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University of California.
G-Ili'T OF
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C^DMON'S
EXODLTS AND DANIEL.
^jditjed fxom (^xciu.
BY
THEODORE W. HUNT, Ph.D.,
PEOFESSOR OF BHETOKIC AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN PRINCETON
COLLEGE.
BOSTON :
GIXN, HEATH, AI^D COMPAXY.
1883.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1883,
By THEODORE W. HUNT,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.
J. 8. CusniNQ & Co., Printers, 115 Hion Street, Boston.
7-
1 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
K>«
PAGE.
Preface ^
Introductions : —
General.
I. Cgedmon 7
• II. The Paraphrase
8
1. Source of the Paraphrase
8
2. Structure and Moral Character
8
3. Editions
10
4. Contents
12
5. Caedmon and ]\Iilton
12
Special. 1. Theme and Plan of Poems .
13
2. State of the Text .
13
3. Literary Character.
14
Exodus: Text
17
Notes
65
Daniel: Text
. 37
Notes
. 75
Glossary
. 85
PEEFAOE.
OXE of the most urgent needs which the recent revival of in-
terest in English Philology has brought to light is that of
American editions of the best specimens of First English Prose
and Poetry. So difficult of access and so expensive have the Ger-
man, and even the English, editions been found, that the study of
the oldest English has suffered not a little thereby. Nor is it
altogether gratifying to the pride of an ingenuous American
scholar to feel that he should be thus dependent upon foreign
sources for the best results in this department. As far as the pub-
lication of JNIiddle English Texts is concerned, the main work has
been done, and naturally so, by native English scholars, such as
Sweet, Earle, Skeat, and Morris, under the auspices of the Early
English Text Society, and kindred agencies. As to the work of
wiiat has been called The Earliest English Text Society, most has
been done by continental and English scholars. Such Danes and
Germans as llask, Bouterwek, and Grein, and such native English-
men as Thorpe, Bosworth, Arnold, and Kemble, have been foremost
in this arduous work. Up to a comparatively recent date, Ameri-
can scholarship had made no contributions to this subject. What
was attempted w'as rather in the line of the elementary than in
that of the more advanced and critical. To Professor jNIarch of
Easton is due the awakening of a genuine interest in all that per-
tains to English speech, and more especially as to its first forms
and uses. Since then, more or less of worthy work has been done
at home by Corson, Carpenter, Cook, and Harrison. To Professor
Harrison of Lexington special meed is due in beginning the editing
of the best First English Poetry, His recent edition of Beowulf,
from the text of Hejme, marks a new departure in the critical study
of our mother tongue. It opens the way for a complete series of
editions accessible in American forms, and at moderate cost. The
present edition of Csedmon's Exodus and Daniel is in the way of
contribution to this needed work, and is designed mainly for use
Q PREFACE.
in college classes. There is no part of our oldest poetry as good
as C.Tdnion ^^hich is so difficult of access in tliis country, and of
which there is more immediate need. The contemplated puljlicar
tion of the first part, Genesis, by Professor Price of Columbia
College, and the edition of the second and third parts, now
offered, will largely meet this need. It is gratifying to state that
Professors March, Baskerville, and others will take part in the
series proposed.
Of the various texts of Credmon, there are four which any editor
must have on his table: Junius, Thorpe, Bouterwek, and Grein.
Of these, the last is by far the most valuable, and we shall adopt it
as the authoritative text. We shall prefer to give Grein's text pre-
cisely as it stands in his Poesie, stating in our Critical Xotes any
important modifications suggested by the other editions referred to.
We deeply regret that A\'iilcker's llevision of Grein, so long
promised, is not yet at hand. This will undoubtedly give us a
text superior to any now extant ; and, when it appears, may be
used by the student in the way of helpful reference.
In addition to the text, with a brief outline of its separate sec-
tions, we shall give such notes as may seem to be needful, and
include, also, a brief and yet sufficiently full glossary for the aid of
the advanced student.
Much general introductory matter, such as the genuineness of the
Paraphrase, and kindred topics, we must omit as properly belonging
to the editor of Genesis, — Professor Price.
If the edition hereby offered aids a whit in the better study of
our home speech, and deepens the interest already felt in a knowl-
edge of its first forms, our final end will have been reached.
T. W. H.
Princeton College,
October, 1883.
GEIvTEEAL IlSTTROTJUCTIOl^^".
I. C^DMON.
nnHIS " Father of English Song " appears in the earliest Eng-
-L lish history, and disappears from it, with but a fact here and
there to fix his place and work. In the account of Caedmon given
us by Alfred, in his translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History,
there are found a few incidents and statements which serve to
make up his only biography. It is suggestive to note that this
story in Bede reappears substantially in the Heliand, the old
Saxon Paraphrase of the ninth century. It may further be noted
that the fragment of song given us in this history is probably the
most ancient piece of Saxon poetry extant.
From this we learn the following facts : That he was a native of
Northumbria, near Whitby, and lived in the seventh century ; that
he was a convert from Paganism, and a member of the Abbey of
Hilda ; that he w^as English in heart and spiritual in life, singing
in his native tongue, and always for holy ends ; that he was a
simple herdsman among his flocks, specially endowed in later life
with the divine gift of poesy ; that he wrote many poems ; that he
sang and prayed his life away in the love of God, and died in
peaceful triumph about 680 a.d.
All we know of him is, that he was a pious monk, taught of God,
full of song and Saxon spirit ; and that out of the fulness of his
heart, and for the common weal, he sang of Creation and of Christ.
8 GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
IT. THE PARAPHRASE.
1. Source of tho Paraphrase.
This poem by C.Tdmon, as far as it is extant, is especially im-
portant to English scholars in that it marks the very beginning of
Anglo-Saxon literature in the seventh century, its close being
marked by the completion of the Chronicle in 1154.
As to its source, Bede and ^Vlfred give us all that is to be given.
In Thoi'pe's edition of Gfedmon we may find a sufficiently accurate
translation of this narrative. If this is not accessible, it may be
found in any good history of the Anglo-Saxon, or in the Saxon
t2xt in March's Reader. The substance of the record in a few
words is, that he was an imtaught herdsman, ignorant of poetry ;
that, asleep among the cattle, he heard in his dream a voice bidding
him sing; that, refusing, he was again commanded to sing the
origin of things, and so began his song. At the request of the
abbess, Hilda, he sang before all the learned, and turned into
sweetest verse all that they taught him. Forsaking the worldly
life, he joined the monks and devoted himself to the work of the
minstrel. In. this simple manner the origin of the Paraphrase and
other poems has come down to later history.
2. Its Metrical Structure and Moral Character.
We find in Cipdmon a good example of classic Saxon prose, a
ppecimen of the language on the l)asis of which successful study
may be conducted. As to the versification, it is that which all our
First English Poetry has in common. "We note the presence of
alliteration, both of consonants and vowels, and tlic uniform divi-
sion of the line into two sections (hemistichs), the cjcsura falling
lietween them. We note but few examples of final and perfect
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 9
rhyme. The prevailing type of verse is tlie narrative M'ith four
feet in each poetic section. The long narrative verse is less fre-
quent. As to accent or syllables determining the verse, we note
the emphasis of the former, and this places our earliest poetry in
harmony with our best modern poetry.
Centuries ago Bede stated the principle still in force, that " rhythm
depends on the somid and modulation, and not on an artificial
government of the syllables."
It may be added th at parallelisms^ which so mark f)]^, f^f-rn^ turft
of Hebrew verse, are a conspicuous feature of the poetry in ques-
tion, while there is found th e same prevalence of inetaphor, indirect
statement, inversion,. and ^abru^Dt transition that marks all our first
poetryi___^
It is worthy of mention that Mr. Guest, in his English Hhythms,
speaks of the special skill with which Csedmon manages his metres.
As to its moral character, the Paraphrase speaks for itself. It is
a free poetic rendering of Holy AVrit to foster piety in the hearts
of the people.
It was the first attempt in English verse to popularize the Bible,
and thus places its author in line with the authors of the Old
Saxon Heliand, with Orm, Dante, Milton, and Klopstock, and with
our own lamented Longfellow. The poem is spiritual throughout,
and opens a question ill to solve, as to the presence in a converted
pagan of such clear and high views of truth. It would be a study
of no little interest to the student of theology to note the manner
in which this " good monk of Whitby " paraphrases, in the seventh
century, the Scriptural account of the fall of man and kmdred
doctrines.
There are reformers before the reformation, and Ceedmon pre-
pares the way for the great work of AYiclifL and his successors.
10 GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
3. Editions.
Of the old manuscript but one copy exists. Found in the seven-
teenth century by Usher, it came from him to Junius, who printed
it at Amsterdam in 1G55. The manuscript was given by Junius to
the Bodleian Library at Oxford, where it is still preserved.
Its probable date is 731 a.d. It is so defective that there must
be much conjectural rendering, and much that after all study must
remain hypothetical. To reduce these hypotheses has been the
main object of Dr. Grein.
The manuscript is a small folio in parchment of 229 pages.
Book I., made up of 212 of these pages, is written in a good hand,
and is apparently of the tenth century, no religious Saxon manu-
script being found earlier. The remaining 17 pages (Book II.)
are imperfect in style and handwriting, and are probably later.
On the basis of this first text various editions have been given.
a, Junius. As already stated, this was prepared at Amsterdam
in 1G55, a quarto edition. It is given in the Old Saxon without
translation or comment, and often confuses the sense by the
improper use of the metrical point. It is very valuable, however,
in being the first authentic edition, and as opening the way for
later and better work.
&, CoNYBEARE (182G-7). This edition is found in the author's
Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon Poetry, edited by his brother. It
is but partial, and includes Hymn of Ccvdmon, Speech of Satan
(Genesis), The Delufje (Exodus), The Overthrow in the Red Sea
(Exodus).
It was by reason of this incomplete edition that Mr. Thorpe was
induced to prepare another.
c. TiiOKPE (1831-2). This ranks as the first Anglo-Saxon pub-
lication of the Society of Anti(iuaries iii London. They assumed
GENERAL INTRODUCTION. U
the entire expense of the edition, and enabled the editor to issue it
in the most thorough and scholarly form. The text is given in
Old Saxon, and is translated. By reason of the rareness of the
work at this date, it is out of the reach of most students. The
edition is based on the Bodleian manuscript, and is given with
preface, notes, and a valuable verbal index. Whatever its defects
of text and translation, it supplied an nrgent need.
d, BouTERWEK (1849). This edition is an exhaustive one.
The introduction — literary and historical — is divided into eight
sections. Then follows the text with critical notes, the translation
into German prose with criJiical notes, and the Glossary, in Saxon
and Latin, with explanations and suggestions. It closes with an
Anglo-Latin verbal index, and an index of related Anglo-Saxon
words. vp
e, Grein (1857). This differs from Bouterwek and Thorpe in
being untranslated, and more especially in constituting but a part
of a large collection of Saxon verse (Grein's Poesie). Every Eng-
lish scholar must deeply regret the untimely death of Grein in that
a corresponding collection of Saxon prose was planned and begun.
Prof. March is right when he says that " special students of
Saxon must spend their days and nights with Grein."
This edition of poetry, including Csedmon, is accompanied with
valuable notes, and a glossary which has no superior in modern
scholarship. In Grein's first notice of the Dichtungen der Angel-
sachsischen (1857) he translates the poem on the basis of alliter-
ation.
The revision of Grein promised by Wulcker will be awaited with
great eagerness, as making a text already excellent still more
correct.
/. Ettmijller. In his Scopas and Boceras we find substan-
tial parts of Genesis, and of Christ and Satan.
12 GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
4. Contents of Paraphrase.
Book T., O^Pnesis, 203') lines;/ Exodus, 589 lines; Daniel, 765 lines.) Book II.,
Christ and Satan, 7:53 lines. Thi^ second book is paraphrased from the 2^ew Testa-
ment, and is in every way inferior to the first. To these books some editors add The
Soni/ of Azariah Mu\ The Sonff of the Three Chihlrev. According to Bede, the
Paraplirase is but a part of Caedmon's authorship. The full discussion of the
authenticity of ( 'aednion, and a complete bibliograjjhy of the poem, is naturally left
to the editor of Genesis, the first and largest poem of the collection.
6. Caedmon and Milton.
The history of opinion on this subject is full of interest. As favoring a close
relationship, we note the names of Turner, Nicholson, Thorpe, Conybeare, Southey,
and Taine, while such cautious writers as March and Morley hesitate not to give this
theory the benefit of the doubt. Mr. Disraeli, in his Amenities of Literature, devotes
an entire chapter to the subject, and takes strong ground against the theory of literary-
relation. The final settlement of this question is impossible. The facts are too few
to warrant it. Each author had access to the ©ble, and to biblical and mythical
traditions, and drew from these common sources. The coincidences are striking:
each poem is in a sense a ])araphrase of Scripture; each is an epic and on the same
theme; each opens with the same scene, the fall of the angels, and proceeds in a
somewhat similar manner. As to Satan's rebellion prior to the creation of man, and
his consignment with J^J^allen angels to darkness and despair, they fully agree.
The source whence t™^»erived this tradition, Persian or Chaldean, must have been
the same. Each poeiirfroints to the East as the place of origin, and many of the
scenes and actors are the same. As to more specific resemblances, we may note the
description of Satan and his fall; of hell and heaven; of Adam and Eve, and the
6i)eech of Satan to his rebel hosts. These coincidences, however, need not be
regarded as ])roving identity or even actual imitation of plan. It is further to be
noted that these similarities are found in Ca'dmon's Genesis only, the subject-matter
of the other portions being outside of Milton's purpose. Even in Genesis there is a
large part taken up with the history of Abraham, a topic, also, apart from Milton's
aim. Moreover, the I'araphrase is based upon the Apocrypha as weil as on the
Canonical Scriptures. This collection of books is not endorsed by the Puritan poet.
A word in reference to the historical relation of tliese two poets is here essential.
The MS. of Junius (IG'):")) niay have been accessible to Milton. Morley writes:
"Milton knew Junius [Caidmon's first editor], and was interested in his studies."
The objection by Disraeli, that the MS. was too i)recious to be loaned bj- Junius, ia
unworthy of notice. To the graver objection, that the poet could not haveeread it iu
Sa.xon, it may be said, that ^^fillon was a careful student of the earlier times. A few
years before this he prepared a history of England up to the Norman Conquest in
which he makes reference to the old authors. It is known that he was an Oriental
scholar, and thoroughly versed in the Modern European Tongues, including some
knowledge of the LowDutch, so akin to the Sa.xon. Under the English government
he was "secretary for foreign tongues." The argument here is, that it would not
have been strange had such a linguist been able to read the Sa.\on of Junius. If not,
the meaning could have been made known to him by Junius or Somner or others.
IjV reason of the ])()et's blindness (1G.')4) this was probably the case. Between the
cilition of Junius (IGou) and the finishing of Par.adisc Eost (1001) there is a i)eriod of
six years of possible reference to Cajdmon. In fact, Milton's epic was not published
till 1067, twelve years after Junius. The plausible theory, that iv great i)oet cannot
be indebted to his predecessors, is a mere liyjiothesiH, anil facts are against it. The
]'2ngland of .Milton had somelliiug to learn from Bede and .\lfred. "We add the
HUggestion, that, in an epic upon the fall of man, tlu; strong pretuuuptivc evidence is that
Milton consulted any existing epic upon a similar theme. A translation by P>osanquet
• (1800) of the Miltonic portions of Caidmon into English Heroic Verse, fanciful as
much of it is, is a valid proof (jf some substantial connection. He entitles his work,
"The Paradise Lost of (.'a^lmon." " Without doubt," says Wiilcker, "the Genesis
of Caedmon had made a deep Jnipression upon the religious poet."
«
SPECIAL INTRODUCTION.
1. Theme and Plan of the Poems.
THE subject of Exodus is The Departure of Israel from Egypt,
their Sojourn under Moses in the Wilderness, and their Pas-
sage through the Ked Sea to Hie Land of Promise. Other portions
of the Book of Exodus, as given in the Pentateuch, are omitted.
The subject of Daniel is The Deliverance of tha Three" Hebrews
from the Fiery Furnace. The poet takes the record, as in Exodus,
from the Old Testament, giving a faithful paraphrase of the first
five chapters of the Book of Daniel. For the sake of clearness
the fii'st of these poera|k may be divided, as in Grein, into eight
sections, and the sec^ayinto five. The topics of the respective
sections will best be aiven in connection with the text. *
2. State of the Text.
In common wdth other parts of Caedmon, and nearly all our
earliest writers, the text is more or less unsatisfactory. Among
the eight sections of Exodus there is one (VI.) that seems to have
been bodily interpolated, while in the third section of Daniel there
is a very loose paraphrase of Azarias as given in T&e Codex Exoni-
ensis, or Exeter Book. The additio^of single w^ords and lines is
verj^ common, as also their omission^* In the best editions there
are several textual gaps which the editors do not pretend to supj^ly.
In many other places no one can be dogmatic as to the rendering.
Despite these facts, however, the substantial correctness and unity
of Exodus and Daniel are preserved.
14 * SPECIAL INTRODUCTION.
3. Literary Character.
The cast of the poems is lyrical as well as epic. Moses and
Pharaoh, Daniel, Xebuchadnezzar, Belshazzar, and the Hebrew chil-
dren are the prominent figm-es, while the praises of Jehovah and
his servants are sung in fervid strain. They afford one of the best
examples in our literature of the [combination of the narrative
style proper to the epic, with the freer descriptive style of impas-
sioned verse. \ Where they^lack in smoothness of historical order
they abound'in imaginative sketching of persons and scenes. ) Some
of the descriptions are as bold and vivid as those of Beowulf, " the
Saxon Homer." In this respect they surpass Genesis, and have
always been regarded as poems of rare interest, especially charac-
teristic of early Teutonic literature. They are in the department
of the sacred epic what Be'bwulf is in the historico-mythical epic,
marked by the old Gothic dash and daring.
Their influence is stimulating. They ^t? the blood. They are
a bold testimony by a converted Pagan to-the power of Jehovah
on behalf of his oppressed people. We think, as we read them, of
the most stu-ring battle songs of the Bible, and of secular letters.
They have the same martial spirit. It is for reasons such as these
that we have deemed it wise to place these poems in reach of
American students. It is hoped that they will aid in the critical
study of First English, and infuse into the modern Teuton some-
thing of that Saxon vigor to whicli he has rightful heirship.
C^DMON'S
EXODUS Al^J) BANIMj.
EXODUS.
I.
Eeference to the Laws of Moses. — Praise of Moses. — His
relation to Pharaoh. — God's words to Moses as to the
creation. — God's visitation upon Egypt. — Spoiling of the
Egyptians and rescue of Israel. — The first encampment. —
Continuance of the March. — Encampment at Etham.
Hwset ! we f eor and neali gefrigen liabbaS
ofer middangeard Moyses d6mas '
wrseclico word-riht wera cn^rissum,
in uproder eadigra geliwam
5 aefter bealusl^e b6te lifes,
lif gendra gehwam langsumne r^ed
hseleSnm secgan ; gehyre se pe wille !
pone on westenne weroda drihten
s65faest cyning mid his s^lfes miht
10 gewyrSode and him wundra fela
^ce alwalda in aeht forgf af .
He W8es l^of gode, Idbda aldor,
horse and hreSergl(^w herges wisa,
freom folctoga. Faraones C3'^n <»i -,
15 godes andsacan gyrdwTO band,
])ser him gesealde sigora waldend
mddgum magorseswan his mdga feorh,
onwist d61es Abrahames suninn.,»
Note. — The student is referred to the Notes for all the important
differences between the text of Grein and that of other editors.
18 EXODUS. [19-53.
Ildali waes |>fct handl^an and him hold fr^
20 gesealde woepiia geweald wiS \vTA.(^ra gryre :
ofcrcom mid ) y canip^ cndbmAga fela, , ,
fdbnda folciiht. jTa wj^s forma slcS, C>roa^1ir ' " ' "^ o
J'fet hiue weroda god wordum iinegde,
]'aer he him gescegde s65wuiidra fela,
25 ht p^s woruld worhte witig drihten,
eorSan ymbhwyrft and nprodor
gesette sigerice, and his sylfes naman,
pone yldo beam asr ne cilc^on,
fr6d faedera cyn, ]^ali hie fela wiston.
30 Ilaefde he p4 geswiSed s6Sum crseftum
and gewurfiodue werodes aldor
Faraones f^nd on forSwegas, ''
I A wnes iu-g^re'ealdnm witnm '
d^a56 gedrenced drihtfolca msest :
35 hordwearda hiyre helif waes geniwad,
swaefon seledr^amas siuc^ berofene ;
hiefde mA,nscea6an let middere niht
fr^cne gefylled, frumbearua fela, W ' "^ ' "'■
Abroccne burhweardas : bana wide scrdS,
40 1A3 l^dhata. Land dr^smyde
d(fadra hraewum : diigoS forS gewdt,
w6p waes wide, worulddr^ama lyt !
wicron lileahtorsmiSuiii handa beloceue,
Alyfed ItidsiS IcQ^de gr^tan,
45 folc fSrende : f^nd waes berdafod, ^
hergas on helle. IIeofon-]>ider becom,
druron d(3bfolgyld. IJaeg wies nu\?rc
ofer middangeard, ]Ci sdb mengeo f6r,
swA J'aes faesten drcQith fela missera
50 ealdwt'i'ige Egypta folc,
paes pe hie w!de-fer(5 wyrnan pohton
Moyses inAgnm, gif hie metod 16te,
onlangne lust Ic^fes siSes.
54-79.] ■ EXODUS. 19
Fyrd Mvves gcfysed, from se ]:e laeddo
55 m6dig niagonTiswa mpegburli lieora.
Oferf6r he mid ]j folce frestena worn
land and l^dweard lAcSra manna,
enge dnpaSas, nncfi5 gehid,
65 ])SBt hie on GftSm^rce gearwe bseron ;
60 wseron land heora lyf t?heLn6 be|)eaht
mearchofn m6rheald : Mo^'ses ofer pd
fela meoringa fyrde geU^edde.
H6ht ]>^ ymb twA, niht tirfnestne haelet^, ,^/v
si56an hie f^ndum 6Sfaren haefdon,
65 ymbwicigean werodes bearhtm^
mid aelfere Ethanes byrig
maegnes msest^ mearclondu
II.
The protection of the people by Jehovah. — The third encamp-
ment. — The pillar of cloud and of fire. — The joyful
breaking of camp. — The heavenly beacon. — The approach
to the sea. — Encami^ment at the Red Sea.
Nearwe gen^Sdon on nort^wegas,
wiston him be sASan Sigelwara land,
70 forbaerned burhhleoSu, brftne It^de
hdtum heofoncolum. paer lialig god
wis fserbryne folc gesC3dde,
byelc6 oferbrffidde byrnendne heofon,
hMgan nett^ h^twendne lyft.
75 Hififde wederwolcen widum faeSmnm
eoii5an and iiprodor efne gedaeled,
Isedde l(^dwerod : ligfyr Mranc
hAt heofon torht. HaeleS wafedon, .
drihta gediymost. Daegscealdes hl^
20 EXODUS. [80-114.
80 wand ofer wolcnum : linefdc witig god
siiunan slSfset segle ofertoldeu,
swA jiA mnest-rApas men no cfiSon
ne ]>h. segli"6de ges^n mealiton
eoreibftende eall6 crieft6,
85 ht ^fiestnod waes feldhfisa msest.
SiS(5an he mid wuldre geweoi-^ode
]'^den liolde, ]^k wiBS pridda wic l^i . ,/- ^ UL4^JJ^"Mv
folce t6 frofre : fyrd eall geseah,
hfi paer hlifedon h^lige segias,
90 l^^ftwundor l^ht ; l^de ong^ton,
dugoS Israh^la, ])aet pser drihten cwom,
weroda drihten, wicsteal metan.
Him beforan fdran ffr and wolceu
in beorht-rodor, b^amas twegen,
95 pdra seghwseSer efn-gedselde
h^ahpegnunga hdliges gd^stes
d^rm6dra slS dagiim and nihtum.
])k ic on morgen gefrregn m6des rdfan
hebban hereb^'man hlMan stefnnm,
100 wnldres w6man. Werod eall dras,
mddigra mnegen, swd him Moyses beb^ad
m£ere magorseswa metodes folce,
ffts f yrdgetrnm : forS gesdwon
lifes l{itp(^w liftwcg metan.
105 Segl siSe w^ld, sre-men ffifter
fdron fl6dweg6 ; folc wvgh on sAlnm,
hhld hergcs cyrm. Heofonb^acen dstdh
lefena gehwam : 6c5er wundor
syllic aefter snnnan setlrAde beheld
110 ofer Idbdwernm lige sdnan,
byrnende b^ani. Blace st^don
ofer sc^tendum sch'o l^raan,
scinon scyl(lhrt^(San, sceado swi?5redons
neowlc nihtscuwan neah ne mihton
115-141.] EXODUS. 21
115 lieolstor Ahydan. Heofoncandel beam :
niwe nihtweard nide sceolde
wiciau ofer werediim, ]>y lies him westengryrd
h4r hae^ holmegum wedrum
6 f(§rclamm^ ferhS getwaefde.
120 HtTsfde foregenga fj^rene loccas,
bl^ce beOimas, b?el-egsan liw^p
])am herepre'ate, hi1.tan lig6,
fset he on w^steniie werod forbaernde,
nymSe hie mddhwate Moyses hjrde.
125 Sce^n scir werod, scyldas lixton ;
ges^won randwigan rihtre strsete
segn ofer swe^tiim, 66 pset saefsesteu
landes set eiide l^dmasgne forstod,
fAs on forSweg. Fj'rdwic dr^s,
130 wyrpton hie w^rige ; wiste gensegdon
mddige metepegnas hyra maegen l)dtan.
Brseddon aefter beorgum, siSSan bj'me sang,
flotan f eldhfisum : ])4 waes fdbrSe wic
randwigeua raest be ])am re'adan sse. ^ ' ' • "^
■' -A'
III.
Fear of Pharaoh m pursuit. — Sins of Egypt. — Pursuit by
Pharaoh and his host. — Increasing terror of the people. —
PreiKiration for battle.
135 pser on fyrd hyra fierspell becwom,
6ht inlende : egsan st6dan,
wselgryre weroda. AYrsecmon gebM
l^Sne lAstweard, se j^e him lange ser
^Sell^asum 6ht-nied gescr^f,
140 w^an witum fsest : waere ne gymdon,
pdah ])e se yldra cyning aer ge[ti8ode],
22 EXODUS. [142-170.
)>4 [he] wearb yrfeweard in-gefoHa
manna peftcr maSmiim, ])set he swfi miceles ge]fM\ :
ealles j'aes forg^ton, siStian grame wurdou
145 P^gypta cyn ymb and wig,
^d lieo his nuegwinum morSor fremedon,
wr6ht berenodon, woere fraeton.
■\Vferon lieaSowyhnas heortan getenge,
mihtm6d wera mAniim tr^owuni :
150 woldon hie j'set feorhl^an fticne gyldau,
])aette he ] jet da^gweorc dr^re gebohte,
Moyses l^de, ])aer him mihtig god
on ]'am spildsiSe sp^de forg^fe.
pk him eoiia m6d ortr^^we wearS,
155 siSSan hie gesdwon of sftSwegum
fyrd Faraones forS ongaugan,
oferholt wegan, ^red lixan,
])Afas ])unian, )j^d mearc tredan :
garas trymedon, gfiS hwearfode,
IGO blicon ])ordhr^5an, b}'mau sungon.
On hwjel hrdbpon herefugolas
hilde graedige ; [hrsefen g61]
d^awigfeSere ofer driht-n6um,
wonn waelc^asega. . Wulfas sungon
1G5 atol iefenldbd fietes on wt>nan,
carl^asan d^is cwyld-r6f b^dan
on ld8ra Id-st le^dmaegnes fyll,
hr^pon mearcweardas middum nihtum :
fl(rah faege gdst, folc waes ge nagged.
170 Ilwlhmi of )'am werode wlance pegnas
mieton milpacSas meara b6gum.
Him \)xv sigecyning wiS j'one segn foran
manna j^engel mearcju'^ate ifid ;
gAftweard gumena grlmliehn gesp(^n
175 cining cinberge (ciimbol lixton)
wtges on w6num, wailhlencan sce6c,
177-207.] EXODUS. 23
Mht his hereciste healdan goorne
faest fyrdgetrum. F^nd ons^goii
l:^Sum eagum laiidmanna C3'me.
180 Ymb hiiie waegon wigend unforhte,
h^re heorowulfas hilde g-retton
J^urstige ]>rsecwiges p^deii holde.
Hagfde him alesen l^da diige^e
tir-^digra tw4 jmsendo,
185 past waeron cyningas and cn^wmiigas,
ou j^aet e'ade riht seSelura dt^re ;
for]5on 4iira gehwilc fit ^l^edde
wrepnedcynnes wigau feghwilcne,
p4ra pe he on J^am f^rste findan mihte.
190 Wseron inge men ealle aetgi^dere
cyningas on corSre : ci\Sost gebead
horn on h^ape, t6 hwa^s haegstealdmen
gfiSpreat gumena gearwe bseron.
Sw^ I'ser eorp wevod ^can laeddon
195 IAS aefter h\6um l^dmaegnes worn
ffisendmaehim, pider waeron fftse:,,
haefdon hie gemyuted t6 f am maegenh^pum
t6 ])am aerdtege Israhela cynn
billum Abr^tan on h^^ra brdSorgyld.
