $15,000,000: Louisiana, $560.000: Maine, 50,000; Maryland, So. 1.50,000; Massachusetts, 2,400,000; Michigan, $1,500,000; Minne- sota, S500.000; Mississippi, $50,000; Missouri, $6,500,000: Montana, S 125,000; Nebraska, $1,500,000; Nevada, $5,000: New Hampshire, $375,000; New Jersey, $3,475,000; New Mexico, $70,000; New York, .? 13,500,000; North Carolina, $1,600,000; Ohio, $13,500.000; Oregon, ?' 25,000; Pennsylvania. $7.500,000; Rhode Island, $130,000; South Carolina, $93,000; Tennessee, $1,250,000; Texas, $225,000; Utah, $4,500; Vermont, $30,000; Virginia, $3,000,000; Washington, $7,000; West Virginia, $550,000; Wisconsin, $3,000,000; Wyoming, $1,500. 54 THE WESTERN WORLD DISTANCES FROM WASHINGTON to various points in an air line: Miles. Miles. Alexandria, Egypt 5,275 Manilla, Phil. Islands Amsterdam, Holland 3,555 Athens, Greece 5,005 Aukland, N. Z 8,290 Algiers, Algeria 3,425 Berlin, Prussia 3,847 Berne, Switzerland 3,730 Brussels, Belgium 3,5 '5 Batavia, Java 11,118 Bombay, Hindostan 8,548 Buenos Ay res, A. C 5,013 Bremen, Pr 3,500 Constantinople, Turkey.. 4,880 Copenhagen, Denmark . . 3,895 Calcutta, Hindostan 9,348 Canton, China 9,000 Cairo, Egypt 5,848 Cape Town, Cape Colony. 6,684 Cape of Good Hope 7,380 Caraccas, Venezuela 1,058 Charlotte Town, P. E. I. . 820 Dublin, Ireland 3,076 Delhi, Hindostan 8,368 Edinburgh, Scotland 3,275 Frederickton, N. B 670 Gibraltar, Spain 3,150 Glasgow, Scotland 3,215 Halifax, N. S 780 Hamburg, Germany 3,570 Havana, Cuba 1,139 Honolulu, S. 1 4,513 Jerusalem, Palestine 5,495 Jamestown, St. Helena... 7,150 Lima, Peru 3,515 Lisbon, Portugal 3,190 Liverpool, England 3,228 London, England 3,315 City of Mexico, Mex 1,867 Montevideo, Uruguay 5,003 Montreal, Canada 471 Madrid, Spain 3,485 Moscow, Russia 4,466 Mecca, Arabia 6,598 Muscat, Arabia 7,600 Monrovia. Liberia ' 3,645 Morocco. Morocco 3,305 Mourzouk, Fezzan 5,525 Mozambique, Moz 7,348 Ottawa, Canada 462 Panama, New Granada... 1,825 Parana, A. C 4,733 Port au Prince, Hayti 1,425 Paris, France 3,485 Pekin, China 8,783 Quebec, Canada 601 Quito, Ecuador 2,531 Kio Janeiro, Bra/il 4,280 Home, Italy 4,365 St. Petersburg, Russia. . . . 4,296 Stockholm, Sweden 4,055 Shanghai, China 8,600 Singapore, Malay 11,300 St. Johns, N. F 1,340 San Domingo, S. D 4.300 San Juan, Nicaragua. . . . 1,740 San Salvador, A. C 1,650 Santiago, Chili 4,970 Spanisn Town, Jamaica.. 1,446 Sidney., C. B. 1 975 Sydney, Australia 8,963 St. Paul de Loanda 5,578 Timbuctoo, Soudan 3,395 Tripoli, Tripoli 4,425 Tunis, Tunis 4,240 Toronto, Canada 343 Venice, Italy 3,fc35 Vienna, Austria 4,115 Valparaiso, Chili 4,934 Vera Cruz, Mexico 1,680 Warsaw, Poland 4,010 Yeddo, Japan 7,630 Zanzibar, Zanzibar ... 7,078 THE MORTALITY OF CITIES in the United States is as follows, the number following each city indicating the number of deaths per year to the 1,000 of population: New York, 26; Phila- delphia, 20; Chicago, 22; St. Louis, 20; Baltimore, 23; Cincinnati, 20; Louisville, 21; San Francisco, 19; Atlanta, 19; Washington, 22; Pittsburgh. 22; New Orleans, 23; Brooklyn, 23; Boston, 22; Savannah, 29; Charleston, 28; New Haven, 18; Salt Lake City, 20; Providence, 20; Memphis, 28; Jacksonville, 26; Richmond, 25; Cleveland, 21; Newark, 21; Milwaukee, 21; Mobile, 23; Nashville, 22; St. Paul, 25; Minneapolis, 25. EXPENDITURES IN THE UNITED STATES are approximately as follows: For liquor, $930,000,000; for bread, $525,000,000; for meat, $312,000,000; for iron and other metals, $365,000,000; for woolen goods, 8224,000.000; for cotton goods, $198,000,000; for lumber, fc>35,000,000; for boots and shoes, 8197.000,- 000; for sugar and molasses, 55,000,000; for educational purposes, $96,000,000. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 55 THE ORIOTN OF THE DOLLAR dates from July 6, 1785, prior to which the English pound was used in the colonies. The weight was fixed in August of the following year, and was based on that of the old Spanish dollar. The first dollar ever issued by any government was coined at Joachimsthall, in Bohemia. IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES, 182O-1884. Previous to 1820 no record of immigrants was kept, but the whole number landed from the close of the Revolution to that date, is put at about 270,000. Year. 1830... 1821... Immi- grants. 8,385 .... 9,127 Year. 1837... 1838 .. Immi- grants. ... 79,340 ... 38,914 Year. 1854. . . 1855. . . . 1856.... 1857.... 1858. . . . 1859. . . . 1860. .. 1861.... 1 8 62.... 183. . . . 1864.... 1865.... 1866.... 1867. .. 1868 Immi- grants. ...427,833 ...200,877 ...195,857 ...246,945 ...119,501 ...118,615 . 150,237 . .. 89,724 .. 89,007 ...174,524 . . . 193,195 ...247,453 . ..167,757 ..298,967 282 189 Year. 1871... 1872... 1873. Immi- grants. ..321,350 ...404,806 459803 1822.. 6,911 1839... 1840... 1841. . 1842. . 1843. . . . 68,069 ... 84,066 . . . 80,289 ...104,565 . . 52 496 1823... 1824... 1825.. .... 6,354 .... 7,912 10,199 1874. . 1875. . 1876... 1877. . 1878. . . 1879. . . 1880... 1881... 1882. . . 1883. . 1884... Total . . . .313,339 .. 227,408 ...169,986 ...141,857 ...138,469 ...177,826 ...457,257 ...669,431 ..788,992 ...603,322 ...518,592 1826 . 10,837 1827... 1828.... 1829 .. 1830... 1831.... 1&32... 1833.... 1834... 18*5... 1836... ....18,875 ....27,382 ....22,520 ....23,322 ....22,6315 ....60,482 ....58,6*0 ....65,365 ....45,374 ....76,242 1844. . . 1845. . 1846. 1847. . . . 1848. . . . 1849... 1850... 1851.... 1852... 1853.. ... 78,615 ...114,371 ...154,416 ...234,968 ...226,527 ...297,024 . . .369,980 ...379,466 ...371,60:! ...368,645 1869. . . . 1870. . . . ...352,768 ...387,203 .12,719,095 NATIONALITY OF IMMIGRANTS TO THE UNITED STATES. Up to 1884 the countries named each contributed im- migrants as follows: England 946,872 Ireland 216,876 Scotland 168,113 Wales 21,643 Great Britain, not speci- fied 561,914 Austria-H u ngary 72,492 Belgium 25,671 Denmark 51,605 France 341,716 Germany 3,509,128 China 274,381 Greece 712 Italy 79,673 Netherland 48,428 Poland 19,218 Portugal 11,104 Russia 41,213 Spain 29,694 Sweden and Norway. .. 698,114 Switzerland 89,807 Turkey 1,108 Total 8,915,502 NATURAL WONDERS OF THE UNITED STATES.- Yosemite Valley, California, 57 miles from Coulterville. A valley from 8 to ten miles long, and about one mile wide. Has very steep slopes about 3,500 ft. high: has a perpendicular precipice 3,089 ft. high; a rock almost perpendicular, 3,270 ft. high; and waterfalls from 700 to 1,000. Niagara FattxA sheet of water three-quarters of a mile wide, with a fall of 175 ft. Natural Bridge over Cedar Creek in Virginia: Mammoth Cave in Ken- tucky; Yellowstone National Park in Montana; Peak* of Utter in Virginia; Grand Menans Land in Maine; Mount Desert in Maine; the Palitadea of the Hudson river; Great Salt Lake in Utah; Hot Springs in Arkansas; the Royal Gorge, the Mount of the Holy Cross, the Garden of the Gods in Colorado. 56 THE "WESTERN WORLD CHTJRCH MEMBERSHIP IN THE UNITED STATES. (OflBcial.) DENOMINA- TIONS. Churches. Ministers. Members. DENOMINA- TIONS. Churches. Ministers. Members. Advent. 2d.. Adv 7th Day Baptist Bap.Anti-M. " FreeWill. " 7th Day.. " Six Prin. Christian . . . Congreg'n'l. Dunkards Brethren . Epis. Prot.. Epis. Ref... 800 640 26,060 900 1,432 94 20 5,100 3,804 250 3,000 600 114 16,596 400 1,213 110 12 3,782 3,713 200 3,432 100 1,545 200 202 3,132 350 24,658 11,703 1,738 1,800 638 70.000 15,570 2,296,327 40,000 78,012 8,539 2,000 591,821 381,697 100,000 338,383 9,448 117,027 60,0(10 13,633 950,868 50,000 1,724,420 860,687 387,566 300,000 112,938 Me^th. Free... Meth. Cong. . . Meth. Prim. . . Meth. Prot... Meth. Welsh Calvinistic. . Meth. Wesley. Moravian Mormon 107 200 14 573 1,134 148 84 654 93 5.858 2,010 2,457 1(57 826 509 1,405 6,241 18 335 4,524 956 400 260 225 52 1,385 600 400 94 3,906 89 5,218 1,081 1,386 143 719 545 748 6,546 68 394 2,196 729 350 12,318 13,750 3,369 135,000 118,979 17,087 9,491 110,377 3,994 600,695 123,806 111,863 17,273 84,573 80,167 155,857 6,901,324 2,400 17,960 157,835 27,429 30,000 New Jerus'lm (SwedTjrgn) Presbyterian . Presb. (South) " Cum'bl'd Presb. Ref.... Presb. United Ref'd. Church (Dutch) Ref. Church . . Rom. Catholic Shaker Evang. Ass. Friends Jews 1,576 392 260 5,5*3 300 17,935 4,942 381 629 388 Lutheran.. . Mennonite. . Method. Ep. Method. Ep. (South) . . . Method. Ep. African . . . Method. Ep. Afr. Zion. Method. Ep. Colored . . . Unitar'n Con- gregational. United Breth. in Christ Universalist .. Winebren'r's. THE GREAT CANALS OF THE WORLD.-The Im- perial Canal of China is over 1,000 miles long. In the year of 1861 was completed the greatest undertaking of the kind on the Euro- pean continent, the Canal of Langedoc, or the Canal du Midi, to connect the Atlantic with the Mediterranean; its length is 148 miles, it has more than 100 locks and about 50 aqueducts, and its highest part is no less than 600 feet above the sea; it is navigable for vessels of upward of 600 tons. The largest ship canal in Europe is the great North Holland Canal, completed in 1825125 feet wide at the water surface, 31 feet wide at the bottom, and has a depth of 20 feet ; it extends from Amsterdam to the Helder, 51 miles. The Caledonia Canal, in Scotland, has a total length of 60 miles, including three lakes. The Suez Canal is 88 miles long, of which 66 miles are actual canal. The Erie Canal is 350J miles long; the Ohio Canal, Cleveland to Portsmouth, 332; the Miami and Erie, Cincinnati to Toledo. 291, the Wabash and Erie (aban- doned) Evansville to the Ohio line, 374. HEIGHT OF GREAT MOUNTAIN PEAKS.-Pike's Peak, N. A., 14,000 ft,; Mt. Cervin, Europe, 14,835 ft.; Mt. Iztacci- huatl, N. A., 15,705ft.; Mt. Kasbek, Europe, 16,500 ft. Mt, St. Elias, N. A., 17,850 ft.; Mt. Chimborazo, S. A., 21,422 ft.; Mt. Chumulari, Asia, 23,946 ft.; Mt. Kintchinjunga, Asia, 28,178 ft.; Mt. Everest, Asia, 29,002 ft.; Mt. Dhawalagheri, Asia, 28,826 ft.; Mt. Aconcagua, S. A. ,22,422 ft.; Mt. Elbruz, Europe, 18,514 ft.; GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 57 Popooatapetl Vol., N A.. 17,540 ft.; Mt. Blanc, Europe, 15,732 ft ; Mt. Kosa, Europe, 15,150ft.; Mt. Fairweather N. A., 24,500 ft.; Mt. LeGeant, Europe, J3.800 ft. WINTER IN THE SOUTH. . THE FIRST IRON FURNACE in America was at Fall- ing Creek, a few miles below Richmond, Va., but on the opposite side of the James. The works were beg-un in 1619, but in 1623 were destroyed in an Indian massacre. They were never renewed, and the next attempt to manufacture iron was made by Gov bpottswood, near the present site of Fredericksburg, about 1726. lo this the plantation of George Washington's father, Augustine, contributed much ore. 58 THE WESTERN WORLD THE OF THE WORLD, Their Areas, Populations, Characteristics, Governments and Rulers. ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.-Area, 1,619,500 sq. miles; pop., ab>>ut 3,l ! 00,000; abounds in fertile plains, called pampas, with rich alluvial soil four or five feet thick, formed by decay of vegeta- tion; consists of 14 provinces; Buenos Ayres is the most im- portant, pop. 500,000; capital city, Buenos Ayres, 200,000 pop.; country sparsely populated. Population of Buenos Ayres largely European, and immigration has increased enormously of late years. Eminently a pastoral country, with about 18,000,000 cattle, 140,000.000 sheep; exports largely wool, hides and tallow. Twelve lines of steamers run to Europe, the passage occupying 20 days; miles of railway, 1,800; telegraph, 8,000; Atlantic cable com- municates with London. Revenue, 1883, 31,230,749, derived from import and export duties; expenditure, 832,694,490; national debt, $134,672,500. The government is a federal republic, modeled on the constitution of the United States, except that the ministry is responsible to Congress. The laws are the same for all, native or foreign; immigrants may naturalize or maintain their foreign nationality. National Congress consists of a Senate and House of Deputies; the executive power is entirely in the hands of the president, who is held responsible for the acts of that department. The president, Gen. Julio. A. Koca, was elected 1880 for seven years, with a salary of 20,000. AUSTRIA. Empire, called since 1867 Austro-Hungary; area, 240,000 sq. miles; pop., 1880, 37,741,413; comprises five countries, each bearing the name of kingdom; largest city and capital, Vienna, pop., 1880, 726,105. Population embraces several distinct races, the most numerous being the German, numbering 9,000,000; Slavic races, 16,500,000 Poles, Croats, Servians, Czechs, Moravians, etc.; Magyars, or Hungarians, 5,500,000 ; Wallachians, 3,0000 feet above the sea. Country traversed by the two vast mountain ranges of the Cordilleras, reaching to a height of 38,000 feet; many volcanoes and mountains divided by magnificent valleys. Cotopaxi and Chimborazo famous peaks. Government vested in a President, chosen by 900 electors appointed by popular vote. President, J. M. P. Caamayno, elected, 1883; Vice-President, who is Minister of the Interior, and three other cabinet officers. The Congress consists of a Senate of sixteen, and a House of thirty members, chosen by popular suffrage. Army l,20u men. Navy three small steamers. Revenues, 1883 (half from customs), $3,050,000 ; expenditures, $3,688,000. Debt, 1883, $16,125,000. Roads almost unknown, mostly mere mule tracks. All transportation is on the backs of mules or by hand. Miles of railway, 75. Prin- cipal export, cacao, $4,539,641, out of a total of $7,193,645; im- ports, $6,000,000. Religion, Roman Catholic. Education is in the hands of the clergy, with about 600 schools, one university and several colleges. EGYPT. Dependency Gf Turkey; area, 1,152.948 sq. miles; population 18,000,000 (estimated), including Nubia and Soudan. Imports, 1881, $35,554.340; exports, $68,423,100. Executive power absolute, in hands of the Khedive, a prince tributary to the Sultan. Largest city Cairo, 349,883 inhabitants. Revenue, 1881 (estimated), $52,^21,350; expenditures, $51,930,400. Debt, $508,625,- 840. Army, 15,000 men; navy, 14 vessels. Railways in 1882, 942 miles; telegraphs, 5,260 miles. FRANCE.-204,030 sq. miles; population 1881, 37,682,048. Leg- islative power vested in a Corps JLeffislatif, consisting of a Senate of 300 members, 225 of whom are chosen for 9 years by the de- partments and the colonies, and 75 for life by the National Assem- bly; and a Chamber of Deputies, now 532 irembers, elected by universal suffrage, one deputy to each 100,000 inhabitants. Sal- ary of Senators and Deputies, $1,800. Every Frenchman of 21 years has the right to vote, and there were in 1876, 9,948,070 legal voters. Executive power is vested in a President, elected for seven years by a joint assembly of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies; salary, $120,000 and $32,480 for household expenses: has power to dissolve Chamber of Deputies upon the advice of the Senate. President, F. P. Jules Grevy, elected 1879. The min- istry consists of nine members, responsible to the Chambers for conductor the government. President responsible only in case of high treason. France is divided into 87 departments, subdi- vided into 362 " arrondisements," 2,865 "cantons," and about 36,- 000 " communes." The President appoints a prefect for each de- partment, who is head of the police, issues local decrees, superin- tends tax collection and represents the government as general agent, assisted by a council elected by the people. Funded debt, $4,750,337,109; floating debt, $65,000,000. Revenue, 1883, *713,718,598; expenditure, $712,542,421. Imports, 1883, $1.028,496400; exports, $752,215,000. Miles of railway Jan. 1, 1883, 18,023. Revenues de- rived chiefly from excise and stamp taxes. Army, 503,000 men in peace and 19,057 officers, costs about $115,000,000 per annum. Every Frenchman of 20 years owes five years active service with slight exemptions. Navy, 302 vessels, 1,758 officers, and about 60,000 marines. Roman Catholic Church most powerful. Pro- GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 63 vision is marte for public instruction, every commune having to maintain primary schools. Education neither gratuitous nor compulsory. Half the people engaged in agriculture, and the multitude of small lauded proprietors is great; 9,000,000 land owners; value of land under tillage varies from $105 to $323 per acre. GERMANY. Empire area; 208.624 square miles; pop., 1880, 45,194.172. It is a union of 25 sovereign states, consisting of 4 kingdoms, 6 grand duchies, 5 duchies, 7 principalities, and 3 free towns. Alsace-Lorraine, ceded by France, 1870-71, forms a 26th member, but is governed by imperial authority. Germany is a constitutional monarchy, the Emperor (VVilhelm I, born 1799; crowned 1871) exercising imperial power in the name of the 25 confederate states. The Bundesrath, or federal council, has 59 members appointed for each session by the government of the several states. The Reichstag, or House of Representatives, has 397 members, elected for 3 years by universal suffrage every German of 21 years being an elector. The sessions of the legisla- ture are annual, and every law must receive a majority of the whole number of members of both houses, and the sanction of .e Emperor. Revenue, 1884, $147,704,8*5; half from customs, one-third excise on sugar, salt, tobacco, spirits and malt, and re- mainder from various sources. Expenditure, .$147.ti ( .r>,8Wi; $90,- 600.000 for army. Debt, 99.000,000 funded, 38,000,000 floating. Army on peace footing, 445,402 men. Military service compulsory upon every German capable of bearing arms. Navy 86 vessels, 965 ollicers and 15,000 men. Education compulsory ; number schools, 60,000. There are SOU gymnasia for preparatory training for tiie uni- versities; of the latter there are 21, with 1,913 professors. Popula- tion embraces about 27 ,000,000 Protestants, 15,000,000 Roman Catho- lics, and 500,000 Jews. Imports. 1883, $822,719,125; exports, $833,874,- 365; miles railroad, 21 ,693; 11,000 miles worked by the government. Miles of telegraph lines, 41,411. Postal and telegraphic depart- ments managed by the government. GREAT BRITAIN. Kingdom, embraces England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland and the Channel Islands, area 121,571 sq. miles: pop. ,1881, 35,240633; has also immense landed possessions in all parts of the globe; its colonies in Asia, chiefly British India, em- brace over 250,000,i'00 inhabitants, in America over 5,000,000, and in Australia 2,700,000. Legislative power is in Parliament, which holds for 7 years unless sooner dissolved by royal proclamation. The House of Lords (537 members in 1880) consists of 5 peers of the Queen's family, 2 archbishops and 21 bishops, 201 dukes, mar- quises, earls and viscounts, 261 barons, 16 Scottish and 28 Irish representative peers ; all of these but the last named hold for life. The House of Commons consists of 658 members elected by limited suffrage, of whom 40 constitute a quorum to do business; members of Parliament receive no salary. Executive govern- ment nominally in the Crown, is practically in the Cabinet, con- sisting of 13 members, whose tenure of office is dependent upon their measures commanding a majority in the House of Com- mons. At the head of the Cabinet is the First Lord of the Treas- ury, known as the Premier or Prime Minister; he dispenses the patronage of the Crown, his colleagues being appointed at his recommendation. Revenue, 1884, $436,025,920; expenditure. 4:u,997,820, of which $157,000,000 was for the army and navy. PubMcdebt, 1884. $3, 732, 110,820. Imports, 1884, $2,i:H,457,895; ex- ports, $1. 527, 1*5,1550. Army, 1883, 181,971 men, 7,199 officers, 136,778 militia and 102,810 volunteers. Navy, 246 vessels. Miles railroad, 1883, 18.457; telegraph, 27,103 miles, owned and operated by the government. Expenditure for elementary schools, $20,000,000 in 1883. England abounds in iron, tin and coal mines, the product of pig iron amounting to about $80,000,000 per anuum, and of coal 64 THE WESTERN WORLD about 8230,000,000. Textile industries are of enormous extent, employing nearly 1,000,000 hands ; the metal manufacturers come next, employing 650,000 hands. Agriculture excellent. The land held by a small number of proprietors. Established church Episcopal, in Scotland, Presbyterian. In Ireland no church is now established by law. A free-trade country. Queen, Victoria I, born 1819 ; crowned, 1837. GREECE. Kingdom; area, 20,018 sq. miles; pop. 1879, 1 970,433. Governed by George I, born 1815, elected king 1863. Legislative power vested in a Parliament of a single chamber of 187 deputies, elected for4 years by universal suffrage. Revenue, 1884, $16,340,- 000, a third from customs. Expenditure $14,967,fOO. Debt $90,- 496,660,1884. Imports, 1881, $19,586,270; exports $12,091,160, prin- cipally raisins, currants and olive oil. Army 29 .368 men, capable of increase to 2UO.OOO in war. Navy has 11 steamers and 10 sailing vessels. Commercial marine 5,001 vessels. Greece has only 7)4 miles of railway, from Athens to the ^'"aeus, and 2,916 miles of telegraph. Post-offices, 415. GUATEMALA. Republic ; area, 44,800 sq. miles ; pop., 7872, 1,197,054, of which 360,608 were whites and 830,146 Indians; rev- enue in 1883, $6,725,000, one-third imports ; expenditures. $6,625,- 000; debt, $8,203,060; imports, 1884, $2,6:30,^00: exports, $3,716,240, 1884, principally coffee. Miles of railway, 105 ; and ones is com- menced traversing the republic from the Caribbean Sea to the Pacific. Miles of telegraph, 1,100,' operated by the government. Public instruction is cared for by the government ; army 2,180 men ; no navy. Capital, Gautemala, 59,000 inhabitants, finest city in Central America. Executive power vested in a president and cabinet of 4 ministers. Legislative power is in a National Assembly. GTTIAN A. Climate hot. Principal products, sugar, rum and molasses and fine woods. BritishGuiana--86,OOOsq.miles,with 248,110 inhabitants in 1879 is divided into Essequibq. Demerara, and Rer- bice ; Gee Si 1 'I : capital, Cayenne, on Fhe island of the same name.which is a French penal settlement. Dutch Guiana, or Surinam, lies between Brit- ish and French ; area 45,000 sq. miles; pop. 68,255, four-fifths of whom are negroes ; capital, Paramaribo. H A YTI. republic; area estimated 8,000 sq. miles; pop. 550,000, nine-tenths negroes, the rest chiefly mulattoes. Language French. State religion Catholic. Legislative power is in an assembly and a president, chosen for four years. President, Gen. Salomon. Revenue, 1882, $5,875,000, three-fourths from duties on imports and exports. Expenditure, $5,689,000 ; debt, $14,000,000. Army 6,828 men ; navy 2 steam corvettes with 8 guns. Imports, 1881, $7,283,621; exports, $6,240,460, chiefly coffee, cotton and cocoa. HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Kingdom ruled by Kalakaua I. Area, 6,000 sq. miles; pop. 42,000. Sugar chief product. HONDURAS. Republic ; area, 58,168 sq. miles ; pop. 876,410. Governed by a president (Luis Bogran, elected 1883), a sinsrle minister, and an assembly of 37 representatives. Revenue, 1882, $1,120,000, a third from customs and about a third from monopo- lies. Expenditure nearly same. Debt, $31,000,000. Exports, GUIDE AND II AX D- BOOK. 65 81.305,000. Army about 1,500 men. One line of railway 56 miles long; 1,000 miles of telegraph. Education prominent. ITALY. Kinsdom : area, 114.380 sq. miles; pop., 1881, 2S.450.-151, 2tj,5,v>7!t Catholics. Divided into 69 province's. C,.,v- ernment a constitutional monarchy, with a senate of 270 mem- bers appointed for life, and a chamber of 508 deputies elected by general suffrage. Absolute freedom of the press prevails. The government supports education, which is compulsory and free. Agriculture,' silk, cotton, woolen and straw manufactures chief pursuits. Italy abounds in populous cities, of which Naples, 450,804, is the largest, and Rome, the capital, has 303 383. Revenue, 1883, 8307,545.000; expenditure, $311,135,315; debt, $2,201,903,485 ; imports, 1883, 276,172,130; exports, $289,782,259, of which silk made 56,000,000. Standing- array, 750.7(55 ; militia, 553,005 ; navy, 72 vessels with 339 guns ; 5,324 miles of railway in 1882, and 16.753 miles of telegraph. Umberto I, King, born, 1844; crowned, 1878. JAPAN. Empire, ruled by a Mikado.aided by a great council, and without a legislative body ; area, 146,013 sq. miles ; pop., 1882, oc;.',OU,U8 Revenue, 1883, 863,319,140, four-flfths from land tax; expenditures, $62,648,390; debt, 270,545,K21. Army 36,777 men in Is--.', navy 27 steam vessels with 5,551 men. Imports, 1&83, 29,168,- OH ; exports, $37,235,775, one-half raw silk. Railroads, 220 miles ; telegraphs, 4,733 miles; postofflces, 5,094. Mikado, Mutsu Hito, born, 1852 ; crowned 18(57. MEXICO. Republic; area, 741, 5P8 sq. miles; pop., 1877, 9.389,- 401 : divided into 27 states, besides Lower California and the federal district; governed by a president elected for 4 years (President, Porfirio Diaz, elected 18S3).ascnateof 56memberschosen fort; years and a house of deputies of 331 members for 2 years. The chief justice of the supreme court, elected for C years, is vice-president. Each state has local constitution, -with elective governors and legislatures. Language, Spanish; Catholic religion predominates, though all are equally protected; 4,000 public schools ; railways rapidly extending, about 3,200 miles in operation. The country ia rich in agriculture and mineral wealth, vast table-lands, varying from 3,(JOO to 5,000 feet in elevation, producing almost every variety of grain and vegetables, while in the warmer regions oranges and other tropical fruits grow profusely. Coffee and cotton are largely cultivated. The northern states are full of vast herds of cattle and sheep. Manufactures are poorly developed; commerce increasing. Imports, $30.27 1,000; 'exports, $40,875,000. Navigable rivers rare. Revenue, 1884, 36,060.000, 12,500.000 was from custom duties; expenditure, 33,316,630; public debt, 144.700,- 000 to $395,500,000. Army, 22,330 men ; the navy, 8 small gunboats. Capita', Mexico, built in 1521, on Lake Tezcoco, 7,435 feet above the sea level; pop., about 250,000. NETHERLANDS. Kingdom; area, 12.727 sq. miles; pop., 1880, 4,060,580, nearly all natives of Holland. Revenue, J883, 44,464,919; expenditure, 55,966.396; debt, 1883, 8376,908,500. Army, 1883, 65,113 men ; navy, 1880, 165 vessels, 503 guns and 5,197 men. Imports, 1883, S3l0,83,039 ; exports, 300,824,984. Railways, 1883, 1,390 miles, half managed by the state; telegraphs, 2,582 miles. Post-offices, 1,300. King, William III, born 1817; crowned 1849. NIC ARAGTT A .Republic; area, 58,000 sq. miles; pop., 3CO,000 (estimated), one-half Indians; largely covered with forests of mahoganv, rosewook and dye-woods. Country distracted by internal dissensions. Governed by a president elected for 4 years, a cabinet of 4 ministers, a senate of 10 members and an assembly 66 THE WESTERN WORLD of 11 representatives. Revenue, 1882, $1,624,180; expenditure, rather more; debt of $1,128,274. Exports, $4,022,000; imports, $3,362,000. Principal exports, coffee, elastic gum and gold and silver bullion. President, Adam Cordenas, elected 1883. PARAOrTT AY. Republic; area, 91,980 sq. miles; pop. in 1876, 293,844; has no cities and almost without civilization. Language is chiefly Indian, mixed with a little Spanish. Government, though nominally republican, under control of Brazil. The country owes $236,000,000. Revenue, Ib82, 8*50.000; expenses, $313,429. Imports, 1882, $1,278.000; exports, $1,812,000. Army, 500 men. Railway, 45 miles; telegraph lines, same length. President, General B. Caballero, elected 1882. PERSIA. Ruled by Shah, with obsolute power over all subjects within the limits of the Mohammedan religion. Through his direction the executive powers are exercised by a Ministry of seven departments. Shah, Nassr-ed-Din, crowned 1848. The whole revenue of the country is at his disposal. PERTT. Republic; area, 432,297 sq. miles; pop. in 1876, 3,050,000. Governed, under a constitution, by a president chosen for 4 years (Gen. Caceres), a senate of 44, and a house of representatives of 110 members. Revenue, 1879, $66,90u,00(); expenditures, $68,600,000; debt, $241,340,684. The revenue is chiefly derived from the sale of guano and the nitrate of soda. Imports, 1879, $24,000,000; exports, $31,000,000; army, 4,670 men, 1,000 gendarmes and 1,200 vigilantes. There were J,750 completed miles of railway and 600 more in con- struction in 1879. Silver largely mined, annual product 4,000,000. Soil fertile, producing cotion, sugar, grapes and olives, while the forests abound in the cinchona-tree, which yields the precious Peruvian bark, or quinine. Capital, Lima; population in 1876, 101,488. PORTUGAL. Kingdom; area, 34,595 square miles; popula- tion, 1878,4,348,551. The legislative power is in a cortes with a chamber of 100 peers, appointed for life by the king, and a cham- ber of deputies, 149, elected by the people. Revenue, 1884, 834,661,- 150; expenditure, $35,051,907; debt, J883, 8490,828.642. Imports, 1882, $26,950,000, exports, 818,1.98,000. Army, 1883, 33,994; navy, 44 ves- sels, with 156 guns and 3,470 men. Railways in 1879, 750 miles; telegraphs, 2,300 miles; postoffices, 903; king, Luis I, born 1838, crowned 1861. RUSSIA. Empire; area, 8,138,541 sq. mile; population, 98,356,- 100. Revenue, 1883, 8450,375,3^5; expenditure, $459,063,204; debt, 1885, $3,754,866,210. Army, 1883, 780,081 men ; navy, 389 men-of-war with 561 guns. Imports, 1882, 8224,100.000; exports, 460,150,000. Railways in 1882, 15,885; telegraphs, 69,412 miles. Postoffices, 4,521. Emperor, Alexander III., absolute, born 1845 ; crowned, 1881. SAN SALVADOR. Republic; area, 7,226 sq. miles; popula- tion in 1878, 482,422. Governed by a president elected for four years, a ministry of 5 meml>ers and a congress of 12 senators and 24 deputies, elected for 2 years. Suffrage is universal, except for servants and persons without legal occupation. Education mod- erate. Roman Catholic religion recognized, others protected. Army, I,0t0 men. Revenue, 188 i, 84,0(^,300; expenditure, 84,200,- 000; debt, $2.078,855 ; imports, 1883. $3,017,210; exports, $5,22J,720, one-half indigo, and one-third coffee. President, Rafael Z. Laso, elected 1876. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 67 SWITZERLAND. Republic; area, 15,908 sq. miles; popula lation, 18#0, 2,831,787. Legislative body consists of a national council of 141 members', or 1 to every 20,000 inhabitants, elected for three years, and of a council of states of 44 members, two for each canton. The executive power is in a federal council, chosen for three years by the federal assembly, and in a president of the Swiss confederation, elected for one year by the federal assembly from the members of the federal council. Revenue, 1883, 8,667,- 060; expenditure, $8,556,940; debt, 86,120,780. Army (all men between 22 and 32), 119,440, besides the landwehr, comprising all between 33 and 44, 91,595 in 1880. Railways, 1,735 miles ; telegraphs, 4.020 miles. Postoflices, 2,874. President, Dr. K. Schenk, elected 18S5. SIAM. The legislative power exercised by King, in conjunc- tion with Supreme Council of State and Council of Ministers. The royal dignity hereditary. King Chulalonkorn I . succeeded to the throne m 1868. SWEDEN AND NORWAY. Kingdom ; King, Oscar IT, born 1829, crowned 1872. United under one dynasty. Sweden, 170,927 sq. miles ; population, 1881, 4,565,668. Revenue, 321,894,760 ; expenditure, 21,638,41-0 ; debt, 1883, 66,372,410 ; army, 40,548 men ; navy, 42 steamers and 97 small vessels, with 218 guns. Imports, 1881,879,180,640; exports, $62,260.040. Railways, 3,637 miles, one- third operated by the state ; telegraphs, 18,421 miles ; postoffices, 1,800. Norway, 122,823 sq. miles ; population, 1876, 1,806,900. Rev- enue, 1883, $11,770.000; expenditure, $10,030.000; debt, 1883, $28,791,- 240; imports, 1882, $44,576,390; exports, $34,154,415: army, 18.750 men ; navy, 1*81, 29 steamers and 88 small vessels, with 154 guns. Railways, 972 miles, telegraphs, 5,672 miles, operated by the gov- ernment. Postoffices in 1581, 938. SPAIN. Kingdom ; area, 193,171 sq. miles; population, 1877, 16,333,293. Legislative power in the Cortes, a senate and a chamber of deputies, elected for 5 years by indirect suffrage. Revenue, 18 a 3, $176,0t6,280; expenditure, $176,046,280; debt, 1884, $1,190.000,- 000 ; imports, 1882, $122,088,079 ; exports. $127,661,841 ; army, 152,895 men ; navy, 124 vessels and 552 guns. Railways, 1882, 5,600 miles; telegraphs, 10,417 miles, Postoffices. 2,655. King, Alfonso XII, born 1857, crowned 1874. SANTO DOMINGO. Republic; forms the larger portion 01 the island of Hayti, lying east of the republic of that name; area, 20,591 sq. miles; population, 1876, 250,000 (estimated), principally mixed Spaniards, Indians and negroes. Language, Spanish. Established religion, Roman Catholic. Government vested in a president elected for 6 years, who appoints a council of 4 min- isters, a senate of 9 members, also chosen for 6 years, and a house of 15 members. Revenue, 1882, $1,500,000; expenditure. $1,381,000; debt, $3,780,060. Imports, 81,761,316; exports, $1,691,075, chiefly tobacco and sugar. Soil fertile ; climate mild and salubri- ous. Civilization backward. Education neglected. No roads: transportation on the backs of horses and mules. Army, 4,000 men ; navy, 5 small vessels, with 44 guns. Capital, Santo Domingo, pop. 6,000. President, General Bellini, elected 1884. TURKEY. Monarchy ; area, 935,110 sq. miles; pop. in Europe, 8,866,500; in Asia, 18,000,000 (estimated). Governed by a sultan, Abdul Hamid II, born 1842, crowned 1876, who is irresponsible, convoking and dissolving the general assembly at his pleasure. The ministers are responsible to the chamber of deputies ; the senate are nominated for life by t he sultan, and 68 THE WESTERN WORLD the deputies elected by secret ballot, one to every 150,000 males. Revenue, 868,430,000: expenditures, 870,496,000. Debt, 1883, 8538,- 186,170. Imports (estimated), $107,000,000; exports, 899,000,000. Army (compulsory service for 30 years), 160,417 men; navy, 116 steam vessels, 50 sail vessels, and 1,600 guns. Railways, 889 miles ; telegraphs, 17,950 miles. URUGUAY. Republic, area, 72,151 sq. miles, pop. 525,000 (estimated). Governed by a president (Maximo Santos, elected 1882), a ministry of 4 and a legislature of 13 senators and 40 repre- sentatives. Revenue, 1883, $9,920,000, three-fourths from cus- toms. Expenditures, $9,925,000 ; debt, 1883, $61,579,204. Imports, 1882, 820,918,884 ; exports, $32,229,512 ; 6,000,000 hides. Army, 4,500 men. 418 miles of railway in operation, and 1,405 miles of tele- graph. There are 294 postofflces. Capital, Montevideo ; pop., 1877, 91,167. * VENEZUELA. Rep ublic,f ormed after the dissolution of the republic of Colombia, 1864 ; area, 439,119 sq. miles; population esti- mated at 2,500,000. The confederation includes 20 states, besides the federal district, each having its own distinct government, and electing delegates to the congress, which meets annually at Cara- cas, the capital city, pop. 50,000. The president is elected for 3 years. Revenue, 1883, 85,801,000, four-fifths from customs and ton- nage duties ; expenditure, 85,320,405 ; public debt, 1883, $21,010,000. Imports, 14,800,000, 1882; exports, $15,300,000, chiefly coffee and cocoa. One railway, 94 miles long. Army, 3,000 men. Presi- dent, Joaquin Crespo, elected 1884. LENGTH OF THE CHIEF RIVERS OF THE WORLD AND THEIR LOCATION. NAME AND COUNTRY. LENGTH. Rhine, Europe 960 Ohio, N. A 665 Snake, N. A 1,050 Colorado 1,060 Columbia, N. A 1,200 Dnieper, Europe 1,230 Don, Europe 1,300 Amur, Asia 1,500 San Francisco, S . A 1,550 Orinoco, S. A 1,550 Saskachewan, N. A 1,600 Red,N.A 1,600 Danube, Europe 1,725 Rio Grande, N. A 1,800 Madeira, 8. A 2,COO Mekong, Asia 2,000 Arkansas,N.A 2,000 St. Lawrence; N. A 2,200 Mackenzie, N. A 2;300 Congo, Africa 2,400 Volga, Europe 2,400 Lena, Asia 2,700 Hoang-ho, Asia 2,800 Niger, Africa 3,000 Obi, Asia 3,000 Missouri, N. A -3,000 Mississippi, N. A 3,160 Yank-tee-kiang, Asia 3,200 Yenisei, Asia 3,400 Amazon, S. A 3,750 Nile.Africa 5,100 GUIDE AND HJL_,D-BOOK. CITIES OF THE WORLD, CONTAINING 100.000 INHABITANTS OR MORE. [Compiled from the latest official reports or estimated from reliable data.] UNITED STATES. Hangtscheu-fu . 400,000 Hanjang . 100,000 Baltimore, Md 332,313 Hankow . 600.000 Boston, Mass 369,833 Hutscheu . 200,000 Brooklyn, N.Y 566,689 Hutscheu-fu . 100,000 Buffalo, N.Y 149,500 Hwangjuen 120,000 Chicago, 111 503,185 Jangtschau . 860,000 Cincinnati, O 255,809 Jongping . 200,000 Cleveland, O 155,946 Kirin . 120,000 Detroit, Mich 116,340 Leinkong . 250,000 Jersey City, N . J 120,722 Mukden 170,000 Louisville, Ky 125,758 Nangkin . 450,900 Milwaukee, Wis 125,000 Ningpo 120,000 Newark, N. J 136,508 Pauting-fu . 122,000 New Orleans, La 216,090 Peking . . . 500,000 New York, N . Y 1,206,577 Schaklung 100,000 Philadelphia, Pa 847,170 Schaohing . 500,000 Pitteburg,Pa 156,389 Shanghai 278,000 Providence, R. I 104,857 Siangtan . 1,000,000 St. Louis, Mo 350,518 Singan-fu . 1,000,000 San Francisco, Cal.. . 233,959 Sutschau . 500,000 Washington, D. C... 147,293 Taijuen-fu . 250,000 Taiwan-f u 235,000 CANADA. Tengtschau-f u . 230,000 Tientsin . 9nO.' 00 Montreal 140,747 Tschangtjiakheu . 200.000 Tschantschau-f u . . . . 1,000,000 MEXICO. Tschaujang 200,000 Tschi-f u 120,i 00 Guadalajara 101,000 Tschingkiang . 140,000 Mexico 236,500 Tschingtu-f u . 800,000 Tschungking-fu . 600,000 SOUTH AMERICA. Tsinan-fu . 200,000 Tungkung . 120,000 Bahia 128,929 Tungtscho . 100,000 Buenos Ayres 177,787 Urumtsi . 150,000 Lima 101,488 Victoria . 102,000 Montevideo 100,000 Weihein . 250,000 Pernambuco 116,671 Wutechang . 200,000 Rio de Janeiro 274,972 Yuentschung . 100,000 Santiago 129,807 Valparaiso 100,000 COREA. AFRICA. Saoul . 100,000 Abookeer 130,000 Alexandria 165,752 INDIA. Cairo 327,463 . Fez 100,000 Agra . 149,108 Porto Novo 100,000 Ahmedabad . 126,873 Tunis 125.000 Allahabad 143,693 Amritsur 142,381 CHINA. Bangalore . 142,513 Bangkok . 600,000 Canton 1,500,000 Bareilly 102,982 Fatschan 400,000 Baroda . 112,0? 7 Foochow 600,000 Benares . 175,188 70 THE WESTERN ,VORLD Bombay 644,40"? G*az 100,000 Calcutta 683,329 L\.nberg . 109,726 Cawnpore IL'^710 Pi\?ue 162,323 Colombo (Ceylon)... 111,942 Triexte 144,844 Delhi 160.553 Vieuiij, , 1,103,857 Dhar 100,000 Dhrangdra 101,000 BELGIUM Gwulior 200,000 Ho 11 rah 100,000 Antwerp 169,112 Hyderabad 200,lKiO Brussels , 162,498 Joiidpore 150,000 Ghe. t 131,431 Keseho 1;V,(:00 Liege 123,131 Lahore 128,441 Lucknow 284,779 DENMARK. Madras 397,553 > : andalah 100,009 Copenhagen . 273,727 Patua 158,900 Puna 118.8F6 Jb'KA.NCE. Kai goon 132,004 Singapore 103,000 Bordeaux 221,305 Sainagar 132,681 LeHavre 105,867 isurat 107,149 Lille . 1 ,8,144 Lyon . 376.613 INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. Marseilles 360,099 Nantes 124,319 Batavia 101,729 Paris 2,269,023 Manila 160,000 Reims 100000 Surabaja 100,000 Roubaix , 100,000 Rouen 305,906 JAPAN Saint-Etienne 123,813 Toulouse 140,289 Hakodate 112,494 Kagoshima 200.000 GERMANY. Kanagawa 108,263 Kioto 229,810 Altona 100,000 Nagoya iai,715 Barmen 100,000 Osaka 284,105 Berlin 1,122,330 Tokio 594,283 Bremen 112,453 Breslau 272,912 PERSIA. Chemnitz 100,000 Danzig 108,551 THbris 120,000 Dresden 22U,M8 Teheran 200,000 .nilsseldorf 100,000 Elberfeld 100,000 RUSSIA IN ASIA. Frankfort 136,819 Hamburg 289,859 Taschkent 100,000 Hanover 122,843 Tiflis 104,024 Cologne 144,772 Konigsberg 149,009 TURKEY IN ASIA. Leipzig 148,081 Magdeburg 100,000 Beirut 100,000 Munchen (Munich).. 230,023 Damascus 150,0 Nuremberg 100,000 Smyrna 150,000 Stettin 100,000 Strasburg 104,471 TURKISTAN. Stuttgart 117,303 Jarkand 100,*0 GREAT BRITAIN. AUSTRALIA. Aberdeen 105,818 Belfast 207,671 Melbourne 252,000 Birmingham 400,757 Sydney 187,381 Blackburn 104,012 Bolton 105,422 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. Bradford 183,032 Brighton 128,407 Budapest 365,051 Bristol... 206,503 GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 71 Dublin 249,4*6 PORTUGAL. Dundee 140,4(53 Edinburgh .. 22 ',075 Lisbon 246,343 Glasgow 555.289 Porto 105,838 Kingston upon Hull 154,250 Leeds 309,126 ROUMANIA. Leicester 122,351 Liverpool 552,423 Bucharest 221,000 London 3,832,441 Jassy 100,000 Manchester 393,076 Ne wcast le on Tyue . . 145,228 RUSSIA . Nottingham 186,656 Oldham 111,343 rharkow 101,175 Portsmouth 127,953 Chersson 128,379 Preston 100,000 Kasan 100,000 Salford 176,233 Kijew 127,251 Sheffield 284,410 Kischenew 112,137 Sunderland 116,262 Moscow 748,000 Wolverhampton . . . 164,303 Odessa 193,513 Riga 168,844 ITALY. St. Petersburg 927,407 Warsaw 383,973 Bologna 123,270 Catania 100,410 SPAIN. S'515 Barcelona 249,K6 . :::::::::: mS Madrid 397,090 Messina 126497 Malaga llo,882 Milan ...'....'. 321,839 Mur ?. ia Naples 49i,314 Seville. 133,938 Palermo 244,991 Valencia 143,8o6 Turin:::".::'".:::::: IMs SWEDEN AND NOR- Venice 132,826 WAI. Christiania 122,030 NETHERLANDS. Stockholm 176J745 Amsterdam 328,047 TURKEY 'sGravenhage(Hague) 123.499 Rotterdam 157,27. Constantinople 60,0000 TJ. S. INTERNAL REVENUE TAXES.-Latest Revi- sion. Ale, per bbl. of 31 gallons $100 Banks and bankers, on capital and deposits. By Act of March 3, 1883, "to reduce internal revenue taxation," etc., all taxes on capital and deposits of banks and bankers were repealed after March 3, 1883. Banks and bankers, on average amount of circulation, each month -foot If Banks, on average amount of circulation, beyond 90# of the capital, an additional tax each month | of 1 Banks, persons, firms, associations, etc., on amount of notes of anv person, firm, association (other than a national banking association), corporation, state bank, or state banking association, town, city, or municipal corporation, used and paid out us circulation 10 Banks, persons, firms, associations (other than national bank associations), and every corporation, state bank or state banking association, on the amount of their own notes used for circulation and paid out by them. 10# Beer, per bbl. of 31 gallons $ 100 Brandy, per gallon 90 Brewers, manufacturing 500 hbls. or more, annually 100 00 manufacturing less than 500 bbls. annually 50 00 72 THE WESTERN WORLD Cigars, manufacturers of, special tax $6 00 Cigars of all descriptions, made of tobacco or any sub- stitute, per 1,000 3 00 Cigarettes, not weighing more than 3 Ibs. per 1,000, per 1,000. 50 Cigarettes weight exceeding 3 Ibs. per 1,000, per 1,000. . . 3 00 Cigars or Cigarettes, imported, in addition to import duty to pay same as above. Liquors, fermented, per bbl 100 Liquors, distilled, per gallon 90 Liquor dealers (wholesale), special tax 100 00 Malt liquor dealers (wholesale) 50 00 Liquor dealers (retail), special tax 25 f Malt liquor dealers (retail) 2000 Manufacturers of stills 50 00 Manufacturers of stills, for each still or worm made. . . 20 00 Matches. All taxes on matches, wax tapers, and cigar lights were repealed after July 1, 1883, by act of March 3, 1SK!. Rectifiers, special tax, less than 500 bbls. 100 ' above 500 bi.ls 20000 Snuff, or snuff flour, manufactured of tobacco, or any substitute, per Ib, Spirits, distilled, per proof gallon 90 Stamps, for distilled spirits for export, wholesale liquor dealers, special bonded warehouse, distillery ware- house, and rectified spirits, each 10 Stamps, on bank checks, drafts, etc. Tax repealed after July 1, 1883. Tobacco, all kinds, per Ib. after May 1, 1883 Tobacco, dealers in manufactured, after May 1, 18'3 240 Tobacco, manufacturers of. after May 1, 1883 6 00 Tobacco, dealers in leaf, wholesale, after May 1, 1883 . . 12 00 Tobacco, dealers in leaf, retail, after May 1, 1883... $250, and 30 cents per dollar on sales above $600 per annum. But farmers and producers may sell tobacco of their own raising to consumers to an amount not exceed- ing $100 annually. Tobacco Peddlers, traveling with more than two horses, mules, etc.. after May 1, 1883 31 00 Tobacco Peddlers, traveling with two horses, mules, or other animals, after May 1, 1883 1500 Tobacco Peddlers, traveling with one horse, mule, or other animal, after May 1, 1883 7 20 Tobacco Peddlers, traveling on foot, or by public con- veyance, after May 1, 1883 360 Tobacco, Snuff, and cigars, for export, stamps for, each, after May 1, 1883 10 Whisky, per proof gallon 90 Wines and champagne (imitation) not made from grapes grown in the United States, and liquors not made from grapes, currants, rhubarb, or berries, grown in the United States, but rectified or mixed with distilled spirits, or by infusion of any matter in spirits, to be sold as wine or substitute for it, per dozen bottles of more than a pint and not more than a quart 2 40 Imitation Wines, containing not more than one pint, per dozen bottles,,, 1 20 GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 73 GLIMPSES OF COLOKADO. 74 THE WESTERN WORLD LIST OF COUNTIES AND COUNTY SEATS IN THE UNITED STATES. ALABAMA. County. County Seat. Autauga Prattville. Baldwin Daphne. Barbour Clayton. Bibb Centre ville. Blount .Blountsville. Bullock tlni'n Springs. Butler Greenville. Calhoun Jacksonville. Chambers La Fay ette. Cherokee Centre. Chilton Clanton. Choctaw Butler. Clarke Grove Hill. Clay Ashland. Cleburne Edwardsville. Coffee Elba. Colbert Tuscumbia. Conecuh Evergreen. Coosa Rockt'ord. Covington Andalusia. Crenshaw Rutledge. Cullman Cullman. Dale Ozark. Dallas Selma. De Kalb Fort Pay ne. Elraore Wetumpka. Escambia Pollard . Etowah Gadsden. Fayette Fayette. Franklin Bel Green. Geneva Geneva. Greene Eutaw. Hale Greensborough Henry Abbeville. Jackson Scottsboro . Jefferson Birmingham. I.ainar Veruon. Lauderdale Florence. Lawrence Moulton. Jxic Opelika. Limestone Athens. Lowndes Haynesville. Macon Tuskegee. Madison Huntsville. Marengo Linden. Marion Pikeville. Mai-shall Guntersville. Mobile Mobile. Monroe Mouroeville. County. County Seat. Montgomery Montgomery. Morgan Summerville. Perry Marion. Pickens Carroll ton. Pike Troy. Randolph Wedowee. Russell Seale. St. Clair Ashville. Shelby Columbiana. Sumter Livingston. Talladega Talladega. Tallapoosa Dadeville. Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa. Walker Jaspar. Washington . . .St. Stephen. Wilcox Camden. Winstou Houston ARIZONA. Apache St. Johns. Cochise Tombstone. Gila Globe. G raham Safford. Maricopa Phoenix. Molmve Mineral Park. Pima Tucson. Final Florence. Yavapia Prescott. Yuma Yunia. ARKANSAS. Arkansas De Witt. Ashley Hamburg. Baxter M'ut'n Home. Benton Benton ville. Boone Harrison. Bradley Warren. Calhoun Hampton. Carroll Berry ville. Chicot Lake Villpge. Clarke Arkadelplria. Clay Boyds ville. Cleburne Heber. Columbia Magnolia. Conway Lewisburgh. Craighead Jonesboro. Crawford Van Buren. Crittenden Marion. Cross Wittsburgh. Dallas Princeton. GUIDE AND HAXD-BOOK. 75 County. County Sent. Desha Arkansas City. Dorsey Toledo. Drew MonticeUo. Faulkner Conway. Franklin Ozark. Fulton Salem. Garland Hot Springs. Grant Sheridan. Greene Gainesville. Hempstead Washington. Hot Springs. .. .Mai vern June. Howard Centre Point. Independence . . . Batesville. Izard Melbourne. Jackson Jacksonport. Jetfcrson Pine Bluff. Johnson Clarksville. La Fayette Lewisville. Lawrence Powhatan. Lee Marianna. Lincoln. Star City. Little River Richmond. L.iirun Paris. Lonoke Lonoke. Mad is m Huntsville. Marion Yellville. Miller Texarkana. Mississippi Osceola. Monroe Clarendon. Mont-romery Mount Ida. Nevada Prescott. Newton Jaspor. Ouachita Camden. Perry Perry vile. Phillips Helena. Pike Murfreesboro. Poinsett Harrisburgh . Polk Dallas. Pope Dover. Prairie Des A.rk. Pulaski Little Rock. Randolph Pocahontas. St. Francis Forest City. Saline Benton. Scott ..Waldron. Searcy Marshall. Sebastian Fo rt Smith. Sevier Lockesburgh. Sharp Evening Shade Stone* Mou'tain View Union El Dorado. Van Buren Clinton. Washington Fayettville. White Searcy. Woodruff Augusta. Yell Dardanelle. CALIFORNIA. Alameda Oakland. Alpine .Markleeville. Amador Jackson. Butte Oroville. Calaveras San Andreas. Colusa Colusa. Contra Costa Martinez. County. County Seat. DelNorte Crescent City. El Dorado Placer vilje. Fresno Fresno City. Humboldt Eureka. Iiiyo Independence Kern Bakersfleld. Lake Lakeport. Lassen Susan ville. Los Angeles Los Angeles. Marion San Rafael . Mariposa Mariposa. Mendocino Ukiah. Merced . Merced. Modoc Alturas. Mono Bridgeport. Monterey Salinas. Napa Napa City. Nevada Nevada City. Placer Auburn. Pluraas Quincy. Sacramento.. . .Sacramento. San Benito Hollister. San Bernardino. .S. Bernardino. San Diego San Diego. San Francisco . . .San Francisco. San Joaquin Stockton. San Luis Obispo..S. Luis Obispo. San Mateo Redwood City. Santa Barbara.. Santa Barbara Santa Clara San Jose. Santa Cruz Santa Cruz. Shasta Shasta. Sierra Downie ville. Siskiyou ... . . Yreka. Solano Fairfleld. Sonoma Santa Rosa. Stanislaus Modesto. Sutter Yuba City. Tehama Bed Bluff. Trinity Weaverville. Tulare Visalia. Tuolumne Senora. Ventura San Buenaventura. Yolo Woodland. Yuba Marysville. COLORADO. Arapahoe Denver. Bent West Los Animas. Boulder Boulder. Chaff ee Buena Vista. Clear Creek Georgetown. Conejos Conejos. Costilla San Luis. Custer Rosita. Delta Delta. Dolores Rico. Douglas Castle Rock. Eagle Red Cliff. Elbert Kiowa. El Paso Colorado Springs. Fremont Canon City. Gar field Carbonate. Gilpin Central City. Grand Hot Sulphur Springs 76 THE \VESTERX WORLD Count)!. County Seat. Gunnisoii Gunnispn. Hinsdale Lake City. Hucrfiino Walsenburgh. Jefferson Golden. Lake L^adville. La Plata Parrot. Larimer Fort Collins. LasAnimas Trinidad. Mesa Grand Junction. Montrose Montrose. Ouray Ouray. Park Fairplay. Pitkin Aspen. Pueblo Pueblo. Kio G rande Del Norte. Routt Hahn'sPeak. San Miguel Teliuride. Saguache Saguache. San Juan Silverton. Summit Breckenridge. Weld. Greeley. CONNECTICUT. Fairfield Bridgeport. Hartford Hartford . Litchfield Litchfleld. Middlesex Haddam. New Haven New Haven. New London New London. Tolland Tolland. Windham Brooklyn. DAKOTA. Allred Unorganized. Aurora Plankmgton. Barnes Valley City. Beadle . . . Huron . Benson. . Minnewaken. Billings Unorganized. Bon Homme Bon Homme. Bo reman Unorganized. Byttineau Unorganized. Bowman Unorganized. Brookings Brookings. Brown Columbia. Brule Chamberlain. Buffalo Unorganized. Buf ord Unorganized. Burleigh Bismarck. Butte Minnesela. Burdick Unorganized. Campbell Unorganized. Cass Fargo. Cavalier Unorganized. Charles Mix Wheeler. Choteau Unorganized. Clark Clark. Clay Vermillion. Codinjrton ... : . . Watertown. Custer Custer. Davison Mitchell. Day Webster. Delano Unorganized. De Smet Unorganized. County. County Seat. Deuel Gary. Dewey Unorganized. Dickey Ellendale. Douglas Grand View. Dunn Unorganized. Edmunds Unorganized. Emmons Williamsport. E wing Unorganized. Faulk La Foon. Fall River Unorganized. Flannery Unorganized. Foster Unorganized. Grand Forks Grand Forks. G rant Big Stone City. Gregory Unorganized. G riggs Coopersti i\vn. Hamlin Spaulding. Hand Miller. Harvey Unorganized. Hanson Alexandria. Harding Unorganized. Howard Unorganized. Hettinger Unorganized. Hughes .Pierre. Hyde Highmore. Hutchinson Olivet. Jackson Unorganized. Jerauld Elmer. Kidder Steele. Kingsbury De Smet . - Lake Madison. La Moure La Moure. Lawrence Deadwood. Lincoln Canton. Logan Unorganized. Lugenbeel Unorganized. Lyman Unorganized. McCook Salem. McLean Unorganized. McHenry Unorganized. Mclntosn Unorganized. McPherson Unorganized. McKenzie Unorganized. Maudlin .Unorganized. Mercer Unorganized. Meyer Unorganized. Miner Howard. Minhehaha Sioux Falls. Moody Flandreau. Morton Mandan. Mountraille Unorganized. Nowlin Unorganized. Nelson Lakota . Nickeus Unorganized. Pembina Pembina. Pennington Rapid City. Pratt Unorganized. Potter Unorganized. Pyatt Unorganized. Presho Unorganized. Ramsay Devil's Lake. Ransom Lisbon. Ren ville Unorganized. Richland Wahpeton. Reinhart Unorganized. Rolette Unorganized. GUIDE AND HAXD BOOK. 77 County. County Seat. Rusk Unorganized. Sanbon Forestburgh. Sargent Unorganized. Shannon.. Unorganized. Schwasse Unorganized. Scoby Unorganized. Sheridan Unorganized. Spink Unorganized. Stanley Unorganized. Stark Unorganized. Steele Hope. Stevens Unorganized. Sterling Unorganized. Stutsman Jamestown. Sully Port Sully. Todd Fort Randall. Towner Unorganized. Traill Caledonia. Tripp Unorganized. Turner Swan Lake. Villard Unorganized. Union Elk Point. "Walsh Grafton. "Wagner Unorganized. "Wallace Unorganized . "Walworth Unorganized. Washabaugh Unorganized. Washington Unorganized. White River Unorganized. Wells Unorganized. Williams Unorganized. Wynn Unorganized. Yankton Yankton. Ziebach Unorganized. Wahpeton Reservation. Sisseton Reservation. DELAWARE. Kent Dover. New Castle Willmington. Sussex Georgetown . DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Cities. Georgetown Washington FLORIDA. Alachua Baker Bradford. . . Brevard Calhoun Clay Columbia... Bade Duval Escambia . . Franklin . . . Gadsden ... Hamilton . . Hernando. . ..Gainesville. ..Sanderson. ..Lake Butler. . .Titusville. ..lola. ..Green Cove Sprgs. ..Lake City. ..Miami. ..Jacksonville. .Pensacola. .Apalachichola. .Ouincy. .Jasper. . Brooksville. Count)/. Hillsb'oro ... Holmes Jackson Jefferson Lafayette... Leon Levy Liberty .... Madison Manitee Marion Monroe Nassau Orange Polk Putnam St. Johns . . Santa Rosa.. Sumter Suwanee Taylor Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington. County Seat. . Tampa . . Cerro Gordo. .Marrianna. .Monticello. . New Troy. .Tallahassee. .Bronson. Bristol. . Madison . .Pine Level. . Ocala . .Key West. .Fernandina. .Orlando. .Bartow Palatka. St Augustine. .Milton. . Sumter ville. . Live Oak. Perry. .Enterprise. .Crawford ville. .Euchee Anna. .Vernon. GEORGIA. Appling Baxlcy. Baker Newton. Baldwin Milledgeville. Banks Homer. Bartow Cartersville. Berrien Nashville. Bibb Macon. Brooks Quitman. Bryan Bryan. Bullock Statesborough. Burke Waynesboro'. Butts Jackson. Calhoun Morgan. Camden St. Marys. Campbell Fairburn. Carroll Carrollton. Catoosa Ringgold . Charlton Traders Hill. Chatham Savannah. Chattahoochee. . .Cusseta. Chattooga Summerville. Cherokee Canton. Clark Athens. Clay Fort Gaines. Clayton Jonesborough. Clinch Homerville. Cobb Marietta. Coffee Douglas. Colquitt Moultrie. Columbia Appling. Coweta Newman. Crawford Knox ville. Dade Trenton. Dawson Dawsonville. Decatur Bainbridge. DeKalb Decatur. Dodge Eastman. Dooly ... ... Vienna. 78 THE WESTERN WORLD Count}/. County Seat. Dougherty Albany . Douglas Douglasville. Early Blakely. Echols Statenville. Eltingham Springfield. Egbert Elberton. Eraanuel Swainsboro. Fannin Morgan ton. Fayette Fayette ville . Floyd Rome. Forsytti Cumming. Franklin Carnesville Fulton Atlanta. Gilmer Ellijay. Glusseock Gibson. Glyiiu Brunswick. Gordon Calhoun. Green Greensboro. Gwinnett Lawrence ville. Habersham I'larksville. Hall Gainesville. Hancock; Sparta. Haralson Buchanan . Harris Hamilton. Hart Hartwell. Heard Franklin. Henry McDonough. Houston Perry. Irwin Irwinville. Jackson Jefferson. Jasper Monticello. Jefferson Louisville. Johnson Wrightsville . Jones Clinton. Laurens Dublin. Lee Leesburgh. Liberty Hinesville. Lincoln Lincolnton. Lowndes Valdosta. Lumpkin Dahlonega. McDuffee Thomson. Mclntosh Darien . Macon Oglethorpe. Madison Danielsville. Marion Buena Vista. Meri wether Greenville . Miller . .Colquitt. Milton Alpharetta. Mitchell Camilla. Monroe Forsyth. M ontgomery. Mt. V ernon. Morgan Madison . Murray Spring Place. M uskogee Columbus.. Newton Covington. Oconee Watkinsville. Oglethorpe Lexington. Paulding Dallas. Pickens Jasper. Pierce Blackshear. Pike.. Zebulon. Polk Cedartown . Pulaskl Hawkinsville. Putnam Eastonton. Ouitman Georgetown . Kabuii Clayton . Cmint]i. County Seat. Randolph Cuthbert. Richmond Augusta. Rockdale Conyers. Schley EJlaville. Screven Syl vania. Spalding Griffin. Stewart Lumpkin. Sumter Americus. Talbot Talbotton . Taliaferro Crawf'rdville. Tattnall Reidsville. Taylor Butler. Tolfair McRae. Terrell Dawson . Thomas Thomasville. Towns Hiawassee. Troup LaGrange. Twigtrs Jefferson ville. Union Blairsville . Upson Thomaston. Walker la Fayette. Walton. Monroe . Ware Way Cross. Warren Warrenton . Washington Sandersville. Wayne Waynesville. Webster Preston. White Cleveland. Whitfleld Dalton. Wilcox Abbeville. Wil kes Wash ington . Wilkinson Irwinton. Worth Isabella. IDAHO. Ada Boise City. Alturas Rocky Bar. Bear Lake Paris . Boise Idaho City. Cassia Albion . Custer Challis. Idaho Mount Idaho. Kootenai Unorganized. Lemhi Salmon City. Nez Perces Lewisron. Oneida Malad City. Owyhee Silver City. Shoshone Pierce City . Washington Weiser . ILLINOIS. Adams Quincy. Alexander Cairo. Bond Greenyil le. Boone Bellevidere. Brown Mt. Sterling. Bureau Princeton. Calhoun Hardin. Carroll Mt. Carroll. Cass Virginia. Champaign Urbana. Christian Taylorsville Clark Marshall. Clay Louisville. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 79 Cminty. Cmnity Scat. Clinton Carlyle. Coles Charleston. Cook Chicago. Crawford Robinson. Cumberland Toledo. DeKalb Sycamore. DeWitt Clinton. Douglas Tuscola. DuPage Wheaton. Edgar Paris. Edwards Albion. Ettinjrliam Efiingham. Fayette Vandalia. Ford Paxton. Franklin Benton. Fulton . .Lewistown. Gallatin Shawneetown. Greene Carrqllton. Grundy Morris. Hamilton McLeansboro' H arlt'pck Carthage. Hardin Elizabethtown Henderson Oquawka. Henry Cambridge. Iroquois Watseka. Jackson Murphysboro' Jasper Newton. Jefferson Mt. Vernon. Jersey Jersey ville. Jo Daviess Galena. Johnson Vienna. Kane Geneva. Kankakee Kankakee. Kendall Yorkville. Knox Galesburgh. Lake Waukegan. LaSalle Ottawa. Lawrence Lawrence. Lee Dixon. Livingston Ppntiac. Logan Lincoln. McDonough Macomb. McHenry Woodstock. McLean Bloomington. Macon Decatur. Macoupin Carlinville. Madison Ed wards ville. Marion Salem. Marshall Lacon. Mason Decatur. Mas&ac Metropolis C'y Menard Petersburg!!. Mercer Aledo. Monroe Waterloo. Montgomery Hillsborough. Morgan Jacksonville. Moultrie Sullivan. Ogle Oregon. 1'eoria Peoria. Perry Pinckneyville. Piatt Monticello, Pike Pittsfleld. Pope Golconda. Pulaski Mound City. Putnam Hennipin. Randolph Chester. County. County Seat. Iticliland Olney. Kock Island Hock Island. St. Clair Belleville. Saline Harrisburgh. Sangamon Springfield . Schuyler Rush vile. Scott Winchester. Shelby Shelby ville. Stark Toulon . Stephenson Freeport. Tazeweil Pekin L'nion Jonesborough Vermillion Danville. Wabash Mount Carmel Warren Monmputh. Washington Nashville. Wayne Fairfield. White Canni . Whitesides Morrison. Will Joliet. Williamson Marion . Winnebago Koi-kford. \v;oodford Metamora. INDIANA. Adams Decatur. Allen Fort Wayne. Bartholomew Columbus Beuton Fowler. Blacklord Hartford City. Boone Lebanon . Brown Nashville. Carroll Delphi. Cass Logansport. Clark Jeffersonville. Clay Brazil. Clinton Frankfort. Crawford Leavenworth. Davies Washington. Dearborn Lawreuceburgh. Decatur Greensburgh . DcKalb Auburn. Delaware Muncie. Dubois Jasper. Elkhart Gosnen. Fayette Connersville. Floyd New Albany. Fountain Covington. Franklin Brookville. Fulton Rochester. Gibson Princeton. Grant Marion. G reene Bloomfleld. Hamilton Noblesville. Hancock Greenfield. Harrison Corydon. Hendricks Danville. Henry New Castle Howard Kokomo . Huntington Huntington. Jackson Brownstown. Jasper Rensselaer . Jay Portland . Jefferson Madison. Jennings Vernon. 