LIBRARY' University of California. GIFT OK Class ■'■^*i ^ >«^-^. ^-yi* im^lmM:^ fe?** Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/completeuniversaOObarcrich COMPLETE AND UNFERSAL DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE: COMPREHENDING THE EXPLANATION, PRONUNCIATION, ORIGIN, MD SYNONYMES OF EACH WORD ; AN EPITOME OF HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, M3 THE USEFUL SCIENCES; A DESCBIPTION OF THE COUNTIES, CITIES, AND MABFET-TOWNS OF GREAT BRITAIN, AND OF THE KINGDOMS, STATES, PROVINCES, AND C>TIES IN THE KNOWN WOULD, WITH A VARIETY OF OTHER U?t:FUL INFORMATION. THE KEY. JAMES BAECLAY. A NEW EDITION, ENLARGED, IMPROVED, AND ADAPTED TO THE PRESENT STATE OF SCIENCE, BY B. R WOODWAiD, B.A. LONDON. LONDON : GEORGE VIRTUE, 26. IVY LANE, PATERNOSTER ROW. 13 ¥ H ri*^^ Ci C|yVV'^ s J JOHN CH1LU3 AND SON, BUNGAY. P E E F A C E. The extensive sale of the former editions of this Dictionary makes it unnecessary to speak of its general utility. For a book which, like this, is sold almost wholly amongst the people, such a fact may be regarded as a sufficient test of worth. The time was, however, come for a complete revision of its contents; whilst the advance of science, the progress of events, and the growth of popular intelligence, demanded an extension of its original plan. This edition is, therefore, issued with changes so great that it might claim to be an altogether new work. The scientific, geographical, and historical parts have been entirely re-written ; and, in addition to the biographical articles, which form a perfectly new feature in it, great numbers of new articles in all the departments of knowledge, which were formerly included in its design, have been inserted. The latest authentic information on every subject which could be obtained has been given ; and the difficulty of this in these times will be appreciated, when the condition of the European continent for the last twelve month's is recalled to mind ; and when it is stated that, since the compilation of the tabular view of the solar system, another asteroid and an eighth satellite to Sa- turn have been discovered, and it has been shown that Neptune is not the planet whose existence and position Adams and Leverrier had demonstrated by mathematical calculation. In such a work, copious and technical detail on scientific subjects was, of course, inadmissible. Clear and intelligible definition, with brief intimations of what would be found in treatises ex- pressly devoted to them, were all that either its extent or its plan would allow ; and it is hoped that, in this view, these articles will not prove unsatisfactory. Tables of the measures of weight, length, &c. &c., used in this and other civilized countries, have been appended, because of their evident practical value. As much of history as could be narrated in the sketches of the lives of its great actors, will be found under their several names ; and beside this, outlines of the great events, a rapid review of the whole story of the fortunes of our own country, and an ample Chronological Table, reaching to the middle of the current year, (1848,) have been given. The space requisite for these alterations has been gained by the enlargement of the page, by the condensation of the articles common to this and to all English dictionaries, and by the omission of the Pre- liminary Treatises on the British Constitution, &c. &cc., which were antiquated, and in great part rendered needless by the revision of the body of the work. It is possible that many names, commonly inserted in biographical works, will be sought for here in vain. Most of these have been omitted intentionally; the editor's hope and purpose being to aid, as far as the selection and exhibition of examples could aid, in the genuine development of all that is most manly in man, but in no case to pander to feelings which would hinder the attainment of this end. The articles on theology, ethics, and philosophy have been written in the same spirit. Neither devotion to any school of opinions, nor indifference to subjects of such great and universal concern, have been in- culcated; but the free and intelligent use of all the original sources of knowledge respecting them, the employment of the appropriate means of investigation, and especially the vital distinction between what are, from their nature, matters of specu- lation and inquiry, and what are the motive principles of man's proper life, have been, on all suitable occasions, illustrated and enforced. In all that has been said respecting questions which are now regarded by the working classes as of intense interest, the aim has been to exhibit the very heart of them, cleared from all the sophistries and perversions so much em- ployed both by those who promote, and by those who would suppress, the discussion of them. From what has been said, it will be seen that this Dictionary does not pretend to be an Encyclopaedia, or to supply the place of one, for the learned and the studious ; but that it is intended to be a compendious and satisfactory Book of Universal Reference for those who, shut out from the means of acquiring extensive and profound knowledge, yet desire to partake, in such measure as they can, of the guidance and comfort of that light, which is now, at length, perceived to be sent forth for all. It will afford no mean nor selfish pleasure to the editor to find his intentions fulfilled, and his labour crowned with this success : and if this book should stir up any to desire, and to seek for, fuller and wider information, on any of the varied and multiplied subjects it notices, he will have realized his most ambitious hopes. Possibly, the assurance of any such reward may be denied. In that case, to have worked with such objects, in view, as have been mentioned will be his reward. And, notwithstanding what may be believed or taught to the contrary, it is a privilege of the highest order, to have wished heartily, to have sought honestly, to advance one's fellows in true knowledge. In an age like the present, no other prize than this may, perhaps, be reasonably expected. We live, not, as we thought, in the " piping times of peace," but amidst convulsions more threatening than any that have ever yet terrified the nations. And if our land be spared the material and revolting horrors of revolution, it is not the less surely passing through a revolution as sweeping as those which have shaken all the thrones of Europe ; of the same nature, essentially, with them ; which will know the same crises, the same agonies; be checked, and at times all but stopped, as they; and, in the end, reach the same goal. To discern the agencies actually at work in this revolution, and all that, in the manners, the laws, and the circumstances of the nation, makes it needful, is the first duty of such as undertake, whether by word of mouth or through the press, to be teachers of others. To weigh well the various healing measures proposed, to reject the nostrums of the quack, and to approve the prescriptions of the skilled physician, — these, too, are not less theirduty, nor should less engage their care. Whilst to them also, if they be teachers indeed, belongs the high task of looking through the confused and shifting tumult of the scenes that fill the eye; and, appalling the heart of the timid, rouse the passionate hope of the deluded to, the future which is to be wrought out of it ; and without imperilling the reception of the truth they ran impart, by hazarding predictions respecting the events of the morrow, to point, by words that can convey the spiritual influence of genuine knowledge, to that future, and so to re- iv PREFACE. assure the expectations of the good, to dash the malignant triumph of their opponents, and to lighten the toil of every true- hearted labourer amongst the children of men. Without mistaking the position which the humble nature of his work assigns to him, the writer confesses that he has been cheered in it by the desire to be such a teacher as far as was possible ; and of helping by it in hastening the advent of the "good times," that all classes now so fondly trust "will come." Those times, it is true, do not image themselves to his mind under the form in which they present themselves to the hopes of most men. He does not hail, as signs of their approach, the movements which are confidently appealed to by the most favoured prophets of the day. Perhaps but a small minority would sympathize with him, in his dreams of the coming sera. Yet not for such reasons dare he renounce that which has never deceived his faith ; and which seems to be at once permanent and progressive, to have its foundations in the nature of things, and to lead inevitably to the end, which has been announced in no doubtful manner by the Almighty himself, as the goal of the human race. And who that, aided by knowledge of what is in man, and of what has been the history of mankind to this hour, and by such knowledge as God only can give, has addressed himself to the study of the characteristics of the passing age, could fail to see, in the hearty and entire devotion of individual men to the very Truth, the assured promise of a glorious future,— and in that alone ? And who, that sees it, would forsake this rock of strength, for any of the specifics for inducing "peace on earth, and good-will amongst men," by the sole force of circumstances, which are so ostentatiously pro- claimed by contending parties, as the infallible means of bringing about the true millennium } The hearty and entire devotion of individual man to the very Truth. " But there is no originality or novelty in this ; every one already knows it." Its truth then is not denied. But if known of all men, where and who are they that act upon it ? " It would require ages for the development of any result, sufficient to commend it to the attention of all men." The ques- tion is not in how little time; but, how can men be surely and universally advanced to that lofty position, which is the secret aspiration of all, and which every tradition of the old times declares to be the consummation of the world's destiny. Now, it is not denied, and it cannot be denied, that this end may be reached by the accession of men, one by one, to the service of the Truth. But no such assurance attends even the success of any of the schemes which propose, by the mere alteration of their circumstances, to reform and renovate the race. Implicit obedience to spiritual authority, the licence of legalized scepticism, the tyranny of despots, constitutions which recognised the political rights of all, education by rulers and priests, economy, communism, colonization, philanthropy, philosophy, all, under various, names, and at various times and places, have already been tried ; and the condition of mankind at this moment is the evidence of their failure. But the silent, resolute culture of all good in one's own heart, and, as far as the influence of one's own attainments could empower, in the hearts of others; this, to which all that is excellent or hopeful in the world is owing, is dismissed, because it demands time lor the maturing of its glorious promise ! "Then, each man, to the end, must encounter all the toil and woe of the conflict, through which, as we have heard, they have ever passed who have chosen this course." In truth he must. For who else can vanquish, who else resist, who else even know, the ignorance, the evil habits, the lusts, the sin, that give the lie to his stoutest resolutions, and foil his best efforts, to be in all things the devoted servant of the Truth } Bui though it be so, and each one must fight out this battle for himself, just as each one must, as the great French moralist says, " die alone" ; the labours and the sufferings of those who go before are not fruitless for them that follow after. He who undertakes truthfully this warfare will find whole legions of auxiliaries. Every step taken by sage and scholar in the rugged path of learning aids him ; every achieveinent of genuine art aids him ; every discovery, every invention, that science can boast aids him ; every generous suggestion of hearts that have pitied the wants and the miseries of their brethren aids him ; every assertion and defence of human right, every approach to the estab- lishment of justice in human affairs, every example of virtue and holiness, that the world has first martyred and then wor- shipped, — in a word, every thing that is of the Truth, aids him who has sworn fealty to her. And yet there are higher aids. The Roman stoic wrote, "There is no good man without God." He knew not all the truth of his own words, but he knew that without such aid victory were hopeless for man. We know, on the testimony of witnesses who would not, and who have not deceived us, that in this conflict God is so profoundly interested, that it has called forth a manifestation of Himself in the world so marvellous, .that human powers are baffled and confounded in every attempt to un- derstand It. Heralded by all that was befitting such a display of care for man, Jesus came; and, subjected to all the condi- tions of our lot, engaged in this conflict himself, and triumphed in the very hour when those he came to bless exulted in having slain him. Alone he fought the fight ; alone he gained the victory ; that thenceforward, not alone, not without him, should any soldier of the Truth enter into the battle. It is his voice that calls them to it ; his example that cheers them in it ; his strength that supports them through it; and it is he, himself, that crowns them, as " more than conquerors," at its close. And thus it was declared to man, that not learniug, nor art, nor science, nor any amount of human wisdom or skill, was his life, hat faith; and that if he would realize the splendid vision that each one is born with, the half-forgotten fragments of which have suggested the prophecy of a " golden age" yet to beautify and gladden this earth, he must " fight the good fight of faith, and lay hold of everlasting life." Thus, too, we are led, at length, to see that the glorious future promised by the hearty and entire devotion of individual men to the Truth, is no life made up of the shows of worldly good, but of the realities of a better world than this ; and this again assures us that no changes in outward circumstances, however skilfully contrived or however powerfully carried out, can bring to pass that result mankind so passionately and so blindly long for; for then only will the end they darkly seek be gained, when " the earth shall be filled with the knowledge of the glory of the Lord, as the waters cover the sea." With hopes such as these has this book been prepared ; and it is sent forth in the trust that, though it be one of the least things that can help in their accomplishment, it may efl'ect all that it is fitted for, even if it cannot do all that the editor could desire. HarUston, November, 1848. TABLES OP WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, FROM THE MOST RECENT AUTHORITIES. BRITISH ISLANDS. I. MEASURE OF LENGTH. Standard. Suppose a pendulum vibrating seconds in a va- cuum, at the level of the sea, in the latitude of London, at a temperature of 02'^ Fahrenheit, to be divided into 391,393 parts ; 360,000 are taken as the length of a yard, make 12 inches 3 feet 5i yards 40 poles 8 furlongs 1 foot 1 yard 1 rod, pole, or perch 1 furlong 1 mile The inch is subdivided '\nXo eighths amongst mechanics; and into tenths, hundredths, &c. amongst scientific persons, and by the officers of the revenue. It was formerly, also, divided into twelfths, or lines. Particular Measures of Length. 2J inches 4 nails 4 quarters 5 quarters 3 barleycorns 3 inches 4 inches 9 inches 5 feet make \ ""*'', J used for all ll"!,rf kinds of \ cloths. 1 yard 1 ell 1 inch 1 palm 1 hand 1 span 1 pace 1 fathom jV degree 3 miles 7AV inches 100 links used in measuring the height of horses. ] used in measuring I depths, at sea, &c. of a great circle of the earth. 1 mile 1 gpograph 1 league 1 link 5 used in measuring the 1 chain| sides, &c. of areas. In measuring cloth, the Flemish ell = 3 quarters, and the French ell = 6 quarters, were formerly used. II. MEASURE OF SURFACE. Standard. The same as in the preceding measure, make 144 square inches 9 square feet 30J^ square yards 40 square perches 4 roods 040 acres 1 square foot 1 square yard 1 sq. rod, pole, ( 1 rood 1 acre I square mile perch. In measuring land, a chain is used of the length given in the preceding measure ; and 10 square chains = 1 acre. III. MEASURE OF SOLIDITY. Standard. As before. 1728 cubic inches make 27 cubic feet — 1 cubic foot 1 cubic yard In the case of timber, 40 cubic feet of rough timber, or 50 feet of hewn timber = 1 load, or ton ; whilst in shipping, 42 cubic, feet = 1 ton. IV. MEASURE OF CAPACITY. Standard. The gallon contains 277,y„V cubic inches of distilled water, at a temperature of 02" Fahrenheit, the barometer being at 30 inches; which when weighed in air = 10 pounds avoir- dupois. 4 gills 2 pints 4 quarts 2 gallons 4 pecks 8 bushels 5 quarters 1 pint 1 quart 1 gallon 1 peck 1 bushel 1 quarter 1 load, or wey The four last-named measures are used for dry goods only. Heaped measure is abolished. Other Measures of Capacity yet in use. 4 bushels 2 weys 9 gallons 2 firkins 2 kilderkins •3 kilderkins 2 hogsheads make 1 coomb t A I- 1 last \ " '^°''"" 1 firkin -\ 1 kilderkin y 1 barrel V used for beer. 1 1 hogshead i butt J For wine and spirits, although many of the old names con- tinue in use, such as anker, runlet, tierce, hogshead, puncheon, pipe, butt, and tun, they are employed rather as names of casks, than as measures; and the contents of such vessels are usually ascertained by gauging before being charged. The old Winchester gallon contained only 268,"^ cubic inches. Flour is sold by weight, 7 pounds avoirdupois being reckoned to the gallon. Coals are now sold by weight. Only 8 gallons of ale u.sed to be reckoned to the firkin. V. MEASURE OF WEIGHT. Standard. One cubic inch of distilled water, at a temperature of 62" Fahrenheit, the barometer being at 30 inches, weighs252i-VA troy grains; and 7000 troy grains = 1 pound avoirdupois. 27U grains make 1 dram 16 drams 1 ounce 16 ounces 1 pound 28 pounds — 1 quarter 4 quarters 1 hundredweight 20 hundredweights — 1 ton This weight, which is called avoirdupois, is used in almost all commercial transactions and common dealings. The particular measures of weight are the following : Troy Weight. 24 grains make 20 pennyweights — ' 12 ounces — 1 pennyweight 1 pound TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. This is used in weighing gold, silver, and precious stones, ex- cepting diamonds, for which the carat = 3^ grains, is employed. Apothecaries also employ this weight in compounding medicines, with the following addition : 20 grains make 1 scruple 3 scruples — 1 dram 8 drams — 1 ounce. In the purchase of drugs, avoirdupois weight is used. Sci- entific men use only the grain; and sets of weights from fio of a grain to 10,000 grains are made for them. The carat, ap- plied to gold, is a term which expresses only the relative propor- tions of the gold and the alloy. Each mass is supposed to be divided into 24 equal parts, or carats; so that " 22 carats fine" signifies that only 2 parts of alloy are added to 22 parts of gold ; and " IS carats fine," the New Standard, signifies G parts of alloy to 18 of gold. Wool Weight 7 pounds make 1 clove 2 cloves — 1 stone 2 stone — 1 tod 6i tods — Iwey 2 weys — Isack 12 sacks — llast But in some places 7 tods = 1 wey, and 240 pounds = 1 pack. There were a great many different weights which passed under the name of stone, but every one except that of 14 pounds is now illegal. In weighing hay and straw, 56 pounds of old hay, or 60 pounds of new, (that is, till Sept. 1 of the year of its growth,) and 36 pounds of straw = 1 truss. Of cheese and butter, 8 pounds = I clove, and 7 cloves = 1 firkin ; whilst the wey varies between 32 and 42 pounds, in different localities. The comparison of the avoirdupois and troy measures is, as will be seen by the tables just given, in the pound, in favour of the former, in the ratio of nearly 17 to 14; and in the ounce, in favour of the latter, in the ratio of nearly 79 to 72. The Jluid measure of Apothecaries is, GO minims make 1 dram 8 drams — 1 ounce 20 ounces — 1 pint ; which is exact in both weight and measure, in the case of water. A drop of water = 1 minim, naturally. Various weights assigned to bags, chests, &c. &c. of different articles, in commerce, only express the usual capacity of such vessels; but the actual weight of the commodity must be ascer- tained now by measurement. VI. MEASURE OF TALE, OR RECKONING. Only a few common examples can be given under this head ; as it is evident that convenience and custoui are the only stand- ard it admits. 12 = 1 dozen; 13= 1 long dozen ; 120= 1 long hundred ; 12 dozen = 1 gross, or small gross ; 12 small gross = 1 great gross ; 10 = 1 dicker ; GO = 1 shock ; 10,000 = 1 last. 24 sheets 20 quires 10 teams make 1 quire 'i 1 ream >of i 1 bale ) VII. MEASURE OF TIME. mak( 60 minutes — 24 hours — 7 days — 28 days _ 28, 29, 30, or 31 days — 365 or 366 days 1 minute 1 hour Iday 1 week 1 lunar month 1 calendar month 1 year See the articles Calendar, Yeau, Bissextile, Leap-year, SfC. SfC. in the Dictionary. The second is divided, for scientific purposes, into lOtlis. lOOths, &c. February has 28 days, or 29 in leap-year ; April, June, Sep- tember, and November, 30 ; and the rest, 31. VIII. MEASURE OF ANGULAR DISTANCE. 60 seconds 60 minutes 30 degrees 90 degrees 12 signs 1 minute 1 degree 1 sign 1 quadrant 1 circumference. This table of the divisions of the circle is employed in ma- thematical science; and the second is subdivided decimally, as the second of time is. On globes, and maps of the stars, 15 degrees = 1 hour. IX. VTEIGHT OF ENGLISH COINS. Sovereign weighs 5 dwt 3i grains Half-sovereign — 2 13J Crown 18 4.3636 Half-crown 9 2.1818 Shilling 3 15.2727 Sixpence 1 19.6363 Fourpence — 1 5.0909 Threepence — 9i For the value, &c., see the article Coin in the Dictionary, THE COLONIES use the imperial weights and measures, generally. But in some the old system is employed, as in the West h whilst at the Cape, the old Dutch m at the Mauritius, the French system. he West Indian Islands; isures are also used ; and THE UNITED STATES. The English weights and measures, as they were before 1835, are used here. The principal alterations having been noticed in the notes upon the Tables, given above, it is needless to re- peat them. THE IONIAN ISLANDS. The English imperial weights and measures are used, but with Italian or Turkish denominations. The Troy pound is the Libbra Sottile ; and the avoirdupoise pound, the Libbra grossa ; 100 Libbre = 1 Centinajo ; and 1000 Libbre = 1 Migliajo. In Measures of Capacity, 8 Dicotoli = l Galloni ; 8 Gallone = l Chilo, which is an imperial bushel ; and 16 Gallone = 1 Barile. In Measures of Length, 5^ Yarde = l Carnaco; and 22 Yarde = 1 Stadio. FRANCE. The " metrical system," now universally enforced, was devised by the scientific men of the end of the last century, at the instance of the National Assembly, and was introduced in 1799; but not till 1840, and then only by a special statute, did it supersede the old or " usual system." The basis of this system is the Isngth of a quadrant, or fourth part of the meridian, the distance between the equator and one of the poles at the level of the sea. Meridi- onal arcs were measured in various latitudes, the most exten- sive being one of 570 miles, extending from Dunkirk to Barce- lona, in order to ascertain this length; and the whole being supposed to be divided into 10,000,000 parts, one was taken as the original unit for all weights and measures, and called atnetrc. It is a decimal system; that is, each denomination is a tenth part of the one next above it, and ten times that next below it ; and the ascending denominations are distinguished by the Greek prefixes, «feca,/iec. — . j„.v. , V. jalmi . The caffiso =4^ gallons. The barile hundredweight. The cantaro = 175 MAURITIUS. Beside the English weights and measures, those of France be- fore the late alteration are used. The aune = lrj yard. The velte = 1, J gallon. The poid de marc = 1,^1^ pound avoirdu- pois. NAPLES. The canna = 83j inches. The raoggia = 3 roods 12 perches. The toraolo = l,',. bushel. The barile = 9 ,ij gallons. The can- taro grosso and piccolo = 196J and 108 pounds avoirdupois, re- spectively. The pound used in weighing gold and silver con- tains 4950 grains. PORTUGAL. The covado=25,V inches. The almude = 3,°j gallons. The pound == Irsif pound avoirdupois. PRUSSIA. The ell = 26i inches. The morgen = 2 roods 21 perches. The scheffel = 1^ bushel. The einier = 15 ',, gallons. The pound ^ 1,^, pounds avoirdupois. The mark of Cologne is used foi gold and silver. ROME. The canna of 8 palmi = 2,% yards. The canna of 10 palmi = 88 inches, nearly. The rubbio = 8,V bushels. Theboccale = ,*5 gallon. The pound = /j pound avoirdupois. RUSSIA. The arshine== 28 inches. Thefoot= 13f inches. The desset- nia = 2acres 2* roods. The tschetwert =5,'5 bushels. The wedro = 2,jgallons. The pound =" pound avoirdupois. The pood = 36 pounds avoirdupois. ST. G ALLEN. The ell for silks and woollens = 31^ and 24J inches, re- spectively. The miitt of 4 viertels = 2^1^ bushels. The eimer = lli gallons. The pound, light and heavy weight = 1-,'^ and and L,^ pound avoirdupois, respectively. SAXONY. The foot = lliV inches. The acre = 1 acre 1^ rood, nearly. The eimer, at Dresden = 14,°^ gallons ; at Leipsic =- 16r|^ gal- lons. The wispel, at Dresden = 69,°^ bushels ; at Leipsic = 91, V bushels. The pound = l,^Sj pound avoirdupois. SICILY. The canna = 76^ inches. The salma = 7,'if bushels. The barrel = 8 gallons, nearly. The pound of 12 ounces = ,'j pound avoirdupois. The cantaro = 175 pounds avoirdupois. The pike =27 inches. The killow = ll,V gallons. The rottolo =li pound avoirdupois. SOUTH AMERICA. The Spanish and Portugue.se measures are most generally employed. The use of the English measures prevails in some parts. SPAIN. The vara, or ell=33,V inches. The fanegada = 1 acre 21 perches. The arroba = 3^ gallons. The fanega = IJ bushel. The pound = Ijot pounds avoirdupois. SWEDEN AND NORWAY. The ell = 23|'o inches. The tunneland = 1 acre 1 rood, nearly. The tunna=iV quarter. The kann = A ga"on. The pound I'o pound avoirdupois. The pike = 26| inches. The killow = i\ bushel. The almud .= 1,5- gallon. The oke = 2J pounds avoirdupois. The rottolo = 1 VV pound avoirdupois. The braccio = 23 inches, nearly. The saccata = 1 acre^V rood. The sacche = 2 bushels. The fiasche = 4 pints. The pound = 12 ounces avoirdupois. VENICE. Beside the metrical system, the following measures are used. The braccio, for woollens = 20J inches; for silks = 24^ inches. The stajo = 2|V bushels. The secchia = 2f gallons. The pound sottile = iV pound avoirdupois, nearly; grosso=li^ pound avoirdupois. t .^J , . . . ■■■■■> I < If t Ihr HJil\ a. higher compliment to another than he deserves. ADULATORY, a. [adulatorius, Lat.] in a flattering or com- plimental manner. ADU'LT, a. [adultus, Lat.] grown up ; arrived to the age of discretion. ADU'LT, s. one who is arrived at the years of manhood. In Law, a youth between fourteen and twenty-five years of age. ADU'LTERANT, s. [adulterans, Lat.] the person who is guilty of adultery ; a thing which debases by admixture. To ADU'LTERATE, v. a. [adultero, Lat.] to violate the bed of a married person ; to corrupt or debase by some foreign mixture. ADU'LTERATE, a. flowing from, or owing to, the crime of adultery; counterfeit, though resembling in appearance, yet inferior in value ; debased by mixture. ADU'LTERATENESS, s. the quality or state of being adul- terate ; counterfeit. ADULTERA'TION, s. [adulteratio, Lat,] the act of corrupting by a foreign mixture ; or endeavouring to make things to pass for more than their intrinsic value, by their resemblance to something better. ADU'L TERER, s. [adulter, Lat.] the person guilty of lying with his neighbour's wife. ADULTERESS, s. a woman guilty of violating her husband's bed. ADULTERINE, s. [adulterine, Fr.] in Law, a child born of an adulteress. ADU'LTEROUS, a. [adulter, Lat.] guilty of adultery ; base and corrupted. Figuratively, idolatrous. ADULTERY, s. [adulterium, Lat.] the crime of being false to the marriage bed. Figuratively, idolatry. To ADU'MBRATE, v. a.[adumbro, Lat,] to shadow; to give a slight resemblance or faint likeness, alluding to that of shadows, with respect to the bodies by which they are formed. ADUMBRA'TI0N,«. the act of giving a slight representation, or illustration ; an imperfect resemblance, like that of a shadow; a faint glimmering. In Heraldry, when any figure in a coat is so obscured, that nothing but the outline is visible. ADUNA'TION, s. [arfand unus, Lat.] union; the junction of two or more bodies. ADU'NCITY, s. [aduncitas, Lat.] crookedness; flexure in- ward ; hookedness. ADU'NQUE, a. [aduncus, Lat,] crooked. 13 MOh A'DVOCATE, s. [advocahis, Lat.] among the Romans, a person skilled in their law, and who undertook the defence of causes at the bar. Advocate is still used in countries and courts where the civil law obtains, for those who plead and defend causes. In common use it means one who manages the cause of another, or answers objections brought against it. In Scotland there is a lord adrocate, who is one of the officers of state, and defends the king's right in all public meetings ; prosecutes all capital crimes ; concurs in all pursuits wherein the king has interest ; and may plead all causes, unless when acting as an ordinary lord of session, in which case he may plead only the king's : there is also a college or faculty of advocates, 180 in number, who are appointed to plead in all actions before the lords of session. ADVOCATION, «. the office of an advocate. ADVOWEE', s. [advoue, Fr.] he that has the right of advowson. ADVO'WSON, s. in Law, the right to present to a benefice. To ADU'RE, V. n. [iidiiro, Lat.] to consume by fire. ADU'ST, a. {(idtislus, Lat.] burnt up, scorched, and thereby ren- dered brittle ; able to burn, scorching hot. Figuratively, choleric. ADU'STED, j3«r<. [adustvs, Lat.] burnt or set on fire; warm, with respect to temperament. ADU'STIBLE, a. that may be burnt or scorched up. A'DY, s. the palm-tree of the island of St. Thomas. A'DYTUM, [Gr.] the sacred apartment in the ancient tem- ples, which only the priests might enter. ADZE. See "Addice. JE, a diphthong, wherein the sound of the A is very obscure, used by the Romans and Saxons, but now very little used, being changed for the simple e. ^'DILE, s. [cBdilis, Lat. J a Roman magistrate, deriving his name from being surveyor of the buildings, both public and pri- vate ; such as baths, aqueducts, bridges, and roads ; he inspected the weights and measures, took cognizance of disorderly houses ; revised all plays before their being exhibited ; had the care of the acts of the senate, and the examination of all books which were intended for publication. j'EfjI'NA, an island and town of ancient Greece, in the bay on which Athens stands. It was a considerable naval and com- mercial power, but it fell before its more brilliant neighbour and rival. It had a temple dedicated to Zeus Panhellenius, of which some ruins remain ; and casts of the sculptures in which are now to be seen in the British Museum. jE'GIS, s. in Mythology, the name given to the shield of Jupiter and Pallas. It derives its name from Jupiter covering his shield with the skin of the goat Amalthea, which he is reported to have sucked. This he afterwards gave to Minerva, whose shield is called by this name. jE'LFIRIC, an Anglo-Saxon archbishop of Canterbury, who did much to promote learning in his time. A Latin Glossarj% and a Translation of part of the Old Testament into his own tongue, with some Canons delivered to the Clergy under him, are yet known. He died in 1005. iE'LIA CAPITOLl'NA, the name by which Jerusalem was known, when the repeated rebellions of the Jews against the Roman j)ower led to the final and deepest dishonour of the city, in the tnne of the emperor Hadrian. jEMI'LIUS, the name of an ancient family of Rome, in which are numbered the general defeated by Hannibal at Cannae, and the conqueror of Perseus, the last Macedonian monarch. iENE'AS, a Trojan prince, according to the old fables, son of ^hrodite, the goddess of love. His fame rests on the epic poem of Virgil, called the^neiV/, which was written in accordance with the popular belief that, when Troy was taken, he fled, and after many adventures founded in Italy the kingdom where Rome af- terwards arose. The old historians of England used to ascribe the establishment of an imaginary British monarchy before the coming of the Romans to one of his sons, named Brutus. jE'NEID, ». the epic poem of Virgil, celebrating the adventures of jEneas, written m the reign of the emperor Augustus. ^NI'GMA, s. [Gr.] a proposition put in obscure, and often contradictory, terms, in order to exercise the sagacity of a person ; or an obscure description of a thing, delivered in such terms as render the explication difficult, and the meaning not intelligible at first sight. jEO'LIANS, one of the most ancient tribes of the Grecian stock, originally inhabiting Thessaly, the colonists of a consider- able part of the coast of Asia Minor. Their dialect is believed to 14 ^SO have been akin to the Doric, but there are so few remains of it that a satisfactory judgment cannot be fomied. jEO'LIC, jEo'lian, a. in Grammar, one of the five dialects of the Greek tongue. It was first used in Boeotia, whence it passed into iEolis, and was that which Sappho and Alcasus wrote in. jEolian harp, is a musical instrument played by the wind, jEO'LIPILE, s. [ceolm axiApila, Lat.] an instrument by which the conversion of water into elastic aeriform vapour, by heat, used to be demonstrated. It consisted of a hollow metallic ball, with a slender neck. This was the first steam-engine, and is ascribed to Hero of Alexandria. jEO'LUS, in heathen Mythology, the god of the winds. jE'RA,s. [Lat.] in Chronologj-, a series of years, commencing from a certain fixed point of time, called an epoch. The prin- cipal seras that need to be known are ;— the Christian aera, reck- oned from the birth of Christ, although it is generally admitted that it is placed four years too late ; the year of the world, reck- oned from 4004 years before the birth of Christ ; the Olympiads, periods of four j'ears each, reckoned from 776 b. c. ; the build- ing of Rome, reckoned from 753 u. c. ; and the Hegira, reckoned from Mohammed's flight to Medina, 022 a. d. AE'RIAL, a. [aerius, Lat.] consisting of air ; produced by the air; inhabiting the air ; placed in the air ; lofty; high. jE'RIANS, s. a branch of the sect called Arians, who added some peculiar doctrines of their own, as that there is no differ- ence between bishops and priests: from jErius, an Armenian priest, in the fourth century. iE'RlE, 8. &cEyry. AE'RIFORM, a. found in the state of the air. AERO'GRAPHY, s. [aer anAgrapho, Gr.] a description of the air, its limits, dimensions, properties, &c. AE'ROLITES, s. [iii-r and lithoa, Gr.] meteoric stones ; metallic substances which have fallen from the air, either by night or day, during a clear sky, accompanied usually by a loud explo- sion, and very vivid light. The observed instances are almost numberless, and aerolites of unrecorded fall are found in all parts of the earth. Late speculations associate them with the periodically observed meteoric showers in August and November, and assign them a planetary origin. AERO'LOGY,*. [aer and logos, Gr.] the science which teaches the nature and properties of the air. A'EROMANCY, s. [aer and manteia, Gr.] the art of divining by the air. AERO'METRY, s. [aer and metreo, Gr.] the art of measuring the air, comprehending the lawsof motion, gravitation, pressure, elasticity, rarefaction, condensation, &c. Sec Pneumatics. A'ERONAUT, s. [aer and nautes, Gr.] a person who ascends in an air balloon. AERO'SCOPY, s. [air and skopeo, Gr.] the observation of the air. AEROSTATION, s. [aer and statio, Lat.] the principles and art of aerial navigation. The machines employed are called balloons. See Bai.(-OON. jERU'GINOUS, a. [eeruffo, Lat.] resembling or belonging to the rust of copper. Applied to colour, it is by some described as a green, and by others as a brown. iERU'GO, s. [Lat.] rust, particularly that of copper ; verdigris. jE'SCHINES, a celebrated Athenian orator, the rival of the more celebrated Demosthenes. On his banishment from Athens, he retreated to Rhodes, where he taught Rhetoric, and diea about 317 B. c. Some of his speeches have been preserved, and are admired for clearness and elegance. iE'SCHY'LUS, the greatest dramatic poet of Greece. He was personally engagecl in the battles of Marathon and Salamis; and when advanced in years, visited Hiero, tyrant or king of Syracuse, who was a patron of literature. Of his plays, one complete series of 3 plays, called the Orestes, and 4 others, have been preserved : of which the Prometheus Bound is the grandest in thoughts and action of all the Greek tragedies that are known. He was the first dramatist who introduced dialogue on the sta^e. He died about 456 b. c. jESCuLA'PIUS, or Ascle'pius, the god of the healing art in the mythologies of Rome and Greece. iE'SOP, an anci^iU Grecian fable-writer. Very little of his personal historj'iS known; and most of the fables commonly ascribed to him were written by other authors. He died about 550 B. c. AFF ESTHETICS, s. [aistheticos, Gr.] a terra invented b^ a German metaphysician, Baumgarten, to designate the philosophy of poesy, or the fine arts ; which is now regarded generally as a separate department of metaphysical science. iE'STUARY, «. [astuarium, tat.] in Pharmacy, a vapour bath. In Geography, an arm of the sea, which runs a good way within land ; as the Bristol Channel. jETHER, s. [Gr.] in Physics, a thin subtile matter, finer and rarer than air, commencing from the limits of our atmosphere, and expanded through all the regions of space. In Chemistry, the lightest, most volatile, and most inflammatory of all licjuids ; produced by the distillation of acids with rectified spirit of wine. iETHE'RIAL, a. [cetherius, Lat.] formed of aether; celestial, heavenly. JEtherial space, or region, is that space in the heavens where the pure unmixed aether is supposed to be found ; and figuratively is used for lieavenlij. ^therialoil, in Chemistry, named likewise essential, is a fine, subtile, essential oil, approaching nearly to the nature of a spirit. The pure liquor, which rises next after the spirit, in distilling turpentine, is termed the atherial oil of turpentine. iETITES, s. [aetos, Gr.] or eagle-stone ; a small round flint- stone, containing a fossilized sponge, the inner part of which having been detached from the outer flinty covering, makes it a natural rattle. It was regarded as possessed of magical pro- perties, formerly. jETNA, now Monte Gibello ; a volcano or burning mountain of Sicily, situated in Long. 15. 0. E. Lat. 38. 0. N. This moun- tain, renowned from the earliest ages for its magnitude and ter- rible eruptions, is on the eastern coast, near Catania, in an ex- tensive plain, called Val Demoni. Its height has been calcidated to be about 10,900 feet, and its circumference at the base 180 miles. The distance from Catania to its summit is about 30 miles. Its top is perpetually covered with snow. About sixty eruptions are recorded^ in some of which many towns lying near it have been destroyed, and many thousands of lives. The fine dust which has been thrown out on these occasions has been seen falling on the coast of Africa. At the elevation of about 3000 feet, is a magnificent chesnut tree, many thousands of years old, 38 feet in circumference. iETO'LlA, the name of that portion of ancient Greece, which lay on the N. side of the Corinthian Gulf, at its entrance from the Ionian Sea. AFA'R, Of/, at a distance. Figuratively, foreign or strange; distant, in opposition to intimate friendship. AFFABI'LITY, s. [affabilitas, Lat.] a quality which renders a person easy to be spoken to ; including modesty, good-nature, and condescension ; generally applied to superiors. A'FFABLE, a. [affabilis, Lat.] easy to be spoken to, on account of complaisance, good-nature, and condescension. A'FFABLENESS, s. See Affability. A'FFABLY, ad. in an affable manner ; courteously ; civilly. AFFAIR, s. [affaire, Fr.] something done, or to be done ; employment ; the concerns and transactions of a nation ; cir- cumstances, or the condition of a person ; business. To AFFE'CT, V. a. [a^io, Lat.] to produce an effect ; to cause ; to act upon ; to excite, stir up, or work upon the passions ; to aim at; to endeavour after, applied to persons; to have a tendency ; to assume ; to tend to ; to be fond of, or long for ; to assume a character not real, or natural, and to support it in an awkward manner ; followed by with. AFFECTATION, s. [affectatio, Lat.] an artful or hypocritical assuming of a character, or appearance, which is not our own, and to which we have no claim. AFFE'CTED, part, having the affections excited ; peculiarly fond of ; disposed, with the word ill; personated, or appearing unnatural. AFFE'CTEDLY, ad. in a manner which has more of appear- ance than reality. AFFE'CTEDNESS, s. the quality of assuming an unnatural or false appearance. Distinguished from hypocrisy by its object ; that being religion, and this politeness, grandeur, learning, &c. AFFE'CTION, s. iaffeetio, Lat.] state of being affected, or wrought upon by any cause ; passions in general ; love, fond- ness, regard, or good-will; zeal; a desire of obtaining. In Logic, an attribute peculiar to some subject, and arising from the vei-y idea or essence of it; styled by the school-men, proprium AFF mmrto modo. Affections of the body, in Physics, are certain modi- fications occasioned by motion. In Medicine, it implies a mor- bid state of the bodv, or some of its parts. AFFE'CTIONATt, a. laffectionni, Fr.] zealous, or a strong and longing desire; warm; strongly inclined, or disposed to; fond, tender, with all the glowings of paternal love. AFFE'CTIONATELY, ad. in an affectionate, fond, endearing, and benevolent manner. AFFE'CTIONATENESS, s. the quality or state of exercising the social, benevolent, kind, and endearing passions. AFFE'CTIONED, a. full of affectation, conceited, affected ; mentally disposed. AFFE'CTIVE, a. that acts upon, or excites a disagreeable or painful sensation. AFFE'RORS, Affee'rors, s. in Law, persons appointed to tax, assess, and confirm such fines as are set in inferior courts ; in courts leet, to settle the fines of those that are guilty of faults, which have no express penalty assigned by tlie statute; in courts baron, to moderate amerciaments. AFFGHANISTA'N, a large country of Southern Asia, lying between British India andf Persia.' Its capital is Caubul : Ghuznee and Candahar are considerable towns. In climate, animals, plants, &c., it generally resembles India; but birds and trees common in more temperate regions also occur. The Afl^ghans, who possess this country by ancient conquest, retain their original nomade habits,leavingcommerce, which is limited, trade, and most frequently the cultivation of the land, to the remnants of the former possessors, the Hindus and Persians. In religion, they are Mohammedans; and they display some care for popular education, which is, of course, in the hands of the priesthood. Their political condition bears some resemblance to that of the states oiEurope during the middle ages ; the shah, or king, bein^ the sovereign of the khans of the tribes com- posing the nation, rather than of the nation itself, and his govern- ment being almost wholly restricted to military affairs and revenue. In the army, also, the Gholams exactly resemble the condottieri of Europe. AFFI'ANCE, s. [affiance, Fr.] confirming one's own by plight- ing of faith, betrothing. Figuratively, trust or confidence, the eflfect of the mutual vows persons make to each other ; a firm trust, an unshaken reliance. To AFFI'ANCE, v. a. [affiancer, Fr.] to bind oneself to marn'. Figuratively, to give confidence. AFFIDAVIT, s. [Lat.] an oath in writing, sworn before an authorized person ; which contains the time, residence, and addition of the person who makes it. AFFI'ED, pa7-t. a. joined by contract ; affianced. AFFILIATION, s. [ad and Jllius, Lat.] adoption, or the making a son. AFFI'NED, part, [affinis, Lat.] joined by affinity or marriage to another ; related to. AFFI'NITY, s. [affinitas, Lat.] relation by marriage, in op- position to that which is by blood ; connexion ; resemblance to, applied to things. In Chemistrj', is that peculiar property by which different bodies unite and combine with certain other bodies exclusively, in preference to any other connexion : called also elective attraction. To AFFI'RM, V. a. and e. n. {affirmo, Lat.] to confirm a thing as truth ; to declare ; to assert ; to tell confidently. It is syno- nymous with the following words : To declare, signifies to tell any thing simply, but seriously ; toprotest, implies a solemn affirm- ation ; to aver, signifies a positive declaration ; to assert, that de- claration defended ; to maintain, implies a support of such asser- tion ; to swear, is to ratify it by an oath. AFFI'RMABLE, a. that may be afllrmed or asserted. AFFI'RMANCE, s. in Law, confirmation ; opposed to repeal. AFFI'RMANT, s. [affinnans, Lat.] the person who affirms, or makes a positive declaration. AFFIRMA'TION, s. [affirmatio, Lat.] the act of strengthening or supporting any opinion ; confirmation ; assertion ; or tena- ciousness of any thing or position asserted ; confirmation, in oppo- sition to repeal. In Gramn^ar, what is otherwise called a verb, because it expresses what we affirm or assert of any subject. In Law, the method allowed by law to the Quakers as a pledge of their truth in judicial courts, instead of an oath. If they make a false affirmation, they are subject to the penalties of the law ; but this is only with regard to oaths of allegiance, and on public AFF occasions ; for in criminal cases their affirmation is not taken in evidence. AFFI'RMATIVE, a. that positively affirms or asserts a thing; applied to persons, positive ; obstinate in opinion ; dogmatical ; or one that would affirm any thing. In Algebra, applied to quan- tities, those which express a real magnitude, in opposition to those which are negative, or do not. Affirmative sign, in Algebra, shows that the quantity it is prefixecl to is affirmative; it is made thus, (+). AFFI'RMATIVELY, ad. in an affirmative or positive manner, in opposition to negative. AFFl'RMER, «. that person who asserts a thing to be true; he that affirms ; he who takes the affirmative side of a question in dispute. To AFFI'X, t'. o. \affigo, Lat.] to be fixed or united to ; to con- nect with ; to subjoin ; to establish. A'FFIX.s. [aMxum, Lat.] in Grammar, some letter or sentence joined to a word. AFFl'XION, s. the art of affixing, or state of a noun that has an affix. AFFLA'TION,*. [nfflatum,La.i.'] the act of breathing upon any thin^. AFFLATUS, s. [Lat.] Divine inspiration. In Physic, a vapour or blast, which is prejudicial to the liealth. To AFFLl'CT, v. a. [uffligo, Lat.] to use so as to occasion sorrow ; to mortify, or practise all the duties of sincere repentance ; to punish ; to be in adversity, or involved in temporal unhappiness. AFFLrCTION,s. [affiictio, l.a.t.'] that which causes a sensation of pain; a very disagreeable circumstance ; calamity. AFFLI'CTIVE, a. that occasions torment, misery, or a sensa- tion of pain on account of its disagreeableness ; that which causes sorrow. A'FFLUENCE, A'ffluenxy, s. [affluentia, Lat.] in its primary sense, the flowing to any place ; resort, or concourse. Almost always used figuratively, for abundance of wealth, plenty. A'FFLUENT, a. [affluens, Lat.] in its primary sense, flowing to any part. In its secondarj-, abundant in wealth ; plentiful ; exuberant ; wealthy. A'FFLUENTNESS, s. the quality of being wealthy, or abound- ing with all the conveniences of lite. A'FFLUX, s. [affluxus, Lat.] the act of flowing, or thing which flows. AFFLU'XION, s, [affluxio, Lat.] the act of flowing to a par- ticular place ; that which flows from one place to another. To AFFO'RD, v. a. [affoxirrer, Fr.] to yield or produce ; to sup- ply, cause, or grant ; to be able to sell without losing. To AFFO'REST, v. a. to turn ground into a forest. To AFFRA'NCHISE, v. a. [tim-anchir, Fr.] to make free. To AFFRA'Y, v. a. [effrayer,'Vx.'] to strike with terror or fear; to fright. AFFRA'Y, Affra'yment, s. in Law, formerly an affright caused to one or more, by persons appearing in unusual armour. At present, a skirmish or fighting, wherein some blow is given, or some weapon drawn. It differs from an assault, as this a publii^, but that a personal wrong. AFFRI'CTION.s. &e Friction. To AFFRI'GHT, v. a. [a and/n/tton, Sax.] to affect with fear, including in it the idea of something dangerous and mischievous, something that can deprive us of pfeasure, or affect us with pain, and that the impression of this passion is sudden ; to intimidate and dishearten. AFFRI'GHT, s. terror ; fear, denoting a sudden impression, in opposition to fear, which implies a long continuance. AFFRrGHTFUL,a. abounding in such qualities as may cause fear. To AFFRO'NT, v. a. [affronter, Fr.] in its primary significa- tion, to meet face to face, to confront. Figuratively, to injure a person before his face, including in it the secondary ideas of con- tempt, disdain, and entire neglect of decorum. AFFRO'NT, «. an insult or injury offered to the face, includ- ing the ideas of contempt and rudeness ; indecent behaviour ; outrage. AFFRONTEE', s. in Heraldrj, an appellation given to ani- mals facing one another on an escutcheon. AFFRO'NTER, s. the person who offers the affront. AFFRO'NTING, Affro'ntive, part. a. that occasions or causes an affront. 16 AGA AFFU'SION,*. laffuso, Lat.] the act of pouring one thing upon another. AFIE'LD,aA to the field. AFLO'AT, ad. [domjlotter, Fr.] borne up by the water; float- ing. Figuratively, fluctuating. AFOOT, ad. walking, in opposition to riding. Figuratively, in agitation ; commenced. AFO'RE, prep. See Before. AFO'RE, ad. applied to time, that which is past, antecedent to a thing mentioned. AFO'RETIME, ad. in times past, or those which have pre- ceded that in which they are referred to. AFRAI'D, part, [effrayer, Fr.] to be timorous; to be affected with fear, either by a present object which may endanger our safeU', or bv the prospect of a distant or future evil. AFRE'Srt, ad. anew; again; a second time. A'FRICA, one of the four principal parts of the world ; bound- ed on the N. by the Mediterranean sea ; on the W. and .S. by the Atlantic Ocean; on the E. bv the Indian Ocean and Red Sea. It is in length about 4600 miles, and its greatest breadth about 3500. The greatest part of it is within the torrid zone, but the coasts are more temperate, and in the N. and S. extremities, not unhealthy. Nearly the whole of the N. half of this continent is occupied bvan immense desert, called the Sahara; and there are other smaller desert tracts beside. Its principal rivers are, the Nile, which waters Egj-pt ; and the Quorra or Niger, which flows into the Gulf of Guinea. The mountains whence both these rivers flow are the highest in Africa, and are called the Moun- tains of the Moon ; there is another chain, still called Atlas, separating the Barbary States from the Sahara. It abounds in peculiar animals ; and as so little of the country is reclaimed, or even reclaimable, they are in numbers and ferocity almost the lords of the soil. Lions, and their kindred races, elephants, rhinoceroses, hyaenas, baboons, zebras, with hippopotami and crocodiles, serpents, and birds of prey, are to be met with almost through its entire range. Its plants are mostly peculiar to itself, and every year introduces to our hot-houses new specimens of rare beauty. The natives of Africa, with the exception of the Egyptians, who resemble the Caucasian race of man, are ne- groes, and preserve, amidst great differences in colour, &c., the general appearance of that race. Ivory and gold are its most valuable exports. A'FTER, prep, [epfter. Sax.] applied to time, denotes that something had been done before. Applied to place, behind or following. Concerning ; according to ; agreeable to, in imita- tion of. A'FTER, ad. succeeding or following in time ; second or fol- lowing in place, in opposition to be/ore. A'FTER-AGES, s. ages which are to come, or future. AFTER-CLAP, s. some unexpected incident after an affair is supposed to be ended. A'FTER-COST, s. expenses which are incurred after the ori- ginal bargain or plan is finished. A'FTER-CROP, s. the second crop or produce of a ground in one year. A'FTER-GAME, s. an expedient after the original plan or first attempt has miscarried. A'FTER-MATH, s. second crop of grass mown in autumn. A'PI'ERNOON, s. that space, or interval, which is from twelve at noon till the evening. Figuratively, decline ; " The afternoon of life." A'FTER-PAINS, s. pains after birth. A'FTER-PROOF, s. evidence posterior to the thing in ques- tion ; qualities known by subsequent experience. A'F'l ER-TASTE, s. a taste remaining upon the tongue after the draught, which was not perceived in the act of drinking. A'FTER-THOL'GHT, s. an expedient formed too late; re- flection, or thought arising after the finishing of a thing; repentance. A'FTER-TIMES, s. [seldom used in the singular] future ages ; in time to come. A'FTERWARD, A'fterwards, ad. in succeeding or future time, referring to something which preceded, and which it is supposed to follow. A'FTER-WIT, s. an unseasonable expedient, or a conlnvanre which is too late. A'GA, s. the title of a Turkish military officer. AGE AGA'IN, ad. [open. Sax.] a second time, implying the re- petition of the same action ; on the other hand, denoting a correspondence or reciprocation of action. After ask, a return of a thing given ; return by way of recompence, or reimburse- ment. After much, or words implying dimension, a repetition of the same quantity which preceded. AGA'INST, prep, {(engeon. Sax.] used of persons, in oppo- sition, alluding to the position of two armies ready to attack each other. Alter speak, to be represented in a bad light. Ap- plied to motion, contrary direction ; or that in which one body meets with another. A'GAPAI, {dga-pay) s. [Gr.] love feasts, exercised by the pri- mitive Ctiristians, and revived by the Methodists. AGA'PE, ad. a stupid kind of admiration ; wondering, as ex- pressed by the ignorant, with open mouths. A'GARIC, s. [agaricum, Lat.] in Botany, the general name for all kinds of fungi resembling the mushroom. A'GATE,«. [affate, Fr.] a stoneof the flint kind, much used for ornaments, because of the beautifully shaded colours it displays, and the polish it will take. AGATHOCLES, one of the tyrants or kings of Syracuse. He rose from the low condition of a potter, by daring, eloquence, personal appearance, and wealth, to such importance, that he seized on the chief power. His reign was a troubled one, but it won him a great name. He died in 289 b. c. A'GAVE, «. the common American aloe. AGA'ZEDj^art. struck with a sudden terror; terrified to stu- pidity. AGE, s. [age, Fr.] the time of a man's life ; a succession of ge- nerations of men ; a century, or the space of a hundred years. Persons are said to be o/'oz/e, when thev have reached the period (in our country, 21 years) at which they are by law reckoned capable of managing their own affairs. Age of the moon, the in- terval that has elapsed since the last new moon. AGES OF THE WORLD, in Poetry, are the periods into which the ancient poets divided the history of mankind, viz. the golden age, when all were innocent ; the silver, when crime first began ; the brazen, when it gained the upper hand ; and the iron, when all good seemed overthrown. In History, divisions of the histoiy of the world, either for the convenience of a synoptical and chronological view of the whole, of which divisions almost every writer makes his own ; or else according to the degree of credibility that attaches to the narratives of the times : thus we have the Mythic, in which facts cannot be obtained at all ; the Heroic, in which we obtain them, but magnified and distorted ; and the Historic age, in which we have credible documentary evi- dence of what has occurred. But these divisions cannot be made exact. AGED, a. that has lived a long course or series of years, ge- nerally applied to animals. Figuratively, that which has stood for many years ; decayed by length of time, applied to inanimate A'GEDLY, ad. after the manner of a person advanced in years, or in the decline of life. AGE'N, ad. See Again. A'GENCY,«. the qualitj' of acting; action; the state of being in, •r exerting action. A'GENT, o. [agens, Lat.] that which acts, or is active, in op- position to patient or passive. A'GENT, «. a being, endued with the power of action. In Physics, that which is endued with power to act on another, ana to produce a change or alteration by such action. The schools divide agents into natural or free. Natural, are those which are determined by the great Author of nature to one sort of effect, with an incapacity to perform anrother, as fire to,heat only, not to cool. A. free agent is that which may do or not do any action, and has the conscious perception that his actions are caused by his own will, without any external necessity or determination whatever. In Commerce, an agent is a person intrusted with transacting business for another .at a distance, or the negociation of the affairs of a state or corporation. Agent and Patient, in Law, is a person who does or gives something to himself, being both the doer of a thing, and the party to whom it is done. Thus a creditor being left executor, he may retain so much of the estate of the deceased as will pay his debt, and by that means becomes both agent and patient, i. e. the party to whom the debt is due, and the person who pays it. AGESILA'US, one of the most noted kings of Sparta. He raised his state to its highest pitch of power, humbling, though not defeating, the Persians, and subjecting Athens, and the other states of Greece, except only the Thebans, under the brief command of Epaminondas. He died as he was returning from a successful, but not very honourable, campaign in Egj-pt, in A'GGERHUYS. See Christiania. To AGGLO'MERATE, v. a. [agglomero, Lat.] to gather up in a ball ; to gather together. AGGLUTINANTS, s. [agglutim, Lat.] substances which have the quality of glueing, or sticking any bodies together. To AGGLUTINATE, v. a. to unite one part to another, as with glue; to make one part stick to another; followed hj to. AGGLUTINATION, s. the joining of two bodies fast together. AGGLUTINATIVE, a. that which has the power of making bodies adhere closely. To A'GGRANDIZE, v. a. [aggrandiser , Fr.] to exalt, prefer, or to make considerable by the addition of posts and pensions ; to enlarge, exalt, or ennoble, applied to the faculties and senti- ments of the mind. It is applied to persons generally, sometimes to things. AGGRA'NDIZEMENT, s. the act of promoting to a high place in a state ; or the act of conferring power, honour, and wealth on a person. A'GGRANDIZER, s. the person who confers honour and riches on another. To A'GGRAVATE, v. a. [aggravo, Lat.] to increase the weight of a thing. Figuratively, to add to the enormity, applied to crimes. AGGRAVATION, s. the act of making worse, applied to the demerit of actions. Some circumstance which heightens the guilt of anj crime, &c. A'GGRLGATE, a. [aggregatus, Lat.] assembled or collected into one mass. A'GGREGATE, s. [from aggrego, Lat.] an assemblage fonned of several particulars; the sum total or result of several things added together. To A'GGREGATE, v. a. [aggrego, Lat.] to collect together several particulars into one sum, or several parcels or particles into one mass. AGGREGATION, ». a whole made up of several parts added together. In Arithmetic, the sura total, formed by tne addition of several units together. In Physics, an assemblage of several things which have no natural connexion with each other. To AGGRE'SS, v. n. [aggredior, Lat.] to commit the first act of hostility ; to make the first attack ; to occasion or begin a quarrel. AGGRE'SSION, «. [aggressio, Lat.] the act of beginning a quarrel, or being guilty of the first attack. AGGRE'SSOR, «. the person who commits the first act of hos- tility or injurj'. AGGRIE'VANCE, s. an action which causes pain or uneasi- ness in the person to whom it was done, and includes in it the secondary icfea of injur}', or something undeserved. To AGGRIE'VE, v. a. [from gravis, Lat.] to do or say some- thing which shall make a person uneasy ; to offer an injury, which shall occasion vexation. To AGGROU'P, V. a. [aggropare, Ital.] to bring together into one figure ; to crowd together : a term of painting. AGHA'ST, a. [a, and gliast, Sax.] having all the signs of a per- son terrified by an apparition ; like one who had seen a ghost. A'(iILE, a. [agilis, Lat.] active ; acting with great speed and readiness ; nimble. Applied to the mind, alert, vigorous, in op- positi(m to slow and stupid. A'GlLENESS,s. the quality of performing withoutpain or any other impediment. AGILITY, s. [agilitas, Lat.] a capacity of moving without pain, or any other impediment. AGI'LLOCHUM, s. aloes-wood ; occasionally used as a medi- cine for nervous disorders. A'GINCOURT, a village in the department of the Straits of Calais, rendered famous by the battle fought near it, Oct. 25, 1415, wherein Henry V. of England, with an army of about r2,(K)0 men, obtainea a complete victory over the French army, consisting of about 60,000 men. The French lost about 10,000 men, and 14,000 prisoners, among whom were the duke of Or- D 17 AGO leans, and many others of great distinction : while the loss of the English, including the duke of York and the earl of Suft'olk, did not exceed 1200. Lat. 50. 31. N. Long. 2. 10. E. A'GIO, s. [ Venet. aid or assistance] in Commerce, the exchange or difference between bank and current money, or cash. Thus, if a bargain be made to pay either 100 livres bank or 105 cash, the agio is said to be 5 per cent. The agio varies almost every where ; at Amsterdam it is usually from 3 to 5 per cent. ; at Rome near 26 per 1500 ; at Venice 10 per cent, fixed ; and at Genoa from 15 to 16. It likewise signifies the profit which arises from money advanced, and is the same as premium. A'GIS, the name of four kings of Sparta, the fourth of whom endeavoured to reform the state by reinforcing the laws of Ly- curgus, by abohshing the distinction between the Spartans, or noblesse, and the LacedBemonians, who were the unprivileged classes of Sparta. He fell a victim to the conservative spirit of the rulers, and the fickleness of the people. He was put to death in 241 B. c, when only 24 years of^age. AGI'STMENT, s. in Law, the feed of other people's cattle, taken into any ground, at a certain rate per week. In a large sense, it extends to all manner of common or herbage, or the pro- fit arising from thence. A'GITABLE, a. [agitahilis, Lat.] that may be put in motion. To A'GITATE, v. a. [agito, Lat.] to move by repeated actions ; to actuate, act upon, or give motion to; to disturb, or disorder by the distractions of dinerent motives ; to toss from one to an- other, to discuss or controvert with great warmth. AGITATION, «. [agitatio, Lat.] the act of shaking or putting the particles of a body into motion ; disorder of the mind arising fi^om the violence of different passions ; consideration or deliber- ation of several persons. AGITATOR, s. the person who projects any scheme, occasions any disturbance, or causes any motion ; he who manages and conducts the affairs of another. A'GLET, ». a tag of a point carved into some representation of an animal. The pendants at the ends of the chives of flowers. A'GNAIL, s. [Sax.] a whitlow. AGNATI, s. [Lat.] in the Roman law, the male descendants from the same father, distinguished from cognati, which includes the female descendants. AGNATION, s. [from agnatus, Lat.] in Law, the relation be- tween the descendants from the same father, including only males. AGNE'SI, MARIA G., an eminently accomplished woman who wrote on Philosophy and Mathematics, the daughter of a Bolognese Professor, ohe died in 1799. AGNTTION, s. [agtdtio, Lat.] an acknowledging. To AGNI'ZE, V. a. [agnosco, Lat.] to own ; to avow ; to acknow- ledge. AGNOETjE, s. [a and ginosko, Gr.] in Church History, a sect of heretics, who held that Christ, with respect to his human na- ture, was ignorant of some things, and especially the day of judgment. AGNO'MEN, s. [Lat.] an addition of name added to the sur- name of a person on account of some peculiar action or circum- stance ; as the addition of Africamts to the name of Scipio, on account of his exploits in Africa. AGNOJIINA'TION, s. [(ignoviinatio, Lat.] the resemblance or allusion of one word to another both in sound and sense. A'GNUS CASTUS, s. [Lat.] the name of the tree commonly called the chaste tree, from an imaginary virtue of preserving chastity. A'GNUS DEI, s. [Lat. the Lamb of God] in the Roman Church, a flat piece of white wax of an oval form, stamped with the figure of a lamb, and consecrated by the Pope. AGO', ad. [agan,Sa.x.'\ past. When we reckon past time, to- wards, or ending with the present, we use since ; as, " It is a year since it happened." But when we reckon from the present, and end with the past, we use ago ; as, " It happened three nights ago." AGO'G, ad.\d gogo, Fr.] eager for the possession of something ; longing ; having set one's fancy or affections on. AGO'NE, ad. [agan. Sax.] past, with respect to time; for- merly. AGONI'STES, s. [Gr.] one who used to exhibit at the public games of Greece and Rome, being a candidate for the prizes awarded for superiority of strength, &c. AG R A'GONIZE, V. n. [agonizomai, Gr.] to strive earnestly. Figur- atively, to be affected with acute and excessive pain. A'GONY, s, excessive pain. AGOU'TI, s. in Zoology, a class of animals resembling the rabbit, or guinea-pig, to which they are allied. They are natives of South America, and some of the West Indian islands. A'GRA, s. the capital of a province of the same name in Hin- dustan, 830 miles from Calcutta. It was, in the last century, a most extensive and opulent city, where the Great Mogul some- times resided. There were above 60 spacious caravansaries, 800 baths, 700 mosques, and 2 magnificent mausoleums. It had a considerable trade, but has since declined. It is seated on the river .himna, 100 miles S. by E. of Delhi. Lat. 27. 12. If. Long. 77. 50. E. AGRA'RIAN, a. [agrarius, Lat.] in .the Roman Law, a term applied to such laws as relate to the division and distribution of lands. To AGREE', V. a. [agreer, Fr.] to be friends, or in concord, i. e. a state wherein the sentiments of one person are similar to, or the same as, those of another ; to consent to do a thing upon certain conditions ; to bargain ; to resemble ; to be Hke ; to match , applied to colour ; to tally with ; to be consistent with. AGREE' ABLE, a. [agreable, Fr.] suitable ; conformable to or consistent with ; pleasing ; grateful ; as suitable to our inclina- tions or faculties. AGREE'ABLENESS, s. the quality which renders a thing grateful to the taste ; or, which renders a thing pleasing, below rapture, and less than admiration ; likeness ; affinity, resem- blance. AGREE'ABLY, ad. in a manner consistent with, or conform- able to ; in a manner which affords a pleasing satisfaction. AGREE'D, part, settled by mutual consent. AGREE'MENT, s. [in Law Lat. agreeamenturn] .friendship; alliance ; concord ; a contract, bargain, or compact ; resemblance. AGRI'COLA, C. JULIUS, a Roman commander in Britain, who conquered Boadicea, reduced the whole of Wales, over- came the army gathered together by Galgacus, and secured all Britain south of the river Clyde and the Frith of Forth by a fortified Vallum. He was the first Roman circumnavigator of our island. Tacitus, his son-in-law, who wrote his Biography, insinuates that he was poisoned by tho emperor Domitian, who hated both his success and his virtue, in 93 a. d. AGRI'COLA, (properly HAUSMANN,) RODOLPH, one of the learned men of Europe in the age of Lorenzo the Magnifi- cent. He studied at Italy, and was a professor in the universities of Groningen and Heidelberg. His works were highly esteemed ; and he may be regarded as one of the precursors and pioneers of the Lutheran Reformation. He died in 1485, when only 42 years old. A'GRICULTURE, s. [agricultura, Lat.] the art of tilling and manuring the ground, so as to make it fruitful and bear plants ; consisting in manuring, fallowing, sowing, harrowing, reaping, mowing, &c. ; the management of the productions of difliirent soils, and planting; together with the culture of forests, tim- ber, &c. AGRIGE'NTUM, a magnificent city of ancient Sicily, on the S. coast, a little removed from the sea. It was reduced by the Carthaginians in 400 b. c, and after that time was of no imports ance in history. The temple of Zeus Olympius there was, accord- ing to Diodorus Siculus, the greatest sacred edifice amongst the Greeks, except the temple of Artemis at Ephesus. A'GRIMONY, s. [agiimonia, Lat.] in Botany, a common Eng- lish plant, formerly used in medicine. AGRI'PPA. See Herod. AGRI'PPA, M. VIPSANIUS, a partisan of Augustus Caesar, and commander of his forces in successful campaigns against L. Antonius and the Aquitanians, and in the naval battles of Mylse and Actium. He consecrated the Pantheon at Rome; and was twice governor of Syria. He died in 12 b. c. AGRI'PPA, HENRY CORNELIUS, a physician of the be- ginning of the 16th century, who, with Paracelsus and others, who attempted to investigate the hidden causes of natural phenomena, has been generally stigmatized as an impostor, and pretender to magical power. He died in 1535. AGRO'UND, ad. a sea term, stranded ; stuck fast upon shore, so as not to be got off, and pursue a voyage ; hindered by the ground fiom passing further. Figuratively, meeting with some AIL impediment or obstacle, which renders it impossible to advance in or go on with an affair. A'GUE, ». [aigu, Fr.] a periodical species of fever, beginning with a cold snivering, which is succeeded by heat, and termin- ates in a sweat. When the cold fit is scarcely perceptible, and there is a return of the hot one only, it is called an intermitting fever. According to the returns of the fit, it is differently denominated. If it returns every day, it is then called a quotidian ; if everj' third day, a tertian ; and if every fourth day, a quartan. A'GVJED, part, struck or affected with an ague. Figuratively, cold, shivering, trembling, in allusion to the effects of this disorder. A'GUE-FIT, s. the cold, shivering, trembling fit which affects people in the ague. A'GUE-TREE, s. a name given sometimes to sassafras. A'GUISH, a. like or having the properties of an ague. A'GUISHNESS, s. the quality which resembles an ague. AH ! interj. denoting some sudden dislike, and occasioned by the apprehension of evil consequences. AHA' ! interj. denoting the triumph of contempt ; intended to express joy at the calamities of others, and to increase the un- easiness which they themselves experience. AHASUE'RUS, the king of Persia whose court is the scene of the story in the Book of Esther ; and who is now believed to be the same with Xerxes, whose disastrous attempt on the freedom of Greece is so well known. AHE'AD, ad. a sea term ; beyond ; implying a greater degree of swiftness. AHEI'GHT, ad. on high ; a great distance above us. AHOUA'I, s. a poisonous plant. A-HU'LL, ad. a sea term, used when all the sails are furled on account of the violence of the stonn, and with the helm lashed on the lee-side, a ship lies nearly with her side to the wind and sea. AIA'IA, a Brazilian bird which resembles the spoonbill. A'JAN, or A'jEN, a country on the east coast of Afi'ica, south of Abyssinia and the Straits of Babelmandel ; it extends about 1500 leagues in length, from Magadoxa to Cape Guard-a-fui. The coast is sandy and barren, but to the N. the country is more fertile, producing, more particularly, an excellent breed of horses, which the Arabian merchants, who come to trade in their ports, take, together with ivory, gold, Abyssinian slaves captured in war, &c., in exchange for silks, cottons, and other cloths. A'ICHSTADT, or Ei'chstadt, capital of an extensive bishopric of the same name in Franconia. Here are several hospitals, an alms-house, a seminary for students, a cathedral, and other churches, one of which is built after the model of that called the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. Aichstadt is seated in a valley, on the nver Altmul, 30 miles S. of Nuremberg. To AID, V. a. [aider, Fr.] to give assistance or succour to ; to deliver a person in danger, or distress, out of it, by giving him all the assistance, help, or succour in one's power. To support, when applied to the means used to free a person from want. AID, s. [aide, Fr.] that which contributes to render a thing more easy ; assistance ; support given to a person. In Politics, a subsidj', or money given to support the necessities of the state. AID-DE-CAMP, s. [Fr.] in the army, an officer who receives and carries the orders of a general officer to the rest of the army. AI'DER, s. one who assists or helps ; one who takes part with a person, and endeavours to promote his undertaking. AI'DLESS, ad. deprived, or in want of help or assistance to render an undertaking successful, or a misfortune supportable ; without aid or assistance from another. AI'GULET, s. [Fr.] a point with tags; points of gold at the end of fringes. AI'KIN, DR. .lOHN, a physician who is best known to us as the writer of a very popular book for young persons, called Hven- ings at Home. He wrote many other worKs, some addressed to the young, others on more general subjects. He took part in editing the Monthly Magazine. He died in 1822. To AIL,». a. [eglan, Sax.] to disturb; to affect with a disagree- able sensation. AIL, «. a distemper. AI'LEROUS, s. [Fr.] two small shelly substances resembling small wings found at the root of the wings of two-winged flies. Al'LlNG, part, having a weak constitution, subject to dis- orders; valetudinarj'. ALA AI'LMENT,*. indisposition ; disorder; diminution of health. To AIM, V. a. to direct a weapon so as to hit any object ; to throw a thing at an object so as to strike it. Figuratively, to direct the edge of satire against a particular person. AIM, «. the position or direction of a weapon, in order to strike an object ; the point which is intended to be hit, or the object designed to be struck. Figuratively, an endeavour to obtain any thing ; intention ; purpose; or design. AI'NSWORTH, ROBERT, a schoolmaster of Bolton, Lan- cashire, and of London, and compiler of the Latin Dictionary, which, till the late work byScheller, was the principal authority in that tongue. He died in 1743. AIR, s. [aer, Lat.] applied to all that class of thin, elastic fluids, imperceptible to the eye, called gases ; but generally restricted to the atmosphere of our globe, which is composed of oxygen and nitrogen gases, in the proportions of 20 to 80 in a 100 parts, and of carbonic acid gas, about 5 parts in 10,000. In Music, it is the melody of the tune. Figuratively, and in Painting, the mien or manner of a person ; a clownish or genteel air : posture, attitude, or behaviour ; " he gave himself airs." To AIR, V. a. to expose to the air ; to enjoy the benefit from the air; to expose to tlie fire, in order to free from damp. AI'RBLADDER,s. a bladder found among the entrails offish, which by its contraction or dilatation enables them to rise or dive in the water. AIRBALLO'ON, s. a bag of any light substance filled with inflammable air. See AEnosTATioN. AI'RDRAWN, a. chimerical ; imaginary. AI'RGUN, s. an instrument for discharging bullets by means of compressed air. AI'RINESS, «. applied to situation, exposed to a free current of air, in opposition to confined ; openness. Figuratively, ap- plied to a person's manner, or behaviour ; levity, gaiety. AI'RING, s. a short walk or ride abroad ; so called because we then enjoy the fresh and open air. Al'RLING, s. a youthful, light, gay, and thoughtless person. AI'RPUMP, s. in Philosophy, an instrument or machine used for extracting the air from a vessel called the receiver, by means of pistons ; for the purpose of scientific experiments. It is also used to supply the diving bell with air ; and to reduce the boil- ing point by sugar-refiners, as a safeguard against fire. Ai'RSHAFT, s. in Mining, a passage made for the air like a well. Al'RY, a. {aereus, Lat.] on high, or in that space assigned to the air. Figuratively, chimerical, wanting solidity of foundation. Applied to dress, that which exposes to the weather, in opposi- tion to warm, close, or confined. Applied to temper or behaviour, gay, sprightly, fiill of vivacity. AISLE, s, {He) the side-walks of a church, running parallel to the centre path, called the nave. AIT, Eyght, s. a small island in a river. AIX, a city in the department of the mouths of the Rhone in the south of^ France. It derives its name from its hot baths, which were known to the Romans ; is populous, and adorned with several beautiful squares and fountains. Its principal trade is in oil. It is 17 miles E. of Montpelier. AIX-LA-CHAPE'LLE, the chief city of a division of the same name, of the province of Lower Rhine, Prussia. There are hot baths in it, and some mines near it. It has 30 parochial churches, and a very spacious market-place. It was the residence and capital of the emperor Charlemagne, who lies interred in the church of Notre Dame, where his sword and belt are kept to this day. Two celebrated treaties of peace were concluded here, in 1608 and 1748. It has still a considerable trade in needles and woollen goods. It is 17 miles N. of Limburg, 22. N. E. of Liege, and 40. W. of Cologne. Lat. 50. 48. N. Long. 6. 3. E. To AKE, Ache, v. n. to feel a dull and continual pain, in opposition to »mart, which is an acute one, and of a short con- tinuance. A'KENSIDE, MARK, one of the poets of England, whose Pleasures of Imagination is ranked amongst our classics. He was a physician by profession, and he died in 1770. AKI'N, a. related by blood or descent. Figuratively, resem- bling ; having the same properties ; having a near relation to. ALABA'MA, one of the IJnited States of N. America, lying be- tween the State of Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, and the State of Mississippi, on the S, and W., and the States of Tennessee and D 2 10 ALB Georgia on the N. and E. It is 317 miles from N. to S., and 174 from E. to W.j and contains 46,art. that which occasions terror, fear," or ap- prehension, from the idea of approaching danger. ALA'RMPOST, s. the place appointed for the several com- panies of an army to repair to, in case of any sudden and unfore- seen danger, which occasions an alarm to be beat or sounded. ALA'RUM, s. a clock, calculated to give notice to a person of any particular time it is set to, by the running down of its weight, which is attended in its descent by a continual striking of its hammer on the bell. ALA'S! interj. wheii used of ourselves, it implies lamentation, occasioned by the idea of some calamity. When applied to others, it implies pity, caused from an idea of their distress. ALA'Y, s, in Hunting, the adding fresh dogs into the cry. ALB, «. [album, Lat.] a vest or garment of white linen, reach- ing down to the feet, worn by priests ; a surplice. ALBA'NIA, a province of 'Turkey in Europe, lying on the Gulf of Venice. Its inhabitants are rude and fierce in their habits, possessing few of the arts of civilized life, and much given to war, piracy, and robbery. The Albanians who live in- land are mostly Mohammedans, but they are not very strict followers of the prophet. They are very fond of finery, and are not over-attentive to personal cleanliness. They have no manu- factures to depend on, so they exchange the natural products of the country for arms, apparel, &c. It was formerly an in- dependent kingdom, and long resisted the Turks. ST. ALBANS, Hertfordshire, with the title of a duchy. Mar- kets, Wednesday and Saturday. It is seated on the river Coin, arose from the ruins of the ancient city of Verulam, and receives its name from a monastery dedicated to St. Alban, a Roman martyr, now used as a parish church. 21i miles from London. Pop. 6497. ALBANY, the capital of the state of New York, United States, 370 miles from Washington. The older streets of this city are narrow and irregular, but those more recently laid out are spa- cious and regular. The Capitol is a fine building, standing in a commanding position at the head of State Street. It is advan- tageously situated on the Hudson for trade, and, by the Erie and Champlain canals, and the Boston and Mohawk and Hudson railroads, has ready access to the interior. It has extensive 20 ALC manufactories of carriages, hats and caps, tobacco, different metals, &c. There are also eight banks, and four insurance companies. It has a medical college and two academies, or colleges, one for females only. Pop. 33,721. There are nine other places of this name in the United States. ALBATROSS, a large sea-bird, common about the Cape of Good Hope, Cape Horn, Kamtschatka, and the Kurile Islands. It is sometimes 13 feet in the stretch of its wings. ALBE'IT, ad. although ; notwithstanding ; granting. ALBERO'NI, GIULIO, an intriguing and unscrupulous statesman, who rose from the curacy of an obscure parish in Italy to a cardinalship, and to be minister of Philip V. of Spain. To recover the lost Italian possessions he broke through the Treaty of Utrecht ; and drew upon Spain the Quadruple Alliance. He was soon banished, and lost to tne political world. He died in 1752. ALBERT THE GREAT, one of the most illustrious of the founders of scholastic theology; he was a monk of the Dominican order, at Cologne, and preferred to be no more, relinquishing valuable church-preferment given him by Pope Alexander 111. He wrote many works, and died in 1282. ALBIGE'NSES, a religious sect who protested against the corruptions of the Roman Church in the 12th century. They were called also Cathari, which seems to have been equivalent to our word Puritans. They are charged by the Romanists with holding Manicheism, which represented the principle of evil as eternally co-existing with God. But as they were the objects of crusades and persecution, and the office of the inquisition was set up to destroy them, the statements of their opponents must be cautiously received. ALBI'NO,aname given to those varieties which occur amongst men, and many quadrupeds and birds, in which, apparently from deficiency of the colouring matter, the skin and hair, .or feathers, are of a dead white colour, and the eyes pink. A'LBION, s. the ancient name of England. New Albion, the name given to a considerable tract on the W. coast of N. America, including part of the Oregon territory, by Sir F. Drake. ALBUGI'NEOUS, «. [from albugo, Lat.] something belonging to or resembling the white of an egg. ALBU'GO, s. [Lat.] a disease in the eye. ALBUM, s. anciently, a kind of white table, or register, in which the names of certain magistrates, public transactions, &c. were entered ; now, a kind of common-place book, for strangers and friends to write their names, or verses, in. ALBUMEN, s. coagulable lymph. That peculiar substance which forms the serum of blood, and the white of eggs, and is found in nuts, almonds, &c. ALBUQUE'RQUE, ALFONSO, the Portuguese captain who helped mainly to set up the empire which Portugal possessed for a short time in India. He died in 1515. ALCiE'US, the Mitylenian poet, lover of Sappho, and inventor of that lyric metre which bears his name. His greatest efforts were made to rouse his fellow-countrj'men against Pittacus, who had seized on the chief power. The poet's own valour in battle was not remarkable. He died about 600 b. c. A'LCAHEST, s. See Alkahest. ALCA'ID, s. [at and kadkad, Heb.] the governor of a castle. In Spain, the judge of a city. A'LCALI, A'lcaly, s. See Alkaly. ALCALIZA'TION. See Alkalization. ALCANNA, «. [Arab.] a drug used in dying, which comes from the Levant. In powder it is green, but the tincture it makes differs according to the difference of the liquor in which it is steeped : when soaked in water, it is yellow ; but when in vinegar, citron juice, or alum water, it is red. A'LCARRAZA,*. a vessel, employed in Spain in cooling wine by evaporation. A'LCESTER, Warwickshire; an ancient town whose chief manufacture is needles. It stands on the AIne and the Arrow. Market, Tuesday. Pop. 2^399. ALCHE'MICAL, a, according to the process or method made use of by alchemists. ALCHEMIST, «. one who professes or pursues the scienc« of alchemy. A'LC"HEMY, s. [al, Arab., and clieme, Gr.] the ancient art of attempting the transmutation of metals. The principal object* of alchemy ate these : 1. The making of gold. 2. A universal ALE solvent. 3, A universal medicine, or panacea. The making of gold by transmutation they pretended to effect by the philoso- pher's stone. A mixed metal, used in making spoons. ALCIBl'ADES, one of the most famous Athenian leaders, during its stru^le with Sparta. He was distinguished by every excellence, and every fault that was peculiarly Athenian. Socrates was his teacher, and also the preserver of his life at Potidaea. He was sent out on the lamentable SjTacusan expedition, but recalled and banished ; he betook himself to the enemies of Athens, and by his counsels aided the Spartans in their attacks on his native city. Being subseijuently recalled from exile, he conducted the Athenian affairs with distinguished success, but again in disgrace he left Athens for ever. He was killed in Asia, whither he retired when Athens was taken, in 404 b. c. A'LCOHOL, s. [Arab.] in Chemistry, the purest spirit of wine, rectified by frequent distillations to its utmost subtilty. A very tine impalpable powder. ALCOHOLIZATION', s. the act of rectifying spirits; or of reducing bodies to an impalpable powder. To ALCOHOLIZE, f. a. to make an alcohol ; or to rectify spirits by frequent distillation ; so that, when set on tire, they shall consume away, without leaving any moisture or dregs be- hind them. A'LCORAN, s. See Koran. ALCO'VE, s. [alcola. Span.] among builders, a recess, or part of a chamber separated by partitions of columns and other orna- ments, in which is placed a bed of state, or seats for the repose of company. A small open summer-house or seat in gardens, with a circular dome or covering. A'LDBOROUGH, (Aldboro) a sea-port town in Suffolk, plea- santly seated in a dale, with the sea to the east. The harbour is tolerably good, but small. The town was formerly much longer, but the sea has taken away whole streets, and has shifted the mouth of the Aide 10 miles S. of its former place. Market, Saturday. OSj- miles from London. Pop. 1557. A'LDBOROUGH, or O'LDBOROUGH, W. R. Yorkshire, on the Ouse. 205 miles from London. Pop. 2424. ALDE'BARAN, s. a star of the first magnitude, in the con- stellation of Taurus, vulgarly called the Bull s Eye, whose longi- tude in the beginning of 1800, was in 7° 4' 25"" of Gemini, and latitude 5° 28' 49", S. The annual increase of its longitude is 50", 204, and annual decrease of lat. 0", 317. A'LDER, s. a genus of English trees. The wood is much used for making household furniture, &c. A'LDERMAN, s. [elderman. Sax.] the title of one order of po- litical officers amongst the Anglo-Saxons. It seems generally to have signified the exercise of delegated royal authority. In municipal corporations they were, as they still are, a sort of com- mittee of magistrates, chosen by the town councils from amongst themselves. In the city of London, the mayor is chosen from amongst them. A'LDERNEY, an island on the coast of Normandy, belonging to England, fruitful in corn and pasture, and remarkable for a fine breed of cows. It is about 8 miles in compass, 7 miles from Cape la Hogue, and about 30 from the nearest part of England. On the S. there is a harbour, called Crabbs, wnich only admits small vessels, and in the centre stands the town of Alderney. The Race of Alderney, which is a dangerous passage in stormy weather, but otherwise safe, with depth of water sufficient for the largest ships, separates it from France. Pop. 1030. ALDROVA'KDUS, U., a distinguished naturalist of Bologna, who, by diligent observation and inquiry, together with more scientific anatomical study, added greatly to the existing amount of knowledge of animals, trees, and minerals. He died in 1005. ALE, s. [eale. Sax.] a liquor, the common, drink of the Eng- lish ; made of an infusion of malt and hops in boiling water ; afterwards fermented with yeast or barm. It is distinguishable from beer in respect of its strength and age ; owing to its having a greater quantity of hops and malt than beer has, in proportion to the same quantity of water. ALE, (GILL) s. a liquor made of ground-ivy leaves, steeped in ale. A'LE-CONNER, s. [ale and connan. Sax.] an officer of the city of London, whose business it is to inspect the measui»s of the public-houses. A'LEGAR, s. sour ale. A'LEHOOF, s. {ale and hnf. Sax.] in Botany, the ground-ivy ; ALE so called by the Saxons, because a chief ingredient in their malt liquors, instead of hops. A'LEHOUSE, s. [ea//n(se, Sax.] a house where ale is sold. Dis- tinguished from a tavern, because that is appropriated to wine. ALE'MBERT, JEAN D', an eminent French mathematician. He was a foundling, but acknowledged and supported by his father. His mathematical works are highly esteemed by the cultivators of the mixed sciences. He was one of the editors of the celebrated French Encyclopedia, and wrote the Introductory Discourse. His connexion with Voltaire, Diderot, and Rousseau, and the friendship of Frederic the Great for him, have brought upon him the charge of hostility to religion, but it is not sup- ported by the tenor of any of his writings. He died in 1783. ALE'MBIC, s. a chemical vessel, usually made of glass or copper, formerly used for distillation. Retorts, and the common worm-still, are now more generally employed. ALE'NGTH, ad. at full length, along; stretched upon the ground. ALE'NTEJO, a fruitful province in the S. of Portugal. ALE'PPO, or Halkb, the principal town of Syria, in Asia. It is one of the most considerable towns in the Turkish empire. It stands on four hills, in the middle of a pleasant fruitful plain, being of an oval figure, and about three miles in circumference. The castle stands on the highest hill, in the middle of the city : and the houses are better than in other places in Turkey. They have a great many stately mosques and caravansaries, with fountains and reservoirs of water, and vineyards and gardens well planted with most kinds of fruits. The Christians have their houses and churches in the suburbs, and carry on a very considerable trade in silks, camlets, and Turkey leather. Se- veral European nations have factors here. ALE'Rl , a. [iilerte, Fr.] watchful, active, diligent ; ready on any emergence ; brisk, pert, sharp. ALE'RTNESS, s. the quality of being alert, sprightly, pert, active, or vigilant. A'LEVAT, s. the tub in which ale is fennented, ALEUTIAN ISLANDS, a range of islands lying between Kamtschatka and C. Alaska in N. America. They are inhabited by a people who resemble the Esquimaux in manners and ap- pearance. A'LEW, s. clamour ; outcry. Not. in use. A'LEXANDER THE GREAT, the son of Philip of Macedon, who first gave Macedonia a name, by gaining the supremacy of Greece. Alexander was one of the greatest monarchs history has recorded. He was instructed by Aristotle, and in his youth evinced a daring and determined spirit. His father was assassin- ated as he had completed his preparations for an expedition into Asia ; this Alexander set out upon at once. In battle after battle he defeated the countless forces of Persia, subdued Tyre, Syria, Egypt, and subjugated all Asia W. of the Indus. It was not so much the extent of these conquests that estabhshed his lasting fame ; he introduced Grecian arts and civilization, and provided for their preservation by founding Grecian colonies throughout their whole range. It was by the establishment of this great empire, that a foundation was laid for the influence exerted on the world by the wisdom of the Greeks, the power of the Romans, and through them, as instruments, for the rapid diffu- sion of the gospel of Jesus Christ. This great king was at last a victim to his intemperance, and died at Babylon in 323 a. c, when only 32 years old ; leaving his empire to be divided by his four most powerful generals. iTiere were two kings of Macedon of this name before him ; and four Syrian kings, or pretenders, after him. A'LEXANDER, the name assumed by six occupiers of the Papal throne, of whom the sixth was the infamous Roderick Borgia, whose life was polluted by almost every crime that man could commit. A'LEXANDER, the name of three kings of Scotland, under the third of whom, who died in 1286, that country first began to join in the progress of national civilization. A'LEXANDER PAULOWITSCH, emperor of Russia from 1801 to 1825. After having been occasionally the ally, and occasionally the foe of Napoleon Buonaparte, the French em- peror invaded Russia in 1812, burnt Moscow, and then retreated leaving his army to follow, with the loss of 300,000 men. In 1814, Alexander, as one of the allied sovereigns, entered Paris. In the following year after the overthrow of Napoleon, he en- 21 ALG tered it a second time. The subsequent part of his reign was devoted to the maintenance of the peace of Europe, and to the good of his empire. ALEXA'NDERS, «. in Botany, the smyrnium. It is an um- belliferous plant found upon rocks on the sea-coast, and about Nottingham, and flowering in May and June. It was formerly cultivated in our gardens ; but its place is now better supplied by celery. ALEXA'NDRI A, or Scanderia, once a magnificent, rich, and celebrated city of Egypt, built by Alexander the Great, near the most westerly branch of the 5file, soon after the overthrow of Tyre, about 331 years before the Christian sera. The cele- brated library which was founded here by Ptolemy Soter, and placed in the temple of Serapis, containing, in his time, 400,000 volumes, and by addition of his successors 700,000, was, it is said, in 642, destroyed by order of the Saracen Caliph Omar, when he took the city. It has now about 25,000 inhabitants ; and it trades with most nations of Europe, as well as with Asia and the interior of Africa, whose consuls and agents reside here. Before the discovery of the passage round the Cape of Good Hope, it was the emporium of Europe and India; the new overland communication with the latter may restore some of its former glory. The remains of the ancient city are numerous : Pompey's Pillar is the most perfect. The famous Pharos, one of the wonders of the world, is replaced by a modern lighthouse, bearing the same name. Lat. 31. 16. N. Long. 30. 5. E. ALEXA'NDRINE, s. [from Alexander Paris, the inventor of this metre] a kind of verse borrowed from the French, consisting among them of twelve or thirteen syllables in alternate couplets, and among us of twelve. ALFIE'RI, VICTOR, an Italian dramatic poet of the last century, whose tragedies are admired as the most perfect poems of that kind in the Italian language. He wrote some other works, and ended a somewhat dissipated life in 1803. A'LFORD, Lincolnshire, 133 miles from London. Market, Tuesday. Pon. 1945. A'LFRED THE GREAT, grandson of Egbert, the first Saxon king of all England, succeeded his brother Ethelred on the throne in 872 a. d. He reigned nearly 30 years, and excepting the last two years was constantly at war with the Danes, who had, at his accession, the greater part of England in their possession. By his courage, skill, and perseverance, he at length defeatecl them ; and devoted the remainder of his reign to the arts of peace. The tales of his adventures in the Danish camp, disguised as a harper, and with the neatherd's wife, who scolded him for letting her cakes burn, &c., during his struggle with the invaders, are well known. He was the first English monarch who possessed a fleet. He is most celebrated however for his laws, which were chiefly digested from the former codes and customs of the Anglo-Saxons. He endeavoured also to pro- mote learning in his kingdom, by the diligent cultivation of it for himself, and by inviting scholars from other countries to settle in England. Some of his writings and translations are preserved to this day. Partly from motives of benevolence, and partly from love of knowledge, he sent one of his bishops on a mission to the Christians of Malabar. The love with which he has always been regarded in this country has attributed to him eveiy law and institution whose origin was prior to the Norman Conquest. But apart from all national predilections, his name will always stand in the foremost rank of kings who have, in spite of difliculties and disadvantages, illustrated their own age, and deserved well of those that followed. A'LFRETON, in Derbyshire, 141 miles from London. Near it are collieries and ironworks, which, with the manufacture of stockings and brown earthenware, give employment to the in- habitants. Market, Friday. Pop. 7577. ALGjE, s. in Botany, the name of the seaweeds, and fresh- water plants resembling them. A'LGEBRA, s. that branch of mathematical science, which investigates the general properties of number, by the use of let- ters instead of figures, and symbols which represent jn-ocesses in- stead of results. It was known to the Greeks of Alexandria, in the 4th century, and to the Hindus, very early. By these it was communicated to the Arabians and Persians, from whom it was brought into Europe again in the 13th century. No great advance was made till the 17th century, when Vieta in France, and Harrison in England, prosecuted it with great success. This AL 1 science furnishes the only means of knowing the principles ot the rules of Arithmetic. ALGEBRA'IC, Algebra'ical, a. something relating or belong- ing to Algebra. ALGEBRA'IST, s. a person conversant to the operations of Algebra. A'LGECIRAS, a sea-port of Spain, in the bay of Gibraltar. A'LGENIB, s. a star of the second magnitude, in the constel- lation of Perseus. ALGE'RIA, Algie'rs, in Africa, a state on the Mediterranean, between Morocco and Tunis. The Atlas Mountains form the principal physical feature of this state ; there are also some con- siderable rivers, as the Sheliff, the Yissah, and the Wad-al- khebir; with the Wad-al-jedi, which flows into the Great De- sert, which bounds all the states of Barbary to the S. The countrj' is fertile, and the climate of the part next the sea not unhealthy. The population consists of the aboriginal Berbers, or Kabyles, Bedouin Arabs, Moors who are not of pure Arabian extraction, Jews, Negroes, Turks, who were the rulers under the Sultan, and elected the Dey from amongst themselves, and French colonists, who since the occupation of the country by the French have immigrated in great numbers. It has been di- vided into three districts, called after the names of their chief towns, Algiers, Oran, and Bona. Alffiers, the capital of this state, is finely situated on the bay of the same name, in Lat. 36. 42. N. Long. 3. 30. E. A'LGID,a. cold; chilL ALGO'A BAY, in Cape Colony, S. Africa, called also Port Elizabeth , about 500 miles E. of the Cape of Good Hope. ALHA'MBRA, the fortified palace of the Moorish kings ot Granada, built about 1270 a. d. It is richly ornamented, and seems not to have suflPered from time, nor from any of the casual- ties to which it has been exposed. A'LIAS, ad. [Lat.] otherwise ; used in Law to specify the dif- ferent names of a man, as, Frith, alias TFortky, ii]la.s Smith; that is. Frith, otherwise Wortky, otherwise Smith. A'LI-BEN-A'BI-TA'LEB, the friend and fourth successor of Mohammed. He was the prophet's first convert, and married his daughter Fatima. He died from a wound by a poisoned sword, in 660, at about 60 years of age. A'LIBI, [Lat.] in Law, a plea used in defence against a charge, showing that the defendant was in another place when the offence was committed. A'LIBLE, a. [alibilis, Lat.] that nourishes ; or that may be nourished. ALICA'NTE, a sea-port of Spain on the Mediterranean Sea, in a province of the same name, of the ancient kingdom of Va- lencia. It exports wine, particularly that called Tent, oil, olives, brandy, &c. It has a good harbour, protected by a mole. Lat. 38. 35. N. Long. 0. 24. W. A'LIEN, a. [alienus, Lat.] not of the same kind; inconsistent with ; estranged from ; at enmity with. A'LIEN, «. something adverse to, or at enmity with ; a foreigner, or one of another country ; not of the same profession, party, or sect. To A'LIEN, A'henate, v. a, lalieno, Lat.] to transfer our own property to another ; to grow averse to, or dislike. A'LIENABLE, o. [alien and abal. Sax.] that may be trans- ferred to, and become the property of, another. A'LIEN ATE, a. [alienatus, Lat.] averse, or inimical to. ALIENA'TION, s. [alienatio, Lat.] in Law, the act of trans- ferring property to another. Change of affection from approba- tion to dislike. To ALI'GHT, V. a. [alightan, Sax.] to descend from a higher situation to a lower ; to descend from, or get oft' a horse. ALI'KE, ad, equally, or in the same manner, without difier- ence or distinction ; resembling. A'LIMENT, s. [alimentum, Lat.] food, or that which nour- ishes, or satisfies the calls of hunger. ALIME'NTAL, a. that can increase the dimensions of plants or animals by being taken in food. ALIME'NTALLY, ad. so as to serve for nourishment. ALIME'NTARINESS, s. the quality which renders a thing capable of affording nourishment. ALIME'NTARY, a. that has relation, or belongs to aliment; that nourishes, or is eaten for diet. Alimentarxj Ducts, the intes- tines, so called on account of the food coming through them. It is sometimes used for the thoracic duct. %*> ALL ALIMENTATION, ». the quality, action, or power of afiTord- ing nourishment ; or the increasing of the dimensions of a body, by converting food into its own substance. A'LDIONY, s. [ali»umia, Lat.] in its primary sense, nourish- ment ; but now appropriated to the Law, wherein it implies that allowance which a married woman sues for, and is entitled to, upon any occasional separation, provided it be not for elopement or adultm. A'LIQIJANT, a. [aliquantus, Lat.] in Arithmetic, is that part of a number, which, however repeated, will not make up the ex- act number, but will leave a remainder ; as 3 is an aliquant part of 10, 3 times 3 are 9, and 1 remaining. A'LIQUOT, a. [Lat.] in Arithmetic, such part of any number or quantity as will exactly measure it without any remainder ; as 3 is an aliquot of 12, and (> of 18. A'LISON, ARCHIBALD, an Episcopal minister of Edinburgh, known chiefly by his £«snys un Taste, which are not inuchesteem- eA now. He died in 1831), aged 82 years. A'LITURE, s. [a/itora, Lat.] nourishment. ALI'VE, a. [a and liban. Sax.] in animals, denotes sense and feeling ; in vegetables, when the sap circulates ; in liquors, when they taste brisk on the palate. Figuratively, cheerful, sprightly, gay, and full of spirits ; without diminution or lessening. A'LKAHEST, s. [Arab.] a pretended universal menstruum, asserted by the alchemists to be capable of resolving all bodies into their first matter, and which should yet retain its seminal power and natural form entire. ALKALESCENT, o. that which resembles the qualities of an alkah. A'LKALI, s. in Chemistrj', the name of a class of compound earthy or saline substances, of various constitution. Ammonia is a gaseous alkali ; the composition of certain metallic bases and oxygen produces a large number of alkalies ; and there are also those produced during the process of growth in plants. The presence of the alkalies is easily discovered by the changes pro- duced by them in vegetable colours ; they turn blue into green, and yellow into a reddish brown, and restore blue which has been turned red by appUcation of an acid. When combined with acids they form salts. A'LKALINE, a. that has the qualities of alkali. To ALKA'LIZATE,^. a. to make bodies alkahne by chemical process ; or to draw out the latent alkaline virtues of a bodv. ALKA'LIZATE, a. that has the powers and qualities of a body which is termed an alkali by medical writers. ALKALIZATION, s. in Chemistry, the process of making alkaline. A'LKANET, ». in Botany, anchusa, a plant used in medicine. ALKE'RMES, *. [Arab.] in Medicine, a term borrowed from the Arabs, denoting a rich cardiac electuarj-, consisting of several warm and aromatic ingredients, of which kermes is the basis. ALL, ad. entirely, completely; exclusive of any other. ALL, a. [(ell. Sax. alk, Teut.] applied to a number, it some- times is used collectively for the whole or every one of the parts without exception. Applied to quantity, every parcel, or everj- particle. Applied to time, the whole space or interval. Applied to place, its whole extent. ALL, s. the whole, opposed to a part, or nothing. A'LLAH,«. the name of God in Arabic. A'LLAHABAD, the name of a city and province of Hindustan, 'i'he province, lying on the Ganges, has a considerable trade, all goods from Bengal to the territories lying beyond it passing through it; it exports diamonds, metals, drugs, &cc. The city is esteemed peculiarly sacred by the Brahmins, because of the alleged confluence of the Ganges and two otljer sacred rivers on this spot. It is 550 miles N. W. of Calcutta, in Lat. 25. 27.-N. Long. 81. 50. E. Al-LAN, DA VID, a Scotch artist, whose illustrations to Allan liamsay's Gentle Shepherd, and to some of Burns's Foems, are much admired. He died in 179(5, aged 52 years. To ALLA'Y, «. a. [a//o!/e>-,Fr.] to abate or lessen any quality. To quiet, pacify, or reduce a boisterous temper into a calm. ALLA'YER, s. the person or thing which is endued with the power of allaying, lessening, or diminishing. ALLA'YMEN T, s. a diminishing, or lessening, applied to the ALLEGATION, s. affirmation, declaration, excuse, plea. In Law, the producing instruments, deeds, or vouchers, to author- ize or justify proceedings. To ALLE'GE, v. a. [alU'go, Lat.] to declare, or affirm ; to plead in excuse ; to produce in defence. ALLE'GEABLE, a. that may be charged ; that may be pleaded in excuse. ALLE'GER, s. he that asserts or declares any thing. A'LLEGHANY MOUNTAINS, a range in the United States, extending from the State of New York to Alabama. They vaiy from 50 to 200 miles in breadth, and consist of many parallel ridges. They do not exceed 2500 feet in height, and their sum- mits are generally well wooded. The rivers which flow into the Atlantic Ocean, and some of those which flow into the Missis- sippi and the lakes, have their origin in them. Some of the valleys are very fertile. The mountains produce coal, iron, gold, and other metals, and consist of granite, and the usual primary rocks lying on it, with Devonian rocks occasionally. ALLE'GIANCE, ». [allegcance, Fr.] in Law, that natural, sworn, or legal obedience, every subject owes to his prince. Oath of allegiance, is that which is taken to the king in quality of a temporal prince, and is distinguished from that of supre- macy, which is taken to him in quality of supreme head of the church. ALLEGO'RIC, a. something which must be understood figur- atively, in opposition to literal. ALLEGO'RICAL, a. that consists of expressions purely figur- ative, where something else is meant than what is expressed. ALLEGO'RICALLY, ad. figuratively, in opposition to literally. ALLEGO'RICALNESS, s. the quality of being figurative. To ALLEGORIZE, f. «. to turn into allegorj'; to talk in a sense not literal. A'LLEGORY, s. [allegoria, Gr.] a figurative speech, in which something else is contained than what the literal meaning con- veys. Thus the Roman commonwealth is addressed by Horace under the figure of a ship. ALLE'GRO, s. [Ital.] in Music, one of the six distinctions of time, expressing the quickest motion, excepting presto. If it be preceded hy poco, it must be played in a slower or graver man- ner than when allegro stands alone ; if by piu, it must then be fastest of all. ALLEMA'NDA, Aixema'nd, s. [Ital.] in Music, a grave air, composed in common time, consisting of two parts or strains. A1.LEN, AVILLIAM, a member of the Society of Friends, distinguished as a practical chemist in earher life, and subse- quently as the supporter of the British system of popular educa- tion. He had schools at Lindfield, in Sussex, which were conducted under his personal superintendence. He died in 1843, aged 73 years. To ALLE'VTATE, v. a. [allevo, Lat.] figuratively, to lighten, to make lighter or less, in allusion to the diminishing the pres- sure of a heavy load. To lessen, mitigate, or diminish the enormity of a fault. ALL£VIA'TI0N, s. the act of making a thing lighter; ease from pain ; extenuation of a fault. A'LLEY, s. [allee, Fr.] in Gardening, a strait walk bounded on each side with trees or shrubs. Alleys are distinguished from paths, as being broad enough for two people to walk abreast. The word is in towns applied to narrow passages, to distinguish them from streets, which are wider. Alley, in Perspective, is that which is larger at the entrance than at the opposite ex- tremity, in order to make it seem long. A'LLEY'N , EDWARD, an act or,contemporarT with Shakspeare and Ben Jonson, who founded Dulwich College, in Surrey ; where he lived as master till his death in 1625, at the age of CO. ALL-FOU'RS, s. in Gaming, a particular play, wherein the whole sum a person gains each deal is limited to four, which are the highest, the lowest, the knave of trumps, and the game, or the greatest number to be made from tens and court cards ; the latter of which are reckoned four for an ace, three for a king, two for a queen, and one for the knave ; and he who has all these particulars, is said to have all-fours. ALL-HA'lL ! interj. a salutation or invocation. ALL-HA'LLOW-TIDE, s. {all, hallow, and tiiJe, Sax. a week ; hence Whitsun-tide, or Whitsun-week] that space of time which is near All-Saints day, or the 1st of November. ALLl'ANCE, s. [alliance, Fr.] the union or connexion of two persons or two families by marriage. In a political sense, the 23 ALL leagues or treaties between different states for their mutual defence. IIoli/ Alliance, the convention formed between the em- peror of Russia, the emperorof Austria, and the king of Prussia, at Paris, in 1815; avowedly for carrying out the principles of Christianity in their respective governments. ALU'CIENCY, {allishiency) s. \alUcio, Lat.] the quality of attracting, or drawing to ; attraction. ALLIGATION, s. the act of uniting, or the state of things united, linked, or joined together. In Arithmetic, the rule wherein questions are resolved relating to the mixtures of differ- ent commodities, with their value, effects, &c., when so com- pounded. A'LLIGATOR, s. in Zoology, a genus of reptiles resembling the crocodile, peculiar to the two Americas. ALLrOATURE, s. the link, or ligature, by which two things are joined together. ALLINGTON CASTLE, in Kent. Market, Tuesday. Pop. 49. ALL-JU'DGING, part, exercising judgment without control or partiality. ALLI'SION, {allizyon) s. [allisio, Lat.] the act of striking one thing against another. ALLITERA'TION, «. [ad and lit^a, Lat.] an ornament in poetical language, consisting in the repetition of the same letter at certain intervals, as, " weave the tcarp, and weave the woof." ALL-KNO'WING,^arf. intimately acquainted with every thing that is the object of knowledge ; that is endued with absolute, perfect, or infinite knowledge. A'LLOA, a sea-port of Scotland, on the Forth. There are ex- tensive breweries, distilleries, glass-works, and other manufac- tories here. The trade in coals is considerable. It has a good harbour and drv-dock. 7 miles from Edinburgh. Pop. 7921. ALLOCA'TION, s. [alioco, Lat.] the act of putting one thing to another. In Commerce, the admission or allowance of an article to an account, and the passing it as such. In the Ex- chequer, it is an allowance made upon an account. ALLO'DIAL,a. lallodiim,Tput.'