200 ForJ^on waes on wicnm w6p up ahafen,
atol aefenl^S. Egesan st6don,
weredon waehiet, |>4 se w6ma cwom,
flugon fr^cne spel : f^nd waes anm6d,
werud waes wigblAc, 66 ]?aet wlance forsceaf
205 mihtig engel, se pd menigeo beh^kl,
]?8et ))aer geldSe mid him leng ne mihton
ges^on t6somne ; sl5 waes gedaeled.
24 EXODUS. [208-23G.
IV.
Renewed fear and further preparation. — Description of the
host binder Moses.
Hrefcle nydfara nihtlangne fjTst,
]7^h j^e him on h^lfa geliwam hettend seomedon,
210 m<negcn o8Se merestre'am : n{ihtou miirau hwjrft,
wasron orw^iian 65elrihtes,
siEton aef ter beorgum in bli\cum r^afum
w^n on w6num. Waeccende bad
call s^ sibgedriht somod retgaedere
215 mdran maegenes, 6^ Mo^'ses beb^ad
eorlas on nhttid fiernum b^mum
folc somnigean, frecan ilrisan,
habban heora hlencan, hycgan on ellen,
beran beorht searo, bdacunm cigean
220 swdbt giande n(^r : suelle gemundon
weardas wigl^S. Werod wses gefj'sed :
brudon ofer beorgum (b5^inan gehyrdon)
flotan feldlitisum. Fyrd waes on 6fste,
siSSan hie getealdon wi6 fam t^nliete
225 on l^am forSherge f^San twelfe
ra6d6 r6fa ; maegen waes onlirt^red.
Waes on dnra gehwam aeSeles cynnes
Mesen under lindum l^da dugu6e
on folcgetael flftig cista ;
230 luefde cista gehwilc cd^es werodes
gArljcrcndra g(i(5frcmniondra
tyn-liund geteled tir-cQidigra. *
paet waes wiglic werod : wAce nc gr^tton
in paet rincgetael raeswan liergos,
235 ))A ]jc for gdbguSe gyt ne mihton
under IjordhrdbSan l)rdbstnet wera
237-261.] EXODUS. 25
wi^ fl^ne f^nd folmum werigean
ne him bealu benne gebideu haefdon
ofer linde laerig ; licwunde swor,
240 g3dpplegan gkres. Gamele ne m6ston
h^re heaSoriucas hilde ooj^dbn,
gif him m6dhdapum msegen swiSrade :
ac hie be woestmum wig cm-on,
ht in l^dscipe laestan wolde
245 mod mid aran, ^ac ]?an msegnes crseft
[geg^n mihte] gdrb^ames feng.
p^ waes handrdfra here setgsedere
fds forSwegas. Fana np-r^d,
b^ma beorhtest : bidon ealle )n1 gen,
250 hwonne siSboda soestie'amiim nelih
l(^lit ofer lindum Ij'ft-edoras brsec.
V.
The harangue of Moses to the host. — Charge to be courageous.
— Assura7ice of God's help. — Dividing of the waters by
Moses. — The rising of the host. — Entrance on the sea
path. — The march over the sea by tribes. — Description of
tribes. — Judah, Beuben, and Simeon. QjvO^I- . '
Ahl^p ))4 for haeleSum hildecalla,
beald b^t-hata, bord up dh6f,
h^ht ]>a folctogan fyrde gestillan,
255 ])enden mddiges me^el monige gehyrdon.
Wolde reordigeau rices hyrde
ofer hereciste hdlgau stefne ;
werodes wisa wurSm^udum sprsec :
Ne bdbS ge \>y forhtran, ]-ehh ]>e Faraon brohte
260 sweordwigendra side hergas,
eorla unrim ! Him eallum wile
26 EXODUS. [2C2-296.
niilitig drihten ] urli mine liaDd
t6 daige pissiim daedl^Tan g^'faii,
j^aet hie lifigeude leng ue m^ton
265 segniau mid yrmt^um Israhela C3'n.
Ne willat^ ^w ondraedan d^ade fdSan
faege ferh81ocan ! fyrst is set ende
laenes lifes. Eow is Idr godes
dbroden of br^stiim : ic on beteran raed,
270 ]'8et ge gewur8ien wuldres aldor
and ^w liftr^an lissa bidde,
sigora gesynto, faer ge st^ien !
pis is se ^cfea Abrahames god,
frumsceafta fr^, se pds f3Td wereS
275 m6dig and msegenrdf mid fiaere miclan hand.
H6f ]>k for hergum hltide stef ne
lifigendra l^d, |jd he t6 l^dum sprsec :
Hwaet ! ge nu ^gum t6 on 16cia(5,
folca l^fost, faerwuudra sum,
280 hH ic sylfa sl6h and ])^s swiSre hand
gr^nd tim(i g^rsecges d^p :
yS up faere8, 6fstum wyrceS
waeter and wealfaesten. Wegas syndon dryge,
has we herestraeta, hohn gerymed,
285 ealde staSolas, p^ ic aer ne gefra^gn
ofer middangeard men geffiran,
f dmge feldas, ]>k forS heonon
iu 6ce y^e peahton,
s.nelde stegrundas : stiSwind fornam
290 ba3(Sweges blaest, brim is i\r(fafod,
sand saicir spAw. Ic wAt b66 gere,
)>a3t ^w mihtig god miltse gecy^de,
eorlas, air glMe ! 6fest is s^lost,
pa3t ge of fdbnda fa3(Smc weorSen,
295 nu se Agcnd uj) Anerdc
remade streanias in randi^ebeorh :
297-331.] EXODUS. 27
syndon ))A foreweallas faegi'e gest^pte
wraetlicu wsegfaru 66 wolcna hr6f .
^fter ]>4m wordiim werod eall art\s,
300 mAdigra maegeu : mere stille bM.
H6fon herecyste hwite linde,
segnas on sande. Saeweall d,stMi,
uplang gestdd wiS Israhelum
^ndaegne f3'rst ; waes sdb eorla gedriht
305 4nes m6des : [ji^a weall]
fsestum fseSmum freoSowaere h^ld.
Nalles liig^ gehyrdon hMiges l^re,
siS(5au Idbfes IdbS laeste uehv
' sw^g swiSrode and sanges bland.
310 pd ]'aet f^rSe C3^n fyrmest ^de,
w6d on waegstrdam, wtgan on lielipe,
ofer gr^nne grand : Judisc f66a
An on-orette uncAS geMS
for his maegwinum, swi\ him mihtig god
315 pses dicgweorces d^p le'an forgeald,
siS8an him gesaelde sigorworca hreS,
]?8et he ealdord6m dgan sccolde
ofer cynericu, cn^wmdga blsed.
Haefdon him 16 segne, ]k hie on suud stigou,
320 ofer bordhrdbSan b^cen draered
in pam gdrhe'ape gyldenne Icon,
drihtfolca maest d^ra cenost :
be pam herewisan hynSo ne woklon
be him lifigendum lange ];olian,
325 ponne hie t6 gfiSe gdrwudu raerdon,
]>^da aenigre. pracu waes on 6re,
heard handplega, haegsteald m6dige
waepna waelslihtes, wigend unforhte,
bilswaSu bl6dige, beadnmaegnes raes,
330 gnmhehna gegrind, paer Jndns f6r.
-^fter ]>aerc fyrde flota m6dgade,
28 EXODUS. [332-361.
Riibencs sunn : raudas baeron
saewleinge ofer sealtne mersc,
mdn meuio, micel iin-getrum
335 ^de imforht. Ili^ his ealdo;'d6m
s^nniim ^swefede, ]'?et he sic^or f6r
on Idbfes l^st : him on Idbdsceare
frumbearnes riht fr^br6Sor 66])ah,
e'ad and aeSelo ; h^ wses earn swd peah.
340 paer [forS] aefter him folca ])ry5um
sunn Simeones swdbtum comon,
]n-idde p^dmaegen : J^tifas wundon
ofer gdrfare, gAScyst onjirang
d^awig sceaftum. Dnegwdma becwom
345 ofer gdrsecges [begong] , godes b^acna sum,
morgen msere-torht. Msegen forS gewiU,
])d ])aer folcma?gen f6r aefter 66rum :
isernhergum dn wisode
maegeuj^rymmum maest, ])y h6 maere wearS.
350 [F6r] on forSwegas folc aefter wolcnum,
cynn aefter C3'nne : cftSe aeghwilc
maegburga riht, swd him Moyses bdad,
eorla ae(5elo. Him waes ^n faeder :
l^f l^dfrnma landriht gepah
355 fr6d on ferhfie, fr^mdgum l^f,
cende cn^wsibbe c(5nra manna,
hcQihfaedera sum hdlige ];(^de,
Isra61a cyn, onriht g6dcs,
sw^ ]>sit or]?ancum ealde recea'S,
3G0 ])A ]'e maegburgc maest gefrunon,
frumcyn feora, faedcraeSelo gehwaes.
362-387.] EXODUS. 29
VI.
Noah and his sons in theiark. — The contents of the ark. —
Abraham, the people' s gkide and lord. — David and Solo-
mon. — Abraham and Isaac on the ivay to the mount. —
Preparations for the sacrifice. — Arrest by the ayigel. —
Jehovah's promise as to Abraham's seed.
Niwe fl6(las Noe oferl45
j^rjmfaest [^den mid his julrn sunum,
]>oue d^pestan drencfldda
365 ]7ara ]'e gewiirde on woruldrice.
Hajfde him on hreSre hMige tr^wa :
forpon hd gelsedde ofer lagiistreamas
m^Smhorda msest mlii^ gefr?ege :
on feorhgebeorh folden haafde
370 ealUim eorScjame ege-lilfe
frumcn^w gehwaes, fseder and mdder
tuddor-t^ndra geteled rim^
mismiceh'a, ]:'onne men cunnon,
snottor sseleoda ; eac ] on saeda gchwilc
375 on bearm scipes beornas feredon,
J>dra j^e under heofonum haeleS bryttigaS.
Swd ]^8et wise men wordum secgaS,
]^aet from Noe nigoSa waere
faeder Abrahames on folctale :
380 J^set is se Abraham, se him engla god
naman niwan ^sce6p, eac ]'on n(fali and feor
hMige h^pas in gehyld bebe^ad,
wer|;^oda geweald. H^ on wraece lifde.
SiSSan h6 gelaedde l(^fost feora
385 hdlio'es haesnm : helihlond stio;on
sibgomagas on Seone beorg ;
waere hie ysev fundon, wuldor gcsdwon,
30 EXODUS. [388-422.
liMigc hcnihtrdbwe, swd hoeleS gefruuon,
]>sev eft se snottra sunu Dan ides
390 wulclorfnest cyning witgan Urum
getinibrede teiiipcl gode,
alh htiligue, eorficyniDga
se wisesta on woruldrice
h^ahst and h^ligost hseleSum gefrnegost
395 miest and ma^rost, pkra ])e manna beam
fira aefter foldan folmum geworhte.
T6 ]'am meSelstede niagan gelaedde
Abraham Isaac ; Mfj^r onbran :
fyrst f erhSbana n6 ]jy fsegra waes !
400 Wolde ]5one Idstweard Itge gesyllau
in boelby'se beorna s^lost
his swaesne snnii t6 sigetibre,
dngan ofer eorSan yrfeh\fe,
feores fr6fre. p^ hd sw^ foii5 gebM
405 l^dam t6 l^re langsumne hiht :
h^ ]cet gccj'^de, 1'4 h^ ]'one cniht genam
fc^ste mid fobiinm, folccAS gete'ag
ealde hife (ecg grymetode) ,
])aet he him lifdagas l^ofran ne wisse,
410 ]7onne h6 h^'rde heofoncyninge.
Up ^raemde se eovl, wolde slean eaforan sinne,
unweaxenne ecgum rc^dan,
magan mid m6c6, gif hine metod 16te :
ne wokle him beorht Iseder bearn tetnimau
415 hdlig tiber, ac mid handa bif^ng.
y>'l him styran cwom stefn of heofonum,
wuldres hlt^Sor, word lefter spraic :
Ne sleh ))<1, A])raham, j)in Agen beam
sunu mid sweordd ! s65 is gecySed,
420 nu ])!n cunnode cyning alwihta,
\)iXit )>u wi8 waldend wa^re hdbkle,
foeste trdbwe : sdb );e ireoSo sceal
423-451.] EXODUS. 31
in lifclagum lengest weoi'San
^wa to ealdre nuswiciendo !
425 liA ])earf niannes snnii mdran tr^we ?
Ne behwylf an mneg heofon and eorSe
his wuldres word widdra and siddra
ponne befffiSman mgege foldan sce'atas,
eorSan ymbliwyrft and nprodor,
430 g^rsecges gin and \i^s g^mre lyft.
H6 d5 swereS, engla ]^dbden,
wyrda waldend and wereda god,
sdSfaest sigora [weard] , ])urh his sylfes lif ,
paet pines C3'nnes and cn^wmfiga
435 randwiggendra rim ne cnnnon
jide ofer eorSan eall^ craeft^
t6 gesecgenne s66um wordum,
nym^e hwylc ]?8es snottor in sefan weoi'Se,
]?8et h6 ^na masge ealle geriman
440 st^nas on eorSan, steorran on heofonum,
ssebeorga sand, sealte ySa :
. ac hie gesittaS be saem tw^num
68 Eg3'pte in-ge]?^de
land Canan^a, l^de ] ine,
445 frdbbearn fseder, folea selost.
VII. c3u©.'552^
Pharaoh* s host is overwhelmed in the sea.
Folc wses df aered : fl6degsa becwom
gdstas g^mre, geofon d^aS^ hw^p.
Wa^ron beorhhli6u bl6d^ best^med,
holm heolfr^ sp4w, hrelim waes on ySuni,
450 waster waepna ful, waehnist Astilh.
Wa^ron Egypte eft oneyrde,
32 EXODUS. [452-486.
flngon forhtigendc, faer ongeton,
woklon herebl(^i(5e hrimas findan :
gylp wcar5 gnoriira ! Him on-gcn gehu^p
455 atol 3'{Sa gewealc : ne ]>fer senig becwom
herges t6 hdme, ac hie hindaii bel^ac
wyrd mid wsege. pser rer wegas Itigon,
mere m6dgode, maegeu waes Mrenced.
Stromas st6don ; storm up gewAt
4G0 h^ah t6 heofomim, berew6pa maest ;
M(5e cyrmdon ; lyft up goswearc :
fsegum stc^fnum fl6d bl6d gew6d.
Randbyrig wa^ron rofene, rodor swipode
merede'aSa msest ; m6dige swultoii
465 cyningas on corSre, cyrr swiSrode
wa3ges aet ende. Wigbord scinon.
Ile'ali ofer hfeleSiim holmweall ^stdh,
merestrdam modig : maegen wa^s on cwealme
fseste gefeterod, forSganges nep
470 searwum ^sa^led. Sand bAsnode
on witodre fyrde, hwonne waSema stream
sincalda sae sealtum 5'6um
aefldstum gewuna ^ce sta^nlas
nacud nydboda n^san c6me,
475 f^h f^5e-g^st, se pe f^ondum gcndbp.
Waes s^ haewene lyft heolfrc geblanden ;
brim berstende bl6degsan liwdbp,
saemanna siS, 6^])aet s65 metod
]'urh Moyses hand m6dge rj'mde :
480 wide waeSde, waelfaefimum swdbp,
fl6d fA,mgode, fjtge crungon,
laguhmd gcfdbl, 13'ft wais onhr^red,
wicon weallfaesten, waegas burston,
multon meretor^'as, |>A se mihtiga sl6h
485 mid hdlige liand licofoiirices weard
werbcAimas, whince ] dbde.
487-514.]
EXODUS. ' 33
Ne militon forhabban helpendra pa?5,
merestreaines mod, ac he maneguin gesc^d
gyllend^ gi'y^'^ • g^i'secg w^dde,
490 up ^teah, on sle'ap ; egesaii stodon,
w^ollon wflelbenna. Witrdd gef^ol
heah of heofooum, handweorc godes.
F^migbdsma flodwearde sl6h
unhl^wau wreg ald6 mece,
495 J>aet ]>j d^aSdrepe drihte swaefou,
synfullra sw^ot, sawlum lunnon
faeste befarene, flodbhtc here,
si65an hie onbugou brftn 3'ppinge,
mddwaega raaest. Msegeii call gedrelis,
500 ]>^ he gedrencte dugoS Egypta,
Faraon mid his folcum : h6 oiifond hraSe,
siSSan [gruiid] gestah, godes andsaca,
J^aet }>3er mihtigra merefl6des weard
wolde heorofseSmum hilde gesceadaii
505 yrre and egesfiill. Egyptum wearS
faes dsegweorces d^p l^n gesceod :
forjmm paes heriges hdm eft ne com
ealles nngnindes aenig t6 htfe,
]>aette si5 lieora secgan m6ste,
510 bodigean aefter burgum bealospella maest,
hordwearda hr3're haeleSa cw^num,
ac ]>k raaegen]>r^tas mered^S geswealh,
[spilde] spelbodan, se pe sped Mite,
^gelit gylp wera : hie wio god wunnon !
34 EXODUS. [515-542.
VIII.
Words of Moses to Israel on the farther shore. — God's poiver
and covenant faithfulness. — The joy of the peox)le U2wn
their deliverance. — Division of spoil.
515 panon Israhelum 6cc roedas
on merehwearte Moyses saegde
lielxhjHingen wer httlige sprosce,
dtTop {lereude : daegweorc iiemna'5.
Swa g3't werj^^ode on gewritnm findaS
520 ddma gehwilcne, ])tira j)e him drihteii bebdad
on I'ara si6fate s65nm wordnm.
Gif onlucan wile lifcs weallist6d
bcorht in br(fostnm banb^lses weard
ginfaest god gdstes cyegnm,
525 Ytn bis gerecenod, raed for6 gse^ :
hafaS wislicu word on fasSme,
wile m(fagollice m6dum toecan,
])set w6 gesine ne syn godes j^dbdscipes,
meotodes miltsa. He tis md onl^liS,
530 nt. As b6ceras beteran secgaS,
lengran lyft wynna : ]ns is la^ne drifam
worn mum ilwyrged, wreccum tdyfcd,
earmra anbid : e(5ell(fa.se
p3'sne gystselc giliSnm healda5,
535 murnacS on m6de, mtlnhfts witon
faest under foldan, )>air bi6 fyr and wyrm,
open ^'ce scraif yfela geliwylces.
SwA nft regnpeblas rice diclaS
yldo o5Se ler-dcfatS, eft-w3'rd cym8
540 maigenprymma micst ofer niiddangeard, ,
dffig daidum filli : drihten sylf a
on |)am meSelstede nianooum denied.
543-575.] EXODUS. 35
ponne he s6"5faestra, stiwla laedeS
^adige gfestas on iiprodor,
545 paer [is] l^olit and lif, eac ]:-ou lissa bleed :
dugo6 on dre'ame drihteii herigaS
weroda wuldorcyuiug to widaii feore.
Sw4 reordode rseda gemyndig
manna mildost mihtum swiped
550 hlMan stefne ; here stille bad
witodes willan, wundor ong^ton,
mddiges mflShasl ; he id msenegum sprsec :
Micel is pdbs meuigeo, msegenwisa tram,
fulMsta maest, se ])^s fare laede^ !
555 hafaS As on Canan^a cyn geljfed
burh and beligas, brade rice :
wile nti gelsestan, pset h^ lange gehet
mid ^^sware, engia drihten,
in fyrudagum faedeiyn-cjmne,
560 gif ge gehealdaS h^lige lAre,
]>2et ge fdbnda gehwone forS ofergangaS,
. gesittaS sigerice be si^m tw^niim
b^rselas beorna : bi6 ^wer blsed micel !
After ]5d,m wordum werod wses on siilum,
565 smigon sigebj^man, segnas st6don
on feegerne sw^g. Folc wres on lande :
hsefde wnldres bdam werud gela^ded
hdlige he'apas on hild godes.
Lif6 gefegon, ])h. hie dSla^ded h?efdon
570 feorh of fdbnda dome, p^ah pe hie hit frecne gen^Sdon
weras under waetera hrdfas. Gesawon hie paer
weaMas standan ;
ealle him brimu bl6dige j)fihton, ]mrh ] A heora beado-
searo waegon.
Hrd^don hildespelld, siSSau hie pam [herge] wi5f6ron,
h6fon herej^re'atas hMde stefne,
575 for ])am da^dweorce drihten h^redon ;
36 EXODUS. [570-589.]
woras wiildres sang, wtf on 65rura,
folcsw^ta msest fyrdl^8 g61on
aclum stefnum eallwundra fela.
pd wjes dtifynde Afrisc me^wle
680 on geofones static gold6 geweorSod :
baud Mi6fon hMswurSunge,
bllSe wa^rou, b6te gesdwon,
h^ddon heier^afes (hseft wees onsseled),
ouguunon Si^Utfe segnum d?elan
585 on yfthtfe, ealde maSmas,
reaf and randas : heom on riht sceode
gold and godweb, Josephes gestr^n
wera wnldorgesteald. Werigend l^gon
on dtTafistede, drilitfolca majst.
DAE^IEL.
I.
Prosperity of the Jeics in Jerusalem. — GocVs blessing upon
them. — Their pride and rebellion. — Entrance of the
Chaldean soothsayers. — Enmity of Nebuchadnezzar. —
The Babylonians in Jeruscdetn. — Despoiling of the temple.
— Departure of the enemy tvith treasures and captives. —
Subjection of the Hebrews in Babylon. — Search by the king
for loise youth. — Choice of the three Hebrews : Hananiah,
Mishael., Azariah. — Their appearance before the king. —
Provision for their needs.
Gefrsegii ic Hebr^os eadge lifgean,
ill Hierusalem golclhord d^laii,
C3'niDgd6m liabban, swt\ him gecynde woes,
si^^aD ]mrh raetodes nifegen on Mouses hand
5 wear5 wig gifen wigeua m^enieo
and hie of Egyptiim tit afdrou
miegen6 micle : ]>set wses mddig cyn,
)?euden hie ]>y ric^ rsedan m6ston,
burgum w^oldon ; wses him beorht wela,
10 ])enden }vet folc mid him hiera f seder wsere
healdan woldon. Wses him li^^rde god
heofonrices weard, h^lig drihten,
wuldres waldend, se ]'am werude geaf
m6d and mihte, metod alwihta,
15 ]'set liie oft fela folca feore gesceddon
heriges hehnum, ])ATa ]>e him hold ne waes,
38 DANIEL. [17-51.
6h I'a?t hie wleiico anw6d vet winpcge
dt^foldffidnm, drimcne gej-olitas :
])A hie necrseftas due forleton,
20 mctodes injiegenscipe, swfi n6 man scyle
his giistes lufan wiS gode d{i.'lan !
pd geseah ic ])d gedriht in gedwolan lifgan,
Isradla cyn unriht d6u,
wommas wyrcean : pset woes weorc gode.
25 Oft he ]'c4ni l^dum Idre sende
heofonriccs weard hdUge gdstas,
]'d ])am werude wisd6m budon.
Hie ]>sdre suytro s6S geljf don
lytle hwile, 68 paet hie langung beswdc
30 eorSan dr^amas ^ces raedes,
])set hie a3t siSestan sylfe forleton
drihtnes donias, cnroii defies craeft.
\)k wearS r^^emdd rices ]-^oden,
unhold ];^den ]-dm h^ sehte geaf :
35 wisde him sdt fryniSe, ])d ]>e on frnman oer ])on
waeron mancynnes metode d^Tust,
dugO(>a diymust drihtne It^fost,
herepaS t6 psere h^an byrig
eorlum elJ^tTodigum on eSelland,
40 ])8er Salem st6d searwum fifaistnod,
wealhim geweor5od : to ) ajs witgan foron
Caldea cyn id ceastre for5,
])aer Isra61a a^hta waeron
bevvrigene raid weorcura ; id ] dm |)aet werod gef6r,
45 ma3gen])ic%,t maere mrmbealwes georn.
Awclite jione wselnlS wera aldorfrt^,
Babiloues brego on his burhstede
Nabochodonossor jmrh nlShete,
Jjaet h6 s^can ongan sefan gehygdnm,
50 lift h6 Isra^'lum c%8ost mealite
Jnn-h gronn-a gang guman 66])riugan :
32-80.] DANIEL. 39
gesamnode ]A sii5nn and norSan
woellir^w werod aod west faran
lierige hseSeiicyninga t6 faere hean byrig :
55 Isra^la doelweardas
lufan lifwelan, ]:ieuden hie let metod.^
pk ic ecSaii gefriegii ealdfdbiida cyii
wiiiburli wera : j^a wigan ue gelyfdon,
berelifodon ])§i. receda wuldor reVlan gold^,
60 siiic6 and seolM, Salomoues tempi,
gestriidan gestrdbua under stdnbliSiim
swilce all swd |>d eoiias kgan sceoldon,
65 J'set hie bnrga gehwone abrocen hsefdon
^ ]>dra ]>e l^am folce id friSe stddon.
65 Gehl6dou him id hASe hordwearda gestr^on,
fdb and fr^s, swilc ]>8ev funden wa^s,
and ])A mid ]mm jehtum eft siSedon
and gelfeddon elic on laugne si6
Isradla cyn on e^astwegas
70 id Babilonia, beorna iinrim,
under hand hasleS haeSenum deman.
Nabochodonossor him on ny-d dyde
Isra^la beam ofer ealle lufeii
wsepna h\fe t6 weorcjje'bwum.
75 Onsende ])4 sinra pegna
worn ])8es werudes west id f^rau,
])set him para l^da land geh^lde
^3ne e^el aefter Ebrdmn.
H6t ]>4 s^can sine ger^fan
80 geond Isra^la earme L4fe,
hwilc ]?8ere g^go5e gieliwost wsere
b6ca bebodes, ]?e pa3r bruugen waes :
wolde, past ])k cnihtas craift leornedon,
])set him snytro on sefan secgan mihte,
85 nalles ])y pe h^ paet m6ste oSSe gemunan wolde,
paet M ])^ra gifeiia gode pancode,
40 DANIEL. [87-112.
|>e him paer t6 duguSe drihten scyrede.
pA, hie J'aer fiindon t6 fre'agleawe
te(Sele cnihtas and aifaeste,
90 ginge and gode in godssede :
An wses Ananias, 65er Azarias,
])ridda Misael, metode gecorene.
p^ ]>Yy c6mou t6 J^^dne foran
hearde and higej'ancle, ]'Sev se haeiSena sfet
95 cyning corSres georn in Caldea byrig.
p4 hie pam wlancan wisd6m sceoldou
weras Ebrda wordum cj^?5an,
higecrseffc h^ane |)nrh h^lig m6d.
p^ se beorn bebelid, Babilone weard
100 swi8m6d cyning, shmm ])egnum,
]>set ])a frumgtiras be feore da^de,
])i^t pam gengum |;rym gi\d ne wsere
wiste ne wsede in woruldlife.
II.
The king's pride and defiance of God. — His impropitious
dream. — Command to Ids wise men to tell it. — Being un-
able^ he threatens them with death. — Daniel apxtears before
the Icing as interpreter. — The Idng praises and exalts him.
pd wses breme Babilone weard
105 rasere and m^dig ofer middangeard,
egesfnl ylda bearnuin : n6 he Me fremede,
ac in oferh^^gde a?ghwaes lifde.
pA, ))am foletogan on frunislaepe,
si85an t6 reste gehwearf rice ])^den,
110 com on sofan Invnrfan swefnes w6ma,
liA wonild wau'c wnndrum get^d
ungelic yhliun 65 edsceafte.
113-147.] DANIEL. 41
Wears him on sLnepe s6S gee3'5ecl,
]-?ette rices gehwses reSe sceolde gelimpan,
115 eorSan drelimas eude wnrSau.
pA on woe wulfheort, se aer wingM swsef,
Babilone weard. Nses him bli6e hige,
ac him sorh ^stali swefues w6man :
n6 h^ gemunde, ]'^et him metod wi£S.
120 H6t ]rk tosomne sinra Idbda,
]>k wiccungddm widost baeron,
fraegn ])k pa msenigeo, hwset bine gerasette,
penden reordberend reste wiinode :
wearS h^ on pam egesan acol worden,
125 ])k h^ ne wisse word ne angin
swefues sines, li6t him secgan ]:ehh.
pk him unbliSe andswaredon
d^folwitgan (nses him ddm gearii
t6 asecganne swefeu cyninge) :
130 HA mtlgon w6 sw4 dj^gle, drihten, ahicgan
on sefan ])inne, hti pe swefnede
oS5e wyrda gesceaft wisd6m bnde,
gif ])U his aerest ne meaht 6r dreccan ?
p^ him unbliSe andswarode
135 wulfheort cyuing, witgum siuum :
Nseron ge swa e'acne ofer ealle men
mddgepances, sw^ ge me ssegdon
and paet gecwaedou, pset ge cftSon mine
aldorlege, swa me aefre wearS
140 o'66e ic furSor fiudau sceolde,
nu ge maetinge mine ne cnunon,
])§i ]?e me for werode wisddm bere^ !