80 THE WESTERN WORLD County. Count i/ Scat. Johnson Franklin . Knox Vincennes. Kosciusko Warsaw. Lagrange Lagraiifre . Lake Crown Point. LaPorte LaPorte. Lawrence Bedford . Madison Anderson . Marion Indianapolis. Marshall Plymouth. Martin Shoals. Miami Peru . Monroe Bloomington . Montgomery Crawfordsville Morgan Martinsville. Newton Kent. Noble Albion. Ohio Rising Sun. Orange Paoli. Owen Spencer. Parke Rockville. Perry Cannelton . Pike Petersburg!! . Porter Valparaiso . Posey Mt. Vernon. Pulaski Winamac . Putnam Green Castle. Randolph Winchester. Ripley Versailles. Rush Rushville. St. Joseph South Bend. Scott Scottsburgh. Shelby Shelby ville. Spencer Rockport . Starke Knox. Steuben Angola. Sullivan Sullivan. Switzerland Vevay . Tippecanoe La Fayette . Tipton Tipton. Union Liberty. Vanderburgh ...Evans ville. Vermillion Newport. Vigo Terre Haute. Wabash Wabash . Warren Williamsport. Warrick Booneville . Washington. Salem. Wayne Richmond . Wells Bluffton. White Monticello . Whit ley Columbia Ci'y- INDIAN TERRITORY. Reservations. Atoka. Cherokee Tahlequah. Choctaw. Creek. Chickasaw. Cheyenne and Arapahoe. Kiowa, Comanche and Apache. Kansas. Modoc. Xea Perces. Re&rvattoM. Osage . Otoe and Missouri. Ottawa. Ponca. Pottawatomie. Pawnee. Peoria and Wea. Pickens. Quapaw. Skullyville. Sha\ynee. Seminole. Seneca. Sac and Fox. Sugar Loaf. Upper Arkansas. wvandotte. Wichita. IOWA. County. County Seat. Adair Greenfield. Adams Corning. Allamakee Waukon. Appanoose Centcrville. Audubon Audubon. Benton Vinton. Black Hawk Waterloo. Boone Boonesbor'gh. Bremer Waverly. Buchanan Independence. Buena Vista Storm Lake. Butler Allison. Calhoun Rockwell City. Carroll Carroll City . Cass Atlantic . Cedar Tipton. Cerro Gordo Mason City Cherokee Cherokee. Cickasaw New Hampt'n. Clarke Osceolo. Clay Spencer. Clayton Elkader . Clinton Clinton. Crawford Denison Dallas Adel. Davis Bloomfield . Decatur Leon . Delaware Manchester. Des Moines Burlington . Dickinson Spirit Lake. Dubuque Dubuque . Emmet Swan Lake Cty Fayette West Union . Floyd Charles City. Franklin Hampton. Fremont Sidney. Greene Jefferson. Grundy Grundy Center. Guthrie Guthrie Center. Hamilton Webster City . Hancock Concord . Hardin Eldora. Harrison Logan. Henry Mt. Pleasant. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 81 County. County Seat. Howard Cresco. H umboldt Dakota . Ida Ida Grove. Iowa Marengo. Jackson Maquoketa Jasper Newton . Jeff erpon Fairflel d . Johnson Iowa City. Jones Anamosa Keokuk Sigourney. Kossuth Algona Lee Fort Madison. Linn . .Marion Louisa Wapello . Lucas Chariton . Lynn Rock Rapids. Madison Winterset. Mahaska Oskaloosa. Marion Knoxville. Marshall Marsballtown. Mills Glenwood. Mitchell Osage. Monona Onawa City. Monroe Albia. Montgomery ... Red Oaks. Muscatine Muscatine. '('linen Primghar. Osceola Sibley. Page Clarinda. Palo Alto Emmetsburgh Plymouth Le Mars. Pocahontas Pocahontas. Polk Des Moines. Pottawatomie .. .Council Bluffs. Poweshiek Montezuma. Ringgold Mount Ayr. Sac Sac City. Scott Davenport. Shelby Harlan. Sioux Orange City. Srory Nevada. Tama Toledo. Taylor Bedford. Union Afton. Van Buren Keosauqua Wapello Ottumwa. Warren Imlianola . Washington Washington. Wayne Corydon. Webster Fort Dodge. Winnebago Forest City. Winneshiek De.-orah . Woodbury Sioux City. Worth Northwood. Wright Clarion. KANSAS. Allen lola. Anderson Garnett. Atchison Atchison. Barbour Medicine Lodge . Barton Great Bend. Bourbon Fort Scott. Brown Hiawatha. Butler Eldorado. County. County Seat. Chase Cottonwood Falls. Chautauqua Sedan . Cherokee Columbus. ( heyenne Unorganized. Clay Clay Centre. Cloud Concordia. Coffey ... .Burlington. Comanche Unorganized. Cowley .Winneld. Crawford Girard . Davis Junction City. Decatur Oberlin. Dickinson Abilene. Doniphan Troy. Dougla Lawrence. Edwards Kinsley. Flk Howard. Ellis Hajs City. Ellsworth Ellsworth. Finney Unorganized. Ford Lodge City.. Franklin Ottawa. Gove Unorganized. Graham Millbrook. O reeley Unorganized . G reen wood Eureka . Hamilton Unorganized. Harper Anthony. Harvey Newton . Hodgeman . ... Buckner. Jackson Holten . Jefferson Oscaloosa. Jewell Mankato. Johnson Olathe. Kingman Kingman. Labette Oswego. Lane Unorganized. Leavenworth Leavenworth. Lincoln Lincoln . Linn Mound City. Lyon Kmporiti. McPherson McPhe^son . Marion Marion Marshall Marysville. Miami Paolo. Mitchell Beloit. Montgomery Independence. Morris Council Grove. Nemaha Seneca. Neosho Erie. Ness Ness City. Norton Norton. Osage Lyndon . Oshorne Osborne. Ottawa Minneapolis. Pawnee Larned . Phillips Phillipsburg. Pottawatomie ... Westmoreland. Pratt luka. Rawlins Atwood. Reno. Hutchison. Republic Belleville. Bice Lyons Riley Manhattan. Rooks Stockton . Rush Rush Center. 82 THE WESTERN WOULD Count)/. County Seat. Eussell Russell. St. John Unorganized. Saline . Salina. Scott Unorganized . Sedgwick Wichita . Seward Unorganized. Shawnee Topeka. Sheridan Kenneth . Sherman .Unorganized. Smith Smith Center. Stafford St. John. Sumner Wellington . Thomas Unorganized. Trego Wa Keeney. Wabaunsee Alma. Wallace Wallace. Washington Washington. Wichita Unorganized. Wilson Fredonia. Woodson Yates' Center. Wyandotte Wyandotte. KENTUCKY. Adair Columbia. Allen Scottsville. Anderson Lawrenceburgh. Ballard Blandville. Barren Glasgow. Bath Owingsville Bell Pineyille. Boone Burlington. Bourbon Paris. Boyd Cat lettsburgh. Boyle Danville. Bracken Brookville. Breathitt Jackson. Breckinridge . . . Hardinsburgh. Bullitt Shepherdsville Butler Mqrgantown. Cald well Princeton. Calloway Murray. Campbell Newport. Carroll Carrollton. Carter Grayson. Casey Liberty. Christian Hopkinsville. Clark Winchester. Clay Manchester. Clinton Albany. Crittenden Marion. Cum berland Burksville. Daviess Owensboro. Edmonson Brownsville. Elliott Sandy Hook. Estill Irvine. Fayette I^exington. Fleming Flemingsburgh. Floyd Prestonburgh. Franklin Frankfort. Fulton Hickman . Gallatin Warsaw. Garrard Lancaster. Grant Williamstown. Graves Mayfleld. Grayson Leitchfleld. County. County Seat Green Greensburgh. Greenup Green up. Hancock Hawcsville. Hardin Elizabethtown. Harlan Harlan. Harrison Cynthiana. Hart Munfordville Henderson Henderson. Henry Newcastle. Hickman Clinton. Hopkins Madisonville. Jackson McKee. Jefferson Louisville. Jessamine Nicholasville. Johnson Paintsville. Josh Bell . Kenton Covington. Knox Harbours ville. La Rue Hodgensville. Laurel London. Lawrence Louisa. Lee Beattyville. Leslie Hyden. Letcher Whitesburgh. Lewis Vanceburgh. Lincoln Stanford. Livingston Smithland. Logan Russell ville. Ly'on Eddy ville. McCracken Paducah. McLean Calhoun. Madison Richmond. Magoffln Salyersville. Marion Lebanon. Marshall Benton. Martin Warfleld. Mason Maysville. Meade Bradenburgh. Menifee Frenchburgh. Mercer Harrodsb'rgh. Metcalf e Edmonton. Monroe Thompkinsville. Montgomery Mt. Sterling. Morgan West Liberty. Muhlenburgh Greenville. Nelson Bartlstown. Nicholas Carlisle. Ohio Hartford. Oldham Lagrange. Owen Owenton . Owsley Booneville. Pendleton Falmooith. Perry Hazard . Pike Pikeville. Powell Stanton. Pulaski Somerset. Robertson Mount Olivet. Rockcastle Mt. Vernon. Rowan Moorehead. Russell Jamestown. Scott Georgetown. Shelby Shelbyyille . Simpson Franklin. Spencer Taylorsville . Taylor Campbells ville. Todd Elk ton. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 83 County. County Seat. Trigg Cadiz. Trimble Bedford. Union Morjr anfteld . Warren Bowling 1 Green. Washington Springfield. Wayne Monticello. Webster Dixon. Whitley Whit ley. Wolfe Campton. Woodf ord Versailles . LOUISIANA. Ascension Donaldsonyille. Assumption Napoleon ville . Avoyelles Marks ville. Bienyille Sparta. Bossier Belle vue . Caddo Shreveport. Galcasieu Lake Charles. Caldwell Columbia. Cameron Cameron. Catahoula Harrisonburgh. Claiborne Homer. Concordia Vidalia . De Soto Mansfield. E. Baton Eouge..Baton Rouge. East Carroll . .Lake Providence. East Feliciana. . .Clinton. Franklin Winnsboro. Grant Colfax. Iberia New Iberia. Iberville Plaquemine. Jackson.. Vernon. Jefferson Gretna. La Fayette Vermillionville. La Fourche Thibodeaux. Lincoln Vienna. Livingston Port Vincent. Madison Delta. Moo rehouse Bastrop . Natch itoches. Natchitoches. Orleans New Orleans. Ouachita Monroe . Plaquemines. . .Point La Hache. Point Coupee. ..New Roads. Rapides Alexandria. Red River Coushatta Chute. Richland Rayville. Sabine Many . Saint Bernard... St. Bernard. Saint Charles Hahnville. Saint Helena Greensburgh. Saint James . .Convent. St. John Baptist. Edgard. Saint Landry Opelousas. Saint Martin. . .St. Martinsville. Saint Marys Franklin . Saint Tammany. Covington. Tangipahoa Amite City . Tensas St. Joseph. Terre Bonne Houma . Union Farmersville. Vermillion Abbeville Vernon Leesville . Washington Franklinton. County. . Cotmty Seat. Webster Minden. West Baton Rge.Port Allen. West Carroll Floyd . West Feliciana.. Bayou Sara. Winn Winfleld. MAINE. Androscoggin ...Auburn. Aroostook Houlton. Cumberland Portland . Franklin Farmington. Hancock Ellsworth. Kennebec Augusta. Knox Rockland. Lincoln Wiscasset. Oxford Paris. Penobscot Bangor . Piscataquis Dover. Sagadahoc Brunswick. Somerset Sko whegan . Waldo Belfast Washington Machias. York Alfred. MARYLAND. Alleghany , Cumberland. Anne Arundel. .Annapolis. Baltimore . . .Towson. Cal vert . .Prince Fredericktown. Caroline Denton. Carroll Westminster. Cecil Elkton. Charles Port Tobacco . Dorchester Cambridge. Frederick Frederick . Garret Oakland . Harford Bel Air. Howard Ellicott City . Kent Chester-town. Montgomery .. Rockville. Prince Georges.Up.Marlbor'gh. Queen Anne Centreville. St. Marys Leonardtown. Somerset Princess Anne. Talbot Easton Washington Hagerstown. Wicomico Salisbury. Worcester Snow Hill. MASSACHUSETTS. Barnstable Barnstable. Berkshire Pittsfield. Bristol New Bedford. Dukes Edgartown. Essex Lawrence. Franklin Greenfield. Hampden Springfield. Hampshire N. Hampton. Middlesex Lowell. Nantucket Nantucket. Norfolk Dedham. Plymouth Plymouth. 84 THE WESTERN WORLD County. Cnunty Seat. Suffolk Boston . \Vorcester Worcester. MICHIGAN. Alcona Harrisville. Allegan Allegan. Alpena Alpena. Antrim Bellaire. Arenac -. Baraga L'Anse. Barry Hasting. Bay Bay City. Benzie Benzonia. Berrien Berrien Springs. Branch Coldwater. Calhoun Marshall. Cass Cassopolis. Charlevoix Charlevoix. Cheboygan Cheboygan. Chippewa Sault Ste Marie. Clare Harrison. Clinton St. John. Crawford Grayling. Delta Escanaba. Eaton Charlotte Kmmet Harbour Springs . Genesee Flint. Glad win Gladwin. Grand Traverse. Traverse City. Gratiot Ithaca. Hillsdale Hillsdale. Hough ton Hough ton. Huron Bad Axe. Ingham Mason. Ionia Ionia. losco Tawas City. Isabella Mt. Pleasant. Isle Royale . Jackson Jackson. Kalamazoo Kalaraazoo. . Kalkaska Kalkaska. Kent Grand Rapids. Keweenaw Eagle River. Lake Baldwin. Lapeer Lapeer. Leleenaw Leland . Lenawee Adrian. Livingston Ho well. Mackinac St. Ignace. Macomb Mt . Clemens . Manistee Manistee. Manitou St. James. Marquette Marquette. Mason Ludington. Mecosta Big Rapids. Menominee Menominee. Midland Midland. Missaukee Lake City. Monroe Monroe. Montcalm Stanton. Montmorency . . . Hillman. Muskegon Muskegon. Newaygo Newaygo . Oakland Pontiac. Oceana Hart. County. County Seat. Ogema w West Branch. Ontonagon . ...Ontonagon. Osceola Hersey. Oscoda Unorganized. Otsego Gaylord. Ottawa Grand Haven. Presque Isle Rogers City. Roscommon Roscemmon. Saginaw Saginaw. St. Clair Port Huron. St. Joseph Centerville. Sanilac Sandusky . Schoolcraft Manistique. Shiawassee Corunna. Tuscola Caro. Van Buren Paw Paw. Washtenaw Ann Arbor. Wayne Detroit. Wexlord Cadillac. MINNESOTA. Aitkin Aitkin. Anoka Anoka. Becker Detroit City. Beltrami Unorganized. Benton Sank Rapids. Big Stone Ortonville. Blue Earth Mankato. Brown New Ulm . Carlton Thomson . Carver Chaska. Cass Unorganized. Chippewa Montevideo. Chicago Center City . Clay Moorhead. Cook Unorganized. Cottonwood Windom. Crow Wing Brainard. Dakota Hastings . Dodge Mantorville. Douglas Alexandria. Faribault Blue Earth City. Fillmore Preston. Freeborn Albert Lea Goodhue Red Wing. Grant Elbow Lake. Hennepin Minneapolis. Houston Caledonia. Hubbard Park Rapids . Isanta Cambridge. Itasca Unorganized. Jackson Jackson. Kanabec Mora. Kandiyohi Willmar. Kitteon Hallock . Lac-Qui-Parle ..Lac-Qui-Parle. Lake Beaver Bay. Le Suer Le Suer Center. Li ncoln Lake Benton . Lyon Marshall . Marshall Warren . Martin Fairmont. McLeod G|encoe. Meeker Litchfleld . Mille Lacs Princeton. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 85 County. County Seat. Morrison Little Falls. Mower Austin. Murray Currie. Nicollet St. Peter. Nobles Worthington . Norman Ada. Olmsted Rochester. Otter Tail Fergus Falls. Pine Pine City. Pipe Stone Pipe Stone . Polk Crookston . Pope Glenwood. Ramsey St. Paul. Redwood. .... .Bedwood Falls. Renville Beaver FaJls. Rice Faribault. Rock Luverne . St. Louis Duluth. Scott Shakopee. Sherburne Elk River. Sibley Henderson. Stearns St. Cloud. Steele Owatpnna. Stevens Morris. Swift Benson. Todd Long Prairie. Traverse Brown's Valley. Wabasha Wabasha . "Wadena Wadena. Waseca Waseca . Washington . . . .Stillwater. Watonwan St. James. White Earth. .Indian Res'rvat'n. Wilkin Breckenridge. Winona Winona. Wright Buffalo. Yellow Medicine.Granite Falls. MISSISSIPPI. Adams Natches. Alconi Corinth. Amite Liberty. Attala Kosciusko. Benton Ashland. Bollivar Rosedale. CaJhoun Pittsborough . Carroll Carrol Iton. Chickasaw Houston. Choctaw Chester. Clai borne Port Gibson. Clarke Quitman. Clay West Point . Coahoma Friar's Point. Copiah Hazelhurst. Covington Williamsburg. De Sota Hernando. Franklin Mead ville. Greene Leakesville. Grenada Grenada. Hancock Bay St. Louis. Harrison Mississippi City. Hinds Jackson. Holmes Lexington. Issaquena Mayors ville . Itawamba Fulton. County. County Seat. Jackson Scran ton . Jasper Paulding . Jefferson Fayette . Jones Ellisville. Kemper DeKalb. Lafayette Oxford . Lauderdale Meridian. Lawrence Monticello. Leake Carthage. Lee Tupelo. Le Flore Greenwood . Lincoln Brookhaven. Lowndes Columbus. Madison Canton . Marion Columbia. Marshall Holly Springs. Monroe Aberdeen . Montgomery Winona. Neshoba Philadelphia. Newton Decatur . Noxubee Macon . Oktibbeha Starkville. Panola Sardis. Perry Augusta. Pike Magnolia. Pontotoc Pontotoc . Prentiss Boone ville . Quitman Belen. Rnnkin Bramlon. Scott Forest. Sharkey Rolling Forks. Simpson Westville. Smith Raleigh. Sunflower Johnsonville. Tallahatchie Charleston. Tate Senatobia. Tippah Ripley. Tishpmingo.. . . luka. Tunica Austin. Union New Albany. Warren Vicksburg. Washington Greenville. Wayne Waynesborough. Webster Walthal. Wilkinson Woodville. Winston Louisville. Yalobusha roffoeville. Yazoo Yazoo City. MISSOURI. Adair Kirksville. Andrew Savannah. Atchison Rockport. Audrain Mexico . Barry . .' Cassville. Barton Lamar. Bates P-utler . Benton Warsaw. Bollinger Marble Hill. Boone Columbia. Buchanan St . Joseph . Butler Poplar Bluff. Caldwell Kingston. Callaway Fulton. Camden. Linn Creek. TI1E SVESTKUN WORLD County. County Seat. Cape Girardeau.. Jackson. Carroll Carrollton. Carter Van Buren . Crtss Harrison ville. < edar Stockton. Chariton Keytesville. Christian Ozark. Clarke Kahoka. Clay Liberty. Clinton Plattsburg. Cole Jefferson City. Cooper Booneville. Crawford Steel ville. Bade Greenfield. Dallas Buffak). Daviess Galiatin. DeKalb Mays ville. Dent Salem. Douglas A va . Dunklin Kennett. Franklin Union. Gasconade Hermann. Gentry Albany . Greene Springfield. Grundy Trenton . Harrison Bethany. Henry Clinton. Hickory Hermitage. Holt Oregon. Howard Fayette . Howell West Plains. Iron Ironton. Jackson Independence. Jasper Carthage. Jefferson Hillsborough. Johnson Warrensburg. Knox Edina. Laclede Lebanon . Lafayette Lexington. Lawrence Mt. Vernon. Lewis Monticello. Lincoln Troy Linn Linneus. Livingston Chillicothe. McDonald Pinerille. Macon Macon City. Madison Fredericktown. Maries Vienna. Marion Palmyra. Mercer Princeton. Miller Tuscumbia. Mississippi Charleston. Moniteau California. Monroe Paris. Montgomery Danvijle. Morgan Versailles. New Madrid New Madrid. Newton Neosho. Nodaway Marysville . Oregon Alton. Osage Linn. Ozark Gainesville. Pemiscot Gayoso. Perry Perry ville. Pettis Sedalia. Phelps .. Rolla. County. County Scat. Pike Bowling Green. Platte Platte City. Polk Bolivar. Pulaski Waynesville. Putnam Unionviile Kails New London . Randolph Huntsville. Ray Richmond. Reynolds Centreviile. Ripley Doniphan. St Charles St. Charles. St. Clair Oseetja. St. Francois. Farming-ton. St. Genevieve St. Genevieve. St. Louis St. Louis. Saline Marshall. Scbuyler . . : Lancaster. Scotland Memphis. Scott Benton. Shannon Eminence. Shelby Shelby ville . Stoddard Bloomfield. Stone Galena. Sullivan Milan. Taney Forsy th . Texas Houston. Vernon Nevada. Warren Warren ton. Washington Potosi. Wayne Greenville. Webster Marshfield. Worth Grant City. Wright Hartville . MONTANA. Beaver Head Dillon. Choteau Fort Benton. Custer Miles t ity . Da wson Unorganized . Deer Lodge Deer Lodge C'y- Ga) latin Bozeman. Jefferson Radersburgh. Lewis & Clarke.. Helena. Madison Virginia City. Meagher. .White Sulphur Spgs. Missoula Missoula. Silver Bow Butte City. Yellowstone Billings. NEBRASKA. Adams Hastings. Antelope Oakdale. Boone Albion. Brown Unorganized. Buffalo Kearney. Burt Tekamah . Butler David City Cass Piattsmouth. Cedar St. Helena . Chase Unorganised. Cherry Valentine. Cheyenne Sidney. Clay Clay Centre. Colfax Schuyler. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 87 County. County Seat. Cuming West Point. Custer Ouster. Dakota Dakota. Dawson Plumb Creek. Dixon Ponca. Dodge Fremont. Douglas Omaha. Dundy Unorganized. Fillmore Geneva. Franklin Bloomington. Frontier Stockville. Furnas Beaver City. Gage Beatrice. Gosper Davisville. Greeley Scotia. Hall Grand Island. Hamilton Aurora. Harlan Alma. Hayes Unorganized. Hitchcock Culbertson. Holt O'Neill. Howard St. Paul. Jefferson Fairbury . Johnson Tecumseh . Kearney Minden . Keith Ogallalla. Keya Paha Spring View. Knox Niobrara. Lancaster Lincoln . Lincoln North Platte . Loup Unorganized. Madison Madison . Merrick Central City. Nance Fullerton. Nemaha Brownville. Nuckolls Nelson. Omaha Reservation. Otoe Nebraska City. Pawnee Pawnee City. Phelps Phelps . Pierce Pierce. Platte Columbus. Polk Osceola. Red Willow Indianola. Richardson Falls City. Saline Wilber. Siirpy Papillion. 8a unders Wahoo . Seward Sewaid. Sherman Loup City . Sioux Unorganized. Stanton Stanton . Thayer Hebron. Valley*. Ord . Washington Blair. Wayne La Porte. Wei ister Hed Cloud. Wheeler Willow Spr'gs. York York. Unorganized Territory. NEVADA. Churchill Stillwater. Douglas Genoa. Elko Elko. County. County Seat* Esmeralda Aurora. Eureka Eureka. Humboldt Winncmucca- Lander Austin. Lincoln Pioche. Lyon Dayton . Nye Beimont. Ormsby Carson City. Koop Unorganized. Storey Virginia City. Washoe Reno . White Pine Hamilton. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Ee?.knap Laconia . Carroll Ossipee. Cheshire Keene . Coos Lancaster. Grafton Haverhill. Hillsborough Nashua. Merrimack Concord. Rockingham .... Exeter. Straff ord Dover. Sullivan Newport. NEW JERSEY. Atlantic Mays landing. Bergen Hackenpack . Burlington Mt. Holly. Camden Camden . Cape May Cape May. Cumberland Bridgeton. Essex Newark. Gloucester Woodbury . Hudson Jersey City. Hunterdon Flemington. Mercer Trenton. Middlesex New Brunswick. Monmouth Freehold . Morris Morristo wn . Ocean Toms River. Passaic Paterson. Salem Salem. Somerset Somerville . Sussex Newton. Union Elizabeth. Warren Belvidere , NEW MEXICO. Bernalillo Bernalillo . Colt'ax Cimarron. Dona Ana Mesilla . Grant Silver City Lincoln Lincoln . Mora Mora . Rio Arriba Tierra Amerilla. San Miguel Las Vegas. Santa Fe Santa Fe. Socorro Socorro. Taos Fernandes De Taos. Valencia Los Lumas. NEW YORK. Albany Albany. Allegany Beimont. THE WESTERN WORLD County. County Seat. Broome Binghamton. Cattaraugus Little Valley. Cayuga Auburn. Chautauqua May ville. Chemung Elmira. Cheuango Norwich. Clinton Plattsburgh . Columbia Hudson. Cortland Cortland. Delaware Delhi . Dutchess Poughkeepsie. Erie Buffalo. Essex Elizabethtown . Franklin Malone. Fulton Johnstown. Genesea Batavia. Greene Catskill . Hamilton Sageville. Herkimer Herkimer. Jefferson Watertown. Kings Brooklyn. Lewis Low ville . Livingston Geneseo . Maiison Morrisville. Monroe Rochester. Montgomery Fonda . New York NPW York. Niagara Lockport. Oneida Utlca. Onondaga Syracuse . Ontario Canandaigua . Orange G oshen . Orleans Albion. Os wego Os wego . Otsego Cooperstown . Putnam Carmel . Queens Jamaica. Rensselaer Troy. Richmond Richmond . Rockland New City. St. Lawrence . . . Canton. Saratoga Ballston . Schenectady Schenectady. Schoharie Schoharie. Sch lyler Watkins. Seneca Ovid . Steuben . Corning. Suffolk Riverhead. Sullivan. Monticello. Tioga Owego. Tompkins Ithaca. Ulster Kingston . Warren .. Lake George. Washington Argyle. Wayne Lyons. Westchester White Plains. Wyoming Warsaw . Yates Pen Yan . NORTH CAROLINA. Alamance. Graham Alexander Taylorsville. Alleghauy Sparta . Anson Wa'lesborough. Ashe .... Jcfforson. County. County Seat. Beaufort Washington . Bertie Windsor. Bladeti Elizabethtown. Brunswick Smithville, Buncombe Ashville. Burke Morgantown Cabarrus Concord. Caldwell Lenoir. Camden Camden. Cartaret Beaufort. Caswell Yancey ville. Catawba Newton . Chatham Pittsborough. Cherokee Murphy . Chowan Edenton. Clay Hayesville. Cleveland Shelby. Columbus Whiteville. Craven New Berne . Cumberland Fayetteville. Ourrituck Currituck. Dare Manteo . Davidson Lexington. Uavie Mocksville. Duplin Kenansville. Durham Durham . Edgecomb Tarborough. Forsyth Winston . Franklin Louisburgh. Gaston Dallas . Gates Gatesville. Graham Robinsville. Gran ville Oxford. Greene Snow Hill. Guilford Greensborough. Halifax Halifax. Harnett . Linnington. Haywood Waynesvflle. Henderson .... Hendersonville. Hertford Winton. Hyde Swan Quarter. Ircdell States ville. Jackson Websirr. Johnston Smithfield. Jones Trenton. Lenoir Kiuston. Lincoln Lincolnton. McDowell . . Marion . Macon Franklin . Madison Marshall. Martin Williamstown. Mecklenburgh . . .Charlotte. Mitchell Bakersville. Montgomery ... Troy. Moore Carthage. Xash Nashville. New Hanover . . .Wilmington. Northampton Jackson . Onslow Jacksonville. Orange Hillsborough. Pamlico Stonewall. Pasquotank Elizabeth City. Pender Burgaw. Perquimans Hertford. Person Koxborough. Pitt Greenville GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. County. County Seat. Polk Columbus. Randolph Ashborouffh. Richmond Rockingbam . Robeson Lumberton . Koekingham Wentwortb . Rowan Salisbury. Rutherford. .Rutherfordstown. Sampson Clinton Stanley Albemarle . Stokes Daabury. Surry ..Dobson. Swain Charleston. Transylvania Brevard Tyrrell Columbia. Union Monroe. Vance Henderson. . Wake Raleigh . Warren Warrenton . Washington Plymouth. Watauga Boone. Wayne Goldsborough . Wilkes Wilkesburgh. Wilson Wilson. Yadkin Yadkinyille. Yancy Burusville. OHIO. Adams West Union. Allen Lima. Ashland Ashland. Ash tabula Jefferson. Athens Athens. AugUiize Wapakoneta. Beluiont St. Clairsville. Brown Georgetown. Butler Hamilton. Carroll Carrollton. Champaign Url-ana. Clarke Spring-field. Cleritiont Batavia. Clinton Wilmington. Columbiana New Lisbon. Coshocton Coshocton. Crawford Bucyrus. Cuyahoga Cleveland. Darke Greenville. De nance Defiance. Delaware Delaware. Erie Sandusky. Fail-field Lancaster. Fayette Washington. Franklin Columbus. Fulton Wauseon. Gallia Gallipolis. Gt-iiuga Chardon. Greene Xenia Guernsey Cambridge. Hamilton Cincinnati. Hancock Findlay. Hardin Kenton. Harrison Cadiz. Henry Napoleon. Highland Hillsborough. Hocking L"gan. Holmes Millersburgh . County. County Seat. Huron Norwalk. Jackson Jackson . Jefferson Steubenville. Knox Mt. Vernou . Lake Painesville. Lawrence Ironton. Licking Newark . Logan Belief pntalne. Lorain Elyria. Lucas Toledo . Mad ison Lon don . Mahoning Youngstown. Marion Marion . Medina Medina. Meigs Pomeroy. Mercer Celma. Miami Troy. Monroe Woodsfield . Montgomery Dayton. Morgan McConnells. Morrow Mt. Gilead. Muskingum Zanesville. Noble O.ldwell. Ottawa Port Clinton. Paulding Pauldiner. Perry NewLexingt'n Pickaway Circleville. Pike Waverly. Portage Ravenna. Preble Eaton. Putnam Ottawa. Riehland Manslield. Ross.. Chillk-othe. Sandusky Fremont . Scioto Portsmouth . Seneca Tiffin . Shelby Sidney. Stark Canton. Summit Akron . Tr umbull Warren . Tuscarawas..New Philadelphia. Union Marysville . Van Wert Van Wert. Vinton Me Arthur. War i en Lebanon. Washington Marietta. Wayne "Wooster. Williams Bryan . Wood BowlingGreen Wyandot Upper Sandusky. OREGON. Baker Baker City. Benton Corvallis. Clackamas Oregon City. Clatsop Astoria. Columbia St. Helen. Coos Empire City. Crook Prineville. Curry Ellensburgh. Douglas Roseburgh . Grant Canyon City. Jackson Jacksonville. Josephine Kerby. Klamath Linkville . 90 THE "WESTERN "WORLD County. County Seat. Lake Lakeview. Lane Eugene City. Linn Albany. Marion Salem. Multnomah Portland. Polk Dallas. Tillamook Tillamook. Umatilla Pendleton . Union ..Union. Wasco The Dalles. Washington Hillsborough . Yam Hill LaFayette. PENNSYLVANIA. Adams Gettysburgh . Alleghany Pittsburgh. Armstrong Kittanning. Beaver Beaver. Bedford Bedford Berks Heading. Blair Hollidaysburgh. Bradf ord Towanda. Bulks Doylestown. Butler Butler. Cambria Ebensburgh . Cameron Emporium . Carbon Mauch Chunk. Centre Belief onte. Chester West Chester. Clarion Clarion . Clearneld Clearflcld . Clinton Loch Haven . Columbia Bloomsburgh. Crawford Meadville Cumberland Carlisle. Dauphin Harrisburgh . Delaware Media. Elk Ridgway. Erie Erie. Fayette Uniontown . Forest Tionesta. Franklin Chambersburgh. Fulton McConnellsburgh. Greene Waynesburgh. Huntingdon Huntingdon. Indiana Indiana. Jefferson Brookville. Juniata Mifflintown . Lacka wanna Scranton. Lancaster Lancaster. Lawrence Newcastle . Lebanon Lebanon. Lehigh Allento wn . Luzerne Wilkesbarre . Lycoming Williamsport. McKean Smithport. Mercer Mercer. Mifflin Lewistown. Monroe Stroudsburgh. Montgomery Norristown. Montour Danville . Northampton Easton Northumberland. Sunbury. Perry New Bloom field. Philadelphia Philadelphia. County. County Seat. Pike Milford. Potter Condersport. Schuylkill P9ttsville. Snyder Middleburgh. Somerset Somerset. Sullivan LaPorte. Susquehanna Montrose. Tioga Wellsborough. Union Lewisburgh . Venango Franklin. Warren Warren . Washington Washington. Wayne Honesdale. Westmoreland. . .Greensburgh. Wyoming Tunkhannock. York York. RHODE ISLAND. Bristol Bristol . Kent East Greenwich . Newport Newport. Providence Providence. Washington Kingston. SOUTH CAROLINA. Abbeville Abbeville. Aiken Aiken. Anderson Anderson. Barn well Barn well . Beaufort Beaufort. Berkeley Bonneau. Charleston Charleston. Chester Chester. Chesterfield Chesterfield. Clarendon Manning. Colleton Walterboro' . Darlington Darlington. Edgefield Edgefield. Fairfield Winnsborough Georgetown Georgetown. Greenville Greenville. Hampton Hampton . Horry Conway. Kershaw Camden. Lancaster Lancaster. Laurens Laurens. Lexington Lexington . Marion Marion . Marlborough Bennettsville. Newberry Newberry. Oconee Walhalla . Orangeburgh Orangeburgh Pickens Pickens. Hichland Columbia. Spartanburgh. ..Spartan burgh. Sumter Sumter. Union L T nion . Williamsburgh . .Kingstree. York Yorkville. TENNESSEE. Anderson Clinton. Bedford Shelby ville. GUIDE AMD HAXD-BOOK. 91 Cnuntn. County Seat. Beaton Camden . Bledsoe Pikeville. Blount Maryville. Bradley Cleveland . Campbell Jacksborough. Cannon Woodbury. Carroll Huntingdon Carter Elizabethton. Cheathain . . .Ashland City. Chester Henderson. Clai borne Tazewell. Clay Celina . Cocke Newport. ColTee Manchester. Crockett Alamo . Cumberland Crossville. Davidson Nashville. Decatur Decaturville. DeKalb Smithville. Dickson Charlotte . Dyer Dyersburgh . Fayette Somerville. Fentress Jamestown. Franklin Winchester. Gibson Trenton. Giles Pulaski. Grainger Rutledge. Greene Greeneville . Grundy Altamont. Hamblen Morristown . Hamilton Chattanooga. Hancock ... Sneedville. Hardeman Bolivar. Hardin Savannah. Hawkins Rogersville. Hay wood Brownsville. Henderson Lexington . Henry Paris. Hickman Centerville. Houston Erin. Humphreys Waverly . Jackson Gaiuesburg . James Ooltewah Jefferson Dandridge. Johnson Taylorsville Knox Knoxville. Lake Tiptonville. Lauderdale Hipley. Lawrence Lawrenceburgh . Lewis Newburgh . Lincoln Fayetteville. Loudon Loudon. McMinn Athens. McNairy Purdy. Mac9n Lafayette. Madison Jackson. Marion Jasper. Marshall Le wisburg . Maury Columbia. Meigs Decatur. Monroe Madisonville. Montgomery Clarksville. Moore Lynchburgh. Morgan Wartburgh. Ouion Troy. Overton Livingston. County. County Seat. Perry Linden. Pickett Byrdatown . Polk Benton. Putnam Cookville . Khea Washington. Koaue Kingston . Robertson Springfield. Rutherford Murf reesburgh. Scott Huntsville. Sequatchie Dunlap. Sevier Sevierville. Shelby Memphis. Smith Carthage. Stewart Dover. Sullivan Blountville. Sumner Gallatin . Tipton Covington. Trousdale Harts ville . Unicoi Erwin . Union Maynardville. VanBuren Spencer. Warren McMinn ville. Washington Jonesburgh. Wayne Waynesborough. Weakley Dresden. White Sparta. Williamson Franklin. Wilson Lebanon. TEXAS. Anderson Palestine. Angelina Homer . Andrews Unorganized. Aransas Rockport. Archer Archer. Armstrong Unorganized. Atascosa Pleasanton . Austin Belleville. Bailey Unorganized. Bandera Bandera. Bastrop .Bastrop. Baylor Seymour. Bee. . . Beeville. Bell Bell ton. Bexar San Antonio. Blanco Blanco . Borden Unorganized. Bosque Meridian. Bowie Boston . Brazoria Brazoria. Brazos Bryan . Briscoe Unorganized. Brown Brown wood . Burleson C Idwell . Burnet Burnet. Caldwell Lockhart. Calhoun Indianola. Callahan Belle Plaine. Cameron Brownsville. Camp Pittsburgh . Carson Unorganized. Cass Linden. Castro Unorganized. Chambers Wallisville. Cherokee Rusk . 92 THE WESTERN WORLD County. County Seat. Childress Unorganized. Clay Henrietta. Cochran Unorganized. Coleman Coleman. Collin McKinney . Collingsworth . . . Unorganized. Colorado Columbus. Comal New Brau nf els. Comanche Comanche. Coneho Paint Rock. Cooke Gainesville . Cory ell Gatesville. Cottle Unorganized. Crockett . . .Fort Terrell. Crosby Unorganized. Dallam Unorganized. Dallas Dallas. Dawson Unorganized. Deaf Smith Unorganized . Delta Cooper. Denton Denton . DeWitt Clinton. Dickens Unorganized. Dinimit Carrizo Springs. Donley Unorganized. Duval San Diego. Eastland Eastland . Ed wards Unorganized. Ellis Waxahatchie. El Paso Ysleta. Encinal Unorganized. Erath Stephenville . Falls Marlin. Fannin Bonham. Fayette La Grange. Fisher Unorganized. Floyd Unorganized. Fort Bend Richmond. Franklin Mt. Vernon. Freestone Fairfield . Frio FrioTown. Gaincs Unorganized. Galveston Galveston. . Garza Unorganized. Gillespie Fredericksburgh . Goliad Goliad. Gonzalcs Gonzales. Gray Unorganized. Gnivson Sherman. Greer Unorganized. Gregg Lone View. Grimes Anderson. Guadalupe Seguin. Hale Unorganized. Hall Unorganized. Hamilton Hamilton. Hansford Unorganized. Hardman Unorganized . Hardin Hardin. Harris Houston . Harrison Marshall. Hartley Unorganized. Haskel Unorganized. Hays San Marcos. Hemphill Unorganized . Henderson Athens. County. County Seat. Hidalgo Hidalgo. _Hill Hillsborough. Tiockley. Unorganized. Hood Gran bury . Hopkins Sulphur Springs. Houston Crockett. Howard Unorganized. Hunt Greenville. Hutchinson . . . ^Unorganized. Jack Jacksonborough. Jackson Texana. Jasper Jasper. JeffenoD Beaumont. Johnson Cleburne. Jones Phantom Hill . Karnes Helena. Kaufman Kaufman. Kendall Boerne. Kent Unorganized. Kerr Kerrvillc. Kimble Junction City. King Unorganized. Kinney Brackettyille. Knox Unorganized. Lamar Paris. Lamb Unorganized. Lampasas Lampasas. LaSalle Cotulla. Lavaca Hallettsville. Lee Giddings. Leon Centreville. Liberty Liberty. Limestone Groesbeck. Lipscomb Unorganized. Live Oak Oak ville . Llano Llano. Lubbock Unorganized. Lynn Unorganized . McCulloch Brady. McLennan Waco. McMullen Tilden. Madison .Madison ville. Marion Jefferson. Martin Unorganized. Mason Mason . Matagorda Matagorda. Maverick Eagle Pass. Medina Castroville. Menard Menard ville. Milam Cameron . Mitchell Unorganized. Montague Montague. Montgomery Montgomery. Moore Unorganized. Morris Daingerfield . Motley Unorganized, Nacagdoches. . . . Nacagdoches. Navarro Corsicana. Newton Newton. Nolan finorganized. Juieoes Corpus Christ! Ochiltree Unorganized. Oldham Tascosa. Orange Orange. Palo Pinto Palo Pinto- Panola Carthage. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 93 County. Count;/ Kent. Parker . ( Weatherford. Farmer Unorganized. Pecos Fort Stockton. Polk Livingston. Potter. Unorganized. Presidio Fort Davis . Rains Emory. Randall Unorganized. Ked Kiver Clarksville. Kef ugio Ref ugio . Roberts Unorganized. Robertson . ...Calvert. Rockwall Rockwull . Runnels Runnels. Rusk Henderson . Sabme Heraphill . San Augustine.. San Augustine. San Jacinto Cold Speing. San Patrick) San Patricio. San Saba SanSaba. Scurry Unorganized . Shackelf ord Albany. Shelby Centre. Sherman Unorganized . Smith Tyler. Somervell Glen Ros Starr RioGrande C'y Stephens Breckenridge. Stonewall Unorganized. Swisher Unorganized. Tarrunt Fort Worth. Taylor Buffalo Gap . Terry Unorganized . Throckiuorton..Throckmorton. Titus Mt. Pleasant. Tom Green Ben Ficklin. Travis Austin. Trinity Pennington. Tyler . Woodville. Upshur Gilmer. Uvalde Uvalde. Van Zandt Canton. Victoria Victoria. Walker Huntsville. Waller Hempstead. Washington Brenham. Webb Laredo. Wharton Wharton. Wheeler Mobeetie. Wichita Unorganized. Wilbarger Unorganized . Williamson Georgetown. Wilson Floresville. Wise Decatur. "Wood Oultman. Yoakum Unorganized. Young Graham. Zapata Carrizo. Za valla Unorganized . UTAH. Beaver Beaver. Box Elder Box Elder. Cache Logan . Davis Farmington. County. County Seat. Emery Castle Dale. Garfleld Panguitch. Iron Parowan. Juab Nephi. Kane Kanab. Millard Fillmore City. Morgan Morgan. Pi Ute Junction. Rich Randolph . Salt Lake *alt Lake City. San Juan Bluff . San Pete Manti . Sevier Richfield. Summit Coalville. Tooelf Tooele. Uintah Ashley. Utah ProvoCity. Wasatch . Heber. Washington St. George. Weber Ogden City. VERMONT. Addison Middlebury. Bennington Bennington. Caledonia St. Johnsbury. Chittendon Burlington. Essex Guildhall . Franklin St. Albans. Grand Isle N. Hero. Lamoille Hyde Park. Orange Chelsea. Orleans Irasburgh . Rutland Rutland. Washington Montpelier. Windham Newfane. Windsor Woodstock. VIRGINIA. Accomack Accomack. Albemarle Charlottesyille. Alexandria Alexandria. Alleghany Covington. Amelia Amelia. Amherst Amherst. Appomattox Appomattox. Augusta Staunton. Bath Warm Springs Bedford Liberty. Bland Bland. Botetourt Fincastle . Brunswick Lawrenceville. Buchanan Grundy. Buckinghara..Buckingham C.H. Campbell Rustburgh. Caroline Bowling Green. Can-oil Hillsville. Charles City.. Charles City C.H. Charlotte Smithville. Chesterfield Chesterfield . Clarke Berryville. Craig New Castle. Culpeper Culpeper. Cumberland Cumberland. Dickenson Ervinton. 94 THE WESTERN WOULD. County. County Seat. Diuwiddie Dinwiddie. Elizabeth City. . .Hampton. Essex Tappahannock. Fairfax Fairfax . Fauquier Warreutou . Floyd Floyd. Fluvanna Palmyra. Franklin Rocky Mount. Frederick Winchester. Giles Pearisburgh. Gloucester Gloucester. Goochland Goochland. Grayson Independence. G reen Stanards ville . Greenville Hicksford. Halifax Halifax. Hanover Hanover. Henrico Richmond. Henry Martinsville . Highland Monterey. Isle of Wight. . . .Isle of Wight. James City Williamsburgh. King and Queen. King and Q. King George King George. King William King William. Lancaster Lancaster. Lee Jonesville. Loudoun Leesburgh. Louisa Louisa . Lunenburgh Lunenburgh . Madison Madison . Matthews Matthews. Mecklenburgh. ..Boydton. Middlesex Saluda. Montgomery Christsburgh. Nansemond Suffolk . Kelson Lovingston. New Kent New Kent . Norfolk Norfolk. Northampton . . .Eastville. Northumberland . Heathsville. Nottoway Nottoway . Orange Orange . Page Luray. Patrick Patrick. Pittsyl vania ... . Chatham . Po whatan Po whatan . Prince Edward.. Farmville. Prince George. . .Prince George Princess Anne.. .Prs. Anne. Prince William.. Brentsville. Pulaski Newbern. Rappahannock . . Washington . Richmond Warsaw. Roanoke Salem . Rockbridge Lexington. Rockingham. . .Harrison burgh. Russell Lebanon. Scott Estill ville . Shenandoah Woodstock. Smyth Marion. Southampton ...Jerusalem. Spottsyl vania ...Spottsyl vania. Stafford Stafford. Surrey Surrey. Sussex Sussex. County. County Seat. Tazewell Tazewell. Warren . . Front Royal. Warwick Warwick . Washington.. ..Abingdon. Westmoreland ..Montrose. Wise Wise. Wythe Wytheville. York Yorkto wn. WASHINGTON. Chehalis Montesano. Clallam New Dungeness. Clarke Vancouver. Columbia Dayton . Cowlitz Kalama. Garfleld Pomeroy. Islan(J Coupeville . Jefferson Port Townsend. King Seattle. Kitsap Port Madison. Klikitat Goldendale. Lewis Claquato. Mason Oakland . Pacific Oysterville. Pierce New Tacoma. San Juan Friday Harbor. Skamania Cascades . Snohomish Snohomish. Spokan Cheney. Stevens Fort Col ville. Thurston Olympia. Wahkiakum Cathlamet. Walla Walla Walla Walla. Whatcom Whatcom. Whitman Colfax. Yakima Yakima. WEST VIRGINIA. Barbour Philippi. Berkeley Martinsburgh. Boone Madison. Braxton Braxton C. H. Brooke Wellsburgh. Cabell Barboursville. Calhoun Grantsville. Clay Clay C.H. Doddridge West Union. Fayette Fay ette ville. Gilmer Glen ville. Grant Petersburgh . Greenbrier Lewisburgh. Hampshire Romney. Hancock Fairview. Hardy Moorefield. Harrison Clarksburgh. Jackson Jackson C.H. Jefferson Charlestown. Kanawha Charleston. Lewis ... Weston . Lincoln Hamlin. Logan Logan C.H. Me Dowell Perry ville. Marion Fainnount. Marshall Mounds ville. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 95 County. County Seat. Mason .Point Pleasant. Mercer Princeton. Mineral Keyser . Monong-alia Morg-antown. Monroe Union . Morgan Berkeley Springs. Nichol B Nicholas C. H. Ohio Wheeling. Pend!(,ton Franklin . Pleasants St. Mary . Pocahontas Hunters ville. Preston Kingwood . Putnam Winfleld. Raleigh Haleigh C. H. Randolph Beverly. Ritchie Ritchie C. H. Roane Spencer. Summers Hinton. Taylor Graf ton. Tucker St. George. Tyler Middlebourne. Upshur Buckhannon. Way ne Wayne C. H . Webster Webster C. H. Wetzel New Marti nsville . Wirt WirtC. H. Wood Parkersburg. Wyoming Oceana. WISCONSIN. Adams . . Friendship . Ashland Ashland. Barren Barren . Bayfleld Bayfield . Brown Green Bay. Buffalo Alma. Burnett Grantsburgh. Calumet Chilton . Chippewa Chippewa Falls. Clark Neillsville. Columbia Portage. Crawford Prairie du Chien. Dane ,. Madison. Dodge Juman . Door Sturgeon Bay. Douglas Superior. Dunn Menomonee. Eau Claire Eau Claire. Florence Florence. Fond du Lac Fond du Lac. Grant Lancaster. Green Monroe. Green Lake Dartf ord. County. County Seat. Iowa JDodgeville. Jackson Black River Falls. Jefferson Jefferson. Juneau Mansion. Kenosha Kenosha. Kewaunee Kewaunee. LaCrosse LaCrosse. I.aFayette Darlington. Langlade Antigo. Lincoln Merrill. Manitowoc Manitowoc. Marathon Wausau. Marinette Marinette. Marcjuette Mpntello. Milwaukee Milwaukee. Monroe Sparta. Oconto Oconto. Outagamie Appleton. Ozaukee Port Washington. Pepin Arkansaw. Pierce Ellsworth. Polk Osceola Mills. Portage Stevens Point. Price Phillips. Racine Racine . Richland Richland Centre. Rock Janes ville . St. Croix Hudson. Sauk Baraboo. Sawyer Hay ward. Sha wano Shawano . Sheboygan Sheboygan. Taylor Medf ord . Trempealeau Whitehall. Vernon Viroqua. Wai worth Elkhorn. Washburn Shell Lake. Washington West Bend. Waukesha Waukesha . Waupaca Waupaca . Waushara Wautoma. Winnebago Oshkosh . Wood Grand Rapids. WYOMING*. Albany Laramie City . Carbon Rawlins. Crook Unorganized. Johnson Buffalo . Laramie Cheyenne City. S^yeetwater. .Green River City. Uintah Evanston. Yellowstone National Park. 96 THE WESTERN WORLD MAINE. Named for district in Prance. Called the " Pine Tree State," or "Lumber State"; originally in- cluded New Hampshire ; settled by English 1607, by French in 1613. The latter were partially driven out. but retained control between the St. Croix and Penobscot rivers. King James I. granted to the Plym- outh Company, 16.0. all land between 40 deg. and 48 deg. lati- tude. The company granted New Hampshire to John Mason 1629, and six years later divided the territory among its members. To Ferdinando Gorges fell the entre region from the Kennebec to the Piscataqua, with hereditary power from Charles I. as governor. The remainder was parceled out. Massachusetts claimed the whole region 1651, and got it under favor of the Puritans then in power. When Charles II. was crowned the heirs of Gorges claimed it, but were bought off for $6,250. Settlers suffered severe. y from Indian wars 1670 to 1080. The territory was held by the British in the war of 1812; separated from Massachusetts in 1820. and admitted as a stiite March 3, 1820. Boundary settled with England 1842, and the free navigation of the St. John acquired; number counties, 16; Union soldiers, 70,107 ; miles of railroad, 1,142. State elections, second Monday in Sept.: number senators, 31 ; representatives, 151; ses- sions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday In Jan.; terms of senators and representatives, two years each. Number electoral votes, 6; congressmen. 4; number voters, 187,323; paupers and Indians not taxed excluded from voting. Number colleges. 3; system of common, high and normal schools excellent ; school age, 4-21 years. Legal rate, interest 6; by contract, an v i ate. POPULATION, 1880, 648,936; male, 324,058; female. 32 1,878; native, 590,053; foreign, 58,883; white, 646,852; colored, l,4."il; Chinese, 8; Indians, '. enobscots, 625 ; Passamaqunddtes, 502. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL PRODUCTS, ETC.- Extreme length north arid south. Smiles; width ~AO miles ; shore line, about 2,480 miles ; area, 33,056 sq. mi.es; land 29,885 sq. miles; 21, 155,80 acres: 37th of states and territories in size. Surface hilly ; becomes mountainous toward center. To the north it is less broken, and merges into the St. John valley. Scenery always fine; sometimes grand. Highest point, Katahdin, 5,400 feet ; largest i>l*nd. Mount Desert, 92 square miles. Watered by the Penobscot. Androscoggin, Saco, St.Croix,Aroostook, St.Johnand a multitude f smaller streams, and by Moosehead (7x36 miles in area), Umba- j: og. Eagle, Portage, Millinoket, Sebec, Shoodic, Long, Madawsi- ska,and smaller lakes. Areaof lakes and streams, one-thirteenth entire state. The soil is medium only, except on some of the streams, where it is rich. Hay is the best crop. Wheat, oats, corn, hops, potatoes, buckwheat and the ordinary vegetables grow. Cattle do fairly; dairying pays. Half the state is forest of excellent timber. Cleared land averages $15 and forest land $14 per acre. Slate, copper, granite, are found in large quanti- ties. CLIMATE. Winter average, 29 deg.; summer, 67 deg.; rain- fall, 45 inches ; snow lies 80 to 130 days ; frost comes about middle of September, and us late as June. Health excellent, except for pulmonary tr<>uMes : death rate low. CHIEF INDUSTRIES. Agricultureand kindred pursuits, lumbering, fisheries (yield, $3,&M,OQQ yearly), quarrying, shfp building (380 establishments). GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 97 PRINCIPAL CITIES. Portland (seaport\ population 31,413; Lewiston, 19,083; Bangor (port of entry), 16,856; Biddi- ford. r',H51 ; and Auuusta, the capital, 8,665. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Wearing apparel, one bed ami bedding tor every two persons in family other furni- ture to value of jioO, tools of trade, bibles and school books in use, 1 MAP OF MAINE Population MS.936 .Area similes i9,*W co]>y state statutes, family stoves, 1 cow, 1 Heifer, 2 swine, lOsheep, 9,000 Ibs. nay, nil growing- produce, 30 bushels grain, all potatoes iii"'ik'd for sustenance of family, 12 cords nrewood, 1 boat of two tons burden, cart worth $^i, harrow go, plow $10, 5 tons anthra- cit>< and 50 bushels bituminous coal, yoke oxen, pair horses, with yokes and harness, 1 sewing machine used by family, all flax 98 THE WESTERN VTORLD raised on half acre, and articles made therefrom. The hnmegtead, to the value of $ .00, may be exempted by recorded deed from all debts incurred alter filing such deed. No arrest for debt un.ess in case of fraud or intended removal from state. Declaration of insolvency stops suits. All accounts barred in 6, notes in 2 , real estate claims in 40 years, and actions for personal damaire in 2 years. Women may sue and be sued; her estate is not liable for the husband's debts. LICENSE CHARGES to resident peddlers, retail, 810; wholesale, ;25. Non-resident, retail, $25; wholesale, $50. LIENS are held for labor or materials by filing statement with town clerk in 90 days when there is contract; iu 30 days when there is no contract. NEW HAMPSHIRE. One of the thirteen original states. Named for Hampshire county, Eng- land, called the " Granite State." Originally part of Maine, and in- cluded iu grant, James Jst, to Plym- outh Company, 10.0. Settle i by English Itir-'S. Granted to John Mason and others, 1629. United with Massachusetts, 1041. Separated from latter, 1741. It included the greater part of Vermont, but the claim to same was disputed by New York. In Ii71 Vermont separated. State Constitution adopted 1784, revised 1792, amended Isol and revised 1877. Batifled United States Consti- tution June-'l, 1788. Union soldiers in field, 3^.937. Number counties, 10; miles railroad, 060. All elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; number Senators, 24 ; Representatives, 321 ; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd- numbered years, meeting- first Wednesday in June; terms of Senators and representatives, 2 years each Number electoral votes, 4; Congressmen, 2 ; number voters, 105,138. Paupers ex- cluded from voting. Dartmouth College, at Hanover, founded, 1769; compulsory education law; common schools excellent; school age, 5-15. Legal interest 0$ ; usury forfeits 3 times the excess. POPULATION, 1880, 346,991 ; male. 178,526; female, 176,405; native, 3. J0.697; white, 340.229: colored, C85: Indians, 63. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.- Extreme length N. and S. 181 miles ; extreme width, 92 miles; area, 9,005 square miles 5,763,2'K) acres. Coast line, 18 miles. Highest peak, Mt. Washington. Largest lake, Winn-piseogee, 74 square miles. General elevation, 1,200 feet. Isles of Shoals form part of the state. The White Mountains occupy the northern portion of the state with unsurpassed scenery. The surface slopes southward and becomes less mountainous. Principal river>, Connecticut, Merrimac, Androscoggin, Piscataqua and tributaries. Principal lakes, Wmnipiseogee, Umbagog and 4 Connecticut lakes, the source of the river of that name. Soil rocky, with small fertile districts. Hay best crop ; corn, wheat, oats and ordinary vegetables do fairly with close cultivation. Forests largely exhausted except at the north. Cleared lands average $lt% and woodland $-'"> per acre. Mica is quarried at Grafton, soapstone at Haverhill, Keene and Francestown; franite, at Plymouth, Troy, Roxbury, Concord and elsewhere, tate ranks high in cotton manufacturing. GUIDE AND HAXD-BOOK CLIMATE. Winter average 24, summer 69 dog. Extremes great in White Mountains. Summer short and hot, with violent storms. Itaiufall 41 inches. Frost late in spring and early in fall. Winter begins in Nov., and it is cold till May. Snow lies two-thirds of the year in mountains, elsewhere 70 to 130 days. Health good. , ^. Map of ham 3IEAV HAMPSHIRE :i lid _-.- | VERMONT ?) ' r Population Area New Hampshire M4?,. deg. to 75 deg. Summers short. Rainfall greatest at south and east, where it averages 43 inches ; in other sections the average is 35 inches. Snows heavy. Frosts early in fall and late in spring. Snow lies 80 to 140 days. Health excel- lent, miasma unknown. Pulmonary diseases less common than on coast. Death r:u> very low, less than 1% in the ICO, INDUSTRIES very varied, numbering 2,900; principal ones, agriculture, dairying, manufacture of flour, furniture, leather, tin, iron and copper ware, and lumber, mining, quarrying and finishing marbles and stones, and maple sugar making. PRINCIPAL CITIES. Burlington, pop., 1880, ll,Sfi5 ; Mont- B slier (capital), pop., 1880, 4,000; Rutland, pop., 1880, 13,149. rattleboro and Bellows Falls are important and thriving towns and seats of large industries. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Apparel, bedding, tools, arms, necessary household furniture, 1 sewing-machine for use, 1 cow, 1 swine or the meat thereof, 10 sheep, and 1 year's wool or the manufacture thereof, forage for the stock named, 10 cords firewood, 30 bu. potatoes. 10 bu. grain, 1 bbl. flour, all growing crops, 3 swarms bees and hives, and prodtret of -the bees, 200 Ibs. sugar, Bibles and books used in family, $10 worth poultry, pro- fessional book to value of $200, 1 yoke oxen or two horses kept in use not worth over 300, forage for same, wagon or cart and sled, with harness and furnishings, not to exceed in value $250. Ex- emptions do not affect attachments prior to Dec. 1st, 1878. The homestead of every housekeeper is also exempt to value of $500, with yearly product thereof, except the cause of action accrue before acquisition of homestead and against taxes. Homestead passes direct to heirs at death free of debts. Assignments with- out preference may be made, but creditor is not discharged. Bankrupt law in force discharges debts if 30^ be paid. Under it taxes, United States, state, wages to $50, are preferred. Suits to recover land barred in *5 years ; on contract, injury or account in 6 ; on bond or judgment in 8 ; on assault or imprisonment in 3 ; for libel or slander in 24, and on note in 14 years. Wife's property exempt except income for debts for necessities or labor or im- provements on the property. Her earnings exempt. She may do business in her own nnrae and isthenl'able. Women cannot be arrested in action for debt. Men arrested only on nffidavit of re- moval or concealment of property, or in cases whc~e fraud is alleged. The power of arrest is largely discretionary with the judge and is very sparingly used, liberality being the rule to debtors. LICENSE CHARGrES.-per year. Peddlers on foot, $15; with team, $30; if watches, clocks, jewelry or patent medicinse are << >M. $ii<). License issued by county clerk. LIENS for work or materials for buildings hold, but must be filed in town clerk's ollice and action on same begun inside of 3 months after filing 1 . 102 TIIK WKSTKKN WuKi.1) MASSACHUSETTS. Indian name. Called " Old Bay Sta'e." One of the 13 original states. First settlement K02, aban- doned the same year. Explored 1614 by Captain John Smith. First permanent settlement 1620. Pil- grims landed on Plymouth Rock Dec. 22. Massachusetts Buy colony founded 1038. Boston sett;ed 1C30. Massach "setts Bay Company char- tered under Charles 1. Annul- ment of chai'ter attempted. Col- onists refused to surrender and fortified Boston harbor. Pequot war, 1637. King Philip war, 1675-S. Charter forfeited 1684. General court dissolved and Joseph Dudley appointed president. Superseded 1686 by Sir E. Andros, who was deposed by the people 1(389. Colonies of Plymouth and Massa- chusetts Bay united 1692; received new charter ; the appoint- ment of governor and other officers being vested in the crown. First American newspaper, Boston, 1690. Anglo-French wars, 169U to 1763, involved Massachusetts. Renewed hostilities with French and Indians, 1703-4, and the last general war with latter occurred 1722-5. Massachusetts was active in bringing on Revolution. Boston massacre March 5, 1770. Destruction of tea Dec. 16, 1773. Boston port bill passed March, 1774. Battle of Lex- ington first blood of Revolution. State constitution adopted 1780; amended 182J and 1857. Ratified U. S. constitution Feb. 6, 1788. Shay's rebellion, induced t>y heavy taxation caused by the revo- lutionary war, 17S3-7. Maine separated from Massachusetts, 1^20. Village of Fall river acquired from Rhode Island in exchange for town of Pawtucket and other territory, 1841. Union soldiers, 14-i,730, besides sailors. Number counties. 14. Miles railroad, 2,399. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Number senators, 40; representatives, 240; meeting firs-t Wednesday in Jan.; yearly termsof senators and representatives, 1 year. Num- ber electoral votes, 14 ; congressmen, 12. Number voiers, 502, i 4s. Paupers, persons under guardians, non-taxpayers, and men unable to read and write, excluded from voting. School system excellent; attendance compulsory ; age, 5-15 years ; 7 colleges, in- cluding Harvard. Legal interest, 8 % ; by contract, any rate. POPULATION, 1880,1,783,085; threfc-f ourths native ; females outnumber malo. Indians, 369. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.- Length, N. E. to S. W., 16;' miles; breadth, 47 mik-s in western and 100 in eastern part; area of 8,040 square miles, 5,145,600 acres. Coast extensive and irregular, with numerous good harbors. The Merrimac only large streati entering sea within the state. The Connecticut traverses western part north to south. Housa- tonic, Blackstone and Taunton rivers flow through Massachusetts, and Charles and Mystic rivers enter Boston Bay. The rivers af- ford valuable water power, none navigable but Merrimac. The Taconic and Hoosac ridges traverse the state at the west. Saddle mountain, 3,600 feet, the highest peak. The ea^t and northeast divisions are hilly and broken, and the southeast low and sandy. Scenery very be.tutiful, especially in Berkshire hills; soil generally light; hay best crop; wheat, outs, corn and vegetables grown. Forests practically exhausted. Cleared land averages S>-0, and woodland $4'> per acre. Stone is found. No minerals mined. Elizabeth Islands. Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket and smaller islands to the south belong to the state. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 103 CLIMATE. Winters severe and protracted ; summers short and warm ; thermomctrr ranges from 10 deg. below to 1UO deg.; averages summer, r ,S deg.; winter, 24 deg.; snow falls Oct. to April; rainfall, including snow, 44 inches; prevailing winds I'roui east ; heavy logs cominou on coast. CHIEF INDTJSTEIES.-Aprirnltnre and kindred callings. Fishing lor cod and mackerel (half the fishing vessels of the Union owned here). Manufacture of cotton, woolen, worsted, silk, iron and steel goods, soap and implements, quarrying. PRINCIPAL CITIES.-Boston.oapi'al; pop. IJB-' 839 ; Low- ell, pop. 59475; Lawrence and Fall River, fnmous for cotton manufactures; pop. 39,151, and 48,9dl ; \Vorccstei', railroad and 104 THE WESTERN WORLD manufacturing center, pop. 58,291 ; Cambridge, seat, of Harvard College, pop.53,6C9; Lynn, famous for manufacture of boots and shoes, pop. 38,274; New Bedford, greatest whaling port in the world ; pop. 26,845 ; Springfield contains greatest arsenal in the United States, pop. 33,340. Ports of entry, 9. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: apparel, $20 worth of coal, stores, beds and $100 worth furniture, books in use, cow, 6 sheep, 1 hog, 2 tons hay, tools of trade to $100, material of busi- ness $100, arms, etc., of militia, $50 worth provisions, homestead to value of $800, declared such in deed of purchase or by re- corded declaration. Debts to United States, wages and physi- cians' bills preferred. Bankrupt law applies to debtors for more than $ 100. Debts discharged by consent of majority of creditors. Suits for land barred after 30, on contracts not sealed after 6, for wages after 4, on notes and all other actions after 20 years. Wife's property exempt, including ornaments and ap- parel to value of $2,000. She can sue and be sued, etc., same as if single: her note good, if not joint with husband, but does not bind husband. Women cannot be arrested for debt. Men may be arrested on affidavit of concealment or avoidance where claim exceeds $20. LICENSE CHARQ-ES. Peddlers, $50 per year ; special county license, $1 to $4. Permissions to obtain town licen-es, $3 to $'i5 : all issued by Secretary of State. LIENS are given on buildings for labor and material. Notice must b > given owner, and statement of lien filed in county regis- ter's office in 30 days after work is done, and suit brougntin90 days. Vessels are subject to like liens. Boarders' (except sailors') effects subject to lien for board, and cattle for pasturage. RHODE ISLAND. One of the 13 original states. Called "Little Rhody." First settled at Providence, 1636, by Roger Will- iams. Island of Aquidneck (Rhode Island), bought from Indians, 1638, and Newport and Portsmouth founded. Patent obtained, 1643, pro- vided for union of the settlements, which they accepted 1647. Charter of Charle* II. ,1663, served as organic law of state till 1843, when present constitution was ratified. R.I. suf- fered terribly during King Philip wars, li;75-76; Providence burnt during same. Colony deprived, 1687, of right of self-government by Sir E. Andros. The fall of the latter on success of the English revolution, liiSS, restored liberties, 1689. Lands of Narragansett Indians acquired by purchase, 1709. Pop. 60,000 in 1170. It. I. seamen distinguished themselves in the Anglo-French wars, 1750 to 1763, and in Revolution. First American squadron sailed from Providence under command of Esck Hopkins. Newport occupied by British, 1776, and besieged unsuccessfully by Gen. Sullivan and French fleet under Count d'Estaing, 1778. British forces evacuated 1779. Count de Roch- ambeau arrived at Newport July 10, 1780, with fleet of transports and 6,000 soldiers. Rhode Island was not represented in fhe con- vention, 1787, which framed Constitution ot United States, and was the last state to ratify same, 17* I. "Dorr rebellion," 1842 caused by insufficiency of the old charter, which still served as the constitution. The Dorr government twice aeaembled, but was dispersed by state authorities. Disputed boundaries adjusted 1861 by ceding to Massachusetts Fall River in exchange for Paw- GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK 105 tucket and a part of Seckonk (East Providence). Union soldiers furnisbed, &US98. Number counties, 5. Miles railroad, 147. State elections, first Wednesday in April; elects 72 Representatives, 34 Senators, 2 Congressmen and 4 presidential t lectors. Legislature meets annually on last Tuesday In May, at Newport, and holds adjourned session annually at Providence ; termsof Senatorsand Representatives, 1 year. Persons without property to the value of $134 excluded from voting. Brown's University at Providence, founded 17(14; common school system excellent: school age, 5-15. Leg-ill interest rate. $% ; by contract, n"y rate. POPULATION, iss5, 207,531; three-fourths native; females predominate; Indiana. 74. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. Area, 1,1 sa t>n. ruiles, or C'JtJ,3^U acres. Length Is. and S. 40 miles ; 106 THE WESTERN WOULD width, 40 miles. Narragansett Bay divides the state unequally, the western and larger part extend'ng N. from the ocean some 27 miles. The hay is 3 to 13 miles wide and contains several islands, of which Aquidneck, Canonicut and Prudence are largest. Block Island, at the western entrance of the bay, also belongs to this state. Surface of state broken and hilly. Small rivers unfit for navigation are numerous and afford valuable water powers. Chief rivers: Pawtucket and Pawtuxet. entering Narragansett bay ; and Pawcatuck, falling into Long Island sound. The state con- tains numerous small lakes, some of great I eauty. Scenery varied and pretty. Soil middling quality. Hay best crop. Potatoes, corn and oats are the next most important products. No forests. Dairying- profitable. Land high-priced. No minerals mined. CLIMATE, owing to nearness to sea, moderate. Average temperature : winter, 24 to 43 deg.; summer, 44 to 74 deg. Raiu- fail, 43 inches. Snow lies 60 to 100 days. Health good. CHIEF INDUSTRIES. Manufacture ol fabrics of cotton, flax, linen, wool, boots and shoes, rubber goods, metals, jewelry, etr., agriculture, dairying. Rhode . Island, in proportion to size, is the larjri st manufacturing state in Union. PRINCIPAL CITIES. Providence (capital and seaport), pop., 1880, 104,857. Nr-wport (capital, seaport, finest in world, and great pleasure resort), pop. 15,093. Bristol (seaport). Warren (seaport). Lincoln, pop. 13,705. Pawtucket, pop. 19,030. Woon- SOek't. pop. Irt.OfiO. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : wearing apparel and tools to value of $200; furniture and provisions, $300; books, cow, pig, hog and pork of same, arms, etc., of militia, promissory notes, exchange and SH) wages. Assignments made without preference. Debtor not released. Wages to amount of $100 pre- ferred. Suits to recover land and on foreign judgment barred after 20 years ; af ter 1 year for slander, 4 years for trespass, ti years on accounts. Arrest for debt only permitted on affidavit of intended removal or secretion of property. Females cannot be arrested for debt. Wife's property exempt. She cannot do "LICENSE CHARGES. -Peddlers, $60 to state ; $30 to Provi- dence county; $15 to other counties. Peddlers, jewelry, $:.'00 to st,-,tc, 3IOJ to Providence and $50 to other counties. Licenses issued by secretary of state. LIENS on buildings aie given for labor and material. All working under contractor must notify owner in 30 days and file claims in (j months with town clerk. CONNECTICUT. Indian name meaning " Long River." i ailed " Wooden Nutmeg State. ' One of original 13 states explored by the Dutch settlers of Manhattan Island, 1015, by whom Settlement was mad'', ]li:i:J, at Hart- ford, sold toon after to Knglish. Hartford, Windsor and Wethers- fiel 1 fettled by colonists from Massachusetts, 1036. Saybrooke united with Connecticut, 1644. New Haven was settled, 1644, and united with Connecticut, lU6."i, un- der charter of lliiJ2, from King Charles. Surrender of charter de- manded by Andros, 1(>S7, but was concealed in what became histor- ical as the "Charter Oak" tree. Andros ruled as a despot until de- posed and imprisoned, May 9 1689. C barter remained intact; and GUIDE AXD HAND-BOOK. 107 formed the constitution of the State un}t?lf! 5fjy liMi 51 *f j Wll^mOJ'^TC Ptc; a verj' large quota of men to the Revolutionary armies. Yale Col tege, founded 1701; Hartford capital till 17tJI. From 1701 to 1873 the general assembly met alternate!} at Hartford and New- Haven. In the last named year the place of meeting was per- manently fixed at Hartford. Union soldiers furnished, 55,864. Number counties, 8. Miles railroad, 991. State elections yearly 108 THE WESTERN "WORLD on same date as presidential election ; elects 24 senators, 249 rep- resentatives, 4 congressmen, and 6 presidential electors. State senators hold 2 and representatives 1 year. Legislature meets yearly on Wednesday after first Monday in January. Convicts and persons unable to read not permitted to vote. School sys- tem superior ; includes 3 college*, with 160,000 books in libraries. School age 4 to 16 years. Legal interest, <&%. More cannot be col- lected. No penalty for usury. POPULATION, 1880, ^22,700; male, 305,782; female, 316,918; native. 492,708; colored, 11,547; Chinese, 123; Indians, 255. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.- Area, 4,845 sq. miles; iiyerage length, 86 miles; average breadth, 55 miles: seacoast, 110 miles. Surface diversified by hills and val- leys, but less rugged than the other New England states. The Green Mountain range terminates in this state in a series of hills, the highest being about 1,000 ft. above the sea. The Ilousatonic, Thames, Quinnebaug, and Connecticut valleys extend N. and S., and contain much excellent land. The sea coast is indented by numerous bays and harbors, affording excellent anchorage. Soil, except in valleys, light and stony. Corn, oats, hay, wheat, to- bacco and vegetables are the staple crops. Cleared land averages 40 and woodland $30 per acre. No valuable timber remains. Stone extensively quarried. Valuable iron mines exist. CLIMATE. Moderate and healthy; average temperature, summer, 72 deg. and winter, 28 deg. Occasionally the ther- mometer sinks below zero, considerable snow falls, summers warm. Rain fall including snow about 47 inches. CHIEF INDUSTRIES. Manufacture of hardware, clocks, silks, cotton, rubber, i arpets, woolens, arms, sewing machines and attachments, dairying, quarrying, agriculture, etc. Total number of different Industries, 4,488. PRINCIPAL CITIES. Hartford (capital, and noted for banking and insurance business) ; pop. 1880, 42,015. New Haven, "City of Elms," scat of Yale College; pop. 62,882. Bridgeport, noted for manufacture of fire-arms and sewing machines; pop. 27,643. Waterbury, important manufacturing city; pop. 17,806. Fail-field, Middletown, New Haven, New London and Stoning ton are ports of entry. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: necessary apparel, bedding, furniture and provisions, arms, implements of trade, stock to value of $150. Horse, saddle and buggy, with harness of practicing physician not to exceed $250; sewing machine, library to $500, boat to $200. No homestead. Assignments with- out preference allowed, but do not discharge debt. Wages to $100, accruing within 3 months preferred. Suits for land barred after 15 years, on bonds and non-negotiable notes after 5 years, on contracts after 6 years, for slander, express contracts (unwrit- ten) sifter 3 years, for damage for loss of life after 1 year. Wife's property exempt from husband's debts ; she can do business, sue and be sued separately. Arrest for fraud, concealment, removal and refusal to pay admitted or judgment debts. LICENSE CHARGES.- None. LIENS are given on boarders' effects for board after 60 days; for material (over $25 worth) if statement is filed with town clerk or secretary of state, if supplied to a railroad, in 60 days and suit begun in 2 years. Liens for labor and material furnished vessels must be filefl in 10 days. J udgmente are liens on real estate. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 109 NEW YORK. One of the thirteen original states; named for Yorkshire, Eng. Called the " Empire State." Explored by Henry Hudson, Sept., 1609, who sailed up the river to which he gave his name. Two months earlier Samuel de Champlain discovered and named Lake Champlain. Hol- land owned the territory. The J>utch settled on Manhattan Island, 1614. Country called " New Nether- lands." Manhattan Island pur- chased from Indians for 824, 1626. Indian troubles 1640-45. Swedish settlements on the Delaware incor- porated with the New Netherlands, 1655. England claimed the country as part of Virginia* captured Manhattan (New Amsterdam) August, 1664, and named it New York. Dutch regained posses- sion, held it a few months, and permanently transferred it to England; New York the battle-field of the French-English war, 1754: was prominent in the Revolution. The last royal governor was forced to nee, Oct., 1775. In Feb., 1776, Americans occupied New York city; British regained control in Aug., and held Manhattan Island until Nov. 25, 1783. Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga Oct., 1777, the first great triumph over British tyranny. West Point fortified 1777-78. New York city capital of the colonial government until the Revolution, and state capital 1784 to 1797, when Albany was made the capital. It was also the seat of the United States government 1785 to 1790. During war of 1812-14 border towns of New York attacked by the British. First State constitution adopted 1777, revised 1801, 1821 and 1846; slavery abolished 1817. Boundary question with Vermont, Connecticut and Massachusetts settled 1791. Union soldiers furnished, 448,850; number counties, 60; custom districts, 10; first railroad, Albany to Schenectady, 1783; miles gf ' railroad, 7,812; miles canal, 900. State officers elected every 4 and senators (32 in number/ every 2 years; representatives (125 in number), yearly, on same day as presidential election. Legis- lature meets first Tuesday in Feb., yearly; congressmen, 34; presidential electors, 36. Election betters and bribers and con- victs excluded from voting. School system superior; includes 28 colleges. School age, 5 to 21 years. Legal interest, 6#; usury forfeits principal and interest. POPULATION, 1880,5,082.871; male, 2.505,323 ; female, 2,577,- 549; native, 3,S71.40'i: Indians, 819; white, 5.016.042: Chinese, 907. TOPOGRAPHY, ABE A, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. Extreme length E. and W., 410 miles ; extreme width, 311 miles; area, 47,620 sq. miles; 30,476,800 acres; water frontage, 900 miles; surface, varied. The narrow belt east of the Hudson valley is intersected by spurs of the Hoosac and Green mountains: the rolling table lands to the west are trayersed by tne Blue Ridge, Highland, Catskill, Helderberg and Adirondacks. The Hudson, rising in the Adirondacks, and flowing south over 30 miles to New York bay, is the chief stream. The Allegheny and its tribu- taries drain the S. W., and the Susquehanna the southern central division. The Mohawk is the chief affluent of the Hudson. The state is noted for the beaut y of its lakes. In the west are Chau- tauqua and Cattaraugus ; in the central division Canandaigua, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida and others having the Oswego river for their outlet. Long, Manhattan and Staten Islands form im- portant divisions of the state. The soil is also varied, and agri- culturally the state is very rich. Cleared land averages $60 and 110 THE WESTERN WORLD woodlad $40 per acre. Considerable forests yet remain. The pro- duction of corn, wheat and dairy products is very large. The state ranks first in value of manufactures, soap, printing IKK! publishing, hops, hay, potatoes, bucV wheat and milch cows; second in salt, silk goods, malt and distilled liquors, miles mil- way and barley; third in agricultural implements, iron ore, iron and steel, oats and rye. CLIMATE, divorsp; mean annual temperature for the state, 47 deg 1 . In the Adirondacks the annual mean is39dt>!i.; in the extreme south it is nO deg 1 .; avernire rainfall 43 in., including snow, the fall beinr greatest in the lower Hudson valley, and smallest (33 in.) in the St. Lawrem e valley. Kauge of tempera- ture, 10 deg. below to 100 above zero. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. Ill PRINCIPAL CITIES. New York City, pop., 1,206,299; Brooklyn, pop. 566,l>!; liull'ulo, " Queen City of the Lake.s," pop. 155,134; Rochester, pop. 89,3t}(>; Syracuse, pop. 51,792; *Albany (capital), pop. 90,758. LEADING- INDUSTRIES.-Manufacturing of all kinds, agriculture, dairym0; 90 days' food for team, 00 days' earnings if necessary to family; homestead to value of $1,000; exemption extends after death till youngest child is of age; notice must be recorded of intention of making 1 it a homestead or by acts done showing intention to mafefe it such. No exemption against debts prior to making of homestead or against purchase money for same. Assignments with preference may be made, and on petition of two-thirds creditors in amount debtor discharged. Suits to recover real estate upon sealed instrument or judgment, barred after 20 years; on contract, for injury to person or property, to establish a will, or for fraud, after 6 years; for negligence, after 3 years; for libel, etc., after 2 years, and all other actions after 10 years. No imprisonment for debt. Arrest may be made in some cases where iraud enters. LICENSE CHARGES per year: Peddlers on foot, $20; with horse, $30; with more tlian one horse, $50. License issued by Secretary of State. LIENS to value of labor or material given against premises, or if same exceed contract price to amount of latter, if filed in 30 days, and proceedings are begun in 1 year thereafter. Judg- ments are liens on real estate for ten years. NEW JERSEY. One of the thirteen original states. Named for Isle of Jersey. Settled first by Dutch, from New Amster- dam, at Bergen, 1620, by Swedes east of the Delaware, 1638. Latter dis- possessed by Dutch, 1655. Country acquired by England, 1604. Subse- quently transferred by Duke of York to Lord Berkeley and Sir G-. Cartaret. Submitted to Dutch, 1673. Reverted to England, 1674, and gov- erned till 1680 by Sir E. Andros; gov- erned 1682 to 1702 by William i'ciin. Previous to 1682 the state was divided into two distinct gov- ernmentsEast Jersey and West Jersey. From 1702 to 1788 New Jersey was subject to New York, but kept its own assembly. Separated in the latter year and received independent gov- ernment. Buttles of Trenton, Princeton, Monmouth and others fought within its borders during the Revolution. State Constitution adopted, 1776; revised, 1844, and amended in the present decade. United States Constitution unanimously adopted Dec., 1787; capital established at Trenton, 1790. A slave state till 1860, when but eighteen slaves remained and it was counted a free state; Union soldiers furnished, 75,814. State contains 21 counties and has 1,890 miles railroad. State elec- tions annual : same date as congressional and presidential ; number of senators, 21; representatives, 60; meeting of legisla- ture, 2d Tuesday in January ; term of Senators, 3 years; repre- sentatives, 1 year ; number of electoral votes, 9 ; Congressmen, 7. 112 THE WESTERN WORLD Paupers, idiots, insane and convicts excluded from voting. Num- ber colleges, 4 ; schools good ; school age, 5-18. Legal interest 6% ; usury forfeits entire interest. POPULATION, 1880,1,131,116; male, 559,0:??; female, 571,194 ; native, 909,416; foreign, 221,700; white 1,092,017; colored, 38,853; Chinese, 170 ; Indians, 74. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. Length north and south, 15S miles; width, a8 to 70 miies; area, 7,455 square miles or 4,771,200 acres ; forty-third state in size. Atlantic coast, 128 miles: Delaware Bay coast, Ii8 miles. Greatest elevation at north, where Blue Mountains reach I,0u0 to 1.800 feet above the sea. The Kittatinny Valley, 10 miles wide, separates these from the GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 118 Highland range 900 to 1,500 feet high. The famous Palisades of the Hudson at the northeast are 600 feet high. Toward center state slopes to a rolling plain, and at south becomes flat and low. .Hudson river forms the eastern border, Delaware bay and river the west- ern; Raritan, New York and Newark bays afford fine harbors. Cape May to Sandy Hook coast bordered by strips of sand inclosing bodies of water which float vessels of light draft. Delaware Water Gapand Falls of Passaic are the natural wonders of the state. At the north are picturesque lakes and the coast is famous for water- ing places, including Cape May, Atlantic City, Long Branch, etc. The soil ranges from fair to very good. Cleared land averages $SO and woodland $60 per acre; hay the best crop. Other staple crops are potatoes, wheat, corn, rye, buckwheat, cranberries (in Burlington, Ocean and Atlantic counties), fruit and garden pro- duce (central region vast garden); little woodland valuable for timber remains. Iron and fertilizing marls are abundant. CLIMATE variable ; temperature averages, summer. 68 deg. to 75 deg.; winter, 31 deg. to 38 deg. Range of temperature from about zero to 100 deg. Rainfall, including snow, 4(3 inches, reaching 50 inches in the highlands, and falling to 40 inches at the south. Highlands and seashore healthy. Ague and malarial fevers in the lowlands. PRINCIPAL CITIES. Newark, Perth Amboy, Great Egg Harbor, Tuckerton, Bridgeton and Lumberton are ports of entry. Newark, pop. 130,508; Jersey City, 120,733; Trenton (capital), 29,010; Paterson,51,031; Elizabeth, 28,239; Hobokeu, 30,999; Cam- den, 41.659. CHIEF INDUSTRIES. Manufacture of fabrics, jewelry, clay wares and brick, flour, crystals, fishing, oyster fishing, gar- dening, agriculture, marl und iron ore digging, etc. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution for debt : goods and chattels to the value of $200, wearing apparel, homestead worth not to exceed 81,000. Assignments cannot give preference to any creditor. Creditors who prove against a debtor who has as- signed are barred further action and the debtor is released. Those who do not prove are not barred. Preference may be given by mortgage or confessed judgment. Action to recover real estate barred in 20 years, to recover rents on sealed lease in 16 years, on note in 9 years, on accounts in 4 years, and for slander in 2 years. Arrest for debt may be made on affidavit alleging fraud done or contemplated. Wife's property exempt from husband's debts. Bonds of state and United States, property of state, counties, towns, etc. Property owned and taxed out of the state, if tax on fame has been paid within a year of the time of assessment; insti- tutions of learning, religion and charity; libraries (public), ceme- teries and their endowments and the assets of corporations re- lievcrl of tax by charter from the state. LICENSE CHARGES- per year Peddlers on foot, $8 : with horse. 8 15; with S3 ami $3.50 in each case extra as fees. LIENS wages to amount of 300 for each employe are pre- ferred claims. Liens for labor and material must be filed against the property within a year and summons to enforce the same issued. Judgments are lieus on real estate. 114 THE WESTERN WORLD PENNSYLVANIA. One of the thirteen original states, named tor Wm. Penn. Called the " Keystone State." Settled first by Swedes at Chester, 1638. Swedes subjected by Dutch, 1655, find terri- tory became part of New .\eth- erlands. I aptured by English, 1>'(>4. Becaptured by Dutch, 1672, but fell to English again in a few months. All territory west of Delaware river granted to Wm. Penn, KiSi, by Charles II. of England. Phil- adelphia founded, 1682. Pennsyl- vania became battle-ground "of French -English wars, 17t-17(50. Braddock's Field and Fort Du Quesne (Pittsburgh) most notable of the fights. Indians conquered, Ii6l. Pennsylvania most con- spicuous in Revolution. Proprietary government abolished and independent state formed 1776. Continental Congress met and declaration of independence signed at Philadelphia. Notable events: Defense of Philadelphia, battles of Brandywine. German- town and Valley Forge State Constitution drawn 1'90; revised 1838; amended 1850, 1857, 1861-4, and 1873 new one adopted. "W hisky Insurrection" or revolt against excise law, 1794. Capital moved from Philadelphia to Lancaster, 1'99, and to Harrisbursrh, 1812. State invaded tbree times by confederates, i8*>2, 1863, when battle of Gettysburgh was fought, and 1?64, when Chambersburg was destroyed. Union soldiers furnished, 337,930. .Number counties, 67 ; miles railroad, 7,546. State elections annual, same date as presidential; number senators, 60 ; representatives, 20' ; sessions biennial, meeting first Tuesday in Jan., hold IfO days; term of Senators, 4 years ; representatives, 2 years; number electoral votes, 30; congressmen, 28. Non-taxpayers and bribers excluded from voting. Number colleges, 26; school age, 6-SJ1 ; school sys- tem good. Legal interest, %% ; usury forfeits excess of interest. POPULATION. 1880. 4.282.891; male, 2,136,655; female, 2,'46,- 236; native, 3.605.062; colored. 85,535: Chinese. 464 : Indians. 184. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.- Length east and west, 300 miles; width, 176 miles: area, 44,985 sq. miles ; 28,790,400 acres. Lake frontagefiO miles. Surface very diverse and scenerv varied from the commonplace to the beau- tiful and sublime. Level at the southeast, hilly and mountainous toward the center, and rolling and broken at the west and south- west. From the Delaware river on the east rises gradually from five or ten to 1,0(0 feet at the foot of the Blue Ridge. Cumber- land valley a fine region. The Allegheny and Kittatinny mount- ains occupy the central portion. The western division (half the State) is a table land. Principal .streams Susquehanna and its trib- utary the Juniata ; Delaware (rises in Catskills) a tide water river as far as Trenton, 130 miles from mouth ; Allegheny and Monon- gahela, which unite to form the Ohio. Soil varies from barren hills to sections of great fertility. Many superb farms. Cleared land averages $45 ; woodland $30 per acre. Much good timber remains. Farms average 100 acres. Oil, coal (anthracite at east, bituminous at west) iron, copper, kaolin, building stones, salt- abound. Rye, corn, wheat, buckwheat, potatoes, vegetables, hay, oats, tobacco nre staple crops. Dairying and stock flourish. CLIMATE in mountains severe in winter, with much snow ; summers pleasant ; summers hot on the Delaware, reaching 100 deg.; summers long in Su c quehanna valley ; west of mountains summers hot and of moderate length ; winters cold ; average GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 115 winter temperature. 34 (leg.; summer, 74 deg 1 .; rainfall, includ- ing snow, a verasres 42 inches; climate healthy. CHIEF CITIES. Philadelphia, second city in United States, contains mint aud navy yard; pop., 84ti,9*4. Pittsburg, extensive manufacturing city : pop., 156,389, Harrisburg-, capital ; pop., 30,782. Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Erie are ports of entry. l^ 5 iMl%i\ifi^i/fM3jj 1 A j\i\* { y^lH I/ ^iffi^nvM tfew^iva I MS 7~ni , iCwm* a * \ jas k>sv = Si? ^ 5 ''>* I | ^|^|^W\ 5^ (/'(f'i VT\f 1 f^if^8Nfei$ i ! ^rj/^~1 5 ^y^ ^ 1^<\ _J^ i lHJ<^/i a /i ^ I rrp iliy :i ^rtl 1 Bd Ji lyi & INDTTSTRIES. Pennsylvania is the great iron, oil and coal state. The other Industrie^ include agriculture and kindred pur- suits, lumbering, manufacture of paper, woolens, liquors, imple- ments, machinery, otc. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Wearing apparel, bibles, school books, sewmg machine and $300 in personal or 116 THE WESTERN WORLD real property. No exemption against judgments not exceeding $50, obtained for labor. Assignments may be made, without preference, and debtor is not released. Suits to recover land barred after 21 years; on judgments, mortgages and sealed in- struments after 20 years ; on notes and accounts after 6yeais; for slander after 1 year; for personal damages after 2 years. Wife's property exempt, except earnings, which, by proper application, may also be exempted. No imprisonment for debt. Property exempt from tax, estates of religious and char- itable institutions, state, county and municipal property, all man- ufacturing companies, except makers of gas and spirituous, malt or other liquors. LICENSE CHARGES Per year, peddlers on foot, $8; with eart, $16; with two-horse cart or wagon, $25. Jewely peddlers, $200 to state and $50 to each county, except Providence, where charge is S'tiO. LIENS for wages and material hold if filed within six months, and are good five years. Judgments are liens on real estate for five years. DELAWARE. One of the thirteen original states. Named for Lord De la Ware, who entered the bay 1610. Called "The Diamond State." First state to ratify Federal constitu- tion. Visit* d J 609 by Henry Hi d- snn. Settled by Swedes 1(>j8, who bought from Indians, built a fort, and called the country ">.ew Sweden." Swedes took Duck fort at Casimer (New Castle) 1654. and were compelled, ]fc55, to swear allegiance to Holland. Ten jears later Sir R. Carr took the settle- ments, and England held them for nine years. Dutch regtrned possession 1673, but treaty of West- minster gave the district to England 1774, and it was ruled by a representative of Dukeof York, to whom it was granted. 1 rans- ferred to William Penn 1682 by Duke of Tork. Independent assembly created* 1703, meeting at New Castle, but was governed by governor of Pennsylvania till 1778, when the colony declared itself independent. Took vigorous part in the revolu'ien. State Constitution adopted 1776. A new one 1792, which was re- vised 1831. Delaware was a slave state. Slaves I860, 2.000. Union soldiers furnished, 12,284, the biggest percentage of any state. Contains three counties. Miles of railroad, 806. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in November; number senators, 9. representatives, 21; legislature meets in odd-numbered years, first Tuesday in January; nolds 21 days; term of senators, 4 years; of representatives, 2 years; number electoral votes, 3; number con- gressmen, 1; idiots, insane, paupers and criminals excluded from voting; colleges at Newark and Wilmington, school age, 6-21; schools fair ; legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits the principal. POPULATION, 1SSO, 146,6(>8; male, 74,108 ; female, 72,500; na- tive 137,140 : white, 120,160; colored. 2ti,442. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. Length north and south nearly 100 mile*; width, ,0 miles at north, 36 at south. Area 1,950 square miles, or ]. 248.000 acres. Available area large. Northern portion rolling, but free from large hills. Scenery beautiful. Southern portion level and sandy, with Ire- GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 117 quent cypress marshes. Coast low and swampy with lasroons sep- arated from sea by sand-beaches. Streams flow into Chesapeake and Delaware bays and are small. Tide reaches to Wilmington. The soil is good and the state of cultivation superior. Cleared land averages $45 per acre, and wood-land &40. Stap'e crops, corn, wheat, peaches, berries, garden vegetables, sweet potatoes. Iron is found, but is no longer worked. MAP OF DELAWARE -.IT Population 146,608 W Areasq.miles__l,950 CLIMATE mild. Tempered by sea breezes. Average temper- ature, winter, 32 deg. to 38 deg.; summer, 72 deg. to 78 deg. Itain- fall 48 to 50 inches. At north health excellent. Some malaria on the low lands bordering the swamps at the south. CHIEF CITIES. Wilmington, pop. 42,478. Dover, capital. Newcastle, 6,000. Breakwater protecting Delaware Bay at Cape 118 THE WESTERN WOULD Henlopen, (greatest work ^f Us kind in America, cost the United States $2.12~,40ti. and was over 40 yeai s in course of Construction. INDUSTRIES. Agriculture and kindred pursuits, manu- facture of flour, lumber, cotton, iron, steel, leu'hv r, etc., fhip- building. fishing-, canning and preserving 1 . Total number different industries, 7.-.O. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution, books, pictures, wearing apparel, tools and implements to value of Slain Newcastle and Sussex counties, and $150 in Kent. Other household goods to value of 8300 in Newcastle and $150 in Kent are exempt, and sewing machines and wages arc exempt in New Castle. Ass i gn- ment can not prefer any creditor,and does not release the debtor. Suits involving title to land are barred in 2"> years, on notes, etc., in 6 years, on accounts, etc., in 3 years. Arrests for debt may I c irade upon affidavit of intention to remove prope- ty from pT:it<^ and defraud creditors. Wife's property acquired in any way but from husband is exempt from his debts. LICENSE CHARGES per pear, peddlers on foot, $50 ; if a citizen, $8 ; with one horse, Sl*>; two horses, $30. and $10 additional for each horse above 2; with horse and wagon, $5; two horses and wagon, $35. To sell clocks, $50. Tinware 810, with cart $20. LIENS. Wages and materials to the amount of $25 are liens; statement of claim must be filed in 90 dnys, or in 30 days by con- tractora. No priority of liens. Judgments are liens on real estate for 20 years. One month's wages to amount of S50 is alien on real estate in New Castle county. Executions levied are liens for 3 years. MARYLAND. One of the thirteen original states, named for wife of Charles II of England. Settled 1631 by Captain Wil'iam Clayborne and other Vir- ginians. Granted by Charles I to Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore) June 20, 1632. First English colony landed March, 1634. Clayborne's party driven put. The latter, by aid of Virginia Non-ConformMs, 1643, took control of the territory. Proprietors regained possession 1646. Were again dispossessed by Puritan element for three years, and again got control. Govern- ment of colony assumed by King William III. 1688. Baltimore laid out 1730. Proprietary government overthrown December, 1774. Constitution adopted November, 177fi; amended 1802, 1810, 1833, 1845, 1851 ; new constitution adopted 1851 ; a 'ain in 1804, and pres- ent one 1867. Federal congress met at Annapolis 1784. when Washington resigned command cf army. Federal constitution rat itied April 28, 1778. Fredericktown and other placr-s burned in wa- of 1812, and Fort McHenry bombarded. Battles of Bladenburg and North Point fought. First blood of civil war shed at Balti- more April 19, 18fil. Legislature opposed war April 26, 1861, but passed resolutions favoring the South. Battle of Antietam Sept. 16 and 17, 1862. Slavery abolished 1864. Union soldiers furnished, 46.638 ; No. counties, 23 ; miles railroad, 1.083. All elections Tues- day after first Monday in Nov.; number Senators, 26; Repre- sentatives, 91; sessions biennial, in even-numbered years ; meet first Wednesday in Jan. and hold 90 days; term of senators, 4 year--; of representatives, 2 years. Number of electoral votes, & congressmen, 6. Insane, convicts and bribers excluded from GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.. 119 voting. Number colleges, 11: school age, 5-30; school system fair. Lee-al interest 6; usury forfeits excels of iiitere&t, POPULATION. IS?*, 939,943; male, 46^,187; lemaie, 472,756; native. 85i.l:>7 ; colored, 2W.ZX). Slaves, 1800, b7,l89. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. Length east and west, 196 miles; width, 8 to 123 miles. Area, exciu- sive of Chesapeake bay, 9,860 sq. miles. Area of the bay, 2,840 sq. miles. Acreage of state, 6,310,400, water surface large. West- ern and northern sections mountainous and broken. Peninsular region sandy and low, as is also section between the Chesapeake and Potomac. Mountains, the Blue Ridge and Alleghenies. Scenery flue, rising often to sublime. Chesapeake bay almost divides the 120 THE WESTERN WORLD state. Tide-water coast nearly 500 miles. Chief navigable rivers, Potomac, Susquehanna, Patuxent, Patapsco, empty into the bay. At the west is the Youghiogheny. Many small streams, bays and inlets. Numerous small islands in Chesapeake bay. Soil varies from very poor to very good. Cleared land averages $22.50. and woodland $14 per acre. The average value of latter lowered by mountain sections. Considerable good timber remains! Enor- mous coal fields west. Copper is found in Frederick and Carroll counties; iron ore in Allegany, Anne Arundel, Carroll, Balti- more, Frederick and Prince George's counties. Great oyster, fish, fruit and vegetable producing state. Oyster beds most valuable in Union. Wheat, corn, oats, buckwheat and tobacco staple crops. Opportunities for capital are yet excellent. CLIMATE. Mild,agreeable and healthful; some little malaria in lowlands. Temperature softened by ocean. Winter averages 37 deg., summer. 78 deg. Rainfall, 42 inches. CHIEF CITIES. Baltimore, port of entry; pop. a*.313. An- napolis, capital; contains United States Naval Academy; pop. 5,714. Cumberland, pop. 10.693. CHIEF INDUSTRIES. Agriculture and fruit growing, oyster and other fishing, canning, coal, iron and copper mining, manufacturers of cotton goods, etc. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Wearing apparel, books, tools not kept for sale and $100 in other property. Assign- ments may be made, and if ail property is surrendered and no fraud has been perpetrated, debtor is discharged. No preferences can be given by the assignor. Suits to recover land barred after twenty years, on accounts, etc., after three years, and on notes, bonds, etc., after twelve j'ears. Wife's propeity exempt. Hus- band not liable for wife's debts prior to marriage. No arrest for debt. Wages are not attachable until due, and 8100 is then exempt. LICENSE CHARGES.-Per year, peddlers on foot, $40; with one horse, $50; with two horses, $70, in each county. Drummers may be charged per cent on stock of house; not en- forced. Cumberland. $1 per day. LiIENS. Wages and materials unpaid are liens for five years, if statement is filed in six months. Three months' wages are pre- ferred liens. Kent, Calvertand St. Mary's counties are exempt from the lien laws, except against shipping. Judgments are liens on real estate. Liens against ships are good but two years. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Named for Columbus. Fixed as seat of U. S. government 1790 by act of Congress. Formed out of Washington Co., Md. (64 sq. mi.) and Alexandria Co.Va. (36 sq. mi.) Government removed to District, 1800. Captured by British 1814, and capitol, executive mansion and congressional library burned. Virginia portion ceded back to that state 1846. Slavery abolished 1862. No fighting in District during civil war. Governed by Congress till 1871,whon a legislative body of 33 (1 1 appointed by the president and 22 elect ed) was created. Executive officers still appointed by president. Officers appointed are paid by the United States; those elected by the District. Citizens of District have no vote for national officers. Schools superior. Legal interest, 6$ ; by contract, 10 ; more forfeits entire interest. Population, 1880, 177,638. Miles railroad, 18. Surface made up of fiats and hills. Similar in all features and products to Southern Maryland. Cities Wnsliin^-- ton (capital II. S.), pop. 147,307; Georgetown, pop. 12,578. Exempt from execution : Furniture, etc., $300, tools or books, etc., .;ix), Stock for business. $200, wages to J20'>. Assignments can prefer. Actions for account void after 3 ; on note after 12 years. Wife's Eroperty exempt. No arrest for debt,. Liens hold for board, ibor and material. Drummers' License $200 per year in Washing- ton. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 121 VIRGINIA. One of the thirteen original states ; named for Queen Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen ; called the "Old Dominion " and " The Mother of Presidents." First English settle- ment in America, 1607. Controlled by the London company. Trouble with Indians, 1609 to 1624, whencom- pauy dissolved and colony became subject directly to the crown. Slavery introduced 1619. Bacon's Rebellion against restriction of franchise and high taxes, 1676. Will- iamsburgh founded 1699, where general assembly met, 1700. Active in French War of 1754, and in Revo- lution and subsequent steps toward founding the Union, Virginia won the title of " First of the States." British burnt Norfolk 1779, and Richmond 17H1. Yorktown surrendered Oct., 1781, practically vanquishing England. State Constitution adopted 1776, and a new one 1869. United States Constitution ratified June 25, 1788. Capital fixed at Richmond 1779. State seceded May 7, 1861, and capital of Con- federacy moved to Richmond from Montgomery, Ala. Arsenals and navy yards seized immediately after secession. West Vir- ginia separated 1861. Scene of gigantic energies of the war. Bull Run, the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Fredericksburg, Port Republic and many other famous battles were fought on Virginia soil. Lee surrendered at Appomattox April 9, 1865, ending the war. Fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to United States Constitution ratified 1869. State returned to the Union Jan. 26. 1870. Originally included all the region known as Territory of the Northwest. Number of counties, 100. All elections Tuesday after the first Monday in November; number of senators. 40; representatives, 100; sessions of legislature, biennial, in odd- numbered years, meeti-iy: tirst Wednesday in December; holds 90 days ; term of senators, 4 years : representatives, 2 years. Num- ber electoral votes, 12; Congressmen, 10. Lunatics, idiots, con- victs, duelists, United estates army and non-taxpayers of capiti- tion tax excluded from voting. Numbercolleges, 7; schools, 4,502; school age, 5-21 ; school system fair. Legal interest, 6#, by con- tract 856: usury forfeits all over 6 per cent. Miles of railroad, 2 894. POPULATION, 180, 1,512,565; male, 745,589 ; female, 766,976 ; native, 1,497,869; white, 880,858; colored, 631,616; Indians, 85; slaves. 1860, 490,65. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.- Greatest length east and west, 445 miles; greatest width, 190 miles; area, 4u,125 square miles, 25,680,000 acres, exclusive of water are i. Coast line, 130 miles; tidal frontage, 1,556 miles. State divided into 6 sections parallel with coast and extending back from the same in the order named : Tidewater ; Middle, Pied- mont Blue Uidge. Valley and Appalachian. The nature of these sections is indicated by their titles. The scenery of the state is both beautiful and grand. The Peaks of Otter, the Natural Bridge and the Luray caverns are among its natural wonders. The mountains vary i'rom wild to rugged. The Alieghany and Cumberland mountains at the west are the most notable. The broken districts are, however, interspersed with valleys. The principal rivers are the Potomac, Rappahannock, Rapidan, James, York, Elizabeth. These have many tributaries, and water and water powers are abundant. The soil is very fertile in the valleys, good on the table-lands and poor to middling on the mountains. 122 THE WESTERN WORLD The state is rich in iron, gold, salt, coal, marble, slate, zinc, lead, stone, timber and other natural resources as yet little developed. Much good farming' land is untilled. Cleared land averages $10 jind woodland $6 to $7 per ffcre. The opportunities for homes and enterprise are inviting. All cereals, tobacco, peanuts (state ranks first in this crop and second in tobacco), fruits, grapes and vegetables are extensively raised. Stock thrives. CLIMATE varies owing to difference in elevation, but is genial and healthful, cool in mountains and warm in lowlands in summer ; winters of moderate length, and seldom severe ; winter temperature averages 44, summer 78 degrees. Rainfall, including snow, averages 44 inches, being heaviest on the coast. CHIEF CITIES. Richmond (capital), pop., 63,600; pop. GUIDE AND UAND-BOOK 123 of A *orfolk, 21,966; of Petersburg 21,656. Hampton -Roads one of best harbors on coast. Seven ports of entry. INDUSTRIES. Half population engaged in agriculture, balance in 1 1 aarryin^, ship-builuiiig, lumbering, the trades, iron working 1 , meat packing 1 , tunning. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution rot to exceed $2,000 in value in real or personal property or money to any Louse- holder or head of family, and besides books, pictures to the value ol Jilt, wearing apparel, beds and bedding, 3 steers, 1 cow, 1 horse, household furniture to a limited quantity, tools of trade to the value of $100 ; provisions for family, sewing machine, and to farmers, in crop season, a yoke of oxen or a team and farm im- plements. In assignment creditors may be preferred, but the debtor is not released. Suits involving real estate barred after 15 years ; on bond or contract under seal, after 20 years ; on indem- nity bond, after 10 years; on accounts, after 2 years, and on all other actions after 5 years. Wife's property and income from same exempt from husband's debts. No imprisonment for debt unless debtor attempts to leave state, when creditor may have him arrested. LICENSE CHARGES. Per year Peddlers on foot, $50; sampl'' merchants, t~5. Drummers tax, $75 per year. LIENS for labor and materials, for advances made on crops and on baggage and other property of buardeis, are euforcible. WEST VIRGINIA. Originally part of Virginia. Called "Pan Handle State." His- tory up to 1861, same as that of Vir- ginia. Kef used to secede April 22, 1861. F. H. Peirpoint, elected Gov- ernor, June 20, 1861. State called " Kanawha," but name changed in December. State Constitution adopted 1862, and Capital fixed at Wheeling, and moved to Alexan- dria, 1863; the authority of the state extending to the varying territory of Virginia, held by Union troops. Admitted as state, June 20, 1863, and Wheeling again made the Capital. Capital changed to Charleston, 1870. Moved again to Wheeling 1875, and to Charleston again in 1884. Constitution amended, 1872; number Union soldiers furnished, 32,068; state advanced rapidly in wealth; number counties, 54; miles milroa'l, 1,026. Governor and state officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two years, on second Tuesday in October: number senators, 26; representa- tives, 65; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, holding 45 days; term of senators, 4 years; of representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 6; congressmen, 4; number voters, 139,161; native white, 123,569; colored, 6,384. Insane, paupers and convicts not voting. Flourishing free school system: school age, 6-21. Legal interest, 6; by cojtract, 6 ; usury forfeits excess of interest. POPULATION, 1880, 618,457; male. 314.495; female, 303962: na'ive, 600,192; white, .W2.537: colored, 25.886; Indians, 29; increase in population 1*70 to 1880. :-{S per cent; number slaves, 1860, 18,371. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. Length N. and S., 241 miles; greatest width, 158 miles; area, 24,645 sq. miles, 15,772,800 acres. Surface mountainous with fertile valleys; 124 THE WESTERN WOULD the Alleghenies principal range. Some high peaks. Scenery fine, and much visited by tourists. Western part hilly, but gradually descends from 2,500 feet above the sea toward the Ohio river, where the elevation is 800 to 900 leet. The chief rivers are thf Ohio, Potomac, Big Sandy, Big and Little Kanawha, Guyandotte and Monongahela, all navigable, and are being improved by govern- ment aid, giving easy access to markets. Smaller stteams are numerous. Much of the state is virgin forest densely clothed with oak, walnut, poplar, ash, and other timber trees. Minen.l springs abound. The soil, where not mountainous, is excellent. Mineral wealth, including coal, oil, iron, salt, is prodigal. Staple products include the minerals named, sheep, hogs, tobacco, wheat, corn, dairy products, fruit, wine, lumber. Petroleum is extensively produced in Kitchie, Pleasants, Wood and Wirt coun- ties. The stwte ranks fifth in salt and coal; seventh in buckwheat, iron and steel. Cleared laud averages $22.50; woodland $9 per acre. C.LIMATE moderate; average temperature, winter 30 deg.; summer. 70 deg. Elevation reduces heat which in the valleys aver- ages 70 to 78 dey. Average rainfall 42 to 45 inches. Health is ex- cellent. CHIEF CITIES, Charleston, Capital; Wheeling, pop. 30,737. Parkeifburg, pop. 6,58?; Martinsburg, pop. 6,335. CHIEF INDUSTRIES. Sixty per cent, of laborers engaged in agriculture, balance in mining, iron making, lumbering', manu- facturing, etc. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: homestead to value of $1,000, where acquired as such by will or deed, or where inten- tion is declared to keep same as a homestead by recorded deed : personal property to value of $200 to married men or widows with children, and $50 worth of tools in all cases. Assignments may be made with preferences but do not release debtor. Action on all open accounts barred in 3, other claims in 5, and real estate judg- ments and bond claims in 10 years. Wife's property, unless a gift of husband, not liable for his debts. A married woman may contract debts separate from husband, and her separate estate is solely chargeable with them. No imprisonment for debt. LICENSE CH A.RGKES. Peddlers on foot, 10; with team, $25 per year. LIENS for labor and materials must be filed in 60 days. Notice must be given employer when work is done for contractor in 30 days. Suit must be brought in 6 months. Judgments are liens on real estate. NORTH CAROLINA. One of the thirteen original states. Named for King Charles II., of Eng- land. Called "Old North State," "Fur State " and " State of Turpen- tine." Discovered by Lord Kaleieh, 3584. Settled by English, 1650, and then known as Albemarle and united with South Carolina. Warred with the powerful native Tuscu- roras, 1712, and expelled them 1", 13. S> , i;r.-iited from South Carolina, 1729, First state to declare itself inde- pendent of England at Mecklen- burg-, May, 1775; State i onslitution adopted Dec., 1776. Oct. 7, 1780, battle of King Mountain ; March 15, 1881, battle of Guilford Court House. Constitution U. 8., ratified Nov. 1789. State seceded May 21, 1861, Forts, etc., seized by state troops. Coast section scene of sharp GUIDE AND HAND BOOK. 125 fighting- during civil war. State re-entered Union June, 1868. Amendments to U. 8. Constitution adopted March, 1869. Number of counties, 96; miles of railroad, 1,366. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; number senators, 50; representatives, 130; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meetiug Wednes- day after first Monday in January ; hold 60 days ; terms of sena- tors and representatives, 2 years each ; number electoral votes, 11 ; number congressmen, 9. Convicts are excluded from voting. Public school system adopted, 1840; at present over 2,000 public schools in operation; school age, 6-21; separate schools for whites and blacks. Legal interest rate, 6 ; by contract, 8 ; usury forfeits interest. Rate of tax less than 50c. on $100. POPULATION, 1880, 1,399,750; male, 687,908 ; female, 711,842 : native, 1,396,008; colored, 531,277; Indians, 1,230. Slaves, 1860, 331.059. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. Greatest length e. and w. 453 miles ; greatest width, 185 miles ; area, 52,240 square miles, or 33,433,600 acres, less area water surface. Coast line 423 miles with many harbors. Western section mountainous, containing 1 Alleghenies and Blue Ridge mountains. Elevation 3,500 to nearly 7,000 feet (Klingman's peak). Other high points, Mt. Mitchell, 6,730 feet. Sugar mount- ain, 5,312 feet, and Grandfather mountain, 5,900 feet. Middle portion is hilly, but not mountainous. Coast region low, level and swampy. Land generally sandy, but of good quality and originally heavily timbered. Much virgin forest yet remains. Swamps extensive, most noted of them, the Great Dismal, north of Albem'arle sound, contains 148,000 acres. Chief rivers, Roan- oke, Chowan, Cape Fear, debouching in Albemarle sound ; Tar and Neuse emptying into Pamlico sound, and the Yadkin and Catawba. Small streams abundant; water powers numerous; corn best crop; tobacco largest product; other staples, orchard pro- ducts sweet potatoes, rice, wheat, oats, peanuts, cotton, hay and vegetables in the order named. North Carolina ranks first in tar and turpentine ; second in copper ; third in peanuts and to- bacco, and fourth in rice. Has rich deposits of gold and the baser minerals. Stone, slate, coal, marble, mica. Excellent fish- eries. Natural resources but slightly developed. Ample oppor- tunities for homes, enterprise and capital. Cleared land averages $10, and woodland $5 per acre, and much of excellent quality in the market below this average. Stock thrives. Scenery varied, ordinary, picturesque and grand. Wheat harvested June. Corn ripe in Sept. CLIMATE varied, warm and moist in low sections; cool and dry in mountains, with all iMtermediate conditions. Average winter temperature, 49 deg.; summer, 78 deg. to 79 deg. Frosts light and seldom come till the end of fall. Rainfall, including some snow in mountains, 45 deg. Health good. CHIEF CITIES. Wilmington, pop. 13,446; Raleigh (capital), pop. 7,790; Charlotte contains assay office, pop. 4,473; pop. New Berne. 5.849. INDUSTRIES. Agriculture principal occupation. Fish- ii!.'. inamnactureof turpentine and lumber, mining, etc. Num- bor of different industries, 3,800. Number boats engaged in fish- eri"s. about 3.000. Copper mined, 1,640,000 Ibs. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: personal to value of $.-,00. Homestead to value of $1,000. Assignment relieves debtor from irnpri*onment, but does not discharge debts. Pre- ferences may be made. Suits to recover real estate barred after JiO years; alter 21 years where adverse claim is stt up; after 10 years on judgments or mortgages; after 7 years on Justice of the Peace judgments; afterOyearson official bond orfor injury to real estate ; after 3 years on contracts, or for fraud, and after 1 yerP for assault, libel, imprisonment, etc. Wife's property absolutely exempt from husband's debts. Arrests for debt may be made if cause is shown the court, upon affidavit, of intention of debtor to leave state or conceal himself or property. 126 THE WESTERN WORLD LICENSE CHARGES. Drummers $100 per year; $250 for sewing machine or liquor salesmen. LIENS are given mechanics in all cases, and for materials when notice is gi veil the owner before settlement with contractor and notice is filed. Agricultural laborers and persons making- advances have liens oh crop. Owners of studs or jacks hold liens and judgments are liens on real estate for 10 years. SOUTH CAROLINA. One of the thirteen original states; named for King Charles II. of Eng- land ; called "Palmetto state." Settled by French Huwuenots 1563 at Port Koyal; abandoned. Cre- ated a province 1663. Permanently Settled by English 1070, on Ashley river; Charleston platted 1680. A proprietary government under John Locke's constitution till IV^'O; separated from North Carolina 1729; revolutionary rei-ord, brill- iant. English sei ed the territory, but were thrashed at Cowpens and Eutaw Springs, and penned up in Charleston. State constitution adopted March 26, 1776. Fnitcd States Constitution ratified May 23, 1788. First railroad in United States using American locomo- tive, 1830. State adverse to high tariff, and passed nullification ordinance Nov. 19, 1882, at Columbia, declaring the tariff not binding on the citizens of the state. The affair compromised. First state to secede, Nov., I860. Sumter bombarded April 12-13, 18(il. Ordinance of secession repealed Sept., 1865, and slavery abolished. New constitution adopted 18fi8; re entered the Union June, 18H8. Number counties, 34; miles of railroad, 1,570. State, congressional and presidential elections, 1 uesday after first Mon- day in November; State senators. 35; representatives, 124; ses- sions annual, meeting fourth Tuesday in November; term of senators, 4 years; of representatives, 2 years. Number elect- oral votes, 9; number congressmen, 7. Jnsane, inmates of asylums, alms-houses and prison's. United States army and duelists excluded from voting. Number colleges, 9; school age, 6-16; school system . fair. Legal interest 1%, by contract, any rate. POPULATION, 1880, 995,577 ; male, 490,4C8 ; female, 605,169 ; native. 987,89]; white, 391,10-.; Indian?, 131; slnves, 1800. 402,406. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.- Greatest length, 2-O miles; greatest width, 210 miles; area. 30,170 square miles, or 19,308,800 acres, exclusive of water surface; coast line, 212 miles, with several good harbors. Many small islands, famous for " Sea Island cotton." Surface mountainous at west, traversed by IJlue Kidge. Highest point, Table Mount- ain, 4,065 feet. Mountains descend rapidly to the " middle," or ''sand ridge" section. This gives place to the const section, ex- tending inland over 100 miles, low and flat. Principal rivers. Savannah, navigable 130 miles. Great Peedee, Santee, and Edisto; many lesser streams. Magnificent water power, undeveloped. Scenery grand in mountains, ordinary elsewhere. Soil various, ftoni medium to very rich. Forests extensive and valuable. Land, cleared or uncleared, averages $7 per acre; much is offered at $3 to $5. Hice and cotton, best crops. All other cereals, as well as vegetables, fruits, grasses and fibre crops grow well. Phosphate beds enormous; gold, mica, marbles of all colors; building stones found in large quantities. Turpentine, tar, lum- GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 127 ber and oysters largely produced. Stock thrives. Gold mines in Abbeville, Edgelicld and Union counties: first mint deposits, $3,500, in 1827. White and variegated marbles found in Spartan- burgh and Laurens counties. Splendid opportunities for homes or investment. CLIMATE. Temperature ranges 15 to 96 degrees F.; aver- age , summer, 82 degrees; winter, 51 degrees. Average rainfall, 48 inches, decreasing to the south. Health, good. Epidemics rare, and confined to seaports: resort for consumptives. Changes slight and infrequent; frosts rare. CHIEF CITIES. Charleston, pop., 1880, 49,984; port of entry; seat of a Catholic bishop. "United States customs dis- 128 THE WESTERN WORLD tricts at Beaufort, Charleston and Georgetown. Capital, Co- lumbia. PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, mining, fish- ing, quarrying, lumbering, turpentine and tar making, and phos- phate digging. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Homestead to value of $1,UOO and product thereof, personal property, S'>ch as household furniture, tools, implements, stock, etc., to value of $500, and wearing apparel. No exemption from claims for pur- chase money, but on y articles purchased can be taken, unless other property exceeds exemptions above given Assignments can be made, but no preferences given, and debtor is not dis- charged, except from arrest. Suits for land barred after 'M years; after six years on notes not secured by mortgage, for contracts, damage and fraud; after three years for penalties; after two years for libel, assault, imprisonment, etc.; and after ten years on all other actions. Wife's property of all kinds exempt from husband's debts. Arrests may be made of non- residents or those contemplating removal from state or conceal- ment both in actions for debt and for damage, or recovery of property wrongfully detained. LICENSE CHARGES. Peddlers, $10 a year to the county. Drummers tax, Oharlestown $10 per month; Beaufort $5 and Bennettsville $1 per week ; Peeples and Walhalla $1 per day. LIENS are given for labor, materials, advances on crops, improvements on land and work on vessels. STATE LANDS include vacant, forfeited and Land Com- missioners' lands, and aggregate about 1,POO,000 acres. The lands are all for sale, and the method of procedure and information concerning them may be obtained of the secretary of state at < Columbia. They are found in almost, if not every, county in the state, and partake of every variety of soil and characteristic known to the state. Many of them are extremely desirable, and the valuation is comparatively low. Vacant lands are those which do not appear on the tax duplicates as belonging to any- one, and may either never have been granted by the state or have been granted and abandoned. These constitute about 1 000,000 acres. Purchasers locate their land by actual survey; make a written application to purchase to the secretary of state, describ- ing same and enclosing one-quarter of the amount they offer; also paying all cost of survey, etc. If the bid is accepted a deed issues, and the balance of the purchase money with a fee of $3 is payable. If the bid is rejected, the one-quarter paid is returned. These lands are also rented in the same manner. Forfeited lands are those acquired and held for taxes. They aggregate 856,000 acres, some of which is very valuable, and cannot be sold for less than tae tax, penalties, etc., due on them. These average about $3 per acre. Bids for them are considered and accepted or rejected, the same as in the case of vacant land, except that no location or survey is necessary. A deed conveys absolute title. Failure to complete payment forfeits amount paid. The Land Commissioners' lands amount to some 57,001 acres. They are sold for one-quarter cash, balance in three equal annual installments, with 1% interest. Blanks supplied by the secretary of state. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 139 GEORGIA. One of the thirteen original s* atcs. Named for Kinar George II. of England. Called the "Empire State of the South." Originally a part of South Carolina and claimed by Spain. Charter granted to trus- tees for the colony June 9, 1732. Savannah founded by Gen. James Edward Oglethorpe, 1735. Spanish war. 1839-42. Colonial charter sur- rendered 1752, and Georgia became a royal province. General assem- bly established 1755. State con- stitution adopted 1777, another 1789, and a third 1798. Active in the Revo- lution, suffering badly from devas- tation by English. Severe wars with Creeks and Cherokees settled by treaties 1790 and 1791. Creeks ceded their lands to the United States 1802. Georgia also ceded all lands west of present state line, held under English charter, to United States. Cherokees removed to Indian Territory 1838, and their lands acquired by the government. State seceded January 19, 1861. Constitution C. S. ratified March, 1861. Many hard fought battles" during civil war, including Atlanta, etc. New constitution adopted 1868, and another 1H77. He-entered Union 1"70. Number counties, 137; miles of railroad, 2,687; state elec- tions, first Wednesday in October; number sena r ors, 44; repre- sentatives, 17*; sessions biennial, in even-numbered years, meet- ing first Wednesday in November, hold forty days; terms of sen- ators and representatives, two years each. Number electoral votes, 12 ; number congressmen, 10. Idiots, insane, criminals and non-taxpayers excluded from voting. Number colleges. 7 ; State University at Athens, organized 1POI; public schools excellent; school age, 6-1 *. No state license law governing commercial travelers ; but Atlanta, Athens, Augusta and Savannah exact a tax. Legal interest, 7# ; by contract, 8; usury forfeits excess of interest. POPULATION, 1880, 1,542,180 ; male. 762,981 ; female, 779,199; native, 1,531,616; white, 816JSOO ; Indians, VM. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. Greatest length N. and S., 321 miles; greatest width, 255 miles; area, 58,980 square miles, or 37,747,200 acres, exclusive of water area. Surface diversified. At the north are the Blue llidge, Etowah, and other mountains. The center is elevated table land, gradually descending to low, swampy country near the coast and along the Florida border. In the southeast is the Okeflnokee swamp, 150 miles in circumference. Coast irregular and indented; shore line about 500 miles ; three sea-ports. Principal rivers, the Savannah and Altamaha, entering the Atlantic, and theOgeechee. Ocmulgee, Oconee, Satilla, Allapaha, Chattahoochee and Flint, are all navigable. Mountain streams nre rapid with picturesque eitaracts and immense basins. The chief falls are the Tallulah, in Habersham county, Toccoa, in theTugalo, 180 feet high; Tow- aliga, in Monroe county, and the Amicolah, which descend 400 feet in a quarter mile. Scenery everywhere picturesque; often grand. Plenty of good water. Soil very fine in central region; rocky at north, but superior in the valleys; sandy and rich at the south. Corn, wheat, oats, cotton, rice, sweet potatoes, tobacco, sua-ar and melons, cHef agricultural staples. Fruit, both tem- perate and semi-tropical, thrives. Stock flourishes. Wool-grow- ing important. Gold is extensively mined. Coal, iron, marble, exist. Cleared land averages 8, and woodland $5.EO per acre. 130 THE WESTERN WORLD Attractions very inviting to homeseckers and capital. One-fourth area heavily timbered with yellow pine of great value for lum- ber, turpentine, etc.; natural grass abundant and nutritious. CLIMATE. At the north mild and extremely healthy; hotter in the lowlands. Ranjreof temperature, 30deg. to 105 deg.; average, winter. 49 deg. ; summer, 82 deg. Rainfall averages 55 inches. Lowlands malarial at certain seasons. MAP OF GEORGIA opulation -.1.549,359 ;.miles_. 56.980 CHIEF CITIES. Savannah, pop. 21,S0; Brunswick, pop. 2,900. and St. Mary's, pop. fiOO, ports of entry. Colum- bus contains the largest cotton mill in the South ; pop. 10,123. Atlanta, capital ; pop. 37.409. PRINCIPAL, IWDITSTBIES. Three-fourths population engaged iu agriculture. Remainder iu various pursuits. Maim- GUIDE AKD HAND-BOOK. 131 factoring important. Raw materials becoming more abundant and cheap. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Arms, horses and equipment of militia, wearing apparel, tools of trade. $30 worth of provisions, one mule or cow worth $50, and ten swine. Each head of family, or guardian or trustee of minors, is entitled to a homestead to the value of $l,OuO, in either personal or real property. Assignments may be made and give preference. If all property is surrendered a discharge is granted. Suits iuvqlv- ing title to land barred or on bond after twenty years ; after seven years when written evidence of title exists; after six years on notes or written contracts; after four years on ac- counts for damage for injury to person or property, and after one year for injury to reputation. \Vife's property entirely ex- empt from husband's debts. Imprisonment for debt not per- mitted, but arrest may be made on affidavit of intention to secrete property. Wages cannot be garnisheed. LICENSE CHARGES.-Peddlers, per year, $30 to the county. Drummers license, Savannah, $100 per year; Ilartwell and .Tes'un, 5 per day. LIENS are given mechanics.but must be filed in 3 months after work is complete, and suit begun within a year after debt is due. Liens are also given to machinists for labor and supplies, to em- ployes and officers of boats and all classes of laborers, millwrights, ston ^-cutters, etc. STATE LANDS. Georgia has no lands to dispose of except what is known as " Head llights," granted only to residents. FLORIDA. Named for its flowers or for " Flowery Easter," having been occupied on Easter Sunday. Called the " Peninsula State. 1 ' Visited 1513, by Ponce de Leon in search of a supposed fount of Eternal Life. Granted by Charles V, of Spain, 1526, to Pamfilo de Narvaez. Indi- ans resisted colonists till lf>65, when first settlement was made by Span- ish at St. \ugustine. French Pro- testant refugees disputed territory with Spanish, 1560 to 1570 England laid claim to northern part, '584, and captured St. Augustine, 1586. Wars withCarolina and Georgia frequent, 1700 to 1800. Spain ceded entire territory to Prtffkuid in exchange for Cuba, 1763. Ceded back to Spain, 1783. Portion west of Perdido river occupied by United States, 1811. Pensacola taken from England by Gen. Jackson dring war of 1812. Entire province ceded to United States, 1819. Organized as a territory. 1832. Seminole war, 1835 to 1842. Admitted as a state, March 3, 1845. Seminoles removed west of Mississippi river, 1858. State seceded Jan. 10, 1861. New constitu- tion adopted and state re-entered Union July 4, 1868. Number counties, 39; miles of railroad, 1,331; all elections, Tuesday after tirst Monday in November; number senators, 32; representa- tives, 76; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting lucsday after first Monday in January; ho <'s 60 days; term of senators, 4; of representatives, 2 years. Number elec- toral votes, 4; congressmen, 2. Idiots, insane, criminals, betters on elections aivl duelists ex : I , ^--' tawSXi > ucll< , X^^-^**," \ >* * r< S3|y q K ^fSi '^ R , d b ^ C1 MAP OP FLORIDA Population 21-0,493 ' ' S* rt-JUaa 1 1 ll ~r;," V Qyontia /v c r S!L ri^WTf^Of- i North-western N^ Portion of %\\' FLORIDA %^j I N. and R. Area, 59,268 sq. miles, 37,931.520 acres: 21t state in size. State surrounded by sea except on north, toast line over 1,200 miles. Good harbors rare, mostly on Gulf. South and west at the head of the peninsula are the Kcj'S and Tortug-as, Coral islands. At the north surf ace is fla" rises gradually to center, 250 feet being the greatest elevation, and sinks southward as'aiu into GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 133 the Everglades. The northern section is a limestone formation, aifordingafairsoil. In the middle section are found tracts of great richness, interspersed with sand ridges. At the south, the soil when dry or reclaimed, is inexhaustible. Extending 1 south as far as Charlotte Harbor through the center of peninsula is the Back- bone ridge, Ii5 feet high and 50 miles wide. Shores very low, frequently not two feet above tide water. Coral growth at south continues. The surface is dotted with lakes, many small and several of large area. Drainage of these an 1 the Everglades is progressing on a mammoth scale, and the reclaimed lands will eventually become very valuable. The rivers are sluggish. The navigable ones are the St. Johns, Appalachicola, Perdido, Char- lotte and Suwanee. Many lesser ones exist. Canals connecting the larger lakes and the gulf and Atlantic are projected. The excellence of soil and clim-ite, the cheapness of iand, etc., are attracting a large northern immigration. Opportunities for homes or enterprise are excellent. The scenery, excepts in its perpetual summer, is uninteresting. The staple products are corn (most valuable crop), sugar, molasses, rice, cotton, oats, tob.tcco, vegetables of all kinds, peaches, oranges, and all tro- picul and semi-tropical fruits, cocoanuts, lumber, fish, oysters, etc. Poultry and stock raising are successful. Cleared land averages SIS, wood land, $3, swamp, $', and school land $1.25 per acre. Much forest remains. Timber chiefly pine, of moderate sizo, f roe from undergrowth. Game abounds. CLIMATE superb. No snow. Frosts rare at north, un- known at south. Thermometer ranges 30 deg. to 100 der., rarely above 90. Winter averages 59 deg. Summer, 81 deg. Breezes blow across from gulf to Atlantic and vice versa, temper the heat and keep air dry and clear. Averatre rainfall, 55 inches, chiefly in summer. Groat resort for invalids. Some malaria at the south, but not pprious. CHIEF CITIES. Key "West, good harbor and naval station; pop., 9,890. Jacksonville; pop., 7,650. St. Augustine, oldest town in United States. Tallahassee, pop., 3,000, capital. Pensa- cola, pop.. fi.K4.">. PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES. Almost the entire laboring population is engaged in agriculture and fruit growing. Fish- ing for fish and oysters and lumbering largely followed PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Homestead of 160 acres, with improvements in country, or a residence and half acre in city, and in both cases SI, 000 worth of personal property. An additional 81,000 is exempt from debts made before May 10, 1885. Assignments may be made with or without preference, but does not discharge the debtor. Suits on real estate barred after 7 years, after 20 years on judgments or sealed writings, after 5 years on other writings, after 3 years on liability created by- statute, except for fraud. After 2 years on accounts, or for libel, slander, or assault. Wife's property exempt from all debts of husband. No arrost allowed, except for f-tmd. LICENSE CHARGES. Drummers, $25 per year ; peddlers on foot, $10, with horse and cart, $2J ; with boat, 20 tons bu.den or loss, Sr.'O; over 20 tons, $W. GOVERNMENT LANDS. There are government lands in almost every county in Florida subject to pre-emption, home- stead and cash entry. They partake of all the characteristics of the state, and range from sandy or swampy to excellent in quality, and include timber lands and a few small prairies. Near the towns they have been picked over, but in the interior good tracts may be found. THE LAXD OFFICE for the state is at Gainesville. STATE LANDS. Florida owns several million acres of J;md of varying quality, which are offered at nominal prices. They are located throughout the state. Under this head may be mentioned also the school lands, comprising a very large area. RAILROAD LANDS. Several grants of land have been made in aid of railroads, and these are offered at $1.25 per acre up. 134 THE WESTERN WORLD ALABAMA. Name, Indian; means, "We rest here." Visited by De Soto, 1541. Mobile founded by French, 1702. Ceded to England by France, lit*]. All south of 31 deg. ceded to Spain by England 1783. The remainder became a part of United States by success of the Revolution. Terri- tory originally part of Georgia, and included Mississippi. Separated from Georgia 17"i8, under name of Territory of Mississippi. Spanish portion acquired by conquest in war with England 1812, the English being expelled from Mobile, which they had ser/ed. Cre^k war insti- gated by English, 1813, who as- sisted in massacre of Ft. Mims. liattles of Tulladega, Emuck- faw and Horseshoe Bend broke power of Creeks. Mississippi separated, 1817, and Territory of Alabama formed. Admitted to Union Dec. 14, 1819. Seceded Jan. 11, 1861. Montgomery made capital of Confederacy Feb. 4, 1861. Same subsequently removed to Richmond, Va. New constitution adopted Feb., 1868, and the state re-entered Uni9n July H. Present constitution adopted 1875. Number counties, 66; miles of railroad, 2,191. State elec- tions biennial, first Monday in Aug.; number senators, 33; re- presentatives, 100; sessions of Legislature biennial, in even- numbered years, meeting Tuesday after second Monday in \ov.,and holding 50 days; term of senators, 4 yars; of repre- sentatives, 2 years. Number of electoral votes, 10; congressmen, 8. Indians, idiots, convicts of crime excluded from voting. Number colleges, 4; school age, 7-21; schools good. Legal interest, 8$; usury ^forfeits entire interest. nat sla TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. Lenuth N. and S., 332 miles; width averugcs !->.. miles, area 51,r>4iisq. miles, 32,935,600 acres. Surface at N. E. rugged, extending into Allegheny mountains, gradually descends, forming rollirg prairies at center of state and flat low stretches at the south. Sea coast 68 miles. Mobile bay best harbor on the gulf Princi- pal rivers, Tennessee, Chattahoochee, Coosa, Tombigbre and Alabama; the latter two uniting from the Mobile: 1,600 miles of navigable waterways: smaller streams abundant. The mount- ainous section, 80x165 miles square, has fair soil, and is enor- mously rich in coal, iron, lime and sandstone, timber and various minerals. The growth here, as yet but begun, is marvelous. Middle section soil fertile and varied. Coast region sandy, but by proper cultivation prolific. Vegetable farming near Mobile very successfu I. Cotton, mules, iron, coal, sugar, rice, tobacco, hay, oats, corn, staple products. Fruits are a good crop. Much forest remains. Cleared hind averages S7., and woodland $4 per acre. State ranks fourth in cotton, fifth in mules and molasses, sixth in iron ore and s-ugar, seventh in rice. Opportunities for homes and Investment superior. CLIMATE. Temperature mild; cold at north; warm at south; average, winter, 47 least. GUIDE AND HAND BOOK. 135 CHIEF CITIES. Montgomery (capital), pop. 16,713; Hunts- ville, pop. 4,977: Sehnn, pop 7.529; Mobile, pop. 29,132. LEADING INDUSTRIES. Agriculture and kindred pur- suits, mining, iron making, lumbering, etc. Number industries, 2,070. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: personal property to value of 1,000; homestead not exceeding 80 acres, or house CC I.K ^^GmmslWuKh/ I.Urf&JoB Jb. A ^-4ri<,n lPltnmtX *p ^. ^J l-V .,, mori '^-^3\Vetuoipl:^" rk ^ ^UrS^^^^iO^ -^1 Vj>ttyton **. ^"V^^-Aro n^ /^5G nr^_^ Ur.lrtK and lot in town to value of $2,100. Assignments cannot give preference, and do not release debtor. Suits lor land and on judgment barred after 20; on sealed contracts and against officers after 10; for trespass, etc.. alter 0; on contract after 5; on account after 3. and on actions founded on wrongs after 1 year. Wife's estate exempt; she cannot do business. If widow has no sepa- 136 THE WESTERN WORLD rate estate she takes one-third land of which husband died seized in fee, or half if he left no children. No arrest for debt. LICENSE CHARGES. Peddlers in wagon, $50; on horse, $20; on foot, $10, in each county, except when products of the state are sold. Drummers' tax, glO to state, 5 to county and 30 cents fee; Mobile, $3 per day, $7;25 per week (rarely enforced). LIENS. Advances for crops if so stated in note and re- corded in 60 days in probate judge s office are liens on crop. Landlords have liens on crop tor rent. Liens are als > given for labor and material. To enforce these suit must be brought by laborers in 1, contractors in 6, and all other persons in 4 months. GOVERNMENT LANDS, subject to cash, homestead and pre-emption entry, exist to a large extent in Alabama. They comprise every variety of mineral, agricultural and grazing lands, and are scattered through almost every county, with every variety of soil. The LAND OFFICES are at Huntsville for land in the northern portion, and at Montgomery for lauds in the southern part of the state. STATE LANDS, with the exception of swamp and over- flowed lands, in dispute, and some limited tracts of school land, are disposed of. RAILROAD LANDS to the extent of many thousand acres are otfered low on good terms. MISSISSIPPI. Indian name moaning Father of Waters. Called " liayou State." Visited by De Soto, 1542; by La Salle, 1683. Settled, Biloxi, 1699, by M. de Iberville. Formed a part of the territorv of Louisiana, and be- longed to France. Yazoo settle- ments made 1703; others followed. All settlers killed by Indians, 1728. Chickasaws subdued, 1733. North- ern portion acquired by England, 17t'3. Oulf section transferred to Spain a short time after. Kegion claimed by Georgia at time of Revolution, and what is now Ala. and Miss was organized as Terri- tory of Mississippi alter peace was secured. Georgia ceded to U.S., 18(2. all possessions south of Ten- nessee line. Gulf Coast acquired by conquest, 1811. Separated from Ala. and state constitution adopted, 1817. Admitted us a state. Dec. 10, 1817. Seventh state admitted. Capital alternately at Washington, Columbia and Natchez till fixed at Jackson, ISfci. State active in war of 1814 and with Mexico. Seceded 1861. Corinth, Shiloh, the most notable battles of the rebellion in the state. Constitution amended, 1865; new constitution adopted, 1869, and amended. 1877. State re-entered Union, 1870. Number counties, 74: number miles of railroad, 1,844. State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two years ; all elec- ' ; ons, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after first Monday in Jan.; number senators, 37; representatives. 120; term of senators, 4 years ; of representatives, 2 \ ears ; number electoral votes, 9; congressmen, 7 ; voters, 238,532 ; colored, 190^78; loreign white, 5,674. Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from voting. Number colleges, 3; school age, 5-21 ; school system, fair. Legal interest, 6 ; by contract, 1055; usury forfeits excess of interest. Miles railroad, 1844,26. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 137 POPULATION, 1880, 1,131,597: male, 567,177: female, 564,420; native, 1,1J,388; foreign, 9,209 ; white, 479,398 ; colored, 650,291; Chinese, 51 ; Indiaus, 1,857; slaves, 1860, 436,rt31. Estimated in- crease, 1885. G are 312 miles. Harbors, IMIoxi, Mississippi City, Pascagoula and Shieldsburg 1 . Surface undu lilting- with a -gradual slope from ele- vation of 700 feet at N.E., W. and S. to the Mississippi and Gulf. Some hills reach SO' 1 feet above surround ing 1 country From Tenn. line S. to Vicksburg-, Mississippi bottoms wide, flat, with more or less swamp and covered with cypress and oak. Soil an iuexhaust- 138 THE WESTERN WORLD ible alluvium. Central and southern portions 100 to 250 feet above the sea, hilly, with stretches of prairie ; soil light but productive, at south sandy with pine growth. Islands, Cat, Ship, and smaller ones 10 miles from coast, all sandy. Rivers Mississippi, Yn/oo, Big Black, Bayou, Pierre, Pearle, Pascagoula, Cold Water, Ten- nessee, Tombigbee, with one or two exceptions, all navigable by large boats. Smaller streams innumerable. All bottoms ex- tremely fertile. Cotton most prolific in bottoms. Staple crops, cotton, rice, sugar, molasses, tobacco, corn, sweet potatoes, grapes for wine. Fruits and vegetables are splendid crops, but are neglected. Forest area large ; pine, oak, chestnut, walnut and magnolia grow on uplands and bluffs, long-leafed pine on islands and in sand Lumbering important industry; mules raised with great success State ranks second in cotton, filth in rice. Oyster and other fisheries valuable. Cleared land averages $7.50 per acre : woodland, J3. No state offers easier means of success to settlers. No minerals i4,954; colored, 483,655; Chinese. 4>9; Indians, 48; slaves, 18 0, 331,7 >(>. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PBODTJCTS, ETC.- Extreme length E. and W., 204 miles; breadth, 348 miles; aiea, 45,420 sq. miles. 29,('68,on acres. Surface at the south low i-.nd flat, with inexhaustible soil. In the northwest are ranges of hills at- taining- an altitude of 300 feet. Similar elevations are found on the east bank of the Mississippi. The soil of the hiils is good and is more largely in cultivation than the lowlands. Const line, 1.376 miles ; very irregular navigable rivers, 3.700 miles. Mississippi flows in or on ttie borders of the state. ( >tln>r navigable streams, Kcd, < hiachita, Amite. Atcliat'aiaya and Pearl rivers. Chief laUcs, Ponchartrain, Verret, Uorgue, Grand, Washa, Saline, White, Maurepas, Black, ('atahoula and Bistineau. Mays numerous on coast but harbors indifferent. Many small islands in Gulf. Staple 140 THE WESTERN WORLD products, sweet potatoes, susrar, molasses, rice, corn, cotton, frasses, oats, etc. All fruits of the semi-tropical climate thrive, tate ranks first in sugar and molasses and third in rice. Forests almost inexhaustible. Timber superior in kind and quality; lum- bering' important industry. Salt produced on a large scale. Iron recently discovered. Cleared land averages $i 2.50, woodland 83 $4 per acre. Keclamatioii of marshes very profitable and begin ning to be done on large scale. Moss-gathering profitable and in- vites more attention. Inducements offered immigrants of the firgt order. CLIMATE. Temperature ranges from 44 to 100 deg-.; average summer, XI deg.; winler, 5-5 deg. Rainfall, 57 inches, chiefly in spring and summer. Summers long and occasionally hot. Health, CODE AM) HANDBOOK. 141 average. Actual death rate lower than in many northern sec- tions. Occasional yellow fever in the cities. CHIEF CITIES. New Orleans, port of entry and largest cotton market in the world, pop . . 216,OuO ; Baton Rouge (capital), pop., 7,197 ; Shreveport, pop., 8,009; Morgan City, port of entry. State institution for insane tit Jackson ; for deaf mutes and blind, Baton Koujre. INPTJSTRIES. Three-fifths of laboring population en- gaged in agriculture. Average income of rural population amonar hitrhest in T'nion Numner industries, l,t/00. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Apparel, neces- sar3' furniture, arms, tools musical instruments, team, 2 cows, 25 hogs, 1.000 Ibs. bacon ; corn and fodder for current year ; home- stead, all not to exceed 82,000. No exemption if wife has $2,000. Assignment releases only on consent of two thirds creditors. Suits for land barred after fO, on judgment and stated account after 10, on notes after 5 and on open account after 3 years. Wife's property exempt and she hold mortgage on husband's estate for all receipts by him for her account. She must con- tribute to household expense and can do business. Arrest mav be made for debt, but under conditions tht render same of no effect. LICENSE CHARGES. Peddlers in boat, $100; with 2 horses, $20; with more than 2 horses, $25; wi. Independence of the Republic recognized by United Stare.-. March, 1837; by European powers, ISo'.i and '40. Continued wars with Mexico; embarrassed finances. Proposition for union 142 THE WESTERN WORLD with United States, 1845, and admitted as a state Dec. 29. State paid 810,000,000 by United States tor all lands outside present limits, 1850. Seceded Feb., 1861. Houston, who refused to secede, deposed. Military operations small. Last battle of the war near Rio Grande, May 13. 1*65. He-entered Union 1870. Present con- stitution adopted 1875. Number counties, ?8; miles of railroad, 6,198. All elections Tuesday after first Monday iu Nov.; number senators, 31: representatives, 106: sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-ninnbert'd years meeting- second Tues ay in Jan.; holds 60 days; tern: of senators, 4 years: of representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 13; congressmen, 11; voters, 380,376. United States army, lunatics, idiots, paupers and convicts ex- cluded from voting. Number colleges, 10; school age, 8-14. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 143 School endowment enormous; includes 23,470,377 acres yet unsold. Legal interest 8, by contract li; usury forfeits entire interest. POPULATION, 1880, 1,591,749; male, 837.MU; female, 753,00r>: native, 1,477,133; foreign. 114,61*5; white, 1,197,237; colored, 3i,3.- 4; Chinese. 13H: Indiana, 998. Estimated incrca.se 25#. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. Extreme length E. and \V., 83u miles: extreme width, 750 mil es; area, Ui7,8f>5,<>;)0 acres; largest of the states and territories; in- cludes many small islands. Coast line, 412 miles: irregular, an-l bordered by lagoons; Galveston bay largest, has 13 feet of water, 35 miles inland. Rio Grande (navigable 440 milep). Pecos, Ked, Nueces, Angelina, Trinity .all navigable streams), Canadian, Brazos, Colorado, Gaudaloupe and San Antonio are the chief rivers. Some small lakes; one remarkable one, with a bed of salt at S. E. corner state. Surface laried; mountains between the Pecos and Kio Grande, reach 6,000 feet high, with broad valleys between. West and N. W. a h gh table land; from latter the surface slopes gradually to the Gulf and lower Rio Grande, being low and level at south and east. Lands extremely fertile, except in the N. W., where water is scarce Lands on Kio Grande and at south require irrigation for good results, although crops will grow to some extent without. Entire state covered with rich grasses, affording pasture the year round. Water plenty at a shal- low depth; quality good. All cereals, root crops, vegetable-", fruit and stocks flourish. Cotton best crop. Other staples: sugar, molasses, sweet potatoes, corn, wheat, grapes and fruits. Dairying extensive. Cattle, sheep, goat and hog raising 011 mammoth scale. Ootton picking, July to Dec.; corn planting, middle of Feb.; grain harvest, May; corn harvest, July. Hunks first in cattle and cotton; second in sugar, sheep, mules and. horses. Coal area, 6,000 sq. miles; quality good. Iron ore and salt deposits extensive. Other minerals found, but extent un- known Improved land averages $8, and unimproved $3@;4 per acre. No state offers more or better chances for homes and wealth. Uncultivated and timber land seven-eighths of area; timber area, one-fourth; quality moderate. CLIMATE varies; temperate at north, semi-tropical at south. Health everywhere most excellent. Thermometer ranges from 35 to 93 deg., but seldom rises to the latter tempera- ture. At Austin averages, winter. 50 deg.; summer, 80 deir. Rainfall averages at Austin 35 inches; increases on coast and to the south: decreases to 13 inches in N. W. CHIEF CITIES. Brownsville, El Paso, Indianola and Gal- veston (ports of entry); Houston 'important railroad center) pop. 16,513; Galveston (metropolis, best harbor, chief shipping 1 point), pop. 22,218; Austin (capital), pop. 11,013; San Antoui (oldest town), pop. 20,550; Dallas, pop. 10,358. INDUSTRIES number 3,000. Leading ones, grazing and agriculture, lumbermr. mining, dairying, milling, etc. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Homestead, 200 acres or lot in town, value not to exceed 85,0 X) at time of desig- nation as homestead; subsequent improvements also exempt; furniture, tools, books, and limited quantity of stock to heads of families; horse, saddle, bridal, apparel and tools to single men. Assignments may prefer those who discharge debtor. Actions for re 1 1 estate oarred after 10 years when held without title; after 5 years when held under deed; after 3 years when held under chain of title; after 10 years on judgments; after 4 years on written contract or account between merchants: after 2 years on other accounts, and after 1 year for personal damages. Wife's property exempt. She cannot do business separately. No imprisonment for debt. LICENSE CHARGES. Peddlers on foot, $10 per year in each county; with one horse. $85; with two horses, $40; drum- mers' tax, $210 per year, remitted if employer pays occupation tax in the state. 144 THE WESTERN WORLD LIENS hold on buildings for labor and materia'.; on crops for rent or supplies advanced; on property of tenants for rent in cities; on baggage for board: and livery stables have lien on teams for feed. Judgments are liens for ten years on real estate. STATE LANDS. There is no government land in Texas. The state lands include School Lands 23,470,377 acres, located in every oounty; University Lands, 2,000,000 acres in Pecos, Crockett and Tom Green counties, and some remnants scattered through Cook, Grayson, Fannin and McLennan counties belonging to the same interest, both governed by the same rules of sale, etc., and endowments of elemosynary institutions. Sales of educational lands suitable for agriculture, are limited to one section for each purchaser, at S2 per acre, without competition, the purchaser making affidavit that he will settle on same within six months, and paying in advance one-thirtieth of the purchase money, and annually thereafter five percent interest on the balance, and,nt his option, he may withhold the payment of such balance until the end of 30 years, or at the end of 3 years, pay in full and obtain a patent Grazing lands are sold in quantities, not to exceed three sections to any one purchaser, the purchaser paying to the state in advance one-thirtieth of the purchase money, as above, and annually thereafter for 30 years 5# interest on the balance of the debt, but he cannot pay in full and receive a patent until the expiration of seven years from date of pur- chase. The minimum price for grazing lands per acre is $2, but competition between applicant? for the same tract is allowed. A paper designating the land and the amount per acre bid is by each competitor filed with the surveyor of the county in which the land lies, and 11 days before final award is to be made, the sur- veyor makes a public outcry of the bids. Should any higher bid or bids be then offered, he transmits them along with those pre- viously filed in his office to the Land Board in Austin. That Board awards the land so competed for to the highest bidder on tiie first Tuesday in each month. Lands containing water are not now offered, either for sale or lease. Leases tor the term of five years are made by the Land Board, at the minimum price of six cents per acre per annum. TENNESSEE. Takes its name from Indian name for the Tennessee River. Called " Big Bend State." First settled, 17,54. Fort London, near Knoxville, established 1756. Territory called " Wataug Association," 1769. Be~ came a part of North Carolina, 1777. Organized as the State of Franklin, ITS"), but again became part of North Carolina, 1788 Ceded to United States by North Carolina, 1789. District now comprising Tennes- see and Kentucky formed into the " Territory of the United States south of the Ohio," 1790. Tennessee territory organized 17M. Admitted as state June 1, 17P6. State Consti- tution framed, 17%. Amended. 1834, 1853, 18(io and 1870. Capital. Knoxville,1794,removed to Nashville,181 '. Returned to Knoxville, 1817. Removed to Murfreesboro, ls-19, and returned to Nashville, present seat, 1826. Creek war, 1813, ended 'by breaking their power at battle of Tallapoosa March 27, 1814. First railroad part of N. & C., 1853, Nashville to Bridgeport, Seceded, June 8, 1861. Battles of Forts Henry and Donelson, T>b. 6 and 16, 1862. Fort Pillow and Island No. 10, March, 1862. Chicamauga, Sept. 19, 1863. GUIDE AKD HAND-BOOK. 145 Lookout Mountain, Nov. 24, 1863. Missionary Ridge, Nov. 25. Ue-entered Union, 1866. Number counties, 96. State, congres- sional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number senators, 33: representatives, 99; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January; holds 75 days ; terms of senators and representatives, 2 years each. Number electoral votes, 12; number Congressmen, 10; number voters, 571,244; native white, 240,939; foreign white, 250,055 ; colored, 80,250. Non-payers of poll-tax excluded from, voting. Legal interest 6 ; by contract, any rate ; usury forfeits excess of interest and $100 fine. Schools fair. Miles railroad, 2, lot!. POPULATION, 1880, I,5i2,359: male, 769,277; female, 773,< 1 82; native, 1/85,857 j foreign, 16.702 ; white, 1,138,831 ; colored, 403,151 ; Chinese, 25: Indians, 352. Slaves, I860, 27.">,r<>9. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. Extreme length B. and \V. 4:jO miles; width, 110 miles. Area, 4 1,750 sq. miles, 26,720.000 acres. Mountainous at E. where Apa- lachians separate state from North Carolina. Succeeding this to the westward is a table land which terminates in the " great central basin " of Middle Tennessee. West of this is a plateau, region to the Mississippi river. Chief rivers, Mississippi, Tennessee, Cumberland, Clinch, Hqlston, Forked Deer, JJig- Hatchie and Wolf. First three navigable, others afford enor- mous water power. Small streams very numerous. Soil fair, except in central basin, where it is very productive. State abounds in coal, iron, fine marbles and building stones, copper and other minerals. Possesses one of the finest areas of virgin forest in the Union. Principal timbers, walnut, oak, poplar, ash, hickory, etc. Staple products, mules, hogs, peanuts, corn, wheat, cotton, vegetables of all kinds, potatoes, tobacco, hemp, flax, broomcorn, iron, copper, coal, marbles, etc. Kanks second in peanuts and third in mules. Resources but little developed and plenty of room and opportunities for home and fortunes exist. 5,000 sq. miles of coal field, with 3 to 7 workable veins. Cleared land averages 812.50, forest 5 per acre. Grape growing pays. CLIMATE one of healthiest in world. Mild and pleasant, and owing to varying elevation very diverse. Snow light and lays briefly. Ice rarely more than a mere film in thickness. Average temperature, winter 38 deg.; summer, 75 deg. Extremes seldom, occur. Rainfall. 45 to 47 inches. Air bracing. CHIEF CITIES. Nashville, capital ; pop.. 43,350. Memphis, pop., 33,593; Chattanooga, pop., 12,892; Jackson, pop., 8,377; Knoxville, pop.. 9.693. INDUSTRIES chiefly agricultural, mining, lumbering and iron makinir. PROPERY EXEMPT from execution: Two beds and clothing and an additional bed for each 3 children, each be'1 not to exceed $25 in value ; 1 cow; 1 calf, or if family contains 6 per- sons, 2 cows and 2 calves ; 12 knives and forks, 12 plates, 6 dishes, set of table and set of tea spoons, bread tray, 2 pitchers, waiter, coffee-pot, tea-pot, canister, cream jug, 12 cups and saucers, dinlng-table, two table cloths, 12 chairs, bureau to $40; safe or press, wash basin, bowl and pitcher, kettle, 2 tubs, churn, looking- glass, axe, spinning-wheel, loom and gear; pair cotton car per mouth. GUIDE AND HAXD-BOOK. 147 LIENS hold on structures and lot for labor or material. Claimants against contractor must notify owner. Lien precedes mortgage if latter is notified. Liens also hold on crop for rent or supplies ; on property for house rent ; on baggage and teams for board or food. Judgments are liens on real estate for 10 years. KENTUCKY. Name Indian. Signifies dark and bloody ground, because the state was the hunting and battle ground of the tribes. Called "Corn Cracker State." Explored 1V67 by John Fin- )ey and others from North Carolina. Boone settled 1769, and penetrated to the Ohio 1771. Indians resisted settlement vigorously. Pacified by treaty with Cherokees, March, 1775. Organized as " Colony of Transyl- vania," but claimed by Virginia, and became Kentucky county, Va., 1776. Louisville founded, 1780. Be- came, with Tennessee, 1790, " Terri- tory of U. S. South of the Ohio," and in same year Territory of Ken- tucky organized. Admitted as a State June 1, 1793. State con- stitution adopted same year. Replaced by new one, 18uO. State furnished 7,OUO troops in war of 1812, and 13,700 in Mexican war. Won trreat credit in latter. New constitution, 1850, and amended 1877. Neutral at beginning of civil war. State the scene of con- tinuous cavalry raids during the war, and some sharp battles at Perryville, Hichmond, etc. Put under martial law, 1864. Civil government restored, 1865. Union soldiers furnished, 75,760. Number counties, 118. State elections biennial, first Monday in August, in odd-numbered years. Number senators, 38: repre- sentatives, 100 ; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting last day of December, holds 60 days. Term of senators, 4 years ; of representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, ,'3; number congressmen, 11; number voters, 376,221. Bribers, robbers and forgers excluded from voting. Number colleges, 15 ; public school system framed, 1838 ; good schools, school age 6-20 years. Legal interest 6 ; by contract, 10% ; usury forfeits excess over 10 per cent. Miles of railroad, 1,887. POPULATION, 1880, 1,648,690 ; male, 832,590 ; female, 816,100; native, 1,589,173 ; foreign, 59,517 ; white, 1,377,179; colored, 271,451; Chinese, 10; Indians, 50; slaves, 1860. 225,481 TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. Extreme length E. and \V. 3oU ; width, 179 miles; area, 40,000 sq. miles, 25,600,000 acres. River frontage, 832 miles ; navigable water ways, 4, 120 miles. Surface mountainous at southeast and east, and slopes gradually westward. It is throughout hilly, except in the river bottoms, which are narrow. Average elevation about 850 feet. Average elevation eastern half 1,100 feet. Soil fair, ex- cept in the famous " Bluegrass region," extending for 40 or 50 miles around Lexington, and one of the most beautiful sections on the globe. River bottoms also extremely fertile. Principal rivers, Mississippi, Ohio, Kentucky, Green, Salt, Tennessee, Cumberland, Licking, Big Sandy and Big Barren. Smaller streams fed by perennial springs abound. Natural wonder Mam- moth Cave, greatest in the world. Kentucky ranks high as an agricultural and stock state. Staple crops, corn, wheat, tobacco, oats, barley, hemp, rye and vegetables ; fruits do fairly. Famous for thoroughbred horses and cattle. Mules and hogs largely 148 THE WESTERN WOULD raised. At the east In the mountains are immense forests of virgin oak. poplar, ash, chestnut, elm, walnut, cucumber and other val- uable timber trees. Coal, marbles, minerals, oil, stone, etc., also ab9und. Iron deposits of immense magnitude are known to exist. The lands are cheap, and this section is destined to become one of the richest in the Union. The state is making: an effort, and possesses splendid opportunities for immigration and capi- tal. Cleared land averages 820 and woodland $5 per acre. The average of the former is raised materially by the high prices, often $100 or more per acre in the bluegrass section. Mountain lands rich in timber and minerals and not without agricultural value, rate $2 to $5 per acre. The state ranks first in tobacco, and fourth in malt and distilled liquors. CLIMATE variable, favorable to health and agriculture; healthful liens not surpassed; thermometer ranges from 5 deg. below zero to 98 deg. acove ; rarely grrater extremes are known; temperature averages, summer, 75 deg., winter, 3b deg : rainfall 50 inches. Snows fan but disappear in a few days. Sleighing only for a day or so. Winters moderately long. Malaria very rare, except on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. CHIEF CITIES. Louisville, pop. 125,758 ; Frankfort (capi- tal), pop. H.958 ; Covinsrton, 29,720; Lexington, former capital, founded 1776, pop. 16,656 ; Newport connected with Covington by bridge, pop. 20.431. Louisville and Paducah ports of entry. CHIEF INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, stock-raising, lum- bering, iron-making, mining and distilling. . PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Homestead, $1,000; horse or yoke of oxen, 2 cows, 5 sheep, apparel, household furni- ture, $100; sewing machine; professional library and instru- ments, $500; wages, 850; mechanics to^ls, $100. Assignment can- not prefer. Suits barred after 30 years for real estate; after 15 years on contract in writing, official bond or judgment ; after 5 years for trespass on bill?, notes, stated accounts or for fraud ; after 2 years from succeeding January on merchants accounts; after 1 year for personal damage. Wife's property exempt She cannot do business. Arrest for debt may be made on affidavit of concealment of property, fraud, etc., but plaintiiff must give bonds. Bail flllowedor release secured by insolvent debtor's oath. LICENSE CHARGES, per year : Peddlers, $100 for state, or 65 cents for each 100 voters in any county. License issued by county clerk. Drummers tax, Newport, $1 per month. LIENS hold for labor and material if statement is filed in 60 days and suit brought in 1 year. Sub-contractors and laborers must notify owner. Judgments are not liens on real estate. OHIO. Indian name meaning "Beau- tiful River," called " Buckeye State." Explored by La Salle, 1679. Region claimed by France and held by force. Title of England settled by treaty of Paris, 1763. Became with all the northwest territory a part of Virginia, although claimed under old English charter by New York, Connecticut and Massachu- setts. First settled, 17K2, by Mora- vians on the Muskingum. These expelled by British, 1781. Expedi- tion of Bouquet, 1764. Dunmore war, 1774. Cornstalk's warriors de- feated on the Sciota. Cincinnati founded, 1789. Clarke .overcame Miamis, 1782. Marrietta founded, 1788. Miami Indians conquered GUIDE AND IIAXD-UOOK. 149 by Gen. "Wayne, 1794. Virginia ceded region to the United States under condition that the northwest territory should be divided into not less than five states, and Ohio became part of Territory of the Northwest. Ohio Territory organized May 7, 1800. Ad- mitted HS a state, ApriJ 30, 1803. Capital fixed at Chillicothe, 1800, removed to Zanesville, 1810, returned to Chillicothe, 1812. aud re- moved to Columbus, ldl.6, where it remains. Constitution re- vised. 1851. Number Union soldiers furnished, 313,180. Number counties. 88. State and congressional elections, second Tuesday in October ; number senators, 33 ; representatives, 105 ; sessions biennial, but "adjourned sessions " practically amount to annual meetings ; assembles first Monday in January ; terms of senators and representatives, 2 years each. Number electoral votes, 23; 150 THE "WESTEKN WORLD number congressmen, 21 ; number voters, 826.57? ; insane and idiots excluded from voting. Number colleges, 33; school age, 6-21 ; school system, first-class. Legal interest rate, 6% ; by con- tract. 82 ; usury forfeits excess. Miles of railroad, 7,2". 6. POPULATION, 1880,3,198,062; male, 1,613,931 ; female, 1,584,- 126; native, 2,803,119; foreign, 394,913; white, 3,117,920; colored, 79,900: Chinese, 109; Indians, 130. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. Extreme length E. and \V.. 225 miles; breadth, 200 miles. Area, 40,760 sq. miles, 25,686,400 acres. Includes Kelley's and Bass' islands in Lake Erie. Lake frontage, 230 miles. Ohio river front- age, 432 miles. A great ridge or divide traverses the state from Trumbull Co. in the N. E. to Mercer Co. at the W., having an ele- vation averaging about 1,200 feet. The surface of the state slopes north from the divide to Lake Erie (elevation 565 feet) and south to the Ohio river (elevation 440 feetat Cincinnati). Main streams, Ohio, Muskingum, Sciota, Big and Little Miami, Mahoning, Hocking, Maumee, Ouyaboga, Huron, Kocky, Chagrin, San- dusky, Portage, etc. Entire state well watered. Valleys ex- tremely productive. Uplands fertile as a rule. Scenery beautiful, but with no prominent features. Ohio ranks first in agricult- ural implements and wool ; second in dairy products, petroleum, iron and steel ; third in wheat, sheep, coal, malt and distilled liquors ; fourth in printing and publishing, salt, miles railway and soap ; fifth in milch cows, hogs, horses, hay, tobacco and iron ore. Cpal, building stones, iron ore and salt are found in vast quantities. Staple crops, wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, tobacco, buckwheat, etc., vegetables, apples and the hardier fruits. Cleared land averages $45, woodland 40 per acre. Little forest valuable for lumber remains except in small reserves. CLIMATE as healthful as any in the United States. Warm- est on Ohio river. Temperature for state averages, winter, 35 deg.; summer, 77 deg.; range of temperature, 16 deg. below zero to 101 deg. above. Changes sometimes sudden. Snowfall con- siderable. Average rainfall, including snow, 42inches, decreases to 37 inches at north and increases to 47 inches at south. CHIEF CITIES. Cincinnati, " Queen City of the West;" pop , 2i5,139. Cleveland, pop., 160,146. Columbus, capital, pop., 61,6*7. Chill icothe, Zanesville, Toledo, Sandusky, Cleveland and Cincinnati ports of entry. LEADING- INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, dairying, min- ing, quarrying, iron mnkintr. pork packing, manufacturing PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: To single women, apparel $100, sewing machine, knitting machine, books $25. To head of family, necessary apparel, beus and bedding for family, 2 stoves, 60 days' fuel, tools of trade to 100; domestic animals and 60 days' feed, or furniture to ?(>">; books, picture'*, provisions to $50, sewing and knitting machines, earning for three months, homestead to value of $1,000, or if none possessed, gr.OO in per- sona' property in addition to the above. Assignments cannot prefer and do not release. Suits for real estate barred after 21 years, after 2 years for forcible entry and detaining, after 15 years on bond and written contract, after 6 years on verbal con- tract and statute liability, except penalty; after 4 years for trespass or injury to person or property, alter 1 year for assault or slander. Wife's property exempt. Her separate note good. Arrest for debt may be made on affidavit of fraud, concealment or removal. LICENSE CHARGES. Peddlers on foot, $12; on horseback, $20; with horse and cart, $20; 2 horses and cart, $28; in boat or by rail, $60. License issued by county auditors. LIENS hold for two years on structures or vessels for labor and materials if statement is filed in county recorder's office in 4 months; judgments are liens on real estate for 5 years. PUBLIC LANDS. A few isolated tracts of government and school lands may remain. The former is in charge of the General Land Office, Washington, D. C. GUIDE AND HAND BOOK. 151 INDIANA. Called the " Hoosier State." Set- tled at Fort St. Vincents, now Vin- cennes, 1702, by French-Canadian voyagers. Region belonged to France. Acquired by England, 1763, and became a part of Virginia by capture by the expedition of Clarke, 1776. Ceded to U. S. by Vir- ginia, 17i3, and formed part of the Northwest Territory. Organized, 1787. Indian wars, 1788 to 1791, end- ing in the enforced submission of the tribes. Indians ceded large bodies of land to government by treaty of Greenville, 1795. Ohio cut out of Northwest Territory, 1800, and the territory of Indiana organized, which included all section west of Ohio to the Mississippi river, and north of the Ohio river to British possessions. Michigan cut out as separate territory, 1805, and Illinois, 1809, leaving Indiana with its present boundaries. War with Shawnees under Tecumseh, 1811. Battle of Tippecanoe ended struggle in defeat of Indians. Admitted as a state Dec. 11, 1816. Sixth state admitted. State constitution adopted June 19, 181. New constitution 1851; amended 1881. soldiers furnished in Mexican war, 5,000. Union soldiers, 196,363. Number counties, 93. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in November; number senators, 50; representatives, 100; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meet Thursday after first Monday in January, holds 60 days ; term of senators, 4 years ; of representatives, 2 years ; number electoral votes, 15 ; number congressmen, 13; number voters, 498,437. Fraudulent voters and bribers excluded from voting. Number colleges, 15, State University at Bloomington ; medical school at Indianap- olis; university at Notre Dame; flourishing common-school system; school a?e, 6-21. Legal interest rate, 6# ; by contract, 8<; usury forfeits excess of interest. Miles of railroad, 5,534. POPULATION, 18*0, 1,978,301; male, 1,010,361; female, 967,- 940; native, 1.834,123: foreign. 144,178; white, 1,938,798; colored, 39,228; Chinese. 29 : Indians. 246. Estimated increase 8 per cent. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS ETC. Extreme length N. and S. 275 miles ; width averages 150 miles ; area, 35,910 sq. miles, 22,982,400 acres. Surface usually level or rolling, sometimes hilly. No mountains. Skirting the river bot- toms are ranges of hills and bluffs, notably so on the upper Ohio. Hills 200 to 400 feet above the surrounding country. Gen- eral slope of the state south to west. Frontage on Lake Michigan 41 miles; lake shore low a^dsandy^except at Michigan City. Chief rivers. Ohio, Wabash, White, Kankakee, Maumee ; small streams everywhere ; river bottoms wide and unsurpassed in fertility ; highlands when level, rich, black or. sandy soil; hills sand or limestone, with thin but productive soil, except at southeast, where hill lands are poor. All crops and fruits of the temperate zone do well both in yield and quality. State highly favored for agriculture and manufacturing. Ranks second in wheat; fourth in corn, hogs and agricultural implements ; fifth in coal. Cattle, hogs, eheep, horses, etc., are most successfully raised. Corn, wheat, oats, staple crops. Timber still abundant at south, but in scattered tracts. Coal fields in southwestern portions of stiite over 7,000 sq. miles, on much of which are 3 workable veins. Kinds of coal, block, cannel and ordinary bituminous, cokes veil, superior for gas. Building stones varied and of unsurpassed quality, in- cluding the famous Bedford stone. Supply unlimited. Land is 152 THE WESTERN WORLD cheap, cleared averaging $18, and woodland $14 per acre. In rich section to southwest cleared land Sl- r >, woodland $10@12. Chances for making' homes, comfort and advantages considered, not excelled elsewhere. Iron ore is found. CLIMATE changeable in winter, but seldom severe; winds from north and west; summers moderately long, and sometimes hot; temperature averages, winter, Si deg., summer, 1$ deg. Trees blosom in March. Rainfall 40 inches. Health excellent. Malarial disappearing 1 from bottoms before proper drainage. CHIEF CITIES. Indianapolis (capital), contains deaf and dumb, blind and insane asylums, pop. 75,056 ; Terre Haute, 26,042; Evansviile. "9.2*0 ; Fort Wayne, 28,880. Michigan City, lake port. INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, mining and manufacturing. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 153 - PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Real or personal to value of $600. Property sold must bring two-thirds appraised value, unless the law is waived by contract. Assignments do not release. Suits barred after 20 years for injuries to person or character, on written contracts, for real estate; after 10 years on notes, bills, etc.; after 6 years on accounts, for rents, injury to property and relief from fraud; after 15 years on actions not especially limited. Wife's property exempt. She can sue, be sued, make will, etc. She takes instead of dowry one-half in fee simple in lands. Arrest for debt legal on affidavit of removal with property subject to execution with intent to defraud. LICENSE CHARGES. Non-resident peddlers selling goods made out of the state pay to county treasurer $5 on $1,000 capi- tal; $7.50 on more than $1,000 and less than $2,000; $10 on capital up to $5,000, and $20 on capital greater than $5,000. LIENS hold on structures, railroads or boats for labor or material, on crops for rent when rented on shares, on laud for benefits from drains, levees, etc. Liens must be filed in county recorder's office in 60 days after completion of work. Judg- ments are hens on real estate for 10 years. PUBLIC LANDS. A few isolated tracts of Government Land may exist. Transactions relating to them are in the hands of the General Land Office at Washington, D. C. State Lands, including, swamp, university and college fund lands are held for sale to a considerable extent. They are in small tracts scattered over the state, and are controlled by the Auditor of State. ILLINOIS. Name derived from Illini tribe of Indians, meaning Superior Men, and also said to be French. Called "Prairie State" and "Sucker State." Discovered June 20, 1673, by Mar- quette and Joliet. Settled first at Kaskaskia (later seat of govern- ment of N.W. territory) by Jesuits, 1682. Formed part of Louisiana territory and belonged to France. Transferred to England by Treaty of Paris, 1765. Seized and British expelled by Clarke's Virsrinia ex- pedition, July 4, 1778, and became a part of Virginia, being called Illi- nois county. Became part of the " Northwest Territory " organized 17^7. Ohio cut out of territory, 1800, and what is now Indiana, Wisconsin.Illinoisand Minnesota (east of Miss. river)was organized as Indiana territory. Illinois territory formed, 1809. Kaskaskia, capital. Fort Dearborn (Chicago) massacre, 1812, by Pottawato- mies. Admitted as state, 1818. Capital removed to Vandalia, 1818. State constitution adopted same year. Black Hawk war, 1831. Capital moved to Springfield, 1836. Mormon troubles, 1839. Mormons expelled, 1844. New constitution, Irus. Soldiers in Mexican war, 5,000. Union soldiers, 259,092. N umber counties, 102. All elections, Tuesday after first Monday iii Nov.; number senators, 51 ; representatives, 153 ; sessions bien- nial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan.; term of senators, 4 years ; representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 22 ; congressmen, 20 ; number voters, 796,847 ; convicts ex- cluded from voting. School system excellent ; number colleges, 28 ; school age, 6-21. Legal interest, 6% ; by contract, 8% ; usury forfeits entire interest. Miles of railroad, 8,909. POPULATION, 1880, 3,077,871 ; male, 1,586,523 ; female, 1,491,- 154 THE WESTERN WOULD 348; native, 2,494,295; foreign, 583,576 ; white, 3,031,151 ; colored, 46,3tiK; Chinese,209; Indians, 140. Estimated increase !K TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.- Bxtreme length N. and S., 3bt> miles ; extreme width, 218 miles. Average elevation, 4&J feet ; elevation at Cairo, 340 feet; highest point, 1,140 feet in northwest portion. Area, 56.000 sq. miles, 35,840,000 acres ; miles of navigable water- ways, 4,100. Frontage on Lake Michigan 110 miles. Principal streams, Mississippi, Ohio, Wabash, Kankakoe, Calumet and Illinois. Surface ex- tremely level and much of it prairie. Slopes to east and south. Soil superior. Among first agricultural suites of Union. Staple crops, corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, broomcorn, vegetable's, hay, potatoes, etc. Fruits and grapes, except Catawba, do well at GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 155 south. Yield of all crops cultivated, large. Coal area, two-thirds state. First coal mined in America at Ottawa; quality moderately fair. Considerable forest of hardwoods at south on hills and in bottoms. Superior quality limestone on Fox and Desplaines rivers; lead, most important mineral ; Galena in center of richest diggings in N. W. Rich salt wells in Saline and Gailatiti counties, 75 gallons brine making 50 Ibs. salt. State ranks first in corn, wheat, oats, meat packing, lumber traffic, malt and distilled liquors and miles railway; second in rye, coal, agricultural im- plements, soap and hogs ; fourth in hay, potatoes, iron and steel, mules, milch cows and other cattle. Cleared land averages $28, and woodland or raw prairie, 818 per acre. Land cheaper at south, which offers excellent inducements to immigration. CLIMATE healthful as a rule ; subject to sudden and violent changes at north. Temperature ranges from 30 deg. below zero to 101 deg. above. Average temperature at Springfield, 30 deg. winter ; 78 deg. summer. At Chicago, 25 deg. winter ; 72 deg. summer. At Cairo, 38 deg. winter ; 80 deg. summer. Frosts come last of September. Vegetation begins in April. Rainfall. 36 inches. CHIEF CITIES. Chicago, pop. 503,185. Peoria, pop., 29,259. Quiru-v, pop 27.2tiS. Springfield (capital), pop. 19,743. INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, mining, stock-raising and manufacturing of ali '?y. .-. PROPERTY JBXM.'l' from execution: homestead to value of $1,000. Exemption ex ;r,ds after death till youngest child is 21 years old; apparel, bor is and pictures ; $100 mother property, and when debtor is head of family, S300 in other property, not money; wages of laborer exempt to $25. Assignments cannot prefer and do not discharge. Suits for land and on judgement barred after 20 years, after 7 years wken title is held by record, after 10 years on notes, bills and written contracts, or mortgages, after 2 years for personal injury, after 1 year for slander, and after 5 years on all other actions. Wife's property exempt. She may do business, make will, and change her estate. Arrest for debt only in cases of fraud or refusal to surrender property. LICENSE CHARGES. Peddlers and drummers not taxed. LIENS hold on building and lot, and raijroad, for labor, ma- terial and services. Sub-contractors have lien for amount due contractor. Notice must be given by contractor in 6 months, by sub-contractor in 40 days. Judgments are liens on land for 7 years. PUBLIC LANDS. A few isolated tracts of government may exist, and is controlled by the General Land Office at Wash- ington, D. C. The state has no lands. The counties hold unim- portant areas of forfeited school land. MICHIGAN. Name Indian, meaning "Land of Lakes." Called "Wolverine State." First settlement by Father Mar- quette, 1668, at Sault Ste. Marie. Fort Michimackinac (Mackinaw) built by French, 1671. Detroit founded, 1701. Territory belonged to France. Passed to possession of England, 1763, followed by Pontiac conspiracy and massacre at Macki- naw. Became part of Virginia at close of Revolution. Ceded by Vir- ginia to U. S., and formed part of Northwest Territory. Became part cf Indiana territory, 1800. Michi- gan territory forme'd 1805, did not include upper peninsula, but ex- tended west to ..lissouri river. Devastated by Indians and 156 THE WESTERN WORLD English in war 1812-14, until run off by Gen. Harrison. Wiscon- sin included in the territory of Michigan. 1818, and separated from it 1S3*>. State constitution adopted 1836. Admitted as state Jan. 2se, 16: Indians. 3,161. Estimated increase 12$. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.- Extreme length N . and S., 2U8 miles; width, 260 miles; area, 54,450 sq. miles; 34,848,000 acres. Surface presents varied and beautiful scenery, without any grand features. Forms a great plain 580 to MAP OF \VISCOXSIN Population 1,315,501 Area sq.milea... 54,450 I about 1,700 feet above sea level, highest points being at the N.W.; gradual slope to Lake Michigan and the south. Chief rivers, Mississippi, Fox, Wisconsin; these, with innumerable smaller fetreams, furnish such picturesque scenery as the famous " Dells," etc., and afford a multitude of valuable water powers, many of which are still unutilized. Besides the great lakes Michigan and 160 THE WESTERN WORLD Superior, the state contains Green bay, Winnebago, Geneva, Devil's lake, and innumerable other lakes in the central and northern sections of the state, of unsurpassed beauty, making' the state a favorite place of summer resort. Mississippi river navigable throughout S. W. boundary; excellent harbors in Lake Superior and Michigan. Port Washington, one of the finest natural harbors in the world. Much of state prairie, but enor- mous stretches of magnificent pine and hardwood timbers remain untouched. The soil is excellent and adapted to diversi- fied farming, dairying and stock raising. The hardier fruits grow, and berries are a fine crop. Cranberries are largely raised. Wheat is the best crop; flax, buckwheat , hay, corn, oats, staples. Exten- sive lead mines in Grant, Lafayette and Iowa counties; native cop- Eer n the north, in Crawford and Iowa counties. Milwaukee clay imous for making crt-am-colored brick. Iron ores in Dodge.Sauk, Jackson and Ashland counties. Ranks second in hops, third in barley and potatoes, fourth in rye and buckwheat, fifth in oats and agricultural implements. Improved land averages S'8 and unimproved $10 per acre. Much government and railroad land yet untaken. Opportunities for homes and enterprise first-class. CLIMATE. Temperature averages, winter, 20 deg., sum- mer, 71 deg.; ranges from 32 deg. below zero to 95 deg. Rainfall 31 inches, including snow. Snows heavy, especially at north; spring late; summeis short; falls pleasant. Milwaukee river frozen over an average of 105 days in year. Health superior. Air bracing and life giving. CHIEF CITIES. Milwaukee, port of entry, great pork packing and beer brewing center, grain and wheat market; pop. 125,000. Madison (capital), pop. 12.063. Eau Claire, pop. 21,653; Fond du Lac. pop. 13.1)94: Oshkosh, 21,947; La Crosse, 21,212. LEADING- INDUSTRIES. Lumbering, farming, mining, manufacturing, brewing, pork packing, dairying, etc. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Family pictures, books, apparel, ?200 in household furniture, 2 cows, 10 swine, yoke oxen and horse or 2 horses, 10 sheep and wool of same, 1 years feed for stock named, wagon, etc., to $50, provisions and feed for 1 year, tools, stock in trade or professional books, etc. to 200. printing materials 81,500, life insurance, insurance on ex- empt property when destroyed, homestead 40 acres in county or J4 acre in town with improvements. Assignments may prefer, but do not discharge debtor, but a discharge in insolvency may be obtained; suits barred after 20 years on bond or judgment, and after 10 years if cause of action accrued out of the state; after 6 years on contracts and liabilities. Wife's property ex- empt. She can dispose of same as if single. Arrest for debt may be made in case of fraud, malfeasance or removal. LICENSE CHARGES per year: Peddlers on foot, 815; with horse. $20; with 2 horses. $40: with more than 2 horses, $50. License issued by Secretary of State. LIENS hold on structures for labor and material. If petition of same be filed with county clerk within 1 year. Sub-con- tractors must give owner 30 days notice of claim. J udgments are liens on real estate for 10 years. GOVERNMENT LANDS.-A very large portion of Wis- consin is yet public in domain, and comprises every description of land found in the state. It is subject to homestead, pre-emp- tion and cash, and in some sections to timber culture entry. THE LAND OFFICES are at Eau Claire for the region included in townships 25 to 40 north inclusive, and ranges 1 to 11 east inclu- sive, gt Falls of St. Croix for lands lying in townships 38, 39 and 40, ranges 12 to 20 west inclusive, and is mostly timbered with pine and hardwood ; and at Menasha. Wausau, Bayjield and La Cruise for the districts surrounding each. STATE LANDS include school lands, 120,000 acres, held at $lto 1.25 per acre ; University lands, 1,700 acres, held at $2 to $3 per acre; Agricultural College lands, 13,000 acres, at $1.25 per acre ; Normal School (swamp) lands, 470,000 acres, at 50c. to $3 per GUIDE AND HAND-BOO.;. 