} m Law, thatof which a person has an absolute property, without paying any acknowledgment or service, and is opposed to feudal. ALLO'DIUM, i. [Teut.] a possession which a man holds in his own right, without any dependence, charge, service, or homage to be paid to a superior lord. To ALLO'T, V. a. \hlot. Sax.] to distribute by lot ; to assign a share ; to grant. ALLOTMENT, s. the parcel, share, lot, office, or condition, assigned to any one. Also, a small portion of land let to a labour- ing man to be cultivated by him after his regular work, as an addition to his means of living. ALLOTTING,*, in Commerce, is when a ship's goods are divided into different parcels, to be purchased by persons whose names are written on pieces of paper, which are indifferently affixed to each of such lots, and the goods thus divided without any partiality. To ALLOvV, V. a. [allouer, Fr.] to confess, to yield, admit, grant, acknowledge, or assent to a principle, in opposition to contradiction ; to yield, or permit ; to confer an honour on a person; to approve as just, or consistent with one's duty; to give, to bestow, to pay as a debt. ALLOWABLE, a. that may be granted, or permitted ; that may be admitted without contradiction ; that may be suffered, as repugnant or inconsistent with no laws ; lawful ; not forbidden. ALLOW'ABLENESS, s. the quality of a thing, which denotes it to be lawful, proper to be granted or permitted, and no ways inconsistent with the rules ot reason, or the customs of a place. ALLOWANCE, s. concession, or assent to any doctrine, opi- nion, or principle; permission, licence, or consent, applied to superiors ; liberty, freedom from restraint, used with the word give. In Commerce, the same as Tare. ALLOWED, part, [from allow'] universally acknowledged; established with respect to character. In Commerce, it is writ- ten in the margin of an account of expenses, opposite to such articles as are granted. ALLOY', s, the mixture of different metals, or of portions of the same metal of different degrees of fineness. Gold and silver, both for coins and other purposes, are mixed with an alloy of copper. Figuratively, any thing that lessens the properties of that with which it is mixed ; that which depreciates, or renders base. 24 ALL To ALLOY', ». a. [aUoyer, Fr.] to mix one metal with another, to render it fit for working. ALL-PO'VVERFUL, a. capable of operating without defect or control, and of producing eveiy thing that is consistent with in- finite wisdom. ALL-SA'INTS-DAY,s. the 1st day of November, set apart by the church to commemorate the exemplary lives and noble forti- tude of all the saints and martjTS : added as asuppleinentaiyday to the rest of the festivals, that those who were worthy of remem- brance might not be passed over without notice, and that the human mind might be more strongly excited to exemplary piety, or pious martyrdom, by considering the number of^ those who have preceded" in those shining paths. ALL-SEED, s. a plant, calleclalso least rupture wort, and lit- tle flax. ALL-SEE'ING, a. endued with the power of seeing every thing. A'LL-SOULS', the name of one of the colleges at Oxford, founded by Henry Chichely in 1437, when archbishop of Can- terbury. ALL-SOU'LS-DAY, s. a festival observed by the churches of Rome and England on the 2nd of November ; anciently with a particular service relating to the souls supposed to be in pur- gatory. A'LLSTON, WASHINGTON, an American painter of some celebrity in England and Europe, as well as in his own country. He died in 1843, aged 64. ALL-SUFFrCIENT, {allsuffishient) a. capable of procuring every thing which is the object of power or wisdom ; absolutely perfect in himself. To ALLU'DE, v. n. [alludo, Lat.] to have a distant respect to a thing, without mentioning it expressly ; to hint at. To ALLU'MINATE, v. a. to beautify, decorate, adorn. Be- fore the invention of printing, certain persons, caWeAAUuminori, made it a trade to paint the initial letters of manuscripts in all sorts of colours, and to gild them with silver and gold. To ALLU'RE, r. a. [leurer, Fr.] to entice, or attract, either in a good or bad sense : to persuade or draw, by the addition of something besides the intrinsic value and advantages of the object. ALLU'RE, s. originalljf some artificial bird, made use of by bird-catchers, to entice birds into their traps. Figuratively, any thing that entices, or draws a person into the power of another. ALLU'REMENT, s. that which has the power of enticing by its charms ; temptation ; enticement. ALLU'RER, s. the person who tempts, or seduces by fair speeches, enticements, or inveiglements. ALLU'RINGLY, ad. so as to entice, tempt, inveigle, or seduce. ALLIJ'RINGNESS, s. the quality which has such effect upon the mind, as to prevail upon it to engage in any action. ALLU'SION, (aUuzyon)s. [allusio, Lat.] something spoken with reference to a thing already known, and on that account not ex- pressed ; a reference, hint, or implication. ALLU'SIVE, a. that does not mention a thing expressly, but comprehends it by implication ; that hints at something not fully expressed. ALLU'SIVELY, ad. in a manner wherein a reference is mads to something not expressed, but implied. ALLU'SIVENESS, s. the quality of expressing a thing by re- ference, opposed to expressly, or directly. ALLU'VIAL, a. belonging to alluvium. Alluvial deposits, in Geology, are all strata or beds of earth and soil produced by the agency of water, as the mud banks in rivers, the deltas of the Nile and other great streams, boulders, &c. transported by float- ing ice, sandbanks and other products of tides and currents at sea. ALLU'VIUM, s. [ad and lun, Lat.] in Geology, the generic name of alluvial deposits. In Law, it is the lanil which along the sea-shore and banks of rivers is deposited by the tides and currents. Where it is deposited slowly and imperceptibly it may be claimed by the owner of the land against which it forms: but not in other cases. ALL-WrSE, a. that is endued with absolute, perfect, or in- finite wisdom. To ALLY', V. a. [allier, Fr.] to join together, or unite by kin- dred, friendship, or interest ; to resemble, or be like, in the passive. ALLY', s, [_alli(, Fr.] one who is joined to or has connexions with another, owing to some contract, whether that of marriage or treaty; and is applied both to persons and kingdoms. ALM'ACA'NTER, s. [Arab.] in Astronomy, a circle drawn pa- rallel to the horizon. This term is not now in use. ALMAGEST, ». [Arab.] the name of a celebrated work of Ptolemy, containing a collection of geometrical problems and astronomical observations made by the ancients. A'LMANAC, A'l.MANACK, s. a table, or calendar, wherein the days of the week, fasts, festivals, changes of the moon, variation of time between clocks and the sun, &c., eclipses, time of high water, beginnings and endings of terms, are noted for the year. ALMANDI'NE, s. [Fr. almandina, Ital] a ruby, coarser and lighter than the oriental, and nearer the colour of the granite. ALMI'GHTINESS, s. that attribute of the Deity, wherein he is considered as able to perform every thing that is the object of absolute, perfect, uncontrollable, and infinite power. ALMl'GHTY, a. [formerly spelt allmighty ; aebnightlg. Sax.] that is possessed of perfect, absolute, uncontrollable, or un- limited power ; that can do every thing that infinite wisdom can dictate, or infinite power can execute. A'LMOND, s. [amandola, Ital.] a fruit contained in a stone full of little cells, which is enclosed in a tough skin. They are di- vided into sweet and bitter, on account of their difl^erent tastes. The French lapidaries give the name Almonds, or Amandes, to those pieces of rock crystal which are cut with a wheel into forms resembling this fruit, and are used to adorn chandeliers of glass, and other pieces of furniture made of glass or crj'stal. A'LMOND-FURNACE, A'lman-furnace, called also the Sweep, is a peculiar kind of furnace used in refining, to separate metals from cinders and other foreign substances. A'LMONDS of the throat, or Tonsils, improperly styled Almonds of the ears. Sec Tonsils. A'LMONER, s. an officer appointed to distribute alms to the poor. The lord Almoner or lord high Almoner of England, is usually the archbishop of York, who has the forfeiture of all deo- dands, and the goods of Felos de se, which he is to distribute among the poor. A'LMONRY,*. the place wherein the almoner keeps his office, or distributes the alms to the poor. ALMO'ST, ad. [al-meest, Belg.] applied to action, near per- forming it. " They be almost ready to stone me," Exod. xvii. 3. Applied to number or multitude, a considerable majority, little less than the whole. " Came almost the whole city together," Acts xiii. 44. Applied to time, very near the period mentioned. " When seven days were almost ended," Acts xxi. 27. Applied to the eflfect of an argument, not far from persuading or convic- tion. " Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian," Acts xxvi. 28. ALMS, s. [used in the plural only ; elmesse. Sax.] money, or other necessaries, given to relieve the necessities of the poor and distressed, including in it a tender sympathy in their afflictions, and a pious readiness to relieve them. A'LMSDEED, s. an act of charity; something done out of compassion, to relieve the distresses and wants of others. A'LMSGIVER, s. one who is charitable, or fond of relieving the necessities of the poor. A'LMSHOUSE, s, a house endowed by legacies, or other dona- tions, for the lodging and support of the poor. A'LMSMAN, s. a man who is supported by charity or alms ; one who belongs to an almshouse. A'LNAGE, s. the measuring of woollen manufactures by the ell. Alnage was first intended as a proof of the goodness of the commodity, and a seal was inventccl, the affixing of which to a commodity was a sign that such commodity was made according to kiw. But now these seals may be bought," and affixed to any goods, at the buyer's pleasure. A'LNAGER, s. a public officer, whose business is to examine into the assize of all woollen cloths made throughout the kingdom, and fix seals upon them ; likewise to collect an alnage duty to the king. There are now three officers relating to the alnage, namely, a searcher, measurer, and alnayer, all which were for- merly comprised in the last, till, by his own neglect, it was thought proper to separate them into three offices. A'LNEWICK, or A'lnwick, the county town of Northumber- land, 310 miles from London, seated on the little river Alne, and is populous and well built. It has a fine market square, sur- rounded with piazzas. One of the old gates is still standing. ALP There is an ancient castle near it, the seat of the Duke of North- umberland. Market, Saturday. Pop. 6G26. A'LOE, «. [Gr.] in Botany, "a species of tropical plants, (some kinds of which are very common in hot-houses,) which yield a very useful drug, called aloes. The best is that prepared from the Socotrine Aloe, which is now cultivated in the W. Indies. ALGETIC, a. that consists of aloes. ALO'FT, ad. \loffter, Dan.] in the air, in opposition to the ground ; on high ; above. A'LOGY, s. [ahfjos, Gr.] unreasonableness; absurdity. ALO'NE, ad. [alleen, Belg.] without a^ompanion ; without any assistance; exclusively of all others; solely. ALO'NG, ad. [aii, tongue, Fr. or al lunge, Ital.] at full length ; prostrate on the ground; motion, or progression, measured lengthwise. Used with all, for a continuance, or during a whole space of time. Throughout, or from one end to the other, ap- plied to writings. After come, it implies attendance and en- couragement to proceed. ALOO'F, ad. [(sl and o^. Sax.] used with the particle from, at a distance which is within sight. When applied to persons, at a distance, from caution and circumspection ; or, so as not to appear as a principal, or party in any design ; not connected with, having no relation to. ALOPE'CIA, «. [ahpex, Gr.] a distemper wherein all or a great part of the hair falls off. ALOU'D, ad. loudly; with a strong voice, with a great noise. ALO'W, ad. in a low place ; near tne ground, in opposition to aloft, or above. ALPA'CA, s. in Zoology, an animal related to the sheep, in- digenous in Peru, in S. America ; whose long and silky wool has lately been greatly in demand. Various attempts have been made to naturalize this animal in Great Britain. A'LPHA, s. the first letter in the Greek alphabet, answering to our A ; therefore used to signify the first, as omega, the last. A'LPHABET, «. [alpha and beta, the two first letters of the Greek alphabet] the several letters of a language arranged in their accustomed order. The English alphabet has 26 letters, the French 23, the Hebrew, Chaidee, Syriac, and Samaritan, 22 each ; the Arabic 28, Persian 31, Turkish 33, Georgian 36, the Ethiopic 26, Cophtic 32, Muscovite 43, Greek 24, Latin 22, Sclavonic 27, Dutch 26, Spanish 27; Italian 20, and the Ben- galese 21. The Chinese hai^e no alphabet, but have characters which are the signs of tHings and symbolsof thoughts, of which there are about 200 radicals. ALPHABETIC, Alphabe'tical, a. placed in the order of the alphabet. ALPHABETICALLY, ad. in the same order as in the al- phabet. ALPHO'NSINE TABLES, astronomical tables compiled under the direction of Alphonso X., of Castile, in about 1250 a. d. ; which are, however, of little more value than the Ptolemaic tables formed eleven hundred years before. The length of the year is more correctly given in them, than it had been before, and the places of the fixed stars are so given that they can be compared with their present places. A'LPINE, a. [Alpinus, Lat.] that pertains to or resembles the Alps. ALPS, the range of mountains 1^-ing between Italy and France, Switzerland, and Germany, fhey lie in the form of a semicircle, and vary from 60 to 200 miles in breadth. The highest point is Mont Blanc, which is 15,732 feet high ; Monte Rosa is 15,152 feet high, and many others above 10,000 feet. The Rhine and Rhone, the Drave, the Danube and its tribu- taries, the Po and its tributaries, and other rivers, have their origin in the valleys and glaciers of the Alps. The plants and trees are arranged in well-defined bands on the sides of the mountains according to the temperature of the different eleva- tions. The vine is not found higher up than 1900 feet, the pine ceases at the elevation of 6500 feet, and at about the eleva- tion of 9500 feet all vegetation ceases, and the perpetual snow begins. The glaciers form one of the most remarkaole features of the Alpine scenery. They are iriasses of frozen snow, which partly from the inclined planes on which they lie, and partly from the temperature of tlie rock beneath, slightly melting the under surface, slide slowly down the valleys, bearing with them immense masses of rock, and smaller fragments, which have fallen from the heights they have passed. During the summer ALT the lower part of these glaciers is melted ; the rivers flowing from them are abundantly supplied ; and the cargo of rocky fragments deposited in morraines along the valleys. Avalanches, which are detached masses of snow, frequently fall down from the heights, and occasion great destruction. Whole villages have sometimes been buried under them. The passage of the Alps by the army of Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, in his march against Rome, and that of the array of Napoleon Buonaparte when he advanced into Italy, have been greatly celebrated in history. But the difticulties of the passage are now lessened by the con- struction of admirable roads through many of the passes. Mont Blanc has frequently been ascended, and some of the other peaks have been climbed from curiosity, or for scientific pur- poses. The geology of the Alps resembles that of most moun- tain chains. There is a mass of granite which has broken through the overlying strata, and forced them up with it, into an almost vertical position. But this elevation nas evidently taken place at different times, and comparatively modern strata are found resting on the upturned edges of the older beds. In some parts also the upheaved rocks are broken and twisted in every direction, showing an irregular force acting upon strata offering considerable resistance. The fossil remains, almost all of which are marine, are numerous. ALRE'ADY, (pronounced as if the a was dropped) ad. [«Wand ready. Sax.] at the time present ; even now. A'LRESFORD, NEW, iri Hampshire. 57 miles from London. It has one church, and a small manufacture of linseys. Market, Thursday. Pop. 1578. ALRU'CCABAH, «. the north-pole star. ALSA'CE, Upper and Lower, formerly provinces of France, having the Rhine and Switzerland on the E. and S. E., and Strasburg being the capital of the whole ; thev are now included in the departments of the Upper and Lower fthine. A'LSINE, «. the same with chickweed. A'LSO, conjunc. [alswa. Sax.] used to show that what had been affirmed of one sentence or person holds good of the suc- ceeding part of the period, and of^another person ; in the same manner; likewise. ALSTON-MOOR, in Cumberland. It is seated on a hill, at the bottom of which runs the river Tyne, with a stone bridge over it. There are near it mines of copper and lead. 303 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. G()()"2. ALT, a. in Music, a term applied to the highest notes in the scale. A'LTAISCH, a range of mountains running across Siberia, nearly 4-500 miles long. According to Humboldt, some parts are nearly 10,000 feet high. A'LTAR, s. [altare, Lat.] a kind of table or raised place, whereon the ancient sacrifices were offered. In churches, that place where the communion is received, or the table on which the vases and the elements of bread and wine are placed. Among the ancient Romans the altar was a kind of a pedestal, either square, round, or triangular, adorned with sculptures and inscriptions. In Astronomy, a constellation of the southern hemisphere, consisting of seven stars. ALTARAGE, ». [altar agium, Lat.] denotes the profits arising to the priest from the oblations on the ultar. ALTAR-THANE, A'ltabist, in old law-books, the priest or parson of a parish. A'LTAVELA, a fish found in the Mediterranean Sea, whose flat sides bear some resemblance to wings. It is sold in the markets at Rome. A'LTDORF, a town of Uri in Switzerland, where Tell refused to do homage to the Austrian governor's hat, and was sentenced to shoot at an apple on his son's head. To A'LTER, V. a. [alterer, Fr.] to change ; to make a thing diflTerent from what it is ; used both of a part and the whole of a thing, and applied both to a good and bad sense.— f. n. to change ; to become different from what it has been. ALTERABLE, a. [from alter, and abel. Sax.] that may be changed, or be made to appear different from what it is. A'LTERABLENESS,s. the quality of being changed; or liable to have its present properties and appearance changed by ex- ternal or internal causes. A'LTER ABLY, ad. in a manner that may be altered. A'LTERAGE, s. [from alo, Lat.] the breeding, nourishing, or fostering of a child. A'LTERANTS, A'i.teratives, *. such medicines as correct the bad qualities of the blood, and other animal fluids, without occasioning any sensible evacuation. ALTERATION, s. [alteration, Fr.] the act of cfianging the form or purport of a writing, the shape and other qualities of a body, the properties and faculties of the mind, and making them different from what they were. To A'LTERCATE, c n. [altereor, Lat.] to wrangle, or contend with another ; to dispute. ALTERCATION, s. [altercatio, Lat.] a debate or dispute on any subject between friends, implying warmth, but not so great as what is implied in a quarrel. ALTE'RN, a. [alternus, Lat.] that succeeds another by turns ; successive, or alternate ; that follows by succession. ALTE'RN AC Y, s. the succession or following of one action after another in its turn. ALTE'RNATE, a. [altermis, Lat.] that succeeds or follows one another by turns. In Botany, applied to the position of the leaves of a plant, it implies that the leaves on each side of the stalk, or branch, do not stand directly opposite, but between, or a little higher, than each other. In Geometry, applied to angles, it signifies the internal one, and is made by a line cutting two parallels, and lying on opposite sides of it. In Heraldry, applied to the situation of the quarters of a coat ; thus in quarterly, ecartele, the first and fourth are alternate, and of the same nature. ALTE'RNATELY, ad. in such a manner that the thing which precedes shall follow that which comes after it. ALTE'RNATENESS, s. the quality of being alternate ; the reciprocal succession of things. ALTERNA'TION, s. in Arithmetic, the different changes, al- terations of place, or combinations, that any proposed numbers are capable of; which is found by a continual, multiplication of all the numbers, beginning at unity, and ending with the last number of the things to be varied. ALTE'RNATIVE, s. [altei-natif, Fr.] a choice of two things, whereby if one be rejected the other must be accepted. ALTE'RN ATIVELY, ad. bv turns; reciprocally. ALTE'RNITY, s. a state wherein there is a continual succes- sion, change, or vicissitude. ALTHO'UGH, conjunc. [pron. as if written altM ; all and tlieah. Sax.] used to imply that a thing or conclusion may be allowed or maintained, notwithstanding something seemingly incon- sistent had been allowed, admitted, or granted. ALTl'METRY, s. [altimetria, Lat.] the art of taking or mea- suring heights, whether accessible or inaccessible. A'LTITUDE, 8. [altitmh, Lat.] in Geometry, one of the three dimensions of body, namely, height. In Optics, it is the height of an object above a line, drawn parallel to the horizon from the eye of the observer. In Astronomy, the elevation of any of the heavenly bodies above the horizon. This altitude is either true or apparent, according as it is reckoned from the rational or sensible horizon, and the difference between these is called by astronomers the parallax of altitude. Near the horizon this alti- tude is always increased by means of refraction. "A'LTO RELIEVO, s. See Relievo. ALTOGE'THER, ad. [all and to^<8(fere. Sax.] completely; without restriction ; without exception, applied to number and quality ; in all respects ; perfectly. A'LTON, in Hampshire. It formerly had manufactures of baragons, corded druggets, and serges. In the neighbourhood are extensive plantations of hops. 47 miles from London. Mar- ket, Saturday. Pop. 3139. ALTRINGHAM, in Cheshire. 180 miles from London. Mar- ket, Tuesday. Pop. 3399. ALVA, FERNANDO, DUKE OF, the celebrated general of the emperor Charles v., and Philip II., his successor on the throne of Spam. He is notorious from the cruelty of the policv he adopted when he had subdued the Netherlands, which had re- volted from Philip. He died in 1583. A'LUM, s. [alumen, Lat.] a salt known in Chemistry as the double sulphate of potassa and alumina. It has a sweetish astringent taste, and reddens litmus paper. It isjprepared in this country from alum-slate, a rock highly charged with pyrites. But in Italy it is prepared from alum-stcme, and this is preferred as being quite free from iron. Boch^ alum is so called from Rochha in Syria, where it is found native. AMA ALU'MINE, s. in Chemistry, pure clay, the basis of alum. ALU'MINOUS, a. that has the properties of ahim, or is mixed ■with alum. Waters of this kind are prepared by dyers, to make their stuffs take their colours the better ; and those which are to be crimson must be steeped in water made very strong with this ingredient. In Chemistry, it means belonging to clay. A'LWAYS, ad. [eallewaga, Sax.] applied to action, without ceasing or intermission. AM, V. [earn. Sax.] when used singly, it implies existence ; following tchat, it implies nature ; " Knowing tolmt lam" Prior. Applied to place, it signifies presence ; " Where / am, there shall my servants be," John xii. 26. Applied to truths, it implies affirmation : " Jesus said, I am the bread of life," John vi. 35. When repeated, it implies self and independent existence, and is the name of God, Exod. iii. 14. AMADETTO, s. a sort of pear; so called from the name of him who cultivated it. A'MADOU, s. or German tinder, a preparation from a species of boletus, found growing on various trees in Europe. AMA'IN, ad. [a and maggn. Sax.] with all one's force, or strength, applied to action. Applied to the voice, extremely loud, or as loud as possible. Also a sea-term, importing to lower or let fall the top-sails ; to let down any thing into the hold, as a word of command to do it gently and by degrees. AMA'LFI, one of the early Italian republics. Its possessions scarcely extended beyond the city walls, but it was noted for its trade. It is illustrious for the foundation of the hospital and military order of St. John of Jerusalem, for the invention of the mariner's compass, and for the preservation of the one copy of the Pandects of Justinian. It was one of the last which surrendered to the Normans, losing its liberty in 1131. The city yet has a little trade, and it belongs to the kingdom of Naples. Lat. 40. 37. N. Long. 14. 3-5. E. AMA'LGAM, «. lama and gameo, Gr.] a substance produced by incorporating quicksilver with another metal. To AMA'LGAMATE, v. n. to incoi-porate metals with quick- silver. AMALGAMA'TION, s.lama and gaynco, Gr.] the incorporat- ing quicksilver with other metals. AMANUE'NSIS, s. [Lat.] a person who writes down what is dictated by another ; likewise a person who copies writings, or writes extracts from books. AMARANTH, s. [a and marainomai, Gr.] among the ancients, a flower, which was imagined never to fade. In Botany, the genus of plants including the cock's comb, prince's feather, &c. AMARA'NTHINE, a. \amaranthinm, Lat.] relating to ama- ranths ; consisting of amaranths. AM ARAPU'RA, the former capital of the Burmese empire. It is situated on the Irawaddy, and is strongly fortified according to the science of the country. It has much decreased in population since the removal of the seat of government, having now only about 30,000 inhabitants. AMARY'LLIS, «. in Botany, a genus of plants allied to the nar- cissus, having veiy beautiful flowers, but very poisonous bulbous roots. It is much cultivated by florists in this country. To AMA'SS, j;. a. [amasser, Fr.] to gather together, so as to form a mass or heap. AMA'SSMLNT, s. a collection of things heaped together. A'MATORY, a. [amatorius, Lat.] relating to love ; causing love. AMAUROSIS, s. [amauroo, Gr.] in 3ledicine, a dimness of sight, wherein the eye to external appearance seems to be un- affected. To AMA'ZE, V. a. [niase. Sax.] to strike with astonishment ; to confuse, or throw into perplexity. AMA'ZE, s. astonishment, or perplexity, cuused by an unex- pected object, whether good or bad ; in the former case it is mixed with admiration, in the latter with fear. AMA'ZEDLY, ad. in a manner expressive of surprise or aston- ishment on the appearance of something unexpected. AMA'ZEDNESS, s. the state of a person's mind when affected with surprise, astonishment, confusion, or perplexity. AMAZEMENT, s. confusion ; perplexity ; admiration ; surprise. AM A'ZING, part, that causes surprise, astonishment, or ad- miration. AMA'ZINGLY, ad. in a manner capable of exciting astonish- ment, wonder, or admiration ; prodigiously ; surprisinglv. A'^IAZON, or Orei,i.ajia, a river of South America, which has AMB its source in the Cordilleras, whence running eastward, it empties itself into the Atlantic Ocean, directly under the equinoctial line. This largest of all rivers is, at its mouth, 180 miles broad ; and 1500 miles from its mouth, 30 or 40 fathoms deep. It runs at least 4000 miles, forms during its course many islands in itself, and receives nearly 200 other rivers, many of which have a course of 500 or 600 leagues, some of them not inferior to the Danube or the Nile. A'MAZONS, a warlike nation consisting wholly of females, which the Grecian poets represented as living some where in Western Asia. The sculptures on some of the Grecian temples represented the victory of Theseus over them when they invaded Attica. Some modern writers have not merely believed this fable, but have pretended to discover similar nations them- selves. AMBA'GES, s. [Lat.] a round-about way of expression ; cir- cumlocution. AMBASSA'DE s. [Fr.] the office of a person who is commis- sioned to negociate tne affairs of a state in foreign parts. AMBA'SSADOR, ». [ambassadeur, Fr.] a person sent in a public manner from one sovereign power to another, and supposed to represent the power from which he is sent. The person of an ambassador is inviolable. Ambassadors are either ordinaiy or extraordinary. Ambassador ordinary, is he who constantly re- sides in the court of another prince, to maintain a good under- standing, and look to the interest of his master. Till within these 200 years, ambassadors in ordinary .were not heard of. All, till then, were ambassadors extramdinary ; that is, such as are sent on some particular occasion, and who retire as soon as the affair is despatched. By the law of nations, none under the quality of a sovereign prince can send or receive an ambassador. AMBA'SSADRESS, s. [ambassadrice, Fr.] in its primitive sense, the wife or lady of an ambassador ; in a secondary one, a woman sent on a message. A'MBASSAGE, s. lambassage, Fr.] the employ or office of a person acting as an ambassador. A'MBER, s. [ambar, Arab.] a kind of gum, or resin, found most plentifully in the Baltic, on the coast of Prussia. Being susceptible of a fine polish, it is cut into necklaces, bracelets, snuff-boxes, kc, and also constitutes the basis of several kinds of varnish. A'MBERGRIS, s. a fragrant drug, that melts almost like wax, commonly of a greyish or ash colour, used both as a perfume and a cordial. Ambergris is found on the sea coasts in warm climates, particularly those of Africa, from the Cape of Good Hope to tlie Red Sea, sometimes in very large lumps, in the middle of which we frequently meet with stones, shells, and bones. AMBIDE'XTER, «. [Lat.] one who has equally the use of both hands, or who can use both hands with the same facility, and for the same purpose ; also, one who is ready to engage on either side in party disputes. AMBIDEX TE'RITl , Ambide'xtrousness, s. the power of being able to use both hands equally ; double-dealing. AMBIDE'XTROLS, a. applied to one who can make use of either hand indifferently. A'MBIENT, a. Ia7>ibient, Lat.] that covers every part ; that encompasses or surrounds. A'MBIGU, s. [Fr.] an entertainment, wherein the dishes are set on the table in a promiscuous manner, without any regard to order, so as to perplex the guests. AMBIGU'ITY, s. [ambi(iuitas, Lat.] the quality of a word or expression, received in different senses; words whose significa- tions are doubtful or uncertain. We make use of an equivocation to deceive, of an ambiguity to keep in the dark from all, and of a double entendre to conceal from some. AMBI'GUOUS, a. lambigutis, Lat.] applied to expressions having more senses than one, which are not easily determined. AMBl'GUOUSLY, ad. uttered in equivocal terms, or words having two senses. AMBIGUOUSNESS, s. the quality which renders the signifi- cation of a word uncertain. AMBl'LOGY, s. lambo and lego, Lat.] discourse of an ambigu- ous signification. AMBI'LOQUOUS, ». [ambo and loquor, Lat.] using ambiguous expressions. A'MBIT, s. lamhitus, Lat.] a term in Geometrj-, signifying the E 2 27 boundary, outline, or circumference of any figure, regular or irregular ; the compass or circuit of any thing. AMBrT10N,«. [ambitio, Lat] is generally used in a bad sense, for an immoderate and illegal pursuit of power, a vehement de- sire of greatness or fame ; a restlessness that cannot bear any competitor either in government or honour. AMBITIOUS, a. \amhitiosus, Lat.] desirous, longing after and industrious to obtain a greater degree of power, an advancement in honour, or a more extensive dominion ; proud, lofty, aspir- ing ; elegantly applied to inanimate things, and implying their being not contented with their present dimensions or situa- tion. AMBITIOUSLY, ad. in a manner which shows a desire or thirst after greater dignity, power, riches, dominion, or prefer- ment. AMBITIOUSNESS, s. the quality of being desirous of a greater degree of honour, riches, or power. To A'MBLE, V. n. lamhulo, Lat.] to move upon an amble ; to move with a gentle motion ; to move with an affected motion. A'MBLE, s. in Horsemanship, a pace wherein the two feet of a horse on the same side move together. A'MBLER, s. a horse that has been taught to amble ; some- times called a pacer. AMBLESIDE, in Westmoreland, situated among lofty moun- tains at the upper end of Winandermere, and near a remark- able waterfall. 271 miles from London. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 1281. A'MBLINGLY, ad. in such a manner as to perform that pace by jockevs called the amble. AMBOY'NA, the chief of the Molucca Islands, remarkable for the quantity of cloves and nutmegs it produces. The Dutch established factories on this island in the beginning of the seventeenth centurj', and it is still in their possession. Beside the natives and the Europeans, there are many Malays and Chinese resident on the island. A'MBROSE, ST., a very celebrated archbishop of Milan in the fourth century. When nominated to the office, he was not even in orders ; but as the appointment had originated in what was deemed supernatural influence, this was made no obstacle. He excommunicated the emperor Theodosius, on occasion of his massacre of the inhabitants of Thessalonica. The influence he exerted both in and out of the church was very considerable. Some of his writings yet remain. He died in 397, aged about (iO years. AMBRO'SIA, (amhrozia) s. [Gr.] the imaginary food of the heathen deities, which preserved them immortal. Figuratively, applied to any delicious fruit, by way of hyperbole, and signify- ing, that it was fit for the gods, or that it would communicate immortality. AMBRO'SIAL, (ambrozial) a. [ambrosialis, Lat.] heavenly, de- licious, or beyond the possession of mortals. A'MBS-ACE, s. in Gaming, when two aces are thrown at one time. AMBULATION, s. [ambulatio, Lat.] the act of walking. AMBULATORY, a. [ambulo, Lat.] having the power of wdk- ing ; movable : a term applied to courts that were not fixed, but held sometimes at one place, and sometimes at another. A'MBURY, A'nbury, a name given by our farriers to a kind of soft and spungy swelling growing on the bodies of horses, somewhat sore to the touch, and full of blood. AMBUSCA'DE, A'mbush, Ambusca'do, s. [emhuscade, em- buche, Fr.] a place wherein men are hid in order to surprise an enemy. A'MBUSHED, a. lying in wait ; hid in order to surprise. A'MBUSHMENT, s. a concealment in order to surprise. AMBU'STION, s. [ambrntio, Lat.] in Medicine, the effect which fire, or bodies heated by it, have on the flesh : when caused by fire immediately, termed a burn ; when by boiling liquors, a scald. A'MEL, s. [email, Fr.] See Enamel. AME'N, ad. in Hebrew, signifies true, faithful, certain. It is also understood as expressing a wish, as so be it; or an affirma- tion, ws, I believe it. AJVIE'NABLE, a. [amenable, Fr.] in Law, responsible, or sub- ject to inquiry and examination. Tractable, or easily governed. To AME'ND, V. a. [amender, Fr.] to alter something faulty for the better ; to grow from a more infirm state to a better ; to recover. Applied to writings, to correct. To refoim, applied to nianne»s or behaviour. AME'NDABLE, a. capable of amendment, or possible to be amended. AME'NDE, s. [Fr.] a fine by which a compensation is made for a fault committed. AMETVDER, s. the person who makes the changes or alter- ations in a thing for the better. AME'NDMENT, s. [amewfe^nent, Fr.] an alteration which makes it better ; a correction , a change from vice to virtue ; a change from sickness towards health ; a recovery. AME'NDS, «. [amende, Fr.] something paid to make good a damage done ; atonement, or satisfaction. AME'NITY, s. [ameenitas, Lat.] a situation or prospect which affects the mind with pleasure or delight. To AME'RCE, v. a. [amercier. Norm.] in Law, to inflict a pecu- niary punishment, or fine a personasumof money for an offence. AME'RCIER, s. the person who sets the fine upon an offender ; or settles the value of the satisfaction or fine which is to be paid. AME'RCEMENT, Ame'rciament, s. in Law, the fine im- posed on an offender against the king, or other lord, who is con- victed, and therefore stands at the mercy of either. AME'RICA, the name of the two great continents occupying the western hemisphere. They were first discovered by Chris- topher Columbus, a Genoese, who went out under the auspices ofFerdinand and Isabella, of Castile and Arragon, in 1492 ; but are not now fully explored. The name was taken from Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine, who directed an expedition in 1499. The form of these continents, which extend from the perpetually frozen regions of the North to the parallel of 56. S. Lat., is well known from maps. The chief physical features of North America are, Baffin's and Hudson's Baj's, and the Gulf of Mexico; the lakes, named Erie, Ontario, Huron, Michigan, Superior, Winni- Cg, and the Great Slave and Great Bear lakes ; the rivers St. iwrence, Ohio, Missouri, and Mississippi ; the Rocky Moun- tains, and the Alleghanies ; the West Indian islands in the Gulf of Mexico, Newfoundland, Vancouver's Island, the groups of islands near Behring's Straits, and the partially explored islands in the Frozen Ocean. The S. part of this continent lies within the tropics, but the average temperature of the whole is very low, the winters at New York, which lies as far S. as Rome and Madrid, being as severe as those of the N. of Europe, which is owing to the great quantity of land within the Arctic region, and the small portion lying within the tropics. The history of the aborigines of N. America is hidden in total obscurity. Re- specting the Esquimaux, who inhabit the most northerly part in scattered ana scanty tribes, and the Red 3Ien who nad sole possession of the temperate portions at the time of its dis- covery, we refer to those names below. There have been re- cently discovered throughout both N. and S. America, particu- larly in the more temperate parts, and those bordering on the Pacific Ocean, remains of races far superior in civilization to any of the races dwelling there within the reach either of histoiy or tradition. They are mounds resembling the barrows or sepul- chral hills of the ancient Keltic nations of the old world, or towers and temples displaying an architecture analogous to that of an- cient India and Egypt. On the borders of Mexico the ruins of entire cities are found, which Mr. Stephens, the principal ex- plorer, thinks do not date further back than a little before the arrival of the Spaniards. See Yucatan. The mass of the present population are colonists and their descendants, from every coun- try of Europe, and the slaves brought from Africa and their miserable posterity. The Zoology and Botany of this continent are almost wholly different from those of the eastern hemisphere. The whole of this continent N. of 49. N. Lat., and the river St. Lawrence, with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, excepting a small portion adjoining Behring's Straits, belongs to the British empire. The combined republics called the United States occu- pies the whole of the centre ; beneath this is the Mexican re- public ; and next to the Isthmus of Panama, the republic of Guatemala. South America, which is connected by this narrow strip of land with the northern continent, has for its chief physical features the great rivers, named Orinoco, Amazon, and La Plate, with the tributaries of the two latter ; and the range of mountains extending from N. to S., called the Cordilleras or Andes, contain- ing many volcanoes. The Falkland Isles, Chiloe, and Terra del Fuegosare its only islands; and Lake Titiaca its only large lake. AMI The aborigines of the N. W. part were possessed of some civiliza- tion when they were discovered, and the ruins still remaining resemble those "of Mexico. Those of the southern part, who were represented as of gigantic stature, are almost extinct, and are still sunk in the lowest barbarism. Excepting the northern coast, this continent was colonized chiefly from Spain and Portugal. In Zoology and Botany it is as peculiar as N. America ; the butter- flies of the tropical part are particularly splendid. The English, French, and Dutch have colonies on the N. E. coast; the other states are independent. Three republics occupy the ancient Columbia; below are the republics of Peru, and Bolivia, and Brazil ; more to the S. the republics of L'Uruguay, Chili, La Plata, and Paraguay. See further all these names below, West Lndies, ^C. iS'C. A'MERSFOORT, a town in the Netherlands, 25 miles from Amsterdam, where there are still considerable plantations and manufactories of tobacco. A'MERSHAM, in Buckinghamshire, consisting of a long street, intersected in the middle by a short one. There are some trifling manufactures carried on here. 26 miles from London. Market, Tuesday. Pop. 3645. AMES, JOSEPH, the author of Typographical Antiquities, which, as edited by Dr. Dibdin, is perhaps the best history of Printing in England. He wrote some otner books, and was a collector of antiquities and other curiosities. He died in 1759, aged 70 years. A'MESBURY, in Wiltshire, on the Avon, a very ancient place, consisting of two irregular streets. 78 miles from London. Pop. 1171. A'METHYST, s. [amethystos, Gr.] a gem of a purple colour, which seems composed of a strong blue and deep red; and, ac- cording as either of these colours prevail, affording diflerent tinges of purple, sometimes approacning to violet, and some- times even fading to a pale rose-colour. In Heraldry, a purple colour in the coat of a nobleman, used by those who blazon ny precious stones instead of metals and colours. This in a gentle- man's escutcheon is called purjmre, and in those of sovereign princes. Mercury. AMETHY'STINE, a. of a fine violet purple colour, resembling that of an amethyst. AMHA'RA, a province of Abyssinia, consisting of the S. and W. portions of the table-land of that country. Some parts of this tract are above 10,000 feet higher than the sea-level. In the valleys the soil is good, and fruitful in corn. In some parts most of the wild beasts peculiar to Africa abound. There are two considerable lakes, named Zana and Dembea. Near the latter, the capital of the province, Gondar, is situated. AMHA'RIC, one of the dialects of the Ethiopic language spoken in Amhara, in Abyssinia. A'MHERST, a town on the Gulf of Martaban, in the Burmese empire. It was built at the conclusion of the Burmese war by the British, and has a considerable population and good trade. A'MHERST, a town of Massachusetts, U. S., where is a highly flourishing college, founded in 1821, and incorporated in 182d. A'MIABLE, a. [aimahle, Fr.] that is an object of love. That is able to attract the affection of love or delignt. A'MIABLENESS, s. the quality which renders a person or thing an object of delight, pleasure, or love. A'MIABLY, ad. in such a manner as to gain love. A'MICABLE, a. [amicabilis, Lat.] endowed with all the quali- ties, kindness, and social benevolence, which can knit the tie of friendship. A'MICABLENESS, s. that (juality which is exerted in per- forming acts of kindness, and in exercising the offices of friend- ship. A'MICABLY, arf. in such a manner as is consistent with the warmest affection. A'MICE, s. [amictus, Lat.] the first or undermost of the six garments worn by priests, and next to the alb. AMI'D, AMi'DS'r,^re?j. [a and mid. Sax.] in the middle, with respect to situation ; applied to things, placed in a straight line, between or in the centre. A'MIDE, s. in Chemistry, an organic acid, a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen. It is the radical of ammonia. It enters into the composition of starch, and combines with metals. A'MIENS, a handsome, large, and ancient city in the depart- ment of Somme. It has three bridges over as many branches AMO of the Somrae. There is still a considerable trade here. The Treaty of Amiens was signed here between Great Britain and France, Spain, and Holland, in 1802. 75 miles from Paris. Lat. 49. 54. N. Long. 2. 22. E. A'MIOT, the name of a Jesuit who laboured for 44 years in China. His works on the dialects, kc, of that country are very valuable. He died in 1794, aged 77 years. AMI'SS, ad. [a and miss. Sax.] wrong, or contrary to any law, divine or moral ; improperly, or inconsistent with the dictates of reason. A'MITY, s. a state wherein there is the greatest concord, har- mony, or mutual intercourse, between two or more persons. Applied to nations, peace, wherein states are employed in pro- moting the good of each other. AMMIA'NUS MARCELLI'iVUS, the author of a History of some of the later Roman Emperors, part of which is lost. He was in the army, and served under Julian in the war in Persia. A'MMON, an Egyptian god, supposed by the Greeks to be the same as Zeus Olympius. Alexander the Great claimed to be his son, and bore on his coins the ram's horns, which were the symbol of Ammon. AMMO'NIA, in Chemistry, the volatile alkali. The hydro- chlorate of Ammonia, commonly called Sal Ammoniac, whose uses as a volatile salt are so well known, is now manufactured in this country. It used to be imported from Egypt, where it was pro- cured by sublimation from the soot of camel's dung. AMMO'NIAC, (GUM) s. a gum, or gum-resin, extracted from a plant of the genus Ferula, growing in some parts of Asia. AMMONI'ACAL, a. that has the properties of ammoniac, as above described. AMMONITES, s. a genus of fossil shells, nearly allied to the genus nautilus. They are distinguished from it by the pecu- liarity of the lines of suture, where the divisions of the cells are inserted into the outer shell ; — they being a simple curve in the nautilus, whilst in this genus they are wavy or zig-zag, or crenated so as to produce the most beautiful effoliations. By late conchologists this genus has been divided into several genera. AMMO'NIUM, in Chemistry, a substance possessing all the propertiesof a metal, obtainecf only as a compound or amalgam, by means of the Galvanic battery. AMMUNITION, s. [ad and munitib, Lat.] such arms, instru- ments, and stores, as are necessary to carry on a war ; military stores. AMMUNITION-BREAD, «. bread provided for an army or garrison. A'MNESTY, s. [amnestia, Gr.] an act wherein a prince promises pardon to criminals for offences past ; an act of oblivion. A'MNION, A'mnios, the innermost membrane with which the foetus is covered. AMNIOTIC, a. belonging to the amnios. The amniotic acid is found in the amnios of a cow. AMO'NG, Amo'ngst, prep, [amang. Sax.] present, or residing with. A'MORIST, s. \amor, Lat.] one who is captivated with the charms of a female ; one who is in love ; a lover. AMOROUS, s. [amoureux, Fr.] fond ; smitten with love at the sight of an amiable object ; naturally inclined to love. A'MOROUSLY, «s and metreo, Gr.] an instrument to measure the force of the wind. ANE'MONE, s. [Gr.] in Botany, wind-flower, a genus of plants of which there are many species, some of which are accounted beautiful. Two species are natives of Britain. The garden species are varieties of one common on the continent of Europe. ANEMO'SCOPE, s. \anemos and skopeo, Gr.] an instrument for determining the course and velocity of the wind. ANEINT, prep, a Scotch word signifying about, concerning ; over against, opposite to. ANES, Awns, s. the beards or spires of corn. A'NEURISM, s. [anetireo, Gr.] a soft red tumour, occasioned by the weakness of an artery, or by blood spread under the flesh, in consequence of a wound, or rupture of an artery. ANE'W, ad. [neoice. Sax.] again ; over again ; once more. ANGEL, s. [angelns, Lat.] a name given to those spiritual beings who are employed by God in the government of the world. The word signifies a messenger. Wc read of evil angels, the ministers of God s wrath ; as the destroying angel, the angei of death, the fljti/c/ of Satan, the attgcl of the bottomless pit. Angel is likewise the name of an ancient gold coin in England, ANG having the figure of an angel engraved on it, of the value of 10s. Figuratively, a person of exquisite beauty, and superior to the common run of ftiortals. ANGE'LIC, Ange'lical, a. resembling, belonging to, or par- taking of, the nature of angels. ANGE'LICA, s. [Lat.] in Botany, a common umbelliferous plant, formerly of great esteem among physicians, but now little used. A'NGELO, MICHAEL, one of the most celebrated artists of the world. In sculpture he has left us the colossal statues of Moses, and of David, with many others; in painting, the adorning of the vault, &c., of the Sistine Chapel at Rome; in architecture, St. Peter's at Rome; in engineering, the fortifi- cations of San Miniato ; in poetry, works that are placed amongst the Italian classics. In all, however, we find little pathos, or human beauty ; every thing is sublimely great or terrible. He flourished during the most wonderful period of history since the Christian aera, the awakening of mind which was the forerunner of the Reformation. He had for his patrons the Medici ; and for fellow-labourers, RafFaelle, Bramante, Politian, &c. He died at Rome in 1563, aged 89 years. ANGE'LOS, a city of Mexico. It has a fine cathedral, and some other beautiful buildings ; a mint glass-house, and other manufactures ; and the country round it is very fertile. 62 miles S. E. of Mexico. Lat. 19. 30. N. Long. 99. 22. W. A'NGER, s. [anger, Sax.] a desire ot thwarting the happiness of another, on account of an injury received. Synon. The word anger implies a passion more internal and lasting ; whereas the expression of in a passion, carries in its idea a sudden external gust of anger, short but violent. To A'NGER, V. a. to injure or offend a person, so as to provoke him to resentment, or to desire to thwart one's happiness. A'NGERLY, ad. in the manner of, or like a person who re- sents an injury. ANGE'RS, a town of France, the capital of the department of the Maine and Loire. It stands on the Mayenne, and has a castle and a cathedral, both of great age. It has also several scholastic institutions, and a fine library, museum, &c. Its trade is in the products of its factories, and of the surrounding country. It has not so great a population now as it had two centuries ago. ANGI'NA, s. [Lat.] in Surgery, a disease or swelling of the throat, called the quinsey. ANGIO'GRAPHY, «. langeioti and grapho, Gr.] a description of the vessels or tubes of the human body. ANGIO'LOGY, s. [angeion and logos, Gr.] a treatise or discourse of the vessels of the human body. A'NGLE, s. langulus, Lat.] in Geometry, the inclination of two lines which meet together to one another. There are various kinds of angles, as plane, spherical, and solid ; and these again, according to the degree of inclination, are named acute, right- angled, and obtuse; or according to the kind of lines forming them, rectilinear and curvilinear. An angle is called the complement of another when with it it makes up one right angle ; and the supple- ment, when with it it equals two right angles. Angles of incidence, rejkxion, and refraction, in Optics, are the angles between the direction of a ray of light falling on, reflected from, or passing beyond, a surface and the perpendicular to that surface. An instrument to catch fish with, consisting of a line, hook, and rod. To A'NGLE, V. a. to fish with a hook, line, and rod. Figura- tively, to entice by some allurements or artifice. A'NGLE-ROD, s. the rod to which the line and hook are fastened in angling. A'NGLER, s. he that fishes with rod, hook, and line. A'NGLES, a branch of the great Teutopic family, who are mentioned first by Tacitus as connected with the Suevi of ancient Germany. They afterwards settled in Sleswick, in Denmark, and thence migrated, or sent colonies to the E. parts of Britain, founding the Saxon kingdoms of E. Anglia, Beruicia, Deira, and Mercia. From them the S. part of our island received its name Eng-land. In common with the other tribes of the Saxon stock, they held by the stern and cruel but poetical faith which sprang from Odin and deified him. But of^ all the Saxons they most readily embraced Christianity, when re-introduced into England by Austin and Paulinus. A'NGLESEA, A'nglesey, Isle of, a county of N. Wales, separ- ated from Caernarvonshire by the Straits of Menai, over which is a suspension bridge. Its ancient name (in common with the ANl Isle of Man) was Mona. It abounds in Druidical remains, and was the last retreat of that faith before the arms of the Romans. It was conquered by the Saxons, and from them received its present name. It is about 24 miles long and 18 broad ; has not very good arable soil, but has good pastures. It has mines of copper, lead, silver, and coal ; and quarries of limestone and slate. Beaumaris is its chief town. Pop. 50,891. A'NGLICISM, s. [anglicus, Lat.] a metliod of expression pecu- liar to the English language. A'NGLING, s. the diversion of fishing by a rod, line, and hook, armed with a bait. ANGLO-SAXONS. See Saxons. ANGO'LA, a kingdom on the western coast of Africa, bounded on the N. by the river Danda, which separates it from Congo ; and on the S. by the Coanza, which divides it from Benguela. The soil produces Indian corn, beans, oranges, lemons, grain of various kinds, and great variety of fruits. Although the Portu- Suese preserve their superiority in Angola, yet the English, lutch, and other European nations, carry on trade with the natives for various commodities. This country has been the principal source of slaves for the empire of Brazil. The language spoken is named the Bunda, and a grammar and dictionary have been compiled by one of the Romanist priests who have been sent out hither by the pope. ANGO'RA, a town of Asiatic Turkey, remarkable for its antiquities, and for a breed of goats, whose hair, which is almost as soft as silk, is exported to Holland, France, and England, and manufactured into camlets, and other fine stuffs. ANGOSTU'RA, a town of Colombia, South America, standing on the Orinoco. Its trade has chiefly consisted of the products of the interior, which, by its river navigation, it can most con- veniently export. Its population is not large. Lat. 8. 9. N. Long. 63. 55. W. ANGouLfeME, a city of the department Charente, France, 287 miles from Paris. It is a very ancient town, and very finely situated on the Charente. There are here paper manufactories, and factories of some other commodities. Its population is above 15,000. A'NGRILY, ad. in a manner which bespeaks resentment on account of some injury. A'NGRY, a. desirous of revenge, 6n account of some afiront ; highly displeased. ANGUI'LLA, or Snake Island, the most northern of the Eng- lish Caribbee Islands. It is about 20 miles long and 6 broad, with good anchorage on the south side. Sugar, cotton, tobacco, &c., are its only productions. ANGUrSCIOLA, SOFONISBA, an eminent portrait painter, born at Cremona, invited to Spain by Philip II., and afterwards settled at Genoa. She died about 1620, at above 90 years old. A'NGUISH, s. [angoisse, Fr.] excessive pain, applied to the body. Immoderate, or the highest degree of sorrow, anxiety, and torture, applied to the mind. A'NGUISHED, a. affected with the profoundest anxiety, tor- ture, and sorrow, on account of some calamity. A'NGULAR, a. [angulus, Lat.] that has corners or angles. ANGULA'RITY, s. the quality of having angles or corners. A'NGULARLY, ad. with angles or corners ; Tike an angle. A'NGULATED, a. [angulus, Lat.] that has angles or corners. A'NGULOUS, a. [angulus, Lat.] that has corners or angles. A'NGUS. See Forfarshire. A'NHALT, a principality of Upper Saxony, which abounds in corn and hops, and has some rich mines. ANHELA'TION, s. [anheb, Lat.] a shortness of breath, or quickness of breathing, occasioned by running or going up any high and steep place. ANIE'LLO, TOMMASO, commonly known as Masaniello, the leader of a revolt at Naples against the government of Spain. He was a fisherman, who protested against the increase oi the taxes, and at last resisted the collection of them, and was chosen as the popular leader Terms of peace being made with the viceroy, he held for a few days the chief power in the city. But he exercised his authority very tyrannically, and at last lost his reason, and was assassinated, in the year 1647, in his 25th year. ANI'GHTS, ad. in the night-time, or every night. ANI'LITY, s. [anilitas, Lat.] old age, considered as it respects ANN ANIMADVE'RSION, [animadversio, Lat.] a taking notice of a fault with some degree of anger, severity, or despatch. ANIMADVE'RSIVE, a. that has power to make the mind attend to, or consider, any particular object ; that has the power of judging. To ANIMADVE'RT, v. n. [animadverto, Lat.] to censure, to blame, including the secondary idea of defect in a person ani- madverted on, together with authority, displeasure, and severity in the animadverter. ANIMADVE'RTER, s. he who inflicts punishment or passes censure on crimes. A'NIMAL, s. [Lat.] generally, the name for all living, organ- ized beings ; but popularly, the lower orders of beings as dis- tinguished from man. ylnimal maffnetism. See Mesmerism. Animal physiology, that branch of physiological science which treats of the structure, &c., of the bodies of the lower orders of ani- mals, in distinction from that which treats of the human body. Animal secretion, the operation of various glands of the bodv, in separating' fluids, &c., of particular properties, from the blood. Animal spirits, the energy and vivacitv which accompany a healthy state of the body. Animal system, tne whole class of organized, animated beings, distinguished from the organic but inanimate class, plants ; and the inorganic substances, as minerals, &c. ANEMA'LCULE, s. [animalculum, Lat.] an animal so small as to be invisible to the naked eye. Animalcules are seen only by the assistance of the microscope, and are vastly more numerous than any other living creatures. See Infusoria. ANIMA'LITY, s. [animal, Lat.] the state of animal existence. To A'NIMATE, v. a. [animo, Lat.] to {^ive life to; to quicken; to join or unite a soul to a body, figuratively, applied to musical instruments, to enliven, to make vocal, to inspire with the power of harmony ; to communicate boldness to ; to en- courage ; to excite. A'NIMATE, a, [animatus, Lat.] that is endued with a soul ; that has life, or the properties of an animal ; possessing animal life, A'NIMATED, part, that has a great deal of life; vigorous; spirited, ANIMATION, s. [animatio, Lat.] the act of bringing into ex- istence, or enduing with life both vegetable and animal ; the state wherein the soul and body are united. A'NIMATIVE, a. that has the power of communicating a soul, or principle of life ; that has the power of enlivening, encouraging, or making vigorous. ANIMA'TOR, s. that which enlivens, or confers the principle of life. ANIMCySE, a. \animosus, Lat.] fftU of spirit ; violent ; cou- rageous ; vehement. ANIMO'SITY, s. [animositas, Lat.] a disposition of mind wherein a person is inclined to hinder the success, thwart the happiness, or disturb the tranquillity of another ; it includes in it a degree of enmity, and is opposite to friendship or benevo- lence. ANI'NGA, a root growing in the West Indies, used in the re- finement of sugar. ANJOU', the name of an ancient duchy and province in the N. \V. of France. It was in the possession of England under the Plantagenets. A'NISE, s. is a small seed of a hot nature, good to expel wind out of the bowels and stomach, and is used by confectioners in sugar-plums, he. By distillation and pressure there is extracted from it an oil, which answers all the purposes of the seed itself; and during the distillation there comes off a water, called aniseed water. A'NKER, s. an old measure of wine and spirits, not used in England now, but still employed in some places on the continent. Also, the name of a cask holding about eight gallons of wine or spirits. A'nkerstrom, J. J., the name of a Swedish officer who assas- sinated Gustavus III. in revenge for his seizing an almost abso- lute power. He was executed m 1792, aged 33 years. A'NKLE, «. [ancleow. Sax.] the joint which unites the leg to the foot, Ankle-hoae, the protuberant bone at the ankle. A'NNA COMNE'NA, one of the Byzantine historians. She wrote the life of her father, Alexius Comnenus I., emperor of Constantinople during the first crusade. She formed a conspiracy against her brother John, who succeeded his father, which failed, 34 ANN and she was banished the court. She died in 1148, aged 65 years. A'NNA, daughter of John I., emperor of Russia, and successor of Peter II. on the throne. She frustrated an attempt to limit the imperial power, and ruled with great decision and success in her undertakings. The palace of ice at Petersburg, so often spoken of, was built by ner order at the marriage of Prince Galitzin. She died in 1740, aged 46 years. A'NNALIST, s. one who writes or composes annals. A'NNALS, s. [annales, Lat.] a narrative wherein the transac- tions are digested into periods, consisting each of one year ; or re- lations which contain the public occurrences of a single year. A'NNAN, in Dumfriessnire, Scotland; principal town of the ancient district of Annandale. It stands not lar from Solway Frith, and has a good bridge over the Annan. Its manufactories and trade are inconsiderable, though it has a good harbour. 79 miles from Edinburgh. Pop. 5471. ANNA'POLIS, the capital of Maryland, in the United States, on the W. side of the Severn, 2 miles from Chesapeake Bay, The State-house is a fine building in the centre of the city, from which, and from the Episcopal church, the streets radiate. There is a college here belonging to Maryland university. The trade is very small. Pop. 2792. Lat. 39. 0. N. Long. 76. 43. W, There are two other places of this name in the United States, and one in Nova Scotia. A'NNATES, s. [Lat.] first-fruits, or a year's income of a spiritual living. In ancient times they were given to the pope throughout all Christendom, on the decease of a bishop, abbot, or parish clerk, and paid by his successor. In England the pope claimed them first of such foreigners as he conferred benefices upon, by way of provision ; but afterwards tteey were demanded ot all other clerks, on their admission to benefices. At the Re- formation they were taken from the pope, and vested in the king ; and lastly, Queen Anne restored them to the church, for the augmentation of poor livings. ANNE, one of the English sovereigns, the successor to William III. She was a daughter of James II., and married to Prince George of Denmark, and was placed on the throne by the act of settlement passed in her predecessor's reign. Shortly after her accession, she renewed the War of Succession, between England, Austria, and Holland, against France and Spain, to determine between the claims of Philip of Anjou and the Arch- duke Charles to the crown of Spain. The Duke of Marlborough, as commander of the allied army, in a succession of campaigns raised the military fame of England to the highest pitch, gaining various battles, amongst which those of Blenheim and Ramilies are most celebrated. In Spain, the army under Lord Peterborough achieved great success ; whilst Churchill, Rooke, Shovel, and other naval commanders distinguished themselves no less : Gibraltar was taken, an acquisition whose worth was little known, and Minorca, with its fine harbour Port Mahon. At length, after ten years' war, the treaty of Utrecht was concluded, in 1713. The union with Scotland was the greatest act of statesmanship during this reign. It abolished the Scotch parlia- ment, and introduced a uniform legislation for the whole of Great Britain. It was effected in the year 1706, Throughout this reign there was a ceaseless party struggle for the guidance of the queen's counsels. The queen, who was a weak but bigoted woman, cherishing all the predilections of the Stuarts, suffered herself to be led by Marlborough and Godolphin till she perceived that they were not aiming at her objects, and then yielding to the schemes of the opposition, thev were displaced for Harley, Earl of Oxford, and Bolingbroke. But this did not put an end to the troubles : divisions m the tory camp, some being in secret Jacobites, and others warmly attached to the house of Hanover, aided the national discontent at the peace of Utrecht ; and at length wearied out the life of the queen herself, who died in 1714, aged 50 years, having reigned above twelve. This reign exhibits a most mixed and incongruous spectacle. Men of the greatest ability, Newton, Marlborough, Addison, Swift, Pope, Bolingbroke, with their associates, adorned it ; and an ignorant and conceited Dr. Sacheverel could agitate the whole kingdom, and turn even the queen into a partisan, respecting the question of passive obedience, in endeavouring to maintain which, her immediate ancestors had lost life and crown ; and the gravest matters of state were transacted at private interviews with the opponents of the ministry, and by the help of Mrs. ANN Masham. Sereral attempts were made to neutralize the conces- sions to the claims of conscience made by the Act of Tolera- tion, which happily failed through the ascendency of Marl- borough and his party in the House of Lords. ANNE OF AUSTRIA, infant of Spain, and married to Louis XIIL of France. Through the influence of Richelieu, who was in fact the ruler of the country, she was during almost the whole of Louis's life separated from him. At his death, her son, Louis XIV., being a minor, was under her guardianship; and as re- fent, with the counsel of Cardinal Mazarin, she governed the ingdom. The measures she adopted gave great offence to the nobility and to the city of Paris, and the war of the Fronde was the consequence. The civil war, which lasted for four years, left Louis aIV., in 1652, possessed of almost absolute power. Anne's influence waned from this time, and in 1G66 she died, aged 64 years. To ANNE'AL, {armed) v. a. [iBlan, Sax.] to render substances tough that are naturally hard and brittle. Glass and iron are annealed by gradual cooling ; brass and copper, by heating and and then suddenly plunging them in cold water. Glass is an- nealed to make it retain the colours laid on it. To ANNE'X, V. a. [annecto, Lat.] to join or subjoin as a supple- ment; to connect; to unite with ; to belong to; to join as a property. ANNEXATION, s. a Law term used to imply the uniting of lands or rents to the Crown. ANNE'XION, s. the adding of something as an enforcement, supplement, or aid. ANNE'XMENT, s. something that is joined to another. To ANNI'HILATE, v. a. [annihilo, Lat.] to reduce to nothing ; to deprive of existence ; to put an end to ; to extinguish ; to destroy utterly. ANNIHILATION, «, the act by which the very existence of a thing is entirely destroyed. ANNIVE'RSARY, s. \_annwersarius, Lat.] the yearly return of any particular day; public rejoicing performed in honour of the anniversary day. ANNIVE'RSARY, a. that falls but once in the course of a year ; annual or yearly. A'NNO DO'MINI, [Lat.] expressed by abbreviature, A. D.— thus, A. D. 1846, i. e. in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-six. ANNOTATION, s. [annotatio, Lat.] explanation of the difficult passages of an author, written by way of notes. ANNOTATOR, «. [Lat.] a person who explains the difficult passages of an author ; a commentator. ANN OTTO, a kind of red dye brought from the West Indies. It is used in tinging double Gloucester cheese. To ANNOUTVCE, i!. a. [annoncer,Ft.'\ to proclaim; to reveal publicly ; to pronounce ; to sentence. To ANNO'Y, V. a. [annoyer, Fr.] to disturb ; to vex ; to make a person uneasy. ANNOY', s. an attack ; trouble, misfortune, or any state which is productive of anxiety. ANNOY' ANCE, s. that which occasions any trouble, incon- venience, dislike, injury, or hurt; the state wherein a person is aifected with the sight, hearing, seeing. Sec, of a disagreeable object. ANNOY'ER, s. the person who causes any annoyance, dislike, trouble, or loathing. A'NNUAL, a. [annuel, Fr.] occurring every year, or yearly ; that endures only one year. A'NNUALLY, ad. every year, yearly. ANNU'ITANT, s. [from annus, Lat.] he that possesses or re- ceives an annuity. ANNUITY, s. [annuite, Fr.] a yearly revenue, paid every year during a person's life, or certain term of years ; a yearly allowance. To ANNU'L, V. a. [from nullus, Lat.] applied to laws, to deprive them of their force ; to abrogate ; to abolish. Made impercepti- ble, or as if deprived of their existence, and annihilated. A'NNULAR, a. [annulus, Lat.] round, circular, having the form of a ring. In Anatomy, given to several parts of the body ; thus the annular is the second cartilage of the larynx or throat ; the annular ligament, that which encompasses the wrist, and binds the bones of the arm together ; annular process, or protuberance, a part of the medulla oblongata. The fourth or ring finger is likewise called annular. ANS A'NNULARY, a. being in the form of rings. A'NNULET, s. a small ring. In Heraldry, used for a mark that the person is the fifth brother ; sometimes a part of the coat of several families, reputed a mark of dignity. In Architecture, the small square member in the Doric capital, under the quarter round; likewise a flat moulding common to the other parts of the column, which derives its name from its surrounding the column. ANNU'LLING, s. the revoking, abolishing, or repealing of an act, &c. To ANNU'MERATE, v. a. [annumero, Lat.] to reckon or count a person or thing into a list, a part of a number. ANNUMERA'TION, s. [annumeratio, Lat.] something added to a number. To ANNU'NCIATE, v. a. \a.nmmcio, Lat.] to bring tidings ; to declare something unknown before. ANNUNCIA'TION, s. a festival instituted by the church in memory of the announcement of the incarnation of our Lord, made to the Virgin Mary, and solemnized the 25th of March, thence called Lady-day. A'NODYNE, s. [a and odyne, Gr.] a remedy which abates the force of pain, and renders it more tolerable. To ANOI'NT, V. a. [oindre, Fr.] to rub with some fat or greasy preparation ; to consecrate by unction. ANOI'NTER, s. the person who anoints. ANOMALI'STICAL, a. irregular. Anomalisttcal year, in Astro- nomy, the space of time wherein the earth passes through her orbit ; differing from the common year, on account of the pre- cession of the equinoxes. ANO'MALOUS, a. [a and omalos, Gr.] in Grammar, applied to such words as are not consistent with the rules of declining, he. In Astronomy, applied to time which seemingly deviates from its regular motion. ANO'MALOUSLY, ad. in a manner not consistent with established laws or rules ; in an irregular, uncommon, or ex- traordinary manner. ANO'MAL Y, s. [anomalie, Fr.] a deviation from the established rules and laws, whether those of nature, societies, or particular branches of science. In Astronomy, that portion of the ecliptic nioved through by the moon or any planet, since it was last in its apogee or aphelion. ANO'N, ad. soon after any time expressed ; quickly. When applied to vicissitude, revolution, or change of action, it signifies then, afterwards, or sometimes. ANO'NYMOUS, a. [a and onowia.Gr.] that has not yet received a name. Applied to books or publications, it means, that has not the name of the author. ANO'NYMOUSLY, ad. in such a manner as to be without a name. ANORE'XY, s. [anorexia, Gr.] among physicians, a loathing of food, or want of appetite, proceeding from indigestion. ANOTHER, ^on. applied to things, something not like that which is mentioned ; different. Applied to number or succession, one more; an addition; besides. Applied to identity, not the same. Joined with one, it signifies a thing mutually performed; something reciprocal. ANOTTA, Arno'tta, «. in Dyeing, an elegant red colour, ob- tained from the seeds of the Bixa, a tree common in South America. ANQUETl'L DU PERRO'N, the name of two brothers, of whom the younger was eminent for his proficiency in oriental literature. He published a translation of the Zend-Avesta, the sacred book of^ the ancient sect of Parsees, or followers of Zoroaster. He died in 1805, aged 74 years. A'NSATED, a. [ansatus, Lat.] having handles ; resembling handles. A'NSELM, a learned clerk, who was archbishop of Canterbury under William II. and Henry I. He was engaged in a contest with the kings of England respecting the rightful occupant of St. Peter's chair, he acknowledging Urban, and they his op- ponent ; and also respecting the right of investiture, or of fully installing the higher clergy, which the kings claimed for them- selves. He wrote many works, which are preserved yet, and died in 1109, aged 76 years. A'NSON, GEORGE, (LORD,) a famous English admiral in the reign of George II. He was engaged in various enterprises against the French and Spaniards, but his principal services were f2 35 ANT the observations, &c., he made during a circumnavigation of the world, which occupied him nearly four years. He died in 1762, aged 65 years. A'NSPACH, d principality of Franconia, in the kingdom of Bavaria, which is beautifully interspersed with woods; produces corn and tobacco, and has several iron mines, and medicinal springs. Also the name oi the capital of this principality, which stands at the junction of the Holbach and the Rezat. It is a handsome town, with many fine public buildings, an old palace of the margraves of Anspach, a royal gt/mnasium, or high school, &c. It has manufactures of linen and woollen goods, tobacco, &c., and its population is near 20,000. Lat. 48. 12. N. Long. 10. 33. E. A'NSTRUTHER, the name of two towns in Fifeshire, Scotland, on the sea-coast. They have little trade, and that chiefly in fish. The harbour is not good, but Anstruther Easter has a good quay. They are 35 miles from Edinburgh. Pop. A. Easter, 997 ; A. Wester, 449. To A'NSWER, (dnser) v. a. [andswarian. Sax.] to speak in re- turn to a question ; to reply to an objection ; to obviate, or give a solution ; to assign reasons ; to be accountable for, or satisfy any claim or debt ; to pay ; to bear a proportion ; to be propor- tionate to ; to vindicate ; or be received as a witness, or voucher in a person's behalf. A'NSWER, s. [aimcare, Sax.] an information, or reply to a question ; a solution of any difficulty, or objection. A'NSWERABLE, a. that will admit of a reply. A'NSWERABLY, ad. in proportion ; in a manner which cor- responds with, or is suitable to. A'NSWERER, s. one who gives such information as a question requires ; he that solves, obviates, or clears up the objections of an adversary; he who writes against another in any con- troversy. ANT, 8. the English name of a genus of insects, allied to the bees, wasps, &c., and in Entomology named Formica. There are several species indigenous to England, which are all remarka- ble for the ingenuity, skill, and industry which they display in the construction of their dwellings, whether in the ground or in trees. They live in communities mostly composed of neuters or labourers, as the bees ; but they have many females amongst them, who during the pairing season have wings, which they afterwards cast. The care of the eggs and immature young rests on the labourers, and it is the cocoons containing the pupae that they are seen exposing to the sun and storing away in their galleries, and have been mistaken for grains of corn. Amongst their habits which display intelligence beyond any other crea- tures so low in the scale of organization, none are so surprising as the use they make of the aphides, the small green insects that deposit the honey-dew, tending and employing them much as we do cows ;— or their wars, in which one colony has been seen marching against another in orderly masses, like the columns, and lines, and squares of an army ; — or their piratical and slaving expeditions, which are the usual end of their battles, in which they carry ofl^ the cocoons of the vanquished, and tend them till the developement of the perfect insects, which are em- ployed as labourers amongst the conquerors. ANTA'CIDS, s. medicines to correct acidity in the stomach. A'NTjE, s. [Lat.] in Architecture, the square columns or pilas- ters which terminated the lateral walls of ancient temples when the portico did not extend beyond the body of the building. They were sometimes also placed along the sides of the cell so as to produce a graceful effect. ANTA'GONIST, s. [anti and agonizo, Gr.] applied to a person who contends with another. Applied to writers, it means, one who opposes the opinions or sentiments of another. Antagonist muscles, in Anatomy, muscles which, being placed so as to oppose each other's strain, keep certain parts of the bodv in their right vhen one of these muscles has lost its In paralysis 3 effect of tl the other is seen in the distortion of the position, power, the mouth. To ANTA'GONIZE, v. a. to strive or contend against another. ANTA'LGIC, a. [anti and algos, Gr.] in Medicine, that softens or mitigates pain. ANTA'LKALIES, s. medicines to correct the excess of alkalies in the body. A'NTAR, the name of the hero of Arabian poetry and fiction. A warrior of this name, on whose history the romances are ANT founded, lived in about the sixth century, and not being of pure Arab extraction, rendered himself famous by his daring and success. ANTA'RCTIC, a. [anti and arktos, Gr.] that is opposite to the arctic, applied in Astronomy to the southern pole and circle. The antarctic pole in Astronomv is the south pole, or that part of the heavens to which the south end of the earth's axis points. The antarctic circle is one of the lesser circles of the sphere, parallel to the equator, and 23 deg. 28 min. distant from the south pole. The antarctic pole in Geography is the southern extremity of the earth's axis. A'NTE, [Lat.] a particle signifying before, and frequentlvused in composition; as, antediluvian, that which existed before the flood. A'NT-EATER, s. in Zoology, the name of a genus of quadru- peds inhabiting South America, remarkable for their long round tongues, with which, by means of their viscid saliva, they catch the insects on which they feed. One species feeds wholly on ants ; others prey upon the wild-bees, &c., whose dwellings are in the trees, which they can only reach by climbing. To ANTECE'DE, v. n. [antecedo, Lat.] to have a prior existence; to precede, or go before. ANTECE'DENCE, s. priority of existence ; existence before some period or being. ANTECE'DENT, a. [anteccdens, Lat.] prior ; before ; or exist- ing before. Used substantively, it implies the thing which is prior in time, or which must have gone before. " It is indeed the necessary antecedent." South. In Grammar, the noun which, in the order of construction, goes before a relative ; as, " Christ who redeemed us." The word Christ is the antecedent which goes before the relative who. In Logic, the first part, or proposition, of an enthymeme, or syllogism, consisting of two propositions only; as, " Christ is risen from the dead; therefore we are re- deemed ;" the words in Italic are the antecedent. In Mathematics, the first of two terms of a ratio. ANTECE'DENTLY, ad. in the state of antecedence, or going before ; previously. ANTECE'SSOR, s. [Lat.] one who precedes, or is before another in the order of time. A'NTECHAMBER, s. [incorrectly written aniicAmnJer] a cham- ber which leads to a state-room, or chief apartment. To A'NTEDATE, f. a. [ante and datu7n, Lat.] to place too early, or before its real period ; to enjoy a thing in imagination before it exists. ANTEDILU'VIAN, a. [ante and diluvium, Lat.] that existed or had a being before the flood. Used substantively for the per- sons who lived before the flood. A'NTELOPE, s. in Zoology, a very extensive genus of animals, which bears some resemblance to the goat, from which and from the deer they differ, in having their horns annulated or ringed round, and in other characteristics. They live in large flocKS, and are found most numerously in Africa, though some species are found in Asia, and two, one of which is the chamois of the Alps, in Europe. The eye of the gazelle, which is one species, is the favourite ideal for that kind of beauty. ANTEMERI'DIAN, a. [ante and meridies, Lat.] before noon. ANTEMU'NDANE, a. [ante and mundus, Lat.] that was before the creation of the world. ANTE'NN-iE, s. the horn-like processes projecting from the heads of insects, supposed to be the organs of hearing. ANTEPENU'LT, Antepenu'ltima, s. [Lat.] in Grammar, the last syllable but two of a word ; as the syllable nul in the word antepenultima. ANTEPILE'PTIC, a. [anti and epilepsis, Gr.] an epithet applied to a medicine against convulsions. ANTEQUIE'RA, a handsome and populous city of Granada, the upper part of which is seated on a nill, and has a castle, and the lower stands in a fertile plain, and is watered by a great number of brooks. Here are still to be seen mines which were worked by the Romans. It has manufactories of silk and woollen goods, paper, &c. ; and fine marble abounds in its vicinity. Lat. 37. 6. N. Long. 4. 47. W. ANTE'RIOR, Ante'riour, a. [Lat.] that is before another with regard to time or place. ANTERIO'RITY, s. [anterior, Lat.] the state of being before another, with respect to time or place. ATVTES, [Lat.] a term used by gardeners for the foremost er lowest ranks of vines. ANT ANTHE'LION, s. See Parhelion. ANTHELMI'NTHIC, a. [anti and elmins, Gr.] that has the quality of killing worms. A'NTHEM, s. [anthumnos, Gr.] a hymn performed in two parts, by the opposite members of a choir. Socrates says, Ignatius was the inventor of it among the Greeks, and St. Ambrose among the Latins. Anthems were first introduced in the reformed service of the English church, in the beginning of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. A'NTHER, s. in Botany, that part of the stamen on the top of the filament which contains the pollen or fine dust, which, when mature, it emits for the fructification of the plant. ANTHO'LOGY, s. [anthos and lego, Gr.] a treatise of flowers ; a collection of the most beautiful passages of one or more authors, whence the collection of Greek epigrams is styled anthohgia. ST. A'NTHONY'S FIRE, s. See Erysipelas. ANTHRA'CITE, Anthra'colite, s. in Chemistry, coal blend, a species of coal which burns without flame. A'NTHRAX, s. [Gr.] a burning coal; a carbuncle, encom- passed with fiery, sharp, and painful swellings. ANTHROPOLOGY, s. [anthropos and logos, Gr.] a discourse or treatise upon men, or human nature, considered as in a state of health, including the consideration of both body and soul, with their laws. ANTHROPO'MANCY, s. [atithropos and }nanfeia, Gr.] a species of divination, from inspecting the entrails and viscera of a human body. ANTHROPOMO'RPHISM, s. [anthropos and morphe, Gr.] the attribution to God of the form, feelings, &c., of man. As a figure of speech, it is much used in the Old Testament. But care must be taken lest it be understood literally, as it was by an ancient sect, called thence, Anthropomorphites. ANTHROPOMO'RPHOUS, a. [Gr.] an appellation given to whatever resembles the human form ; thus the mandrakes, among the plants ; the monkey, among animals, &c. ANTHR0PO'PHAGI,s. (never used in the singular,) [anthropos and phaqo, Gr.] savages who eat human flesh. ANTHROPO'PHAGY, s. the custom of eating human flesh. ANTHROPO'SCOPY, s. [anthropos and shopeo, Gr.] that part of physiology which judges of a man's character from his com- plexion, the lineaments of his face, features, he. ANTHYPNOTICS, s. [anti and upnos, Gr.] medicines given to prevent sleeping. A'NTI, [Gr.] a particle, which in composition signifies contrary or opposite; and in works of literature is prefixed to the answers written in opposition to an author; as, Anti-Catones, the names of the answers Julius Csesar wrote to the objections made against him by Cato. ANTIARTHRI'TICS, s. [anti and arthritikos, Gr.] remedies against the gout. A'NTIC, s. [antiquus, Lat.] one who plays tricks, and makes use of odd and uncommon gestures ; a Merry Andrew, a buflbon. A'NTICHRIST, s. [anti and Christos, Gr.] the name used in the time of the apostles to designate the spirit or power of irre- ligion, or opposition to Christ. It is used in the New Testament, as in the Epistles of John. It has been usually understood, but without sufficient authority, to mean a person ; and to such per- son all that occurs in the Epistles of Paul, and the Revelation of John, respfecting an enemy of Christ, is referred. All sects have used it to stigmatize their most powerful opponents. Protestants generally apply it to the pope of Rome. ANTICHRrSTIAN, a. [anti and Christianas, Gr.] contrary, or opposite to Christianity. ANTICHRI'STIANISM, s. any doctrine or opinion contrary to Christianity. ANTICHRO'NISM, s. [anti and chronos, Gr.] contrary to the right order of time. To ANTI'CIPATE, t- . a. [anticipo, Lat.] to be beforehand with another in taking, so as to disappoint him that comes after ; to do or enjoy a thing before its fixed period. ANTrCIPATION, s. the dating a thing earlier than its due period; the enjoyment of a thing in imagination, before its real existence ; a foretaste. ANTICLI'MAX, s. [anti and climax, Gr.] a sentence in which the last part is lower than the first, A'NTrCKLY, ad, in the manner of an antic or buffoon ; with udd gesticulations and grimaces. ANT ANTICONVU'LSIVE, a. good against convulsions. A'NTICOR, s. [anti, Gr. and cor, Lat.] among farriers, an in- flammation in a horse's throat, the same as quinsey with us. ANTICOU'RTIER, s. one who opposes the measures of the court. ANTIDOTAL, s. that has the quality of preventing the effects of any contagion or poison. A'NTIDOTE, s. [anti and didomi, Gr.] a medicine given to ex- pel poison, or prevent its effects, and to guard against contagion. ANTIEPILE'PTIC, a. [anti and epilepsis, Gr.] good against convulsions. ANTI'GONUS, one of the generals of Alexander the Great, who shared his conquests amongst them. He formed the scheme of gaining possession of the whole, but after a succession of victories was defeated and slain at the battle of Ipsus, in 301 B. c, at the age of 81. ANTI'GUA, one of the English Caribbee Islands, about 21 miles in length, and nearly the same in breadth. The inhabit- ants, from the want of springs, are obliged to save the rain- water in cisterns, and fetch it from the other islands. It is very rocky, and is surrounded by dangerous reefs, but has excellent harbours, and contains about 60,000 acres, 6 towns and villages, 6000 whites, and 30,000 negroes. The chief produce is sugar. The capital, St. John's, has a royal navy yard, and arsenal, with conveniences for careening ships of war. It is 60 miles S. E. of St. Christopher's. Lat. 17. 5. N. Long. 61. 53. W. ANTIGU'GLAR, s. -S«e Siphon. ANTI'LLES, s. (properly Antisles, from their smallness,) a small cluster of islands in the West Indies, extending from 18 to 24 degrees N. lat., and distinguished into Windward and Lee- ward Islands. The French name for the Caribbees. ANTILO'GARITHM, s. [anti and logarithm, Gr.] the comple- ment of a logarithm, or its difference from one of 90 degrees. Also, and more usually, the number to a logarithm. ANTI'LOGY, s. [antilogia, Gr.] contradiction ; in its primary sense, applied to those passages of an author wherein there seems to be, or really is, a manifest contradiction. ANTI-MONA'RCHICAL, a. [anti and monarchia, Gr.] that is contrary to monarchy. ANTIMO'NIAL, a. that consists of, or has the qualities of antimony. A'NTIMONY, s. a brittle metal, of a dusky white colour, pos- sessed of considerable lustre, but destitute of'^ductility. Though seemingly hard, it may easily be cut with a knife. It is princi- pally procured from Hungary and Norway. Antimony is combined with some other metals in making printers' types, and specula for telescopes. Its oxydes are employed in medicine, chiefly as emetics, and in colouring glass. Under the name of Stibium, it was and is now used in eastern countries by females to colour the eye-brows and eye-lids. ANTINEPHRI'TICS, s. [anft'and nephritis, Gr.] medicines for diseases in the reins and kidneys. ANTINO'MIANS, s. [anti and nomas, Gr.] a name signifying opposition to law ; first used to designate the followers of John Hausmann, or Agricola, a German divine, contemporary with Luther, but now employed, principally by way of reproach, to designate those who hold the opinion, that since salvation is by faith, good works are not only unnecessary, but rather to be dis- countenanced as interfering with faith. Many rigid Calvinists have held these opinions speculatively, but very few have fol- lowed them out in practice. A'NTINOMY, s. a contradiction between two laws, or two parts of the same law. ANTI'NOUS, the name of a very beautiful young man, who was the favourite of the emperor Hadrian. Many statues, sup- posed to represent him, still exist. A'NTIOCH, now Anthakia, an ancient and celebrated, and still a large city of Syria. The disciples of Jesus were first called Christians here. In the city and neighbourhood are very abund- ant relics of antiquity, of all kinds, 40 miles S. W. of Aleppo. Lat. 35. 17. N. Long. 36. 45. E. ANTI'OCHUS, a name borne by many monSrchs of the Syro- Macedonian empire. The most famous of these were, Antiochus the Great, who was the first Asiatic prince with whom the Romans were engaged in war. Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, after his complete overthrow, fled for protection to him. He was defeated by the Romans, and compelled to accept most 37 ANT disgraceful terms of peace. He was killed by his own people in 187 B. c, aged 52 years. — And Antiochus Epiphanes, who perse- cuted the Jews with revolting cruelty, and polluted and closed the Temple and Jerusalem. He was resisted by the Maccabees, against whom he was advancing when he was carried off by an unknown but most excruciating disease, which the Jews regaided as the immediate infliction of God. He died in 165 b. c. ANTI-PiEDOBA'PTISTS,s. [anti,pais, and baptizo.Gi.] a dis- tinguishing denomination given to those who object to the bap- tism of infants. ANTIPARALY'TIC, a. [anti and parahjtikos, Gr.] good against the palsy. ANTIPAROS, a small island in the jEgean Sea, famous for an extensive and beautiful natural cavern, or grotto, as it is called, which has been frequently visited and described by travellers. A'NTIPAS, HEROD, son of Herod the Great, and successor in part of his kingdom, as tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea. He divorced his own wife that he might marry his brother Philip's wife, for which he was reproved by John Baptist. He ordered the death of this faithful teacher to gratify the malice of the woman he had so unlawfully espoused. It was this Herod who caused our Lord to be mocked by his soldiers, before the cruci- fixion. He ended his days in banishment at Lyons, for treason against the Roman emperor, in about 45 a. d. ANTIPATER, a Macedonian general who served under Philip and Alexander the Great. In the division of his empire, Macedonia fell to his share, which he had to defend against the Athenians and their allies, whom he defeated ; and Perdiccas, who having part of Asia, aspired to be Alexander's sole successor. He overturned the democracy of Athens, and occupied the city with Macedonian troops. He died in 318 a. c. ANTI'PATHY, s. [anti and pathos, Gr.] a natural aversion to any particular object, which operates so strongly, as neither to be controlled by the will nor reason. ANTI'PHONARY, s. a service book belonging to the Catholics, which contained whatever was to be sung or said in the choir, exeejjt the lessons. ANTI'PHONY, s. \_anti and phone, Gr.] the answer made by one side of the choir to the other, when a hymn or anthem is sung alternately, or between them. ANTI'PHRASIS, «. [anti anA phrasis,Gr.'] a figure in Rhetoric, whereby the use of words is applied in a sense opposite to their true meaning. ANTI'PODAL, a. relating to those persons or places that are antipodes with respect to their situation. aNTI'PODES, s. [anti scaApous, Gr.] in Geography, those who live on the contrary side of the globe, with their feet directly opposite to ours. A'NTIPOPE, s. a false or pretended pope, one that is, or is pretended to be, elected in opposition to another. More than twenty antipopes are mentioned in history. A'NTIQUARY, s. [anttquarim, Lat.] one who applies himself to the study of antiquities ; whether thevbe mottos, inscriptions, or ancient manuscripts, and makes collections for that purpose. There is a Society of Antiquaries in London, which has published many valuable works relating to the ancient history, customs, Sec, of England. To A'NTIQUATE, e. a. [anfiquo, Lat.] to render useless ; in the passive, to be grown out of use. AT^JTIQUATEDNESS, s. the state of being out of vogue or use ; the being obsolete. ANTl'QUE, {anUke, or anteSk) a. [Fr.] that was in vogue in ancient times, in opposition to modern ; that is really old ; whose antiquity is genuine and indisputable ; old fashioned ; out of fashion ; uncouth and ridiculous for its antiquity. Used sub- stantively, for a genuine piece of antiquity, or the relic of the ancients. Synon. A fashion is old, when it ceases to be in use ; ancient, when it has been some time past ; antique, when it has been a long time ancient. ANTrQUITY, s. [antiquitas, Lat.] that time or period which has long preceded the present ; ancient writers, those who lived in former times ; the histories written at a great distance before the present period ; long life, or old age, ANTrSCn, s. [anti and skia, Gr.] the people who have their shadows projected opposite ways. The people of the northern hemisphere are Antiscii to those of the southern, the shadows of ANT the one projecting at noon towards the north, and those of the other towards the south. ANTISCORBUTIC, Antiscorbu'tical, a. [anti,Gx.,a.nA scor- hutus, Lat.] good against the scurvy. ANTISE'PTICS, s. [anti and septikos, Gr.] substances, &c., that resist putrefaction. They are of use in all putrid, malignant, and pestilential diseases. ANTI'SPASIS, s. [Gr.] the revulsion of any humour. ANTISPASMO'DIC, a. [anti and spasmos, Gr.] that has the power of giving relief in the cramp. ANTISPLENE'TIC,a. [cniiand sp&w.Gr.] efficacious against disorders of the spleen. ANTI'STHENES, the founder of the Cvnics, a school of phi- losophers best known by the anecdotes related of Diogenes. He was a pupil of Socrates, and his peculiarity was the exaggeration of the Ethical element in his master's teaching. He practised and taught contempt for learning, luxury in dress and food, money, decency in habit and language, and inured himself to poverty in all its forms. "He worshipped Virtue, but it was Virtue ferocious and unbending." He lived about the year 380 B. c. ANTI'STROPHE, s. [Gr.] the second stanza in every three, in an ode sung in parts. Also a figure in Grammar, by which two things mutually dependant on one another are reciprocally con- verted ; as, t/ie servant of the master, and the master of the servant. ANTISTRUMATICS, s. [anti, Gr., and struma, Lat.] remedies against a scrophulous humour, or the king's evil. ANTITHESIS, s. [Gr.] in the plural antitheses; in Rhetoric, a figure, wherein opposite qualities are placed in contrast, or com- pared with each other, in order to illustrate, amplify, and adorn the speech of an orator, or piece of an author ; a beautiful in- stance of this is in the following verse in Denham — " Thougli deep, yet clear ; though gentle, yet not dull," &c. . ANTITRINITA;RIANS,4-. [aw<2,Gr.,and trinitarians,-] persons who deny the Trinity, otherwise called Socinians and Unitarians. A'NTITYPE, s. [antitypon, Gr.] in Divinity, that which is formed according to a model or pattern ; a general similitude, or resemblance of circumstances. ANTITY'PICAL, a. that answers to some type. ANTIVENE'REAL, a. [anti, Gr., and venereal,-] in Medicine, good against venereal complaints. A'NTLERS, «. [andoullier, Fr.] among hunters, the first pearls which grow about the bur of a deer's horns ; more gonerally, any of the branches. ANTCE'CI, s. (has no singular) [anti and oj^eo, Gr.] in Geogra- Ehy, those who live under the same semi-circle of the meridian, ut in different parallels, the one being as far distant from the equator south, as the others are north. Their longitude is the same, as are also their noon, midnight, and all their days, but their seasons are contrary, it being autumn with the one, when it is spring with the other, &c. The inhabitants of the Morea are the antoeci to those of the Cape of Good Hope. ANTONI'NUS, ITI'NERARV^ OF, a geographical work of un- known date, comprising a survey by road of the whole Roman empire, very valuable for determining the ancient names of places, and the sites of places remarkable in the history of the empire. ANTONI'NUS, MA'RCUS, one of the later Roman emperore, successor to Antoninus Pius, but associated with Lucius Verus during the first part of his reign. He was engaged in wars on the frontiers, and in the remote parts of the empire, in which he was successful. But as an enemy to religions persecution, and as the author of several works illustrating the Stoical philosophy, he is more deservedly and better known. During his campaign in Gaul, happened what the Legends commemorate as the miracle of the Thundering Legion. He died in 180 a. d., aged 59 years. The Antonine Column at Rome, was erected to celebrate his victories in Germany. ANTONI'NUS Pl'US, the successor of Hadrian as Roman emperor. His reign was distinguished by no events either in his administration at home or in the provinces from that of other emperors. But his character was such as to win him the dis- tinction of Pius. He died in 161 a. d., aged 70 years. The wall extending from the Clyde to the Frith of Forth, was built in his reign, to protect the provinces of Britain from the Scots. ANTO'NIUS, MARCUS, one of the second triumvirate formed on the death of Julius Caesar. He had espoused Caesar's cause. AOR and had been engaged in his army. After Caesar's death, he was opposed not only by the conspirators' army, but by Octavius, (afterwards Augustus Caesar,) and at length arranged with Octavius that he should have Gaul as his share of the govern- ment. His conduct in respect of the proscriptions consequent on this arrangement was neither better nor worse than that of his colleagues. His greatest notoriety arises however from his amours with Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, for whose sake he lost the empire, being defeated at Actiura by Augustus, and after- wards at Alexandria. He killed himself in 30 b. c, in the 51st year of his age. ANTONOMA'SIA, s. [anti and onoma, Gr.] a figure of Rhetoric, by which the proper name of one thing is applied to several others. Thus we say, the orator, for Cicero ; a man extremely cruel, we call a Nero ; and we say, the philosopher, to denote Aristotle. A'NTRIM, a county of Ulster, Ireland, forming the N. E.part of that island. The soil is pretty fertile, but the agricultural skill of the people low. The staple production of the county is linen. There is a little salmon fishing. Coal, gypsum, marble, &c., are found here. On the north coast, is the " Oianfs Cause- way," a great mass of columnar basalt, similar to that found at Fingal's Cave, StatFa. Pop. 276,188. Antrim, one of its princi- pal towns, stands near Lough Neagh, 105 miles from Dublin. It has a considerable trade in its linen manufactures. Pop. 5182. A'NTWERP, a large, handsome citv of Belgium, seated on the Scheldt, and having a strong citadel. It was formerly one of the greatest trading places in Europe, but for many years has been on the decline, though its commerce is still considerable. The streets of Antwerp are large and regular, besides which are twenty-two public squares ; the harbour is very commodious, the river being 400 yards wide, and at the time of low water 22 feet deep, so that large vessels may come up to the quaj^, and by the canals from the nver to the doors of the houses. 1 he public buildings are very handsome, and at least 200 in number. The exchange, the town-house, the house of the Hans towns, and especially the cathedral, are regarded as very fine. 25 miles N. of Brussels. Pop. about 80,000. ANU'BIS, tne name of one of the gods of ancient Egypt, represented as a man with the head of a dog or jackal. His offices somewhat resemble those of the Grecian Hermes, or Mercury. A'NVIL, s. [cmfille. Sax.] in itsprimaiy signification, a smith's utensil, serving to place the work on, which is to be hammered or forged. In a secondary sense, it implies any thing which is subject to blows. Figuratively, used with the particle upon, it implies that a thing is in agitation, is in readiness, or under consideration. ANVI'LLE, JEAN BAPTISTE B. D', the celebrated French geographer, whose maps and works were until late years the authorities on that subject. He has been discovered to be fre- quently incorrect, owing to the imperfection of the observations of others on which he was obliged to rely. He died in 1782, aged 85 years. A'NUS, s. [Lat.] in Anatomy, the orifice of the intestines, for the discharge of the faeces ; likewise a small hole in the left ven- tricle of the brain. ANXI'ETY, «. [anxietas, Lat.] an uneasiness of the mind, caused by its apprehension of the consequence of some future event. A'NXIOUS, a. [anxius, Lat.] uneasy on account of the uncer- tainty of some event ; very solicitous about any future event. A'NXIOL'SLY, arf. in an anxious manner; solicitously; un- quietly ; carefully ; with painful uncertainty. . A'NY, a. lam'^. Sax.] applied to time, it denotes either of the parts of which it is composed. Applied to space, either of its parts without restriction. One, in opposition to none. A'NZUAN, the name of one of the Comoro Islands between Madagascar and Africa, which has the best anchorage of the group. The climate is not oppressively hot, and the soil, on the whole, productive. Its population, composed of negroes, and of Arab tribes who have the chief power, is reckoned at about 100,000. A'ORIST, s. [aorisfos, Gr.] indefinite, a tense in the Greek grammar. AO'RTA, «• [Gr.] the great artery rising immediately out of the left ventricle of the heart ; the trunk out of which all the APE other arteries spring, and the great canal from whence the blood is conveyed to every part of the human body. APA'CE, ad. applied to things in motion, swiftly; applied to time, quickly or speedily ; and applied to the transition from one state to another, in haste, with speed. APAGO'GICAL, a. [apaffoge, Gr.] an epithet given to a sort of demonstration, or indirect way of proof, by showing the absurdity of the contrary. A'PANAGE, s. in France, formerly a settled portion of lands assigned by the sovereign for the subsistence of his younger sons, which reverted to the crown in failure of male issue of that branch. APA'RT, ad. [apart, Fr.] separately, or at a distance ; aside, or for a particular use. APARTMENT, s. [apartement, Fr.] a part of a house. By apartments is understood a set of rooms convenient to dwell in. A'PATHY, s. [a smA pathos, Gr.] a freedom from all passion; a state of insensibility. A'PATITE, s. in Chemistry, a combination of lime with the phosphoric acid, the matter of bones. APE, s. [affe, Germ.] in Zoology, the genus of animals most closely approaching man. They are distinguished from mon- keys and baboons by having no tails, nor pouches in the cheek. Although they can walk erect for a little way, their usual man- ner of walking on the ground is by using their long arms like crutches, and swinging their bodies between them. The Chim- panzee and the Ouran-outang are the most remarkable species. To APE, V. a. to mimic or imitate. APEAK, (apeek) ad. in a posture to pierce; atilt. A'PEDALE, Staflbrdshire, near Stone, noted for its coarse iron ore. APE'LLES, a celebrated ancient Greek painter. His pictures of Venus, and his portraits of Alexander the Great, are those most praised by Pliny and those who have preserved the records we have of him. He died in 323 b. c. APE'LLITES, Apelle'ans, followers of Apelles, a disciple of Marcion,who was stigmatized as a heretic, for holding, amongst other things, that Jesus on his ascension returned his body to the four elements whence he took it for his incarnation. He lived about 160 a. d. A'PENNINES, the chain of mountains running throughout Italy, in length about 800 miles, commencing at the Gulf of Genoa, where they are a continuation of the Alps, and passing on nearer to the E. coast than the W., till against Mount Vesuvius they approach the W. coast very nearly, and thence strike ob- liquely off' to the S. E. promontory of Italy. The highest point, Monte Corno, near Aquila, is but 9521 feet in height, below the line of perpetual snow. The streams flowing from the N. side of the ridge are chiefly tributaries to the Po ; the principal from the other side are the Arno and Tiber, with their tributaries. These mountains exhibit the usual ancient slate, sandstone, and limestone rocks, with admixtures of igneous rocks ; but on the western side the tertiary beds almost wholly cover the lime- stones, and present many curious geological phenomena. A'PEPSY, s. [apepsia, Gr.] in Physic, that disorder in the stomach called indigestion ; a loss of natural concoction. A'PER, s. one who mimics or imitates the actions of another. APE'RIENT, a. [aperio, Lat.] in Medicine, that has the quality of opening, applied to gentle purges. APE'R f ION , s. [apertus, Lat.] an opening ; a passage ; a gap ; an aperture ; or the action of making an opening or passage. A'PERTURE, s. [aperio, Lat.] an opening, passage, gap, or hole. In Geometry, the space between two right lines that form an angle. In Optics, a round hole in a turned bit of wood, or plate of tin, placed withinside of a telescope or microscope, near to the object glass, by means of which no more rays are admitted than are sufficient for a distinct view of the object ; or the rays are so directed as to correct their aberrations. In the Civil Law, the loss of a feudal tenure by default of issue of him to whom the fee was first granted, is called apertura feudi ; and the break- ing up or opening the last will or testament of any person, that was sealed up, is called apertura tabularum. APE'TALOUS, a. [a and petalon, Gr.] in Botany, having no petals or flower-leaves. APEX, s. [Lat. in the plural apices'] the top point or summit of any thing. In Geometrj-, the angular point of a cone, or any like figure. 30 APHJE'RESIS, «. [Gr.] in Rhetoric, a figure wherein a word or syllable is taken away from the beginning of a word, as in the ingenious motto of Sir John Philips, Aimre, more, ore, re, by love, by custom, by word, in reality. APHE'LION, Aphe'lium, (in the plural aphclia,) s. [apo and helios, Gr.] in Astronomy, that part of the orbit of a planet in which it is at its greatest distance from the sun. A'PHION, a city of Natolia in Asiatic Turkey, which has its name from the great quantity of opium, by tfie Turks called aphium, produced here. A'PHORISM, s. [aphorismns, Gr.] a maxim, general rule, a principle of a science, or a brief sentence comprehending a great deal of matter in a few words. APHORI'STICAL, a. that is composed in the manner of aphorisms or maxims. APHORI'STICALLY, ad. in the manner of an aphorism. APHRODITE, the ancient Greek goddess of love, whose history is told differently by most of the poets, but who was esteemed, according to Homer, the daughter of Zeus and Dione. Her principal deeds, as might be expected from her title, were deeds of licentiousness. She was confounded latterly with the Roman goddess Venus. A'PIARY, s. [apiarium, Lat.] the place where bees are kept. APl'CIUS, the name of a Roman, who lived in the reign of Tiberius, so famous as a gourmand as to be celebrated ever since in all cookery books. APIE'CE, ad. each ; or separately taken. A'PIS, a bull worshipped by the Egyptians under this name. The god Osiris was worshipped under this form. Its whole body was to be black except a white square spot on the forehead ; on its back there was to be the figure of an eagle, and on its tongue that of a beetle. When a calf was found with these marks, it was carried with great jov to the temple of Osiris, where it was fed, kept, and worshipped instead of the god, as long as it lived, and at its death was buried with great solemnity and mourning. This done, they looked out for another with the same marks. Sometimes it was many years before they found one, but when they had, there was a great festival kept all over the country. The calf which the children of Israel made at Sinai, appears to have been intended as an image of the Egyptian Apis. Apis is also the name of a southern constellation, otherwise called Musca, the bee or fly. A'PISH, a. This word has various significations, on account of its being applied to the different qualities of an ape ; thus it signifies mimicking, or imitative ; affected, or foppish ; silly, in- significant, empty, specious. A'PISHLY, ad. in an apish manner ; foppishly ; conceitedly. APLANA'TIC, s. the name given to a lens, or convex glass, so constructed that the spherical aberration of the rays of light is corrected. APO'CALYPSE, s. [apohalypsis, Gr.] Revelation, the last book of the New Testament, written by John the evangelist, accord- ing to some, about the year of Christ 96, in the isle of Patmos, whither, it was alleged, he had been banished by the emperor Domitian. But others fix the date of this book earlier, viz. pre- vious to the destruction of Jerusalem, and assign it to another writer of the name of John. This book, which partakes largely of the character of Hebrew prophecy and poetry, has occasioned great difficulties to interpreters, who are not agreed as to any point of its predictions ; which may have happened from their anxiety to represent events as squaring exactly with the passages they refer to them. APOCALY'PTICAL, a. that contains the revelation of any thing mysterious. APO'COPE, s. [Gr.] in Grammar, a figure wherein the last letter or syllable of a word is cut off; as thro' for through ; hyp' for hypochondriac. APO'C'RYPHA, s. [apohriipto, Gr.] in its primary signification, something which is not known. Applied to books, it denotes that their authors are not certainly known. In Theology, books appended to the sacred writings of uncertain authority, and re- jected as uncanonical. APO'CRYPHAL, a. of doubtful and uncertain authority ; not inserted in the canon of Scripture. APCKCRYPHALLY, ad. in a manner which is in want of authority, or the marks of authenticity. APODErCTICAL, a. [apodeiknumi, Gr.] demonstrative, or 40 APO so plain and convincing that no person can refuse his assent to it. A'POGEE, s. [apo and ge, Gr.] that point of the moon's orbit at which she is at the greatest distance from the earth. APOLLINA'RI ANS, a sect in the fourth centurj^ the followers of Apollinaris, bishop of Laodicea, who taught that the Divinity of Christ was instead of a soul to him ; that his body was pre- existent,and that it was sent down from heaven; and that after- wards the Word descended into it, and had such operation in it as in the prophets, but was not united to its nature, &c. APO'LLO, s. [Lat.] in Greek and Roman Mythology, the son of Zeus and Leto, or of Jupiter and Latona, born at Delos ; who was also called Phoebus. He was the god of divination, music, and afterwards of medicine, and the sun. He was represented most usually with a lyre, or a bow, as in the celebrated Belvi- dere statue. APOLLO'NIUS, the name of several celebrated ancients, one of whom was a mathematician of Alexandria, in the third cen- tury B. c, some of whose works yet remain ; but the most famous was the one born at Tyana, of whom the heathen priests and philosophers told so many miraculous stories, in the liope of checking the progress of Christianity, which was then gaining power daily. As his life and deeds were not written till hundred years after his death, the probability is that he was no more than a popular and enthusiastic Pythagorean or Neo- Platonic philosopner, pretending to no more than the Thauma- turgy studied in those schools, who would have been wholly forgotten had he not answered the ends of the heathens, who wanted a rival for our Lord. APO'LLYON, a Greek word that signifies the Destroyer, and answers to the Hebrew Abaddon. It is used in the Revelation, chap. ix. 11. APOLOGE'TICAL, a. [apo and ler/o, Gr.] that is said or written in defence of any person or opinion. APOLOGETICALLY', ad. in the manner of an answer, de- fence, or apology. APO'LOGISl , s. the person who writes or speaks in vindica- tion of the sentiments of another; one who endeavours to ex- tenuate the faults of another. To APO'LOGIZE, v. a. to plead in favour of a person or thing; to defend or excuse a person or thing. A'POLOGUE, (dpohg) s. [apohffos, Gr.] a story, or fiction, formed to convey some moral and interesting truth to the mind, under the image of beasts, and other irrational animals ; a fable. APOLOGY, s. [apolof/ia, Gr.] in its primary sense, implies a discourse made by a defendant, to clear himself from a charge of guilt brought against him. At present the tenn is used to imply rather an excuse than a vindication ; and an extenuation of a fault rather than a proof of innocence. APOMECO'METOY, s. [ajm, mekos, and jnetreo, Gr.] the art of measuring things at a distance, to know how far they are from us. APONEURO'SIS, s. [apo and neuron, Gr.] the expansion of a nerve or tendon into a membrane ; the cutting off a nerve. A'POPHTHEGM, (dpothem) s. \apothegma, Gr.] a sententious expression uttered without deliberation ; or a sentence contain- ing some important truth, moral or divine, which bursts unex- pectedly from the speaker. APO'PHYGE, s. [apo and phengo, Gr.] in Architecture, a slightly concave moulding, or fillet, preserving the continuity of outline in a column, between two plane surfaces of different de- grees ofprojection, as at the base or summit of an Ionic column. APO'PHYSIS, s. in Anatomy, a protuberance of bone, or a part eminent and jutting out beyond the rest. APOPLE'CTIC, Apople'ctical, a. that is of the nature of an apoplexy. A'POPLEXED, a. affected or seized with an apoplexy. A'POPLEXY, s. \apo and ^fesso, Gr.] a sudden deprivation of all sensation, while a strong pulse remains, with a deep respira- tion attended with a stertor, and the appearance of a profound sleep, ending in death. It is most frequently occasioned by high living. APOSIOPE'SIS, s. \_apo and siopao, Gr.] a form of speech by which the speaker, through some affection, as sorrow, bashful- ness, fear, anger, or vehemency, breaks off his speech before it be all ended. APO'STASY, ». [apostasis, Gr.] the abandoning and renouncing APP a religion one has before professed ; used always in a bad sense. APOSTATE, s. [apostates, Gr.] one who has forsaken and re- nounced the religion or principles he formerly professed. To APO'STATIZE, r. a. to abandon or renounce one's religion. To APO'STEMATE, v. n. to turn to an aposteme; to form an abscess ; to collect and swell with corrupt matter. APOSTEMATION, «. in Surgery, the forming an abscess. A'POSTEME, A'posTUME, s. [Gr.] a hollow swelling filled with purulent or corrupt matter ; an abscess. APO'STLE, s. lapo and stelh, Gr.] in its most limited sense, one who was an attendant and disciple of Christ on earth, and commissioned by him after his resurrection to preach the gospel to the world. In a vaguer sense, the first or most successful preacher of the gospel in any country. APO'STLESHIP, s. the dignity or office of an apostle, which consisted in preaching the gospel, baptizing, working miracles, and ordaining ministers. APOSTO'LIC, Aposto'lical, a. that was taught or authorized by the apostles. APOSTO'LICALLY, ad. after the manner of an apostle. APOSTO'LICI, several sects of Christians in different ages, who have endeavoured to conform rigidly to apostolical practice, and have consequently been persecuted and misrepresented by the Church. APO'STROPHE, «. [apo and strepho,GT.'] in Rhetoric, a figure by which the orator, m the vehemence of his passion, turns hnnself on all sides, and applies to the living and dead, to angels and men, rocks, groves, &c. Thus Milton, in Paradise Lost, — O woods, O fountains, hillocks, dales, and bowers. With other echo, ^c. In Grammar, it is a comma placed over a letter, to show that the word is contracted by the cutting off a vowel ; as esteem'd for esteemed, th' employment for the employment. It is also a sign of the possessive case of a noun. To APO'STROPHIZE, v. a. to interrupt the thread of a dis- course, in order to introduce some foreign subject. APOTHECARY, s. [apotheca, Lat.] one who practises the art of pharmacy, prepares and sells medicines. In London, the apothecaries are one of the city companies, and are exempted from serving on juries, or in ward or parish offices. No one is permitted to act as a general practitioner in England, without conforming to their regulations, and being licensed by them. APOTHEO'SIS, s. [Gr.] deification, a ceremony by which the ancient Romans complimented their emperors and great men after their death. In earlier times it was very customary, with- out any ceremony observed, to enrol great men amongst the gods. APOTOME, s. [apotemno, Gr.] in Mathematics, the difference between a rational line, and one only commensurable in power to the whole line. Ip Music, the remaining part of an entire tone, after a greater semi-tone has been taken Irom it. Its pro- portion in numbers is that of 2048 to 2187. A'POZEM, s. [apo and zeo, Gr.] in Pharmacy, a medicine made by boiling roots, plants, &c., in water, called likewise a decoction. To APPA'L, {appdull) V. n. [appalir, Fr.] to strike with terror or fear ; to affright ; to damp a person's courage ; to dishearten, including, in its secondary idea, the sudden appearance of some terrible object. APPALA'CHIAN MOUNTAINS. See Alleghanies. APPA'LEMENT, {appdullment) s. a sudden affright, which robs a person of his courage, and renders him inactive. APPARA'TUS, ». [Lat.] a collection of instruments necessary to accomplish any design, and applied to the tools of a trade ; the instruments used in philosophical experiments ; the bandages, &c., of a surgeon; the furniture of a house; the ammunition for war. APPA'REL, (it has no plural,) s. [appareil, Fr.] the clothing worn for ornament or decency; dress. Figuratively, appear- ance or ornament. To APPA'REL, f. a. to clothe ; to dress ; to adorn ; to set out or embellish. APPA'RENT,;jar<. [apparent, Fr.] applied to truth, plain and indubitable. Applied to shape or form, seeming, in opposition to real. Applietr to actions, or qualities, visible ; manifest or known, opposed to secret. Apparent time, in Astronomy, is that shown by a true sun-dial. APP APPA'RENTLY,arf. plainly; evidently; manifestly. APPARI'TION, s. [apparitio, Lat.] the appearance of a thing, so as to become visible to the eyes, or sensible to the mind ; a visible object ; a spectre ; a ghost, which is the most common acceptation at present. In Astronomy, a star's becoming visible, whicn before was below the horizon. APPA'RITORS, s. [from appareo, Lat.] messengers who cite men to appear in the spiritual courts ; the beadle who carries the mace, &c. before the masters in our universities. To APPE'ACH, (appeech) v. a. to accuse ; to censure. APPE'ACHMENT, {appeechment) s. an information made against a person ; an accusation. To APPE'AL, (appeel) v. a. [appello, Lat.] to transfer a cause or dispute from one to another. APPE'AL, (appSel) s. the removal of a cause from an inferior to a superior court or judge, when a person thinks the inferior has not done him justice. Also a call upon any as witness. In Ecclesiastical causes, if an appeal is brought before a bishop, it may be removed to the archbishop ; if before the archdeacon, to the Court of Arches, and thence to the archbishop, and from thence to Chancery. Appeal also means, a private accusation of a murderer by one who held interest in the murdered party, as his wife, or son, or of any felon by one of his accomplices in the fact. APPE'ALER, (appeeler) s. one who makes an appeal. To APPE'AR, (appeer) v. n. [appareo, Lat.] to become an ob- ject of sight, or visible to the eye ; to make its appearance, like a spirit or ghost ; to be in the presence of another, so as to be seen by him ; to answer a summons by attending a court of justice. APPE'ARANCE, (appeerance) s. the exterior surface of a thing, or that which immediately strikes the senses or imagination, which, on a nearer inspection, may appear in a different light. In Law, it signifies a defendant's fifing common, or giving special bail, or any process issued out of a court of judicature. In Perspective, it denotes the projection of a figure or body on the perspective plane. In Optics, direct appearance is the sight of an object by direct rays, without refraction or reflection. APPE'ASABLE, (appeezable) a. that may have the violence of passion lessened or softened ; that is reconcilable. To APPE'ASE, {appeeze) v. a. [a^aiser, Fr.] to bring a person that is angry to a calm and even temper ; to pacify ; to allay the ravings of a disordered mind. Figuratively, to quiet any noise, outrage, or violence ; beautifully applied to inanimate things. APPE'ASEMENT, (appeezement) s. a state of reconciliation ; a state ofpeace and calmness. APPE'ASER, (appeezer) s. one who prevails on another to stifle his anger ; or brings about a reconciliation between parties. APPE'LLANT, s. [appello, Lat.] in Law, the party who brings an appeal against another ; one who appeals from a lower to a higher court. APPELLA'TION, s. [appellatio, Lat.] the name, dignity, or title, by which one man is distinguished from another. APPE'LLATIVE, s. [appellativum, Lat.] in Grammar, applied to those words which stand for universal ideas, or a whole rank of beings, whether general or special, as man, horse, or dog ; and stand opposed to proper names, which belong to one only, as Thomas, Robert, Charles. APPE'LL ATI VEL Y, ad. after the manner of nouns appellative. APPE'LLATORY, a. that contains an appeal. APPELLEE', s. the person against whom an appeal is brought. To APPE'ND, V. a. [appeiulo, Lat.] to hang on another ; to join something as an additional, not as a principal part. APPE'NDAGE, s. [Fr.] any thing that, being considered as less principal, is annexed or added to the principal. APPE'NDANT, a. [Fr.] hanging to something else ; annexed. In Law, any thing that is inheritable, belonging to some more worthy inheritance ; as, an advowson, common or court, may be appendant to a manor, land to an office ; but not land to land, both being corporeal inheritances. APPENDICATION, «. any thing which is added as an orna- ment or conveniency, not as necessary to another. APPE'NDIX, (in the plural appendices,) s. [Lat.] something added or appended to another, not as constituting a necessary part of it, but only as an embellishment or convenience. Applied to action, concurrent circumstances. Applied to books, a Kind of supplement, or an addition, in order to supply some omissions, and render them complete. G 41 A'FPENZELL, a canton and town of Switzerland. The can- ton lies at the E. extremity of the Confederation, on the Rhine, touching at one angle the Lake of Constance. It is divided into two parts, the Protestant and the Catholic rhoden, each of which is a democracy, both being under one landmann, or chief magis- trate. The mountains of this canton afford good pasturage for cattle, the products of which, with some linen and cotton manu- factures, form its trade. Herisau is the most considerable town ; Appenzell being but small, although the seat of government. To APPERTArN, i\ n. [appertmir, Fr.] to belong to as of right ; to belong to by nature or appointment. APPERTAI'NMENT, s. that which relates, belongs to, or is a property of, any rank or dignity. APPE'RTENANCE, «. [appertenaiKe, Fr.] that which belongs or relates to another thing. APPE'RTINENT, a. that is requisite, or has a relation to. APPERTIBI'LITY, s. the quaUty which renders a thing the object of desire. A'PPETITE, s, [appetitus, Lat.] a desire of enjoying something under the appearance of sensible good ; a propensity to an ob- ject on account of the good it is imagined to possess ; a violent longing after any thing. A'PPETITE, a. that desires ; that has the power of desiring. A'PPIAN, a writer of Roman history at Alexandria in the 2nd century. His work is of no great authority except in what relates to his own times. To APPLAU'D, V. a. [applaudo, Lat.] to testify one's approba- tion by clapping of hands ; to praise or show esteem for a person's merits. APPLAU'DER, 8. one who publicly shows his approbation, or highly commends or praises the merits of another. APPLAU'SE, {apjmuze) s. [applausus, Lat.] approbation ex- pressed with all the sentiments of turbulent joy ; praise bestowed on merit by public and private testimonies of approbation and rapture. A'PPLE, *. [appel. Sax.] any kind of large fruit of a round form, but appropriated at present to that of the api)le-tree. Apple of the eye. See PuPtL. A'PPLEBY, Westmoreland, almost surrounded by the river Eden. Formerly a Roman station. There is a castle here, the donjon of which is very ancient. It is the county town, and 266 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 2-519. APPLI'ANCE, s. the act whereby one thing is applied to another, or the thing applied. Application is the word now used. APPLICABI'LITY, s. the quality of being fit to be applied to something. A'PPLICABLE, o. [from a/ip&o, Lat.] that is .agreeable, suits, or may be affirmed of a thing. A'PPLICABLY, ad. in such a manner as to suit, agree with, or be conformable to, and consequently may be affirmed of, or applied to, any thing. A'PPLICATE, s. in Mathematics. See Ordinate. APPLICATION, s. [applicatio, Lat.] the act of applying one thing to another, either by making them touch, or bringing them nearer to each other; intenseness of thought or study; the em- ployment of means to produce a particular end ; the address, suit, or request of a person. A'PPLICATIVE, a. that applies or makes the application. A'PPLICATORY, a. that exerts the art of applying. To APPLY', V. a. [applico, Lat.] to put one thing to another, to laj remedies or emplasters on a wound ; to use as relating or conformable to any person or thing ; to employ ; to put to a cer- tain use ; to use as a means to some end ; to fix the mind or at- tention upon any particular object ; to study ; to have recourse to ; to work upon ; to address as a petitioner. In Mathematics, to transfer a given line into any figure, particularly a circle ; to fit quantities whose areas are equal, but figures different. APPOGIATU'RA, a. in Music, a small note inserted by the practical musician, between two others at some distance. To APPOI'NT, V. a. [appointer, Fr.] to authorize one person to act for another; to fix any thing; to set a person a task; to equip, to furnish a person in all points. APPOl'NTER, 8. he who settles or fixes any time, thing, or place. APPOraTMENT, «. \_appointement, Fr.] a thing settled between two or more ; an agreement to perform something future. 