Ge sweltad deliSe, nymSe ic dom wite
soSan swefues, ]>ves min sefa myndgaS I
145 Ne mealite ]>h s^ maenigeo on ]>am meSelstede
]nn'li witigddm wilite t\]?eucean
ne dhicgan, ]>k hit forha^fed gewearS,
42 DANIEL. [148-167.
]\Ttte hie soedon swefn C3'ninge,
wyrda gciyim, 68 J'aet witga cwom
150 Daniel t6 (16me, se waes drilitno gecoren
snotor and s66fiest, in ]>vet sold gaugan :
se waes ordfruma earmre l^fe,
])iere ]>e ]>fxm liseSenan hyrau sceolde.
Him god sealde gife of heofnum
155 piirh lil(^(Sorcw3'de hMiges giistes,
Jn\}t him engel godes eall ^ssegde,
sw4 his mandrihteu gemseted wear6.
p^ eode Daniel, j^tt daeg y^hte,
swefen reccan sinum fre'an,
160 saegde him wislice wereda gesceafte,
]>9ette s6na ongeat swl6m6d C3'ning
ord and ende paes ]>e him 5'wed wees.
\)k hsefde Daniel d6m micelne,
blaed in Babilonia mid b6cerum,
165 siSSan h6 gesoede swefen cyninge,
Jjset li6 aer for firenum onfdn ne meahte,
Babilouie weard, in his br^stlocan.
168-184.] DANIEL. 43
III.
The king still defiant. — Raises an idolatrous image in Dura.
— The people boiv to it. — The three Hebreios refuse and
are threatened. — They are placed in the fiery furnace. —
Preserved from harm^ they rejoice. — The king's anger and
iconder. — The song of Azariah. — Praises God and confesses
the sin of the Jews. — Pleads the covenant and prays for
help. — The angel of deliverance appears and saves them. —
The song of the three Hebrews. — All things praise Jehovah^
the Triune God. — Tlie king and his chiefs take counsel. —
The leader 2^lcads for the youth. — They come out of the
furnace to the king. — The angel ascends. — The king
praises God and favors his servants. — Acknoivledges the
wisdo'ni of Daniel.
N6 hwseSere j'set Daniel ged(5n mihte,
]>get h6 wolde metodes mihte gelyfan :
170 ac M wyrcan ongan weoh on felda,
pam ])e d^rmdde Diran Mtou,
se wses on ]>8ere ];^de, ];e swtt []nymlice] hatte
bresne Babilouige : ])asre burge weard
^nne manlican of er metodes ^st
175 gyld of golde gumum ^rserde,
forpam li6 gieliw ne wass, gnmrices weard
r^Se and ra3dle'as, rihtes [ne gymde].
p^ wearS h^leSa hlyst, ]:k hldbSor cwom
byman stefne ofcr bnrhware.
180 p^ hie for ]jam cnmble on cn^wum sjeton,
onhnigon t6 j^am herige haeSne ]j^de,
wurSedon wihgyld (ne wiston wrsestran raed) ,
efnedou nnrihtddm, swA hyra aldor dyde
m^u6 gemenged, m6de gefr^cnod ;
44 DANIEL. [185-218.
185 frcmde folcm;x?gen, sw^ h3'ra fr^a serest
unraed ef nde ; him Jjses sefter becwom
3'fel endelean : unriht dydc !
p£er ])ri wacron on j^aes ]:^dnes bj^'ig
eoiias Israela, Jiet hie ii iioldoii
190 hyra ])^dnes dom j'afigaii onginnan,
]>set hie to ])am bdacDC gebedii rairde,
])^ah ]'e ]'ddY on byrig b3'man sungon :
]^k wa^ron aeSehim Abrahames beam,
wa^ron wserfaeste, wiston drihten
195 6cne uppe aehnihtue.
Cnihtas cyneg6de cAS gedydon,
p9et hie him ]jaet gold t6 gode noldon
habban ne healdan ac pone li^an cyning,
g^sta hyrde, pe him gife sealde.
200 Oft hie t6 b^te balde gecwaedon,
))8et hie pses wiges wihtc ne r6hton
ne hie t6 ])am gebede gebsedan mihte
hseSen heriges wisa, paet liie pider hweorfan woldeu,
guman to ]^am gyldnan gylde, pe he him t6 gode
get^de.
205 pegnas pdbdne sregdon, pset hie psere ge]>eahte naeron
hseftas li6ran in jnsse h^an byrig,
];9et pis [hseSengyld] h^rgan ne willacS
ne ])isne wig wurftigean, pe pu ])e t6 wundrum t^dest.
p^ him bolgenm6d liabilone weard
210 yrre andswarode ; corhnn onmselde
grimme ]'^m gingum and g^cre oncwaeS,
j'ait hie gegnunga gyldan sceolde
o5(Se prowigean prtTanied micel,
frecne fj^res wybn, nymSe hie friSes wolde
215 wihiian t6 pam wyrrestan, weras Ebrda,
gnman t6 ]mm golde, ])e li6 him t6 gode tdbde.
Noldon ];^h yd hyssas hj'ran larum
in hige haj6num, hogedon georne,
219-:246.] DANIEL. 45
]7a9t se godes ealle gelseste
220 aud ue awilcodon wereda drihtne,
ne heanmaegeii liwyrfe in li«5end6m :
ne hie t6 Mcne freoSo wiluedan,
Jj^ah ])e him se bitera deaS gebodeu wsere.
pk wearS yvve anm6d cTiiing :
225 Mt M [egeslice] ofii oiihtfitan
16 ovale ciiilita feorum, forpam ])e hie his crseftas on-
s6cou.
pk hd wses gegl^ded, sw4 h^ grimmost mihte,
Mcu^ fyres lig^, ]k M ]>ydeY folc samnode
aud gebindan h^t Babilone weard
230 grim and gealhm6d godes spelbodan,
h^t ])k his scealcas scAfan ]>k hyssas
in bselbly^se, beornas ginge.
Gearo wses, se him g^ce gefremede ; ]:ehh ])e hie sw^
grome nydde
in fseSm fyres lige, hwseSere heora feorh generede
235 mihtig metodes weard, sw4 jjset maenige gefrunon,
h^lige him ])aer help get^ode. Sende him of helin
rodore
god gumeua weard g.4st l^one h^lgan ;
engel in ]?one ofn irinan becwom, pser hie past aghtc
dnigon,
fr^bearn fssSmum bepeahte under patti fyrenan hrdfe :
240 ne mihte pelih heora wlite gewemmau [ne him wrdht
dSfsestan]
wylm p88s wsefrau liges, pd hie se waldeud nerede.
Hr^ohmdd wses se hseSena p^den, het hie hraSe
bsernan :
seled wses ungesc^ad micel. p^ wses se ofen ouhseted,
Iseu eall purhgleded : hine pser esnas msenige
245 wurpon wudu on innan, swil him wses on wordum
ged^med,
bseron brandas on bryne blAcan fyres.
46 DANIEL. [247-280.
Woklc wulflieort cj'ning wall onsweallan
Iserne ymb sefteste, 66 Jiaet up gcw^t
lig ofer l^fum and Jnuii Inst gesl6h
250 micl<5 mAre, ])onne gemot waere.
pd se lig gewand on la?)e men
hsefine of hAlgura. Ilyssas waeron
bll6em6de, burnon scealcas
3'mb ofen fttan : alet gehwearf
255 t^nfnllum on teso, ]^8er t6 geseah
Babilone brego. BliSe waeron
eorlas Ebr^a, 6festnni heredon
drihten on drdame, dydon swa hie cASon
ofne on innan aldre generede.
2G0 Guman gl{fidm6de god wurSedon,
under |)8es fai(5me j^e gefl3'med wearcS
Mcne fyres liaeto : fr^bearn wurdon
Maeten liges ganga ; ue hie him |>8er 1^8 gedj'don :
naes him se sw6g t6 sorge ])on mk pe sunnan scima ;
265 ne se bryne bdbt maicgum, l^enden in ])am bdbte waeron,
ac ]5a3t fyr sc,yde t6. |)dm ])e ])k sc3'lde worhton :
hweorfon \!§i hseSenan liseftas fram pdm lialgum
cnihton ;
werigra wlite minsode, I'^ra ]7e ]/y worc6 gef<§gon.
Geseah ]>k swi5m6d C3'ning, ]'d h6 his sefan ontrebwde,
270 wundor on wite Agangen ; him |:ffit wrsecltc ]>t^hte :
h3'ssas liAle hwurfon in ])am hiitan ofne
calle aefseste ]>iy [unforb^rned] .
Him dac ]>ser wses ^n on gesyhSe
engel a^lmihtiges : him J^a^r 6wiht ne derede,
275 ac wscs J>8er inne ealles geltcost
efne jionne on sumera sunne scineS
and d(faw-drtas on daege weovSe8
winde geoudsAwen. pa3t wa3s wuldres god,
\)e hie generede wicS pam niShete.
280 pa Azarias ingej^ancum
281-315.] DANIEL. 47
hl^Srade halig Jmrh luttne lig
clseda georn ; clrihten h^recle
wer womiiia leas and ]k word ^cwaeb :
Metod alwihta ! hwset, ]>u eart mihtum swiS
285 ni^as t6 nergenne ! is ]An iiama m^iere
wlitig and wuldorfaest ofer wer|j^d^5rX-*J^^?9^^^
siendon ]nne d6mas in daga geliwHnr,.^ ^ ^^ ' />^^v
s6Se and geswrSde and gesigef8est»,<^
swd ]m e^c sj-lfa eart [sigores waklM^d] !
290 S3mdon ]nne willan on woruldsp^dum "^^^
rihte and gerAme, rodora waldend !
G^ca ^ser georne nu, g^sta scippend,
and ]7urh [h^-ldo] help, htilig drihten,
nu w^ ])ec for J^r^anni and for jrifo-n^Mum
295 and for eliSm^dum ^rna bidda6
lig6 beldgde ! W^ ]:8es lifgeude
worhton on worulde, eke jion worn dyde
fiser jidran for oferhygdum,
br^ecou bebodo bnrhsittende,
300 hM oferhogedon liMgan lifes.
Siendon w^ tdwrecene geond widne grund
hdapum t6hworfene h3dde lelise :
is Ciser lif geond land a fela
fracoS and gefraege folca maneguna,
305 j^A usie bewraecon t6 fses wjTrestan
eorScyninga sehta gewealde,
on hseft heorugrimra, and we nu haeSenra
pdbwn^d ])oliaS : |>aes ]>e j^anc sie,
wereda Avuldorc3'niug, ],set ]m As yAs wrace t^dest !
310 Ne forlaet ])u usic, ^na ^ce drihten,
for |)^in miltsum ]>e ]>ec men hligat5
and for ];dra tr^owum ]>e ]m tirum fsest,
niSa nergend, genumen haefdest
t6 Abrahame and t6 Isaace
315 and id Jacobe, g^sta scyppend !
48 DANIEL. [31G-350.
]ni him ] net geliete jmrli lildb(5orcwyde,
]:agt ]>u heora fromcyu in fyrndagum
lean woldc, J^sette refter liim
on cn^rissum cenncd wiirde,
320 and s^ msenigeo maire waere
h^t t6 hebbanne, swd lieofonsteorran
bebtigaS br^dnc liw3'rft 68 ])i'i brimfaro,
])ses sflefaro5a sand geond sealtne wa^g
in care gryndeS, j^aet ]ais his unrim 4
325 in wintra worn wurSan sceolde.
Fyl nn frumsprsece, ]j^h heora f^a lifigen,
wlitiga pinne wordcwyde and ]'in wuldor on hs !
gecyS craeft and miht, ]>sdt ])set Caldeas
and folca fela gefrigen habbat),
330 ])d ]>e under heofenum hai5ene lifigea'5,
and I'set ]m dna eart ece drihten,
weroda waldend, woruldgeseeafta
sigora settend, sdSfsest metod !
Sw^ se h^lga wer h^rgende wxs
335 metodes niiltse and his mihta sp6d
rehte ])urh reorde. pd of roderum waes
engel aelbeorht ufan onsended,
wlitescyne wer on his wuldorhaman,
se him cwom t6 frdfre and t6 feorhnere
340 mid hifan and mid lisse, se ))one lig tosceaf ,
hAlig and heofonbeorht h^tan fyres,
t6sw^p hine and t6swende ])urh ]>h swiSan miht
ligges l^man, paet hyra lice ne woes
6wiht geegled : ac he on andau sl6h
345 fyr on fdbndas for fyrendaedum.
pA, waes on j^am ofue, j^aer se engel becwom,
windig and W3'nsum wedere gelicost,
])onnc hit on sumercs tid sended weor(5e(5
dropcna drc^arung on doeges liwile,
350 wearmlic wolcna scClr : swylc bi6 wedera C3^st,
351-385.] DANIEL. 49
sw3'lc waes on ]?am fyre fr^n militum
liMgum to lielpe ; wearS se htita lig
t6drifen and tOdwsesced, ];aer fCi dsedhwatan
geond fone ofeu ^don aud se engel mid
355 feorii nerigeude, se ]ser f^rSa wses,
Ananias and Az arias
and Misael. paer ] A, modliwatan
]ny on gepancum j.^den heredon ;
baedon bletsiau beam Israela
360 eall landgesceaft ^cne drihten,
J^^bda waldend. SwA hie piy cwaedon
mddum liorsce ]?urb gemsene word ;
pe gebletsige, byl^'wit f£eder,
woruldcrsefta wlite and weorca gehwilc,
365 heofenas and englas and liluttor wseter !
])A ])e on rodernm on rihti-e gesceaft
wuniaS in wuldre, pA ]?ec wur6ia(5,
and l^ec, ifihnihtig, ealle gesceafte,
rodorbeorhtan tungki, pA ]:e lyne healdaS,
370 sunna and in6na, snndor dnra geiiwilc
herige in bade ! and heofonsteorran,
de'aw and d^r sc^r, j^a ])ec d6mige
and l^ec, god mihtig, gdstas lofige !
byrnende fyr and beorbt smnor
375 nergend herga^, nilit somod and dseg !
and pec landa gehwilc, l<^ht and p^stro,
herige on hMe, somod hat and ceald !
and pec, fr^a mihtig, forstas and sndwas,
winterbiter weder and wolcenfaru
380 lofige on lyfte ! and pec ligetu,
bldce berhtmhwate, pd pec blestige !
eall eor^an grand, ^ce drihten,
hyllas and hrusan and h^a beorgas,
sealte si^wsegas, s6Sfaest metod,
385 t^str^m ySa and upc3nno
50 DANIEL. [886-420.
waeterspr3'nc wylla, \yk fee wiirSia^ !
hwalas )jec h6riga(S and hefonfiigolas
l3ftldeende ! ]>§i pe lagostr^amas
waeterscipe weegati and wildu d(^r
390 and ndata gehwilc naman bletsie,
and manna beam m6duni lufiaS
and ]>ec Isra^la, selita scj'ppend,
b6riga(5 in h^de b^rran sinne !
and ])ec bMigra beortan crseftas,
395 sdSfsestra gebwses sitwle and g^stas
lofia8 liffr^an, l^an sellende
eallum [sefsestum] ^ce drihten !
Annanias J^ec and Adzarias
and Misadl, metod, d6mige
400 br^stgej^aneum ! We pec bletsiaS,
frtTa folca gebwaes, faeder aebnibtig,
s65 sunu metodes, s^wla nergend,
bsele6a belpend, and j^ec, b^bg g^st,
wui*5ia8 in wuldre, witig dribten !
405 we ]'ec b^rigaS, b^bg dribten,
and gebedum brema'8 ! pu gebletsad eart
gewurSad [wide] ferbS ofer wornUle brdf
b^bcyning beofones balgum mibtum
bfes l^btfruma ofer landa gebwilc !
410 p^ ])8et ebtode eaklor ];^ode
Nabocbodonossor wifi pA-m nCbstum
folcgesiSum : pset tTower fela gescab,
|)^de mine, paet w6 ])Yy sendon
geboden t6 baele in bjrnende
415 f3'res Ionian ! Nn ic ]'aer f^wer men
ges^ to s6(5e : nales me sefa It^geS !
pA, cwaed, se pe waes C3ninges raeswa
wis and wordglc^w : piet is wundra sum,
}>aet w6 J^aer c^gum on 16cia'8 !
420 gepenc, f^den min, })lne geiysna !
421-454.] DANIEL. 51
ong3't georne, hw^ ]^d gyfe sealde
gingiim gaedelingum ! hie god heriga(5
dune 6cue and ealles him
be naman gehwam on n^d spreca^,
425 J^anciaS jn-ymnies pristiim wordiim,
cweSaS h^ sie dna sehiiihtig god,
witig wuldorcyning woiide and heofona.
Aban ]m ]>k beornas, brego Cald^a,
tit of ofne ! nis pset 6wihtes god,
430 ])8et hie sien on pam IdSe leug ponne ]m jnirfe.
H^t ])k se C3'ning t6 him cnihtas gangan :
hyssas hearde hyrdon Idre,
cyrdon c^'negdde, sw4 hie gecySde wa^ron,
Hwurfon haeleS geonge t6 l^am hae^enan foran :
435 wa^ron ]^k bendas f orburnene, ]>k him on bdnnm hlgon,
MSsearo l^da cyninges, and hyra lice geborgen ;
nses hyra wlite gewemmed ne nsenig wr6ht on hr^egle,
ne feax fyr6 beswseled, ac hie on fri6e drihtnes
of j^am grimman giyre glade treddedon
440 gle'awmdde guman on gdstes hj^ld.
pk gewdt se engel up, s^can him eee dre'amas,
on he'ahne hrdf heofona rices,
h^hj^egen and hold hMgum metode :
hsefde on ]mm. wundre gewurSod, J^e ]k gewyrhto Miton.
445 H3^ssas heredon drihten for pam hseSenan folce,
sewton hie s65cwidum and him saedon fela
s66ra tdcna, 6S pset \i6 sylfa gelyfde,
pset se wsere mihta waldend, se pe hie of pam mirce
generede.
Geb^ad pd se brassna Babilone weard
450 swi5m6d sinum l^dum, pset se wsere his aldrd scyldig,
pe paes onsdce, paette s6S waere
maere mihta waldend, se hie of pam morSre dlysde.
Agaef him ]A his It^xla Mfe, pe paer geleedde wa^ron,
and nahte ealdf(^udum, past hie dre haefdon.
52 DANIEL. [455-480.
455 Wses licora blsod in Babilonc, siSSan hie ]:one bryne
fandedou ;
d6m wcariS ajfter dngu^e gccySed, siS(5an hie drihtne
gehyrdon ;
waeron hyra raedas rice, si65an hie rodera waldend
hdlig heofonrices weard wi5 pone hearm gescj^lde.
p4 ic s^can gefraegn s65um worduni,
460 siSSan hd wundor onget [worden in ofne]
Babilones weard ]mrh bryne fj^res,
ht. ]5^ h3-ssas |:ij h^tan ofnes
faergryre fyres oferfaren hsefdon,
W3'lm ]mrhw6don, sw4 him wiht ne scdbd
465 grim gieda niS, godes spelbodan,
fr6cnau fyres, ac him MS drihtnes
wis ])aes egesan gryre aldor gescj-lde.
p^ se ])^den ongan gepinges wyrcan,
h6t ])4 t6somne sine l^de
470 and \>^ on ]'am meSle ofer menigo bebelid
wyrd gewordene and wundor godes,
j'Sette on ]'^m cnihtnm gecySed waes :
OnhicgaS nu h^lige mihte,
■wise wundor godes ! we ges^won,
475 paet h6 wiS cweabTie gebearh enihtum on ofne
Ucende lig, ]'^m pe his lof bat'ron :
forpam M is dna 6ce sehnihtig
[dugoSa] drihten, se ])e him d6m forgeaf,
sp6wende sped, ]j^m ]:e his spel beraS :
480 forpon witigaS purh wundor monige
hdlgum g^lstum, pe his hyld curon.
CftS is, pait me Daniel dyglan swefnes
s6(5e gesaede, pait Ddv swiSe OSstOd
manegum on m6de minra l^da,
485 forpam ailmihtig t^cenne g^st
m sefan sende, snyttro craeftas.
487-511.] DANIEL. 53
IV.
Stilly the king is defiant. — His dream and vision of the great
tree. — Summons his ivise men to interpret. — Daniel
summoned. — Interprets the dream as prophetic of the
Icing's fate. — Pride and downfall of the king. — His re-
formation and re-establishment. — Acknowledgment of God.
— His public acts and death.
Sw4 wordum sprgec werodes rseswa,
Babilone weard, si65an h^ beaceu onget,
swutol t^cn godes : u6 })y sdl dyde,
490 ac pam seSelinge oferhj'gd gescedd,
weai"^ him h3'rra h^^ge and ou heortan gepanc
m^ran mddsefan, })onne gemet wsere,
6^ ]>8et hine mid n3Me n3'6or dsette
metod selmihtig, swd h^ manegum. d^5
495 p^ra J^e jnirh oferhyd up dstigeS.
pk him wearS ou slsepe swefen astywed,
Nabochodonossor : him past neh gewearS ;
])tihte him, J^set on foldan faegre st6de
■yvudubeam wlitig, se wses wyrtum fsest,
500 beorht on blaedum ; nses h^ bearwe gelic,
ac h^ hlifode t6 heofontungium,
swilce hd oferfse^rade foldan sce'atas,
ealne middangeard 66 merestreamas,
twigum and telgum, peer h^ t6 geseah :
505 ]>tihte him, paet se wudubeam wildd^r scilde,
dne sete eallum ht^lde,
sw3dce fuglas eac heora feorhnere
on ])8ds be'ames bl^dum n4me ;
]ytihte him, ]?ast engel ufan of rodenim
510 stlgan cw6me and stefne .4bead
torhtan reorde, h^t paet treow ceorfan
54 DANIEL. [512-546.
and ]'A, wilder on weg fl^n
swylce ^ac pa fugolas, ])onne his fyll c6me ;
bet j'onue besnosdan seolfes blaeduni,
515 twigum and telgum and ]>eh t4cen wesau,
wunian wyrtruraan ]>ses wudnb^ames
eorcSan faestne, 6h paet eft cyme
gr^ue bl6da, ponne god sylle ;
b^t ^ac gebindan b^m )?one miclau
520 aerenum clammum and Isernum
and gesseledne in sAsl d6n,
paet his in6d wite, ]>set mihtigra
wite wealdeS, ponne h6 him wi6 maege.
p^ of slsepe onw6c (swefn wses set ende)
525 eorSlic aeSeling : him pass egesa stM
giyre fram pam g^ste, ])e pyder god sende.
H^t p^ tdsomne sine Idbde,
folctogan ; fraegn ofer ealle
swi(5m6d cyning, hwset paet swefen bude :
530 nalles ]>y h6 w^ndc, pset hie hit wiston,
ac he cunnode, liA hie cweSan woldon.
pk waes t6 pam d6me Daniel h^ten,
godes spelboda : him wses gaest geseald
hMig of heofonum, se his hyge trymede ;
• 535 on pam drihtenweard d(^pne wisse
sefan sidne gepanc and sn^'tro craeft,
wlsne wordcwide. Eft h^ wnndor manig
metodes mihta for men aetbaer,
pfi h6 secgan ongan swefnes w6man
540 h^hheort and haeJ^en heriges wisa
ealne pone egesan, pe him ^wed waes,
baed bine ^reccan, liwiiet sdb rAn bude,
h6fe hAligu word and in hige funde
16 gesecganne s6(Sum wordum,
545 hwaet se bdkm bude, pe he bltcan gcscah,
and him witgode wyrda gejnngu.
547-581.] DANIEL. 55
H^ ]?4 swigode : hw8et5ere s6S ongeat
Daniel set ])am d6rae, j^set liLs drihten wses
gumena aldor wi6 god scyldig ;
550 wandode se wisa ; hwaeSre h^ woixM cwseS
^rcraeftig ^r t6 ])am seSelinge :
paet is, weredes weard, wundor imlytel,
J'aet ]m ges^we ])urli swefen cuman
heofonhe'ane b^m and ])k h^lgan word
555 yrre and egeslicu, ]>k se engel cwaeS,
paet ]'8et treow sceolde telgum besnaeded
foran ^feallan, |;8et ser faeste st6d,
and fonne mid d^rum dre'aml^as b^n,
w^sten wiinian and his W3'rtrumaii
560 foldan befolen fyrstmearc wesan
stille on sta6ole, sw^ st^ stefn gecwse^,
ymb seofon tida ssede eft onf 6n :
sw^ ])ln bleed liS ! Swd se b(^m gew(^x
h^ah t6 heofonum, swd ]m hseleSum eart
565 ^na eallum eorSbtlendum
weard and wisa : nis pe wiSerbreca
man on moldan nymSe metod ana,
se ]>ec ^ceorfeS of cyningddme
and ])ec winel^asne on wraec sendeS
570 and J^onne onhweorfeS heortan ]nne,
fset ]>u ne gem3'ndgast aefter mandre'ame
ne gewittes w^st butan wildt^ra j^e'aw,
ac ]>u lifgende lange ])rage
heorta hlypum geond holt wunast :
575 ne bi^ pec msel m^te nymSe m6res grses
ne rest witod, ac ])ec regna scAr
w^ce^ and wrece^ sw^ wildu d^r,
66 I'set ]m 3'mb seofon winter s65 gel3'fest,
]>set sie An metod eallum mauniim
580 reccend and rice, se on roderum is.
Is me swA })^h willa, paet se wyrtruma
56 DANIEL. [582-GlC.
stille waes on sta(Sole, swd s^ stefii gecwaetJ,
and yml) seolbn tide saede onf^nge :
swd ]ln rice restende l)i6
585 auwlOli for eorlinn, 66 ] aet ju eft cj^mst.
Gelij'ge ]m, fr^ mln, faestlicne rsed :
syle aelmyssan, wes earmra lildb,
]nnga for ] dbdne, aer ];am st^ J^rali cyme,
])aet M pec ^weorpe of woruldrice !
590 Oft metod klset monige J^de
[w^an and] wyrcan, J^onne hie woldon sylfe
firene faestan, aer him faer godes
]mrh egesan gryre Mdv^ gescedde.
N6 ]^aes fela Daniel t6 his drihtne gesprasc
595 s6t^ra worda jnirh snytro craeft,
]:aet I aes d se rica r^can wolde
middanoreardes weard, ac his m6d dstdh
h^h fram heortan : M J^aes hearde ongeald !
Ongan pd gyddigan purh g} Ip micel
600 Cald^a C3'ning, pd he ceastre weall,
Babilone burh, on his blaede geseah
Sennera feld sidne bewindan,
ht^h hlifigan, |:8et se heretjma
werede geworhte ]mrh wnudor micel
605 (wearS \'k Tinhydig ofer ealle men
swi6m6d on sefan for paere sundorgife,
])& him god sealde gnmena rice
world t6 gewealde in wera life) :
pu eart s(^ micle and min s«^ maerc burh,
610 ))e ic geworhte t6 wur(Smyndum,
rdnic rice ! ic reste on pe,
eard and 6tSel dgan wylle !
pd for )>am gylpe gnmena drihten
forfangen wear<5 and on fldkm gewdt,
615 »1na on oferhyd ofer ealle men.
Swc^ w6d wera on gewindagum
617-651.J DANIEL. 57
g^crostue st^ in godes wite,
])Ara pe eft lifigende Idbde beg^te,
Nabochodouossor, siS^an him niS godes
620 hr^5 of heofouum hete gesceode.
Seofon winter somod siisl prowode
wild^ra westen winbiirge cyning.
pk se earfoSmSecg up Idcade
wilddbra gewita jnirh wolcna gang ;
625 gemunde ]>d on m6de, p?et metod wsere
heofona h^ahcyning baeleSa bearnnm
^na 6ce g^st. pd h^ eft onhwearf
w6dan gewittes, J^aes j^e b^ ser wide bser
herewdsan bige heortan getenge :
630 ]>d bis g^st dbwearf in godes gemynd,
mdd t6 niannum, si5San b§ metod onget.
Gewdt ])k earmsceapen eft siSian
nacod nydgenga, ni5ge])afa,
wundorlic wrsecca and wseda lelis
635 msetra on m6dge]^anc t6 mancynne,
J?onne gumena weard in gylpe wses.
St6d middangeard aefter mandribtne,
eard and ^6el defter pam seSebnge
seofon winter samod, swd n6 swiSrode
640 rice under roderum, 65 past se raBswa com.
p4 wges eft geseted in aldorddm
Babilone wi&ard, haefde beteran peliw,
l^btran geldafan in liffruman,
])aette god sealde gumena gebwilcum
645 welan swd wite, swd bd wolde sylf.
Ne lengde ]>d Idbda aldor
witegena wordcwyde, ac h^ wide b^ad
metodes mibte, ])ses b^ meld dbte ;
siSfaet saegde sinum l^dnm,
650 wide waSe, ]>e b^ mid wilddt^rum ilttfab,
65 J^a^t bim frelm godes m gdst becwom
58 DANIEL. [052-670.
raedftest sefa, ]>a M t6 roderum bcscali.
Wyrd waes gcwordcn, wundor gecySed,
swefn gest'5ed, sftsl dwumieu,
655 d6m gcdemed, swk <ner Daniel cwseS,
]>8et se folctoga findaii sceolde
earfo5si6as for his oferm^dlan,
swA, M geornlice god spellode
metodes mihtum for maiicynne.