161 acre ; drainage land (swamp), 500,000 acres, at 50c. to $3 per acre, and Marathon county lands, 4,000 acres, at 75c. per acre. Tbe educational lands, except Normal school lands, are sold for \-\ cash balance in 10 years at 72 interest in advance annually. All other lands are sold for cash. MINNESOTA. Name Indian, signifies "Sky- like water." Called "uopher state." Explored by Fathers Hennepiu and LaSalle, 1680, via Mississippi river to Falls St. Anthony. Portion east of the Mississippi river a part of the Territory of the Northwest, covered by the treaty forced from England, 1783. The western por- tion acquired from France by pur- chase, 1803. It belonged first to Missouri and then to Iowa. Fort Snelling built, 1819. Tract between the St. Croix and Mississippi ceded by Indians, 1837. Territory organ- ized, 1849. Sioux Indians ceded all land between liig Sioux and Missis- sippi rivers, 1851. Admitted as state, 1858. War with Dakotas, 1862. Indians subdued; 3* hanged at Maukato. Foreign immi- gration immense. Number Union soldiers furnished, 25,UC2. Number counties, 80. Miles railroad, 4,193. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in November; number senators, 47; repre- sentatives, 103; sessions of legislature, biennial, in odd-num- bered years, meeting Tuesday after first Monday in January ; holding 60 days ; term of senators, 4 years ; representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 7; congressmen, 5; voters, 213,485; idiots, insane and convicts not voting. Number colleges, 5 ; school age, 5-21 ; school system, first-class. Legal interest rate, dians, 2,300. Estimated increase, 2 TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. Length N. and S., 378 miles; average width, 261 miles. Area, 79,205 sq. miles, 50,691,200 acres. Surface rolling plain 1,000 feet above sea level, except at N. E , where are a series of sand hills called " Heights of Land," 1,600 feet high. It is the state of small lakes, including over 7,000, varying from a few rods to 32 miles across. In one of these, Itasca, the Mississippi rises and flows 800 miles through the state. The other principal r i vers are the Min- nesota, Red River of the North, and the St. Louis. Small streams and lakes make water plentiful. The scenery is picturesque and beautiful. Thesoil is splendid, as a rule, and the accessibility to market and general attractions render the state especially favored by agriculturists. The forests of the state are small (2,000,000 acres), but in parts are rich in fine timbers. Two-thirds of the state is unoccupied. Cleared land averages $12. 5C per acre and woodland $8. Wheat is the great crop. Corn, oats, barley, hay and dairy products are also staples. State ranks fourth in wheat. CLIMATE. Healthful. Air pure and dry, summers warm, averaging 68-70 deg.; winters cold, averaging 9-24 deg. Rainfall 36 incnes, chiefly in summer. Snowfall medium. The dryness mitigates the cold in winter. CHIEF CITIES. Pembina, port of entry on Red river. St. Paul, capital ; pop. 41,47:5. Minneapolis, pop. 46.887. CHIEF INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, dairying, milling, etc. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Books, pictures 162 TIIE WKSTEIIX WOULD and musical instruments of family, apparel, household furniture to $500, 3 cows, 10 swine, yoke oxen and horse or a team, 20 sheep and wool of same, 1 year's feed for stock named, wagon and farm implements to 300, provisions and fuel for 1 year, tools, books etc., of trade or profession, stock in trade to $4uO, homestead 80 acres or 1 'ot in town with improvements. No exemption from liens for labor. Assignments may be made voluntarily or on Qui ParVJ > ;Sl^P=a?r"a ,-SFSS water ^ ^ &^ ?, T <\v rt f^&i^i^^^^^^ 'Sibley.NY) ?? i_U petition of creditor; do not discharge debts. Suits are barred after 20 years for land and foreclosure, after 10 years on judg- ments, after 6 years on contract, after 2 for slander, assault, etc. Wife's property exempt. She can contract. No arrest for debt. LICENSE CHARGES. Drummers and peddlers untaxed. LIENS hold on structure, boat, etc., for labor and material for 2 years if statement is filed with county register in 1 year. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 163 Sub-contractors must file in 60 days. Owners may avoid liens by proper notii'f. Judgments are liens on real estate for ten years. G-OVERMENT LANDS remain unoccupied to the extent of about 13,000,000 acres, and include fertile prairie and timber tracts or iron lands, and to which may be added 1,000,000 acres of the Pembina and lied Lake reservations, all fine land. The Land Offices are at Benson for the surrounding district (no gov- ernment laud subject to entry remains); at Worthlmrton (vacant land exhausted), at Crookston for the counties of Kittson, Mar- shall, Polk, Norman, Clay, Becker and Beltrami and the northern tier of township in Otter Tail, containing about 1.000,000 acres chiefly timbered and brush prairie ; at Duluth, for that part of the state north of Pine county and east of Itaskaand Aitkin,two tiers of township in the east of both being included, and inc'udes 7.000,000 acres of vacant land one-third unsurveyed, all rich in minerals and timber; at St. Cloud, controlling 3,500,000 acres be- tween ranges 25 and 35 from town 130 to Canadian line, two-thirds unsurveyed; at Fergus Falls, controlling 10.000 acres chiefly in Grant and Wilkin counties; at Tracy, controlling 1,000 acres odds and ends; at Redwood Falls, controlling the lands, its district 30 miles wide and reaching across the state east to west 60 miles north of the Iowa line. At the west are some fine prairies; at Taylors Falls, controlling 200,000 acres vacant land in Chisago, Anoka, Ait kin, Isanti, Kanabec, Mille Lacs, Pine, Ramsay, Sher- burne and Washington counties. All government lands in the state are subject t > pro emption, homestead and cash entry. STATE LANDS include School lands (16th and 32d section in every township), minimum price, $5 per acre ; Internal Im- provement lands, 240,000 acres, average price. $5.29 per acre ; University and Agricultural College lands, about 75,000 acres, average price, S'< per acre ; Public Building lands not yet in the market ; Swamp lands. No land can be sold for less than the appraisement. They are only sold at public auction in June and October of each year. Terms of sale, 15# of the purchase money and interest at the rate of 5 on the balance from the day of sale to the first day of June, next, in cash . On hardwood lands the the value of the timber is required besides. The balance of pur- chase money, in full, or installments, is payable at the option of the purchaser, at any time within thirty years, on school, agricult- ural college and university lands, and twenty years on internal improvement lands, provided that interest at the rate of 5g is paid in advance, June first, each year, or within sixty days after. DAKOTA. Named for Dakota Indians. First settled at Pembina, 1812, by Lord Selkirk as British territory. First permanent settlements of Missouri river, 1859. Organized as territory March, IHiil, and included Wyoming and Montana. First legislature met, 1SH2, at Yiinkton, which was made tne capital. Immigration became act- ive, 1866. Ca pital removed, 1883, to Bismarck. Chief settlements in Red and Missouri river valleys. Propositions pending to divide the territory. Railroad building active, and systems mammoth in their scale. Application for admission, made. Number counties, 129. All elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; number senators, 12; representatives, 24; sessions biennial, in ocH-numbered years, meeting second Tuesday in Jan, and hold- ing 60 days; terms of senators and representatives, 2 years each. Legal interest rate, 7#; by contract 12; usury forfeits excess. School endowments, when the territory shall become a state, magnificent. Miles railroad, 2," "'.'. POPULATION. IfWO. 135,177; male, 82,296; native, 83,382; svhite, 133,147; Indians, 27..VO <2.3 OSioux). Population 18S5, 413,759. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. 164 \VOHLD Average length X. and S., 451 miles; width, 348 miles; area, 149,112 sq. miles; 95,431,680 acres. Indian reservations principally west of Missouri river: 42,000,000 acres; one-seventh good farming land. Surface high, level, plain, 950 to 2,600 feet above the sea; traversed by ranges of lofty hills, which at the S. W. reach an elevation of 7,000 feet in the Black Hills. The Missouri river traverses the territory diagonally from N. W. to S. E., and is navigable. Other principal rivers, Yellowstone, Little Missouri, White, Big Cheyenne, Niobrara, Dakota, Ked Kiver of the North, Vcrmillion and Big Sioux. Smaller streams are very numerous. Lakes are numerous, especially in the north and east; Devil's lake is semi-salt, 12x40 in extent; other large lakes are Big Stone, Albert, PoinseTt, Whitewood, Traverse and Tchauchicaha. The eoil is very rich and peculiarly suited to wheat, which is the GUIDE AND HAND BOOK. 165 staple crop. Corn, oats, grasses and potatoes do well. Fruit not a good crop. Cattle, and especially sheep raising, favored and growing industries. Timber scarce, except along the streams and in some of the hills. Gold and silver extensively mined. Black Hills very rich in precious minerals. Ranks fourth in gold output. Good coal west of the Missouri. Not much devel- oped as yet. Scenery, not striking, except in hills. Deposits of tin said to be of great value exist. Inducements to immigration first-class. Price of land $1.25 to 20 per acre (latter improved). CLIMATE. Temperature ranges from 32 deg. below zero to 100 deg. auove ; avenges, winter, 4 to 20 deg ; summer, 65 to 75 deg. Winters at north severe, with heavy snow; moderate at the south. Air clear, dry and free from malaria. Cold not so penetrating as in moister climates. Springs late and summers of medium length. Rainfall 19 in., chiefly in spring and summer. CHIEF CITIES. Fargo, northern metropolis; Bismarck (capital); Yankton and Sioux Falls important centers. INDUSTRIES. Almost entire laboring population,engaged in agriculture and mining. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : family pictures, S100 in books, apparel, provisions and fuel for one year 81,500 in other personal property, homestead of 160 acres land or 1 acre in town regardless of value. Assignment cannot prefer and does not release debtor. Suits barred after 30 years for land on judg- ment or sealed instrument, after 6 years in contract or liabiliiy, after 2 years for slander or assault. Wife's property' exempt, she can sell, contract, etc., as if single. Arrest for debt per- mitted in cases of fraud, concealment, removal or damage. LICENSE CHARGES may be fixed by county clerks. LIENS hold on ground and structure for labor and material if filed in 90 days by contractor, or in 60 days by sub-contractor. Judgments docketed in clerks office of county where land lies are liens on stme for ten years. GOVERNMENT LANDS are found in all parts of Dakota. Near towns they have been picked, but back from settlement choice trade are yet vacant. The LAND OFFICES are located at Bismark for the surrounding district containing 18,OoO,_000 at-res vacant land; at Grand Forks; at Devils Lake for district 92x102 miles in area, mostly vacant; at Mitchell (all lands taken except those in Crow Creek reservation now open to entry) ; at Water- town ; Fargo, Yankton, Deadwood, Aberdeen and Huron for the surrounding districts. All government lands in the territory are subject to homestead, pre-emption and cash entry. Much rail- road lands for sale. No territorial lands now offered. IOWA. Stitution modified 1837 Indian name, means "This is the place." Called the " Hawkeye State." Settled first by Dubuque, 1788, a French Canadian, for whom that city is named. First settlers miners of lead. Territory belonged to France. Acquired by United States by " Louisiana Purchase," 1803. Formed part of Louisiana till 1812, when it was included in Mis- souri territory. Active immigra- tion began 1833. Became part of Michigan 1831, and of Wisconsin 1836. Iowa territory organized July 4, 1838. Burlington made capital. Removed 1839 to Iowa City. Admitted as state 1846. Con- Union soldiers furnished, 76,242. Num- 166 THE WESTERN WORLD ber counties, 99; miles of railroad, 7,510. State elections annual, Tuesday after second Monday in October, excepting 1 years of presidential elections, when all elections occur together. Num- ber senators, 50; representatives, 100; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Monday in January. Term of senators, 4 years; of representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 13; congressmen, 11; number voters, 416,058. Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from voting. Number colleges, 19; school age, 5-21. School system admirable endowment liberal. Legal interest rate, 6#; by contract, 10#; usury forfeits 10 per cent, per year on amount. State has adopted prohibition. POPULATION, 1SSO, 1,024,015; male, 848,136; female, 776,479; GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 167 native, 1,362,965; foreign, 261,650; white, 1,614,600: colored, 9,516; Chinese, 33; Indians, 466. Estimated Increase. \n%. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. Extreme length E. find W., 298 miles; width, 20e>niiles: area, 55,470 sq. miles, 35,500,800 acres, (surface almost an unbroken prairie, without mountains and with very few low hills. Some hi uit's on streams, but scenery pretty and rather monotonous. Niiniral meadows are formed everywhere, and water fs abun- dantly supplied by small streams. Many small picturesque lakes at north. Highest point. Spirit Lake, over 1,600 feet above the sea. Slopes southeast, and elevation at mouth of Des Moines river 410 feet. Principal streams, Mississippi, Missouri, Des Moines, Towa and Little Sioux. Soil averages superior. Corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, hay, barley, sorghum, rye, staples. Apples unsurpassed in United States; pears, plums, cherries, grapes and berries are excellent crops. Cattle and other stock Interests large and thrifty. Dairying especially attractive. Torest area small and scarcely equal to home requirements. Coal area, fair. Other minerals unimportant. Manufacturing active. / unproved land averages $20; unimproved. Including railroad and government domains, 12.50. State ranks first in hogs; second in milch cows, oxen and other cattle, corn, hay and oats; third In horses; fifth in barley and miles of railway. CLIMATE healthy, but subject to extremes. Winter severe, with sharp north and west winds; summers pleasant. Temperature averages, summer, 72 deg.; winter, 23 deg.; ranges from 10 deg. be- low to 99 deg. above zero. Rainfall, 42 inches. Wheat harvest to August. CHIEF CITIES. Des Moines, metropolis and capital; pop. 22,408. Pop. of Dubuque, 22,254; of Davenport, 21,831; of Burling- ton, 19,450; of Council Bluffs, 18,063. Keokuk, Burlington and Dubuque are United States ports of delivery. LEADING INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, stock raising and manufacturing. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution- apparel and trunks, etc., gun, tools, books, or instruments of trade or pro- fession, horse and vehicle of physician, minister,offlcer, farmer or teamster, library and pictures. To heads of family fh addition, cow, calf, 5 hogs, all pigs under 6 months old, horse, 60-day feed for animals named, flax raised by debtor and manufacturer of same, $100 in household furniture, weaving devices, bed for every 2 in family, (i months fuel and provisions, printing press and plant to $1,200, 90 days' earnings and homstead 40 acres, or half acre in town from debts accruing after its acquisition. Assignments cannot prefer and do not release. Suits barred after 2 years for injury to person or reputation, after 5 years on verbal contract or for fraud, after 10 years on written contract and for real estate, after 20 years on judgment. Wife's property exempt, her control of it is same as if she was single. Arrest for debt permitted only in cases of fraul. LICENSE CHARGES per year: peddlers (if aroods are not made in state) on foot, $10; with jess than 4 horses. $25; with more than 4 horses, 75. Peddlers selling watches, $30 ; clocks, S50. LIENS hold on structures and land for labor if same is filed clerk District Court in 90 days by contractor, or in 30 days by sub-contractor. Judgments are liens on land for 10 years. PUBLIC LANDS. The government lands of Iowa are about, if not entirely taken up. The land office for the entire state is at Des Moines. There are no lands for sale by the state. School lands yet unsold in a majority of the counties are con- trolled by the Board of Supervisors of each county in which they lie. The largest areas are in the northern and northwestern counties. They are sold at public auction by the county auditor at not less than 6 per acre. Lands are also for sale under the University and Saline grants by the Hoard of Regents of the Iowa University at Jowa City. A considerable area of railroad land remains unsold. 168 THE WKSTEllX WOULD NEBRASKA. Name Indian, means "Shallow Water." Included in territory ac- quired from France in 1803 by "Louisiana Purchase." Nebraska Territory, organized May, 1854, in- cluded all region north of present state to British possessions, and west to Rocky mountains. Few settlements till 1864. In 1861, ]H,000 sq. miles cut off to form Colorado; nearly 250,000 sq. miles to form Da- kota, and larg-e strip added from Utah and Washington Territories. Idaho cut off March, 1863, and present boundaries fixed. Refused to become a state 18PO. Indian raids. 1864. State constitution rati- fied June, 1866. BIN to admit July, 1H66, unsigned by President Johnson, and another Jan. 1867, vetoed. Bill passed over veto Feb. 1867. Admitted that year. Lincoln chosen as capital. Con- stitutional convention, 1871 . Present constitution adopted, 1875. Union soldiers furnished. 8,157. Number counties, 74. Miles of railroad 1865. 122; 1885, 2,794. All elections Tuesday after first Monday In Nov.; number senators, 33; representatives, 100; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Tuesday in Jan., holding 40 days; terms of senators and representatives, 2 veai-s each? number electoral votes, 5; number congressmen. 3; number voters, 129.042. U. S. army, idiots and convicts excluded from voting. Number colleges, l; school age, 5-21; school system superior; school endowments liberal. Legal interest, 7jf; by con- tract. 10: usury f orf eits interest and cos-t. POPTHLATION, 1880. 452,402; male, 249,241; female, 203,161; native, 854,9H; foreign, 97.414; white, 449,764; colored, 2,385; Chi- ne<-e, 18; Tndtane. 2H5 Estimated increase. 25. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.- Extreme length E. and \V., 424 miles; width, 210 miles; area, 76,lb5sq. miles, 48.755,000 acres. Surface a vast plain, undulating gently, and principally prairie with a few low hills. At extreme northwest are spurs of the Rocky mountains, and Black Hill country begins; general slope fromW.toE.; Missouri, Platte, Nlobrara, Republican and Blue, principal rivers, and are fed by numerous smaller stream*. Platte valley stretches across entire length of state, is wide and very fertile; southern portion of state peculiarly favorable to all kinds of crops; western half magnificent series of pastures, and best suited to grazing. Whole eastern two-fifths a great natural garden. Corn the great crop; wheat, oats, hay, rye, buckwheat, barley, flax, hemp, apples, plums, grapes, berries staples and flourish. Cattle raising of vast importance and magnitude. Good herd laws. No import- ant minerals. Manufacturing growing wonderfully. Improved land averages $9; unimproved, 85,- and woodland $18 per acre. Inducements to settlers first-class. CLIMATE dry, salubrious and free from malaria. Temper- ature averages, summer, 73 deg., winter, 20 deg. Rainfall east of 100th meridian, including snow, 25 inches; heaviest in May; at west, precipitation falls to 17 inches. Rainfall gradually in- creasing CHIEF CITIES. Omaha, U. S. port of delivery, commer- cial center, pop. 3",518; Lincoln contains State University, pop. 13,003: Plattsmouth. pop. 4,175; Nebraska City, 4,183. LEADING INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, cattle-raising, dairying, manufacturing, etc. PROPERTY EXEMPT from exectiort Homestead $2.^00, and 160 acres land or two town lots, S500 in personal property if GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 169 debtor owns no land, apparel, 6 months' supplies, 3 months' feed for animals, furniture and tools. Exemption not good against w^ges. Assignments can prefer wages only, and do not release debtor. Suits barred after 10 years fr land, after 5 years on contract or foreign judgment, after 4 years for recovery of per- sonality and for fraud, after 1 year for assault. Wife's property not gift of her husband exempt; her note not good. She can make will. Arrest for debt may be made when intent to defraud is shown. LICENSE CHARGES per year: Peddlers, 30 for entire state, issued by county clerks. LIENS hold for 2 years for labor and materials on structure and ground if filed in clerk's office within 4 mouths. Judgments are liens on real estate. 170 THE WESTERN ^ OKLD GOVERNMENT LANDS reaching- a very large aggregate area are open to entry in .Nebraska, chiefly in the north and west, and, while picked over in sections, offer good opportunities. The LAND OFFICES are located at Xelig-h for the counties of Boone. Wheeler and Holt; and the territory west of said counties to Range 20; at Beatrice (land all taken); at McCook controlling 800,000 acres surrounding vacant lands; at North Platte for Lincoln, Keith and Cheyenne and the west half of Dawsoii and Custer counties, and the territory north of Lincoln and Keith, south of Cherry and east of Cheyenne, two-thir.is of the entire district being vacant; at Bloomington (comprising Adams, Web- ster, Kearney, Franklin, Phelps, Harlan, Furnas counties, all of Hall south of the Platte river, south half of Cooper and three southeast townships of Frontier) only odds and ends remain; at Valentine, Lincoln, Nebraska and Grand Island for districts around each. The lands in Nebraska are subject to cash, timber culture, pre-emption and homestead entrv. STATE LANDS include about 1,450,000 acres of educational lands, and lie in sections 16 and 36 in each township, to which should be added about 25.000 acres of University lands. The lands are controlled by the commissioner of public lands, with office at Lincoln. These lands are leased at a rental of at least &% on valua- tion, or sold either at public or private sale, but not more than 640 acres to one person. No appraisement can be made at less than $7 per acre, and no sale made for less than the appraisement; terms, d, cash for prairie, *4 cash for woodland, balance in 30 years at 6 interest, payable yearly. The county treasurer is agent for the lands in his county. Railroad lands are for sale in large quantities. MISSOURI. Name means " Muddy River." Originally French territory, settled by French first at St. Genevieve, 1755. Became Spanish property, 1763. St. Louis settled under the French. Returned to France. Ac- quired by United States by Louis- iana purchase, 1803. Organized as territory under present name, 1812, included Arkansas, Indian Terri- tory, etc. Admitted, March, 1821. Eleventh state admitted. Admis- sion aroused much discussion. "Mis- souri Compromise " effected and state permitted to retain slavery. State divided on secession and was scene of perpetual internal war- fare. Battle Wilson Creek Aug., 1862 Martial law declared Aug. 31. New Constitution adopted, June, 1865. Another, Oct., 1875. Union soldiers furnished, 109,111. Number counties, 115. Miles railroad, 4,710. State officers elected quadrennially, and legisla- ture every two years. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in November; number senators, 34; representatives, 141; ses- sions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Wednesday after January 1; holds 70 days; term of senators, 4 years ; r presentatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes. 16 ; congressmen, 14; number voters, 541,207. United States Army and inmates of asylums, pool-houses and prisons, excluded f rom voting. Number colleges, 17; school age, 6-20; school system, good; endowments large. Legal interest rate, 6#; by contract, usury forfeits entire interest. GUIDE A?;D HAND-BOOK. 171 TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.- Lcnirth N. and S., 275 miies. Average width, 246 miles. Area, (>S.-:r> sq. miles, 43,900,400 acres. Surface N. of Missouri river alternately level and rolling 1 prairies with deep, broad river val- leys :ind a general southeasterly slope. Soil variable, but gener- ally good. Bottoms extremely productive, but suffer from over- flows in parts. South of thf last named river the surface is more broken with hills, sometimes 1,000 feet high. The most noted, Iron Mountain and the Ozarks. West of Ozarks is a prairie region with wide, deep, fertile valleys. Soil here also good, except where too rugged. Chief rivers, Mississippi (500 miles), Missouri, Osage and Gasconade. Entire area well watered by small streams, springs, etc . Chief crops, corn, wheat, oats, 172 THE -WESTEKX WORLD potatoes, tobacco. Fruits do splendidly. Peaches especially tine. Vegetable gardening very successful. Improved land averages 12, unimproved, $7 per acre. Con\, iron, marble, gran- ite, limestone, lead and copper found in enormous deposits. Lead area 5,000 sq. miles. Forests magnificent. Growth walnut, poplar, oak and the hardwoods: grazing a leading business 1 oth in extent and profit. Stock of all kinds raised with success. In- ducements to settlers first-class. State ranks first in mules ; third in oxen, hogs, corn and copper: fifth in iron ore. CLIMATE variable, with sudden changes, but generally pleasant and healthy. Summers are long and warm, but not enervating. Winters moderate, with occasional severe days. Average temperature, summer, 7i5 deg.; winter, 39 deg. Rainfall greatest in Msiy. a verages 34 inches. CHIEF CITIES. -St. Louis, largest city west of the Missis- sippi, port of entry and great commercial and manufacturing point; pop. 350.518. Capital, Jefferson City ; pop. 55,785. Pop. St. Joseph. 32.431 : Kansas City. 55,787. LEADING INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, mining, manu- facturing, quarrying, grazing, fruit and vegetable growing, lum- bering, etc. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Apparel and tools, and t<~> head of family lu hogs, 10 sheep and their product, 10 ewes, 10 calves, 4 plows, axe, hoe, harness, farm implements, $150 in work stock, 25 llis. each of hemp, flax and wool and devices for ni niit'ucturing same, $100 in household furniture, books, tools, homestead to $3.000 and 18 sq. rods of ground in cities of 40,(KX) pop.: to 1,500 and 30 sq. rods ground in cities 10,00(1 to 40,000 pop.; in other towns, to Sl,5(iO and 5 acres, and in country to $1,500 and 160 acres. Assignments do not release debtors. Suits barred after 10 years for land and on written contracts, after 5 years on account, verbal contract and fraud or trespass: after 2 years for libel, assault, etc. Wife's property exempt, except for neces- saries; must hold through a trustee. She can buy, sell, make notes, etc. No arrest for debt. GOVERNMENT LANDS to an area of about 1,200.000 acres are yet open to cash, homesteap and pre-emption entry in Mis- souri. THE LAND OFFICES are at Booneville for Benton, Cedar, Crawford, Camden, Dallas. Henry, Hickory, Laclede, Maries, Miller, Csage, Phelps, Polk, Pulaski and St. Clair counties, in- cluding about 340,000 acres, two-thirds in Camden, Benton and Pulaski ; at Ironton for Butler, Bollinger, Carter, Crawford, Cape Girardeau, Dent, Dunklin, Howell (200,000 acres), Iron, Madison, Mississippi, New Madrid, Oregon (fiO.OOO acres), Penniscot, Perry, Pulaski, Phelps, Reynolds, Rlpley, Scott, Shannon (50,000 acres), Stoddard, St. Francois, St. Genevieve. Texas (250,000 acres), Wsh- ington and Wayne, in all about 700,000 acres); at Springfield for the rest of the state . STATE LANDS include School lands, over 200,000 acres, held at an average of about S3 per acre and sold by the counties to the highest bidder ; a large area of Swamp land and some small tracts of Internal Improvement land. Information as to location may be had of the county officers or the register of lands at Jefferson City, GUIDE AJSD 173 KANSAS. Name Indian, means "Smoky water." State named tor Kansas river. Called the " Garden State." Visited by Spaniards, 1541; by French, 1719. Acquired of France by United States, 18i3, by "Louisi- ana purchase." Formed part of Indian territory. Kansas territory organized. May, 1854. Law known as "Missouri Compromise," for- bidding slavery in states formed out of Louisiana purchase north of latitude 36 deg. 30 min. repealed, and question of slavery left to the territory. At first it was decided for slavery. Constitution framed by legislature at Wyandotte pro- hibiting slavery adopted July, 1859; ratified Oct. 4, and with amendments, is still in force. Admitted as a state, Jan., 1861. Border counties scene of guerilla warfare on both sides. Union, soldiers furnished, 21,149: number counties, 95: miles railroad, 4,305; first railroad built, 1864, 40 miles long. All elections, Tues- day after first Monday in Nov.; senators, 40; representative 3, 135; sessions biennial, meeting second Tuesday In Jan. in odd- numbered years; limit of session, 50 days; term of senators, 4 years; of representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 9; congressmen, 7; voters, 365,714. Idiots, insane, convicts and rebels excluded from voting. Number colleges, 8; number schoolhouses, over 8,000; school age, 5-21 years; school system magnificent; endowment immense. Legal interest, 1%\ by con- tract, 12S; usury forfeits excess of interest. POPULATION. 1880, 996,096; male, 53fi,667; female, 459,439; native, 8.Sd,010; foreign, 110,083; white, 953,155; colored, 43,107; Chinese, 19; Indians, 815. Estimated increase, 16*. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. Extreme length E. and W., 410 miles; breadth, 210 miles; area, 81,700 sq. miles; 53,388,000 acres. Surface, slightly undulating plain, with a gradual slope from west to Missouri river. High- est land, 3,800 ft.; lowest (at mouth Kansas river), 750 ft.; average elevation, 2,300 ft. No mountains. Scenery rather beautiful than grand. Bluffs 3JO feet high on Arkansas and Republican rivers. Main rivers, Missouri, Kansas, Republican, SmoKy Hill, Saline, Solomon, Arkansas, Osage, Neosno and Cottonwood. There is little navigable water. Water powers of fair propor- tions and number exist. Small streams are moderately numer- ous at east; less so at west, and irrigation necessary in large sections. Coal area of moderate extent; veins usually thin; quality fair. Soil usually fine; always so in valleys; patches of hard pan occur. Corn, wheat, oats, hemp, flax and rye, staples. Castor beans and cotton grown successfully. Soil of prairies deep loam of dark color; bottoms sandy loam. Pecu- liarly favorable to stocK-raising. Prairie pastures broad and rich in nutritious grasses. Dairying favored. Fruits moderately successful. Forests small; limited to fringes of oak, elm. cotton- wood, hickory, etc., on streams and artificial groves. Limestone and colored chalk furnish building materials. Value improved land averages $12 per acre, woodland $15. Manufacturing grow- ing. State ranks fifth in cattle, corn and rye. Homes easily made. CLIMATE salubrious; winters mild; summers warm: air pure and clear. Temperature averages, winter, 31 deg.; summer, 78 deg.; ranges 8 deg. below to 101 deg. above zero; such extremes exceptional. Rainfall averages 45 inches at east, 33 inches at west. No malaria. 174 THE "WESTERN WORLD ' CHIEF CITIES. Leavenworth. pop. 15,546; Topeka (capi- tal), pop. 15.542; State University at Lawrence; state asylums for insane and feeble-minded at Topeka and Ossawattomie; institu- tion for education of theblind, Wyandotte; f or deaf mutes, Olathe. INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, stock-raising, manufactur- ing, etc. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Homestead, 160 acres or 1 acre in town, with all improvements; books, pictures, musical instruments, apparel, beds; stoves ai.d their furnishings; sewing machine, spinning-wheel, implements of trade; g.iOO in other household furniture; 3 cows, 10 hogs, yoke oxen and horse or team, 20 sheep, 1 years' food for stock, wagons, farm implements, etc., to $300, supplies for 1 year, stock in trade to ^400, and library G:iDE AND HAKD-BOOK. 175 of profession and office furniture. Assignments do not release debtor and cannot prefer. Suits barred after 15 years for land unless sold under execution or by executor: after 5 years if sold for taxes and on written contract ; after 3 years on verbal con- tract or statute liability ; after 2 years for trespass, injury or fraud ; after 1 year for slander, assault, and after 5 years for actions not otherwise provided for. Wife's property, not gift of husband, exempt. She controls same as if single and can do business. No imprisonment for debt except for fraud. LICENSE CHARGES may be fixed by cities. LIENS hold on property for materials and labor furnished for construction or trees planted thereon if filed in 4 months and sued on in 1 year. Sub-contractors have liens to amount due contractor. Judgments are liens on real estate for 5 years. GOVERNMENT LANDS to a very large area are still vacant subject to cash, homestead, pre-emption and timber cult- ure entry. The LAND OFFICES are at Larned for the counties of Itice, Barton, Stafford, Pratt, Pawnee, Edwards and Hodgeman, containing about 35,000 acres, mostly indifferent land, besides t lie Osage reservation, about 500,000 acres, including many good tracts; at Oberlin for the counties of Norton, Graham, Decatur, Sheri- dan, Thomas, Sherman, Cheyenne and Rawlins, containing 1,700,- 000 acres, chiefly in the last four counties; at Topeka (lands about exhausted); at Kirwin for Jewell, Mitchell, Lincoln, Smith, ps- bortie, Phillips, Brooks, Graham and Norton counties, containing about 40,000 acres, chiefly in Graham and Norton ; at Independ- ence, (land about all taken); at Concordia, (only a few scattering tracts remain); at Salina for Ottawa, Saline, Lincoln, Ellsworth, Russell, Davis and Chase counties, containing about 8,000 acres rousrh land ; at Garden City for Hodgeman, Ford, Seward, Finney and Hamilton counties, and contains about 4,500,000 acres vacant land: at Wakeeuey for Rooks, Ellis, Rush, Graham, Trego, Ness, Sheridan, Gove, Lane, Thomas, St. John, Scott, Sherman, Wal- lace, Wichita and Greeley counties, and east 8 townships of Chautauqua, Elk and Greenwood, and west 10 of Barber, and em- braces some 60,000 acres, chiefly Osage trust lands. STATE LANDS include School lands (1,400,000 acres) lying in sections 16 and 36, sold by the county treasurer at public auction at actual appraised value, the purchaser paying one- tenth cash and balance at pleasure within 20 years, paying 6 in- terest annually on same. If offered and unsold they may be bought by settlers at private sale in tracts not to exceed 160 acres to one person. A large area of railroad lands are also available at low values. ARKANSAS. Name Indian, means "Smoky water." Called the "Bear State." Visited by De Soto ; by Mar- quette and Joliet, 1673. Settled at Arkansas Post by French, 1685. Formed part of grant of Duke of Orleans, regent of France, to John Law. Acquired by Spain, 1763. Re- acquired by France, 1800. Sold to U. S., 1803, as a part of Louisiana territory. Separated from Louisi- ana and became part of Missouri territory, 1812. Arkansas territory organized, 1819. Admitted as a state, June 15, 1836. Slavery ac- knowledged. Seceded May 6, 1861. Witnessed considerable fightingdur- ing the war, but no great battles. New constitution adopted, 1868. Re-entered Union, June 22. Present constitution adopted 176 THE WESTERN 1874. Number counties, 75. Miles railroad, 1,764. State elections biennial, in evcn-n limbered years, first Monday in Sept.; number senators. 31 ; representatives, 94 ; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting second Monday in J#n., holding- 60 days ; term of senators, 4 years ; of representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 7; congressmen, 5; voters, 182,977; native white, 129,675; foreign white, 6,475; colored, 46,827. Idiots, In- dians, convicts not voting. Number colleges, 5; school system" progressive; school age, 6-21. Legal interest rate, $% ; by con-* tract, 1(K; usury forfeits principal and interest. POPULATION, 1880, 802,525; male, 416.729 ; female, 386,246 ; native, 792,175; foreign, 10,a50; white, 591,531; colored, 210,606; (Continued on page 194.) GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. INDIAN TERRITORY. 177 Acquired by Louisiana purchase from France 1800; set apart for peaceful tribes. Organized 1834; no territorial government. Government in hands of tribes which include Cherokees and. Creeks, removed from Georgia 183S; Chiekasaws, Natches, .Ar- kansas and Choctaws, from Gulf region; Sacs, Illinois, Foxes and Puttawatoinies, from Illinois; Seminoles, from Florida; Miamis, from Ohio: lowas, from Iowa; Osages, Pawnees, Kiowas, Co- manches, from various sections; Arapahoes and Cheyennes, from Montana, and Modocs, from Oregon, and others, numbering twenty-two in all. Also contains Oklahoma and public land strip. (Continued ou page 195.) 178 THE 'VV.fa.sr.fciK.X WUiiLD NEW MEXICO. Origin of name not definitely known. Supposed to be that of Aztec god. Settled earlier than any other part U. S. Visited by Alvar Nunez before 1537. Explored, 1539 and 1581, by expedition MAP OF NEW MEXICO from Mexico in search of gold. Permanent settlement, 1596. Santa Fe, then an Indian town, chosen as seat of Spanish govern- ment. The natives were enslaved and forced to work in the fields and mines. They made progress in the arts of civilization and still retain traces of their acquirements. They revolted, 1680; expelled whites and destroyed churches, etc. Santa Fe re- occupied by Spanish, 1694. Another insurrection, 1837. Santa Fe (Continued on page 196.) GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 179 ARIZONA. Visited by Spanish explorers, 1526. Mineral Wealth found, but no important settlements effected because of hostile nativps. Little attention paid the section by Spanish. All north of Gila ff MAP OF ARIZONA Population 40,440 Area sq.mil< 113,929 river ceded to TT. S. by Mexico, by treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, Feb. 2, 1848. Kemainder acquired from Mexico by purchase under Gadsden treaty, Dec. 30, 1853. Formed part of New Mexico. Organized as separate territory, Feb. 24, 18>3. Number counties, 11. Miles railroad, 906. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; number senators, 12; representaves, 24; sessions of legis- (Continued on page 197.) 180 THE AVESTERN WORLD COLORADO. Named for Colorado river. Tailed "Centennial State," because admitted 1876. First explored by Vnsquez Coronado for Spain, 1540. .Region east of Rocky mountains formed part of Louisiana purchased from France, 1803. Western portion acquired from Mexico by conquest, 3848. First exploration by Americans under Col. Z. M. Pike, 1806. Pike's Peak discovered. Col. S. H. Long's expedition, 1820, and John C. Fremont, " The Pathfinder," crossed Rockies, 1843-44. First American settlement near Denver, 1859. Mining begun. Organized as territory, Feb., 1861, out of parts of ,t>13; foreign, 25,653; white, 53,566; colored, 488; Chinese, 5,416; Indians, 2.803. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. Extreme length N. and S., 485 milt's; width, 320 miles; area, 109,740 sq. miles, 70,233,000 acres; two-thirds unsurveyed. Surface elevated table land, averaging 4,500 feet above the sea, and traversed by mountain chains north and south, reaching an ele- vation of 5,500 feet to 13,000 feet. Sierra Nevadas at West. Hum- boldt longest river (300 miles); other principal streams the Col- orado. Several smaller streams which sink in earth or end in lakes. Lake Tahoe, 1,500 feet deep, 10x22 miles in area, and 6,000 feet above sea, temperature, year round, 57 deg ; other notable lakes, Humboldt, Pyramid, Walker; many smaller lakes, a large proportion of which have brackish water. A feature is the "mud lakes" (some 100 sq. miles in area), which are thick alka- line deposits in dry season, with one or two feet of water in he wet season. Many mineral springs, both warm and cold, exist. Great part of surface unavailable for cultivation. Considerable areas of grazing land (estimated at % entire state); many val- leys, offer a rich, easily worked and prolific soil. Corn, wheat, potatoes, oats and barley, staple crops; horses, mules, cattle, hog and sheep, do well. Forests extensive and valuable. Min- eral resources enormous, < omstock iode supposed to be richest silver mine in the world ; Eureka one of the most productivi . Amount of gold produced, 1882, 82.000,000; silver, 6, 750,000. Rich in lead and copper; zinc, platinum, tin and nickel, plumbago, man- ganese, cobalt, cinnebar, etc., found. Extensive deposits of borax in Churchill and Esmeralda counties. Coal and iron exist. Ranks second in gold; fourth in silver. Kaolin, building stones, slate, soda and salt are obtained. But little land improved. Govern- ment IHTK! everywhere. Rivers lull of tish. CLIMATE mild in valleys; little snow except on mountains. At north mercury sometimes falls to 15 deg. below zero; air bracing; health good; at south frosts rare; extremes of cold un- known; summer heat occasionally reaches above 100 deg.; tem- perature averages, summer, 71 deg.; June hottest month; winter, 36 detr. Rainfall slight, chiefly in spring. CHIEF CITIES. Virginia City chief commercial center, pop. 10,nl7. Carson City (capital), and contains a branch mint, pop. 4,229. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 183 LEADING- INDUSTRIES. Mining-, reducing ores, lum- bering-, agriculture, etc. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Chairs, desks and books, $M); necessary household effects; apparel; 30 days' pro- visions and fuel ; farm utensils, 2 oxen or team and harness, 2 cows, wagon, 30 days' food for stock; seed, $400; tools, AUbt l^P SKL vai ^Redan.*/A' int f st oS| * j.^ '-Hai.fltW |! Independence \1 Belted Mt. a i^^lR?* books, etc., of trade or profession; dwelling of miner, $500; outfit of miner, $500; sewing machine, arms, etc.; homestead to $5,000. Assignments may be voluntary or forced and release -debtor if there is no fraud, and 30$ dividend is paid, if % creditors representing l /& debts agree. Suits barred after 5 years for land, 2 years for mining claims, 6 years on written contracts and judgment, 4 years on accounts and verbal con-f 184 THE WESTERN WOULD tracts, 2 years for slander or assault. Wife's property acquired bo fore marriage subject to her separate control and exempt from husband's debts. Arrest for debt may be made in cases of fraud or concealment. LICENSE CHARGES per month: Peddlers on foot, SO; wii h cart, $20. Licenses issued by county auditor. Drummers' tuv, $250 on liquor salesmen ; cigars and tobacco, $150; boots ani! shoes, S75; all others, 8100 per year. LIENS hold for 6 months on structures for labor and materials,- and OD wood for cutting if filed in OOdays or bysub- contnictor in r!0 days. Judgments hold real estate 2 years. GOVERNMENT LANDS comprise the greater portion of the state and are open to entry under the various forms known to the law. The greater portion of these are not suited to agri- culture and much that is so requires irrigation. THE LAND OF FIOES are at Eureka for all that portion of the state east of range 40 east of >It. Diable meridian and includes both minimum and double minimum lands ; at Carson City for the rest of the state. STATE LANDS include 1,750.000 acres School lands (all farming timber or grazing). They are sold in tracts of 40 to t40 acres at $1.26, whether within or without the limits of railroad grants, one-fifth down, balance in 25 years at % interest payable yearly, except for timbered lands, which must be paid for in cash at $2.50 or $1.25 per acre according to quality of timber. There are also considerable bodies of Internal Improvement, Agricultural College, University, Public Building: and State Prison lands. All state lande are controlled by the State Land Office at Carson City. Railroad lands are also in the mar- ket upon a large scale. CALIFORNIA. Name Spanish, means Hot Fur- nace. Called "Golden State." Visited by Cortez about 1550. First settled by Spanish at San Diego, ]768. Owned by Spain and formed part of Mexico, and with latter became in- dependent of Spain, 1822. Chief trade in furs about this time. Few settlers. Fremont's expedition to Settlers' Fort on the Sacramento, 1844. His reports roused interest in the section. Immigration set in. Acquired by U. S. from Mexico by conquest, 184S. Gold discovered, 1S4.S. Hush of immigration set in, 1849. State constitution, without the preliminary of a territorial organization, framed, Sept . 1849. Admitted as a state, Sept. 9, 1850. Indimia and Mexicans disappearing 1 rapidly. Constitution revised, 1878. Number counties, 52 Miles railroad, 2,911. Gov- ernor and state officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two years; number senators, 40; representatives,^; ses- sions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday after Jan. 1; holds days; term of senators,4 years; of rep- resentatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 8; congressmen, 6; white voters, 262 583. Idiots, Indians, convicts and Chinese ex- cluded from voting. School system, very fair ; school age, 5-17. Legal interest, 7; by contract, any rate. POPULATION, 1880, 864.694; male, 518,176 ; female, 346,518; native, 571,820; foreign. 292,874; white, 767,181; colored, 6,018; Chinese. 75.132; Indians. 16 2 T 7. Estimated increase. 1856. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.- Extreme length N. and S., 725 miles; width, 330 miles; area, 155,- GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 185 980 sq. miles, 99.827,200 acres. Coast line, over 800 miles. San Francisco Bay (40 miles long, 9 wide) magnificent harbor. Much of state mountainous. Coast range and Sierra Nevadas run entire length of state and are connected by cross ranges. Between j-anges are the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys. Yosemite, in the Sierras, one of the greatest uaturaJ wonders of the world and. * " c Murphy Uiikville CT R Efo G O N I" \ "_*1 GOOK- I.ak.' & the greatest marvel of the state, where scenery is always grand or beautiful. Mt. Whitncv, 15,000 and Mt. Shasta 14,400 feet, highest peaks. Sierras average 8,000 feet. Coast ranvre, 3,000. Chief rivers, Sacramento, San Joaquin, Klamath and Colorado. Princi- pal lakes, Mono, Tahoe, Tulare. Very rich agriculturally and in minerals. Soil \varm, genial and rich. Two crops may be raised in a season. Irrigation necessary in parts and almost always de- sirable; effected by canals and artesian welis. Wheat most 186 THE WESTERN WORLD valuable crop; all cereals, root crops and grasses do well; corn, barley, grapes, fruit, nuts, silk, hops and oats staples. Mineral deposits include gold, silver, iron, copper, mercury, coal, stones, salt, soda, etc. Ranks high as a fruit-growing' state; fruits of temperate climates, sub-tropical fruits and nuts, grapes, north to 41 deg.; olives, etc., row to great_perfection. Fine sheep- raising country; Cashmere goats introduced and succeed. Ranks first in barley, grape culture, sheep, gold and quicksilver; third in hops, fifth in wheat and salt. Noble forests of redwood and other valuable growths. Land runs from $1.25 to several hundred dollars per acre. Improved land averages $30 unimproved $7.50 per acre . It is the paradise of the small farmer. Plenty of room for men with a little something to begin on. CLIMATE varies with elevation and latitude. Mild and pleasant on coast. Men work in shirt sleeves all the year. Aver- age temperature at San Francisco in summer, 62 deg.; winter, 50 deg. Warmer in interior, reaching at times 100 deg. Rainfall, variable, from 7 to 50 inches at San Francisco. Average atS.,10 inches. Melting snow from mountains replaces rainfall. Frosts rare. Health unsurpassed. CHIEF CITIES. San Francisco, port of entry; regular line of steamers to Australia, Panama, Mexico, China and Japan ; pop. 233,959: Sacramento (capital), pop. 21,420; pop. Oakland. 3 >,555; San Jose, 12,567; Stockton, 10,282, Los Angeles, 11,183; U. 8 navy yard at San Pablo Bay. LEADING- INDUSTRIES- Agriculture, stock raising, fruit culture, mining, lumbering, etc. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution except for pur- chase recovery: Chairs, desks and books to $200; necessary fur- niture, etc.; sewing machine, apparel; 3 months' provisions, 3 cows and calves, 4 hogs and their pigs, feed for animals 1 month, 2TO in seeds, etc.; 75 beehives, horse or vehicle of cripple, tools, books or instruments of calling; books of abstract, miner's cabin, to $500; mine to $1,000, 2 oxen, mules or horses, 1 wag9n or vehicle, $25 in poultry, 30 days' earnings, $1,000 worth shares in homestead association it no houiestead, life insurance (premium not more than $500 per year), arms, homestead, $5,000, to a single person, $l,fOO. Assignments cannot prefer and do not release. Release may be had under insolvent laws. Suits for land barred after 5 years, after 4 on written contracts, after 2 on simple contract, after 3 for fraud, after 1 for slander, libel, assault and seduction. Wife's property acquired before marriage subject to her separate control and exempt. She can do business if authorized by court. Arrest for debt can be made on declaration of fraud, removal or concealment. LICENSE CHARGES per month: Peddlers (unless selling goods made in state) in wagon, $15; on foot, 5, to county auditor. LIENS hold on premises for labor and material of all kinds if filed in 60 days, or in 30 by sub-contractor, and sued on in 90 days thereafter. Judgments hold real estate 2 years. GOVERNMENT LANDS to over 40,000,000 acres remain unoccupied, chiefly in the mountains, barrens and foot hills, but includes much good land, and is subject to all forms of entry, except timber culture. The LAND OFFICES are at Bodie, Hum- boldt, Los Angeles, Marysville, San Francisco, Stockton, Shasta, Susnnviile, Sacramento and Visalia for surrounding districts. STATE LAKT.S, also hilly and back from railways, are for sale at nominal figures; T S cash, balance in 10 years with interest. They are located in all parts of the state. A large area of railroad laud is also offered. WYOMING. Indian name. First settlements. Ft. Laramie and Ft. Bridger, 1867. Included in Idaho, 1863, and organized as a territory from portions of Dakota, Utah and Colorado,1868. Present number coun- GUIDE AND HAND BOOK. ties, 9; all elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov; number senators, 12; representatives, 24; sessions of legislature biennial. ft, 1U,IOU, UHviVC WJ1ILU, U,''*^, J-Ul^iyu \viutu, o.l&u, v;wi ^>, Good school system started; school age, 7-21. Legal interest rate, 12^; by contract, any rate. Reserve of land for school endowment when admitted as a stnte, one-eighteenth of entire area of agricultural lands. Miles of raflroad, 1885, oiii. POPULATION, 1880, 20,78'.); male, 14,15"; female, (J.(!37; native, .iiM'.t; foreign, 5,850; white, 19,437; colored, 298; Chinese, 914; Indians, 2,400. Estimated increase, 295? (Continued on page 201.) 188 THE WESTERN WORLD MONTANA. Acquired from France 1803, but unexplored during first half present century. Gold discovered 1800. Formed part of Idaho, organized 1863. Separated from Idaho and organized as Montana territory May, l3i. Area increased, 1873, by 2,OuO square miles cut of? Dakota. Capital first at Virginia City; removed to Helena 1875. . , 2; representatives, 24; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd- (Contiiiued on page 202.) GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 189 IDAHO. Acquired from France, 1803, by Louisiana purchase, visited by- trappers, prospectors and missionaries in first halt" of the cent- ury. Gold discovered, 1860, in Oro Fino creek. Organized as territory March, 18(53, out of parjp of Nebraska, Dakota and """/ ; C|M'Vlly-.'' - . f !2o BTCT." / U ^ ruvftfcSlore! crfuaruyuC -.'.-, --<' )." Creek CaroMCr? = pj^,, ^li^i^^Jp 1 a .Caade CiX" E ^-"- : ^->?T" \ r XiTV \ / .; * ^^!^? Fill> 5^;^Shss^'4- w -> . : ?B*Mi.Fni v^^;r_nJlE22SS,2.t Washington territories, and included Montana and part of 'Wy- oming 1 . Present boundaries fixed, 1868. Present number couh- ties, 14. All elections, Tuesday after first Monday in NOT.; num- ber senators, 13; representatives, 24; sessions ol legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Monday in , (Contiuued on page 203.) 190 THE WESTERN WORLD WASHINGTON. Named for George Washington. First sett! ement at Tumwater 1845; preceded, however, by Hudson Bay Co.'s trading posts. Formed part of Oregon (which see); separated March, 1&53, and organized as territory. Comprised all region from Pacific to summit of Rocky Mountains north of Columbia river. Parts of Idaho, Wyoming and Montana added 1859, giving area of 200,000 square miles, subsequently reduced to present size. First legisla- ture assembled at Olympia February, 1854. Indian wars 1855 and 1858. Gold discovered 1855. Island San Juan in dispute between United States and England 1859. Rights of the Hudson Bay and (Continued on page 2^4.) GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 191 ALASKA. Discovered by Vitus Behring 1741, an became Russian terri- tory bv right of discovery. Called first Alayeska by natives, simplified to present form. Pu. chased by United States for $7,000,000, 1867, as a deed of gratitude to Russia for her course in civil war. Has paid five per cent on investment ever since, and promises to become the source of enormous mineral, fur, agri- cultural and timber wealth. Now beginning to be explored. Governor appointed by the president of the United States. POPULATION Whites, ,000: Indians, estimated, Innuits, 18,000; Aleutian, 2,m; Ninneh, 4,000; Thlinket, 7,000; Hyda. 800. 192 THE WESTERN WORLD TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. Extreme length north and south, l.&tO miles; width, bOO miles. Area (estimated, unsurveyed), 531, 409 sq. miles; Arctic division, 125,000; Yukon, 10,000 ; Kuskokvim, 115,000; Aleutian, 15,000; Kadiak, 75,000; Southeastern, 40,000. Yukon Chief river, 80 miles wide at mouth, navigable 84.0 miles; length abuut 1,IKX) milca; coast line, 5,000 miles, including bays. Aleutian and bitka districts are the agricultural regions. Most fertile land near Cook's Inlet; good oats, barley and root crops are raised here without much difficulty. Rich grass land in the valley of Yukon, but extreme dampness and want of summer heat prevent the ripening of grain. Timber abundant on main- GUIDE AXD HAND-BOOK. 193 land ; yellow cedar the best, being of great value for boat-build- ing. Edible berries ai-e plentiful. A fine quality of white marble is found on Lynn Channel ; coal, amber and lignite on Aleutian Islands, the best coal being on Cook's Inlet. Gold, silver, copper, cinnabar and iron are found ; sulphur is abun- dant in volcanic districts. Noted for its fur-bearing animals, the chief of which are beaver, ermine, fox, marten, otter, squirrel and wolf. The main source of revenue is the fur seal, the taking of which is regulated by law. The walrus is of value in furnishing ivory and oil. Whales, cod, herring and halibut and salmon are abundant. Land not open to settlement. CLIMATE.- Pacific coast modified by Pacific gulf stream and long summer days. Temperature Ht Sitka averages winter about that of Washington, D. C. Rainfall copious, and foggy weather common on coa,-ts and islnds; Sitka, one of rainiest places in the world outside the tropics, the annual precipitation ti."> to y United States and England, and included all Pacific coast region between 42 deg. and 54 deg. 40 miii. north latitude. Population chietly Candaian till 1833, when immigra- tion from United States began. 49th parallel fixed as line i etwetn Brit- ish possessions and United States. Or..- ron territory organized August, 1848, included Washington territory; the latter under title of " District of Vancouver' < . ut off. 1852. Indian troubles. 1844, '47 and '54. State constitution adopted, l57. Idaho cut off and added to Washington territory, ls.v.1. Oregon admitted as a state, 180 . Modoc war. 1873. Num- ber counties, 25; miles railroad, 1,165. State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two years; number of sena- tors, 30; representatives. 60; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan.; holds 40 days; term of senators, 4 years; representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 3; congressmen, J; voters, f>9,629, including women. United States army, idiots, insane, convicts and Chinese not voting. Number of colleges, 7; school age, 4-20; school system good. Legal interest rate, #; by contract, 10#; usury forfeits principal and interest. POPULATION, Ib80, 174,768; male, 103,381; native, 141,265; white, 163,075; Chinese. 9.510; Indians, 1,694. Estimated increase, \\%. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC - Average length E. and W., 362 miles; average width, 2iiO miles, area, 94,560 sq. miles; 60,518,4'Xl acres. Surface divided' into E. and W. Oregon by Cascade mountains, 4,00' to 11,225 feet high. Principal peaks, Mt. Hood, 11,225; Jefferson, 10,200; Three Sioters, 194 THE WESTERN WORLD P,l-0; Diamond, 9,420; and McLaughlin, 11,000 feet. Eastern Ore- gon, two-thirds entiie state, mountainous; at N. and N. E. (Blue range), with wide rich valleys; less so at S. and S. E. Western Oregon includes Coast Range mountains, parallel with ocean, averaging 25 miles from same. Elevation 1,000 to 4,000 feet. Valleys throughout state deep, and scenery noble, including canons of enormous depth. Columbia river, 1,300 miles long; navigable 175 miles, full of cascades, and runs through entranc- ing scenery. Snake, Rogue and Umpqua are important streams; smaller ones numerous. Noted harbors, mouths of Columbia and Kogue rivers, Tillamook bay and Port Oxford. Lakes chiefly in Lake and Grant counties; Malheur, Harlay, Summer, Albert, Christmas, Goose, Silver, largest. Soil generally superior. Wheat the best crop; superior in yield and quality; other crops do well, as do also fruits and vegetables, etc. Extremely favor- able to cattle and sheep. Kich in minerals; gold in Jackson, Josephine, Baker and Grant counties; copper in Josephine, Douglas and Jackson; iron ore throughout the state; coal along Coast range. 'limber resources enormous, and but little touched Salmon fisheries among best in world. Improved land avernges $17.50, unimproved, $4. Area, arable two-fifths state, forest one-sixth state. CLIMATE in western Oregon moist; equable; rainfall, 59 inches. In eastern Oregon dry. Both pleasant and healthful, though subject to occasional extremes at east. Crops in east do not suffer, however, from drouth. At west snow and ice un- known, except on peaks, where it is perpetual. Frosts on high lands. Average temperature, summer, 65 deg.; winter, 45 deg. CHIEF CITIES. Portland, Astoria and Coos Bay, ports of entry; Roseburgh; Portland, pop. 17,577; Salem, capital. LEADING- INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, grazing, mining, fishing, lumbering, fruit growing, canning, etc. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Books, pictures and musical instruments to $75; apparel, $100, or 50 for each member of family; tools, books, instruments, team, etc., neces- sary to occupation, $400; 60 days' feed, for all animals; to house- holder, 10 sheep and fleeces; 2 cows; 5 swine; furniture, etc., $300; 6 months' provisions. Assignment cannot prefer and does not release. Suits barred after 10 years for land, on judgment and sealed instrument, after 6 on contract, statute liability and injury to personal property, pfter 1 year for slander, assault, etc. Wife's property exempt. She can contract concerning same. No imprisonment for debt except in cases of fraud. LICENSE CHARGES per year: Peddlers not less than 10 nor more than $200. LIENS hold first year on structures for labor and materials, if filed. Judgments hold land 10 years. GOVERNMENT LANDS in Oregon aggregate many mill- ion acres, chiefly timbered tracts in the mountains and foot- hills, but offering many desirable locations for homestead, cash or pre-emption entry. The LAND OFFICES are at The Dalles and Lake View, Oregon City, Koseburgand Le Grand for the regions contiguous to each. STATE LANDS are offered to a considerable extent, as are also railroad grant lands. The price and terms for both are made with a view to assist settlers. ARKANSAS. (Concluded from page 17 G.) TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.- Length N. and S., 240 miles; average breadth, 212 miles; area, 53,845 sq. miles, 34,460,800 acres. Surface low and level in eastern portion, gradually becomes more hilly toward west, and in the GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. . 195 Ozark mountains at northwest reaches an elevation of 2,000 feet. The extreme western portion is a high plain. The chief streams are: Mississippi (415 miles). Arkansas* (SOO miles in the state), Ked, Ouacbita, St. Francis and White, all navigable. Into the large streams flow innumerable lesser ones. The scenery is varied and l're00; chickasaws, 7,000; Seminoles, 2,500; Osages, 2,400; Cheyennes, 3,298; Arapahoes, 2,676; Kiowas, 1,120; Pawnees, 1,438; Comanches, 1,475. Two-fifths of entire population can read. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.-Ex- treme length east and west, 470 miles; average length, 320 miles; width, 210 miles; area, 69,991 miles, 44,154,240 acres. Surface, vast rolling plain sloping eastward. Mountains, Witchita, at S.W.; Ozark and Washita at east. Valleys timbered heavily with oak, ash, elm, sycamore, and other hard woods. Bluffs skirt valleys ; uplands are prairie which at west lack fertility; N.E. section also well wooded, but rocky. Beautiful country to look upon. Principal rivers, Arkansas, Verdigris, Neosbo, Illinois, Canadian, Cimarron, Black Bear, Little Arkansas, Poleau, North Fork, Red, Washita. Ked and Arkansas only navigable. Small streams numerous at east, but scarce at west. South of Canadian river prairies very fertile: valleys rich and productive throughout territory ; grass rich and heavy almost everywhere. Corn, cotton, rice, wheat, rye, potatoes are staples. Grazing interests large. Coal is found, but extent unknown. Furbearing animals numerous. Of the area Cherokees own 5.000.000 acres in N. and N.E.; Seminoles. 200,000 in E. central: Creeks. 3,215,495 in E ; Chickasaws, 4,377,000 in south. CLIMATE. Mild in winter, warm in summer. Temperature averages 41 deg. winter, 80 deg. summer. Rainfall, at east, ;"0 inches; center, 36; far west, 22. Health as good as anywhere in Union. CHIEF CITIES. Tahlequah, capital of Cherokees; Tisho- mingo, capital of Chiekasaws; Tushkahoma,of Choctaws; Musco- gee. of Creeks; Pawhuska. of Osages; Seminole Agency, of Semi- noles; Pawnee Agency, of Pawnees; Kiowa and Comanche Agency, of Kiowas and Comanches. LEADING- INDUSTRIES. Agriculture and grazing. NEW MEXICO. (Concluded From page 17S.) and an New ^.exico conquered from Mexico, Aug. 18. 1846, and same ceded to U. S. by treaty Guadaloupe Hidalgo, 1848. Re- volt. 1i<49. suppressed. Organized as Territory, 1850. Arizona added to the territory, 1853. Separated. 1863. 14,000 sq. miles cut oft' and added to Colorado, 1861. Santa Fe captured by Confed- erates, 1M>2, tut soon abandoned. Number counties, 13. All elections, Tuesday alter first Mondav in Nov.; number senators, 12; representatives, 24; sessions of legislature biennial, in even- numhered years, meeting first Monday in Jan.; hold 60 days; terms of senators and representatives. 2 years each. Voters, 34,07i> : native white, 26,423; foreign white, 4,558; colored, 3,095. School age, 7-18 years. Legal interest rate, t#; by contract, 12,<. Mile* railro >d. 1S7S to 1885, 1.191. POPULATION, 1880, 119,565: male, 64,496; native, 111,514; white. 108.721 ; Indians, 9,772. Estimated increase. 1885. 2!. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. Average length N. and S., 368 miles; width, 335 miles. Area, 132,000 sq. miles, 78,400.200 acres. Elevation, 3.000 to 4,000 feet. Mountain peaks, 12,000 feet. Surface T^ade up of series of level plateaus, traver-ert by mountains, with lofty peaks and fertile valleys. The Rocky mountains divide into two ranges, the one on the east, the loftier of the two endintr near Santa Fe, and the other, the Sierra Madre, extending to the southward, to the Sierra GUIDE AXD HAXD-BOOK. 197 Madre of Mexico. Almost two-thirds of the Territory is east of this range. The region to the west consists of high table lands and isolated peaks. East of the eastern range the land slopes gradually to the Mississippi. The Staked Plain, an elevated re- gion, unwatered and without wood, extends into the southeast- ern part of the territory. Principal rivers, Rio Grande Del- Xorte, Pecos, Canadian, Gila, Mirubres and San Franciso. Scrall streams are few. None of the streams are navigable within the territory. Timber is scarce, except in a few sections. The moun- tains are clothed with pine, spruce and fir; cedar grows in font hills, and cottonwood and sycamore in valleys. Soil rich where water can be had for irrigation or on streams. Corn, wheat, oats, alfalfa, grapes, vegetables, especially onions and root crops and semi-tropical fruits are prolific. Sheep raising very profitable. Grazing interests extensive. Gold found in Grant, Lincoln, Col- fax and Bernalillo counties; rich copper mines in Berualillo county, and in the Pinos Altos region. Zinc, quicksilver, lead, manganese, and large deposits of coal have been found. Irri- gable surface, 7,000 8Q. miles. Improved land only jj- of terri- tory- Woodland, 3^5 of surface, unoccupied j| of surface. Koum in all callings for enterprise. CLIMATE varies with different elevations. Temperature averages, summer, 70 deg.; winter.33deg. Range of temperature, 4 dour, below zero to 90 degs. above. It is much warmer than the average in the lower altitudes, and colder in the higher. Air dry, rarefied and pure. Rainfall, 9 to 11 inches. Pneumonia tome- times prevails. Health average good. CHIEF CITIES. Santa Fe, capital, pop. 6,635. Las Vegas, Silver City and Albuquerque. LEADING INDUSTRIES. Mining, stock raising and agriculture. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: To heads of fam- ilies, apparel, beds and bedding, 30 days' fuel, school books, pict- ures, $2) in provisions, $10 in furniture, tools to S25, and home- stead 1, '0(1. No statute on assignment. Suits barred after 20 years on judgment, after 10 years for real estate, after 6 on notes, bonds and written contracts, after 4 on accounts, verbal con- tracts, etc. Wife's property exempt. She can do business. Arrest for debt permitted. LIC ?5NSE CHARGES. Drummers, 350 per year. LIENS hold on buildings for labor and material if filed in 60 days and sued on in 1 year; on property for rent and freight. Judgments are lions on real estate. GOVERNMENT LANDS include the greater part of the territory. LAND OFFICES at Santa Fe and Las Cruces for their respective sections. All forms of entry apply. Railroad lauds are offered in large quantities. ARIZONA. (Concluded from page 179.) lature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan., holds 60 days; terms of senators and representative's, 2 years each; voters, 20,398; native white, 9,790; foreign white, J\256; colored. 2,a r )2. School age, 6-21 years. Legal interest rate, ]ivr; by contract, any rate; no penalty for usury, School endow- ment in lands reserved very large. POPULATION, l&SO, 40,440; male, 28.202; female, 12,238; na- tive. 24,391; foreign, 16,049; white. 35,160; colored, 155; Chinese, 1,630; Indians, 3.493. Estimated incrrase. :'.\ . TOPOGRAPHY, AREA. SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.- Extremo length north and south, 378 miles; width Ii-,9 miles; area, 113.9 "9 sq. miles, 72.914,560 acres; five-sixths unsurveyei]. Surface at northeast and center elevated plateau 3,000 to 8,000 feet high, 198 THK WKSTKKN WOULD witYi volcanic peaks reaching an altitude of iO,500 feet. Southern portion a plain, dipping occasionally below sea level, and rising only to a very moderate elevation (200 to 000 feet usually); moun- tains numerous; highest point San Francisco, 11,05(3 feet. Col- enido only navigable river (navigable 020 miles). Flows between perpendicular walls cut in solid rock in places 7,0 feet high. Other important rivers the Gila, Little Colorado, Colorado Chiijuito and Bill William's Fork. Smaller streams are only moderately supplied. Agriculture possible only in the valleys < >V where irrigation is practicable. One-twelfth of the territory may be successfully irrigated. Soil in valleys and bottoms very rich and prolilic. Wheat, barley, potatoes, nay, corn, onions are staple tield crops; corn follows wheat or barley, giving two crops yearly. Bottoms of Gila river and its tributaries possess largest area of farming land. Orangesnnd all semi-tropical fruits, grapes and berries do very well where water is obtainable . A large por- tion of the territory is covered with rich and abundant grasses, which afford nutritious grazing the year round, and cattle-raising is extremely profitable. Desert tracts of considerable area are found formed of shifting sands. Timber grows on the moun- tains, foot-hills, and along the streams. The varieties include pine and cedar on mountains; cottonwpod, walnut and cherry on streams. Size of trees fair, and quantity large. On plains S. of the Gila only artemisia, cactus and mesquite are found. Abund- ant mineral wealth exists, which can now be developed with pront, owing to completion of railways ; nearly all mountain ranges contain gold, silver, copper and lead. Superior quality of lime found near Prescott and Tucson; beds of gypsum in San Pedro valley; remarkable deposits of pure, transparent salt near Call- ville. Territory ranks second in production of silver. Oppor- tunities in agriculture, fruit-raising and mining goo. :>,000. LEADING INDUSTRIES. Mining, grazing agriculture, lumbering, smelting, etc PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Spinning wheels and looms, stoves, arms, etc., apparel, library to $150; to house- holder, 10 goats or sheep and fleeces thereof, 2 cows, 5 swine, 6 months' provisions, $000 in furniture, $600 in tools, stock, team, etc., of trade, 3 months' feed for animals, sewing machine, musical instrument, homestead to $5,000. No assignment laws. Suits barred after 5 years on judgment, after 4 on written con- tract, after Son statute liability and for f rand, after 2 on account or verbal contract, and after 1 year for libel, slander and assault. Wife's property exempt. She can dispose of same as if single if 2i years old. Arrest for debt permitted when fraud is declared. 'LICENSE CHARGES per month: Peddlers (unless goods made in Territory), $10 ; on foot, S5, to county treasurer. Drum- mers tax $200 per year. Tucson, $50 per quarter; Tombstone, $10 per day. LIENS hold on structures and personalty for labor, material and repairs. Judgments are liens on real estate for 2 years. PUBLIC LANDS. The greater portion of Arizona is gov- ernment land open to all forms of entry. The LAND OFFICES are at Prescott for the northern and at Tucson for the southern por- tions of the territory. Much railroad land is for sale. GUIDE AXD HAND-BOOK. 199 COLORADO. (Concluded from page ISO.) Kansas, Nebraska, Utah and New Mexico. Indian troubles 1863-4. Union soldiers furnished, 4,903. Admitted as a state. Aug. 1,1876. Youngest state. Number counties, 39. No railioad in 1870. Mileage, 1885, 2,842. All elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; number senators, 26; representatives, 40; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan.; limit of session, 40 days ; term of senators, 4 years ; of representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 3; congressmen,!; voters, 93,608; native white, 65,215; foreign white, 26,873; colored, 1,520. Convicts excluded from voting. Number colleges, 3 ; school system, fair endowment; school age, 6-21 years. Legal interest, 1W; by con- tract, any rate. POPULATION, 1880, 194,327; male, 129,131; female, 65,196; native, 154,537; foreign, 3P.790; white, 191,126; colored, 2,435; Chinese. 612; Indians, 154. Estimated increase, 12^. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.- Lengtta E. and W., 380 miles; width, 2eO miles; area, 103,845 sq. miles. 66,460,800 acres, three-fifths unsurveyed. Rocky mountains travrrse state N. and S. with 3 ranges having many peaks more than 13,000 feet high. Within the mountains and surrounded by them are the " Parks " extensive level plains, 8,000 to 10,000 feet above the sea and valuable for agriculture. The mountains have extensive foot-hills. The plains form the eastern third of the state. They are somewhat alkaline, but make fine grazing grounds. Colorado scenery is famous. It is bold, striking and grand beyond words. Much ricn soil along streams and wher- ever Irrigation is possible. Public enterprises on a large scale looking to extensive irrigation under way. Cereals do very well. Corn, wheat, oats, hay, staple crops. Cattle, sheep and hog raising safe and profitable. Dairying pays, as does gardening. Timber resources moderate. Mountains fairly clothed with pine and other trees. Mineral wealth inexhaustible. State ranks first in silver, fourth in gold. Iron, soda, coal, copper, lead, stone, mica, etc., exist in Targe deposits. Principal rivers, Arkansas, South Pliitte, Snake, White, Green, Rio Grande Del Norte and Colorado. CLIMATE dry and range of temperature comparatively small. Winters mild, summers cool. Average temperature, winter. 3ldeg.; summer, 73 deg. Rainfall, mainly in May, June and July, averages 18 inches. On mountains winters severe, ac- companied by heavy snowfall; violent winds common; fogs unknown. Health unsurpassed. CHIEF CITIES. Denver, capital and metropolis, and con- tains auy ollice ; pop. &5,650; Leadville, 14,820; Silver Cliffs. 5,040; Colorado Springs, 4,226. State University at Boulder; Agricultural College at Fort Collins ; School of Mines at Golden City. LEADING INDUSTRIES. Mining, smelting ores, agri- culture, grazing-, etc. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Furniture, 8100; 6 months' provisions, tools and stock in trade, 8200; library and instruments of profession, $300; work animals, 8200; cow and calf. 10 sheep, 6 months' feed for same, wagon and S50 in harness, etc., homestead, 82,000, the word homestead being entered in margin of recorded title. Assignments cannot prefer, wages first paid to 50. Suits barred after 1 year for assault, slander and libel ; after fi years for judgments, and after 3 years on all other actions. Wife's property exempt. She can do business as if sinsrlo. No imprisonment for debt. LICENSE CHARGES per year: Peddlers, $5 to $100 as fixed by county commissioners. LIENS hold on structures for labor and material if filed in re- corder's office and sued on in 6 months. Judgments, if so filed, hold real estate in the county in which they are filed. 200 THE WESTERN WORLD GOVERNMENT LAND constitutes a very large portion of the state and ai e subject to all forms of entry. The LAND OFFICES are at Central City for Gilpin, 01 ear Creek, Summit and a part of Boulder, Jefferson, Eagle and Grand counties, including over 2,500,000 acres; at Denver, Leadville, Pueblo, Del Norte, Lake City, Durango and Gunnison for the territory surrounding each. The lands are criiefly grazing or mineral, 'out a small area being suited to agriculture. STATE LANDS to a large area are held for sale by the State Board of Land Commissioners at Denver at $1.'-5@$15 per acre. UTAH. (Concluded from page 1S1.) 1857, and 2,500 troops, under Albert Sidney Johnston sent to Salt Lake to support him. Mormons yielded.' Young died, 1ST". Suc- ceeded in presidency of church by John Taylor, one of his 12 apostles. Number counties, 24. Miles railroad, 1,134. Territor- ial elections annual, first Monday in Aug.; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; sessions of legislature, biennial, in odd- numbered years, meeting second Monday in Jan.; holds 60 days ; terms of senators and representatives, 2 years each. Voting pop., 32,7'.3 ; native white, 13,795 ; foreign white, 18,283 ; colored, 695. School system, fair, school age, 6-18 years ; number col- leges, 1. Legal interest, 10#; by contract, any rate. POPULATION, 1880, 143,963; male, 74,509; female, 69,454; native, 99,969; foreign, 43.994; white, 142,423; colored, 232; Chinese, 501 ; Indians, 807. Estimated increase, 10^. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC - Average length, 35 miles ; width, 200 miles. Area, 82,190 miles, 52,601,600 acres. Surface rugged and broken, with some rich val- leys. Traversed by Wahsatcb, Uintah, Roan, Little, Sierra Lasal. Sierra Abajo, San Juan, Sierra Panoches and Tushar mountains. Southeast portion elevated plateaus, western portion discon- nected ridges. Chief streams, Colorado. Green, Grand, White, Uintah, San Rafael, Rio Virgin, Sevier and San Pete rivers. Many of lesser note. Great Salt Lake is 130 sq. miles in area. Other lakes, Utah, Bear, Sevier. In N. W. is a large area of des- ert land. Soil in valleys and on plateaus where irrigation pos- sible verv productive. Valleys of Cache, Salt Lake. Jordan, Sevier, Rio Virgin, etc., yield fine crops of cereals and vege- tables. Wheat best crop. Fruits may be made successful. Graz- ing important interest. Dairying profitable and interest is grow- ing rapidly. Forests sufficient for home purposes. Gold, copper and silver in Wahsatch mountains. Silver predominates. Coal in valley of Weber river. Salt found in large deposits and the lake supply inexhaustible. Territory ranks third in silver. CLIMATE mild and healthy. Warmer W of Wtshsateh mountains. Summers dry and hot in S. W. Rainfall average 16 inches at S. and 17 at N., chiefly in Oct. and April. Spring opens in April. Cold weather begins late in Nov In mountains win- ters severe and snows heavy. Temperature at Salt Lake averages, winter. 35 deg.: summer, 75 deg. CHIEF CITIES. Salt Lake City, capital; pop. 20,768. Ogden, pop. 6,069. LEADING INDUSTRIES. Mining, stock raising and agriculture PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Books and office fixtures, 8100; necessary furniture, etc., 60 days' fuel and pro- visions, farm implements, 2 oxen, 2 mules or 2 horses and harness, cow and calf for every 5 persons in family, wagon, 60 days' feed for stock, seed to $1(H), tools, instruments and library of calling, $400 in outfit of miner and 30 days' supplies, sowing machine. To heads of families, in addition, 5 cheep for each membei of family, GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 201 2 hogs, 3 pigs, 60 days' earnings, homestead, $1,000 and $200 cash for each member of family. No exemption from debts for purchase money. Assignments may prefer, but do not release debtor. Suits are barred after 7 years for real estate; after 6 on judg- ment; after 4 on written contract; after 3 for statute liability; after 2 on account, verbal contracts, etc.; after 1 for assault, slander, etc., after 4 in all other cases. Wife's property exempt. She can act as if single. Arrest for debt maybe made in cases involving f .and. LIENS hold, for labor and material, on structun-s and mines, if filed in 3 and sued on in 12 months. Judgments hold real estate for 5 years. GOVERNMENT LANDS are open to the various forms of entry and include a large part of the territory. Desirable farm- ing tracts scarce. The LAND OFFICE is at Salt Lake City for the entire territory. WYOMING. (Concluded from jxige 1S7.) TOPOGRARHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. Length, 350 miles; width, 275 miles; area, 97,575 sq. miles; 62,438,000 acres. Surface traversed by Kocky mountains, forming the con- tinental divide, and is high and mountainous, varying in eleva- tion from 4,800 to 12,OUO feet. The chief mountains are Mud Hirer, Big Horn, Laramie, Bishop, Medicine Bow and the Black Hills (partly in Dakota). The chief streams are the Big Horn, Tongue, Powder, Green, Little Missouri, North Platte, Sweet- water, Snake and Big Cheyenne. At the N. \V. is the YTellow- stone National Park, 3.60J sq. miles in area, and one of the great- est natural wonders of the continent. It varies from 6,000 to over 12,000 feet in elevation, and its scenery is one vast panorama of Titanic mountains, gorges, spray-like streams, cataracts, cas- cades, geysers, etc. The greatest of the latter are the Beehive, Giantess, iiiant, Grand, Old Faithful and Turban. Along the streams and in the valleys are tracts of arable lands, which may be ma 'e to produce prolificacy with irrigation. 'Ihe mountains are covered with pine and other forests of considerable extent^ and in their bosomsare Imriedboth precio'is and base minerals in great deposits. The soil where water can be had is good, but the surface is chiefly suited to grazing. Half the territory is grazing land The resources arc yet open to development. About one- seventh of the territory is surveyed, while less than one-fifteen- hundredth is improved. The opportunities are thus seen to be prime for settlers, miners, capitalists and farmers. Cattle ranges are occupied pretty well, but title to land ousts the possessors. Wheat, rye, oats and barley flourish, but frost too frequent for corn. Big Horn country, in N. W., area, 15,000 sq. miles; fine agricultural country; water plentiful; game and fur-bearing animals numerous; iron ore abundant, mainly red hematite; copper, lead, plumbago and petroleum found; gold, in the Sweet- water country and near Laramie City; valuable deposits of soda in valley of the Sweetwater. Coal abundant and of good quality at Eviinston, Carbon, Rock Springs and other points. CLIMATE cold; severe in mountains, milder in valleys. Healthful; air pure, dry and bracing. Rainfall, 15 inches. Tem- perature averages, summer, 66 deg., winter, 18 deg.; ranges from 31 deg. below to 89 deg. above. July warmest month; January coldest; latter averages 10 deg. CHIEF CITIES. Cheyenne (capital), pop. 4,500; Laramie City, pop. 3,sm. CHIEF INDUSTRIES. Grazing, mining and agriculture; but little is done in iniitiuf:u ruring. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Apparel 8150; to head of family, $.100 in household furniture, etc., tools, stock in 202 TIJE WESTERN WORLD trade, etc.,used in calling, S3CO; homestead, $1,500. Creditors com- ing in under assignment must release assignor. Suits barred after 21 years for land, 5 on bond and written contract, 4 on verbal con- tract, and after 1 year for assault. Wife's property exempt, and she can act as if single. Arrest for debt allowed in cases of fraud, removal, concealment, etc. LICENSE CHARGES per month: Peddlers, 825. LIENS hold on structures for labor and materials if filed in 60 days and sued on in one year, and on property for transporta- tion. Judgments hold real estate 3 years. GOVERNMENT LANDS comprise almost the entire area of the territory, and are subject to all forms of entry. The LAND OFFICES are at Cheyenne and Evauston for their respective halves of the territory. Sections 16 and 36 are reserved for school purposes, but are not yet for tale. MONTANA. (Concluded from -page 1SS.) numbered years, meeting second Monday in Jan., holds 60 days; ' terms of senators and representatives, 2 years each. Voters, 21,544; native white, 13,162; foreign white, 7,471; colored, 1,908. School age, 4-21 years ; graded schools in Deer Lodge City, Vir- ginia City and Helena. School lands reserved for sale when ter- ritory becomes state valuable and extensive. Legal interest 10#; by contract, sny rate. POPULATION, 1880, 39,139; male, 26,177; female, 10,982; native. 27,b38; foreign, 11,521; white, 35,385; colored, 346; Chinese; 1,765; Indians, 1,663; Indians on reservations, 19,791. Estimated increase, 24. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC. Extreme length E. and W., 540 miles; average width, 274 miles: area, 145,310 sq. miles, 92,998,400 acres, six-sevenths yet unsurveyed. Indian reservations, 24,150,000 acres, two-fifths good farm land, of which about 4,000 acres is cultivated. Eastern half, or three- fifths of territory, rolling plains, rest mountainous. Traversed by Rocky, Bitter Root, Snow and other ranges. Valleys average about 4,000 feet above sea. Peaks reach elevation of 12,000 feet, Plains descend f rom elevation of 4,000 feet at foot of mountains eastward to 2,000 feet at Dakota liue. Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers unite to form Missouri. Other great streams, Yellowstone, Missoula, Flat head, Big Blackfoot, Bitter Root, and Milk rivers. Fiathead Lake 10 by 30 miles in area; many small lakes in northwest. Surface fairly supplied with small streams. Pine, cedar, fir and hemlock grow abundantly and to good size in mountains; cottonwood, elder and willow fringe streams. Tim- ber supply ample. Soil good generally. Immense area of arable land. Wheat best crop (spring variety); oats, potatoes, hay, also staples. Too cold as a rule for corn. Area grazing land, over two-thirds territory. Grazing interests great. Splendid grazing grounds yet untaken. Mineral wealth great. Fanks fifth in sil /er and in gold. Price of land nominal. Chances for enterpris- ing settlers superb. CLIMATE dry. Rainfall about 12 inches. Warmer than same latitude farther east. Snows heavy in mountains; light in valleys and on plains. Temperature averages, summer, 62 deg.; winter, 18 deg. Colder in mountains. Health excellent. CHIEF CITIES. Three United States districts; court held twice a year at Helena, twice at Virginia City, pop. 2,000, ai;i three times at Deer Lodge, pop. 1,500, Helena, pop. 4,000, capital and most important town. LEADING INDUSTRIES. Mining, lumbering, grazing, agriculture, smelting, etc. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Homestead, 100 acres, team, wagon, farm implements, tools of trade, books, etc., GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 203 of profession, apparel, furniture necessary for family, etc. Suits barred after 6 years 'on judgments and written contracts, after 2 years on account. Wife's property exempt, except for neces- saries of life for herself and children under 8 years old. By recording proper intention she can do business. Husband then not liable for her debts made in course of trade. Arrest for debt allowed in cases of fraud, willful injury, etc. LICENSE CHARGES per year: Drummers, 8100 for each county; Helena, 15 extra; Butte City, $10 extra; Missoula, $5 extra. LIENS hold on property for labor and materials if filed in recorder's office in 90, or by sub-contractor in 30 days, and sued on by contractor in 12 and by sub-contractor in 3 months. Judgments hold real estate years. GOVERNMENT LANDS. Almost the entire territory is government land open to all forms of entry. The LAND OFFICES are located at Miles City, Helena and Bozeman for the districts surrounding 1 each. Sections 16 and 36 are reserved for the school fund, but are not yet on the market. IDAHO. (Concluded from "page 189.) Dec.; holds 60 days; terms of senators and representatives, 2 years each. Voters, 14,795; native white, 7,3:>2; foreign white, 4,338; colored, 3,126. School age, 5-21 years. Legal interest rate, 10% ; by contract, 18 ; usury forfeits three times excess of inter- est. School endowments of land first-class. Miles railroad 811. POPULATION, 1880, 32,610; males, 21,818; female, 10,792; na- tive, 22,636; foreign, 9,974; white, 29,013; Indians. 165. Estima- ted inrease, 16. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.- Length. 140 to 490 miles : width. 45 to 286 miles. Area, 84.290 sq. miles, 53.944,600 acres. Five-sixths of area unsurveyed. Surface table land and mountains. The former, 2,000 to 5,100 feet above the sea, is traversed by high mountains and deep valleys. ( hief mountains, Kootenai, Cosur d' Alene, Salmon, Clearwater, Hear River and Three Buttes. Chief rivers, Snake (navigable), Bru- neau, Boise, Weiser, Payette, Shoshone (has a falls of 200 feet), Salmon and Clearwater. About one-twelfth is arable 'and one- tenth more grazing land. One-third is barren, but may in part be reclaimed by irrigation. Many lakes are found as well as numerous water powers The mountains afford much pine and cedar, the forests being estimated at 9,000,000 acres. The soil, where water can be had, is fertile ; there is also much fertile hind at the extreme north. S. E. occupied by Mormons. Wheat, oats, rye. barley, potatoes and hay are good crops, and dairying and stock raising profitable. Markets .afforded by mining camps. Corn not successful, season too short. Most of the gold is found in quartz veins in Idaho, Boise and Alturas counties; silver, in Owyhee county; some of the mines being very rich. Wood river district on southern slope of Salmon River mountains, at headwaters of Wood or Malad river, gives promise of valuable mining operations, chiefly placers. Coal in vicinity of Boise City. Territory ranks sixth in gold and silver. ' Land cheap, and may be had under various forms of entry. Scenery grand. CLIMATE severe, with heavy sno\*l in mountains ; on plains less severe, but cold and bracing. In the valleys it is milder, with moderate snow fall. Summers cool and pleasant. Temperature averages 20 deg. in winter, 70 deg. in summer. Rainfall small in the Rocky and Bitter Root mountains, and very light at the N. and W. Irrigation essential. Health superior. CHIEF CITIES. Hoist'' City (capital), Florence, Silver City. LEADING INDUSTRIES. Mining, grazing, agriculture, smelting and lumbering. 204 THE WESTEUN WOULD PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution same as in Califor- nia, except that only half as much life insurance is allowed. Assignments cannot prefer, but acceptance of dividend dis- charges debt. Suits barred after 5 years for lands and on writ- ten contract; 4 years on verbal contract; 3 years for recovery of goods and fraud. Wife's property separate and exempt; she can make good note and do business as if single. Arrest per- mitted for fraud, willful injury, concealment, etc. LICENSE CHARGES Drummers $5 per trip at Lewiston. LIENS hold on structures for labor and material, but sub- contractors hold only to extent of amount due contractor. Claim must be filed in 30 and suit brought in 90 days. GOVERNMENT LANDS comprise by far the larger part of the territory and are subject to the various forms of entry. They are largely mountainous, but include some good farming area. The LAND OFFICES are at Boise City, Lewiston, Hailey and Oxford for the territory adjacent to each. Sections 16 and 36 reserved for school funds. WASHINGTON. (Concluded from jxiye 190.) Puget S r und Go's purchased. Islands in Washington Sound ceded to United Stat3S by decision of Emperor of Germany, arbitrator, 1.H72. Number counties, 33. Miles railroad, 075. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Number senators, 12: repre- sentatives, 24; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in October. Terms of senators and representatives, 2 years each. Voting population, 27,6.0; native white, 15,858; foreign white, 8,393; colored, 3.419. Number colleges. 2; school age, 4-21 years; school endowment reserved large. Legal interest, 10; by contract, any rate. POPULATION, 1880, 75,116; male, 45,973; female, 29,143; native, 59,313; foreign, 15,803; white, 67,199; Chinese, 3,186; Indians, 4,405. Estimated increase. 14. TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.- Extreme length E. and W., 341 miles; width, 242 miles; area, 66,880 square miles, 42,803,000 acres. Coast line nearly 200 miles. Divided into Eastern . four years in 1851, and six years (the last two of which are spent sit sc;i) March 3, 1873, where it now remains. The Naval Academy, first located at Annapolis, Maryland, was removed to Newport, R. I., in May, 1801, but re-established at Annapolis in Septembei-, IMO, where it now is. occupying lands formerly known sis Fort Severn. The academy is under the direct care and supervision of the navy department. There are to be allowed in the academy one naval cadet for every member or delegate to the House of Representatives, appointed at his nomination, one for the District of Columbia, and ten appointed at large by the president. The number of appointments which can be made is limited by law to twenty-five each year, named by fhe secretary of the navy after competitive examinations, the cadets being from 14 to 18 years of age. The successful candidates become students of the acadamy, and receive the pay of naval cadets $500 per annum. Cadets who graduate are appointed in the order of merit to the lower grades of the line and engineer corps of the navy and of the marine corps as fast as vacancies occur. But such appointments cannot be made in excess of vacancies, and graduates who receive no appointments get an honorable discharge with one year's sea pay. The course of instruction is thorough, involving GUIDE AND HAXD-BOOK. 209 a close pursuit of mathematics, steam engineering, physics, mechanics, seamanship, ordnance, history, law, etc. NEW STANDARD TIME. In 1884, by general agreement and partial legislation, four standard meridians were adopted within the United States, by which railway trains are run and local time regulated. These meridians are 15 degrees, or 1*00 miles apart, there being a difference of just one hour in time from one meridian to another, as there are 360 deg. in the earth's circumference, which divided by 24 hours gives 15 degrees to an hour. The Eastern meridian, 75 deg. W. from Greenwich, passes 4 minutes west of New York City. The Central meridian, 90 deg. W. longitude, passes through New Orleans and St. Louis. The Mountain standard meridian. 105 deg. W. longitude, passes near Pike's Peak, Rocky Mountains. The Pacific meridian, 130 deg. W. longitude, is near the coast, San Francisco being 9}^ minutes west of it. For places east of any meridian, one minute of time for each quarter of a degree of longitude (= 15 miles nearly), or 4 minutes for each degree, must be subtracted from the standard time to give the exact local time. For a place west of any meri- dian, add one minute for each quarter of a degree to the standard time. Any United States map gives the distances in longitude of most places from the several standard meridians, sufficiently near to make practical application of the rule. The standard time is used usually independent of local time. DEPTH AND AREA SEAS AND OCEANS. Depth in ft. Area in sq. miles. Salt Lake 1,400 1,875 Lake Ladoga 1,200 12,000 Lake Superior 1,000 32,000 Lake Michigan 1,000 22,400 Lake Huron 1,000 20,000 Lake Baikal 750 12,000 Lake Tchad 350 14,000 Lake Ontario XJ6 6,^00 Lake Nicaragua 300 6,000 Caspian Sea 250 IT'i.OOO Dead Sea 200 303 Sea of Anil 100 30,000 Mediterranean Sea 1,000,000 Pacific 78,000.000 Atlantic : 35,010,000 I-idian 28,000,000 Antarctic 8,500,000 Arctic 4,500,000 The greatest known depth of the ocean is midway between the islands of Tristan d'Acunha and the mouth of the Rio de La i'lata. The bottom was here reached at a depth of 46,236 feet, or eight and three-fourths miles, exceeding by more than 17,000 feet the height of Mt. Everest, the loftiest mountain in the world. In the North Atlantic ocean, south of Newfoundland, soundings have been made to a depth of 4,5isO fathoms, or 27,480 feet; while depths equaling 34,000 feet, or six and one-half miles, are reported south of the Bermuda Islands. The average depth of the Pacific ocean, between Japan and California, isa little over 2,000 fathoms; between Chili and the Sandwich Islands, 2,500 fathoms; and be- tween Chili and New Zealand, l.rw fathoms. The average depth of all the oceans is from 2,000 to 3,000 fathoms. 210 THE WESTERN WOULD NOTABLE EVENTS AND DIS- COVERIES. Alg-erine war declared by United States, 1815, March 3. Alien and Sedition Acts passed by Congress, 1796; expired by limitation 1801, Jan. 26. Almanacs first printed by Purback, in Vienna, 1457. Amendments to the constitution, 13 proposed by Congress, 1789, Sept. 25, 10 declared adopted 1791, Dec, 18. America discovered by the Northmen A. D. 985 ; by Columbus, 1492, Oct. 12. Anti-Slavery Society (American) organized at Philadelphia, 183 J, Dec. 6. Anaesthesia discovered, 1814. Dacca's rebellion in Virginia, 1676. Balloon ascension first made near Lyons, France, 1783. Dank of Venice, first in Europe, 1171. Bank of England established, 1G94. Bank of North America established, 1781. Bank of United States, Philadelphia, 1st charter 1791, Feb. 25; 2d charter, 18)6, expired 18;>6, March 3. Berlin Decree by Napoleon, 1806, Nov. 21. Berlin Congress opened 1878, June 13. Black Hawk war with the Winnehagoes, 1832. Boston fire, 1872, Nov. 9. Loss, $73,600.000. Braddock's defeat at Monongahela. 1755, July 9. Brown, John, executed at Charlestown, Va., 1859, Dec. 2. Copyright law first passed by Congress (term 14 years), 1790, May 31. Cotton gin Invented by Eli Whitney, 1793. Crimean war, Russia against Turkey, France and England, ia53-55. Deposits removed from U. S. Bank by Jackson, 1S33, Oct. 1. Dorr rebellion in Rhode Island. 1812. Dred Scott decision of U. S. Supreme Court, published, 1857, March 1. Education, Bureau of, established 1867, March 2- Electoral Commission Act, approved, 1877, Jan. 29. Electric light, invented by Lodyguin and Kossloff, Russians, London, 1874. Emancipation proclamation, 1863, Jan. 1. Embargo A.ct passed by Congress, 1807, Dec. 22. Engraving, Wood, 1423 begun; Line or Steel, 1450. Envelopes first used for letters, 1839. Erie, battle of Lake, Com. Perry's victory, 1813, Sept. 10. Ether first used in surgical operations, 1844. Express, first American, by W. F. Harnden, New York to Boston, 1821. Fenian raids into Canada, 1866, May 31; resumed 1870, Feb. 3- Ferries, operated by steam, first used between New York and Brooklyn, 1824. Filibustering raids of Wm. Walker, 1853-60. Fire Company, Union, Philadelphia, first volunteer company in America, 1736. Flag, American, first used by Washington at Cambridge, 1776, Jan. 1. Legally established by Congress, 1777, June 14. France, first revolution, 1789. Reign of Terror, 1793. Franco-German war, 1870-71. Free-Soil Party, first national convention, Buffalo, 1848, Aug. 9. French and Indian War in America, 1754-63. Fugitive Slave law passed Congress, 1850, Sept. 12. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 211 Gas, illuminating-, first used, Cornwall, Eng., 1793; in U. S., Boston, 1822. Geneva tribunal on Alabama claims, convened 1871, Dec. 15. German Empire re-established, 1SU, Jan. IS. Ghent, treaty of, U. S. and Great Britain, 1815, Feb. 18. Glass first used for windows in England, 674; made in Virginia, 1615; Massachusetts, 1639. Gold first discovered in California, '848. Greenback Party, national platform, 1876, May 17. Greytown, Nicaragua, bombarded by Com. Hollins. 1854, July 13. Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty of, U S. and Mexico, 1848, Feb. 2. Gunpowder used by Chinese, A.D., 80. Greek flre used by Byzantines, A.D.,668, known 4<.0 B.C. Harpers Ferry, Va., insurrection (John Brown), 1859, Oct. 16. Hartford convention (anti-war), 1814, Dec. 15. Homoeopathy introduced into the U. S , 1825. Hospital, Pennsylvania, first in America, established 1751, Feb. 7. Hungary, rebellion in, 1848-49. Independence, Declaration of, 1776, July 4. Insurance, Fire, first office in America, Boston, 1724. Life, first, London, 1772; first in America, Philadelphia, 1812. Marine, A.D. 533; fii-st in England about 159S; first in America, Philadelphia, 1721. Interior, Department of, established, 1849, March 3. Iron steamships, first. Great Britain, 1843. Italy, war with Austria, (7 weeks' war)), 1866. Jamestown, Va., first permanent English settlement in America, founded 1607. Jesuits, Order of, founded by Ignatius Loyola, 1541. Judiciary Act passed by Congress, 1801, Feb. 13. Kerosene first used for illuminating purposes, 1826 . Knives, first in England, about 1550. Know-Nothing Party (American), in New York, 1853; National platform and candidate for presidency, (M. Fillmore), 1856. Ko-zta, Martin, taken from Austrian vessel by Capt. Ingra- hain, 1853, July 2. Lee's surrender to Gen. Grant at Appomattox C H., Va., 1S65, April 13. Liberty Party, national convention, Buffalo, N. IT., 1843, Aug. 30. Library, first American, Harvard College, Cambridge, 1638. first subscription, Philadelphia, 1731. Lightning rods, first used by Benj. Franklin about 1752. Lincoln, assassination of, 18(55, April 14 London, Great fire of, 1666, Sept. 26. Plague in, 1665. Lopez captured and garroted at Havana, 1851, Aug. 16. Louis XVI beheaded 1793, Jan. 2l. Magna Charta signed. 1215. Matches, friction, first used, 1829 Mexico, war with, declared by Congress, 1846, May 13, closed 1848, Feb. 2. City of, captured by Gen. Scott, 1847, Sept. 14. Cession of territory to U. S., 1848, Feb. 2. Cession of Gadsden pur- chase to the U.S., la^s, Dec. 30. War with, by France, Spain and Great Britain, 1861-63. Proclamation ot Empire, under .Maximilian, 1863, July 10. Republic restored, Maximilian shot, 1867, June 19. Milan decree by Napoleon, 1807, Dec. 17. Missouri Compromise (restricting slavery to south of 36 deg. 30 min.), passed 1820, March 3, repealed ia54, May 24. Modoc war in California begun, 1872, Nov. 29. Monroe doctrine declared in Pres. Monroe's message, 1823, Dec. 2. Mormons arrive at Salt Lake Valley, Utah, 1847, July 24. Musical notes first used, 1338 ; printed, 1502. 212 THE \VESTEEN WORLD Nantes, Edict of, tolerating Protestants, 1598, April 13; Revoca- tion of, 1685, Oct. 22. Napoleon I declared first Consul, 1799, Nov. 10; proclaimed Emperor, 1804, May 18; abdicated after Waterloo, 1815, June 22. Napoleon III elected President French Republic, 1848, Dec. 10. Coup d'etat dissolving Assembly, 1851, Dec. 2; proclaimed Emperor 1852, Dec. 2 ; deposed and Republic proclaimed, liS'.O, Sept. 4. Naval Academy, IT. S., at Annapolis, opened, 1845, Oct. 10. Navigation Act, first by British Parliament, 1660. Needles, modern, first came into use, 1545. Netherlands, revolt of, 1565-80. Newspaper, first authentic, 1494; first daily, Frankfort Ga- zette, 1615; first in England, Weekly Neices, 1622 ; first French, Gazette de France, Paris, 1631; first attempt at parliamentary re- porting, 1641 ; first advertisement appeared in 1648 ; first Amer- ican, " Publick Occurrences, Foreign and Domestick," Boston, 1690, Sept. 25; first English daily, London, Daily Cuurant, 1702; first continuously printed in America, Boston JVews Letter, 1702 ; first daily in United States, The Pennsylvania Packet, 1784. Omnibuses first used in New York, 1830. Orders in Council, British, issued 1807, Jan. 7. Ordinance of 1787, passed by Continental Congress, 1787, Sept 15. Organs, first authentic use of, 755; in England, 951 . Ostend Manifesto, as to Cuba, by Pierre Soule, James Bu- chanan and J. Y. Mason, 1854, Oct 21. Paper made by Chinese, from silk, 120, B.C.; from vegetable fiber, A.D., 651 ; from cotton, A.D., 711 ; from rags, 1085. Paris, treaty of, ceding French American possessions to Great Britain, 1763, Feb. 10; second treaty of, closing Crimean war, 1856, March 30. Patent right law, first enacted in U. S., 1790, April 15. Peace conference convened at Washington, 1801, Feb. 4. Pencils, leaden styles used, A.D., 50; modern, used in Eng- land, 1565. Pens, steel, first made, 1803 ; gold, first used about 1825. Phonograph invented by T. A. Edison, 1877. Photographs first produced in England, 1802, perfected, 1841. Piano forte invented in Italy, about 1710. Pilgrims, landing at Plymouth, Mass., 1620, Dec. 21 (com- monly called Dec. 22). Pins used in England about 1450; in America, machine-made,1832. Pontiac's conspiracy to unite Indians against the English, 1762. Postotfice first established, between Vienna and Brussels, 1516. Postage stamps first used in England 1840; in the United States, 1847. Printing ; clay tablets used by Assyrians and Babylonians, B.C.; Wooden blocks used by Chinese, A. u., 952. Block books; Biblia Pauperum, 1420; movable types, L. Coster, of Haarlem, 1423; J. Gutenberg, of Mentz, J438; First Bible, Faust & Schceffer, 1456; first book printed with date, Latin Psalter, Faust & Schceffer, 1457; first book in English, " History of Troy,'' printed at Cologne, by William Caxton, 1471; first book printed in England with date, CaxtonVGameandPlayeof the Chesse,' 1474; first in America, Escala, Espiritual of Chimaco, printed by Juan Hablas, Mexico, 1535; first press in the United States, at Cambridge, Mass., Stephen Daye, 1639. Pyramids first erected, 2240 B. c. P.ailroad, Passenger, first opened in England, 1825, Sept. 27; freight, first in the United States.Crum Creek quarrie^ to Ridley Creek in Pennsylvania. Passenger, first in America, Baltimore and Ohio 1828. Stoam, first in New York state,Albany to Schen- ectady, 16 miles, 1830. Reformation in Germany, 1517 ; in England, 1532. Republican Party, first convention, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1856, Feb. 22. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 213 Resumption of specie payments in TJ. S., act approved, 1875, Jan. 14 ; took effect 1879, Jan. 1. Revolutionary war, beginning, battle of Lexington, 1775, April li>; end of last battle, Combahee, 1782, Aug. 27; prelimi- nary treaty of peace. 1782, Nov. 30. Richmond, VH., evacuated by Confederates, 1865, Aprils. Russia, Serf Emancipation in, 1861. Saint Bartholomew, massacre of, 1572, Aug. 24. San Juan boundary decided in favor of the U. S., 1872, Oct. 21. Savannah, first steamer crossed the Atlantic, 25 days, Savan- nah to Liverpool, 1819, May 24. Seminole war, first in Georgia and Florida, 1317-18 ; in Florida, 1835-42. Sewing Machine first patented, England, 1755; first complete, E. Howe (American), 1846. Shay's Rebellion in Massachusetts, 17*^5-87. Shiloh, Tenn. (or Pittsburgh Landing), battle of, 1862, April 6-7. Sioux war in Minnesota, 1862-63. Sleeping cars first used, 1858 ; Pullman's patent, 1864. Smith, Joseph, Mormon leader, killed at Carthage, 111., 1844, June 27. Stamp Act enacted ; 1765, March 22; repealed, 1766, March 19. Statutes of the United States, first revised and codified, 1873. Steam Engine, boiler, discovered by Marquis of Worcester, 1663. Newcomen's engine patented, 1705; perfected by James Watt, 1773 ; high pressure engine invented by Oliver Evans (American), 1779. Steam vessels, Papin, France, 1707; Jonathan Hulls, England, 1736; William Henry, Conestoga River, Pa., 1763; James Kum- sey, Md., 1786; John Fitch, Delaware River, 1786; Robert Fulton, New York to Albany, 1807. Sumter, Fort, captured by Confederates. 1861, April 14. Sunday Schools, first established by Robert Raikes, Gloucester, England, 1781. Telegraph, first electric, P_addington to Drayton, England, 1835; Morse's, invented, 1835; first in operation in America, Wash- ington to Baltimore, 1844, May 27; submarine cable, first laid Be- tween Doverand Calais, 1851; first Atlantic cable operated. Ixys. Telephone (speaking), A. Graham Bell, first presented Philadel- phia Centennial Exhibition, 1876; practically successful as a telegraph, 1877, May 14. Telescope, invented, 1603. Theatre, first in America, Williamsburg, Virginia, 1752. Thirty Years' War in Germany, 1618-1648. Tobacco introduced into England from Virginia, 1583. Tripoli war with the United States, 1803-'5. Turner, Nat. slave insurection in Virginia, 1831, Aug. Union of England and Scotland, 1707; Great Britain and Ire- land, 18cO. Utrecht, treaty of, 1713, April 11. Vaccination, discovered by Dr. Jenner, England, 1796. War of 1812 with Great Britain declared by proclamation, 1812, June 19; ended by Treaty of Ghent, 1815, Feb. 18. Washing-ton inaugurated first president, 1789, April 30. Washington, Treaty of, with Great Britain, war claims, 1871, June 17. Watches first made in Nuremburg, 1477. Waterloo, battle of, 1815, June 18. Whisky insurrection in Pennsylvania, 1791-94. Wilmot Proviso, restricting slavery, offered in House of Repre- sentatives, by David Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, 1846, Aug. 8. Yellowstone National Park, act of congress, 1871, Feb. 28. Yorktown, surrender of Cornwallis to Washington, 1781, Oct. 19. THE THREE WISE MEN, or Magi, who brought gifts to the infant Christ, were Melchior, offering gold; Jasper, bringing frankincense, and Balthazar, who brought myrrh. 214 THE TVESTERX WORLD OCCUPATION OF THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES. The following list t-hows the number engaged in each general calling in the United States: Agriculture and kindred pursuits, 8,340,000; professions and personal service, 4,500,000; manufacturing and mining, 4,100,000; trade and transportation. 2,000,000. WEDDING- ANNIVERSARIES. First anniversary Cotton wedding. Second anniversary Paper wedding. Third anniversary Leather wedding-. Fifth anniversary Wooden wedding. Seventh anniversary Woolen wedding. Tenth anniversary Tin wedding. Twelfth anniversary Silk and flue linen wedding. Fifteenth anniversary Crystal wedding. Twentieth anniversary China wedding. Twenty-fifth anniversary Silver wedding. Thirtieth anniversary Pearl wedding. Fortieth anniversary. . . Ruby wedding. Fiftieth anniversary Oplrten wedding. Seventy-lifth anniversary Diamond wedding. TUNNELS OF THE WORLD.-Mount St. Gothard, 48,840 feet long (the longest in the 'world i; Mount Cen's, 39,840 feet long; Hoosac. 25,080 feet long; Nochistongo. 21.659 feet long; Sutro, 21, 120 feet long; Kiquivel, 18,625 feet long; Nerthe, 15,153 feet long; Blaizy, 13,456 feet long; Thames and Medway, 11,880 feet long. GARDEN OF THE UOOS, UJ1.OHADO. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 215 THE BIGGEST THINGS ON EARTH. THE HIGHEST RANGE OF MOUNTAINS is the Himalaya, the mean elevation being estimated at from 16,000 to 18.000 feet. The loftiest mountain is Mountain Everest or Guari- sanker, of the Himalayas range, having an elevation of 29,002 feet above the sea level. THE LARGEST CITY in the world is London. Its popu- lation numbers 3.0#>,871 souls. New York, with a population of l,250,foo, comes fifth in the list of great cities. THE LARGEST THEATER is the new Opera House in Paris. It covers nearly three acres of ground. Its cubic mass is 4,287.000 feet. It cost about 1 0,OX),000 francs. THE LARGEST SUSPENSION BRIDGE is the one between New York city and Brooklyn. The length of the main span is 1,595 feet, 6 inches; the entire length of the bridge is is 5.980 feet. THE LOFTIEST ACTIVE VOLCANO is Popocatapetl "smoking mountain "thirty-five miles southwest of Pueblo, Mexico. It is 17,784 feet above the sea-level, and has a crater three miles in circumference and a thousand feet deep. THE LARGEST ISLAND in the world, which is also re- garded as a continent, is Australia. It is 2,500 miles in length from east to west, and 1,850 miles from north to south. Its area is 2, '.184,287 square miles. THE LONGEST SPAN OF WIRE in the world is used for a telegraph in India, over the river Kistnah, between Bazorah and Sectynagrum. It is more than 6,000 feet in length, and is 1,200 feet high. THE LARGEST SHIP in the world is the Great Eastern. She is 680 feet long, 83 feet broad and 60 feet deep, being 28,627 tons burden, 18,915 gross, and 13,344 net register. She was builtat Millwall on the Thames, and was launched January 31, 1857. THE LARGEST UNIVERSITY is Oxford, in England, in the city of the same name, 55 miles from London. It consists of 21 colleges and live halls. Oxford was a seat of learning as early as the time of Edward the Confessor. University College claims to have been founded by Alfred. THE LARGEST BODY OF FRESH WATER on the globe is Lake Superior, 400 miles long, 160 wide at its greatest breadth, and having an area of 32,000 square miles. Its mean depth is 900 feet and its greatest depth is said to be about 200 fathoms. Its surface is about 655 feet above the level of the sea. THE BIGGEST CAVERN is the Mammoth Cave in Ed- monson County, Ky. It is near Green River, about 6 miles from Care City and 88 from Bowling Green. The cave consists of u succession of irregular chambers, some of which are large, situated on different levels. Some of thes'j are traversed by navigable branches of the subterranean Echo river. Blind fish are found in its waters. THE LONGEST TUNNEL in the world is that of the St. Gothard, on the line of railroad between Lucerne and Milan. The summit of the tunnel is 900 feet below the surface at Ander- matt, and 6,600 feet beneath the peak of Kastelborn of the St. Gothard group. The tunnel is 26^ feet wide and is 18 feet and 10 inches from the floor to the crown of the arched roof. It is 9J6 miles lonsr. 1^6 miles lonsrer than the Mt. Cenis tunnel. THE BIGGEST TREES in the world are the mammoth trees of California. One of a grove in Tulare county, according to measurements made by members of the state geological survey, was shown to be 276 feet in height, 108 feet in circumfererence at 216 THE WESTERN WORLD the base, and 76 feet at a point 12 feet above ground. Some of the trees are 37(5 feet high and 34 feet in diameter. Some of the largest that have been felled indicate an ago of from 2,000 to 2,500 years. THE LARGEST LIBRARY is the Bibliotheque National in Paris, founded by Louis XIV. It contains 1,400,0(H) vol- umes, 300,000 pamplets, 175,000 manuscripts, 300,000 maps and charts, 150,000 coins and medals. The collection of engravings exceeds 1,300,000, contained in some 10,000 volumes. The portraits number about 100,000. The building which contains these treasures is situated on the Hue Richelieu. Its length is 540 feet, its breadth 130 feet. The largest library in New York is, in respect of separate works, the Astor. About 190,OtO volumes are ou its shelves. THE LARGEST DESERT is that of Sahara, a vast region of northern Africa, extending from the Atlantic Ocean on the west to the valley of the Nile on the eas-t. The length from east to west is a hour. 3,"09 miles, its average breadth about 900 miles, its area 000,000 square miles. Rain falls in torrents in the Sahara at intervals of five, ten and twenty years. In summer the heat during the day is excessive, but the nights are often cold. In winter the temperature is sometimes below freezing point. THE GREATEST PYRAMID is that of Cheops, one of the three pyramids forming the Memphis group, situated on a plateau about 137 feet above the level of the highest rise in the Nile. Its dimensions have been reduced by the removal of the outer por- tions to furnish stone for the city of Cairo. Its masonry consisted originally of 89,02^,000 cubic feet, and still amounts to 82,111,000 feet. The present vertical height is 450 feet, against 479 originally. The total weight of the stone is estimated at 6,310.000 tons. THE GREATEST TORTRESS from a strategical point of view is the famous stronghold ot Gibraltar, belonging to Great Uritain, situated upon the most southern point of land upon the coast of southwestern Spain. It occupies a rooky peninsula, jutting out into the sea, about three miles long and three-quarters of a mile wide. One central rock rises to a height of 1,435 feet above the sea level. Its northern face is almost perpendicular, while its east side is full of tremendous precipices. On the south it terminates in what is called Europa point. The west side is less steep than the east, and between its base and the sea is the nar- row, almost level span on which the town of Gibraltar is built. The fortress is considered impregnable to military assault. The regular garrison in time of peace numbers about 7,000. THE LARGEST INLAND SEA is the Caspian, lying between Europe and Asia. Its greatest length is 760 miles and its area 180,000 square miles. Great Salt Lake, in Utah, which may properly be termed an inland sea, is about 90 miles long and has a varying breadth of from 20 to 25 miles. Its surface is 4,200 feet above the level of the sea. whereas the surface of the Caspian is 84 feet below the ocean level. THE LARGEST EMPIRE in the world is that of Great Britain, comprising >s,557,55S square miles, more than a sixth part of the land of the globe, and embracing under its rule nearly a sixth part of the population of the world. In territorial extent the United States ranks third, containing 8,680,2*2 square miles, including Alaska; in population it ranks fourth with its 50.000,000 of peeplo. Russia ranks second, hpving 8,351,940 square miles. THE HIGHEST MONOLITH is the obelisk at Karnak, in Egypt. Karnak is on the east bank of the Nile, near Luxor, and occupies a part of the site of ancient Thebes. The obelisk is ascribed to Hatasn. sister of Pharaoh Thothmes III, who reigned about 1600 B.C. The whole length is 122 feet, its weight 400 tnns. Its height, without pedc-stal, is 108 feet 10 inches. The height of the obelisk in Central Park, without pedestal, is 68 feet 11 inches, its weisrht about 168 tons. THE LARGEST BELL in the world is the great bell of Moscow, at the foot of the Kremlin. Its circumference at the GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. bottom is nearly 68 feet, and its height more than 21 feet. In its stoutest part it is 23 inches thick, and its weight has been computed to be 443,722 pounds. It has never been hung, and was probably cast on the spot where it now stands. A piece of the bell is broken off. The fracture is supposed to have been occasioned by water having been thrown upon it when heated by the building erected over it being 011 tire. FAMOUS BRIDGES. The largest bridge ever built (with- out mentioning trestleworits) was the Tay bridge, 10,320 feet in length ; the largest bridge now in use is the Montreal bridge over the St. Lawrence, 8,791 feet; probably the iongot bridge that will be tmilt in a century from now is the Forth bridge, to be 9,2UO feet long ; the highest bridge in the world is at Gerabit, France, crossing the river at the height of 413 feet ; the most wonderful bridge in the world is the Brooklyn bridge, the per- manent weight being 14,680 tons ; the bridge of saddest reflec- tions is the Bridge of Sighs at Venice, Italy ; probably the bridge most celebrated in song and story, is the London bridge. NAMES OF DAYS. Sunday (Saxon Sunnandaeg, day of the sun) . Monday (German, Montag, day of the moon). Tuesday (Anglo-Saxon Tiwesdasg, from Tiw, the god of war). Wednesday (Anglo-Saxon, Wodensdosg, from Odin or Woden, the god of storms and boundaries). Thursday (Danish, Thor, the god of thunder). Friday (Saxon, Friged;eg, day of Freya, goddess of marriage, fecundity and fidelity). Saturday (day of Saturn, the god of time.) The names of the seven days of the week originated with the Egyptian astronomers. They gave them the names of the sun, moon and five planets; viz.. Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn The Chinese and Thibetans have a week of five days, named after iron, wood, water, feathers and earth. ORIGIN OF NAMES OF MONTHS. January. The Roman Janus presided over the beginning of everything ; hence the first month of the year was called after him." February. The Roman festival Februs was held on the 15th day ot this month, in honor of Lupercus, the god of fertility. March. Named from the Roman god of war, Mars. April. Lat. Aprilis, probably derived from aperire, to open ; because spring generally begins and the buds open in this month. May. Lat. Maius, probably derived from Maia, a feminine divinity worshiped at Rome on th first day of this month. June. Juno, a Koman divinity worshiped as the Queen of Heaven . July (Julius). Cfesar was born in this month. Aug-ust. Named by the Emperor Augustus Cfesar, u C. 30, for himself, in memory of several victories gained during this month. September (septem, or 7) . September was the seventh month in the old Roman calendar. October (octo, meaning 8). Eighth month of the old Roman year . November (novem, or 9) November was the ninth month in the old Roman year. December (decem, or 10). December was the tenth month of the early Roman year. 218 THE WESTERN WOULD LEXICON OP MYTHOLOGIES AND CLASSICS. Acheron, a river of Hades. Achilles, bravest of the Greeks in the war against Troy, invul- nerable except in his right heel. Actseon, a famous hunter, changed by Diana into a stag, and killed by his own dogs. Adonis, a beautiful youth beloved by Venus. -(Egeus, a king of Athens who threw himself into the sea, called in consequence the ^Egean Sea. yEneas, son of Anchises and Venus, the hero of Virgil's yEneid . jEolus, god of wind and storm. ./Eseulapius, son of Apollo, god of medicine. Agamemnon, commander of Grecian forces in siege of Troy. Ajax, a Grecian hero in Trojan war. Ammon, a title of Jupiter. Amphion, a king of Thebes, who built the city by playing on a lyre. Amphitrite, the wife of Neptune, and goddess of the sea. Andromache, wile of Hector of Troy. Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus, rescued from a sea-monster and married by Perseus. Antieus, a giant overcome by Hercules. Aphrodite, goddess of love and beauty. Apis, the sacred bull of the Egyptians worshiped as a god. Apollo, god of poetry, song, music and the arts. Argonauts, companions of Jason, on the Argo, in search of the golden fleece. Argus, the keeper with a hundred eyes, who was to guard lo. After his death, Juno turned him into a peacock, putting his eyes on the bird's tail. Ariadne, daughter of Minos, king of Crete, wife of Bacchus. Arion, a Greek bard, who, when cast into the sea by robbers, was saved by a dolphin, who was charmed with his music. Astraea, goddess of justice. Atlanta, Boeotian maiden very swift of foo.t. Ate, goddess of mischief. Atlas, leader of the Titans, carried the world on his head and hands. Atropos, one of the Fates. Aurora, the goddess of morning. Averuus, lake of the lower world. Bacchus, god of wine. Bellerophon, rider of the winged horse Pegasus. Bellona, goddess of war. Bucephalus, Alexander the Great's horse. Cadmos, a Phoenician, inventor of the alphabet. Calliope, the muse of epic poetry. Cassandra, daughter of Priam, king of Troy. Castor and Pollux, twin brothers, who, from their love for each other, were placed as a constellation in heaven under the name of Gemini, " the twins." Centaur, half man, half horse. Cerberus, the three-headed dog of Pluto that guarded the entrance to hell. Ceres, the goddess of agriculture, grain, fruits and corn. Charon, ferryman over the Styx. Chary bdis, a whirlpool between Italy and Sicily. Chimaera, a monster who vomited fire. GUIDE AND HANDBOOK. 219 Chloris, goddess of flowers. Circe, a famous sorceress. Clio, muse of history. Clotho, youngest of the Fates. Comus, god of mirth and joy. Cupid, god of love. Cynthia, Diana. Cytherea, Venus." Dsedalus, a sculptor and architect. Damon and Pythias, models of friendship in the face of death. Daphne, a nymph beloved by Apollo. Delphi, a town in Phocis, celebrated for its oracle of Apollo. Deucalion, a king of Thessaly. Diana, sister of Apollo, goddess of the moon and of hunting. Dido, foundress of Carthage. Fell in love with ^Eneas, but not finding her love returned, killed herself. Drvads, wood nymphs. Echo, a nymph who pined for Narcissus, until nothing was left but her voice. Elysium, heaven. Endymion, a youth celebrated for his beauty, and for the per- petual sleep in which he lay. Erebus, god of darkness. Eurydice, wife of Orpheus. Euterpe, muse of lyric poetry and music. Fates, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, who determined the birth, life and death of mortals. Faunis, god of agriculture. Flora, goddess of flowers. Furies, Alecto, Megaera and Tisiphone. Ganymede, cupbearer of the gods. Gordius, the king of Phrygia, who tied the inextricable knot, which Alexander the Great cut with his sword. Gorgons, Medusa, Buryale and Sthenio, three female monsters, who turned all they looked upon into stone. Graces, Aglaia, Thalia and Euphrosyne, attendants of Venus. Harpies, women with wings and claws. Hebe, the goddess of youth, daughter of Juno, and wife of Hercules. Hecate, goddess of enchantments. Hector, son of Priam, slain by Achilles. Hecuba, mother of Hector. Helena, the beautiful wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta. Helle, a maiden, drowned in the strait, which atter her is called Hellespont. Hercules, god of strength, son of Jupiter and Alcmena. Hermes, Mercury. Hero, priestess of Venus, beloved by Leander, who used to swim the Hellespont to meet her. Hesperus, son of Atlas, turned into a star. Horae, the hours, daughters of Jupiter. Hyacinthus, a beautiful lad, accidentaly killed by Apollo, and from his blood sprang the flower that bears his name. Hydra, a water serpent with fifty heads, killed by Hercules. Hygeia, goddess of health, daughter of ^Esculapius. Hymen, god of marriage. Hyperion, father of the sun, son of Titan and the earth, lachus, Bacchus, god of mirth and drinking. Icarus, son of Dtudalus. Fleeing from Crete, his father attached wings made of wax to his body. The wax melted on his soaring too near the sun, and he fell into the sea. lo, daughter of Inachus, king of Argos, beloved by Jove. Iris, the swift-footed messenger of the gods. Isis, Egyptian goddess, confounded with the sun. Janus, god of the sun, having two faces. Jason, leader of the Argonauts, who brought the golden fleece from Colchis. 220 THE "WESTERN WORLD Juno, daughter of Saturn, sister and wife of Jupiter. Jupiter, chief among the gods, called also Jove. Laocoon, a Trojan priest of Apollo, who with his two sons was crushed by serpents . Lares, deities who preside over the home. Latoua, mother of Apollo and Diana. Laverna, goddess of thieves. Leander, a Greek youth, who swam the Hellespont every night to visit Hero, until he was drowned in a storm. Lethe, a river of Hades, whose waters, when drunk, caused for- getfulness. Mars, god of war, son of Jupiter and Juno. Medea, Grecian princess, who assisted Jason to obtain the golden fleece, and then became his wife. Medusa, one of the Gorgons, killed by Perseus. Melpomene, the muse of tragic and lyric poetry. Mentor, the wise friend of Ulysses. Mercury, god of commerce and grain. Midas, a Phrygian king who desired of Bacchus that everything he touched might turn into gold; his request being granted, even his food turned to gold, but he was saved by washing in the river Pactolus. Minerva, goddess of wisdom. Momus, god of mockery and censure. Morpheus, god of dreams and sleep. Muses, daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. They were Cal- liope, muse of epic poetry; Clio, of history; Erato, of amatpry poetry; Thalia, of comedy; Melpomene, of tragedy; Terpsich- ore, of dancing; Euterpe, of lyric poetry; Polyhymnia, of poetry and eloquence; and Urania, of astronomy. Naiads, nymphs of waters. Narcissus, a beautiful youth, who fell in love with his own image reflected in a well, and pined away until he was changed into a flower called by his name. Nemesis, goddess of justice and punishment. Neptune, god of the sea, and brother of Jupiter. Nereids, sea nymphs. Nestor, a king of Pylos, famous for his eloquence and wisdom. Niobe, daughter of Amphion, king of Ihebes. Her children having been killed, she wept for them until she turned into stone. Nox, goddess of darkness. CEdipus, king of Thebes, who solved the riddle of the Sphinx. Olympus, a lofty mountain on the borders of Thessaly, the seat 'of the gods. Ops, goddess of plenty and patroness of husbandry. Oreads, mountaid nymphs. Orestes, son of Agamemnon, who avenged his father's murder by slaying his guilty mother. Orion, a celebrated giant and hunter. Orpheus, a poet who moved inanimate objects by the music of his lyre and charmed wild beasts. Osiris, the chief Egyptian deity. Pactolus, a river in Lydia. said to bring down golden sands, from Midas having washed in it. Pasan, Apollo as the healing deity. Pallas, Minerva. Pan, son of Mercury, chief god of woods, shepherds, fishing, etc. Pandora, a woman made by Vulcan. She was presented with gifts by all the gods S'he opened a box she had received from Jupiter, and out of it flew all manner of diseases. Pareve, the Fates. Paris, son of Priam who carried off Helen, and so occasioned the Trojan war, in which he was slain. Parnassus, a mountain in Greece sacred to Apollo and the muses. Pegasus, a winged horse of the muses. CiLIDli AND H AX D- BOOK. 221 Penates, household gods. Penelope, the wife of Ulysses. Perseus, a son of Jupiter, who cut off the head of Medusa, and thus saved Andromeda, whom he married. Phaetou, a son of Sol, who obtained leave to drive a chariot of the sun for oue day, and upset it. Phlegethon, a river of fire in the lower world. Phoebe, goddess of the moon, sister of Phoebus. Phoebus, Apollo, god of the sun. PhtL-nix, a fabulous bird, which at death burned itself to ashes, from which a new phoenix arose. Phosphorus, Lucifer, the morning star Venus. Pluto, king of the lower world. Plutus, god of riches. Polyhymnia, muse of lyric poetry and eloquence. Pomona, goddess of fruit. Poseidon, Greek god of the sea, the Roman Neptune. Priam, last King of Troy, slain by Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles. Priapus, god of fruitfulness and vineyards. Prometheus, said to have made a man of clay, and put life into him by tire stolen from heaven. Jupiter chained him to Alt. Caucasus, where a vulture fed continually on his liver. Proserpine, wife of Pluto and queen of the lower regions. Proteus, a sea-god and prophet; he could assume any form. Pthah, great Egyptian god. Psycln-. a nymph beloved by Cupid. Pygmies, a nation of dwarfs in Africa, only a span high. Pygmalion, a king of Cyprus, who fell in love with the image of a maiden which he made. Venus changed it into a woman, whom he married. Pyramus, lover of Thisbe. Python, a serpent killed by Apollo near Delphi. Rhadamanthus, one of the judges in the lower world. Romulus, founder of Rome. Saturn, father of Jupiter, by whom he was dethroned. Satyrs, lascivious sylvan deities. Scylla, a rock between Italy and Sicily, opposite Charybdis. On this rock lived Scylla, a fearful monster, which barked like a dog, and had six mouths and twelve feet. Serapis, an Egyptian divinity. Sinon, the Greek who persuaded the Trojans to admit the wooden horse filled with Greek warriors. Sirens, sea nymphs, who, on the coast of Italy, enticed mari- ners ashore by sweet voices, and killed them. Sisyphus, a wicked king of Corinth, who was compelled by Pluto to roll to the top of a hill a stone which continually fell back again. Styx, a river of Hell, across which the spirits were ferried by Charon. Tantalus, son of Jupiter, who, offending his father, was made to stand up to his chin in water, with fruit hung over his head; the water receded when he wished to drink, and the fruit eluded him when he was hungry. Tartarus, the lower world. Telemachus, son of Ulysses and Penelope. Terpsichore, muse of dancing. Thalia, muse of comedy. Themis, goddess of justice. Theseus, a king of Athens. Thespis, founder of Greek tragedy. Thetis, mother of Achilles. Timon, celebrated misanthrope of Athens. Timotheus, a celebrated musician of Miletus. Titans, giant sons of Titan, who helped their father contend against Jupiter; they were tverthrown by his bolts. Troy, a city of Asia Minor, destroyed by the Greeks after ten years' siege. 222 THE WtSTKHX WOULD Ulysses, a king of Ithaca, famed among the Greek warriors before Troy for his craft and eloquence. Urania, muse of astronomy. Venus, goddess cf love, beauty and pleasure. Vertumnus, god of the seasons. Vesper, the star Hesperus. Vesta, daughter of Saturn, goddess of the household fires and domestic life Vulcan, god of fire, son of Jupiter and Juno. Zephyrus. the west wmU. Zeus, Jupiter. HEIGHT OF CHIEF MONUMENTS AND SPIRES of the world are as follows : Washington Monument, United States, 550 feet; Cathedral of Cologne, Germany, 511 feet; Cathedral of St. Stephen, Vienna, Austria, 476 feet; Cathedral of Strasbunr, Germany, 468 feet; Cathedral of St. Peter's, Rome, Italy, 448 feet ; Great Pyramid, Egypt, 450 feet; King Shafra's Pyramid, Egypt. 447 feet; Church of Notre Dame, Antwerp, Belgium, 430 leer; Cathedral of Amiens, France, 422 feet; Torazzo's Tower, Italy, 3!K> feet; Cathedral of Florence, Italy, 387 feet; St. Paul's Cathedral, London, England. 302 feet; Hotel de Ville, Brussels, Belgium, 358 feet; Cathedral of Milan, Italy, 355 feet; St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York, United States, 344 feet; G iralda's Tower, Italy, 3.50 feet; Bartholdi's Statue, United States, 324 feet; Cathedral of Bremen, Germany, 324 feet: St. Mark's, Venice, 328 feet; Asimelli Tower, Italy, 321 feet; Cathedral of Norwich, England, 315 feet; Board of Trade, Chicago, 303 feet; Lincoln Cathedral, England, 300 feet; Bunker Hill Monument, United States, 221 feet; Leaning Tower, Italy, 174 feet. THE LARGEST TELESCOPE in the world is the Lord Rosse, which has an aperture of 72 inches. The largest in this country is at San Jose, Cal., having an aperture of 28 inches. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 223 LARGEST ELECTRIC LIGHT in the world was in 1843 at tlie Sydney lighthouse, Australia, which has a power of 180,000 candles, and the fourth largest is at San Jose, Ca)., 2+,- 000 candle power (the light at Paris, in Palais d 1 Industrie, equal to 150,000 candle power, and the Marseilles light of 40,000 candles, being greater). The Sydney light is visible 50 miles ; that of San Jose sheds light two miles around. Since 1883 numerous lights equaling these have been put in operation. Paris, France, is to have one of enormous power. NOMS DE PLUME. Agate Whitelaw Reid. A. L. O. E. (A lady of England) .. Charlotte Tucker. Artemas Ward Charles F. Browne. Boz Charles Dickens. Bret Haite F. B. Harte. Buffalo Bill W. F. Cody. Carleton C. C. Coffin . Danbury News Man J. M. Bailey . Diedrich Knickerbocker Washimrton Irving. Elia Charles Lamb . Eli Perkins M. G. Langdon. Fanny Fern Mrs. Sarah P. W. Parton. Fat Contributor A. M. Griswpld. Gail Hamilton Mary Abigail Dodge. Gath George Alfred Townsend. Geoffrey Crayon \V ashington Irving'. George Eliot Mrs. M. C. E. Lewes-Cross. Grace Greenwood Mrs. Lippincott. Harry Castlemon Charles Fosdick. H. H. (Helen Hunt) Mrs. Helen Jackson. Hugh Conway F. J. Fargus. Ik. Marvel . .Donald G. Mitchell. Jean Paul Jean Paul Frederick Richter. Joaquin Miller C. H. Miller. Josh Billings Henry W. Shaw. Joshua Coffin H. W. Longfellow. Lemuel Gulliver Jonathan Swift. Mark Twain Samuel L. Clemens. Marion Harkind Mrs. M. V. Terhune. M. Quad C. B. Lewis. Max Adeler Charles H. Clarke. Mrs. Partington B. P. Shillaber. Oliver Optic W. T. Adams. One of the Fools A. W. Tourgee. Ouida Louisa de la Rame. Owen Meredith Lord Lytton. Peter Parley S. C. Goodrich. l' !<> Parley Wm. Martin. Petroleum V. Xasby D. R. Locke. Poor Richard Benjamin Franklin. Porte Crayon D. H. Strother. Robinson Crusoe Daniel Defoe. Rob Roy John Macgregor. Sam Slick J. C. Haliburton. Sophia May Miss R. S. Clarke. Saxe Holm Ruth Ellis. Timothy Titcomb J. G. Holland. Tom Brown Thomas Hughes DERIVATION OF THE ENGLISH LANGTJAGE.- OverWof the words in the English language are derived from the Latin, over V from the French, about one-tenth from the Saxon, and a little less from the Greek. 224 THE WESTERN WOULD SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD.-The pyramids of Egypt. Pharos of Alexandria. Walls and hanging gardens of Babylon. Temple of Diana at Ephesus. The statue of the Olympian Jupiter. Mausoleum, of Artemisia. Colossus of Rhodes. THE SEVEN WISE MEN OF GREECE.-Flourishod in Greece in the" sixth century, B.C. There names were: Solon, Chilo, Pittacus, Bias, Periander, Cleobulus and Thales. THE SEVEN SLEEPERS. Were, according to an early legend, seven noble youths of Ephesus, who tied from persecu- tion to a cavern, where they were discovered and walled in to starve to death. They were made to sleep, and in that state lived two centuries. There names are said to have been : Maximian, Malchus, Martinian, Denis, John, Serapion and Constantino. THE SEVEN HILLS OF ROME. Rome was built upon the Ayentine, Capitoline, Coelian, Esquiline, Palatine, Quirmal and Viminal hills. Their altitude above the Tiber is only about 150 feet. FOOD. The time required to digest the various kinds of food will be found below: Hrs. Min Rice, boiled 1 Eggs, whipped 1 30 Trout, fresh, fried. . 1 30 Soup, barley, boiled. . . 1 30 Apples, sweet, raw 1 30 Venison steak, broiled. 1 45 Sago, boiled 1 45 Tapioca, boiled 2 Barley, boiled 2 20 Milk, boiled 2 Liver, beef, broiled 2 Eggs, fresh, raw 2 Apples, sour, raw 2 Cabbage, raw 2 15 Milk 2 15 Egys, roasted 2 15 G oose, roasted 2 15 Turkey, roasted 2 30 Cake, sponge, baked. . . 2 30 Hash, warmed 2 fO Beans, pod, boiled 30 Parsnips, boiled 2 30 Potatoes, Irish, baked. 2 30 Custard, baked 2 50 Oysters, raw 2 45 Hrs. Eggs, soft boiled 3 Beefsteak, broiled 3 Mutton, broiled 3 Mutton, boiled 3 Soup, bean, boiled.. Chicken soup, boiled . . 3 Pork, salt, broiled 3 Mutton, roasted 3 Bread, corn, baked 3 Carrot, boiled 3 Sausage, broiled 3 Oysters, stewed 3 Butter 3 Cheese, old 3 Bvead, fresh, baked... 3 Turnips, flat, boiled. . . Potatoes, Irish, boiled. Eggs, hard boiled Green corn, boiled ,.. Beans and beets, boiled Salmon, salted, boiled. Veal, fresh, fried Cabbage, boiled 4 Suet, boiled 5 15 IB 16 80 20 ;*) 30 :!0 80 80 30 80 86 45 30 45 80 VALUE OF A TON OF GOLD AND SILVER.-A ton of pure gold is worth $002,798.90, and 81,000,000 in gold coin weighs S.tiSo lt>s. A ton of pure silver is worth 37,705, and $1,000,000 in silver coin weighs 58,921 tt>s. ROOSTER IN POLITICS was first used by the press to head the announcement of political victories at the election of 1^44, when the Democrats "crowed" over the defeat of Henry Clay by James K. Polk. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 225 SALT RIVER.- A political term applied to an imaginary stream up which defeated candidates are said to journey. Although many go up no one ever comes down this stream. MAINE LAW. A political term, synonymous with pro- hibitory legislation, owes its origin to the fact that Maine was the first state to pass a stringent law prohibiting the sale of liquor. The law was adopted by Maine in 1851, and has since been adopted by several other states. RELIGIOUS DIVISIONS OF THE WORLD. Roman Catholics 201,000,000 Protestants. . . 106,000,000 Eastern Churches. 81,000,000 Followers of Confucius 80,000,000 Sinto Religion 14,000,000 Judaism 7,0 A 0,000 Buddhists 340,000,000 Mohammedans 201,0 '0,000 Brahmins 175,000,100 The number of the various churches are distributed as follows : R.Cath. Protesfts. East Ch. America 47300.000 30,000000 Europe 147,300.000 71,500,000 69,300,000 Asia 4,900,1100 l.,HOU,(K>J 8,500,000 Africa 1,100.000 1,^00,000 3,200,000 Australia and Polynesia 400,000 1,500,000 Total . 201,000,000 106,000,000 81,000,000 NOTES ON BELTING. Don't overwork belts by over- loading them or by running them tighter than necessary. The whole arrangement of shafting and pulleys should be un- der the direction of a mechanical engineer, or competent ma- chinist. Destruction of machinery anil belts, together with un- satisfactory results in the business, is a common experience which may, in most cases, be traced to want of knowledge and care in the arrangements of the machinery, and in the width and style of the belts bought, and in the manner of their use, while the manufacturers of the ' outfit" are often blamed for bad results which are caused by the faulty management of the mill-owner himself. Having properly arranged the machinery for the reception of the belts, the next thing to be determined is the length and width of the belts. When it is not convenient to measure with the tape-line the length required the following rule will be found of service: Add the diameter of the two pulleys together, divide the result by ^, and inultiply the quotient by 3J4, then add this product to twice the distance between the centers of the shafts, and you have the length require '. The width' of belt needed depends upon three conditions:!. The tension of the belt. 2. The size of the smaller pulley, and the proportion of the surface touched by the belt. 3. The speed of the belt. The working adhesion of a belt to the pulley will be in pro- portion both to the number of square inches of belt contact with the surface of the pulley, and also to the arc of the circuml er- 226 THE WESTERN WORLD ence of the pulley touched by the belt. This adhesion forms the basis of all rig-lit" calculation in ascertaining the width of belt necessary to transmit a given horse-power. In the location of shafts that are to be connected with each other by belts, care should be taken to secure a proper dis- tance one from the other. It is not easy to give a definite rule as to what this distance should be. Circumstances generally have much to do with the arrangement, and the engineer or machin- ist must ue his judgment, iiiakii g all ihings conform, as far as may lie, to general principles This distance should be such as to allow of a gentle sag to the belt when in motion. A general rule may be stated thus: Where narrow belts are to be run over small pulleys, 15 feet is a good average, the belt having a sag of 1H> to 2 inches. Fur larger belts, working on largT pulleys, a distance of 20 to 25 feet does well, with a sag of 2J to 4 inches. For main belts working on very large pulleys, the distance should be 25 to 30 feet, the belts working well with asag of 4 to 5 inches. If too great a distance is attempted, the weight of the belt will produce a very heavy sag, drawing so hard on the shaft as to produce sreat friction in the bearings, while at the same time the belt will have an unsteady flapping motion, which will de- stroy both the belt and machinery. If possible to avoid it, connected shafts should never be placed one directly over the other, as in such case the belt must be kept very tight to do 1 he work. For this purpose, belts should be care- fully selected of well stretched leather. It is desirable that theangle of the belt with the floor should not exceed 45 deg. It is also desirable to locate the shafting and machinery so that belts should run off from each shaft in oppo- site directions, as this arrangement will relieve the bearings from the friction that would result when the belts all pull one way on the shaft. The diameter of the pulleys should be as large as can be ad- mitted, provided they will not produce a speed of more than 3,750 feet of belt motion per minute. Some authorities limit this speed to 3,000 feet. The pulley should be a little wider than the belt required for the work. The motion of driving should run with, and not against, the laps of the belts. Tightening or guide pulleys should be applied to the slack side of belts and near the smaller pulley. Quick-motion belts should be made as straight and as uniform in section and density as possible, and endless if practicable, that is, with permanent joints. Belts which run loose, will, of course, last much longer than those which must be drawn tightly to drive tightness being evidence of overwork and disproportion. Never add to the work of a belt so much as to overload it. The transmitting power of a double belt is to that of a single belt as 10 is to 7. In ordering pulleys, the kind of belt to be used should always be specified. The strongest part of belt leather is near the flesh side, about $6 the way through from that side. It is therefore desirable to run the grain (hair) side on the pulley; in order that the strongest part of the belt may be subject to the least wear. The fitsh side is not liable to crack, as the grain side will do when the belt is old, hence it is better to crimp the grain than to stretch It. Leather belts run with grain side to the pulley will drive 30 per cent more than if run with flesh side. The belt, as well as the pulley, adheres best when smooth, and the grain side adheres best because it is smoothest. A belt adheres much better and is less liable to slip when at a quick speed than at a slow speed. Therefore it is better to gear GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 227 a w.ill with small pulleys and run them at a high velocity than iv}L large pulleys and to run them slower. A mill thus geared ccts less and has a much neater appearance than with large heavy pulleys. Belts should be kept clean and free from accumulations of dust and grease, and particularly from contact with lubricating oils some of which permanently injure leather. Leather belts must be well protected against water, and even m< >ist ure. India-rubber is the proper substance for belts exposed to the weather, as it does not absorb moisture and stretch and decay. Jirlts should be kept soft and pliable. TIGHT BELTS. Clamps with powerful screws are often used to put on belts with extreme tightness, and with most inju- rious strain upon the leather. They should be very judiciously used for horizontal belts, which should be allowed sufficient slackness to move with a loose undulating vibration on the re- turning side, as a test that they have no more strain imposed than is necessary simply to transmit the power.. RULES FOR CALCULATING THE HORSE POWER WHICH CAN BE TRANSMITTED BY BELTING.-No rules can be given whfch will apply to all cases. Circumstances and conditions must and will modify them, Belts, for instance, for machines which are frequently stopped and started, and shifting belts must be wider, to stand the wear and tear and to overcome the starting friction, than belts which run steadily and uninterruptedly. For belts, however running under ordinarily favorable conditions the rules given below may be regarded as safe and reliable. The average thickness of single belts is 3-16 of an inch, and when made of good ox-hide, well tanned, their breaking strength, per inch of width, has been determined as follows: In the solid leather 675 tts. At the rivet hole* of splices 362 " At the lacing holes 210 " The safe working tension is assumed to be 45 fts. per inch of width, which is equal to a velocity of about 60 square feet per minute per horse-power, which is safe practice for single belts in good condition To find the horse-power of a belt : Multiply the circumference i ipi-r 1,742 Cast Iron Gold....- 2,283 Glass .. 400 Gutta Percha 150 Lead 617 Lard 96 Silver 1,833 Tin 438 Zinc 707 Ice 35 FREEZING POINT.-The following table indicates the degree of cold above zero Fahrenheit, at which the liquids named solidify : Strong Wine 20 Turpentine (Spirits) 15 Milk 29 Water 32 BOILING POINT. The degrees above zero Fahrenheit at which liquids boil is indicated below : Quicksilver 630 Lins-ed Oil .. 000 Alcohol 175 Petroleum 305 Water 210 Blood Heat 98 228 THE WESTERN WORLD VELOCITY OF FALLING BODIES.-The velocities of falling bodies are as the times of their descent and the spaces fallen through are as the square of the times. The force of gravity varies slightly at different latitudes. At 45 deg. the ve- locity for the first second of the fall is 16.083 feet. For practical purposes it is sufficiently accurate to call it 16 feet. The follow- ing table exhibits the relation of time, space and velocity: Time in Sec. Space fallen through in feet. Velocity acquired at end of time, feet. Space fallen through in last second of fall, in feet. 1 16 32 16 2 64 64 48 ^ 3 145 96 80 4 257 129 113 5 402 161 145 6 580 193 177 7 789 225 209 8 1,060 257 241 9 1,303 290 273 10 1,600 322 306 VELOCITY OF SOUND. The velocity through air in- creases with the temperature. At 32 deg. Fahrenheit, velocity = 1,093 feet per second. 62 " " =1,126 90 " " " =1,156 " TELEGRAPH MILEAGE , ETC.-The United States has about three times as many milts of telegraph line as Russia, which has about 55,000 miles, being the most of any foreign country. The Western Union Line had 150,000 miles of line in 1884, or 433,000 miles of wire. It transmits over 40,000,000 messages in a year, and realizes a profit of about $7,750,000 per annum. At an average cost to the sender of f orty-eight cents per message, the average profit to this company is about nineteen cents a mes- sage. Total telegraph mileage in the world is 561,000. THE IRON FURNACES in the United States number about 690 and have an annual capacity of over 5,200,000 tons of pig iron. The full capacity is not taxed, the requirements not reaching so high. THE AVERAGE WEIGHT OF PERSONS in America is : Man, 144 pounds ; woman, 122 pounds. BIG TREES. There are in Calaveras county, California, 10 trees over 30 feet in diameter, and 86 with diameters ranging from 14 to 23 feet. These trees ai - e believed to be from 900 to 2,000 years old. They average 200 feet high, the tallest being 244 feet. THE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES OF THE GOV- ERNMENT of the United States is about $190,000,000 for all purposes. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK 229 NEWSPAPERS, NUMBER IN UNITED STATES.- The number of daily newspapers in the United States is over 1.400, and the number of papers printed every day is upwards of 5.300,000. The number of tri-weeklies, 60; semi-weeklies, 200; w-cok lies, 10,500; fortnightlies, 425; monthlies. 1,600; quarterlies, etc.. 120. The total number of papers and periodicals published is about 14,000. BOOKS, NUMBER OF, PUBLISHED.-The number of new books published in the world averages over 100 different ones per day. DIVORCES. The number of divorces per 1,000 marriages, is 4 in London, 11 in Berlin. 15 in Munich, 25 in Vienna, 25 in Paris, 48 in Chicago, 73 in Boston, and 218 in San Francisco. SIGNERS OF THE MAGNA CHARTA. Out of the 26 barons who signed the Magna Charta, only three could write their names, the remainder made their marks. BIGGEST DIAMONDS. The six largest diamonds in the world are the Kohinoor, weighing 103 carats ; Star of Brazil, 125 carats ; Regent of France, 136 carats ; Austrian Kaiser, 139 carats ; Russian Czar, 193 ; Rajah of Borneo, 367 carats. SNOW, when melted, produces one-eighth of its volume of water. CARRYING CAPACITY OF A TEN-TON FREIGHT CAR. Cattle 18 to 20 head. Hogs 50 " 60 " Sheep 80 "100 " Whisky 60 barrels. Salt 70 ' Lime 70 " Flour 90 " Eggs 130tol60 " Flour 200sacks. Wood 6 cords. Butter 20,000 pounds. Lumber 6,' 00 feet. Barley 300 bushels. Wheat 340 Flax Seed 360 Apples. 70 Corn 400 Potatoes. 430 Oats 680 Bran 1,000 DURABILITY OF WOODS. Experiments by driving sticks, made of different woods, each 2 feet long and 1^ inches square into the ground, only one-half an inch projecting outward, have been made. It was found that in five years, all those made of oak, elm, ash, fir, soft mahogany, and nearly every variety of pine, were totally rotten. Larch, hard pine and teak wood were decayed on the outside only; while acacia and poplar, with theexception of being also slightly attacked on the exterior, were otherwise sound. Hard mahogany, locust and cedar of Lebanon were in tolerably good condition; but only Virginia cedar was found as good as when put in the ground. This is of some importance to builders, showing what woods should be avoided, and what others used by preference in under- ground work. The duration of wood when kept dry is very great, as beams still exist which are known to be nearly 1,4'JO years old. Piles dri%'en by the Romans prior to the Christian era have been examined of late, and found to be perfectly sound after an immersion of nearly 2,000 years. Hard wood stumps 230 THE WESTERN WORLD decay in 5 to 7 years; spruce stumps decay in about the same time hemlock stumps in 8 to 9 years; cedar, poplar, 8 to 12 years; pint stumps last a generation. Cedar, oak, poplar, yellow pine ai> ' chestnut are the most durable woods in dry places. LIMIT OF PERPETUAL SNOW AND GROWTH 01' TREES. On the Andes, in lat. 2 deg., the limit of perpeuiu* snow is 14,760 ft. In Mexico, lat. 19 deg., the limit is 13,800 ft.; on the peak of Teneriffe, 11,454 ft.; on Mount Etna, 9,000ft.; on Caucasus, 9,900 ft.; on the Pyrenees, 8,400 ft.; in Lapland, 3,100 ft.: in Iceland, 2,890 ft. The walnut ceases to grow at an elevation of 3,600ft.; the yellow pine at 6,200 ft.; the ash at 4,800 ft.; and the flr at 6,700 ft. The loftiest inhabited spot on the globe is the Port House of Ancomarca, on the Andes, In Peru. 16,000 feet above the level of the sea. The fourteenth peak of the Hima- layas, in Asia, 25,695 feet high, is the loftiest mountain in the world. AREA OF IMPORTANT ISLANDS. Azores Sq. Miles. 996 Madagascar Sq.Miles. 233315 Bahamas 5,422 Malta 95 Borneo 200,000 New Zealand 94 000 Ceylon Crete 24,700 6,200 Sandwich San Domingo. 6,000 18000 Cuba 42,883 Sicily 440 Cyprus 9,000 Staten Island 112 Hayti 11,000 St. Helena 47 Long Island 1,682 Vancouver's . .. 13,000 FASTEST ONE MILE TIME. Trotting horse Maud S, 2 min., 9J4 seconds; pacing horse Johnston, 2 min., 6!4 seconds; running, Ten Broecke, 1 min., 39% seconds; running man, W. Cummings, 4 min., 16J seconds; swimming man, C. F. Senk, 12 min. 42J4 seconds. AGES ATTAINED BY BIRDS. Blackbird lives 13 years. Parrot lives 65 years. Blackcap lives 15 years. Partridge lives 15 years. Canary lives 24 years. Peacock lives 24 years. Crane Ijves 27 years. Pelican lives 58 years. Crow lives 100 years. Pheasant lives 15 years. Eagle lives 100 years. Pigeon lives 20 years. Fowl (common) Ivs. 12 years. Raven lives 100 years. Goldfinch lives 15 years. Robin lives 12 years. Goose lives 50 years. Skylark lives 30 years. Heron lives 60 years. Sparrow Hawk lives 40 years. Lark lives. 18 yesrs. Swan lives 100 years. Linnet lives 23 years. Thrush lives 10 years. Nightingale lives ... 18 years . Wren lives 3 years . AGES ATTAINED BY DIFFERENT ANIMALS. An elephant lives 400 years; a whale, 400; a tortoise, 100; a camel, 4C; a horse. 30; a bear, 25; a lion, 30; an ox, 25; a cat, 15; a dog, 16; a sheep, 10; a squirrel, 8; a guinea pig, 7. THE USE OF CAPITALS. 1. Every entire sentence should begin with a capital. 2. Proper names, and adjectives GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 231 derived from those, should begin with a capital. 3. All appella- tions of the deity should lx?gin with a capital. 4. Official imd honorary titles begin with a capital. 5. Every line of poetry should begin with a capital. 6. Titles of books and the heads of their chapters and divisions ai'e printed in capitals. 7. The pro- noun, I, and the pvdamation, O, are always capitals. 8. The days of the week, and the months of the year, begin with capi- tals. !i. Every quotation should begin with a capital letter. 10. Kames of religious denominations begin with capitals. 11. In preparing accounts, each item should begin with a capital. 12. Any word of special importance may begin with a capital. VITALITY OF SEEDS, showing the limit of time beyond which the seeds named become useless for sowing. Beans 2 years. Onion 1 year. Beets 7 years. Parsnip 1 year Cabbage 4 years. Peas 2 years. Carrot 2 years. Radish 3 years. Celery 2 years. Squash '0 years. Cucumber 10 years. Sweet Corn 2 years. Lettuce 3 years. Tomato 7 years. Melon 10 years. Turnip 4 years. THERMOMETERS. Fahrenheit, boiling point, 212 deg.; freezing point, 32 deg. Centigrade, boiling point, 100 deg.; freezing point, deg. Reaumur, boiling point, 80 deg.; freezing point, deg. RULES FOR OBTAINING WEIGHT OF IRON.-For round bars multiply the square of the diameter in inches by the length in feet, and the product by 2.6. The product will be the weight in pounds, nearly. For square and flat bars multiply the area of the end of the bar in inches by the length in feet, and that by 3.32. The product will be the weight in pounds, nearly. Wrought iron, usually assumed : A cubic foot, 480 Ibs ; a square foot, 1 inch thick, 40 Ibs; a bar 1 inch square, 1 foot long, 3& Ibs : a bar 1 inch square, 1 yard long, 10 Ibs. To find the weight of cast iron balls when the diameter is given, multiply the cube of the diameter by .1377. To find the diameter of cast iron balls when the weight is given, multiply the cube of the weight by 1.936. To find the weight of a spherical shell : From the weight of a ball of the outer diameter subtract the weight of one of the in- ner diameters. WEIGHT OF GRINDSTONES. Square the diameter (in Inches); multiply by thickness (in inches); then by the decimal .06863 ; the product will be the weight of the stone in pounds. RAILROAD IRON MILE OF TRACK -To find the number of gross tons of rail to the mile : divide the weight per yard by 7 and multiply by 11. Example. For 56 pound rail : 56divided by7equals8multipliedby 11, equals 88 tons. Thenumber of tons of 2,000 Ibs. required per mile is very nearly fa times the weight per yard. CROSS-TIES PER MILE OF SINGLE TRACK. 18 inches from center to center, 3,520 ties; 20 inches, 3,708 ties; 22 inches, 2,889 ties ; 22.5 inches 2,81(5 ties ; 24 inches, 2,610 ties ; 25.7 inches, 2,4fi4 tins; 27 inrhes. 2,347 ties; 27.7 inches, 2,288 ties; 30 inches, 2,112 tics ; 33 inches, 1,920 ties ; 86 inches, 1,760 ties. 232 THE WESTERN WOULD FENCES. According to the best estimates there are 6,000,000 miles of farm fences in the United States, costing: over $2,000,- 000,000. In many states the fences on a farm cost more than the buildings standing on it, aud that, too, where lumber is abundant and cheap. WEIGHT OF VARIOUS MATERIALS.-The following table gives the weight per cubic foot of the various materials, etc., named : Materials. Asphaltum Lbs. ..87 Materials. Gypsum. Lbs. 143 57 66 114 168 53 168 160 180 106 155 72 80 140 170 57 165 117 100 150 175 180 5 to 12 15 to 50 125 58.6 63 170 115 60.5 Basalt J81 to 125 134 150 110 112 78 60 145 34 23 21 18 119 93.5 84 79 46 137 119 to 125 250 Itf2 192 157 172 158 163 165 60 Gunpowder, coarse fine Brick, common, .from 100 " pressed Ivory .. .. " tire .Limestone Brickwork, in mortar. . " cement.. Cement, Portland, loose " Hosendale " Chalk, solid .Lime, quick. Ma rble Masonry, ashlar " rubble Mortar, average . Millstone Charcoal, from birch . . " flr oak " pine Clay Pitch Plaster of Paris, cast . . Plumbago Porphyry.. Coal, anthracite . ... Pumice-stone. bituminous Quartz " cannel Sand, river. Coke " course Concrete, in cement . . . " ordinary Earth from 77 Sandstone Slate, American Welsh Emery Snow, fresh fallen " wet and compact- ed by rain Flint Glass, flint .... common window " plate Sulphur Tallow " flooring Tar Granite, gray Trap " red Tile Gutta-percha Wax, bees WEIGHT OF VARIOUS WOODS per cubic foot are given below : Timber Lbs. Apple 49 Ash 47 Beech 43 Birch 45 Box . . 60 Cedar, West Indian 47 American 35 " Lebanon 30 Cherry 42 Chestnut 41 Cork 15 Ebony 74 Elm 35 Hemlock 25 Hickory. 53 Hornbeam 47 Timber. Lbs. Iron wood 71 Larch 35 Lignum-vitne 83 Mahogany, Spanish 53 Honduras "5 Maple, rock 49 soft 42 Oak, live 6H " white 52 " red 45 Pine,white ^5 " yellow, Northern 35 " " Southern 4o Sycamore 37 Teak 46 Walnut 35 GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 233 WEIGHT OF LIQUIDS. The weight of fresh water is in practice usually assumed at 62}^ fts. per cubic foot. But 62)4 would be nearer the truth at ordinary temperatures, about 70 cleg.; or a ft. =27.759 cubic inches. Liquid. Lbs. "Water, distilled, 00 deg. F. 8.33 sea 8.55 " Dead Sea 10.4 Acid, Acetic 8.78 " Nitric 10.16 " Sulphuric 15.48 " Muriatic 9.93 Alcohol, pure 6.7 proof 7.62 of commerce... 6.93 Cider.. 8.4 Liquid. Lbs. Honey 12. Milk 8.55 Molasses 11.66 Oil, Linseed 7.85 " Olive 7.62 " Turpentine 7.16 " Whale 6.65 Naphtha 7. Petroleum 7.39 Tar 8.4 W ines (average) 8.3 Atmospheric air at 60 deg. Fahr., and under pressure of one atmosphere, or 14.7 ft>s. per sq. inch weighs 1-815 part as much as water at 60 deg. Specific gravity = .00123 = .0765 tt>s. per cubic foot. WEIGHT OF VARIOUS METALS. -The weights of the various metals per cubic loot are given below : Metals. Lfcs. Aluminum 166 Antimony, cast 419 Bismuth 613 Brass, cast 524 Bronze 534 Copper, cast 537 Copper wire .. .. 555 Gold, 24 caret 1,208 Gold, standard 1,106 Gun metal 528 Iron, cast 450 Metals. Lbs. Iron, wrought 485 Lead, cast 708 Lead, rolled 711 Mercury 849 Platinum I,3i4 Platinum, sheet 1,436 Silver, pure 654 Silver, standard 644 Steel 490 Tin, cast 455 Zinc , 437 WEIGHT OF VARIOUS PRODUCTS. Per bu. Wheat 60 Ibs. Corn (shelled) 56 " Corn (on the cob) 70 " Rye 56 " Barley 48 " Buckwheat (in Pa.).... 50 (in Ky.).... 52 (in Mass.).. 48 Oats (in Ills., Mass.) 32 " (in Ohio) 33 " (in Kentucky) 33^ " (in Maine and Pa.) 30 Clover-seed 60 Flax-seed 56 Timothy-seed 45 Hemp-seed. 48 Bluegrass-seed 14 Red-top seed 14 Per bu. Hungarian-grass seed.. 50 Ibs. Broom-corn seed 52 " Sorghum seed 40 " Corn-meal 50 " Brun 20 " Beans 60 " Onions (in Pa. and Ky.) . 57 ' " (in Mass.) 52 " Salt, Turks 1 Island 76 " " Syracuse 56 " " Liverpool 50 " Potatoes 60 " Peaa 64 " Dried Apples (in Pa.) ... 22 " (in 111.)... 24 " " Peaches (in Pa.)... 33 " (in 111.)... 32 " CAPACITY OF BOXES.-A box 24 inches long by 16 inches wide and 28 inches deep will contain 5 bushels. A b9X 24 inches long by 16 inches wide and 14 inches deep will contain 2} bushels. A box 14 inches wide, 23 1-25 inches long and 10 inches deep, will contain 1J4 bushels. A box 16 inches square and 8 2-5 234 THE AVESTERN WORLD inches deep, will contain 1 bushel. A box 16 inches long bj* 8 3-5 inches wide and 8 inches deep, will contain }& bushel. A box 8 inches square and 82-5 inches deep, will contain 1 peck. A box 8 inches long by 8 2-5 inches wide and 4 inches deep will contain 1 gallon. A box 8 inches long by 4 inches wide and 4 1-5 inches deep will contain }^ gallon. A box 4 inches square and 4 1-5 inches deep will contain 1 quart. * RULE FOR MEASURING CAPACITY OF SQUARE CISTERNS. Multiply the length in feet by the width in feet, and multiply that by 1 .728, then divide by 231. The quotient will be the number of trallons capacity of one foot in depth. CIRCULAR CISTERN. Multiply the square of the diam- eter by .7854, or the square of the circumference by .0795*. in order to find the area of the cistern, then multiply the area by the depth in inches, and divide the product by 231. The quotient will equal the number of gallons the cistern will contain. In measuring cisterns, etc.. 3l6 gallons are estimated to one barrel ; 63 gallons to one hogshead. SIZES OF PAPER. Size of flat writing papers, card-b^ard, etc.: Letter, 10x16; flat cap, 14x17; crown, 15x19; demy, ]ii\:>i ; folio post, 17x22; medium, 18x23; royal, 19x24; card-board, 22-28 ; colored medium cover paper, 20x25 ; glazed and plated cover paper, 20x24; flat foolscap, 13x16 ; double flat letter, 16x20 ; check folio, 17x24 ; double cap, 17x28 ; super royal, 20x38 ; imperial, 23x31 inches. SIZES OF BOOKS. A sheet foldel in 2 leaves makes a folio size ; 4 leaves, quarto, or 4to; 8 leaves, octavo, or 8vo; 12 leaves, duodecimo, or 12mo; Id leaves, sixteenmo, or 16mo. These names are still retained to designate the sizes of books, though the reason" for them has ceased. SEED TO THE ACRE. The opinions of farmers differ materially ; and then the climate and soil have much to do with the quantity. The quantity of seed sown broadcast to the acre, is about as follows : Wheat 1M to 2 bu. Barley 1 5^ to Oats 2 to Rye 1 to Buckwheat % to Millet 1 to Indian-corn 1 to Beans 2 to Peas 2J^to Hemp 1 to The quantity per acre, when planted in rows, .in drills, is about thus : bu. Flax . . \ to 2 bu. to 24 qts. to 20 " to 16 " to 3 Ibs. to 16 " to 4 " to 15 " to 30 " Timothy 12 Mustard 8 Red-top .... 12 Flat Turnip. ... 2 Red Clover 10 White Clover... 3 Kentucky Blue- grass 10 Orchard Grass.. 20 Broom-corn ... 1 Beans 1 Peas I Peanuts 1 to 2^ ;to2 ,to2 to 2 Onions 4 to 5 Ibs. Carrots 2 to 2^ " Parsnips 4 to 5 " Beets 4 to 6 HAY. A ton is ?12 cubic feet in the mow, that is, when it has settled down and become solid. GUIDE AXD HAXD-BOOK. 235 TO MEASURE CORN IN CRIBS when the Sides are Straight. Multiply the length, breadth and height in inches to- gether, and divide by 3744 (26 inch gauge), or the number of cubic inches in a bushel of ears. When the Sides are Flaring, mul- tiply half the sum of the top and bottom width, the perpendic- ular height, and the length in inches together, and divide the product as in the previous rule. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. LONG MEASURE. 12 inches make 1 foot. 3 feet ' 1 yard. 5& yards or 16^ feet 1 rod. 4 rods 1 chain. 10 chains or 40 rods ' 1 furlong. 8 furlongs, or 5,280 feet 1 mile. SQUARE OR SURFACE MEASURE. 144 square inches. make 1 square foot. 9 square feet ' 1 square yard. 30J4 square yards " 1 square rod . 16 square rods ' 1 square chain. 10 square chains ' 1 acre. 640 acres ' 1 square mile . CUBIC MEASURE. 1728 cubic inches make 1 cubic foot. 27 cubic feet 1 cubic yard . 230 cubic inches 1 standard gallon (U. S.). 2150.43 cubic inches 1 standard bushel (U. S.). 50 cubic feet round timber 1 ton. 40 cubic feet hewn timber 1 ton. 40 cubic feet shipping timber.. 1 ton. 16 cubic feet 1 cord foot. 8 cord feet, or 128 cubic feet.. 1 cord of wood. 16J^ cubic feet 1 perch of stone. 36 bushels, or 57J4 cubic feet. . . 1 chaldron (for coal, etc.) SURVEYOR'S MEASURE. 7.92 inches make 1 link. 100 links, or 22 yards ' 1 chain. 80 chains ' 1 statute mile. 69.121 miles ' 1 geographical degree. CLOTH MEASURE. 2J4 inches make 1 nail. 4 nails ' 1 quarter. 4 quarters ' 1 yard. 3 quarters " 1 ell Flemish. Squatters " 1 ell English. 6 quarters " 1 ell French. 236 THE WESTERN WORLD MISCELLANEOUS WEIGHTS.-Barrel of flour weighs 196 Ibs.; salt, 280 Ibs.; beef, 200 Ibs.; pork, 20 'bs.; fish, 200 Ibs.; keg powder, 25 Ibs ; stone of lead or iron, 14 Ibs.; pig of lead or iron, 21}^ stone. Anthracite coal, broken, cubic foot averages 54 Ibs.: a ton. loose, occupies 40 to 43 cubic feet. Bituminous coal, broken, cubic foot averages 49 Ibs.; a ton, loose, occupies 43 to 48 cubic feet. Cement (Hy.) Rosendale Bush. = 70 Ibs. Louisville Portland Gypsum, ground Lime, loose Lime, well shaken Sand at 98 Ibs. per cubic ft 18.29 bush.= ton 1.181 ton=cu.'yd. = 62 96 70 A cable's length. = 240 yards. 20 articles = 1 s 'ore. 12 dozen = 1 gross. 12 gross = 1 great grs. A cord of wood..= 128 cu. ft. I hand = 4 inches. 1 span =9 inches. SHOEMAKERS' MEASURE.-No. 1 of small size is 4^ inches long. No. 1 of large size is 8 11-24 inches long. Each suc- ceeding number of either size is one-third of an inch addi- tional length. Sixty pairs of shoes equal one case. VALUE OF SCRIPTURAL COINS : Dollars. Cents. AGerao 2.5 10=ABekah 2509 20= 2= A Shekel 50.187 1,200 = 120 = 50 = A Maneh. or Mina (Heb.). 25 9 35 60,000 = 6,000 = 3,000 = 60 = A Talent 1/05 62.5 A Solidus Aureus, or Sextula, was worth 2 6409 A Siclus Aureus, or Gold Shekel, was worth . . 8 3 A Talent of Gold was worth 24,309 TSCRIPTURAL WEIGHTS reduced to Troy weight: Lhs. Oz. Diet. Gr. The Gerah, one-twentieth of a Shekel 12 The Bekah, half a Shekel 0050 The Shekel 10 The Maneh, 60 Shekels 2 6 The Talent, 50 Manehs, or 3,000 Shekels .... 125 SCRIPTURAL LIQUID MEASURE reduced to wine measure: Gals. 7'm/*. ACaph 0.62-i 13=ALog 0.83o 5.3= 4= A Cab 3.333 6 = 12= 3=AHin 1 2 82 = 24= 6= 2=ASeah 2 4 96 =72=18=6=3=A Bath, Ephah or Fir- kin 7 4.50 960 = 720=180=60=30=10=A Kor, Chores, or Homer 75 5.25 GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 23T SCRIPTURAL DRY MEASURE reduced to corn measure: Bush. Pks. Gal. Pints. A Gachal 0.141 20=ACab 2.83$ 36= 1.8= An Omer, or Gomer 5.1 120= 6 = 3.3=ASeah 1 1 360= 18 =10 = 3= AnEphah.... 303 1,800 =90 =50 =15=5 = A Letech 4000 3,600 =180 =100 = 30 = 10 = 2 = A Homer, or Kor 8 1 SCRIPTURAL LONG- MEASURE reduced to feet and inches: Feet. Inches. A Digit .912 4=APalm 3.648 12= 3= A Span 10944 24= 6= 2= A Cubit 1 9.888 96= 24= 8= 4 = A Fathom. . . ; 7 3.552 144= 36= 12= 6= 1.5= Ezekiel's Reed 10 11.328 192= 48= 16= 8= 2. - 1.3 = AnArabianPole 14 7.104 1,920 = 480 = 160 =80 = 20. = 13.3 = 10 = A Measur- ing Line 145 11.04 Miles. Feet. A Cubit 1.824 400 = Stadium, or Furlong 729.6 2,000= 5 = A Sabbath Day's Journey :.. 3,648 4,000= 10= 2 = An Eastern Mile 1 2,016 12,000= 30= 6= 3=AParasang 4 768 96.000 = 240 = 48 = 24 = 8 = A Day's Journey 33 864 238 THE WESTERN WORLD COMPOSITION OF SOLDERS. Fine solder, two-thirds tin and one-third lead ; glazing solder, half tin and half lead ; plumbing solder, one-third tin and two-thirds lead. NUMBER POTJNDS IN A BUSHEL IN DIFFERENT STATES. I*oo S : :! paag J8AOIQ ; ggg Jtg^gg g .S5S paag SSBJQ anm paag 1CICIC i.t Xl lO paag XT3\ g ceo *< is o a a a SS ;S saqoBaj Sa 8 3 : saiddy : : : igg S. .' Q O O O Q CO CC CO u- ^ gggggsss g igggg .g sdtuanx S3 S : : : : : SUOIUQ S S5SSS S S3 :S : JC^^C^OQQQQO C5 ^ Q O ^ O Q <5Q5^5g5 'C3 'cs c5^cj -o qoy am uo uaoo -.sssssssssssssssssssssssss SSSS3SSSSSSi :S :SSS : 3 : Hi ;o> : : :afcji? : S ; '"^hL^ l ~ l ff^^" - " ^* Q ^ C *" GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. COMMON NAMES OF DRUQS. Common Names. Chemical Names. Aqua f ortis Nitric acid. Aqua regia Nitro-muriatic acid. Blue vitriol . Sulphate of copper. Cream of tartar Bitartrate potassium. Calomel Chloride of mercury. Chalk Carbonate calcium. Caustic potash Hydrate potassium. Chloroform Chloride of formyl. Common salt Chloride of sodium. Copperas, or green vitriol Sulphate of iron. Corrosive sublimate Bi-chloride of mercury. Diamond Pure carbon . Dry Alum Sulphate aluminum and potas- sium. Epsom salts Sulphate of magnesia. Ethiops mineral Black sulphide of mercury. Fire damp Light carburetted hydrogen. Galena Sulphide of lead . Glauber's salt Sulphate of sodium. Glucose Grape sugar. Iron pyrites Bi-sulphide iron. Jeweler's putty Oxide of tin King's yellow Sulphide of arsenic Laughing gas Protoxide of nitrogen. Lime Oxide of calcium. Lunar caustic Nitrate of silver. Mosaic gold Bi-sulphide of tin. Muriate of lime Chloride of calcium. Saltpetre Nitrate of potash. Oil of vitriol Sulphuric acid. Potash Oxide of potassium. Realgar Sulphide of arsenic . Red lead Oxideof lead. Rust of iron Oxide of iron. Salmoniac Muriate of ammonia. Salt of tartar Carbonate of potassa. Slacked lime Hydrate calcium. Soda , Oxide of sodium. Spirits of hartshorn Ammonia. Spirit of salt Hydro-chloric or muriatic acid. Stucco, or plaster of Paris Sulphate of lime. Sugar of lead Acetate of lead . Verdigris Basic acetate of copper. Vermillion Sulphide 9f mercury. Vinegar Acetic acid (diluted). Water Oxide of hydrogen. White precipitate Ammoniated mercury. "White vitriol Sulphate of zinc COMPARATIVE YIELD OF GRAINS, VEGETABLES AND FRUITS PER ACRE. Lhs. per acre. Hops 44'' Lhs. per acre. Cherries 2 000 Lhs. per acre. Apples. 8,000 Wheat 1,2(50 Barley . . 1 600 Onions 2,800 Hay 4.COO Turnips 8,430 Cinq'e foil gra's 9,601 Oats 1 840 Pears . . 5,000 Vetches, green. 9,800 Peas 1,9?0 Beans . .. 2 000 Grass 7.000 Carrots . . .6/00 Cabbages 10,900 Parsnips 11,200 Plums... . 2.000 Potatoes . .. 7.500 Mangel Wurzel22,000 240 THE WESTERN WORLD AVERAGE VELOCITY. Per hour. 3 miles. 7 20 18 10 3 A man walks A horse trots A horse runs Steamboat runs Sailing vessel runs Slow rivers flow Rapid rivers flow A moderate wind blows , A storm moves A hurricane moves A rifle ball moves 1,000 Sound moves. 743 Light moves 193,000 miles per sec. Electricity moves 28b,000 " " 7 36 BO AVERAGE PER CENTAGE OF ALCOHOL IN LIQUORS. Scotch Whisky 54.53 Irish Whisky 53.9 Rum 53.68 Gin 51.6 Brandy 53.39 Burgundy 14.57 Cape Muscat 18.25 Champagne (still) 13.80 Champagne (sparkling). . . 12.61 Cider 5.2 to 9 8 Constantia 19.75 Gooseberry Wine 11.48 Currant Wine 20.50 Port 22.90 Madeira 22.27 Teneriff e 19.79 Sherry 19.17 Claret. 15.1 Elder 8.79 Ale 6.87 Porter 4.2 Malaga 17.26 Khenish 12.8 Small Beer 1.28 PROMISSORY NOTES, LAWS OF. Demand Notes are payable on presentation without grace, and bear legal interest after a demand has been made, if not so written . An indorser on a demand note is held only for a lim- ited time, variable in different states. A Negotiable Note must be made payable either to bearer, or be properly indorsed by the person to whose order it is made. If the indorser wishes to avoid responsibility, he can indorse "without rewwae." A Joint Note is one signed by two or more persons, who each become liable for the whole amount. Three Days' Grace are allowed on all time notes, after the time for payment expires; if not then paid, the indorser, if any, should be legally notified, to be held. Notes Falling' Due Sunday, or on a legal holiday, must be paid the day previous. Notes Dated Sunday are void. Altering- a Note in any manner by the holder makes it void. Notes Given by Minors are void. The Maker of a note that is lost or stolen is not released from payment if the amonnt and consideration can be proven. Notes Obtained by Fraud, or given by an intoxicated per- son cannot be collected. An Indorser has a right of action against all whose names were previously on a note indorsed by him. Deposits of Money in a Bank placed to the credit of de- positors, are always subject to their check for full amount due. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 241 ORIGIN AND MEANING OF PERSONAL NAMES. MALE. Names. Origin. Meaning. Aaron Hebrew Mountain . Abraham Hebrew Father of many. Adam Chaldaic Red Earth. Albert Saxon All bright. Alexander Greek A helper of men. Alfred.. Saxon All peace. Amos Hebrew A burden. Andrew Greek Courageous. Anthony Latin Flourishing. Archibald German A bold observer. Arthur British A strong man. Alonzo Spanish Chivalry. Allan Scotch. Pious Minstrel. Benjamin Hebrew Son of a right hand. Cecil Saxon Harmony. Clarence Saxon Clear. Charles German High spirited, noble. Christopher Greek Christ bearing. Claude Saxon Virtuous. Cyrus Persian Great. Daniel Hebrew God is judge. David Hebrew Well beloved. Donald Spanish A fine gentleman. "jridgar Saxon Fortunate, happy. Edward Saxon. Happy reaper. Eugene Greek Nobly descended . Francis German Free. Frank French. ...Generous, brave, openhearted. Frederick German Rich, peace. Gabriel Hebrew The strength of God. George Greek A husbandman. Guy French The mistleloe shrub. Henry German A rich lord. Herbert German ..A bright lord. Hugh Dutch. High, lofty. Horace Greek Light of the sun . Hans German Melodious singer. Isaac Hebrew Laughter. Jacob Hebrew A supplanter. James Roman Charity, beguiling. John Hebrew The grace of the Lord. Joseph Hebrew Addition. Jesse Hebrew The root of David. Laurence Latin Crowned with laurel. Lewis French Defender. Luke Greek A wood or grove . Louis. French For the people. Michael Hebrew Who is like God. Mark Latin A hammer. Martin Latin Martial . Matthew Hebrew A gift. Maurice Latin Spring of a moor. Moses Hebrew Drawn from the water. Nathaniel Hebrew Gift of God; no guile. Nicholas G*eek Victory of the people. Nathan Hebrew Given; agift. Noah Arabian Peace ; rest. Owen British Well descended . Oliver Saxon Peaceful; serene. Oscar Polish Heart breaker. Patrick Latin A nobleman. Paul.. Latin Small; little. 243 THE WESTERN WOULD Peter Greek A rock or stone. Philip Greek A lover of horses. Percy Saxon A Lord. Raymond German Quiet; peace. Reuben Hebrew The son of vision . Richard Saxon Powerful. Robert.. . German Famous in counsel . Roger German Strong counsel. Samuel .Hebrew Heard of God . Stephen Greek A crown or garland. Silas Greek Worthy to be praised. Sidney ^ British Bruised ; troubled. Theodore Greek The gift of God. Thomas Hebrew A twin. Timothy Greek A fearer of God. Vincent Latin Conquering. Walter German A woodmaster. William German Defending many. Wesley English Brightly shining. Zachariah Hebrew Remembering the Lord. FEMALE NAMES. Abbie English A refuge. Adeline German A princess. Agnes German Chaste . Alice German Noble. Amy French Beloved. Amelia French Loving. Anna Hebrew A prophetess. Ada Hebrew A mountain. Angeline Roman Sweet messenger. Barbara Latin Foreign or strange. Beatrice .Latin Making happy. Bertha Greek Bright or famous. Blanche French Fair. Bessie Saxon Little Eliza. Belle Spanish The best; the gayest. Bridget .Celtic Shining; bright. Catharine Greek Pure ; good . Charlotte French All noble . Caroline Latin Noble spirited. Clara Latin Clear and bright. Constance Latin Constant. Carrie Latin Pet Caroline. Cornelia Roman Bright sunbeam . Cora Greek Keen wit. Dora Celtic Prolific . Delia Spanish Accommodating. Delia Celtic Shining; bright. Edith Saxon Happiness. Eð, } Hebrew Theoathof God. Emily Saxon A nurse. Emma German A nurse. Erne Scotch Heart's devotion. Elsie Welsh M irthf ul. Emmaline Saxon My little nurse. Ettie Herman Sprightly; household pet. Frances German Free. Florence Italian /Vernal duty. Flora British Lovely bloom. Gertrude German All truth. Grace Latin Favor. Helen Greek A most beautiful woman. Hannah. . Hebrew. .The Lord has come to her relief. Harriet British A line lady. Hattie English A handsome lady. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 243 Henrietta British Of noble birth. Isabella Spanish Fair Eliza . Ida Greek A lofty mountain. Jane British God'sgrace. Jeanette Scotch Little Jane. Josephine French A saver of life. Julia Roman Charming; virtuous. J uliet . Roman Noble and sprightly. Jessie Scotch My present. Katrina German My beautiful Kate. Lucy Latin Shining 1 . Lydia Greek Descended from the Lord . Louisa French Defender of the people. Laura Greek Famed ; worthy. Lillie Saxon Purity. Mabel Latin Lovely. Margaret German A pearl. Martha Hebrew Bitter. Maud Greek A lady of honor. Minnie Hebrew Numbered ; prepared. Mary Hebrew A drop of salt water ; a tear. Maria Spanish Mary . Matilda British Queenly. Nellie Saxon Fair and faithful. Olive Persian Peace. Paulina Latin Feminine of Paul. Hose Latin Perfection. Susan Hebrew A lily . Sarah Hebrew A princess. "Viola .Spanish Joyous visitant. BELATIVE VALTJE OF FOOD FOB STOCK. One hundred pounds of good hay for stock are equal to : Articles. Pounds. Articles. Pounds. Beets, white silesia 469 Lucerne Turnips 369 Clover, red, dry Rye-straw 397 Buckwheat Clover, red, green 373 Corn Carrots 371 Oats 59 Mangolds 368>$ Barley 58 Potatoes, kept in pit .... 264 Rye. , Oat-straw 317 Wheat 44}. Potatoes 360 Oil-cake, linseed 43 Carrot leaves (tops) 13.5 Peas, dry 37J Hay, English 100 Boans 23 HOUSEWIFE'S TABLES. 1 pound of wheat flour is equal to 1 quart. 1 pound and 2 ounces of Indian meal make 1 1 pound of soft butter is equal to 1 1 pound and 2 ounces of be^t brown sugar make . 1 1 pound and 1 ounce of powdered white sugar make 1 1 pound of broken loaf sugar is equal to 1 4 large tablespoonf uls make J4 gill. 1 common-sized tumbler holds Ja pint. 1 common-sized wine-glass is equal to J^ gill. 1 tea-cup holds 1 gill. 1 large wine-glass 2 ounc's 1 tablespoonf ul is equal to Mi ounce POPULATION OF THE WORLD. Asia, 670,000,000; Europe, 320,000,000 ; Africa, 200,000,000; North America, 75,000,000; Oceanica, 40,000,000 ; South America, 30,000,000. 