42 APP To APPORTION, V. a. [from iiortio, Lat.] to allot or divide into two or more parts ; to set out in just proportions. APPO'RTIONMENT, s. a dividing into portions. In Law, the division of a rent into parts, in the same manner as the land out of which it issues is divided. Thus, if a person leases three acres of land, and afterwards grants away one acre thereof to another, the rent shall be apportioned between them. To APPO'SE, V. a. lappono, Lat.] used by Chaucer to imply an examination of a scholar, by embarrassing or puzzling him with questions. For this we now use the word pose, which is a contraction of this word. APPO'SER, s. an examiner. In the Court of Exchequer there is an officer called the foreign apposer. A'PPOSITE, a, [ap)positus, Lat.] proper, fit, suitable, well adapted to the purpose for which it was intended. Applied to time, seasonable, or conformable. Applied to opinions or senti- ments, proper, reasonable, or agreeable to the subject which they treat of. A'PPOSITELY.ac?. fitly; suitably; conformably; properly. A'PPOSITENESS, s. fitness ; propriety ; suitableness. APPOSITION, s. [ajipositio, Lat.] a comparing or laying things one by another. In Grammar, the placing two or more substan- tives together, in the same case, without any copulative con- junction between them ; as, her beauty has captivated my eyes, my heart, my reason, my understandiny , my whole soul. Among natu- ralists. It is the same with accretion, or the external addition of matter to a subject. To APPRAPSE, {apprdize) v. a. [apprSeier, Fr.] to rate, value, or set a price on goods intended for sale. APPRAFSER, (apprdizer) s. one who sets a value upon goods, who is sworn to do justice between party and party ; whence he is termed a sworn appraiser, and is obliged to take the goods at the price which he appraises them at, provided no other will pur- chase them at that rate. To APPRE'CIATE, v. a. to value, to estimate. To APPREHE'ND, v. a. [apprehendo, Lat.] to lay hold on ; to seize a person as a malefactor, in order to bring him to justice ; to think on with some degree of anxiety or terror. Applied to the operations of the mind, to conceive superficially ; to nave an imperfect or inadequate idea of a thing. APPREHE'NDER, s. one who conceives a thing imperfectly; one who seizes a malefactor in order to bring him to justice ; a thinker. APPREHE'NSIBLE,«. [apprehensibilis, Lat.] that may be ap- prehended or conceived, though not comprehended. APPREHE'NSION, s. [apfrehensio, Lat.] among logicians, the mere contemplation of things, without aflirming or denying any thing concerning them ; the faculty by which we perceive those ideas which are present to the mind; fear or anxiety; suspicion of something future. In Law, the seizing of a male- factor, or taking him into custody, in order to bring him to justice. APPREHE'NSIVE, a. that is quick to understand, or con- ceive ; fearful, or suspicious. Synon. Want of courage maken us fear ; doubt of success makes us apprehensive ; distrust of strength makes us dread ; imagination itself will often make us APPREHE'NSIVELY, a^/. after the manner in which the ap- prehension exercises itself, with respect to its ideas. APPRE'NTICE, s. [apprenti, Fr.] a young person bound by indenture to some tradesman, in order to be instructed in a pro- fession or trade. The indentures are staniijed, and the duty varies with the amount of premium paid to the master. The term of apprenticeship varies, but most usually it is for seven yeai-s. In some cases tne master has to pay the apprentice a small sum for wages, and usually he finds board, &c. Various laws exist to secure the fulfilment of the conditions on both sides. Objections are frequently taken to this custom now, on the ground of the needlessness of such a bond either for teaching or learning a business, and because it interferes, in many cases seriously, with the freedom in which men ought to be left to seek and secure their own advantage. On the abolition of slavery in the British colonies, the Negroes were employed for a time as apprentices. To APPRE'NTICE, v. a. to bind a person for a certain number of years to one who is to teach him his trad*, &c. APPRE'NTICESHIP, s. the time for which a pe'rson is bound APR to continue with another, in order to learn and practise his trade ; the office of an apprentice. To APPRI'ZE, V. a. Ia2)res, Fr.] to give a person notice of what he is a stranger to. To APPRO'ACH, {apprSche) r. n. to shorten the distance be- tween objects ; to draw nearer, or go towards. Applied to time, to be nearer its completion ; to be nearer at hand. Figuratively, to come near ; to resemble ; to bring nearer to ; to lessen the distance between objects. APPRO'ACH, s. the act of coming nearer to any object; ac- cess; means used to come nearer to a distant object. In Forti- fication, used in the plural, works thrown up by the besiegers, in order to advance nearer to the place besieged. Lines of ap- jn-oach, are trenches cut in the ground, the earth of which is thrown up in the form of a parapet, on the side towards the enemy, in order to approach the covert way, without being ex- posed to the cannon of the besieged. In Mathematics, the curve uf equable approach, is that wherein a body descending by the sole power of gravity, shall approach the earth equally in equal times. APPRCKACHER, s. that person who comes nearer to another, or advances towards a distant object. APPRO'ACHMENT, s. the act whereby the object draws nearer to another. APPROBATION, s. [approbatio, Lat.] the acknowledging a thing to be worthy of assent, and of esteem, either by a tacit consent or public confession ; the act of approving, hking, or esteeming any thing ; the confirmation or support of a thing. To APPRO'PERATE, v. a. [appropero, Lat.] to quicken a thing, with respect to motion ; to hasten action, applied to the time in which it is expected. APPRO'PRIABLE, a. that may be confined or restrained to something particular. To APPROPRIATE, v. a. [approprier, Fr.] to dedicate, or confine to a particular use ; to claim an exclusive right to. In Law, to annex as a property. APPROPRIATE, a. peculiar ; confined, restrained, or limited to some peculiar sense or use. APPROPRIATION, s. appHed to things, the application of them to some peculiar use. Applied to qualities, the claiming as belonging to oneself, in an extraordinary if not exclusive manner. Applied to words, the restraining them to a particular sense, or confining them to signify a particular idea. In Law, the annexing a benefice to the proper and peri)etual use of some religious house. APPRO'PRIATOR, s. one who is possessed of an appropriated benefice. To APPROVE, {apprdove) v. a. [ajrprouver, Fr.] to be pleased with ; to be delighted with from a conviction of merit ; to make worthy of approbation. APt^RO'VEABLE,. (o^rdoieaSfc) a. applied to that which, on account of its merits, appears worthy of approbation. APPRO'VEMENT, (apprdovement) s. consent, including liking or approbation. API'RO'VER, {approdver) s. one who, confessing himself guilty of a felony, accuses one or more of his accomplices. Ap- provers also signify bailiff's or lords in their franchises, sheriffs, and likewise such persons as have the letting the king's de- mesnes in small manors. APPRO'XIMATE, a. [ad and proximus, Lat.] near ; that ap- proaches near to. APPROXIMATION, s. the coming or approaching near to any thing. In Arithmetic, a continual approach to a root or quantity sought, without being able ever to arrive at it exactly. A'PRICO'I, A'PRicocK, «. lapricus, Lat.] a kind of wall- fruit. APPU'LSE, «. [appulsus, Lat.] the act of striking against any thing. In Astronomy, applied to the moon when she approaches any planet or fixed star, so as to seem to touch or strike against it. If a very small portion of apparent space is between the two bodies at their nearest approach, it is called a near appuke. A'PRIL, s. [from aperio, Lat.] the fourth calendar mouth in the year. It contains thirty days. A PRIO'RI, [Lat.] in Logic, a term used to describe a course of reasoning from principles, for the purpose of discovering the conclusions to which they lead. A'PRON, s. [aforan. Sax.] a part of dress consisting of cloth, AQD &c., which hangs from the middle downwards, worn by the ladies for ornament, by artificers to keep their clothes clean. In a goose, it signifies the fat skin which covers the belly. In Gun- nery, a piece of lead which covers the touch-hole of a great gun. A'PRON-MAN, s. a man who wears an apron ; a mechanic : a word of reproach. A'PSIS, (plural apsides, or apses,) s. [Gr.] in Astronomy, those two points in the orbits of the planets, or satellites, in which they are at their greatest and least distance from the sun or primary planet. The higher apsis of the planets is more particularly de- nominated aphelion, and the lower perihelion. The imaginary line connecting these two points is called the line of the apsides. APT, a. lapttis, Lat.] fit; a relative term, implying the suit- ableness of a thing to procure some end ; that has a tendency to. Applied to the mind, ready or quick. A'PTERAL, a. [a and pterya, Gr.] in Architecture, applied to Greek and Roman temples, signifying that the columns of the porticoes at each end are not extended along the sides of the building. This style is also called amphiprostyle. A'PTITUDE, s. {aptitude, Fr.] fitness to bring about the de- sired end ; tendency. A'PTLY, ad. with great propriety ; justly, or pertinently ; readily, or quickly. A'PTNESS, s. a relative term, imphnng the suitableness of any means to procure its end. Applied to bodies, tendency ; to minds, disposition or inclination ; to the understanding, quick- ness, facility, or ease in conceiving. APULE'IUS, LUCIUS, a Roman author of the Platonic school, an African by birth, and by profession a pleader. His works on Platonism and Magic remain ; but his principal celebrity is de- rived from a romance, called the Metamorphosis, or more popularly the Golden ^ss, in which is contained the beautiful fable of Cupicl and Psyche. He flourished in about 160 a. d. A'PUS, s. the Indian bird, or bird of paradise ; in Astronomy, a constellation near the south pole. A'PYRQUS, a. [a and pyr, Gr.] in Chemistry, that which will sustain the most violent heat, without any sensible alteration. A diamond was formerly believed to be apyrous. A'QUA, s. [Lat.] water. Aquafortis, or strong water, a name given to nitric acid. Aqua marina, aqua marine, in Natural His- tory, a precious stone, which takes its name from its sea-green colour. Agiia mirabilis, or the wonderful water, is distilled from spices, infused in spirits of wine, and is a very good cordial. Aqua regia, the royal water, a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, capable of dissolving gold and platinum. Aqua cites, or water of life, in a general sense, brandy or spirit of wme ; but in a more confined sense, restrained to that spirit which is drawn from malt ; the other term brandy being appropriated to that which is drawn from wine only. AQUA'RIANS, a sect towards the close of the second century, who used water in the sacrament instead of wine. AQUA'RIUS, s. [Lat.] in Astronomy, a constellation that makes one of the 12 signs in the ecliptic, which the sun enters on the 20th day of January ; it is described in the zodiac on globes, in the form of a man inclining on an urn flowing with water. AQUATIC, Aqua'tick, a. [aquaticus, Lat.] applied to animals or vegetables which live and grow in the water. AQUATI'NTA, «. a method of etching on copper, by which a soft and beautiful effect is produced, resembling a fine drawing in water-colours or Indian ink. It is a cheap and easy mode of engraving. A'QUEDUCT, A'qUjEDUct, s. [aquaductus, Lat] a channel formed of stone, bricks, or timber, to convey water from one place to another. In Anatomy, the bony passage of the drum that reaches from the ear to the palate. A'QUEOUS, a. [aqueus, Lat.] watery. Aqueous humour. See Eye. AQUI'LA, the eagle; in Astronomy, a constellation of the northern hemisphere, usually joined with Antinous. AQUI'LA, a town in the province of Abruzzo Ulloa, in the kingdom of Naples. It is 57 miles from Rome, in the midst of the Apennines, near the river Pescara. Its population is reck- oned to be about 13,000. A'QUILINE,a. [aquilinus, Lat.] resembling an eagle. Applied to the nose, hooked, or like an eagle's beak. AQUiNAS, THOMAS, one of the most famous scholastic di- G 2 43 An A vines of the 13th century. He was a pupil of Albertus Magnus, and lived for the greater part of his after-life at Paris. His most celebrated work is the Summa Theologiserts of Tatary ; and the Himalaya Mountains, which are nearly the highest in the world, dividing Hindustan, &c., from Tatary. Besides these, the Caucasian range and Mount Taurus, lying W. of the Caspian and Asia Minor, must be mentioned. The rivers Obi, Lena, and Euisei are the greatest in the N. division. The Amur is the greatest in Tatary. In the S. division are the Tigris and Euphrates, the Indus, the Ganges, the Brahma- pootra, the Irawadi, and the Yangtse Kiang and Hoang Hq. There is one considerable lake, named Baikal, in Siberia. A few smaller ones occur in the region round the Caspian and the Aral Seas; and a few in Chinese Tatary. The islands of Nova Zembia and New Siberia the peninsula of Kaintschatka, the Sea of Obi, Behring's Straits, which divide the old world from ASP the new, and the Sea of Okhotsk, complete our survey of N. Asia. Saghalien and the Kurile Isles lie off the coast of Tatary. The Japanese Islands, the Loochoo Islands, Formosa, Hainan, the numerous groups of large islands usually classed together as the Indian Archipelago, and Australasia; the island of Ceylon, and the few smaller groups round Hindustan ; the peninsulas of the Corea, Cochin China, and Malacca, and the vast promon- tory of Hindustan ; the Yellow Sea, the Gulfs of Tonquin and Siam, the Bay of Bengal, and the Persian Gulf, with the Red Sea, complete our survey of the S. division. The Zoology and Botany of the N. and middle divisions exhibit the usual charac- teristics of the arctic and temperate climates ; the yak, a species of ruminant, and the mammoth, whose remains were discovered in an immense mass of frozen snow at the mouth of the Lena, are the most remarkable. Both of plants and animals the S. division presents us with the greatest abundance and variety. The palms and the banian tree in India, and the gigantic ferns and allied plants of the jungles, form the great peculiarity of tropical scenery. Various species of sheep, deer, and goats, the tiger, elephant, lion, enormous baboons, and bats, vast serpents and alligators, are the peculiar inhabitants of this region. Asia is the cradle of the human race, and of human civilization. Universal tradition assigns the temperate district of S. W. Asia as the birth-place of man. From the central desert regions, and the less frozen parts of Siberia, have proceeded races which in every quarter of the globe are the acknowledged leaders and kings. The natives of the farthest N. have no history, apart from their masters or conquerors. The inhabitants of the S., in their languages, religions, customs, laws, buildings, show that they had early reached to nearly the highest point of national culture. But living in an enervating climate, it has been their lot to be overrun by a succession of semi-barbarous conquerors from central Asia, who have imparted little of their own hardi- ness to them, and learning their effeminacy, have shared the ruin brought by the next invaders. In China we have a vast nation who, in spite of such invasions, have preserved, with unyielding conservatism, a most peculiar and antiq^ue civilization. In Arabia we have a nation who, with equal rigidity, have preserved a most antique barbarism. The later history of all these nations is largely affected by the recoil of the tide which, flowing first from central Asia, produced as its special result the civilization of modern Europe, and returning now, from Russia, France, and, in pre-eminence, from England, seems bound to wash away the barriers of ancient custom, and to nerve the feeble and timid descendants with power and will to surpass their far-distant forefathers, traces of whose mind are stamped on every thing around them. ASI'DE, ad. applied to situation, that which is not straight. Opposed to perpendicular, out of, or deviating from its true direc- tion ; not directly towards, or from the company. A'SININE, a. [asinus, Lat.] partaking of the nature of an ass. To ASK, V. a. [ascian. Sax.] to desire a thing ; to demand ; to put a question ; to inquire ; to require. ASKA'NCE, Askau'nce, Askau'nt, ad. with a look, wherein the pupils of each eve are turned to the corners of the eye-lid ; obliquely, or with a leer, and is expressive of slyness or disdain. A^KER, 8. the person who makes a request or inquiry. ASKE'W, ad. aside, wherein the pupils are drawn to one cor- ner of the eye, and generally bespeaks contempt or disdain. A'SKRIG, Yorkshire, N. R. 192 miles from London, Mar- ket, Thursday. Pop. 1698. ASLA'NT, ad. on one side ; obliquely. ASLEE'P, ad. in that state wherein all the senses are ,in a manner closed, the eyes shut, and a person enjoys that rest from animal labour called sleep. ASLO'PE, ad. declining ; obliquely. A'SOV, called also Zabak, anciently the Palus Mseotis, a sea between Europe and Asia, about 210 miles in length, and from 40 to CO in breadth. It lies N. of the Black Sea, with which it communicates by the Strait of Caffa, the ancient Cimmerian Bosphorus. ASP, A'spic, s. [aspis, Gr.] the popular name for any small poi- sonous serpent. ASPA'LATHUS, s. [Lat.] a plant called the Rose of Jeru- salem, which yields a fragrant oil. ASPA'RAGUS, s. [Lat.] a well-known garden plant, the first shoots of which are used as a vegetable. ASS ASPA'SIA, a female of Miletus, who took up her abode at Athens, and endeavoured to raise the mental condition of her sex, by setting them an example in study, and by publicly teach- ing philosophy, &c. She was married to Pericles, but the laws of the city refused her, as an alien, the title of wife. Pericles and Socrates were indebted to her instructions for much of the wisdom that marked their different courses. The comedians of her time, and subsequently, cast many aspersions on her character, which do not appear to have any foundation. She died before 400 B. c. A'SPECT, s. \aspectus, Lat.] the face ; a peculiar cast of the countenance ; look or appearance ; the front situation of a build- ing, or direction towards any point. In Astrology, the situation of the sun, moon, or planets, with respect to each other. To A'SPECT, V. a. [aspicw, Lat.] to look upon ; to behold. A'SPEN, Asp, s. lespe. Sax.] in Botany, a kind of poplar, whose leaves are supposed to be always trembling ; used adjec- tively for things matle out of its wood, or those which resemble it with respect to the trembling of its leaves. A'SPER, a. [Lat.] rough or rugged. Spiritiis asper, in Gram- mar, an accent in this form ('), which shows that the letter un- der it is to be pronounced strong, and the breath to supply the place of an h. To A'SPERATE, v. a. [aspero, Lat.] to roughen, or make rough. ASPERIFO'LIOUS, o. [asper and folium, Lat.] in Botany, having rough leaves. ASPE'RifY, s. [asperitas, Lat.] unevenness, or roughness, applied to the surface of bodies, and pronunciation. Moroseness, or roughness, applied to the behaviour or temper. To ASPE'RSL, V. a. [as2)ergo, Lat.] to say any thing inji^ious to the character of another; to slander; to calumniate. ASPE'RSION, s. [aspersio, Lat.] the action of casting water about, so as it may fall in small drops, not in full streams. Sprinkling, applied in Divinity to the mode of baptism com- monly practised, opposed to immersion. Figuratively, an un- merited calumny or slander. ASPHA'LTE, s. a bituminous composition used for foot-pave- ments, &c., the principal parts of which are a Hmestone of the Jura Mountains, and asphaltos. It resists damp, and as a roof- ing material is quite impervious to wet. Heat is injurious to it. ASPHA'LTIC, a. [asphaltos, Gr.] bituminous, or pitchy. ASPHA'LTOS, s. [Gr.] a solid, brittle, black, bituminous, inflammable substance, resembling pitch, and chiefly found swimming on the surface of the lake Asphaltiies, or Dead Sea. It is used for lamps instead of oil, and as an etching ground. A'SPHODEL, s. [asphodelus, Lat.] in Botany, the day lily. The flowers are very beautiful. ASPHY'XIA, «. [Gr.] in Surgery, suffocation, or failure of respiration, in most cases followed by death, from the non-oxygen- ation of the blood. To A'SPIRATE, v. a. [aspiro, Lat.] to lay a great stress of voice upon any syllable or letter.— r. n. to speak with stress and vehemence, or a full breath. A'SPIRATED, a. [aspiratus, Lat.] pronounced with some de- gree of roughness, stress, or vehemence of voice, or a full breath. ASPIRA'TION, s. [aspiratio, Lat.] a sighing for, or longing after; an ardent desire, generally used in a spiritual sense. Among grammarians, it denotes the pronouncing a syllable with some vehemence ; as these words beginning with the letter h, hear, heat, if pronounced softly, would be ear, eat. To ASPFRE, V. n. [aspiro, Lat.] to endeavour to attain some- thing above our present circumstances, rank, or power. Used with the particles to and after. ASQUr NT, ad. [scendan. Sax.] a position of the eyes, wherein they do not both seem to look the same way ; obliquely. ASS, s. [asinus, Lat.] in Natural History, a domestic animal, remarkable for its sluggishness, hardiness, patience in labour, coarseness of diet, and long life. This animal is originally a native of Arabia, and other parts of the East, where it is much valued for its spirit and beauty ; its size and spirit decline as it advances into the colder regions. Figuratively, the word implies a person of mean, abject spirit, basely patient under provoca- tions, despicable and dull. To ASSAI'L, V. a. [assailkr. Ft.] to attack, or fall upon, in order to subdue, as an enemy. Figuratively, to attacli with arguments. ASS ASSAI'LABLE, a. that may be attacked. ASSAI'LANT, s. [assaUlant, Fr.] he who makes an attack, op- posed to one who defends. ASSAI'L ANT, a. using acts of violence against another ; at- tacking. ASSAl'LER, s. one who attacks another. A'SSAM, a country of Asia on the N. W. of Bengal, Wng between the Himalaya mountains, and the mountains S. of Brahmapootra river, which divide it from the Burman empire. The Brahmapootra runs through this valley, which is watered also bv some minor rivers which flow into it. It is above 400 miles long, and about 60 miles in width. The climate is tropi- cal, and the soil of the richest fertility. Rice is grown exten- sively, as are other fruits and vegetables peculiar to tropical climates. Buffaloes, elephants, and other wild animals of those regions, are plentiful ; and there are several kinds of silk-worms, which the inhabitants breed for the silk. The tea-plant is also cultivated here. There are mines of gold and iron, and some coal has been found. The commerce of the country consists chiefly in the exchange of these natural and other productions, for the manufactures, &c., of other lands. The people, in lan- guage, religion, and political customs, show their connexion with the Hindus. In the mountainous districts, however, races of theBoodhist religion, and a language connected with theChinese, dwell. The country is under the sway of a native rajah, (except in the mountainous parts, whose inhabitants seem to have adopted the democratic form of government,) and is protected by the East India Company. ASSA'RT, s. in Law, an offence committed in a forest, by pulling or grubbing up by the roots those trees or bushes that form tnickets or coverts for beasts. ASSA'SSIN, Assassina'tor, s. one who murders another, either for hire, or by treachery. The word Hassassin, (from hass, to kill, to assassinate, to listen, to surprise,) in the vulgar Arabic, signifies robbers of the night, persons who lie in ambush to kill. There was an incorporated society of assassins in Syria in the 11th centurj'. To ASSA'SSINATE, v. a. to murder another treacherously, revengefully, or for hire. ASSASSINATION, s. the act of murdering by treachery, or for hire. ASSAU'LT, s. [assault, Fr.] in War, a general and furious at- tack of a camp, or fortified place, with an intention to carry, or become master of it. This has lately been styled a coup de main, or a strong and vigorous impression. In Law, a violent injury offered to a man's person, which may be committed by offering a blow, or terrifying speech. To ASSAU'LT, v. a. in War, to make a general and furious attack, without any cover, on a camp, or fortified place, in order to carry, or become masters of it ; to offer violence to ; to attack, or invade. ASSAU'LTER, s. one who uses violence against another. ASSA'Y, e. [essaye, Ft.} examination, trial, or attempt; attack. InJ- " ■ •■ - ^ line in order to bring them to their proper fineness, the other after they are struck, to see that the species be the standard. In Law, assay of weights and measures, is the examination of them by the clerks of markets. To ASSAnf, V. a. [essayer, Fr.] to put to trial ; to try. ASSA'YER, s. an officer of the mint, who tries metals, in order to determine their fineness, and how much they are above or below standard. ASSA'YING, s. the art of separating metals, sulphurs, mineral salts, and other bodies, from each other. ASSECU'TION, s. [assecutio, Lat.] in Canon Law, acquirement. ASSE'MBLAGE, *. [assemblage, Fr.] the collecting a number of individuals together, so as to form a whole. Synon. It differs from assembly, because that is used ofpersons, and this of things. To ASSE'MBLE, v. a. [assembler, Fr.] to unite several things together, so as to form a whole ; to bring several things together into one place. Used with the preposition together. ASSE'MBLY, s. [assemblee, Fr.] a company met together for any fixed purpose, either of public worship, business, or diver- sion. In the military art, it is the second beating of the drum before a march, as a signal for the soldiers to strike their tents, roll them up, and stand to arms. Assemblies of the clergy are n Metallurgy, the proof or trial of the purity of metafs or metal- ine substances. It is of two kinds, one oefore metals are melted. ASS called convocations, synods, councils ; the annual meeting of the church of Scotland is called a General Assembly. ASSE'NT, s. [assensus, Lat.] that act of the mind whereby it takes, or acknowledges, any proposition to be true or false. In a more loose sense, agreement, or consent. To ASSE'NT, V. a. [assentio, Lat.] to receive a thing as true. A'SSER, a learned monk, who was much esteemed by Alfred the Great, and invited by him to reside with him, to aid his studies and his efforts for the advancement of the people. He has left us a record of his royal master's life and deeds. He died about 910. To ASSE'RT, V. a. [assero, Lat.] to affirm a thing as true ; to claim a thing as one's due ; to defend both by words and actions. ASSE'RTION, s. the affirming a thing as true ; a proposition conceived or delivered in positive terms. ASSE'RTIVE, a. positive ; obstinate ; dogmatical. ASSE'RTOR, s. he who affirms any proposition as true ; the author or supporter of any opinion. To ASSE'SS, V. a. [assessare, Ital.] to rate or tax ; to fine a person. ASSE'SSMENT, «. the sum, fine, or custom, levied upon any person or commodity ; the act of levying a fine. ASSE'SSOR, s. [Lat.] in Law, one who sits on the bench with a judge, in order to assist him with advice ; one who is next or equal to another in rank or dignity ; an oflScer employed in col- lecting taxes. A'SSETS, (used only in the plural,) s. [assez, Fr.] the goods of a person deceased, which are appropriated to the payment of his debts. To ASSE'VER, Asse'^trate, v. a. [assevei-o, Lat. J to affirm or deny a thing, not only with an oath, but likewise with impreca- tions, execrations, or curses. ASSEVERA'TION, s. [asseveratio, Lat.] the act of affirming a thin" with great solemnity by an oath or imprecation. ASSIDU'ITY, s. [assiduiU, Fr.] a constant attention or appli- cation to business ; unwearied diligence. ASSI'DUOUS, rt. [assiduus, Lat.] unwearied ; incessant ; con- tinual and unremitted. ASSI'DUOUSLY, ad. in such a manner as to exercise diligence without weariness, and application without intermission. ASSIE'NTO, s. [Span.] a Spanish word, signifying a contract or bargain, particularly a contract between the king of Spain and other powers, for furnishing the Spanish dominions in America witn negro slaves. To ASSFGN, (assln, the i is pronounced long,) v. a. [assigno, Lat.] to distribute ; to allot ; to appoint. In Law, to transfer property to another. ASSl'GNABLE, {assinabk) a. that may be determined, settled, fixed, or marked out. ASSIGNATION , s. [assignation, Fr.] the act of transferring property to another. ASSIGNEE' (assinee) s. [assigne, Fr.] one appointed bv another to do an act, or perform any business in his stead. Cfommonly applied to those persons who are intrusted with the estate of a bankrupt, and are by law empowered to collect his debts, and make a dividend of his effects to his several creditors. ASSI'GNER, (assiner) s. he who sets out, determines, or ap- points. ASSI'GNMENT, {asHnment) s. the transferring by deed the in- terest one has in a lease, or other thing, to another person. Assignmeyits may be made of lands in fee for life or years, of an annuity, rent-charge, judgment, statute, &c. ASSl'AlILABLE, a. [assimilo, Lat.] that may be converted into the same nature, or be made like another. To ASSI'MILATE, v. a. to convert to the same nature; to bring to a resemblance. ASSIMILATION, s. in Physics, that process by which bodies convert other bodies related to them, or at least such as are pre- pared to be converted, into their own substance and nature. Applied particularly to the change effected by the vital powers oilplants and animals on their food, &c., bv which it is fitted to be applied to their maintenance and growth, through the circu- lating system of blood or sap vessels. To ASSI'MULATE, v. a. [assimulo, Lat.] to put on a counter- feit appearance ; to feign. ASSIMULATION, s. [assimulatio, Lat.} a counterfeit or spe- cious resemblance. To ASSrST, V. a. [asskter, Fr.] to relieve; to help. ASSI'STANCE, s. [assistance, Fr.] the act of helping ; help. ASSI'STANT, a. that supplies the defect of another; that helps. ASSI'STANT, s. one who helps another. ASSI'ZE, Assi'sE, s. [assise, Fr.] is used for the court, place, or time, when and where the writs and processes, whether civil or criminal, are decided by judges and jury. Assize is either general, when judges take their respective circuits, with com- mission to take all assize; or special, where a commission is granted to particular persons for taking an assize for one or two causes only. All the counties of the kingdom, except Middlesex and Cheshire, are divided into six circuits, and the judges are assigned by the king's commission for every circuit, who now hold the assizes twice a year in every county, except the four northern ones, where the assizes are holden only once a year. The term is likewise applied to signify the whole process of a writ ; a jury ; a statute for regjulating the weight of oread ; and the bread itself, as prescribed in the statute. To ASSI'ZE, V. a. to fix the price, weight, or assize of a com- modity. ASSI'ZER, Assi'sER, s. an officer who has the inspection into the weights and measures of commodities. ASSO'CIABLE, a. [associabilis, Lat.] that may be joined or united to somethiiig else. To ASSO'CIATE, v. a. [assoder, Fr.] to join as a companion ; to make one of a company ; to join inseparately, applied to ideas. — V. n. to unite or join himself. ASSO'CIATED, a. [associatus, Lat.] confederated; joined as accomplices ; making part of a society, or company. ASSO'CIATE, s. one who is joined to another as assistant, companion, partner, confederate, or accomplice. ASSO'CIATE, a. confederate ; joined in interest or purpose. ASSOCIA'TION, s. the act of uniting; union; society; a contract or treaty, by which two or more are united together for their mutual assistance, for the better carrying on any design. In Metaphysics, the connexion of thoughts and images in the mind, through which they are spontaneously suggested by each other. To ASSOFL, V. n. [assoudre, Fr.] in Law, to deliver or dis- charge a person from excommunication. A'SSONANCE, s. [assonance, Fr.] in reference of one sound to another resembling it. In Rhetoric or Poetry, it is where the words of a phrase or verse have nearly the same sound or termin- ation, but make no proper rhyme ; these are accounted vicious in English, though an elegance among the Romans. A'SSONANT, part, [assonant, Fr.] ranging things in classes, according to their resemblance with each other. To ASSO'RT, V. a. [assorter, Fr.] to range in classes, as one thing suits with another. ASSO'RTMENT, s. [assortement, Fr.] in trade, a stock of goods, consisting of various pieces of different sorts. In Painting, the proportion and harmony between the several parts. To ASSUA'GE, (asswdge) v. a. to cool, or lessen, applied to heat ; to calm, applied to the wind ; to pacify or appease, applied to passion or rage ; to ease, applied to pain. In its general sense, it implies the lessening the violence of something furious. — v. n. to mdgement) s. that which lessens the _ r) s. one who pacifies rage, appeases anger, or lessens pain. ASSUA'SIVE, {asswdsive) a. [assuadeo, Lat'.] that has a great influence ; that assuages, mitigates, or pacifies. ASSU'ETUDE, s. [assuetudo, Lat.] the being accustomed to any thing ; custom. to ASStf'ME, V. a. [assumo, Lat.] to take ; to represent a character; to take to oneself; to arrogate, or claim what is not one's due. ASSU'MER, s. one who claims or arrogates more than his due ; an arrogant person. ASSUMPSIT, (pron. without the p) s. [Lat.] a voluntary or verbal promise, whereby a man takes upon him to perform or pay any thing to another. ASSU'MFriON, (pron. without the p) s. [assumptio, Lat.] the act I " true abate or grow less. ASSUA'GEMENT, (« violence of any thing. ASSUA'GE*^ of appropriating any thing to oneself; the supposing a thing ! without any formal proof. The assumption of the Virgin AST Mary is celebrate'd on the 15th of August. In Logic, the minor, or second proposition in a categorical syllogism ; sometimes the consequence drawn from the major and minor. ASSU^MPTION, a populous city, the capital of Paraguay, in S. America, situated in a fertile countrj-, on the river Paraguay. The climate is wholesome and temperate, and the city has a food export trade of the productions of the country. Lat. 24. 7. S. Long. 59. 35. W. ASSU'MPTIVE, (pron. without the p) a. [asswmptivus, Lat.] applied to that which a person may take or appropriate to him- self. In Heraldry, assumptive arms are those which a person may use as his own. ASSU'RANCE, (the syllables assu, at the beginning of this and the four following words, are by some pronounced like ashu,) s. [assurance, Fr.] a certain expectation of something future; confidence; trust; conviction. In Commerce, a contract by which a person subjects himself to make good the damages to be sustained by another in a voyage, or by fire. See Insurance. To ASSU'RE, V. a. [assurer, Fr.j to persuade a person of the certainty of a thing; to make a person confident, by removing the causes of doubt or fear. ASSU'REDLY, ad. in such a manner as betrays no doubt ; certainly ; undoubtedly. ASSU'REDNESS, s. the state of a person who is certain, or entirely free from doubt. ASSU'RER, s. one who removes the doubts of another. In Commerce, one who indemnifies another against hazards at sea. ASSY'RIA, a country in Asia, celebrated in ancient history. It was one of the earliest empires, and contained the provinces now called Diarbeck, Kurdistan, and Irak ; and involved, under its dominion, when at its greatest extent, many other provinces and kingdoms. Ninus, Babylon, and Nineveh were its chief cities. A'^STERISK, K. [asterislcos, Gr.] a character used to render any particular passage in the author conspicuous, or to refer to some note in the margin, or at the bottom of the page, marked thiis (*); when two or three are placed together in a line, thus (***), they denote that some word is to be supplied, or is wanting. A'STERISM, s. [asterismus, Lat.] the same with Constellation ; which see. ASTE'RN, ad. a sea-term, in the hinder part of a ship ; or any thing situated behind the ship. A'STHMA, (dstma) s. [Gr.] in Medicine, a difficulty of breath- ing, arising from a disorder in the lungs, attended with a great uneasiness in the diaphragm, or prsecordia. ASTHMA'TIC, Asthma'tical, a. affected or troubled with an asthma. A'STI, a city of Montferrat in Italy, 24 miles E. of Turin. It has a college, and a cathedral ; but there is very little trade. Lat. 44. 57. N. Long. 8. 12. E. ASTO'NIED, ;)«;•<. a. used in the Bible for astonished. To ASTO'NISH, r. a. [etonner, Fr.] to occasion surprise by the immensity and novelty of an object ; to amaze. ASTO'NISHMENT, s. a surprise occasioned by an immense and new object ; distinguished from admiration, both by the de- gree and the nature of the object. ASTCRGA, a small city of Leon, pleasantly situated in a plain on the little river Tuera, 28 miles from Leon. It is a bishop's see, and a cathedral with a noble altar. Lat. 42. 27. N. Long. 6. 10. W. To ASTOU'ND, v. a. [astonner, Fr.] to astonish ; to confound with wonder. A'STRACHAN, a large and populous city, seated on an island formed by the river Wolga, 50 miles from the Caspian Sea. It is surrounded by strong walls, and has an excellent harbour. It is the capital of a government of the Russian empire, of the same name. Its fisheries are very considerable, and with its manu- factories of silk, &c., and its orchards, make the commerce of the city very extensive. Its population is above 40,000. It is 800 miles from Moscow. Lat. 46. 21. N. Long. 47. 44. E. ASTRA'DDLE, ad. so to sit on a thing, as that one of our legs should be on each sideof it. See Astride. A'STRAGAL, s. [astragdhs, Gr.] in Anatomy, a bone of the tarsus, articulated with the tibia, the semicircular head of which forms a curious and perfect pulley. In Architecture, a little round member, in the form of a ring or bracelet, serving as an ornament to the tops and bottoms ot columns. In Gunnery, the ASY little moulding on a piece of ordnance, of which there are gener- ally three on each piece. A'STRAL, a. \asirum, Lat.] that belongs to, or depends on, the stars. Astral year, is the time which the earth takes to make its revolution round the sun. ASTRA'Y, ad. out of the right or direct path. Figuratively, wrong, or in an error. ASTRE'A, in heathen Mythology, the daughter of Jupiter and Themis, and goddess of Justice ; in the golden age she dwelt on earth; but the wickedness of the iron age was such, that she fled to heaven again, and was placed in the zodiac, as the constellation Virgo. To ASTRI'CT, v, c. [astringo, Lat.] to lessen the distance be- tween two objects; to make the parts of a thing come nearer to each other : opposed to relax. Constringe is most commonly used. ASTRI'CTlON, s. [asirictio, Lat.] the act or power of making the parts of a body approach to each other. AjsTRI'CTIVE, Astri^ctory, a. [astrktorius, Lat.] that has a styptic or binding quality. ASTRI'DE, ad. with the legs placed at a distance from each other. To ASTRI'NGE, v. a. [asirj'nfl'o, Lat.] to press or close together ; to force the parts closer to each other. ASTRI'NGENT, part, [astringens, Lat.] in Medicine, that con- tracts the dimensions of the vessels, and so lessens the flow of the fluids ; when used internally, opposed to laxative ; when ex- ternallv, opposed to styptic. A'S'l ROLABE, s. [astron and lamhano, Gr.] in Astronomy, a system or assemblage of the different circles of the sphere, resem- bling an armillary sphere, invented by Hipparchus ; but being afterwards altered by Ptolemy to a plane surface, called a plani- sphere, the word is at present applied to a planisphere or stereo- graphic projection of the sphere upon the plane of one of the great circles. ASTRO'LOGER, s. [astrologus, Lat.] one who pretends to pre- dict future events by the supnosed influence of the stars. ASTROLO'GIC, Astrological, a. relating or agreeable to the principles of astrology. AS TROLO'GICALL Y, ad. according to the principles of astro- logy, or after the manner of an astrologer. ASTRO'LOGY, s. [astrologia, Lat.] the art of foretelling future events from the aspects, positions, and influences of the stars. ASTRCNOMER, s. [astron and nomas, Gr.] one who studies astronomy. ASTRONO'MIC, Astrono'mical, a. that is founded upon the principles of astronomy. ASTRO'NOMY, «. the science which treats of the magnitudes, distances, arrangement, and motions of the great bodies which make up the visible universe, their constitution and physical con- dition so far as they can be known to us, with their mutual in- fluences and actions on each other, so far as they can be traced by the eflfects produced, and established by legitimate reason- ing. As a science of observation, it made considerable progress amongst the ancients; but it was not until the improved instru- ments for observation invented by Galileo, and the untiring and penetrating mind of Kepler, were brought to bear upon it, that it was worthy of the name. Sir Isaac Newton's invention of the calculus enabled him to raise it at once to the highest rank of sciences, which subsequent investigators have fully established Its claim to. ASTROTHEO'LOGY, s. [astrum and theohgia , Lat.] the proofs of a Deitv drawn from astronomy. ASTURrAS, a province in the N. W. of Spain, which produces excellent horses, fruits, and wines, and has mines of gold, lapis- lazuh, and vermilion. The mountains yield metals, marble, coal, &c., and are well covered with wood. The rest of the soil is fertile. V ery little manufacturing skill is employed here. The eldest son of the king of Spain takes the title of Prince of Astunas. ASU'NDER, ad. [assundran. Sax.] at a distance from each other; apart, or separate: an adverbial term, importing the dissohition of the union of two or more bodies. ASVLUM, s. [Lat.] a sanctuary, a place of refuge, which sheltered a criminal, and secured him from falling into the hands ot any officer oi lustice. In the times of Popery, this privilege belonged not only to churches and church-yardS, but to the houses of bishops. 50 ATH ASY'MMETRY, s. [a and syimnetria, Gr.] a defect of propor- tion, harmony, or correspondence between the parts of a thing. In Mathematics, the incommensurability of two quantities when they have no common measure. ASY'MPTOTES, s. [a, syn, and pipto, Gr.] right lines which approach nearer and nearer to some curve, but which would never meet. ASY'NDETON, s. [Gr.] a figure in Grammar, when a conjunc- tion copulative is omitted. AT, prep, {est. Sax.] before a place it signifies sometimes close to ; and at other times, in it. Before a word implying time, it de- notes the very instant in which a thing was, or will be done; and sometimes is put without the word time in the same sense. Used instead of with, it implies cause, or on account of. " At this news he dies," Shak. Before an adjective of the superlative degree, it implies manner, or perfection. Before a substantive, it sometimes denotes a particular circumstance, and gives it an adverbial meaning ; as, at ease, i. e. easy. After be, it implies design, intention, or employment. " She knew what he would be at," Hud. Used witn command, it implies subject. " Thou art least at my command," Dryd. Sometimes at signifies from ; as, " Endeavour to deserve something at our hands," Pope. At, joined with all, implies in any respect, degree, or manner. " Most women have no characters at all," Pope. ATABA'L, s. a kind of tabor used by the Moors. ATCHIEVEMENT, s. See Achievement. ATE, the preter. of Eat. ATHALI'AH, the daughter of Ahab, king of Israel, and Jezebel, who, having married Jehoram king of Judah, after his death, and the early death of his son Ahaziah, who succeeded him, slew all the remaining male branches of the family, (except Joash, who escaped,) and seized the throne. After ruling for 6 years, she was dethroned by Jehoiada, the high priest, and slain, and Joash was proclaimed king. This happened in 880 b. c. ATHANA'SIAN CREED, a confession of faith ascribed to Athanasius, but not written by him. It is appointed to be read in the English church on Christmas day, &c. ATHANA'SIUS, ST., the patriarch of Alexandria, in the fourth century, who is so celebrated for the part which he took in the Arian controversies. He adhered stedfastly to the ortho- dox faith, and was persecuted in consequence, on the rise of the Arian power, on one occasion hardly escaping with his life. He died, however, in peace, in 372, about 80 years of age. Many of his works, mostly polemical, remain. ATHA'NOR, s. [athanatoi, Gr. or altanor, Arab.] in Chemistry, a digesting furnace to keep heat for some time ; so that it may be augmented or diminished at pleasure by opening or shutting some apertures made on purpose with sliders over them, called registers. ATHAPE'SCOW LAKE, in N. America, 170 mUes S. W. of the Great Slave Lake. It is about 200 miles long, and there are on it two establishments of the companies which trade with these parts. The river of the same name springs from the Rocky Mountains, and receives many tributary streams before entering the lake. ATHEISM, s. [atheisme, Fr.] the opinion of those who deny the existence and being of a God, the Creator and Preserver of the world. ATHEIST, s. [a and theos, Gr.] one who denies the existence of a God, the Creator and Preserver of all things. ATHEI'STICAL, a. impious, or agreeable to the principles of an atheist. ATHEI'STICALLY, ad. after the manner of an atheist. ATHELING, [_adel and ling, Anglo-Sax.] a title of honour given to the sons of the Anglo-Saxon kings. ATHELNEY, an isle of Somersetshire, formed at the junction of the Parret with the Thone, remarkable as the hiding-place , - - _.. . . tj,e Dj^j had overrun the country. of Alfred the Great, with a few of his nobles, when ATHELSTAN, one of the Saxon kings of England, the grand- son of Alfred the Great, and successor to his father Edward, surnamed the Elder. He put to death his brother Edwin, to make his succession surer. He was the first monarch who was actual king of all England. He sought the advancement of learning, and promoted whatever he deemed goodfor his people; and so gained great fame. He died in 940, aged "47 years. ATHENiE'US, the writer of a book called the Beipnosophists, ATL whioh contains, under the disguise of a dialogue, various anec- dotes relating to Grecian history', manners, customs, &c. He was a native of Egypt, but lived for a time at Rome, and died about 230. ATHE'NE, the Grecian goddess of wisdom, &c., daughter of Zeus, according to an early fable, having sprung fully armed (as she was always represented) out of his brain. The aegis, or goat-skin shield, in which was the head of Medusa the Gorgon, was one of her distinguishing signs. Homer calls her " grey- eyed," which seems to hint a connexion with the northern na- tions of Europe. A'THENS, (anciently AtheruB,) the capital of the country of Attica, and the most famous city of ancient Greece. It was for- tified, and had a citadel on a rock, called the Acropolis, within it. It was connected also by lines of wall with the Peiraeus, its port, in the Gulf of Salamis. The city was richly adorned with tem- ples and theatres, porticoes, public buildings, &c., on which were lavished all the ornaments that the most accomplished painters and sculptors could devise. It was the chosen spot for philoso- phy, and continued to be a school for science, &c., long after it was taken by the Romans. It stands first amongst all cities in respect of the part which it singly has played in the history of man. It IS now the capital of the new kingdom of Greece, possessing nothing but the wreck of its former beauty. The greater part of the sculptures that had escaped the destructive ravages of its various sieges and captures, adorn the museums of other coun- tries. Lat. 38. 5. N. Long. 23. 57. E. A'THEOUS, a. [a and t/ieos, Gr.] opposite or contrary to the belief of a Deity ; atheistical. ATHERO'MA, s. [Gr.] a tumour, a wen, which neither yields to the touch, discolours the skin, nor causes pain. ATHERO'MATOUS, a. having the qualities of an atheroma, or curdy wen. A'THERSTONE, Warwickshire. It has manufactures of hats, ribands, shalloons, &c., and is situated near the river Anker, 103 miles from London. Market, Tuesday. Pop. 3743. ATHI'AS, RABBI JOSEPH, a celebrated printer at Amster- dam, during the latter half of the 17th century. His editions of the Bible in Hebrew and other languages are highly valued. He (lied in 1700. ATHI'RST, ad. wanting drink, or adry. ATHLE'TjE, s. [Lat.] persons of strength and activity, exer- cised for the public games of Greece and Rome, and who exhi- bited their skill in such exploits as required bodily strength. ATHLE'TIC, a. [athleta, Lat.] strong, vigorous, and active of body, robust. A'THLONE, in the counties of Roscommon and Westmeath, Ireland, situated on the Shannon, over which is a long bridge of many arches, which is a grand pass between the two provinces. On the bridge are some badly executed figures, with inscriptions celebrating the success of Queen Elizabeth over the rebels in her reign. It is a poor town, with no manufactures of any conse- quence. It is o9 miles from Dublin. Pop. 6393. A'THOL, a name given to a district in the N. of Perthshire, through which the Grampians run, and which contains, the Pass of Killj'crankie ; Cairn Gorni, which is 3690 feet high; Glen Tilt ; Lochs Rannoch and Ericht ; and the river Tumel, a tribu- tary of the Tay. A'THOS, a mountain in the N. of Greece, at the extremity of the E. promontory of the three projecting from the ancient Chalcidice. It is 6349 feet high. It is famous in history, having been separated from the mainland by a canal, by Xerxes, on his ill-omened expedition against Greece ; and- since the monastic corruptions of Christianity, inhabited by devotees. About 8000 regular monks inhabit its convents, &c. ATHWA'RT,;«qf?. transverse; across; through. Used adverbi- ally, it implies, in a manner vexatious and perplexing ; wrong. ATPLl , ad. like one making a thrust. ATLA'NTIC, the name of the great ocean which runs between Europe and Africa and the two Americas. Apart from the West Indian Islands and the British Isles, which are connected with the continents they lie near, this ocean exhibits only here and there a few groups of small islands, as the Azores, the Bermudas, &c., or solitary ones, as St. Helena, and Iceland which lies on the borders of it and the N. Frozen Ocean. The most remark- able feature of tljis waste of waters is the Gulf Stream, which appears first as a strong current flowing from Africa to S. America, ATT and re-appears as another current setting from the Gulf of Mexico, and reaching to the N. Ocean. A'TLAS, s. [Lat.] a collection of maps, generallj^ folio, in al- lusion to the fable of Atlas's bearing the world on his shoulders. In Anatomy, the first vertebra of the neck, which lies next to, and supports, the head. In Architecture, those statues, or half- statues of men, used instead of columns or pilasters, to support any member of architecture, such as a balcony, &c. They are likewise named Telamones. Also, a great chain of mountains, which separates Barbary from the Great Desert, in Africa. Many of the summits rise beyond the line of perpetual snow ; and two which have been measured are estimated at 11,400 feet and 15,000 feet high. A'TMOSPHERE, s. \_atmos and sphaira, Gr.] air. In Physics, that thin elastic fluid which covers the earth, gravitates towards its centre, and on its surface is carried along with it, and partakes of all its motions. At the elevation of a few miles it is too rare to support life ; but it is calculated that it may reach to a height of above 100 miles. ATMOSPHE'RICAL, a. that belongs to the atmosphere. ATMOSPHE'RIC RAILWAY, a railroad on which the loco- motive power employed is the pressure of the atmosphere at the back of^a piston that moves air-tight in an exhausted tube. A'TOM, s. [atomxis, Lat.] such a small particle of matter as cannot be physically divided. ATO'MICAL, a. consisting of, or relating to, atoms. ATO'MIC THEORY, in Chemistry, called also the Theory of Definite Proportions, is the theory that the elementary princi- ples combine with others only in certain proportions, and is well established bv experiment. A'TOMIST, s. one who professes the corpuscular philosophy. To ATO'NE, V. n. to agree, or accord. — v. a. to make satisfac- tion for ; to compensate ; to expiate ; to make a recompence. ATO'NEMENT, s. reconciliation, agreement, concord; the uniting two persons at variance with each other. A'TONY, s. [rt and tonos, Gr.] in Medicine, wanting proper tension or tone, in the solids of a human body. ATO'P, ad. on the highest part of a thing. ATRABILA'RIAN, Atrabila'rious, a. \atra and h'dk, Lat.] that affects with a disorder flowing from a black adust state of the blood, called melancholy. ATRABILA'RIOUSNESS, f. that quality which causes a person to be deemed melancholic. ATRAME'NTAL, a. \atramentum, Lat.] that blackens, or has the qualities of ink. ATRAME'NTOUS, a. black, or having the qualities of ink. ATRO'CIOUS, a. \atrox, Lat.] that argues a great, if not the highest, degree of wickedness in the committer; that is ex- tremely, enormously, and flagrantly wicked. ATRO'CIOUSNESS, «. that quality which argues a person to be extremely, obstinately, and enormously criminal. ATRO'CIOUSLY, ad. in an atrocious manner. ATRO'CITY, s. [atrocitas, Lat.] that which heightens the enormity of a crime, and makes it an object of horror. A'TROPHY, s. [a and trophia, Gr.] in Physic, a consumption, proceeding from various causes, but chiefly the failure of those parts of the alimentary system which repair the waste of the body, to perforin their functions. A'TROPOS, in heathen Mythology, one of the three Fates, that cut the thread, or put a period to the life of man. To ATTA'CH, v. a. [attacker, Fr.] in Law, to seize either on a person or his goods ; to have an affection, desire, or inclination towards a thing. ATTA'CHMENT, s. [attachement, Fr.] love, zeal, or affection felt for another. In Law, the taking, securing, or detaining a person or thing by virtue of a writ or precept. It differs from an arrest in this, that an arrest lies only against the body, whereas an attachment is often against the goods only, and sometimes against both body and goods. An arrest, likewise, issues out of an inferior court by precept only, but an attachment out of a higher court, either by precept or writ. By the custom of Lon- don, and several other places, a man can attach money or goods in the hands of a stranger to satisfy himself. To ATTA'CK, v. a. [att^quer, Fr.] in War, to make an effort or attempt upon a person, or a work, in order to conquer or subdue them. Figuratively, to set upon, invade, or treat any one as uti iitner by actions or words. 57 enemy, eitner by actions or words. ATT ATTA'CK, «. [attague. Ft.] in War, an attempt to contiuer a body of troops, or master a fortified place. A false attack, is that which is made only to divert the attention of the enemy, and to conceal that of the main one. Figuratively, any hostile attempt, whether it consists in actions or words. ATTA'CKER, s. the person who makes an attempt on a body of soldiers or a fortified place, in order to subdue or conquer them ; any one who uses another with violence. To ATTAI'N, f. a. [atteindre, Fr.] to make one's own by labour or mental application ; to procure, or obtain ; to reach ; to arrive at, or acquire. ATTArNABLE, a. that may be obtained, acquired, or pro- cured. ATTAITVABLENESS, s, the quality which renders a thing possible to be attained. ATrAl'NDER, s. \_attaindre, Fr.] is when a person has com- mitted felony or treason, and judgment is passed upon him. The children of such a person are thereby rendered incapable of being heirs to him, or to any other ancestor, as, if he was noble before, his posterity are thereby degraded, and made base ; nor can his corruption of blood be taken away, but by an act of parliament, or by reversing the judgment by a writ of error. ATTAl'NMENT, s. that which a person makes his own by labour or mental application ; the act or power of attaining. To ATTAFNT, t: a. {attenter, Fr.] to pass sentence against a person either for felony or treason, whereby he forfeits all his lands or hereditaments, his blood is corrupted, and his children rendered base. Figuratively, to debase, corrupt, or make in- famous. ATTAI'NT, s. in Law, a writ which anciently lay against a jury for giving a false verdict. The punishment on conviction was exceedingly severe. But in a late reign, this has been altered for a fine. Figuratively, a blot or stain, in allusion to the consequences of an attainder. ATI'AFNTURE, s. See Attainder. A'TTALUS, the name of three kings of Pergamus, a country of Asia Minor in former times. The first is the most famous, as the ally of Antiochus the Great in his Syrian wars, and of the Ro- mans in their subjugation of Greece. He was the first king of Pergamus, and died of apoplexy 197 b. c, in his 71st year. ATTA'R, s. [Pers.] commonly called Otto, of Roses, an oil of very rich and exquisite fragrance, extracted from the petals of roses. To ATTE'MPER, v. a. [attempero, Lat.] to soften, applied to rigour ; to render supportable, applied to heat ; to lessen any quality by the mixture or addition of another. Figuratively, to suit, adapt, or fit, in allusion to the tempering metals. To ATl'E'MPERATE, v. a. [attempero, Lat.] to render agree- able to ; to make suitable to. To ATTE'MPT, v. a. [attenter, Fr.] to make a trial ; to try, or endeavour. ATTE'MPT, s. an undertaking ; a trial to do a thing ; some- times applied to^ the attacks of an enemy. ATTE'MPTER, s. the person who makes an endeavour ; one who tries, tempts, or attempts. To ATTE'ND, v. a. [attendre, Fr.] to fix the mind to an object, when applied to speculation ; to listen ; to wait upon ; to accom- pany ; to follow ; to expect ; to stay for ; to lay wait for.— u. n. to yield attention ; to stay, or delay. ATTE'NDANCE, s. [attendance, Fr.] the act of waiting upon as a servant ; service ; the person in waiting ; a servant. ATTE'NDANT, a. [attendant, Fr.] waiting on another as an inferior, including the idea of service. ATTE'NDANT, s. one who accompanies another ; a servant or dependant of a nobleman ; one who depends on another as a suitor; that which is inseparably united, as a concomitant or consequent. ATTE'NDER, s. See Attendant. ATTE'NT, a. [attentus, Lat.] listening to, applying the mind to the consideration of any object ; intent. ATTE'NTATES, s. [attentata, Lat.] proceedings in a court of judicature, pending suit, and after an inhibition is decreed and gone out ; those things which are done after an extra-judicial appeal, may likewise be styled attentates. ATTE'NTION, s. [attention, Fr.] in Logic, an operation of the mind which fixes it on any particular object, and engages it to consider it in such a manner, as to acquire a distinct idea ATT thereof, absorbing, as it were, all other ideas which offer them- selves to the mind. ATTE'NTIVE, a. [attentus, Lat.] applying the mind or ear to one particular object. ATTE'NTIVELY, ad, in such a manner as to consider or listen to one particular object. ATTE'NTIVENESS, s. that quality of mind wherein a person considers or listens to a particular object, with a total disregard of all others. AlTE'NUANT.^Jdji. and a. [attenuans, Lat.] that makes thin or dilutes. Used substantively, in Medicine, for those medicines that exercise such influence on the fluids of the body, and so promote their circulation. To ATl^E'NUATE, v. a. [attenuo, Lat.] to liquefy or make thin. ATTENUATION,*, [attenuation, Vy.I the act of attenuating, or making thin. In Medicine, the action and result of attenuants. ATI ERBURY, FRANCIS, bishop of Rochester at the begin- ning of the 18th centuiT. He was engaged in continual contro- versies in behalf of his nigh-church views. His chief opponents were Archbishop Wake and Bishop Hoadly. In consequence of the jjart he took during the disturbances in Scotland, in 1715, he was imprisoned and convicted of high treason. He died at Paris, in 1731, aged G9 years. His sermons and letters, rather than his Jacobitism, have made his name known in later days. To ATTE'ST, v. a. [attestor, Lat.] to give a proof of the truth of a thing by evidence or writing. ATTESTA'TION, *. [attestatio, Lat.] evidence, or proof of the truth of any fact, either by word or writing. A'TTIC, a. [Atticus, Lat.] in Architecture, applied to a kind of building or shorter story over another, wherein no roof is to be seen. In Literature, it implies wit and elegance of style peculiar to the people of Attica, usually called Attic salt. Attic tcitness, means one that cannot be corrupted. Attic order, is a small order raised upon a large one, by way of finish to the building. Attic dialect, that modification of the Greek language which was spoken in Attica, and written by Athenian authors. Attic of a roof, is a kind of parapet to a terrace, platform, or the like. Attic base, a peculiar kind of base used bv the ancient architects in the Ionic order ; and by Palladio ancl some others in the Doric. This is the most beautiful of all bases: and was used by Sir Christopher Wren in building St. Paul's church, London. A'TllCA, the country of ancient Greece, occupying the pro- montory south of Euboea, and above the Gulf of Salamis. It was bounded on the land-ward side by the mountains of Parnes, and the range joining it with Mount Cithsron. In its borders were the famous mountains Pentelicus and Hymettus. On the plain next the Gulf of Salamis stood Athens, its capital. The princi- pal stream, which flowed past Athens, was named Cephisus. The soil was not very productive, but the country was famous for the olive, and for the honej- of Hymettus. The marble of Pentelicus, and the silver of Laurium, were also famed. A'TTICUS, TITUS POMPONIUS, a friend of Cicero, and intimate of most of the great men of his times. He was a dilettante in literature, and spent most of his time at Athens, to enjoy his favourite luxury, and avoid the troubles at Rome. He was not above accumulating wealth, however, even by bookselling. He flattered his friend by writing a history of his consulship in Greek. He starved himself to death in 32 u. c, deeming that the only cure for a disease which befell him, in his 77th year. A'lTILA, the celebrated leader of the Huns, who in the 5th century ravaged the empire and sacked Rome. He was so feared that he was named the scourge of God. He died suddenly in 4-53. To ATTI'RE, V. a. [attirer, Fr.] to adorn with clothes or dress. Figurativeh', to embellish or adorn. ATTI'RE, s. clothes or dress to adorn or embellish a person. Among sportsmen, the attire of a stag are his antlers. ATTI'RER, s. one who attires or dresses another. A'TTITUDE, s. [attitude, Fr.] in Painting and Sculpture, the posture of a statue, whereby it expresses some action, or passion of the mind. Applied likewise to the stage, to imply the posture of an actor to express the sentiments of tne poet. A'TTLEBURGH, Norfolk, 93 miles from London. Market," Thursday. Pop. 1959. ATTO'LLENT, «. [attolkns, Lat.] that raises or lifts up. In Anatomy, applied to those muscles which raise the parts they belong to. ATT ATTO'RNEY, s. [attarnatus, law Lat.] a person appointed by another to do something in his stead. Attorney at law, is one re- tained to prosecute or defend a suit at law. In the Ecclesiastical Courts they are called Proctors. Attorneys are admitted to prac- tice, by taking oath, after service of five years under articles to an attorney, and being enrolled, but must renew their certifi- cates yearly. Attorney-General, is a great officer, created by letters patent, to exhibit informations, prosecute for the crown in cri- minal causes, andfile bills in the Exchequer for any thing concern- ing the king, in inheritance or profits. To him come warrants for making out all patents, grants, pardons, &c. To ATIO'RNEY, v. a. to perform or employ as proxy. ATTO'RNMENT, Atto'urnment, s. [attoumement, Fr.] in Law, the agreement of a tenant for life to the transferring of property to another. To ATTRA'CT, v. a. [attraho, Lat.] to draw forwards itself; to allure or invite. ATfRA'CT, s. attraction ; the power of drawing. Obsolete. AITRA'CTICAL, n. that has the powerof drawing something towards it. ATTRA'CTION, s. [Fr.] the power of drawing to oneself. In Natural Philosophy, it signifies that force which every particle of matter exercises on every other particle in the inverse ratio of the square of its distance, and is named in astronomical and mechanical works, gravitation. Capillary attraction, is the force which causes fluids to rise in an open tube of minute diameter above the common level. Attraction, of cohesion, is the force by which the particles of a body cohere, or stick together. Elective or chemical attraction, is that force which induces certain element- ary substances, in certain proportions, to join in forming new compound substances. Magnetic attraction, is the force exerted by the lodestone, or iron that has been magnetized, in drawing to itself, and keeping by itself, other pieces of iron. The dis- coveries of late investigators have shown that this is in all pro- babilitv but a modification of cohesive attraction, or attraction generally. Electrical attraction, is the force which draws together bodies, one of which is negatively and another ^oitWue/y electrified. Figilratively, the power of alluring, enticing, or engaging the affections of a person. Synon. Attractions may be said to en- gage us, allurements to entice us, charms to seduce us. ATTRA'CTIVE, a. [attractif, Fr.] that has the power of draw- ing another to itself; inviting, alluring, engaging. ATTRA'CTIVE, s. that which can draw or engage the aflFec- tions ; diflfering from allurement, as that is used in a bad sense, but attraction generally in a good one. ATTRA'CTIVELY, ad. in the manner of a thing or person which draws or allures something. ATTRA'CTIVENESS, s. the quality by which a thing attracts, or allures. ATTRA'CTOR, s. that which draws toward itself. ATTRA'HENT, part, [attrahens, Lat.] that has the quality of drawing towards itself. ATTRI'BUTABLE, a. [attribm, Lat.] that may be affirmed as belonging to a thing ; that may be ascribed or imputed to a thing or person. To ATTRl'BLTE, v. a. [attribtio, Lat.] to affirm as belonging to a thing ; to ascribe as a property ; to impute, or charge, ap- plied to a cause. A'TTRIBUTE, ». [attribut, Fr.] a thing attributed to another ; qiiality adherent. In a general sense, it is that which agrees with some person or thing ; or a quality determining something to be after a certain manner. Thus understanding is an attribute of mind, and extension an attribute of body. That attribute which the mind conceives as the foundation of all the rest, is called its essential attribute ; thus extension is by some, and solidity by others, esteemed the essential attribute of body or matter. Attributes, in Divinity, are the several qualities or per- fections of the Divine nature, and such as can be applied to God only. In Painting and Statuary, attribute is some distinguishing addition to the principal figure ; as the club to Hercules, the pea- cock to Juno, the eagle to Jupiter, &c. ATTRIBU'TION, s. [attributio, Lat.] something ascribed; character or reputation. ATl'RI'TE, a. [attritus, Lat.] worn off by rubbing two bodies together. A'lTRITENESS, s. quality produced bv the rubbing of two bodies together, so as to wear oft some of their surfaces. AUD ATTRITION, s. [aUritio, Lat.] the action of rubbing two bodies together, so as to wear away or rub off some particles on their surfaces. To ATTU'NE, v. a. to put an instrument into tune ; to make the voice or any instruments accord together, and sound the same notes or key. ATTWOOD, THOMAS, an eminent composer, and organist of St. Paul's cathedral, and the chapels-royal. His works are very numerous and much admired. He died in 1838, aged 73 years. A'VA, the present capital of the Burman empire, seated on the river Irawadi. The streets are very straight, and the houses are built with teak planks and bamboos. The town itself is mean, but is adorned with very many temples, which give it, at a distance, a very imposing appearance. It is 520 miles E. of Calcutta, and 276 E. N. E. of Aracan. Lat. 21 . 51. N. Long. 95. 58. E. Pop. about 25,000. To AVAI'L, r. a. [valoir, Fr.] to turn to one's own use, benefit, profit, or advantage ; to promote or procure ; to be of use or ad- vantage. AVAFLABLE, a. applied to means, it signifies their suitable- ness or efficacy to obtain the end ; powerful, or proper. A'VALANCHE, ». [Fr.] amassof snow which, having accumu- lated near the summit of a mountain, suddenly becomes detached, and falls, through its weight, down the side. They are exceed- ingly destructive both to life and property in mountainous dis- tricts. AVA^NTGUARD, s. [avantgarde, Fr.] in War, the first line or division of an army in battle-array ; or that part which is seen by the enemy, and marches first against him. A'VARICE, ». [avarice, Fr.] an immoderate love and desire for riches, attended with fear as to future events, and excessive pre- caution against the instability of fortune, making a person rob himself of the necessary comforts of life, for fear of diminishing his wealth. AVARFCIOUS, a. that partakes of the nature of avarice. AVARFCIOUSLY, ad. covetously. AVARFCIOUSNESS, s. that quality which inclines a person to desire riches immoderately, to make no use of them when Eossessed of them, for fear of diminishing them, and denominates im an avaricious person. AVA'ST, interj. \basta, Ital.] hold, stop ; a sea-term. AVA'TAR, s. lai-atara, Sansc] the incarnation or descent of a god to this world, amongst the Hindus. Applied figuratively to persons who hold with great enthusiasm and firmness any prin- ciples. AVAU'NT, inteij. [avant, Fr.] be";one ! out of my sight ! AUBE, a department, corresponding with a part of the former province of Champagne, in France. It lies on the river Aube. The district was formerly called Pouilleuse, because of its infer- tility. There are considerable manufactures of cotton goods, and leather, glass, and wine. Troves is its capital. AuBiGNE, Theodore A. D', the famous historian of the Hugue- nots in the 16th century. He was engaged in the early affrays of his party, and fought on the side of Henry of Navarre. He remained faithful to his cause when Henry and most of the lead- ers deserted it, and was banished for a defence of it in the History of his own Times. He died in 1630, aged 80 years. His works contain, amidst many on graver subjects, a multitude of satirical pieces, which gained him few friends. AU'BtfRN, Wiltshire. It has a considerable manufacture of fustian. It is situated on a branch of the Kennet, 81 miles from London. Market, Tuesday. AU'BURN, a town of New York, United States, on the outlet of the Owasco Lake, near the Erie Canal. It has a st.ate prison, which is considered a model for such institutions. There is also a flourishing theological seminary under the patronage and direc- tion of the Presbyterians. Pop. 5626. AU'BURN, a. [aubour, Fr.] brown ; tan-coloured. AU'CTION, s. [a«c4,356. A'YRY, A'ery, s. a nest or company of hawks, so called from the old French word aire, which signified the same. A'ZERBIJAN, a province of Persia, lying next to Armenia. The mountains of Sahend which belong to it are nearly 13,000 feet high. The Araxes is its chief river. Tabriz is its capital. A'ZIMUTH, s. [Arab.] is an arch of the horizon, comprehended between the meridian of the place and any given vertical, and is the complement of the eastern and western amplitude to a qua- drant. The magnetical azimuth, is an arch of the horizon contained between the sun's azimuth circle and the magnetical meridian. Azimuth compass, is an instrument used at sea for finding the sun's magnetical azimuth. Azimuth dial, is one whose stile or gnomon is at right angles to the plane of the horizon. Azimuth circles, called Azimuths, are great circles of the sphere, intersect- ing each other in the zenith and nadir, and cutting the horizon at right angles in all the points thereof. The azimuths are repre- sented by the rhumbs on common sea-charts, and on the globe they are represented by the quadrant of altitude when screwed in the zenith. On the azimuth is reckoned the height of the stars, and of the sun, when not in the meridian. AZO'RES, a group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean, between 25 and 32 degrees of W. longitude, and between 37 and 40 N. latitude; 900 miles W. of Portugal, and as many E. of New- foundland. All these islands enjoy a very clear sky, and salu- brious air; they are extremely fertile in corn, wine, and a variety BAB of fruits ; and they breed large quantities of cattle. St. Michael is the largest, which gives its name to a fine kind of orange. They are of volcanic origin ; and the Peak of Pico is about 7(K)0 feet high. Their population is about 200,000. AZtyTE, s. [a and zao, Gr.] in Chemistrj', a name of nitrogen gas, because it will not support life. AZOTIC, a. in Chemistry, belonging to azote, or nitrogen. A'ZTECS, the name of a tribe found by the Spaniards in Mexico. They were addicted to war, and in their religious rites offered human sacrifices under circumstances of great cruelty. Yet, in many respects, they showed considerable progress in the arts of civilization ; as in their language, constitution, laws, &c., and especially in their chronology, and corrections of the calen- dar. Their written language was hieroglyphical, and read from the bottom at the right hand, upwards ahd to the left. They preserved amongst them some remarkable traditions of physical changes in the world ; and had authors who treated of nistory, morals, religion, &c. A'ZURE, 8. in the general sense, signifies the blue colour of the sky. Among painters, it is the blue colour, with a greenish cast, prepared from the lapis lazuli, generally called uUramarirte. It likewise signifies that bright blue colour prepared from the lapis armenus. This colour is called Lambert's blue. In Heraldry, azure is the blue colour in the coat of arms of any person below the rank of a baron. In the escutcheon of a nobleman, it is called Sapphire; and in that of a sovereign prince, Jupiter. In engraving, this colour is expressed by lines or strokes drawn horizontally. A'ZURE, a. that is of a sky or faint blue colour. "D IS the second letter of the alphabet. It is pronounced by -*-' pressing the lips together. It is used as an abbreviation : thus, in Music, B stands for the tone above A, as Bb or bB does for B flat, or the semi-tone major above A ; B also stands for bass, and B. C. for basso continuo, or thorough bass. As a numeral, B was used by the Greeks and Hebrews to denote 2 ; but among the Romans it stood for 300, and with a dash over it thus b for 3000. The same people used B for Brutus: B. F. for bonum factum. They likewise used B and V indifferently for each other. B in the chemical alphabet signifies mercury. B. A. stands for Bachelor of Arts ; B. L. for Bachelor of Laws ; and B. D. for Bachelor of Divinity. BA'A, s. a sound borrowed from, and expressive of, the bleat- ing of a sheep. To BA'A, V. a. to bleat like a sheep. BA'AL, s. a god of the ancient Phcenicians. Baal signifies Lord, and was applied to the sun, BA'ALBEC, or Helio'polis, a city of Syria, which was an- ciently very splendidly adorned with temples, &c. It is situated in the plain ot Bocal, near the range of Antilibanus. It was an emporium for the trade of Tyre with India and Palmyra. The ruiiis which remain are almost all of Roman origin. Only a few poor people inhabit the spot now. BA'ALIM, «. inferior deities among the Phoenicians. To BA'BBLE, v. n. [babbelen, Belg.] to prate like a child, with- out sense; to betray secrets; to talk witnout regard to place or circumstances. BA'BBLE, s. [babil, Fr.] senseless prating. BABBLEMENT,*. &e Babble. BA'BBLER, s. one who talks without any fund of sense, or without proper ideas of the words he makes use of. BABE, Ba'by, s. [baban, Brit.] a young child of either sex. Sometimes applied to one that can neither walk nor speak. BABELMA'NDEB, Straits of, the narrow strait between the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. BA'BER, the founder of the Mogul or Tatar empire in Hin- dustan, in the beginning of the 16th century. His conquests reached from the Indus to the Ganges. He devoted the latter part of his life to the establishment of his empire, and died in 1530, aged 47 years. BA'BERY, s. finery to please a babe or child. BA'BYISH.a. that resembles the choiceof a veiyyoung child; that belongs to a very young child ; childish. BABOO'N, s. [baboiti, Fr.] in Zoology, a genus-of the monkey or ape tribe, which more closely resembles the other animals. BAG Their face and jaws are like the dog, and being short and stout in their bodies, they are less fitted for climbing than other genera of their tribe. Their tails are not so long as monkeys' generally are. They have often been domesticated, but are naturally very fierce : they have manifested a capability of acquiring singular habits, such as smoking and porter-drinking, when domesti- cated. BA'BYLON, the capital of Babylonia, a province of Assyria in Asia, which stood on the Euphrates, in Lat. 33. N. Long. 42. 53. E. Semiramis is said to have founded this city on the site of Nimrod's Tower of Babel, and it was finished by Nebuchad- nezzar. The walls, which surrounded the city, were 87 feet thick, 350 feet high, and 480 furlongs (60 miles) in length, ac- cording to Herodotus. They formed an exact square, each side of which was 120 furlongs (15 miles) in length, and were built of large bricks, cemented together with bitumen. Without the walls was a vast ditch, filled with water, and lined with bricks on both sides. There were 100 gates, made of solid brass ; and on the walls were 250 towers. The city, or town, within the walls, was regularly built ; from each gate there was a straight street, extending to the corresponding gate in the opposite side ; so that the city was divided into squares, round whicn stood the houses, and the intermediate space within each of them was oc- cupied as gardens, either for pleasure or convenience. A branch of the river Euphrates divided the city into two parts. The other wonders of the place were, the Tower of Belus, the hangings gar- dens, the artificial lake, and the canals. After the Christian aera it gradually declined, and now only a few ruins are left, that hardly tell where it stood. BAJJYLO'NIA, or Chalde'a, a kingdom of Asia, and the most ancient in the world, being founded by Nimrod, the grandson of Ham, who is supposed also to have founded Nineveh, the capital of the kingdom of Assyria. The history of these kingdoms is greatly involved in obscurity. It was overthrown by Cyrus, when he took the city of Babylon, in 538 b. c. BABYRO'USSA, s. in Zoology, an animal of the hog kind, distinguished by four remarkable tusks, two belonging to the lower, and two to the upper jaw ; the latter pair growing to a great length, and turning backward, towards the ears. It in- habits the Indian islands. BACCHANA'LIA, {Bakhandlia) s. [Lat.] the feasts of the god of wine, Bacchus, which were celebrated with every species of debauchery. At Rome, being practised secretly by night, they were suppressed in 186 b. c. BACCHANA'LIAN, {Bakkandlian) s. one who attended the feasts of Bacchus. Figuratively, a riotous, drunken person. BA'CCHANALS, {Bikkanals) s. See Bacchanalia. BA'CCHUS, s. in heathen Mythology, the son of Jupiter and Semele, and the god of wine, in Greece called Dionysus. BACCI'FEROUS, a. [haccifer, Lat.] in Botany, such plants as bear berries. BACH, JOHANN SEBASTIAN, the name of an eminent com- poser, and performer on the organ, of Germany in the last century. He held official stations at Weimar, Dresden, and Leipzig. His works are very numerous ; and his vocal compositions are parti- cularly admired. He died in 1750, aged 66 vears. Almost all his family were engaged in the musical profession ; one of his sons in the service of Frederic the Great. BA'CHELOR, s. a man who still continues in the state of celibacy, or who was never married. Anciently, it was a name given to those superior in quality to esquires, but had not a number of vassals sufficient to have their banner carried before them in the field of battle. It was also a title given to young knights, who, having made their first campaign, received the military girdle. It was likewise used to denominate him who had overcome another in combat the first time he ever engaged. In uriiversities. Bachelors are those who have taken the first de- gree in the liberal arts and sciences. BA'CHELORSHIP, s. the state of an unmarried man ; the state, dignity, and office of a graduate, or bachelor, at a uni- versity. BACK, s. [bac, ba;c. Sax.] in Anatomy, the hind part of the human body, from the neck to the thighs. Applied to the hands, that part opposite to the palms. Applied to the array of an army, the rear. Applied to situation, the hind part, or that which is not in sight. Applied to an edge-tool or instrument, the thickest part of the blade, opposed to the edge. A large square trough BAG or cistern, used by brewers to hold liquor in. Figuratively, a supporter, or one who will second another in an attempt. HACK, ad. applied to motion, to the place from whence a per- son came. Applied to action, to retreat. Applied to time, that which is past. After keep, applied to the increase of plants, to stop or hinder the growth. To BACK, V. a. to mount a horse ; to break him for the saddle ; to make him go backwards by pulling the reins. Figuratively, to second, support, or assist. To BA'CKBITE, v. a. to speak against a person in his absence. BA'CKBITER, s. one who censures the conduct, or vilifies the actions, of a person in his absence. BA'CK-BOARD, s. the board in a boat for passengers to lean their backs against ; also the stiff milled paper put into the covers of books to preserve them from injury ; also a flat board, used to keep the arms back, by teachers of calisthenics. BA'CKBONE, s. the bone of the back. BACKDOO'R, s. a door or passage out of a house behind, op- posed to the front. Figuratively, a private passage. BA'CKED, part, having a back. Forced to go backwards. BA'CKFRIEND, s. a false friend, or secret enemy. BACKGA'MMON, s. a game played with dice and draughts- men on a board or table, divided into two parts, at the ends of which are twenty-four points, half white and half black. BA'CKHOUSE, s. the building which lies behind a house. BA'CKSIDE, «. the hinder part of any thing ; the hinder part of an animal. Figuratively, a yard or ground behind a house. To BACKSLI'DE, v. n. in Divinity, to return to idolatrj-, after having quitted it ; to apostatize ; to quit the true mode of worship. BACKSLI'DER, s. one who quits the true religion in order to embrace a false one ; an apostate. BA'CKSTAFF, «. an instrument used at sea to take the sun's altitude. This instrument, commonly called Davis's quadrant, from the name of the inventor, and by the French the English quadrant, is not so accurate as could be wished;' and a large, heavy, brass astrolabe is to be preferred before it. BA'CKSTAIRS, «. the private stairs of a house, generally ap- propriated to the use of servants. BA'CKSTAYS, s. in Ship-building, the ropes belonging to the main and fore-masts, which keep them from pitching over- board. BA'CKSWORD, s. a sword with only one sharp edge, and blunt back. Used figuratively for a cudgel, or the art of de- fending oneself with a cudgel. BA'CKWARD, Ba'ckwards, ad. [back and weard, Sax.] applied to motion, it signifies the going from a person with the face to- wards him, the legs being moved towards the hind instead of the fore part of a person ; towards the back, or behind upon the back. " Backwards a.nd forv/ards," 2^ewton. Applied to the success of an undertaking, it implies, not to prosper or advance ; to want success. Applied to time, some period that is past ; or a portion of time already past. BA'CKWARD, a. unwilling, in allusion to making advances, anticipating or meeting a person's wishes ; reluctant ; slow ; dull ; not qiiick, or apprehensive. BA'CKWARDLY, ad. applied to the motion whereby a person retreats or goes from another with his face towards nim ; in a perverse, unwilling manner ; reluctantly. BA'CKWARDNESS, s. that quality which proceeds from a dis- like of the measures a person is to put in practice, the undertak- ing he is to accomplish, or the person he is to oblige, including the idea of slowness ; dulness ; want of apprehension. BA'CON,«. [6aca«n, Brit.] the flesh of a hog salted, and some- times dried. To save one's bacon, is a low phrase for preserving oneself from hurt or mischief. BA'CON, ROGER, a learned Franciscan of the 13th centurj , who was the first experimental natural philosopher of England. His investigations, which display great acuteness and power, and led him to anticipate the discoveries of gunpowder, spectacles, and the telescope, were directed to most of the branches of natural science, and are recorded in his famed Opiis Majus, and other treatises on chemistry, optics, &c. He successfully studied metaphysical and mathematical science, and in the former stands in favourable contrast to the dogmatists on Aristotle of his day. He was a believer in alchemy and astrology, though on grounds which further inquiries would have easily snown him the futility BAD of. Amongst his friends he numbered the celebrated Bishop Grostete, of Lincoln, the opponent of the arrogant claims of Rome. Roger Bacon expenenced to the full the malice of ig- norance invested with authority. His studies were interfered with, his writings suppressed, himself accused of diabolical magic, and imprisoned for many years together. Tardy justice has been sparingly shown him in'later times. He died in 1292, about 78 years old. BA'CON, FRANCIS, Lord Verulam, Viscount of St. Albans, one of the brightest luminaries in the history of English Litera- ture and Philosophy, was youngest son of Sir Nicholas Bacon, lord keeper of the great seal to Queen Elizabeth. He was carefully instructed by his mother, a woman of great and varied learning, and at 13 entered Cambridge. There he first indulged in dreams and resolutions of framing a method, by which the futile philoso- Ehy in vogue should be displaced by one whose fruits would be lessings to mankind in all departments of life, and which should have such vitality as would make a possession for ever to man. During his long and active life, he, with indefatigable persever- ance, accomplished twice a survey and examination of the then state of knowledge, and almost completed the development of his magnificent scheme for the instauration of science. And to these works he added others which have made his name eminent equally as a profound observer of men, a wide and clear-seeing j urist, a grave and philosophical historian, and a gay and imagina- tive wit. In his great labour he strove like a man possessed by an idea, but not possessed of it ; for his observations and experiments, and especially the illustration of his own method, are superficial and unscientific. He rightly called it the " birth of time," and subsequent ages have reaped, and will never cease to reap, the abundant harvests, which are owing as much to his preparation of the soil, as to the goodly seed which the Newtons, and Davys, and Watts have sown. His ethical " Essays," and his religious writings, show his knowledge of truth for the soul was sufficient to have made his life beautiful. His life itself was a compound of every fault'that could degrade man. He suffered his love of tawdry show to lead him into dishonest debt ; and his love for princely favour, into sycophancy that surpassed in meanness the sycophancy of the meanest age in EngUsh story. For the sake of that he took bribes as a judge ; for the sake of this he courted the vile, and lent himself as a tool to convict and behead and vilify his most generous friend, and begged with sickening flat- tery for place alter jilace till he gained the great seal of England, and recanted the frank-spoken declaration of popular rights, and sat and witnessed the torture of an aged and exemplary minister of religion. His " name and memory" he left, in his will, " to men's charitable speeches, and to foreign nations, and the next ages," and died in 1626, aged 65 years. BA'CON, JOHN, an eminent English sculptor of the last cen- tury. The monument of Lord Chatham in the Guildhall, and that in Westminster Abbey, with many other well-known sculp- tures, are his work. He died in 1799, aged 59 years. BA'CTRIA, an ancient kingdom of Asia, which occupied the country of the present Bokhara. Its history is very obscure, and the coins of the kings are the chief clue to a meagre outline of it. Greek monarchs ruled it after the conquest of Alexander the Great; and it was destroyed, as an empire, by the Scythians in about 130 b. c. BACU'LE, s. [Fr.] in Fortification, a kind of portcullis, or gate, made like a pit-fall, with a counterpoise supported by two stakes, placed before the coi-ps du garde, advanced near the gate. BACULO'METRY, s. [baculus and metreo, Gr.] the art of mea- suring accessible or inaccessible heights by means of staves or rods. BAD, a. a relative term. Confined to natural agents, that which lessens or destroys the happiness of ourselves or others. Applied to moral agents, that which they voluntarily perform, in order to lessen or destroy their own happiness or that of others. Applied to persons, one who habitually transgresses the laws of duty prescribed by the Deity. Applied to actions, that which is performed contrary to any moral law. Applied to things, that which is prejudicial to our health, happiness, &;c. Prov. A had shift is better than none. Where lad's t!ie best, naught must be the choice. A had bush is better than the open field ; that is, better to have any, though a bad, friend or relation, than to be quite des- titute and exposed to the world. BAG BADAJOS, a city of Spain, capital of Estramadura. It is strongly fortified, and stands on an eminence on the S. side of the Guadiana, over which there is a bridge, built by the Romans. It is 175 miles from Madrid. Lat. 38. 49. N. Long. 6. 47. W. BADE, Bad, the preter tense of Bid. BA'DEN, a grand-duchy of Germany, on the Rhine, and abut- ting on Switzerland, about 150 miles in length, and at its greatest breadth 100 miles. It is hilly, but has abundance of fertile land. The Black Forest forms one of its principal physical features. It contains part of Lake Constance. Corn, wine, cattle, timber, are abundant ; and in the mountains, the metals, coal, salt, &c., are found. The manufactures are various, but of no great import- ance. Its name, and the name of the next places, are derived from a German word applied to mineral springs, which abound. BA'DEN, the name of three towns possessing mineral springs, one in the grand-duchy of Baden, 18 miles from Carlsruhe, called at times Baden-Baden ; another in Austria, 15 miles from Vienna; and the third in Aargau of Switzerland, 13 miles from Ziirich. BADGE, s. a mark worn by a person to denote his dignity, profession, trade, rank, &c. To BADGE, V. a. to set a mark on a person ; to stigmatize. BA'DGER, s. [hedour, Fr.] in Law, one who is hcensed to buy corn in one place and sell it in another, and is exempted from the punishment of an engrosser, by G Ed. VI. In Natural His- tory, a wild animal about the size of a fox, feeding on fruits ana flesh, formerly baited for sport in this country. BA'DLY, ad. not agreeably to a person's wishes ; in a manner inconsistent with a person's undertakings. Applied to health, sickly. Applied to the execution of any thing, not suitably to the ideas of taste, elegance, or proportion. BA'DNESS, s. a quality which denotes a person habitually to transgi-ess against the laws of his nature. Applied to things, it denotes that they are inconsistent with the good, ease, or plea- sure of rational or irrational beings. Applied to roads, it signi- fies that they cannot be travelled with ease or pleasure. Applied to weather, it denotes a want of serenity, calmness, or sunshine. Applied to health, that it is infirm, and interrupted with sick- ness. BA'FFIN'S BAY, a gulf of North America, separating Green- land from the Arctic part of the continent, discovered by Wm. Baffin, an Englishman, in 1622, who attempted to find out a north-west passage to China and the East Indies. To BA'FFLE, v. a. [baffler, Fr.] to render the care of another insignificant ; to frustrate the intentions of another. BA'FFLER, s. the person, or thing, which defeats, or renders any thing abortive. BAG, s. \belye. Sax.] in its primary sense, a receptacle made of linen, silk, or leather, to contain any thing, in the shape of a long square when empty, and open only at one of its ends, which is called the mouth. In Natural Historj', the thin membrane, or cystus, containing the poison of vipers; that which contains the honey in bees, &c. In Commerce, a term of quantity ; as, a bag of pepper, of aniseed, almonds, &c. In Botany, a distended bladder-like seed-vessel, opening on one side, as in bladder sena. To BAG, f. a. to put into a bag ; to load with a bag. — v. n. to swell, so as to resemble a full bag. BAGATE'LLE, s. [Fr.] a trifle ; a toy. BA'GDAD, or Ba'gdat, a celebrated city of Asia, the capital of a province of the same name, on the banks of the river Tigris. This city, for many years the cajntal of the Saracen empire, was founded by Caliph Al Mansur, the second of the house of Al Abbas, and improved by the famous Haroun Alraschid. It has belonged to the Porte since the 17th century. The mosques are very spendid, and the caravanseras, or inns, and bazaars, are numerous, but the rest of the city is beggarly and filthy. The climate is healthy, but the plague is a frequent visitant. Its population is about 30,000. Lat. 33. 20. N. Long. 44. 24. E. BA'GGAGE, s. [baggage, Fr.] the utensils of an army, so called from their being packed up in bags. Bay and baggage, a low phrase, to signify all a person's goods. A woman of no character. Bagneres, the name of two towns in France, possessing min- eral springs : one named de Bigorre, in the department of Haute Pyrenees ; and the other de Luchon, in Haute Garonne. BA'GNIO, (bdnio) s. [bagno, Ital.] a house for bathing ; a brothel. BA'GPIPE, s. a musical instrument, consisting of a leatlierii B AI bag, which is filled with wind by means of a little tube fixed to it, and stopped by a valve ; and three pipes or flutes ; the first called the great pipe, or drone ; and the second the little one, which pass the wind out only at the bottom ; the third has a reed, and is played on by compressing the bag under the arm when full, and opening or stopping the holes, which are eight, with the fingers. It is three octaves in compass. It is the na- tional instrument in Scotland. BAGUE'TTE, s. [Fr.] in Architecture, a little round mould- ing, less than an astragal ; sometimes carved and enriched. BAHA'MA ISLANDS, or Luca'ya Islands, situated between 21 and 28 degrees of N. latitude, and 71 and 81 of W. longitude. They extend along the coast of Florida to the isle of Cuba, and are said to be 300 in number, mostly mere rocks; but 12 of them large and fertile : Providence, one of the least of these, is reckoned the most valuable. The island of Bahama, which is the largest, and gives name to the rest, is about (3.3 miles long, and 9 wide. Lat. 26. 40. to 27. 5. N. Long. 78. 10. to 80. 24. W. They belong to the English, and are fertile, pro- ducing mahogany and other woods, cotton, dyes, &c., which with turtle form their trade. BAHA'R, a province of Hindustan, bordering on Nepal, be- tween Bengal and Oude. It is very fertile and well cultivated ; and has a considerable cotton manufacture. The population is estimated at more than 10,000,000. It has a district and a town of the same name, the latter of which, 297 miles from Calcutta, is much fallen in importance. BAHI'A, a province of the Brazilian empire, on the Atlantic, between Pernambuco and Rio Janeiro. It is very mountainous, but the plains about the river S. Francisco are fertile and healthy, and exhibit all the most enchanting peculiarities of a tropical climate. The S. Francisco is the largest river, the others are of less note. The great and staple productions of this province, the metals used for coin, have almost ceased to be of any conse- quence. Its trade consists in cotton, coffee, fruits, &c., drugs, and spices. St. Salvador is its capital. BAl'^, a town on the Bay of Naples, opposite to Pozzuoli, which was the fashionable watering-place in the palmy days of ancient Rome. The country round abounds in mineral springs. Many interesting relics of the Roman town remain. I springs. BAJA'ZET, the celebrated Turkish sultan of the 14th cen- tury, who, by skill and courage, raised the dominion of his family beyond all precedent, overcoming the European armies assembled by Sigismund of Hungary in a battle near Nicopolis, and gaining all the modern Turkw in Europe. He himself fell before the power of Timour, the Tatar monarch, and, according to the common report, was by him confined in an iron cage till his death in 1403, in his 56th year. BAl'KAL, a lake amidst the mountains of Siberia, in Asia, about 400 miles long, and between 20 and 50 miles wide. It receives the waters of nearly 200 streams of different magni- tudes." It yields abundance of fish, which are the chief support of the inhabitants of the vicinity, since the severe climate and inhospitable soil almost prevent agriculture. It lies in the route by which the trade of Russia with China is carried on. The surrounding mountains contain iron ore and salt. BAIL, s. [probably from hailler, Fr.] the act of freeing or set- ting a person at liberty who is arrested or imprisoned for an act civil or criminal, under security taken for his appearance ; Uke- wise the person who gives such security. Bail is either common or special. Common hail, is in actions of small concern, and is so called because any securities are taken. Special bail, is in causes of greater weight, as debts amounting to £10, where the sureties must be subsidy men, answerable to the value. To BAIL, V. a. to deliver a person from arrest or imprisonment by being surety for his appearance at a certain day ; to admit to bail. BAI'LABLE, a. that may be set at liberty by proper bail or sureties. BAFLIFF, s. [baillie, Fr.] an inferior officer of justice, ap- pointed to execute writs, and other processes directed to the sheriff, and to summon county courts, sessions, assizes, and the like. There are also bailiffs of forests, and of manors, who direct husbandry, fell trees, gather rents, pay quit-rents, &c. A water-bailiff, is an officer appointed in port-towns, for the searching of ships, gathering the toll for anchorage, &c., and arresting persons for debt, &c., upon the water. Bailiff is hke- BAt wise the chief magistrate of several corporations. Governors of some of the king's castles are likewise called bailiffs. BAI'LIWICK, «. the place or jurisdiction of a bailiff', within his hundred, or the lord s franchise. BAI'LLIE, MATTHEW, Dr., an eminent physician of the last century, nephew to the celebrated Drs. Hunter. He pursued the study of anatomy with great zeal, and made that collection which now belongs to the College of Physicians at London. His works on medical subjects are esteemed. He was physician to George HI., and others of the royal family, and died in 1823, aged 63 years. BAI'LLIE, ROBERT, a Presbyterian divine, who, as one who opposed the introduction of Episcopacy into Scotland in 1637; as army chaplain on the rising of the Scots, in 1639; as commissioner to the king on behalf of the Scotch, in 1640; as a member of the Assembly of Divines at Westminster, under the Long Parliament ; and above all, as a persevering though preju- diced recorder of all that fell under his notice during those tur- bulent times, has acquired some celebrity. He was a Professor of Divinity at Glasgow under Cromwell, and also after the Re- storation, and has left many polemical and theological works. He died in 1662, aged 60 years. BA'ILLY, JEAN SYLVAIN, a French astronomer of some note, who, on the summoning of the states-general by Louis XVI., was elected the representative of Paris. During the earlier period of the Revolution he took a prominent part on the popular side, and was elected mayor of Paris. But losing the favour of his admirers by his promptitude in suppressing a murderous tu- mult by martial law, and being disgusted at the execution of the king, he sought to escape from France, and being seized, was • guillotined in 1793, aged 57 years. His fatal connexion with history, and not his scientific eminence, has preserved his name. BAl'LMENT, s. in Law, is a delivery of goods in trust, upon a contract, expressed or implied, that the trust shall be faithfully executed on the part of the bailee. As if cloth be delivered, or (in our legal dialect) bailed to a tailor to make a suit of clothes, he has it upon an implied contract to render it again when made, and that in a workmanly manner. BAFLY, FRANCIS, one ofthe first practical English astrono- mers of the present century. He was one of the warmest and most active promoters of the Royal Astronomical Society ; and his in- vestigations respecting annuities, his catalogue of the stars, and his suggestions for the improvement ofthe Nautical Almanac, in addition to his experiments on the pendulum, have made him more serviceable to his age than others of far more brilliant parts and greater fame. He died in 1844, aged 70 years. BAI'RAM, s. amongst Mohammedans, a yearly festival, which they keep after the fast of Ramadan. It is concluded with a solemn prayer against the infidels, to extirpate Christian princes, or to arm them against one another, that they may have an op- portunity to extend their law. BAIRD, SIR DAVID, Bart., a British officer, who distin- guished himself in India, and other scenes of war ; having led the storming party at Seringapatam, served under Lord Cathcart at the bombardment of Copenhagen, and succeeded to the com- mand of the army in the Peninsula, on the death of Sir John Moore at Corunna. It was his lot to experience in his post of command the full degradation of a soldier s life, being the object of continued neglect, even after most faithful service. He died in 1829, aged 72 years. BAIRED'TH, a principality of Bavaria in Germany. Its for- mer capital, of the same name, stands on the Red Main. It is a fortified town, and is regularly and pleasantly built, with squares, gardens, &c. It has some small manufactures, and its principal trade is in corn. Lat. 49. 57. N. Long. 11. 40. E. To BAIT, V. a. [hatan. Sax.] to put meat on a hook, &c., in order to catch fish or other animals ; to refresh oneself or cattle by eating on a journey ; to attack with violence ; to set dogs upon. BAIT, s. [baitze, Teut.] a piece of flesh, or other lure, made use of to catch fish, or insnare animals. Figuratively, an al- lurement, or enticement; any thing which, under a speciour, appearance, contains mischief in itself, or produces it by its con- sequences. A refreshment on a journey, generally applied to cattle. BAIT, WHITE, s. a small fish which is caught in g^eat plenty, during the month of July, in the river Thames. K 2 67 BAL BAITING, s. an attack made by smaller or weaker beasts upon those which are larger and stronger. Bull-baiting is a sport peculiar to the English, and highly disgusting to moral and nu- mane persons. BAIZE, s. a coarse open woollen cloth. To BAKE, V. a. [bcecan. Sax.] to dress or heat any thing in an oven. Figuratively, to harden with heat. BA'KEHOUSE, s. a place where bread is made, rendered eatable by the heat of an oven, and exposed to sale ; and where other meat or pastry is dressed. BA'KER, s. one who subsists by making bread and baking, BA'KER, HENRY, a clever observer of the nature and habits of microscopic animals, and general cultivator of microscopic observation. His books contain much valuable information. He died in 1774, aged 77 years. BA'KER, SIR RICHARD, a writer of the IGth centurj', whose History of England, with the title of The Chronicle of the Kings of England, is well known. He died in 1645, aged about 75 years. BA'KEWELL, Derbyshire. It is seated on the river Wye, among the hills, and the market is good for lead and other com- modities. It lies in a deep valley, and has a large church with a lofty spire. It is 151 miles from London. Market, Monday, Pop. 10,363. BA'KING, s. the art of preparing bread, and of cooking any victuals in an oven. In Otaheite, and many other islands of the South Seas, they bake their meat by means of hot stones. BA'KU, a district and a city in Persia. The whole region abounds in volcanoes and volcanic phenomena, and the earth itself seems to be saturated with naphtha, of which there are springs, which yield a considerable revenue. It oftentimes ig- nites, and then presents a most wonderful appearance. BA'LA, Merionethshire, North Wales. It is seated on a flat hear Pemblemeer, by the Welch called Lhin Tegid, which is 13 miles in length, and 6 in breadth, and abounds with a fish called a guiniad, resembling a salmon in shape, and in its taste is like a trout. The river Dee runs through this lake. It is 195 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 1255. BA'LANCE, s. [Fr.] equipoise. In Commerce, the amount, either in goods or money, which makes the two sides of an ac- count even. In Mechanics, an accurately constructed pair of scales, which are a species of lever, with straight and equal arms, so poised upon the fulcrum as to indicate the least additional weight on either side. In Astronomy, one of the twelve signs of the zodiac, into which the sun enters at the autumnal equinox; also, the constellation, which gave its name to the sign. In a watch, it is the wheel whose vibrations regulate and equalize the motions of the rest. Balance of Power, is a phrase used to indicate that position amongst the states of the civilized world, in which no one can violate the rights of another, without an immediate corrective being applied. Balance of Trade, in Politi- cal Economv, is the difference between the whole amount of the imports and exports of any state ; or between the imports and exports of any state to and from any other state. Hydrostatic Balance, in Hydrostatics, an instrument for' determining the spe- cific gravity of any bodies, by comparing their weight in water with their weight in air. To BA'LANCE, v. a, [balancer, Fr.] to weigh in a pair of scales ; to bring two bodies to an equipoise in a pair of scales. In mer- cantile aflfairs, the making the creditor and debtor side of an account equal by the addition of as much as the one is less than the other. Figuratively, to atone for former failings by one's future conduct ; to be in a state of suspension. BA'LANCER, s. the person who weighs any thing, or makes weight in opposite scales. BA'LANCING, among seamen, the contracting a sail into a narrower compass, in a storm, by folding up a part of it at one corner : distinguished from reefing, which is common to all the principal sails. BA'LBI, GASPAR, a Venetian merchant, who has left us a record of his travels in Syria, Persia, India, the Burman Empire, kc, which is curious and valuable as a representation of^the mercantile aspect of those countries during the 16th century. BALBl'NUS, DECIMUS C^LIUS, one of the emperors of Rome in the latter and troubled times of its existence. He reigned but a year, and was assassinated in 242 a. d. BALBO'A, VASCO NUNEZ DE, one of the Spanish adven- B AL turers, who, on the discoverj- of America, hastened under the sanction of their government to enrich themselves and spread the Spanish empire. He was the first European who beheld the Pacific Ocean, He was put to death in 1517, under a charge of treason against Spain, in the use of his power at Darien, in his 42nd year. BALCO'NY, s. [balcon, Fr.] in Architecture, a projecture be- yond a wall or building, generally before a window, supported by pillars or consoles, and surrounded by banisters or balus- trades. BALD, (bauld) a. [bal, Brit.] that hath lost its hair. Figura- tively, mean, naked, bare. Applied to trees, stripped of their leaves. Applied to style in writing, unadorned ; void of elegance. BA'LDACHIN, s. [baldachim, Ital.] in Architecture, a canopy, supported with columns, serving as the covering to an altar. It properly signifies a rich silk, and was a canopy carried over the host. BA'LDERDASH, {baulderdash) s. any thing jumbled together without taste, judgment, or discretion ; ribaldry. BA'LDLY, (bai'ildjy) ad. without hairs, applied to animals; without leaves, applied to trees ; without ornaments, or elegance, applied to writings or buildings. BA'LDNESS, {baHldness) s. applied to animals, the want of hair; applied to trees, loss of leaves; and applied to writings, paintings, and buildings, want of ornament or elegance, BA'LDOCK, Hertfordshire, seated between the hills, in a chalky soil, 37 miles from London, Market, Thursday. Pop. 1807. BA'LDRICK, s. [bale and ric, Sax.] a belt worn hanging from the shoulder across the breast, on which the sword was formerly hung, not unlike that worn by our soldiers at present, to which they fasten their pouches. BA'LDWIN, a name which often occurs in the history of Europe. It was borne by eight Counts of Flanders, one of whom married a daughter of Alfred the Great. Four Christian kings of Jerusalem have also borne it. The first was one of the con- federated chiefs, who, under Godfrey de Bouillon, went on the first crusade. He distinguished himself through that arduous campaign, and when Godfrey, who was elected king of Jerusa- lem, died, succeeded him, and died in 1118. Two emperors of Constantinople were so named. The first was engaged in the fourth crusade, when they took Constantinople. He died in captivity amongst the Bulgarians, in 1206. Bale, «. [balle, Fr.] a quantity of goods or commodities, packed in cloths, corded round very tight. Bale goods, are such as are exported in bales. BALE, s. [beet. Sax.] something which deprives a person of happiness, or health ; misery, anguish, calamity. To BALE, V. n. to pack goods up in a bale. Used by sailors for emptying water out of a vessel with buckets. BALEA'RIC ISLES, the ancient Roman name by which the islands Majorca, Minorca, and Jii^a, were known. BA'LEFTJL, a. full of anguish, pain, misery, mischief, and grief; very fatal, or destructive to health, BA'LEt ULLY, ad. in such a manner as produces sorrow, an- guish, calamity, and sickness, BA'LFOUR, SIR JAMES, one of the parties in the struggles and convulsions in Scotland at the time of the Reformation. He sided at first with the Reformers, and shared the slavery of Knox, but renounced his creed on his liberation. He was a parish- Eriest after this, and, as the custom was, was appointed to several !gal offices. He was concerned in the murder of Darnley, and narrowly escaped punishment. It was through his contrivance that Mai-y's enemies gained possession of her letters, on which were rested the proofs of her guilt. After a career of plots and infamy, he died in 1583. BALI'ZE, a town in Honduras, N. America, lying on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the river Balize. It is surrounded by swamps, and communicates with the interior only by the river. Its trade is chiefly in mahogany, logwood, cochineal, and the other native productions. The population is about 5000. Lat. 17. 29. N. Long. 88. 