660 SiSSan in Babilone burhsittendum
lange hwile Idre ssegde
Daniel ddmas. SiS(5an d^ra gest(5
wildra wsergenga of w^^e cwom,
Nabochodonossor of niSwracum,
665 si58an weardode wide rice,
h^ld haeleSa gestr^n and ]'>k he'an burh
fr6d foreraihtig folca raeswa,
Cald^a cyniug, 65 j^aet him cwelm gesc^d,
swk him ofer eoi*San andsaca ne waes
670 gnmena aenig, 68 paet him god wolde
])urh hryre hreddan he'a rice.
V.
Reign of Belsliazzar. — His downfall and the transfer of the
kingdom to the Medes foretold. — Belshazzar's feast. — The
desecration of the sacred vessels. — Defiance of God. —
T7ie mysterious writing on the tvall. — Daniel summoned to
inter2yret. — His words to the Icing*
SiSSan ]'ser his aferan ^d bryttedon,
welan, wunden gold in psere widan by rig,
ealhstede eorla unw^clice,
675 h(^h hordmaegon, |>A hyra hldford laeg.
pA in paire p^de {iw6c his J'a^t priddc cn^w,
677-711.] DANIEL. 59
waes Baldazar burga aldor,
wdbld wera rices, 65 ]^set him wleuco gesc^d,
oferhyd cgle : ]>^ waes endedseg,
680 ]'8es pe Cald^as cyningdom Tihtou,
])d metod onld,h Medum and Persum
aldorddnies jmb litel faec,
let Babilone bleed swi(5rian,
f one ])k bsele^ healdan sceoldou ;
685 wiste M ealdormen in unrihtnm,
pd ]>e ]>j iic6 raedan sceoldou.
pd ]'8et gehogode hamsittende
Meda aldor, ]?aet ser man ne ougan,
])8et M Babilone dbrecan wolde,
690 alhstede eorla, faer seSelingas
under wealla h\<^ welan br3'tuedon :
])8et waes ])^ra fsestna folcum cfiSost,
maest and ma^rost, ]:dra pe men bCm,
Babilon burga, dSpset Baldazar
695 Jmrh g^lp grome godes freasade.
Saeton liim set wine wealle belocene,
ne ondgdon nd orlegra niS,
pe^ah ]>e f^onda folc f^ran cw6me
herega gersedum 16 psere lie'ahb3-rig,
700 pset hie Babilone 4brecan mihton.
Gesaet ])k t6 symble sidestan daeg^
Cald^a cyning mid cndbm^gum :
pser medugM wearS maegenes wisa,
Mht ])4 [on aeht] beran Isra^la gestr^u,
705 hftslfatu liMegu on hand werum,
pd ser Cald^as mid c^'neprymm^
cempan in ceastre clsene gen^mon,
gold in Qernsalem, ]>^ hie Jud^a
blsed forbrsecon billa ecgum
710 and Jmrh hl^Sor cyme herige genamon
torhte frsetwe, pd, hie tempel strudon,
60 DANIEL. [712-746.
Salomones seld : swtSe gulpou.
p^ wears bli6em6d biirga aldor,
gealp gramlice gode on andan,
715 cwaeS ))8et his liergas hj'rrau wa^ron
and mihtigran mannum t6 fri8e,
ponne Israela 6ce drihten.
Him ])8es tAcen weart5, ])8er h^ t6 starude,
egeslic for eorlnm innan healle,
720 pset M for le^dnm lygeword gecwaetS,
]yk paer in egesan engel drihtnes
l^t his hand cuman in ) set heaseld,
wr4t ]iii in wage word a gerynu
baswe b6cstafas burhsittendnm.
725 p4 wearS folctoga forht on m6de,
acul for l^am egesan , geseah h6 engles hand
in sele writan Sennara wite.
pset gyddedon gumena msenigeo
hseletS in healle, hwset st^ hand write
730 't6 ]mm be'acne burhsittendnm,
wered^ c6mon on past wnndor sdbn :
s6hton ]'A swl6e in sefan gehydum,
hwaet s^ hand write hMiges g^stes.
Ne mihton ^raedan rClncrseftige men
735 engles serendb^c, aeSelinga cyn,
65 ])8et Daniel com drihtne gecoren
- snotor and s65faest in ]^set seld gangan,
]?am waes on g^iste godes craeft micel.
T6 ]7am ic georne gefraegn gyfnm ctTapian
740 burge weard, ]>SQt h6 him b6cstafas
drssdde and Arehte, hwaet sdb rftn l)ude.
Him aecrteftig andswarode
godes spelboda gldkw ge))ances :
N6 ic wis feohsceattum ofer folc bere
745 drihtnes d6mas, ne j'e dugeSe can !
ac pe unceTapunga orlaeg secge.
747-765.J DANIEL. 61
worda ger3'nu, ])k }u wendan ne miht.
pu for anmedlaii in sebt baere
Mislf atu h^legu on hand werum :
750 on I'iim ge d^flii drincan ongiinnon,
]'k aer Israela in se haefdon
set godes earce, 6S ])aBt hie gylp beswAc,
windruucen gewit : swa ])e wurSan sceal !
N6 ])8et ]nn aldor sefre wolde
755 godes goldfatu in gylp beran
ne ]yy hraSor hremde, ]>&ah ]ie here brohte
Israela gestrdbn in his sehte geweald,
ac l^set oftor gecwaeS aldor ])^da
s65um wordum ofer sin masgen,
760 si(56an him wuldres weard wundor gecySde,
fset hd waere ^na ealra gesceafta
drihten and waldend, se him d6ni forgeaf,
unsc^'ndne blaed eorSan rices :
and ]m lignest nu, ];8et sie lifgende,
765 se ofer d^ofluiii diigeSum wealdeS !
NOTES.
lifOTES TO EXODTJS.
ABBREVIATIONS.
M. = March's Anglo-Saxon Grammar.
The figures refer to sections in the Grammar.
B. = Bouterwek's Casdmon.
T. = Thorpe's Caadmon.
MS. = Original Manuscript.
J. = Junius.
G. = Gothic. .
I.
1. tweet! lo! M. 263 (2), 377 (h) ; Beowulf I. 1. — gefrigen,
have learned by asking. M. 202, 217, 224 (a). — habbath (habath).
M. 222.
2. niiddangeard, the middle earth, between the upper and tlie
lower worlds. (G. midjun-gards.) — ddmas, laivs, counsels (deman, to
judge). Ex. 20, domjan (G.). — The next five lines may be regarded as
appositive and parenthetical.
3. wraeclico, foreign, strange (wraetlic). — -word-riht, just law,
oral laic. — wera (wair, G.), akin to ware, the plural termination, in-
habitants (vir). — cneorissum (cneow, knee, relationship).
4. uproder (uprodor). — gebwam. M. 136 (5 a).
5. b6te (betan). — t6-b6te, G. bota.
6. rsed, counsel, narration (der. rsedan).
7. liaeleS'uin, heroes, men. — gehyre se ]>e wille: this is parenthet-
ical, and similar to that in Scripture : gehyre, se ^e earan liasbbe to
gohyranne.
8. weroda (wer), in J. werode; G. wair. — -driliten, used in com-
position as intensive; drihten-bealu, weard, bclih. It is sometimes
written in the shorter form, driht.
9. cyning, cyn [race, people), ing (descent), one of the people.
M. 228, 237 (der. cunnan) ; G. kuni.
11. alwalda (alwealda, alwaldend). So we have the term Bret-
walda. — seht (ugan), ought, oivn (G. aigan).
66 EXODUS.
12. Icoda (l^odan, to spring frojn), lewd. — aldor (ealdor). Ex. 3;
4 : 1-5.
14. folc-toga (here-toga), toga (te'bn, to lead) = a leader, and is
chiefly used in compounds.
15. anclsacan, in J., andsaca ; and as a prep, is intensive, and here
has tlie force of contra. Ex. 7 : 10.
17. magorfeswan, a kindred chief (magoraeswum, B. and T.). —
fcorli, life, soul, man (G. fairhwus).
18. on%vist, in J., B., and T., on-wist, into the abundance.
21. mid J>y> thereby.
22. feoiida, in MS. and J. repeated (G. fiands).
23. nicgde, approached, addressed. Ex. 3 : 1-6. Lye makes it
poetic for linigan, to bow.
26. eorafan (eardian), (G. airtha).
27. sigerice, in T., sige rice. — sylfes. M. 131, 366 (10).
23. yldo (ylda), (G. aids), Eng. eld.
31. gewuraCodne, M. 401 (a).
33. iu-gere (geara, geare), of yore. M. 251 (1). — ingere (MS., B.,
and T.).
34. caldum witum, Thorpe translates as if wisum.
36. feledreamas (B. and T.).
38. frecne, boldly, severely. Ex. 12 : 29.
39. The omission of the colon is better. If not, a verb may be
understood.
40. drysmyde (^rysmede), (]>rysm6de) ; dryrmde (B., T., and MS.).
(In BcMJwulf, drysma«, 1375.)
41. dugoS" (dugan).
42. Ex. 12 : 30,
44. waeron, understood (laiSsiiS, MS.). — grsetan (gretan). —
leode, nom. \)\.
45. freond, MS. Ex. 12 ; 36.
46. heofon, lamentation. In T., lieaven.
49. s-wa, may have a rehitive force, icho, G. swa. — J>aes : the read-
ing, |>ait (B.), is better. — inissera, half-years, seasons.
51. >vide-fer(li)iS', larye-minded, spacious, perpetually.
52. metod, the measurer (metan).
55. magoraiswa, in MS. and J., magoraiwa.
57. Grein suggests Icodgcard.
59. Ciuffinyrcc, in T., guS-inyrce, hostile frontier (a'hnyrean).
61. jnOrheald (nior heald (liebid), T.); the mountain held their
tents.
NOTES. 67
63, (God) then commanded (heht). — tirfsestne, Tir [iyr), glory,
power. As a prefix it denotes something superlative.
65-6. The passage is tliought to be hopelessly obscure. —
bearhtme, sound, tinnult (clangor of music). — ael-fere, ivith all the
host {dsl-faru, ^el-fasr) ; el-fsere (Grein). Ex. 12 : 37 ; 13 ;20.
67. mearclandum, T.
II.
68. genelSfdon, genyddon (T., B.),
69. SigelAvara, of the Sunfolks, Ethiopians.
71. hatuni heofoncolum, instrumental after brune.
72. fser, sudden, severe, used as a prefix.
75. \^^eder-wolcen, heavy (threatening) cloud. Ex. 13:21.
77-8. In Thorpe, quenched was the Jiame-Jire with heat (hate); G.
heito.
78. hseleaf (as). M. 74 (1 a).
79. dsegscealdes, pillar of cloud. In Lye, dsegsceades ; G. dags,
skadus.
81. segle (B. and T., swegle).
87. Some lines are here omitted by the copyist. Ex. 14 : 2.
91. cwom, M. 200 (G. kwiman).
92. Avicsteal, a camp, place of rest; wic is much used as a ter-
mination.
93. foran (foron), (G. gaggan).
94. twegen, M. 141 (G. twai), Eng. twain.
95. ^ghw^Q-er, M. 135, 13G (5 6).
96. Ex. 14 : 19.
98. mSdes rSfan, M. 313.
99. hebban, M. 207 [d); Eng. heave, heaven. — hludum stef-
nuni, G. hafjan.
102. folce, appositive with him.
104. Uftweg; in MS., B., and T., lifweg.
105. segl siicTe ; in B. and T., swegl-si'Se.
106. Some editors suggest fold.
109-11. March reads, " Strange after sunset (there) took care over
the people with flame to shine a burning pillar."
113. sceado, M. 100 (a) ; MS. scealSo.
114-15. The falling night shadows might not near hide the gloom. —
beam (barn).
117-19. By reason of defects in the original text, the construction
68 EXODUS.
here is difficult: him . . . ferhS", their soul. — 6 ferclamme (oferclam-
jiiO) getAVsefdc (get\va3f), icith sudden peril distract. — Avestengryre(e)
may be nom. or inst.
121. bt«?l-egsan, M., B., and T., Ixll.
122. hataii, M. 302 (1). — in l>am (B. and T.).
123. he (lige).
124. hyr(le(n), M. 179.
131. betaii (bcton, B. and T.).
132. sefter bcorgum, over the hill slopes.
134. }>am (>an). Ex. 14 : 2.
ni.
136. oht inlende, domestic fear. Ex. 14 : 10.
137. wraecinon, the fugitive (Israel).
138. YeLstweskV^f successor, persecutor (Pharaoh).
139. oht-nied, persecution (on nied, B. and '^\). '
140. wean, may be taken as appositive with oht-nied.
141. There are omissions here in MS. — ge[ti3'ode], granted.
142. he, omitted ni B. and T.
143. miceles, M. 251 (1) ; (G. mikils).
145. ymb andwig (antwig), about a rod (Aaron's), (an-wig). Ex.
7:10.
148. heaiafo wylmas, battle waves, bitter feuds. This prefix is inten-
sive, and is similar to gu'5, beade, hild. It denotes war, — heortan
getenge, heavy at heart.
149. manum tre'b'wuni, icith false faith.
151. Thorpe makes he collective (hie, Grein).
154. him refers to the warriors. — eorla, ortryAve, M. 254 (1).
156. ongangan, participial use of the infinitive. In B. and T.,
Faraonis. Ex. 14 : 10.
1.58. In T. and B. this line is placed after IGO. The order of the
text ill Groin is iK'tter.
161. lire'bpoii (hwrdbpon, T.).
162. |hra;fen gOI], omitted in B. and T. In B. (gu'Ses gifre).
164. ■wtJKlceasega, the raven.
165. aefcnlcoar.
166-7. The slaughter renowned ones awaited (beodan = bidon) on the
track of the foe, the destruction (fyl) of the host. In B. and T., f ul ; G.
beidan. Thori)e's rendering of this i)assage is all wrong.
169. gena5gcd, subdued (gehaeged, B. and T.).
NOTES. 69
171. measured the mile paths with the legs of (the) horses, advanced.
172. sigecyning (segncyning), king of Egypt.
176. wselhlencaii sceoc (hwsel, T.).
178. febnd oiisegon (frebnd onsigon (onsawon), B. and T.).
179. eaguiii (eagan).
181. heorowulfas (here, B.; heora, T.).
184. J»usendo, M. 141 ; G. ]?usendi. — tir-eadigra (tirea-digra, B.).
186. on ]78et eade riht, "chosen (alesen) to that rich inheritance"
(Grein). "To that important duty" (Carpenter). The reading of
Thorpe, on \>sim. eor^-rice, is needless.
190. ingemen, in common. Grein and others suggest -ing (geong).
191. cugfost, cu« eft gebad (B.) ; cuS oft gebad (T.).
192. to hwses haegstealdmen, to the leaders of which (heapes).
193. baeron, offered themselves.
194. eorp werod, the Egyptians. — ^can Iseddon (se anlseddon,
B. and T.).
204. It is not essential that werud should refer to Israel.
206. gelaffe, the hostile. In T. and B., gelade, the icay.
IV. *
209. on healfa gehwam, on either side. — hettend (as), M. 74
(Ifl).
213. wean, nom. pi. of the adj.
215. niaran maegenes, gen. after bad.
216. uhttid, before dawn (3 to 6 a.m.).
219. cigean, depends on bebead.
222. byman (benum, T.).
224. te'bnhete, dire hate.
225. on ]>ani forS'herge, in the van.
226. r6fa [rofra].
227. aeafeles («5elan, B. and T.).
233. wace (wac, B. and T.), object of gretton.
237. feond(a).
239. linde laerig, shield rim. (The linden shields, T.) — swor
(spor), (sweor).
242. gif (git). — mOdheapum (haepum), the ivise.
243. be waestmum, according to strength. — wig (wigan).
245-6. l>an (Jjget) gegan niihte, omitted in B. and T. — feng,
may be taken as an ace, handling.
EXODUS.
248. fus for(ir-\vegas(os), ready for departure. M. 315.
249. bidou (bufon, B.; buton, T.).
250. siS'boda, pillar ofjire.
253. beot-hiita (beo-hata), surcti/, leader.
255. mOdiges, chief.
259. Ex. 14 : 13.
265. aegnian, eglian.
266. ne willaS" ondraedan, dread not (M. 440).
272. sigora gesynto,y/'»/75 of triumph.
2.11. leod (Jjeodlcn)).
279. leofost, voc. G. lubo.
281. taue (tacne, B. and T). Ex. 14 . 21, 27 ; 14 : 16.
282. Ofstum, M. 251 (1).
283. Some texts omit and. Ex. 14 : 29. Grein retains it in the
sense of a preposition, for a wall,
287.. famige (fage, B. and T.).
ji289-90. saelde (sealte). — suQ'wind, appos. with bleest. — brim
(bring, T.).
291. saecir, the ehh. — span (spav). — solSfgere, very icell.
293. 8Br glade, ere sunset ; glade, adv., friendly. — eorlas, voc.
294. weorS'en, escape. G. wairj^an.
298. Avraetlicu (wrasclicu).
304. andaegne fyrsf, M. 295 (a).
305. S'ffa weall, omitted in B. and T.
307. hige (MS., hi), (B., hie).
308. laeste near, nearer its close. The text is here defective.
309. sanges (sances, B. and T.) ; G. saggws. Ex. 14 ; 22.
313. orettc (onette). — iinculiy gelad, M. 295 (a).
321. Icon (leor).
322. After maest tlie verb is supplied.
323. hS-nafo, M. 100 {a).
324. bo him lifigcndiim, ichile living. M. 334.
.'^26. J>coda aenigro, a;/(iinst any nation. — J>racu (hraca, T.),
328. Avaepiia, gen. after modige. G. Avei)na. There is seen here
a succession of nominatives.
3.31. mOdgadc (ode), moved proudly.
33.3. sfcwicingc (saewicingas, B. and T.); G. saiws.
335. he, Reuben.
NOTES. Tl
339. ead and aeiafelo, wealth and rank. — earu (ge-earu, gearu).
340. ford", omitted by some.
343. guS'cyst (girScyste).
344. daeg-\voina, cloud.
345. begong (gin, B.), omitted in T.
350. for, omitted (B. and T.), folcum.
353. The interpolated poem begins here, faeder, M. 100 (/),
(fadar, G.).
354. landriht ge]?ah, parenthetical.
357. After sum the verb is understood.
359. orlgraiicuin, the prefix or is used both privatively and inten-
sively.
361. faelJeraeiyelo gehwses, the ancestry of each.
VI.
362. niwe (ni^e).
363. ]?rim, M. 141 ; G. l>reis.
364. dren-floda (T.).
365. >e, M. 380.
368. mine gefraege, as I have heard. So in Bdbwulf .
370. ece lafe (B. and T.). ^
374. saelida }>on(ne).
380. se, M. 368 [h). Se him, M. 381 (2).
385. Some prefer stigan.
392. alh (G. alhs), alhn (J.).
394. gefraegost, most famed.
399. A line thrown in. Supposed that Cain is referred to.
401. beorn, used chiefly in poetry.
405. to lafe (T.) is not admissible.
410. ]>onne, >onne.
411. eaferan (B. and T.).
412. reodan applies to ecgum rather than to Isaac. •
413. god (B. and T.).
422. SCO, which.
424. aldre (B. and T.).
431. ne (T.).
433. -weard, omitted in B. and T.
436. yldo (B. and T.), G. aiws.
438. >ges, M. 252 (II).
^ li EXODUS.
443. in-goj>eode (inca heode).
445. A blank is found here in MS. This entire section constitutes
an intorpohitcd poem going over the Bible history from Noah to Isaac.
It would find a fitting place in Genesis.
VII.
History of Israel is here resumed.
453. hereblcaare, the panic-stricken, bli«e (T.). Ex. 14 : 25, 27, 28.
454. gehnap (genap).
458. inOdgodc, raged.
466. sacs aet endc (B. and T.).
469. La'c reads nere {refuge). — forUganges nef, the tide's neap (T.).
470-5. See Thorpe's Cajdmon, p. 207.— barenoden (B. and T.).—
on, omitted (B. and T.). — waljenia, stream, wave stream. — gewuna
may be taken as an adj. agreeing with sac. — fah fe3'e-gast, hostile
visitor, {foot-guest). — fah Avaes se gaest (B.), (ge-(h)ne'bp). See Car-
penter's Grammar, p. 169.
479. mOdge (mod). G. muns.
487. helpendra(n),
488. he, the stj-eam.
490. on sleap (steap, T.).
491. Avitrod (witod).
498. on bogum (B. and T.).
499. mode waega (B. and T.).
501. onfebnd.
502. gmnd, omitted in B. and T.
503. ]>8et wa;s (B. and T.).
504. hilde geseelidan, decide the battle; huru (B. and T.).
513. spilde, omitted in B. and T.
514. ageat, destroyed. — }>e, for hie (T.). Exclamatory, They
against God warred !
VIII.
518. da*gweore nemua9'(eld'), they call it (the decalogue) the dag
guide (of life).
524. gin fa«ston (T).
525. run ((i. runa), runian, to whisper. — geregcnod (B.).
528. Words omitted: That we seem not (forgetful).
529. metOdcs (B. and T.).
NOTES. 73
531. lyf(t) (lyst, B.).
534. Iicaklea" (B. and T.).
538. regn, an nitensiA'c prefix, regn-heard.
545. is, omitted (B, and T.).
555. ufon (B. and T.).
569. gefeon (B. and T.).
570. hit (hie).
573. herge, omitted (T.).— >am Mldfriimun (B.).
576. wifon offruni, the icomen in turn. Ex. 15.
585. madmas (B. and T.).
586. sceo(d) (B. and T.).
589. driht folca, emphatic prefix. — maest (MS. mae), (G.
maist(s)).
Of the forty chapters of Exodus given by Moses, Caadmon paraphrases
"but a few, and even here the poet follows the sacred narrative much
less closely than in Daniel. As far as the authoritative text is con-
cerned, the first fifteen chapters of the history may be said to be the
only ones referred to by the author. He dismisses the subject as the
people stand upon the farther shore of the Red Sea with the promised
land before them. It is also noticeable that incidents and facts are
introduced which are not found in the Biblical record, such as the
precise order of march through the Red Sea, the special valor of the
warlike bands selected to oppose Pharaoh, and many minute statements
as to the pillar of cloud and of fire. The most important references by
the poet to the text of Exodus have been given in the course of the
Notes.
S^OTES TO
1. Hebrebs, M. 101, — eadge, adverbial in force.
2. daslan, clKljan (G.)
3. gecynde, natural, agreeable.
5. wig, martial force. — manieo, same as menigeo, menigu.
7. mGdig cyn, a haughtt/ race.
8. rsedan, rule, not to be confounded with the strong verb raedan,
to counsel.
9. burgum, beorgan, to j)rotect.
10. him, God.— faeder, gen. pi. M. 87.
14. mod, courage.
15. feore, M. 301 (a) ; idiomatic usage.
16. helmiim, chieftains.
19. an forleton (T.). — secraeftas, legal statutes.
22. )?ege drilit (MS. and J.). — hweorfan (T. and B.) ; M. 204 [b).
24. weorc, grief
25. lare, ace. pi., appos. with gastas. This is preferable to Thorpe's
rendering in the dative.
28. so9', truhj. G. sunja.
29. me (MS. and J.), /or. —Me, ly tie hwile, ace. of time. M.
295 (a).
34. J>eodne(T.).— >amJ>e(T.).
35. wisafe, MS. ; wisode, B.
37. dugoafa dyrust (MS., B., and T.).
38. Iierepoaf (MS.), object of wisde.
41. to ]?8es (ceastre).
42. ceastre, M. 90. The text is more or less defective from 35 to
42.
44. to )>am (weorcum).
45. man bealwes georn, zealous of evil.
46. Mva^lniiS, fatal hate.
52. suiafan and noriafan, M. 252 {b).
76 DANIEL.
53. het, may be in place after faran,
55. Thorpe makes offelweardas appos. with ha^encyningas.
50. liifan = lufon, from lebfan.
57. >a Ciic (MS., T., and B.).
G4. to friUe, in peace.
(36. fea (MS., T., and B.). — freos (freogas), (frigas), treasure and
captives.
73. otor (MS. and T.), iiton (B.).
74. w^tepna lafe, the survivors.
77. leode (MS. and B.).
82. This line probably refers to lafe (1. 80).
88. Thorpe suggests frean. So (B.).
90. in gGd saede (T.), of good race.
98. }>aiii ^vlallcan (cyninge). ,
97. cyafdon (MS. and T.).
101. Thorpe translates, " What the princes before did." The line
is obscure. The sense is complete without it.
II.
110. com h-wiirfan, ca7ne passi7ig.
112. OS" edsceafte, until reneical.
118. Avoma (MS. and T.).
119. nietod = msetod, dreamed. May also be p.p. of metian, ap-
pointed (in his dream).
122. hiiie gem^tte, M. 200 {a).
123. rcord berend : Grein prefers this in nom, pi.
131. >c swefnede, M. 290, 299.
133. his, connected with or.
137. niocTgc)?ances, M. 321.
139. aldorlcge, lift's destini/. — setter (MS. and T.) ; G. aftra.
141. no gc, MS.
142. bcreff, used as bera'5.
148. stedon, in tlie sense of sajden.
160. wS^rda (T. and B.).
III.
169. he, the heathen king.
171. J>am, dative of attraction.
172. J><''<>d(', proriiifc.
173. burh wcardas (B.).
NOTES. 77
176. for^am }>e (T).
177. The text is here defective.
179. There are two terminal forms : ware-a, pi. m.; warv-e, f. sing.
189. )>a }>e (T.), M. 380, 381.
191. raerdon (B. and T.), (raerden).
192. on herige (MS. and T.) ; G. harjis.
193. alSTeluni, in nature.
196. cynegOde, gentle, noble. — ciiff gedydon, made known.
197. gyld (B.). — him is not essential to the reading. It may
refer to the youths or to the king.
200. to bebte, moreover. Eng., to boot.
202. gebaedan (T.), ;^ersMrtf/e.
205. waeron (T. and B.). — hie, appos. with haeftas.
206. he'aran (MS., B., and T.), proud captives. — heran, to honor
(the idol).
207. hegan (MS.); hergan = heran. In lines 205-7 the text as it
reads is best.
214. woldon (T. and B.), (wolden).
216. gylde (B.).
219. gelaeston (T.), gelaesten (B.).
221. ne }>an maegen hAvyrfe, T. (high course). Grein refers this
to the captive Jews. Hwyrfe is then viewed as a verb.
222. wilnedan (wilneden).
227. waes gelaeded (T. and B.). — he, the oven.
232. genge (T. and B.).
233. J>eah )>e [he], the king. — se = sel^e, he who.
234. fyr-liges (T.).
236. haliga (T.). — se, understood.
240. Words in brackets omitted by T. and B.
243. ungescead, used adverbially.
244. hine after innan.
247. onstealle, MS.; onstellan, B. ; onsteallan, T. Grein admits
that his rendering is here objectionable.
_ 255. on teso, Thorpe translates, " on the right." Grein renders,
"destruction."
263. gange (T. and B,). Grein makes it in the gen. pi. after
alaiten.
266. ac J>aet fyr fy^rscyde (MS. and J.); fyrsian, to remove (Die-
trich).
267. haigan (B.). — hweorfon = hwurfon. — cnihton = cnihtum.
268. >a }>e (B.). — geftegon (T. and I^.).
78 DANIEL.
274. {vliuihtigos (Godos or Drilitnos).
277. (leaAvdropaii, B. ; deiiwdripas, T.
282. dirduin. Codex Ex.
289. An interpolated line, T. Not in Ex. MS.
294. Jji'di-nycliiin (T. and B.). — ]>carfuin. Codex Ex.
296. belegde (T.).
297. dydoii, Codex Ex.
299. burhsittendum (MS. and J.).
300. had, condition.
304. gefrtrge, nofun'ons, infamous.
305. nil }>u usic bcAvrsec, Codex Ex. ; ha us ec, T.
306. aeht-gewealde (B.), Codex Ex. This would be in apposition
with usic, and he rendered, a possession.
311. hrugaij (B. and T.), incline. Thorpe favors this rendering.
Grein reads hIi(y)ga'S, call upon, invite.
321. had (B.), appos. with manigeo. Grein interprets in tlie sense
of promise (gehat). — hebbanne = haehbanne, to reckon.
323. SAva waroiJe sond, Codex Ex. — ]>ass stefaroafa sand, the
sand ofiL'hose waves.
324. ySPe geond car grnnd, Codex Ex. ; eargrynde, B. — his, of
them, God's people. — unrinia, T.
328. >ait >a (T.).
343. leoma(n) (B.).— liges(B.).
350. cyst, honntij.
364. -w^oruld sceafta wuldor. Codex Ex.
366. rihtne (T.).
370. sunne and niouan. Codex Ex. — sundor anra gehAvilc,
each one, separately.
372. doniige = domigen.
373. lofigcn.
' 379. folcen faru (T.).
380. lofigcn.
381. blestige = bletsigen.
393. J>inne (hyra), T. — in hade, in (their) degree.
399. doinigc = domigen. Tliis use of the sing. subj. for the plural
is frequent in ])aniel.
404. wurS-aiar (B.).
407. gcwura-aiy (MS. and J.). — fcrhiaf(c) (B. and T.).
409. Defective text, T.
410. ealde (B. and T.), ancient nation. Grein's text is better.
413. JxTode mine, mtj lords. — syndon (T.).
NOTES. . 79
416. selfa (B. and T.).
417. Jdwad = cwae'S. G. kwij?aii.
422. gaedelinge, B. — uni, T.
429. nis hit (B).
430. leng, M. 124.