244 THE WESTEKN WORLD QUALIFICATIONS OF VOTERS IN THE VARIOUS STATES. STATES. Requirement as to Citizenship. RESIDENCE IN State Co. Voting Prec'ct Alabama. . . . Arkansas California... Colorado .... Connecticut Delaware . . . Florida Citizens or declared intention. Citizens or declared intention. Actual citizens Citizens or declared intention. Aci ual citizens 'yr.. yr.. lyr.. ti mos 1 vr 3 mos 6 mos 90dys Imo... Imo... 30dys.. timos Imo. 6 mos 6 mos !H)dys 00 dys 60 dys 6 mos. . Actual County taxpayers 1 United States citizens or / lyr.. lyr.. 1 yr. lyr Georgia Illinois Actual citizens Actual citizens 30dys.. 30dys.. Indiana Citizens or declared intention . Actual citizens 6 mos 6 mos 6 mos 2yrs. lyr . 3 mos Kansas Kentucky... Louisiana.. . Maine Citizens or declared intention . Free white male citizens Citizens or declared intention . Actual citizens 30 dys.. 60dys.. 30 dys. . lyr.. 6 mos Maryland . . . Mas ohusetts Michigan Minnesota... Mississippi . Missouri Nebraska . . . Nevada N.H'mpshire New Jersey. New York . . N. Carolina. Ohio Oregon Penn . . Rhode Island S. Carolina. . Tennessee.. . Texas 1 yr 8 mos Citizens Citizens or declared intention . Citizens or declared intention. 1 yr. . 3 mos 1 mos 6 mos l yr. ti mos (5 mos 6 mos. . 10 dys.. 10 dys.. i mo. 60dys Citizens or declared intention. Citizens or declared intention. Citizens or declared intention. Actual citizens 30dys T'D.is'm Actual citizens. lyr. I yr. . 5 mos 4 mos 90dys Actual citizens. SOdys.. Actual citizens 12 mo lyr Actual citizens.. Citizens or declared intention . Actual citizens Actual tax-paying citizens Actual citizens Actual citizens 6 mos lyr.. lyr.. lyr.. 12 mo lyr. lyr. 60dy' 6 mos 6 mos 2 mos.. T'n.6m Citizens or declared intention. Actual citizens (imos. . Vermont Virginia W. Virginia. Wisconsin... Actual citizens Actual citizens Citizens or declared intention. 12 mo lyr.. lyr.. 00 dys T'n.3 m OIL IN SEEDS. Kinds of Seed. Per cent Oil. Rapeseed 55 Sweet Almond . . 47 Turnip seed 45 "White mustard. . . 67 Bitter Almonds 37 Hempseed 19 Linseed ... . . 17 Indian corn 7 Barley Kinds of Seed. Per cent Oil, Oats 6fcs Clover hay 5 Wheat bran 4 Oat-straw 4 Meadow hay 3J4 W heat-straw. 3 AVheat flour.. .. 3 GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 245 DIFFERENCE IN TIME.-The following table shows the time at different places when it it 12 o'clock (noon) at New York city. NAMES OF CITIES. Time when it is 12 n oo ii at N.Y. NAMES OF CITIES. Time when it is 12 noon at N.Y. Albany, N. Y 12.01 P.M. 11.18A.M. 11.50A.M. 11.50A.M. 12.21 P.M. 12.12 P.M. 12.03 P.M. 12.00 M. 11.40 A.M. 10.51 A.M. 12.03 P.M 11.36A.M. 11.05A.M. 11.18A.M. 11.29A.M. 11.24 A.M. 12.10 P.M. 10.34 A.M. 10.53A.M. 11.19 A.M. 9.57 A.M. 10.42 A.M. 11.24 A.M. 10.54 A.M. 11.55 A.M. 11.49A.M. 11.07A.M. 11.15A.M. 10.37 A.M. 11.49 A.M. 12.05 P.M. 11.12 P.M. 10.37 A.M. 10.50 A.M. 10.3 r A.M. 10.47 A M. 11.14 A.M. 12.10 P.M. 10.55 A.M. 11.05 A.M. 11.04A.M. 11.10A.M. Nashville, Tenn . . Newark, N. J Newburgh, X. Y.. Newberry port. Mass 11.09 A.M. 11.59A.M. 12.0014. 12.12 P.M. 12.04P.M. 10.56 A.M. 12.11 P.M. 11.51 A.M. 12.05 P.M. 12.07 P.M. 11.54 A.M. 10.32 A.M. 11.55 A.M. 11.36 A.M. 12.02 P.M. 12.15 P.M. 12.00 M. 12.10 P.M. 11.46A.M. 11.43A.M. 8.50 A.M. 10.55 A.M. 10.44 A.M. 9.28 A.M. 10.23 A.M. 8.46 A.M. 11.32A.M. 10.58 A.M. 12.05 P.M. 11.51 A.M. 11.07 A.M. 11.22 A.M. i:.54 A.M. 11.58 A.M. 11.56 A.M. 10.53 A.M. 11.48 A.M. 11.33A.M. 11.54 A.M. 12.10 P.M. Atlanta, Ga Auburn, N. Y Baltimore, Md 1 i:iiiii"( ir. Me Boston, Mass Bridgeport, Conn.. Brooklyn, N. Y.... Buffalo, N. Y Burlington, Iowa.. Burlington, V. T.. Charleston, 8. C.... Chicago, 111 Cincinnati, O Cleveland, O Columbus, O Concord, N. H ... Council Bluffs, la. . Davenport, Iowa.. Dayton, O . ... New Haven.Conn. New Orleans, La. Newport, K.I Norfolk, Va Northampton, Mass Norwich, Conn... Ogdensburg, N.Y. Ornaha, Neb Philadelphia, Pa.. Pittsburg, Pa Pittsneld, Mass... Portland, Me Poughkeepsie,N.Y Providence, R.I.. llichmond, Va Rochester, N. Y.. Sacramento, Cal.. St. Louis, Mo St. Paul, Minn Salt Lake City, Utah Denver Col Des Moines, Iowa . Detroit, Mich Dubuque, Iowa. . Easton, Pa Elmira,N. Y Evansville, Ind. . . Fort Wayne, Ind . Galveston, Tex.. . Harrisburg, Pa.. . Hartford, Conn Indianapolis, Ind.. Kansas City, Mo . . . Keok ik, Iowa ... Leaven worth, Kan Little Rock, Ark. Louisville, Ky Lowell, Mass Memphis, Tenn . . Milwaukee, Wis.. Mobile, Ala Montgomery, Ala. . San Antonio, Tex. San Francisco, Cal. Savannah, Ga. ... Springfield, 111 . Springneld, Mass. Syracuse, N. Y Terre Haute, Ind. Toledo. O Trenton, N. J Troy. N. Y Utica, N. Y Vicksburg, Miss.. Washington, D.C. Wheeling. W. Va. Wilmington, Del. Worcester, Muss. . NT7MBE1 Name . Length . 1 oz 14 inch M 3-16 ; zx :::::^i6 3 % 4 7-16 ' 6 9-16 ' 8 fc. . OF TACI No. 16000 CS TO THE POUND. Name. Length. No. 10 oz . .11-16 inch 1,600 10 66t> 13 % 1,333 8000 14 . 13-16 1,143 6,400 16 J6 1,000 5333 18 ... 15-16 888 4000 20 ..1 ... 800 .. . 2666 22 11-16 727 .. 2.000 24 H6 . 066 246 THE -WESTERN WORLD NUMBER OF NAILS TO THE POUND. Name. Size. No. \Name. 3 penny, fine 1^ inch 760 nails. 1 16 penny, 480 300 200 160 128 92 72 60 44 fence 2 Size. No. 3J4 inch 32 nails. 4 " 24 4>4 " 18 5 " 14 " 12 " 80 " 50 " ' 34 3 3M 29 TIME AT WHICH MONEY DOUBLES AT INTEREST. Per Cent. Simple Interest. 2 50 years. 2^ 40 years. 3 33 years 4 months. 3J6 28 years 208 days. 4 25 years. 4J<5 22 years 81 days. 5 20 years. 6 16 years 8 months. 7 14 years 105 days. 8 12^ years. 9 11 years 40 days. 10 10 years. Cnmpoundlnterezt. 35 years 2 days. 28 years 26 days. 23 years 164 days. 20 years 54 days. 17 years 246 days. 15 years 273 days. 15 years 75 days. 11 years 328 days. 10 years 89 days. 9 years 2 days. 8 years 16 days. 7 years 100 days. WAGES PAID IN EUROPE AND UNITED STATES. Comparative rates of weekly wages paid in Europe and in the United States in 1878. The wages paid in the United States vary, diminishing in the East and South and increasing at the West and North-west. Belgium. Denmark- . Franco. Germany. X s hH Great Britain. g 1 , u P Bakers 8 4 40 8 4 2o $ $ 3 50 3 v flO $ 6 50- 5 60 8- 12 Blacksmiths Bookbinders 440 3 90 3 72 5 45 4 85 ;; 55 3 82 3 1)4 3 'JO 7 04- 8 2 6 5l>- 7 83 9- 12 9- "0 Bricklayers Cabinetmakers.. Carpenters and Joiners Farm laborers. . 6 00 4 80 5 40 4 25 4 00 6 00 5 42 3 15 3 60 3 97 4 00 2 K7 ,'( ).-> 495 4 18 3 50 7 58- 9 03 7 70- 8 48 733-8 25 3 40- 4 25 6- 10J 7- 15 7J-12 Laborers, etc. . 3 00 ^ !I2 2 6i> 4 50- 5 00 5J- 9 Painters .... 4 20 4 15 4 90 3 92 4 60 7 25- 8 16 6- 12 Plasteres Plumbers Printers 540 6 00 4 62 '5'50' 4 70 3 80 3 60 4 80 435 3 90 3 90 7 68-10 13 7 13- 8 46 9- 15 12- 20 12- 18 Shoemakers. 3 30 4 75 3 12 4 32 - 7 35 9- 18 Tailors 4 10 5 10 3 58 4 30 5 00- 7 30 6- 18 Tinsmiths 480 390 4 40 3 05 360 6 00- 7 30 9- 12 GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 247 PRICES OF THE NECESSARIES OF LIFE in Europe and the United States. B 3 5 5 X J d be e E ;? 03 , 8 0) 01 C5 s O 6 Cts a*. Ct8. Cts. Cts. Cts. Beef roast Ib 20 22 22 20 22 8-J2* Corned . . . Ib 16 16 13 12 18-20 4-7 Beans qt 10 13 9 5- 9 Bread Ib 4- 5 3 3-7 6 3*- 4* 4 4^1 Butter ... .Ib 20-50 25 22 28 29-38 16-40 Coal ton $4 25 $11 00 $265-$410 $3-6 75 Codnsh Ib 9 6- 8 5- 9 Coffee Ib 30-40 30 35 32 28-50 16-40 Eggs doz 20-25 18 20 18 14-30 10-24 Flour.. Ib 4 5*4 10 3*- 4* 2U_4* Lard Ib 20 21 22 12-18 6-10 Milk qt Mutton foreqr..lb Oatmeal Ib '"ie 'is' it* 7 15 5- 9 16-17 3*- 4* 3-6 5-12* 4- o Pork, fresh Ib 16 14 17 13 10-16 4-5 salted Ib 16 14 17 18 10-16 6-12 bacon . . . Ib 18 20 20 22 12-16 7-12 sausage... Ib 20 16 19 20 18 6-10 Potatoes bu 56 50 50 $ 1 15 68-32 00 60-80 Rice Ib 9 6 5-10 Soap Ib 10 4 5!!- 9 3-8 Sugar Ib 15^20 H rf2 in 7-10 Tea .Ib 75 73 40-88 25-81.00 FASTEST TRANSATLANTIC TIME ON RECORD. he time of passage given in the table below represents the quickest ocean trips on record. It will be seen that we are gain- ing in speed. MLS. STEAMER. DATE. D. H.M. New York to Queenstown New York to Queenstown Now York to Queenstown New York to Queenstown New York to Queenstown Queen-itown to New York New York to Queenstown Queenstown to New York New York to Queenstown Philadelphia toQuecnst'ii New York to Havana. . . Havana to New York New York to Aspinwall.. Asplnwall to New York.. S.Francisoo to Yokohama Yokohama to S.Francisco Queenstown to New York 2,950 2,950 2.050 2,50 2,950 2,950 ',',950 2,950 2.1150 13,050 1,225 1,225 2.3(iO 2,300 4,76 1 4,704 2,950 July, 1884 6 652 7 7 48 7 9 23 7 12 46 7 15 48 7 18 02 8 6 30 8 258 it x 12 8 18 13 4 043 3 10 7 6 14 .. 6 530 15 9 .. 14 13 6 531 Arizona Arizona . Britannic City of Berlin. City of Berlin. llnssia Russia Sep., 188! June 187ft Dec., 1S7C. Oct., LOTS 263 305 350 394 459 498 544 615 (53 27 " ... 139 169 197 245 273 316 3<>3 409 477 517 565 639 678 28 " ... 144 ! 175 204 254 283 32* 37(i 424 494 '588 586 663 703 29 " ... 149 181 211 868 293 339 3MI 439 512 555 607 687 728 30 " ... 154 1H7 218 272 303 aii 402 454 529 574 tea 711 753 31 " ... 159 193 225 281 313 362 415 469 547 593 649 735 778 D. D. D. D. D. D. D. D. D. D. 1). D. 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 96 10 feet 283 309 3:t9 359 377 407 440 456 486 496 543 573 11 " 311 340 374 :'(> 415 447 48' 5"2 sa5 546 59K 630 12 " 340 371 W8 432 4. r vi 489 528 548 584 596 653 688 13 " 369 404 442 469 491 530 572 594 633 646 708 746 14 " 397 435 476 505 529 571 618 640 682 096 762 803 15 " 426 465 511 541 567 612 662 6*6 731 746 817 861 16 ' 455 496 545 578 605 653 706 I2 2 780 796 872 919 17 ' 483 527 579 614 643 694 751 778 829 846 927 976 18 ' 512 558 613 6501 681 7*5 795 8241 878 896 981 1034 19 ' 541 590 647 688 719 776 839 870! 927 946 1036 1092 20 ' 569 621 681 724 757 817 884 916! 976 996 1091 1148 21 ' 598 652 716 7601 796 a59 928 962 1025 1046 1146 1206 22 ' 627 684 750 796 834 900 972 1008 1074 1096 1200 1264 23 ' 655 715 784 833 872 941 1017 10541123 1146 1255 1318 24 " 684 746 818 889 910 982 1061 1100 1172 1196 1310 1376 25 " 718 777 853 906 948 1023 1105 1146 1221 1246 1365 1434 26 " 742 808 887 9421 986 1064 1149 1192 1270 1296 1420 1492 27 " 771 839 921 979 1024 1105 1193 1238 1319 1346 1475 1550 28 " 800 870 955 1015! 1062 1146 1237 1284 1368 1396 1530 1608 29 " 829 901 989 10521100 1187 1281 1330 1417 1446 1585 1666 30 " 858 9321023 1088 1138 122S 1325 1376 1466 1496 1640 1724 31 " 887 963 1057 1125 1176 1269 1369 1422 1515 1546 1695 1782 GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 249 TO FIND THE CONTENTS OF ANY LOG.-Add to- gether the two extreme diameters, and divide by 2 for the mean diameter. Subtract one-third for the side of the square the log will make when hewn. Square' the side thus obtained, and multiply the product by the length of the log in feet, and divide the last product by 144 (or by 12 twice), the quotient will be the cubical contents in feet, and twelfths of a foot. SHRINKAGE OF GRAIN. Wheat from the time it is threshed will shrink 7 per cent in six months, under the most fa- vorable circumstances. Corn shrinks much more from the time it is husked, averaging about 20 per cent during 1 the first six months. In the case or potatoes taking 1 those that rot and are otherwise lost together with the shrinkage, there is but little doubt that between October and June the loss to the owner who holds them is not less than 30 per cent. BOARD AND PLANK MEASUREMENT- AT SIGHT. This table gives the sq. ft. and in. in board from 6 to 25 in. wide, and from 8 to 36 ft. long. If a board be longer than 36 ft., unite ' two numbers. Thus, if a board is 40 ft. long and 16 in. wide, add 30 and 10, and you have 53 ft. 4 in. For 2-in. plank double the product. To find the contents of any piece thicker than one inch, multiply the contents of a similar piece one inch thick as given in the table, by the thickness in inches. All stuff less than one inch thick is counted as an inch thick. 1! *3 6 in. W. 7 in. W. 8 in. W. 9 in. W. 10 in. W. 11 in. W. 12 in. W. 13 in. W. 14 in. W. 15 in. W. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. 8... 4 4 8 5 4 6 6 8 7 4 8 8 8 9 4 10 9... 4 6 5 3 6 6 9 7 6 8 3 9 9 9 10 6 11 3 10... 5 5 10 6 8 7 6 8 4 9 2 10 10 10 11 8 12 6 11... 5 6 6 5 7 4 8 3 9 2 10 1 11 11 11 12 10 12 9 12... 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13... 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 13 14 1 15 2 16 3 14... 7 8 2 9 4 10 6 11 8 12 10 14 15 2 16 4 17 6 15... 7 6 8 9 10 11 3 12 6 13 9 15 16 3 17 6 18 9 16... 8 9 4 10 8 12 13 4 14 8 Iri 17 4 18 8 20 17... 8 6 9 11 11 4 12 9 14 2 15 7 17 18 5 19 10 21 3 18... 9 10 H 12 13 6 15 16 6 18 19 6 21 22 6 19... 9 6 11 1 12 8 14 3 15 10 17 5 19 ^0 7 22 2 93 9 20... 10 11 8 13 4 15 16 8 18 4 20 21 8 23 4 ?5 21... 10 6 12 3 14 15 9 17 6 19 3 21 22 9 24 6 26 3 22... 11 12 10 14 8 16 6 18 4 20 2 22 23 10 25 8 27 6 23... 11 6 13 5 15 4 17 3 19 2 21 1 23 (i 24 11 26 10 28 9 24... 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 25... 12 6 14 7 16 8 18 9 20 10 22 11 25 27 1 29 2 31 3 26... 13 15 2 17 4 19 6 21 8 23 10 26 28 2 30 4 32 6 27... 13 6 15 9 18 020 3 22 6 24 9 27 29 3 31 6 33 9 28... 14 16 4 18 8 21 23 4 25 8 28 30 4 32 8 35 29... 14 6 16 11 19 4 51 9 24 2 26 7 29 31 5 33 10 3> 3 30... 15 17 6 30 0122 6 25 27 6 30 32 6 a5 o 37 6 31... 15 6 18 1 20 8 23 3 25 10 28 5 31 33 7 36 2 38 9 32... 16 18 8 21 4 24 26 8 29 4 32 34 8 37 4 4) 33... 16 6 19 3 22 024 9 27 6 30 3 33 35 9 38 6 41 3 34... 17 19 10 22 8 25 (i 28 4 31 2 34 36 10 39 8 42 6 35... 17 6 20 5 23 4 26 3 29 2 32 1 35 37 11 40 10 43 9 36... 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 250 THE WE8TE11N WORLD - si 1 = 16 in. VV. 17 in. W. 18 in. W. 19 in. W. 20 in W. 21 in. W. 22 in. W. 23 in. W. 24 in. W. 25 in. W. * i-? ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. it. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. 8... 10 8 11 4 12 12 8 13 4 14 14 8 15 4 16 16 8 9... 12 12 9 13 6 14 3 15 15 9 16 6 17 3 18 18 9 10... 13 4 14 2 15 15 10 16 8 17 6 18 4 19 2 20 20 10 11... 14 8 15 ', 16 6 17 5 18 4 19 3 20 2 21 1 22 22 11 12... 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 13... 17 4 18 5 19 6 20 7 21 8 22 9 23 10 24 11 26 27 1 14... 18 8 19 10 21 22 2 23 4 24 6 -' * 26 10 28 29 2 16... 20 21 3 22 6 23 9 25 26 3 % 6 28 9 30 31 3 16... Jil 4 22 8 24 25 4 26 8 28. 29 4 30 8 32 33 4 17... 22 8 24 1 25 6 26 11 28 4-29 9 31 2 32 7 34. 35 5 18... 24 25 6 27 28 6 30 31 6 33 34 6 36 037 6 19... 25 4 26 11 28 6 30 1 31 8 33 3 34 10 36 5 38 039 7 20... 26 8 28 4 30 31 8 33 4 35 36 8 38 4 40 041 8 21... 28 29 9 31 6 33 3 35 36 9 38 6 40 3 42 43 9 22... 29 4 31 2 33 34 10 36 8 38 6 40 4 42 2 44 45 10 23... 30 8 32 7 34 6 36 5 38 4 40 3 42 2 44 1 46 47 11 24... 33 34 U 36 38 40 42 44 46 4 48 50 25... 34 4 35 5 37 6 39 7 41 8 43 9 45 10 47 11 50 52 1 26... 35 8 36 10 39 41 2 43 4 45 6 47 8 49 10 52 54 2 27... 36 38 3 40 6 42 9 45 047 3 49 6 51 9 54 56 3 28... 37 4 39 8 42 44 4 46 849 51 4 53 8 56 58 4 29... 38 8 41 1 43 6 45 i: 48 4|50 9 53 2 ?5 7 58 60 5 30... 40 42 6 45 47 6 50 051 6 55 57 6 60 62 6 A. COON HUNT GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 251 FACTS FOB BUILDERS. One thousand shingles laid four inches to the weather will cover over 100 square feet of sur- face, and five pounds of shingle nails will fasten them on. One-fifth more siding and flooring is needed than the number of square feet of surface to be covered, because of the lap in the Biding and matching of the floor. One thousand laths will cover 70 yards of surface, and 11 pounds of lath nails will nail them on. Eight bushels of good lime, 16 bushels of sand and 1 bushel of hair will make enough mortar to plaster 100 square yards. A cord of stone, 3 bushels of lime and a cubic yard of sand will lay 100 cubic feet of wall. Five courses of brick will lay 1 foot in height on a chimney, 9 bricks in a course will make a flue 8 inches wide and 20 inches long, and 8 bricks in a course will make a flue 8 inches wide and 16 inches long. A cask of lime will make into mortar sufficient, commonly, for from 1,000 to 1,100 bricks; 1,000 may be considered a safe estimate. Sand is estimated by the load, a load containing from 19 to 21 bushels. This is sufficient for about 2 casks of lime; therefore we may estimate 1 cask of lime to 10 bushels of sand. "WHITEWASH. Make the whitewash in the ordinary man- ner, then place it over a fire and bring it to a boil; then stir into each gallon a tablespoonful of powdered alum, a half pint of good flour paste, and half a pound of glue dissolved in water, while it is boiling. RELATIVE HARDNESS OF WOODS. Taking shell bark as the highest standard of our forest trees, and calling that 100, other trees will compare with it as follows: Shell Bark Hickory 100 Yellow Oak 60 Pignut Hickory 96 White Elm 58 White Oak 84 Hard Maple 56 White Ash 77 Red Cedar 56 Dogwood 75 Wild Cherry 55 Scrub Oak 73 Yellow Pine 54 White Hazel 72 Chestnut, 52 AppleTree 70 YellowPoplar 51 KedOak 60 Butternut 43 AVhite Beech 65 White Birch 43 Black Walnut... "> White Pine 30 itluck Birch 2 BIBLE FACTS. The first translation of the Bible was the celebrated Greek version of the Old '.IVst-mmnt, called the Sep- tiiiurint, made B.C. 285. The meaning- of the title is seventy. and was bestowed upon the word because of the approval of the version by the Sanhedrim, the highest Jewish tribunal, com- posed of seventy-one members. The first English translation was John Wycliffe's, from the Latin, about 1383. The first printed English version of the New Testament was William Tyn- ilal's translation from the original in 1525. First Bible (complete) printed in English, was Miles Coverdale's, 1535. The first English version printed in Roman letters was the "Geneva Bible." l>y a company of English exiles in 1560, in general use about 60 jvars. The common translation in use for the last 274 years, is " King James" version, by 54divines, issued athla command in 1611, after seven years labor upon it. The New Revised Edition of the Bible, " was pr 1800, the English 'and' American Societies "have printed of the 252 THE WESTERN WORLD Protestant version of the Bible or New Testament, over 125,000,- 000 copies. The Bible is now printed in 226 different languages and dialects. The total numberof languagesand dialects spoken throughout the world is about 915. The Bible contains 3,56t..4sO letters, 778,746 words, 31,173 verses, 1.189 chapters, and 66 books. The word and occurs 46,277 times. The word Lord occurs 1,855 times. The word reverend occurs but once, which is in the 'Jth verse of the lllth Psalm. The middle verse is the 8th verse of the 118th Psalm. The 21st verse of the 7th chapter of Ezra con- tains all the letters of the alphabet except the letter J . The 19th chapter of of II Kings and the 37th chapter of Isaiah are alike. The longest verse is the 9th verse of the 8th chapter of Esther. The shortest verse is the 35th verse of the llth chapter of St. John. There are no words or names of more than six syllables. SHORT RULES FOR CASTING INTEREST. For finding the interest on any principal for any number of days, the answer in each case being in cents. Separate the two right hand figures to express it in dollars and cents. Four Per Cent. Multiply the principal by the number of days to run; separate the right hand figure from the product, and divide by 9. Five Per Cent. Multiply by number of days and divide by 72. Six Per Cent. Multiply by number of days; separate right hand figure, and divide by 6. Seven Per Cent. To find the interest on any sum at 7 per cent, take the interest given by the tablesat 6 per cent., add one- sixth to thnt amount, and you nave the interest at 7 per cent. Eight Per Cent. Multiply by number of days and divide by 45. Nine Per Cent. Multiply by number of days; separate right hand figure and divide by 4. Ten Per Cent. Multiply by number of days and divide by 36. Twelve Per Cent. Multiply by number of days; separate right hand figure and divide by 3. Fifteen Per Cent. Multiply by number of days and divide by 24. Eighteen Per Cent. Multiply by number of days; separate right nand figure and divide by 2. Twenty Per Cent. Multiply by number of days and divide by 18. A short way for reckoning interest on odd days, at any rate per cent, is as follows: Multiply the principal by the number of days, and for 6 per cent, divide by 60; for 7 per cent, by 51; for 8 per cent, by 40; for 10 per cent, by 36; for 12 per cent, by 30. POWER REQUIRED TO GRIND GRAIN WITH PORT- ABLE KILLS. Horse power. Size of stones. Revolutions per minute. Bush. Corn per hour. Bush. Wheat per hour. 2 to 5 5 to 8 8 to 11 12 to 18 20 to 90 12 inch. 20 " 30 " 36 " 48 " 800 to 900 650 to 700 550 to 600 450 to 500 350 to 400 1 to 4 5 to 8 10 to 15 18 to 25 25 to 35 1 lo 3 4 to 6 7 to 10 12 to 15 15 to 18 TO STOP SQUEAKING SHOES drive a peg in the center of the sole. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 253 OATMEAL. It takes about 12 bushels of oats to make a barrel of 300 Ibs. of oatmeal; another rating estimates that 14 IDS. of oats produces 8 Ibs. of oat meal. One Bushel of buckwheat, or 50 Ibs., will produce 25 Ibs. of buckwheat meal; more may be obtained, but the quality will be impaired. One Bushel of good wheat (60 Ibs.) is estimated to make 40 Ibs. of flour; i. e., % bushels of wheat for 100 Ibs. of flour. SUN DIAL HO"W MADE. Upon a level, hard surface, describe with compasses, a circle eight or ten inches in diameter. Drive a piece of heavy wire, six or eight inches long, perpendicu- larly in the center, leaving it just high enough to allow the extreme end of the shadow to fall upon the circle about 9:30 or 10 o'clock. Mark this point and the point where the end of the shadow touches the circle in the afternoon. Draw a line from a point exactly half-way between the two to the center of the circle. This line will be the meridian line or noon mark. The dial should be made either April 15, June 15, September 1, or December 24, as on these four days, and no other, the noon-mark; or sun-dial will coincide with 13 o'clock. SQUARING THE CIRCLE. One-half of the diameter multipled by the diameter or seven-elevenths of the area of the circle, will give the area of an inscribed square. To find the side of an inscribed square, multiply one-fourth of the circumfer- ence by nine. When the circumference is given, to find the diameter, multiply by seven and divide by twenty-two. Eleven- fourteenths of the diameter gives exactly one-fourth of the cir- cumference. The above solution is mathematically true. PROPORTIONATE PROPERTIES OF FOOD : One hundred Water, Muscle and Fat parts of each. etc. making. making. Apples 84.0 5.0 10.0 Barley 14.0 15.0 68.8 Beans 14.8 24.0 57.7 Beef 50.0 15.0 30.0 Buckwheat 14.2 8.6 75.4 Butter all. Cabbage 90.0 4.0 5.0 Cheese 10.0 65.0 19.0 Chicken 46.0 18.0 32.0 Corn 14.0 12.0 73.0 Cucumbers 97.0 1.5 1.0 Eggs, white of ... 53.0 17.0 none. Eggs,yelkof 79.0 15.0 27.0 Lamb 50.5 11.0 35.0 Milk-cow's 86.0 5.0 SO Mutton. 44.0 12.5 40.0 Oats 13.6 17.0 66.4 Peas ... 140 23.4 60.0 Pork 38.5 10.0 50.0 Potatoes 752 1.4 22.5 Rice 13.5 6.5 79.5 Turnips 94.4 1.1 40 Veal... 68.5 10.1 16.5 Wheat 14.0 14.6 69.4 A SUPERIOR LINIMENT for man or beast is composed of equal parts of laudanum, alcohol and oil of wormwood. 254 THE WESTERN WORLD ROPE. Table showing what weights hemp rope will bear with safety. Circumference . Pounds. Circumference. Pounds. 1 inch. 200 3 inch. 1,800 1^4 312.5 3J4 2,112.5 z 450 IM 2,450 1% 612.5 m 2,812.5 2 800 4 3,200 2J4 1,012.5 5 5,000 IM 1,250 6 7,200 m " 1,512.5 A square inch of hemp fibers will support a weight of 9,200 pounds. The maximum strength of a good hemp rope is 6,400 pounds to the square inch. Its practical value is not more than one-half this strain. Before breaking, it stretches from one- fifth to one-seventh, and its diameter diminishes one-fourth to one-seventh. The strength of manilla is about one-half that of hemp. White ropes are one-third more durable. Wire rope is about two and one-eighth times as strong as hemp rope. INTEBESTINO FACTS. There are 2,750 languages. America was discovered in 1492. A square mile contains 640 acres. Envelopes were first used in 1839. Telescopes were invented in 1590. A barrel of rice weighs 600 pounds. A barrel of Hour weighs 196 pounds. A barrel of pork weighs 200 pounds. A firkin of butter weighs 56 pounds. The first steel pen was made in 1830. A span is ten and seven-eighths inches. A hand (horse measure) is four inches. Watches were first constructed in 1476. A storm moves thirty-six miles per hour. A hurricane moves eight}' miles per hour. The first iron steamship was built in 1830. The first lucifer match was made in 1829. Gold was discovered in California in 1848. The first horse railroad was built in 1826-7. The average human life is thirty-three years. Coaches were first used in England in 1569. Modern needles first came into use in 1545. Kerosene was first used for lighting purposes in 1826. The first newspaper was published in England in 1588. The first newspaper advertisement appeared in 1652. G lass windows were first introduced into Eng land in the eighth century. Albert Durer gave the world a prophecy of future wood en- graving in 1527. Measure 209 feet on each side and you will have a square acre within an inch. The first complete sewing machine was patented by Elias Howe, Jr., in 1848. The first steam engine on this continent was brought from England in 1753. The first knives were used in England, and the first wheeled carriage in France in 1559. The present national colors of the United States were not adopted by congress until 1777. GUIDE AND HAND BOOK. 256 BUSINESS LAW. Ignorance of the law excuses no one. An agreement without consideration is void. Signatures made with a lead pencil are good in law. A receipt for money paid is not legally conclusive. The acts of one partner bind all the others. Contracts made on Sunday cannot be enforced. A contract made with a minor or a lunatic is void. Principals are responsible for the acts of their agents. Agents are responsible to their principals for errors. Each individual in a partnership is responsible for the whole amount of the debt of the firm. A note given by a minor is void. Notes bear interest only when so stated. It is not legally necessary to say on a note " for value received." A note drawn on Sunday is void. A note obtained by fraud, or from a person in a state of intoxication, cannot be collected. If a note be lost or stolen, it does not release the maker ; he must pay it. An indorser of a note is exempt from liability if not served with notice of its dishonor within twenty-four hours of its non- payment It is a fraud to conceal a fraud. The law compels no one to do impossibilities. A personal right of action dies with the person. In making agreements, consider not only your rights, but also what are your remedies. THE FASTEST RAILROAD TIME yet made is 12 miles per hour. SHRINKAGE IN DIMENSION OF TIMBER BY SEA- SONING. TTooete. Inches. Pitch pine, South. ..18?^ to 18J4 Spruce 8Hi to White pine, Amer.. 12 to Yellow pine 18 to 17 Woods. Inches. Cedar, Canada 14 to 13M Elm 11 to 1091 Oak, English 12toll?| Pitch pine 10x10 to 9Mx9& THE TERM PENNY AS APPLIED TO NAILS.-The term penny as applied to nails is generally supposed to have been derived from pound. It originally meant so many pounds to the thousand ; that is. six-penny means six pounds of nails to the thousand. The thousand was always understood, and six pound, ten pound, etc., were gradually shortened until the present term penny has entirely taken the place of pound. AREAS OF CIRCLES. The diameter of any circle, mul- tipled by 3.1416 equals the circumference. The circumference multiplied by .31831 equals the diameter. The square of the diameter, multiplied by .78">4 equals the area. The square of cir- cumference, multiplied by .0795.8 equals the area. TO MEASURE GRAIN IN THE BIN.-By the United States standard, 2,1. K cubic inches make a bushel: a cubic foot contains 1,728 cubic inches. Rule Multiply the number of feet wide of bin, by the length, the result by the depth, then divide the product by 5 and multiply the quotient by 4, which number will give the quantity in bushels. 256 THE WESTERN WORLD EMERGENCIES. Apoplexy. Elevate head and body, apply cold to head ant nape of neck, and heat to feet and stomach. Epileptic Fit. Lay patient on the back, with little or no elevation of head, keep off the sun, prevent from self-injury, put cloth between teeth to prevent biting tongue; when convul- sion subsides, keep patient quiet. Fainting 1 . Lay patient down, head as low as possible, loosen clothing, keep back crowd, admit fresh air, sprinkle water on face, apply ammonia to nostrils till revived. If an artery is severed (bright red blood, in spurts), com- press Ix-tween wound and heart. If a vein be broken (dark blood, steady flow), compress away from heart. Sore Throat or Diphtheria. Gargle lemon juice and swal- low a portion; or salt and water, or tincture of iron (mild). Bruises. Bathe with cold water till pain is allayed, then use warm water to take away discoloration. Poisoning. In all ordinary cases, especially if cause is un- known, give an emetic, consisting of a teaspoonful each of salt and mustard in a glass of warm (not hot) water, and send for a physician or druggist. After vomiting, the effect may bo over- come by swallowing the whites of two or three eggs and drinking a cup or two of strong coffee. Sweet oil, taken freely, is excel- lent in cases of poisoning. Suck poisoned wounds, unless mouth is sore, and for snake bites give whisky till its influence is felt. For bites of insects apply diluted ammonia to wound. TABLE showing: the altitudes above the sea-level of various places in the United States. Feet. Feet. Portland, Me J87 Cleveland, Ohio 643 Concord, N. H 374 Detroit,Mich 597 Mt. Washington 6,293 Ann Arbor, Mich 891 Rutland. Vt 500 Indianapolis, Ind 698 Boston, Mass 82 Chicago. Ill 591 Albany,N.Y 75 Elgin, 111 777 New York, N. Y 60 Wmnebago, 111 900 Buffalo, N. Y 585 Milwaukee. Wis 591 Philadelphia, Pa 60 Baraboo, Wis 800 Somerset, Pa 2,195 St. Anthony Falls, Minn. . . 820 Pittsburgh, Pa 937 New Ulm. Minn 1,500 Baltimore, Md 275 Dubuque, la 666 Washington, D. C 90 Kossville, la 1,400 Charleston, S. C 25 Sioux City, la 1,258 Key West, Forida 10 St. Louis, Mo 481 Hillsboro, Ga 800 Omaha, Neb 1.300 Vicksburg.Miss 350 Ionia, Neb 3,010 New Orleans, La 10 Lawrence, Kan 800 Corpus Christi, Tex 20 Fort Lamed. Kan 1,932 El Paso, Tex 3,830 Fort Phil Kearney, Wy. . .6.000 Knoxville, Tenn 1,000 Cheyenne, Wy 6.041 Cumberland Mt., Tenn ...2,000 Yankton, Dak 1.900 Little Rock, Ark 660 Fort Garland, Col 8,365 Louisville, Ky 450 Helena, Mont 4,150 Cincinnati, O. 480 Fort Marcy. N. M 6,846 Upper Portion of . . City 588 Salt Lake City, Utah 4,320 Ft. Mohave, Arizona 604 Hot Springs, Nev 4,098 San Francisco, Cal 130 Sacramento, Cal h2 GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 257 ADVERTISEMENTS. THE READER will find the following pages scarcely less interesting than those that have preceded, and a source of much information and profit. THE ADVERTISER who has had experience will readily comprehend the value of a medium of this kind, which will be carefully pr served for constant reference. THE GREATEST VALUE can be derived by Land Grant Companies. Colonization Societies, Railroads, Real Estate Dealers ami General Advertisers, who can offer inducements to Settlers, Travelers. Mechanics. Laborers or Capitalists. 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News, W 1 75 BEECHER. Breeder's Journal, M 1 25 STERLING. Gazette, W 200 JOLIET. Republic and Sun, W 1 75 ROCKFORD. Register, W .. 1 75 Gazette, W 1 75 QUINCY. Farmers' Call, W 1 10 Western Agriculturist, M.. 1 10 CHAMPAIGN. Gazette,W. 200 Times, W 1 75 CHICAGO. Advance, W 2 50 Express, W 150 Chicago World, W 2 50 Drovers' Journal, W 1 75 Herald, W l 50 1J umane Journal, M 1 50 Inter-Ocean, W 1 25 Interior, W 250 Journal, W 1 50 News, W 1 25 Prairie Farmer, W 200 Skandinavian, W 200 Standard, W . .250 Times, W 1 50 Tribune, W 1 50 Western Rural, W 2 00 The Dairy World, M 1 50 The Wool Grower and Sheep Breeder, M 150 The Hog, S. M 1 50 GALENA. Gazette, W 1 75 ELGIN. Advocate, W 1 75 BLOOMINGTON. Pantagraph, W 1 75 INDIAN TERRITORY. VINITA. Indian Chieftain, W 1 75 ATOKA. Indian Companion, W... 1 75 MUSCOGEE. Indian Journal, W 1 75 You get two papers for the price of one from The Western World. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 261 INDIANA. TERRE HAUTE. Express, W 1 40 Gazette, W 1 75 Saturday Mail, W :i 00 VABASH. Piaindealer, W 200 RICHMOND. Enquirer, W 1 25 Palladium, \V 1 40 Telegram, W 1 25 COLUMBIA CITY. Post, W 1 75 FORT WAYNE. American Farmer, M 125 Gazette, W 1 75 Sentinel, W 1 75 LOGANSPORT. Chronicle, W 1 75 Journal, W 1 75 NEW ALBANY. Ledger, W 150 INDIANAPOLIS. Indiana Farmer, W 200 State Sentinel, W 1 25 State Journal, W 175 Times, W 1 25 CRAWFORDSVILLE. Journal, W 1 75 Review, W 1 75 SOUTH BEND. Farmers' Friend, S.-M 1 20 Tribune, W 175 LA FAYETTE. Courier, W.. 200 Farmers' Home Journal,W 1 50 Journal, W 150 Times, W 2 00 EVANSVILLE . Argus, W 200 Courier, W 1 50 Journal, W 1 50 IOWA. M'GHEGOR, News, W $1 75 BURLINGTON. Hawkeye,W 150 DUBUQUE. Herald, W 1 50 Telegraph, W 1 50 Times, W 150 IOWA CITY. State Press, W :J 00 Republican, W 200 KEOKUK. Constitution, W 150 Gate City, W 150 CEDAR RAPIDS. Farm Journal ami Live Stock Keview, M 1 25 Iowa Farmer, M 1 25 MARSHALLTOWN. Times-Republican, W 1 50 DBS MOINES. Homestead, W 1 75 State Leader, W 1 50 State Register, W Tribune, W 1 50 1 75 Western Farm Journal, M. 150 DAVENPORT. Democrat, W 15C Gazette, W 160 SIOUX CITY. Journal, W 1 50 Tribune, W 250 KANSAS. ATCHISON. Champion, W 175 Patriot, W 175 FORT SCOTT. Monitor, W 175 HIAWATHA. World, W 1 75 ELDORADO. Republican, W 175 COLUMBUS. Advocate, W 150 BURLINGTON. Patriot, W 200 WINFIKLD. Courier, W 175 LAWRENCE. Herald-Tribune, W 1 75 Western Home Journal,W 200 OTTAWA. Republican, W 200 NEWTON. Republican, W 200 OLATHE. Mirror-Gazette, W 175 LEAVENWORTH. Democratic Standard, W. . 140 Press (Ger.), W 200 Times, W 1 25 EMPORIA. News. W 1 75 Republican, W 1 75 h you can afford but one paper, take The Western World. 262 Tim WESTERN WORLD MINNEAPOLIS. Solomon Valley Demo- crat, W 1 75 MANHATTAN. Republic, W 175 WICHITA. Beacon, W 2 00 City Eagle, W 200 TOPEKA. Capital, W 1 50 Commonwealth, W 150 Kansas Farmer, W" 1 75 State Journal, W 200 SMITH CENTRE. Pioneer, W 175 WELLINGTON. Press, W 200 KENTUCKY. PARIS. True Kentuckian, W 2 00 NEWPORT. Ky. State Journal, W. . . . 1 75 LEXINGTON. Live Stock Record, W.... 3 00 Transcript, W 150 LOUISVILLE. Courier-Journal, W 1 25 Commercial, W 125 Home and Farm, S.-M 120 BOWLING GREEN. Park City Times, W 150 LOUISIANA. NEW ORLEANS. Picayune, W 125 Times-Democrat, W 1 50 SHREEVESPOHT. Times, W BATOX ROUGE. Capitolian Advocate, W. . . MAINE. LEWISTON. Journal, W PORTLAND. Live Stock Monthly Transcript, W AUGUSTA. Happy Hours Magazine, M Mine Farmer, W Vk-kery's Illustrated Mag- azine, M 200 200 200 1 50 2 00 1 25 2 50 125 BATH. BATTLE CREEK. Eastern Fireside, M 1 10 Good Health, M The Western V/orld goes wherever the English language is reed, MARYLAND. CUMBERLAND. Queen City Courier, W. . . . 1 50 BALTIMORE. American, W 1 50 Maryland Farmer, M 1 50 Sun,W 150 FREDERICK. Examiner, W 2 50 Times, W 150 ANNAPOLIS. Maryland Republican, W. 1 50 MASSACHUSETTS. GREENFIELD. American Garden, M 125 Good Cheer, M 1 10 Our Country Home, M. .. 1 10 HOLYOKE. Manufacturer and Indus- trial Gazette, M 2 00 SPRINGFIELD. Farm and Home, M 110 N. England Homestead.W 2 00 Republican, W 1 75 MARLBORO. Farmers' Companion and Prize, M 1 25 BOSTON. American Traveler, W . . . 1 75 Atlantic Monthly, M 4 00 Baby Land, M 125 Ballou's Magazine, M 200 Congregationalist, W 3 00 Cottage Hearth, M 200 Globe, W 125 Golden Rule, W 200 Household Companion, M. .1 75 Household and Farm 120 Journal, W 125 Littell's Living Age, W... 8 00 Mass. Ploughman. W 3 00 Missionary Herald, M 1 50 New England Farmer, W. 2 50 Our Little Men and Wo- men, M 150 Pansy, M 1 50 Watchman, W 250 Waverly Magazine, W 4 00 Wide Awake, M 300 Youth's Companion, W... 1 85 Yankee Blade, W 200 Zioii's Herald, W 250 MICHIGAN. BAY CITY. Tribune, W ?1 75 50 GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 263 TRAVERSE CITV. Herald, W 1 75 MISSISSIPPI. JACKSON. Clarion, W 1 75 State Ledger, W . 1 75 Journal, W 1 75 Sentinel, W 1 75 MERIDIAN. JACKSON. Mercury and Observer, \V. Southern Baptist, W 1 75 2 00 Saturday Evening Star, W Citizen, W 200 1 75 STARKVILLB. KALAMAZOO. Southern Live Stock Jour- nal, W 2 00 Gazette, W 1 75 VICKSBURG. Telegraph, W 1 75 SCHOOLCRAFT. Grange Visitor, S.-M 1 25 MISSOURI. ST. JOSEPH. Gazette, W . 81 50 Herald, W 1 50 Agricultural World, S. M. . Artizan, M 1 50 1 50 SPRINGFIELD. News, W 1 50 ADRIAN. Times and Expositor, W. . ISHPEMING. 175 KANSAS CITY. Tamp's Emigrant Guide, M Centropolis W 150 1 50 27* Journal, W 1 25 PONTIAC. Live-Stock Indicator, W. . Times, W 1 75 1 25 Gazette, W 1 50 MACON CITY Times, W 1 75 Herald, W 1 50 SEDALIA. Bazoo, W 1 75 Courier, W 1 50 MARYVILLE. Democrat, W 1 75 Ypsilantian, W 1 75 LOUISIANA. Riverside Press, W 1 45 Free Press, W 1 50 ST. LOUIS. Michigan Farmer W . ... 1 75 Am. Journal of Educa- Post and Tribune, W Wayne Co. Courier, W 1 50 1 50 tion, M Central Christian Advo- cate W 1 50 2 50 MINNESOTA. MINNEAPOLIS. Farmers' Tribune, W 1 25 Christian Advocate, W. . . Chistian Evangelist, W Coleman's RuralWorld, W Globe-Democrat W 2 .M) 200 1 25 1 25 Housekeeper, M 1 tf5 1 25 Minnesota Farmer, W FERGUS FALLS. 1 75 1 Young Men of America, W 2 75 TJTICA. Herald, W 200 Saturday Globe, W 2 50 TROY. Times, W 1 50 Northern Budget, W 2 50 NORTH CAROLINA. NEW I1ERNE. Journal, W 200 WINSTON. Western Sentinel 1 75 DURHAM. Recorder, W 150 TARBORO. Southern, W $200 GREENSBORO0GH , Patriot, W 1 75 HIGH POINT. Enterprise, W 150 STATES VILLE. Landmark, W 2 25 CHARLOTTE. Observer, W 200 WILMINGTON. N. C. Presbyterian, W. . . . 2 75 Star, W 1 76 ELIZABETH CITY. Economist, W 200 RALEIGH. Biblical Record, W 200 Christian Advocate, W... 2 00 Farmer and Mechanic, W. 2 00 News and Observer, W. . . 2 00 North Carolina Farmer,M. 1 50 OOLDSBORO. Methodist Advance, W... 1 75 Transcript Messenger, W. 2 00 WILSON. Advance, W 200 Mirror, W 1 75 Zion's Landmark. S.-M. ... 2 00 OHIO. LIMA. Democratic Times, W 1 75 HAMILTON. Democrat, W 175 SPRINGFIELD. Farmers' Advance, W 125 Farm and Fireside, S.-M. . 1 25 Globe Republic, W 1 50 Farm Companion, S.-M... J 10 Farm Economist, S.-M... 1 10 Young Folks' Circle, M. . . 1 10 CLEVELAND. Farmer and Manufact- urer, M 1 10 Leader, W 150 Plaindealer, W 1 65 Ohio Farmer, W 1 75 LANCASTER. Ohio Eagle, W 175 COLUMBUS. City and Country, M 125 Ohio State Journal, W . . . . 1 50 Ohio Weisenf reund, W 1 75 CINCINNATI. Agent's Aid, M 125 Grange Bulletin, W 150 Subscriptions taken for all papers by The Western World. 266 TI1E WESTERN WORLD Commercial Gazette, W . . $ Christian Standard, W. . . . Enquirer 1 50 2 50 1 50 1 25 2 00 1 10 1 25 2 25 2 00 1 75 2 00 1 50 1 50 150 1 50 ] 25 1 10 1 75 1 50 200 2 00 1 75 1 50 200 2 00 3 00 200 1 50 2 50 2 50 200 300 200 e price PENNSYLVANIA. PITTSBURGH. Christian Advocate, W.. . . $2 50 Commercial Gazette, W.. . 2 00 National Stockman and Farmer, W 1 75 Post W 1 50 Times-Star Our Little Granger, M Sunday School Journal, M. Western Christian Advo- cate, W PARKERSBURG. Farmers' Magazine, M 120 MEADVILLE. Chautauquan, M 200 STEtTBENVILLE. Herald, W .'. . PAINESVTLLE. Northern Ohio Journal, W NEWARK. Advocate, W Penn. Farmer, W 150 MECHANICSBURG . TOLEDO . Blade, W HARRISBURG. Patriot W 1 50 Railroader, M YOUNGSTOWN. News-Register, W LANCASTER. New Era W 9 50 MEDINA . Cleaning's in Bee Culture, M Penn. School Journal, M.. 2 00 WATSONTOWN. Agricultural Epitomist, M 1 20 PHILADELPHIA. Agents' Herald, M 1 10 Farm and Garden, M 1 25 DAYTON. Farmer's Home, M Children's Friend, S.-M... ZANESVILLE Courier, W Farm Journal, M 1 25 Godey's Ladies' Book, M.. 2 50 Golden Day* W 3 00 CLYDE. Farmers' Reporter, W FREMONT. Democratic Messenger, W Journal, W Guardian Angel, M 125 Hearthstone, W 300 Labor World, W 1 50 Lippincott's Magazine, M. 3 00 Peterson's Ladies' Maga- zine, M . 2 50 PORTSMOUTH. Blade W Practical Farmer, W 2 00 Press, W... 1 25 TIFFIN. News, "W Record, W 3 50 Saturday Evening Post.W 2 00 Saturday Night W 3 00 OREGON. SALEM. Oregon Statesman. W Willamette Farmer, W PORTLAND. New Northwest, W Sunday School Times, W. 2 00 Taggett's Sunday Times, W 2 00 Times, W 150 SHENANDOAH. Mining Herald, W 2 25 RHODE ISLAND. NEWPORT. Mercury, W 200 Northwestern Farmer and Dair yman, M Travelers' Guide, M Standard W PROVIDENCE. Indicator, W . . . 1 50 West Shore, M TTNION. Mountain Sentinel, W THE DALLES. Sun W Visitor, W 200 WOONSOCKET. Patriot, W . ... 2 75 You get two papers for tt of one from The Western Wo^d. GUIDE AND SOUTH CAROLINA. CHARLESTON. News and Courier, W $2 00 Advocate, W . . 2 00 HAND-BOOK. Farm and Ranch, S.-M EL PASO. Herald, W 267 $1 25 2 50 1 50 200 3.00 200 175 150 200 200 150 500 3 50 350 2 00 3 00 3 00 300 350 200 200 1 25 200 200 200 125 150 200 200 20 GALVESTON. News, W S. C. Sunday Despatch, W. 2 00 GREENEVILLE. Baptist Courier W 2 00 Christian Advocate. W. . . Texas Post (Ger.), W Enterprise and Mountain- eer, W.... 200 SHERMAN. NEWBERRY. Lutheran Visitor, W 2 00 WACO. Examiner and Patron, W. FORT WORTH. Gazette, W ORANGEBURGH. Democratic Times, W 1 75 COLUMBIA. Register W .. 2 00 Live-Stock Journal, W AUSTIN. Texas Siftinjre, W Southern Presb y terian, W. 3 50 SPARTANSBURGH. Herald, W 1 75 Statesman, W TIT AH. FRISCO. Southern Utah Times, W. . LOGAN. Journal, S. W Spartan, W 1 85 YORKVILLE. Enquirer, W . . . . . . 2 50 TENNESSEE. NASHVILLE. American W 1 50 SALT LAKE CITY. Christian Advocate, W . . . . 2 00 Presbyterian, W ... . 2 00 Herald. W .. . Tribune W Sunday School Magazine, M 1 25 PARK CITY. World, W 150 CHATTANOOGA. PROVO CITY. Enquirer, W American Baptist Re- flector, W 1 75 OGDEN CITY. Methodist Advocate, W. . . 1 75 Rural Record, M 1 50 VERMONT. MONTPELIER. Argus and Patriot, W Watchman and State Jour- nal, W Times, W . . . . 1 75 Tradesman, S.-M 200 ROGERSVILLE. Telephone, W 150 KNOXVILLE. Republican-Chronicle, W. 1 50 Tribune W 1 75 BRATTLEBORO. Household, M MEMPHIS. Appeal, W 150 Reformer, M VIRGINIA. STAUNTON. Spectator W Avalanche, W 150 Public Ledjrer, \V ... 1 50 Tennessee Baptist, W 1 75 TEXAS. SAN ANTONIO. Express W 1 50 Valley Virginian, W LYNCHBURG. Virginian, W Freie Presse fur Texas, W. 2 50 Texas Stockman, W 2 00 PETERSBURG. DALLAS. Herald, W 1 75 RICHMOND. Industrial South, W lere and is read by everybody. Texas Planter and Farmer, S.-M 1 50 The Western World goes everyw 268 THE WESTERN WORLD Christian Advocate, W. . . $2 20 Earnest Worker, M 1 25 Dispatch, W 150 Religious Herald, W 2 60 Southern Planter, W 1 75 Whig and Advertiser, W. 1 50 LEESBITRG. Washingtonian, W 2 00 LOUISA. Poultry and Live Stock Journal, M 125 NORFOLK. Virjrinian, W 150 Landmark, W ' 1 50 PORTSMOUTH. Baptist Companion, W 175 Tide-Water '! i:nes, W 1 50 Virginia Granger, \V 1 75 ROANOKE. Leader, W 1 75 LEXINGTON. Gazette, W 200 DAYTON. Musical Million and Fire- side Friend, M 125 HARRISBUBG. Spirit of the Valley, W . . . . 2 00 WASHINGTON. VANCOUVER* Independent, W 250 DAYTON. Columbia Chronicle, W... 2 25 SEATTLE. Post Intelligencer, W 2 25 TACOMA. Ledger, W 300 WALLA WALLA. Statesman, W 300 Union, W 3 00 COLFAX. Gazette, W 300 YAKIMA. Signal, W 3 00 WEST VIRGINIA. MARTINSBURO. Independent, W 200 WHEELING. Intelligencer, W 81 50 Register, W 200 PARKERSBURG. Sentinel, W 200 State Journal, W 150 West Virginia Freeman, W 1 75 WISCONSIN. GREEN BAY. Advocate, W. 300 CHIPPEWA FALLS. Independent, W MADISON. Democrat, W Western Farmer, W Wis. State Journal, W.. EAU CLAIRE. Free Press, W FOND DU LAC. Commonwealth, W FORT ATKINSON. Union, W LA CROSS. Republican and Leader, W MILWAUKEE. Germania, W Peck's Sun. W Sentinel, W Wisconsin, W RACINE. Manufacturer and Agricul- turist, M JANESVTLLE. Gazette, W OCONOMOWOC. Wis. Free Press, W WAUKESHA. Democrat, W Freeman, W, 200 1 75 1 75 1 75 200 2 00 200 200 2 00 1 50 150 1 10 1 75 200 200 1 75 OSHKOSH. Northwestern, W 200 WYOMING. LARAMIE CITY. Boomerang, W 2 25 KA WL1NS. Journal, W 300 CHEYENNE CITY. Leader, W 250 Sun,W 250 The Western World is the only paper giving Information on government lands. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 269 LARGE SCALE POCKET MAPS, IN CLOTH-BOUND CASES, OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. Alabama and "West Florida, township, 30x38 inches, showing congressional townships, counties, wagon roads, etc $1 50 Arizona Territory, 28x37 inches. Scale, 13 miles to the inch 150 Arkansas, sectional, 30x36, showing congressional town- slii s 1 50 California, 34x39, county and township 1 25 Colorado, sectional, 26x36 1 25 Connecticut, township. 19x28 1 25 Dakota, sectional, 36x48 125 Delaware, 16x26, showing organized townships 1 50 Florida, sectional and township, 36x48, showing congres- sional townships 125 Georgia, county, 31x38, showing wagon roads 1 50 Idaho Territory, 23x31. Scale, 10 miles to the inch 2 50 Illinois, sectional, 32x40, showing organized townships 1 25 Indiana, sectional, 31x40, showing organized lownships. ... 1 25 Indian Territory, 34x26 125 Iowa, sectional, 36x48, showing organized townships 1 25 Kansas, sectional, 42x58, showing organized townships ... 1 25 Louisiana, sectional. 32x36 300 Maine, township, 31x38 150 Michigan, sectional, 25x38 125 Minnesota, sectional, 40x56 1 25 Mississippi, sectional, 41x58 125 Missouri, sectional, 40x48 1 25 Montana, large county, 28x44 125 Nebraska, sectional, 26x46 1 25 New Hampshire, township, 22x38 150 New Jersey, 14x21 125 New Mexico, 26x30, showing military reservations, etc New York, township, 31x34 North Carolina, 30x63, showing counties, etc Oregon, township, 25x29 Ohio, sectional, 25x2*5 Pennsylvania, township Rhode Island, township, 28x42 South Carolina, county, 31x34 50 Tennessee, 24x58 25 Texas, county, 28x30 Utah, sectional, 36x47 500 Vermont, county, town and railroad, 27x38 1 50 Virginia and West Virginia, county, 32x46 1 5D Washington Territory, sectional, 21x29 1 25 West Virginia, large county, 38x44 1 25 Wisconsin, sectional, 41x58 1 25 United States These maps will be found very convenient for travelers, settlers or land hunters. Any one Sending the price of either map will receive in addition a copy of THE WESTERN WORLD one year free. Address THE WESTERN WORLD, Chicago, 111. 270 THE WESTERN WORLD SOUVENIR ALBUMS ! OIF 1 American Scenery, Cities and Resorts, These souvenirs possess none of the type of fanciful, so-called artistic pictures, but prove true to memory and nature. They are bound in strong Russia-cloth covers of various pat- terns, with leaf-gold or black titles. The ruling sizes are the visite 3^6x5 in.; the cabinet 4x6 in.; extra cabinet4?4x7 in.; America 6x9 in. CITIES. Albany.N. Y $0 25 Capitol at.. 25 Atlanta, Ga 25 Baltimore 50 Bethlehem, Pa 25 Boston 50 " Mt. Auburn Ceme- tery, Cambridge, Mass. . . 50 Brooklyn, N.Y.,and Brook- lyn Bridge (extra cabinet) 1 00 Brooklyn,Greenwood Cem- etery 50 Brooklyn and Prospect Park 25 Buffalo, New Series 50 " Views of 25 Canada, Souvenir of 50 Charleston, S. C 50 Chattanooga, Tenn 50 Chicago Album, New (America size) 1 50 " Souvenir of 50 " Views of 25 " Birds-eye view of, in mat 50 Cincinnati, Souvenir of 50 Cincinnati, Souvenir of Second Series 50 Cincinnati, Views of 25 Zoological Gar- den 26 Cleveland, O 50 Dayton, O., National Sol- diers' Home 50 Denver, Col 50 Detroit, Souvenir of 50 Viewsof 25 Duluth, Minn "50 Erie, Pa 25 Evansville, Ind 50 Fargo, Dakota 50 Halifax, N. S 30 Indianapolis $0 50 Jacksonville, Fla. (cabinet) 50 Kansas City, Mo 50 Los Angeles and Vicin- ity, Cal 50 Louisville 50 Madison, Wis 50 Milwaukee 50 " National Soldiers' Home 50 Minneapolis 50 Second Series 50 Montreal, Canada 50 Newburgh, N. Y., and Washington's Headquar- ters 25 Newark, N. J 25 New Orleans & the World's Exposition 25 New Orleans in 1885 50 New Orleans &the^ World's Exposition, Souvenir of (8vo. fancy binding) 1 00 Newport, R 1 60 New York Album (extra cabinet) 1 50 New York, Brooklyn and Vicinity, Panorama of . . (extra cabinet) 1 00 New York, Brooklyn Bridge and grooklyn City (extra cabinet) 1 00 New York, Souvenir of ... 25 New York and Vicinity, in mat 50 New York East River Bridge 25 New York Harbor, Instan- taneous Views of 50 New York Statue of Lib- erty 25 Norfolk, Va 50 GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 271 Norfolk Nat. Soldiers' Home near Hampton, Va 50 Omaha, Neb 50 Ottawa, Canada 50 Philadelphia 50 Pittsburgh and Allegheny. 50 Plymouth, Mass 50 Portland, Maine 50 Oregon 7;j Providence, K. 1 50 Richmond, Va 50 Rochester, N. Y 50 Salt Lake City, Utah 50 San Antonio, Texas 50 San Francisco, Souvenir of 50 Savannah, Ga 50 St.Augustine, Florida (cab.) 50 St. John, N. B 030 St. Louis Album 100 St. Louis Fair Grounds and Zoological Garden. 25 St. Paul, Minn 50 Syracuse, N. Y 25 Toronto, Canada 50 Troy,N.Y 25 Washington Album 50 Washington, Capitol at .. . 23 Washington, The Capitol . 50 Washington, White House at 25 Washington. Paintings in the U. S. Capitol 25 Wheeling, W. Va '25 Wilmington, Del 25 Winnipeg, Manitoba 50 SCENERY AND RESORTS. Adirondacks SO 50 Ausable Chasm, Souvenir of 50 B. & O. Railroad Scenery .... 25 California, Souvenir of 50 Cape May, N. J 25 Catskill Mountains 25 Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad Scenery 25 Colorado Views 50 Colorado Over the South Park to Leadville 50 Colorado Gems of North- western Colorado 50 Coney Island 25 Delaware Water Gap. 25 Dells of the Wisconsin and Devil's Lake, Wis 50 Erie Railway Scenery 25 Views alon g the Erie R. R. . . . 50 Fall River Line 25 Florida, Palatka, St. Johns & Ocklawaha riversi cabinet) 50 Hot Springs. Ark 60 Hudson river 50 Lake Chautauqua, Souvenir 25 Lake Chautauqua, Album of 25 Lake George, Souvenir of.. 50 Long Branch, N. J 25 Maine Central R. R. Scenery 50 Manitoba and the N. W 75 Martha's Vineyard, Mass 25 Mauch Chunk, Switchback and Glen Onoko 25 Minnesota Views 50 Minnetonka, Lake 50 Mount Vernon, Va 25 Nantucket, Mass 25 Narragansett Pier, R.I... 50 New Mexico, Spanish and Indian 50 Niagara Falls, Souvenir of .$0 50 Northern Pacific Railroad.. 75' Ocean Grove and Asbury Park 25 Old Orchard Be.ach, Me 25 Pacific Northwest (Colum- bia river) 75 Pennsylvania R. R. Scenery 25 Queen and Crescent Route. 25 Richfield Springs, N. Y .. . 25 Rockaway and Long Beach 25 Saguenay river (Canada) 30 Saratoga 25 Saratoga Album 50 Sea Isle City, N. J 25 Slienandoan Valley Views. . 25 St. Lawrence river 50 Thousand Islands 50 Union Pacific Railway (cabi- net 1 00 WatkinsGlen, N. Y 25 Waukesha, Wis 25 West Point Milita'yAcad'my 25 West Point Military Acad- emy at West Point on the Hudson 50 Western Maryland Railroad Scenery 25 Western North Carolina R R." Land of the Sky" 25 West Shore Route 25 White Mountains 25 White Mountains 50 White Mountains (cabinet). 75 Yellowstone National Park. 75 Indian Types of the North- west 25 GarfieldAlbum 25 London, England 25 Paris, France (cabinet) 75 These beautiful souvenirs will be sent by mail to any address upon receipt of price. THE WESTERN WORLD, Chicago, 111. 272 THE WESTERN WORLD A SPLENDID SEWING MACHINE $10. TO THE SUBSCRIBERS OF THE WESTERN WORLD. This offer is made in order to secure a subscriber in every house in the country. We have contracted for 100,000 machines, the order to be duplicated as soon as these are disposed of. We furnioh them to subscribers at the bare cost of manufacture, so they afford no profit, and we will sell them onl}' to those who have subscribed for THE WKSTKKN WOULD, and only one machine to a subscriber. If two or more machines are wanted a new subscriber and 10 must be sent for each machine. Any new suii- scriber by sending $11 cau have the machine and the paper one year. The above represents the head of the machine. It is the same as is now sold in all parts of the country from $35 to $50. We will include a Stand, Black Walnut Table, Small Drawer for Tools, and a full set of Attach- ments. Each machine is perfectly made ; a shuttle machine, thoroughly tested, and not permitted to leave until it does perfect work. A sample of the work is left on each machine. All machines are crated and delivered free to railroad depots or express offices in Chicag-o upon receipt of the money. No machines sent C. O. D., and none shipped until paid for. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 273 tyORE EXPENSIVE FURNITURE We can accommodate those who want more expensive furni- ture, and still save them half or two-thirds of their money. We will furnish the machine with a nice cover box, with lock and key, like the cut below for 12, or with a drop-leaf table and two end drawers additional for 14.50. For convenience in ordering, we will call the lowest price machine No. 1, the next No. 2, and the highest No. 3. OTJI3, Every machine is warranted as represented, if not, write us plainly the trouble, or what is lacking, giving the date of your order, and the manufacturers will make good any deficiency. If you are not fully satisfied with the machine, you can return it to us by paying the transportation, and your money will be promptly refunded. Send money by draft on Chicago or New York (no private checks), P. O. Money Order, Registered Letter or Express, charges prepaid. Address, WSTERN WORLD> Chicago, 111. 274 THE WESTERN WORLD THE BEST WATCH FOR THE MONEY, FOR EITHER MAN OR, BOY, IS "The Waterbury," This is a Stem Winder, Nickel Plated Case, and a good time- keeper. Each watch is carefully packed in a satin-lined case, and sent by mail. PRICE, $3.50. We will send the watch FREE to any person who will send us 4 subscribers to THE WESTERN WORLD, at 81-00 each. All the subscriptions and money to be sent at one time. Send 10 cents extra if you want the watch registered. Address, THE WESTERN WORLD, CHICAGO, ILL. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 275 SMITH'S NEW REVOLVER, FOR SELF-DEFENSE FROM TRAMPS AND BURGLARS. o CO CO w s CO w tf o o H t i s Address, THE WESTERN WORLD, Chicago, 111. 276 THE WESTERN WORLD The Western World SEWING MACHINE. Newest, Neatest, Latest, Best. All the good qualities of older Machines combined with later and more Valuable Improvements Beautiful in Design, Perfect in Construction, Simple in Operation, High Arm, Self-threading Needle, Light-running, does Fine or Coarse Work equally well. Every Machine Warranted. Price, Packed for Shipping, $25. As soon as seen or used this machine becomes the favorite, and is quickly followed by others. It has no superior in any respect. The Furniture is as represented in the cut, and highly finished, a full set of nickel-plated Attachments and a velvet-lined case included. The superior work it does and its elegant finish will please the more extravagant, while the low price will bring it within the reach of the most economical. All orders promptly filled. Address, THE WESTERN WORLD, CHICAGO, ILL. GUIDE AND IIAJSD-BOoS:. 277 HAND CORN SHELLER. The above is the lowest price for which this Sheller is sold. To any person sending us 5 subscribers to The Western "World, at 81. 00 each, we will send one of these Shelters Free. Address, THE WESTERN WORLD, Chicago, 111. amp I as SY MAX lOB WOX AX! FREE TO AXY Quick Bales and large profits guaranteed eithersex with our great labor-saving invention. A lady cleared $70 in one week. An agent writes:" Your plan brings money quickest of any I ever tried." Any man or woman making less than $10 per week should try our easy money-making business. Guaranteed to be the best paying in the land. $1 samples quick selling goods free to any lady or gent who will devote a few hours daily. Experience unnecessary; no talk- ing. Write and secure your county. Address, Y. It. Merrill 4 Co., Chicago. 278 THE WESTERN WORLD Down With High Prices CHICAGO SCALE CO., 147 TO 151 SOUTH JEFFERSON STREET, CHICAGO, ILL. HAVE REDUCED PRICES ON ALL KINDS OF SCALES, from 30 to 00 per cent. They manufacture over 3OO VARIETIES Including THE PREMIUM WAGON SCALE OF THE WORLD. 2 Ton Wagon Scale Platform, 6x12 feet, 3 " " " " 7x13 " 4 " " " " 8x14 " 6 " " " " 8x16 " - $40 50 - 60 90 BEAM, BOX AND BRASS BEAM WITH EACH SCALE. Also, at Lowest Prices, hundreds of specialties, including Portable Forges, Blacksmiths' Tools, Safes, Buggies, Carriages, Sewing Machines, Clothes \Vringers, Copy Presses, Money Drawers, Etc. SAVE MONEY AND SEND FOB PRICE LIST. Address, CHICAGO SCALE CO., CHICAGO, ILL. GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK 279 PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT Austin, Texas, and New York, N.Y., BY THE TEXAS SIFTINGS PUBLISHING COMPANY. An Illustrated Humorous and Literary Journal, CONDUCTED BY ALEX. E. SWEET AND ABMOY J. KNOX. PRESS OPINIONS: The humorous departments of TEXAS SIFTINGS are simply un- equaled in this or any other country. Herald. SIFTINGS is one of the most original papers ever published, and enjoys a monster circulation. Bradford (Pa.) Star. If you pick up a paper from New Zealand, you will find some- thing to laugh at taken from TEXAS SIFTINGS. The Age. TEXAS SIFTINGS is literally a household necessity, and is taking the lead in the list of humorous papers. Rochester (N. Y.) Express. Aleck Sweet and Armoy Knox have run the TEXAS SIFT- INGS up to an immense circulation. It beats the world, and ought to. Stcubenville (O.) Herald. TEXAS SIFTINGS has achieved a phenomenal success in the his- tory of modern journalism. Its career to fame has not been equaled. Vanity Fair. SIFTINGS is one of the best humorous papers in the United States, and is robbing the Free Press, Hawheye, and others of the glory they have so long enjoyed. Sentinel. TEXAS SIFTINGS, which is quoted all over the land, is not only a very funny paper, but is an earnest, progressive paper, just as well up in the news of the day and in solid opinion as any paper in the country. Register, New Haven, Conn. Probably no paper has ever met with such a quick and gener- ous recognition as has been accorded to TEXAS SIFTINOS. It is to-day one of the best quoted newspapers in the country, and has a largo, well deserved and fast increasing circulation. Forrest and Farm. TEXAS SIFTINGS is sold by over 3,000 newsdealers, and goes by mail to subscribers at 7,300 postoffices. If your newsdealer has not got it, instruct him to order it for you, and if you prefer to have it mailed to your residence send 2 for a year's subscription, or $1 for six months' subscription, to the publishers, either at Austin, Texas, or Xew York, N.Y. 280 THE WESTERN WORLD BUGGIES, CARRIAGES, ETC. PRICES REDUCED 50 PER CENT. Ii ss -^. It $3 IS 11 PIANO BOX, TOP BUGGY, Other styles in same proportion. Address, JOHN C. NUTTING, Sec'y, Jefferson and Jackson Sts., - CHICAGO, ILL. THE BEST FARMER'S PAPER. FARMER'S REVIEW, PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT WHY? Because it helps the Farmer to make money OFF HIS FARM. For this reason, also, it is one of the best advertising mediums. The Farmers who read it make money and are good buyers. FARMER'S REVIEW, 214 and 216 Clark street, CHICAGO, ILL. GUIDE A>D HAND-BOOK. 281 Racine, Wisconsin, THE RACINE" FARM AND WAREHOUSE FANNING MILLS, DUSTLESS GRAIN SEPARATORS AND LAND ROLLERS. Used by the Farmers, Millers, Grain and Seed Dealers who highly recommend them as being the Best Machines ever made for cleaning and grading Wheat, Barley, Oats, Corn, and Seeds. The BEST and CHEAPEST Land Rollers In the market for the money. Send for illustrated circulars. : 18590 A 000 674 461 9