8. W. BALK, (baulk) s. [balk. Tout.] a large piece of timber ; a beam ; - a raft or pole over any out-house or barn. In Husbandry, a ridge of land left unploughed between two furrows, or at the end of a field. Figuratively, the disappointment of a person's curi~ osity or expectation, after having excited them. BAL To BALK, {haulk) f. a. to disappoint a person's expectations after exciting them ; to render a person's endeavours ineifectual ; to frustrate ; to miss, omit, when the contrary is expected. BALKA'N, a chain of mountains in European Turkey, which, connected with the E. extremity of the Alp3 skirting Dalmatia, crosses to the Black Sea, to C*ape Emineh. Only that part of the chain which lies between the Black Sea and the junction of the Despoto Dagh, (the ancient Rhodope,) and which was an- ciently called Mount Hsemus, is properly the Balkan. In this portion, Mons Scardus is about 10,000 feet high ; and Mons Scomius, 9000. Several tributaries of the Danube flow from the N. side ; and between Rhodope and it, on the S., flows the an- cient Hebrus. BA'LKERS, {baulkers) s. in Fishery, persons who stand on a cliff" to inform the fishermen which way the shoal of herrings go. BALKH, a town of Bokhara, formerly of considerable extent and importance, when it was under the government of Aurung- zebe ; but now in a state of decay, with fewer than 3000 inhabit- ants. Lat. 36. 48. N. Long. 67. 18. E. BALL, (baxd) s. \hol, Dan.] any thing of a round form,. Ball and socket, in Mechanics, consists of a ball or sphere of brass, fixed in a concave semi-globe with an endless screw, that it may be movable horizontally, vertically, and obliquely, and is gener- ally added to surveying instruments, to fix them in any position. An entertainment wherein people are assembled to dance. The public dances, wherein masters display the abilities of their scholars in this qualification, go by this name. BA'LLAD, s. [balade, Fr.] a popular song containing the reci- tal of some action or adventure ; words set to music, and per- formed by a singer. At present the word is appropriated and confined to trifling pieces set to music, and sung about the streets. To BA'LLAD, v. n. to make a person the subject of a ballad. BA'LLAD-SINGER, s. one who sings ballads in the public streets ; including the secondary idea of something verj- mean. BA'LLAST, s. [ballaste, Belg.] a quantity of stones, sand, or gravel, laid in a ship's hold, to sink it to a proper depth, «'. e. to make it draw more water, to sail upright, and to prevent its oversetting; and a ship is said to be in ballast when it has no other lading. Figuratively, that which is used to keep a thing steady. To BA'LLAST, r. a. to lade a ship with stones, sand, &c., to keep her steady. Figuratively, to add something to keep any thing steady. BALLE'T, s. [Fr.] a stage dance, which is mixed with dra- matic characters, and alludes to some actions in real life or fabulous history. BA'LLIAGE, s. a small duty paid to the city of London by aliens and denizens, for certain commodities exported by them. BA'LLIOL, the name of two kings of Scotland who held the crown as a fief of England. John Balliol having claimed to be king in opposition to Robert Bruce, on the failure of the direct line, Edward L was appointed arbitrator, who decided in favour of Balliol, whom he easily made his vassal. Three years after- wards, the king (named Toom-tahard, empty jacket, by his subjects in derision) leagued with France against his superior, and was dethroned and imprisoned, but afterwards permitted to retire to his baronies in Normandy. He died in 1314. His son Edward, who shared the imprisonment and retirement of his father, after his death made a descent on Scotland, and, in spite of overwhelming opposition, gained the crown, but he kept it only by the help of Edward IIL, and eventually retired on a pension from the English king, and died in 13,63. BA'LLIOL COLLEGE, one of the colleges of Oxford, founded in the 13th century. BALLOO'N, 8. (ballon, Fr.] in Aerostatics, a machine consisting of a large bag, enveloped in a net, and furnished with valves, which being fi^lled with hydrogen gas, is specifically lighter than common air, and therefore ascends, and will carry with it a car, capable of seating one or more persons, suspended to it. The first balloons were inflated by means of a fire maintained below them. No particular use has vet been made of them. In Archi- tecture, a ball or globe on the top of a pillar, &c., by way of a crowning. In Fire-works, a ball of pasteboard, filled with combustibles, which mounts to a considerable height, and bursts into stars. BA'LLOT, ». [ballote, Fr.] a method of voting at elections, by BAL which the individuals' votes are kept secret. It is done com- monly by depositing a black or a white ball into a prepared box. But it may be secured by otherplans. To BA'LLOT, v. n. \balloter, Fr.] to choose by ballot. BALLOT A'TION, s. the act of voting or electing by ballot. BALLY, a small island lying near Java, in the Eastern Archi- pelago, which is about 70 miles long, and half as many broad, and produces rice, cotton, and the usual fruits of the East. The island is under the government of native rajahs ; and the reli- gion of the greatest part of the inhabitants is Brahminical. BA'LLYCASTLE, Antrim, in Ulster, 113 miles from Dublin. It is noted for its adjacent collieries, and near it there is a cha- lybeate spring. It is a sea-port. Pop. 1697, BALLYSHA'NNON, Donegal, Ulster, 101 miles from Dublin. It has a good harbour S. E. of Donegal Bay, and a bridge of 14 arches over a river which runs out of Lough Erne, and falling from a ridge of rocks about 12 feet, at low water forms a most beautiful and picturesque cascade. It is a great salmon-leap, and great quantities of that fish are got here. Pop. 3513. BALM, (in pron. the I is dropt,) Ba'lsam, «. [taume, Fr.] an oily, resinous substance, flowing either spontaneously or by means of incision from plants possessed of medical properties. There are many kinds of balsams, but the most noted are these : 1. Balsam, or Balm of Gilead, so much valued in the country where it is produced, that it is esteemed a rich present to the Grand Signior. In Medicine, it opens obstructions of the lungs, and heals the worst kind of ulcerations. It is prescribed in asthmas, pleurisies, and whatever requires expectoration, &c. 2. Balsam of Pent, which is distinguished into two sorts, white and black. The former is called the Balsam of Incision, is of a white colour, and is excellent for wounds. The black is obtained by boiling the wood of the tree which produces it. The best is of a dark red colour, and of admirable fragrancy. It heals, dries, and discharges, and is much used externally, not only in wounds, but in palsies, and rheumatic pains, and by perfumers for its ^ scent. 3. Balsam of Tola, is produced from a tree, a species of pine, which grows in New Spam ; is of a deep yellowish colour, and of a most delicate scent. It flows from the tree in the con- sistence of turpentine, but by keeping, becomes brittle. Its pro- perties are the same, in general, with those of the Peruvian and Gilead kinds. 4. Balsam of Capivi, or of Copaiba, is likewise the produce of a tree. It is of a thinner consistence than the com- mon turpentine, but much more fragrant and detersive. 5. Bal- sam of liquid amber. It drops from a tree of Mexico, called liquid- amber styraciflua, by an incision in the bark. It is a resinous liquor, of a reddish yellow colour, and an acid aromatic taste, and of the consistence of Venice turpentine. Its essence strengthens the head and nervous system, and its oil is of singular eflicacy both for external and internal uses. There are also many sorts of factitious or artificial balsams, made up by apothecaries and chemists, which it would be endless to specify. In Botany, balm is a species of mint. To BALM, V. a. to anoint; to soothe; to mitigate. BA'LMY, a. having the qualities of balm; soothing; fragrant; mitigating. BA'LNEARY, s. \balnearium, Lat.] a bathing room. BA'LNEATOKY, a. [balnearins, Lat.] belonging to a bath or stove. BA'LSAM. See Balm. BALSA'MICS, s. in Phai-macy, medicines that soften, restore, heal, and cleanse ; of gentle attenuating principles, very friendly to nature. BA'LSAMINE, in Botany, a genus of plants, to which the garden balsams belong. BA'LTIC SEA, a large inland sea, in the N. of Europe, having Denmark and Sweden on the W., Russia and Poland on the E., Prussia and Germany on the S., and Sweden on the N. It has no tides, but there is always a superficial current sets through the Sound into the ocean, while the water, at a considerable depth, keeps rushing in. It receives the water of a vast number of rivers, and its water is not very salt. There are no consider- able fisheries; but on its S. shore is found great quantities of amber. The Baltic is generally frozen in the winter. BA'LTIMORE, Cork, Munster, with a good harbour ; it stands on a headland, which runs into the sea 5 miles N. E. of the is- land of Cape Clear. It is 168 miles from Dublin. Pop. 168. BA'LTiMORE, the third city in population, and the fifth in 09 fiAti commerce, in the United States. It is in Maryland, and is seated on the Patapsco, 14 miles from Chesapeake Bay. The streets are regular and spacious, and the harbour, which is divided into three parts, is very fine. Amon^ the public buildings, the city hall, the court-house, the Washington monument, and the co- lumn commemorating the defence of the city in 1814, are worthy of observation. There are four colleges in the town, and it is the seat of the university of Maryland. Its commerce is great. It is the greatest tobacco market in the States, and the greatest flour market in the world. It has numerous cotton factories, and other manufactories of cloth, iron, &c. Pop. 102,313, of whom 3199 are slaves. Lat. 39. 17. N. Long. 76. 36, W. BA'LTIMORE, LORD, an Irish Romanist, who, in the reign of Charles I., founded the colony of Maryland, now one of the United States. It was at a time when penal statutes were in force against Romanists and others ; this colony therefore toler- ated all sects. Lord Baltimore died in 1676, never having seen his flourishing plantation. BA'LTINGLASS, Wicklow, Leinster, It has extensive manu- factures of linen, woollen, and diaper. It is situated on the river Slaney, 29 miles from Dublin. Pop. 1928. BA'LUSTER,s. lbalustre,Fr.'\ in Architecture, a small column or pilaster, from 1 3-4ths of an inch to 4 inches square, or diameter, sometimes adorned with mouldings, and placed with rails on stairs, and in the fronts of galleries and churches. BA'LUSTRADE, s. in Architecture, an assemblage of one or more rows of balusters, high enough to rest the elbow on, fixed on a terrace, bridge, or building, by way of security, or for separ- ating one part from another. BALZA^C, JEAN LOUIS, a French writer of great excellence, who has the reputation of having formed the present polished language of France. Some of his works are deserving of notice for the kind and sound feeling they exhibit. He died in 1655, aged 61 years. BAMBA'RRA, that district of W. Africa, lying on the Joliba, or Niger, inhabited by the tribe of Bambarras, It was first ex- plored by Mungo Park, and has since that been visited by other adventurers on the Niger. The country has good pastures, and the soil is fertile in respect of common and needful vegetables. The gigantic baobab tree is a native of this district. Alligators are found in the river ; and the termites or white ants abound. The trade of the country is almost monopolized by Moors, who have introduced Mohammedism, and exercise great influence. BA'MBERG, a large, populous, handsome city of Bavaria in Germany. It is 30 miles N. of Nuremberg. It is built in a plea- sant situation, and has a fine cathedral and 9 churches. Popu- lation above 20,000. Lat. 49. 53. N. Long. 10. 59. E. BAMBOO', s. in Botany, a genus of jointed reeds, that grow up to g^eat height and considerable thickness ; most of which are found in Hindustan, China, &c. Few plants are serviceable to man in so many and such various ways. It is a vegetable, a weapon, a building material ; it is made into ropes, paper, sails, &c. ; it will serve for bedsteads, chairs, pails, tiles, &c. &c. To BAMBOO'ZLE, v. a. to trick or impose on a person, under the appearance of a friend ; to confound, under pretence of as- sisting. A word of low and ludicrous use, and never found in polite writers. BAMBOO'ZLER, s. one who, under specious pretences, tricks another ; a cheat or sharper, BA'MBURGH, Northumberland. It stands on the sea-coast, and on the tall cliflF still stands King Ida's castle, in which is a well cut 145 feet through the solid rock. It is now used in part for school-rooms, and in part as a look-out and signal tower. It is 329 miles from London. Pop. 4237. BA'MPTON, Devonshire, seated on a branch of the river Ex, in a bottom surrounded by hills, 164 miles from London. Mar- ket, Saturday. Pop. 2049, Also, a town in Oxfordshire, trad- ing largely m fellmongers' wares, as leather jackets, gloves, breeches, and stockings. It is seated on the Isis, where it is navigable by boats, on the borders of Berkshire. It is 70 miles fi-om London. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 2734. BA'MPTON LECTURE, an endowment at Oxford, for the preaching and printing of eight sermons yearly, on certain given theological subjects. BAN, s. in its primary signification, any thing publicly pro- claimed, commanded, or forbidden. In Church Government, a proclamation of the intention of two parties to enter into matri- BAN mony, which is done thrice in the church they belong to, before the marriage ceremony can be performed ; a curse, or excommu- nication. The ban of the empire, is a public act or proclamation, whereby a person or town was suspended of all the rights of members ot the German empire. To BAN, V. a. \bannen, Beig,] to curse or devote to destruction ; to execrate, BANA'NA TREE, s, in Botany, a species of plantain which frows in Africa, and is exceedingly useful to the inhabitants, ts fruit is very delicious and nourishing; its leaves, which are very long, are used for umbrellas, and other purposes, and its trunk is encompassed with several sprigs, of whicn the negroes make cords. BA'NBURY, Oxfordshire. It is a large, well-built town, and its markets are well served with provisions. It is the second town for beauty in the county, and seated on the river Charwell. The houses are generally built with stone, and the church is a large, handsome structure. It has been long noted for its cakes and cheese, and is 78 miles from London. Market, Thursday. Pop. 7366. BA'NCA, an island of the Indian Archipelago, lying near Su- matra, on the N. E. It is about 130 miles long, and about 40 miles broad. It has mines of tin, which are exceedingly valuable. It produces good timber. Population about 15,000. BAND, s. [band; Sax.] that which ties or keeps a person to a certain place, without liberty of going further ; that by which a person or animal is kept from exerting their natural strength ; the same as a bond. Figuratively, that which allies or connects persons; a company of persons so united; that which is bound round a person or thing, applied to dress ; a linen neckcloth, or an imitation of the ends of one, worn by clergymen and lawyers. In Architecture, any flat, low member, or moulding, that is broad. In Surgery, a fillet, or piece of cloth, to surround or swathe certain parts that need assistance, called likewise a roller. Band of Pensioners, 140 gentlemen, who have £100 a year each, for attending the king on solemn occasions. To BAND, r. a. to unite together hj some common tie ; to cover or bind with some narrow clotli, iillet, or band. BA'NDA ISLANDS, a cluster of nine small islands, lying S. of Ceram, in the Indian Archipelago, They produce nutmegs, rice, oil, &c. BA'NDAGE, *. [bandage, Fr.] a fillet, roller, or swathe, to bind up wounds, dislocated bones, &c. BANDA'NA, s. a kind of silk handkerchief, first made in Hin- dustan, now manufactured in England, BA'NDBOX, s, a light box made of pasteboard, designed for keeping bands, ribands, head-dresses, and other light and small pieces of dress in, BA'NDELET, s, [bandelette, Fr,] in Architecture, any little band or moulding, like that which crowns the Doric architrave. BA'NDEROL, s. [banderolle, Fr.] a little flag, in form of a guidon, extending more in length than breadth, and formerly hung out at the top of vessels. BANDI'TTI, s. [Ital.] a name given to outlaws in Italy, and generally applied to those who live in companies, and support themselves by plunder. BATVDOG, s. a large, furious species of dog, BANDOLEE'R, s. [bandouliers, Fr,] a large leathern belt, thrown over the right shoulder, and hanging down under the left arm, worn by the ancient musketeers, both for the sustain- ing of their fire-arms, and the carriage of their musket charges, which were put in twelve wooden cases coated with leather : — now out of use. BA'NDON, Cork, Munster, A corporate town on the river Bandon,over which there is a bridge, whence this place is some- times called Bandonbridge. The manufacture of linen is not now sojgreat here as formerly. Market, Saturday, Pop, 9049, BA'NDROL, s. See Banderol, BA'NDY, s. [bander, Fr,] a crooked piece of wood, towards the bottom broad, flat on one side, rounded at the other and at the handle, used in a game played with a ball. To BA'NDY, V. a. to beat or toss to and fro ; to give and take ; to exchange ; followed by tcith, to contend. BA'NDY, a. crooked. Thus, bamly leg, is a crooked leg ; and bandy-legged is applied to one that has crooked legs, BANE, s. [bona. Sax,] that which destroys life. Figuratively, poison, ruin, destruction. BAN a. to destroy, kill, or poison. a. abounding with qualities destructive to life ; To BANE, r BA'NEFUL, poisonous. BA'NEWORT, s. in Botany, a name of the deadly night- shade. BANFF, a shire of Scotland, bounded on the S. by Aberdeen- shire, on the N. by the Bay of Cromartv, on the W. by Murray, and on the E. bv the German Ocean. It is 32 miles in length, and 30 in breadth. The highest mountains in Britain are in this shire; Cairngorm is 408i) feet high. There is good pastur- age, and this, with the fisheries, is the chief trade. Agriculture has reached a very high degree of improvement here. Pop. 49,679. BANFF, Banffshire, Scotland. It is well built on the declivity of a hill, with a harbour, often stopped by the shifting of the sands at the mouth of the Deveron, over which there is a hand- some bridge of seven arches. It is 130 miles from Edinburgh. Pop. 3958. To BANG, v.a. [Sax.] to cudgel : a low, familiar word. Figura- tively, to use a person roughly, applied either to words or ac- tions. BANG, ». a blow with a stick or cudgel. BA'NGALORE, a town of Mysore, Hindustan. It has fallen away from its former importance, and its fort, which was strong, is in ruins. It still has, however, a good trade, arising from its central position. It is 215 miles from Madras. Lat. 12. 57. N. Long. 77. 38. E. Its population is about 70,000. BA'NGOR, Caernarvonshire, North Wales. This place was so considerable in ancient times, that it was called Bangor the Great, and defended by a strong castle. Its situation is low ; the principal buildings are the cathedral and the bishop's palace ; it is 255 miles from London. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 7232. BA'NGOR, a city of Maine, United States. It is situated on the Penobscot river, and has a good harbour, though 60 miles from the sea. Its principal article of trade is lumber. The city occupies a pleasant and commanding situation, affording a fine view of the river and surrounding country. The buildings, both pubhc and private, are not only neat, but many of them elegant. The theological seminary here is under the direction of the Con- gregationalists. Pop. g(627. BA'NGUE, s. a species of opiate, in great use throughout the East. It is the leaf of a kind of wild hemp, growing in the countries of the Levant. BANIA'NS, [Sansc] the name by which travelling merchants from Hindustan are called. They have settled in most of the cities and ports of Persia, Arabia, and Egypt, in considerable numbers. They were thought, from their observance of the reli- gious customs of their country, to be a separate sect. BA'NIAS, the present name of the ancient Caesarea Philippi, a town of Palestine, at the foot of the Anti-libanus. It is a small place, and of no commercial importance. To BA'NISH, V. a. [bannir, Fr.] to make a person quit his own countrv. Figuratively, to drive from the mind ; to expel. BA'NISHER, s. one who expels from, or causes another to quit, his native country. BA'NISHMENT, s. the state of a person banished. In Law, a kind of civil death, whereby a person is cut off from all bene- fits arising from the society or country in which he was born, obliged to quit it, and live in a foreign country. Oftentimes the punishment of capital crimes is remitted and converted into banishment for life ; but it is then termed transportation. BANK, «. [banc. Sax.] a great shoal of sand in the sea ; a rising ground on each side of a river, washed by its waters, which It hinders from overflowing ; earth cast up on one side of a trench between two armies ; a bench where rowers sit, in ves- sels. In Commerce, an establishment for money transactions solely; at which traders, &c., deposit their money for security, or for interest, and from which they obtain temporary loans; and which, or. the security of their deposits, issue promissory notes called bank notes, which can be exchanged for the legal money on demand. Almost all the dealings in money throughout the world are managed by them. Bank ^Etu/land, is a chartered banking company, who manage the money affairs of the govern- ment, and enjoy special privileges in return. Joint-Stock Banks, are banking establishments whose capital is raised by shares, interest on which is paid from the profits. Saving^ Banks are establishments for receiving small sums as deposits, and allow- BAN ing interest on them, under the control of the Commissioners for the Reduction of the National Debt. To BANK, V. a. to enclose with banks. In Commerce, to place money in a bank. * BA'NKBILL, s. a promissory note given by the bank for money placed there, which is payable on presenting it. BA'NKER, s. a private person intrusted with the cash of others, payable on demand. BA'NKOK, the name of the capital of Siam. It stands on the river Menam, and is of considerable size, though neither well nor substantially built. On the river many persons live in houses built on rafts, in which they carry on their trades, and sell their goods. The palace is a collection of buildings enclosed by a wall, which is fortified according to the skill of the country. The temples are the only public buildings that pretend to orna- ment, and they are conspicuous from their numerous spires and decorations. The population, which is alleged to be above 400,000, consists chiefly of Chinese. It has a brisk trade with China. Lat. 14. 21. N. Long. 100. 50. E. BAN'KRUPT, s. {banqueroute, Fr.] in Law, one who lives by buying and selling, and who, being unable to meet the demands of his creditors, and having concealed himself from them, or by some other act brought himself under the operation of the Bank- rupt laws, has his effects seized and sold, or otherwise disposed of for their benefit. On compliance with these laws, the bank- rupt may claim a certificate, which releases him firom any further claims on the part of those creditors, and which is signed by a certain number of the creditors. The laws relating to bankruptcy for Scotland differ in some respects from those in force in Eng- land. To BA'NKRUPT, v. a. to break ; to disable one from satisfj- ing his creditors. BA'NKRUPTCY, s. the state of a person declared a bankrupt ; wherein his goods are sold, and a dividend made to his creditors, in proportion to the amount of their respective debts. BAIVKS, SIR JOSEPH, a botanist of great celebrity during the last century. He went out on several voyages for the purpose of gratifying his taste for botanical discovery, to Newfoundland, and to the Pacific Ocean, and to Iceland, under the auspices of the government. He promoted many other such voyages, and, by papers published in the periodicals of various societies, sought to advance his favourite science. His library and most of nis collections are now in the British Museum. He died in 18^, aged 77 years. BANKS, THOMAS, a distinguished English sculptor, whose monuments for Sir Eyre Cooke, and Captains Burgess and West- cott, are well known. Many others of his works which gave freer scope to his imagination, such as his alto-relief of Achilles consoled by Thetis and her nymphs, are placed very high by connoisseurs. He died in 1805, aged 70 years. BA'NKSIE, s. in Botany, a genus of flowering shrubs, indigen- ous to Australia, some species of which are common in England now. BA'NNER, s. \banair, Brit.] a square flag, standard, colour, or ensign of an army. BA'NNERET, s. an ancient order of the knights, or feudal lords, who, possessing large fees, led their vassals to battle un- der their own banner, when summoned by the king. The last knight banneret was created by George iH., after the victory of Admiral Duncan over the Dutch. BA'NNIAN, s. a morning gown, or undress. BA'NNOCK, s. a cake made with oatmeal and peas, mixed with water ; common in the north countries. BA'NNOCKBURN, Stiriing, Scotland, a village near which Robert Bruce completely defeated the English army of Edward II., in 1314. It now manufactures woollen cloths and leather. It is 29 miles from Edinburgh. Pop. 2206. BA'NQUET, s. [Fr.] a feast, or great entertainment. To BA'NQUET, r. a. to entertain or give a feast to one or more persons ; to feast or regale. BA'NQUETER, s. a person who entertains another at a sump- tuous feast ; one who lives sumptuously, or keeps a good table. BANQUETING-HOUSE, s. a house where public feasts are given. The banqueting-room at Whitehall, intended for the king to feast in, was designed by Inigo Jones; but is now used as a chapel, and is called Whitehall chapel. Here twelve clergymen of Oxford and twelve of Cambridge university preach alternately. 71 BAR BA-TyQUETTE, s. [Fr.] in Fortification, a stnall bank for soldiers to mount upon, when they fire behind an intrenchment. BA'NSTICKLE, s. a very small species of fish, common in our rivers and brooks. • BANTA'M, a district and city of the island of Java, in the Eastern Archipelago. It is in the possession of the Dutch, but has much declined in its importance as a trading place since Batavia became the seat of government. Lat. 6. 2. S. Long. lOG. 9. E. BA'NTER, «. the turning any thing to jest ; the being plea- sant ; ridicule, or raillery. To BA'NTER, v. a. to represent a person or thing in such a light, as to make them laughed at, or become objects of ridicule; to rally ; to play upon. BA'NTERER, s. one who represents the actions or expres- sions of another in a ridiculous light ; one who plays on another on account of some fault. BA'NTLING, s. a sucking child ; an infant. BA'NTRY, a barony, town, harbour, and bay of Cork, Mun- ster. The barony is large, but barren and desolate ; the bay, 26 miles long, a league broad, and in the middle 40 fathoms deep, is one of the finest in the world, being capable of holding all the shipping of Europe ; the town is seated at the bottom of the bay, 104 miles from Dublin. Pop. 4082. BA'PTISM, s. [baptumos, Gr.] a rite practised by all Christian communities, as the initiation of members to churches, except the Society of Friends. It was observed in the admission oi a proselyte amongst the Jews. John, the forerunner of our Lord, practised it in his ministry. And our Lord's disciples baptized those who received him as the Messiah. It has been the theme of most fierce and unchristian controversy between different denominations of professed Christians ; and is so at the present hour. The mode of administering it, the parties who should re- ceive it, and its signification, or the privilege it confers, have been discussed for centuries, and the various opinions are main- tained as hotly as ever. BAPTI'SMAL, a. relating to, or done at, our baptism. BA'PTIST, s. [bapiistes, Gr.] one who administers baptism, applied by way of eminence to St. John, our Saviour's forerunner ; the name of a denomination of professed Christians who hold that baptism ought to be administered only to adult persons, on confession of faith. BAPTFSTERY, s. [baptisterium, Lat.] the place in the church where baptism is administered ; the font. To BAPTFZE, c. a. [baptizo, Gr.] to perform the ceremony of baptism ; to christen. BAPTI'ZER, s. one who administers the sacrament of baptism. BAR, s. [barre, Fr.] a piece of wood or iron, made use of to secure the entrance of any place; a rock or sand-bank, at the entrance of a harbour or river, which keeps off ships of burthen ; the part of a court of justice where the criminal generally stands, and within which the counsel and judge sit to trj' causes, so called from a wooden bar being placed there to keep off the crowd; an enclosed place at a tavern, coffee-house, &c., wherein a person sits to take care of and receive the reckoning. Figur- atively, any obstacle, or thing which hinders ; any thing which keeps the parts of a thing together. In Law, a peremptory ex- ception against a demand or plea brought by a defendant in an action, that destroys the action of the plaintiff for ever ; also the whole body of pleaders, or barristers. A bar of gold or silver is a lump of either, melted and cast into a mould without ever having been wrought. In Music, the straight strokes drawn perpendicu- larly across the lines in a piece of music, dividing it into portions according to the time ; also, the portions so divided. In Heraldry, an ordinary resembling the fess, differing from it in narrowness, and that it may be placed in any part of the shield. Bar-shot, two half-bullets joined together by an iron bar, used in sea engage- ments for cutting down masts and rigging. Also a new French measure of weight, consisting of 204lb. 4oz. 4d. 54gr. To BAR, v. a. to fasten or secure any entrance by a piece of iron or wood. Figuratively, to exclude, except against ; to hin- der, or put a stop to. BAR, the name of three towns of France. Bar-sur-Aube lies on the river Aube, and is the capital of the department of that name. Its situation is agreeable, and its trade consists of the wine pro- duced in its vicinity, and its manufactures of brandy, oil, &c. It is 125 miles from Paris : and its population is about 4(K)0. 72 BAR Bar-sur-Ornain, so named from the river on which it lies, is capi- tal of the Meuse department. It has manufactories of cotton, woollen goods, gloves, hats, &c., and confectionery. It is 152 miles from Paris, and has a population of above 12,000. Sar- sur-Seine, in the department of Aube, lies on the Seine, over which it has a good oridge. Iron is found in the neighbourhood, and there is a marble quarry also. It is 113 miles from Paris, and has a population of less than 3000. BARB, s. [barba, Lat.] in its original signification, a beard. In its secondary, any thing that grows in its place, or resembles it. The piece of wire at the end of a fish hook, which makes an angle with the point, and hinders it from being extracted ; like- wise the pieces of iron which run back in the same manner from the point of an arrow, and servo for the same purpose. ^ BARB, s. [a contraction of Barbary,'] a horse brought from Barbary, esteemed for its beauty, vigour, and swiftness. Also a variety of pigeon having a red circle round their eyes. BA'RBACAN, s. [barbacane, Fr.] in Architecture, a long nar- row canal, or passage for water, in walls, where buildings are liable to be overflowed ; likewise to drain off water from a terras ; an aperture in the walls of a city, to fire muskets through at an enemy. In Fortification, a fort at the entrance of a bridge ; an outward defence or fortification to a cit}- ; a watch-tower. BARBA'DOES, the easternmost of the Windward Islands in the W. Indies. It is in general a level country, though not without hills ; is 21 miles in length, and 14 in breadth. It had formerly a good deal of wood, which is now almost all consumed with carrying on the sugar-works. The commodities which they export are, sugar, rum, cotton, indigo, and ginger; and they have most of the fruits common to the climate. Thejr have no manufactures, nor do they breed many cattle ; receiving their corn, cattle, flesh, and clothes and furniture from the United States and England. The hurricanes are not so violent here as in the other Carribbees, and the trade-winds make the climate comparatively healthy. There are some remarkable bituminous springs in this islana, which yield a kind of tar. It is 60 miles E. of the island of St. Vincent, and 84 S. E. of Martinico. The capital town is St. Michael, or Bridge-town, which lies in Long. 59. 36. W. Lat. 13. 10. N. The population is above 100,000. BARBARIAN, s. {barbarus, hat.'] in its primary sense, applied by the Greeks and Romans to all that were not of their own na- tion, i. e. a foreigner; but in process of time it acquired a se- condary idea of cruelty, and was used to denote a person void of all the elegant embellishments of life, and the social affections of benevolence, good-nature, and humanity. BARBA'RIC, a. [barbaricus, Lat.] foreign ; brought from coun- tries at a great distance. BA'RBARISM, s. [barbarismus, Lat.] in Grammar, an offence against the purity of style or language ; uncultivated ignorance. Applied to manners, rudeness ; want of politeness ; savageness ; cruelty. BARBA'RITY, «. {barbaritas, Lat.] incivility, unpoliteness. Applied most commonly to manners, cruelty, savageness, want of pity, kindness, and humanity. BARBAROSSA, a name given to two famous Turkish corsairs, who were the first Turkish rulers of Algiers. The elder, Arooje, by his skill and daring as a pirate, acquired power sufficient to seize on a portion of the Mediterranean coast of Africa, whence he continually made irruptions by sea and land on his neigh- bours, till he took Algiers, and became so formidable that the emperor Charles V. sent out an army against him, surprised by which, he fell in the year 1518. His brother Karadin was chosen bis successor, who, to maintain his sovereignty, obtained the title of viceroy from the Porte, and aid in the way of soldiers. He gained great fame in the wars, which, as admiral to the Porte, he carried on, in conjunction with France, against the emperor and his allies. He died in 1540. BARBARO'SSA, a surname given to the celebrated Frederic I., emperor of Germany. He was nephew to Conrad HI., his predecessor, and on his death was elected emperor by his recom- mendation. His reign was one of the most splendid in the his- tory of Germany. By his firmness and moderation he preserved the internal peace of his empire, establishing the duchy of Aus- tria almost as an independent state, and taking from Henry the Lion all his fiefs except Brunswick and Lunenburg. He made no fewer than six irruptions into Italy, with a view to suppress the spirit of insubordination to imperial mandates which Arnauld BAR of Brescia preached at Rome, and all the great trading cities cherished as their life. He entered Rome as a conqueror twice ; Tortona, Crenia, Milan, Spoleto, fell before his arms ; Ancona successfully defied him ; a similar check at Alexandria, and a de- feat received from the Milanese at Lignano, led him to treat with the republics, and after six years to the treaty of Constance, by which their independence was fully recognised. Frederic's career ended on the frontiers of Syria, whither, impelled by the military fanaticism of his times, he went on a crusade, in con- junction with Philip Augustus and Richard Coeur de Lion. Near Seleucia, a cold mountain-stream tempted him to bathe, and he died in his C9th year, in 1190. BA'RBAROUS, a. \harbarus, Gr.] applied to learning, ignor- ant ; unacquainted with the polite arts and sciences. Applied to manners, void of benevolence, pity, or compassion ; cruel ; savage ; inhuman. BA'RBAROUSLY, ad. in such a manner as shows a mind un- polished with learning ; a stranger to politeness, pity, compas- sion, or humanity. BA'RBAROUSNESS, s. incivility of manners ; cruelty. BA'RBARY, that part of Africa which extends along the Mediterranean from Egypt to the Atlantic, and contains Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers, and the empire of Morocco. It was known to the ancients by the name of Mauritania, Numidia, and Proper Africa. It is fertile in corn, maize, wine, citrons, oranges, figs, almonds, olives, dates, and melons. Their chief trade consists in their fruits, in their horses called barbs, Morocco leather, os- trich-feathers, indigo, wax, tin, and coral. The inhabitants are chiefly Mohammedans; and there are some Jews, but few Christians, except the slaves. See Algeria, Morocco, &c. BA'RBAULD, Mrs. ANNA L., a well-known writer of works intended for the young, in conjunction with her brother. Dr. Aikin. Her husband, who was a Unitarian minister, kept, for many years, a school at Palgrave, Suffolk, in which she aided, with great success. The Evenings at Home and Early Lessons have not yet lost their popularity. Her other writings were of a more general character. She died in 1825, aged 82 years. To BA'RBECUE, r. a. [Ind.] to dress a hog whole, by split- ting it to the back-bone, and broiling it upon a gridiron, raised two feet above a charcoal fire. BA'RBECUE, s. hog dressed whole after the West Indian manner. BA'RBEL, s. [barbus, Lat.] in Zoology, a large, strong, but coarse river fish ; so called from its having a barb or wattle under its chin. BA'RBER, s. [barhier, Fr.] one who shaves. BA'RBER SURGEON, s. one who, in olden time, practised bleeding, drawing of teeth, &c., together with the trade of a barber. BARBERI-TST, the name of an ancient Italian family, from whom the Barberini Palace at Rome derives its name. The Portland Vase in the British Museum is also known by this name. BA'RBERRY, s. in Botany, a bush, which grows in hedges to the height of eight or ten feet, with pretty yellow flowers, whose berries have an agreeable acid flavour, when preserved. BARBU'DA, one of the Leeward Islands, in the West Indies, possessed by the English, about 21 miles long, and 12 broad. The land is low, but fertile. The inhabitants are chiefly em- ployed in raising corn, and breeding sheep, kids, fowls, and other stock, for the neighbouring islands. They likewise culti- vate citrons, pomegranates, oranges, raisins, Indian flgs, pepper, indicx), &c. Here is no harbour, but a well-sheltered road on the W. side. It is near 20 miles N. E. of St." Christopher's. • Lat. 17. 36. N. Long. 61. 46. W. Population less than 000. BA'RCA, an inland district of Tripoli, in Africa. Its inhabit- ants are all Arabs, and it is governed by their sheikh. It has two small towns, of which Bengazzi is the chief. BA'RCAROLLE, s. [Ital.] a name by which the popular songs of the boatmen, &c., at Venice, are designated. BARCELO'NA, the capital of Catalonia, in Spain. It is the see of a bishop, and has a good harbour protected by a mole. It is divided into the New and Old Towns, which are separated from each other by a wall and a ditch. The inhabitants cany on an extensive trade, chiefly in the wines produced by the pro- vince. It is strongly fortified by walls arid a citadel ; and its population exceeds 160,000. Lat. 41. 21. N, Long. 2. 9. E. BAR BARCELO'NA, a town of Columbia, S. America. It stands on the Neveri, a short distance from the sea. It is protected by a fortress, and has some trade, as it is in the line of communica- tion between the interior of the Columbia and the chief W. Indian Islands. It has, besides, some fisheries. Its population is about 10,000. Lat. 10. 10. N. Long. 64. 47. W. BA'RCLAY, ALEXANDER, one of the old English writers, whose works helped in the formation of our language. He was a Franciscan monk, and after the suppression of the monasteries held livings in the English Church. He died in 1552, aged about 70 years. BA'RCLAY, JOHN, the author of the well-known poetical romance. Argents, and other works. He was a Romanist, and spent the greater part of his life away from his native country, Scotland ; and died at Rome in 1621, aged 40 years. The Argenis has been translated out of its original Latin more than once, but the translations are antiquated, and do not express the clearness and force of the original. Amongst its admirers, Coleridge, Cowper, and D'Israeli, in modern days, are to be ranked. BA'RCLAY, ROBERT, of Ury, near Aberdeen, Scotland, author of the learned and masterly Apology far the Quakers, was the son of one of the royalists of the times of the civil wars of the 17th century. He was educated at Paris, and became at- tached to Romanism ; but on his return, after a few years, ho adopted the views his father had already espoused, and joined the Society of Friends. In connexion with this change he studied the original Scriptures, and the works of the Fathers and of eminent theologians, with great assiduity ; and the result was the exposition and defence of his doctrinal and ritual views, with great clearness and logical acumen. He frequently engaged in journeys for the interest of his denomination, and was well re- ceived at the court of Charles II. and James II. He died in 1690, aged 42 years. BARCO'CHEBAS, a Jew, who, in the second century, pre- tended to be the Messiah ; and being a man of great intrepiaity, and his fellow-countrymen being cruelly harassed by the Ro- mans, he was able to collect such a force that he took Jerusalem, and made himself a king. The Rabbi Akiba, and others of the most learned of the nation, were deceived respecting him, and fell with him when the Romans recaptured the city in 135. BARD, s. \bardd, Brit.] among the ancient Britons, Danes, and Irish, an order of men who used to sing the great exploits of heroes to the harp, were persons in the highest esteem among all ranks of people, and treated with peculiar reverence by kings, &c., as persons whose calling was sacred. Even in the present times, the word implies a. poet. BA'RDSEY, or the island of the Bards, called also the Isle of Saints, is a small island in the Irish Sea, connected with Caernar- vonshire, Wales, and near Cardigan Bay. It is about two miles long and one broad ; and has fertile soil in some parts, which produce good corn ; though the higher parts are barren. The sea-clifi's are the resort of water-birds, whose eggs are part of the trade of the island. Pop. iJO. BARE, a. [bare. Sax.] uncovered ; without any dress ; naked. Figuratively, without ornament ; destitute, or in want of neces- saries ; not joined with any thing else ; alone ; solitary ; very much worn ; that has lost its knap ; threadbare. To BARE, V. a. to strip. BARE, Bore, the prefer, of To Bear. BA'REFACED, a. with the face uncovered. Figuratively, without dissimulation or disguise ; with great effrontery or im- pudence. Generally used in a bad sense. BAREFA'CEDLY, ad. in such a manner as shows a bold, daring impudence. BA' REBOOT, a. without shoes, or any covering to the feet. BAREHE'ADED, a. without a hat, or any covering to the head. BARE'ILLY, an extensive town of Delhi, in Hindustan, stand- ing on the banks of the Jooah and Sungkra rivers, which are tributaries of the Ganges. It has manufactories for cutlery, fur- niture, &c. ; and its population is about 70,000. Lat. 28. 23. N. Long. 79. 16. E. 805 miles from Calcutta, and 142 from Delhi. BA'RELY, ad. without clothes, applied to dress ; without any thing else, or only, applied as an exceptive. BA'RENESS, s. applied to dress, either total nakedness, or a want of some necessary part of attire ; meanness, with respect to the quality of clothing. L 73 BAR BARETIU, JOSEPH, an Italian who settled in England, and conducted the foreign correspondence of the Royal Academy. He was the author of a good Italian and English Dictionary, and of some entertaining volumes of letters, describing his travels on the continent, besides other works. In his controversies, into which he fell in Italy, with other authors, he evinced by far too great asperity, which made it needful for him twice to leave his country. He died in England, in 1789, aged 75 years. BA'RGAIN, (barsan) s. [bargen, Brit.] a voluntary agreement made between traders to deliver or sell a commodity at a price agreed on ; the thing bought or sold ; the conditions of sale. Synon. Bargain is more limited, relating to sale. Agreement and Contract are more general, implying any sort of stipulation ; with this difference between them, that Agreement seems to denote a ver- bal one ; Contract, one that is written. To BA'RGAIN, v. a. to agree to, or make terms for, the sale of any thing. BARGAINEE', «. the person who agrees to the condition of a bargain or purchase. BA'RGAINER, s. one who proposes the conditions of a bar- gain. BARGE, s. [bargie, Belg.] a large flat-bottomed vessel used for the carriage of goods in rivers ; likewise a state or pleasure- boat, built with a room capable of containing several persons. BA'RI, a town, in a province of the same name, part of the Sicilian dominions in Italy. It is on the sea-coast of the Adriatic, 140 miles from Naples, and has a harbour protected by two moles. It is a very ancient town, and abounds in relics of for- mer times. The church of St. Nicholas, and the castle, are very interesting from their architecture. It has a royal college ; and a population of about 20,000. Lat. 41. 8. N. Long. 16. 55. E. BARI'LLA, «. in the glass trade, a sort of potash imported from Spain, being the ashes of a plant called saltwort, which is collected from the coasts. BA'RIUM, s. in Chemistry, a metal discovered by Sir Hum- phrey Davy. It is of a dark-grey colour, and a lustre inferior to cast iron. It effervesces strongly when thrown into water, from the escape of hydrogen. It is the metallic base of the alkali, baryta. fiARK, s. [barck, Dan.] in Botany, the outside covering of those parts of a plant which are above the ground, and which is divided into the inner and living bark, which is renewed yearly, and the outer or dead bark, which separates from the plant when of no further use. Bark is also used in conversation for the Cinchona, or Jesuits-bark, a most valuable medicine in febrile diseases : it is the bark of a tree, originally growing in Peru, with the properties of which the natives were acquainted. Oak bark is used for tanning ; and the bark of some foreign trees is used for dyeing. Cork is the bark of an evergreen oak found in the south of Europe. Bark-bed, is a bed formed of the refuse of tanyards, for the forcing of delicate plants in pots. BARK, Barque, «. [barque, Fr.] a small vessel with one deck only, used in transporting merchandises either by sea or on rivers. To BARK, V. a. to strip off the rind or bark of a tree. To BARK, V. n. [biornean. Sax.] to make a noise like a dog, when he gives the alarm. BARK-BA'RED, a. stripped or robbed of the bark. BARK-Bl'NDING, s. in Gardening, a disease incident to trees, wherein the bark is so close, that the vegetation, and circulation of the sap, is hindered. It is cured by slitting the bark, or cut- ting it alon^ the grain. BA'RKER, s. applied to a litigious, noisy, or clamorous person. BA'RKER, EDMUND HENRY, of Thetford, Norfolk, was an indefatigable compiler and editor of works relating to the clas- sics, and school editions of classic authors. Noah Webster's English Dictionary, Dunbar's Greek Lexicon, and Valpy's Stephens' Thesaurus, were edited either wholly or in part by him. He died in 1839, aged 50 years. BARK-GA'LLING, «. is when the bark or rind of a tree is galled or fretted with thorns, &c., which is cured by binding clay on the galled places. BA'RKING, Essex. It is seated on the river Roding, not far from the Thames, in an unwholesome air. It has been chiefly noted for a large monastery, now in ruins, there being nothing left standing but a small part of the walls and a gate-house. It is 7 miles from London. Market, Saturday, Pop. 8718. BAR BA'RKLEY, orBE'RKELEY, Gloucestershire. It is seated on a branch of the river Severn ; and formerly was of some note for a nunnery ; and has still the title of a barony. It is 112 miles from London. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 4405. BA'RKWAY, Hertfordshire. 34 miles from London. Pop. 1291. BA'RKY', a. that consists of, or has the properties of, bark. BA'RLETTA, a sea-port of the Adriatic, in the Sicilian do- minions, 1 12 miles from Naples. The town is walled, and defended by a citadel. The harbour is sheltered by a mole, and there is a lighthouse on an island which in part protects it. It has a con- siderable trade, and a population of nearly 20,000. Lat. 41. 20. N. Lon^. 16. 18. E. BA'RLEY, s. [bar, Heb.] in Botany, the grain whence beer is extracted. Pearl-Barley , is the kernel of barley stripped of its husk, and passed through a mill which grinds off the ends, giv- ing the grain a round, pearly appearance. BA'RLEY-BRAKE, s. a kind of rural play, which consists in swiftness of running. BA'RLEY-CORN, s. a grain of barley ; used in long measure, as the third part of an inch. BA'RLEY-MOW, s. a heap of barley laid together, and formed into a rick or stack. BA'RLOW, JOEL, a Congregational minister of Massachu- setts, United States, who, during the war of Independence, served in the army as a volunteer and chaplain. Being in Eng- land ^,fter the peace, and having relinquished the ministry, he was deputed by the " Constitutional Society " to the National Convention of France. He was then sent as consul-general for the States to Algiers, and afterwards as minister-plenipoten- tiary to France. He died as he was seeking an interview with the emperor at Wilna, in 1812, aged 58 years. In his own coun- try his poems and other writings have gained his uatne as much notice as his diplomatic engagements. BARM, s. \burm, Brit.] that which is put into drink to make it work, or into bread to swell it, and make it lighter ; com- monly called yeast. BA'RMY, a. that has been well fermented or worked with barm or yeast. BARN, s. [bern. Sax.] a place, or house, wherein any grain, hay, &c. is stored ; also, the place where corn is threshed. BA'RNACLE, s. [probably of beam, a child, and aac. Sax. an' oak,] in Natural History, a bird of the goose kind, common in the western isles of Scotland ; also a kind of shell-fish which is found sticking to the bottoms and sides of ships in certain seas. It was formerly imagined that the barnacle grew on an oak, whence falling into the water it became first a shell-fish, and af- terwards a sea-fowl. BA'RNARD CASTLE, Durham. It takes its name from a caslle (a large structure, situated on a rock by the river, a great pai t of which is still standing) built here by Bernard Balliol, gnat -grandfather of John Balliol, king of Scotland. Here are some manufactures of bridles, reins, belts, stockings, serges, and camlets. It is seated on the river Tees, 246 miles from London. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 4452. BA'RNET, CHIPPING, Hertfordshire. It was a great thorough- fare, but now is known chiefly as the scene of the battle between the Roses, in which Warwick fell. It is 12 miles from London. Market, Monday. Pop. 2485. BA'RNEVELDT, JOHANN VAN OLDEN, the distinguished champion of liberty in the United Provinces, in the 16th cen- tuiy. He was actively engaged against Philip II., and went as ambassador to the court of Elizabeth to obtain aid. He strove incessantly to avert the evils which the pride and incompetency of the Earl of Leicester threatened them with, and at length pro- cured his recall. He succeeded in gaining such help from James I. and Henry IV., that at length a treaty with Spain was con- cluded. And now Barneveldt^ trouble began. He apposed the ambition of Maurice, the son of the celebrated William of Orange ; became embroiled by his adversaries in a theological controversy about the doctrines of Arminius ; and at length was seized, tried, and beheaded in 1619, aged 72 years. BA'RNSLEY, Yorkshire, W. R. It is seated on the side of a hill, and has a manufacture of wire. It is commonly called Black- Barnsley, and is 171 miles from London. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 12,310. BA'RNSTABLE, Devonshire. It is a corporate town, and is seated on the river Tau, over which there is a good bridge ; BAR and the market is lar^e for cattle, corn, and provisions. It is a sea-port, but has lost its importance. It is 191 miles from Lon- don. Market, Friday. Pop. 7902. BARO'DA, a city of Gujerat in Hindustan, surrounded by a fertile and well-cultivated country. It is built carelessly, and fortified, but not strongly. The population is about 100,000. It is the residence of the Guicowar, or chief of the Mahrattas. Lat. 22. 21. N. Long. 73. 23. E. BAROMETER, s. \haros and metreo, Gr.] a machine for mea- suring the weight of the atmosphere, and the variations in it, in order chiefly to determine the changes of the weather. It is a glass tube filled with mercury, hermetically sealed at one end ; the other open, and immersed in a vessel of mercury ; so tliat, as the weight of the atmosphere diminishes, the mercury in the tube will descend, and as it increases, the mercury will ascend ; the column of mercury suspended in the tube being always equal to the weight of a column of the atmosphere of equal diameter. BAROMETRICAL, a. relating to, or tried by the barometer. BA'RON, s. [possibly from baro, Lat.] a term which formerly included all the greater nobility. It is now used as a degree of nobility next below that of a viscount, and above that of a ba- ronet. Their coronet is a gold circlet with six pearls. Parlia- mentary barons are not barons by name only, but are all by birth peers, noblemen, and are summoned by the king " to treat of the weighty afl^airs of the nation, and to give counsel upon them." They have the following immunities and privileges : in criminal causes they are judged by their peers only, and are not put on oath, but deliver the truth upon honour; are not impan- nelled on a jury, nor liable to certain writs. Besides these, the two archbishops and all the bishops of England are parliament- ary barons, and enjoy all the privileges of the others, excepting that they are not judged by their peers, but by a jury of twelve. Barons of the Exchequer, are four judges, who determine causes between the king and his subjects, in affairs relating to the re- venue and the exchequer. Barons of the Cinque Ports, are mem- bers eleisted two for each, who have seats in the House of Com- mons. Baron andfemme, in Law, are husband and wife. Baron andfemme, in Heraldry, is when the coats of arms of a man and his wife are born per pale in the same escutcheon. BA'RONAGE, s. \baronasium, low Lat.] the body of barons ; the dignity, or lands, which give title to a baron. BA'RONESS, s. [baronessa, Ital.] the lady or wife of a baronet. BA'RONET, s. [diminutive of baron,} a degree of honour next to a baron, created by King James I. to promote the plantation in Ulster, in Ireland, for which purpose each of them was to maintain 30 soldiers in Ireland, for three years; and they have precedence of all knights, except those of the garter, bannerets, and privy counsellors. They bear, as an honorary augmentation to their arms, the arms of Ulster, viz. argent, a hand guks ; and they are addressed by the title. Sir. BARCNIUS, C^SAR, a writer on Ecclesiastical History, whose numerous works are of considerable authority. He was made a cardinal by Clement VIII., and died in 1607, in his G9th year. BA'RONY, 8. [baronnie, Fr.] the lordship or fee of a baron, whether spiritual or temporal. BA'ROSCOPE, s. [baros and skopeo, Gr.] an instrument to show the alteration of the weight of the atmosphere. BA'RRA, the name of a district occupied by a tribe of Man- dingoes at fhe mouth of the Gambia, in W. Africa. It is fertile, and the inhabitants bestow great labour in its cultivation. They profess the Mohammedan religion, and are in number about 200,000. BA'RRACAN, s. \bouracan, or barracan, Fr.] a kind of stuff resembling camlet, but coarser, and used for surtouts, or upper garments against the rain. They are manufactured principally in England, Flanders, and the North of France. BA'RRACK, s. [barracea. Span.] a small hut erected by the Spanish fishermen along the shore ; likewise buildings raised to lodge soldiers in. BARRA'S, PAUL JEAN F. N., COUNT DE, one of the pro- minent actors during the French Revolution. He was amongst the commissioners from the Convention who sat in Toulon after its evacuation by the English ; and during the tumults preceding the fall of Robespierre, was appointed General-in-chief by the Convention, in opposition to the party of the Commune. On the insurrection of the 13th Vindemiaire, he was again put at the BAR head of the military, and Napoleon Buonaparte under him sup- pressed it. He was a member of the Directory, and on the ap- pointment of Buonaparte, retired from public employment, in which he never afterwards appeared. He died in 1829, aged 74 years. BA'RRATOR, s. Ibarat, old Fr.] a litigious person, or one who is fond of quarrels and law-suits. BA'RRATRY,*. in Common Law, the moving or maintaining of suits in the disturbance of the peace ; and the taking and de- taining houses, land, &c. by false pretences. BA'RRAY, one of the western isles of Scotland, eight miles in length, and three in breadth, rocky on the east side, and arable land on the west. There is plenty of cod and ling near this island, and the fisheries are very productive. Pop. 1977. BA'RREL, s. Ibaril, Brit.] a cylindrical wooden vessel, which serves for holding several sorts of wares and merchandise. The English barrel, wine measure, contains 31 and a half gallons ; beer measure, 36 gallons ; and ale measure, 32 gallons. It denotes also a certain weight of several merchandises, which differ accord- ing to the several commodities. The barrel of herrings ought to contain 32 gallons wine measure, which amount to about 28 gal- lons old standard, making about 1000 herrings. The barrel of salmon must hold 42 gallons ; of eels, the same ; and of soap, 256 pounds. In Mechanics, it is the cylinder of a watch, about whicn the spring is turned. In Gunnerv, it is the cylindrical tube of a gun, pistols, &c., through which the bullet is discharged. In Anatomy, it is a cavity behind the tympanum of the ear, about four or five lines deep, and five or six wide, lined with a fine membrane, on which are several veins and arteries. In this cavity are four small solid bones, not covered with the periosteum as the rest of the bones of the body are. To BA'RREL, v. a. to put into, or enclose in a barrel. BA'RREN, a. [bare. Sax.] applied to animals or soils, not able to produce its like. Applied to genius, not able to produce any thing new. BA'RRENLY, ad. in an unfruitful manner. BA'RRENNESS, s. that imperfection in any animal or ve- getable that renders it incapable of bringing forth, or propagating its kind. Also want of invention, sterility of thought, &c. BARRICA'DE s. [barricade, Fr.] any defence in the military art raised against an enemy hastily, made with vessels, carts, baskets of earth, trees, or palisades. Figuratively, any thing which obstructs or hinders the motion of any thing. To BARRICA'DE, v. a. [barricader, Fr.] to stop up a passage ; to hinder the advance or motion of any thing. BARRICA'DO, s. [barracuda. Span.] in Fortification, a defence ' made with stakes shod with iron, crossed at the top with bat- tons, and erected in passages or breaches. To BARRICA'DO, v. a. to block up a passage ; to hinder an enemy from passing any defile or place. BA'RRIEK, s. [barriere, Fr.] that which keeps an enemy off, or hinders him from entering into any country ; a fence made at a passage, entrenchment, &c., to stop up its entm Figura- tively, an obstruction or hinderance ; a boundary or limit. BA'RRISTER, ». one who is qualified, from his having per- formed his exercises at the inns of courts, and by licence from the lord high chancellor, after a proper standing, to plead the cause of clients in a court of justice. BA'RROW, s. [berewe. Sax.] any carriage moved or set in motion by the hand ; hence a hand-barrow is a frame of boards on which things are carried by handles at its extremities between two men. A wheel-barrow is that with one wheel at the head, by which it moves when pushed forward by the handles at the other end. BA'RROW, s. [beorff. Sax.] a hill or mound raised in honour of warriors who died in the field of battle, by the ancient Britons, and the Saxons. BA'RROW, ISAAC, D. D., an eminent theologian and mathe- matician of the English Church. He was connected with Cam- bridge through all the changes of the 17th century ; but during the years immediately preceding the Restoration, he was travel- ling through the south of Europe. He held on his return several of the professorships in succession, and was Master of Trinity when he died in 1677, aged 47 years. He was greatly extolled during his life for his mathematical attainments, which were con- siderable, but have been completely obscured by the discoveries and inventions of Sir Isaac Newton, for whom he entertained a BAR very warm affection. His theological works are esteemed for their clearness and vigour of thought. BA'RROW, a river in Ireland, which rises in King's county, and after a course of about 90 miles, flows into the sea at Water- ford harbour. By means of a canal from Athy, which lies on this river about 60 miles from the sea, there is an inland navigation from Waterford to Dublin. BA'RROW, POINT, a low sandy spit, of but a few miles in breadth, projecting into the Arctic Ocean, and formed apparently by the force of the icebergs, which, running aground in the shallow water, have forced up the loose soil thus. Lat. 71. 23. N, Long. 156. 20. W. BA'RROW'S STRAITS, the name now given to what was called Lancaster Sound. They lead from Baffin's Bay to the Arctic Ocean. Lat. about 74. N. BA'RRY, s. in Heraldry, when an escutcheon is divided from side to side, into an even number of portions, consisting of two or more tinctures, interchangeably disposed, the number of pieces being specified ; but if the divisions be odd, the field must be first named, and the number of bars expressed. Barty-bendy, is when an escutcheon is divided equally, by lines drawn trans- versely and diagonally, interchangeably varying the tinctures by which it consists. Barry-pily, is when an escutcheon is divided by lines drawn obliquely from side to side, where they form acute angles. BA'RRY, JAMES, an eminent EngHsh painter, whose picture of the Diagorides victors at Olympia, is so justly celebrated. During the whole course of his life, whilst studying at Rome, as well as whilst in England, he was engaged in disputes with other artists, which not only imbittered his spirit, but prevented him from enjoying the reward his art merited. He died in 1806, aged 65 years. BA'RTAS, SIEUR GUILLAUME DU, a once famous poet of France, whose celebrity rests now solely in the eminent names of his admirers. His poems are in the style of Blackmore, im- mortalized by Pope's Bathos. He was of some note as a soldier and a politician, and was attached to the court of Henry IV. He died of the wounds he received at the battle of Ivry, in 1590. BA'RTER,«. in Commerce, the purchasing one commodity by another, or exchanging one ware for another. In Arithmetic, the rule for determining such exchanges. Synon. Barter is a mercantile expression, and intimates the exchange of different commodities by way of traffic. To BA'RTEK, v. a. [baratte, Fr.] to exchange one thing for another ; the original manner of carrying on all trade and com- merce till the invention of money. BA'RTERER, s. he that trades by exchanging one commodity for another. Barthe'lemy, Jean Jacques, the author of the well-known Travels of Anarchasis the Younger. He was for the times pro- foundly versed in the languages, manners, customs, history, &c., of^the peoples of antiquity, and was a member of the French Academy. The French Revolution deprived him of the resources which the munificence of his patrons had given him. He was arrested once, but released by Danton. He died in 1795, aged 89 years. BARTHO'LOMEW, the name of one of the apostles, supposed to be the same with Nathanael, of whose history nothing re- mains but an uncertain tradition of his having journeyed into India. St. Barthohjnew's day, is rendered notorious by the mas- sacre of the French Huguenots in 1572, by the order of Charles IX. ; and the ejection of the Nonconformist ministers in Eng- land in 1662, for refusal to subscribe to the new edition of the Book of Common Prayer. BARTHO'LOMEW, ST., the name of one of the hospitals in London, in Smithfield, a very valuable institution ; whose build- ings, &c., are worthy of observation for their architecture, &c. BARTHO'LOMEVV'S, ST., one of the smaller Carribbee Is- lands ; being about 60 square miles in extent. It has one good harbour, near the principal town, Gustavia. Its trade consists in timber, limestone, and the products of the soil, which are those common to the W. Indies. It belongs to Sweden, and its popu- lation is under 10,000. ^ Ba'rtoli, Daniele, the historian of the Jesuits, and author of works on subjects connected with natural philosophy, and lan- fuage; was admired as a preacher in his order. He died in 671, aged 77 years. 70 BAS BARTOLO'ZZI, FRANCESCO, a much-admired engraver during the last century. He worked in several places in Italy, in England, and in Portugal. Some of the plates in Boydell's Shakspeare which he engraved are well-known specimens of his ability. He died in 1818, aged 88 years. BA'RTON, s. [barton. Sax.] the demesne lands of a manor ; a manor-house ; the fields, out-houses, &c. : a term in great use in the west of England. BA'RTON, ELIZABETH, was a servant at an inn in Kent, subject to fits, which the Romanists thought could be turned to advantage against the growing Reformation. She was therefore received into a convent, and called the " Holy Maid of Kent." Fisher and Sir Thomas More were deceived by her pretensions, and sanctioned her exhibitions. Attempting prophecies, how- ever, in matters too high for her, she drew on lieiself, and some of her accomplices, the displeasure of Henry V^IIL, and was be- headed in 1534, aged about 30 years. BA'RTON, Lincolnshire. It is seated on the river Humbor, where there is a considerable ferry to pass over into Yorkshire, of great advantage to the town, which is a large, straggling place, 166 miles from London. Market, Monday. Pop. 3475. BA'RUCH, a scribe, who assisted Jeremiah in his task of teaching and warning the Jewish people. A book, not reckoned canonical, containing historical records relating to the Jews dur- ing the captivity, and some prophetical passages, exists. It is found only in the Greek language, and is received only by the Church of^Rome. B A'RYTES, s. an alkaline earth , formed by the oxidation of barium with air or water. Sulphate of barytes is very plentiful in the Derbv'shire lead mines, where the workmen call it cauk. BASA'LT, one of the rocks of igneous or volcanic origin, and of very frequent occurrence, both in the form of veins or dykes, cutting through the substance of other rocks, and in masses ly- ing on their surface, as if extruded from beneath them. It is a very close-gruined, hard rock, of a dark-brown colour, usually composed of silica, alumina, and oxide of iron, with a small pro- portion of some other earths. It very commonly assumes a co- lumnar structure, of which Fingal's cave and the Giant's Cause- way are familiar and beautiful instances. The whole mass of the rock is composed of jointed, angular columns ; which, according to Mr. G. Watts, are formed by a peculiar process during the cooling of the rock in its state effusion. BASE, a. [bas, Fr.] applied to actions, proceeding from ■ a mean, narrow, abject, and sordid disposition. Applied to rank, low, mean, and void of dignity. Applied to birth, descended from mean parents. Applied to metals, counterfeit or adul- terated. Applied to sounds, deep, grave. BASE, s. [bas, Fr. basis, Lat.] in Architecture, the lower part of a column or pedestal, being the same to a column as a shoe is to a man. In Fortification, an imaginary line drawn from the flanked angle of a bastion to that which is opposite to it. In Geometry, the lower part of a figure ; in a triangle, it is properly that side parallel to the horizon. In Anatomy, the broacfer or upper part of the heart, to which the two auricles are fixed. Base fee, is tenure in fee at the will of a lord. In Chemistry, the earth, alkali, or metal which is combined with an acid to form a salt. ■ To BASE, V. a. [basier, Fr.] to lower the value of a thing by mixtures ; to debase ; to adulterate. BA'SELY, ad. meanly, dishonourably. In bastardy. BA'SEMENT, s. [Fr.] in Architecture, the ground floor of a building, the external appearance of which, both in temples, churches, houses, &c., is contrived to give the impression of strength and solidity. BA'SENESS, 8. applied to actions, that which is void of gene- rosity, magnanimity, or nobleness of soul, and proceeds from a narrowness or meanness of spirit. Applied to metals, their want of the standard value. Applied to birth, dishonourable, or ille- gitimate. Applied to sound, low, grave. BASE-VIOL, s. See Bass-viol. To BASH, V. n. to be ashamed. BASHAW, s. [Turk.] a Turkish governor of a province, city, or district, who has two horse-tails carried before him. BA'SHFUL, a. easily put out of countenance. BA'SHFULLY, ad. in a timorous, sheepish manner. BA'SHFULNESS, s. timorousness, fear, or sham^. BASHKU'RS, the inhabitants of the province of Orenburg, B AS lying on the Caspian Sea, between Tobolsk and AstrakhAn. They are of Tatar origin, but have embraced Mohammedism, and retain in dress ana manners traces of their ancestry. The Erovince of Orenburg is fertile and rich in all manner of wealth ; ut the people subsist partly by hunting, and partly as herds- men. The gold mines are very productive. Tney are subjects of the Russian empire. Althougn the winters are Siberian in their character, in summer the heat is intense ; and the sirocco is a frequent and a fatal visitant, especially on the E. border. BA'SIL, Ba'slb, or Bale, the capital of the canton of Basil, in Switzerland. It is a large, rich, populous city, with a bishop's see, and a famous university. It is divided into two parts by the river Rhine ; the largest of which is on the side of Switzerland, and the least on that of Germany ; but they are joined together by a handsome bridge. The cathedral is a very fine building, and has two towers above 200 feet high. The town-house, and fine paintings in fresco, (particularly one by Holbein, which re- presents the passion of Christ,) are much admired by travellers. The library contains a prodigious number of books, as well in manuscript as printed ; and tnere is a rich collection of medals, among which tnere are several exceedingly scarce. The manu- facture of ribbons furnishes the chief support to the place. The population is near 20,000. Long. 7. 31. E. Lat. 47. 40. N. The canton lies amongst the Jura Mountains, and is watered by the Rhine and the liirs. It is about 20 miles long, and 15 broad ; and produces wine and corn, and affords good pasturage for cattle. The Hauenstein is almost 3000 feet high. BA'SIL, (bdzil) s. the sloping edge of a carpenter's or joiner's tool, which varies according to the work it is to do ; the skin of a sheep tanned. In Botany, a plant scientifically called clino- podiuin. To BA'SIL, (bdzil) V. a. to grind away the edge of a tool to a certain thickness or angle. BA'SILIC, Basi'lical, a. in Anatomy, belonging or relating to the basilical vein. BASI'LICA, s. [basilike, Gr.] in Anatomy, the middle vein of the arm ; so called by way of pre-eminence. BASI'LICA, s. [Gr.] in Architecture, the name given to a class of Roman public buildings, which were used as courts of justice, and haJls of commerce; and were erected most commonly near the fora of cities. They consisted of a long and lofty building, with two lower buildings on its sides, divided from it by rows of columns, and with galleries over them open to the central part. The most complete specimen was discovered at Pompeii. In Italy, modern buildings for similar purposes are similarly con- structed, and called by the same name. The consecration of many of those at Rome as churches, on the establishment of Christianity there, led to the adoption of that form for churches generally. BASI'LICON, s. [Gr.] in Pharmacy, an ointment called Hke- wise tetrapharmacon, from its being composed of four ingi-e- dients, viz. resin, wax, pitch, and oil of olives ; by some, of Bur- gundy pitch, turpentine, resin, and oil. BA'SILISK, (bdzilisk) s, [basiliskos, Gr.] a fabulous serpent, said to kill by its look ; also a species of lizard. BASI'LIUS, ST., commonly called St. Basil, one of the Fathers of the church in the fourth century. He was a learned man, and had travelled much, and was appointed bishop of Caesarea on the death of Eusebius. He resisted the Arians, and founded a mo- nastic order, which was named after himself, and flourished in the Eastern church. His works are voluminous. He died in 379, aged 50 years. BA'SINGSTOKE, Hampshire. It is a corporate town, and is seated on a small brook, 47 miles from London. Its chief trade is in corn. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 4066. BA'SIS, s. [basis, Lat.] the foundation, or that on which any thing is established or supported. See Base. To BASK, V. a. [backeren, Belg.] to warm by exposing to or ly- ing in the heat of the sun.— k. n. to lie in a warm place. BA'SKERVILLE, JOHN, a noted printer of the last century. He greatly improved the form of the letters, and his Italic type is particularly admired. He died in 1775, aged 50 years. BA'SKET, «. \basged, Brit.] a vessel made with twigs, rushes, &c., woven together. BA'SKET-HILT, s. a hilt of a weapon so made as to contain the whole hand, and defend it from being wounded. BASNA'GE, a French family, many members of which have BAS attained to literary eminence. The most famous of which is Jacques Basnage, who, in the 17th century, was a Protestant clergyman at the Hague, and was engaged in several diplomatic undertakings on behalf of France, being greatly confided in by the government. He was intimate with most of the great scholars of his day. His works are very numerous, and are chiefly on theological objects. He died in 1723, aged 71 years. BA'SON, Ba'sin, s. [basin, Fr.] a small vessel to hold water or other liquors ; a hollow place which contains water ; a pond ; a dock for repairing or building ships ; a concave piece of metal made use orby opticians to grind their convex glasses in ; a round shell, or case of iron, placed over a furnace, wherein hat- ters mould their hats ; a tract of country surrounded by high ground, in which is a lake, or a river which effects the drainage of the whole. In Anatomy, a round cavity in the form of a tun- nel, between the anterior ventricles of the brain, the pituitory glands, and the veins. Basons of a balance are the same as scales, one of which contains the weight, and the other the commodity whose weight is required. BASQUE PROVINCES, three provinces of Spain, Guipuscoa, Alaya, and Biscay, usually included in the designation Biscay. They lie on the Bay of Biscay, between Asturia and Navarre. One branch of the Pyrenees runs through them, and supplies them with many mines of copper, tin, iron, &c., and with quarries of sandstone, marble, &c. The Ebro has its rise on the S. side of these mountains, and waters Alaya ; on the N. side are a few small streams only. They produce com, oil, and a common kind of wine. The chief towns are Bilbao, San Sebastian, and Vit- toria. The population is about 400,000. BASQUE LANGUAGE, the dialect of the district lying about the angle of the Bay of Biscay, partly in France, and partly in Spain. It differs considerably both in its etymology and syntax from the languages derived from the Roman, and from the Celtic, and in many particulars is nearly related to the Semitic dialects. BASS, (pron. base, which way it is frequently spelt,) «. [basso, Ital.] in Music, the lowest of all the parts, serving as a founda- tion to the others. That part of a concert consisting of the gravest, deepest, and most solemn sounds. Coimter-bass is the second, when there are several in the same concert. Thorough- bass, is that which proceeds without intermission from the begin- ning to the end, and is the harmony made by bass instruments playing both while the voices sing and other instruments per- form, and also filhng the intervals when they stop ; the science of harmony. Also a mat used in churches to kneel on, made of rushes, in a cylindrical form, and stuffed with hay ; commonly called a boss. BASS' STRAITS, the arm of the sea dividing Van Diemen's Land from New Holland, which is above 100 miles across ; and is occupied at each end by groups of islands. BASSA'NO, a town lying on the Brenta, in the Venetian ter- ritory of Italy. There is a fine bridge over this river. It has a considerable trade, exporting silk, woollen goods, leather, &c. &c. It has a population of about 10,000, and is about 20 miles from Padua. BASSA'NO, a name assumed by two painters, born here, whose proper name was II Ponte. The churches of their native place, and of Vicenza, are adorned with their works ; and some are known in England. They did not attain to a high degree of excellence, except in a very few instances. They nourished in the 16th century ; the father dying in 1592, and the son in 1591. BA'SSET, s. [basset, Fr.] a game at cards. BA'SSO, s. [Ital.] in Music, sometimes extended to the bass universally, and at other times restrained to that only which is sung. Basso concertato, the figure or thorough bass, going through the whole piece, playing chords, or whatever can convey harmony to the ear. Basso repieno, the bass of the grand chorus, which is heard only or comes in at interval*, in order to make the composition have a greater effect. BASSOO'N, s. [basson, Fr.] in Music, a wind instrument, blown with a reed, nine inches diameter at the bottom, with eleven holes, stopped like those of a flute, dividing into two parts, and used for the bass in concerts with hautboys. BASSO'RA, or Ba'sra, a considerable town of Persia in the province of Bagdad. It stands on the Sbat-el-Arab, which is formed by the junction of the Euphrates and the Tigris, about 70 miles from the Persian Gulf. Large vessels can come quite 77 BAT up to the town, which is thus a sea-port of considerable import- ance. It is the emporium for all the trade between Turkey and India. Its population is about 60,000. Lat. 30. 25. N. Long. 47. 35. E. BA'SSO-RELIE'VO, Bas-relie'f, «. [Ital.] in Sculpture, a work the figures of which do not stand out much from the ground or plane on which they are formed, as upon coins, medals, &c. BASS-VI'OL, s. a musical instrument of the same form as the violin, but much larger ; is played upon in the same manner, and has the same number of strings and stops. BA'STARD, s. [bastardd, Brit.] in Law, a person born of pa- rents which have not been lawfully married, and cannot inherit land as heir to his father. To BA'STARD, r. a. to convict of getting a bastard ; to prove a person not begotten in lawful wedlock. To BASTARDI'ZE, v. a. to prove a person not begotten in lawful marriage ; to get a bastard. BA'STARDLY, ad. like a bastard ; in a degenerate, spurious manner. BA'STARDY, s. in Law, an unlawful state of birth, wherein a person is produced from a couple not married, and is therefore disabled from succeeding to an inheritance. To BASTE, V. a. [bastonner, Fr.] to beat with a stick. In Cookery, to moisten meat, while roasting, with butter or dripping. Among sempstresses, from hosier, Fr. to stitch, to sew two sel- vages together. BA'STIA, a sea-port, the capital of Corsica, with a good har- bour, but fit for small vessels only. At the entrance of the har- bour is a singular rock, quite isolated, which, without any as- sistance from art, bears a very close resemblance to a lion couching, and raising its head. It is situated on the N. E. coast of the island. Lat, 45. 36. N. Long. 9. 30. E. Its population is about 10,000. BASTFLE, a royal castle built by Charles V. in 1369, for the defence of Paris, formerly used as a place of confinement for state prisoners, but totally demolished bv the populace, at the commencement of the Revolution, in 1789. BASTINA'DE, Bastina'do, «. \bastonnade, Fr.] the act of beating with a stick or cudgel ; the punishment inflicted by the Turks, of beating the soles of a person's feet with a heavy piece of wood, having a large knob or round head at the end. To BASTINA'DE, Bastina'do, v. a. [bastonner, Fr.] to beat with a stick or cudgel. BA'STION, s. [basticm, Fr.] in Fortification, a large mass of earth, faced with sods, seldom with brick or stone, standing out from a rampart. BA'STON, Batto'n, s. [Fr.] in Architecture, a mould at the base of a column, called a tore. In Heraldry, a kind of bend not reaching quite across the shield; a sign of bastardy, and ought not to be removed till the third generation. BAT, s. any large club ; particularly one flat on one side, used in the game of cricket. In Natural History, a quadruped whose extremities are expanded into membranaceous wings, which ap- pears only in the evening. BA'TABLE, a. in Law, applied to grounds whose property is disputable. BATA'VIA, a handsome, large, and very strong town, in a district of the same name, in the island of Java ; the capital of all the Dutch settlements and colonies in the East Indies. The place is very beautiful, and built with white stone ; and they nave canals in the principal streets, planted on each side with evergreen trees. The fortifications are rendered very strong by the nature of the ground, and the shallowness of the bay. It has a handsome hospital and arsenal ; and all the goods brought from other parts of the East Indies are laid up here till they are exported to the places of their destination. The harbour is ex- cellent, and lies on the N. E. part of the island, S. E. of Sumatra, and N. W. of Borneo. The population is about 60,000, of whom about 15,000 are Chinese. Long. 106. 50. E. Lat. 6. 10. S. BATCH, *. the quantity of bread baked at one time. Any quantity of a thing made at once, so as to have the same qualities. BA'TCHELOR, s. See Bachelor. BA'TCHELOR'S BUTTONS, s. in Botany, the common white and red campion. To BATE, V. a. [contracted from abate,} to lessen a demand or lower the price of a commodity; to abstain or refrain from a thing ; to except or take away. 78 BAT BATEMENT, s. the lessening the quantity of stuff: used by carpenters and mechanics, BAT-FO'WLING, s. a method of catching birds in the night, Practised by lighting straw, or carrying a lantern near the ushes, which being beat with a stick, they fly towards the light, and are caught in nets provided for that purpose. BATH, s. [Sax.] a vessel or place containing hot or cold water, in which the whole person may be bathed or washed. In Medi- cine, the use of such a bathing is recommended for disorders of the assimilative organs. There are at many places in England, as well as in other countries, springs possessing medical pro- perties, whose waters are used for bathing. In Chemistry, baths are vessels for distillation, contrived to transmit heat gradually and regularly. They are of two kinds, sand-baths and water- baths. Sand-baths are vessels filled in part with dry sand, in which those retorts are placed which require a greater heat than can be given by boiling water. Water-baths are vessels of boil- ing water, in which other vessels, containing the matters to be distilled, are put, in order that the same heat may be kept up throughout the whole of any particular process. Knu/hU of the Bath, a military order in England, instituted by Richard II., who limited their number to four ; but his successor, Henry IV., in- creased them to forty-six. Their motto was tres in uno, signify- ing the three theological virtues. This order received its deno- mination from the custom of bathing before the ceremony of creation. This order, after remaining many years extinct, was revived under George I. BATH, Somersetshire. This city, which is beautifully situated on the river Avon, has been famous from the times of the Ro- mans for its hot springs ; but it has not lately been so much re- sorted to, owing to the more recent celebrity of other springs in this country, and on the continent. It is built almost entirely of stone, and laid out in squares, crescents, terraces, &c., which rise above each other, from the Avon to the summit of the hill. The abbey church, the general hospital, and the dispensary, are fine buildings. Considerable manufactures of cloth and paper are carried on near Bath. It is 107 miles from London. Mar- ket, Saturday. Pop. 38,304. BATH, a sea-port of Maine, United States, situated on the west bank of the Kennebec river, 12 miles from the ocean, with great advantages for navigation. It is one of the principal com- mercial towns in Maine. Ship-building is the most extensive business. Pop. 5141. To BATHE, r. a. [hathian, Sax.] to wash in a bath ; to soften or supple by the outward application of liquors ; to wash any thing. BATH-KOL, s. [Heb. the daughter of the voice,'] a name whereby the Jewish writers distinguish the revelation which God made of his will to his chosen people, when, upon the death of Malachi, all prophecies had ceased in Israel, BATH-ME'TAL, s. mixed metal, otherwise called Prince's Metal. BATHURST, an English settlement at the mouth of the Gambia, in W. Africa. It is a place of considerable trade, and except during the rainy season not unhealthy. BA'THURST, the chief town of a district of the same name in New South Wales, on the Macquarrie river, 120 miles from Sydney. The population of the district is under 5000. BA'TING, prep, except. BATTA'LIA, s, [battaglia, Ital.] the drawing up an army in order of battle. BATTA'LION, s. [battaillon, Fr.] a small body of infantrj' drawn up in order of battle. A battalion seldom falls short of 700, or exceeds 1000 men. It is generally ranged in six ranks. BA'TTAS, the name of a native tribe inhabiting the greater part of the island of Sumatra. Their religion resembles that of the Hindus, but in their language they resemble the Malays. Cannibalism and slavery prevail amongst them. BA'TTEN, 8. a name given by workmen to a long thin piece of wood, of an inconsiderable breadth, seldom exceeding four inches ; it is generally about an inch thick. To BA'TTEN, v. n. [batten, Teut.] to glut or satiate oneself; to grow fat, to live luxuriously. Applied to land, to make fruitful. BA'TTER, s. in Cookery, a mixture of flour, eggs, and milk; beaten together with some liquor. To BA'TTER, v. a. [battre, Fr.] to beat, to beat down. Most commonly applied to the battering of walls by engines, can- non, &c. B AU BATTERY, s. [batterie, Fr.] in Fortification, a place where artillery is planted, in order to play upon the enemy. In Law, the beating any person unjustly. In Electricity, a combination of electrical or Leyden jars, arranged so as to enable an experi- menter to use their accumulated force, being dischargeable by one conductor. In Galvanism, a vessel containing a plate of zinc and a plate of copper, with diluted acid, so connected that an electrical current is generated for the purpose of exijeri- ments, &c. BA'Tl'LE, Sussex, so named from an abbey, called Battle Ab- bey, erected on the spot where the decisive battle was fought between Harold and William duke of Normandy, Oct. 14th , 1000. The gate-house of the abbey (which was a stately pile, nearly a mile in circumference) remains almost entire, and serves for the sessions, and other public meetings. The town consists of one good street, and has a harbour for barges, and a manufacture of gunpowder. It is 57 miles from London. Market, Thursday, for provisions, and every second Tuesday in the month for cattle, corn, &c. Pop. 3039. BA'TTLE, s. [battaille, Fr.] a fight between two numerous bodies of men. Synon. The fight of two individuals is fre- quently, but improperly, called a battle instead of a combat, for a oattle supposes a number on both sides. We use the word battle when speaking of the conflict between two armies. Engayement is applied to the encounter between two fleets. To BA'TTLE, v. a. [battailkr, Fr.] to engage in battle, or con- tend in any manner whatever. BA'TTLE-A.RRA'Y, s. arrangement or order of battle ; the proper disposition of men in order to engage an enemy. BA'TTlE-AXE, «. a weapon made use of in former times. BA'TTLEDOOR, s. an instrument used to strike a shuttle- cock ; it consists of a handle and broad blade. BATTLEFIELD, Shropshire, 5 miles N. of Shrewsbury, where a victory was gained by Henry IV. over the rebels under Henry Percy, surnamed Hotspur. It is governed by a constable, and has a large church, and one long street paved ; but no manufac- tory. Pop. 04. BATTLEMENTS, s. indentations in a wall, parapet, &c., to look through, or to annoy an enemy. BATTO'LOGY, s. \hatlos and le^o, Gr.] a tedious circumlocu- tion, or the frequent repetition ot the same word without any reason. BATTON, s." in Merchandise, a name given to certain pieces of wood or deal for flooring and other purposes. BATTOO'N, s. [baton, Fr.] a truncheon or staff", borne by a marshal as a mark of his dignity ; likewise, any short stick or club. BAVA'RIA, one of the German kingdoms, adjoining to Swit- zerland and France. It is a mountainous country, and some peaks of the Alps belonging to it exceed 9000 feet in height. Its principal rivers are the Rhine, the Danube, the Main, theSaale, and their tributaries. Lake Constance in part belongs to it, and it has many other lakes. The forests are very extensive, but the soil, so far as it is cultivated, is abundantly fertile. Iron, quick- silver, and copper are found in abundance; and gold, silver, lead, &c. more rarely. There are also coal mines, and mines of black-lead, with salt-works, which are veiy productive. All species of grain, flax, tobacco, the vine, hop, &c., &c., are grown for consumption, and for trade. The climate and soil are favour- able to the rearing of cattle, and wild animals, excepting game, are fast disappearing. Its manufactures are inconsiderable, but it has, by means of its great rivers, a very extensive trade, exporting, besides natural productions, linen goods, beer, glass, &c. Its capital is Munich, and its population is between 4 and 5,000,000, of which above 00,000 are Jews. BA'VAROY, a kind of cloak or surtout. BAU'BLE, s. [baubellum, barbarous Lat.] a play-thing; and figuratively, any thing of a trifling, insignificant nature. BAU'HIN, the name of two eminent French botanists of the 16th century. They were of great service to the science of botany by their zeal in collecting, describing, and engraving drawings of the plants of their country, and in gathering together observations of other botanists. The elder brother, John, died in 1013, aged 72 years, and Gaspard in 1024, aged 84. BA'VIN, s. a sort of brush faggots, used by bakers to heat their ovens, and by others for other uses; in war, they are used to fill up ditches. BAY BAU'MGARTEN, ALEXANDER G., a German philosopher, who harmonized the systems of Wolff and Leibnitz, and de- veloped the principles of ^Esthetics. He died in 1757, aged 43 years. BAWBEE', «. in Scotland, a halfpenny. To BAWL, V. a. [balo, Lat.] to cry or speak any thing with a loud voice. BAW'SIN, s. in Natural History, a badger. BAWTRY, or Beau'try, Yorkshire, W. R. It is seated on the river Idle, near the borders of Nottinghamshire. Its chief trade is the produce of the neighbourhood, and the mile stones and grind stones manufactured in the town, which are conveyed to Hull by the canal joining the Don and the Ouse. It is 150 miles from London. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 1083. BA'XTER, RICHARD, one of the best known of the noncon- formist ministers of the 17th century. His first step in active life was an attempt to gain favour by playing the courtier to Charles I. Disgusted with his experience at Whitehall, and deeply moved by religious impressions, he became a preacher ana minister. During the wars he was engaged as chaplain in the parliament's army, and by his influence much mitigated its polemic spirit. At the Restoration he was one who suff'ered through the Act of Uniformity and its companion Acts of op- pressive tyranny. He was fined and imprisoned by the infamous Judge Jeffries ; but lived till 1091, when toleration was estab- lished. He was 70 years old when he died. He wrote very many works, of which the History of his Times, his Method of Theology, and Saints' Everlasting Rest, are the most widely known. BAXTE'RIANISM, a name given by Calvinists to that system of theology taught by Baxter, and which seeks to reconcile Cal- vinism and Arminianism, by harmonizing some parts of these schemes and rejecting other parts. BAY, s. \badius, Lat, haye, Belg.] applied to the colour of a horse, is that which inclines to red, and approaches near to a chesnut. The light and gilded bays have a greater cast of the yellow; the dun, scarlet, and bloody bay, a greater mixture of red; and the chesnut bay, that which resembles the colour of a chesnut. In Geography, a part of the sea which runs into the land, and is broader in the middle than at its first entrance, called the mouth. A stag is said to be at bay when he turns round to defend himself with his horns against the dogs which have chased him ; and hence, figuratively, this term is employed to signify the state of one surrounded by enemies, who cannot be escaped, and against whom active opposition alone is of avail. In Architecture, used to signify the largeness of a building; thus a barn, which has a floor and two heads, is called a barn and two bays. In Botany, the laurus, a kind of evergreen, which used to be formed into wreaths, as a reward for poets, &c. Hence it is used as a token of honour, and a mark of merit. To BAY, V. a. [abboyer, Fr.] to bark at ; to surround, in the same manner as hounds do their prey. BAY-SALT, s. salt made of sea-water, which receives its con- sistence from the heat of the sun, and is so called from its brown colour. BAY-WINDOW, s. a window which swells or projects out- wards. BA'YARD, «. a horse of a bay colour: originally, a horse's name derived from a celebrated French knight. BA'YARD, the Chevalier, celebrated as the faultless mirrour of knighthood. Under Charles VIII. , Louis XII., and Francis I., he served with great distinction, at the famed Battle of Spurs, saving the French army by his skill and resolution. He fell in an engagement with the forces of the emperor Charles V., at the Sesia, in 1-524, aged 50 years. BAYEU'X, a town near the north coast of France, 150 miles from Paris, on a stream named Aure. The cathedral is very old, and its architecture and style of ornament are of the Norman period. In it has been preserved an ancient piece of tapestry, said to have been worked by Matilda, the queen of William the Conqueror. It represents the Norman account of the conquest of England. The town is not of so much consequence as it was, but great quantities of lace are still manufactured here. The population is about 10,000. BAYLE, PETER, the celebrated author of the Historical and Critical Dictionary. He was the son of a Protestant minister, but whilst studying at a Romanist college at Toulouse, he em- 79 BEA braced Romanism. In the following year he renounced it, and though during the rest of his life outwardly a Protestant, his writings show a sceptical spirit respecting all religion. He was for some years a Professor at Sedan, and afterwards he occupied the philosophical chair at Rotterdam. He died in 1700, aged 60 years. His controversy with his friend Jurieu, and that which arose respecting his Dictionary, gave rise to many of his writ- ings, which have stamped him as a lover of polemics. Fondness for paradox was the root of his most serious errors. BA'YONET, s. [bayonette, Fr.] a short, broad dagger made lancet-fashion, with a round hollow iron handle, which goes over the muzzle of a musket, and fixes it to it. BAYO'NNE, a large commercial city in the department of the Basses Pyrenees, France. It stands on the confluence of the rivers Nieve and Adour, not far from the Bay of Biscay. It is very strongly fortified, and both the streets and public buildings are handsomely built. It is noted for hams and chocolate, and its export trade consists chiefly of masts brought from the Pyre- nees by the rivers. It is 525 miles from Pans. Its population is about 18,000. Lat. 43. 30. N. Long. 1. 30. W. BA'Y-YARN, s. yarn proper for making baize. BAZA'AR, s. [Pers.] the name of the buildings used in the East for trade ; appropriated in this country to buildings divided into stalls, which are used as retail shops. BAZA'S, a small city in the dept. of Gironde, France. It was once a bishop's see, and its cathedral is still admired. It is 409 miles from Paris. Its population is about 3000. BDE'LLIUM, (in pronunciation the b is generally dropped,) s. [bdellion, Gr.] a gum-resin, somewhat resembling myrrh in appear- ance, brought from the Levant ; it is met with in single drops of an irregular size, some of which are as large as a hazel-nut. Its colour IS dusky, and its taste bitterish. The bdellium of the an- cients is thought to have been of mineral origin. To BE, V. n. [beon. Sax.] to exist. It is used also as a relational verb, or as the copula in simple sentences. In English the pas- sive form of all verbs is made by the use of this verb with their past participles. BE, in Grammar, a verbal prefix, indicating, when used with verbs, the greater completeness of the action signified ; — when used with nouns, that tne thing signified by them is turned into action. BEACH, s. that part of the sea-shore which is washed by its waves. BE' ACHED, a. that is exposed to the sea waves. BE' ACHY, a. that abounds in beaches. BE' ACHY-HEAD, a promontory on the coast of Sussex, be- tween Hastings and Shoreham, with a telegraph and lighthouse on it. Lat. 50. 44. N. Long. 0. 15. E. BE'ACON, s. {beacon. Sax.] a signal, or combustibles raised on an eminence, to be fired as the signal of an enemy's approach ; a signal or mark erected at sea, for the security of vessels. BE'ACONAGE, s. a tax paid for the use and maintenance of a beacon. BE^ACONSFIELD, Bucks. It stands on an eminence on the old high-road between London and Oxford, and derived great advantage formerly from its position. Edmund Burke is buried here. 23 miles from London. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 1732. BEAD, s, [beade. Sax.] a small round piece of glass or other substance, moving on a string which runs through it, used by those of the Romish Church to count their sins and prayers. Likewise used as ornaments for women, and worn round their necks in necklaces. In Architecture, a round moulding, or astragal, carved so as to resemble a necklace. BIJADLE, s. [bt/del, Sax.] a public crier, herald, or messenger. In Law, one who cites people to appear at a court, one whose office is to punish or apprehend strollers, vagrants, and petty oflTenders in a parish. At the university, one who walks before the masters in public processions. Squire beadles are those that attend peculiarly on the vice-chancellors, give notice of convo- cations at each college, and are generally Masters of Arts. BE'ADPROOF, s. among distillers, a fallacious way of deter- mining the strength of their spirits, from the continuance of the bubbles or beads raised by shaking a small quantity of the spirit in a phial. BE'ADROLL, s. a list or catalogue of a certain number of prayers for souls of the dead, which are generally counted by the members of the Romish Church on their beads. BEA BE'ADSMAN, ». one who devotes himself entirely to prayer , one who undertakes or professes to pray for another. BE'AGLE, s. [bigle, Fr.] in Natural History, an English hound, or hunting dog, of a small size, known by its deep bark, and used in hunting hares. BEA'K, s. Ibec, Fr.] the bill of a bird, or any thing which re- sembles it. BE'AKED, a. sharp-pointed, resembling the beak of a bird. BE'AKER, s. a cup or glass with a spout. BE'AL, s. a pimple, or any eruption in the skin, which rises or protuberates beyond it. BEALT, Bealth, or Bulith, Brecknockshire, South Wales. It is pleasantly seated on the river Wye, and its inhabitants have a trade in stockings. It is 171 miles from London. Market, Monday for cattle, Saturday for provisions. Pop. 120.3. BEAM, s. [Sax.] in building, a large piece of wood lying across the walls of a building, supporting the principal rafters of the roof. Applied to a balance, that piece of iron, &c., which sup- ports the scales. Among weavers, a cylindrical piece of wood, placed lengthways on the back part of the loom, on which the threads of the warp are rolled, and unrolled as the work ad- vances ; likewise the cylinder, or round piece of wood, on which the stuff is rolled as it is weaved, placed on the forepart of the loom. A ray of light emitted from any luminous body. Applied to an anchor, the straight part or shank. To BEAM, V. n. to emit or dart rays. BE'AMINSTER, Be'minster, or Be'mster, Dorsetshire. It is a pretty place, seated on the river Bert, 137 miles from London. Market, Thursday. Pop. 3270. BE'AMY, a. that darts rays ; shining, radiant. BEAN,s. [6ean, Sax.] in Botany, a common genus of legumin- ous plants, used very extensively as an article of food. To BEAR, V. a. \beoran, beran, Sax.] primarily, to support, stand under, or carry ; to sustain, or keep from falling ; to en- dure, permit, or suffer without resentment ; applied to name, to go by that name ; joined vi'\t\i price, to sell at a certain price, to nave a particular value ; followed by do'ivn, to overcome, or carry along with one ; by off, to carry away by force ; by out, to sup- port or maintain any particular opinion advanced; by upon, to stand firm, to be related to. To bear a head, in Distilleiy, &c., when a liquor shows its quality by a persistent froth when snaken. To bear a hand, colloquially, to render assistance readily. To bear a body, in Painting, used of colours capable of being well ground down, and mixing intimately with oil, so as to be opaque, and not show any other colours through them. To produce, to bring forth young ; to produce fruit. BEAK, s. [Sax.] in Natural Historr, the name of a genus of flesh-eating quadrupeds, distinguishea by their feet, which have soles like man's feet. They have six cutting teeth in each jaw, and their claws are strong and hooked. Some species may be taught various tricks, but their ferocity has seldom been wholly subdued. The common black bear is a native of Europe, and was formerly a native of England also. Both Asia and America have many peculiar species, especially the former. In the north- ern regions of America and the old continent lives the white bear, which is larger than any other kind. It lives and feeds on seals, &c., on the great fields of ice which cover the Arctic Ocean, and is frequently found floating on detached pieces of ice, very many miles from land. In Astronomy, the name of two constel- lations, called the Greater and the Lesser, in the N. hemisphere. The last star in the tail of the Lesser Bear is called the Pole Star, because it lies but a little distance from the imaginary point in the heavens called the N. Pole. The Great 5ear Lake is a lake of N. America lying near the Arctic Circle. The length of it is about 150 miles, and its depth is very great. BEAR-A'LSTON, Devonshire. Tne name of a former market town and borough, in the parish of Beer-Ferris. It is beautifully situated by the Tamar ; and was formerly rendered more valu- able by a silver mine, which is not workea now. It has lost all its importance since its disfranchisement. It is 212 miles from London. Pop. of the whole parish, 2142. BEARD, s. [beard. Sax.] the hair which grows on the cheeks, lips, and chin of most varieties of the human species, respecting the wearing and adornment of which, the most remarkable and diverse customs have prevailed in different ages and nations. It is cultivated with religious care amongst the Mohammedans ; but amongst civilized nations of the present day, i worn only BE A by soldiers and fops :— the Chinese wear false beards rather than appear destitute of this appendage. Applied to vegetables, it signifies the awns of ears of coin. In an arrow, it is the barb of the head. In Astronomy, the tail of a comet is sometimes called its heard. To BEARU, V. a. to take a person by the beard, including the idea of strength and contempt in the agent. BE'ARDED, a. an epithet applied to a person that has a beard. Applied to vegetables, that has long awns like those growing on the ears of barley. Applied to instruments, that is forked like a fish-hook, not easily to be pulled out ; jagged. BE'AllDLESS, a. without a -beard. Figuratively, young, or not arrived at the state of manhood. BEA'RER, s. one who carries or conveys a thing from one to another ; one who supports, or sustains, applied to dignity ; that which produces or yields fruit, applied to vegetables. BEA'R-GARDEN, s. a place wherein bears were formerly kept for diversion. Figuratively, any place where low diversions are exhibited, and tumult and confusion are customary. BEA'RING, s. the act of supporting a weight ; the carrying a burthen. In Geography, and Navigation, the situation of one place in respect of another, with regard to the points of the com- pass. In sea language, when a ship sails towards the shore be- fore the wind, she is said to bear in with the land or harbour. To let the ship sail more before the wind, is to bear up. To put her right before the wind, is to bear round. A ship that keeps off from the land, is said to bear off. When a ship to the windward comes under another ship's stern, and so gives her the wind, she is said to bear under her lee. BE'ARN, one of the ancient provinces of France, lyings on the Pyrenees. On account of its mountainous character, wine, and the usual mineral products of such districts, were its natural wealth. The people, who were of Basque origin, were distin- guished bv their vivacity and simplicity. Pau, its capital, was the birthplace of Henry IV. of France. • BEA'RS-FOOT, s. in Botany, a plant, called also the stinking hellebore. BEAST, s. [beste, Fr.] an animal not endued with reason ; generally applied to quadrupeds. Figuratively, a person who acts inconsistently with the character of a rational creature. BE'ASTLINESS, s. that which is unworthy of a man ; that which is indecent and disgustful. BE'ASTLY, a. that resembles a beast, either in its form, or other of its peculiar qualities. To BEAT, V. a. preter. beat, part. pass, beat or beaten ; [battre, Fr.] to strike a person ; to pound, to reduce to powder ; to forge ; to subdue, overcome, or vanquish ; to mix together by violent stirring. Used with the particle down, to lessen the price. Used with brains or head, to apply one's thought to a difficult subject. "Jobeat his brains about things impossible," Hayw. " Waste his time, and beat his liead about the Latin Grammar," Locke. Used with up, it signifies to sail against the wind by tacking ; and to raise recruits for an army.— u. n. applied to the throbbing of the heart and arteries, to pulsate. Synon. In order to beat, we must redouble the blows; but to strike, we give only one. We are never beaten without being struck ; but we are often struck without being beaten. BEAT, 8. a stroke ; the sound made by a drum, when struck hy the sticks ; the stroke or throb of the pulse or hektt ; a di- vision of a bar, in music. BE'ATER, s. an instrument by which blows or strokes are given ; a pestle. BEATFFIC, Beati'fical, a. \beatijlcus, Lat.] that can render • a person completely happy. An epithet use"d by divines for the bliss of heaven. BEATI'FICALLY, ad. in such a manner as to make a person perfectly happy. BEATIFICATION, s. in the Romish Church, an acknowledg- ment that a person is in heaven, and may be esteemed as bless- ed ; but not allowed the honours of saints, conferred by canon- ization. To BEATIFY, V. a. \beatiJieo, Lat.] to make perfectly happy; to bless with a place in the heavenly mansions. BE'ATING, 8. a punishment inflicted with blows. BEATITUDE, s. [beatitudo, Lat.] in Divinity, a state of per- fect happiness, free from defect or interruption, applied to that of the deceased saints and angels in heaven. BEA BEATON, DAVID, Archbishop of St. Andrews, Scotland, \yhose cruelty in persecuting the adherents of the Reformed re- ligion, has rendered his name infamous in that countrj'. He was made a cardinal and legate by Pope Paul III, ; and on the death of James V., after being defeated in a plot to obtain the govern- ment of the kingdom, was appointed lord chancellor, in which office he made his name terrible and hateful to all. He was as- sassinated in 1546, in his 52nd year. BEATS, 8. in Clock or Watch work, the strokes made by the pallets of the spindle of the balance. In Music, pulsations ob- served in the sound produced by two strings or pipes, not in perfect tune with each other. The intervals of these beats are the guide in tuning instruments. BE'ATTIE, DR. JAMES, a well-known Scotch poet, and writer on metaphysical subjects. He was one of the antagonists of Hume, and created some stir in the controversy by his £ssay on Truth, which is little read now. His other philosophical works are marked by clearness and elegance, but are possessed of no depth, nor originality; they are mostly the tectures which he delivered from the chair of moral ph ilosophy, at Marischal col- lege, Aberdeen. Of his poems, the Minstrel is still deservedly admired, the minor poems are poor. He died in 1803, aged 67 years. BEAU, (bo) s. plural beaux, [Fr.] an effeminate person of the male sex, who is passionately fond of dress. BEAUCAI'RE, an ancient town in the department of Gard, Fiance, lying on the Rhone. It is pleasantly situated, and has great advantages from its position for trade, but it is not well built. It is most celebrated for its great yearly fair, held for a week at the end of July, to which merchants and traders from all Europe come. It is well arranged, almost all the wares of each particular kind being exhibitea in one street or spot. The usual nuisances of such gatherings abound, and in addition, the ex- citement is so strong that the town remains in a state of stag- nant inaction, without the commonest conveniences of trade, till the next year's fair. Lat. 43. 48. N. Long. 4. 36. E. The population is under 10,000. BEAU'DESERT, or Be'ldeseet, Warwickshire. Market, Monday. Pop. 205. BE' AVER, 8. [bievre, Fr.] in Natural History, an animal con- nected with the rat tribe, whose social habits, and extraordinarj' sagacity and skill in constructing its dwellings, are well known. It is a native of North America, and of the central parts of the continent of Europe. Its hair is either brown, white, or black ; that on the belly is a very fine down, about an inch long, and is used for hats. Its tail resembles that of a fish more than any land animal, serves it instead of a trowel in building, and of a rudder in swimming; and its teeth serve either as a saw or chisel. BEAUFET, Bu'ffet, Bu'fet, s. anciently a little apartment separated from the rest of the room by slender wooden columns, for the disposing china and glass ware, &c., called also a cabinet. It is now properly a large table in a dining-room, called also a side-board. BEAUFO'RT, cardinal, a great party leader during the reign of the imbecile Henry VI. He was son of John of Gaunt, and succeeded William of Wykeham in the see of Winchester. He was one of the regents appointed by Henry V. for his son, and was opposed to the Duke of Gloucester ; after various suc- cessfifl schemes against him, he felt his power departing, and Gloucester was arrested and put to death in prison. Beaufort died a few weeks afterwards, m 1447, aged about 80 years. BEAUHARNO'lS, the name of a noble of France, who espoused the popular cause at the Revolution, and served honourably under Dumouriez, but was beheaded in 1794. His widow, Jo- sephine, was married in 1796 to Napoleon Buonaparte, and in 1804 was crowned as his empress, but divorced in 1810, when he entertained the scheme for consolidating his power by alliance with Austria. His children were treated with great affection by Napoleon ; Eugene being adopted by him, and after having served with distinction under him, made viceroy of the kingdom of Italy. He died in 1824, aged 45 years. BEAU'ISH, {bo-ish) a. resembling a beau ; effeminately nice ; "Wea'uMARCHA'IS, PIERRE AUGUSTE CARRON DE, a play-writer, who, just before the Revolution of France, produced Tlie Marriage of Figaro, and The Barber of Seville, which en- joyed unbounded popularity. He was forced to fly the country shortly after because of the failure of some speculations for sup- plying the city of Paris with arms, &c., and did not return till the end of the reign of terror. He was originally a watchmaker. He died in 1799, aged 67 years. BEAUMA'RIS, Anglesea, North Wales. It stands on the Menai Straits, and was fortified with a castle by Edward I. The castle, the chapel dedicated to St. Mary, and the town-hall, are fine buildings. It lies on the road from Chester to Holyhead, and was formerly a place of good trade by means of its excellent harbour. Here is plenty of corn, butter, and cheese. It is 254 miles from London. Pop. 2299. BEAUMO'NT, FRANCIS, one of the most famous of the an- cient dramatists of England. In his works his name is always associated with that of Fletcher, who was his most intimate friend, and who was joined with him in writing those plays. They display great poetic and dramatic power, but the licentious- ness of the times has so thoroughly infected their writings, that though they were deemed paragons of purity by their contempo- raries, they could not be read generally now. Beaumont was trained for the law ; and he died in 1615, aged 29 years. BEAUNE, a large town in the dept. of Cote d'Or, in France. It is 206 miles from Paris. The country round it produces good wine, and there are manufactures of common woollen goods, cutlery, &c. The Dukes of Burgundy formerly held their courts here ; and the ruins of their castle yet remain. The population is about 10,000. BEAUTEOUS, {be&teous) a. that is formed with so much elegance and symmetry, as to raise an agreeable sensation in the mind. BEAU'TEOUSLY, (beuteousty) ad. in such a manner as to con- vey the idea of beauty. BEAUTIFUL, {beutiful) a. that has all the symmetry of parts necessary to convey the idea of beauty, applied both to persons .and things. To BEAUTIFY, (beutify) v. a. to recommend any thing to the love or approbation of a person, by heightening or increasing its charms. , BEAUTY, (heuty) s. [beaute, Fr.] a certain peculiarity of colour or figure, which raises delight and approbation in the beholder. Figuratively, applied to music, painting, architecture, statuary, and literary compositions, implying excellence in the object, capable of raising delight in the mind. A person blessed with all that symmetry of features, &c., that raise delight in the mind of a beholder, and extort approbation by its excellences. Synon. By a handsome woman, we understand one that is graceful and well shaped, with a regular disposition of features ; by a pretty, we mean one that is delicately made, and whose features are so formed as to please; by a beautiful, a union of both. When ap- plied to other things, beautiful relates to something more serious and engaging ; pretty, to somewhat more gay and diverting ; this is the reason why we say a beautiful tragedy, but a pretty comedy. BEAUTY-SPOT, (beuty-spot) s. something artfully made use of to heighten the charms of a person; a patch. BEAUVA'IS, a city in the dept. of Oise, in France. It is seated on the river Thesin, 42 miles from Paris. It has manu- factures both of woollen and of linen goods, and of other articles. The cathedral and the church of St. Stephen are fine buildings. Before the Revolution it abounded in religious houses, and was the capital of the district named Beauvaisis. Its population is nearly 15,000. To BECA'LM, v. a. to reduce a storm or tempestuous com- motion of the elements to rest and quietness. Figuratively, to pacify the turbulent passions that disturb the mincf. BECAFl'CO, s. [Sax.] in Ornithology, a bird allied to the nightingale, feeding on figs and grapes, which sings very sweet- ly, and visits England in the summer; a fig-pecker. BECAU'SE, conj. [be. Sax. and cause,'} used to imply a reason, or cause of an assertion or truth which comes before it. BE'CCLES, Suffolk. It is a large town with a handsome church, and a tall steeple, seated on an eminence, some distance from the church ; 109 miles from London. Pop. 4086. BECK, an external sign, generally such as is made with the hand ; also a small stream of water. Hence the term Hellbecks, which are little brooks in tht rough and wild mountains about Richmond near Lancashire. 