435. benne (T.). — him, dative of possession after banum.
436. laffsearo, appos. with bendas.
446. stepton (B. and T.). — hine (T.).
447. he, the king.
451. se (B. andT.).
454. nahte (nagan), hnahte allowed. Dietrich reads rahte
(reccan). — haefdon = haefden.
467. Msn^ J»8es egesan gryre, against the fear of terror.
468. gej>iiiges wyrcaii, to form an assemhhj.
476. MvW understood.
479. his spel beraiS', his words observe.
480. monig (B. and T.).
497. him ]>£et neh gcvveard", that came near to him (greatly moved
him).
IV.
500. him (T.), after gelic.
506. heolde, a lair.
508. namon (T.), namen. G. niman.
518. wille (T.).
521. in susl dOn, to cast into torment.
523. maege, may prevail.
535. wesan, supplied after Avisse.
538. mihte (B.), mihtum (T.).
542. hine, Daniel.
546. hwaet, supplied after and.
554. heanne (B. and T.).
562. and ymb (T.). — ssede, instrumental after onfon.
563. biS" (B.). Grein makes liS = lige'5.
568. In this and the two following lines the present tense of the
verb has the force of the future.
571. gemyndgast, MS.
575. msel-mete (T.).
582. wsere (T.).
.^88. }>inga, pray.
80 DANIEL.
591. [%vcaii and], inserted by Grein, — wyrcan, ^o ac< (with im-
punity).
59(5. reccan (B. and T.).
600. weold (li. and T.) ; G. waldan.
603. helih [burh] (B. and T.).
607. rice, in appos. with sundorgife.
609. ear9" (MS. and T.).
616. wofS = wa^' (B. and T.), a way, wandering. Grein supplies he
(the I'lnfj) after swa.
618. berehte (T.).
623. loeode (T.).
628. >aer >e (B.).
633. ge)>afian (B.), ge}>olian (T.).
658. Gfstlice (B.). Grein reads, god-spellode (godspellian).
661. lare, inst. used adverbially, wisely.
675. Isegf perished.
682. ym (MS. and J.). — litel faec, M. 295.
684. ]?a, Medes and Persians.
695. freasaede (T.).
701. sidestan = si'Sestan.
710. hleoiafor cwyde {T.), prophecy.
711. beorhte.
718. )>«t (T.).
740. bu^hge^veardas (B. and T.).
741. arehte, M. 189 (c).
743. gleaw ge>ances, M. 313.
748. bcre (B. and T.).
756. he (T.). Tliis change seems to be essential.
759. ofer sin ina^gen, among his army.
765. sc (J>c).
Caidmon's Daniel is such a faitliful paraphrase of the first five
chapters of tliat book that special scriptural references need not be
given as in Exodus.
REFERENCES.
Much valuable information as to CEedmon and his Paraphrase is
given in Bede's Ecclesiastical Histoi-y (c. 4) ; AYright's Biographia
Brittanica Literaria ; in Kemble {Bibliotheca Anglo-Saxonica, 1837); in
Dietrich [Haupt's Zeitschrifi, Bd. 10); and in Greverus. Additional aid
may be found in Ten Brink's History of Early English Literature ; in such
histories as Turner's, Morley's, Craik's, and Warton's. The student
may also be referred to modern German periodicals for valuable
articles on points in question. The two most important of these are
Die Englische Studien and Anglia. In this latter one, especially, useful
papers may be found by Ebert, Wiilcker, and others, on Exodus and
on the Caedmon — Milton question. Such authors as Balg, Sandras,
Bosanquet, Disraeli, Stein, and Watson may also be consulted. A full
bibliography of Caedmon will be given by the editor of Genesis.
GLOSSARY.
GLOSSARY.
The gen. Bing. and the gender of each noun are given, as also the three main parts
of each verb. For the convenience of students using March's Grammar the different
declensions and conjugations are indicated by the appropriate figures 1, 2, etc. Any
accidental omissions of words may be supplied by a reference to Bosworth or
Greiu. M. and G. are to be interpreted as in Notes. Any other contractions or
references -will be easily understood by the student. As stated in the Preface, our
object has been to make the Glossary as brief as is consistent with clearness.
A (JE).
a, adv., eve?; aye.
aba(o)nnan, ben, ba(o)nnen (5),
to order, summon, proclaim.
abeodan, bead, boden (3), to hid,
announce, command.
Abraham, es, m., Abraham.
abrecan, braec, brecen (1), to
break, destroy.
abre(g)dan, br8e(g)d, bro(g)deii
(1), to remove, xvitlidraiv.
abre'btan, bre'at, broten (3), to
bruise, destroy.
ac, conj., but. G. ak.
aceorfan, cearf, corfen (1), to
cut off, separate.
acl, adj., clear, resounding .
acol, adj., timid, affrighted.
acweiaCan, CAvaeiaP, eweden {\),to
say, declare, answer. G. kwij^an.
adfyr, es, 1, n., a pile-Jire, fire of
sacrifice.
adrencan, te, ed (6), to submerge,
drotcn.
adrincan, dranc, druncen (1),
to quench, to be drowned. G.
driggkan.
Adzarias, as, m., Azarias.
a!S, es, 1, m., an oath. G. aiHs-
ai^fswar, es, 1, m., an oath sicearing,
an oath.
S.e, ae, f. (irreg.), a law (pi., rites).
M. 100.
aecrgeft, es, 1, ni., a legal statute,
law craft.
gels' ele, adj., noble, excellent.
aei^ele, es, 1, m., a noble.
aeSfeling, es, 1, m., a prince, chief.
aeSfelo, indec, nobility, rank.
8ef(a)est, adj., devout, religious.
(a)efeii, es, 1, ra., even, evening.
8efeiile'bd(9'), es, 1, n., an evening
song.
aeflast, es, 1, m., a straying, wander-
ing.
aefre (eefer), adv., ever, always. G.
aiw.
(a)efter, prep., afier, according to.
aeghwa, es, adj. pro., ichoever, each
one.
aeghwseiarer, es, adj. pro., each,
both.
8egh%vilc, es, adj. pro., every one,
each one, every.
aegnian, 6de, od (6), to own, hold.
aeht, e, 2, f ., property, possessions.
selbeorht, adj., all bright, very
bright.
8eled(t), es, 1, m.,fire.
86
GLOSSARY.
aelfere (farii), c, 2, f., an entire
ormij, a host.
a(c)liuihtig, adj., almightfj. G.
all-m.ahtcigs,
acliiiy(c)sse, an, 4, f., alms, alms-
giving.
aer, adv., ere, earlier (acror, acrcst).
ajrdajg, cs, 1, m., early day, dawn.
aer-dca'J, cs, 1, in., premature death,
early death.
aeren, adj., brazen (asr).
a;rend, c, 2, f., an errand, a mes-
sage. G. airus.
serendbOc, e, 2, f., a message,
letter.
aet, prep., at, near, by.
vet, es, 1, m., meat, food. G. mats.
aetberan, baer, bc(o)ron (1), to
bear out, shoic, produce.
aetgaedere, adv., together.
iEthan, cs, Etham. ]\I. 101.
setniman, nam, numcn (1), to de-
prive, take from.
aetywan, dc, cd (0), to shoic, reveal
(ywian, ode, od).
afaeran, dc, cd (0), to frighten,
terrify.
afaestinan. Ode, od (0), to fasten,
strengthen.
ilfaran, for, farcn (-4), to depart,
go out of
afcallan, fcol, feallcii (5), to fall,
fall doivn.
afora, an, 4, ni., a son, descendant
(t-afora).
Afrisc, adj., African.
agan, lilito (0), (irrcj?.), to oivn,
])()ssess. G. aigan. M. 212.
agangan, g(0)ong, gangen (5), to
hajipen, occur. M. 208 (A).
agon, adj., own.
{Igcnd, es, 1, m., ati owner, master,
lord.
Agc'btan, geat, goten {•)), to jioitr
Old, destroy.
agifan, geaf (gaef), gifen (1), to
restore, deliver. M. 140.
ftgitan, gcat, giten (1), to know,
perceii'e, understand.
aglilc, cs, 1, n., grief, torment.
ilhcbban, hOf, hafen (4), to raise,
exalt. G. hafjan.
alii(y)cgan, hog(6)de (liygde),
hogod (G), to search, explore,
think out.
Mileapan, hle'bp, hleapcn (5), to
leap up, out, to leap.
ahAvcorfan, hwcarf, hworfen
(1), to turn aside, to turn.
ahydan, de, ed (6), to hide, conceal.
alaedan, de, ed (6), to lead out,
withdra7v.
al(a)etan, let, laeten (5), to allow,
release.
aid (eald), adj., old. G. alj^eis.
aldor, es, 1, m., an elder, prince.
aldor, e, 2, f., life.
aldorddni, es, 1, m., seat of power,
sovereignty.
aldorfrea, an, 4, ra., a high lord,
chief
aldorleg(e), es, 1, m., life's future,
fate, death.
alesan, laes, lesen (1), to choose,
gather.
alh, cs, 1, m., a palace, shrine, tern-
pie.
alhstede, es, 1, m., a hall-stead,
palace.
all, sec call. G. alls.
alwalda, an, 4, m., a ruler over all,
God.
lilwiht, c, 2, f., every creature, all
people.
alyfan, dc, ed (0), to allow, suffer.
sllysan, dc, ed (G), to free, release.
A.n, mini, adj., one, alone, only. G.
aiiis.
anbid, es, 1, n., a delay, expectation.
and, conj., and.
GLOSSARY.
87
anda, an, 4, m., hate, envy.
an-daege, adj., a space of one day,
daily.
andsaca, an, 4, m., a denier, op-
poser.
andsn'arian, ode, od (G), to
ansicer, reply.
andwig, es, 1, ra., a battle, repulse.
anga, adj., sole, own.
an-getrum, cs, 1, n., one host, a
great number, an array.
angi(y)n, es, 1, n., a beginning, at-
temjA.
S.nhydig, ad]., resolute, single-mind-
ed, obstinate.
anlaedan, de, ed (6), to lead on.
anniedla, an, 4, m., pride, pre-
sumption.
aninOd, adj., unanimous, wilful, one.
anpaicT, es, 1, m., one path, a narrow
path.
anwadan, wGd, waden (4), to
enter, invade.
an"wloh, adj., unadorned, icaste.
ar, e, 2, f., glory, honor, ivealth.
ar, es, 1, m., a legate, messenger.
araedan, de, ed (6), to read, inter-
pret.
araeman, de, ed (6), to raise, lift
up ; also, reflexive.
arseran, de, ed (6), to rear, extol,
raise aloft.
arcraeftig, adj., reverend, honorable.
are'afian, ode, od {Q>),to tear away,
icithdraw, divide.
aree(c)an, e(a)lite, e(a)lit (G), to
declare, explain.
S.risan, ras, risen (2), to arise. G.
urreisan.
S>saelan, de, ed (G), to tie, bind.
S,sceppan, see'bp, sc(e)apen (5),
to give, appoint.
^.secgan, saegde (saede), saegd
(saed) (G), to tell, explain, declare.
M. 209.
S.settan, to (G), to set down, place,
fix. G. ga sat Jan.
S,stigan, stall, stigen (2), ^o ascend,
arise.
asTN^ebban, cfedc, efed (G), to blot
out, destroy.
atebn, telih, togen (3), to draw
up, move away.
atol, adj., dire, foul.
aj?enc(e)an, )?ohte, J>oht (G), to
discover, devise.
awa, adv., ever, alivay.
awacan, w^oc, wacen (4), to
awake, arise, spring forth.
awaeian, ode, od (G), to fail, de-
cline, weaken.
awecean, elite, eht (G), to stir,
awake, excite.
aweorpan, wearp, Avorpcn (1),
to cast aside, reject.
awinnan, wan, ^vunnen (1), to
win, conquer.
aw^^rg(i)an, de, ed (G), to curse,
denounce.
B.
Babi(y)lon,es,n. (irreg.), Babylon.
Babilonia, f .
Babilonige, adj., Babylonian.
bae9'wa(e)g, es, 1, m., a sea iray,
sea.
bael, es, 1, n., aflame, burning.
baelblys, e, 2, f., baelblyse, an, 4,
f., a pile blaze, funereal f re.
baelc, es, 1, m., a covering, cloud,
balcony.
bael, egesa, an, 4, m., a terror of
fire, great terror.
baeman, de, ed (5), to burn, to
fire.
balca, an, 4, m., a covering.
Baldazar, m. (irreg.), Delshazzar.
bS.n, es, 1, n., a bone.
88
GLOSSARY
baun, an, 4, in., a slayer, murderer.
(i. banja.
banhus, cs, 1, n., a hone house, hodi/.
barenian, Ode, od (0), to lay bare,
expose.
basnian, cde, cd (0), to expect,
(vrait.
basil (pi., wa), adj., crimson, purple.
be, prep., by, at, of. G. bi.
beae(e)n, es, 1, n., a beacon, sign,
image.
beadosearo (indie.'), \v^es, 1, n.,
tear equipment, iceapons.
beadumaegen, es, 1, n., strength of
battle, strength.
beag, es, 1, m., a jewel, treasure,
garland (biigan).
b(e)ald, adj., bold. G. balj-s.
bealde, adv., boldly.
bealo(Av), es, 1, m., icoe, hale, evil.
bealospel(l), es, 1, n., an evil tale.
bealusiS", es, 1, m., a dire journey,
adversity.
be'am, es, 1, m., a beam, pillar. G.
bagms.
bearhtm (byrhtm), es, 1, m., a
brightness, tumult, instant.
bearni, es, 1, m., a bosom.
bearn, es, 1, n., a son, child. G.
Ijarn.
beam, "wes, 1, m., a grove, wood.
beatan, bebt, beaten (5), to beat,
strike, hurt.
bebebdan, bead, boden (3), to
order, enjoin.
bebod, es, 1, n., a decree, precept.
bebugan, beah, bogen (3), to en-
close, surround.
bccunian (cAviinan), com,
(c^vo(a)nl), eunien (1), to come,
befall.
bef{efl'in(i)an, ede, ed (0), to
h(iu)id, e)id)race.
befaran, for, faren (4), to (jo
round, encomj/ass.
befeolan, feal(h) (fail), folen (1),
tojix in, to fasten. M. 200.
beforan, prep., before (befeore).
begitan, geat, giten (ge(a)ten)
(1), to acquire, obtain.
bego(a)ng, es, 1, m., a course,
circuit.
behealdan, heold, healden (5),
to behold, hold.
behwylfan, ede, ed (6), to subvert,
overturn.
belecgan, gde, gd (G), to surround.
belegan, de (6), to blaze, Jlame.
bell, es, 1, m., a cry, clamor.
belucan, leac, locen (3), to shut
in, enclose.
benie, an, 4, f., a trumpet.
ben(n), e, 2, f., a prayer, entreaty.
G. bida.
bend, es, 1, ni., a band, bond. G.
bandi.
beodan, bead, boden (3), to bid,
order, proclaim.
be'on, Ava5s, ge"\vesen (irreg.), to
be. G. wisan,
beorg(li), es, 1, m., a mountain
sloj)e, citadel.
beorlilili3', es, 1, n., a hill slope,
summit.
beorht, adj., bright, lucid. G.
bairhts.
beorht, rodor, es, 1, m., a bright
firmament. Beorht may be used
as a suffix.
beorn, es, 1, ni., a chief ain, noble-
man, man. In poetry means a
man.
beorsel(e), es, 1, m., e, 2, f., a beer-
hall, hall.
be'bt, cs, 1, n., a threat, promise,
peril.
b(c)Ot, c, 2, f., remedy, redress,
amends (to b(e)ote, moreover).
beo(t), hata, an, 4, m., a promiser,
surety, leader.
GLOSSARY
89
beran, bser, boren (1), to hear,
carrel, observe.
bereafian (bereofan) (berofen),
ode, od (0), to bereave, deprive,
spoil.
bereccan, re(a)hte, eht (G), to re-
late.
berenian, 6de, od (6), to kindle,
build a fire.
berlitmhAvat, adj., quick, bright.
berstan, baerst, borsten (1), to
burst, scatter.
beseSn, seah, sewen (1), to look
about, observe. G. gasailiAvan.
besngedan, de, ed (6), to cut, here.
besteman, de, ed (G), to besteam,
surround.
beswselan, de, ed (6), to burn,
singe.
beswican, swae, s^viceu (2), to
entice, deceive.
betan, te, ed (6), to amend, restore.
bej>eccan, )?eahte (]?ehte), J>eaht
(6), to cover, conceal.
bcTviudan, wand, wunden (1),
to ivind, turn, circuit.
bewrecan, wraec, wrecen (1), to
avenge, expel.
bew^rigan, wrah, wrigen (2), to
clothe, cover.
bidan, bad, biden (2), to await,
bide. G. beidan.
biddan, bsed, beden (1), to beg,
pray. G. bidjan.
bifon, feng, fangen (5), to grasp,
hold, surround.
bil(l), es, 1, n., a sword, falchion.
bi(y)le(y)(h)wit, adj., merciful,
kind, innocent.
bilswaO'u, e, 2, f., a sword track,
icound.
bindan, band, bunden (1), to
bind, restrain.
biter, adj., bitter, severe. G. baitrs.
blac, adj., pale, shining.
bleed, e, 2, f., a branch, fiower,
fruit, glory.
blaest, cs, 1, m., a blast, wind.
bland, es, 1, n., a mingling, blending.
bled, e, 2, f., a blade, branch.
blestigan = bletsian. M. 20.
bletsian, ode, od (6), to bless, con-
secrate.
h\Wf adj., blithe, happy. G. bleibs.
bliS'e mod, cheerful, happy-minded.
blinnan, blan, blunuen (1), to
cease, rest.
blOd, es, 1, n., blood, gore. G. blo]>.
blOdegsa, an, 4, m., a bloody terror,
storm.
blodig, adj., bloody.
boo, e, 2, f. (irreg.), a book, writing.
G. boka.
bScere, es, 1, m., a writer, interpre-
ter, ivise man.
bScstsef, es, 1, m., a letter, character.
bodi(ge)an. Ode, od (6), to publish,
preach, order.
b6g(li), es, 1, m., a branch, bough.
boga, an, 4, m., a boiv, arch, bending.
bolgenniod, adj., angry, enraged.
bord, es, 1, n., a board, shield. G.
baurd.
bordhre'bS'a, an, 4, m., a buckler.
b6t(e), e, 2, f., an, 4, f., a remedy,
amends.
brad, adj., broad, ample. G. braids.
br8ed(d)an, de, ed (6), to spread,
extend.
bra(o)nd, es, 1, m., a brand, torch.
brecan, braec, brecen (1), to
break, violate.
brego(u), m. (indec), a prince,
rider. Used in poetry as a pre-
fix.
breman, de, ed (6), to honor, cele-
brate.
bre(y)me, adj., notable, renoicned.
breost, e, 2, f ., a breast, bosom. G.
brusts.
90
GLOSSARY.
brebstso)»anc, es, 1, m., n., inner
thouijJit, thour/ht, mind.
brcbstlooa, an, 1, ni., a breast-
chamber, recess of mind.
brebstnet, es, 1, ii., a breast-net,
shield.
brc(np)siio, adj., brazen, mighty.
brim, es, 1, n., a sea, ocean. G.
saiws.
briiufa(o)rii, e, 2, f., a sea icay,
ocean icay.
bring, es, 1, m., an offering.
briugan, brang, brungen (1), to
bring. G. briggan.
bringan, brolite, gebroht (6), to
bring.
brOiaCorgyld, es, 1, u., brother-
vengoance, vengeance.
brun, adj., broicn.
bryne, es, 1, m., a burning heat,
a burning.
brytiuan. Ode, od (6), to dispense,
enjoy.
brjrttian. Ode, od (G), to divide,
distribute, enjoy.
buan, de (0), to direll, inhabit.
bufo(a)n, prep., above.
biirh(g), e, 2, f., a city (beorgan).
G. baurgs.
burhhleoiy, es, 1, n., « hill slope,
height.
burhsittend, es, 1, m. (part.
noun), a dtneller, inhabitant.
burhstede, es, 1, m., a city place,
metropolis.
bnrhwarii, e, 2, f., a city, people.
burhweard, es, 1, m., a city hold,
city ffard.
butan(on), prep., conj., b^lt, un-
less, 11-ithout.
byrne, an, 4, f., a trumpet.
byrnan, barn, burnon (1), to
burn. (jr. gabraunjan.
byrucndc, i)art. adj., burning.
C.
ca'g(e), e, 2, f., an, 4, f., a key.
Caldens, a (pi.), the Chaldeans.
camp, es, 1, m., a camp, field, bat-
tle.
Canaane'as, ea (pi.), the Canaan-
ites. :M. 101.
carlelis, adj., careless, recJdess.
e(e)ald, es, 1, u., cold. G.
kalds.
eeast(e)r, e, 2, f., a city ; castle,
town.
cempa, an, 4, m., a icarrior,
knight.
cene. Or, Gst, adj., keen, bold.
cennan, de, ed (G), to beget, pro-
ditce.
ceorfan, cearf, corfen (1), to
carve, hew.
ce'bsan, eeas, coren (3), to
choose, select. G. kiiisan.
cigean, eygde (G), to call, name,
sinnmon.
cinberg, es, 1, m., a visor, chin-
defence.
claehe, adj., clean; adv., entirely.
clam(m), es, 1, m., clay, a clamp,
band.
cne'bmaeg, es, 1, m., a kinsman,
relation.
cne'bris(es), e, 2, f., a family, tribe,
generation.
cne'oAv, es, 1, n,, a knee, relation-
ship.
cneo^vsib(b), c, 2, f., a race, rela-
tionship.
cniht, es, 1, m., a boy, youth,
attendant.
coriarer, es, 1, n., a company,
multitude, pomp.
erseft, es, 1, m., e, 2, f., craft, skill,
power.
cringan, crang, crungen (1), to
cringe.^ submit.
GLOSSARY
cuff. Or, Ost, adj., knoion^ re-
noicncd. G. kun|?s.
cu(y)nian, com, cunien (1), to
come.
cuiiib(o)l, cs, 1, 11., an ensign,
image, standard.
cunnan, cuffe, (gejcuff (irreg),
to know, he able. G. kuiinaii.
cunniaii, ode, od {(j),to test, prove.
c^val(u), e, 2, f., a killing, death.
cw'e(a)liii, es, 1, u., slaughter,
death.
cwen, e, 2, f., a queen, woman,
wife.
cwinian, cwa(o)in, cunien (1),
to come.
cw-yld-rof, adj., slaughter - re-
nou-ned, brave.
cyffan, de(9'e), ed (G), to declare,
make known. G. gakannjan.
cyme, es, 1, m., a coming.
cyme, adj., fit, noble, comely.
cyn, es, 1, ii., kin, race, tribe.
cynegSd, adj., nobhj born, gentle.
cynerice, es, 1, n., a realm, king-
dom.
cynej^rymm, es, 1, m., a kingly
host.
cyning, es, 1, m., a king, ruler.
cyningdOm (cinedOm), es, 1, m.,
a kingdom, power.
cyr(r) (cerre), es, 1, m., a turn,
bending, return.
cyrman, de (6), to utter, cry out.
cy(e)rran, de, ed (6), to turn,
change.
cyst, e, 2, f., choice, costliness,
bounty.
D.
daed, e, 2, f., a deed, an act (don).
G. gadeds.
daedhwat, adj., active^ bold.
doedle^n, cs,
quital. \ ^ "J^
dsedweorc, es, lN(k> « deed, feat^J'/^
great ivork. ^^x' ' ^
daeg, es, 1, m., a day. G^ dags, j' :v ^ y
dsegsceado, es, 1, m., a day-shndSx—^^:^:^^^
shade.
dsegsce(y)ald, es, 1, m., a day-
shield., cloud.
daeg^veorc, es, 1, ii., a day's work,
stated service.
daegw^oma, an, 4, m., the break of
day, dawn.
dselan, de, ed (6), to deal, divide.
G. dailjaii.
Daniel, m., Daniel.
David, es, m., David.
de'ad, adj., dead. G. dauj-s.
de'aff, es, 1, m., death {pi. spirits).
deaffdrepe, es, 1, m., « death-blow,
death.
deaffstede, es, 1, n., a place of
death, sepulchre.
deaw, es, 1, m., i/ie dev).
dea-\v-dr(i)eas, as, 1, m., a dew-
falling.
deawig, adj., dewy.
deawigfeffer, e, 2, f., a wing, a
dewy feather,
deawigfeffere, adj., deicy feath-
ered, winged.
dema, an, 4, m., a judge, ruler.
deman, de, ed (Q), to judge, deem.
G. dorajan.
de'bfol, es, 1, m., n., the devil ( 101 c).
de^ofoldaed, e, 2, f., devil-work,
a wicked deed.
deofolgyld, es, 1, n., an idol,
idolatry.
de'bfolTvitega, an, 4, m., a false
prophet, soothsayer.
deof, es, 1, m., the deep, abyss.
de^of, adj., dee}), great. G. diups.
de'br, es, 1, n., a wild beast, deer.
G. dius.
P'2
GLOSSARY.
door(o), ailj., dear, beloved (dyre).
deormod, adj., beloved, renowned.
deriaii, ede, ed (G), to harm, in-
jure.
Dira, n (irreg.), Dura, Plain of
Dura.
doin, OS, 1, m., judgment, counsel,
interpretation, 2)otcer^ law.
dun, di(y)de, ge-dOn (irreg.), to
do. execute. G. taujan.
dream, es, 1, m.., joy, gladness,
music.
dreamleas, adj., sad, joyless.
dreariing, e, 2, f ., a falling, dis-
tilling.
dreiicflOd, es, 1, n., a deluge,
flood.
dre^ogan, dreah(g), drogen (3),
to bear., do, suffer.
dre^or, es, 1, m., gore, blood.
Used as a prefix.
dreoran, drear (dreosan, dreas),
drorcii ( 1 ) , to fall, perish.
driht, e, 2, f., a host, company,
household.
drihten, es, 1, m., a lord, rider,
the Lord. Used in composi-
tion.
drihtenweard, es, 1, m., a guard-
ian, master.
drihtfolc, es, 1, n., a multitude,
the people.
driht, ne, es, 1, ni. (pi, driht-
ndas, carcasses).
drysmian, de (G), to obscure,
darken.
drofa, an, 4, m., a drop, spot.
druncen, adj., drunken.
dry in list : see dyre.
dugo(u)l3', e, 2, f., rank, pros-
perity, people.
dygle, adj., secret (digel) ; adv.,
secretly (dyglice), deeply.
d5>^rc, ra, ost (dr^niust), adj.,
dear, beloved.
E.
elic, conj., also, likeunse.
e'iica, an, 4, m., an addition., ad-
vantage.
elicen, adj., great, gifted (^acan).
ead, adj., rich, happy.
ead, es, 1, n., wealth, prosperity ^
mi-
ell dig, adj., happy, blessed.
ea3'(e), adj., easy (eli'Sor, ost) ;
adv., easily (eS, e^a'Sost).
ea9'(d)medu, pi. n., u, e, 2, f.,
htimility.
e'a^'inedum, adv., humbly.
ea3'metto, f. (indec), ii, e, 2, f.,
humility, submission.
eafora, an, 4, m., a son, descend-
ant.
e'age, an, 4, n., an eye. M. 95.
G. aiigo.
cald, adj., old, ancient (yldra, est).
ealdfe'cnd, es, 1, m., an ancient foe.
eal(l), adj., all.
(e)aldor, e, 2, f., life.
(c)aldor, es, 1, m., n., a prince,
ancestor, elder.
ealdordom, es, 1, ra., eldership,
poioer.
ealdorlagu(e), e, 2. f. (leg, es,
1, m.), destiny, life's decree.
ealdorman, es, 1, m., an alder-
man, rider, one next to the king.
ealdAverig, adj., perverse, de-
praved.
ealhstede, es, 1, ni., a hall-stead,
palace.
eallcs, adv., vjholly., entirely.
ear, es, 1, m., the sea, ocean.
earc, e, 2, f., an ark, chest. G.
arka.
eard(3'), es, 1, m., native soil,
earth.
carfoafnia^ecg, es, 1, m., a, an, 4,
m., an afflicted man, a sufferer.
GLOSSARY.
93
earfoafsiigf, es, 1, m., a hard jour-
ney, a hard lot.
earm, adj., poor, wretched. G.
arms.
earmsceapen, adj., ill-created,
misshapen.
earu, adj., quick, swift, ready.
eastream, es, 1, ni., the sea,
ocean.
east-weg, es, 1, m., an east imy,
eastward.
ece, adv., always, eternal (ec,
also) ; 3i(\j.,per2Jetual.
ecg, e, 2, f., an edge, sword, imr.
edsceaft (scseft), e, 2, f., a new
creatioyi, regeneration.
e'Sf adj., mild, submissive.
e'San (yS'an), de (6), to overrun,
devastate.
eljel, es, 1, m., home., native land,
inheritance.
eaPelland, es, 1, n., a native land,
legacy.
eS'elleas, adj., homeless, wretched.
eafelriht, es, 1, u., native right,
land right.
eS'elweard, es, 1, m., a native
prince, people's guardian.
el^fynde, adj., easily found.
efne, adv., even, evenly, just, even
as.
efn-gedaelan, de, ed (6), to share
evenly, divide.
efn(i)aii, (e)de, ed (G), to do, exe-
cute.
eft-wyrd, adv., afterimrd.
ege-lafe, e, 2, f., a fearful rem-
nant, battle remnant.
eg(e)le, adj., troublesome, hateful.
egesa, an, 4, Yi\.,fear, terror.
egesful(l), di(\]., fearful, terrible.
egeslic, adj.,/ecn'/?(/, severe.
egeslice, adv., fcarfidly, severely.
egl(i)aii, cde, ed (G), to ail,
trouble, torment.
Egypte, e, f., Egypt.
Egypte, a, pi., Egyptians.
eht(i)an, ehte, ed (G), to folloio,
hai'ass.
elpend, es, 1, m., an elephant,
v;alrus.
el>eodig, fx.(\y, foreign.
ende, es, 1, m., an end. G. andeis
(ands).
endedseg, es, 1, ra., a final day,
the last day.
endelean, es, 1, n., a final reward,
pnnishmeiit.
enge, adj., straight, narrow.
cngel, es, 1, m., an angel, messen-
ger.
ebde : see gan. G. gaggau.
eor3'(e), e, 2, f., an, 4, f., the
earth, ground (eardian).
eorafbuend, es, 1, m., an earth-
dweller, man.
eorijcyn, es, l,n., the human race,
men.
eord'cyning, es, 1, m., an earth-
king, great Icing.
eor3'lic, adj., earthly.
eorl, es, 1, ni., an earl, count.
This is a ])auisli word (yarl)
transferred to English.
eorp, adj., dark, dusky, icolf-
colored.
eorp (eorod), es, 1, m., a host.
eow: see )?u.
e^owian, de, ed (G), to shoic, re-
veal.
esne (aesne), es, 1, m., a servant,
man.
est, es, 1, m., favor, pleasure, grace:
F.
facen, es, 1, u., fraud, guile,
ifickedness.
facne, adv., evilly, deceitfully.
94
GLOSSAKV.
faec, OS, 1, 11., a space, time,
period.
fa'dcr, OS (also iudcc. in slug.),
1, m., father. G. fader.
fiodoraafelo, f. (iiidec), ancestry,
orif/in.
fa?doroyii, es, 1, n., a paternal
race.
f{o3'in, OS, 1, m., a fathom, grasp,
embrace. G. fajni.
ftipge, adj., dying, fated, accursed.
fa'g(e)r, adj., fair, joyous.
fa'gro, a.i\y., fairly, heautifidhj.
far, OS, 1, 111., fear, danger, sud-
den coming.
fserbryno, es, 1, m., sudden heat,
great heat.
faergryre, es, 1, m., horror, dire
terror.
faerspell, es, 1, n., sudden tidings,
alarm.
faerwundor, es, 1, ii., sudden won-
der, great wonder.
fast, u.(\]., fast, firm, constant.
fastau, te (G), to fast, expiate by
fasting.
faste, adv., fast, firmly.
fasten, es, 1, ii., a fastness, fort-
ress.
fastlic, adj., fast, firm.
fah, adj., hostile.
faingian, ode, od (G), to foam,
boil.
faming, a.d^., foaming.
famigbosni, es, 1, ni., a gulf,
foamy bosom.
fana, an, 4, m., a flag, standard.
fandian, Ode, od (G), to try,
test.
faran, for, faren (t), to go, march,
die. G. faran.
Faraon, es, in.. Pharaoh.
f<^a(^v), adj. (iiidoc), feu; (dal..
nm). G. faws.
foax, cs, 1, 11., hair.
feSTa, an, 4, in., a fool-soldier,
army, tribe.
feliye-gast, es, 1, m., a foot-guest,
visitor, spirit of death.
fela, adj. (iudcc), many, much.
G. filu(s).
fold, es, 1. 111., a fields plain.
feldhus, OS, 1, n., a field-house,
tent.
feng, OS, 1, m., a grasp, hold.
feoh, OS, 1, u. (irrcg.), cattle,
money, property. G. failiu.
fe'bhsoeat, es, 1, m., money, treas-
ure.
feT^nd, es, 1, m., an enemy, fiend.
fe'or, adj., ady../«r. G. fairra.
feoriJa, num. iv(\]., fourth.
feor(li), es, ], n., soul, life, man.
G. fairliwus.
feorligebeorh(g), es, 1, m., life-
security^ safety.
feorhlelin, es, 1, m., a life-gift,
reicard.
feorhnere, es, 1, m., life, safety,
salvation.
feran, do (G), to journey, march,
depart.
fer-elani, es, 1, m., sudden fear.
ferhiS', es, 1, m., life, mind, spirit.
ferhS'bana, an, 4, in., a life-de-
stroyer, murderer.
ferhljioce, an, 4, ni., a life-enclo-
sure, soul.
feriaii, (o)cdc, cd (G), to bear,
carry.
fiftig, num. ai\j., fifty.
findan, fand, funden (1), to find,
discover.
fir, es, 1, m., a living one, man.
firen, adj., sinfid.
fi(y)ren, e, 2, f., a si7i, crime
llan, e, 2, f., a dart, arrow.
fleam, es, 1, vn., flight, banishment.
fleon, flelih, flogen (3), to flee, es-
cape (llebgon). G. lliuliau.
GLOSSAKY.
95
flOd, es, 1, n., a flood, loave. G.
flodus.
flodblac, iidj.,flood-2Ktle, pale idth
fright.
fl6deg(e)sa, an, 4, va., flood-terror,
fear.
flOd^veard, e, 2, f., a flood-guar-
dian.
flodweg, es, 1, m., a flood-icay,
sea.
flota, an, 4, m., a shijj., sailor.
flys (flebs), es, 1, n., fleece, cloth-
ing.
folc, es, 1, n., folk, people.
folccuff, adv., p)opidar, celebrated.,
tvell known.
folcgesia', es, 1, m., a prince,
ruler of the people.
folcgetsel, e, 2, f., the people.,
multitude.
folcmaegen, es, 1, n., the people's
force, thep)eople.
folcrilit, es, 1, n., folk-right, com-
mon X)rivilcge.
folcsweot, es, 1, m., a multitude,
host.
folctsel, e, 2, f., a folk-list, gene-
alogy.
folctoga, an, 4, m.. a folk-leader.
folde, an, 4, f., afield, the earth.
folni(e), es, 1, m., an, 4, f., a
hand.
for, prep., /or, before. G. faur.
foran, adv., before, only.
forbaernan, de, ed (G), to burn
up, consume.
forbrecan, breec, brecen (1), to
destroy, break.
forbyrnan, barn, burnen (1), to
burn, consume.
tor's, adv., forth, thence.
forS'gang, es, 1, m., a journey,
progress.
for'3'Iier(g)e, es, 1, m., the van cf
an army.
for^fon, conj.,/o?', therefore.
fori5'\veg, es, 1, m., a journey,
oniaard way.
foregenga, an, 4, m., a herald,
forerunner.
foregengend, es, 1, m., a fore-
runner.
foremihtig, adj., preptotent.
foreweall, es, 1, m., a foreicall,
rampart.
foreweard, fyrra, adj.. /ore.
forfon, feng, fangen (o), to seize,
arrest.
forgitan, geat (gaet), geten (1),
to forget, neglect.
forgifan, geaf, gifen ( 1 ) , to for-
give., give.
forgyldan, geald, golden (1), to
pay, reward.
forhabban, hsefde, ed (6), to re-
strain, hold, deny.
forht, adj., timid, fearful.
forhtian, ede, ed (G), to fear, be
alarmed.
forl(a)etan, let, l(a)eten (5), to
permit, forsake.
forma (fruma), num, adj., super,
of foreweard, first, foremost.
forniman, nam, numen (1), to
deprive, take aivay.
forscufan, scelif, scofen (3), to
ptut aside, cast down.
forst, es, 1, m.., frost. G. fi'ius.
forstandan, stod, standen (4), to
withstand, protect, preside, 'U)i-
derstand.
fracoS", adj., vile, infamous.
frajt(w)u, e, 2, f., ornament, treas-
ure.
fre'a, an, 4, m., a lord, master
(prse). G. frauja.
fre'agle'aw, adj., imident, very
skilful.
fr(o)a.sian, de (G), to question,
tempt.
96
GLOSSARY.
frecne, adv., boldly ^ fiercely ; adj.,
hold.
fremian, ede, ed (G), to prosjoer,
projnote.
fremnian, de, ed (G), to do, make,
2)erpctrate.
freb (indec), f., a mder, mistress,
woman (frebs).
fre'bbearn, es, 1, n., noble chil-
dren^ free-born.
freobrOsafor, or (irreg.), m., an
own brother.
frco3'u(o), e, 2, f.,2)eace, blessing,
liberty.
freo9'ow8er, e, 2, f., a covenant,
promise.
freoh, adj., free (fri). G. freis.
freoin, adj., firm, strong.
freomaeg, es, 1, m., a kinsman,
relation.
fretan, fra^t, freten (1), to eat,
break. G. fra-itan.
friiar, es, 1, m., n., jieace, favor,
protection.
fri (g) nan, fraeg, fru(g)nen (1),
to ask, learn by asking.
fr6d, adj., wise, pi'itdent, old.
frofer, e, 2, f., solace, comfort.
from, adj., firm, good, bold.
fruma(o), au, 4, m., a beginning,
origin (on fruman, at first).
frumbearn, es, 1, n., first-born.
frumcne'b-\v, es, 1, n., a progejii-
tor, race.
fru(o)mcyn, es, 1, n., tJie origin
of men, offspnng.
fnimgar, es, 1, ni., a patriarch,
chieftain.
frumsceaft, e, 2, f., fii'st crea-
tion, a beginning.
frmnslajp, es, 1, m., a first sleep.
fruinspraec, e, 2, f., a first saying,
promise.
frynilS', es, 1, m., a beginning.
fug(e)l, es, 1, m., a fowl, bird.
ful, adj.,/owZ. G. fuls.
ful(l), adj., full, perfect. G. fulls.
furgfor, adv., forth, comp. of fori'.
fus, adj., ready, quick.
fyll, e, 2, f., es, 1, m., ruin,
slaughter, fall.
fyllan, de, ed (G), to finish, fulfil.
fyr, es, 1, w., fire.
fyrd, e, 2, f., an army, expedition.
fyrdgetrum, es, 1, n., a martial
band, host.
fyrdle'bS', es, 1, n., a icar song.
fyrdwic, es, 1, n., a camp, army
station.
fyreu, adj., fiery.
fjTendaed, e, 2, f., an evil deed,
sin.
fyrmest : see forew'eard.
fyrndasg, es, 1, m., yore, olden
time, days of yore.
fyrst, e, 2, f., « space, delay.
fyrstinearc, e, 2, f., a s'pace,
period.
G.
gad (gaed), es, 1, n., vmnt, need.
giedeling, es, 1, ni., a comrade,
associate.
gters : see grtes.
galen, gol, galen (4), to sing.
gani(e)ol, adj., old, hoary.
gan (gegan), e'bde, gegan
(irreg.), to go, to go through,
practise.
gang, es, 1, ra., « way, journey,
march.
gangan, geng, (ge'bng) (5)
(irreg.), to go.
gar, es, 1, m., a spear, javelin.
garbe'am, es, 1, m., a spear-beam,
sv'ord-handle.
garberend, es, 1, in., a spear-
bearing one, warrior.
GLOSSARY.
97
ga.rfaru, e, 2, f., a martial
way.
garheiif, es, 1, ui., an army band,
army.
garseeg, es, 1, m., the sea^ ocean.
gavwadu, a, 3, m.', spear-iGood, a
spear, beam.
ga(e)st, es, 1, m., a ghost, spirit.
ge : see ]?u, ye. G. jus, izwis.
gcallimOd, adj., sad-minded,
gloomy.
geare (gere), adv., well.
gearu (gear we), adj., adv., ready
(gearo).
gebsedan, de, ed (G), to persuade,
compel.
gebe'bdan, be'ad, boden (3), to
order, enjoin.
gebeorgan, bearli, borgen (1),
to save, defend.
gebidan, bad, biden (2), to abide,
await.
gebindan, band, bunden (1), to
bind.
geblendan, bland, blonden (1),
to mix, corrupt. G. bluudaii.
gebletsig(i)an, ode, od (G), to
bless.
gebycgan, bohte, boht (6), to
buy, secure.
gece^osan, ceas, coren (3), to
choose, select.
gecwelffan, cwaeaf, cweden (1),
to say, declare.
gecySfan, Sfde, ed (G), to make
known, manifest, tell.
gecynde, adj., natural, genial.
gedselan, de, ed (6), to divide,
distribute.
gedeman, de, ed (6), to judge,
decree.
gedSn, di(y)de, dOn (G) (irreg.),
to do, act.
gedrencan, te, ed (6), to sub-
merge, drown.
gedre^osan, dreas, droren (3), to
fall together, to rush, overthroio.
gedriht, e, 2, f., a host, company.
gedrym(e) (gedreme), adj., joy-
ous, cheerful.
gedwola, an, 4, m., an error, de-
ceit; one in error.
geeglan, de, ed (G), to injure,
afflict.
gefaran, for, faren (4), to pro-
ceed, depart.
gefeallan, feol, feallen (5), to
fall, deluge.
gefeon (feohan), feah, fegen (1),
to rejoice, exult.
geferan, de, ed (G), to go, journey.
gefeterian. Ode, od (6), to fetter,
bind.
gefihan, feah, fehen (1), to re-
joice, be glad.
geflyman, de, ed (G), to banish,
expel.
gefraege, es, 1, n., an inquiry,
asking.
gefraege, adj., knoivn, famous,
notorious.
gefrecnian. Ode, od (G), to cor-
rupt, make evil.
gefremman, de, ed (G), to do,
icork.
gefri(g)nan, fra(eg)(n), fru(g)-
nen ( 1 ) , to ask, learn by asking.
gefyllan, de, ed (G), to fell, cut
down.
gefyllan, de, ed (G), io accomplish,
fulfil.
gefysan, de, ed (6), to hasten.
gegledan, de, ed (G), to kindle,
lighten.
gegnunga, adv., immediately.
gegrind, es, 1, n., a crash, grinding.
gehatan, liet, liaten (5), to
promise, vow.
gehealdan, he'bld, healden (5),
to hold, possess. G. haldan.
98
GLOSSARY.
gehladan, hlGd, hla(e)den (4),
to load, heap, burden.
ge{h)nipan, (h)nap, (h)iiipen
(2), (o arise as a chmd, to cloud.
gelnva, es, adj. pro., whoever,
each one, every.
gehweorfan, liAvcarf, hworfen
(1), to turn, change, return.
gehwilc, adj. pro., each, every.
gehy(c)gan, de, ed (6), to con-
sider, devise.
gehygd, es, 1, m., e, 2, f., thought,
mind, reflection.
gehyld, es, 1, n., guardianshi}'),
custody.
gehyran, de (6), to hear, obey.
gelad, es, 1, m., a way, course.
gelaa", adj., hostile.
gelaed(d)an (geledan), de, ed (6),
to lead, bring.
gelfestan, te, ed (6), to do, per-
form.
geleafa, an, 4, m., faith, assent.
gelic, adj., like, similar. G.
iraleiks.
gelimpan, lamp, lumpen (1), to
happen, befall.
gelyfan, de, ed (6), to concede,
grant, believe.
gemaene, adj., common, geufral.
gemfettan, te, ed (od) (G), to
dream.
gemet, adj., meet, fit.
gemengan, de, ed (6), to mingle,
defile, confuse.
gemunan, de (0), to remember.
gemynd, es, 1, n., e, 2, f., thought,
mmd, consideration.
geinyn(lg(i)an, de, ed (G), to he
mindful, rcinemher.
geinyiidig, adj., mindful.
gciiiyntan, te, ed (G), to resolve,-
purpose.
gena'gan, do, ed (G), to assail,
ufitict, subdue.
genapan, ne'bp, napen (')), to
overichelm, destroy.
geneicTian, de, ed (Cy), to venture,
dare, press.
gneerian, ede, ed (G), to save,
i^reserve.
gengan, de (G), to go.
geng (geong), adj., young.
geniman, nam, numen (1), to
take, obtain.
gennvian, ode, od (G), to revive,
renew.
genj^dan, de (6), to compel, force.
geoc, e, 2, f., aid, comfort.
geoeian. Ode, od (G), to save,
help, stre?igthen.
ge'bcor, Ost, adj., sad, painfid.
ge'ocre, adv., severely.
geofon, es, 1, n., the sea, deep.
ge'bgulS', e, 2, f., youth. G.
juuda.
gebmra, adj., grim, sad.
geondc prep., adv., beyond,
through, among.
geondsawan, seow, s^wen (5),
to scatter, sow abroad.
georn, adj., willing, a)ixious, zeal-
ous.
georne, adv., willingly, earnestly.
georulice, adv., zealously.
gera^du, e, 2, f., trappings, har-
ness.
gerec(e)mian, ode, od (G), to ex-
plain, reckon.
gerefa, an, 4, m., a companioti,
associate.
gcregnian, 6de (G), to arrange,
set in order.
geriman, de, ed (G), to count,
compute.
gcri(y)sne, adj., p)roper, con-
venient; es, 1, n., convenience,
propriety.
gorum, adj., great, .^ipacioiis.
Gerusalem, f. (irrcg.), Jerusalem.
GLOSSAKY.
^
geryman, de, ed [(S),to enlarge;
open, lay icaste.
gerj'ue, es, 1, n., a mystery, decree.
gesaelan, de, ed (6), to bind.
gesainiiian, ode, od (G), to gather,
assemble.
gesceadan, sce'bd, scaden (5), to
divide, separate.
gesceaiafan, sce'bd, sceasafen (5),
to injure, overivhelm.
gesceaft, e, 2, f., a decree.
gesceon, ode (G), to appoint, be-
fall.
gescrifan, scraf, serif en (2), to
impose, prescribe.
gescy(i)daii, de, ed (G), to shield,
protect.
gescyldau, de, ed (6), to shield,
guard.
geseegan, saegde, saegd (G), to
declare. edcp)lain, confess.
geseOfan, de, ed (6), to affirm,
verify.
gesettan, te, t (G), to set, settle,
place.
gese'bn (seohan), seah, se^veIl
(1), to see, observe.
gesiS*, es, 1, m., a companion,
associate.
gesigefsest, adj., triumphant, vic-
torious.
gesi(y)ne, adj., manifest, visible.
gesittan, sset, seten (1), to sit,
dwell.
geslean, sloli(g), slegen (4), to
strike, slay, kill.
gespannan, spen (e'en), spannen
(5), to join, span.
gestandan, stOd, standen (4), to
stand. G. gastaiidan.
gestepan, te (G), to raise, erect.
gestigan, stall, stigeii (2), to rise,
ascend.
gestillan, de, ed (G), to stay, re-
strain.
9
• ^-J^
gestre'bn, es, : 1, n., gain',Hre(M-
ure. ■; f ■'.
gestrudan, stre'kd, stroden (3), J^
to plunder, ravage
geswelgan, s\vealh(g), swolgea ,
(1), to sivallcnc, devour.
gesweorcan, swearc, sworcen
(3), to darken, obscure.
ges-weSCan, de, ed (G), to confirm,
strengthen.
gesy(i)h9', e, 2, f., a sight, view.
gesyllan, sealde, seald (G), to
give, deliver.
gesynt(o), e, 2, f., fruit, pros-
perity.
getellan, tealde, teald (G), to
count, 7iumber.
getenge, adj., heavy, oppressive.
gete'bn, te'ali(g), togen (3), to
draw, educate.
gete'bii, de (G), to design, appoint^
frame.
gej^anc, es, 1, m., n., mind,
thought.
ge)?encaii, J^olite, J^olit (G), to
think, devise.
ge)?e'bn, }>ah,^]jogen (2), to thrive,
floujish.
gej^ing, es, 1, n., a council, as-
sembly.
ge]?oht, es, 1, m., a thought, re-
solve. G. Jjiihtus.
getitTian, ode, od (ad) (G), to
grant, perform.
getinibrian, ode, od (G), to build,
erect. G. gatimrjan.
getwaefan, de, ed (G), to divide^
divert, distract.
gewadan, wod, w^aden (4), to
icade through, pervade.
ge-n^eale, es, 1, n., a rolling, an
attack.
ge weald, e, 2, f., power, rule.
geweaxan, \v(e)Ox, weaxen (4),
to grow.) increase. G. wahsjau.
100
GLOSSARY.
geweniman, de, ed (6), to stain,
defile.
goweorljan, weara", ivorden ( 1 ) ,
to happen, oecnr.
geweorafiau. Ode, od (G) to honor,
adorn.
gcwinda'g, es, 1, m., a day of
sorrov, humiliation.
ge^Adndan, wand, wunden (1),
to icind about, circle, enrol.
gewita, an, 4, m., a sage, witness,
comrade.
ge^vitan, -wat, ^vitcn (2), to de-
jKU't, die.
ge'\\-it(t), es, 1, n., mind, knoid-
edge, skill.
gcwrit, es, 1, ii., « icriting. Scrip-
ture.
ge-\vun, adj., wont, accustomed.
ge\vu(y)r3'ian, ode, od (G), to
adorn, magnify.
geu^yrcan, Avorlite, Avorlit (G),
to v:ork, effect.
ge^vyrIlt, es, 1, u., a deed, desert.
ge-vvyrhto (iudec), deserts, merits.
gif, conj., if, though. G. ibai.
gifan, geaf (gajf), gifen (1), to
give, hestoic.
gifu, e, 2, f., a gift, favor.
gihlclfu (gehl^u), e, 2, f., spirit,
mind, anxiety.
gi(y)ld, es, 1, n., a p>ayment, offer-
ing, idol.
gi(y)lp, es, 1, m., glory, boasting.
gilpan, gealp, golpen (1), to
boast, vaunt.
gin, es, 1, n., an expanse, opening.
ginfaist, adj., ample, vast.
ging, ra, ost, adj., young. G.
glade, adv., gladly, vnllingly.
glade, es, 1, m., a fall, setting (of
tlie ,snn).
gUed, adj., glad. G. Idas.
glaedniod, adj., glad, glad-minded.
gleliw, adj., ^n.9e, skilfid, clever.
gleawmOd, adj ., prudent, prudent-
minded.
glOd, e, 2, i., a coal, fire.
gnome, adj., sad, mournful.
god, adj., good. G. gods.
god, es, 1, m., God (pi., m., n.,
idols, gods). G. Gu^a.
godsaed, es, 1, ii., a godly race,
seed.
godspellian. Ode, od (G), to gos-
]}el, preach.
gold, es, 1, 11., gold. G. giilh.
goldfaet, es, 1, n., a gold vessel,
costly vessel.
goldhord (heord), es, 1, m., a
treasure, treasury.
goldAveb, es, 1, n., purple, tap-
estry.
gra^dig, adj., greedy. G. gredags.
graes, es, 1, n., grass. G. gras.
gr(a)etan, gret, gr(a)eten (5), to
weep, lament.
gra(o)m, adj., fierce, angry.
granilice, adv., fiercely.
gren, adj., green.
gretan, te, ed (G), to greet, ap-
proach.
grim, adj., severe.
grinilielm, es, 1, m,, a grim visor,
masked helmet.
griinine, adv., sternly.
grindan, grand, grunden (1), to
grind, crush.
grome, adv., fiercely.
grand, es, 1, m., ground, earth.
G. grundus.
grymetan. Ode, od (G), to clash.,
raze.
gryre, es, 1, m., re dread, terror.
gua", e, 2, f, battle, war. Used as
a prefix.
guffeyst, e, 2, i., a war tribe.
guiaCf rem mend, es, 1, ra., a war-
worker, loarrior.
GLOSSARY.
101
guSP-niyrc (mearc), e, 2, f., a
hostile frontier.
GuS'myrce, pi., the Ethiopians.
guiJJ^reat, es, 1, m., a loar-host,
host.
guS'weard, es, 1, m., a war-guard,
protector.
guma, an, 4, m., a groom, man
(gymaD).
gunirice, es, 1, n., « realm, high
Idngdom. gum, as a prefix, de-
uotes excellence.
gy(i)ddig(e)an, ede, ed (6), to he
giddy, dazzled, troubled.
gyldan, geald, golden ( 1 ), to pay,
requite, sacrifice.
gylden, adj., golden. G. gulj>eins.
gyllan, ede (6), to roar, yell, cry.
gylpplega, an, 4, m., a boastful
l^lay, conflict, battle.
gyman, de {(i),to regard, observe,
protect.
gyrdwite, es, 1, n., a rod of pun-
ishment, a rod.
gystsel(e), es, 1, m., e, 2, f., a
guest-Jiall.
gyt, coDJ., ijet.
H.
habban, haefde, ed(d), irreg., to
have, reckon. G. liaban.
h^d, es, 1, m., form, condition,
habit. (Eng. liood.)
haeS", e, 2, f., a heath. G. liaij?i.
liaeS'en, adj., heathen, pagan.
haeSFen, es, 1, m., a pagan, hea-
then.
haeafencyning, es, 1, m., a pagan
king.
hseS'engyld, es, l,\i.,an idol, hea-
tJten image.
haeft, es, 1, n., a haft, handle,
captivity ; es, 1, m., a captive.
baegsteald (heahsteald), es, 1,
m., one of high degree, a bache-
lor, leader.
liaelear, es, 1, m., a hero, man.
haes, e, 2, f., « command, behest.
G. haiti.
liaeto (indec), f., heat.
Iiaetu, e, 2, f., heat.
haewen, adj., blue, azure.
lial, adj., hale, safe, healthy. G.
hails.
ha(e)lig, adj., holy.
halswurS'ung, e, 2, f., supplica-
tion, entreaty.
ham, es, 1, m., a home, home.
G. haims.
hamsittend, adj., home- sitting ,
abiding.
hand, a(e), 3, f., a hand. G.
handus.
handlelin, es, 1, n., a reward, re-
compiense.
handplega, an, 4, m., hand-play,
encounter.
handrGf, adj., famed of hccnd,
famous.
har, adj., hoary, gray.
hAso, adj., livid, rough.
htit, adj., hot.
hat, es, 1, m., n., heat.
hat = geliat, 1, n., a promise.
ha tan, het (heht), haten (5), to
command; pass., hatte, called,
named.
hat%vende, adj., heated, torrid.
he, pro., he. Used also indefi-
nitely, they.
heaiJorinc, es, 1, m., a icar-man,
hero.
hea^'oAvylm, es, 1, ra., a battle-
wave, deadly feud.
heaf, es, 1, m., a wailing, mourn-
ing.
hea(h), hyrra, hyhst (heahst),
adj., high. G. haulis.
102
GLOSSARY
lieahcynin<?, es, 1, m., a hi(jh
kin<j, lord.
hcahfaHler, cs, 1, ni. (also indec),
a hifjJi father, patriarch.
heahheort, adj., proud, high-
minded.
heahla(o)nd, cs, 1, n., a high
land.
heiihst : see helih.
heahtreb>v, e, 2, f., a high com-
X)act, solemn league.
heahj>cgnuug, e, 2, f., high ser-
vice, duty.
heahj^ungeii, adj., noble, high-
born.
hcaldan, liebld, healden (5), to
hold, observe.
healf, e, 2, f., a half, side, part.
G. halba.
heall, e, 2, f., a hall, house.
heap, es, 1, m., a heap, troop,
pihalanx.
heard, adj., hard, severe, bold.
G. hardus.
heard e, adv., dearly, severely.
hearg, e, 2, f., an idol.
he(a)rh(g), es, 1, m., an idol,
altar, grove, heathen temple.
hearin, es, 1, m., harm, hurt.
he(a)rra, an, 4, m., a lord, master.
heaseld, es, 1, n., a high seat,
throne.
hebban, hOf, hafen (4), to heave,
raise, exalt.
Ilebreos: see Ebreos.
hedan, de (G), to heed, regard.
hehjjcgen, es, 1, ra., a chief ser-
vant, attendant.
hell, e, 2, f., hell, the grave. G.
liulja.
helm, cs, 1, m., a cover, helmet,
chieftain.
help, e, 2, f., help, aid.
hclpan, hcalp, holpeii (1), to
help, assist. G. liilpan.
helpcnd, cs, 1, m., a helper.
hcofon, es, 1, m., heofone, an,
4, f., heaven. G. himius.
heofon (irreg.), e, 2, f., lamenta-
tion, mourning.
heofonbeacen, cs, 1, n., a heaven-
ly sign, beacon.
hcofonbeorht, adj., heaven-bright,
glorious.
Iicofoucandel, es, l,ii., a heaven-
ly light, the sun.
heofoncol, cs, 1, n., a heavenly
coal, heat of the sun.
heofoncyniug-, es, 1, m., heaven's
King.
he(o)fonfugo(e)l, es, 1, m., the
foivl of heaven.
heofonheah, adj., lofty, heaven-
high.
lieofonrice, es, 1, n., a heavenly
kingdom, kingdom of heaven.
lieofonsteorra, an, 4, m., a star
(f heaven.
heofontungel, es, 1, m., n., a star
of heaven, the sun.
heold, e, 2, f., a lair, cave, hold.
lieolfer, es, 1, n., gore, blood.
heolsto(c)r, es, 1, u., a cavern,
darkness.
heonan, adv., hence.
heorofgeS'in, es, 1, m., a icarlike
grasp, arms.
heor(o)t, es, 1, in., a hart, stag.
heoro^vulf, cs, 1, m., an army-
wolf, a warrior.
heorte, an, 4, f., the heart. G.
liairto.
heoriigrlm, adj., sword-cruel,
savage.
heran (hergan), dc, ed (G), to
praise, honor.
here, (g)es, 1, m., a;i aj'my, a
host. G. liarjis.
hcrcbleaiS', adj., army-fearful,
panic-stricken.