82 BED Be'cket, St. Thomas a, archbishop of Canterbury in the reign of Henry II., and chancellor of England. According to old tales, his mother was a Turkish princess, who fell in love with his father whilst a prisoner in ner father's keeping, and followed him after his release to London, and married him. Thomas was an accomplished, courageous, magnificently disposed man, the companion and brother-in-arms to the king. When Henry, after having effected many wise reforms in the country, desired to reform the church, he appointed Becket to the see of Canter- bury, who instantly devoted himself with all his energy to the interests of the church, and to the acquisition of a reputation for sanctity. After a long and fluctuating contest with Henry, during which Becket made himself popular amongst the lower orders, who were almost in a state of slavery, in 1170, four knights in Henry's train, overhearing some hasty expressions respecting Becket, went to Canterbury and assassinated him at the high altar, in about his 57th year. He was canonized by Pope Alexander III., and people "believed that miracles were wrought at his tomb. BE'CKFORD, WILLIAM, author of the beautiful tale called Vathek, was one of the richest commoners of England at the beginning of the present century, and amassed a most extraor- dinary collection of paintings, books, works of art, and curiosi- ties of all descriptions. He died in 1844, aged 82 years. To BE'CKON, V. a. to make signs to a person to approach or come to one. To BECO'ME, V. n. [pret. I became, comp. pret. I have become,'] to be made ; to grow ; to alter or change from one state to an- other. Used with of, to happen, to fall out, to be the end of. To BECO'ME, V. a. applied to persons, to appear worthy of, to adorn, or grace. Applied to things, to suit ; to be proper for ; to agree, or be so adapted to the circumstances of a pferson as to be graceful. BECO'MING, part, that acquires a grace from its suitableness or propriety. BECO'MINGLY, ad. in such a manner as to suit the circum- stances, rank, and character of a person. BED, s. [bed. Sax.] a place designed for a person to sleep or lie on, made of a sacking covering, stuffed with feathers, flock, &c. Figuratively, lodging ; marriage. In Gardening, a piece of made ground, enriched with dung, &c., for raising plants and other vegetables ; the channel of any river. In Geology, a range or layer of earth or mineral substance, a stratum. To be brought to bed of a son, to be delivered of, &c. To 7nake a bed, to shake it, lay the clothes smooth, and make it fit to be lain on. Bed, in Gunnery, a solid piece of oak, hollowed in the middle, to receive the breech and half the trunnions. Hydrostatic bed, an inge- nious and most serviceable invention of Dr. Arnott, consisting of a trough of water, on which floats a sheet of india-rubber cloth, upon which a mattrass or bed can be laid. The surface of the water yielding to every impression, and the property of fluids being to receive equally throughout whatever pressure is exerted on them, this is the most comfortable bed for an invalid, the weariness and soreness of lying being wholly prevented. Bed of Justice, the name by which those meetings of the parlements of France used to be called, at which the king attended in person for the purpose of having his edicts enrolled, in order to their becoming law. At the Revolution, which commenced on the oc- casion of one of these beds of justice, parlements and edicts and royal sessions were swept away. To BED, V. a. to place in a bed ; to go to bed. Neuterly, to cohabit. To BEDA'BBLE, v. a. to wet, so as to occasion inconvenience or uneasiness. To BEDA'GGLE, v. a. to daub, dirt, or splash the bottom of a garment, by walking carelessly in wet weather, and not hold- ing it up. BE'DAL, Yorkshire, N. R., 220 miles from London. The Roman causeway, leading from Richmond to Barnard's Castle, which for 20 miles together is called Leeming Lane, passes through this place. All the adjacent country is full of jockeys and horse-dealers, here being some of the best hunting and road horses in the world. Market, Tuesday. Pop. 2803. To BEDA'SH, i>. a. to wet a person with water by beating it with a stick, or casting a stone in for that purpose. To BEDAU'B, v. a. to cover a thing with dirt. Figuratively, to apply or lay on paint in a rough and ignorant manner. f BED To BEDA'ZZLE, t-. a. to overpower the sight by too much brightness or lustre. BE'DCHAMBER, s. a room furnislied with a bed, and set apart for sleeping in. Lords of the bedchamber, are twelve of the first rank, who attend in their turns one week in the king's bed- chamber, lying on a pallet-bed all night, and waiting on him whenever he eats in private. The first of them is called the groom of the stole, but he attends upon the king only on great state occasions. BE'DCLOTHES, s. the blankets, quilt, coverlid, &c., which are spread over a bed. BE'DDING, s. \bedinge. Sax.] the bed, blankets, quilt, coverlid, &c., which are on a bedstead. BEDE, called the Venerable, an English ecclesiastic of the eighth century. He devoted his leisure in his monastery at Jar- row, near Durham, to works on Ecclesiastical History, &c. His great work on that subject is one of considerable value, although It contains much that is of doubtful authenticity. He translated some portions of the Scriptures into Saxon. Alfred the Great translated his Great History into Saxon. Bede's works which remain are all published. He died in 735, in about his 60th year. To BEDE'CK, v. a. to embellish ; to adorn ; to grace. BE'DEHOUSE, s. \bede and house. Sax.] an hospital, or alms- house. BE'DEL, WILLIAM, bishop of Kilmore, in the Church of Ireland, in the beginning of the 17th century. He was one of the opponents of the High-church party in the Church, although not strictly belonging to the Puritans. His zeal in his diocese exposed him to displeasure on the part of the court, but he lived it down. On the occurrence of the Irish rebellion and massacre, he was seized by the rebels, and confined in irons, but after- wards liberated. He died soon after, in 1642, aged 71 years. He was the author of many esteemed evangelical works, and he translated the Old Testament into the Irish language. To BEDE'W, V. a. to moisten by sprinkling ; m allusion to the manner in which the dew moistens the earth and vegetables. BE'DFELLOW, s. one who lies in the same bed with another. BE'DFORD, Bedfordshire. It is seated on the river Ouse, which divides it into two parts, united by a bridge with two gates, one at each end, to stop the passage occasionally. It has five churches, of which St. Paul's is a very noble building, and formerly had a strong castle. The charitable institutions are very numerous, and the lunatic asylum, the infirmarj-, the gram- mar school, and some others are handsome buildings. Blarkets, Monday, for pigs; Saturday, for corn, &c. . 50 miles from Lon- don. Pop. 9178. BE'DFORD, JOHN, DUKE OF, brother to Henry V., and appointed by him regent of France, during the minority of his son, Henry Vl. He was thwarted in his victorious career by the conduct of the Duke of Gloucester, and his rivalry with Car- dinal Beaufort ; by the domestic circumstances of the Duke of Burgundy; and finally, by the appearance of the 3Iaid of Orleans as leader of the French forces. When she was taken, Bedford was mainly instrumental in acconiplishing her death. His second marriage having displeased the Duke of Burgundy, a treaty of peace was effected between him and the king of France; which so damaged the English power, that Bedford died of chagrin, in 1435, aged about 45 years. BE'DFORD LE'VEL, the name of the vast expanse of marsh- land lying between the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Northampton, and Lincoln, and the sea. It was during the reigns of the Saxon monarchs of England a tidal aestuary, with one or two fertile islands, surrounded by the sea at high water, and by broad rivers with immense banks of mud at low water ; and crossed by one or two Roman roads on em- bankments. At the Conquest it was so far laid dry, that many of the Saxons retreated to it, as the last security from the Normans, and here the camp of refuge was formed. In the 15th century the feasibility of draining this barren and pestilential tract was discussed ; various attempts were subsequently made, the most successful being in the troublous times of the 17th century, by Francis, Earl of Bedford ; from whom it is named. The drainage may now be regarded as almost complete, and by a wonderful combination of embankments, dikes, new river- courses, with locks, and draining mills, many thousands of acres have been reclaimed, and added to the pasture and arable land of the country. BEE BEDFORDSHIRE, a county in England, about 36 miles in length, and 22 in breadth. It contains 9 hundreds, 10 market towns, 124 parishes, and 107,936 inhabitants, and sends four members to parliament. The Ouse and the Ivel are its chief streams; and the Lea has its source here. The great range of chalk hills passes through this county, whence it arises that it is more noted for pastures, than for arable or wood land. It is a pleasant inland county, and diversified with fruitful plains and rising hills, abounding in cattle, corn, and rich pastures ; it is noted for barley, bone lace, and a manufacture of straw goods. To BEDFGHT, v. a. to set off with dress, or other external ornaments. To BEDFM, V. a. to darken ; to obscure by great brightness. To BEDFZEN, r. a. to dress out. BE'DLAM, s. [formerly spelt Bethlehem, a religious house near Moorfields in London, converted into an hospital for mad people,] a house set apart for the abode and cure of mad people. BE'DLAM, a. belonging to a mad-house. BE'DLAMITE, s. an inhabitant of bedlam ; a mad person. BE'DMAKER, s. a person in the universities, whose office it is to make the beds, and clean the chambers. BE'DMINSTER, Somersetshire, one of the suburbs of the city of Bristol, containing 17,862 inhabitants. 6'ee Bristol. BE'DOUINS, or Be'doweens, the general name of the nomade Arabs who are found throughout the whole of the countries ly- ing on the E. and S. of the Mediterranean Sea, from Arabia to Morocco. To BEDRA'GGLE, r. a. to dirt or soil the lower part of a gar- ment, hj letting it drag in the dirt. To BEDRE'NCH, v. a. to soak with an abundance of any fluid. BE'DRIDDEN, a. unable to quit one's bed, through age or sickness. BE'DRITE, s. the privilege of the marriage-bed. BE'DSTEAD, Be'dsted, s. the frame on which a bed is laid. BE'DSTRAW, s. in Botany, a genus of common English plants, the prettiest of which has clustered flowers of a bright yellow colour, and covers hedges and pastures in July. To BEDU'NG, v. a. to cover with dung. To BEDU'ST, V. a. to sprinkle with dust. BE'DWIN-MAGNA, Wiltshire. This village was a consider- able place in the time of the Saxons, traces of whose fortifica- tions are. still remaining. It is 70 miles from London. Pop. 2171. BEE, s. [Sax.] in Natural History, the name of a large class of well-known insects, of which nearly 300 species have been found in England. They vary much in their habits and modes of life ; some building waxen combs, and living in communities, feeding their young on some preparation of the honey or farina of flowers ; others living sofitary, and digging a hole in dry earth, or in old walls, or cutting one out in the wood of a tree or beam ; some, again, lining these rude nests with leaves of plants with great skill, and storing these receptacles with flies and cater- pillars, for their young to feed on when hatched. The honey-bee, or hive-bee, which is the only one kept by man for the sake of its product, is the most remarkable of all insects in its habits, &c. It lives in societies, composed of one female, called the queen, on whose presence or life the existence of the society depends ; several hundred males, called drones, who are put to death when their functions are discharged ; and some thousands of unde- veloped females, which are neuters in sex, and are called labourers, since on them rests the whole work and management of the community. They build, either in hives or in hollow trees, combs, perpendicularly downwards, which are composed of two sets of cells, placed one at the back of the other. The cells are hexagonal in shape, made as exactly as if by mathematical instru- ments. These combs are made of wax, which is a natural secretion of the bee's abdomen. In them the queen lays, and the labourers hatch and rear the young, and store the honey, which they never touch till the winter. For the nurture of queens, particularly formed cells are built, and particular food provided. When they are about to come to maturity there is great commotion in the hive, and after a few days the old queen, having collected a swarm round her, quits tne hive to found another community. The other queens, to the number of three or four, lead off swarms in like manner. Bees collect honey from the nectaries of flowers by their proboscis, which is very singularly and delicately con- structed. The dust from the anthers of flowers, which they BEF carry in a hollow of the hind legs, is used only for the purpose of feeding the young bees. They also gather from the leaf-buds of some trees a kind of resin or gum, which they use to stop all the chinks of the hive, and occasionally to cover up any offender, such as a snail, who may have ventured within their domain. The labourers are armed with a barbed sting, which conveys a very acrid poison into the wound it makes. The queen has a sting, but the drones have none. Bees sometimes make a foray on neighbouring hives, to carry off their stores. The death's head hawk moth, and some others, which lay their eggs in the comb, and whose caterpillars construct sting-proof nests in it, with wasps and hornets, are insect foes to bees. The works of Hiiber contain minute and accurate observations of most of their wonderful economy. BEECH, s. [bece. Sax.] a well-known tree, which has a white, hard, dry wood, useful for the fellies of cart wheels, and for a variety of utensils. An oil is prepared from its mast, which is much esteemed by the French for salads, &c. BEE'CHEN, a. Ibttcenc, Sax.] consisting of beech ; belonging to beech. BEE'-EATER, s. in Zoology, a bird that feeds upon bees, which occasionally visits England. BEEF, s. [bmif, Fr.] the flesh of oxen dressed for the markets. BEE'FEATER, s. a yeoman of the guards. The word is de- rived from beaufetier, one who attends at the sideboard, which was anciently placed in a beavfet. The business of the beefeaters was, and still partly is, to attend the king at meals. BEE'HIVE, «. the straw case, or box, in which bees are kept. BEELE, «. a kind of pick-axe, used by the miners for separat- ing the ores from the rocks in which they lie. In Cornwall it is called a tubber. BEEN, part. pret. of To be. BEER, s. [here. Sax. or bir, Brit.] a liquor prepared from malt and hops, and rendered vinous by fermentation. A kind of beer appears to have been made by the ancient Germans and Egyptians. BEE'R-SHEBA, a citv in the south of the Holy Land, called so from a well near which Abraham made a treaty with Abirae- lech of Gerar. It is frequently named in the Old Testament as one of the extremities of the country. BEE'STINGS, s. See Biestings. BEET, s. [beta, Lat.] in Botany, the name of a genus of plants, of which two species are generally cultivated, one in gardens for the purpose of being used as greens are ; the other, which has a thick, fleshy root, in fields, as turnips are, for winter food for cattle, and as an alternate crop with wheat. In France and Germany, very good sugar is made from the juice of this last kind of beet. BEE'TLE, s. [byfel, Sax.] in Natural History, the name po- pularly given to the whole of that class of insects which have their wings, when closed, protected by horny coverings, or sheaths, resembling the covering of the rest of their bodies ; more properly assigned to one family of that class, which are mostly of a bfack or dark colour, which fly chiefly in the evening, and abound in low, damp places. Also a great sledge, used to beat down piles, stakes, wedges, &c. ; a wooden mallet made use of in beating hemp. To BEE'TLE, v. n. to jut out ; to hang over. BEE'TLEHEADED, a. having a dull, stupid, or unthinking head. BEEVES, s. [the plural of beef,] oxen, cattle, bullocks. To BEFA'LL, (befaull) V. n. to happen. This word is most commonly taken in a bad sense. To BEFFT, V. a. to suit ; to tally with. To BEFOO'L, V. a. to delude ; likewise to deride, and treat a person as a fool. BEFO'RE, prep, [biforan. Sax.] further onward in place ; in the front of, not behind ; in the presence of; in sight of; under the cognizance of; in the power of; preceding in time; in pre- ference to ; prior to ; superior to. BEFO'RE, ad. earlier in time ; in time past ; previously to ; to this time, hitherto. BEFO'REHAND, ad. in a state of participation, or pre-occu- pation ; previously, by way of preparation, in a state of^accumu- lation, or so as that more has been received than expended. BEFO'RETIME, ad. formerly. To BEFO'RTUNE, r. n. to betide. BEH to daub, smear, or dirt. . a. to do a kindness to a person ; to confer To BEFOU'L, V. . To BEFRIE'ND, a favour. To BEG, V. n. [beggeren, Teut.] to pray, entreat, petition, or crave charity, favour, or assistance. To BEGET, V. a. preter. I begot, or begat, I have begotten ; [6e- gettan, Sax.] to generate, or bring forth ; to produce as effects or accidents. BEGE'TTER, s. he that generates, or gets a child. BE'GGAR, s, one who lives upon alms ; one who assumes what he does not prove ; as, to beg the question. To BE'GGAR, v. a. to reduce a person from plenty to want. BE'GGARLINESS, s. a quality which woulcf permit a person to submit to any meanness for the sake of a subsistence. BE'GGARLY, a. poor; mean. BE'GGARLY, ud. meanly, despicably. BE'GGARY, s. extreme poverty. To BEGl'N, V. n. pret. I began, or begun ; I have begun ; [begin- nan. Sax.] to enter upon something new; to commence any ac- tion or state ; to enter upon existence ; to have its original ; to take rise. — v. a. to do the first act of any thing ; to trace from any thing as the first ground. To begin with ; to enter upouv BEGI'NNER, s. he that gives the first cause or original to any thing ; an unexperienced attempter. BEGI'NNING, s. the first original or cause; the entrance into act or being ; the state in which any thing first is ; the rudi- ments or first grounds. To BEGI'RD, V. a. preter. / begirt, or begirded; I have begirt; to bind with a girdle ; to surround ; to encircle ; to shut in with a siege ; to beleaguer. BE'GLERBEG, s. [Turk.] the chief governor of a province among the Turks. He is also called a bashaw of three tails, from having three ensigns, or staves, trimmed with horse-tails, as the mark of his dignity. BEGO'NE, interject, go away ; hence, away. To BEGUFLE, v. a. \begahan. Sax,] to cheat, impose upon, or deceive. BEGUFNS, religious societies composed of females, who de- voted themselves to prayer and religious exercises, and main- tained themselves by manual labour. They were decided nujstics. They flourished most in the 13th and 14th centuries, though much persecuted, in Flanders, France, Holland, and Germany, where some societies subsist to this day. This name, or Beshards, was also used to designate certain religious who adopted what was known as the third rule of St. Francis, and who were most numerous during the 13th century in France, Italy, and Germany. BEHA'LF, s. interest ; side ; party. To speaK on a person 8 behalf. To BEHA'VE, v. a. to demean, act, or conduct oneself. BEHA'VIOUR, s. a manner of behaving oneself; elegance of manners; conduct; demeanour; course of life. To be ujxm otie't behaviour, a familiar phrase, implying such a state as requires great caution. To BEHE'AD, v. a. to cut off a person's head. In Europe, this is the punishment of the great and nobly born. In China, it is the punishment of the lowest sort of people, while their su- periors are hanged on account of their quality. BE'HEM, MARTIN, the famous map-niaker, who accom- panied the Portuguese expedition for exploring the E. shore of the Atlantic Ocean, in the 15th centui-v. He was a native of Nuremberg, and many vain tales are told respecting him, which make it very difficult to ascertain his genuine discoveries ; some suggesting that Columbus, who was acquainted with Behem, owed to him his great discovery. He died in 1506, aged about 70 years. BEHE'MOTII, s. [Heb.] a monstrous creature mentioned by Job, which some imagine to be the whale ; others, the sea-calf, or ox. Some of the fathers thought it to be the devil, and others the elephant. In the Hebrew language, it signifies a beast in general, and particularly those larger sorts that are fit for service. BE'HEN, s. in the Materia Medica, the name of two roots, the one white, the other red, both accounted cordials and restora- tives, but neither is received into the present practice. BEHE'ST, s. [be and hees. Sax.] the positive commands of a superior to an inferior. BEHFND, prep, [be and hindan. Sax,] at a person's back ; backwards ; following ; remaining after a person s departure, or BEL death. Applied to motion, at a distance from that which moves or ^oes before, used with the verb leave. " It kaces our sense behind," Dryd. Used comparatively, it implies great inferiority, or less worth. Used adverbially, it implies something not yet discovered or perceived by the mind. BEHI'ND-HAND, ad. applied to persons who live beyond their income, and in debt. BE'HMEN, JACOB, the celebrated Teutonic philosopher, or theosopher, and shoemaker, of Gorlitz in Lusatia. He was a pro- found mystic, but amongst his writings may be found thoughts which show that not all his raptures and ecstasies were passed through in vain. He was opposed by the clergy of his town, but he was and is highly esteemed by some of the greatest scholars and philosophers of all lands. In England, during the days of the Long Parliament, the merits of his theosophy were discussed with great heat. He died in 1624, aged 49 years. To BEHO'LD, v. a. pret. / beheld; I have belteld, or beholden ; [beheaUmi, Sax.] to take a view. of a person ; to have a person in sight, including the idea of attention , or looking on him for some time. Synon. We see whatever strikes the sight ; we look at an object when we designedly cast our eye upon it ; we behold it, when we look with attention ; vieiv, when we survey it. BEHO'LD, an interjection of the same force with lo. BEHO'LDEN, part, indebted to ; lying under an obligation to a person. BEHO'LDER, s. one who casts his eyes upon an object. BEHO'LDING, ». obligation. This word is seldom used by eWant writers. BEHOO'F, s. \behiJU, Sax.] an obligation which a person lies under ; also the profit, benefit, or advantage, which may accrue from any thing. To BEHO'VE, V. n. [behofan. Sax.] to be incumbent on a per- son as a duty ; or to be fit and suitable in point of convenience. BE'HRING, VITUS, a Russian naval officer, employed by Catherine I. to conduct an exploring expedition, which she de- spatched to the most north-easterly portion of her dominions. In a second expedition, his ship was wrecked, and he perished from the cold, in 1741. BE'HRING'S STRAITS, the name given from their discoverer to the narrow seas which divide Asia from N. America, in about 66. N. lat., and join the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. They are about 50 miles across, and it is not certainly known whether they are ever blocked up with ice, or frozen over during the winter. BEJAPO'RE, a province of Hindustan, lying on the Indian Ocean, and to the S. of Aurungabad ; with a city of the same name, which was once its capital. The fortifications of this city were very extensive, and the religious buildings and tombs are very remarkable. Lat. 16. 48. N. Long. 75. 20. E. BETNG, the participle of the verb To be. BE'ING, s. an abstract term, signifying the existence of a thing ; thus we say, the Supreme Jiving; a finite being, &c. BE'ING, conj. since. BEI'RA, a province of Portugal, bounded on the W. by the Atlantic ; on the N. by Tras os Monies, and Entre Douro e Mmho ; on the E. by Leon and Spanish Estremadura ; and on the S. by Portuguese Estremadura and Alentejo. It is divided into 11 jurisdictions, called Comarcas. This province is nearly square, being about 120 miles in extent each way; it is well watered, and fertile, at least in corn and fruits; but the people are in- dolent, and much given to begging. BEI'ROUT, a Syrian town on a bay of the Mediterranean Sea. It is pleasantly situated, and the country round produces abundance of wine and fruits ; which, with sillc, form its export trade. Its population is about 5000. Lat. 33. 50. N. Lonsr. 35. 27. E. ^ To BELA'BOUR, f. a. to beat a person severely. A low and vulgar expression. To BELA'CE, v. a. in Navigation, to mend a rope, by laying one end over another. BELA'TED, a. benighted ; used to express something which ought to have been done, but was omitted at a period past. To BELA'Y, V. n. to lie in ambush, or to lie in wait for. To BELA'Y, II. a. \beleygen, Belg.] in Navigation, to fasten. To BELCH, f. a. [bealcan, Sax.] to break wind upwards. BELCH, s. the act of breaking wind upwards. BE'LDAM, s. [belle dame, Fr.] a name given in derision to an old woman. BEL To BELE'AGUER, e. a. \belleggerin, Belg.] to block up, or besiege a place. BELE'AGUERER, s. one that besieges a place. BELEMNI'TES, s. [belemnon, an arrow, Gr.] vulgarly called a thunderbolt, arrow-head, or finger-stone. These stones, about which so many absurd and superstitious tales were told, are known now to nave been the bone of a kind of cuttle-fish. They are found in most of the secondary strata, and in the gravel, and other beds above them. There are several species, some of which are exceedingly elegant in their forms. BE'LFAST, a large town and sea-port, of increasing import- ance, in the county of Antrim, Ulster, seated on Carnckfergus Bay, at the mouth of Lagan river, with two bridges over it. A navigable canal, connecting the harbour with Lough Neagh, was completed in 1793. Here are considerable manufactures of cotton, cambric, sail-cloth, and linen, with others of glass, sugar, earthenware, a large export of provisions, &c. It is 80 miles from Dublin. Pop. 75,308. BE'LFAST, Maine, United States. It is beautifully situated at the head of Belfast Bay, on the Penobscot river. It has a spacious and safe harbour, sufficiently deep for vessels of the largest class. It is extensively engaged in the shipping trade, ship-building, and fisheries. Pop. 4186. BE'LFORD, Northumberland, situated on the ridge of a hill, 2 miles from the Lear, and 319 from London. Market, Tuesday. Pop. 1789. BE'LFRY, s. [perhaps from beffroi, Fr.] that part of the steeple wherein the bells are hung, particularly that timber work to which they are fastened. BE'LGIUM, a kingdom of Europe, established in 1830, com- prising the provinces of Antwerp, S. Brabant, E. and W. Flan- ders, Hainault, Limbourg, Liege, and Namur; and bounded by Hi Hand, Germany, France, and the N. Sea. In general it is a level tract of country, but in the inland parts there are some hills, amongst which are some good coal-nelds. The rivers are the Meuse, the Scheldt, the Ourthe, and some smaller streams. Some canals it has, and excellent railroads. It is fertile, and produces corn and wine, and furnishes good pastures. Its manu- factures of lace and woollen goods .have been long famous : it has, besides these, others of less consequence. Its population is nearly 5,000,000, of whom the greatest part are Romanists. BE'LGRADE, a large, and formerly a strong, city of Turkey in Europe, the residence of a sangiac, and chief place of Servia. It is seated on a low hill, which reaches the Danube, a little above its confluence with the Save. It is still a place of con- siderable trade, being resorted to by merchants of difterent na- tions. It is 265 miles from Vienna, and 440 from Constan- tinople. Population about 25,000. BELI'AL, s. [Heb.] the devil. A son of Belial, is a wicked man, who will endure no constraint. BELIE'F, s. credit, persuasion, opinion ; faith, or firm assur- ance of the truths of religion ; the creed, or form, containing the articles of faith. To BELIE'VE, v. a. [gelifan. Sax.] to assent to the truth of a proposition founded on probable arguments ; to put confidence in the veracity or truth of any one. BELIE'VER, s. one who gives assent or credit to a thing ; one who assents to the truth of Christianity, upon the probable arguments produced in its favour. BELrKE, «(/. perhaps ; probably. BELISA'RIUS, a famous Roman general under the emperor Justinian I. He was engaged in several campaigns against the Persians, and was generally successful. At Constantinople he put down a revolt which threatened the throne of the emperor. He had a triumph awarded him for his victories oyer the Vandals in Africa. He was equally prosperous in his war in Italy against the Goths. After other campaigns, in which he sustained various fortune, and more than once saved the empire, he was discarded by the emperor, and died in indigence in 565. Procopius, the historian, was his secretary. BELL, s. [6c/, Sax.] a vessel made of a compound metal, of tin and copper, or pewter and copper, in the proportion of 20 ft. of pewter, or 23 lb. of tin, to 100 wt. of copper ; yielding a musical sound on being struck by a hammer, or by a metallic bar sus- pended within It, called the tongue, or clapper; hung in steeples of churches, and in houses. 1 hose of the Egyptians are made- of wood. The Turks have a very great aversion to bells, and BEL prohibit Christians the use of them in Constantinople, pre- tending that the sound of them would be troublesome to the souls of the departed. Bells are said to have been first introduced into churches by St. Paulinus, bishop of Nola in Campania, about the year 400. To bear the bell, is to surpass others, or to be the first in merit. The passing bell is the bell rung on the death of any person, which used to be rung while the soul was passing away, to call for the prayers of the people. The curfew bell was the bell rung at 8 o'clock p. m., as a notice for all per- sons to put out their fires and candles. To BELL, V. n. in Botany, to grow in the shape of bells. BELL, JOHN, AND SIR CHARLES, two distinguished ana- tomists and surgeons of the latter part of the last, and the begin- ning of the present century. Both were remarkable for the zeal with which they applied their knowledge of anatomy to their surgical practice, particularly military surgery. John published several works on his favourite subjects, and''^also some observa- tions made in a tour in Italy. His surgical works are still much esteemed. Sir Charles was first engaged in the Middlesex Hos- pital, and afterwards was senior Professor of Surgery in the Col- lege of Surgeons. He was the discoverer of the existence of two kinds of nerves, one for purposes of motion, the other for sensation. He was connectetf with his brother in some of his works; besides which, his Bridgewater Treatise, and Notes to Palei/s Natural Theology, with his Animal Mechanics, have gained him a deserved popularity. He died in 1842, aged C8 years. BELL, JOHN, of Antermony, Scotland, has gained some no- toriety by various travels in which he was engaged as physician to embassies from the emperor of Russia. He travelled to Ispa- han, to Pekin, to the Caucasus, to Constantinople, a'.ul at length settled in his native country. He died in 1/80, aged 89 BELL, DR. ANDREW, the author of the Madras System of Education , and establisher of National Schools. He was engaged as chaplain by the East India Company, and had his attention drawn to the subject of popular education during his superintend- ency of the Asylum for males at Madras. On returning home he published his scheme, for the carrying out of which the National School Society was established. Considerable controversy arose from the circumstance of another scheme of popular education having been at the same time set on foot by Joseph Lancaster, un- der the sanction of George III. But as this was adopted chiefly by Dissenters, the excitement was soon mitigated. Dr. Bell ac- cumulated a large fortune, of which he left the greater part for educational purposes. He died in 1832, aged 79 years, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. BELL ROCK, a formerly 'dangerous rock, opposite the mouth of the Tay, Scotland. All round it is deep water, but it was covered during a gale. The Abbot of Arbroath, or Aberbrothic, fixed over it, on a raft, a bell, which the waves swung, and so sounded, in old times. There is now a light-house erected on it, and bells are sounded continually during foggy weather from it. BELLADO'NNA, s. in Botany, a name of the deadly night- shade, which bears berries which are the most poisonous of any native plants of England. BE'LLARAflNE, CARDINAL, the celebrated controversialist of the order of Jesuits. His works, which are very numerous, treat principally of the subjects of difference between Romanists and Protestants, and are esteemed an authority of the highest order in his own communion. He died in 1621, aged 79 years. BELLE, s. [the feminine of beau, Fr. pron. bell,'] a person who dresses with elegance, behaves with gentility, and has all the polite accomplishments that can adorn a lady. BE'LLE-ISLE, a small island on the W. coast of France, near the mouth of the Loire. It is about ten miles long, and six broad. The soil is fertile, and climate temperate : its grazing land and fisheries supply the materials for its export trade. Palais, Its chief town, has a population of about 2000. The population of the island is under 10,000. r^'^""^^"^^'^^^'^^' *• ^^^^^ branches of education that polish and adorn the mind. Languages, classical learning, both Greek and Latin, Geography, Rhetoric, Chronology, and History, may be accounted the chief parts of learning contained under this term. BE'LLFASHIONED, a. that resembles a bell in its shape. BE LLFLOWER, s. in Botany, a genus of plants, so called from the shape of their blossoms. The species are very numerous. BEL BE'LLFOUNDER, s. a person who casts bells. BELLI'GERENT,;3ar«. \bellum AnAgero, Lat.] that is at war ; that is engaged in war. BELLI'GEROUS, a. engaged in, or waging war. BE'LLING, part, [a corruption of belloioing or bellan. Sax.] ap- plied to the noise made by a doe at rutting time. BE'LLINGHAM, Northumberland, 300 miles from London. Markets Tuesday and Saturday. Pop. 1730. BE'LLMAN, s. a superior kind of watchman, with a bell, which he rings at certain places in his parish, before he repeats some verses on the eve oia festival. In country towns, applied to the crier, who bears a bell, which he rings to give notice to the neigh- bourhood before he makes his proclamation. BE'LLMETAL, s. the metal of which bells are made, being a composition of tin and copper. BE'LLON, Be'li^nd, in Medicine, a distemper very common in Derbyshire, and other countries where they melt lead ore. It is attended with an intolerable pain in the bowels. BELLO'NA, in Mythology, tne sister of Mars, and goddess of war. When war was proclaimed, the herald set a spear upon a Eillar before her temple ; the priestesses, in their devotions to er, used to cut themselves with knives to render her propitious. To BE'LLOW, V. n. [bellan. Sax.] to make a veiy loud noise ; applied to that of a bull, the sea in a storm, or the outcries of human creatures. BE'LLOWS, s. [bilig. Sax.] an instrument into which air is alternately drawn and expelled, rushing in at some apertures in its bottom called feeders, and rushing out of a metal tube called its muzzle. BE'LLUINE, a. [belluinus, Lat.] beastly ; brutal. BE'LLY, s. \balg, Belg.] that part of the body which reaches from the breast to the thighs, and contains the entrails both in men and beasts; used figuratively, for gluttony, or luxury in eating. To BE'LLY, V. n. to swell ; to protuberate, applied to the thin^ which grows larger in one part than it is in another. BE'LLY ACHE, (belfy-ake) s. a pain in the belly, arising from wind, or other flatulences ; the colic. BE'LLYBOUND, a. affected with costiveness. BE'LLYFUL, s. a sufficiency of food, or what takes away the sensation of hunger, and satisfies the appetite. BE'LLYGOD, s. a glutton ; one who makes a god of his belly. BE'LLYPINCHED, a. denied or in want of sufficient food; hungry. BE'LLYROLL, s. in Husbandly, a roller, or cylinder, made use of to roll the ground after it is ploughed. BE'LLYTIMBER, s. food, or that which suffices hunger, and supports the human fabric, in the same manner as props of tim- ber do a building. A low word. BE'LLYWORM, s. a worm which feeds in the belly or entrails. BE'LOMANCY, s. [belos and manteia, Gr.] divination by ar- rows. To BELO'NG, v. n. [belangen, Belg.] to be the property of a person; to be the province or business of, to have relation to. appi lied the heads of a discourse; to be dependent on as a subject or domestic ; to be appropriated to ; to have for its pecu- liar object. BELOO'CHISTAN, a country of Asia, lying on the Indian Ocean, between the Indus and the Straits of Ormuz, having Hindustan on the E., Persia on the W., and Cabul or AfFgha- nistan, on the N. Almost the whole of the N. frontier is desert; and there are ranges of mountains, which do not, however, at- tain any great elevation, both on the E. and W. frontiers. There are no rivers of any consequence in this country. That part which lies along the coast is a flat, and not very productive, dis- trict. The climate varies from the tropical heat of the S. and desert regions, to the temperature and climate of the N. of Europe, which prevails in the mountainous parts. A very small proportion of the whole surface is reclaimed, either as arable or pasture land. All descriptions of corn, &c., and fruits of all kinds, in- cluding both European and Asiatic species, abound here. The trees are mostly tropical in their species, and some yield good timber. Sheep, camels, horses, and the usual domestic animals,' are plentiful ; with some domestic birds. The usual wild animals of Asia abound also. Beloochistan has also much mineral and me- tallic wealth. The people belong in part to the Tatarivariety of the species, and in part apparently to the Caucasian : the language BEM and customs of the two races differ. The most powerful authority is that of the khan of Khelat, but his sway is checked by the power of his chiefs. In other parts a kind of republicanism seems to prevail. Khelat, Gundava, Bhaug, and Bela, are the chief towns. Its population is estimated at about 4,500,000. BELO'VED, part, [from bclore, which is hardly ever used, though nothing can be more frequent than the use of the parti- ciple ; thus we say, you are beloved by me, but never, I belove you ;] regarded with the greatest warmth of affection : used sub- stantively for the person so regarded. BELO'W, prep, [be and lo, or loh, Belg.] applied to a place, ot so high as another object. Applied to dignity or excellence, inferior to. Applied to character, or rank, unbecoming, on ac- count of its meanness ; unfit, or degrading, on account of baseness or vieiousness. Used adverbially, in a low situation, or nearer to the earth. BE'LSHAM, THOMAS, an eminent Unitarian minister of London. He was educated as a Calvinistic Dissenter, and was a minister, and principal of an academy in that connexion. But he is best known, from his polemical and other writings, as an uncompromising Unitarian. He was the editor of the Improved Version of the New Testament. He died in 1812, aged (53 years, BELSHA'ZZAR, the king of Babylon who was conquered and slain by Cvrus when he took the city. It was this king who was warned by the vision of the hand-writing on the wall, during one of his banquets, which was interpreted by the prophet Daniel, who, with his fellow-countrymen tne Jews, was at that time in captivity. Babylon was taken in the year 538 b. c. BELSWA'GGER, s. one who makes a noise, and puts on an air of importance. BELT, s. [Sax.] a girdle fastened round a person's middle. When a sword is hung to it, it is called a stcord belt. In Astro- nomy, those parallel bands or girdles surrounding the body of the planet Jupiter. In Geography, certain straits between the German Ocean and the Baltic. The belts belong to the king of Denmark, who exacts toll from all ships passing through them, except those of Sweden : the greater belt, is the strait between the islands of Zealand and Funen, forming a communication between the Cattegat and Baltic ; and the lesser belt, that between Funen and Jutland. BE'LTANE, a festival amongst the Celtic races of Scotland and Ireland, held on May 1st, and June 21st, when large fires were kindled with great ceremony, and cattle were driven into them as expiatory offerings, and the flocks and herds driven between them, to preserve them from murrain, &c. The minor arrangements of the feast differed in different localities, but its religious character is the same every where, and marks its high antiquity. BELU'GA, s. in Natural History, a fisji of the genus sturgeon. BE'LVIDERE, s. [Ital.] in Architecture, an erection on the top of a palace or dwelling-house for the sake of a prospect ; a small summer-house built in a park or garden for the same pur- pose. BE'LWETHER, «. a sheep which keeps the rest of the flock together, and draws them after him by the sound of a bell hang- ing to his neck. To BELY'E, Beli'e, v. a. to invent a falsehood ; to feign ; to calumniate ; to misrepresent. BELZO'NI, GIOVANNI, an Italian celebrated for his dis- coveries amongst the pjTamids and tombs of Egypt, and the great skill with which he secured and shipped some most bulky and ponderous antiquities for the British authorities. He at- tempted subsequently to reach Timbuctoo, but was attacked by dysentery in Benin, and died in 1823, aged ^5 years. BE'MBO, CARDINAL, one of the famous patrons and pro- moters of literature at the revival of learning under Pope Leo X. He was by birth a Venetian, and of good family. Although he was inclined to the church, he did not actually enter it, till he was made a cardinal by Paul III. He was one of Leo's secre- taries; and he wrote poems in Latin and Italian, a history of his native city, a work on his native tongue, &c. He died in 1547, aged 78 years. To BEMPRE, V. a. to daub or smear with dirt. BEMI'RED, part, covered with dirt. Figuratively, stuck or sinking in a dirty or boggy place. To BEMO'AN, v. a. [bcemontan. Sax.] to express sorrow for any disaster or calamity. BEN BEMCANER, ». one who pities, laments, or is affected with sorrow, on account of the disasters of another. To BEMOPL, r. a. [of be and moil; from moiller, Fr.] to be- daub ; to fall, to be rolled in, or encumbered with dirt. To BEMO-NSTER, v. a. to make a thing hideous, horrible, or monstrous. BE'MSTER, or Be'minster. See Beaminster. BEMU'SED, a. given to rhyming or poetry. A term of ridi- cule. BENA'RES, a district of Allahabad, in Hindustan, lying on the Ganges ; with a capital of the same name, which is rich, populous, and celebrated as the ancient city of Brahminical learning. It stands on the Ganges, and is deemed sacred by the natives. It is badly built and filthily kept. A magnificent mosque exists, built by Aurungzebe, used by the great numbers of Mohammedans who resort hither for trade. The college and schools of this city now existing are of modern date. It has a population of above half a million. It is 425 miles from Delhi, and 435 from Calcutta. Lat. 25. 20. N. Long. 83. 1. E, BENCH, s. [bene. Sax. banc, Fr.] a seat made of a long board, distinguished from a stool by its length. Used for the prison or liberties of the Kind's Bench, which see. The seat whereon judges sit. Figuratively, the persons sitting in the trial of causes. Free-bench signifies that estate in copyliold lands, which the wife, being espoused a virgin, has, after the decease of her husband, for her cfower, according to the custom of the manor. To BENCH, V. a. to furnish with, erect, or make benches in any place ; to place, seat, or prefer a person to a seat or bench. BE'NCHERS, s. in Law, the senior barristers of an inn of court, intrusted with the government and direction of it, out of which is annually chosen a steward. BENCOO'LEN, a town on the S. W. coast of the island of Sumatra, in Asia. It is not badly built, but is reckoned un- healthy. It belongs at present to the Dutch, and has a good trade in pepper and other spices. The population of the town with its district is estimated at ^"" """ " ^ '" "^ ^ — 102. 50. E. with its district is estimated at 100,000. Lat. 4. 10. S. Long. To BEND, V. a. pret. and part, bended or bent, [bendan. Sax.] to force from a straight line to a curve ; to draw the string of a bow in order to shoot with it. Figuratively, to apply the mind to the consideration of any object ; to be disposed to ; to make submissive. To bend the brow, to knit the brow. To be7id the knee, &c., to acknowledge superiority, with respect or submission. — V. n. to become curved. Used with on, it signifies earnest resolu- tion of mind to bring about a particular thing. BEND, s. the part of a line, &c., which is not straight, and forms an angle. In Heraldry, bend is one of the nine honourable ordinaries, containing a third part of the field when charged, and a fifth when plain. It is sometimes, like other ordinaries, indented, ingrained, &c. Bend dexter is formed by two lines drawn from the upper part of the shield, on the right, to the lower part of the left, diagonally. It is supposed to represent a shoulcfer belt, or a scarf. Bend sinister, is that which comes from the left side of the shield to the right. In bend, is when any things borne in arms are placed obfiquely from the upper corner to the opposite lower, as the bend lies. BE'NDABLE, a. that may be forced from a straight to a crooked line ; that may be bent. BE'NDER, s. one who bends any thing; an instrument by which any thing may be forced from a straight to a crooked line. BE'NDER, a town of Russia in Europe, lying on the Dniester, on the Turkish frontier. It is strongly fortified, but not well built, or kept. The population is about 5000, Its history and importance lie in its being a military post, Lat, 46. 50. N. Long. 29. 35. E. BE'NDLETS, s. \bandelet, Fr.] in Heraldry, marks or distinc- tions in a shield, of the same kind, but only half the breadth of a bend. BENDS, s. in a ship, are the wales, or the outmost timbers of a ship's side, on which men set their feet in climbing up. BE'NDY, s. in Heraldry, is the field divided into four, six, or more parts, diagonally, and varying in colour. BENE'APED, «. [pe and neap, from neqfte. Sax.] a sea-term, implying that a ship has not depth of water enough to set her afloat, bring her over a bar, or out of a dock. BENE'ATH, prep, [beneath, Sax. beneden, Belg.] applied to BEN situation, not so high as, or under, something else. In Botany, applied to a blossom when it includes the seed-bud, and is at- tached to the part immediately below it, as in the sage, borrage, convolvulus, polyanthus, &c. ; applied also to the seed-bud when the blossom is above it, and therefore not connected therewith, as in the honej'suckle, currant, hawthorn, &c. Joined with sink, it implies the pressure of something heavy on a person. Applied to rank or dignity, inferior to. Applied to actions, not becom- ing, unworthy of a person. Adverbially, in a lower place, below, as opposed to heaven. BE/NEDICT, the name assumed by fourteen popes and one an- tipope; the most worthy of mention amongst whom is the last, who was consecrated in 1740, and distinguished his pontificate by the encouragement of learning and art, and the reformation of abuses at home, and conducted himself towards foreign powers in a wise and conciliatory manner, interfering only for the relief of the oppressed, as became his character, and the age he lived in. He died in 1758, aged 81 years. Some of his works are much esteemed. BENEDI'CTINES, or Black Friars, a religious order, following the rules of St. Benedict, an ascetic of the beginning of the 6th centurv, who made himself famous by his austerities, and the zeal wherewith he overturned idolatry in Monte Cassino. The habit for monks prescribed in his Regula Monachorum, and worn by his order, was a loose black gown, with large wide sleeves, and a capuche, cowl, or hood of the same colour; and a white flannel dress under their gown. The dress for nuns of this order was the same, with the exception of the cowl, which was worn only in their public service in the church. The regulations for monasteries of the Black Friars were of the strictest character, and submission to their abbots was the prominent feature. Be- fore the dissolution in England, this order was the most widely spread and the richest ; St. Augustine is believed to have intro- duced it into the country. BENEDFCTION, or Ble'ssing, s. \henedictio, Lat.] among the Hebrews, signifies the present usually sent from one friend to another ; as also the blessing conferred by the patriarchs, on their death-beds, on their children. It was also one of those early instances of honour and respect paid to bishops in the primitive church. The custom of bowing the head to them, and receiving their blessings, became universal. In the western churches there was anciently a kind oi Benediction yi\dc\i followed the Lord's prayer; and after the communion, the people were dismissed with a Benediction. ' BENEFA'CTION, s. [benef actio, Lat.] a good and benevolent action ; generally applied to charitable gifts for the relief of per- sons in distress. BENEF A'CTOR, ». a man who confers a benefit or does an act of kindness to a person in want. BENEFA'CTRESS, s. a woman, or female, who contributes to the relief of the indigent by some charitable gift. BE'NEFICE, s. [benef^ium, Lat.] a word borrowed from the Romans, who used to distribute the lands conquered on the frontiers to their soldiers ; they were called henejiciarii, and the lands themselves heneficia, which were at first given for life only, but afterwards were made hereditary. Hence benefice, in the church, signifies either a church endowed with a reward or salary, for the performance of divine service, or the salary itself given on that account. All church preferments, except bishoprics, are called benejices ; and all henejices are styled by the canonists sometimes dignities ; but now dignity is usually applied to bi- shoprics, deaneries, archdeaconries, and prebends ; and benefice to parsonages, vicarages, rectories, and donatives. A benefice in commendam, is that which is given to a person on a vacancy for a certain time, or till it is provided for. BE'NEFICED, a. possessed of a church living. BENE'FICENCE, s. \beneficentia, Lat.] a disinterested inclina- tion to do a good action, or to promote another's welfare. BENE'FlCENT,;)art. \beneficus, Lat.] performing acts of kind- ness and assistance without any views of interest. BENEI'rCIAL, a. [beneficium, Lat.] that assists, relieves, or is of service to. BENEFI'CIALLY, ad. in such a manner as to relieve, assist, or be of service to a person. BENEFI'CIARY, a. that holds any dignity as dependent on, and tributary to, another. Used substantively, it implies one who is in possession of a church living or benefice. BEN BE'NEFIT, «. \benefi<:ium, Lat.] that which turns to the profit of another; an act of kindness or love done, to help or assist another. Among players, the whole takings of the theatre, which are applied to their own use. In Law, benefit of clergy, was an ancient liberty of the church ; whereby any priest might on his petition, even in case of murder, be delivered to his ordi- nary, in order to purge himself. Afterwards it was confined to signify a person's being burned in the hand, whipped, or trans- portea, instead of suffering capitally, if he could read. It is now abolished. To BE'NEFIT, v. a. to do something to or for another, whereby he may receive advantage or improvement; to promote, increase, or render better. Used neutei-ly, to improve. Applied to the mind, to reap advantage from. BENEVE'NTO, anciently Beneve'ntum, a large and rich city of Naples, capital of the Pnncipatro Ultra. It is seated in a fer- tile valley, near the confluence of the Sabato and Caloro, 30 miles from Naples. The country round is fertile ; but the city is not remarkable for its general appearance or for its public build- ings. Its population is under 20,000. BENE'VOLENCE, s. [benevokntia, Lat.] a disposition to do good ; kindness ; the good done ; the charity given. A name fiven to those compulsory loans or contributions, by which the ings of England in former days, in violation of their coronation oath and the liberties of the people, obtained the means for supporting their prodigal expenditure on favourites and in wars. The troubles of Charles I. began respecting benevolences. They were abolished distinctly by the Bill of Bights in 1G88. Synon. Of the two words beneficence and benevolence, one is the intention, the other the act ; benevolence being the desire of doing good ; beneficence, actual goodness. BENE'VOLENT, part, [benevolens, Lat.] inclined to do good from an affectionate regard to a person. BENGA'L, a province in the E. part of Hindustan, extending from E. to W. upwards of 400 miles, and from N. to S. above 300. It is bounded on the W. by Orissa and Bahar ; on the N. by Napaul and Bootan ; on the E. Iw Assam and Meckley ; and on the S. by the Bay of Bengal. The country consists of one vast plain, which, in common with other parts of Hindustan, annually renders two, and in some parts even three crops. Its principal products are sugar, silk, cotton, fruit, pepper, opium, rice, saltpetre, lac, and civet. The rivers Ganges and Brahma- pootra, with their tributaries, and other large streams, water this province, and by their yearly inundations maintain the productiveness of its soil. Lions, tigers, jackalls, monkeys, deer, &c., infest the jungles; and the rivers abound with alliga- tors. Iron and coal are its chief mineral wealth. The exports of Bengal are indigo, silk, sugar, &c., to England, and to Cliina opium, and to other parfs cotton goods. The English have had possession of this province since 17G5 ; and it is the seat of the highest authorities in British India. Its population is about 25,000,000. Calcutta is the capital. BENGA'L, s. [from Bengal in the East Indies] a sort of thin light stuff, made of silk and hair, for women's apparel. BENGALI', the name of the language spoken in Bengal. It resembles the old language of the country, the Sanscrit, as our English does the Saxon. It was not much used in literature till the translations of the Bible, the Pilgrim's Progress, and other rehgious works, by the Baptist Missionaries, at Serampore. BENGA'ZI, a town of Barbary, Africa, belonging to the pasha of Tripoli. It stands on the shore, about 15 miles from the Cy- renian Mountains. The port is not now so good as it used to be. The town is badly built, and pestilentially filthy. It is, in ap- pearance, fortified. Its population is above 2000, most of whom are Jews and slaves. The remains of the ancient city of Berenice, which occupied the same site, are numerous. Lat. 32. 7. N. Long. 20. 3. E. BE'NGEL, JOHANN ALBERT, an eminent German divine in the beginning of the last century. After having been engaged as tutor at Tubingen and Denkendorf, he was appointed prelate at Wirtemburg. His chief and best fame arises from his writ- ings, which have always been held in the highest esteem by pious men ; one of which, his Onomon of the New Testament, was- adopted by Wesley as part of the creed or articles of his society ; and from his edition of the Greek Testament, which biblical critics have held to be of considerable worth. He died in 1752, aged 65 years. BEN BENGUE'LA, a region on the W. coast of Africa, bounded on the W. by the ocean; on the N. by Angola; on the E. and S. E. by parts unknown ; and on the S. by Mataman, or Matapan. The productions are manioc, palms, dates, vines, cassia, and tamarinds ; and from the humidity of the soil, they have two fruit-seasons in the year. The country abounds in lions, tigers, hippopotami, alligators, and formerly in elephants. The district is neld by the Portuguese, who have a governor resident at the capital, St. Philip de Benguela. The slave-trade was its chief commercial engagement. It is said that there are silver mines and salt mines there. This country has been but imperfectly explored. To BENFGHT, v. a. to be overtaken by darkness in a journey ; to be without light ; to wander in the dark. Applied literally to the eyes, and figuratively to the mind. BENI'GN, (ben'me) a. [henignus, Lat.] having a disposition that inclines a person to do a good action to another ; kind, generous, or liberal. In Medicine, wholesome, gentle. BENI'GNITY, (the ^ is retained in the pronunciation of this word, though dropped in the former,) s. \henignite, Fr. benianitas, Lat.] a disposition of mind inclining one person to be kind to another. BENI'GNLY, {beninely) ad. in such a manner as to show kind- ness and condescension. BENI'GNNESS, (benineness) s. that which inclines a person, or fits a thing, to do good to another. BE'NIN, tne name of a river and a bajf of Nigritia, in W. Africa. The river has not been very carefully explored, its at- mosphere being so pestilent ; but it is known to be in reajity not so fine a stream as its mouth, which is more than two miles across, would indicate. On its banks are various towns, as two New Towns, Salt Town, Reggio Town, &c., built apparently for the sake of the trade, which once flourished with the Dutch, Portuguese, and English. The Bight of Benin lies between Cape Formosa and Cape St. Paul's, and is above 300 miles across. The shore is little better than a morass, being in fact part of the great delta of the Quorra, or Niger river, and the river Benin, or Formoso, and others. On the coast are several establishments of the Danes, the Portuguese, the French, and the English. The trade, which is carried on chiefly by barter, is in ivory, gold dust, palm oil, and (which has been of the greatest iniury to the people) slaves. It is during the rainy season that the climate ancfthe countiy are most fatal. BE'NISON, s. [benir, Fr.] a blessing, applied to the benedic- tion of a parent. BEN-LA'WERS, a mountain of Perth, Scotland, about 3950 feet in height, on the N. of Loch Tay. BEN-LE'DI, a mountain of Perth, Scotland, which attains the height of nearly 3000 feet. BEN-LO'MOND, a mountain of Stiriing, Scotland. It is the S. end of the Highland, and abounds in fine prospects. Its height is about 3200 feet. HEN-M'DHU', a mountain between Aberdeen and Inverness, Scotland, 4300 feet high, on the S. of Loch Avon. BE'NNET, s. in Botany, a name of the common ffeum, or avens. BEN-NE'VIS, a mountain of Inverness, rising 4300 feet above the level of the sea. Its summit affords one of the most exten- sive and beautiful prospects in Scotland. BEN-VENU'E, a mountain of Perth, Scotland, celebrated for its romantic beauty by Scott, in his Lady of the Lake. It lies on the S. of Loch Katrine, and is not much more than 2000 feet high. BEN-VOI'RLICH, a mountain of Perth, Scotland, S. of Loch Earne, 3300 feet in height. This is one'of the most romantic mountains of Scotland. BENT, s, that which forms an angle, or crookedness, in oppo- sition to straiffhtness ; the declivity or slope of a hill ; application of the mind; disposition or inclination towards something; de- termination ; fixed purpose ; turn of the temper or disposition ; tendency; flexion. In Botany, a kind of grass. BE'NTHAM, JEREMY, the well-known politician, jurist, moralist, and philosopher, of the beginning of this, and the end of the last century. He studied at Oxford, was destined for the bar, travelled through Europe, and pissed the latter part of his life as a bencher of Lincoln's Inn. The events of his life were bis thoughts and his books; and, so measured, his life was most eventful. His works on the laws, and on the principle of law. BEK are of the utmost value, though but little prized hitherto. In his ethical writings, he took as his foundation, (a principle akin to Paley's,) that that was n'o'Ai which secured the happiness of the greatest number, thus making utilitt/ the test of virtue, and samcity the sovereign of the conscience. His own benevo- lent life was the best reply to his theory. In practical matters, he has yet the greatest part of his work for mankind to perform. He died in 183-2, aged 85 years. BENTIVO'GLIO, the name of a noble and distinguished family at Bologna; the most eminent of whom. Cardinal Guido BentiKoglio, in the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries, was much occupied in the affairs of Europe. He was papal nuncio to the Netherlands during the religious wars there, and to France in the time of Louis XIII. His writings, which relate principally to affairs in which he took part personally, are admired for their style, and valued for candid expositions of the views and feelings of Romanists in such exciting and perplexed times. He died m 1644, aged 65 years. BE'NTLEY, RICHARD, a most famous English classical critic and scholar of the last century. He was in succession master of the grammar school at Spalding, Lincolnshire; tutor to the son of Dr. SliUingfleet ; prebendai-y of Worcester ; keeper of the king's library; Master of Trinity, Cantab.; and Regius Professor of Divinity at the same University. No scholar was ever engaged in more numerous and less dignified quarrels, than Bentley. No one has so mixed a fame. He has, by his writings, powerfully defended religion ; helped largely the study of the New Testament Scriptures; and established canons of criticism, and accumulated immense stores of most curious and valuable erudition. But he has, by his impetuosity, and by . his foible of editing every classic writer, brought on his canons and himself undeserved ridicule. He died in 1739, aged 77 years. To BENUTMB, v. a. [benumen. Sax.] to take away or destroy the sense of feeling, applied to the effect of cold upon the ex- treme parts of the body ; or the approach of death, and stupefy- ing violence of any disorder. BENZO'ATES, in Chemistry, salts formed by the combination of any base with the benzoic acid. BENZOIC, in Chemistry, belonging to benzoin. Benzoic acid, is the acid obtained from benzoin ; it is found in other vegeta- bles, as bitter almonds, the essential oils of many plants, &c. BENZOIN, (vulgarly called Benjamin,) s. a dry and solid resin, brought from the East Indies. It should be chosen fresh, is of a quick pungent smell, easily broken, and full of the white al- mond-like granules. It is a powerful expectorant, and is given with success in disorders of the lungs and inveterate coughs. The leaves of the tree, from which it is procured by incision, re- semble those of the lemon-tree. To BEPATNT, v. a. to cover with artificial colours. Figura- tively, to change the colour of the complexion. To BEQUE'ATH, v. a. to leave a person any thing by will. BEQUE'ATHMENT, s. the leaving something, or the thing left, by will. Seldom used. BEQUE'ST, s. something left by will ; a legacy. BE'RAR, a province of the S. part of Hindustan, bounded on the N. and E. by the presidency of Bengal ; on the S. by Aurunga- bad ; and on the VV. by the territory of the Nizam. It is elevated table land, accessible by the defiles of the surrounding moun- tains. It has some considerable streams, one only of which is navigable. This lack of means of trading renders its commerce very poor. The usual plants and vegetables of India grow here. To BERA'TTLE, v. a. to make a noise at, including the idea of contempt ; to scold. BERBE'RRA, a trading town on the Gulf of Aden, in Africa, by means of which good part of the trade of Aden with the in- terior parts of Africa is carried on. The constant residents are very few, but from November to May the population is con- siderable. BERBERS, onp of the aboriginal tribes of the N. W. coast of Africa. They are found, under various names, throughout all the different states of that part, and far into the Great Desert, BERBI'CE, one of the EngHsh settlements in the W. Indies. It is in Guiana, on the continent of S. America ; and with De- nierara and Essequibo, forms British Guiana. New Amsterdam is its capital, which stands on the Berbice river, which is navi- gable for large vessels 50 miles from its mouth. The population BE II IS about 25,000, of whom more than five-sixths are negroes and of negro blood. Coffee, cotton, sugar, rum, are its exports. To BEREA'VE, v. n. pret. bereaved, or htrefl ; [bereqfian. Sax.] to take away by force, including a want of pity ; to spoil ; to rob ; to strip a person of his property. BERE'AVEMENT, s. the act of taking away, or leaving a person destitute of any thing. BERE'NGER, one of the schoolmen of the 11th century. He may be regarded as one of the founders of the scholastic theo- logy. He was engaged in a trying controversy respecting tran- substantiation, in which his opponents used[ their customary arguments, anathemas, book-burnings, forced recantations, and wore out the life of the despiser of authority. He died in 1088. BERE-RE'GIS, Dorsetshire. It is a small place, 113 miles from London. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 1394. BERESI'NA, a tributary river to the Dnieper, which rises in the province of Minsk, and, after flowing for about 250 miles, joins the Dnieper near Horwale. BE'RGAMO, s. [Fr.] a coarse tapestry, manufactured with several sorts of spun thread, or of flocks of wool, silk, or cotton, ox, cow, or goat s hair. BE'RGAMO, a province and city of Lombardy, under the Alps and the Grisons. The city is fortified, and its churches and cathedral are splendid buildings. There are several galleries of paintings here. It has also good educational institutions. Its population is about 30,000. It is 25 miles from Milan. Lat. 45. 42. N. Long. 9. 37. E. BERGAMO'T, «. \hergamotte, Fr.] in Gardening, a fine juicy pear, of a globular form, and a coat of an olive colour, mixed with brown. An essence or perfume, drawn from the fruit of a lemon-tree, ingrafted with the stock of a bergaraot pear-tree. Likewise a kind of snuff, of a large grain, said to be only pure tobacco, with some of this essence rubbed into it. BE'RGEN, a handsome and ancient sea-port of Norway, capi- tal of the province of Bergenhuus. The harbour is excellent, and well fortified. Their exports are skins, timber, tallow, fish, &c. ; but their wheat is brought from other places. It is 350 miles from Copenhagen. Lat. 60. 10. N. Long. 7. 14. E. Po- pulation about 20,000. BE'RGEN-OP-ZOOM, a very strong town of Dutch Brabant, 18 miles from Antwerp. Its population is above 5000; but the trade is wholly domestic. BERG-GRU'EN, s. the name of an earth used in painting, and sometimes called green-ochre. To BERHY'ME, v. a. to make a person or thing the subject of a poem ; used by way of contempt. BE'RKELEY, Gloucestershire. A small town on the Avon, once of considerable importance and wealth. It has now a trade in coals. The castle, which is near the town, was the scene of the murder of Edward II. Market, Tuesday. Pop. 4405. BE'RKELEY, GEORGE, bishop of Cloyne, Ireland, the cele- brated metaphysical writer, and parent of Idealism. He was educated at Dublin ; was secretary- and chaplain to the Earl of Peterborough ; travelled in Europe ; was made dean of Derry ; went on a missionary expedition to Rhode Island, N. America, and was forced to return ; was made bishop of Cloyne, and died at Oxford in 1753, aged 69 years. His writings are various, but his renown rests on his philosophy, in which, contrary to the usually received opinion, he adhered to the reports of the senses, and discarded merely the addendum of reasoners, matter. He has never been fairly answered, though there have been many replies published. BERKHA'MPSTEAD, Hertfordshire. It had formerly a strong castle, built by the Normans, and has now a good free school, founded by John Incent, dean of St. Paul's. Its trade is chiefly in malt. It IS 26 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 1820. BE'RKSHIRE, a county of England, bounded on the N. by Oxford and Buckingham, on the W. by Wilts., on the S. by Hants, and Surrey, and on the E. by Middlesex and Bucks. It IS about 40 miles long, and 25 broad. The great chalk range, which reaches, at the White Horse Hill, nearly 900 feet in height, runs nearly due W. through it. It has gooci pastures on these hills, and the lower land is fertile and woody. The Thames is Its chief river; it has also the Kennet, the Loddon, the Auburn, &c. It IS mainly an agricultural county; but some woollen cloth IS manufactured. The White Horse Hill and Vale are named so from the figure of a horse rudely made on the side of the chalk B DR hill by cutting away the turf from the chalk below ; it is nearly 400 feet long, and may be seen for many miles, and is believed to be of great antiquity. Reading, Abingdon, Windsor, Wal- lingford, &c., are its chief towns. It returns nine members to parliament. Pop. 161,147. BE'RLIN, a large, strong, and handsome city of Germany, and capital of the kingdom of Prussia. It lies on the river Spree, and by canals to the Elbe and the Oder, has communication with both the German and Baltic Seas. It is nobly and regularly built, with many squares, &c., and is divided into six quarters ; and has fourteen gates, of which the Brandenburgh gate is the most mag- nificent ; and forty-two bridges, some of whicli are very fine. The public buildings are very numerous, palaces, churches, hos- pitals, asylums, schools, varying in style, and vieing with each other in splendour. The royal museum is a remarkably noble struc- ture. There are also the university buildings, several theatres, some fine manufactories, and public and military monuments. Berlin has a university of the highest order of excellence. It is also famous for its manufactories of China, woollens, silks, and cottons, and other articles. Its trade, by means of the inland navigation, is also considerable. Its population exceeds consi- derably a quarter of a million. Lat. 52. 31. N. Long. 13. 22. E. Berlin is the name a kind of travelling chariot. BERME, s. [Fr.] in Fortification, a space of ground three, four, or five feet wide, left without, between the foot of the ram- part and the side of the moat, to prevent the earth from falling down into the moat ; sometimes palisadoed. BERMU'DA ISLANDS, a cluster of very fine islands, nearly in the form of a shepherd's crook, and surrounded with rocks, which render them almost inaccessible to strangers. They lie in the Atlantic Ocean, nearly 600 miles E. of Carolina. They are inhabited by the English, enjoy a pure and temperate air, and have plenty of flesh, fish, and garden stuft". The pastures are very fine, and the soil abundantly fertile. Arrow-root of the finest qualitv is produced here ; and they supply England and America with turtle. The common employment of the inhabit- ants is in building sloops, and the making of straw plait for women's hats. Population about 10,000. BERN, the largest canton of Switzerland, bounded on the N. by the cantons of Basle and Soleure, and Germany ; on the E. by the cantons of Zurich, Lucerne, Unterwalden, and Uri; on the S. by the Valais and Italy ; on the W. by the cantons of Fribourg and Neufchatel, ana France. The Jura mountains, which are 5000 feet in height, are in this canton. Its principal Alpine heights are, the Finsteraarhorn, 14,110 feet high ; the Jung-frau, 13,716 feet high ; the Schreck-horn, 13,386 feet in height ; the Wetterhorn, above 12,000 feet high, &c. Immense glaciers occupy the valleys amongst these lofty mountains, and of these the glaciers of Grindelwald and Lauterbrunnen are most known. The Aar with its tributaries, and a few small tribu- taries to the Rhine, are the rivers of Bern ; and its lakes are those of Thun, Bienne, and Neufchatel. The population is al- most wholly agricultural, but grazing is their chief occupation. There are also manufactories of linen, gunpowder, &c. &c. Its population is nearly 400,000. The chamois, marmots, bears, wolves, and eagles are met with in the mountains. BERN, the capital town of the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Here is a celebrated school, and a rich library, and twelve com- panies of tradesmen, in one of which every inhabitant is obliged to be enrolled before he can enjoy any oftice. It is a strong place, and is seated in a peninsula formed by the river Aar, al- most in the middle of the canton. It is elegantly built, and well ornamented. The cathedral, the prison, the hospital, and other public buildings, are very fine. Its population is about 15,000. Lat. 46. 56. N. Long. 7. 26. E. BERNADO'TTE, JEAN BAPTISTE JULES, was born at Beam in France, entered the army early, and rose at the begin- ning of the Revolution. He served with great distinction in many campaigns, was present at Austerlitz and Wagram, and was employed both by the Directory and by Buonaparte on many honourable missions. Although one of Napoleon's mar- shals, and made Prince de Pontecorvo by him, he was not sub- missive enough for the emperor's taste. Being chosen Prince ' Royal of Sweden, and driven to war by Napoleon, he took his Eart with great skill and courage, and helped at Leipsic. He ad to appeal to the sword to enforce on Denmark ^he observa- tion of the treaty at Kiel, by which Norway was appended to ■m BER the Swedish crown. In 1818 he succeeded to the throne as Charles (XIV.) John ; and devoted himself during his long reign to the administration of the affairs of his kingdom, and the pro- motion of its prosperitj'. He died in 1844, aged 90 years. BE'RNARD, ST., abbot of Clairvaux, a famous churchman of the r2th centurj'. His zeal for orthodoxy was very warm, and the fame and influence he acquired by his ascetic life very great. His great deeds were his preaching and heading the se- cond crusade ; and his condemnation of Abelard, the celebrated teacher of logic, &c. He died in 1153, aged about (K) years. BE'RNARD, SAINT, the name of one of the Alpine passes from the Valais to Piedmont. It is named from a monastery built in it by St. Bernard of Clairvaux, where are kept numbers of a breed of dogs unequalled for sagacity and gentleness of dis- position, who are employed by the monks to search for travellers who may lose their way and endanger their lives amongst the mountain snows. This monastery occupies the loftiest position used as a constant habitation in all Europe. The pass is occu- pied by a nanow lake, at its highest part,_ which is about 8000 feet above the sea. It is not passable ' ' ' " ' mules, or on foot. not passable throughout, except by BE'RNARDINES. -See Cistercians. BE'RNBURG, a small duchy of Germany, lying between the Prussian dominions and those of the duke of Brunswick, wa- tered by streams which flow into the Elbe, and varied in its sur- face, and enriched with mineral wealth, by the Harz mountain. In some parts it is fertile, and supplies good pastures for rearing of cattle. Its manufactories are insignificant. Bernburg, Bal- lenstedt, Koswig, Harzgerode, are its principal towns. Its po- pulation is about 50,000. BERNINI, GIOVANNI LORENZO, a sculptor of the 17th century, in Italy. He executed many works yet to be seen at Rome, as the front of the college of the Propaganda, the Barberini Palace, several fountains, some of the interior ornaments of St. Peter's, and the piazza and staircase leading from it to the Vati- can, &c. &c. He visited France late in his life, and executed some works there. He was held in the highest honour during his life, and has not lost his fame. He died in 1680, aged 82 years. BERNOU'LLI, a celebrated family of mathematicians, of which three occupy very distinguished positions as the fellow- labourers of Leibnitz and Newton, and Euler and Clairaut. James Bernoulli, and his brother John, seized eagerly on the newfy-discovered calculus, and by their investigations materially aided its application to the sciences. They both espoused the side of Leibnitz in his controversy with Newton ; and they were engaged in a controversy with each other, in which the latter appeared to great disadvantage. Daniel Bernoulli, the son of John, Srosecuted the study of the calculus in conjunction with his lustrious contemporaries, and was the first to apply it to many scientific questions. James died in 1705, aged 51 years ; John in 1748, aged 81 years ; and Daniel in 1782, aged 82 years. To BERO'B, V. a. to steal ; to take away the property of a per- son. Seldom used. BERO'SUS, the author of a History of the Chaldseans, of which only a few fragments remain, quoted by Josephus, Euse- bius, &c. He lived at the time of the overthrow of his country by the Macedonians, and travelled into Greece, where he re- ceived many honours. There was a Chaldaean astronomer of the same name, but the accounts existing respecting both are so extravagant, that it is impossible to determine respecting their identity or diversity. BERRI', an ancient province of France, comprising nearly the departments of Cher and Indre ; which see. BE'IKRY, s. [beriff. Sax.] a small fruit, containing one or more seeds in a soft pulp, covered with a skin. To BE'RRY, V. n. to produce berries. In the North, it signi- fies to strike, [from ber, Isl.] to beat or thrash. BE'RTHIER, ALEXANDER, one of Napoleon's generals, en- nobled by him with the titles of Prince of Neufchatel and of Wagram. He was proxy for the emperor at the marriage of Maria Louisa. He entered the service of Louis XVIH. at the Restoration ; and retired, at the return of Napoleon from Elba, to Bamberg, where he died in the same year, 1815, aged 02 years. BERTHO'LLET, CLAUDE LOUIS, an eminent French chemist of the last centurj. He early embraced the antiphlogistic BES doctrines of Lavoisier, but with differences from his views in some points. He recommended the use of chlorine for bleaching ; and superintended the manufacture of gunpowder, and the dis- covery of saltpetre for that purpose, during the first wars of the Revolution. He accompanied Napoleon's expedition to Egypt ; and was ennobled on nis return, which honour he retained after the Restoration. He died in 1822, aged 74 years. Recent chemical investigation has left Berthollet's views in many things quite behind. BE'RVIE, Kincardine, Scotland. A small sea-port and fish- ing town, on the mouth of a stream of the same name, where some hempen manufacture is carried on. It is 83 miles from Edinburgh. Market, Saturday. Pop. 1342. BE'RWICK-UPON-TWEED, a town on the borders of Eng- land and Scotland. It is a town and county of itself, and is a place of great strength, as well by art as nature, being defended with walls, a castle, and other fortifications. It is large, popu- lous, and well built, and has a good trade in corn, coal, and sal- mon. It is seated on the river Tweed, over which there is a very handsome bridge of 16 arches ; and the harbour's mouth is pro- tected by a fine stone pier, with a light-house on the end of it. It is 336 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 8484. BE'RWICK, a shire in Scotland, bounded by the river Tweed on the S. ; by Lothian on the N. ; by the German Ocean on the E. ; and by Tiviotdale on the W. It abounds with corn and grass, and is hilly on the N. and E. Coal is found in small quantities in it. The principal rivers are the Tweed, the White- adder, Blackadder, Eye, and Ednel. The principal place is the town and castle of Dunse, the best place for trade in the county. Greenlaw, Lauder, and Coldstream, are also of some note. It sends one member to parliament. Pop. 34,438. BE'RWICK, NORTH, Haddington, Scotland, seated on the Frith of Forth. It is a rural place, with but little trade. It is 22 miles from Edinburgh. Pop. 1708. BE'RYL, s. [beryUus, Lat.] a precious stone of a bluish green, found in the East Indies, and about the gold mines of Peru. BESA'NCON, a city in the depart, of Doubs, France. It was formerly the capital of Franche-Comte, and is situated on a pen- insula formed by the river DoubSj 235 miles from Paris. It is a well-built place, and is very strongly fortified. It has some fine buildings ; and its manufactures in thread, carpets, watches, &c., are of some importance. Population above 30,000. BESA'NT, Beza'nt, s. a coin of pure gold, of an uncertain value, struck at Byzantium in the time of the Christian emperors ; hence the gold offered by the king at the altar is called besant. In Heraldry, besants are representations of round flat pieces of money or bullion, introduced into coat armour by those who were at the holy war. To BESCREE'N, v. a. to conceal or hide any thing. Seldom used. To BESEE'CH, v. a. prefer. / besought ; I have besought ; [secan, Sax.] to entreat with great earnestness; to ask as a favour, in a humble and suppliant manner. To BESEE'M, v. n. [beziemen, Belg.] to suit, applied to a means; to become, or be worthy of, applied to character or dignity. To BESE'T, r. a. preter. I beset ,- I have beset ; [h^Otan, Sax.] to surround, so as not to be able to escape without difficulty, alluding to an enemy's surrounding a body of men, or some for- tified place. Followed by with, to endanger, to encompass. To BESHRE'W, v. a. [ftescAryere, Teut.] to wish any thing un- happy or miserable to a person. BESl'DE, Besi'des, prep. \be and side. Sax.] by the side, or near, applied to situation. "To sit down beside him," Bacon. "Reside nim hung his bow," Par. Zos*. In the enumeration or detail of particulars, something more, over, and above. " In man there is a nature found beside the senses," Bavies. " Great numbers beside those whose names are in the Christian records," Addis. Inconsistent with ; not relating to ; not discoverable by. "A method beside, and above the discoveries of man's reason," South. " It is beside my present business," Locke. Before a re- ciprocal pronoun, as himself, &c., it implies the loss of reason, or madness. "Thou art beside thyself.'^cfc. Used adverbially, it implies an additional circumstance, or something more than what nas been mentioned. "Besides, you know not," Diyd. The rest ; or that which has not been already spoken of, or mentioned. "Hast thou here any besides," Oen. xix. 13. n2 91 fi£S To BESIE'GE, v. a. to surround or attack a place with an army, in order to conquer and get master of it. BESIE'GER, s. a person who attempts to take a town by en- to daub or smear with any thing that raises a disagreeable idea. To BESME'AR, v. a. to cover or daub with any thing which alters the colour of a thing, and raises the idea of something not cleanly. Figuratively, to tarnish, to deprive of its lustre, ap- plied to character, &c. To BESMI'RCH, v. a. to soil, blacken, discolour. To BESMO'KE, v. a. to soil ; to foul, or dry in smoke. To BESMU'T, jj. a. [be and smitan. Sax.] to smear with any thing black ; especially applied to discolour a thing by smoke, soot, &c. BE'SOM, s. \hesm, hesma. Sax.] an instrument consisting of a long handle, to which birch or rushes are fastened, used by housewives to sweep their floors from sand or dust. To BESO'RT, V. a. to suit ; to fit. BESO'RT, s. company ; attendance ; train. To BESOT, V. a. to stupify with gluttony or drunkenness. Used with thenarticle on, to dote, or be extremely in love with. BESO'UGHT, (besa&t) part. pass, of Beseech. To BESPA'NGLE, v. a. to make a thing glitter, by means of some small shining object. To BESPA'TTER, ». n. to wet, by casting small quantities of water. Figuratively, to soil or tarnish the character of a person. To BESPE'AK, v, a. preter. / bespoke, or I bespoke ; I have be- spoken ; [6e and spmkan. Sax.] to give orders for the making of any thing, in order to prevent others from buying it ; to engage beforehand ; to discover beforehand, or forebode ; to address in discourse ; to speak to ; to declare ; to show. BESPE'AKER, s. he that gives orders for the making of any thing to an artificer or manuiacturer. To BESPE'CKLE, v. a. to mark with spots. To BESPl'CE, t). a. to season with spices, generally applied to liquors. ■ To BESPI'T, V. a. to wet with spittle ; to spit upon. BESPO'KE, preter. and part, from Bespeak. To BESPO'T, f. a. to mark with spots. To BESPRE'AD, v. a. \be and spraaan. Sax.] to extend a thing at full length over another ; to cover with. To BESPRPNKLE, v. a. [be and springe. Sax.] to spurt, to throw water upon a thing, so as to make it fall upon it in drops. To BESPU'TTER, i: a. to wet any thing, by forcing spittle in drops from between the lips. BESSARA'BIA, a province of Russia, on the Black Sea, bounded by the Dniester, Moldavia, the Pruth, and the Danube. Its surface is beautifully varied, and promises to be, on cultiva- tion, of great fertility. All species of corn, and the vine, have been cultivated there lately with great success. At present its pastures are its chief source of wealth ; and its timber, which in the N. is excellent. Bender, Khotin, and Akkerman are its chief towns. Its population is about 600,000. BEST, a. the superlative degree of good; the comparative bctlcr ; [bet, betertif^^i, good, better, best. Sax.] the highest degree of good. USMr%ith the word do, the utmost exertion of power or ability. Taken adverbially, the highest degree of goodness. To BESTAI'N, v. a. to mark with stains ; to spot. To BESTE'AD, v. a. to profit ; to accommodate. BE'STIAL, «. [bestia, Lat.] that has the nature of a beast. Applied figuratively to one who seems to have no regard for rea- son, delicacy, virtue, shame, or humanity. BESTIA'LlTY, s. that quality which is contrary to the right use of reason ; opposite to every principle of humanity. BE'STIALLY, ad. in such a manner as to resemble a beast, and below the dignity of humanity. To BESTI'CK, f. a, preter. I bestuck, or have bestuck ; to fix darts, or any pointed thing or mark, upon a subject. To BESTI'R, V. a. to exert one's power vigorously. Generally used with the reciprocal pronouns, him, her, himself, &c. To BESTCVV, (the ow in the last syllable is pronounced like o long,) V. a. [besteden, Belg.] to give a person a thing which he had no right to demand ; to give in marriage, used with the preposition «/Jon, before the receiver; to apply; to lay out upon ; to place. »-2 BET BESTO'WER, s. he that gives a thing; he that confers a favour. To BESTREW, v. a. part, bestrowed, or bestrotcn ; to scatter, or sprinkle over ; to cover with. To BESTRPDE, v. a. preter. I bestrid, or bestrode; I have be- stridden ; to Stand over any thing, so as to have it between our legs, or a leg on each side of it. As this posture is that of a per- son on horseback, it is put figuratively for a person riding. To BESTU'D, V. a. to adorn with shining dots, marks, or studs. BET, s. [betan. Sax.] the money deposited by each of the parties who lay a wager, to be given to him who wins. To BET, V. a. to lay a wager. To BETA'KE, v. a. preter. I betook, part, passive, betaken ; [be- tacan. Sax.] to apply ; to have recourse to, with the reciprocal pronouns him, her, himself, &c., and the particle to; to take to, fly, or go, applied to motion. BETCHOUA'NA, or Bechua'na, the name of one of the native races of S. Africa, lying N. of the Great Orange river, and com- posed of many difiierent tribes, agreeing in language, customs, &c., in the main. They are sunk very low in barbarism, and yet in the style of their building, in working metals, &c., they are superior to many barbarous nations. Their language has been reduced to writing and system by the Protestant mission- aries, whose influence nas also been exerted with some success to raise them, by the introduction of education, and more re- fined customs. Their numbers cannot be ascertained until Eu- ropeans have greater intercourse with them ; but two of their towns, Lattakoo and Kuruman, are supposed to have a popula- tion of about 10,000 each. To BETEE'M, v. a. to bestow or give; to produce, alluding to the teeming time of animals. To BETHI'NK, t'. a. preter. 7 bethought; [be and thencan. Sax.] to recall back something past into the mind ; to recollect oneself; to suspend our thoughts. BETHLEHEM, s. [the house of bread, Heb.] the name of a city in Judea, famous for being the birth-place of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. It is now reduced to a poor village. Ap- plied, according to its etymology, to an hospital ; and at present appropriated to that where lunatics are confined, near Moorgate, London. -See Bedlam. BETHLEHEM, the name of eight places in the United Sates; the most important of which is in Pennsylvania, and was settled originally by the Herrnhutters. It is a neat town, and slbnds on the Lehigh river, over which is a bridge 400 feet long. It has a stone church, and a good female school. It is 48 miles from Philadelphia. Pop. 2989. BETHLEHEMITE, s. a person confined, or fit to be confined, in a mad-house, called a Bedlamite. Also an order of monks, subsisting principally in South America,' who are reputed great politicians. To BETHRA'L, (bethraul) v. a. to bind and fetter as a captive. Seldom used. To BETHU'MP, v. a. to bang, or beat. A ludicrous word. To BETI'DE, V. n. preter. it betided, or betid; [from tid, Sax.] to happen to a person; to befall; used both of good and bad events. BETI'ME, Beti'mes, ad. [be and tima, Sax.] in season ; with- out delay ; soon ; in a short time. Joined with morning, early. BETLE, Be'tel, Be'tre, s. [Ind.] a kind of pepper, whose leaves are of great use throughout the East, for the purpose of dyeing the teeth black and the lips red, and of sweetening the breath ; and producing an intoxicating excitement. BETLEY, a town of Stafl!brdshire, 156 miles from London. Market, Tuesday. To BETO'KEN, v. a. to declare, to show, to discover, by marks or signs. BETONY, s. [betonica, Lat.] a plant with gaping blossoms, found in woods and heaths. It was formerly much used in medi- cine, but is at present discarded. It is often smoked as tobacco, and the roots provoke vomiting. Paul's betony is the same with the smooth speedwell, ana the yellow betony is a sort of stachys. BETOO'K, preter. from Betake. To BETO'SS, v. n. to be tossed about ; to be agitated, dis- turbed, troubled, or tormented. To BETRA'Y, I), a. [trahir, Fr.] to deliver a person up to his BEW enemies, though bound to the contrary ; to disclose a secret in- trusted to one ; to discover some failing; to discover. BETRA'YER, s. the person who treacherously delivers another into the hands of his enemies; one who discloses a secret. To BETRI'M , V. a. to adorn or embellish the person with dress ; applied with great beauty to the flowery creation. To BETRO'TH, v. a. Ibetrowen, Belg.J to promise a person in marriage. To BETRU'ST, v. a. to trust or rely on the fidelity of another, applied to persons and things. BETTER, a. the comparative degree of good, of which best is the superlative ; [betera. Sax.] that exceeds, is better, or prefer- able to the thing it is compared with. Used as a substantive, a person of rank or authority superior to ourselves. BE'TTER, ad. in a more perfect, exact manner ; in a more advantageous or profitable manner or way. To BE'TTER, v. a. to improve ; to increase the value of a thing; to amend by change; to surpass; to excel; to strength- en, or add strength to. BE'TTER, s. one who lays a wager. BETWEE'N, prep, [beticeotian, betwinan. Sax.] applied to situa- tion, it signifies the middle, or the having one of the two things mentioned on each side of us. Applied to time, the middle space, or that which is included within the periods mentioned. Applied to qualities, partaking of each. Applied to things opposite or contrary to each other, it implies separation, or the idea of differ- ence acquired by comparison. A reciprocation on both sides, applied to friendship. By themselves, privately, exclusive of any others. Synon. Between is properly used of only two persons ; but among, when more are included. BETWl'XT,^ep. [beticyx. Sax.] used indifferently ior between ; which see. BE'VEL, Be'vil, s. among joiners, a kind of square, one or both legs of which are crooked, according to the sweep of an arch, or vault. Bevil angle is that which is not square, whether it be obtuse or acute. To BE'VEL, Be'vil, v. a. to form a bevil angle, in opposition to a right one. BE'VERAGE, s. [bevere, Ital.] any common drink, or a\)y thing drinkable ; a treat at putting on, or first wearing, a new suit of clothes ; a treat at a person's first coming to prison, called likewise garnish ; but these last meanings are vulgar. BE'VERIDGE, WILLIAM, bishop of St. Asaph at the begin- ning of the last century. He was a man of great learning and piety ; and in the several parishes which were under his care successively, in his archdeaconry, and in his diocese, he distin- guished himself by the indefatigable zeal with which he applied himself to the discharge of his numerous and varied duties. The works which he published were on Chronology, the Oriental Lan- guages, and the Ancient Ecclesiastical Canons. After his death, his well-known Private ThouffJtts, and other works on practical theology, were published. lie died in 1708, aged 71 years. BE'VERLY, Yorkshire, E. R. It is a large, well-built town, having two parish churches, besides the minster, which is a large structure that was founded by king Athelstan, but con- sumed by fire in 1188, and afterwards rebuilt. Its other public buildings are the grammar school, and the prisons and court- houses of the riding. It stands near the river Hull, and has some trade in corn, coals, leather, &c. It is 183 miles from London. Markets, Wednesday and Saturday. Pop. 8730. BE'VY, s. Ibei-a, Ital.] a flock, or number of birds collected together ; an assembly, or company. To BEWA'lL, f. a. [from wa, grief. Sax.] to grieve for any calamity. To BEWA'RE, v. a. to act with so much caution as to provide against any future obstacle, or misfortune. BEW'CASTLE, Cumberland. Formerly a market town, but now a small village only. It abounds in relics of Roman, Saxon, &c. origin. In the church-yard is a Runic pillar, with carvings, and an inscription which scholars have as yet failed to decipher. Pop. 1274. BEW'DLEY, Worcestershire. It is pleasantly situated on the river Severn, is neat and well built, and enjoys a good trade for malt, leather, and caps, but not to such an extent now as for- merly. It is 125 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 3400. To BEWE'T, V. a. to make moist or wet. BEZ BEWICK, THOMAS, an eminent wood-engraver of the end of the last and beginning of the present century ; whose British Birds, Quadrupeds, Gay's Fables, Fishes, Illustrations to the British Poets, and especially his tail-pieces, are so well known and so lustly admired. He was a kind and generous spirit, and full of humour, as all his works show. He died in 1828, aged 75 years. To BEWI'LDER, v. a. to lose in a place or wood, which has no certain path. Figuratively, to puzzle and perplex the mind with diflicmties. To BEWPTCH, V. a. to injure by, or subject to, the power of diabolical charms and incantations. In a secondary sense, to operate so powerfully on the mind by personal or mental charms, as to captivate and be irresistible. BEWl'TCHERY, s. a power which persons dealing with ma- gic, or with evil spirits, have over others. In its secondary sense, a charm, either personal, mental, &c. To BEWRA'Y, (in pronunciation the w is dropped,) v. a. [be- wregan, Sax.] to discover a thing that is hid, or secret, either through simplicity or treachery. BEWRA'VER, (in pronunciation the w is dropped,) s. a per- son who discovers a thing which should be concealed ; a divulger of secrets. BEY, s. among the Turks, the governor of a country or town ; the Turks write it Begh, or Bee, a lord or sangiac. BEY'0'ND,^re;?. [begeond, Sax.] a word used to signify excess in any thing. Applied to a place, the farther side of any thing, or that which is at the greatest distance from us; farther than ; across, or over; too great for, or out of the reach of; exceeding, above; superior. BEY'RA, a province of Portugal, bounded by the Tagus, and the Serra de Louzao ; theDouro; Spain, and the Atlantic. Some of the peaks of the Serra de Estrella, which cross it, are above 7000 feet high. The Mondego is its principal river ; the rest are small streams, on the coast, or else tributary to the larger rivers. In its valleys are grown, corn of all kinds, fruits, and vines. Agriculture is the chief occupation, except on the coast. Coimbra, which has a university, Guarda, Limego, Visen, are its chief towns. Its population is about a million and a half. BE'ZA, THEODORE, one of the leaders of the Reformed Church in Switzerland, in the 16th century. He was by birth a French noble, and was educated for the law : afterwards being Eressed to enter the church, he joined the Reformed Church at leneva. He was for ten years Greek Professor at Lausanne, and both there and at Geneva distinguished himself for the zeal and learning with which he defended and promoted the Reformation. On the death of Calvin, Beza succeeded to his office and influ- ence, which he used to the satisfaction of all. He died in 1605, aged 86 years. He wrote many works ; his Latin version of the !New Testament, published with his edition of the Greek Testa- ment, which is believed to have formed the basis of the text whence our common English version was made, is well known. BEZI'ERS, a town in the dept. of Herault, France, most plea- santly situated on a hill above the river Orb, and commanding a most enchanting prospect. The town is well built, and has an old and strangely-built cathedral, and has the ancient fortifica- tions round it. In the neighbourhood, wine, spiritsj^d silk are produced ; and the town itself has manufactories of silken goods, and woollen cloth of different kinds. It is 480 miles from Paris. Its population is about 15,000. Lat. 43. 21. N. Long. 3. 13. E. BE'ZIL, Be'zel, s. that part of a ring in which the stone is fixed. BE'ZOAR, s. [pa and zahar, Persic,] a stone moderately hard and heavy, generally of a round form, and its size between that of a horse bean and a small walnut, of a dusky olive or green brown. It is always smooth and glossy ; but when broken is found to consist of several coats or crusts of stony matter, laid over one another, on a piece of stick, or seed of a fruit, for a nu- cleus or basis. It is a calculus found in goats, in Persia and the E. Indies. Others are found in the W. Indies. The calculi in other animals are also called bezoars. They were esteemed as specifics against poisons and malignant fevers ; but have ceased to be of any account, except in the East, where artificial bezoars are prepared from various metals. BEZOA'RDIC, a. an epithet applied to medicines compounded with bezoar. BIB BHU'RTPOOR, a district in the W. of Agra, Hindustan. It IS not naturally very fertile, but by great care and constant irri- gation, it yields excellent corn, sugar, and cotton. Bhurtpoor, Combher, Deeg, Kurnau, are its chief towns. BIA'FRA, BIGHT OF, a bay in the Gulf of Guinea, W. Africa, divided by Cape Formosa from the Bight of Benin. It is nearly 600 miles across, and nearly 300 in depth. One branch of the Quorra, or Niger, empties itself in this bay, and some other large streams. This part of the coast is not very thickly inhabited, owing to its very unhealthy character. Elephants abound, and other wild animals. Iron is plentiful, and this, ivory, and palm wine, are the chief articles of trade. BIANCHrai, FRANCESCO, a learned astronomer and histo- rian of Italy, at the close of the 17th century. He wrote re- specting the calendar ; examined the rotation of Venus, and pub- lished the results ; attempted to draw a meridian line throughout Italy ; began a Universal History ; published an interesting account of the Sepulchral Chamber of some members of the household of the emperor Augustus ; communicated many papers on different subjects to the transactions of learned societies ; and died in 1729, aged 67 years. BIATVGULATED, Bia'ngulous, a. [6t««s and angtthts, Lat.] that has two angles. BI'AS, s. [biats, Fr.] the weight lodged in one side of a bowl to direct or regulate it in its course, and to turn it from a straight line. Figuratively, an influence, propensity, or any thing which directs the course of a person's actions to a particular end. Sy- NON. These words rise gradually ; inclination implying something less strong than propensity ; propensiUj, than bias : the first leads us to an object, the second draws us, the third drags us. Inclin- ation is greatly owing to education, propension to custom, hias to constitution. To BI'AS, ». a. to influence a person to any particular mea- sures of conduct. BI'AS, one of the Wise Men of Greece. He was a native of Priene, a Grecian city of Asia Minor, and gained his reputation by kindness, sagacity, and a happy power of embodying in pithy sayings the results of much shrewd observation and thought. He spent the greater part of his life, and died, in his native city. He was flourishing in 540 b. c. BIB, s. \hibo, Lat.] a piece of linen put under the chin of in- fants when feeding, to keep the victuals which are spilt from their clothes ; likewise a piece of linen pinned on the front of the stay of those of more advanced years. BIBA'CIOUS, a. [hibax, Lat.] much addicted to drinking ; or drinking to excess. BIBA'CITY, s. \bibacitas, Lat.] the quality of drinking too much. BI'BBER, s. [bibo, Lat.] a person who drinks to excess. BI'BLE, s. [biblion, Gr.] the name given to the collection of ancient writings which are received by the Christian world as the revelation of God's will to man. It consists of two parts, the former called the Old Testament, or Covenant, and the latter the New. The Old Testament comprises all the books held sa- cred by the Jews, and contains, 5 books written by Moses, (called the Pentateuch, and the Law,) in which the history of the Jewish nation is given from the very beginning to their ar- rival at the borders of Canaan ; and also the whole of that system of ritual observances which constituted the worship of the Jews ; —12 other books, which carry on the history of the Jews to their reinstatement in Judea on their return from captivity ; — 16 books of Prophecies, delivered at various times to the Jews ;— and lastly, 5 poetical books, one being a relation of the trials of an an- cient patriarch ; another, a collection of hymns, odes, and elegies, composed by various parties on various occasions, public and pri- vate ; and the others, practical maxims, &c., chiefly the embodi- ments of the observation and wisdom of the wisest of the Jewish kings. These all (with the exception of some few passages in some of the latest of them, which are m Chaldee) are written m Hebrew. The New Testament, which is written in Greek, contains, 4 distinct histories of the ministry, and deeds, and death of our Lord Jesus Christ, two being written by eye-witnesses, and two by the intimate companions of those who were" so ;— a history of the first efforts made to proclaim the gospel, chiefly those made by the most eminent of^ the first preachers, the apostle of the Gentiles;— 1,3 letters, or essays in the epistolary form, written to various churches and persons in Europe and Asia, by the apostle of the Gentiles, unfolding with great clearness the truths 01 the gospel, and showing their bearing upon common life ; — a letter written to the converted Hebrews, which is commonly ascribed to Paul;— 7 other letters on the same subject, but writ- ten with various scope, one by James, one by Judas, two by Peter, and three by John ;— and lastly, a half-poetical book of visions, embodying the subsequent course and fortunes of the church. Various parts of this collection of writings were trans- lated into the common tongue of this country in very early days. Wiclifl'e translated the whole of the Scriptures into English. After the Reformation, four different translations were made and printed; and in 1611, that version which is now most generally received and used, was printed under the patronage of the king, at the cost of the Stationers' Company. Many other translations into English have been made since, but they are used only by particular sects, or by scholars merely. There were translations of the whole or part made very early into many Oriental lan- guages, Greek, Latin, and other tongues, some of which are ex- ceedfingly valuable. Since the great effort began to diffuse the Scriptures and the gospel into every land, the Bible has been translated, wholly or partly, into about 200 different languages and dialects. Bible monopoly, the exclusive right conferred by letters patent on the printers to the sovereign of Great Britain, to print the Scriptures, &c. ; now abolished in Scotland, and in England confined to the Authorized Version, without note or comment, but shared with the printers to the universities of Ox- ford and Cambridge. Bible Societies, institutions for diffusing the Scriptures by sale and gift. BIBLIO'GRAPHER, «. [biblos and ^ra^Ao, Gr.] one who writes or copies books. BIBLIO'GRAPHY, s. knowledge of books ; the study of the authors, editors, printers, &c,, of books. BI'BLIOMANCY, s. a kind of divination performed by taking passages of Scripture at hazard, and drawing indications thence concerning things future. It was much used at the consecration of bishops. BIBLIOMA'NIA, s. an extravagant passion for accumulating books. BIBLIOTHE'CAL, a. [bibliotheca, Lat.] belonging to a library. BI'BULOUS, a. [bibulus, Lat.] that sucks or drinks any fluid or moisture. BICE, s. in Painting, a blue colour prepared from capis ar- menus. BI'CESTER, or Bu'rcester, Oxfordshire, noted for its excel- • lent malt liquor. Here is a manufacture of slippers and lace. It is situated on the road between Oxford and Buckingham, 56 miles from London. Market, Friday. Pop. 3022. BiciTRE, a public building near Paris, in France. It was originally a castle belonging to one of the bishops of Winchester, in England ; which, after various changes, came into the hands of the crown, and was used as an hospital. It is at present used as a place of confinement for some criminals, and a poor-house also. BICHA'T, MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER, a very distinguish- ed young surgeon of France, who during the time of the Revolu- tion, by his enthusiastic pursuit of anatomical and physiological studies, and by his public lectures and writings, greatly pro- moted the study of these sciences throughout the civilized world. He died from an accident in 1800, aged but 31 years. BICI'PITAL, Bici'piTOUs, a. [biceps, Lat.] having two heads. It is also applied to one of the muscles of the arm. To BI'CKER, V. n. [bicre, Brit.] to skirmish or quarrel ; to tremble, quiver, or move backwards and forwards. BI'CKERER, s. one who is quarrelsome. BI'CKERING, s. a quarrel, skirmish, or sudden attack, op- posed to a set or pitched battle. BICO'RNE, Bico'rnous, a. [bicornis, Lat.] that has two horns. To BID, V. a. preter. Ibid, bad, bade, I have bid, or bidden; [bid- dan. Sax.] to order or command ; to request, or invite a person as a guest; to offer a sum for the purchase of a thing; to pub- lish or proclaim. Synon. To bid, intimates direction to perform, whether or not the person directing has any authority for so doing. To orrfcr, implies the exercise of authority. BI'DAL, Bi'dalt, s. [bid and a&,] in our ancient customs, de- notes the invitation of friends to drink ale at some poor man's house, who in consideration hereof expects some contribution for his relief. This custom still obtains in the west of England. BIDASSO'A, or Vidaso'a, a river of Spain, which rising in the Navarrese Pyrenees, after a course of about 70 miles, enters the Bay of Biscay, near Fontarabia. It is very near the boundary between France and Spain ; and its fisheries supply the markets of Madrid, &c. BI'DDEN, part. pass, of To Bid. BI'DDER, s. one who offers a price for any commodity. BI'DDING, s. command, and order, including generally the idea of a superior. BFDDLE, JOHN, a theological scholar who lived during the troubles of the 17th century. He was educated at Oxford, and was chosen master of a school at Gloucester. A publication of his drew on him the charge of heresy, and he experienced hard measure from the Parliament, and the Assembly of Divines, who obtained' an act making the profession of Socinianism a capital offence. This was frustrated by the army, and at length, (after having been released by Cromwell, and re-imprisoned by Brad- shaw,) after nearly seven years' durance, he was set at liberty, and continued so till the fall of the Commonwealth, when he was again incarcerated, and died in prison, in 1GG2, aged 47 years. To BIDE, V. a. [bidan. Sax.] to endure, or suffer.— r. n. to dwell, live, remain, or continue in a place. Bl'DEFORD, Devonshire. A well-built, populous town, seated on the river Touridge, over which there is a veiy long bridge of 24 arches. It has a noble quay, and carries on a considerable trade in coarse earthenware, Irish wool, &c. They also send ships to America and the West Indies. It is 203 miles from London. Market, Tuesday. Pop. 5211. BIDE'NTAL, a. [bidens, Lat.] that has two teeth. Figuratively, that has two prongs. Bl'DET, s. a nag or little horse, formerly allowed each trooper and dragoon, for his baggage and other occasions. BI'DING, s. constant stay or residence in a place. BIE'NNIAL, a. [biennis, Lat.] that continues, or has been, for two years. BIER, (Jeer) s. [beer. Sax.] a frame of wood on which dead persons are carried to the grave. BIE'STINGS,s. [bysting, Sax.] in Farming, the first milk given by a cow after calving. BIFA'RIOUS, a. [bifarius, Lat.] double, two-fold, that may be understood two ways. BI'FEROUS, a. [biferens, Lat.] bearing fruit twice a year. BI'FID, a. [bifidus, Lat.] cut, cleft, or divided into two parts. BI'FOLD, a. two-fold, double. BIFO'RMED, a. [biformis, Lat.] compounded of two forms ; that is double-shaped. BIFO'ROUS, a. [binv^ and forum, Lat.] opening with double doors. BIFU'RCATED, a. [binus and furea, Lat.] with two forks or prongs. BIG, a. applied to dimensions, large, immense, swelling out. Joined to with, or of, pregnant ; swelling or distended with grief. Applied to a person's looks or words, proud ; haughty. Synon. The word great is a general terra, signifying any thing consider- able in bulk, extent, quality, number, &c. Thus we say, a ffreat house, a great road, a great weight, a great many, a great famine, a great happiness. The words big and large are more circum- scribed ; big implies greatness of bulk ; large, greatness of extent. Thus we say, a big man, a big stone ; but a large room, a large field. BI'GAMIST, s. [bigamus, low Lat.] one who has married an- other before the death of his first wife. BI'GAMY, s. [bigamia, low Lat.] a double marriage, or the having of two wives at the same time; which" is felony by law. BIGBE'LLIED, a. swelling out, applied to sails filled with wind ; with child ; pregnant. BI'GGIN, s. [beguin, Fr.] the close-fitting under cap of an in- fant, covering the hind part of its head. BI'GGLESWADE, Bedfordshire. It is seated on the Ivel, (which is navigable for boats, and brings up coals, timber, mer- chandise, &c., from Lynn,) 45 miles from London. Its market is one of the greatest in England for barley, peas, and horse corn. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 3807. BIGHT, s. [bygan. Sax.] the circumference of the coil of a rope, opposed to its ends or extremities. BI'GNESS, s. largeness with respect to quantity, bulk, or di- mensions. BI'GOT, s. [supposed to be derived from Rollo's refusing to kiss the foot of Charles V. of France, when he received his daughter in marriage, and the investiture of the dukedom from him, with this Gothic expression, Ne se by God, on which ac- count he was called by the king a bigot,'] a person strongly at- tached to any religious opinion or custom, notwithstanding the strongest reason urged to convince him by a contrary party. Used in a bad sense. BI'GOTED, a. obstinately prepossessed in favour of a person or opinion. BFGOTRY, s. unreasonable firmness, obstinacy, or attach- ment to any party or opinion. BFLANDER, s. [belandre, Fr.] a small ship or vessel, broad and flat, used for convejdng goods from place to place. BI'LBERRY, s. in Botany, a plant producing a small purple berry, of a sweetish and sharp taste, used sometimes for tarts. Bl'LBO, s, a rapier or sword. BILBO'A, or Vilva'o, a healthy sea-port town of Spain, capi- tal of Biscay, with four parish churches and seven convents. Here is a good, well-frequented harbour, the town is well supplied with water, provisions, fish, &c., and the environs are fertile in leguminous plants and fruits. The chief exports are wool, sword blades, and other iron and steel wares. It is seated on the river Ibaicabel, 220 miles from Madrid. Lat. 43. 23. N. Long. 3. 10. W. BI'LBOES, s. a sort of stocks for punishing offenders on board a ship. BI'LDESTON, Suffolk. This is a small town, but it has a handsome church. It is 63 miles of London. Market, Wednes- day. Pop. 857. BILE, s. [bilis, Lat.] in Anatomy, a yellow bitter liquor or fluid, separated from the blood in the liver, collected in the gall- bladder, and discharged into the lower end of the duodenum. A red inflammatory swelling or tumour, very sore, and cured by suppuration, from bile. Sax. Figuratively, concealed or sup- pressed anger. BILEDU'LGERID, the ancient Numidia, an inland country of Africa, S. of Tunis. The air is hot, but the soil, though dry, yields a considerable quantity of barley. The country in some parts is covered with large woods of date-palm trees, with which the inhabitants carry on a considerable trade. The inhabitants are Africans, and roving tribes of Arabs. It lies between 28 and 32 degrees N. lat., and between 5 and 11 E. long. BILGE, s. [bilig. Sax.] that part of a ship's bottom on which, together with the keel, she rests, when aground. Bilge-water, that which rests on a ship's bottom, on account of its flatness, and cannot go to the well. Bilge-pump, is that which is applied to the side of a ship, to exhaust or pump out the bilge-water. To BILGE, V. n. a sea-term, to damage, to break the boards of a ship or vessel against a rock, so as to make a passage for the water to enter ; to spring a leak. BI'LIARY, a. [bilis, Lat.] in Anatomy, that belongs to or conveys the bile. BILI'MBI, s. a fruit of the East Indies, used there medicinally, but here only as a pickle. BILI'NGUOUS, a. [bilinguis, Lat.] an epithet |]yJi|^ one who speaks two languages. In Law, applied to i^ffljrwhich passes upon a foreigner for a crime committed in England, whereof part are English, and part foreigners. BI'LIOUS, a. [bilis, Lat.] consisting of bile ; subject to biliary disorders. To BILK, i>. a. [bilken, Teut.] to cheat ; to defraud; to con- tract a debt, and run away without paying it. BILL, s. [bile. Sax.] the horny mandibles which are the ter- mination of the jaw in birds, used by them in procuring food ; a beak. In Husbandry, a kind of axe, with a hooked point, used to lop trees. If the handle be short, it is named a hand bill ; but if long, a hedge bill. An old English weapon. In trade, a written or printed account of goods delivered to, or work done for, a person. In Commerce, bUl of credit, that which is given by one person to another, empowering him to take up money of his correspondents in foreign countries. A bill of entry, an account of goods entered at the custom-house, either inwards or out- wards, mentioning the person exporting, &c., the quality or species of the goods, where exported to, and whence. Bill ^ex- change, an order given by a person to another in a different place, to pay money to a third person, at a specified time. Bill of health, BIN a certificate signed by a visiting physician that a ship's crew have been in quarantine, and are free from contagious diseases. £ill of lading, a memorandum or acknowledgment, under the hand of" a master of a vessel, of his having received goods on board, together with a promise to deliver them as consigned. Bills of parcels, an account given by the seller or buyer of the several goods bought, and their prices. Bill of sale, a contract, by which a person empowers his creditor to sell the goods of which he gives him an inventory, unless the sum borrowed be repaid with interest at the time appointed. Bill, in Law, a single bond without a condition ; a declaration in writing, expressing some grievance or wrong done by the person complained of. In Parliament, a writing containing some proposals offered to the House to be passed into a law. A bill of mortality, a bill giving an account of the number of persons dying within certain limits and times. A bill of fare, an account of the dishes of an enter- tainment, or of the provisions in season. In History, TIw Bill of JRiffhts, the bill appointing William HI. king of England, at the same time laying down the limits of the monarchy, and settling the succession. To BILL, j;. n. to join bills together. Figuratively, to caress with great fondness, in allusion to the manner of doves joining their bills together. BILLE'RICAY, Essex. It is seated on a hill, 23 miles from London. Pop. 1284. BI'LLESDON, Leicestershire, 9 miles nearly E. of Leicester. Market, Friday. Pop. 878. BPLLET, s. [billet, Fr.] in Heraldry, a bearing in form of a long square. They are supposed to represent pieces of gold and silver; butGuillim thinks they represent a letter sealed up ; and others take them for bricks. Also a log of wood cut for fuel, from bilot, Fr. Also a note or ticket given by the constable of a parish or hundred, to quarter soldiers at public-houses. Billet- doux, [Fr.] a love-letter. BI'LLIARDS, s. has no singular, [billard, Fr.] a kind of game played on an oblong table, fixed exactly horizontal and covered with a cloth, with little ivory balls, which are driven by the op- posite parties into hazards, holes, or pockets, placed at the end and sides of the table. BI'LLINGHAM, Durham. It is 297 miles from London. Markets, Tuesday and Saturday. Pop. 1653. BI'LLlNGSGATE, a gate, port, or stairs, on the river Thames, where a considerable fish-market is held. Figuratively, low abuse and scurrilous language, alluding to that which is made use of by those who frequent this place. BI'LLION, s. [Fr.] in Coinage, a base metal, either of gold or silver, in which copper is predominant. In Arithmetic, a thousand thousand millions, expressed in figures thus 1,000,000,009,000. BPLLOW, s. [bilffe, Teut.] a large, high, swelling wave. Sy- NON. We cut through the waves ; are lifted by the surges ; tossed and dashed by the billows. To BI'LLOW, f. n. to swell or grow tempestuous ; to raise in large heaps like the appearance of billows. FLLOWY, a. stormy, tempestuous, swelling into large waves. '" "'""'" Staffordshire. A town which has risen lately to portance through the productiveness of the coal py which it is surrounded. It has iron-works, :ories for all kinds of iron goods, and for common It has two churches, and a fine Methodist meet- ing. It is inhabited chiefly by miners and labouring men ; and from the nature of their work, and the character of the country round it, is far from that cleanliness needful for health: the ravages of the cholera were dreadful. Some of the mines run under the town, and, by the falling in of the galleries, many of the houses are broken in pieces. The earth in many places in the neighbourhood, sinking in where an old mine has been, in which the coal and shale is smouldering, smokes constantly, as if on fire. It is 113 miles from London. Markets, Monday and Saturday. Pop. 20,180. BIN, s. \binne. Sax.] a long square frame, or chest of wood, wherein corn, bread, &c. are put. BI'NARY, a. [binarius, Lat.] two ; double. BI'NBROKE, or Bi'nbrook, Lincolnshire. It is seated in a bottom, and has two parish churches. It is 158 miles from Lon- don. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 1187. To BIND, V. a. preter. botmd ; \bindan. Sax.] to deprive a per- son of the free use of his limbs by bonds ; to surround, to en- BI' com and and earthi I n^Hptoi theaine. I BIR compass, confine, fasten together ; to fix a bandage on ; to com- pel, force, restrain. In Physic, to make costive. To bind a book, to sew the sheets together, and place theni in a cover. With the word oyer, to oblige, under a certain penalty, to appear at a court of justice. Synon. We bind the feet and hands of a criminal ; and we tie him to a stake. In the figurative sense, a man is bound when he is not at liberty to act ; and he is tied when he cannot change his party, or quit it. Authority and power bind ; interest and love tie. Bl'NDER, s. one who binds books ; one who ties sheaves together. In Surgery, a fillet used to keep on the dressings of a sore, and rolled several times about it. BPNDING, s. that which is bound, wound, or tied round any thing ; a bandage. BrNDWEED, s. in Botany, a plant, the same with the con- volvulus. BI'NGHAM, Nottinghamshire, seated on the vale of Belvoir, now a mean place, and its market is small. It is 130 miles from London. Market, Thursday. Pop. 1998. BI'NNACLE, s. a frame in the steerage of the ship, in which the compass is placed. BFNOCLE, s. [binus and oculus, Lat.] in Dioptrics, a telescope fitted with two tubes, so that distant objects may be seen by both the eyes. BINO'CULAR, a. [binus and oculus, Lat.] that has two eyes or sights. BINO'MIAL, a. in Algebra, the name of an expression which consists only of two terms. Binomial theorem, one discovered by Sir Isaac Newton, by which any power or root of a binomial expression may be obtained without performing the actoal in- volution or extraction. BIO'GRAPHER, s. [bios and graplio, Gr.] one who writes the lives of particular persons. BIO'Gll APH Y, s. writing the lives of men ; the lives so written. BI'ON, a Greek pastoral poet, born near Smyrna, who lived much in Sicily : he was a friend of two other poets, Theocritus and Moschus, with whose poems his are usually associated. He flourished about 200 b. c. BI'PAROUS, a. [binus and pario, Lat.] bringing forth two at a time. BI'PARTITE, a. [bipartitus, Lat.] having two parts answering to each other ; divided into two. BIPARTI'TION, s. the act of dividing into two. BI'PED, s. [bipes, Lat.] an animal with two feet. BPPEDAL, a. [bipedalis, Lat.] two feet in length. BIPE'NNATED, a. [binits and pcnna, Lat.] having two wings. Bl'QUADRATE, Biquadra'tic, a. [bis and quadra, Lat.] the next power above the cube, or the square of the square. Biqua- dratic equation, in Algebra, an equation which contains the fourth power of the unknown quantity. Biquadratic power, the fourth power of a number, or the square squared. Biquadratic root of a number, the square root of the square root. BIQUI'NTILE, a. [bis and guintus, Lat.] in Astrology, an aspect of the planets, wherein they are 144 degrees from each other. BIR, (pron. beer,) a town of Turkey in Asia, in Mesopotamia, standing on the Euphrates, which is navigable thence to the sea. It is not well built, and stands on the side of a very steep hill. Its population is estimated at about 3000. Lat. 36. 59. N. Long. 38. 7. E. BIRCH, s. [birc, Sax.] in Botany, betula; a very elegant and common English tree, whose wood is used for making ox-yokes, hoops, small screws, panniers, brooms, wands, bavin bands, withies for faggots, arrows, bolts, shafts, dishes, bowls, ladles ; also for fuel. In Russia and Poland, they cover houses with the bark of the birch-tree instead of slate and tile. There are several different species. Birch-broom, is a broom or besom made with the small twigs of the birch-tree. See Besom. BIRCHEN, a. made of birch. BIRD, s. [bird, or brid. Sax.] the second class of vertebrated animals ; its body is covered with feathers, and has two wings, two legs, and a bill of a firm horny substance ; and the females are all oviparous. Bird of Paradise, a genus of very splendid birds, natives of China and the Eastern Islands, which were believed by old travellers to have no feet. Prov. Birds of a feather flock together. — He's in great want of a bird tljat will give a groat for an owl. — One bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. — BIR 'Tis an iU bird ihat hewrays its own nest. — Every bird must hatch her own eijq. BI'RDBOLT, s. \hird and holt. Sax.] a small shot or arrow, used in killing birds. BI'RDCAGE, s. a receptacle made with wire, &c. to keep birds in. BI'RDCATCHER, Bi'rder, s. one who lives by catching and selling birds. BrRD-CHERRY, s. in Botany, a common English shrub or small tree, which bears very pretty long spikes of flowers in the spring. BFRDLIME, s. a viscid, glutinous substance, prepared differ- ent ways, but that in common use with us is made of holly bark, or misseltoe. It is spread upon twigs, upon which the birds lighting are entangled. BI'RD'S-EYE, s. in Botany, the common name of a plant, the same with the mealy primrose ; the wild carrot is called bird's- eye bv some, and the common germander speedwell. BIRD'S-EYE-VIEW, s. a mode of representing a landscape or scene which conveys the impression of being taken from such a height that it appears partly as a plan or map. It is usually employed for representations of towns and masses of buildings, of which a plan is required, without its formality and exactitude. BI'RD'S-FOOT, s. in Botany, the ornithopodium of Linnaeus, so called from the shape and arrangement of its pods or seed BI'RD'S-NEST, in Botany, the English name of a kind of orchis which grows in moist woods, but is not very common. Used in Sweden as a cattle medicine. BI'RD'S-TONGUE, s. in Botany, a plant, called also marsh groundsel. BIRD, WILLIAM, one of the most eminent English composers of church music, who lived in the I6th century. He was, first, organist at Lincoln cathedral, and afterwards one of the organ- ists to the queen. His works, which (with the exception of the Non nobis Domine, known to all) were almost forgotten, are gain- ing now the attention and esteem their merit deserves. He died in 1623, aged about 60 years. BI'RGANDER, s. in Natural History, the common name of a species of goose. BI'RKBECK, DR. GEORGE, the founder of Mechanics' Insti- tutions, was a physician, who had always a great taste for prac- tical science, and on various occasions had seen how much artisans stood in need of better information respecting their own crafts. He enlisted the advocacy and help of the leading scien- tific and literary men amongst his associates, and devoted his own time, and property, and pen to his favourite object, with great, but too temporary, success. He died in 1841, aged 65 years. BI'RKENHE AD, Cheshire. This town has risen lately on the opposite bank of the Mersey to Liverpool, at the termination of a branch of the Grand Junction Railway. There are two churches, a town-hall, market-house, a park, and docks of all kinds with every needful appendage, one of which exceeds in area all the docks of Liverpool. Pop. 8223. BIRKET-£L-KEROtJ'N, a large lake in Middle Egypt, on the W. of the range of mountains that form the W. side of the valley of the Nile. It lies by a plain which is well cultivated and covered with villages. It is about 40 miles long, and 5 broad. BIRKET-EL-MARIOU'T, a large lake near Alexandria, in Egypt, communicating with the Nile and the sea. It is about 30 miles long, by about 15 broad. BI'RMAN EMPIRE, or Bu'rmah, a large country lying E. of the Bay of Bengal, adjoining to British India, and Aracan. -The Gulf of Martaban is its S. boundary, and the kingdom of Siam its E. ; whilst northerly it extends to the borders of Thibet. The Aracan mountains, and a branch of the Himmaleh moun- tains, which are its N. boundary, are included in it, and these latter attain a great altitude : from them flows the great river Irawaddy, the principal stream of the country, running through- out its whole length ; of its tributaries the largest is the Khyan- derain ; the Delta formed at its mouth is a triangle, each of whose sides are about 140 miles long. Of all the natural curiosities the springs of petroleum are the most wonderful : they are found by sinking wells of about 250 feet deep. This natural or mineral oil is much used in the country. Gold is found in the rivers, and mines of other metals exist m the inland parts. Precious stones. BIS amber, and coal, also abound. The climate is such as is usual in those latitudes, modified by the peculiar conformation of the country. Amongst its forests the most valuable tree is the teak ; and the usual kinds of corn and pulse, and drugs, occur. The only peculiarity of the wild animals is the comparative rarity of wolves, jackals, &c. The inhabitants seem to belong to several difl'erent tribes, though they are all of one variety of the human species. They are not so far advanced in civilization as their neighbours on either side. Boodhism is the most prevalent re- ligion. The government of the country is by an absolute despot, the councillors acting only as agents of his will. The trade is chiefly internal, or with the countries E. of Burmah. Ava, Pegu, Amarapoora, Sagain, and Pughain, are its chief cities. Its po- pulation is about 4,000,000. BPRMINGH AM , Warwickshire. This is one of the largest of our manufacturing towns ; it is finely and healthily situated on the slope of a hill, with a few small streams near it, which after- wards flow either to the North Sea, or by the Severn to the At- lantic. The coal and iron district terminates some miles from the town, and the strata in its vicinity are only sands, gravels, and clays, whence the soil is very poor. The wealth of the town consists in its varied manufactures, which consist of all kinds of steel and iron goods, from those made by the great roUing-ftiills, to the most exquisitely finished ornaments, and steel pens, glass, silver goods, papier-mache articles, &c. There are several churches, built in a good style of architecture, and the newer parts of the town also are well built; the railway termini and some of the manufactories are fine erections. King Edward's school has been rebuilt in a most elegant Gothic style, and the town-hall (which contains one of the noblest organs in Europe) is a grand building, constructed after the model of a Roman temple, and placed in a most commanding situation. Market, Thursday. Pop. 182,922. BIRT, s. in Natural History, a provincial name of the turbot. BIRTH, s. [6eor<^, Sax.] the act of bringing forth ; the entrance of a person into the world ; any production ; rank of dignity in- herited by descent. In sea affairs, a proper place for a ship to ride in ; tne distance between a ship when under saii, and the shore ; a place separated by canvass, wherein the sailors mess, and put their chests. A good berth, good accommodations, wherein a person has every thing that is convenient. Bl'RTHDAY, s. the day in which a person comes into the world and is born. BI'RTHNIGHT, s. the night in which a person is born. BPRTHPLACE, s. the place wherein a person is born. BFRTHRIGHT, s. the right which a person acquires by birth, generally applied to the first-born. BPRTHSTRANGLED,a. strangled, choked, or killed by suf- focation, in coming into the world. BI'SCAY, a province of Spain, bounded on the W. and S. W. by Asturia ancf Old Castile, on the N. by the Bay of Biscay, on the E. by Navarre, and on the S. by Old Castile and Navarre. It is about 48 miles in length, and 30 in its greatest breadth. Biscay produces apples, oranges, citrons, corn, &c. They have titnljer for ship-buflding, and mines of iron and lead, which they also manufacture ; the adjoining sea also supplies theM|^h fish, and renders their trade very flourishing ; theirtfj^^Hpre ac- counted the best in Spain. The Biscayners are oTJ^^Rxtrac- tion, and still preserve their peculiar language, the BHp, which has no affinity with any other in Europe. Bilboa is the capital. Pop. about 140,000. Bay of Biscay, that part of the Atlantic which lies between Spain and France, Cape Ortegal and the Island of Ushant being its natural boundaries. It is about 400 miles across, and as many deep. It receives the waters of some of the largest rivers in France ; but only inconsiderable moun- tain streams empty themselves into it from Spain. The naviga- tion of this bay is proverbially bad, from the continual roughness of the water, arising from its shape and position as to the At- lantic, and the current, which may be only a portion of the Gulf Stream. BI'SCOTIN, s. [Fr.] a confection made of flour, marmalade, eggs, &c. BI'SCUIT, {bUkit) s. [bis, Lat. and cuit,Vr.'] a kindof hard dry bread, made partly of wheat flour, and partly of pea flour, mixed with leaven and warm water, and well baked in the form of flat cakes. It is used on board ships as the common fare ; otherwise as a sort of luxurj'. The great biscuit factory for the navy is at o 97 BIS Gosport. This name is also applied to other kinds of plain cakes and confectionerr. In the manufacture of earthenware, the goods after their first baking, before being glazed, are so called. To BISE'CT, V. a. [binus and seco, Lat.] in Geometry, to divide any thing into two equal parts. BISE'CTION, BissE'cTiON, s. in Geometry, the act of dividing a line, &c. into two equal parts. BI'SHOP, s. [Sax. from epkcopos, Gr.] an overseer, or superin- tendent. In Episcopal churches, a minister whose office it is to ordain, overlook, and direct the ministers of different parishes or congregations, in all spiritual matters ; and who is himself under the control of an archbishop. In other churches it is used as equivalent to presbyter, or elder, and signifies the minister of any particular congregation. In the Church of England, there are 25 bishops for England and Wales ; 23 of whom sit in the House of Lords by virtue of their baronies, and one as a titular lord-abbot ; 12 for Ireland, 3 of whom sit as representative lords of the Irish Church ; and 17 for the colonies, with one at Jeru- salem, whose services are shared by the members of some other Protestant communions. The bishops of London, Durham, and Winchester take precedency of the rest, who rank according to the date of their consecration : and in Ireland, the bishops of Meath and Kildare rank first, and the rest in the order of conse- cration. All these sees are in the gift of the Crown, except Sodor and 3Ian, which is in the gift of the Duke of Athol. Suf- fragan bishops, are those who are subordinates and assistants, and substitutes in case of absence of other bishops. The name is applied to all bishops of the English Church. Bishops in partibus infidelium, bishops without a see, or exercising actual episcopal authority in one place, under the title of another see where no such authority is exercised. This is in the Romish Church. BI'SHOP, s. a liquor made of water, wine, sugar, and a Seville orange roasted. BI'SHOP AND HIS CLERKS, some little islands and rocks on the coast of Pembrokeshire, near St. David's,dangerous to mariners. BI'SHOPRIC, «. [hiscoprice. Sax.] the province, district, or diocese, which belongs to a bishop. BI'SHOPS-AUKLAND, Durham. It is pleasantly seated on the side of a hill, and noted for its castle, beautifully repaired about 100 years ago; for its chapel, whose architecture is very curious ; and for its bridge. It is 257 miles from London. Mar- ket, Thursday. Pop. 3776. BI'SHOPS-CASTLE, Shropshire, seated near the river Clun ; and is much frequented by the Welch. It is 159 miles from London. Market, Friday. Pop. 1781. BI'SHOPS-STORTFORD, Hertfordshire, seated on the side of a hill, and has several good inns. Its chief trade is in malt. It is 30 miles from London. Market, Thursday. Pop. 4681. BISK, s. [bisque, Fr.] a soup, or broth, made of different sorts of flesh boiled, according to Johnson. BI'SMUTH, s. in Chemistry, a metal, of a reddish white colour, a flaky texture, and moderately hard, but not malleable. It is generally found with cobalt ; native bismuth, and sulphuret of bismuth, are also found upon the continent, but this is not an abundant metal. Bismuth is used with other metals, not only to form ^||||H^^rpes, but also to make pewter, and for some other compJ^^^^PP remarkably contributes to the fusibility of some alloya^^^^Rt is employed to make solder. Bismuth is likewise given THPeaicines, though now very rarely. Pearl-white is a precipitate of bismuth. BI'SON, s. in Natural History, the name of one or two kinds of wild ox, the most numerous of which occurs in N. America, where it is usually termed a buffalo. In the boundless prairies of the far-west, and high up towards the N., where only an occa- sional traveller or a wandering tribe of Indians is seen, these beasts are found in immense herds, which travel from place to place as want of pasture necessitates. The flesh is reckoned by some a delicacy ; and the hide, and the long hair cut from it, are valuable articles of trade. The hunting of them is dangerous sport, as thejf are powerful and ferocious animals. BISSE'XTILE, s. [bis and sextilis, Lat.] a year containing 366 days, happening every fourth year, when a day is added to the month of February, to make up for the six hours by which the solar year exceeds the civil year. The name bissextile was given it at the reformation of the calendar by Julius Csesar, because the 6th cal. March (our 24th of February) was repeated twice on that year, to secure the necessary correction. IV common marsh plant; a sort of surgeon's instrument, used in BI'STORT, «. in Botany snakeweed. BI'STOURY, s. [bistouri, Fr.] making incisions. BI'STRE, s. [Fr.] a colour made of the soot of wood beech, boiled, and afterwards diluted, and made into cakes wit gum water. It is used by painters to wash their designs, instead of Indian ink, &c. BISU'LCOUS, a. [bisulcus, Lat.] cleft in two parts ; cloven- footed. BIT, s. [bitol. Sax.] the essential part of a bridle, which being put into the horse's mouth, the rider is enabled to manage him ; the sharp end of a piercer, auger, or other iron instrument. The bit of a key is that part which contains the wards. Bit also means as much as a person generally bites off at once. To BIT, V. a. to put a bit into a horse's mouth ; to bridle. BITCH, s. [bitgh. Sax.] the female of the dog, wolf, fox, and otter kind. To BITE, V. n. preter. bit, part. pass, bitten ; [bitan. Sax.] to wound, pierce, or divide with the teeth ; to affect with pain, ap- plied to the cold; to make a person uneasy, applied to satire or reproach ; to wound by its sharpness, applied to a sword, &c. ; to make the mouth smart, applied to the sharp taste of acid bodies. Figuratively, to cheat or defraud. BITE, s. the incision or wound made in any thing with the teeth ; a sharper ; a cheat, trick, or fraud. BI'TER, s. one that seizes with the teeth, applied to a dog ; one that readily or quickly swallows a bait, applied to a fish ; one who deceives or defrauds another by false appearances ; a sharper. BITHY'NIA, an ancient country of Asia Minor, lying on the Euxine Sea, extending easterly as far as the river "Parthenius, and bounded by Mysia, Phrygia, Galatia, and Paphlagonia. Mount Olympus was partly within its borders ; and Chalcedon, Nicaea, and Leucae were among its towns. It has had some in- teresting light thrown on it by the letters of Pliny, who was the Roman governor of it in the time of Trajan ; and especially by those which relate to the persecutions of the Christians. BI'TTACLE, s. IChaJbitaele, Fr.] -See Binnacle. BI'TTEN, part. pass, of To Bite. BI'TTER, a. [biter. Sax.] that excites a hot, pungent, and astringent taste, like that of wormwood. Figuratively, wretched, miserable, painful, disagreeable, unpleasing, and hurtful. BI'TTER, s. in sea language, any turn of the cable round the bitts, so that they may be let out gradually, or by degrees. When a ship is stopped by the cable, she is said to be brought up by the bitter. BI'TTFIRLY, ad. with a bitter taste. Figuratively, in a sor- rowful, painful, sharp, and severe manner ; used sometimes to express the superlative or highest degree. BI'TTERN, s. [butour, Fr.] in Natural History, a bird with a long bill and legs, which feeds on fish, and makes a remarkable noise. A very bitter liquor which drains off in making common salt, and used in the preparation of Epsom salt ; from the adjec- tive bitter. BI'TTERNESS, s. a kind of savour, or sensation, the reverse of sweetness. Applied to manner, severity, austerity. Applied to reproach, keenness, sharpness, or extremity. Applied to the passions, sorrow, trouble, distress. BI'lTERSWEET, s. in Botany, a plant, called also woody nightshade, whose berries are dangerously poisonous, and of a brilliant scarlet hue. BITTS, s, [bittan, Sax.] two perpendicular pieces of timber in the forepart of a ship, bolted to the gun-deck : their heads are braced with a cross piece, and several turns of the cable are taken over them, for securing the ship when at anchor. BI'TUMEN, s. [Lat.] in Chemistry, a natural tarry substance, more or less fluid, which has evidently resulted from the decora- position of wood or coal, by heat. One kind is elastic, and is called fossil india-rubber; this has been found in England,. France, and the United States. The hard and inelastic kind is called asphalte ; and the fluid, petroleum. See these words. BITU'MINOUS, a. [bitumen, Lat.] having the nature and qualities of bitumen. BIVA'LVE, a. [bis and valva, Lat.] in Natural History, applied to fish that have two shells, such as oysters ; and in Botany, to plants whose seed-pods open their whole length, to discharge their seeds, as peas. BLA BIVA'L VOLAR, a. that has two shells, or valves. BI'VOUACK, s. and v. n. [Fr.] in Military affairs, an encamp- ment for a night without the shelter of tents ; the soldiers sleep- ing on the ground, round fires, with their arms piled close by. BI'ZANTINE, By'zantine, s. a large wed^e of gold, valued at 15/., which the king offers upon high festival days. See Besant. To BLAB, V. a. [blebberen, Belg.] to reveal a secret through heedlessness or want of caution.— «. n. To talk, or tattle. BLAB, Bla'bber, s. a tell-tale ; one who discovers secrets through inconsideration, or too great a propensity to talking. BLACK, s. [Sax.] absence or want of colour, owing to a body's reflecting no rays of light. Dyer's black, for stuffs of a high price, is composed of indigo, wood boiled with alum, tartar, or ashes of lees of^wine, maddered with common madder, and mixed with gall-nuts of Aleppo, copperas, and sumach. The best black cloth should be first dyed blue. German black is made of the lees of wine, burnt bones washed afterwards, and ground with burnt ivory or peach-stones ; that with ivory is the best. This is used by rolling-press printers. Ivory black is ivory burnt between two crucibles, and ground with water, used by painters and jewellers to blacken the bottom ground of the collets or bezels in which they set diamonds. Spanish black, invented by the Spaniards, is burnt cork. Lamp black is the sooty smoke or soot of rosin, re- ceived in sheep-skins or pieces of coarse linen fixed at the top of a chimney, wherein it is burnt for that purpose. Currier s black is made with gall-nuts, sour beer, and cold iron, for the first blackening applied to the hid^ ; but of gall-nuts, copperas, and gum arable, for th« Black, after the word look, and the preposition upon, implies sullen, unfriendly, and is a sign of displeasure. " Looked black upon me," Shaks. Joined with blue, it implies the colour of the skin, occasioned by a hard blow ; livid. Prov. Black will take no other hue : this dyers find by experience. It may signify that vicious persons are seldom or never reclaimed. A black plum is as sweet as a white ; signifying, that the preroga- tive of beauty proceeds from fancy. A black hen lays a white egg : I conceive the meaning of it is, that a black woman may bear a fair child. To BLACK, V. a. to make of a black colour. BLACK, a. of a black colour. Applied to despair, horrible ; to moral action, excessively wicked. BLACK, DR. JOSEPH, an eminent chemist, whose specula- tions concerning heat cast great light on that branch of physics. The discovery of latent heat was his. He was born in France, but studied in this country, and became a Professor at Edinburgh. He died in 1799, aged 71 years. BLA'CKAMOOR, s. one whose complexion is naturally black. See Negro. BLACKBERRY, s. the fruit of the bramble, which is ripe in September. BLA'CKBIRD, s. in Natural History, a common English bird, and one of our sweetest songsters. It is very destructive to fruit, but it compensates for much of its harm by destroying snails, which in winter and spring are its chief food. Albinoes of this species are often met with, as of rooks, &c. BLA'CK-BROWED, a. having black eye-brows. Figuratively, dark, gloomy, dismal, or threatening. BLA'CKBURN, Lancashire, with large manufactures of cali- coes, and other cotton goods, for printing. It is seated near the river Derwent, called sometimes Blackwater, 211 miles from London. Market, Monday. Pop. 71,711. BLA'CKCAP, s. in Natural History, one of the warblers that migrate to England for the summer. Its song is verj' beautiful. It is a fruit eater, but also consumes caterpillars and other pests. BLACK-CATTLE, s. in Husbandry, ageneral terra, including oxen, bulls, or cows. BLA'CK-COCK, s. in Natural History, a common name for the use, or heath-cock. It is found sparsely in the north of Eng- d, but most abundantly in Scotland, where it is the most common kind of game. To BLA'CKEN, v. a. to make a thing black which was of a different colour before; to intercept the rays of light; to darken. Figuratively, to sully a person's character by defamation, or un- merited censure. BLA'CK-FRIARS, a name of the Dominican order of monks, given them from the colour of their dress. See Dominicans. BLA'CKGUARD, ». in low and familiar language, used to con- groi lam vey the idea of a person of mean circumstances, dirty and ragged dress, of base principles, and worthy of contempt. BLACK-JACK, s. zinc mineralized with sulphur, a mineral employed till lately in Wales in mending the roads. BLACKISH, a. [black and isc. Sax,] inclined to a black colour ; somewhat black. BLACK-LEAD, s. See Plumbago. BLA'CKMORE, SIR RICHARD, a poetaster of England in the beginning of the 18th century, who would have had the hap- piness of being forgotten, had not his critic's Bathos, or the Art of Sinking, kept his memory alive. His principles and objects in versifying were highly commendable, for he sought to recall his infidel and licentious age to the knowledge of God and of virtue. He was a physician by profession, and was attached to the court of more than one sovereign of England. He died in 1728, aged 78 years. BLA'CKNESS, s. that quality of a body which arises from its reflecting few or no rays, and is owing to its porosity, the mi- nuteness of its particles, and the rays of light suffering so many reflections in the inside, that few return to the surface ; want of light, or darkness. BLA'CKPOOL, Lancashire. A pleasant watering-place, near the mouth of the Ribble. The inhabitants are principally en- gaged in the fisheries of the coast. It is 235 miles from London, Pop. 714. BLACK ROD, Gentleman Usher of the, s. an officer of the House of Lords, whose duties resemble those of the sergeants of the Lower House. BLACK SEA, formerly called the Euxine, is one of the bound- aries of Europe, lying between Turkey in Europe and Russia, and Asia Minor and the Caucasian states. It is connected with the Mediterranean Sea by the Sea of Marmora, and the Egean or Archipelago. Its length is about 700 miles, and its breadth between 300 and 400. It receives the waters of the Danube, the Dnieper, and the Volga, besides those of many smaller rivers. It has many good harbours, but the N. part is liable to be frozen in the winter. The first voyage of the Greeks, called the Argonautic Expedition, was made, according to the fable, over this sea. BLA'CKSMITH, s. a person who forges large works in iron, and derives his name from their colour, which is generally black from their not being polished ; opposed to a whitesmith, who forges small works, which are generally polished. BLA'CKSTONE, SIR WILLIAM, the author of the standard work on English Law, was the first Vinerian Professor at Ox- ford, and afterwards one of the justices of the court of Common Pleas. He met with a formidable opponent in Bentham, who pointed out some fundamental errors and defects in his great work. Thev have not yet been rectified, since the reform in law has not yet been effected. He died in 1780, aged 57 years. BLACKTHORN, s. in Botany, a common English shrub, the same with the sloe. BLACK WA'LL, one of the suburbs of London ; which see. BLA'CKWATER, one of the principal rivers of Ireland. It rises near the county of Kerry, and flows into the Atlantic, after a course of about 70 miles, between the counties of Waterford and Cork. ^^^^ BLA'DDER, s. [bladdre. Sax.] in Anatomy, a thiiivffilatable, membranous body, which serves as the receptacle of the urine after its secretion from the blood in the kidneys, situated in the pelvis of the abdomen. It likewise signifies a pustule, blister, or the swelling of a membrane filled with any juice or fluid, such as that which arises after scalding or burning. BLADE, s, [blad, or bled, Sax.] in Botany, the spire or leaf of grass before it grows to seed ; the green shoots or leaves of corn, which rise from the seed. Hence that part of a sword or knife is called a blade, from the form's resembling a blade of grass. Fi- guratively, a bold, enterprising, brisk, fierce, and gay person. BLADE, Blade-bone, s. in Anatomy, the scapula, or scapular bone, of a flat or triangular form. To BLADE, V. a. to furnish with a blade ; to fit a blade to a handle. BLA'DED, a. that has leaves, spires, or blades. BLAIN, s. [blegene. Sax.] a distemper incident to beasts, consisting of a bladder growing at the root of the tongue, against the windpipe, which at length grows so large as to stop the breath. Applied to human creatures, a pustule or blister. o 2 99 BL A BLAIR, DR. HUGH, a well-known writer on rhetoric, the professorship of which, at Edinburgh, he occupied during 20 years in the last century. He was a minister of the Scotch Church, and his sermons, as well as his lectures, are still esteemed for their elegant style, though he has failed to reach the philoso- phy of the subject. He died in 1800, aged 82 years. BLAKE, ADMIRAL ROBERT, one of the most distinguish- ed English naval commanders. He had a liberal education, and entered the service of the Parliament at the civil war. He com- manded in Bristol during its siege by the Royalists ; and was afterwards governor of Taunton, where he manifested his courage and skill, in enduring two sieges. Being appointed a commander of the fleet, his peculiar power soon appeared. He did in this capacity signal service against the Royalists' fleet ; defeated Van Tromp, the famous Dutch admiral, in several engagements; and destroyed the Spanish fleet in the harbour of Teneriffe. He died in 1657, as he was returning from the last victory, aged 59 years. To BLAME, V. a. [blamer, Fr.] applied to persons, to charge them with having done a fault. BLAME, s. the charging with wrong measures or faults. Fi- i^urativelv, the defect which merits censure. Used with to, it implies that which deserves blame, or blamable. BLA'MABLE, a. that may be found fault with, or censured. BLA'MABLENESS, s. that which renders a thing faulty, or liable to blame or censure. BLA'MABLY, ad. in such a manner as deserves censure or blame. BLA'MEFUL, a. that highly deserves to be found fault with, censured, or blamed. BLA'MELESS, a. that is no ways defective, or deserves no censure or blame; used sometimes, but very rarely, with the particle of. BLA'MELESSLY, ad. in such a manner as to be free from fault : so as not to merit censure. BLA'MELESSNESS, s. that quality which renders a person or thing by no means the object of censure or blame. BLA'MER, s. the person who censures, or charges a person or thing with defect, or being wrong. BLA'MEWORTHY, a. that deserves censure or blame, includ- ing the idea of something wrong or defective. To BLANCH, v. a. [blanehir, Fr.] to whiten a thing which was before of another colour. Figuratively, to peel, applied to the peeling almonds, which discovers their kernel of a white colour. BLA'NCHER, s. one who makes any thing white ; a whitener. Also, the action, art, or method of making any thing white. In Coinage, the method made use of to give the pieces that bright- ness and lustre they have on their first coming out of the mint. BLANC-MANGER, {bhmonge) s. [Fr.] a preparation of isin- glass, milk, sugar, cinnamon, &c., boiled into a thick consistence, and garnished for the table with blanched almonds. BLANC, MONT, one of the loftiest of the Alps, lyin^ in the W. part of the chain, between the states of Piedmont and Savoy. It is upwards of 10,000 feet high, and the upper part is constant- ly covered with snow. It has frequently been ascended, but the journey kjoot without danger, from the shifting cracks in the mass ofWnn snow. BLA'NOD, CAPE, the name of a great number of capes in both hemispheres, the most note-worthy of which is in \V. Africa, at the extrem ity of a chain of mountains, called the White Moun- tains, running into the Great Desert. It is above Cape Verde. Lat. 20. 46. N. BLAND, a. [blandus, Lat.] soothing, mild, applied to language. Soft, temperate, applied to weather, BLA'NDFORD, Dorsetshire. It is pleasantly situated on the river Stour, near the Downs, and has round it remarkably fine Pastures. It has a considerable manufacture for shirt-buttons, t has the title of a marquisate. 103 miles from London. Mar- ket, Saturday. Pop. 3349. To BLA'NDISH, v. a. to insinuate oneself into a person's fa- vour ; to soothe, or allure. Seldom used. BLA^NDISHMENT, s. \blanditice, Lat.] an insinuating address; soft, mild, and kind expressions, by which a person steals into the favour of another. BLANE, SIR GILBERT, an eminent physician, who, in the latter part of the last century, recommended the use of lemon- juice in the navy, as an antidote to the scurvy, whose ravaeres 100 BLA had been frightful. He published several works on subjects connected with his own science and others; and was highly esteemed. He died in 1834, aged 85 years. BLANK, a. [blanc, Fr.] whitish or pale ; that is not written on. Used with the word hok, (either expressed or understood,) con- fused, dejected, or showing the signs of disappointment. Ap- plied to verse, that has no rhyme. BLANK, s. in Commerce, a void space, or that which has no writing on it, but is left so, in order to be filled up. In Lot- teries, a ticket which has no prize drawn against it. Figura- tively, the mark or point which an arrow or piece is aimed it. To BLANK, V. a. figuratively, to confuse; to disappoint; to cease, bring to nothing, or render abortive. BL A'NKENBURG, a city of Germany, capital of a principality of the same name. It stands amongst the Harz Mountains, near the Blankenstein, and at no great distance from the Regenstein, two castle-crowned eminences of that range. Lat. 51. 47. N. Long. 10. 57. E. BLA'NKET, s. [btanchette, Fr.] a stuff made of wool, and used for beds. To BLA'NKET, v. a. to cover or wrap in a blanket. BLA'NKLY, arf. in such a manner as causes or shows confu- sion or disappointment ; with whiteness, with paleness. To BLARE, V, n. \blaren, Belg.] to bellow, to roar; to melt away, like a lighted candle blown by the wind. To BLASPHE'ME, v. n. [Gr.] to speak ill of God, his messen gers, or things relating to his service, and comprehended in his re- velation. In Law, an indignity or injury offered to the Almighty, by denying what is his due, or attributing to him what is not agreeable to his nature. BLASPHE'MER, s. one who utters disrespectful or irreverent things, either of God, Christ, or any person in the Holy Trinity, God's messengers, or any thing relating to religion. BLA'SPHEMOUS, a. that is disrespectful or irreverent with respect to God and heavenly things. BLA'SPHEMOUSLY, ad. in such a manner as is inconsistent with that reverence we owe to the Deity ; in such a manner as to speak ill of God and heavenly things. BLA'SPHEMY, s. an offering of some indignity to God, any person of the Trinity, any messengers from God, his holy writ, or the doctrines of revelation. BLAST, s. Iblcest, Sax.] a breath, puff, or current of wind ; the sound made by blowing a trumpet or other wind instrument ; a warm air, or other alteration in the atmosphere, which withers trees, or causes a pestilence. To BLAST, V. a. to infect with some sudden plague or infec- tion by means of the air ; to cause a thing to wither ; to ruin a person's character by spreading false rumours; to render an en- terprise abortive. BLA'STING, s. in Mining, the blowing up the vein of a mine by gunpowder, which cannot be broken up by the spade, the gad, and the axe, or softened by fire. Galvanic apparatus is much used now in this operation, as it so greatly lessens the danger. BLA'TANT, a. lOlattant,Fi.'] bellowing like a calf. Seldom used. BLAY, s. in Natural History, a small white river fish, called also a bleak. BLAYE, a port of France, in dept. Gironde. It stands on the banks of the river whence the department is named. It is strongly fortified. A considerable trade, chiefly export, is carried on here. Its population is under 4000. It is about 350 miles from Paris. Lat. 45. 7. N. Long. 0. 40, W, BLAZE, 8. [blase, Sax.] a flame, or the light of a flame. Fi- guratively, a spreading abroad ; publication or extending a re- port ; likewise, the white mark on a horse's forehead, reaching to his nose. To BLAZE, V. a. used with upon, to shine, or give light. Fi- guratively, to make a thing universally known by report or ru- mour. Sometimes used with the words abroad and about. BLA'ZER, s. one who spreads abroad any report or rumour. Not much in use. To BLA'ZON, V. a. [blasonner, Fr.] in Heraldry, to name all the parts of a coat, in their proper and technical terms. Figur- atively, to set out, deck, or adorn ; to discover to advantage; to display ; to spread abroad. BLA'ZON,*. in Heraldry, the art of expressing the several parts of a coat of arms in its proper terms ; all persons, beneath the degree of a noble, must have their coats blazoned by metals and colours ; nobles by precious stones ; and kings and princes by planets. Blazon is used figuratively for making any thing public ; a nompous display of any quality. BLA'ZONRY, s. the art of blazoning. To BLEACH, v. a. [hkechen, Teut.] to whiten a thing by ex- posing it to the air and sun. — v. n. to grow white in the sun or open air. BLE' ACHING, s. the art of making a thing white, which was not perfectly so before, or which was of a different colour. It is now effected by various preparations of chlorine, instead of ex- posure to the sun and air. BLEAK, s. a small river fish. BLEAK, a. \bl and used by poetical writers at the end of a trip- let, or three lines which rhyme to each other. In Architecture, a piece of timber formed with bevel joints, and used to keep a buildini^ steady. In the plural, those ropes fastened to the yard- arms of a ship, used to square the yards, and bring them to any 114 BRA position. Applied to a coach, the thick thongs of leather on which the body hangs. Also, those slips of cloth or leather, which, passing over the shoulders, and buttoning to the breeches, serve to hold them up. BRACE, s. [never used with an s at the end for the plural, and is a collective noun, which seems to have only the singular,] in Hunting, two, or a pair ; perhaps so called from their being tied together. BRA'CED, a. in Heraldry, the intermingling chevrons at the base of an escutcheon. BRA'CELET, s. [bracelet, Fr.] an ornament worn round the wrist ; a piece of defensive armour for the arm. BRA'CER, s. that which braces, or keeps a thing tight. In Surgery, a bandage. BRA'CHIAL, (brdkial) a. [brachium, Lat.] that belongs to, or is situated in, the arm. BRACHY'GRAPHY, (brahygrafy) s. \brachus and grapho, Gr.] the art of short-hand, or writing by characters in a shorter time and compass than by the letters of the common alphabet. BRA'CKET, s. {braccietta, Ital.] a piece of wood, carved or plain, fixed against a wall, to support something. BRA'CKISH, a. [brack, Belg.] salt ; that is somewhat salt; of the taste of sea-water. BRA'CKISHNESS, s. saltness in a small degree, applied to sea-water. BRA'CKLAW, a city of Podolia, on the river Bog. Lat. 48. 49. N. Long. 29. 30. E. BRA'CKLEY, Northamptonshire. It is seated on a branch of the river Ouse, and contains two churches. It had formerly a college, now turned into a free-school. It is 64 miles from Lon- don. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 2121. BRA'CTON, one of the oldest writers on English' law. He lived in the 13th century. BRAD, a. [Sax.] when added to the names of places, signifies broad ; thus Bradford signifies a broad ford. BRAD, s. a kind of nails used in building, without a shoulder over their shank, or a spreading head like other nails, but are pretty thick towards the upper end, that the top may be driven into, and buried in, the board they fasten. BRA'DFIELD (MAGNA), Essex, 38 miles from London. Market, Thursday. Pop. 995. BR A'DFORD,' Wilts. It is famed for the manufacture of su- perfine cloths, which it shares with the surrounding towns. It is seated on the Avon, 102 miles from London. Market, Monday. Pop. 10,563. BRA'DFORD, Yorkshire, W. R., a town seated between Leeds and Halifax, on the branch of the Aire, from which a canal has been made to join the grand canal from Leeds to Liverpool. It has a considerable trade in shalloons, everlastings, ancl other worsted stuffs, which are made in the neighbourhood. There are also some iron founderies. It is 193 miles from London, Market, Thursday. Pop. 105,257. BRA'DLEY, JAMES, an eminent English astronomer, who discovered the aberration of the fixed stars, or the apparent change in their position at difi'erent times of the year, owing to the motion of light, and the motion of the earth in its orbit; and the nutation of the earth's axis, occasioned by the attraction of the moon. He was a very careful and accurate observer, and was finally appointed astronomer royal. His tables have been used by all succeeding astronomers, and have established his claim to the high place assigned him by Sir Isaac Newton. He died in 1757, aged 64 years. BRA'DNINCH, Devonshire, 185 miles from London. Mar- ket, Saturday. Pop. 1714. BRA'DSHAW, JOHN, a most distinguished pariiamentary leader during the commotions of the 17th century. The greatest act of his life was his presiding at the trial of Charles I., in which position he conducted himself with all the dignity that became the representative of the victorious cause, on such an occasion. He was rewarded by the gibbeting of his remains at Tyburn at the Restoration. He opposed Cromwell's protectorate, but had to yield to his superior power. He died in 1659, aged 66 years. To BRAG, V. n. [braggeren, Belg.] to display an advantage with great pomp and vanity ; to boast. BRAG, s. a pompous or proud display of any advantage a per- son possesses. Figuratively, the thing itself which causes pride or boasting ; glory. Prov. Brag 's a good dog, but that he has BRA lost his tail. — Brag 's a good doff if he be loell set on, but he dare not bite. BRA'GA, a city, the capital of Entre-Douro-e-Minho, seated on the Cavedo, 180 miles N. of Lisbon, has a fine cathedral, and many Roman ruins. Its population is about 20,000. Lat. 41. 42. N. Long. 8. 29. W. BRAGA'NZA, a city in the province of Tras los Montes, in PortUMl. It is seated on the river Fervanca, and carries on a manufacture of silk, stuffs, velvets, and grogram. Population about 4000. Lat. 41. 40. N. Long. 5. 30. W. BRAGGADO'CHIO, s. a person who vainly sets forth his own good qualities, or displays them more than they deserve. BRA'GGART, s. \braggeret, Teut.] a person who boasts of his own abilities too much. BRA'GGART, a. proud, conceited, vain. BRA'GGER, s. one who displays his pretended abilities in all the pomp of vain and ostentatious language. BRA'GLESS, a. without a boast ; without being boasted of. BRAHE', TYCHO, the famous Danish astronomer of the 16th century. His life was very unsettled, and his principal observ- ations were made on the island of Huene, tin which the Danish king had erected for him a noble observatorj', called Uraniberg. He greatly advanced the science to which he had devoted him- self, by his diligent observations and accurate tables, which, till Bradley's time, were the best constructed, and which were the groundwork of Kepler's great discoveries. He did not serve it so well by the solar system which he promulgated in opposition to the Copernican, making the sun, round which the planets revolved, revolve round the earth as its remote and more im- portant satellite. He died at Prague in 1(501, aged 65 years. it was during his life-time that the temporary star in Cassiopeia appeared. BRA'HMA, the principal deity in the Hindu mythology. He is represented as the creator, whilst Vishnu is the preserver, and Siva the destroyer. He has many distinguishing names and representations, but not many exclusive worshippers. BRA'HMANS, the highest caste amongst the Hindus. In the ancient fable they are represented as proceeding from the mouth of Brahma, the creator. They were the priestly order, and the only educated class. They alone might teach the Vedas (the sacred books of their mythology). They were regarded as pos- sessing something of the nature of divinities, and were therefore treated with the supremest respect, and sometimes even wor- shipped, whilst their curse was regarded as superlatively dread- ful. Their outward badge of distinction was a peculiar thread worn round the neck. They expected to be supported by the gifts of the other castes ; but they might, and often did, work for their bread. They had at Benares, in N. Hindustan, their university, where they were initiated into all the mj'steries of their religion. In different parts of the country they have adopted different practices, most remarkably resembling those of the Roman Catholic clergy and religious orders. BRAHMAPOO'TRA, one of the largest rivers of Asia, which has its rise in the unexplored recesses of the Himmaleh moun- tains, and flowing on the N. side of the principal range, winds at length round the E. extremiU', and after a course of nearly 1000 miles, empties itself into the Bay of Bengal at the Gangetic delta. Some of its tributaries fall but little short of its own magnitude, and the volume of water it discharges into the ocean consider- ably exceeds that discharged by the Ganges. To BRAID, V. a. {brmdan, Sax.] to weave together ; to plait. BRAID, s. a lock of hair, or any thing collected by weaving or plaiting ; a small narrow kind of lace, used for ornamenting women's shoes, bed curtains, &c. BRATDWOOD, THOMAS, a successful teacher of the deaf and dumb at Edinburgh, and Londpn, in the last century. He died in 1806, aged about 60 years. BRAILS, s. small ropes used in furling the sails across. To hale up the hails, or brail up the sail, implies that the sail is to be haled up, in order to be furled, or bound close to the yard. BRAIN, s. [breegen. Sax.] in Anatomy, the large, soft, whitish substance, filling the inside of the cranium, or skull, wherein all the organs of sense terminate. It is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata, or medulla spinalis. The brain is much larger in men than in any other animals, and is gener- ally biggest in such other animals as show the greatest degree of sagacity. BRA To BRAIN, V. a. to dash the brains out ; to kill by dashing the brains out. BRAI'NLESS, a. without brains. Figuratively, silly, foolish, thoughtless. BRAI'NPAN, s. the skull, so called from its containing the brains. BRAI'NSICK, a. disordered in the brain. Figuratively, giddy, thoughtless, foolish, mad. BRAI'NTREE, Essex. This town carries on a considerable manufactory of baize. It is 41 miles from London. Market, Wednesday'. Pop. 3670. BRAKE, s. [of^uncertain etymology,] a thicket of brambles or thorns. BRAKE, s. [bracan, Sax.] a wooden mallet, used in beating or dressing hemp ; the handle of a ship's pump ; a baker's knead- ing trough ; a sfiaip bit or snaffle for horses. BRA'KY, a. abounding in brakes, or thickets of thorns. BRAMA'NTE, D'URBINO, an eminent Italian architect of the r5th centurv. His greatest work was the commencement of St. Peter's at Rome. But so many variations were introduced by other architects, that his original design is undiscoverable. He was engaged in many other public buildings, and died in 1514, aged 70 years. BRA'MAH, JOSEPH, a very ingenious mechanical inventor of the end of the last century. His lock, which defies all at- tempts at picking; the beer-pumps now universally used in tavern bars; the machine for printing the numbers on Bank of England notes ; and above all, the hydraulic press, remain the best proofs of his skill ; and these are but a few of his inventions. He died in 1814, aged 66 years. BRA'MBER, Sussex, a town formerly of some account, but now having neither market nor fair. It is 49 miles from Lon- don. Pop. 138. BRAMBLE, s. in Botany, a wild prickly shrub; a black- berry, dewberry, and raspberry bush. BRA'MBLING, s. in Natural History, a bird, the same with the mountain chaffinch. BRA'MHAJ.L, ARCHBISHOP JOHN, one of the coadjutors of Laud, and the high-church party of the 17th century, in aim- ing to increase the consideration and power of the clergy. He was imprisoned as one of Strafford's party, but afterwards released. He subsequently left the country, and at the Restoration was made Primate of Ireland. His testimony to the high-church system, and his controversy on the freedom of the will, with Hobbes, have preserved his name from being more profitably forgotten. He died in 1663, aged 70 years. BRA'MPTON, Cumberland. It is seated on the river Itshin, not far from the Picts' wall. It is at present but a small place ; and near it, on the top of a high hill, is a fortified trench, called the Mote. It is 311 miles from London. Market, Tuesday. Pop. 3304. BRAN, s. \brann, Brit, brenna, Ital.] the husk of com, separated after grinding from the flour. BRANCH, s. [branche, Fr.] in Botany, the arm, or part of a tree which sprouts from the trunk. Figuratively, any detached part from the whole ; a section or subdivision, applied to writings ; any part which is joined to another, like a branch to a tree ; a part of a pedigree or family. In Hunting, the antlers or shoots of a stag's norns. The branches of a bridle, in Farriery, are two pieces of bended iron, that bear the bit-mouth, the chains, and the curb, in the interval between the one and the other. To BRANCH, v. a. to divide into separate divisions like branches. Figuratively, to adorn with needle-work representing branches. — v. n. to spread in branches ; to separate or divide a subject into several parts, used with the particle out; to speak diffusely, to expatiate ; to have horns shooting out into antlers. BRA'NCHEk, s. one that shoots out into branches. In Fal- coniy, a young hawk, [from branchier, Fr.] BllA'NCHLESS, a. without branches ; without honour, al- luding to the branches of a pedigree. BRA'NCHY, a. full of branches ; spreading. BRAND, s. [Sax.] a stick lighted, or fit to be set on fire at one end. Figuratively, a thunderbolt ; a mark made on the flesh of a criminal by a burning iron ; a species of mildew which at- tacks ears of corn. Anciently, a sword, [from brando, Ital.] To BRAND, V. a. [branden, Belg.] to mark with a brand, or burn- ing iron. Figuratively, to reproach as infamous ; to stigmatize. (J 2 115 BRA BRA'NDENBURG, a province of Prussia, bounded by Meek- lenburg, Pomerania, W. Prussia, Posen, Silesia, Saxony, An- halt, and Hanover. It is a level country, and is watered by the Elbe and the Oder, with their tributaries. Corn, flax, tobacco, and the usual agricultural produce, timber, wine, coals, lime, &c. &c., are its natural wealth. It has also good manufactories of woollens, silks, cottons, tobacco, and iron-ware of all descrip- tions. The population is about 2,000,000, of whom the greater part are Lutnerans, but there are also Romanists. The chief town is Berlin: Konigsbcrg, Friedeberg, Potsdam, Frankfort on the Oder, &c., are also in this province. This was formerly an Electorate, but by Frederick III. this title was laid aside, and Brandenburg and the rest of his dominions formed into the king- dom of Prussia. BRANDENBURG, a city of Prussia, standing on the Havel, v.hVh runs through it. It has a cathedral, a castle, and a col- logi . and is a prosperous manufacturing and trading place. It is 31 miles from Berlin, and its population is about 15,000. Lat. 52. 30. N. Long. 12. 32. E. HHA'NDGOOSE, s. in Natural History, a kind of wild fowl, less than a common goose, having its breast and wings of a dark colour. To BRA'NDISH, v. a. [from brand] to wave, shake, or flourish a weapon. Figuratively, to make a parade, or flourish with. BKA'NDLING, s. a sort of worm. BRA'NDON, Suffolk. It is seated on the Lesser Ouse, over which it has a bridge ; and, at a small distance, a ferry. It is 78 miles from London. BRA'NDY, s. [brandevin, Fr.] in Distillation, a proof spirit, obtained from real wines, or fermented juices of grapes. BRA'NGLE, s. squabble ; wrangle. To BRA'NGLE, v. n. to wrangle ; to squabble. BRANK, s. tbs same with buckwheat, French wheat, or crap. BRA'NLIN, s. a species of fish, of the salmon kind, which never grow to any great size. BRA'NNY, a. having the appearance of bran. BRANxdME, an old French writer. He was noble by birth, and travelled through Europe. His works are chiefly biographical ; and they give a mournful picture of the morals of the courts of those day. He died in 1614, aged 87 years. BRA'.'^EN-NOSE COLLEGE, Oxford, was founded in the commencement of the 16th century, by Bishop Smyth and Sir R. Sutton. The buildings are very fine ; the library was designed by Sir Christopher Wren. BRA'SIDAS, a famous Lacedaemonian leader during the Pelo- ponnesian war, in which he played a prominent part. He fell, at length, in a battle before Amphipolis, in which he defeated the Athenians under Cleon, who were laying siege to the place. This was in 422 b. c. BRASS, s. {brass. Sax.] a factitious yellow metal, made of cop- per melted with lapis calaminaris. In order to make brass, the calamine is previously roasted ; it is then mixed with charcoal and grain copper, and put into large crucibles, which are kept for a considerable time in a heat that will not melt the copper ; after a time, the heat is raised so as to fuse it, and the compound metal is then run into ingots. Corinthian brass was a very valu- able mixed metal, said to have been accidentally formed by the melting of statues and vessels of diffierent descriptions, when Corinth was burned by the Romans, 146 b. c. Brass is used fi- gurativehf for impudence. BRA'SSY, a. partaking of brass ; hard as brass. Impudent. BRAT, [Sax.] a child ; used to express contempt. Figura- tively, products or effects. BRAV A'DO, 8. [bravada, Span.] a proud boast : haughty defi- ance or challenge. BRAVE, a. [Fr.] not daunted or terrified with dangers and difliculties ; ready to attempt any dangerous enterprise ; grand or noble. Sometimes apnhed, in an indeterminate manner, to express good or great in tne positive degree. Brave, s. [Ft.] a person who is daring beyond the rules of discretion, or bold to excess ; a bold defiance or challenge. To BRAVE, V. a. to undertake a thing notwithstanding the dangers with which it is attended ; to defy contemptuously ; to provoke a person to resentment ; to bid defiance to ; applied, in this last sense, to inanimate things with great beauty. BRAVELY, ad. in such a manner as not to be terrified by diffi- culties, or daunted by dangers ; intrepidly ; courageously. BRA BRA'VERY, s. the performance of any great and noble ac- tions, notwithstanding the dangers which attend them ; a dis- position of mind, which enables a person to accomplish his de- signs, notwithstanding any obstacles or difficulties which oppose it. Applied to the appearance of things, finery, splendour. Also, false courage, boasting, or boldness. BRA'VO,*. [Ital.] a man who murders or assassinates another for hire. BRAVU'RA, s. in Music, a rapid and long passage, requiring to be uttered in a single breath, for its full effect. To BRAWL, V. n. [brouiUer, or braider, Fr.] to quarrel about trifles in a noisy manner ; to report in a loud manner ; to make a noise; beautifully applied to inanimate things. BRAWL, s. a noisy quarrel ; scurrility. BRA'WLER, s. one who is quarrelsome and noisy at the same time ; a word of reproach. BRAWN, s. [of uncertain etymology,] the flesh or muscular parts of the body ; the arm; the flesh of a boar soused or pickled; a boar. Figuratively, vigour or strength. BRA'WNY, a. strong ; robust; sinewy; fleshy; of great mus- cles and strength. To BRAY, V. a. [bracan. Sax.] to beat into pieces, or powder in a mortar by means of a pestle. To BRAY, V. n. [broire, Fr.] to make a noise like an ass. Fi- guratively, to make a disagreeable noise like that of brass. BRAY, s. the noise of brass ; a terrible or disagreeable sound. BRAY, Berkshire, famous for its changeable vicar, who having been twice a Papist and twice a Protestant in the reigns of Hen- ry VIII. , Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, was accused of being a lurn-coat ; but he replied, that he always stuck fast to his prin- ciples, which was, to live and die vicar of Bray ! Pop. 3480. To BRAZE, V. a. the soldering or joining of two pieces of metal together. Figuratively, to be inured or hardened in im- pudence. BRA'ZEN, a. made of brass. Figuratively, caused by brazen instruments; impudent. To BRA'ZEN, v.n. to deny with great impudence ; to behave without concern ; to bully. Used with the word out. "He would brazen it oit^as if he had done nothing," Arbuth. BRA'ZENFACE, s. a person who has no sense of shame ; an impudent fellow. BRA'ZENFACED, a. void of shame, impudent. BRA'ZENNESS, ». appearance like brass. Figuratively, un- daunted impudence. BRA'ZIER, s. one who makes or sells brass ware. BRAZI'L, the largest state of South America, occupj-ing the E. coast from Guiana to Banda Oriental, and bounded inland by La Plata, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, and Columbia. Its principal natural features are its rivers, amongst which are the Amazon, the largest in the world ; the Branco, the Yapura, and the Ma- dera, its principal tributaries ; the Topayos, the Araguay, the S. Francisco, the Parana, and the Paraguay. It is crossed by many considerable chains of mountains, some dividing the basin of the Amazon from that of the Parana, and others lying between the rivers that run northward into the Amazon, or the Atlantic. The loftiest, rising above 8000 feet, are near St. Paulo, not far from the sea coast. The lakes of Patos and Mirim, and those through which the Paraguay flows, are included wholly or partly in Brazil. The climate of this country is in the main temperate and healthy, though it must vary much through so large a tract, diversified with such rivers ana mountains, and lying partly in the tropics. The soil of Brazil, though generally rich, has been left to itself, and its spontaneous productions, mostly. In the region about the higher parts of the Amazon is a forest country ten times the extent of the surface of Great Britain, which is impassable ex- cept with great labour by the various streams and river-beds ; it is called the Selva. More to the south are wide pastures resem- bling in their physical features the pampas of the regions still more southerly. Alligators, jaguars, pumas, tapirs, horses, wild cattle, monkeys, and serpents abound ; the butterflies are very splendid ; emus, toucans, humming-birds, parrots, &c. &c. are most common ; and whales and turtles are plentiful in the adjii- cent sea. Gold is its chief mineral production ; iron also is found ; and in one extensive tract the soil is thoroughly impregnated with salt. Besides the natural resources of wealth, maize, banana, coft'ee, tobacco, cotton, sugar, &c. &c. are cultivated. These, with the timber, fruits, and other vegetable products, are the staple BRE of its extensive commerce. Although Brazil has been for so long a time receiving settlers from Europe, tlie effects of European civilization are but partially discernible, and in the interior are native tribes living in all the degradation of the lowest cannibal- ism. It has been colonized chiefly by the Portuguese, and the slaves which they have brought from Africa, liie population consists of about 2,000,000 whites and as many slaves. The numbers of the aborigines cannot be ascertained. The chief places are Rio Janeiro, Bahia, Pernambuco, Maranhao, &c. BHA'ZING, s. the act of soldering or ioining two pieces of iron together. Sometimes the word is applied to the joining pieces of iron together by beating them red hot upon one another ; but this is more properly called welding. BREACH, s. [breche, Fr.] the dividing or destroying the union between the parts of a thing before joined together. In Forti- fication, a hole or gap made in any part of the works of a town either by cannon or mines. Figuratively, a defect ; the acting contrary to any law ; the violating any obligation ; quarrel ; dis- cord ; want of unity. BREAD, (bred) s. [hreod. Sax.] a baked mass of dough formed from the flour of some grain, and a constant part of food. Figu- ratively, every kind of necessary for the support of life. To eat a person's bread, is sometimes used to imply, that he has been ad- mitted to the most intimate friendship, and supported by his bounty. BRE' AD-CHIPPER, s. one that chips bread ; a baker's serv- ant, an under butler. BRE'AD-CORN, s. corn or grain of which bread is made. BRE'AD-FRUIT, s. in Botany, a genus of trees common in the islands of the Pacific Ocean, and in some of the East Indian isles, the pulp of whose fruit resembles new white bread. It is sometimes roasted or baked before being used ; at other times it is beaten into a thick paste with water or cocoa-nut milk. It has been transplanted into the West Indies. BRE'AD-ROOM, s. [a sea term] a place in a ship's stern, to keep bread or biscuit. BREADTH, {bredth) s. [from brak. Sax.] the measure of a plain superficies from side to side. In Commerce, the measure of any cloth, or other manufacture, between the two selvages or lists. Within a hair's breadth, denotes extreme nearness, applied to situation ; and a very narrow escape, applied to danger. To BREAK, V. a. [breccan. Sax.] to separate the parts of a thing by force ; to burst bv violence. Used with the word down, to de- stroy or demolish. To pierce or penetrate, applied to light. "A dim winking lamp, which feebly brolce the gloomy vapours." To diminish or weaken. " Have not some of his vices weakened his body, and broke his health ?" Tillots. In horsemanship, to tame or render manageable. " To break the stubborn colt," JDri/d. Applied figuratively to the human species. " To break our fierce barbarians into men," Addis. To render a person unable to carry on trade; to make a bankrupt. "Impoverishes the nch, breaks the merchant," South. To wound so as to make the blood appear. "She '11 sooner JreaA; your head," JDri/d. Applied to promises, oaths, or duty, to act counter to, to violate or clisregard. " I nevermore will break an oath," Shak. "To break the pious laws of nature," Dryd. To intercept, prevent, or hinder the eflTect of. " To break his dreadful fall," Dri/d. To interrupt. " His voice broke with sighs," Spect. No. 104. To separate, joined to company. " They were forced to break company," Atter. Used with off, to dissolve ; likewise to stop, hinder, or prevent. " To break off so noble a re- lation," Collier. " To break offaW its commerce with the tongue," Addis. With o/", to master or lay aside an ill habit. "The French were not quite broken of it," (hew. Used with mind, to discover our sentiments. " Fearful how to break my mind," Bryd. Used with back, to strain or put the back-bone out of joint. In Hus- bandry, to plough. " The husbandman must first break the land," JDavies. To disband, applied to an army. " Solyman, returning to Constantinople, broke up his army," Knollis. To break on the uhrel, is to break the bones of a criminal fastened on a wheel. To BREAK, t'. n. to burst. " Whispers the o'er-fraught heart, and bids it break," Shak. To open so as to discharge matter, ap- plied to a tumour. To dispel clarkness, to dawn, applied to the first appearance of light in a morning. "As soon as the day breaks, Spect. No. 4(k). " See how the day begins to break, Swiji .To decay in health and strength. To burst, to pronounce, or utter, used with from, and the words lips, mouth, or breast, " Whilst /row his breast the dreadful accents broke," Bryd. To BRE force a passage, used with the particles through, into, and forth, " To break through with his whole body of horse," (Jtarciid. To intervene without notice or regard to the ceremonies of polite be- haviour. " With a magisterial air breaks in upon conversation," Addis, Discarded or deprived of an employ. " When I see a great otficer broke," Swift. Joined with loose, to disengage from any obstacle, tie, or other confinement or restraint. " Break hose from all our engagements," Tillots. To desist from an under- taking ; to quit a habit ; to desist suddenly, with the particle off. " Do not peremptorily break off in any business," Bacon. When used with off and/ro»j, to separate from with some effort or vio- lence. " I must from this enchanting queen break off," Shak. To burst through and discover itself notwithstanding any impedi- ment. " There being so many ways by which a smothered truth is apt to blaze and break out. South. To rage, or appear, applied to a distemper. " A violent fever broke out in the place," Spect. No. 104. In all the various meanings of this verb, the idea of separation, or the effect of sudden force, is always included. BREAK, s. applied to the first appearance of light in the morn- ing, when the rays of light break the gloom of darkness, it im- plies the dawn. A pause or interruption, applied to a discourse. BREA'KER, s. he who forces a thing asunder ; he who divides a thing by force ; a wave broken by rocks or sand-bauks. To BRE'AKFAST, (hrekfast) v. n. to eat after having fasted some time ; applied to the first meal a person makes in the day. BRE'AKFAST, s. that which a person eats at his first meal in the day. In a general sense, any thing to eat after a long want of food. BREA'KNECK, (brake-neck) s. a precipice or fall, from whence a person would break his neck. cREA'KSTONE, s. in Botany, a common British plant, of which there are several species, the best known covering our hedge-banks in spring with its elegant white flowers. BRE' AM, s. [brame, Fr.] in Natural History, a large fish, de- lighting in rivers or ponds, very broad, with a forked tail, and scales of a golden colour, set with great elegance. BREAST , (pronounced and formerly written brest,) s. Ibreost, Sax.] In Anatomy, that part of an animal body which contains the heart and lungs. Breasts, the organs of the human frame which secrete milk for the sustenance of the infant. In beasts, the word is applied to that part which extends from the neck to the fore-legs. Figuratively, the heart ; bosom ; conscience ; or soul, which was, by the ancients, supposed to reside in this part. To BREAST, v. a. to oppose with the breast ; to meet ; to struggle against. BRE'ASTBONE, s, in Anatomy, the bone of the breast ; the sternum. BRE'ASTHIGH, n. as high as the breast. BRE'ASTHOOKS, s. among ship-carpenters, tH% compassing timbers before, that help to strengthen the stem, and all the fore part of a ship. BRE'ASTkNOT, s. a bunch or knot of ribands worn by fe- males on or near their breasts. BRE'ASTPLATE, s. armour worn by way of defence on the breast. BRE'ASTROPES, s. in a ship, those ropes which fasten the yards to the parrels, and, with the parrels, hold the yards fast to the mast. BRE'ASTWORK, s. works thrown up as high as the breasts of the defendants in a fortified place, or field ; the same with parapet. BREATH, (breth) s. [brathe, Sax.] the air which proceeds from the mouth, either in the actions of respiration or inspiration : a breeze of wind, or gentle current of air. " Not a breath of wind flies o'er its surface," Addis. Figuratively, life. Used with fake, to recover lost breath from too great a fatigue ; to cease from la- bour or hurry; a respite or pause. The same instant, used with in. " You menace and court me in a breath," Bryd. BRE'ATHABLE, a. that may be breathed ; or that is fit to be breathed. To BREATHE, v. n. to draw in and force out the air at the mouth by the action of the lungs. Figuratively, to live. "Let him breathe a private man in Athens," STiak. To take breath, to recover a damage by means of a respite ; to rest. " He followed the victory so hot upon the Scots, he suffered them not to breathe," Spen. Used with in, to enter by the action of breathing or respira- 117 BKE tion. " To whose foul niOuth no wholesome air breathes in" Shak. — V. a, it implies to fill with, and discharge the lungs of air, by the actions of inspiration and respiration. Used with into, to act upon by breathing; toanimate. " He ircatterfmto lis the breath of lite," JJecay of Piety. To force out of the mouth, with the particle out. " Who breathed out nothing but flame," Spect.^o. 223. To make long-winded by exercise. " The greyhounds are as swift as breathed stags," Shak. To sound by the breath, applied to wind instru- ments. " To breathe the flute," Prior. To send up in vapours appearing like the breath in frosty weather. " His altar breathed ambrosial odours," Par. Lost. To sigh, or offer up, without being heard. " I have toward heaven breathed a secret vow," Shak. In Surgery, to open by a lancet. " To breathe a vein," Dryd. BRE'ATHER, s. one who enjoys life ; one who is alive ; he that causes or animates by his breath, alluding to God's breathing into man the breath of life, as the Scripture expresses it. BRE'ATHING, s. the act of fetching breath. Figuratively, a sigh of devotion ; secret prayer conceived in the mind, but not uttered in words ; an aspiration. Breathing-places, vents, or chinks, that let in fresh air. BRE'ATHLESS, (brSthless) a. out of breath, or scarce able to breathe from fatigue or hurry. Figuratively, dead. BRE'CHIN, Forfarshire, Scotland. An ancient town, contain- ing several interesting antiquarian relics. The town-hall and church are fine buildings. The people are chiefly sujiported by manufactures. It is 45 miles from Edinburgh. Fop. /5G0. BRE'CKNOCK, or Bre'con, Brecknockshire, Wales. It is call- ed by the Welch, Aber-Honddu, and it is situated at the con- fluence of the rivers Honddu and Usk. It is an ancient place, as appears by the Roman coins that have often been dug up here. It is a large town, containing three churches, one of which is collegiate, and stands at the west end. The houses are well built, and it formerly had a wall, with three gates, and a stately castle. The assizes are kept here, and it has a good trade in clothing. It is 162 miles from London. Markets, Wednesday and Saturday. Pop. 5701. BRE'CKNOCKSHIRE, a county of S. Wales, bounded on the E. by Hereford and Monmouth, on the S. by Glamorgan, on the W. by Caermarthen and Cardigan, and on the N. by Radnor. It IS 35 miles in length, and 30 in breadth. It is full of mountains, some of which are exceeding high, particularly Monuchdeny-hill, not far from Brecknock, which is nearly 3000 feet high. It has little or no mineral wealth. However, there are large fertile plains and valleys, which yield plenty of corn, and feed great numbers of cattle. It has 67 parishes, and 4 market towns, and there were formerly 9 castles. Its population is 55,603. It returns two members to parliament. BRE'DA, a large, strong, and beautiful city of N. Brabant, containing s^eral public buildings, 4 spacious market-places, which are plentifully supplied with fresh and salt water fish, and a fine castle. It is seated on the rivers Aa and Merch, 48 miles from Amsterdam. Pop. about 14,000. Lat. 51. 35. N. Long. 4. 47. E. BREDE, s. [see Braid,] a border wrought with the needle in different colours resembling flowers, &c. BREECH, s. [brcecan. Sax.] the back and lower part of the body. Applied to a piece of cannon, the hinder part, or that part behind the touch-hole. BREE'CHES, {britehes) s. [brae. Sax.] it has no singular ; that part of a man's dress that covers his thighs and breech. Breeches formed no part of the ancient Grecian or Roman dress, but were derived to us from our ancestors, the northern barbarians of Bri- tain and Germany. To wear the breeches, is a phrase implying, that a woman usurps more authority over her husband than be- comes her sex. To BREED, V. a. [brcsdan, Sax.] to produce, bring forth, to ge- nerate; to educate, nourish, or bring up; to keep animals for multiplying their species. Sometimes used with the particles to and up to. Figuratively, to occasion or cause. Applied to place, to give birth to. To cut, applied to the teeth. To BREED, V. n. to be big with child, to be pregnant ; to pro- pagate, or increase by propagation ; to raise or increase a breed. BREED, s. a species of animals; a cast or kind ; that which is produced at one hatching ; offspring, applied to mankind. BREET)ER, s. that which produces or is the cause of any thing; that which educates or brings up; a person who is not barren ; one who raises a breed ; a whitlow, 118 BREE'DING, s. education, instruction. Figurativelv, genteel and polite behaviour; the method taken in rearing a cnild. BREESE, s. [briosa. Sax.] in Natural History, a stinging fly, called also the gad-fly. BREEZE, s. Ibrezza, Ital.] a gentle, cooling, pleasant breath of wind. In Navigation, a shifting wind blowing from the sea and land alternately at certain hours, and sensible only near the BREE'ZY, a. refreshed by breezes. BRE'HONS, the provincial judges among the ancient Irish, by whom justice was administered, and controversies were decided. They were a distinct family, who derived their support from cer- tain lands, appropriated for that purpose, and from the eleventh part of all the fines in criminal causes. The laws observea by them were called Brehon laws. BRE'MEN, a free state of Germany, the whole a vast plain, almost surrounded by the Weser and the Elbe, with Oldenburg and the German Ocean on the W. It contains 111 Lutheran churches, and 137 pastors, under a general superintendent. The air is cold, but the country is well peopled, and fertile in grain, fruits, flax, &c., and produces large breeds of cattle. They have manufactures of cordage, linen, and woollen stuffs. In the win- ter it is subject to inundations. Its population is about 60,000. The capital is Bremen, a large, populous, and imperial city, seat- ed on the Weser. The cathedral, and some of the churches, the town-hall, and bishop's palace, &c., are fine buildings. There are some great curiosities here ; wines of incredible age stored in the old town-hall ; and the observatory whence Olbers dis- covered two of the asteroids. The town has some small manu- factures. Its population is about 45,000. Lat. 53. 4. N. Long. 8. 48. E. . BRE'MEN, a duchy of Hanover, adjoining the free state of the same name, and bounded by the German Ocean, and Oldenburg, Holstein, Liineburg, and Brunswick. The Elbe and the Weser are its rivers. It is a low and in some parts most desolate tract, but is being brought under the plough. It pastures a consider- able stock of cattle ; and has a little fishing trade. It has a population of about 190,000. Stade and Verden are its chief places. BRE'NNUS, the name of a Gaulish chief, who, according to a lay of ancient Rome, entered Italy, and took Rome, all but the Capitol. The heroism of one man saved that. The Romans at length were buying Brennus off' from their ruined city, when one of the most famous generals of Rome, who had been banished, returned with an army and utterly destroyed the invaders. This was about 380 b. c. BRENT, a. burnt. Obsolete. BRENT, Devonshire. It is 200 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 1237. BRENTFORD, Middlesex, seated on the river Thames, into which at the W. end of the town flows a rivulet called the Brent. It is 7 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 2174. BRE'NTWOOD, Essex, situated on a fine eminence, 18 miles from London. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 2362. BRE'SCIA, or Brescia'no, a province of Lombardy, in Italy, bounded on the N. by the Tyrol, on the N. and W. by Bergamo, on the W. and S. by Cremona, and on the E. by Mantua and Ve- rona. It is a mountainous district, and is watered by the Oglio, the Mella, and the Chiesa. It abounds in wine, oil, wheat, and other grain ; it also contains mines of iron, copper, 8cc., marble of different kinds, silk, &c. The population is about 325,000. Besides the capital, there are Chiari, Lonato, Pontevico, and nu- merous other towns and villages. Brescia, the capital, stands near the Mella, and is a handsome town, with some trade arising from its manufactures of cloths, &c., and the character of the surrounding countrj-. It has a fine cathedral, several splendid palaces, a good library, and many hundreds of fountains. It is about 100 miles from Venice. Population about 35,000. Lat. 45. 31. N. Long. 10. 13. E. BRE'SLAW, or Wra'tislaw, a large city of Germany, capital of Silesia, with a university. It is seated at the confluence of the rivers Oder and Ohlau, which last runs through several of the streets. It has several large squares, and the pubhc buildings are verv stately ; the streets are straight and wide, and the houses generally well built. Its manufactures are various and extensive, and its trade considerable. Its population is nearly 100,000. It is 113 miles from Prague. Lat. 51. 6. N. Long. 17. 2. E. BRI BREST, a strong town in the dent, of Finisterre, France, seat- ed on the N^. side of a large commodious harbour, or bay, opening to the Atlantic, which has, however, a narrow and difficult en- trance. The town stands upon a declivity, and the streets are nar- row and crooked ; but the quay is above a mile in length, and here is everj- accommodation for the shipping and marine service. It is 127 miles from Paris. Population about 30,000. Lat. 48. 23. N. Long. 4. 28. W. BREST, s. in Architecture, the member of a column, named likewise torus, or tore. BRET, s. in Natural Historj', a round flat fish of the turbot kind ; called likewise hurt or brut. BRETA'GNE, a ci-devant province on the E. of France, now formed into 5 departments, viz. Cotes du Nord, Finisterre, Ille et Vilain, Loire Inferieure, and Morbihan. Its original population were akin to the ancient Britons, the Welch, and other Celtic races, and the ancient language is still much used. BRETHREN, s. the plural of brother, which see, BRETON, CAPE, an island near the E. coast of North America, between 45 and 47 degrees of N. latitude. It is sepa- rated from Nova Scotia by a narrow strait called Canso, and is about 140 miles in length, and 50 in breadth. It is a barren country, producing little corn or grass, and in winter is excessively cold. It is of very small importance to England, but it commands the navigation of the river St. Lawrence. There is an excellent fishery on this coast. BREVE, s. in Music, a long note, formerly pricked in the form of a square without any tail, equivalent to two measures, minims, semibreves, or bars, and is now wrote thus,Ij$SJI. In Law, any writ directed to the chancellor, judges, sheriffs, or other officers, whereby a person is summonect, or attached, to answer in the king's court, &c. BRE'VET, s. aimong the French, denoted a ^rant of some fa- vour or donation from the king ; not much unlike a warrant, or the king's letters-patent, with us. BRE'VIARY, (breviarmm, Lat.] an abridgment or compen- dium. Also, a daily office, or book of divine service, in the Romish church. BREVIE'R, (bre-i-eer) s. a small printing letter. BRE'VITY, s. [brei-itas, Lat.] applied to writings, the express- ing a sentiment in very few words ; conciseness ; shortness. To BREW, V. a. [brouwen, Belg.] to make beer or ale, by mix- ing malt and hops with boiling water, and fermenting it after- wards with yeast. Figuratively, to make any drink by boiling different ingredients ; to contrive ; to plot. — v. n. to perform the office of a brewer ; to make ale or beer. BREWER, s. one who makes malt liquor, and sells it. BREW'HOUSE, s. a place or house wherein beer or ale is made. BREWING, s. the process or method of making ale or beer ; the quantity of liquor produced by brewing. BREWIS, «. a piece of bread boiled in a pot, together with meat. It seems anciently to have meant broth. " What an ocean of bretois shall I swim in." BRE'WOOD, Staffijrdshire, 10 miles S. by W. of Stafford. Market, Tuesday. Pon. 3()4I. BRIAN -BOROl'MHE, {Brian-borit,) one of the ancient kings of Munster, Ireland, who obtained at last the sovereignty of the whole island. He is still celebrated in the national songs for his victories over the Danes, and for his heroic death at Clontarf, in 1014. BRI'AR, s. \brcRr, Sax.] in Botany, the wild species of rose- tree. Also, generally, any thorny wild shrub. Sweet-briar, a wild species of rose, whose leaves are very fragrant. BRI'AR Y, a. full of briars, or thorny plants. BRIBE, s. a gift or reward given to a person to engage him to determine contrary to the merits of a cause ; something given to a person to stifle evidence ; something given to an elector, to en- gage him to vote for a particular candidate. BRITJER, s. one that pays for corrupt practices. BRI'BERY, s. the act of giving a person money to engage him to any particular side or undertaking. BRICK, «, \brick, Belg.] a flat lump of reddish or white earth, formed in wooden moulds of various sizes ; first dried in the air, and afterwards burned in a kiln or clamp. The invention of bricks must have been very ancient, as we find they were employed in erecting the tower of Babel. The Romans did not burn their bricks, but dried them in the air four or five years. BRI To BRICK, V. a. to lay or build with bricks. BRICKBAT, s. a piece or fragment of a brick. BRI'CKDUST, s. the dust of bricks ; or the powder of bricks made by rubbling them on each other, or pounding them. BRFCKING, s. among builders, the counterfeiting of a brick wall on plaster, which is done by smearing it over with red ochre, and making the joints with an edged tool ; these last are after- wards filled with a fine plaster. BRFCK-KILN, s. a place where bricks are burnt. BRI'CKLAYER, s. one whoso business it is to lay and cement bricks in a wall or building. Tilers and bricklayers were incor- porated 10 Eliz., under the name of Master and Wardens of the Society of Freemen of the Mystery and Art of Tilers and Brick- layers. BRI'CKMAKER, «. one who makes bricks. BRI'DAL, a. that belongs to a wedding. BRIDE, s. [bryd. Sax.] a name given to a woman the day of her marriage, and sometimes after the wedding day is over. BRFDEBED, s. the bed on which a new-married couple lie. BRI'DECAKE, s. the cake with which the guests are enter- tained at a wedding. BRI'DEGROOM,«. a new-married man. BRPDEMAIDS and BRPDEMEN, s. tne attendants on the bride and bridegroom at a wedding. BRI'DEWELL,s. a house of correction near Fleet-ditch, Lon- don, built by Henry VIII. as a royal palace for the reception of the emperor Charles V. It is an institution of a mixed nature, partaking of the hospital, the prison, and the workhouse. Houses of correction are generally called so, from this one, which was the first in England. BRIDGE, s. [brie. Sax.] a building of stone or timber, consist- ing of one or more arches, intended for the passage of men or carriages from one side of the river to another. Figuratively, the iipper part of the nose ; in violins, &c. a piece of wood, which stands upright on the belly of the instrument, and supports the strings. Suspension bridges are those which are sustained by chains fastened securely at the extremities. A draw bridge is made fast only at one end with hinges, so that the other may be lifted by chains fixed to it. A swin// bridge is made to turn round on a pivot at one end so as to be removable to allow vessels to pass by. A "yinff bridge is made of pontoons, leather-boats, casks, &c., cover- d with planks for the passage of an army. A bridge of boats is made of copper or wooden boats, fastened with stakes or anchors, and covered with planks. Prov. Let every man praise the bridge he goes over, i. e. Speak not ill of him who hath done you courtesy, or whom you have made use of to your benefit, or do commonly make use of BRI'DGEND, Glamorganshire, Wales. It is seated on the river Ogmore, which'divides it into two parts, but they are joined toge- ther by a stone bridge. The market is considerable for corn, cattle, and provisions. It is 177 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 1764. BRFDGENORTH, Shropshire, a town seated on the Severn, which divides it into two parts, joined by a stone bridge. The streets are broad and paved, and its situation is commodious for trade. Its fairs are much resorted to for cattle, sheep, butter, cheese, bacon, linen cloth, hops, and other merchandise, and it has some manufactures. It is 139 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 5770. BRFDGETOWN, the capital of Barbadoes, situated in the S. W. part of the island, on Carlisle Bay, which is capable of con- taining 500 ships. The town hf;s at the entrance of^ St. George's Valley, which runs several miles into the country. Here is a free- school, an hospital, and a college, and recently a fine cathedral. The streets are broad, and the wharfs and quays commodious and well fortified. Lat. 13. 10. N. Long. 58. 38. W. BRI'DGEWATER, Somersetshire. The streets are wide and well paved. It stands on the Parret, about 10 miles from the British Channel, and ships of 200 tons burthen come up to the town. They import the manufactures of Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, &c., which are conveyed from hence to the internal parts of Devonshire and Cornwall. The Parret is subject to the peculiar and dangerous rise of the spring tides, called the Bore. It is 137 miles from London. Markets, Thursday and Saturday, for corn, cattle, &c,, and particularly for cheese. Pop, 10,449, BRI'DGEWATER, FRANCIS, DUKE OF, commonly called the father of our inland navigation, from the fact of his having 119 5 BHI projected, and, by the aid of Brindley's skill, carried out the first extensive modern canal in England, which conduced greatly to the prosperity of Manchester. He ultimately gained great wealth by his projects, and died in 1803, aged 07 years. - BRia>LE, s. [bridel. Sax.] the bit, headstall, fillet, throatband, reins, and noseband, which are fastened on a horse's head to manage and govern him. Figuratively, a restraint, curb, check. To BRI'DLE, V. a. [bi-idlian. Sax.] to manage a horse by means of a bridle. Figuratively, to check ; or restrain ; or keep within bounds. — f . n. to hold up the head in an affected manner, applied to the attitudes of a woman. BRI'DLINGTON, or Bu'rlington, Yorkshire, E. R. A sea-port seated on a pretty large bay, near Flamborough Head. It has a commodious quay for ships, and is a place of good trade, and re- cently has been much used as a watering-place. It is 208 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 6070. BRI'DPORT, Dorsetshire. It has a safe port for about 40 ves- sels, and stands on a little hill near the English Channel. The market is remarkable for hemp, and it furnishes lines, twines, nets, sail-cloth. Sec. to the Newfoundland fishery. It is 135 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 4787. BRIEF, {breef) a. [bref, Fr.] appropriated to language, short, concise,^ opposed to diffusive or verbose. BRIEF, s. [Belg.] a short and expressive account or descrip- tion. In Law, a writ whereby a person is summoned to answer to any action; an abridgment of a client's case, containing in a concise manner the proofs and objections that may b^ made by the contrary party, with answers to them, wrote out for the in- struction ot a counsel on a trial. In Canon Law, letters-patent, generally read in churches, giving a licence for making a collec- tion all over the kingdom ; also a statement of a case of distress, used by persons soliciting pecuniary aid from their neighbours. BRIE'FLY, ad. in few words; concisely. BRIE'FNESS, s. the quality of expressing a thing in a few words ; conciseness ; shortness. BRIEU'X, ST. the capital of dept. C6tes du Nord, France. It stands on a small bay of the English Channel, at the mouth of the river Gouet, over which it has a bridge. It has an old Gothic cathedral, a good library, a college, &c., and an hospital. It has some small manufactures, and a good shipping trade. Its popu- lation is about 11,000. It is 279 miles from Paris. BRIGA'DE, s. [brit/ade, Fr.] in the military art, a part or divi- sion of an array, whether horse or foot, under the command of a l)rigadier-general. A brigade of an army, is a body of horse of two or three regiments, or from two to six battalions of foot. A brigade of a troop, is a third part of it, when consisting of fifty soldiers ; but only a sixth, when it consists of one hundred : that is, a troop divided into three brigades in the former case, and into six in the latter. BRIGA'DE-MAJOR, s. an officer appointed by the brigadier- general, to assist him in the management and ordering of his brigade ; and he there acts as a major does in any army. BRl'GADIER-GENERAL, s. an officer commanding a bri- gade of horse or foot, and ranking next below a major-general. BRI'GANDINE, s. [brigand, Fr.] a kind of ancient defen- sive armour, consisting of thin pliable plates, like scales ; a coat of mail. BRPGANTINE, s. {brigantin, Fr.] a small, light, flat, open vessel, with twelve or fifteen benches on each side for rowers, going both with sails and oars, fit for boarding, or giving chace, and chiefly used by corsairs. BRIGG, Lincolnshire, with a good market for cattle and pro- visions. It is seated on the river Ankara. Some call it Glaraford- bridges. It is 1-53 miles frora London. Pop. 1822. BRIGGS, an eminent mathematician of the 16th century, who was Gresham Professor in London, and Savilian Professor at Oxford. He completed the invention of logarithms, which had been made by Napier. He died in 16-30, aged about 75 years. BRIGHT, a. [beort. Sax.] shining, splendid; glittering with light. Figuratively, strong, clear ; or that which introduces more light into the mind. Noble, shining, illustrious, or that which sets a person in a conspicuous point of view, applied to action. Applied to sagacity, quick, penetrating. To BRPGHTEN, v. a. to make a thing shine which was dull, or covered either with rust or dust. Figuratively, to disperse. To raake famous ; to repder conspicuous ; to heighten, applied to character.— 1>. n. to shine again after being obscured. 120 BRI BRPGHTLY, arf. with splendour; with lustre. Figuratively, in such a manner as will raise an advantageous idea ofourselves. BRPGHTNESS, s. the lustre which appears on the si^ht of burnished metals, or cut diamonds ; splendour. Figuratively, goodness ; sagacit:? ; perfections that make a person conspicuous. " The brightness of his parts," Prior. BRI'GHTON, or Brighthe'lmstone, Sussex, This large town is beautifully situated on the S. coast of England, and is a place of great resort in the bathing season, and during the latter part of autumn. It is of very recent growth, having been little beyond a fishing village till it was selected as a marine residence by George IV. It is a finely built place, especially towards the sea ; and the royal palace, called the Pavilion, attracts attention liy its grotesque style. It has a very fine chain pier, which is used as ; promenade and landir don. Markets, Tuesda promenade and landing-place. It is about 50 miles from Lon- )n. Markets, Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. Pop. 46,661. BRFLLIANCY, s. [brillant, Fr.] greatness of lustre, or splen- dour which dazzles the eyes. BRI'LLIANT, a. {brillant, Fr.] sparkling, or reflecting the rays of light with great lustre. BRI'LLIANT, s. [briller, Fr.] a diamond quite flat underneath, and cut on its upper part in triangular faces, the uppermost endinof in a point. BRIM, s. [brymtne. Sax.] the edge or extremity of a thing, as a vessel containing any liquor or fluid, a river, a hat, &c. To BRIM, V. a. to till full ; to fill up to the brim.— ». n. to be full to the top. BRI'MFUL, a. full to the top. Figuratively, ready to run over by being charged too full. BRI'MMER, s. a vessel or bowl filled up to the brim. BRI'MMING, a. filled to the top. BRI'MSTONE, s. See Sulphur. BRFNDED, i)art. [brin, Fr.] streaked ; marked with streaks or branches ; tabby. BRFNDISI, the ancient Bhundusium, a decayed city of Na- ples, 35 miles N. W. of Otranto. Pop. about 6000. BRI'NDLE.s. applied to the streaks upon the skin of a beast, of a diflTerent or darker colour than the other parts. BRI'NDLED, part, marked with streaks of a diff'erent or dark- er colour, applied to the skin of a beast. BRI'NDLEY, JAMES, the famous canal engineer of the last century. He commenced life as an agricultural labourer, and was afterwards a millwright, in which business he was often employed in making and repairing machinery of a more complicated charac- ter, and gained a name for original skill. After being employed by the Duke of Bridgewater to construct his projected canal from his mines to Manchester, and having succeeded, his principal employment afterwards lay in planning and executing navigable canals. His name stands amongst the first in his line in this country. He died in 1772, aged 56 years. BRINE, s. [brine. Sax,] any salt liquor; sea-water; the liquor or pickle which proceeds from salted meat. Figuratively, the sea ; tears. To BRING, V. a. pret. / hrotight, part. pass, brought ; [bringati, Sax.] to cause a person to come, or to fetch a thing to another, distinguished frora carry, because it may then be done by another; but the word bring implies that a thing is done by oneself. Fi- guratively, to procure ; to produce. Used with the particle in, to introduce. Used with back, to make a person or thing return ; to recover; to recall. Used with to, to lead, or conduct; to in- duce, to prevail upon. Used with about, to accomplish. Used with off, to clear frora any charge ; to free frora danger. Used with over, to prevail on, or induce a person ,to alter his senti- ments ; to convert or seduce. Used with out, to discover a thing which is concealed. Used with under, to subdue, vanquish, or tyrannize over. Used with up, to instruct ; educate ; to teach ; to introduce a fashion; to advance, or come forward with, applied to an army. '^ Bring up yom rM:i\," Shah. Synon. To 6(J«i' im- plies conveying a thing ourselves from one place to another, in opnosition to the word send. To fetch, implies going to a place in oraer to bring. BRI'NISH, a. [brine and isc. Sax.] like brine; saltish. BRINK, s. [brink, Dan.] the extreme edge of a river, preci-- pice, &c. Figuratively, the highest degree of danger. BRPNY, a. tasting saltish, or like brine, or any other liquor that resembles it. BRFONY, s. See Bryony. BUI BRISK, a. [brusque, Fr.] lively, gay, airy; full of vivacity and spirits, applied to the disposition. Vigorous, full of activity and Sower, applied to action. Sparkling, mantling, applied to liquors. Iright, glaring, and strongly affecting the signt, applied to colours. To BRISK UP, r. n. to advance in a sprightly, lively, and nim- ble manner. BRI'SKET, a. [hriclmt, Fr.] the breast of an animal, particu- larly that part which lies next to the ribs. BRI'SKLY, ad. in a brisk, lively, active, and spirited manner. BRISKNESS, s. a light, airy, and cheerful disposition ; vivaci- ty, or liveliness ; activity, gaiety. BRISSO'T, JACQUES PIERRE, one of the Girondin party, during the French Revolution, who being born iu humble cir- cumstances, devoted himself to literary and philosophical studies, and gained some applause by his writings : he entered warmly into theviewsof the Americans during the war of Independence, and into the Revolution in France. He was a man of some ac- count in the legislative assembly, and stood up earnestl}^ for the freedom of the negroes. He was involved in the fall of his party, and guillotined in 1793, aged 39 years. BRI'STLE, s. [bristl. Sax.] the strong hair which grows and stands upright on the back of a boar, &c. To BRI'STLE, r. a. to erect the bristles upright when enraged, applied to a hog. Figuratively, to grow angry ; to advance to an enemy in order to attack him, or revenge an affront, used with the particle up. — v. n. to stand erect like the bristles of a hog. BRI'STLY, a. in Botany, encompassed with a substance re- sembling hairs. Thick set with hairs or bristles. BRI'STOL, Gloucestershire and Somersetshire. This sea-port stands at the confluence of the Avon and the Frome, about 9 miles from where the Av(m discharges itself into the Bristol Channel. It occupies a noble position, rising range above ran^e of houses to the top of a hill ; but the old part is narrow and ill built, whilst the new parts are magnificent, the houses being made of stone, and much in the same style as Bath. The docks and harbours are extensive, as are the quays, to which the largest ships have access. The public buildings are numerous ; amongst the finest of them may be mentioned the churches, the exchange, the railway buildings, the scientific and literary insti- tutions, &.C. Bristol manufactures sugar, glass, floor-cloth, brass, iron, &c. &c. It imports goods from all quarters of the world, but from Ireland most abundantlj\ But the trade has not lately been so great as it was. There are several colleges and high schools in this town. The neighbourhood is most beautiful and healthy, abounding in objects of curiosity, especially to the bo- tanist and geologist. It is 110 miles from London. Markets, Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. Pop. 140,158. BRI'STOL, a port of Rhode Island, United States, seated on Narragansett Bay, with a good harbour. It is extensively en- gaged both in the coasting trade and fisheries. The view from the summit of Mount Hope is most beautiful. It is 418 miles from Washington. Pop. 349<). BRI'STOL CHANNEL, that arm of the Atlantic, lying be- tween Cornwall, and Somersetshire, and Wales, into which the river Severn discharges itself. More correctly, it is the mouth of the Severn. BRI'STOL-STONE, s. a kind of soft diamond found in Vin- cent's Rock, near Bristol. BRITAIN, (Great) the title given to the whole i-sland, includ- ing England, Wales, and Scotland, since the union of the two kingdoms. Pop. 18,520,925. BRl'TAIN, (New) an island in the most easterly part of the Indian Ocean, near New Guinea, nearly equal to Ireland in size. It has been but little explored, but it is, in the interior, mountain- ous and well wooded, and has very fertile plains near the shore. The palms and other fruit trees are numerous. Pigs, dogs, &c., are tne only animals; and the people are of that kind of negro appearance, which is often met with in the South Seas. They are very^ barbarous and fierce. BRITA'NNIA, the Roman name of Great Britain. Its origin is not known. Very little is kriown respecting the inhabitants, save that they were of Celtic origin, and that the tribes inhabit- ing the shores nearest to the continent, had migrated thither for the purpose of such trade as was carried on amongst barbarians. It appears that they resembled in their customs the native tribes BRO of N. America ; but in the cruelty of their religious rites they surpassed most other heathen. The first civilized visitor was Julius Caesar, who in 55 b. c. invaded the island, and in the fol- lowing year gained a permanent lodgement for the Romans. In the early times of the empire it was thoroughly subdued, and made a Roman province. During the later and weaker times of the empire it proved a fruitful source of trouble to the Romans : being remote from the seat of authority, barbarians both native and visitant assailed it ; whilst the soldiers were engaged in coti- tinual revolts, and showed their power by elevating one after another of their favourite commanders to the purple. At length, by about 426 a. d., the last sign of Roman sway was removed, and the small, scattered, degenerate relics of the ancient Britons were left to themselves ; the last days of the empire being im- pending. BRITISH, a. belonging to Britain. BRI'TISH AMERICA, that part of the N. American conti- nent which belongs to Great Britain, the boundary of which from the United States passes from the W. side of New Bruns- wick to Montreal, and follows the course of the St. Lawrence and the lakes to the W. side of Lake Superior, whence it crosses di- rectly to the Rocky Mountains, and thence to the Pacific on the 49th parallel, including, however, Vancouver's Island. It is di- by a nil 140 W. Arctic Ocean to Mount St. Elias, in 140 W. Long., and thence, bordering on the Pacific, to 55 N. Lat. See Canada, Hudson's Bay, &e. &c. BRITISH INDIA, that part of Hindustan in Asia, which is under the control of the British government, and is included in the presidencies of Bengal, Bombay, and Madras. Which names see. See also. East India Company, Hindustan, &c. &c. BRI'TISH MUSEUM, a prodigious collection of antiquities of all nations, and modern curiosities, specimens in every depart- ment of natural history and geology, books, manuscripts, prints, &c. &c., made under the direction of government, and preserved in a large building, formerly Montague House, near Russell Square, London. It is open to the public for three days in every week, excepting at certain times ; and to artists, two other days weekly. There are attached to the library two spacious reading rooms, to which admission is granted by the principal librarian, and which are open every day, except at certain times of the year. BRI'TTLE, a. \brittan. Sax.] that breaks or crumbles to pieces with the least force or violence. BRI'TTLENESS, «. that quality which renders a thing easy to break. BRI'TTON, the name of an ancient writer on law, of whom nothing is known save his work, which has always been held in the highest repute. BRPXHAM, Devonshire. A sea-port on the S. side of Torbay, with a good harbour, and a considerable shipping trade and fish- ery. The lower part of the town is badly built and kept, but the newer part is very good. It is 160 miles from London. Market, Tuesday. Pop. 5084. BRIZE, s. the same with the gad-fly. BROACH, «. ^broche, Fr.] an instrument or stake forced through a joint of meat, by means of which it is turned round, and its parts are successively exposed to the action of the fire, in roasting ; an ornamental part of dress, fashioned to hold the two extremities of a scarf or cravat together, by a pin which moves on a hinge, like the tongue of a buckle, passes through both the parts, and is caught in a loop. To BROACH, V. a. to spit ; to pierce with a spit. Figuratively, to force a spicket or cock into a vessel in order to draw the liquor ; to tap ; to open ; to wound, so as to let out blood. To be the au- thor of, applied to doctrine or opinion. BRO'ACHER, s. a spit or stake to roast meat on. Figurative- ly, the first inventor, author, or founder of any opinion or doc- trine. BROAD, {brod or brawd) a. [brad. Sax.] wide, or the extent be- tween the sides of a thing; distinguished from length, which is the extent or space between the two ends. Figuratively, large or great. " A broad mixture of folly," Locke. Diffusive, clear, and bright. " Appears in the broadest light," Decay of Piety. Coarse, gross, obscene, applied to language. " In some places he is broad and fulsome," Bnjd. With the eyes wide open. " He was broad awake." Bold, not delicate ; not reserved. Broad as long, implies equal on the whole. Synon. By broad is understood ejt- R 121 BRO tended each way; as, broad cloth; a broad brimmed hat. By wide is meant broad to a certain degree; as, three inches icide; four feet wide. BROA'D-CAST, s. denotes the method of sowing corn, tur- nips, pulse, grasses, &c., by scattering the seed with the hand. This IS called the old Husbandry, to distinguish it from the gractice of drilling, or dropping seeds, which are called the new [usbandiy. BROA'D-CLOTH, s. manufacture made of sheep's wool of our own growth, mixed with that of Segovia in Spain, so called from its breadth. BROA'D-EYED, a. that can see to a great distance round ; or has a very large prospect in sight. "In spite of broad-eyed, watchful day," Shak. This conveys a noble image to the mind, and is an elegant use of the term. BROA'D-LEAVED, a. that has broad leaves. BROA'DLY, ad. in a broad manner. BROA'DNESS, s. breadth ; the extent between the selvages or list of cloth ; the space between the sides of a thing. Figura- tively, obsceneness, immodesty. BROA'D-SHOULDERED, a. measuring much, or of great width, between the shoulders. BROA'DSIDE, s. the firing all the guns on one side of a ship into an enemy's vessel. Figuratively, an attack ; or a positive and unexpected charge of something criminal, by way ot accus- ation or reply. BROA'DSWORD, s. a sharp-edged cutting sword, with a broad blade. • BRO A'D WATER, Sussex. It is 63 miles from London. Pop. 5345. BROA'DWISE, ad. according to the direction of the breadth. BROCA'DE, «. Un-ocado, Span.] a stuff of gold, silver, or silk, raised and embellished with flowers, foliages, or other or- naments. BROCA'DED, a. woven with flowers, or ornaments of various colours. Figuratively, drest in brocade. BRO'CCtfl, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, an eminent Italian mi- neralogist and geologist, to whom science is indebted for most acute investigations mto the character of the sub-apennine beds of his native country, which established a criterion of the age of strata by the proportion of fossils with recent analogues in them. He died in a scientific expedition in Egj-pt in I82G, aged 54 years. BRO'CCOLI, s. [Ital.] in Botany, a species of cabbage. BROCK, s. [broc. Sax.] a badger; also, a hart of the third year ; also, a hind of the same year, a brock's sister. BRO'CKEN, the name of the loftiest point of the Harz Moun- tains in Germany, .3658 feet high. This mountain has always been associated with tales of witchcraft, &c. The spectre of the Brocken is the shadow of any one standing on the summit of this mountain, at sunrise, projected on the mist on the other side of the hill from the sun. It was for a long time regarded as quite unaccountable. BRO'CKET, s. a red deer of two years old. BROGUE, {brdp) s. [broff, Ir.] a. wooden shoe ; a corrupt or vicious manner of speaking or pronouncing. To BROFDER, v. a. \brodir, Fr.] to adorn with figures of nee- dlework. BROIL, s. \brouilhr, Fr.] a quarrel, contest, tumult, or war. To BROIL, V. a. [bruter, Fr.] to dress meat either by placing it immediately on the coals, or on a gridiron over a fire. Neu- terly, to overheat by immoderate exercise. Used improperly for to burn. BRO'KENHEARTED, a. in a condition which admits of no comfort ; dejected ; in despair ; disconsolate. BRO'KENLY, a(/, in an unconnected manner; without any connexion ; by loose sentences. BRO'KEN-MEAT, «. fragments, or pieces of meat taken from a table. BRO'KEN WINDED, a. a term applied to a horse sufl^ring from the rupture of some of the cells of the lungs, occasioned by in- flammation, or violent exercise at a time when the lungs could not bear it, and observed most frequently in horses kept low by poor and coarse food. BRO'KER, s. one who buys or sells, or transacts business for another, charging a commission. By abuse, the word is applied to those who deal in second-hand goods. Exchange-broker, is one who concludes bargains for others, relating to the remitting of money, or bills of exchange. Stock-brokers, are those who buy or sell, for others, parts or shares in the joint stock of any public company, as the Bank, India, &c. Pawn-brokers, are those who lend money to the necessitous, upon a pledge of goods given as security. Ship-brokers, persons who arrange all matters needful in shipping trade for the owners, freighting it, insuring it, and collecting the freight of a returned cargo, &c. BRO'KERAGE, s. the fee or pay given to a broker for nego- ciating business. BRO'MINE, s. Ibromos, Gr.] in Chemistry, an elementary body discovered in sea-water, in the Dead Sea, in various salt-springs in Germany, and England. It has been found also in the ashes of sea-weeds, and of some molluscous marine ani- mals. It is a liquid at common temperature, and of a red colour, with a disagreeable odour, and powerful taste. It possesses many peculiar and remarkable properties, in some resembling chlorine, and it is fatal to animal lite. BRO'MLEY, Kent. It is on the road to Tunbridge, and is vfery delightfully situated. It is 10 miles from London. Market, Thursday. Pop. 4325. BRO'MLEY, Staffordshire. See Abbots-Bromley. Pop. 1508. BRO'MSGROVE, Worcestershire. It has considerable manu- factures of worsted, linsey, linen cloths, fish-hooks, needles, and nails. It is situated near the rise of the river Salwarp, 115 miles from London. Market, Tuesday, for corn, cattle, and pro- visions. Pop. 9671. BRO'MYARD, Herefordshire. It is situated in a country full of orchards. It is 125 miles from London. Market, Monday. Pop. 2927. BRO'NCHIA, (brdnkia) s. [Gr.] in Anatomy, the ramifications of the trachea; or certain branches or hollow tubes belonging to the windpipe, that are dispersed through the lungs. BRO'NCHIAL, (bronkial) a. belonging to the throat. BRONCHI'TIS, s. in Surgery, the inflammation of the bron- chial tube, usually occasioned by exposure to moisture and cold. A species of this disease is very dangerous to horses and cattle. BRO'NCHOCELE, (brdnlcosele) s. [bronchos and kele, Gr.] in Surgery, a tumour in the anterior part of the neck, very general in Switzerland, and called goitre; an almost infallible remedy for which has recently been discovered in the use of iodine. BRONCHO'TOMY, (bronkdtomy) s. [bronchos and temno, Gr.] the operation of opening the windpipe by incision, in such cases as a violent quinsy, to prevent suffocation from the great swell- ing of the parts. Bronsted, Peter Oi^tVE, a late eminent antiquary of Den- mark, to whom we are indebted for many interesting and valuable discoveries respecting Grecian antiquities. He had at various times the posts of Greek Professor and Rector at Copen- hagen, and was employed by the court on several embassies. He died in 1842, aged 61 years. BRONTO'LOGY, s. [bronte and logos, Gr.] a discourse on thunder. BRONZE, s. [bronze, Fr.] a metal compounded of copper, tin, and zinc, which is employed for various uses, as making bells, cannons, and statues ; the proportions of the component me- tals being varied to suit the purposes to which the bronze is ap- plied. Also a kind of colouring prepared by colourmen in imi- tation of bronze. There are two sorts of it, the red, made of copper dust and red ochre, and the yellow, which is made of the finest copper dust alone. BROOCH, s. [ftroAe, Belg.] a jewel; an ornament of jewels. Figuratively, an ornament ; glory. To BROOD, V. n. [brcedan. Sax.] to hatch, or sit upon in order to hatch; tosit like a hen hatching her eggs; beautifully applied in the following sentence: "Where brooding darkness spreads its jealous wings," Milt. To sit near, and watch with great anx- iety. — V. a. to hatch. Figuratively, to cherish or keep alive by incessant anxiety. BROOD, s. [brod. Sax.] the youn^ of fowls, fishes, or small land animals ; a parcel of chickens hatched by one hen at one time. Figuratively, offspring, children; productions. BROO'DY, a. inclining to hatch, or to sit on eggs to hatch them. BROOK, s. [broc. Sax.] a small and shallow running water. Synon. Rivulets and brooks are certain species of stireams which are running waters, with this difference, that a rivulet runs be- BRO tween banks, whereas a hrook winds its way through the mea- dows, or by a hedge-side. A rivulet is a much larger stream than a brook. To BROOK, V. a. [l>rucan. Sax.] to bear without resentment or complaint; to put up with. Applied to misfortunes, or af- fronts, to endure. BROO'KLIME, s. in Botany, a sort of water speedwell, veiy common in ditches, throughout Europe. BROOKLYN, a city of New York, United States, situated on Long Island, opposite the lower part of the city of N. York. It is regularly laid out, the streets being, in every case but one, straight, and crossing each other at right angles. The situation is very beautiful, and the irregularity of the ground it occupies has proved too great for all the efforts made to overcome it, so that this beauty remains to a considerable extent unimpaired. It has some fine public buildings and some good literary and scientific institutions. The United States navy yard here covers 40 acres of ground, and has a dock, and an hospital, with library and museum connected with it. Brooklyn has a consi- derable trade, and some manufactures also. A basin also is con- structing because of the crowded state of the docks at New York. Over the East River, which is only three quarters of a mile wide, are four steam ferries continually plying between this city and N. York. It is 226 miles from Washington. Pop. 36,233. Lat. 40. 42. N. Long. 74. 0. W. There are eight other places in the U. States of this name. BROOM, s. [brom. Sax.] in Botany, the genista, Lat. genet, Fr. Likewise a utensil made with the twigs of the above-men- tioned plant, or birch, or heather, and used in sweeping houses or streets. BROO'MGRASS, s. in Botany, a genus of the grasses called by Linnaeus broinus. The English species are numerous. BROO'MING, or Breaming, s. the burning the filth a ship has contracted, with straw, reeds, broom, &c., when she is on the careen . BROO'MRAPE, s. in Botany, a curious genus of parasitical plants, having no leaves, and delicate purplish flowers, growing on the roots of clover, broom, &c. &c. BROO'MSTAFF, s. the staff to which the twigs of a broom are bound, to make a besom ; the handle of a broom ; named more generally in London a broomstick. BROO'MY, a. full of, or abounding in, broom. BRO'SELEY, Shropshire. This town stands on the Severn in the midst of a coal and iron district, which gives employment to most of the population. Petroleum springs have existed in the neighbourhood. It is 130 miles from London. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 4849. BROTH, s. [broth, Sax.] a kind of soup, made by boiling meat down in a small quantity of water. BROTHER, s. brethren and brothers in the plural, the former of which seems confined to the Scriptures ; [Sax.] the relation which a male child holds to the other children sprung from the same father or mother, or both. Among the ancients, this term was used with greater latitude than at present, and signified even first cousins ; in this sense it is used in Scripture, when mention is made of our Lord's brethren. Figuratively, a person united by the most ardent affections of friendship ; one of the same trade; a person resembling another in qualities or conduct. Among divines, taken for man in general, alluding to our being all descended from one common parent. BROTHERHOOD, s. the state or condition of a brother ; the relation in which one brother stands with respect to another. Figuratively, men living together in the same house, and pro- fessing the same principles, applied to monks or friars; men incorjjorated together by the same charter ; men of the same trade. BROTHERLY, a. that suits or belongs to a brother. BROTHERLY, ad. after the manner of a brother. Figura- tively, in a very affectionate manner. BROTHERS, RICHARD, one of those maniacs who, by their general rationality, and bv the peculiar vein of their madness, attract large attention, ana who are most frequently heard of in troublous times. He lived and wrote in the height of the fever produced by the French Revolution, and for his prophecies was, once at least, imprisoned, being much too near treason. He gained many followers, and some amongst the educated classes even, and his announcement of the establishment of a sort of BRO millennial kingdom, himself being the king, was veiy greedily believed. This was to have happened in 1798. BROUGH, or Burga upon SrANMoau, Westmoreland. It is 270 miles from London. Market, Thursday. Pop. 1694. BROW, (the 010 is pron. like ow in now, how,) s. [brora. Sax.] the arched collection of hairs over the eye in human creatures. Figuratively, the looks, air, or appearance of the countenance. Applied to a hill, the verge, or extremity of its surface. To BROWBEAT, v. a. to endeavour to awe a person by stern and haughty looks or words. BROWN, (the ow is pron. as in coic,) a. [brim. Sax.] sunburnt, of a colour which may be made of a mixture of black with ano- ther colour. Figuratively, dark, gloomy. Used as a substan- tive, dark, or dusty colour. BROWN, DR. JOHN, a Scotch physician, who was the author of a System of Medicine, which made some noise on the conti- nent, under the title Brunonian, during the last century. He aimed at simplicity, Jind failed by the excess of it. He was not lacking in intellectual ability, but in other respects he did not shine. He died in 1788, aged 53 years. BROWN, LANCELOT, the famous landscape gardener, so well known as "Capability Brown" during the last century. His taste is not so much admired now ; but the houses that he built as country seats for many of the nobility, &c. are regarded yet as patterns of completeness. He gained both wealth and honours, as well as fame, by his art, and died in 1773, aged 58 years. BROWN, DR. THOMAS, the last distinguished and popular teacher of Scotch metaphysics. He studied at Edinburgh, and \yas early imbued with the love of metaphysical speculation and literary pursuits. He was one of the brilliant circle at the Northern Athens who started the Edinburgh Review. Medicine was his profession, but he was introduced by Stewart into his favourite field, and succeeded him in the chair of Moral Philo- sophy ; whence he delivered those lectures, whose ornate and popular style won him more followers than even his talent did. le died in 1820, aged 42 years. His poems and lighter works, are yet praised. His metaphysical system has all the advan- tages and all the disadvantages which determined generalization always entails. His treatise on Cause and Effect is his great production. BROWNE, SIR THOMAS, the celebrated physician of the 17th century, author of Religio Medici, and other works relating to antiquities, &c. He lived at Norwich excepting during his early and college years, and his continental tour, and he enjoyec" great esteem there for his curious and varied learning. Hi: speculations respecting the quincunx are the finest specimen of air-castle, perhaps, in the language. He died in 1682, aged 77 years. BROWNE, WILLIAM GEORGE, a veiy enterprising tra- veller, who was the first Englishman that explored the country of Darfoor in Africa. He made several journeys through the countries bordering on the Mediterranean, accounts of which were published on his return. He fell at length in Persia, whilst prosecuting an attempt to reach Samarcand, in 1812, aged 44years. BRO W'NISH, a. somewhat brown; inclining to brown; of a faint brown. BROW'NISTS, in Church History, a religious sect, which sprung up in England towards the end of the 16th century. Their leader was one Robert Brown, a native of Northampton. They separated from the Established Church ; and were equally averse to Episcopacy and Presbyterianism. They rejected all forms of prayers, and held that every society of Cfhristians was complete in itself for all purposes of ecclesiastical order and discipline. Ministers they did not esteem as priests, and they were chosen by the votes of their churches, which were demo- cratical. They were persecuted with great severity by Queen Elizabetl). They were afterwards called Independents. BROW'NNESS, s. that idea or sensation which is excited in the mind on seeing a brown colour. BROW'NSTUDY, s. gloomy meditations. To BROWSE, (brouze) v. a. [brouse}-, Fr.] to feed on herbs, leaves, or grass. To crop or eat, applied to cattle.— «. n. to feed or eat, used with on or upon. BROWSE, (brouze) s. pasture ; properly leaves or shrubs fit for goats and other animals to eat. R 2 123 BRD BROW-SICK, a. dejected; hanging the head. BRUCE, JAMES, the famous Abyssinian traveller, after va- rious mercantile and other engagements in England in the be- ginning of his life, was appointed consul at Algiers, and tra- velled through the northern part of Africa, visiting the ruins of the ancient cities. He afterwards visited Syria, and thence went to Egjpt. From Egypt he ascended to Abyssinia, and re- mained there for a considerable time, being held in great esteem by the most powerful men of the country, and helped by them in visiting the fountains of the principal branch of the Nile. His tales on his return to England were received with general mis- trust ; and he did not write and publish his narrative till long afterwards, which was not more favourably read. It is admitted that he did, from vanity and indolence, make some considerable exaggerations in his statements, but his accounts were in the main correct. He died from a fall in 1794, aged 64 years. BRUCE, MICHAEL, a poet of Scotland, not so well known as his writings deserve. He was born in humble life, and de- voted by his parents to the ministry. During his studies he contended against all sorts of hinderances ; and after a while he sank under bodily disease, which his natural constitution, and his slender means, were not fitted to contend with. He died in 1767, aged 21 years. BRUCE, ROBERT, one of the most chivalric of the kings of Scotland. He was the grandson of the Bruce who disputed the inheritance of the crown with Baliol. During the long and varied struggle for liberty maintained by Wallace, Bruce was sometimes with him, but more frequently in allegiance with Edward, the English king. Having resolved at length to un- dertake the deliverance of his country, and having with difficulty escaped from the English court, he was crowned at Scone, and acknowledged by almost all Scotland. His career was one of defeats, escapes, and deeds of personal prowess, till at Loudon Hill he defeated the English utterly. Oq the accession of Ed- ward II. Bruce commenced a system of invasions on England, and gained the victory at Bannockburn. After this Scotland had peace. He died in 1329, aged bb years. BRU'CKER, JAMES, the laborious author of a repertory of information respecting philosophy and philosophers, misnamed a Critical Historj- of Philosophy. He published some other works, and had the reputation of extensive, if not of profound or accurate scholarship. He died in 1770, aged 74 years. BRUEY'S, the name of the commander of the French fleet at the battle of the Nile, who perished in the blowing up of his ves- sel, L'Orient, in 1798. BRU'GES, a city of Belgium, capital of the province of W. Flanders. It is a fine place, built in the usual style of Dutch cities, with canals running through the great streets. It is connected with the sea by means of a canal from Ostend, and it has the usual accommodations of sea-ports, such as docks and ware- houses. It was formerly famous for its manufactures of tapestry, for which England used to supply the wool. It now manufac- tures woollen, linen, and cotton goods, lace, &c. &c. The town- hall and the churches are fine specimens of architecture. There are also institutions for the promotion of science and literature. It is CO miles from Brussels. Population about 50,000. Lat. 51. 12. N. Long. 3. 15. E. To BRUISE, (bruze) v. a. [hriser, Fr.] to crush or hurt by any thing blunt, which does not cut the skin, or let the blood out ; to crush by any weight ; to beat in a mortar, so as only to crush or destro;j' the form of a thing, without reducing it to powder. BRUISE, {bnize) s. a hurt whereby the skin is not broke. BRU'ISEWORT, s. in Botany, an herb, the same with comfrey. BRUIT, (brut) s. [Fr.] a report, rumour, or noise; something which is the common topic of conversation. To BRUIT, (brut) v. a. to spread abroad; to divulge; to ru- mour. Both the verb and the noun are seldom used. BRU'MAL, a. [brumalis, Lat.] belonging to the winter. BRUMOY', PIERRE, a learned and literary Jesuit of the last century. His works are numerous, and of them the most im- portant is his History of the Church in England. He died in 1762, aged 53 years. BRUNCK, RICttlARD FRANCIS PHILIPPE, an eminent editor of classical authors during the last centurj'. Some of them are well known, through reprints in this country, but his cri- tical canons left too much to the fancy of the cntic to give his 124 ^ BR U recensions a very high value. During the Revolution, he en- gaged on the popular side, and was imprisoned by Robespierre. He died at his native town, Strasburg, in 1803, aged 74 years. BRUNE, MARSHAL, one of the military commanders called forth by the French Revolution. He signalized himself in Italy, Holland, and the N. of Germany. He was ambassador at Con- stantinople. Offending Napoleon by neglect of some formality, he retired from the army. During the rapid changes of 1814 and 1815, he changed with circumstances, and was shot by a mob at Avignon, in 1815, aged 52 years. BRUNELLE'SCHI, FILIPPO, an architect of Florence, who in the 15th century built the dome of the church of Santa Maria in that city. He erected both in this and other cities of Italy other churches and palaces, and died in 1444, aged 70 years. BRUNE'TTE, s. the plural brunettes, According to Addison; [Fr.] a person of a brown complexion ; generally applied to the female sex. BRU'NI, LEONARDO, one of the illustrious scholars and au- thors of the period of the revival of learning in Europe, He was secretary of the Roman Chancery under several popes, and was at the Council of Constance. Afterwards he was chancellor of Florence. His great work was a History of Florence. Most of his other writings are unknown, or have never been printed. He died in 1444, aged 75 years. BRU'NION, s. [brugnon, Fr.] a sort of fruit between a plum and a peach. Brxjnn, the capital of Moravia, in Austria. It stands in the midst of a good country, near the junction of two rivers. It is fortified and regularly built, though the streets are narrow. There are some fine squares, and many fountains. Some of the churches and public buildings are handsome structures. It has extensive woollen manufactures, and some others of less import- ance. It is 73 miles from Vienna. Population about 40,000. Lat. 49. 12. N. Long. 16. 36. E. BRUNO, GIORDANO, a philosopher and scholar, who was burnt at Rome during the last year of the 16th century, for his speculations, and opposition to the determinations of the Church. He visited various countries, and at Geneva, Paris, Marburg, Helmstadt, Frankfort, and especially in England, maintained his character for learning with various skill and suc- cess. Some of his writings are merely satirical, others are a de- velopment of a Pantheistic system of theologj', &r. He re- turned unadvisedly to Italy, and was arrested by the Inquisition : after some years' imprisonment, he was burnt in 1600, aged about .50 vears. BRU'NSWICK, one of the German states, in rank a duchy, lying in several detached portions between Hanover, Prussia, and Prussian Saxony and Anhalt. It is watered by the Weser, the Alier, the Ocker, the Leine, and the streams tributary to them. In the S. part are the Harz mountains, the highest peak of which is nearly 3000 feet high. This part produces some timber, and here are mines of various metals, and coal, and salt, and quarries of building stone and marble, which are verj' valuable. The proportion of arable land is considerable, and it is very productive. Swineare the principal stock reared. There are manufactories of linen, woollen clotn, oil, paper, china, kc. The trade of the duchy is mostly internal, but one town having a water communication with the sea. The population is nearly 300,000. From the dukes of Brunswick the sovereign now on the British throne is descended; George I., son of tne Elector Ernest Augustus, and descended on his mother's side from James I., having been called to the throne in 1714, by virtue of the Act of Settlement, passed in 1701. BRU'NSWICK, capital of the duchy of the same name, lies on the Ocker. It was one of the Hanse towns, and is now a place of some consideration. It has beside the palace, some fine buildings ; and it abounds in establishments for the aid of the sick and the poor. It has about 40,000 inhabitants. Lat. 52. 15. N. Long. iO. 32. E. BRU'NSWICK, a town of Maine, United States. It is situated on the S. side of the Androscoggin river, at the Lower Falls, where there is a considerable water-power, used for working some saw-mills, and a cotton factory. Bowdoin College, a well endowed and flourishing institution, is located here ; a prosr perous medical institution is attached to it ; and it has a good museum and library. It is 570 miles from Washington, l^op. 4259. There are five other places in the States of the same name, BRU BRlfNSWICK, NEW, a province of British N. America. See New Brunswick. BRUNSWICK, NEW, a town of New Jersey, U. S. See New Brunswick. BRUNT, s. Ibrunst, Belg.] the onset, attack, or shock of an enemy ; the force, violence, and stroke of a cannon. Generally used with the verb bear. To hear tlie brunt, is to sustain the at- tack of an enemy. Figuratively, any difficulty, or cross and unexpected accident. BRUSH, s. \hrosse, Fr.] an instrument made of bristles or hair fastened to wood, used for sweeping rooms, cleaning clothes, or painting. Figuratively, a slight attack or skirmish in war. To BRUSH,!', a. to clear a thing of dust by means of a brush ; to touch in one's passage. Used with up, to paint, to make a thing look well by a brush. Used neuterly, to pass ^uick and close to a person, joined with the particle hy. " Brush d regard- less by," Dryd. 1 o skim upon the surface ; to pass along so as just to touch the surface in the passage, used with over. BRU'SHER, s. a person who makes use of a brush ; one who cleans with a brush ; one who rouses game at a battue. BRU'SHWOOD, s. rough, woody thickets. BRU'SHY, a. rough or shaggy like a brush. BRU'SSELS, the capital city of the kingdom of Belgium, stands on the Senne, and is connected by a canal with the Ru- pel at Willebrock. It is a fine place, and has some noble streets and squares, and is ornamentea by many fountains. It is rich in public buildings, having beside the churches, some of which con- tain masterpieces of sculpture and painting, a town-hall, royal palace, palace of the fine arts, &c. It is walled, and has eight gates, whence high roads diverge to all parts of Belgium. The Park is a pleasant promenade under well-kept avenues of trees. The city has manufactures of lace, camlets, &c. &c. The popu- . lation is above 100,000. Lat. 50. 50. N. Long. 4. 22. E. To BRU'STLE, v. a. [brusthan. Sax.] to crackle; to make a noise like the rustling of armour, or that of rich silks. Figura- tively, to swagger, hector, or approach a person in a threatening manner. BRUTTAL, a. [brutal, Fr.] that belongs to a beast, opposed to rational. Figuratively, inhuman, cruel, savage; without, or contrary to, reason and the principles of humanity. BRUTA'LITY, s. Ibrutabte, Fr.] a disposition or behaviour contrary to the laws of reason and dictates of politeness and hu- manity; churlishness, savageness. To BRUTALIZE, v. n. [brutaliser, Fr.] to grow morose, sa- vage, inhuman, and like a brute. Actively, to make brutal. BRU'TALLY, ad. inhumanly; churlishly. BRUTE, a. [JnrfMs, Lat.] senseless; savage; inhuman; void of all the tender and social affections; not having the use of reason; rough, uncivilized. BRUTE, s. an animal without the principle of reason ; a beast. Figuratively, applied to men as a term ot the most mortifying reproach, and implying a person void of humanity, and an ene- my to reason. BRU'TISH, a. resembling a beast, either in form or qualities. Figuratively, rude ; inhuman; senseless; stupidly ignorant ; re- gardless of reason, or contrary to its dictates. BRU'TON, Somersetshire. It is seated on the river Brew, and is a well-built town, with a handsome church, a free-school, and a stately alms-house, and has a manufacture of serges and stockings. It is 109 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 2(»74. BRU'TUS, a cognomen used by some members of the clan or family of Junius in ancient Rome, which is -said to have arisen from the device resorted to by Lucius Junius, nephew of Tar- quinius Superbus, to avoid being destroyed by him. He lived in the royal house as a jester or fool, but being present at the suicide of Lucretia, he threw oif his pretended idiocy, and vowed the race of Tarquinius and the royal rank to destruction. He was one of the first consuls, (two chief magistrates elected an- nually,) and condemned his own sons to death for conspiring against Rome. He fell in battle, when the Tarquinii attempted by the aid of Lars Porsena to regain their kingdom. This was about 507 b. c. The most famous was Marcjis Juniur,, who was the leading patriot of the band that slew Julius Caesar the dic- tator, when he was threatening the liberties of Rome. He was the friend and son-in-law of Cato, and had learnt his severe and grand philosophy. During the struggle between Caesar and BUC Pompeius, he fought in the armies of the latter. He was after- wards distinguished by repeated acts of confidence and affection from Caesar. After the death of Caesar he went to Athens, and being defeated at Philippi by the forces raised by those who hoped to gain the power of Caesar, and losing his friend Cassius, he killed himself, in 42 b. c, aged 44 years. BRUYE'RE, JEAN LA, a French moralist of the 17th cen- tury. His life was varied by few incidents, and his books, and studies, and his friends, were his chief enjoyments. His princi- pal work is written after the model of Theophrastus, and is still read for its graphic and delicate skill in delineating character. He died in l(59(j, aged 52 years. BR Y' ANT, JACOB, a learned scholar, but fanciful speculator, of the last century. He enjoyed the patronage of the Duke of Marlborough. Most of his speculations, &c. related to the facts of Scripture History, or to the origin of heathen religions ; ex- cept that of the non-existence of Troy. He died from a casual fall in 1804, aged 89 years. BRY'ONY, s. \bryonia, Lat.] in Botany, the white bryony is a plant with hand-shaped leaves, rough with callous points on both surfaces, found in hedges; the black bryony has heart- shaped, undivided leaves, and is the same with ladyseal. BUB, s. a cant word for strong malt liquor. BU'BBLE, s. [bobbel, Belg.] a small bladder of water; a little round drop of any fluid filled and expanded with air, and de- stroyed by the least touch. Figuratively, something easily de- stroyed; a cheat, or the person cheated. To BU'BBLE, v. n. to rise in bubbles; to make a gentle noise as it runs, applied to water issuing from some narrow place, or its fountain head. Actively, to cheat, or defraud by projects of imaginary advantages. BU'BBLER, s. one who cheats by projects, promising great advantages for the loan of money. BU'BO, s. [bonbon, Gr.] a tumour or swelling, attended with an inflammation in the groin, &c. In Natural Historj', the name of a genus of owls, distinguished by tufts of feathers over the ears. BUBONOCE'LE, commonly called a RUPruRE, s. [boubon and kele, Gr.] in Surgery, a tumour in the. groin, formed by the pro- lapsus, or falling aown of .the intestines, hmentum, or both, through the processes of the peritonaeum, and rings of the abdo- minal muscles. BUCCANEE'RS, or Buccanie'rs, s. a name given to the privateers and pirates of the Spanish Main, in former days, from the manner in which they were accustomed to prepare their meat, by hanging it in the smoke, which they called buccaning it. They were principally English and French, and they arose from the absurd and selfish policy of the Spaniards, who at- tempted to keep all those newly-discovered countries for them- selves. Piracy was not unfrequently connected with this armed free trade. The most celebrated of them was Sir Henry Morgan, in the 17th century. BU'CER, MARTIN, one of the Reformers of the IGth cen- tury, who being originally a Dominican monk, was won from Romanism by means of the writings of Luther. He afterwards affected more the opinions of the Swiss Reformers, and being unable to continue with safety at Strasburg, where he had ex- posed Charles V. respecting the Interim, he went to England, and received from Cranmer an appointment at Cambridge. In the progress of English ecclesiastical changes he took great in- terest, and exerted some influence. He died in 1550, aged .59 years. Mary had his remains exhumed and burnt. His writ- ings are very voluminous. BUCE'ROS, s. in Natural History, a species of raven found in the East Indies, China, and Tatary, distinguished by the pecu- liar form of their bills, which are long and serrated, and have an extraordinary enlargement on the base of the upper mandible, which gives them a very formidable appearance. BU'GHAN, a district of Aberdeenshire, in Scotland. BUCHA'NAN, GEORGE, the tutor of Mary Queen of Scots, and author of a Version of the Psalms in Latin verse, and other Latin poems. He was born in humble circumstances, and stu- died amidst interruptions from sickness and poverty, at Paris, and at St. Andrew s, Scotland. Provoking Cardinal Beaton's hostility by some satirical poems on the clergy, he fled to France, and at Bourdeaux, Paris, and Coimbra, gained occu- pation as Latin Professor, &c. At the latter place he was im- 125 BUG prisoned by the Inouisition. On his liberation he was engaged again in France and in Scotland as a College Professor, and was tutor to Queen Mary and her son, our James I. He held a high place under the government, at length, and aided in the con- solidation of the Scotch Reformation. He died in 1580, aged /uCHVnAN, dr. CLAUDIUS, author of Christian Re- searches in India, was a chaplain in the service of the E. India Company, who hf his efforts, and preaching, and writing, aided greatly in obtaining for Hindustan the attention and the laboiirs of the evangelical missionaries of various denominations. He died in 1815, aged 49 years. BUCHA'RIA, GREAT and LITTLE. See Bokhara. BUCHARE'ST, the capital of Wallachia, in European Turkey, standing on a small stream, a tributary of the Danube. It occu- pies a pleasant situation, but is a poor place. It has a palace and above GO churches, a kind of college, and in the centre of the town is a lofty watch-tower. It has a considerable trade. Its population is about 60,000. Lat. 44. 2G. N. Long. 26. 9. £. BUCK, s, \bwch, Brit.] the male of the fallow deer, rabbits, hares, goats, &c. Among deer it is as corpulent, and has horns like a nart, different only in size, and growing out of the head like fingers in the hand. Likewise a cant name of a club or so- ciety, so called from their use of these hunting terms, calling their president tlie grand hide, S,-c. BUCK, s. [bauclte, Teut.] ley make of ashes for washing linen. Figuratively, linen. To BUCK, V. a. when from hucJc, signifying a deer, it denotes to copulate ; and when from buck, signifying ley, it implies to wash clothes in ley. BU'CKBEAN, s. in Botany, the fringed water-lily, a sort of trefoil, frequent in ponds and pits. BU'CKENHAM, Norfolk. It is 96 miles from London. Mar- ket, Saturday. Pop. 1255. BU'CKET, s. [baquet, Fr.] a wooden vessel resembling one half of a barrel or pipe, fitted with a handle formed like a semi- circle, and used to draw water out of a well ; likewise a leathern vessel of the same form, used in fires to serve the engines with water. See Pail. BU'CKINGHAM,. Buckinghamshire. It is situated on a low ground, on the river Ouse, by which it is almost surrounded, and over it are three handsome stone bridges. There was formerly a strong castle in the middle of the town. There is a county iail, and a town-hall. It has but one church. It is 57 miles irom London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 4034. BU'CKINGHAMSHIRE, a county of England, bounded on the N. by Northamptonshire, on the E. by Bedfordshire, Hert- fordshire, and Middlesex, on the W. by Oxfords-hire, and on the S. by Berkshire, from which it is separated by the river Thames. It is about 50 miles in length, and 18 in breadth. The great range of chalk hills, called the Chilterns,runs through the county, and attains an elevation of more than 900 feet above the level of the sea. On one side of this range flow the Thames, the Thame, and the Colne ; and on the other the Ouse. The soil is variable, but in some parts it is very rich. The air is mild, and the county reckoned in general healthy. By means of canals and railroad it has every facility for trade. But its productions are almost wholly pastoral and agricultural. It returns 1 1 members to par- liament. Pop. 155,983. BU'CKLE, s. [bwcel, Brit.] an instrument made of a link of metal with a tongue and catch, used to fasten the straps of shoes, the harness of horses, &c. To BU'CKLE, V. a. to fasten with a buckle. Figuratively, to marry, or join. To confine, used with the particle in. To apply to, used with to. To BU'CKLE, V. n. [buchen, Teut.] to bend or bow under a weight, used with under. Figuratively, to bend one's inclina- tions, to apply, or attend to. BU'CKLER, s. Ibuctdarium, barbarous Lat.] a shield. BU'CKMAST, s. the fruit or mast of the beech tree. BU'CKRAM, s. fbougran, Fr.] a thick sort of linen or hempen cloth, stiffened with gum, chiefly used in the linings of clothes, to sustain and make them keep their form. BU'CKTHORN, s. in Botany, a tree that bears a purging berry. BU'CKWHEAT, s. in Agriculture, a plant, otherwise called French wheat, used occasionally in the rotation of crops, instead of barley. Game are fond of it. 126 BUE BUCO'LIC, s. Iboukolikos, Gr.] pastoral poetry. BUD, s. [bouton, Fr.] in Botany, the small swellings or pro- minences on the bark of a tree, which turn to shoots, &c. Among gardeners, it denotes the first tops of sallad plants; and in Hus- bandry, a weaned calf of the first year, being so named from the budding of its horns. Figuratively, the beginning, first appear- ance, tender and immature state of a thing. To BUD, V. n. to swell with gems or little prominences. Ap- plied to vegetables, to put forth shoots. Figuratively, to be m the bloom of youth. — v. a. in Gardening, to inoculate by in- serting a bud into a tree. BU'DA, or Offen, a strongly fortified city of Austria, situated on the side of a hill, on the W. bank of the Danube, over which it has a fine bridge, opposite Pesth, with which it is the ca- pital of Hungary, formerly the residence of its kings. The public buildings are elegant, its warm bath? very magnificent, and in the adjacent country are vineyards, producing a red vrine in great estimation. It has a little trade, arising from a few manufactures and this wine. It is 125 miles from Vienna. Population, about 30,000. Lat. 47. 29. N. Long. 18. 2. E. BUDiE'US, GULIELMUS, an eminent Greek and Latin scholar of the 16th century, a friend of Erasmus, who was en- gaged in some embassies and public offices, under Louis XII. and Francis I. His fondness for study was most passionate, and is recorded, in some well-known and laughable anecdotes. His works are very voluminous, and not all of worth now. He died in 1 540, a^d 73 years. BU'DDHA, or Boodh, perhaps a mythic personage, but the reputed founder of the religion called after him Buddhism ; whose life, according to tradition, was one of tranquil medi- tation and study, and distinguished purity and benevolence; but whose sera, scholars cannot determine. His religion num- bers amongst its followers a third part of the human race, ex- tending from Ceylon, through Hindustan, Thibet, Burmah, Siam, &c., Tatary, China. The basis of this scheme is Pan- theism, and the practical part of it greatly resembles the Neo- Platonism of Alexandria after the Christian sera. The perfect state for the soul seems to be, according to this scheme, a sort of nothingness ; and the gradual purification of the soul and elevation to this sublimityisefftjctett through a process of metem- psychosis. The ecclesiastical part of this religion so much re- sembles Romanism, that the Propagandist missionaries suspect- ed infernal treachery when they first penetrated into Thibet to preach their faith, and seemed to have been anticipated by a deceitful caricature of their forms and ceremonies and religious orders. BU'DDING, s. in Horticulture, an operation by which a bud of some particular species or variety of shrub or tree is inserted in a slit made in the stock of another species or variety, with the like effect that follows from ingrafting. BU'DDLE, s. a place where miners wash their ore to tit it for the furnace. BUDE LIGHT, so called from the place in Cornwall at which the inventor lives, is a most intense and brilliant light, produced for lighting large buildings, squares and streets, lighthouses, &c., by the addition of a central jet of oxygen gas, to the com- mon argand gas-burner. Atmospheric air is more commonly used, and the use of several concentric burners has been found ery greatly to increase the volume of light. [bouffer, Fr.] to stir ; to move. BUDGE, s. the fur of lambs. BUDGE, o. stiff ; surly; formal. BU'DGET, «. [bouffette, Fr.] a small bag ; that which is con- tained in a budget ; a store or stock. BU'DLEY, Devonshire, a town situated on the river Otter, near its mouth. It is 194 miles from London. Market, Monday. Pop. 2319. BUE'NOS AYRES, one of the most considerable sea-ports of South America, and capital of the republic of La Plata. Its situation is on the south side of the river La Plata, 50 leagues within its mouth, (where the river is seven leagues broad,) in a most beautiful country. Tlie streets are straight and broad, and the buildings tolerably regular. It has several churches, and a university, which is in a flourishing condition. The produc- tions of the country, such as tobacco, wool, cotton, skins, dried meats, saffron, cochineal, hemp, hair, drugs, gold, silver, and precious stones, besides tallow and hides, are the staple of ,;.- .> > ^.-..^ i, ■> ^, , y BUL Its trade. Its population is about 60,000. Lat. 34. 35. S. Long. 57. 24. W. BUFF, s. [bufalo, Fr.] a sort of leather prepared from the skin of the buffalo ; used for waist-belts, pouches, and military accoutrements. BU'FFALO, «. [Ital.] in Natural History, a wild animal of the ox kind, with large crooked horns ; equal in size to our largest oxen, with an aspect fierce and terrible. It is a native of the East, but brought into Italy, and other parts of Europe, where it is used as a beast of burthen and draught. See Bison. BU'FFALO, a city and port of New York, United States, si- tuated on Lake Erie, on the head of Niagara river, and the ter- mination of the Erie canal, and having a good harbour, called Buffalo Creek. It has broad and regular streets, and is adorned with fine buildings both public and private. It has 17 churches, and some of its hotels are the finest in the country. It has a good library, and some public schools. Buffalo stands as a great gate between the E. and^the W., through which much of theco.'i- merce must pass ; and it is a great depot for the W. country. A noble pier, with a lighthouse at the end, has been built to secure the harbour. It is 381 miles from Washington. Population, 18,213. There are 14 other places in the States with this name. BU'FFET, s. \huffeto, Ital.] a blow on one side of the head given with the fist. Figuratively, indignity, persecution, or hardship. BUFFET, s. \bufet, Fr.] a kind of cupboard or closet, formed with an arch at the top, and furnished with shelves, used to place china and plate in for show and ornament. To BU'FFET, v. a. [huffetcr, Fr.] to strike on the head with the hand ; to box. Figuratively, to strike any thing forcibly with the hand.— f. n. with the particle /or, to box, or fight witti the fists. BU'FFETER, s. one who fights with his fists; a boxer. BU'FFLEHEADED, a. that has a head like a hiiffalo. Figu- ratively, dull, stupid. BUFFO'N, GEORGE LOUIS, COUNT DE, a distinguished French naturalist of the last century. He was possessed of a handsome estate, and was carefully trained in the college at Dijon. His early passion for mathematics has led some to sup- pose him a second Newton. He was fond of experimenting, and proved conclusively the power of the burning mirrors which Archimedes is alleged to have used in defence of Syracuse. His Natural History is his great work, and amongst his speculations the nebular hypothesis found its origin. He died in 1788, aged 80 years. BUFFOO'N, s. [buffun, Fr.] one who endeavours to excite laughter by lowjests and antic postures; a merry-andrew, a jack- pudding. BUFFOO'NERY, ». the using low jests, ridiculous pranks, or scurrilous mirth, to extort a laugh from the company. BUFONI'T^, «. in Natural History, a kind of extraneous fossils, called lycodontes, or wolfs teeth. BUG, s. \biuj, Brit.] in Natural History, the name of a genus of insects, with flattish bodies, and wings half protected by sheaths ; one species of which is too well known. Likewise a fiyinar insect formed like a beetle, named a May buff, or Mayfly. BUG, Bu'gbear, s. {bug, Brit.] an object which raises ter- ror; a walking spectre; a ghost; generally applied to the imaginary terror used to frighten children. BU'GGY, «. a hooded one-horse chaise. BU'GLE, Bu'gle-horn, s. a small bending horn ; a hunting horn. BU'GLE, s. a shining bead, of a cylindrical form, and made of glass. Also, in Botany, a plant growing in moist places. To BUILD, (KW) t). a. preter. 1 built, or have bxM; \bilden, Belg.] to make or raise houses, &c. Figuratively, to raise on any thing as a support or foundation. BUFLDER, s. one who constructs or raises houses, &c. BUI'LDING, ». a fabric or place erected for shelter from the weather for dwelling, or for the purposes of religion, security, or magnificence. BuUding is used, in its primary sense, for the art and act of raising edifices. BUILTH, Brecknockshire, a town pleasantly situated on the river Wye, over which it has a bridge into Radnorshire. It has a trade iiK-stockings and flannels. It is 171 miles from London. Markets, Monday and Saturday. Pop. 1203. BU'LAM, a fertile island of Africa, about 8 leagues long and BUL 3 broad, at the mouth of the Rio Grande. An attempt has been lately made to colonize it by free negroes, under the direc- tion of the Bulain Association in England ; as also to establish a friendly intercourse with the natives, and a trade unpolluted by slavery ; but the settlement was destroyed by Africans froiii the continent. BULB, ». [biUbus, Lat.] in Botany, a thick root, nearly round ; of which there are two species, 'l. The tunicated, or coated, like the onion. 2. The squamous, or scaly, like the lily. BULBA'CEOUS, a. \buWaceus, Lat.] the same as bulbous, but not so proper. BU'LBOUS, a. [bulbosus, Lat.] that resembles or contains a bulb ; that has a round root. BU'LFINCH, s. in Natural History, a well-known song-bird, so called from its thick neck, noted for imitating tunes, played to it on the flageolet or bird-organ. , BULGA'RIA, a province of Turkey in Europe, bounded on the N. by Wallachia, on the E. by the Black Sea, on the S. by Romania and Macedonia, and on the W. by Servia. See Rou- MELIA. To BULGE, V. n. [originally written bilye, which signified the lower part of a ship,] to spring a leak by striking the bottom on some rock or place which makes a hole, or forces off some of the timber; applied to a ship, to founder. To stick or jut out, used with the particle />-om. BU'LIMY, s. [botis and limos, Gr.] in Medicine, an enormous appetite, attended with faintings, and coldness at the extreme parts. BULK, s. [bulcke, Belg.] size, dimensions. Used with the word people, &c., the greatest part, and sometimes the vulgar. Applied to a ship, the whole space in the bow for the stowage of goods i likewise the cargo. To break bulk, is to open or unload any part of the cargo. liULK, . , . „. . . m the window, like a table, and used either for pia commodities on, by way of show, or for porters to pitch their jecting from s. [bielcke, Dan.] in Building, a part of a building pro- [n the window, like a table, and used either for placing burthens. BU'LKINESS, s. the largeness of a thing; the greatness ot size or dimensions. BU'LKY, a. of great size or stature. BULL, s. {bttlle, Belg.] the male of black cattle, kept gener- ally for propagating the species; any thing made in the form of a bull. In Astronomy, one of the twelve signs of the zodiac, into which the sun enters in April. A blunder or contradic- tion. In Ecclesiastic History, an instrument made out of the Roman or pope's chancery, sealed with lead, and of the same nature with the edicts of secular princes. The seal presents on one side the heads of St. Peter and St. Paul, and on the other, the name of the pope, and theyear of his pontificate : its original name was bulla, whence the instrument took its name. BULL, in composition sometimes denotes largeness, as bulU head, and in such cases it is not to be looked on as derived from the English noun, but from the Greek particle. BULL, GEORGE, Bishop of S,t. David's, one of the chief writers in behalf of Trinitarian doctrines. He was trained amidst the tumults of the civil war in the 17th century, and took his side with sufficient boldness, refusing, whilst at Oxford, to take the oath of obedience to the commonwealth, and obtaining ordination from an Anglican bishop, during the protectorate. He was not made a bishop till shortly before the close of his life. He died in 1709, aged 75 years. His writings embrace a wide range, but his Defence of the Nicene Creed is tnat by which he is most generally known. BU'LLACE, s. a wild sour plum. BU'LL-BAITING, s. \bul and baian. Sax.] the worrying or teasing a bull, by setting dogs on him. BU'LL-DOG, 8. a species of dogs of a strong make, round head, and great courage and ferocity, formerly used in baiting bulls, whicJi they seized by the nose, and pinned to the ground. BU'LLET, s. [boulet, Fr.] an iron or leaden ball or shot used to load guns with. Red-}u>t bullets are heated in a forge, and used to set a place on fire, containing combustibles. Chain bullets are two bullets joined by a chain three or four feet long. Branch bullets, two balls joined by a bar of iron five or six inches apart; and two-headed bullets, named likewise angles, are the two halves of a bullet joined by a bar or chain ; they are chiefly used in sea-fights, to cut the rigging, masts, &c. 127 BUN BULLETI'N, ». [Fr.] an official announcement of some event, such as the result of a battle, or the health of a sovereign, con- cerning to the public. BU'LL-FIGHT, s. an amusement of a very cruel and danger- ous character, which Spain has preserved as a testimony ot its slow progr in civilization. There are three or four different classes of combatants; the picadores fight on horseback with a lance, the banderilleros on foot with little darts with pennons attached to them, their helpers, who have only a scarlet cloak to throw over the bull's head, and the matadore, who has a cloak and a sharp sword, and comes in only to finish the scene. BU'LL-FROG, s. in Natural History, a very large species of frog or toad, which is found in America. BU'LL-HEAD, s. figuratively, a stupid person. In Natural History, a fish, called likewise the miller's thumb: its head is broad and flat, disproportionate to its body. BULLIA'LDUS, ISMAEL, an astronomer of the 17th cen- tury, who was the first to introduce into a systematic treatise the elliptical orbits of the planets. Yet he differed from Kepler respectmg his other laws, and has lessened the reputation he might have enjoyed by it. He was one of those who, before Newton, hit conjecturally on the universal law of gravitation, but it was useless, whilst no demonstration could be given, nor any consequences deduced. He died in 1694, aged 89 years. BU'LLION, s. [billon, Fr.] gold and silver in the mass, nei- ther wrought nor ct)ined; so named either when they are first melted from the ore, or after they are refined and cast into in- gots or bars. BU'LLOCK, s. the same with the ox, or gelded bull. BU'LLY, s. a person who makes use of threatening expres- sions and insolent behaviour, with great show of courage, but possessed of great cowardice. To BU'LLY, V. a. to behave with noisy insolence and person- ated courage, in order to frighten a person into any measure or compliance. BU'LRUSH, s. in Botany, a name applied to two or three kinds of large rush, growing in rivers and in moist places. BULWARK, s. [bolwercke, Belg.] a fortification or bastion. Figuratively, a security or protection. BUMBA'ILIFF, s. a person employed to execute a writ, or ar- rest a person; a bailiflPof the meanest sort. BUMP, s. a swelling occasioned by a blow. To BUMP, V. a. to kick a person, or strike him with the knee in the breech. To make a loud noise, applied to that made by the bittern. BU'MPER, s. [perhaps a corruption from 6o» pere, it being customarj- in Italy to drink the pope's health in full glasses,] a cup or glass filled up to the brim, or as full as it can hold. BU'MPKIN,s. \boomhen, Belg.] a person who has not had the benefit of a polite education, but is gross in his conceptions, rude or unpolished in his behaviour, and void of experience with respect to the world ; a rustic, or clown. BUNCH, s. [buncker, Dan.] any prominence, hard knob, or swelling, rising above the surface of a thing; many things of the same kind growing together ; a cluster, applied to vegeta- bles; several things collected, or tied together at one of their extremities. To BUNCH, t>. n. to grow in knobs or protuberances. To swell, used with out. BUNCHBA'CKED, a. having bunches on the back; hump- backed ; crooked, owing to the dislocation of the back or shoul- der-bones. BU'NCHINESS, s. the quality of being uneven with respect to surfece ; growing in knobs or clusters, opposed to smoothness. BU'NDELCUND, a district of Allahabad, Hindustan, lying be- tween Baghulcund and Scindiah on the E. and W., and the river Jumnah and Malva on the N. and S. It is traversed by the Vindhyan, the Panha, and the Bandhair ranges of mountains, and its rivers are the Betwa, the Cane, and the Dessan. The valleys are fertile, and produce abundance of rice and other grain. It yields also iron and catechu. The capital is Banda, and there are other towns of strength and importance. Cotton, carpets, &c. &c. are manufactured in some of them. The popu- lation is above 2 millions and a half. BU'NDLE, s. \byndle. Sax.] a parcel of goods, or collection of things wrapped or tied together, including the secondary idea of being easily portable. 128 BUO To BU'NDLE, v. a, to tie or wrap several things together. Figuratively, to be included or collected together ; to be com- prehended or connected. BUNG, s. {ping, Brit.] a stopple of wood, cork, &c. for the bung-hole of a cask. To BUNG, V. a. to stop a barrel close at its largest vent or hole. BU'NGAY, Suffolk. It is seated on the rivei- Waveney, which separates it from Norfolk. It has two parish churches, one of which has a very handsome tower ; and in the town are the ruins of a nunnery, and of the castle of the Bigod family. It is a good trading town, and the market is considerable for corn. It is 107 miles from London. Market, Thursday. Pop. 4109. BU'NGHOLE, s. a large round hole in a barrel, by which it is filled. To BU'NGLE, v. n. to perform any thing in a clumsy, awk- ward manner. — v. a. to botch. Figuratively, to palliate grossly, joined with the particle up. BU'NGLE, s. a botch ; an awkward and clumsy performance. BU'NGLER, «. a bad workman ; one who does a thing in an ignorant, awkward, or clumsy manner. BU'NGLINGLY, ad. in a bad, clumsy, ignorant, or awkward manner. BUNN, s. [bunelo. Span.] in pastry, a cake composed of yeast, flour, and carawaj' seeds, or currants. BUNT, s. [corrupted according to Skinner from bent,] the mid- dle part of a sail formed into a bag or pouch, that it may con- tain more wind. Hunt-lines are small lines fastened to the foot, and reeved through little blocks, seized to the yard, serving to hoist up the bunt of the sail, that it may be furled with greater ease. To BUNT, V. n. to swell, used with the particle out. BU'NTER, s. [a cant word,] a woman who picks up rags in the street. Used figuratively, as a term of reproach, to convey the idea of a dirty and low-lived creature. BU'NTING, s. the stuff of which a ship's colours are made. In Natural History, a bird of the lark kind. BU'NTINGFORD, Hertfordshire. It is a large thoroughfare on the N. road, 31 miles from London. Market, Monday. Pop. 581. BU'NYAN, JOHN, the writer of the Pilgrim's Progress, was a tinker, born at Elstow near Bedford, served in the Parliament's army during the civil war, and after a youth of blackguardism, and a spiritual history replete with intense interest, became a preacher amongst the Baptists at Bedford. He was imprisoned for 12 years at Bedford, under Charles II., and there wrote his immortal work. As a preacher he manifested great powers, and as a writer of allegories, and delineator of the movements of the affections, is unsurpassed. His writings are numerous, and all of a practical character. He died in 1088, aged 60 years. BUONAPA'RTE, NAPOLEON. The father of this consum- mate warrior and statesman, Charles Buonaparte, was a Corsican who joined General Paoli in his vain struggle for independence, and died in 1785. His mother, Letitia Ramolino, shared all her husband's dangers, all her son's glory, and survived his fall, dying in 1836, aged 86 years. Napoleon, the second son, was educated at the military school at Brienne till the age of 15, and afterwards studied at raris for a year, when he obtained a sub- lieutenancy in the artillery regiment of La Fere. At the out- break of the Revolution he espoused the popular side, and obtained a captaincy in another artillery regiment. He witness- ed the attacks on the Tuilleries, on the 20th of June and 10th of August, which destroyed the shadow of monarchy; and made his first appearance on the stage of world-historv in devising and executing a plan of attack on Toulon, which snatched it from the grasp of tne English. After some unimportant services and changes, m which he bore the rank of brigadier-general, he next appears as intrusted by the Convention with the sup- pression of the insurrection of the 13th Vindemiaire, which he effected with his usual stern promptitude. He now married Jo- sephine Beauharnois, and at the same time obtained the com- mand of the army in Italy. From the time of his entrance on this scene of action to the end of the following year, was one series of victories, gained by courage and rapidity of movement, such as only the most brilliant skill can inspire. Three armies -of veteran Austrians were de.stroyed, and a fourth dpiven out of the country; battles such as those of Arcole and Lodi were BUO gained in the face of seemingly insuperable difficulties; every power, excepting perhaps Naples, was shaken ; a republic was tornied in tne stead of the numerous states of the N. part of Italy;— and as the reverse of all this, Venice was shamefully deceived and sold to Austria ; and the \yhole country ravaged in a way that was not exceeded in rapacity and brutality by the fierce races that overwhelmed the empire of Rome. Jealousy had already sprung up between Buonaparte and the Director?', but they were too well matched for either to attempt the other's verthrow. An attack on England was planned, but relinquish- ed ; it was therefore determined to force a passage b^ Egypt and Syria to the East Indian empire. On his way to Egypt, Malta fell before Napoleon by treachery ; and on his arrival, the coun- try being unprepared, and the Mamlouks having courage only, without military skill, all was soon in his hands ; but his victo- ries, even that of the Pyramids, were fearfully balanced by the loss of the battle of Aboukir Bay, which destroyed his fleet, his defeat before Acre in Syria, and the reputation which his contempt of human life gained for him. At length information from France determined him to relinquish the dream of an em- pire for the prospect of a reality, and relinquishing his command, he secretly returned to Europe. The result of this was the overthrow of- the Directory, and the establishment of the Con- sulate, Napoleon being of course First Consul. He wisely used his power to recruit and reanimate the spirit of the country, and having arranged home affairs, once more turned to attack Aus- tria. Crossing the Alps, where it was thought impossible, he descended on the plains of Lombardy, and the victory of Ma- rengo was his first blow. The victory of Hohenlinden followed, and, after much diplomacy, the treaty of Amiens. Buonaparte was now appointed President of the Italian Republic, and Mediator of the Helvetic League, and devoted himself to the completion of his internal measures, and his reforms in law, which resulted in the formation of his celebrated Codes, which are fair rivals with the Pandects of Justinian. The annexation of parts of Italy to France, the execution of the Duke d'Enghien, the supjpression of conspiracies, and the elevation of himself to the titleof Emperor, were his next steps ; followed by further changes in Italy, and the appointing of members of his own family to Kingdoms estab- lished on the ruins of republics. From another attempt on England he was diverted by a new continental war, the issue of which was the victory at Austerlitz. England gained the battle of Trafalgar ; and Prussia lost Jena and Auerstadt. Russia next was driven back by the loss of the battle of Friedland, and signed the treaty of Tilsit. So that England was the only power left in opposition untouched. The last vestige of popiilarity was destroyed by the suppression of the Lower House in France, leaving the emperor, in all but the name, an autocrat. Spain was now visited with the protracted horrors of the Peninsular war, the results of which to France, the Peninsula, and to Eng- land, which was the only acting power against Napoleon and his king of Spain, were, for all the glory of the victories gained by the last nation, most fearful. Meanwhile the emperor was en- gaged in fresh wars, and the victory of Wagram led to the di- vorce of Josephine and the marriage of Napoleon with Maria Louisa of Austria. This was the loftiest point to which Napo- leon's ambition and power carried him. England alone, of all the powers of Europe, was free. The alliance of Sweden with Russia, led to the gigantic expedition against the latter power. He conquered at Borodino, he reached Moskow, but the resolute devotion of their towns to the flames, the savage and restless attacks of their Cossacks, the character of their country and climate, effected for the Russians what their military skill failed to achieve. Napoleon retreated alone from the snare he had laid for himself; his army, diminished by above 400,000 killed and taken prisoners, followed him as it could. Prussia joined with the other allies, and, after various indecisive victories on both sides, the battle of Leipsic sent the emperor again in disastrous defeat to France. At the end of 1813, Buonaparte found that the French nation would no longer willingly give up to him blood and treasure to be so wastofully squandered. Yet he still fought against the allies, till in March, 1814, the whole conti- nent had peace suddenly restored, by the taking of Paris, and the abdication of the emperor for the sovereignty of the petty island of Elba. Here he stayed nearly a year, when, in the midst of the sessions of the congress at Vienna, he returned to France. In one month all the work of the allies was overturned. Napoleon ventured not to assume the sole authority he had held before, but making such provision as he could, advanced to meet the armies that were approaching his frontiers. At Ligny and Quatre Bras he gained some considerable advantage ; two days after, at Waterloo, he was utterlv routed ; in four days more he abdicated the throne he had hela for just 100 days, surrendered himself to the captain of an English vessel, and was by the English government despatched at once to the island of St. He- lena, where he lived as a prisoner of war from Oct., 1815, to the 5th of May, 1821, when he died, aged 52 years. In Dec, 1840, his remains were transferred from the island to Paris. Respect- ing the character of Napoleon, his deeds are the only witnesses to be believed, and they show that personal ambition, enhancing the evils of birth and training, could render nugatory in great part, and at last destroy, as mighty and as clear a mind as the world has ever known. And history must record, that as the armed opposition of the civilized world against him was not conducted for the general good, so his overthrow advanced not, but rather vastly retarded, the progress of popular and national liberty. Joseph Buonaparte, the elder brother, after holding some official stations under the Directory, on the rise of Napoleon, was advanced to the highest posts of honour. He was made king of Naples and Sicily first, in which station he introduced many benencial though sweeping reforms. Afterwards he was appointed king of Spain and the Indies, during the Peninsular war, and had, both from the English armies and the plans of his brother, no enviable throne. He shared the fortunes of Napo- leon, and in 1815 settled in the United States. He died at Flo- rence in 1844, aged 76 years. Lucien Buonaparte took some part in the affairs of the Revolution before the rise of Napoleon. He aided in the overthrow of the Directory, but he refused to hold a crown as a vassal of the emperor of France. He was once a prisoner in England. At length , on Napoleon's fall, he retired to Italy, and spent in peaceful and scientific pursuits the remainder of his life. He died in 1840, aged 65 years. Jerome Buonaparte was made by his brother king of Westphalia, and was partner in his fall at Leipsic. Louis Buonaparte, Napoleon made king of Holland, but he soon found the yoke too heavy. He had been espoused to Josephine's daughter. Being deposed, he betook himself to Austria. He died m 1846. Napoleon Francois Buona- parte, son of the emperor and Maria Louisa, bore the title of King of Rome, during the empire. After 1814 he lived in Aus- tria, and was made Duke of Reichstadt. He died in 1832, aged 21 years. BUOY, (boy) 8. \boue, or hoye, Fr.] a piece of wood or cork, and sometimes an empty barrel, well closed, floating in the water, tied to a cable fastened to the bottom of the sea, in order to in- form pilots and mariners where anchors are dropped in the har- bours, where the wrecks of ships are sunk, together with shallow places, sand-banks, and other impediments. The rrtast buoy is made of a piece of a mast or other piece of wood, which stands out of the water. Buoy is sometimes used for a sea-mark, which shows the dangers of difficult passages. Life-buoy is a buoy made to help shipwrecked seamen to keep above water till rescue can arrive. To BUOY, (hoy) v. a. to raise above the surface of the water; to keep afloat. Figuratively, to keep any principle or thing from subsiding, or sinking under oppression ; to cause a thing to ascend by its specific lightness.— f. n. to float. Figuratively, to surmount or get the better of all difficulties or impediments. BUOY'ANCY, (boyancy) s. the quality of floating; or that quality which prevents a thing from subsiding, sinking, or de- scending. The degree of buoyancy depends on the lightness of a substance compared with that of the medium in which it floats ; thus cork will swim in water, and vapour will ascend in air, be- cause the specific gravity of cork is less than that of water, and the specific gravity of vapour less than that of common air. BUOY'ANT, (bnyant) a. floating; light; that will not sink. Figuratively, animated, or that keeps from dejection. BU'RBOT, s. a river fish full of prickles. BU'RCKHARDT, JOHN LEWIS, a distinguished traveller, who being engaged to explore the interior of Africa, bent his course to Syria, where he studied the language and the manners of the Arab tribes, and discovered the remains of the Idumean capital, Petra. He then attempted to cross the continent of Africa from the upper part of the Valley of the Nile. He then went to Mecca that he might pass as a Hadgi, and was about to S 129 BUR set out from Cairo, with a caravan of W. Africans, when he died in 1817, aged 33 years. BU'RDEN, s. frequently spelt burthen; [byrtJien, Sax.] a load, supposed to be as much as a man or a horse can carry. Figurative- ly, a difficulty, oppression, affliction, or any thine that affects a person with weariness, or becomes irksome; the number of tons or weight a ship can carry. In trade, applied to steel, 180ft. in Music, the drone or bass of an organ, ciagpipe, &c., and the pipe or string which sounds it ; hence the words which are re- peated at the end of every stanza, are called the burthen of a song. Synon. By the word burthen we understand a weight possible to be borne ; by had, a weight more than we are able to Dear. A light burthen is no inelegant expression; but a light load certainly is. To BU'RDEN, v. a. to load; to encumber, or put a person to g^eat expense. BU'RDENER, ». one who loads. Figuratively, an oppressor. BU'RDENOUS, a. that makes a load heavy. Figuratively, grievous, oppressive, irksome ; putting a person to great ex- pense, without being of any service to him. BU'RDENSOME, a. applied to a very pressing load on the body. Figuratively, appried to afflictions, or the trouble one person gives another, afflicting the mind with great anxiety and distress. BU'RDENSOMENESS, s. applied to loads, weight or hea- viness. Figuratively, applied to calamities and inconveniences. BURDE'TT, SIR FRANCIS, a politician for many years a popular idol, as is ever the case with aristocrats who profess ultra-liberal opinions. His contests for Westminster, his duel, his imprisonment in the Tower, and a consistent course of ad- vocacy of reform, &c. from 1796 to 183-5, with his change of political action and profession then, are the whole of his life. He died in 1844, aged 74 years. BU'ROOCK, s. in Botany, a very common plant, with heart- shaped leaves and purple blossoms, and hooked sepals. BUREAU', (buro) s. [Fr.] a chest of drawers, with the top sloping, and furnished with pigeon-holes to keep writings in. BU'RFORD, Oxfordshire. It has manufactories of duffels, rugs, and saddles ; and is seated on the river Windrush, 71 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 18G2. BU'RGAGE, s. in Law, a tenure proper to cities and borough towns, whereby lands are held of the king, or other lords, at a certain yearly rent. BURGAMO'T, «. [bergamoUe, Fr.] a species of mellow juicy pear ; a kind of perfume. BURGEOI'S, (boorjois) s. [bourgeois, Fr.] a small type used by printers; a citizen, a burgess. BtJ'RGER, Gottfried August, a German poet, some of whose works are known to us by translations, and who stands very high in the estimation of critics. He lived in great poverty, and died in 1794, aged 46 years. BU'RGESS, s. \bourgeois, Fr.] an inhabitant of a borough or city ; or a representative of a borough town in parliament. BURGH, s. a corporate town or borough. BURGH, Lincolnshire, 133 miles from London. Market, Thursday. Pop. 1095. BU'RGHER, s. [burg and war. Sax.] one who has the right of a citizen, or a vote for a parliament-man. BU'RGHERSHIP, s. [burgher and scyp. Sax.] the dignity, privilege, or office of burgher. BU'RGLARY, s. in Law, a felonious breaking and entering a person's house in the night-time, with an intent to commit some felony, whether it be executed or not. If the offence hap- pen in the day time, it is then called housebreaking, by way of distinction. A reward of 40/. is given for apprehending persons guilty of this crime, by 5 Ann. c. 51. BU'RGOMASTER, s. most properly spelt burghermaster ; [burgher and master, Belg.] the chief magistrate of the towns of Holland, Flanders, and Germany, and answers to an alderman and sheriff of London. BU'RGOS, an ancient city of Spain, capital of Old Castile, seated partly on a mountain, and extending to the river Arlan- zon. The squares, public buildings, and fountains are magnifi- cent, and the walks agreeable. Many manufactories are carried on here. Its population is about 12,000. It is 117 miles from Madrid. Lat. 42. 20. N. Long. 3. 30. W. BU'RGUNDY, a former province of France, comprising the BUR departments of Aube, C6te d'Or, Saone and Loire, and Yonne. It reached from Champagne to Switzerland and Dauphin^, and lay between FrancheComteand the provinces named Orleannois, Bourbonnois, and Nivernois. This district is watered by the Rhone, the Seine, and the Loire, and their tributaries, and is one of the most fertile parts of all France, producing corn, fruits, and abundance of wine, excellent timber, and sheep. Auxerre and Dijon were the chief places, the latter being the capital. From tne 12th to the end of the 15th century, the dukes of Burgundy figure most conspicuously in the history of France. BU'RIAL, s. the interring or placing a dead body in the ground. Figuratively, the placing any thin^ in the earth, or under the water. The burial serviee is an office of the church, performed at the grave and interment of one of its members. BU'RIATS, a race of Siberian Tatars, living on the shores of the Lena in Asiatic Russia. They occupy a position midway between the nomade pastoral and the settled commercial states of life. In the most southerly part Buddhism prevails, but in the northerly part the religion called Shamanism. Their prayer- mills, prayers written on a wheel to be turned by hand, or by sails like a mill, will show what advance they have actually made from barbarism. The whole nation does not number 500,000 souls. BU'RIER,«. he that places or inters a corpse in the grave. Figuratively, that which removes any corpse or other things out of si"ht. Seldom used. BU'RINE, s. [Fr.] a tool used by engravers to make their marks, or etch on metal. BURKE, EDMUND, one of England's greatest and most phi- losophical statesmen and orators, studied at Dublin, and was intended for the bar, but relinquished it for the more attractive pursuit of literature. He entered the political field as secretary to Lord Halifax, in the lord-lieutenancy of Ireland, and a few years afterwards appeared in the House of Commons, being also secretary to Lord Rockingham the prime minister. He distin- guished himself in the debates from the first day of his entrance to the House, and produced pamphlet after pamphlet on subjects of the deepest interest to tne nation. He held a subordinate place in the Rockingham ministry of 1782, and evinced the earnestness of his desire for economical reforms, by beginning with the emoluments of his own post. In the trial of Warren Hastings, Burke took the leadership in the case against him. His views of the French Revolution led to a separation from Fox, and finally from the Whig party. Till 1794 he continued this life of literary and political activity, and then retired. He died in 1797, aged 67 years. His writings and speeches are not mere literary or party productions, they form a part of the history of his country, and abound with suggestions which the men of his day could make no use of. It is remarkable that in his latest efforts he used the most richly ornate style, while his earliest works exhibit the very opposite style. To BURL, V. a. to dress clothes as fullers do. BURLE'SQUE, (hurUsk) s. [Fr.] a droll, ludicrous kind of poetry, wherein both persons and things are represented in such a ridiculous light as to excite laughter. To BURLE'SQUE, (burlesk) v. a. to turn to ridicule; to represent a person or thing in a ludicrous and ridiculous manner. BU'RLINGTON, a town of Vermont, United States. It is si- tuated on a bay on the E. side of Lake Champlain, on regu- larly rising ground, and is laid out so that the streets intersect at right angles. It contains many elegant houses, and is the largest and most commercial place in the State. There are three good wharfs, and 4 miles from the shore is a lighthouse. The buildings of Vermont university are near this town, which is a flourishing institution, with a medical school attached to it, and a good library. It has a few manufactories. It is 513 miles from Washington. Pop. 4271. There are 16 other places of this name in the States, one of which, in New Jersey, is of some importance. BU'RLY, a. tall, or overgrown, applied to stature. Of large dimensions, or very wide, applied to breadth. High-sounding, swelling, or pompous, appliecf to style. To BURN, V. a. preter. I burnt, or have burnt; [bernan. Sax.] to consume or destroy by fire; to occasion a wound by fire, or any hot solid body. — v. n. to be on fire; to kindle. Figuratively, to shine as if in flame ; to be violently agitated or infiamed by BUR passion ; to make the cheeks glow with heat, or consume like latent fire. BURN, s. a wound or hurt received from fire. BU'RNET, s. in Botany, a plant, the same with piuipinella. BU'RNET, GILBERT, Bishop of Salisbury, at the end of the 17th century, and a most voluminous writer on history, theo- logy, &c. He studied at Aberdeen, and entered the Church of Scotland as it was organized at the Restoration. He early at- tracted attention by his semi-political writings, and in time re- moved to London, where he was soon conspicuous as an opponent of the court party. His reproof of the monarch's vices, and his carelessness of his favour, were singularities in that age of fana- tical licentiousness and servility. He was presented to the see of Salisbury by William HL, and continued through all oppo- sition and controversy firm to his political party till his death, in 1715, aged 72 years. His History of the Reformation and of his own Times, and his Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles, are his principal works. BU'RNET, DR. THOMAS, one of the most famous of the cosmogonists of comparatively modern times. He spent his life as college fellow, private tutor, and master of the Charter- house ; and published his philosophical romancings respecting the changes past and future of the world, respecting the early history of our race, and the state of the dead, with one or two more practical tracts, at different intervals of his long life. He died in 1715, aged 80 years. BU'RNEY, DR. CHARLES, an eminent English composer, and author of a History of Music, during the last century. He at- tracted the attention of some of the nobility by his first compo- sitions, and after his marriage resided in London, then at Lynn, and afterwards in town again. In professional pursuits, and authorship, and travels for the sake of materials for his History, he spent his active life, and died in 1814, aged 88 years. He received the highest literary honours during his life, and his work is reckoned a standarcf one. BU'RNHAM, Norfolk. It is seated near the sea, with a good harbour, and a considerable trade in corn, 126 miles from Lon- don. Market, Saturday. Pop. 1120. BU'RNHAM, Essex, a fishin» town at the mouth of the river Crouch, which is here called Burnham Water. The Walfleet and Burnham oysters are the product of the creek and pits of this river. It is 40 miles from London. Pop. 1735. BU'RNING, s. the action of fire on any substance. Figura- tively, flame or fire. See Combustion. BU'RNING-GLASS, s. a convex glass which collects the rays of the sun into a point, where wood or other combustible matter being placed, is set on fire. The burning-glasses made of mirrors are much more powerful than those made by lenses, or glasses that transmit the rays of light through them. To BU'RNISH, V. a. \burnir, Fr.] to polish any substance so as to make it shine.— d. n. to grow bright or glossy ; to shine with splendour. BURNISHER, s. one who burnishes or polishes; an instru- ment used by polishers. BU'RNISHING, «. the polishing metals to make them glossy or shining. BU'RNLEY, Lancashire ; here are large woollen and cotton manufactures, metal foundries, printing houses, dyeing houses, mills, &cc. It is seated in a very healthy situation, near the Leeds and Liverpool canal, 208 miles from London. Market, Monday. Pop. 10,699. BURNS, ROBERT, was the son of a hard-toiling but high- hearted peasant of Ayrshire, Scotland, who had a scanty educa- tion given him, and was a laborious and laughter-loving youth. He had pleased "himself and his friends with his verses for some years, when driven to great distress by criminal imprudence, and about to leave the country, he published a volume of poems. The effect of this volume was to prevent his voyage, and to throw open to him, as a new-found poet of first rank, the world of letters and of fashion. He undertook a farm, and obtained the post of excise-officer. His farming business did not prosper, and he waited in Dumfries for advancement in his other occupation. Here he wrote some of his sweetest songs, and here he was worn out of life by pecuniary want. He died in 1790, aged 37 years. Of unavailing posthumous honours few have had a like share, but few have so greatly earned them. The admiring world starved him, and' now, penitent, has celebrated his memory by BUR a national festival, and called his country, after him, the Land of Burns. BURNT,^ar<.;)ass. of ToBuRN. i?Mm<-ea)-, a species of disease in ears of corn, produced by a peculiar kind of fungus which converts it wholly into black dust. BU'RNTISLAND, Fifeshire, a town with a good, deep, and large harbour. It is seated on a stupendous rock, on the Frith of Forth, 10 miles from Edinburgh. BURR, s. the lope or lap of the ear ; likewise a sweetbread of meat, especially that of veal. BU'RR-REED, s. in Botany, a kind of plant found in wet ditches, and on banks of rivers. BU'RREL, s. \heurre, Fr.] in Gardening, a species of pear, called likewise the red butter pear. BU'RREL-FLY, s. in Natural History, a winged insect very troublesome to cattle, called likewise the ox Jig, gad-bee, or breese. BU'RREL-SHOT, s. a sort of case shot, or small bullets, nails, stones, pieces of old iron, &c., put into cases, to be discharged from a piece of ordnance. BURROW, BERG, BURG, BOROUGH, BURGH, s. [burg. Sax.] a corporate town which sends members to parliament, and formerly applied only to fortified places ; the holes made in the ground by rabbits. To BU'RROW, V. a. to make holes in the ground like rabbits. BU'RSA, anciently Brusa, one of the largest and most beau- tiful cities of Asia Minor, and anciently the capital of Bithynia. It stands at the foot of Mount Ohmpus, on the edge of a fine plain, covered with fruit trees. The mosques and caravanseras are elegant, and every house has its fountain. The bezestine is a large structure, full of warehouses and shops, for the sale of their own manufactures of silk, &c., and all the commodities of the East. The population is under 40,000, and the Turks, Armenians, Jews, and Greeks occupy different quarters of the town. Lat. 32. 22. N. Long. 29. 5.E. BU'RSAR, s. [bursarius, Lat.] an officer in a college, who re- ceives its monies, and keeps its accounts; a treasurer. BURSE, s. [bourse, Fr.] an exchange, or place where merchants assemble to transact business. BU'RSLEM, Staffordshire. This town lies in the Potteries, and its almost sole manufacture is earthenware. It is 143 miles from London. Markets, Monday and Saturday. Pop. 16,091. BURST, s. a separation of the parts of a thing with violence, and attended witn noise ; an explosion ; a sudden and violent action of any kind. To BURST, V. n. preter. I burst, have burst, or bursten; [hurstan. Sax.] to separate or fly asunder with violence ; to quit or break away, with the particle //-om. Used with into, to come in sud- denly, " She Jursimto the room." To break, separate, and disunite with suddenness and violence. BURST, Bu'rsten, part, of To Burst; in Surgery, applied to one who has a rupture. To BU'RTHEN, v. a. > ^^^ r„„„^„ BU'RTHEN, s. \ ^^ Burden. BU'RTON, Westmoreland. It communicates with all the in- land navigations. It is 247 miles from London. Market, Tues- day. Pop. 2387. BU'RTON STRATHER, Lincolnshire. It is seated on a hill, near the Trent, on which it has several mills. It is 164 miles from London. Market, Monday. Pop. 799. BU'RTON UPON TRENT, Staffordshire. It is situated on the river Trent, over which it has a bridge of freestone a quar- ter of a mile in length. It consists chiefly of one long street, and has long been noted for its excellent malt and ale. It has also manufactures in woollen and cotton, of hats, spades, and other articles, besides forges for forming iron bars. It is 134 miles from London. Market, Thursday. Pop. 8136. BU'RTON, ROBERT, author of the famous Anatomy of Me- la?icftoly, a quaint, humorous, extravagantly odd character, who, but for his book, would have been worthily forgotten. He died in 1640, aged 74 years. BU'RY, (common pron. berry, in this and the four next words,) «. [burg. Sax.] a dwelling-place or house. Added to the Saxon names, implies that the person or companj' resided or lived there ; thus Aldermanbury seems to intimate that the aldermen resided formerly in that place. g2 131 BUS To BU'RY, V. a. to inter a corpse in a grave ; to inter with funeral rites ; to cover with earth. Figuratively, to conceal or hide. BU'RYING-PLACE, s. a place set apart for interring bodies; a churchyard. BU'RY, Lancashire, a town noted for its manufacture of fus- tians, half thicks, kerseys, calicoes, &c. Bury is seated on the Irwell, near a canal which goes to Manchester. It is 190 miles from London. Market, Thursday. Pop. 20,710. BURY ST. EDMUND'S, Suffolk. It owes its name to a cele- brated abbey, one of the largest and richest in the kingdom, founded in honour of Edmund, king of the East Angles, who was slain by the Danes and buried here. It has two fine churches, and is situated in a healthy, delightful spot, affording beautiful prospects. It is 72 miles from London. Markets, Wednesday and Saturday. Pop. 12,538. BU'SBY, DR. RICHARD, the noted head-master of West- minster School during all the troubles of the 17th century. Nothing beyond anecdotes of his ways of preserving his authority amongst his scholars is recorded of him. He was a church dig- nitary after the Restoration, and died in 1695, aged 89 years. BUSH, s. [bois, Fr.] a thick shrub. To BUSH, V. n. to grow thick ; to grow in a great number close together. BU'SHEL, «. [haissecm, Fr.] a measure of capacity for dry goods, as corn, salt, fruit, coals, &c., containing eight gallons, or four pecks, or the eighth part of a quarter of corn, &c. BU'SHMEN, the name given by the Dutch to those members of the Hottentot or Caffre race, who live a wild life on the borders of Cape Colony. They subsist chiefly bv hunting and robbery, and have not yielded to the efforts which have been made to ci- vilize or Christianize them. BU'SHY, a. full of branches. Figuratively, short, but grow- ing in great numbers. BU'SILESS, (Uziless) a. without employ; at leisure. Figura- tively, without the fatigue which attends business, BU'SILY, (hizily) ad. in an officious, inquisitive manner ; with an air of seeming hurry from the multiplicity of business. BU'SINESS, {bisness, or bizness) s, employment; a man's pecu- liar trade or profession; ati^airs or concerns. After do, properly, service, advantage, or a means of attaining an end. " A perpe- tual spring will not do their business," Bent.] To do a man's business, is a low and familiar phrase for killing, destroying, or ruining him. Synon. Business implies an object of industry-; affairs, an object of concern. The first implies the hands; the second, the mind. The word business, by its having no plural number, intimates a particular employ. By the singular of affairs being seldom in use in the sense before us, that word is understood to mean a variety of transactions. BUSK, s. [busque, Fr.] a piece of steel or whalebone, worn at the stomacher of a woman's staj's, in order to keep them in the proper form, and strengthen them. BU'SKIN, s. [broseken, Belg.] a kind of short boot worn by the ancients, covering the loot and leg as far as the middle, laced or fastened before; was worn by the dramatic performers in tragedy, and distinguished from the sock worn in comedy, which was of a thinner sole, and consequently lower. Figura- tively, tragedy. BU'SKINED, a. dressed in buskins. BUSS, s. [bus, Ir.] a salute given by the lips; distinguished from a kiss, which is given with a greater show of distance or ceremonious kindness. Also, from busse. Tout, a small vessel from 48 to CO tons burthen, used in the herring fisherj-. To BUSS, v. a. to salute a person with the lips. Figuratively, to touch. BUST, «. Ibusto, Ital.] in Sculpture, the figure of a person in relievo, containing only head, shoulders, and stomach, usually placed on a pedestal or console. The Italians use the term for the trunk of the human body, from the neck to the hips. BU'STARD, s. Ibistarde, tr.] in Natural History, a large wild fowl, which runs very swiftly, and does not readily take to flight, found on open downs and heaths, in the W. of Norfolk, and a few other parts of England. To BU'STLE, V. n. to set about a thing with activity; to make a great noise or stir about any thing. BU'STLE, s. a hurry of business ; a noise or tumult. BU'STLER, s. an active, industrious, stirring man. BUT BU'SY, (Kzy, or himy) a. [busgian, Sax.] engaged in any em- ployment ; active, diligent, officious. To BU'SY, (bizy) V. a. to keep a person employed ; to employ. BU'SYBODY, {bizy body) s. an officious person, meddling with the concerns of other people, offering assistance, and giving ad- vice, without being asKed. BUT, conj. \bute, bufan. Sax.] when it diverts or breaks off the thread of a discourse, so as to pursue a different topic, it intimates a stop of the mind, and signifies howbeit. " But to say no more." When applied to limit or restrain the sense to what is expressed, exclusive of all others, it signifies onh/. " I saw 6m< two planets." When used to imply a thing to be otherwise than it should be, it signifies yet, or nevertheless. " You pray, but it is not that God would bring you to the true religion." Joined with did or had it denotes ow/y. " D'lA but mea consiAex," Tillots. After a compa- rative noun it has the force oithan. " No sooner up, but he pri- vately opened the gate," Chmrd. No. 167. After the auxiliaiy verb be, preceded by a negative, it implies otherwise than. " It cannot be but nature has some director," Hooker. Joined with for, it implies without, or had it not been for. " And but for mis- chief, you had died for spite," Dryd. After a negative, or ques- tion implying a negative, it denotes an exception, except. " Who can it be, ye gods, but perjured Lycon.?" Smith's Ph- peculiar way. BU'TCHERY, s. the trade of a butcher. Figuratively, the commission of murder, attended with excessive cruelty; cruelty; barbarity. BUTE, JOHN, EARL OF, prime minister in the early part of the reign of George III., which post he held rather by virtue of being a royal favourite than a distinguished political leader. He effected a peace with France, but nothing else, and held his office but a snort time. He was naturally addicted to contem- Elative and scientific pursuits, rather than those amongst which is name came to be known. He died in 1796, aged 83 years. BUTESHIRE, a county on the W. of Scotland, consisting of the islands of Arran, Bute, Great and Little Cumbray, and Inch- marnoc, all lying in the Frith of Clyde. The three large islands grow corn, and have good pastures ; and all of them are no- torious for their fisheries. Bute is about 5 miles in breadth, and 17 or 18 long, and has a very varied soil and surface. The highest hill is called Kilchattan. Rothsay, the county town, is on this island. Population of Bute island, 7313; of the county, 15,740. It returns one member to parliament. BU'TLER, s. formeriy spelt bottiler, that is, one who fills bot- tles, {houteiller, Fr.] a servant who has the care of the wine and other liquors used in a family. BU'TLER, JOSEPH, Bishop of Bristol, and afterwards of Durham, author of the Analogy of Natural and Revealed Reli- gion, and some valuable essays on the principles of morality, misnamed Sermons. He was by birth a Presbyterian, and pur- posed for their ministry. He then displayed the strength of^ his mind by corresponding with Dr. Clarke. He afterwards entered the Established Church, and studied at Oxford, where, attract- ing attention by his singular powers, he obtained patronage, and so gradually reached the highest dignities of the Church. Some persons attempted to fix the charge of secret Romanism on him, but it was triumphantly refuted. His works are not popular, from the cumbrous style, and the purpose of the writer to awaken thought in his readers by not furnishing all the conclu- sions that follow from his various arguments ; but both as exer- B UT cises in mental discipline, and as defences of the truth, they are invaluable. He died in 1752, aged 60 years. BU'TLER, SAMUEL, the witty author of Hudibras, had a liberal education, and lived as private secretary to various per- sons of distinction, both during and after the troubles of the 17th century. The court of Charles II. applauded his biting satire on their fallen foes, and left the satirist to starve. He died in 1680, aged 68 years. BUTLERAGE, s. the duty upon wines imported, claimed by the king's butler. BUTLERSHIP, s. the office of a butler. BU'TMENT, s. [abmUement, Fr.] in Architecture, supporters, on or against which the feet of an arch rest ; likewise the Httle E laces taken out of the yard or ground-plot of a house for a utteryor scullery. BUTT, s. \hutt. Sax.] a vessel or barrel containing 126 gallons of wine, 108 of beer, and from 15 to 22 cwt. of currants. BUTT, s. \hut, Fr.] the place or mark which a person is to hit in shooting. Figuratively, the point or object to which any per- son's measures are made by a push in fencing; a person who is the object of ridicule to a whole company. To BUTT, t>. a. to strike or give a blow with the head, applied to the method of attack used by a ram. BU'TTER, «. [buttere. Sax.] a fat and unctuous substance, ob- tained from cream of cows' milk by churning. Butter of anti- mony, of bismuth, &c. are chemical preparations of those sub- stances, so called on account of their consistence resembling that of butter. To BU'TTER, t: a. to spread or pour butter upon any thing. BU'TTERBUMP, s. a fowl ; the same with bittern. BUTTERBUR, s. [petasites, Lat.] in Botany, a plant which grows wild in great plenty by the sides of ditches, and has hooks to the seed vessel, by which they get carried away and dispersed. BU'TTERCUP, s. in Botany, a yellow flower, a species of ranunculus, with which the fields abound in the month of May. BU'TTERFLY, s. {butterflege. Sax.] in Natural History, the name given to the full-developed insects of one great division of the order Lepidoptera. They have four wings, covered with scales or plumes of various colours; and some of our native species are very beautiful. The butterflies of Brazil are ex- ceedingly splendid. See Caterpillar, Chrysalis, Moth, &c. BU'lTERJAGS, s. in Botany, a plant, the same with the yel- low medick, or snailshell. BUTTERIS, s. in Farriery, an instrument of steel set in a wooden handle, used in paring the .foot or cutting the hoof of a horse. BU'lTERMERE WATER, a lake of Cumberland, near the source of the Cocker. The lakes of Buttermere and Lowswater are not so extensive as those of the Derwent or Keswick, but quite as beautiful, and the country about them is as mountain- ous and romantic as Borrowdale. BU'TTERMILK, s. the whey separated from the cream in making butter. BUTTERPRINT, s. a piece of carved wood used to mark butter. BU'TTERWORT, s. in Botany, the pinguicula, a somewhat rare bog-plant. BU'TTER Y, a. having the appearance or qualities of butter. BU'TTERY, «. the room where provisions are laid up. BUTTMANN, PHILIP CHARLES, a well-known Greek scholar of Berlin. He studied at Gottingen, and was engaged afterwards in various grades in the king of. Prussia's library. His Grammars are the best known of his productions. He died in 1829, aged 04 years. BU'TTOCK, s. the broad, thick, fleshy part of a man or beast, joining to the hip. The buttock of a ship is her full breadth right astern. BU'TTON, s. [bottwn, Brit.] a small flattish round ball made of metal, or wood covered with silk or hair, sewed to the clothes to fasten any part of dress together. Figuratively, a knob or ball. In Botany, the round head of a plant ; a bud. In Car- pentry, a small bar revolving upon a nail or screw, used to keep a door close. In Smithery, a brass knob of a lock, serving to open or shut a door. In Chemistry, the small round piece of metal, which is found at the bottom of a crucible, after a metal- lic ore or an oxyde of metal has been reduced. In Confectionery, BY a small sweet cake. In Natural History, the sea-urchin, a kind of crab-fish, with prickles instead of feet. To BU'TTON, V. a. to sew buttons on a garment; to close or fasten the parts of a garment together with buttons. Figuratively, to enclose. BU'TTONHOLE, s. the hole made in a garment to receive and fasten the button in. BUTTRESS, s. [aboutir, Fr.] in Architecture, a kind of hut- ment serving to prop or support the side of a building or wall. Figuratively, a prop or support of any opinion or cause. To BU'TTRESS, v. a. to prop, support, or secure from falling. BU'TWINK, s. a bird. BUTYRA'CEOUS, Buty'rous, a. [butyrum, Lat.] having the properties or qualities of butter. BU'TYRIC ACID, a volatile acid which occurs in butter : its smell is that of rancid butter. BU'XOM, a. [bucsum. Sax.] obedient; tractable; gay, lively, brisk, wanton, jolly. Figuratively, void of resistance ; yielding, or giving way, BU'XOMLY, ad. in a wanton, lively, gay, or amorous manner. BU'XOMNESS, s. wantonness, gaiety. BU'XSTEAD, or Buckstead, Sussex. BU'XTON, Derbyshire. This town is famous for its hot springs, which have rendered it a place of resort for persons troubled with some complaints, from the earliest times. The recent part of the town has some very elegant buildings, of which tne Crescent is the largest and handsomest. Buxton has a manufacture of cotton, and is situated in an open, healthy country, with a variety of fine views. There are in the neigh- bourhood many natural curiosities, which afford great attraction to the visitors. It is 159 miles from London. Market, Satur- day. Pop. 1569. BU'XTON, JEDIDIAH, the famous calculator of the last cen- tury; an ignorant man, in humble circumstances, distinguished by nothing whatever save his skill in computation, which made him a wonder in his day. He died about 1775, aged about 70 years. BU'XTON, SIR THOMAS FOWELL, one of the philanthro- pic politicians who laboured for the. overthrow of W. Indian slavery, and for the reform of prison discipline. He was connect- ed by marriage with Mrs. Fry, and laboured with her in the latter object. He died in 1845, aged 59 years. BU'XTORF, the family name of three eminent Hebrew scho- lars of Basle, Switzerland, at the end of the 16th and the 17th centuries. The eldest, John, was the author of an edition of the Hebrew Bible, and a Grammar, Lexicon, and Concordance to it, beside other works. His son and grandsons re-edited his works, and published various treatises of their own. The first died in 1629, the last in 1732. To BUY, (by) V. a. [biegean. Sax.] to purchase a thing by money, or the exchange of any other commodity. Figuratively, to exchange one thing for another; to bribe, or corrupt by bribery. BUY'ER, (byer) s. he that purchases a thing with money, &c. To BUZZ, V. n. [bizzen, Teut.] to hum, or make a noise like bees, flies, or wasps. To ^VTJL, V. a. to whisper. Used with abroad, to divulge, publish, or spread a report or rumour. BUZZ, s. the humming sound of bees; a whisper, or talk. BU'ZZARD, s. [busard, Fr.] in Natural History, a kind of hawk. Figuratively, a person of mean parts; a blockhead or dunce. BU'ZZER, s. a secret whisperer, or one who endeavours, by false rumours, to alienate the affections of another. hY,prep. [bi, big. Sax.] after words signifying action, it im- plies the agent, cause, means, manner; and is used after verbs neuter for the instrument. After quantity it expresses the pro- portion. At the end of a sentence, it implies imitation or con- formity. " A model to build others by," Arbuth. After an ad- jective of the comparative degree, it denotes the difference. " Shorter bi/ the head." Applied to place or situation, it denotes nearness, joined to the pronouns himself, herself, &c., it signifies the exclusion or absence of all others. After keep, it signifies, possession, or ready for use. " He kept some of the spirit by him," Boyle. In forms of swearing, it signifies a particularizing, or specifying the object. Used adverbially, it signifies near, or at a small distance, applied to place. Passing, applied to motion ; 133 CAB and presence, when used with be. " I will not he by," Shak, By and by, signifies a short time, or shortly. Used substantively, for something which is not the direct or immediate object of a person's regard ; generally used with the preposition hy. " By the by," Bryd. This word is commonly written bye, and as it distinguishes it from the preposition, should be generally adopt- ed for the sake of perspicuity. BY, Bye, in composition, implies something out of the direct way, as by-road,- something irregular, private, or selfish, as by-end; something private, opposed to that which is by public authoritv, as a by-law. BY-END, s. private or self-interest, opposed to public spirit, and conveying an idea of reproach. BY-GONE, a. past : peculiar to the Scotch. BY-LAW, s. a law made by corporations, or court-leets, and societies, for the better management of affairs, &c., in cases which are not provided for by the public laws, but no ways op- posite or contrary to them. BY-MATTER, s. something which is accidental, and has no connexion with the main subject. BY-NAME, «. a nickname, name of reproach, or accidental appellation. BY-PAST, a. past: peculiar to the Scotch. BY-PATH, s. a private path, opposed to a public path. BY-ROAD, s. an unfrequented road. BY'RON, GEORGE GORDON NOEL, LORD, the lately ce- lebrated poet, whose noble verses and profligate life have gain- ed him an unenviable fame, was miserably brought up by a foolish mother, and succeeding suddenly to the title and estates in his boyhood, had his worst passions most fatally strengthened. He early turned author, and was indebted to the slashing cri- ticism of the Northern Review, for the stimulus to the care he afterwards bestowed on the finish of his writings. He travelled several times through the continent, resided for a time in Italy, and was engaged in aiding the revolutionists of Greece at his death. His marriage was as bad as his training. His poems display the worst affectation, the affectation of badness and misanthropy ; but genius and passion sufficient to keep them from being forgotten. He died in 1824, aged 36 years. BY'RON, ADMIRAL JOHN, one of our English nautical dis- coverers, who passed more than a year on an uninhabited island off the W. coast of S. America ; and served with distinction in the war with France. He died in 1786, aged 63 years. BY-WAY, s. a private and obscure way. BY- WORD, s. [bi-tcord. Sax.] a saying, proverb, or term of reproach. BYZANTINE HISTORIANS, the general designation of a series of Greek authors, extending from the 6th century to the 15th, who wrote the History of the Eastern Empire, or who wrote under the patronage of the Eastern emperors. Constantinople, or Byzantium, being the capital of that empire, they have gain- ed this name. r^ THE third letter in the English alphabet, is sounded by ^^> pressing the breath between the tongue, raised to the roof of the mouth near the palate, and the lips open. Before the vowels, a, o, u, and all consonants, it is pronounced hard, like k, as in cage, cat, cut ; but before i, e, and y, it has a sound like the «, but somewhat more sharp, as in citjcell, cyder: with an 7i, it has a peculiar sound, between the hardness of the k, and the softness of the s, as in chain, cheese; but in words derived from the French, it is sounded like an s before h, as in chaise, chicane, which are pronounced shaize, shicane. Writers sometimes add a k to it, when it comes at the end of words, as in logick. Used as a figure, it stands for 100, and when double, CC, 200, &c. When S laced before a Latin name, it signifies Caius, Casar, &c. With Loman lawyers, it signified to condemn, from condemno. See A. When doubled, it signifies consuls. In Commerce, it is used by merchants to mark their books. In Music, it is the name of the note occupying the 3rd space in the staff of the G clef, and 2nd in the staff of the F clef. CAB, s. [Heb.] a Hebrew measure, containing about three pints English, or the eighteenth part of an ephah. Also, com- monly, an abbreviation for cabriolet. CABA'L, ». [cabale, Fr.] a body of men united in some design 134 CAC to disturb or change the administration of a state, distinguished from i>arty, in the same degree as few from many. Figuratively, an intrigue of plot to introduce a change in an administration. The Cabal was one of the ministries of Charles II., viz. Lords Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale. To CABA'L, V. n. [cabaler, Fr.] to form plots. CA'BALA, s. [Chald.] properly signifies tradition, and is the name of a mysterious kind of^ science, thought to have been de- livered by revelation to the ancient Jews, and transmitted by oral tradition to those of our times ; serving for interpretation to the books both of nature and Scripture. It consisted principally in the combination of particular words, letters, and numbers, by means whereof the rabbins pretended to discover things future, and to see clearly into the sense of many diflScult passages of Scripture. CA'BALISTS, s. a sect among the Jews who interpret Scrip- ture. CABALFSTIC, Cabali'stical, a. relating to the cabalists; mystical. CABA'LLER, s. one who enters into plots and intrigues to dis- turb and change the administration of any government. CABA'NIS, PIERRE JEAN GEORGE, a physician of the latter part of last century, who bore his part in the French Re- volution. He was ardently attached to literary studies, and was intimate with all the leading characters of the age preceding the Revolution, as well as those of that period itself. In philoso- phical studies he was also versed. He died in 1808, aged 51 years. CA'BARET, s. [Fr.] in France, is a tavern. CA'BBAGE, s. in Bot; ■ •■ tany, the brasaica, a kitchen plant with large, fleshy, and glaucous-coloured leaves ; and its species are ei^nt : the varieties of the first being eleven, and those of the third sort two. To CA'BBAGE, v. a. applied to tailors, to defraud a person of part of his cloth. — v. n. to form a head; as, the plants begin to CA'BIN, s. [chabin, Brit.] a little hut or cottage. On board a ship, small apartments, of different dimensions, for the officers to lie in. To CA'BIN, V, n. to live in a cabin. Figuratively, to live or lie in any narrow or small place. CA'BINED, a. belonging to a cabin. Figuratively, narrow, or belonging to a bed-chamber. CA'BINET, s. [cabinet, Fr.] among joiners, a kind of press or chest, with several doors and drawers for preserving curiosities, or keeping clothes. Figuratively, a room in which private con- sultations are held. Hence a cabinet council is that wbich is held with great privacy, and wherein the most important articles which concern a state are determined. CA'BINET-MAKER, s. one who makes cabinets, chests of drawers, and other wooden furniture for chambers or dining- rooms. CA'BLE, s. [cabl, Brit.] a thick, large, strong, three-strand rope, from three to twenty inches in diameter, fastened to an anchor to hold the ship when she rides. When two pieces of cable are spliced together, it is called a shot of the cable. Cables are often made of chain now. CA'BLED, a. belonging to or resembling cables. Cabled flutes, in Architecture, are those which are filled up with pieces in the form of a cable. In Heraldry, a cabled cross is that which is formed of the two ends of a ship's cable. CABO'CHED, a. in Heraldry, applied to the head of a beast cut off' behind the ears by a section parallel to the face. CABRE'RA, asmall island near Majorca in the Mediterranean, completely uninhabited and barren. C A'BURE, in Natural History, a small beautiful Brazilian bird, of the owl kind. CA'BURNS, s. small ropes used in a ship. CA'CHALOT, in Natural History, a genus of animals of the cetaceous kind, one of which yields the spermaceti, and is com- monly called the spermaceti whale. CACHE'XY, (kakeksy) s. [kakos a.ndexia, Gr.] a habit of body that hinders nutrition, and weakens the vital and animal functions. ' CACHE'CTIC, Cache'ctical, (kakectic, kakektical) a. having an ill habit of body. CACHINNA'TION, {kakinndshon) s. \cachinnati>, I^it.] a loud laughter, or what we call a horse laugh. CAD CACl'QUE, s. [Mex.] the name given to the kings or chiefs of the Mexican tribes. CA'CKLE, s. the noise made by a goose or fowl. To CA'CKLE, ti. n. {kauckelen, Brit.] to make a noise like a goose; applied likewise to that of a hen. Figuratively, to laugh heartily. CA'CKLER, ». a fovel that cackles. Figuratively, a person who divulges a secret ; a tell-tale ; a tattler, CACOCHY'MY, {kakokymy) s. [kakos and chumos, Gr.] in Me- dicine, a corrupt state of the vital humours. CADODE'MON, s. [kakos and daimon, Gr.] an evil spirit, or ghost; any imaginary frightful monster, created in the minds of tearful and superstitious people. With astrologers, it is the twelfth house m a scheme of the heavens, so called from the pretended terror of its prognostication. CACOE'THES, s. [kakos and ethos, Gr.] in Medicine, an epi- thet applied by Hippocrates to malignant and difficult disteniT pers. In Surgery, it is an inveterate disease, breaking out in Iwils or blains, hardly curable. CACCyPHONY, (kakdfony) s. [kakos and phove, Gr.] in Gram- mar and Rhetoric, the meeting together of letters, syllables, or words, which form a harsh and disagreeable sound. CA'CTUS, s. in Botany, the general name of a family of suc- culent plants, with very thorny jointed stems, no leaves, small and delicate flowers set immediately on the stem, and (in their native climate) fruit not greatly dissimilar to the gooseberry. They are found in the tropical regions of the W. hemisphere al- most solely. To CACU'MINATE, v. a. [cacumino, Lat.] to sharpen. CADA'VEROUS, a. [cadaverosus, Lat.] having the appearance or qualities of a dead body. CA'DDIS, s. a kind of tape or ribbon. In Natural History, the grub of the Phryganea, which spins itself a movable case, inserting pieces of stone, sand, straw, shells, and any things it finds at the bottom of the shallow waters it inhabits. CADE, a. soft, tender, tame, delicate. In Husbandry, a cade lamb, is one that is bred in a house; a house lamb. Hence, to cade, the verb, to bring up tenderly. CADE, «. [cadus, Lat.] a cag, cask, or barrel. A cade of her- rings is a vessel containing 5(K), and a cade of sprats, 1000, CA'DENCE, s. [cadence, Fr.] a fall, decline, or descent. In Music, cadence is a certain rest either at the end of a song, or of some of its parts into which it is divided, as into members or periods. Cadence, in dancing, is when the several steps and motions follow or answer to the different notes or measure of the music. CADET, «. [cadet, Fr,] the younger son of a family, is a word naturalized in our language from the French, Among the mili- tary men, it denotes a young gentleman, who serves in a march- ing regiment, as a private man, at his own expense, with a view to acquire knowledge in the art of war, and to obtain a commis- sion in the army. CA'DEW, Ca'deworm, s. in Natural History, a kind of worms which in time change into butterflies. CA'DI, «. a magistrate among the Turks. CADl'LLACK, s. a sort of pear. CA'DIZ, a large, rich, and ancient city of Andalusia, in Spain, seated on an island, from which it has a communication with the continent by a bridge. The bay formed by it is 12 miles in length and 6 in breadth. It is the emporium of the Spanish foreign trade. It has a noble lighthouse, and is strongly forti- fied, and well built. The docks are extensive, and the city has, besides its trade, some small manufactures. The population is about 50,000. Lat. 36. 32. N. Long. 6. 17. W. CA'DMIUM, s. in Chemistry, a metal discovered in association with zinc by Stromeyer. In colour and lustre it much resembles tin, but is somewhat harder and more tenacious. CA'DMUS, one of the fabled founders of the Grecian states. He is said to have come from Phoenicia, and it is singular that the name is the Semitic word for the East, with a Greek ending. He is also said to have introduced letters to Greece, and in con- firmation of their Phoenician origin, it is noticeable that the names of the old Greek alphabet are nothing more than the Chaldaic or Hebrew names, with the demonstrative pronoun affixed, according to the Chaldaic idiom. He founded Thebes, according to the legend, after having destroyed a dragon that haunted the place, and sown its teeth in the ground, which pro- CAE duced a crop of ready-armed men, who on springing up fought with each other till all but seven were destroyed. These men peopled Boeotia. Other legends are related of him. The found- ing of Thebes is fixed in 1045, or 1594 b. c, by Newton and Barthelemy. CA'DMUS OF MILETUS, was the first Grecian historian ; he wrote Annals of the History of Ionia. He lived about 600 b. c. CADU'CE, Cadu'ceus, s. [Lat.] among the Romans, was a white staff or wand, carried by those officers who went to pro- claim peace with any people with whom they had been at vari- ance. Also, a rod entwisted by two serpents, borne by Mercury, as the ensign of his quality and office, given him, according to the fable, for his seven-stringed harp. The poets ascribe to this rod the properties of laying men asleep, raising the dead, &c, CjE'CUM, s. [Lat.] in Anatomy, one of^ the three portions of the larger intestines. C^'DMON, was herdman to the monastery at Whitby, in the days of holy St. Hilda ; and was not able to take his part at feasts when each guest in turn extemporized to the harp. But having left a feast for shame once, as he slept one asked of him a song, and he, being persuaded to attempt, poured forth a hymn to God ; which he repeated on waking, and is preserved to this day. Afterwards he did several parts of Scripture into Anglo- Saxon verse ; and thus was not only the first poetic writer, but the first Bible translator in England. He lived about 670 a. d. CA'EN, a city, capital of the department of Calvados, France. It is situated on the rivers Orne and Odon, the former of which runs through the town, the tide brinpng up large vessels. It has some manufactures, principally of lace. It has a fine uni- versity, and some well-conducted charitable institutions. Ro- man relics and early Norman remains are abundant in it. It is 129 miles from Paris. Its population is about 40,000. Lat. 49. 10. N. Long. 0. 25. W. CAERLE'ON, Monmouthshire, once the metropolis of all Wales, and the see of an archbishop. It is situated on the river Usk, and has some small metal works. It is 148 miles from London. Market, Thursday. Pop. 1174. CA'ERWYS, Flintshire, N. Wales. It is seated on an ascent; and though it is but a small place, the market is very good for corn and provisions. It is 203 miles from London, Market, Tuesday. Pop. 987. CiE'SAR, CAIUS JULIUS, was descended from one of the oldest and noblest families of Rome, and was coming into no- toriety for his character and military skill during the troubled days of Sylla. He used all his art and wealth to gain popularity in the stations he successively filled in the state. He opposed the severe measures determined in the senate against Catiline and his fellow-conspirators. His first great step was the com- promise seemingly eftected by him with his two great rivals, Pompey and Crassus. But his fame and place in the world's history opened with his wars in Gaul, which was assigned him as his province after his consulship. The history of the wars he has recorded in his beautifully written Commentaries ; and by them he pushed the Roman command to the Atlantic, and laid the foundation for the subjugation of Britain. He next ap- pears in arms against Pompey, in Spain first, and afterwards in Greece, where at Pharsalia he overthrew his riva!, and was the undisputed master of the Roman world. Wars in Egypt, and in Asia Minor, against the son of Mithridates, the former Icing of Pontus, next engaged him. And as the partisans of Pompey (though their chief was dead) had rallied, and threatened to dis- turb his power, he attacked and defeated them, first in Africa, and afterwards, a second time, in Spain. The history of these wars was in part written by Csesar, and bears the same charac- ter for simplicity and clearness as the other history does. Caesar never bore any higher title than that of Consul and Dictator. Imperator, or Emperor, was purely a title of honour then, con- ferred by acclamation of the soldiers on their favourite general. Settled in power, Caesar consulted for the good of Rome. One of his reforms, that of the Calendar, with one correction, through the nations that formed part of the Roman empire, all the civilized world feels the benefit of to this day. Bj^ a conspiracy headed by some of his most intimate friends, he fell at length, being assassinated in 44 b. c, aged 56 years. CJi'STUS, s. [Lat.] a large gauntlet made of raw hides, used in combats with the ancients; they were studded with nails, or strengthened with lead or plates of iron, and surrounded 135 CAH the hands, wrist, and aim, to guard them from blows, and pre- vent their being broken or dislocated. C^SU'RA, s. [Lat.] a figure in poetry, by which a short syl- lable after a complete foot is made long. CA'FFA, the largest town in the Crimea ; it is the Theodosia of the ancients, a name which has been restored to it by the Russians. From 1226 to 1474, it was in the hands of the Ge- noese, when its commerce was at such a height, that it exceed- ed even Constantinople itself in this particular. It is seated on the Black Sea, 150 miles N. E. of Constantinople. Lat. 45. 8. N. Long. 35. 45. E. CA'FFEINE, s. in Chemistry, an essential principle, or base, discovered in coffee, tea, and some other vegetables. There is reason to believe that it may assist in the production of bile, and thus facilitate the process of respiration. CAFFRA'RIA, an extensive country of Africa, having an ir- regular surface of hill and valley, abounding in lions and other wild beasts, bordering on Cape Colony and the Indian Ocean ; its northern boundaries are uncertain. The Caff'res are tall, active, and robust, and evince a very warlike disposition. Their com- plexions are black, and their hair woolly : considerable differ- ences exist amongst the different tribes. The men employ much of their time in bunting, the women in cultivating the land; they also make earthenware and curious baskets. The country is fertile, and they grow grain and vegetables, and thev have large herds of cattle. Some of the tribes have adopted the pa- triarchal, and some the regal form of government. Amongst their religious practices, which are singular and simple, it is re- markable that all the tribes use circumcision. Their language is very peculiar, from the use of a sound totally unknown to us, resembfing a sharp click. The Zoolahs are the finest tribe in all respects. CAFFRISTA'N, a district of Asia, lying between Affghanis- tan and Siberia, which affords good pastures, and, in the valleys, fertile soil for grain of various kinds. The mountain range call- ed the Hindu Coosh, a part of the Himmaleh chain, runs through it, some peaks of which are upwards of 20,000 feet high. The inhabitants are a warlike, half-nomadic people; they are a branch of the Hindu race, speaking a dialect of the Sanscrit. They worship one God, and know nothing of the Hindu gods and religious customs. They are of exquisite beauty, having fair complexions, and sometimes Grecian features. They are called Caff'res by their neighbours ; they call themselves Siah- Posh : their country is called also Cohistan. CA'FTAN, s. [Pers.] a Persian or Turkish vest or garment. CAG, s. a barrel or wooden vessel, containing four or five gal- lons. Sometimes written keg. CAGE, s. [cage, Fr.] an enclosure of twigs or wire, in which birds are kept ; a place for wild beasts, enclosed with pallisadoes ; a prison for people guilty of petty crimes. To CAGE, V. a. to enclose or confine in a cage. CAGLIA'RI, the capital of Sardinia, in the Mediterranean. It stands on the shore of a bay, and extends up a hill overlooking the sea. It has a good harbour, and a considerable trade. There is a finely adorned cathedral, a castle, and a palace. It has also a university with an excellent library, &c. There are some ma- nufactures carried on, and in the neighbourhood good wine is produced. Its population is about 30,000. Lat. 39. 13. N. Long. 9. 6. E. CAGLIO'STRO, ALESSANDRO, COUNT Dl, alias Beppo Balsamo, the prince of modern quacks, was a native of Sicily, and began by living on acts of petty knavery, till a bolder stroke of villany made it unsafe to remain. At Rome, London, Strasburg, Warsaw, and other places, in company with an artful but good-looking woman, whom he married at Rome, he now appears under various characters of house-painter, fortune-teller, Egyptian mason, physician to cure old age, &c. &c., and found his way into various gaols also. At Paris he got entangled in the business of Cardinal de Rohan, and the diamond necklace, and was lodged in the Bastile. At length the Inquisition laid bold of him in Rome, and in 1795 he died in prison, aged 52 years. CAHO'RS, capital of the department of Lot, in France, stands on the river whence the department is named, over which it has three bridges, two of which are of great antiquity. It has some manufactures, and the produce of^the neighbourhood in corn, wine, &c., with them, are the staple of its trade. It is a bishop's 136 CAL see, and the cathedral and other buildings are interesting as ancient relics. It is 370 miles from Pans. Its population is above 18,000. Lat. 44. 25. N. Long. 1. 28. £. CAI'MAN, s. the American name of a crocodile. CAJO'LE, V. a. [cajoler, Fr.] to flatter, soothe, or coax, in- cluding the idea of dissimulation. CAJO'LER, s. a flatterer, or wheedler. CAIRN, s. [Celt.] a monumental heap of stones, over the burial-place or body of a chief, amongst the Celtic nations. CAIRN-GO'RM, s. part of the Highlands of Scotland, sur- rounding Loch Avon, so called. Also, a particular kind of peb- bles, which, when cut and polished, are worn as jewels in brooches and bracelets. CAI'RO, Grand Cairo, or El Kahera, the capital of Egypt, is about a mile from the river Nile, and is 7 miles in circum- ference. It has three or four grand gates, but the streets are narrow, and the best houses are generally built round a court, having their windows within the enclosed court, and presenting only a dead wall to the street. A canal conveys the waters of the Nile into the city, which is about 20 feet broad, and has houses built on each side of it. The public baths and caravan- saries are very numerous, and there are about 300 mosques, the lofty minarets of which present a very picturesque appearance. The old town of Cairo, or Mesra, and Bulac, are its ports or har- bours. Cairo has silk manufactories. There is here also a highly-esteemed college of Mussulman learning, and some good scientific and military schools. Its population is about a quar- ter of a million. The English and French have many establish- ments here. Lat. 30, 2. N. Long. 31. 19. E. CAISSON, s. [Fr.] a chest of bombs, or powder, laid in the enemy's ways, to be fired on his approach. Also a wooden frame, or chest, used in laying the foundations of the piers of a bridge. CAITHNE'SS, the most northerly county of Scotland, bound- ed on the W. by Sutherlandshire ; on the N. by the Pentland Frith, which divides it from the Orkney Islands ; and on the S. E. by the German Ocean. Its peatest extent is 35 miles from N. to S. and 20 from E. to W. The S. W. part is mountainous, and the abode of wild roes and other animals ; the rocky sum- mits shelter eagles and other birds of prey, and the lakes are resorted to by swans and various water-fowl. There are many extensive moors, fit only for scanty pasture ground, and there are some parts where agriculture is successfully practised. Wick is the chief town. This county sends two representatives to par- liament. Pop. 36,34^. CAI'TIFF, s. [cattivo, Ital.] a criminal who is guilty of mean- ness ; a despicable, contemptible villain. CAI'US COLLEGE, (pronounced Key's College,) one of the institutions at Cambridge, first established by Edmund Gonvile, in the 14th century, and in the reign of Mary greatly enlarged by Dr. Caius, who was a learned court physician, and President of the College of Physicians in London. By the rules of the house great favour is shown to Norfolk men. Dr. Caius being a native of Norwich. CAKE, s. [caccen, Brit.] a rich kind of baked bread, generally thin and round. Figuratively, any thing composed of flour and baked, made in a thin and flattish form ; applied also to any one who manifests silliness of disposition. To CAKE, I', n. to harden like dough in the oven. CALABA'R, a country on the Gulf of Guinea, with a town and river of the same name. The commerce is conducted by barter, and the exports are chiefly slaves, gold, oil, ivory, &cc Lat. IG.N. Lon^IO. E. CALABA'SH-TREE, s. in Botany, a large tree growing from twenty-three to thirty feet high. The shells of the fruit are used by the negroes for cups ; as also for instruments of music, by making a hole in the shell, and putting in small stones, with which they make a sort of rattle. CALA'BRIA, a country of the kingdom of Naples, divided in- to Ultra and Citra ; bounded by the province named Basilicata, and the Mediterranean Sea. It is rich in vegetable and mineral productions, but liable to earthquakes. There are a few moun- tains, but only one exceeds 5000 feet in height ; and they fur- nish good pastures. Wine, fruits, and oil are abundantly pro- duced. In all respects the country is improving now. The population is about 800,000. Reggio and Cosenza are its chief places. C AL CA'LAIS, a strong town of France, in the Pas de Calais, with a citadel, and a fortified harbour. It is built in the form of a triangle, one side of which is towards the sea. The citadel is as large as the town, and has but one entrance. It is a trading place, with handsome streets, and several churches and monas- teries. The fortifications are good ; but its greatest strength is its situation among the marshes, which may be overflowed at the approach of an enemy. The harbour is not so good as for- merly, nor will it admit vessels of any great burthen. It is al- ways a place of resort for Englishmen, being only 18 miles from Dover. It is 152 miles from Paris. Population about 12,000. Lat. 48. N. Long. 2. 