GLOSSARY
103
herebjTne, an, 4, f., a vmr-trum-
pet,
herecist, e, 2, f., a choice host,
icarlike hand.
herefugol, es, 1, m., a icar-foicl,
raven.
herepaS" (pseS'), es, 1, m., u., an
army-path, military way.
herereaf, es, 1, ii., spoil, army-
clothing.
herestraet, e, 2, f., an army-icay,
a road.
heretj'iua, an, 4, m., leader of a
host, a leader.
herepreat, es, 1, m., a com.pany,
army, formidable post.
herewisa, an, 4, m., an army-
leader, commander.
herewOp, es, 1, m., an army-cry.
here-w6sa, an, 4, m., a hostile
band.
her(g)e, es, 1, m., an army, expe-
dition (herige).
heri(ge)an, ede, ed (6), to praise,
laud.
hete, es, 1, m., hate, envy.
hettan, te (6), to drive, pursue.
hettend, es, 1, m., a pursuer, an
enemy.
Hierusaleni, e, f., Jerusalem.
hi(y)g'ecraeft, es, 1, m., e, 2, f.,
mental skill, power of thought.
lii(y)geJ>ancol, adj., mindful,
thoughtful.
hiht, e, 2, f., hope.
hild, e, 2. f., a battle, war. Used
as a prefix.
M(y)ld, es, \,n\., protection, favor.
hildecalla, an, 4, m., a man of
war, a hero.
hildespell, es, 1, n., a icar-speech,
harangue.
hindan, ^(\.\.,from behind.
hleahtorsmid', es, 1, ra., a laugh-
ter-smith, a laugher.
hlenca, an, 4, rn., e, an, 4, f., a
chain.
hleo(^v), es, 1, m., a shade., pro-
tection.
hle'bd'or, es, 1, m., a sound, voice,
revelation.
hleb3'orcw^y(i)de, es, 1, m., a
revelation, prophecy.
hle'ba'rian. Ode, od (6), to sound,
sing, prophesy.
hlifian, ode, od (6), to raise, rise,
tower.
hlud, adj., loud.
hlu(t)tor, adj., clear, bright.
lily(i)gan, hlali(g), liligen (2), to
call upon, summon.
hlyp, es, 1, m., a leap, pimp.
hlyst, e, 2, f., a listening, hear-
ing.
hnigan, hnah(g), hnigen (2), to
bow, boiD down, incline.
liogian, ode, od (G), to think,
study.
hold, adj., true, kind, friendly.
G. builds.
Iiolm, es, 1, m., a sea, an abyss.
holmeg, adj., wet, stormy.
liolniAveall, es, 1, m., a sea-vxtll,
dike.
holt, es, 1, u., a grove, \cood.
hordmaegen, es, 1 , u. , « treasure-
house.
hordweard, es, 1, m., a treasure-
ivard, guardian of treasure.
horn, es, 1, m., a horn, trumpet.
G. liaurn.
horse, adj., icise, prudent.
hraS'e, adv., quickly.
hraefn, es, 1, m.. a raven, the
Danish standard.
hraegl, es, 1, ra., clothing, a gar-
ment.
hraew (hreaAv), es, 1, m., a car-
cass.
hream, es, 1, m., a din, noise.
104
GLOSSARY.
hreddan, de, cd (0), to rescue,
deliver.
hvC^tfy adj., stern, savage.
hreiffaii, dc (G), to excite, cheer.
hrotTer, es, 1, m., the mind,
breast.
hreUergleaw, adj., prudent, saga-
cious.
]irein(in)an, de, ed {(S),to hinder,
disquiet.
hreblimod, adj., fierce, fierce-
minded; es, 1, n., fierceness.
hrepan (hrOpan), lir(e)op, hre-
pen (5), to call, scream.
hrof, es, 1, m., a roof, top.
hruse, an, 4, f., a rock, hill.
hryre, es, 1, m., ?'MZ?i, a falling.
hu, adv., how. G. hwaiwa.
huiaf, e, 2, f., pi^ey, spoil, booty.
huslfaet, es, 1, u., a vessel of sac-
rifice (housel).
hwa, interrog. pro., who; also
as a relative. G. liwas.
hwae3'(e)re, coiij., yet, whether.
hAva?l, es, 1 , m., a ichale.
(hjwael, es, 1, n., slaughter.
hwjel, es, 1, m., a wheel, circuit.
hwaet, interj., lo ! behold!
hwe^op (wop), es, 1, in., a whoop,
cry.
hw(y)(v)eorfan, hwearf, hwor-
fen (1), to turn, change, pass.
hwil, e, 2, f., a while., time.
hwi(y)Ic, adj. pro., which, of
v^hat kind. G. hwi-leiks.
hwile, an, 4, f., a ichile., period.
G. hweila.
h\vTluni(on), adv., once, some-
tiuie., a while.
hwit, adj., white, G. hweits.
hwonne, adv., v^hen.
h wo pan, hweop, Iiwepen {o),t(t
cry, call, threaten,
hwyrft, es, 1, m., a space^ cir-
cuit.
hycgan (hogian), Ode, od (G), to
think, meditate.
hygc (hige), es, 1, in., mind,
thought, anxiety.
hyl(l), es, 1, m., a hill, mountain.
liyld(o), e, 2, f., love, favor.
liynUu, e, 2, f ., injury, insult, dis-
grace; hynffo, iudec.
liyran, de, ed (G), to hear, obey.
hyrde, es, 1, m., a guardian.
hyse(hyss), es, 1, m., a youth,
male.
I (J).
lacob (Jacob), es, m., Jacob.
ic, pro., /.
ican : see yean.
in, prep., in, into.
inca for inccr : see J>u, your, of
you. G. ig'sjkwar.
inca, an, 4, m., doubt.
inca-J>eod, e, 2, f., folk-unity,
union. Used adverbially, in
union.
ing (geong), adj., young.
in-gefolc, es, 1, n., j^eopZe, in-
habitants.
ingenien, adv., in common.
ingere, adv., formerly.
inge]>anc, es, 1, m., inward
thought, thought.-
in-gejje'bd, e, 2, f., people, nation.
inlende, adj., inland, domestic.
innan, prep., in, within.
Joseph, es, m., Joseph.
Isaac, es, m., Isaac.
isen (ircu), es, 1, n., iron. G.
eisarn.
isernhcr(g)e, es, 1, m., u., an
iron host.
Isra(h)el, es, m., Israel.
Judas, as (irreg. ), Judah.
Judeas, a, m. (pi.), the Jeu's.
GLOSSAEY.
105
ludisc (Judisc), adj., Judaish,
of the tribe of Judah.
iu-gere (geara), adv., formerly.
Ij.
lacan, lee, la{e)cen (5), to play ^
wave, sacrifice.
laS", adj., hateful, evil, troublesome.
laS", es, 1, n., evil, harm, enmity.
laS'searo, es, 1, n., a hateful de-
vice, weapon.
Iit3'si3' (ladsia"), es, 1, m., a dire
journey.
laedan, de, ed (6), to lead, guide.
G. galeiban.
Isene, adj.,/ra«7, slender.
leerig, es, 1, m., a rim of a shield,
a shield.
Isestan, te (6), to follow, observe,
execute.
Isetan (letan), let, laeten (5), to
let, permit.
lagu, a, 3, f., imter.
laguland, es, 1, ii., water-deluged
land.
lagu(o)streaTn, es, 1, m., a stream,
water-stream.
land, es, 1, n., land. G. land.
landgesceaft, e, 2, f ., a creation,
people.
landman, es, 1, m., a landman,
native.
landriht, es, 1, n., a land-right,
common right.
laf, e, 2, f., a remnant.
lang, leng(ra), adj., long. G.
laggs.
lange, adv., long, a long time.
langsum, adj., lasting, longsome,
slov.T.
langung, e, 2, f ., a longing, desire.
lar, e, 2, f,, lore, learning, com-
mand.
last, es, 1, m., a trace, footstep.
lastweard, es, 1, m., rt successor ;
adv., toicard the last.
latOJe^ow, es, 1, m., a guide,
leader.
lelin, es, 1, u., a reicard, price.
le'as, adj., less, wanting. G.
laus.
lengian, de, ed (G), to prolong,
slight.
le^od, es, 1, m., a ruler, prince of
the peo2)le.
lebd, e, 2, f., the people.
le^odfruma, an, 4, in., a patri-
arch, leader.
le^odhata, an, 4, m., a tyrant,
hater of the people.
le'bdmsegen, es, 1, n., the people's
force, valor.
le'bdscearu, e, 2,f, a region, na-
tion.
le^odscipe, es, 1, m., ap)eople, na-
tion.
lebdweard, es, 1, m., « guardian
of men, leader.
le'odw^erc (weras), nom. pL, the
people.
le^odwerod, es, 1, n., a host, a
nation.
le^of, adj., dear, beloved.
le^ofan, le'af, lofen (3), to choose,
enjoy, prefer.
le'ogan, leali(g), logen (3), to de-
ceive, lie, betray.
leoht, es, 1, n., light. G. liuliap.
leoht, adj., light, clear.
leolitfruma, an, 4, m., source of
light, God.
leoma, an, 4, m., a ray, beam of
light.
leon, es, 1, m., f. (irreg.), (leo,
on), a lion.
leornlan(igan), Ode, od {6), to
learn, acquire.
lie, es, 1, n.. a body, form.
106
GLOSSARY.
lio«jran, Ifes, logon (1), to Uo
dovil (to (lie).
licwund, 0, 2, f., a body-ivound,
no re.
lif, es, ] , 11., life. G. libains.
lifdapg, es, 1, in., life's day, a life-
time.
liffrea, ao, 4, m., lord of life, a
master.
liffruina, an, 4, m., author of life,
Lord.
lifi(g)an, leofOde (lyfode) {Q), to
live (lifg(c)an).
lifigend, part, adj., living.
lif(t)-\veg, es, 1, m., a life-way,
icay of life.
lig(g), es, 1, u., a flame, fire.
lige, es, 1, m.,
liget, es, 1, u., lightening, aflame,
fire.
ITgfyr, es, 1, ii., a fire-flame, fire.
liud, e, 2, f., a shield, linden.
linde, an, 4, f.,
linnan, Ian, lunncn ( 1 ) , to cease,
part from.
liss, e, 2, f., grace, favor.
lixan, te (G), to shine, glitter.
loce, es, 1, m., a lock of hair,
hair.
looian, ode, od (6), to look, see.
lOf, es, 1, m., u., jyraise.
lofian, ode, od (G), to laud,
praise.
lufe, an, 4, f., love, favor. G.
lubo.
lufen, e, 2, f., love, desire, expec-
tation.
lufian. Ode, od (G), to love., cher-
ish.
lust, es, 1, in., desire, delight. G.
lustus.
ly(i)bbau, lifde (G), to live.
lyft, e, 2, f., air, cloud.
lyft-edor, es, 1, m., aerial dwel-
lings.
lyfthelm, es, 1, m., an air-cover,
cloud.
Ijiftlaeend, part, adj., sporting in
air.
lyftwundor, es, 1, n., an air-won-
der, miracle.
ly(i)geword, es, 1, u., a false
word, falsehood.
ly(i)gnian, ede, ed (6), to deny,
falsify.
ly(i)litan, te (6), to shine, dawn.
lyst, e, 2, f., desire, love.
lyt, es, 1, n., a little.
lyt, adv., little. G. leitils.
lyt(e)l, iium. adj., little.
M.
ma. See micel. G. mais.
mad (a") in, es, 1, m., treasure, a
gift; vessel.
ma3'(w)mhord, es, 1, n., treas-
ure.
macg, es, 1, m., a son, youth.
mseg, es, 1, m., a kinsman.
msegburh, e(ge), 2, f., kinsfolk,
family.
ma^gen, es, 1, n., force, power.
maegenscipe, es, 1, m., supremacy.
maigenrof, adj., renowned in
might, mighty.
miegenj>reat, es, 1, m., « mighty
hand, army.
miegen]>ryin, es, 1, m., poicer,
dignity.
maegonwisa, an, 4, m., a great
leader, chieftain.
ma?gwine, es, 1, m., a kinsman,
friend.
uuel, es, 1, n., a meal, repast. G.
niel.
mail-mete, es, 1, m., food, meal-
meat.
m(a)ere, adj., great, more (mere).
GLOSSARY.
107
maere-torht, adj., very bright,
dehr-shining.
in£est-rap, es, 1, ra., a mast-rope.
maetan, te, od (6), to dream.
luaete, adj. (ra, ost), even, mode-
rate.
maeting, e, 2, f ., a dream, dream-
ing.
maga, an, 4, m., a son, kinsman.
magan, ineabte (mihte) (irreg.),
may, can, to be able.
magoraeswa, an, 4, m., a leader,
kindred chief.
man, cs, 1, m. (irreg.), man. G.
raauDa.
man, es, 1, n., sin, evil.
man, adj., evil, sinful.
manl)ealu(o), wes, 1, m., a sin.,
great evil.
mancyn, es, 1, u., manlcind.
mandream, es, 1, m., sinful joy,
evil.
mandri(y)hten, es, 1, m., a lord,
master.
manhus, es, 1, ii., a house of sin.
ina(o)nig, adj., many a one,
many. G. manags.
manlica, an, 4, ra., a human
image, an image.
manse (e)a3'a, an, 4, m., a wretch,
sinner, robber.
mare : see mieel.
me : see ic.
me'agollice, adv., bravely, pcwer-
fully.
mearc, e, 2, f., a border., mark
(myrce). G. marka.
mearchof, es, 1, u., a field-house,
tent.
mearela(o)nd, es, 1, u., a frontier,
boundary land.
mearcj^reat, es, 1, m., a frontier
host, an army.
mea^c^veard, es, 1, m., a frontier
guai'dian, a guardian.
mear(h)g, es, 1, m., a horse, steed.
mece, es, 1, m., a sword, dagger.
Medas, a, pi., the Medes.
medugal, adj., merry with wine.,
joyous.
meiiyel, es, 1, n., a discourse,
speech, council.
melS'elstede, es, 1, m., a place of
council, a meeting.
meld, e, 2, f., evidence, proof, in-
formation.
meltan, mealt, raolten (1), to
melt, dissolve.
me(aB)n(i)geo, 2, f. (indec), a
multitude (meuio).
menigu, e, 2, f.,
meoring, e, 2, f., a danger., obs-
tacle.
meowle, an, 4, f., a maid, virgin.
mere, adj. : see masre.
meredeaS", es, 1, m., a sea-death,
death.
mereflOd, es, 1, u., a seaflood, sea.
merehwearf, es, 1, m., a sea-
shore.
merestream, es, 1, m., a sea-
stream, sea.
meretor(r), es, 1, m., a sea-toioer.
mersc, es, 1, m., a marsh, fen.
metan, maet, meten (1), to mete,
measure.
mete]>egn, es, 1, m., a meat-thane,
servant.
metian, 6de, od (6), to mete, ap-
point.
metod, es, 1, m., a measurer (of
destinj'), God.
mi(y)cel, adv., much.
mid, prep., with., among. G. mi>.
mid(d), adj., mid, middle.
middangeard, cs, 1, m., the mid-
dle earth, earth.
miht, e, 2, f., might, power. In
pi., miracles.
mihtig, adj., able, mighty.
108
GLOSSARY.
mihtm6d, es, 1, n.^ a violent mind,
spirit.
mild, adj., mild, gentle. G.
milds.
niilpad' (poeU), cs, 1, m., a mile
path., course.
milts, c, 2, f., 2^iiy, mercy.
min, adj. pro., mi?ie.
minsian, Ode, od (G), to lessen,
destroy.
mi(y)rc, es, 1, n., darkness, a
diiiifieon.
Misa(h)el, m., Mishael.
mismicel, adj., less great, smaller,
fev:er.
missere, es, 1, n., a half-year,
season.
mod, es, 1, ii., mind, force.
mOdge)>anc, es, 1, m., n., mind,
thought.
modgian. Ode, od (G), to move
boldly, rage.
mOdhaip, adj., brave, fortunate.
modhe'ap, cs, 1, m., a brave host.
inGdliw'-a(e)t, adj., zealous, cour-
ageous.
mudig, adj., bold, brave.
mOdor, or, 1 (irreg.), f., mother.
mOdwag, es, 1, m., a proud icave.
molde, an, 4, f., dust, earth,
ground.
mOna, an, 4, m., the moon.
mOr, cs, 1, m., a moor, heath,
mountain.
morffor, es, 1, m., murder, death.
morgen, es, 1, m., the morning,
morroio. G. maurgins.
mOrheald, adj., heathy, marshy.
mutan, mOstc (irreg.), must,
ought.
Moyscs, cs, m., Moses.
mutShncly cs, 1, m., a mouth-omen,
wise speech.
murnan, mcarn, inorncn (1), to
iiunirn, lament.
my(i)cel, ma(ma)ra, maest, adj.,
much, many.
myceles, adv., much.
mynd(g)ian, 6de, od (G), to ad-
vise, remind.
myrce : see mearc.
N.
na, adv., not.
Naboc(h)odonossor, m., Nebu-
chadnezzar.
nac(o)ud, adj., naked, bare.
naegan, de, ed (G), to address, ap-
proach.
naeron = ne wseron, loere not.
naes = ne waes, was not.
nagan, nahte (irreg.) (ne, ilgan),
to lack, not to have.
na(I)les (ne, eal(l)), adv., not at
all, not.
nania, an, 4, m., a name.
ne, adv., not; conj., nor.
nea(y)dan, de, ed (6), to force,
urge.
ne(a)h, adv., adj., prep., nigh
(nyra, nyst (near, uelist)).
neaht : sec niht.
nc'ar, adv., adj. : see neah.
nearwe, adv., closely, narrov:jly.
nc'at, es, 1, u., a beast, cattle.
nemnan, dc, ed {(^),to name, call.
nc'bd : see nj^d. G. uaiij?s.
neosan, ode, od (G), to visit, see,
explore.
neowl, adj., low, deep.
nep, cs, 1, 11., a neap-tide,
ncrc, cs, 1, m., a refuge.
nergcnd, cs, 1, m., a preserver,
Lord.
ncri(g)an, ede, ed (0), to save,
])reserve.
uet(t), es, 1, 11., a net, canopy. G.
uati.
GLOSSARY.
109
nW, adj., dire, intense.
nVS, es, 1, m., a man, a mortal.
niiaf, es, 1, m., hate, envy.
iii3'er (nyiS'or), adv., below.
niS'geJ^afa, an, 4, m., a victim,
stifferer.
iiiiShete, es, 1, m., envy, dire
hate.
uiafwracu, e, 2, f., dire exile.,
punishment.
iiied : see nyd.
nigoS'a, num. adj., ninth.
iiiht, e (es), 2, f., night. G. nalits.
nilit-lang, adj., night-long.
iiihtscu(w)a, au, 4, ra., night-
shade, gloom.
nihtweard, es, 1, m., a night-
guard.
nis = ne is, is not.
niwe, adj., new, young. G. niujis.
no (ne, 6), adv., not. G. iii.
IVoe, es, m., Noah.
nor3'an, adv., from the north.
nor3'Aveg, es, 1, m., a north way.
nu, adv., noio. G. nii.
nyd, e, 2, f., need., necessity, force
(neod).
nydboda, an, 4, m., an involun-
tary messenger.
nyde, adv., necessarily.
nydfara, an, 4, m., a fugitive,
exile.
nydgenga, an, 4, m., a forced
V'anderer, exile.
nyllan = ne will an, nolde
(irreg.), to he unwilling.
nymSe (nemafe), conj., except,
unless.
O.
6, adv., amjwhere, everywhere.
SST, adv., until.
offSe, couj., or.
oiS'er, num. adj., another, second.
G. an)?ar.
03'faestan, te, ed (6), to fasten, to
fasten upon.
Oaffaran, for, faren (4), to go
over, pass through.
Oaflaedan, de, ed (G), to lead out,
save, deliver.
oiS'standan, stOd, standen (4), to
perplex, hinder, stay.
o9'J?aet, adv., until that.
OlJ^icgan, ]>eali, J|?igen (1), to
icithdra w.
Od'Jjringan, J>rang, J^rungen (1),
to press, force, force aivay.
of, prep., o/,/rom.
of(e)n, es, 1, m., an oven, a fur-
nace. G. auhns.
ofer, prep., over, above.
oferbraeddan, de, ed (6), to cover,
overspread.
ofercliman, clain(b), clum(b)en.
(1), to overcome, oppress.
ofercuman, com, cumen (1), to
conquer., overcome.
oferfge3'ni(i)an, de, ed (6), to en-
compass, spread over.
oferfaran, f6r, faren (4), to go
over, pass through, overcome.
ofergangan, gengde (6), irreg.,
to go beyond, overcom.e
oferhogian (Iiycgan), ode, od
(6), to despise, contemn.
oferholt, es, 1, u., a shield.
oferhy(g)d, es, 1, Vi\., pride, high-
mindedness.
oferliiaean, laS", liden (2), to sail
over, navigate.
oferinedla, an, 4, m., pride, over-
measure.
oferteldan, teald, tolden (1), to
cover, to throw a tent over.
Of(e)st, e, 2, f., haste, sp>eed ; es,
1, m., u., the quickest.
Cfstum, adv., rapidly, forthwith.
110
GLOSSARY.
oft, adv., oft, often. G. ufta.
Olit, e, 2, f ., fear, persecution.
oht-iiiod, e, 2, f., tribulation.
on, jirep., on, upon, in.
oubriuiian, bran, brunnen (1),
to fire, kindle.
onbugan, beah, bogen (3), to in-
vade, overidielm.
onbyrnau, barn, burnen (1), to
kindle^ inflame.
onc^ve(5'an, cwselS', cweden (1),
to say, speak, declare.
oncjTnan, de, ed (G), to turn,
turn back.
ondraidan, dred, dreden (5), to
fear, dread.
onegan, de (6), to fear.
onettan, te (6), to hasten.
onfindan, fand, fnnden (1), to
find, discover.
onfon, feng, fangcn (5), to re-
ceive., contain.
ongean, prep., adv., against, again.
onginnan, gan, guunen (1), to
begin.
ongitan, geat, giten {l),to know,
p)erceive.
onhaetan, te, ed (6), to heat,
kindle.
onhiegan, hogode, od (G), to re-
flect, consider.
onhnigan, hnah, hnigen (2), to
bow, loorship.
onhreran, dc, ed (G), to move,
rouse.
onh\v(y)oorfan, h%vearf, hworf-
en (1), to turn, change.
onlang, adj., long, continual.
o'.ilihan, lah, ligen (2), to grant,
bestow.
onlihtan, te (G), to enlighten.
onlucan, leae, locen (3), to 7in-
lock, loosen.
onnia'ldan, de, ed (G), to an-
nounce, iitform.
onriht, adj., .;?<.<??, true.
onsacan, sOc, sacen (4), to re-
fuse, deny.
onsailan, de, ed (G), to unbind.
onseon, seali, se^ven (1), to see,
to look upon.
onslupan, sleap, slopen (3), to
glide on.
onstellan, stealde, steald (G), to
appoint, establish.
onsAvellan, swal, s^vol(l)en (1),
to swell. O. E. sweal.
ontre'bwan, de, ed (G), to trust,
confide in.
onjje'bn, )>eah, ]>ogen (3), to en-
gage, 2i7idertake.
onwacan, -ivOc, Avacen (4), to
avKike, arise.
on-\vist, e, 2, f., a station,
abode.
open, adj., opeji.
or, es, 1, n., a beginning , van (of
an army).
ord, es, 1, m., a beginning, au-
thor.
ordfriima, an, 4, m., a chief, head,
author.
orffancum, adv., skilfully.
orettan, te (G), to contend for, to
fight.
orla(e)g, es, 1, ii., death, fate.
orlege, es, 1, m., icar, strife.
orloge, adj., /aiaZ, hostile.
ortrywe (tre'bwe), adj., distrust-
ful, despondent.
orwen, adj., hopeless. M. 253.
otor, adv., over, beyond, beside.
owiht, e, 2, f., naught.
P.
paS" (paiiy), es, 1, m., a path.
Pers(e)as, a (pi.), the Persians.
GLOSSARY.
Ill
R.
Tsedf es, 1, m., counsel^ opinion,
advantage.
raedan, de, ed (fi), to read, rule,
interpret.
rsedfsest, adj., firm in counsel,
steadfast.
raedleas, adj., rash, headstrong.
raeran, de, ed (G), to rear, raise.
rses, es, 1, m., a rush, course.
rsest, e, 2, f., rest, sleep (no pi.).
^aes^va, an, 4, m., a chief, leader.
rand, es, 1, m., a border, shield.
randburh, ge, 2, f. (irreg.), a
shield-wall, a defence.
randgebeorh(g), es, 1, m., a pro-
tecting shield.
randwiga, an, 4, m., a shielded
warrior, a warrior.
randwiggend, es, 1, m., a shield-
bearer, warrior.
read (reod), adj., red. G. rauds.
reaf, es, 1, n., clothing, spoil.
recan, rohte, geroht (6), to care,
reck.
recean, re(a)hte, gere(a)ht (G),
to recount, relate.
re(c)can, rsec, recen (1), to ride.
reccend, part, adj., riding.
reced, es, 1, n., a house, temple,
palace.
reSfe, adv., cruelly, evilly; adj.,
cruel, fierce.
reS'einod (hreiS'e), adj., fierce-
minded, fierce.
reg(e)n, es, 1, m., rain, a storm.
regnjje'bf, es, 1, m., a great spoil-
er, thief; regn is a frequent
prefix.
re'bfan, re'af, rofen (3), to de-
prive, break.
reord, e, 2, f ., speech, food, a loord.
reordberend, es, 1, m., speech
{food)-bearing ; a prince, man.
reordi(g)ean, Ode, od (G), to ha-
rangue, speak.
rest (raest), e, 2, /., rest, sleep, a
couch. G. rasta.
restan, te, ed (G), to rest, remain.
rice, adj., rich, powerful.
rice, es, 1, n., a kingdom, reign.
riht, adj., right, straight. G.
raihts.
riht, es, 1, n., a law, right. G.
garaihtei.
rim, es, 1, m., « count, number.
rincgetael, e, 2, f ., a martial num-
ber, host.
rodo(e)r, es, 1, m., the firma-
inent.
rodorbeorht, adj., heavenly-
bright, clear.
r6f, ^(\]., famous, renowned.
Ruben, es, m., Beuben.
rum(e), adj., broad, wide. G.
rums.
rume, adv., broadly, vjidely.
run, e, 2, f., a mystery, letter. G.
run a.
runcraeftig, adj., skilled in mys-
tery, wise.
ry-man, de (G), to enlarge, make
room.
ryne, es, 1, m., a course, race. G.
runs.
S.
sae, es, 1, m., f. (irreg.), a sea.
M. 100.
saebearg, es, 1, m., a sea-moun-
tain, sea.
S8eci(y)r, es, 1, m., ebb of the sea,
a turning.
saed, es, 1, u., f., seed, sowing. G.
seds.
saefaesten, es, 1, n., ci sea-fastness,
bulwark.
112
GLOSSAPvY.
sap-farosy, es, 1, m., a sea-wave.,
irare.
sapgnind, es, 1, m., the sea-ground,
depth.
ssel, es, 1. in., e, 2, f., fortune,
oppurtujiitij.
Scelaf, e, 2, f., the spoil of the sea.
steld (sealt), adj., salt.
sa?leocla (lida), an, 4, m., a sea-
man, sailor.
saBinan, es, 1, m., a seaman.
saestreaiii, es, 1, m., sea, ocean.
saeAvaeg, es, 1, in., a sea-way,
sea.
sae-waroiy, es, 1, m., a sea-shore,
shore.
sa5-\veall, es, 1, m., a sea-wall,
ramptart.
ssewicing, es, 1, m., a sea-dweller,
pirate, vikimj.
Salem, f., Salem.
Salomon, os, ra., Solomon.
samnian, ode, od (G), to collect,
assemble.
sang(o), es, 1, m., a song (song).
G. saggws.
sand, es, 1, n., sand, earth, shore.
stiwl, c, 2, f., soul, life (sawol).
G. saiwala.
seacan, scebc, scacen (o), to
shake, stir.
sceado(^v), e, 2, f., (w)es, 1, m.,
a shadow, shade.
scealjan, sc(e)Od, sceaSfen (4), to
injure, scathe.
seeaft, es, 1, m., a shaft, spear.
sceale, es, 1, m., a servant, soldier.
sceat, es, 1, m., a shore, region.
sceon, ode (scyde) (G), to fall to,
to happen.
sce'btend, es, 1, m., a shooter,
urrhrr.
8ei{y)ld, e, 2, f., a debt, sin.
scildan, de, ed (G), to shield, pro-
tect.
scildhrcotya, an, 4, m., a shield,
buckler.
scima, an, 4, m., shining, a glim-
mer.
scinan, sc(c)an, scinen (2), to
shine, gleam.
scip, es, 1, 11., a ship. G. skip.
sci(y)ppend, es, 1, m., a creator,
God.
scir, adj., bright, clear (Eng.
sheer). G. skeirs.
scraef, es, 1, n., a den, cave.
scriiafan, seraS', scri3'(d)en (2),
to go, icander, penetrate.
scufan, sceaf, scofen (3), to
shove forth, push away.
scur, es, 1, m., a shower, storm.
G. skura.
scj^ld, es, 1, m., a shield.
scyllan (sculan), sc(e)olde,
(irreg.), shall, to be obliged.
seyrian, ede, ed (6), to divide,
allot.
se (seo, }>8et), ast, pro., the, he,
icho ; sej>e, he who.
sealt, adj., salt. G. salt.
searo-(w)es, 1, n., equipment,
u'eapons.
secan, sohte, gesoht (G), to seek,
search.
secgan, saegde (saede), gesaegd
(G), to say, tell.
sefa, an, 4, m., mind.
segel, es, 1, ni., n., a sail.
segen, es, 1, m., n., a sign, stan-
dard.
seglrod, e, 2, f. , « sail-cross.
segne, e, 2, f., a net.
sel, ra(la), est, adj., good, happty.
seld (seald), es, 1, n., a tent,
throne, jialace.
scledream, es, 1, m., hall-joy, joy.
sellic, adj., strange, icorthy (syllic).
sendan, de, ed (G), to send, send
forth. G. saudjau.
GLOSSARY.
Sennar, o, f., Shinai'.
Sennare, a, r)l., people of Shinar.
seofon,. num. adj., seven. G.
sibun.
seolfer, es, 1, n., silver. G. silubr.
seomian, Ode, od (6), to oppress.,
harass.
Seon, es, m., Sion.
setlrad, e, 2, f., a setting (of the
sun).
settend, es, 1, rn., a disjjoser.
sew(i)an, te (6), to shoiv, teach.
sibgedriht, e, 2, f., a kindred
host.
sibgemaeg, es, 1, m., a kinsman.
sid, adj., vast, broad.
siiS", re, est, adj., late.
SI'S, or, Gst, adv., late (sup., ast,
est, mest),
819", es, 1, m., a journey, lot, time,
occasion.
siS'boda, an, 4, m., a herald,
messenger.
siiafijan, adv., prep., after, then,
since, after that.
siS'faet, es, 1, m., n., a course,
journey.
sii^fian, ode, od (6), to journey,
proceed.
si(y)(e)ndoii: see wesan.
sige, es, 1, m., victory.
sigebyme, an, 4, f., a trump of
triumph.
sigecyning, es, 1, m., a king of
victory, a victor.
Sigelware(as), a, m. pi., the
Ethiopians.
sigerice, es, 1, n., a conquered
realm.
sigerice, adj., rich in victory.
sigetiber, es, 1, n., a sacrifice of
triumph.
sigor, es, 1, m., victory.
sigorweorc, es, 1, n., a icork of
victory, triumph.
Simeon, cs, m.,
sin, pes. adj., his\
sine, es, 1, n., tree
sine (e) aid, adj., ^
cold.
singan, sang, sungen
Sion, e, f., Sion.
sittan, saet, seten (1), to sit.
slaep, es, 1, m., sleej). G. sleps.
slean, sloh(g), slsegen (4), to
stinke. slay, cast.
slupan, sleap, slopen {S),to glide,
slip.
snaw, es, 1, m., snow. G. snaiws.
snell, adj., quick. .
snelle, adv., quickly.
sno(t)tor, adj., ivise, skilful, p>ru-
dent.
snyttro, 2, f. (indec), skill, sagac-
ity.
sSiaf, adj., true, just.
s6fS, es, 1, n., tmtth. Also used
adverbially.
sSafcwide, es, 1, m., a true saying,
utterance.
soOTaest, adj., true, faithful.
sSSf^viindor, es, 1, n., a true
ivonder, great laonder.
sonini(ge)an, ode, od (G), to
gather, assemble.
sonio(u)d, adv., together.
sona, adv., soon. G. suns.
sorh(g), es, 1, n., e, 2, f., care,
sorrow.
spannan, spen, spannen (5), to
span, draw.
sped, e, 2, f., speed, success.
spel, es, 1, n., a word, message.
G. Avaurd.
spelboda, an, 4, m., a herald,
messenger.
spe(l)lian. Ode, od (6), to speak,
act for another.
spildsisy, es, 1, m., a dangerous
journey.
114
GLOSSARY.
spillan, (le, cd (r>), to spoil, de-
stroif.
spiwan, spaw, spiwen (2), to
"pel'', foam, reject.
spor, OS, 1, n., a trace, track.
spoAvan, speoAA', spoweii (5), to
thrive, prosper.
spraec, o, 2, f., speech, discourse.
spreean, spraec, spreceii (1), to
speak, say.
staljol, OS, 1, m., a place, station.
sticiSr, es, 1, n., a shore, hank.
staefn : see stefn.
stau, es, 1, m., a stone, rock. G.
stains.
standan, st6d, standen (4), to
stand.
starian. Ode, od (G), to gaze, stare.
steap, adj., steep.
stefen, e, 2, f., a voice, sound,
message.
steorra, an, 4, m., a star.
stepen, te, ed (G), ^o exhalt, dignify.
stigan, stah, stigen (2), to rise,
ascend, advance.
stille, adj., adv., still, quietly.
storm, es, 1, m., a storm, tempest.
strtet, c, 2, f., a street, road,
course.
stre'am, es, 1, m., a stream, river.
strudan, strelid, strodeii (3), to
despoil, destroy.
styran, do (6), to hold, 7'estrain.
styrian, ede, ed (G), to stir, move.
siil^a, an, 4, in., the south.
sulS'an, adv., from the south.
sfiffweg, es, 1, m., a south way,
southerly.
sulSwind, cs, 1, m., Me south imnd.
sum, adj. pro., some, a certain
one. G. sums. Also a suffix.
8umo(c)r, es, 1, m. (irreg.), sum-
mer.
sund, es, 1, in., ii., a sea, sound.
sunder, adv., apart, separately.
sundorgifu, o, 2, f., a .special gift,
endowment.
sunne, an, 4, f., u, e, 2, f.; the
sun. G. sunna(o).
sunu, a, 3, ra., a son. G. sunus.
susl, cs, 1, n., sulphur, torment.
swa, adv., so, thus.
swapan, s^ve'bp, s\vapen (5), to
sweep (awa}').
swaes, adj., sweet, dear.
swefan, swaef, swefen (1), to
sleep, fall asleep.
swefen, es, 1, n., a dream.
s>vefnian, ede, ed (G), io dream.
sweg, es, 1, m., a sound, heat
(crackliug of lire).
sweltan, swealt, swolten (1), to
die, perish (swelter).
s^veord, es, 1, u., « sword.
sweordwigend, es, 1, m., a
sword-wielder, warrior.
swe'ot, es, 1, m., a hand, crowd.
s^verian (s^wor), ede, s^vo^eu
(4), (G), to swear, affirm on oath.
swVSy ra, Cst, adj., strong,
swiiafe, adv., eagerly, strongly.
swiiJmOd, adj., strong-minded^
arrogant.
SAviiS'rian, ode, od (G), to grow
strong, prevail.
swigian, ode, od (G), to he silent,
cease.
s\^'i(y)le, adj. pro., such, such as.
s'\vi(y)lce, adv., such that, so.
swipian, ode, od (G), to shake.
s^vor (sar), adj., soi'e.
swutol, adj., clear, manifest.
sylf (self, seolf), adj., same, self-
same. Used with prououns in
same case and gender.
sy(e)llan, sealde, seald (G), to
sell, give.
synib(e)l, es, 1, n., a meal, feast.
syn(n), e, 2, f., sin.
synfull, adj., sinful.
GLOSSARY.
115
T.
tac(c)n, es, 1, n., a sign, token.
G. taikiis.
tfecan, lite, lit (6), to sJww, teach.
tan, es, 1, ni., a twig, shoot.
telga, an, 4, m., a branch, hough.
tenipel, es, 1, n., a temple.
teoMan (te'bn). Ode, od (G), to
decree, ajyjwint.
teonful, adj., malignant, reproach-
ful.
teon-Iiete, es, 1, m., dire hate.
teso (teosu), e, 2, f., affliction,
destruction.
tid, e, 2, f., time, tide, season.
ti(y)r, es, 1, m., glory, splendor.
tir-eadig, adj., greatly blessed, re-
nowned.
tir-fgest, adj., very firm., glorious.
to, prep., to ^ for.
tOdrifan, draf, drifen (2), to
scatter, drive asunder.
tOdwsescan, de, ed (6), to sup-
press, extinguish.
tOhweorfan, hwearf, liworfen
(1), to scatter, depart.
torht, adj., clear, bright.
tOsomne, adv. , together.
tOsciifan, scelif, sciifen (3), to
separate, scatter.
tOswapan, sweop, swapeu (5),
to siceep, cast away.
toswendan, de, ed (G), to dash
aside, shake off.
t5%vrecan, wrsec, wreeen (1), to
ba^iish, exile.
trcdan, traed, treden {l),to tread,
2')ass over.
treddian. Ode, od (G), to step,
tread.
tre^ow^, es, 1, n., a tree. G. triu.
tre'bw, e, 2, f., faith, trust.
tre^o-we, an, 4, f., a covenant,
promise.
trum, adj.,^nn, strong.
trymian, ede, ed (6), to prep>are,
strengthen.
tuddor-tebnde, adj., producing
offspring.
tungel, es, 1, u., a star, planet.
twa, num. adj., two. G. twai.
twelf, uum. adj., twelve. G.
t^Yalif.
tweoii, adj., between (betwe'bn).
tAvig-, es, 1, u., a twig, branch.
tyn-liund, es, 1, ii., ten hundred.
M. U2.
TH.
]>a, adv., then (]>a . . . ]>a, then . . .
lohen).
>8er, adv., there (>ser . . . J>£Br,
there . . . ichere).
}>ses, adv., thus, ichereby (>a}s ]?e,
because that).
J>get : see se.
]>8et, conj., that, so that. G. lata.
]>aette, conj., that, so that.
l>afi(g)an. Ode, od (6), to alloio,
obey.
l>ane, es, 1, m., thanks, favor.
>ancian. Ode, od (6), to thank.
>e, art. (indcc), the, who. Used
in all cases.
]?e(a)li, adv., conj., ijet, though,
hoicever. G. >auh.
^emv, es, 1, m., a habit. In pi.,
morals.
}?eccan, ]?ealite, gejjealit (6), to
cover, conceal.
)?eg(e)n, es, l,n\., a thane, servant.
J>egu, e, 2, f., service.
]>enden, adv., while.
|»engel, es, 1, m., a king, prince.
>eod, e, 2, i., people, nation (>eo-
dan).
Jje'bd(e)n, es, 1, m., a prince, lord.
IIG
GLOSSAEY
)>eodon-hold, adj., loyal, faithful
to (iod.
J>oodnia*gon, cs, 1, ii., the power
of the people, a great power.
J>codscipe, es, 1, m., pteople, law
of the nation.
J^eo-nj'd (}»eoAv-ned), e, 2, f.,
sen'itude, penal sriffering.
J>ebstru, e, 2, f., darkness; (J>eos-
tor, indcc).
J>es, dem. pro., this.
J>i(y)der, adv., thither.
}»in, pos. pro., thine. G. J?eins.
J^incan, )>uhte (irreg.), to seem,
appear. Used impersoually [me-
tliinks).
>ing(i)an, ode, od (G), to speak,
2nay, intercede.
}>olian, ode, od (0), to suffer, en-
dure.
J»oii, adv., then.
J>onne, adv., then; ()>onne . . .
}>onne, then . . . when).
J>on(ne), conj., than.
J>racu, e, 2, i., force, boldness.
)>raee^vig, es, 1, m., a bold fight,
battle.
]>rag(h), e, 2, f., a time, space.
)?re'ii(g), ehy m., f., ii., suffering,
calamity.
J^re'amed (nyd), e, 2, f., penal
suffering, torment.
>rc'b(y), num. adj., three. G.
jTcis.
]?ridda, num. adj., third.
]?ro>vi(g)eaii, Ode, od {^)),to suf-
fcr, endure.
JjryO", o, 2, f., strength, a multitude
}7ryn»fiest, adj., J^old, majestic.
}>r5nilioe, adv., boldly, braiiely.
J>ryin(in), cs, 1, m., power, great-
ness.
J>rysinian, ode (cde), od ((»). to
annoy, disquiet.
)>r5'(i)st, adj., hold, daring.
J>ufc, es, 1, m., a branch, standard.
\nxn\ixn (Jjunerian), ede, ed
(()), to thunder, resound.
}>urh, prop., through.
}?urfan, )?orftc (irrcg.), to need.
J?urstig, adj., thirsty.
)?urhgledcin, do, cd (G), to heat
through.
J>iirh\vadan, AvOd, waden (4), to
penetrate, pass through.
J>usendina?l, e, 2, f , a division by
thousands.
]>usendinaelum, adv., by thou-
sands.
J?y : sec se.
]?jl8es, conj., lest that.
U.
Mfan, adv., prep., above, from
above.
uhttid, e, 2, f., before dawn.
unbli3'(e), adj., sad, joyless ; adv.,
sadly.
unceapunga, adx., freely, tcithout
price.
uncu9', adj., unknown (uncouth).
under, prep., binder, beneath. G.
undar.
unforbfcrned, part, adj., unburn-
ed, unhurt.
unforht, ad j ., /e«rZess.
iiiigelic, adj., unlike.
ungeseead, adv., vastly, hugely;
adj., vast.
ungriind, adj., t'ast, boundless.
unhleow, adj., unslieltering.
iinhold, adj., unkind, untrue.
unlytel, adj., great.
unrjpd, es, 1, m., evil counsel, un-
wisdom.
uiiriht, es, l,n., wrong, injustice.
iiliritdoin, es, 1, m., icrong, un-
righteousness.
GLOSSARY.
117
unrim, es, 1, m., unrima, an, 4,
m., a countless number.
unscynd, adj., unstained, lionor-
able.
unswiciend, adj., unfailing, un-
ceasing.
unwaclice, adv., boldly, strongly.
uuweaxen, adj., yoking, ungrown.
up, prep., up, on.
iipeyme, es, 1, m., source, rising.
uplang, adj., erect.
uppe, adv., above.
up-ridan, rad, riden (2), to ride
up, aloft.
uprodor (er), es, 1, m., the firma-
ment, heaven.
user (ure), pos. pro., our. G.
unsar.
usic : see ic.
fit, adv., oitt.
utan, adv., prep., about, around,
(3'mbutaii, round about).
V (W).
w^adan, w6d, w^aden (waeden)
(4), to wade, to go through.
wai^ema, an, 4, m., a wave-stream,
wave.
waijian, ede, ed (6), to drive.
wa3'(u), e, 2, f., a v:ay, a course.
G. wigs.
AV8ec(c)ian, ode, od (6), to vjo.tch.
waed, e, 2, f. (waede, es, 1, n.),
clothing, a garment.
waefer, adj., changing, surround-
ing.
wseg, es, 1, m., a wave.
wsegfaru, e, 2, f., a wave-road,
sea.
wsegstream, es, 1, m., a icave-
stream, wave.
■waelben, ne, 2, f., a battle-wound,
corpse.
^v8elce'asega, an, 4, m., a slaughter-
chooser, raven.
W8elfse3'm, es, 1, m., embrace of
death, fatal grasp.
waelgryre, es, 1, in., battle-terror,
deadly horror.
wsellilence, an, 4, f., a slaughter-
chain, armor.
wEelhre'bw, adj., fierce, blood-
thirsty.
wselmist, es, I, m., slaughter-mist,
smoke of battle.
waelnett, es, 1, u., a fatal net,
battle-net.
wselnid", es, 1, u., cruelty, fatal
hate.
waelsliht, e, 2, f ., slaughter, great
slaughter.
waep(e)n, es, 1, u., a weajoon.
Avaepued-cyn, es, 1, n., a weapon-
bearer, man, male.
waer, e, 2, f. (waere, an, 4, f.), a
compact, covenant.
Avserfaest, ad^., faithful, covenant-
keeping.
wsergenga, an, 4, m., a wanderer.
waestm, es, 1, m., f., n., fruit-
grov'th, result.
waeter, es, 1, u., ivater. G.
"svato.
waeterscipe, es, 1, m., a body of
ivater, sea.
waeter spring (sprync), es, 1, m.,
a water-spring, spring.
wafian, ede, ed {(S),to see, to be
amazed.
wah(g), es, 1, m., a wall.
waldend, es, 1, m., a ruler, lord,
the Lord.
wandian, ode, od (G), to fear, to
be amazed.
wea, an, 4, m., woe.
Avea, adj., woefiil, desolate.
wealdan, ^ve'bld, wealden (5),
to ride, govern.
118
GLOSSARY.
wealhstOd, os, \,m.,an interjire-
ter, translator.
w^'call, cs, 1, m., a wall, rampart*.
•\veal(l)fa'sten, es, 1, n., aram-
part.
wcallaii, weol(lj, -wcallen (5),
to icell, gush up.
wean, es, 1, m., ruin, misery.
%veai'd, es, 1 ,in., a guard, guardian.
Aveardian, ode, od (G), to guard,
2)rotect.
•wearmlic, adj., ifarm.
■\veecaii, hte, lit (G), to arouse,
bring forth (wecgan).
wedaii, de (G), to rage, rave.
weder, es, 1, ii., weather, .^torm.
■wedei'Avolcen, es, 1, ii., a heavy
cloudf storm.
wcg, es, 1, in., a way (on-wog,
aicay).
■Vt^egan, wa?g, wegen (1), to hear,
move.
wela, an, 4, m., weal, prosperity
(pi., riches).
iven, ne, 2, f. (^vena, an, 4, m.),
hope, expectation.
wenan, de, ed (G), to hope, iveen.
■\vendan, de, ed (G), to change,
v:end, interpret.
w(e)oh-ges (Avih), 1, m., a turn-
ing, error, idol.
weorc, es, 1, n., loork, grief. G.
waurki.
weorc }>eo^v, es, 1, n. (J>eowa,
an, 4, m.), a worl'-slave, slave.
\veo(u)r3'an, AvearSf, worden ( 1 ),
to become, happen.
weori^mynd, es, ], ri., honor,
dignity.
\veorpan: see wyrpan.
Aver, es, 1, m., a i)ian, ItusJxuid.
werbeain, cs, 1, n., race of man,
mail, 'iiuirrliir.
weri(ge)an. Ode, od (G), to guard,
hinder, wear.
\ werian, ede, ed (G), to curse.
werig, adj., weary, depjressed.
Averig, adj., wicked, accursed.
werod (ud, ed), es, 1, ii., a Jiost,
multitnde.
■\ver]?eod, e, 2, f., a nation, people.
wesan(be'bn), ivaes, gcwesen
(irrei^. ), to be, exist.
west, adv., \oestward, loestern.
Avesten, es, 1, n., a icaste, desert.
westengryre, es, 1, m., desert-
terror, fear.
Avic, es, 1, 11., a camp, village. G.
Aveihs.
wican, -wac, wicen (2), to yield,
give u'ay.
■wiceiingdoni, es, 1, m., magic,
sorcery.
wician. Ode, od (G), to abide,
dwell.
Wicsteal, es, 1, m., a camp, mili-
tary place.
wid, adj., wide.
wide, atU'., widely, on every side.
wide-ferhiiy, adj., magnanimous ;
adv., perpetually, widely.
wiiS", prep., with, against, near.
Avifferbreca, an, 4, m., an enemy,
adversary.
wilSTaran, for, faren (4), to es-
cape.
wif, es, 1, n., a ^cife, icoman.
wig, es, 1, m., icar, battle, martial
force.
wiga, an, 4, m., a soldier, warrior.
wigblae, adj., war-pale, alarmed.
wigbord, es, 1, ii., a tcar-board,
.shield.
Avigend, es, 1, ni., a warrior.
Avigle'blS', es, 1, n., a war-song.
wiglic, adj., warlike, martial.
wigtrod, c, 2, f., an exjoedition,
army.
wih(g)gyld, es, 1, u., an idol,
false (/(>d.
GLOSSARY.
119
wiht, e, 2, f., might, anything.
wild, adj., IV ild, fierce.
wilddebr, es, 1, n., a icilcl beast,
deer.
Avilla, an, 4, m., ^ciU, desire.
wi(y)llan, wolde (irreg.), to will,
wish.
wilnian, Ode, od {6), to idsh, de-
sire.
win, es, 1, ii., ivine. G. wain.
winburh, (g")e, 2, f., a beloved city.
wind, es, 1, m., the wind.
w-indan, Avand, Aviinden (1), to
v:ind, roll, turn.
windig, adj., icindy.
windruncen, adj., drunk with
wine, drunken.
Tvinelelis, adj., friendless, for-
saken.
winnan, w^an(n), wunnen {I), to
war, win.
w^nsiim, adj.,pZeas«»^, winsome.
winter, es, 1, m., winter, a year.
Avinterbiter, adj., very cold, bitter
cold.
win]>ege, an, 4, f., vnne-bibbing ,
drinking.
wis, adj., ivise. G. weis.
wisa, an, 4, m., a wise man, guide,
leader.
wisdom, es, 1, m., wisdom, j^ru-
dence.
wis (i) an, (6)de, od (6), to guide,
instruct.
Avislie, adj., wise.
Avislice, adv., wisely.
wist, e, 2, f ., food, repast, plenty.
"witan, wiste (wisse) (irreg.), to
knoip, understand. G. witan.
%vite, es, 1, n., calamity, x)unish-
ment.
witega, an, 4, m., a prophet, sooth-
sayer.
wite-rod, e, 2, f., a rod of punish-
ment.
witian, 6dc, od (G), to appoint,
prescribe.
w^itig, adj., wise.
■\vitigdoin, es, 1, m., wisdom,
knowledge.
w^it(i)gian, 6de, od, to foresee,
prophesy.
witod, adj., appointed, fated.
-wlanc, adj., j)ro?/cZ, haughty.
Avlanc, e, 2, f. (w^Iance, es, 1, m.),
jmde, conceit (wlenco, e).
wlite, es, 1, m., n., appearance,
beauty.
wlite-scyne, adj., beautiful in
face, beautiful.
wlitig, adj., attractive, beauteous.
wlitigan, ode, od (6), tobeautify,
adorn, manifest.
w^6d, adj.. mad, incensed.
w^olc(e)n, es, 1, n., a cloud., the
icelkin.
w^olcenfaru, e, 2, f., heaven's
course, a cloud-way.
worn, es, 1, m., n., cc spot., stain,
sin.
wOma, an, 4, m., terror, tumult,'
crash.
won(n), adj., wan, pale.
w6p, es, 1, m., weeping, a whoop.
word, es, 1, d., a word.
AvordcAvyde, es, 1, m., a word.,
command.
wordgleliw, adj., wise, skilful in
speech.
word-riht, es, 1, u., a just law,
oral law.
worn, es, 1, n., a number, body.
woruld (w^eoruld), e, 2, f.,
world.
Avoruldcraeft, e, 2, f., worldly
craft, skill.
w^oriild-dre'ain, es, 1, m., icorldly
Ml, Ml-
woriildgesceaft, e, 2, f ., a worldly
creation, creatures.
120
GLOSSARY
wonildlif, OS, 1, n., icorldly life,
life.
"worulclrieo, es, 1, n., a world-
kingdom, world.
woruldsped, e, 2, f,, worldly suc-
cess, prosperity, events.
wTixiSy adj., wroth, angry.
Avra(e)c, e, 2, f., exile, evil.
wraecca, an, 4, ni., an exile,
{wretch).
wrseclie, adj., strange, wondrous.
■\vr8ecino(a)n, es, 1, m., a fugitive,
an exile.
wrajst, ra, adj., gentle, good.
wraetlic, adj., ornamental, wonder-
ful.
wrecan, wraec, ■\vrecen (1), to
avenge., chastise.
wrec(ce), adj., exiled, loretched.
w^ritan, wrat, writen (2), to cut,
engrave, write.
Avroht, e, 2, f ., blame, strife, harm.
•wudu, a, 3, ra., es, 1, m., a icood,
wood.
wudubeam, es, 1, ra., a forest
tree, tree.
Vvuldor, es, 1, m., n., glory, honor.
wuldorcyning, es, 1, m., king of
glory, God.
wuldorfsest, adj., glorious.
wuldorgesteald, es, 1, n., a
heavenly mansion, wealth, glory.
wuldorhama, an, 4, m., a cover-
ing of glory.
wulf, es, 1, m., a wolf Used as
a prefix.
vviilflieort, adj., cruel^ wolf-
hearted.
wunden, adj., hent, twisted.
ivundor, es, 1, n., a wonder, sur-
prise.
wundorlic, adj., wondrous,
strange.
%vunian. Ode, od (G), to dwell.,
continue.
wurffian (\veor3'ian, wurUigc-
an). Ode, od (G), to honor, woi'-
ship.
Avuricrniynd, e, 2, f., dignity,
honor.
wyll, es, 1, m. (wylla, an, 4, m.,
e, an, 4, f.), a well, spring.
wylm, es, 1, m., heat, fire, a boil-
ing.
Avyn(n), e, 2, f., joy, pleasure.
wyrc(e)au, Avorhte, geworht
(G), to work, acquire.
wyrd, e, 2, f., fate, decree,
destiny.
wyrin, es, 1, m., a loorm.
wyrnan, de (0), to loarn, re-
fuse.
Avyrresta : see yfel.
Avyrpan, te (G), to cast down,
ovei'throw.
-\vyrt, Cf2,f.,aroot, herb.
wyrtruma, an, 4, ra., herb-room,
a root.
Y.
yean, hte, yht (0), to increase.
y3'(u), e, 2, f., a icave, flood.
ylfflaf, c, 2, f., a flood-remnant,
survival.
yfel, wyrsa, wyrst (wyrresta),
adj., evil. G. ubils.
yld, e, 2, f., age.
yldo (iiidec), age.
yidra: see eald, the elder.
yldran, ena (pi.), 4, m., elders,
ancestors.
yldn, e, 2, f., age (yldas, men).
ynib, prep., about, around.
ymbhweo(y)rft, es, 1, m., a
circuit, world.
yinb\vici(y)ean. Ode, od (0), to
encamp about, to dioell around.
ypping, o, 2, f., an expanse.
GLOSSARY.
121
yrfelaf, e, 2, f,, an inheritance,
hereditary remnant.
yrfeweard, es, 1, m., an heir,
guardian.
yrxfiS (yrmiafo), e, 2, f., distress,
misery.
yrre, adj., angry; adv., angri-
ywan, de, ed (6), to reveal, mani-
fest.
J. S. CusHiNG 8s Co., Printers, 115 High Street, Boston.
CORRIGENDA.
page 7. "Old Saxon" for "old, Saxon."
8. "Saxon poetry" for " Saxon prose."
10. Omi^"Its probable date is 731 a.d."
10. " old forms " for " Old Saxon."
11. " old forms " for " Old Saxon."
11. "follow "for "follows."
11. Omit " first notice of the."
N PREPARATION :
Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry.
Prof. James A. Harrison of Washington and Lee
University, Va., has nearly completed his arrangements
with prominent Anglo-Saxon scholars for the issue of
select annotated Anglo-Saxon texts, with notes and
glossaries, for the use of students in American univer-
sities and colleges. Among the associated editors are
Prof. March of Lafayette College, Prof. Price of Col-
umbia College, Prof. Sharp of the University of Louis-
iana, Prof. Baskervill of Vanderbilt University, and
Prof. Hunt of Princeton.
Through the courtesy of Prof. R. P. Wiilcker, editor
of Grein's Bihliothek, the American editors are the sole
persons authorized to reproduce Wiilcker's revised Grein
in this country.
Vol. I. Bedivulf^ by the editor-in-chief and Prof.
Sharp, is now ready ; as also Vol. IL Csedmon's Exodus
and Daniel, by Prof. Hunt. The other editorial de-
tails will be arranged shortly. Efforts will be made
to select representative poems (complete), and to print
them in such a form as to make them easily accessible.
Among other things, the Library will embrace Zupitza's
edition of Elene, Csedmon's Genesis, Grimm's Andreas,
and. probably Alfred's Metres.
The Academy, London : We are
glad, to see this additional witness to
the interest taken in tlie study of
Anglo-Saxon in America. It con-
trasts most happily with the apathy
here, where all publishers think that
" Anglo-Saxon doesn't pay," and
would as soon undertake an Urdu
library as an Anglo-Saxon one. Yet,
surely, a volume of Modern English
translations of our best Anglo-Saxon
pieces would pay in one of Bohn's
libraries. There must be enough
students of English literature who
desire to know what its earliest
writers thought and said.
{March 17, 1883.)
Of tlie Bedtculf the " Cambridge (England) Review,"
Oct. 17, 1883, says: —
" Beside the text, tliis volume con-
tains a brief snniniary of the poem,
a list of names, with many references,
and a full and careful glossary. , . The
glossary will be found to be very clear
and helpful, as not only the literal
meaning of the word is given, but
also their special meaning, with many
references. The printing throughout
is excellent, and the head-lines for
each division, and marks of quota-
tion for the speeches, are very use-
ful in helping readers to follow the
drift of the poem."
Private letters from Mr. Henry Sweet, Mr. Furnivall,
Prof. W. W. Skeat, Prof. Toller of the Owens College,
Manchester, and many other scholars, heartily commend
the work.
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English Literature 1.30
Anglo-Saxon Grammar and Reader .60
English of the XlVth Century 90
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Life, Art, and Characters of Shakespeare . . . 4.00
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