1. E. CALAMA'NCO, s. a kind of woollen stufl", with a glossy surface. CALA'MBA, s. in Commerce, a kind of wood brought from China, usually sold under the denomination of lignum aloes. CA'LAMINE, s. llapis calaminaris, Lat.] the ore of zinc, which is a hard, heavy, mineral substance, appearing of a stony na- ture, but a lax and cavernous structure, generally found in loose masses, from the size of a walnut to those of three pounds and upwards. CA'LAMINT, s. \calamintha, Lat.] in Botany, a species of the melissa or baum, which grows naturally in the mountains of Tus- cany. It has forked fruitstalks, growing at the base of the leaves, and bluish white blossoms. It is found by road sides and in corn fields, and flowers in August. CALA'MITOUS, a. [calamitosus, Lat.] involved in misfor- tunes; wretched; unfortunate; unhappy, oppressed with miserj-, applied to persons. Fatal, noxious, unwholesome, or productive 01 misery or distress, applied to things. CALA'MITY, s. misfortune, affliction, distress, the cause of misery. Synon. Each of these words denotes a sad event ; but that of misfortune is applied to casualties and outward circum- stances, things detached from us. Disaster respects properly personal accidents. Calamity implies something more general. ('A'LAMUS, s. [Lat.] in Botany, a reed, or sweet-scented wood. See SpiCEWOiiT. See also Dragon's Blood. CA'LAMY, DR. EDMUND, who wrote the Lives of the Non- conformist Ministers of 1662, was grandson of an eminent Pres- byterian divine, who though not a thorough nonconformist, had to share their sufferings. He had dissented from the movements of the party of the army and the Independents, and been favoured by Charles II. on his restoration. He died in 1666, aged 66 years. Dr. Calamy was a stanch nonconformist. His brother, having adopted the opposite views, provoked a Mr. De Laune to Eublisn his Plea for Nonconformity, and instead of replying, had im imprisoned, where he died. CALA'SH, s. [calcche, Fr.] a light four-wheeled, uncovered carriage, driven by the traveller himself, now not in fashion. CA'LCEATED, a. [calceatm, Lat.] shod; fitted with shoes. CALCA'REOUS, a. [cakarius, Lat.] that partakes of the na- ture and qualities of caLc or lime. CALCEDO'NIUS, s. [Lat.] a precious stone of the agate kind. CALCINA'TION, s. [Fr.] the act of reducing any matter into a subtile white powder, by means of fire. CALCINA'TORY, s. a vessel used in calcining. To CALCl'NE, V. a. [calx, Lat.] to make a thing easily pow- dered by means of fire; to burn in the fire to a substance which a small force will crumble; to reduce to ashes; to burn to a cinder. Figuratively, to consume or destroy. CA'LCIUM, s. in Chemistry, a metal which is the base of lime. All that is known of it is, that it is of a white colour, ex- ceedingly inflammable, and becomes lime by being oxidized. CALCfO'GRAPHY, s. Ichalkos and grapho, Gr.] the art of en- graving on brass or copper plates. To CA'LCULATE, v. a. [calculer, Fr.] to find out the value or amount of any thing by arithmetic; to compute or find the si- tuation of the planets ; to contrive or adapt to a certain end. — t;. n. to make a computation. Calculating machines have been made, by which computations in figures, exceeding human skill, are effected rapidly, and with unerring correctness ; and by an additional mecnanism, printed off on copper plates. CALCULA'TION, s. an operation in Arithmetic. Figuratively, a deduction of reason ; the result of an arithmetical operation. CA'LCULATOR, «. one who computes or calculates. CALCULA'TORY, c, belonging to calculation or computa- tion. C AL CA'LCULOSE, Ca'lcuixjus, a. [calculus, Lat.] stony, gritty; having the stone or gravel. CA'LCULUS, s. [Lat.] a little stone, anciently used in calcu- lations. In Medicine, a stone in the kidney, ureters, or bladder. In Mathematics, the higher developments of Algebraic science. CALCU'TTA, or Fort William, the emporium of Bengal, and seat of the governor-general of India, is seated on the W. side of Hoogly River, at about 100 miles from its mouth, which is navi- §able up to the town for large ships. There is a fine quay, nearly miles long, beside the river ; but the situation is not happily chosen, for it has a vast jungle, with low muddy lakes in it, called the Sunderbunds, near, which makes it unwholesome. The houses variously built, many with the appearance of palaces or temples, some of brick, others with mud^ and a greater num- ber with bamboos and mats, make a motley appearance ; and the mixture of European and Asiatic manners observed in Cal- cutta is wonderful. It is now a bishop's see. Here the governor- general and council of Bengal reside, who have a control over the presidencies of Madras, Bengal, and Bencoolen. Here are four judges, who dispense justice according to the laws of Eng- land. Calcutta is 1030 miles N. E. by N. of Madras. Thepo- pulation is about 1,000,000. Lat. 22. 23. N. Long. 88. 28. E. CA'LDERON DE LA BARCA, DON PEDRO, the famed writer of dramatic poetry in Spain, in the 17th century. He studied at Salamanca, and ended his days as a cleric. He died in 1681 , aged 80 years. His works are very numerous, and by competent critics highly admired. CA'LDRON, Cau'ldron, s. [chaudron, Fr.] a large vessel to heat water or dress victuals in ; a pot. CALEDO'NIA, the ancient name of Scotland. CALEDO'NIA, NEW, a large island in the S. Pacific Ocean, midway between New Guinea and New Zealand, to the E. of New Holland, It is about 400 miles in length, and about 50 miles broad in the middle. It is surrounded by coral reefs, and is mountainous, and not very fertile. Plantains and sugar canes are not plentiful ; bread-fruit is very scarce, and the cocoa-nut trees are but thinly planted ; but the yams and taras are in great abundance. The inhabitants are strong and active ; their cloth- ing is a wrapper made of the bark of a tree, or of leaves. They subsist chiefly on roots, and cultivate' the soil with some art and industry. CALEDCNIANS, the ancient inhabitants of the north of Scotland. CALEFA'CTION, s. [calefacio, Lat.] the act of heating any thing; the state of being heated. CALEFA'CTIVE, Calefa'ctory, a. that heats, or has the power of heating. To CA'LEFY, v. n. [calejio, Lat.] to grow hot; to be heated.— V. a. to make hot. CA'LENDAR, s. [calendurium, Lat.] a table containing the days, months, festivals, &c. happening in the year. The Roman calendar, from which ours is borrowed, is attributed to Romulus, and Numa Pompilius, who made it consist of 12 lunar months, of 30 and 29 days alternately, which made 354 days ; but added one day more, which made it 355 davs; and that the civil year might equal the sun's motion, he added a month every second year. Julius Caesar in his dictatorship reformed the calendar, and made the year consist of 365 days, and left the six hours to form a day at the end of every fourth year, which was added to the month of February. This calendar was called the Julian, and was used to the time of Gregory XIII. , who finding the Julian year gone too forward, cut off" ten days from the calen- dar; and to remedy this defect for the future, left out one bissex- tile day every 100 years, making every fourth hundred a leap year. By act of parliament, to remedy the inconveniences arising from the differences of style, this kingdom adopted the Gregorian or new style, by leaving out eleven days of the month of Septem- ber in the year 1752. Many nations however still use old style ; and in the country the quarters of the year are still so reckoned. Calendar of prisoners, is a list of all their names, with their separate judgments in the margin, which the judge signs, and the execution of which is committed to the respective sheriff'. Ecclesiastical Calendar, is the yearly list of saints' days, feasts, fasts, festivals, vigils, &c. observed by the Church of"^ Rome or England. Most of these observances are kept on fixed days, but some of the greatest in dignity are movable, and determined by the day appointed to be observed as Easter day, except Ad- T 137 CAL vent Sunday, which is always the nearest Sunday to St. An- drew's day, which is the 30tli November. Rules and Tables for finding Easter day — lacking however the needful explanation, that it is not by the actiud moon, but by an ecclesiastical moon, invented by Cluvius, that the day is regulated — are f^iven at the beginning of the Book of Common Prayer. French lievolutionary Calendar, was used for a time by the French Directory and Na- poleon. The year was presumed to begin at midnight on Sep- tember 22. It was divided into 12 months of 30 days each , and the additional days were celebrated as Sans-culottide feasts, the intercalary day being dedicated to Reason. The names of the months were, Vindemiaire, Brumaire, Frimaire ; Nivose, Plii- viose, Ventose ; Germinal, Floreal, Prairial; Messidor, Thermi- dor, Fructidor. Each month was divided into three decades of days, and the 10th day was a holiday instead of the 7th day. Napoleon altered this; and, in 1805, laid the whole calendar aside, which had lived then just 13 years. Roman Calendar. The peculiarity of this was the nomenclature of the days in the months. The first day of every month was called the calends of the month ; the 13th of all but March, May, July, October, and of these the 15th day, was called the ides of the month ; the 9th day preceding the ides of each month was called the nones ; and the intermediate days were reckoned as so many days before the calends, nones, ides, next ensuing. CA'LENDER, s. a hot press, made use of to press, smooth, or water manufactures of silk, woollen, or linen. It consists of two large iron rollers, round which the pieces of stufFare wound ; these are put between two large, close, polished planks of wood, the lower serving as a fixed base, and the upper movable by means of a wheel, like that of a crane, with a rope fastened to a spindle, which makes its axis ; this upper part is of prodigious weight, which, together with its alternate motion, gives the polish, and makes the waves on the stuifs, by causing the cylinders on which they are put to roll with great force over the lowest board. The rollers are taken off' and put on again by inclining the ma- chine. In Natural History, the word is applied to an insect, which preys on corn, leaving nothing but the husks, and giving the flour of it a very bad taste. To CA'LENDER, 1-. a. [calendrer, Fr.] to smooth, water, or dress any manufacture in a hot press or calender. CA'LENDERED, a. applied to corn, devoured by the calender, an insect. CA'LENDERER, s. one who presses, smooths, or waters manufactures in a hot press or calender. CA'LENDS, «. it has no singular, [calendm, Lat.] the first day of the month among the Romans. CA'LENTURE, s. [cako, Lat.] in Medicine, an inflammatory fever, frequent at sea. CALF, s. plural calves, [cealf. Sax.] the young of a cow ; the swelling, fleshy part of a man's leg; a dolt or stupid wretch, by way of contempt. CA'LIBRE, s. [Fr.] the extent or diameter of any round thing ; an instrument used by carpenters. Among the gunsmiths, wooden calibres are models by which they cut the stocks whereon thev mount their guns, pistols, &c. Steel calibres are instruments with which they turn and file their screws. In Gunnery, the diameter of the mouth or bore of a piece of cannon, or of the ball it carries. Calibre or calliper compasses, a pair of compasses, with the legs bent inwards, furnished with a tongue, which moves on a rivet on one of its legs, and is used to take the di- mensions of the bore of a cannon, together with the size and weight of the ball it can carry. CA'LICE, Cha'lice, s. [ealix, Lat.] a cup, appropriated to the cups or vessels which the communicants drink out of at the Lord's supper. CA'LICO, s. [from Calicut, in India,] a kind of cotton manufac- ture formerly imported by the East India Company, now one of the chief products of British home labour. CA'LICUT, a town and sea-port of Malabar, Hindustan, noted in old time for its cotton manufactures, thence called calico. It is of no great consequence or extent now. Lat. 11. 14. N. Long. 76. 0. E. CA'LID, a. [calidus, Lat.] hot, burning, fervent. CALI'DITY, s. [caliditas, Lat.] heat. CA'LIF, Ca'uph, s. [klialifa, Arab.] a title given to the suc- cessors of Mahomet among the Saracens, by whom it is account- ed the supreme ecclesiastical dignity ; or, among the Mahomet- CAL ans, a sovereign dignity, vested with absolute authority in all matters relative both to religion and polity. CALIFO'RNIA, a territory of N. America, lying on the Pa- cific Ocean, extending from the plain watered by the Columbia river to the long, narrow peninsula running S. of the Colorado river. This peninsula is between 000 and 700 miles in length, and is very rocky and barren, producing a most inconsiderable quantity of grain, wine, horses, cattle, &c. in proportion to its extent. It has also a gold mine or two. N. of^ the peninsula is a territory upwards of 700 miles in width, and somewhat more in length, lying between the Rocky Mountains and the W. Ocean. It has some very productive land amongst its rocks, and grows corn, wine, fruits, &c. &c., and furnishes excellent pasture. Gold and silver have been found, but in small quanti- ties. The climate of the peninsula is intenselv hot ; that of the upper region is temperate, or perhaps cold. The population is small. Loretto, La Paz, St. Diego, and St. Francisco, are its chief towns. It has lately been seized by the United States. The Gulfif California is the narrow arm of the sea that runs be- tween the peninsula and Mexico. CALIGATION, s. [caligo, Lat.] darkness, cloudiness, dimness of sight. CALPGINOUS, a. [caliginosus, Lat.] dark, dim, cloudy, obscure. CALI'GINOUSNESS, s. darkness; obscurity. CALFGRAPHY, s. \kalos and grapho, Gr.] a neat and hand- some hand, applied to writing; beautiful writing. CALFGULA, CAIUS CAESAR, the fourth emperor of Rome, who, after a few months of prudent government, apparently be- came insane, for the absurdities and intolerable cruelties he was guilty of admit of no other supposition. After enduring this change for two years, some of his officers assassinated him. He reigned near three years, and fell in 41 a. d., aged 30 years. CA'LIVER, s. a hand-gun, harquebuse; a small gun used at sea. CALFXTINES, s. in Church History, a section of the Hussites of Bohemia, which was opposed to the Taborites during the wars of Ziska. They held by a few simple practical requisitions, amongst which was communion in both kinds. They were reconciled to Rome, on the cup being granted to all at the eu- charist. It was also a name given to tnose among the Luther- ans, who followed the sentiments of George Calixtus, a celebrated divine, who opposed the opinion of St. Augustine on predestina- tion, grace, and free-will. CALI'XTUS, the name assumed by three popes, and one anti- pope ; none of which did any thing worthy of especial notice. To CALK, (caulk) V. a. [calar/e, Fr.] to stop the seams or other leaks of a ship with oakum or tow, to keep the water out. CA'LKER, {caulker) s. the person who stops the leaks of a ship. CA'LKING, (caidking) s. stopping the leaks or seams of a ship with oakum or tow, which is afterwards covered with a mixture of tallow, pitch, and tar, as low as it draws water. To CALL, (caul) V. a. [kaleo, Gr.] to name. Used with ore and upon, to visit or go to a person's house. In Divinity, to receive a mission from God ; and used with upon, to implore ; to pray to in distress, with confidence of assistance. To call back, to re- voke. To call over, to read aloud a list or muster roll. To call names, to abuse a person by some reproachful term or word. To call in, applied to money, to collect or demand a sura lent. Joined with out, to challenge, provoke, or excite to combat or danger. CALL, (caul) s. an address by word of mouth. Figuratively, a mission from God. In Law, a nomination or admission. Used with ujwn, a claim or demand. Within call, not far off'; within hearing. An instrument imitating the notes of birds, and used by bird-catchers to bring them into their trans. The English name for the mineral called tungsten or wolfram by the Ger- mans. CALLA'O, a city, the port of Lima, in Peru, with a liirge, beautiful, and safe harbour. The town is built at a little dis- tance from the sea, and all the houses are low and slightly built, because of the frequency of earthquakes. It is fortified, and has now a good trade. It is 7 miles from Lima. Lat. 12. 2. S. Long. 77. 4. W. CA'LLCOTT, DR. JOHN, a distinguished English composer, who has left us some of the most beautiful and mofet popular CAL glees, &c. At the latter part of his life he lost his mental power and vigrour, and was released from his mournful state in 1821, aged 55 years. CA'LLCOTT, SIR AUGUSTUS, brother to the composer, was a greatly admired landscape painter. His pictures are numerous and well known. He died in 1844, aged Cfe years. CALLl'MACHUS, a Greek poet, who was born in Cjrene, and kept a school at Alexandria. His hymns are veiy beautiful, but some other productions are too pedantical. He flourished about 260 B.C. CA'LLING, {caulling) s. the business or trade a person pro- fesses ; station, employment, or profession; divine vocation; invitation to the true religion. CA'LLINGTON, or Ke'llington, Cornwall. It has a woollen manufactory, and is seated on the Tamar. It is not inferior to half of the Cornish boroughs for wealth and buildings, having one ven^ good broad street, a market-house, and neat church. It is 217 miles from London. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 1G85. CALLI'OPE, [Gr.] the muse who presides over rhetoric and heroic verse. CA'LLIPERS, s. See Calibre, of which this is a corruption. CALLO'SITY, s. [callosite, Fr.] in Anatomy, a hardness of the skin, owing to hard labour, or frequent rubbings, whereby it becomes insensible. CA'LLOUS, a. [caWiw, Lat.] indurated; hardened; having the pores shut up. Applied to the mind or conscience, not to be moved by threats or promises. CA'LLOUSNESS, s. insensibility of the body, wherein the skin grows into knobs, and loses all sensation; the hardness of the juices which knit together the extremities of a broken bone. Figuratively, insensibility, applied to the mind. CA'LLO^V, a. unfledged ; without feathers. CA'LLUS, s. [Lat.] See Callosity. CALM, a. [calm, Belg.] undisturbed by tempests or violent winds, applied to the sea and elements. Undisturbed by bois- terous passions, applied to the mind. — s. a freedom from tem- pests or winds at sea; or from passion, as to the mind. To CALM, V. a. to put an end to a tempest. Figuratively, to soothe or pacify ; to appease. CA'LMER, s. the person or thing which reduces from a state of turbulence or violence to one of quietness, rest, and serenity. CALME'T, AUGUSTINE, a learned theologian of the Bene- dictine order at the beginning of last century. He wrote a great number of works ; and of them his Dictionary of the Bible is most widely known. He died in 1757, aged 85 years. CA'LMLY, ad. free from violence, furiousness, or tempestuous commotion. Figuratively, in a serene, cool manner. CA'LMNESS, s. a state of quiet free from the disturbance of violent winds. Figuratively, a state of cool and sedate tran- quillity ; mildness. CA'LMUCKS, a branch of the Mongolian race, inhabiting the plains near the Caspian Sea, in Asiatic Russia ; and spread thence in wandering parties over almost all Siberia and Tatary. They belong to the great Buddhist sect of Asiatic religionists, and in physical conformation are the type of one of the great va- rieties of the human race. CALNE, Wilts. It has a manufactory of cloth, and is situated on a river of the same name. It has a fine church, some good public buildings, and is, in general, well built. It is 88 miles from London. Market, Tuesday. Pop. 5128. CA'LOMEL, «. \Jialus and melas, Gr.] in Chemistry, the com- mon name of the protochloride of mercury, used in medicine very much as an alterative. CA'LORIC, s. in Chemistry, the name given to the principle of heat. CALORI'FIC, a. [calorificm, Lat.] that has the power of heating. CA'LORIMETER, s. in Chemistry, an instrument for ascer- taining the quantity of caloric disengaged from any substance that may be the object of experiment. CALO'lTE, s. [Fr.] a cap or coif of hair, worn first by Cardi- nal Richelieu. A red calotte is become the badge of a cardinal. In Architecture, a red cavity or depressure in form of a cap or cup, lathed and plastered, used to diminish the rise or ele- vation of a chapel, cabinet, alcove, &c. CALO'YERS, ». [_kalos and geras, Gr.] monks of the Greek church, who live a very retired and austere life, eat no flesh. CAM keep four lents, and never break their fasts till they have earned that meal by their labour. CA'LTROPS, s. [coltrtsppe. Sax.] an instrument with four iron spikes, disposed in such a manner that one of them will always be upright, and three of them in the ground. They are used to annoy, embarrass, and wound the horses' feet of the cavalry. In Botany, a plant so called from its resembling the instrument just described, and being very troublesome to cattle by pricking their feet. CALVADO'S, a department of France, lying on the English Channel, and bounded inland by the departments of Manche, Orne, and Eure. The Vire, the Orne, the Dives, and the Toucques are its chief rivers. The land on the S. border is rather high, but there are no hills worthy of special mention. It is a thoroughly agricultural district, its soil fertile, its pastures good, its products in grain, vegetables, fruits, &c. &c., and in cattle, horses, &c., abundant. It also produces a little coal, and some slate and iron. Its population is about 500,000. Caen, Lisieux, Falaise, &c., are its towns. To CALVE, «. n. to bring forth a calf CALVES-SNOUT, s. in Botany, a plant, called also snapdragon. CA'LVILLE, s. [Fr.] a sort of apple. CA'LVIN, JOHN, the Swiss Reformer, was born in France, of poor parents, but brought up to the church, and in orders, when he turned his attention to law. The study of the Scriptures, especially the Greek Testament, led him to forsake the cnurch, and after many changes, he settled at Geneva, as teacher of theology. He was banished from this place for a short time, and went to Strasburg ; but returned to Geneva, where he died in 1564, aged 55 years. His works are numerous, and expressed his peculiar views in relation to doctrines, and rites, and disci- pline, in which he opposed the Lutherans particularly. His con- sent to the burning of Servetus, shows no more than that he had not in all things renounced the doctrines of Rome, or else that he had fallen into the opposite error, the Erastianism of Protest- antism. CA'LVINISTS, s. in Church History, are those who follow the opinions of John Calvin, either in respect of his doctrines, which are Augustinian, and affirm all that is usually associated with unconditioned personal election, such as the Calvinists of Eng- land ; or in respect of both doctrines and discipline, as is yet the case both at Geneva and in Scotland. Modern Calvinists, or moderate Calvinists, is a name assumed by those whose feelings have interfered with their logic, and led them to the views of Baxter and Fuller. CA'LUMET, s. a symbol of peace among the Indians of North America. It is made of a red stone, like our marble ; the head resembles that of a tobacco-pipe, but larger, and is fixed in a hollow reed, to hold it for smoking. They adorn it with fine wings of various colours, and is the calumet of the sun, to whom they present it, especially if they want fair weather or rain. This pipe is a pass or safe-conduct amongst all the allies of the nation that has it given. In all embassies the ambassador carries it as an emblem of peace, and is always received with a profound regard ; the savages being persuaded that a violation of the calumet would be attended with some dire misfortune. To CALU'MNIATE, v. n. [calumnior, Lat.] to accuse falsely ; to charge without just ground. — v. a. to slander. CALUMNIA'TION, s. a false representation of a person's words and actions, in order to render his character suspected. CALU'MNIATOR, s. [Lat.] one who slanders another to ruin his reputation. CALU'MNIOUS, a. slanderous ; falsely accusing. CA'LUMNY, s. [calmnnia, Lat.] the falsely accusing of a per- son with crimes, or misrepresenting his words and actions, in order to make his character suspicious. CALX, s. [Lat.] lime; an old term made use of to describe a metallic oxide. CA'L YCLE, s. [calycidus, Lat.] in Botany, a small bud of a plant. CA'LYX, s. [Lat.] in Botany, the external protecting leaves and cover of the petals, stamina, and pistils of flowers. CAMAPEU, s. \camachuia, Ital.] See Cameo. CA'MBAY, a city of Guzerat in Hindustan, situated on a gulf of the same name, which is full of rocks, covered at low water. The country abounds in corn, cattle, silk, &c., and cor- nelian and agate stones are found in the rivers. The inhabitants are noted for embroidery. They trade in spices and grain with CAM Bombay, &c. It is 57 miles nearly S. of Amedabad, of which it is the nort. Lat. 22. 23. N. Long. 72. 45. E. CA'MBER, s, a piece of timber cut arching. t!.4MB0'DIA, or Cambo'ya, formerly a kingdom of Asia, lyin^ between Siam and Cochin China. Its principal river, and chief city, bore the same name. It is now shared by its neigh- boui-s. Lat. 13. 10. N. Long. 105. 5. E. CAMBRA'Y, a large city in the department of Nord, France. It has a considerable manufactory of lace, linen, leather, soap, and cambrics, which took their name from this city. It is seated on the Scheldt, which divides it into two, and has a good cathe- dral, being the see of an archbishop. It is 102 miles from Paris. Population about 15,000. CA'MBRIC, s. [toile de Cambray, Fr.] a species of linen, made of flax, very fine and white, at first manufactured at Cambray. "the cambrics now allowed in this country are manufactured m Scotland and Ireland. CA'MBRIDGE, Cambridgeshire. It is the county town and seat of a celebrated university, and is seated on the river Cam, which divides it into two unequal parts. The university contains 13 colleges and 4 halls. Its buildings are elegant, and its libra- ries and cabinets valuable and extensive. The Fitzwilliam Mu- seum, Senate House, Observatory, &c., are connected with it. The town-hall and county-hall are the only buildings of note that do not appertain to the university. The streets are narrow, but well paved, and the houses are old ; the market-place is spacious, and in it is a handsome stone conduit, to which water is conveyed by an aqueduct. It communicates with London and the north by railway. It is 51 miles from London. Markets every day in the week, Sunday and Monday excepted. Pop. CAM'BRIDGE, a town of Massachusetts, United States, the seat of Harvard University, which is the most richly endowed institution in the States. The buildings are extensive and com- modious, but not built with any regard to the impression of the whole. It has a good museum and library, ana other needful appurtenances to such a place ; and it has a medical school at- tached. There is a large glass manufactory in the town. It lies in Massachusetts Bay, and is connected with Boston and Charlestown by bridges. It is 4-37 miles from Washington. Pop. 8409. There are eight places beside which bear this name in the States. CA^MBRIDGESHIRE, a county of England, bounded by the counties of Bedford, Huntingdon, Northampton, Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, and Herts. It is 50 miles in length from N. to S., and 25 broad from E. to W. The air and soil vary ; the S. and E. parts are pleasant and healthy, but the N. or fenny country is low and watery. The Nen and Ouse, the Cam, and the Larke, are its rivers ; and the only hills of any note are the trifling elevations called the Gogmagog Hills. It is an agricul- tural county, and not unproductive. See Level (Bedford). Pop. 164,4.59. It returns seven members to parliament. CA'MDEN, the learned and famous antiquary, author of Britannia, and other works greatly esteemed by the curious in such inquiries. He had the head-mastership of Westminster School ; and was, moreover, Clarencieux king at arms : and he died in 1623, aged 72 years ; and has his tomb in Westminster Abbey. CA'MDEN, CHARLES PRATT, EARL OF, a distinguished statesman of the reign of George HI. He was early called to the bar, and by the personal favour of Pitt, as early introduced into the path of advancement. He was made lord chancellor in the Duke of Grafton's ministry, and afterwards, by Lord Rockingham and Pitt, president of the council. He opposed the American war ; and took a part in reference to the law of libel that ren- dered him highly popular. He died in 1794, aged 80 years. CAME, the preter. of the verb To Come. CA'MEL, s. [gamel, Heb.] a large and very useful animal, an inhabitant of Arabia and the adjacent countries, and of all the N. of Africa, It is particularly valuable on account of the heavy weights it can earn-, and the long journeys it can perform with- out eating or drinking. It is only by means of the camel that the deserts of Arabia and the N. of Africa are at all habitable. The Bactrian camel has two bunches on its back, and the drome- daiy has one. CAME'LEON, s. in Natural History, a little animal of the lizard kind. Its tongue is half as long as itself, and is used by it in 140 CAM catching flies, on which it subsists. It was fabled of this creature that it could change its colour at pleasure. CA'MELFORD, Cornwall. A great quantity of yarn is spun in this place and neighbourhood. It is seated near the river Camel, or Alan. It is 229 miles from London. Market, Friday. Pop. 705. CAMELE'OPARD, s. [camelus and parchis, Lat.] See Giraffe. CA'MELOT, Ca'mblet, Ca'mlet, s. [cameM, Fr.] a stuff made of goats' hair, with wool or silk, or both. The true oriental camblet is made of the hair of a kind of goat, frequent about An- gora in Syria ; but no European camblets are macfe of goats' hair alone. The camblets of Brussels are considered as of the first- rate excellency, and those of England claim the second. CA'MERA LUCIDA, s. [Lat.] in Optics, an instrument con- sisting of a small quadrangular glass prism, havin"; one angle of 135°, fixed so that rays of light may be admitted on one side directly to the object, and that the eye may be able to look down perpendicularly upon another side, through which those rays, by means of that obtuse angle, pass at right angles to their ori- ginal direction. Looking at the object thus with one eye, with the other looking in the same line at a sheet of paper placed on the table to which the instrument is fixed, a drawing may be made in excellent perspective of a building, landscape, &c. &c. CA'MERA OBSCURA, «. [Lat.] in Optics, an instrument whereby, as by the eye, the images of external things are ex- hibited in their true proportions, colours, &c. It is either made by fixing a tube with two convex lenses in a shutter opposite to a white wall, or screen ; or by fixing one convex glass in the end of an oblong box, and in its focus a plane mirror inclined at an angle of 45°, to reflect the image to a plate of ground glass, which is to form the top of the box towards the beholder. CA'MERATED, a. [cameratus, Lat.] arched or vaulted. CAMERA'TION, «. [cameratio, Lat.] a vaulting or arching. CAMERO'NIANS, a sect or party in Scotland, who separated from the Presbyterians in 1666, and continued to hold their re- ligious assemblies in the fields. The Cameronians took their de- nomination from Richard Cameron, a famous field preacher, who, refusing to accept the indulgence to tender consciences granted by King Charles II., as such an acceptance seemed an acknow- ledgment of the king's supremacy, and that he had before a right to silence them, made a defection from his brethren, and even headed a rebellion in which he was killed. This sect exists in Scotland and some of the colonies, under the title of Old Pres- byterian Dissenters. CAMI'LLUS, MARCUS FURIUS, one of the last of the early Roman heroes, whose history is so intermingled with fable, that the facts are difficult of discovery. He was a successful general against many of the surrounding towns, and was banished once on a false charge of embezzlement of spoils. He delivered the city from the Gauls, and died about 400 b. c. CAMISA'DO, s. [camisa, Ital.] a military term, denoting an attack by surprise in the night, in which the assailants wear their shirts outward, as a distinction to know their own men from the enemy. CA'MLET,*. &eCAMELOT. CA'MLINE, s. in Botany, a species of mj'agrum, found in fields amongst flax, and also called gold of pleasure; it flowers in June. CA'MOENS, LOUIS DE, the great poet of Portugal, was well trained for the course that promised distinction in his age, by his mother's care. His ambitious love procured his exile, and through the course of his long life he had but his gift of song to give unity to his varied course, and cheer him uncler his extraordinary vicissitudes. He lost an eye in a sea-fight with the Moors ; he failed again of obtaining favour at court ; he hardly reached In- dia, whither he sailed, for storms ; he gained fame for his bravery in many parts of the East ; he was banished, shipwrecked, again banished, and then returned to Lisbon to starve, and end his days in an hospital, in 1579, aged about 60 years. His " Lu- siad," which is his great epic, celebrates the famous deeds of heroes of Portugal, and ranKS amongst the books that are for the world. CA'MOMILE, s. See Chamomile. CAMP, s. [camp, Fr.] the order of tents pitched by an army when they keep the field; the place where an army rests, or dwells in tents or barracks. K Jlying camp, is a strong body of horse which always keep the field, and are continually in mo- m-TiDHiros Chcrurtan RaJfletd J.omtu.r /Tl^t;.;,-,/-?- 3 1 / £Urfn^ ^ :.z\ >0< (Xauibri(^iV^Hl)i xt D Hon, either to cover any place, or enemy, and cause a diversion. To CAMP, r. a. to fix tents, and remain in a field, applied to an enemy. CAMPA'GNA OF ROME, that district of the Papal States of Italy, which lies between the Tiber, the Arno, the Apennines, the kingdom of Naples, and the Mediterranean Sea. The up- lands are healthy and fertile, but the region nearer the Tiber is in the summer most unwholesome. All kinds of grain are grown, excellent wine is produced, and the pastures feed abundance of sheep and cattle. There is a considerable tract of marshy land, parts of which are used for pasture, but the greater part is quite useless. Its towns are Frosinone, Alatic, Anagni, Tivoli, Velli- tri, &c. &c. The population is about 300,000. CAMPAIGN, {ca7nj>dm) s. [campasne, Fr.] that space of time during which an army keeps the field, without going into winter quarters. CAMPANE'LLA, THOMAS, an Italian philosopher of the 16th century, was a Dominican, and experienced some of the persecution which always has followed the exercise of freedom of thought. After living awhile in Tuscany and at Padua, he re- turned to his native town in Calabria, and there on pretext of conspiracy was tortured and imprisoned for nearly 30 years. A gleam of gourt favour then fell on him, but new troubles having arisen, he was conveyed from Rome to Paris, where he died in 1639, aged 81 years. His voluminous writings treat of philoso- phy, theology, and politics. He was opposed to the philosophy of the schoolmen. His political works caused some stir in Eng- land in the 17th century. CAMPANI'LE, s. [Ital.] in Architecture, the name given to a tower built for the purpose or appearance of hanging bells in. CAMPA'NULA, «. in Botany, the bell-flower, of which there are several kinds. C'A'MPBELL, DR. GEORGE, an eminent Scotch theologian and author. He was Principal of Marischal College, Aberdeen. His reply to Hume's Argument on Miracles, and his work on the Gospels, are of great value. His Ecclesiastical History and Sys- tematic Theology are of less worth ; and his Philosophy of Rhe- surprise, or to fatigue an lute verb, but more frequently joined with another verb, as a sign of the potential mood. Its present is declined thus, lean. toric is qiiite superseded. He died in 1796, aged 85 years. ^^'MPBELL, THOMAS, the poet, who wrote the Pleasures CA': of Hope, and some lyric pieces, which breathe a noble spirit of independence and patriotism. He wrote many other works and poems, was for several years Lord Rector of Glasgow, helped in the formation of London University, and died in 1844, aged 67 years. CA'MPBELL, the family name of the Lords of Argyle, Scot- ind, the most famous of whom was Archibald the eighth earl with this title, who took part in the troubles of the 17th century. He aided the Scots in the part they took against Charles I., an^ against Cromwell and the Independents afterwards. But when Cromwell was undisputed master of England, Argjle took part under his government. At the Restoration he was convicted of high treason for this, and was beheaded in 1661, aged 63 years. CA'MPBELTOWN, Argyleshire, Scotland. It is situated on a bay, towards the southern extremity of the peninsula of Cantyre. It has a considerable trade in coal and spirits, and is the gener- al rendezvous of the fishing vessels that annually visit tne W. coast. The bay is beautiful, capacious, and safe, being 2 miles in length, half a mile in width, and having from 5 to 9 fathom water, with a stiff clay bottom ; it is also sheltered on every side. Lat. 55. 29. N. Long. 5. 42. W. Pop. 9()34. CA'MPDEN, Gloucestershire. It is large, but a poor town, and gives title to a viscount. It is 86 miles from London. Mar- ket, Wednesday. Pop. 2087. CA'MPHOR, (kdmfor) s. [camphora, Lat.] in Pharmacy, a white crystalline substance, of a very strong taste and agreeable smell, obtained from many trees and plants in the East. It is very in- flammable. It is a very powerful stimulant. CA'MPKORATE, Ca'mphorated, {kdmforated) a. that has camphor mixed with it. CAMPHO'RIC, a. belonging to camphor. CA'MPION, s. in Botany, a common plant, of which there are several species. CAN,*, [canne, Sax.] a drinking vessel, or cup, made of wood in the form of a cask or barrel. Figuratively, any drinking vessel not made of earth. CAN, V. n. [Icmmcn, Belg.] It is sometimes used as an abso- tJiou canst, he can, we can, &c.; and its preter., I could, thou couldst, he. To be able ; to have power sufficient to do an action. Though taken as a sign of the. potential mood, yet it differs very much from may ; may denoting right, lawfulness, or a permission to do a thing; but can, the power or strength of the doer or agent, and with the verb active is applied to persons ; as, I can do it ; but with the passive, relates to things ; as, it can be done. CA'NADA, the most easterly of the British possessions in N. America, lying immediately N. of the United States ; bounded on the E. by New Brunswick and the Atlantic Ocean ; and on the N. and W. extending so as to include the countries watered by the Ottawa and its tributaries, and by the streams falling into Lakes Tomiscaming, Huron, and Superior, from the N. and N. W. It was divided into Upper and Lower Canada, but they are united now under one government. It presents every variety of physical feature. A branch of the Alleghanies reaches to the sideof the St. Lawrence opposite Quebec; and the Rocky Moun- tains are touched by its vV. border. Wide expanses of prairie and hunting ground, of marsh and swamp, occupy some parts. Trackless forests cover others. Those parts which are laid out in townships are beginning to present a peaceful and agricul- tural appearance. Amidst the country flows the St. Lawrence, one of the largest and most beautiful rivers in the world, wind- ing its way through some of the most extensive lakes, or inland seas rather, in the W. world; and diversified by frightful rapids, and the magnificent cataract of Niagara. Canada is rich in iron, silver, lead ; tin and copper also of good qualities, and in some abundance, have been found ; with many other minerals, the worth of which is acknowledged in commerce. Fruits and all the most useful grain are produced, and other vegetables. The fisheries are valuable, and the W. districts yield good furs. The capital is Quebec ; the other chief places are Montreal, Three Rivers, Toronto, Kingston, &c. &c. The population is 1,133,891. CANA'ILLE, s. [Fr.] the lowest rank of people; the vulgar. A word used in contempt. CANA'L, s. [canalis, Lat.] an artificial river, formed either for the purpose of conveying the water to places where it is needed, or to supply water-carriage for heavy goods. In Anatomy, a duct or passage through which any of the juices flow. CANA'LS. The first canals in Europe were constructed in Italy, and to a far greater extent in Holland. England had no canal till 1760, when the enterprising Duke of Bridgewater succeeded in an undertaking which was at the time considered an act of consummate indiscretion. The first canal, in the United States was completed in 1804. There are now 120 canals in Great Britain and Ireland, many of them with branches, the total length of which is about 2700 miles. The most remarkable are thefoUowing: The Dukeof Bridgewater'scanal,from Manchester to Runcorn, in length about 40 miles, having 10 locks. The Grand Junction, from the Oxford canal at Braunston to Brent- ford, 90 miles in length, having 98 locks. The Leeds and Liverpool canal, from the Aire and Calder navigation at the former place to Liverpool, nearly 130 miles long, with 56 locks. The Staffordshire and Worcestershire canal, from the Severn to the Grand Trunk canal, nearly 50 miles long, with 44 locks, secur- ing one line of inland navigation completely intersecting the country. The Thames and Severn canal, from Stroud to Lech- dale, with 42 locks ; and the Wiltshire and Berkshire canal, 52 miles long, with 42 locks ; by each of which a line of inland navigation is carried quite through the country. The Grand Trunk canal, from the junction of the Derwent and Trent to the Duke of Bridgewater's canal at Preston Brook, 93 miles in length, having 91 locks. In Scotland ; the Caledonian canal, from Loch Eil to Murray Frith, along a chain of lakes, 60 miles long, with 28 locks ; and the Forth and Clyde canal, 35 miles long, with 39 locks; each of which communicates both with the Irish and the North Seas. In Ireland, the Grand canal, from Dublin to Bal- linasloe, nearly 90 miles long, with 44 locks ; and the Royal canal, from Dublin to the Shannon, nearly as long, with 42 locks ; each opening a communication across the island. In the United States there are about 70 trunk canals, which with their branches extend above 4000 miles. The most remarkable of these are, the Erie canal, which is 364 miles long, reaching from Albany, on the Hudson, to Buffalo, on Lake Erie. The Penn- 141 CAN sylvania canal, with all its branches, is about 500 miles long[ ; it joins the Delaware with the Ohio. The Illinois and Michigan canal is 100 miles in length, and connects the lakes with the Gulf of Mexico, by the Mississippi. The Ohio and Erie canal, from Portsmouth to Cleveland, 307 miles in length, also connects the lakes with the Gulf of Mexico. And the Chesapeake and Ohio,from George Town to Pittsburg, 300 miles, connecting the Ohio with the Atlantic. CANALE'TTO, ANTONIO, a well-known Venetian painter. He has transferred to his canvass most successfully the impres- sion of transparency which so remarkably characterizes the land- scapes of Italy. He died in 1768, aged 70 years. CANALI'CULATED, a. [canalkulatus, Lat.] made like a pipe or gutter; channelled. CANA'RA, a province of Hindustan, lying on the Indian Ocean, immediately N. of Malabar; bounded by Mysore on the E., and on the N. by the Portuguese possessions and Bejapore. It is about 200 miles long, and 50 in breadth. The mountainous region and the coast are alike not verjr productive, but there are good rice grounds in the valleys. The province also produces pepper, turmeric, betel, &c. &c. The only rivers are mere mountain torrents. Both Mohammedans and Hindus occupy it. The population is about 600,000. Mangalore, Batticolla, and Barkalore, are the chief places. CANA'RY, s. a sort of wine brought from the Canaries, called also sack. Also a sort of grass, so called on account of its seeds being found to be the best food for the Canary-bird. Also an old dance. CANA'RY-BIRD, s. a singing bird, formerly peculiar to the Canaries, of the linnet kind, of a yellow, or yellowish green colour, a very loud note, and of great boldness. CANA'RY ISLANDS, a group in the Atlantic Ocean, near the continent of Africa, 7 in number. Grand Canary and Teneriffe are plainly volcanic. The height of the peaks in the former is above 6000 feet. They are subject to the Spaniards, and pro- duce wheat, sugar canes, wine, and excellent fruits. The popula- tion is about 250,000. Lat. from 27. 39. to 29. 26. N. Long, from 13. 20. to 18. 10. VV. To CA'NCEL, V. a. [canceller, Fr.] to cross a writing, and thereby render it of no effect. Figuratively, to destroy a deed by tearing off the seal or name ; to efface or obliterate. CANCELLATION, s. an expunging or annulling the power of an instrument. CA'NCER, s. [Lat.] in Astronomy, a sign of the Zodiac, into which the sun enters on the 21st of June, and represented on globes by the figure of a crab. The tropic of Cancer is a less circle of the sphere, parallel to the equator, and passing through the beginning of the sign Cancer. The inhabitants in the space between the tropics have the sun perpendicular or vertical twice a year, and are situated in the Torrid Zone. In Surgery, a roundish, hard, ragged, immovable swelling, of an ash or bluish colour, encompassed round with branched turgid veins. There is another kind, which has an ulcerated appearance. The only way of removing these dreadful diseases is by a surgical operation. To CA'NCERATE, k. n. to grow cancerous ; to turn to acancer. CA'NCEROUS, a. having the virulence of a cancer. CANDA'HAR, a kingdom of Asia, between Persia and the river Indus. Its capital is Candahar, a rich trading town situated on the river Hermend. The country is part of Affghanistan, which see. Lat. 33. 0. N. Long. 65. 30. E. CA'NDENT, a. [candens, Lat.] hot ; in the highest degree of heat next fusion. CA'NDIA, an island in the Mediterranean, formerly Crete, S. of the Archipelago, about 150 miles in length, and from 15 to 35 in breadth. It produces corn, wine, oil, wool, silk, and excel- lent honey, and is chiefly inhabited by Greeks. Mount Ida, in the mountain range running through the middle of the island, is a huge, barren, sharp-pointed eminence, nearly 8000 feet high. Its capital, Candia, tnough formerly populous, is now in a man- ner deserted, and the harbour is only fit for boats. Lat. 35. 16. N. Long. 25. 4. E. The population of the island is about 250,000. CA'NDID, a. [candidus, Lat.] white. Figuratively, impartial ; mild ; uninfluenced by sinister motives, malice, or prejudice. CATNDIDATE, s. [candidus, Lat. because candidates for offices among the Romans used to appear in white robes,] one who so- licits the votes of others, in order to attain any place or office conferred by a majority ; one who opposes another ; a competitor. 142 CAN CA'NDIDLY, ad. in an impartial manner, without prejudice, malice, or envy; fairly. CA'NDLE, s. [candela, Lat.] a wick of cotton dipped in and coated with wax, spermaceti, or tallow, of a cylindrical form, burnt to supply light at night. Sale by the candle, or inch of candle, is an auction which lasts only while a piece of candle lighted for that purpose continues burning, the last bidder before it is ex- tinct being adjudged the purchaser. CA'NDLEBERR.Y-TREE, s. in Botany, a species of sweet willow. CA'NDLELIGHT, s. the light afforded by a candle. CA'NDLEMAS, s. a festival observed on the .second of Febru- ary, in honour of the purification of the blessed Virgin Mary, by the Churches of Rome and England. It was celebrated by the ancient Christians: who, on that day, used abundance of lights in their churches, and procession, in memory, as is supposed, of our Saviour's being on that day declared to be a light to lighten the Gentiles. In imitation of which, the Roman Catholics, on this day, consecrate ail their tapers and candles which they use in their churches during the whole year. CA'NDLESTICK, s. a household utensil contrived to hold one or more lighted candles. CA'NDOCK, s. a weed that grows in rivers. CA'NDOUIl, s. [candor, Lat.] a temper of mind unsoured by envy, unruffled by malice, and unseduced by prejudice ; sweet without weakness, and impartial without rigour. CA'NDY, a kingdom of Ceylon, containing about a quarter of the island. It is mountainous, and abounds with rivulets, which the inhabitants are dexterous in turning to water their land, which is fruitful in rice, pulse, and hemp. The capital is of the same name, and is meanly built on the side of a hill, and meanly fortified. The palace is the chief building in it. Population about 5000. Lat. 7.23. N. Long. SO. 47. E. To CA'NDY, V. a, to preserve by boiling; in sugar ; to melt and crystallize sugar several times, to render it hard and transparent. Figuratively, to freeze, to be covered with a hard substance, or flakes ; to flatter, or make use of soothing and insinuating ex- pressions. — V. n. to grow hard ; to grow thick, or be covered with flakes. CA'NDY, s. a preparation of sugar, made by melting and crys- tallizing it six or seven times over to make it hard and trans- parent. CANE, s. [canna, Lat.] in Botany, a kind of reed growing in several joints, and of different dimensions. The bamboo, which grows in the Indies, especially at Bengal, to a prodigious size, is wrought into bowls, or other household utensils, by the inhabit- ants ; the smaller sort is made into fishing rods. The walking cane is that which grows in the East Indies ; those which are without joints are by far the best, and more elastic. Hence the word signifies, figuratively, a walking-staff. To CANE, V. a. to beat a person with a cane, or a walking- staff. CANES VENATICI, in Astronomy, the Grey-hounds, two constellations in the northern hemisphere. CANI'CULA, s. [Lat.] in Astronomy, the name of one of the stars in the constellation of Canis Major, called the Dog-star, or Sirius ; from whose heliacal rising the ancients reckoned their dog-days, and the Egyptians and Ethiopians began their year. CANPCULAR, a. [canicularis, Lat.] of or belonging to the dog- days. The canicular days are a certain number of days preced- ing or ensuing the heliacal rising of the Canictila, or Dog-star. CA'NINE, a. [caninus, Lat.] having the properties of, or re- sembling, a dog. Canine hunger, in Medicine, is an appetite which cannot be satisfied. CA'NINE-TEETH, s. [denies canini, Lat.] in Anatomy, two sharp-pointed teeth in each jaw, between the incisors and mo- lares, so called from their resembling the correspondent teeth in a dog. CA'NIS MAJOR, s. [Lat. the great Dog,] in Astronomy, a constellation in the southern hemisphere, of which Sirius is the principal star. CA^IS MINOR, s. [Lat. the lesser Dog,] a constellation in the southern hemisphere, of which Procyon is the principal star. CA'NISTER, s. [canistrum, Lat.] in its primary sense, which is now obsolete, a basket. In its secondary, a small box or receptacle made of tin, or other metal, or porcelain, to hold tea, sugar, &c. CAN CA^NKER, s. [cancer, Lat.] in Natural History, a small worm which preys upon fruit, joined with the word worm. A disease incident to trees, which makes the bark rot and fall off. In Ve- terinarj' Surgery, a fungous disease in the horse's foot. Also an ulcer o"f a particular kind in a dog's ear. Figuratively, that which gradually and inevitably destroys. Applied to brass, a kind of rust or verdigrease, which covers its surface with a green colour. To CA'NKER, v. n. to rust, or grow green, applied to brass or other metals ; to be corroded, or grow foul or corrupt.— 1>. a. to corrode; to pollute; to eat or gnaw; to infect: including the idea of acrimony. CA'NNABINt, a. Icannabmus, Lat.] hempen. CA'NNEL-COAL, s. a substance which is often confounded with jet. It is dug up in manyparts of England in great abund- ance, particularly in Lancashire, where it is burnt as common fuel. It is worked into toys and utensils of various kinds under the name of jet. CA'NNES, a town on the sea-coast of the department of Var, France. It is principally a fishing town, its bay being a shelter for boats, but not admitting vessels of any size to come in. Round the town, the vine, lemon, olive, and other fruits grow plentifully. It stands on a hill and is slenderly fortified. It is 440 miles from Paris. Population about 4000. CA'NNIBAL, s. one who lives upon human flesh. CA'NNIBALLY, ad. after the manner or practice of can- nibals. CA'NNING, GEORGE, a statesman of the last generation, who reached the highest point of political ambition just before his death. Educated at Eton and Oxford, he had devoted him- self to the law, but was persuaded to turn his attention to poli- tics. At this time he renounced his youthful popular views and followed Pitt. He was 34 years in parliament, and for 30 years, with few intervals, was connected with the government. Ca- tholic emancipation and slave-trade abolition were the two mea- sures, especially the first, which owed much to his eloquence for their success. He opposed other similar measures, which were successful soon after his death. He died in 1827, aged 57 years. CA'NNON, s. [canon, Fr.] a gun, to throw balls of many pounds' weight. Cannons were first used in England in the 14th cen- tury. They are now cast solid in iron, or bronze, and afterwards bored in a lathe by drills. CA'NNON-BALL, Ca'nnon-bullet, Ca'vngn-shot, s. the ball or bullet with which a cannon is charged. To CANNONA'DE, v. a. to attack with or fire cannon against. — V. n. to batter or attack with great guns. CANNONIE'R, {cannoneer) s. the person who discharges or fires a cannon. CA'NNONSBURG, a town of Pennsylvania, United States, supported chiefly by Jefferson College, located here. This in- stitution has a good library, and medical and theological schools connected with it. It is 243 miles from Washington. Pop. 687. CA'NNOT, not able, not having power enough for the perform- ance of a thing. Joined with but, it implies necessity, and signifies must. " I cannot but believe," Locke. CANO'E, {ean6o) s. a vessel or boat, made of the hollowed trunk of a tree, pieces of bark sewed together, or of the small sticks of a pliant wood covered with seal Ains, used by rude nations to this day. CA'NON, s. [kanon, Gr.] in Ecclesiastical History, a law or rule relating either to the doctrine or discipline of a church, en- acted by a general council, and confirmed by the principal ma- gistrate. A person who possesses a prebend or revenue, allotted for the performance of Divine service in a cathedral or collegiate church. Applied to Scripture, such books as are received as really inspired. A law, or rule, or collection of formulae, in any science. In Surgery, an instrument used in sewing up wounds. In Geometry and Algebra, a general rule for the solution of all questions of the same nature. In Music, a composition in two or more parts, so constructed that each voice sings the same part, but at different intervals from each other, and not all be- ginning at the same time. Catwn Law, is the body of rules, pre- scriptions, &c., compiled during ages, by which the Church of Rome is regulated. CA'NONESS, s. in the Romish Church, a woman who enjoys a prebend, and lives after the manner of secular canons, without being obliged to renounce the world, or make any vuws. CAN CANO'NICAL, a. [canonicus, Lat.] applied to ceremonies and discipline, those which are established by the laws of the church. Applied to books, those which are generally allowed to be Divinely inspired. Applied to time, or hours, those which are prescribed or limited by the church, for the performance of, or celebrating of, any ceremony or act of religion. CANO'NICALLY, ad. in a manner agreeably to the prescrip- tions and laws of the church. CA'NONIST, s. one who makes the canons his peculiar study; a professor of the canon law. CANONIZATION, s. in the Roman Church, a declaration of the pope's, whereby, after some solemnity, a person who has been eminent for an exemplary life, and a supposed power of working miracles, is entered in the list of the saints. To CA'NONIZE, v. a. to enter a person's name in the list of saints ; to make a saint. CA'NONRY, Ca'nonship, s. an ecclesiastical benefice in some cathedral or collegiate church, which has a prebend, or stated allowance out of the revenues of such church, commonly annexed to it. CA'NOPIED, a. covered above with a canopy ; spread above, or over the head. CA'NOPY, s. [canopeum, Lat.] any thing which is extended over the head. To CA'NOPY, V. a. to form a canopy over a person's head ; to cover with a canopy. CANO'ROUS, a. [canorus, Lat.] given to singing; musical; tuneful. CANO'VA, ANTONIO, a very celebrated modern sculntor of Italy. He studied at Venice, and afterwards settled at Rome, where, in addition to monuments to some of the popes, he pro- duced those groups and figures, plates and models of which are familiar to all, the Graces, Venus, Cupid and Psyche, &c. &c. He was as fine a character in other respects as he was in art. He died in 1822, aged 65 years. CANT, s. [cantiis, Lat.] applied to language, a dialect made use of by beggars and vagabonds, to conceal their meaning from others; a winning tone of voice; a particular form of speaking peculiar to any body of men ; a whining, formal pretension to goodness, generally attended with hypocrisy; pretence in general. To CANT, V. n. to make use of the dialect, absurd jargon, or private gibberish, of vagabonds and thieves; to speak or read in a whining tone ; to endeavour to impose upon a person by a formal pretence of uncommon piety; to flatter. CAN TA'L, an inland department of France, surrounded by Puy-de-d6me, Corrize, Lot, Aveyron, Lozere, and Haute Loire. It is very mountainous, comprising the southern part of that singular district of recent, but extinct volcanoes, which is usually called by the old name Auvergne. The height of the mountain which gives name to the department is nearly 7000 feet. It has excellent pastures, and fattens great herds of cattle, iS:c. for purposes of commerce. Coarse grain and fruits are also pro- duced. In some parts are manufactories of lace and linen. The population is about 300,000. Aurillac and St. Flour are its chief places. CANTATA, s. [Ital.] in Music, a song composed of recita- tive airs, and a variety of motions, generally for a single voice, with a thorough bass ; sometimes for two, three, or m.ore voices, with different instruments. CANTA'TION, s. [cantatio, Lat.] the act of singing, CA'NTER, s. one who endeavours to pass himself upon the world as a religious person, by a fair outside, and formal appear- ance of religion, without obeying it in his heart. CA'NTERBURY, Kent. This ancient city is the see of the archbishop, primate of all England. The cathedral is a large superb structure, and was once very fixmous for the shrine of Thomas Becket. There are the ruins of a castle near. It was once famous for silk manufactures, but the progress of ma- chinery in the N. has destroyed them. It is also noted for its fine brawn, and the adjacent country produces abundance of hops. It is situated on the river Stour, 56 miles from London. Markets, Wednesday and Saturday. Pop. 15,435. CA'NTERBURY-BELLS, s. in Botany, a species of bell-flower, frequent in gardens. CANTHA'RIDES, s. fplural oicantharis, Lat.] in Natural His- tory and Pharmacy, called Spanish flies, but properly a beetle of CAN a brilliant green colour, which in Spain, France, and Russia, is found on ash trees. The grubs live in the ground. The beetles that feed on the rose petals, though of a different form, being of a similar hue, are often put amongst cantharides in adulteration. It is needless to mention their service in blisters, or the danger of too free a use of them, since experience has confirmed the former, and given us too many dreadful examples of the latter. CA'NTHlfS, s. [Lat.] the corner of the eye, formed by the meeting of the eyelids. CA'NTICLE, s. Icanto, Lat.] a song; applied to some hymn in Scripture, and used in the plural to signify Solomon's Song. CANTI'LIVERS, s. in building, pieces of wood framed into the front or sides of a house, to sustain the mouldings or eaves over it. CA'NTING, s. a sea-phrase, which denotes the act of turning any thing about, or over. Canting-arms, in Heraldry, are those which express their owner's surname. CA'NTLE, s. [kaiit, Belg.] a piece with comers. CA'NTLET, s. a piece ; a fragment. CA'NTO, s. [Ital.] a division, section, or book of a poem. In Music, a song, or the treble part of it. CA'NTON, or Quang Tcheou Fou, a lar^e, populous, and wealthy city of China, seated on one of the finest rivers in the empire. It is the capital of the province of Quantong, and the centre of the European trade in that country. It consists of three parts, divided by high walls. Temples, magnificent palaces, and courts are numerous. The streets are long and straight, paved with flag-stones, and adorned with lofty arches. The nouses are remarkably neat, but consist of only one story, and they have no windows to the streets. The covered market- places are full of shops. They have manufactures of their own, especially of silk stuffs. A large portion of the inhabitants re- side in boats on the river. Canton is one of the 5 ports opened to English trade, by the treaty of Nankin. The population is not 1,000,000. Lat. 23. 7. N. Long. 113. 14. E. CA'NTON, s. [canton, Y X.I a small part of a city detached from the rest ; a parcel or division of land; a district or part of a country governed by its own chief or magistrates ; a small com- munity or clan. In Heraldry, a square portion of an escutcheon separated from the rest, when on the left side, called sinister ; and like the space between the cross or saltier. To CA'NTON, V. a. to divide into small parts, parcels, or dis- tricts, used with the particle into, and sometimes both with out and into. To CA'NTONIZE, v. n. to parcel out ; to allot in small divi- sions, used with among. CA'NTRED, Ca'ntref, s. a British word, which signifies a hundred villages. CA'NTYRE, a peninsula of Argyleshire, 50 miles long from N. to S., and from 5 to 8 broad. CA'NVASS, s. [canevas, Fr.] very clear unbleached cloth of hemp or flax, wove in little squares, used for working tapestry by the needle ; for blinds of windows, towels, and to cover stays, &c. ; likewise a coarse cloth of hemp, of which sails are made. Canvass, also, is the cloth on which painters usually draw their pictures. To CA'NVASS, V. a. [canvasser, Fr.] to search a truth to its first principles ; to inquire into ; to examine ; to debate, or dis- pute ; to controvert. — v. n. to solicit ; to ask people for their votes or interest at an election. CA'NUTE, or K'nute, the son of Sweyne of Denmark, one of the Northmen Vikingr, who had shared the kingdom of England with Edmund Ironside, and became, on Edmund's death, or murder, sovereign of the whole. He was a monarch of consider- able skill and power, and shows by much of his conduct that he had felt the humanizing influence of Christianity, as it was taught at the time. He had not been very scrupulous as to the means by which he gained the supreme power. He discharged the duties of royalty with wisdom and firmness ; and by a pil- grimage to Rome endeavoured to show his compunction and remorse. The tales of his silencing the flattery of his courtiers, and of his renouncing the use of his crown, are well known. He patronized the bards and learned men of his day, and built the abbeys at Bury St. Edmund's, and at Hulme in Norfolk, which last is the only abbacy now in England, and is held by the Bishop of Norwich. He died in 1035, having reigned for 18 years alone, and in peace. 144 CAP CA'NY, a. abounding in canes ; consisting of canes. CA'NZONET, s. [canzonetta, Ital.] a little song. CAOU'TCHOUC, s. in Natural History, an elastic gum ob- tained from several trees both in Asia and America, by making an incision and letting the juice flow out and harden. When pure it is transparent and colourless, but it is dried in smoke, which gives it its usual black colour. Its elasticity and imper- meability by water, together with the discovery of means of dis- solving It without destroying its adhesive powers, have intro- duced the use of it very extensively into our manufactures, both for elastic bands and webbing, and for waterproof and air- tight cloth. CAP, s. [cap, Brit.] a part of dress made to cover the head ; the ensign of a cardinalate. When the Romans gave a slave the cap, it entitled him to liberty. Students at law, physic, &c., as well as graduates in most universities, wear caps of a particular shape. Doctors are distinguished by peculiar caps, given them in assuming the doctorate. In Italy, tne cap is used as a mark of infamy. At Lucca, the Jews are distinguished by a yellow cap, or an orange colour. It also signifies a square piece of timber, put over the head of a mast, to keep it steady. In Gun- nery, a piece of lead laid over the touch-hole to preserve the prime. Percussion-cap, a little cap of copper with a small portion of explosive preparation inside, used now to fire guns with, the lock being made with a perforated nipple to put the cap on, and a hammer to explode it. Cap of maintenance, one of the regalia carried before the king at a coronation. In Botany, the mem- branaceous empalement of funguses surrounding the pillar. To CAP, V. a. to cover the top of a thing ; to pull off a cap in play. CA] ;AP-A-PIE', Cap-a-pe', [cap-d-pie, Fr.] from head to foot, all over, used with the verb arm. CA'P-PAPER, s. a sort of coarse, thick, brownish paper. CAPABFLITY, s. the quality of being able to undertake or perform a thing. CA'PABLE, a. [capable, Fr.] endued with power or under- standing equal to an undertaking; susceptible; fitted for, or adapted to. CAPA'CIOUS, a. [capax, Lat.] applied to bodies of large di- mensions, or of a large cavity, able to contain much. Applied to the mind, extensive, or containing a great stock of knowledge. CAPA'CIOUSNESS, s. the quality of containing or receiving a great number of things or large bodies. To CAPA'CITATE, ej. a. to render a person fit by instruction, discipline, study, or exercise ; to quality a person for an under- taking. CAPA'CITY, s. [capacite, Fr.] the dimensions of other bodies. Applied to the mind, understanding ; a power of receiving in- struction ; a state, condition, or character. CAPA'RISON, s. [caparazon. Span.] the clothing or covering spread over any horse of state, or sumpter-horse. To CAPA'RISON, v. a. to dress a horse in its housings for show and ostentation. Figuratively, to adorn a person with pompous and splendid dress. CAPE, s. [cape, Fr.] in Geography, a piece of land running or projecting into the sea ; a head-land, or promontory ; the neck piece of a coat. CAPE BRETON, an island of British N. America, between Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, being divided from the former by St. George's Bay and the Strait of Canseau, and from the lat- ter by the S. entrance to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is about 100 miles in length, and in breadth about 75 ; and the E. side is deeply indented by a vast inlet, named Bras d' Or, which, en- tering by two narrow passages, and afterwards spreading into numerous bays and arms, nearly divides the island in two. The N. coasts present an almost unbroken face of perpendicular rock to the sea. It is romantic and mountainous in its aspect, but woods, with the exception of small patches cleared for cultiva- tion, and spots where rocks occupy the surface, cover the whole island. Coal, iron, copper, and otner ores have been found, with various excellent building stones. Timber, grain, and cattle, with tiie products of its fisheries, are its exports. Its population is about 30,000. Its capital is Sydney. CAPE CA'PRICORN, in New South Wales ; it is exactly un- der the line which bounds the Tropic of Capricorn. CAPE COAST CASTLE, a fortress belonginj- to the English, on the coast of Guinea, in Africa. Lat. 5. 18. N. Long. 22. W. I CAP CAPE DESEA'DO, a head-land of Terra del Fuego, in the most southern part of America. Lat. 55. 48. S. Long. 74. 18. W. CAPE DOU'GLAS, a very loftj^ promontory in the N. W. part of America, on the North Pacihc Ocean, discovered by Capt. Cook. Lat. 48. 15. N. Long. 153. 50. W. CAPE FLATTERY, a cape on the N. W. coast of America. Lat. 48. 15. N. Long. 124. 22. W. CAPE FINISTE'RRE, a head-land of Galicia.inSpain. Lat. 42. 56. N. Long. 9. 13. W. CAPE FRA'NCOIS, a cape of the island of St. Domingo, in the West Indies. Lat. 19. 46. N. Long. 72. 16. W. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, one of the most southerly points of the African continent, projecting at the head of a small penin- sula into the Atlantic Ocean. Lat. 34. 22. S. Long. 18. 23. E. Cape Colony is one of the most important British settlements, and is bounded by the Great Key river on the E. ; on the N. it reaches nearly to the parallel of 30°, whence, to the S. Ocean, the boundary passes with an irregular curve. The country is not generally mountainous, but consists of ranges of table land at different elevations, not unlike the steppes of Russia. There are mountains near Algoa Bay: Table Mountain is well known. Another mountain range lies between Algoa Bay and Cape Town. The upland steppes are very barren, furnishing at best a poor pasture ground for cattle and sheep. More southerly, the soil is good, and grows corn and fruits, while the mountain sides yield excellent wines. In the remoter parts, lions, leopards, rhi- noceroses, hyenas, &c., are occasionally seen ; and quaggas and giraffes ; there are also various species of antelopes. Ostriches, eagles, and condors, also occur. The Great Fisti river, Sunday river, and Oliphant's river, are the principal streams. The cli- mate is healthy, though by no means cold. The population is about 200,000 ; of whom a large proportion are coloured, and most living in the interior are of Dutch extraction. Cape Toion is the capital, and stands on Table Bay, about 30 miles from the Cape. It is well built, and strongly fortified. Here are com- modious churches belonging to various communions, the govern- ment buildings, and an observatory. Table Bay is a good har- bour, but not always calm, being open to the W. and the Atlantic. Table Mountain, which overlooks the town, is 3500 feet in height, and commands a noble and beautiful prospect. Pop. about 20,000. Lat. 34. 0. S. Long. 18. 25. E. Graaf Ileynet, Graham's Town, Uitenhage,&c.&c.,are its other towns. CAPE HORN, the southern extremity of Terra del Fuego. Lat. 55. 58. S. Long. 67. 46. W. CAPE NORTH, the most northern promontory in Europe, in the island of Maggero, on the coast of Norway. Lat. 71. 11. N. Long. 25. E. CAPE PA'LMAS, a promontory on the Guinea coast, Africa. Lat. 4. 10. N. Long. 9. 10. W. CAPE DE VERD, a cape on the western coast of Africa. Lat. 14. 45. N. Long. 17. 28. W. CAPE DE VERD ISLANDS, so called from their being situ- ated to the westward of the above cape, about 80 miles. They lie between 23 and 26 degrees of W. Long., and between 15 and 18 degrees of N. Lat. Many of these islands are little more than barren rocks. They were discovered by Antonio Noel, a Ge- noese, in the service of Portugal, in 1460. The natives are of a middle stature, ugly, and almost perfectly black ; their hair is woolly and frizzled, and their lips thick. A company of mer- chants, belonging to Lisbon, have the exclusive right of trading to these islands ; and they keep an agent here for that purpose, who perfectly tyrannizes over the inhabitants, and sells the wretched commodities carried from Portugal at exorbitant prices. CAPE'LLA, a very bright star in the constellation Auriga, in the N. hemisphere. CA'PER, s. [caper, Lat. a goat,] in Dancing, a spring or leap in which the feet are moved across each other several times be- fore a person reaches the ground again. CA'PER, «. \_capparis, Lat.] the flower-bud of the caper-bush, a well-known pickle brought from the neighbourhood of Toulon in France. To CA'PER, V. n. to cross the feet several times in the air in a leap, applied to dancing; to skip for joy; to dance with great activity. CA'PERCAILZIE, s. in Natural History, a kind of grouse, called also the coek of the woods, once very abundant in the N. of Britain, but now extinct. It is still found on the continent, especially in the N. parts. CA'PERER, s. one who cuts capers in dancing. CAPE'RNAUM, a city of Galilee in the time of our Lord, overlooking the Lake of Gennesaret. It is now a place of little note, and is called Tel-Houni. CA'PET, the name of a dynasty of kings of France, which has held the throne, with thebrief interruption of the republic and the empire, from about the year 1000. Hugh Capet, the founder, died in 996. CA'PIAS, s. [Lat.] in Law, a writ of two sorts, one before judgment, called capias ad respondendum; the other is a writ or execution after judgment. CAPILLA'CEOlTS, a. See Capillary. CAPFLLAMENT, s. [cainUus, Lat.] in Botany, the small threads or hairs which grow in the middle of a flower, adorned with little knobs at the top ; the strings or threads about the roots of plants. CAPI'LLARY, a. resembling hairs. In Botany, applied to such plants as have no main stem, their leaves arising from the roots, and producing their seeds in little tufts or protuberances on the back of their leaves ; as the fern maiden-hair, of which the syrup of capillaire is made. In Anatomy, applied to the minute arteries, which in the brain are not equal to one hair, and the smallest lymphatic vessels, which are a hundred times smaller than the smallest arteries. In Physic, capillary tubes are those whose diameter is one half, one third, or one fourth of a line, or the least that can be made. CAPILLA'TION, s. a dividing into branches as small as hairs ; a small ramification. CA'PITAL, a. [capitalis, Lat.] in its primary sense, that be- longs or relates to the head. Applied to crimes, that affects a person's life; criminal in the highest degree; chief or principal. Capital stock, the fund of a trading company. CA'PITAL, s. in Political Economy, that accumulation of the profits of labour, or trade, &c., our own, or inherited by us, or borrowed, which is devoted in trade to the production of'^further profit. It is this which makes the diflierence between a dealer and a trader or inerchant, as is particularly seen in transactions with uncivilized nations. In Geography, the chief city of a kingdom, or residence of its monarcn. Applied to letters, large; such as are written at the beginnings or heads of books. In Architecture, the topmost member of a column. CA'PITALLY, ad. in such a manner as affects a person's life. Capitally convicted, is applied to a person who is cast for his life, or condemned to die. Applied to productions of art, in a perfect, high finished, or excellent manner. CAPITA'TION, s. [caput, Lat.] a numbering by the heads ; a certain sura of money imposed at so much per head in exigences of .state. CA'PITOL, one of the seven hills on which Rome stood; per- haps the first rude fortress of the villages over whom Romulus is said to have been first king. In the days of the glory of the eternal city, it was covered with temples, (that of Jupiter Capi- tolinus being the most magnificent,) and public buildings. In earlier days it was the citadel, whither, on the sack of the city by the Gauls, the survivors retired and maintained their ground till succour arrived. At one end the hill was very precipitous, and down it state criminals were cast headlong. This was called the Tarpeian rock, in memory of a legend of treason in early days. CAPI'TULAR, s. [capitulum, Lat.] a book divided into chap- ters ; also a collection of civil and canonical laws. To CAPl'TULATE, v. n. \ca2ntulum, Lat.] to draw articles ; to set down the heads of a remonstrance ; to make head. Mostly used by moderns for surrendering a place upon certain con- ditions. CAPITULA'TION, s. the surrender of a place upon certain conditions. CA'PON, s. [capo, Lat.] a castrated cock. CAPONNIE'RE, s. a work sunk on the glacis of a place about four or five feet deep, to afford a passage from one work to another; the earth dug out serves for a parapet, and is made with loop-holes and embrasures, covered with strong planks, on which are clays, or hurdles, that support the earth which covers all. It holds 15 or 20 men, who fire through these embrasures. CAPOT, s. [Fr.] at piquet, when one party wins all the tricks. u 145 CAP To CAPOT, V. a. to win all the tricks at the game of piquet. CAPO'UCH, s. [eapuce, Fr.] a monk's hood. CAPPADO'CIA, a country of ancient Asia Minor, lying on the Euphrates, and bordered by Pontus, Galatia, Phrygia, and Cilicia. It was intersected by various mountain chains, the Taurus, Anti-Taurus, Paryadres, and Scydisses ; and was watered bjf the Halys, and some tributaries of the Euphrates. Comana, Tyana, Caesarea, and Melitene, were its principal places. CAPRE'OLATE, a. [capreolus, Lat.] in Botany, applied to those plants which turn, wind, and creep along the ground, by means of their tendrils, as gourds, melons, cucumbers, &c. CA'PRI, a small rocky island of the Mediterranean, close to the coast of Italy, on the S. side of the Bay of Naples. Two towns stand on the summits of the two precipitous rocks which are nearly the whole island, Capri the lowermost, and the capital, and Anacapri the loftiest. Besides these, huts and small villages are scattered amongst the vineyards, which are famous for the wine they yield. 1 he population is under 4000. CAPRPCE, {capreess) {caprice, Fr.] Capri'chio, s. [Span.] sudden change of sentiment, not founded on reason; awhimsy, freak, or fantastic humour. CAPRFCIOUS, a. [capricieux, Fr.] applied to a variable and inconstant behaviour, founded on mere whim and fancy ; applied also to a sudden and frequent change of opinion or sentiment, inconsistent with reason. CAPRI'CIOUSLY, ad. in a whimsical, humoursome, fanciful manner. CAPRI'CIOUSNESS, «. the quality of changing or command- ing, according to the starts of fancy, without any regard to reason or propriety. CA'PRiCORN, s. [capricornus, Lat.] in Astronomy, the tenth sign of the zodiac, represented on ancient medals in the form of a goat with the hinder parts of a fish. The sun enters this sign at the winter solstice, or 21st of December. Tropic of Capricorn, that circle on the globe, parallel to the equator, beyond which the sun never passes southerly. See Cancer, Tropics, Torrid Zone. CAPRIFICA'TION, s. in Horticulture, the fertilizing of some particular plants, by the artificial application of pollen to the female flowers ; the forcing the ripening of figs by puncturing them. CAPRIO'LES, s. [Fr.] are leaps that a horse makes in the same place, without advancing. CA'PSICUM, s. in Botany, a plant allied to the potato, whose seed vessel when ripe is of a brilliant scarlet, ana is extremely hot to the palate. It is used as a pickle. CA'PSTAN, s. corruptly spelt capstern ; {cabestan, Fr.] a large cylinder, placed perpendicularly on the deck of a ship, and turned by levers or bars, which cross it, serving, by means of a cable which winds round it, to draw up heavy burthens. It is likewise used to tow a ship, and to weigh the anchors. CA'PSULAR, a. [capsula, Lat.] hollow, like a chest or pouch. CA'PSULATE, a. [capsula, Lat.] enclosed as in a box. Cap- sulated plants, in Botany, are such as produce their seeds in short dry pods or husks. CA'PSULE, s. [capsula, Lat.] in Botany, a dry hollow seed- vessel that opens naturally in some determinate manner ; as at the side by a small hole, in orchis and campanula; horizontally, in pimpernel ; longways, in convolvulus ; at the bottom, in arrow- grass ; or at the top, as in most plants. Generally, a small vesicle containing a fluid ; or a covering so closely fitting to a bottle oHar as to exclude the air entirely. CA'PTAIN, s. [captaine, Fr.] a militarj- officer, whereof there are various kinds ; as a captain of a troop or company, one who commands a troop of horse, and the other a company of foot, under a colonel. Captain-General is he who commands an army in chief. Captain-Lieutenant is one who commands a troop or company, in the room of another whose absence is dispensed with. Captain of a ship of war is the commanding officer. Cap- tain of a merchant ship, more properly the master, is he who has the direction of the ship, crew, and cargo. CA'PTAINRY, Ca'pfainship, s. the power over a certain dis- trict ; the chieftainship ; the rank or post of a captain. CA'PTlON.i^kdpshon) s. [capio, Lat.] in Law, the act of taking a person by a judicial process. CA'PTIOUS, {kdpshious) a. [captiosus, Lat.] given to cavils, or forming objections ; insnaring ; insidious. 146 CAR CA'PTIOUSLY, (kdpsJiiousltj) ad. in such a manner as shows a great inclination to raise objections ; in a sly, insidious manner. CA'PTIOUSNESS, (kdpshious7iess) s. the quality of forming cavils, or unnecessary objections; peevishness. To CA'PTIVATE, r. a. [captivo, Lat.] to take prisoner. Figur- atively, to charm or subdue bj' the power of superior excellence. To enslave ; with to. CAPTIVA'TION, s. the act of taking a person prisoner ; the state of a person taken prisoner. CA'PTIVE, s. [captivus, Lat.] one taken prisoner in war. Figuratively, one charmed or subdued by the beauty or excellence of another. CA'PTIVE, a. [cajifivus, Lat.] taken prisoner in war ; in con- finement ; imprisoned. Figurativelj', subdued, or kept under great restraints. To CA'PTIVE, V. a. to take or make a person prisoner. CAPTI'VITY, s. [captiviU, Fr.] a state of servitude, owing to a person's being taken prisoner in war. CA'PTOR, s. [cajno, Lat.] the person who takes a prisoner or prize. CA'PTURE, s. [captura, Lat.] the taking of any prey; the thing taken. In Law, the seizing a person for debt, or the apprehending a criminal. CA'PUA, a city of Lavora, in the kingdom of Naples, on the Volturno. Here anciently was a noble and very large city, a rival of Rome in the earlier days of its history, which fell before it in the Punic wars, having sided with Hannibal. Relics both of Roman and Etruscan art abound here. It is about 15 miles from Naples. Its population is about 10,000. CAPUCHI'NS, (capucheens) [eapuce or eapuchon, a stuff cap or cowl wherewith they cover their heads, Fr.] monks of the order of St. Francis, founded by Matthew Baschi. See Fiianciscans. CA'PUT MORTUUM, s. [Lat.] a term signifying dead-heads, being that which remains in a retort after distillation or dryness. The modern term is Residuum. CAPYBA'RA, s. a kind of cavy which resides much in the water, and is eaten by the Indians in South America. CAR, s. [car, Brit.] a small carriage with one or two horses. Figuratively, used by the poets for a chariot, or genteel vehicle, in which a person is drawn. CA'RABlNE, Ca'rbine, s. [carabine, Fr.] a small kind of fusee, or fire-arm, about two feet long in the barrel. CARABINI'ER, (carabineer) s. a sort of light horse, carrying longer carabines than the rest, used sometimes on foot. CARACA'LLA, M.A.ANTONINUS BASSIANUS, one of the later emperors of Rome, son of Septimius Severus, and successor to him. He began his reign by murdering his brother who was associated with nini in the empire. His career was one of cruelty and folly. At length he was assassinated, in 217, having reigned somewhat more than 6 years. CARA'CCAS, or St. Juan de Leon, a town of Colombia, S. .America, near the Caribbean Sea. It stands on a small stream at the foot of the mountains. It is regularly built, and has some good public buildings. It is about 20 miles from La Guayra, which serves as its port, by which it has the means of carrying on a considerable trade. Its population is about 40,000. It is nearly 700 miles from Santa Fe de Bogota. CARA'CCI, the name of three celebrated Italian painters of the IGth century ; Ludovico, and his cousins Agostino and Annibale. Ludovico imitated the antique, and studied Corregio : he taught his cousins. Agostino was also an engraver. Annibale painted the Farnese Palace at Rome, and was the greatest painter of the three. They founded that school of artists, known as the Bo- lognese School, which retains its character still for the purity of taste and style which characterized it, and the names which adorn it. Ludovico died in 1619, aged 64 years ; Agostino in 1602, aged 45 years ; and Annibale in 1609, aged 49 years. CA'RACK, s. [caraca. Span.] a large ship of burthen ; a galleon. CARA'CTACUS, the Latinized form of the name of an ancient British chieftain, who for some time withstood the encroach- ments of the Romans in the reign of Claudius, and being at last defeated by Ostorius Scapula, in 51 a. d., and sent prisoner to Rome, was released by the emperor, because of the magnanimity he displayed. CARA'NNA, s. a hard, brittle resin, though some call it a gum. It is brought principally from New Spain, is of a dark" colour, and CAR bitterish taste. A fine odoriferous oil is distilled from it, esteem- ed a very powerful external remedy in cases of pain, tumours, and wounds. CA'RAT, s. [carai, Fr.] a term used to express the fineness of gold : thus, every mass of alloyed gold is supposed to be di- vided into 24 equal parts ; then, if, as in gold coin, 2 parts are alloy, it is 22 carats fine ; if, as in rings, &c., 6 parts are alloy, it is 18 carats fine : this last is the new standard. Carat is weight used by jewellers, equal to 3.1 grains. CARAVA'GGIO, the name by which two distinguished paint- ers of the Lombard or Bolognese School are known. Polidoro Caldari was a pupil of Raftiiele, and effected his greatest works in conjunction with Maturino ; he died in 1543, aged 48 years. Michael Angela Amerigi, was a bold and successful imitator of rude and low models. He was an outre colourist, but produced great effect, and he never idealized a subject. He died in 1609, aged 40 years. CARAVA'N, s. [caravanne, Fr.] a body or comjpany of mer- chants or traders travelling together in great numbers, through deserts, or other dangerous places, in the East, for their mutual safety and defence. Their beasts are horses, but most commonly camels, and they are escorted by a chief or aga, with a body of janizaries. CARAVA'NSARIES, «. a sort of public inns built on great roads in the East, for the accommodation of caravans ; there being no inns for passengers, as in Europe. Some of these are very magnificent ; and there are people who attend, to accom- modate travellers ; there is, however, no furniture, and in some places no other provisions but what the caravans bring with them. There are many of these in the great towns of Asia and Africa, especially in the Turkish and Persian dominions. They are generally built in the form of a square, and round a qua- drangle, like a college. CA'RAVEL, Ca'rvai-, s. [caravela. Span.] a round, light, old- fashioned ship. CA'RAWAY, s. [ca>-uOT,"Lat.] in Botany, an umbelliferous plant, the seed of which is stomachic and carminative, and is used by confectioners and brewers. CA'kBON, s. in Chemistry, an elementary substance, which occurs under some most remarkable forms, and is one of the most important, in respect of the vegetable and mineral king- doms. Its purest form is the diamond : it is the base of black lead, anthracite, and all the varieties of charcoal. CARBONA'DO, s. [Span.] meat cut across, or in squares, with a knife, to be broiled. To CARBONA'DO, v. a. to cut across, in Cookery. Figura- tively, to cut or hack. CA'RBOiNATES, s. in Chemistry, salts formed by the com- bination of any base with carbonic acid. CA'RBONATED, o. in Chemistry, impregnated with carbon. CA'RBONDALE, a village of Pennsylvania, United States, situated on Lackawana Creek. This flourishing village owes its existence to the Lackawana coal mine, which is a very productive one, and by means of the Honesdale canal, the Delaware, and the Delaware and Hudson canal, sends a prodigious quantity of coal into the most profitable market. It is 264 miles from Wash- ington. Pop. 2398. CARBO'NIC, a. in Chemistry, belonging to carbon. Carbonic acid and carbonic oxide gas, are the two most important com- pounds of carbon and oxygen. Carbonic acid gas enters into the composition of the atmosphere : it is fatal to animal life ; but necessary to vegetable ; and is the peculiar principle that makes spring water, bottled beers, and champagne so agreeable. CA'RBONOUS, a. in Chemistry, belonging to carbon. CA'RBUNCLE, s. a very elegant stone, of a deep red colour, with a mixture of scarlet, known among the ancients by the name of Anthi-ax. CA'RBUNCLED, a. set with carbuncles. CARBU'NCULAR, a. resembling, or partaking of the qualities of a carbuncle. CARBUNCULATION, s. [carbunculatio, Lat.] the blasting of the young buds of trees or plants, either by excessive heat or cold. CA'RBURETS, s. in Chemistry, compound substances, of which carbon forms one of the constituent parts. Thus, plum- bago, which is composed of carbon and iron, is called carburet of iron. CAR CA'RBURETTED,;)ar!!^ormed into a carburet. CA'RCANET, s. [carcaw.lRr.] a chain or collar of jewels. CA^RCASE, Ca'iicass, s. {carqttasse, Fr.] a dead body. Fi- guratively, a body or person, in a reproachful sense; the de- cayed parts, ruins, or remains of a thing. In Gunneiy, a kind of bomb of an oblong form, filled with combustibles, and thrown from a mortar. CARCASSOTVNE, capital of the department of Aude, France. It stands on both sides the Aude, and has a bridge over it. The old town has some interesting ruins, but is ill built ; the newer part has some good buildings. It has a great help to trade in the Languedocian canal ; and it does not lack literary and sci- entific institutions. It manufactures woollen cloth ; and the neighbourhood produces fruit, wine, and spirits. It is a bishop's see. It is 450 miles from Paris, and its population is 15,000. CA'RCELACE, s. {career, Lat.] fees paid by prisoners before they can be discharged. CARCINO'MA, s. [karkinos and nemo, Gr.] a cancer. CARD, s. [kaarde, Belg.] an instrument or comb composed of several small pieces of iron wire, hooked in the middle, fastened by the feet in rows ; they are generally used in pairs, placed with their points opposite to each other, having the materials between them, and serve to comb, disentangle, and range wool *or flax, in a proper order for spinning. To CARD, v.a. [kaerden, Belg.] to comb wool, &c., or make it fit for spinning, by drawing it tlirough the card or comb. Neu- terly, to game ; or play inordinately at cards. CARDS, s. [carte, Fr. charta, Lat.] in Gaming, pieces of thin pasteboard, cut in oblong squares, on which are painted four kinds of marks and figures, and used in several games. Court cards are those which, in addition to one of these four marks, hav^ either a king, or queen, or servant, (knave,) painted on them. In Navigation, the upper part of the mariner's compass, on which the names of the different quarters of the horizon are marked. CA'RDAMOM, s. [cardamomum, Lat.] a medicinal seed, that assists digestion, strengthens the head and stomach, and is diuretic. CARDA'N, JEROME, a very celebrated physician, metaphy- sician, mathematician, and enthusiast, of the 16th century. His permanent fame rests upon his eccentricities and follies, which cannot be forgotten, and on his mathematical discoveries, which helped forward the study of Algebraic science, and pre- pared it for the more effectual labours of Viita. The number of his works is very great, their real worth not so. He starved himself to death in 1576, to fulfil one of his own prophecies, aged 75 years. CA'RDER, s. one who combs or prepares wool by passing it through a card. CA'RDIAC, a. [kardia, Gr.] an appellation given to cordial medicines that strengthen and invigorate the heart, whereby a brisker and freer circulation is occasioned. CARDIA'LGIA, or Heart-burn, s. (kardia and algos, Gr.] a dis- order of the- stomach, occasioned by the acidifying of some food or drink. CA'RDIFF, Glamorganshire. It is the county town, seated on the river TafiF, or Tave, with very extensive and considerable old walls, and a harbour three miles down the river ; but vessels of 200 tons burthen can come up to the town. This town has a considerable trade with Bristol and other places ; and near it are works of cast and wrought iron. A ship canal and a railroad have greatly increased its prosperity. It is 164 miles from Lon- don, Markets, Wednesday and Saturday. Pop. 10,077. CA'RDIGAN, Cardiganshire, a large, populous, and pleasantly seated town on the river Tivey, over which there is a handsome bridge. In its neighbourhood are iron and tin works. It is a sea-port, and has a harbour, which is not always safe for vessels of burthen. The old castle still stands near the town. It is the county town. It is 225 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 2925. CA'RDIGANSHIRE, a county of South Wales, is bounded on the W. by Cardigan Bay, in the Irish Channel ; on the N. and N. E. by Merioneth and Montgomery ; on the E. and S. E. by Radnor and Brecknock ; and on the S. by Carmarthen. It ex- tends 42 miles in length, and 20 in breadth, and contains 66 parishes. To the S. and W. are plains fruitful in corn ; but the N. and E. parts are a continued ridge of bleak mountains, yet there are pastures well stocked with sheep and cattle. It is well u 2 147 CAR supplied with fish from the sea, and from its own lakes and rivers, in which beavers lived within the period of true British history. The mountains abound with lead and silver ore. The principal rivers are the Tivey, Rydal, and the Istwith. Cardigan Bay lies on the coast. Pop. 68,706. It returns two members to parliament. CA'RDINAL, a. [cardinalis, Lat.] principal, chief, supreme. The cardinal points of the compass, are the north, south, east, and west, and the winds that blow from those points are called the cardinal winds. Cardinal siffns in the Zodiac are Aries, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn. In Arithmetic, cardinal numbers are such as express positively how many things there are, as 1, 2, 3, not their order, as, 1st, 2nd, 3rd. In schemes of morality, the cardinal virtues are, justice, prudence, temperance, and fortitude. CA'RDINAL, s. the title of the highest dignitaries of the Ro- man Church next to the Pope. The number is 70, and they are called the Sacred College. Their title is Eminence; and thev wear as their special distinction, a red cap, or hat, or a hat with red edges. On the death of the pope, on the college devolves the election of a successor. These dignitaries have risen step bv step from the rank of parish priests of Rome, and other large places ; and are to this day named from some one or other of the churches of the Papal city. Also, a particular kind of ladies' cloak. Also, a beautiful American bird, so denominated from its shining red plumage. CA'RDINAL-FLOWER, s. in Botany, a plant with strap- shaped leaves, almost naked stem, and pale purple blossoms : found in lakes, in hilly countries, and flowering in July and August. CA'RDINALATE, Ca'rdinalship, s. thq office and rank of a cardinal. CARDITIS, «. in Medicine, inflammation of the heart ; a disease in most cases fatal, because its presence is not detected till it is beyond remedial treatment. CA'RDUUS, s. [Lat.] See Thistle. CARE, s. [care. Sax.] attention to a particular subject; con- cern or anxiety of mind, arising from the uncertainty of some- thing future, or the oppression of the present calamity ; a too great anxiety for the events of this world ; an affectionate regard for a person. Caution, protection, regard, and support, when followed with the particle of. Synon. Prudence signifies wis- dom applied to practice ; discretion is the effect of prudence, and means a knowledge to govern or direct oneself; by care we understand heed in order to preservation ; caution implies a greater degree of wariness. To CARE, V. n. to be anxious, solicitous, or concerned about any thing; to be disposed, or inclined; with for before nouns, and to before verbs. To CAREE'N, v. a. [carSner, Fr.] to lay a vessel upon one side in order to calk, stop the leaks, trim, or repair the other side. — V. n. to be in a state of careening. CAREE'R, s, {carriere, Fr.] a course or race ; the ground on which a race is run ; full speed; very swift motion. CA'REFUL, a. abounding or perplexed with great solicitude, apprehensions, or anxiety. CA'REFULLY,a(;. in an attentive, cautious, circumspect, and diligent manner. CA'REFULNESS, s. cautious, diligent, and constant applica- tion ; heedfnlness ; vigilance. CA'RELESS, a. without due attention, labour, application, caution, or concern ; without thought, or premeditation. CA'RELESSLY, ad, without anxiety ; without care ; with negligence ; in a manner void of care. CA'RELESSNESS, s. heedlessness ; inattention ; negligence ; absence of care ; manner void of care. To CARE'SS, v. a. [caresser, Fr.] to embrace with great affec- tion ; to treat a person with great civility and endearment. CARE'SS, s. an embrace of great affection ; an endearing profusion of civilities and kind actions. CAJRET, s. [Lat.] in writing, a mark implying that something is omitted, which ought to come in where this sign (a) stands under the line. CA'RGO, s. [charge, Fr.] the lading of a ship ; all the mer- chandises and wares on board a ship. CARPBBEE ISLANDS. See Indies, West. CARIBE'S, Cara'ibs, an aboriginal race of the W. hemisphere, which was found in the 16th century, spread over all the shores 148 CAR and islands from the mouth of the Amazon to the Orinoco, and the neighbourhood of Porto Rico, also over the lesser Antilles. Included under the same generic designation are the Tamanacs of the Orinoco, theArawals of Surinam and Berbice, the Guarau- nas of the delta of the Orinoco, who live in trees, the Cumanagotos, and the Chayma, who live in Cumana, &c. The race is almost extinct on the islands ; but some of this, and other kindred races, live still on the continent. CA'RICATURE, s. in Painting, is the concealment of real beauties, and the exaggeration of blemishes, but still so as to preserve a resemblance of the object. CA'RIES, «. [Lat.] in Medicine, the solution of continuity in a bone, attended with a waste of its substance, occasioned by the corrosion of some acrimonious matter. CARI'NTHIA, part of the Austrian empire, with the title of a duchy, bounded by Styria, Salzburg, the Tyrol, Venice, and Carniola. It is a very mountainous district, being traversed by the Noric Alps^of which the Gross-Glockner and the Fuschberg attain an elevation of above 12,000 feet. Between the branches of this chain the Drave runs ; and there are other streams which flow into the Drave ; and some large lakes. There is not much arable land in proportion to its extent, but it has excellent pas- tures. Grain, but not in large quantities, cattle, swine, &c., are produced here. Iron, copper, lead, zinc, quicksilver, and anti- mony are abundant. The mountains also furnish quarries for marble and building stone. The iron manufactories are the principal source of employment and wealth ; in this department there are also some small manufactures of silk, woollen goods, &c. The population is about 300,000. Klagenfurt and Villach are its chief towns. CARIO'SITY, s. that quality of a bone which putrefies and wastes its substance. CA'RIOUS, a. [cariosus, Lat.] rotten, generally applied to bones. CARK, s. [cearc. Sax.] care ; anxiety. Obsolete. To CARK, V. n. [cearcan. Sax.] to be solicitous, careful, anxious. CARLE, s. [ceorl. Sax.] a rude, brutish fellow; a churl; also an old man. CA'RLINE THISTLE, s. [carlina, Lat.] in Botany, a biennial plant found in drv pastures. CA'RLINGS, Ca'rlines, s. in a ship, two pieces of timber lying fore and aft, along from beam to beam, whereon the ledges rest on which the planks of the ship are fastened. CARLl'SLE, (Karlile) Cumberland. It is pleasantly situated on a rising ground, in a fertile country, near the confluence of 3 fine rivers, the Eden, the Peterell, and the Cauda, or Caude, all abounding with fish, and by which it is nearly surrounded. It has long been noted for making whips and fish-hooks ; there are also considerable quantities of printed linens, checks, cottons, fustians, hats, tanned leather, nails, coarse knives, stockings, &c., manufactured here. It is 301 miles from London. Markets, Wednesday and Saturday. Pop. 23,012. CARLl'SLE, a town of Pennsylvania, United States. It is regularly laid out and neatly built. The Cumberland Valley railroad passes through it. There are barracks sufficient for 2000 men here. Dickinson College is located here. It was founded by the Presbyterians, but is now in the hands of the Methodists. The buildings are elegant, and there is a good library. It is 103 miles from Washington. Pop. 4351. There are 6 other places in the States bearing this name. CA'RLISLE, SIR ANTONY, an eminent surgeon of London. He studied under the Hunters and their coadjutors, and held as his first appointment the surgeoncy of Westminster Hospital : he rose to be President of the College of Surgeons, and Anatomical Professor to the Royal Academy. He published many papers and works, relating to his profession, and to scientific matters generally. But they do not procure him a very high place amongst medical writers. He died in 1840, aged 72 years. CA'RLOW, or Catherlough, a county of Leinster, Ireland, 23 miles in length, and 26 at its greatest breadth. It is bounded on the W. by Queen's county ; on the N. and N. E. by Kildare and Wicklow ; on the E. by Wicklow and Wexford ; and on the, S. S. E. and S. W. by Wexford and Kilkenny;! and contains 50 parishes. It is for the most part level, and adapted to agricul- ture, which is more flourishing here than in Ireland generally. It has coal in one part, and a continuation of the E, hills gives it some most useful granite. Its chief stream is the Barrow. ¥ CAR Its wealth and productions are almost wholly agricultural. Pop. 86,228. It sends three members to parliament. Its chief town is Carlow, a neat place, seated on the E. side of the river Barrow, by which it communicates with Waterford river and the Grand canal. It has some handsome public buildings, and is the locality of a good college belonging to the Roman Catholics. It is 50 miles from Dublin. Pop. 10,409. CA'RLSBAD, a town of Bohemia, Austria, famous for its hot springs. It stands on the Tepl, in a valley, or rather in several ravines that join there, under mountain heights whence there are noble prospects. Beside the trade occasioned by the influx of visitors at the bathing season, it has some small manufactures. The population is under 5000. CARLSCRONA, or Carlscroon, a town of Blekinge, in Swe- den, with a harbour large and commodious, but of difficult entrance, on account of the shoals and rocky sands at its mouth. The town mostly stands upon a small rocky island, which rises gently in a bay of the Baltic ; the suburbs extend over another small rock, and along the mole, close to the bason, where the fleet is moored. The way into the town from the main land, is carried over a dyke to an island, and thence along two long wooden bridges, joined by a rock. The town is spacious, and some of the buildino^s are of brick, but generally they are of wood. Here is a dock hollowed out of the solid rock, capable of receiving the largest vessels, and a covered one, whose bottom and sides are of hewn granite ; rows of granite pillars support the roof, and bear rather the appearance of a colonnade to a temple, than of a receptacle for ships. It is 220 miles from Stockholm. Population about 15,000. Lat. 56. 20. N. Long. 15. 25. E. CARLSRU'HE, the capital of Baden, in Germany. It is a very regularly built town, all the streets radiating from the palace of the Grand Duke ; and there are many public squares, one of which is used as the market-place. The houses are built well, and the churches, the palaces, the town-hall, museum, academy, government buildings, &c. &c., make it a very fine place. There is an excellent public library in the Duke's palace. The population is under 30,000. Lat. 49. 0. N. Long. 8. 25. E. CA'RMAN, s. one who drives a cart, or keeps a cart for hire. CARMA'RTHEN, Carmarthenshire, S. Wales. It is a well- built town, pleasantly situated in a fertile country, on the river Towy, (near its conflux with the Gwilly,) over which it has a stone bridge, with a very commodious quay, to which vessels of 200 tons burthen may come up. It is 212 miles from London. Markets, Wednesday and Saturday. Pop. 9526. CARMA'RTHENSHIRE, a county of S. Wales, lying on the Bristol Channel, 45 miles in length, and 20 at its greatest breadth, bounded by Pembrokeshire, Cardiganshire, Brecknock- shire, and Glamorganshire. It contains 87 parishes. It is hilly, one point, the Beacon, being above 2-500 feet high. The Towy is its principal stream. It produces coal and iron, and, in the cultivated districts, good corn. It has some fisheries also. Pop. 106,326. It returns three members to parliament. CA'RMEL, MOUNT, a mountain famed in sacred story, standing on the S. of what is now the Bay of St. Jean d'Acre. It is a promontory, and the end of a range of hills, running from the S. E., and forms the most remarkable headland of all the Sy- rian coast. It is reckoned to be 1500 feet high, and is a very beautiful mountain, from the rich woods that cover it, and its profuse vegetation. There are many caverns in it, one of which IS called Elijah's, and another the Monks'. The plain at its base, and the brook once called Kishon, still continue to testify of the wonderful and sublime trial which ended with the discom- fiture and destruction of the priests of Baal. A Carmelite monas- tery stands on the mountain now. CA'RMELITE, s. [Fr.] a sort of pear. CA'RMELITES, the friars of our Lady of Mount Carmel, making one of the four Mendicant orders. They pretend to de- rive their original from the prophets Elijah and Elisha. See White Friars. CARMI'NATIVES, s. medicines prescribed for the colic dis- order, to dispel the wind. CA'RMINE, s. a powder of a very beautiful red colour, bor- dering upon purple,'and used by painters in miniature, though rarely, on account of its great price. CARNA'C, a village in the department of Morbihan, France, near Auray, where is a very remarkable Celtic relic, being a number of rows uf' huge stones, more numerous, but not so art- CAR fully disposed as those of Stonehenge. The nature of this monu- ment has quite escaped the ingenuity of antiquaries. CARNA'K, a town of Egypt, where are some very remarkable ruins ; anciently named Thebes, which see. CA'RNAGE, s. [carnage, Fr.] slaughter, havoc, or heaps of bodies slain in battle. CA'RNAL, a. [carnal, Fr.] proceeding from, or belonging to, the fleshy part of a man, opposed to spiritual. Figuratively, sen- sual, lustful, lecherous, voluptuous. CARNA'LITY, s. lust, wantonness, propensity to lust ; un- chaste pleasure. Figuratively, immersed in sensuality. CA'RNALLY, ad. in a gross, sensual manner, opposed to spiritual. CARNA'RVON, Carnarvonshire, N. Wales. It is a well-built and walled town, with a celebrated castle, in which Edward the II. was born : it is surrounded on all sides except the E. by the Menai Strait, and the river Seiont. The harbour is tolerably good, with 9 feet at low water. Carnarvon has no manufactures, but carries on a considerable trade with Ireland, Liverpool, Bris- tol, and London. It is 251 miles from London. Market, Satur- day. Pop. 7972. CARNA'RVONSHIRE, a county of North Wales, about 45 miles in length, and 13 in breadth, forming the promontory at the N. E. corner of Wales, bounded by Denbighshire and Me- rionethshire, and separated by the Menai Straits from the Isle of Anglesey. It has 68 parishes. It is the most mountainous district in N. Wales, its central part being entirely occupied by Snowdon, and the several craggy summits, deep dells, moors, chasms, and lakes, which constitute its dreary region. It is 3557 feet in height. Several copper mines have been worked in various parts, and there are some of these at present about Llan- berris. Other places afford lead ; and slates, with quantities of stone, excellent for hones, are dug near Snowdon. It furnishes some pastures for goats, sheep, and cattle. Pop. 81,093. It re- turns two representatives to parliament. CARNA'TIC, THE, a rich country of Hindustan, extending along the coast of Coromandel to Cape Comorin, being 570 miles long from N. to S., and from 120 to 75 wide. A range of mountains called the Eastern Ghauts runs through it. The Pa- laur and the Penaur are its principal rivers. Its chief produce is rice, the cultivation of which is very assiduously attended to ; millet, sugar, indigo, &c. are also produced. Madras, Pondi- cherry, Tanjore, Arcot, Tinnevelly, &c. &c. are its towns. CARNA'TION, s. [cam, Lat.] in Botany, a species of the clove gillyflower. In Painting, a lively red colour. CARNE'ADES, a Greek philosopher, regarded as the founder of that sect of Platonists called the New Academy. He was a pupil of Diogenes the Stoic, and afterwards of Hegesinus the Academician. He also studied the writings of Chrysippus with great diligence, for the exercise of his dialectical skill. He was sent as an ambassador to Rome, and being too fond in showing his argumentative subtilty, was soon dismissed from the stern republic. He was in his doctrines a sceptic, that is, he affirmed that there was no criterion to determine the truth of our im- pressions and thoughts, and that, therefore, we could never re- gard them as more than probably to be relied on. He was a little too prone to forget the requisitions of cleanliness, &c. in his studies and polemics. He flourished about 160 b. c, and lived to the age of^90 years. CARNE'LION, s. [improperly spelt cornelian,'] in Natural His- tory, a species of agate, of a flesh colour, not uncommon. CA'RNIVAL, «. [carnaval, Fr.] the season of mirth and luxury celebrated by the Italians, and especially at Venice, lasting from Twelfth-day to Lent, and attended with balls, feasts, operas, concerts, and every thing which pomp, ostentation, or festivity can furnish. CARNPVOROUS, a. [caro and tJoro, Lat.] eating flesh; that lives on flesh. CARNO'SITY, s. [carnosite, Fr.] in Surgery, a fleshy excres- cence ; a fungus, or proud flesh. CARNO'T, LAZARE NICHOLAS, a distinguished actor in the French Revolution. He was originally a soldier, and be- came a member of the legislative assembly, and afterwards of the Committee of Public Safety, attending almost exclusively to the war department, in which he was held unrivalled. Under Napoleon, both as consul and emperor, he served in the same province. He also took part in active service, and received due CAR praise. He died in exile in 1823, aged 70 years. His writings respecting mathematical science are reckoned valuable. CA'RNEOUS, Ca'bnous, a. [carneus, Lat.] fleshy, applied to animals. In Botany, of a soft substance, similar to that of flesh in animals. CA'ROL, s. [carola, Ital.] a song of joy, exultation, or festivity, applied to the rustic anthems of country singers at Christmas ; anv kind of song. To CA'ROL, V. n. [carolare, Ital.] to sing with great joy and festivity. — v. a, to praise in anthems or songs. CAROLPNA, the name of two of the United States of N. America. NoHh Carolina lies on the Atlantic, and is bounded by Virginia, Tennessee, and S. Carolina. It is 430 miles long, and 180 broad, and is divided into 68 counties. Along the whole coast is a ridge of sand, separated from the main land by bays and sounds of various widtn ; and having only one inlet through which vessels pass. Capes Hatteras and Lookout are projecting points of this belt, and Cape Fear is on an island. For 60 or 80 miles inland the country is a dead flat ; to this suc- ceeds a belt of about 40 miles wide, fertile, though uneven ; and beyond this are the mountains and high table-land. This high land is 1800 feet above the sea level, and among the peaks are. Black Mountain, 6476 feet high, the highest land of the States E. of the Rocky Mountains; Roan Mountain, 6038 feet ; and Grandfather Mountain, 5556 feet high. In the N. part of the State is the Dismal Swamp, 30 miles long and 10 broad, which is thickly wooded, and it drained would afford fine arable land. Cape Fear river, the Chowan, the Yadkin, and the Ca- tawba, are its chief rivers. Gold, lead, and iron are found in the mountains. Corn of all kinds, and fruits, tobacco, cotton, hemp, silk, and sugar, are produced in the cultivated part ; and the pastures abound with cattle of all kinds. Its manufactures are not very extensive; those of iron, cotton, and gold are the most important. Not having any good sea-norts, it has not a great foreign trade. It has six backs. There are two colleges, one designated a university. The capital is Raleigh. Pop. 753,419, of which 245,817 are slaves. South Carolina also lies on the Atlantic, and is bounded by N. Carolina and Georgia. It is 200 miles long and 125 broad, and is divided into 29 dis- tricts. The sea-coast is bordered with a fine chain of islands, between which and the shore there is a very convenient naviga- tion. The countrj' to 80 or 100 miles inland is low and swampy, and covered with forests of pitch-pine, having, however, tracts of rich soil. Above the Ridge is an open and diversified table- land, about 800 feet above the sea, very productive. In the W. is the Alleghany range, one peak of which. Table Mountain, is 4000 feet high. The Savannah, the Pedee, the Congaree, and a few other rivers of note water this State. The mineral productions of this state resemble those of N. Carolina, as do the agricultural productions. Its manufactories are chiefly those of the metals, and cotton. It has some ^ood sea-ports, and a good foreign trade. There are 14 banks. 1 his State nas a university ; there is also another college. Columbia and Charleston are its principal places, the first being the seat of government. Pop. 594,398, including 327,038 slaves. These are amongst the slave-holding States, and the laws respecting the slaves are cruelly unjust: their children must not be taught to read ; nor have their free descendants, till the fifth generation, the right of suffrage in N. Carolina. CA'ROLINE ISLANDS, in the North Pacific Ocean, between New Guinea and the Ladrone Islands : the largest is named Yap, but they are little known. Lat. 6. to 10. N. Long. 136. to 156 E. CARO'TID, a. [carotides, Lat.] applied to those two arteries which arise out of the ascending trunk of the aorta, near where the subclavian arteries arise. CAROU'SAL, {carouml) s, a festival or holiday, celebrated with mirth, pomp, and festivity. To CAROU'SE, {carouze) v. n. [carousser, Fr.] to drink freely. — V. a. to drink up lavishly ; to drink a health. CAROU'SE, (carouze) s. a drinking match ; a large draught. CAROU'SER, {caroiizer) s. one who drinks freely ; a toper. CARP, ». [carpe, Fr.] in Natural History, a large fresh-water fish, remarkable for its being able to live a long time out of water. This fish, which is reckoned the most valuable of all for the stocking of ponds, was introduced into this country by Leonard Maschal, about the year 1514. 150 CAR To CARP, V. n. [carpo, Lat.] to censure, find fault with, or blame, including the idea of forwardness and reproach. CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS, a range, forming part of the Ct Alpine sj^stem, occupying the centre and the E. part of )pe, which lies round Hungary, being separated from the Balkan by the Danube at Orsova. Their length is about 900 miles, and their greatest breadth 300. The Theiss, the Vistula, the Dniester, and the Pruth, the Sereth, the Aluta, and the Maros, which flow into the Danube, have their rise in these mountains. Gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, quicksilver, &c. are found in greater or less abundance. There is also connected with them a very extensive bed of rock salt. The highest peaks are the Ruska-Poyana, 9912 feet high ; the Buthest, 8698 feet high ; and that point of Mount Tatra, called Eisthalerspitze, which is 8-524 feet high. CA'RPENTER, s. \charpentier, Fr.] one who performs the se- veral offices of cutting, joining, flooring, or other wood-work, relative to houses, buildings, or ships. CA'RPENTER, DR. LANT, an eminent minister of the Uni- tarian denomination at Bristol.. He held the situation of libra- rian to the Athenaeum at Liverpool, on his leaving Glasgow, and afterwards settled at Exeter. At Bristol he resided nearly 20 years ; and at length, whilst travelling for his health, was acci- dentally drowned, in 1840, aged 60 years. His numerous writ- ings are chiefly theological and moral. CARPENTR A'S, a town in the department of Vaucluse, France, situated on the Auzon, a tributary of the Rhone. It was once the capital of the papal province round Avignon. It is pleasant- ly situated, and is adorned with many fine buildings, and relics of its former importance. It has a good trade, the country round cultivating grapes and olives extensively. ■ It is nearly 400 miles from Paris. Population about 8000. Lat. 44. 0. N. Long. 5. 3. E. CA'RPENTRY, s. the art of building either houses or ships with wood. CA'RPER, s. a person fond of raising objections ; a caviller, or censorious person. CA'RPET, s. [karpet, Belg.] a covering of stuff or other ma- terial, commonly spread over tables, or laid on floors. The phrase of a thing's heins on the carpet, is to express its being in hand, in debate, or the object of consideration. To CA'RPET, f. o. to spread with a carpet. Figuratively, applied with great elegance to the earth, to embellish or adorn with flowers and herbs. CA'RPET-KNIGHT, a denomination given to men of peace- able professions, who are raised to the dignity of knighthood.. They take the appellation carpet, because they usually receive their honours from the king's hands in the court, kneeling on a carpet. By this they are distinguished from knights created in the camp or field of battle on account of their military prowess. CA'RPING, part, fond of cavilling, raising objections, or finding fault ; censorious ; captious. CA'RPINGLY, ad. in a captious and censorious manner. CA'RPUS, s. [Lat.] in Anatomy, the wrist, a congeries of eight small bones, grouped together into a veiy narrow space, and tied together very firmly by cross ligaments, making a sort of solid foundation for the hand. CA'RRACK, s. a Portuguese vessel, trading to the East and West Indies, which is very large, round built, and fitted for fight as well as burthen. CARRA'RA, a principality of Italy, taking its title from a town and its territory, which lies on the Mediterranean, and is bounded by the Sardinian states, Fivizzano, and Massa. The town stands about 4 miles from the sea, on a small river, named the Carrone. It is handsomely adorned, has an academy of sculpture, and a trade arising from the products of the district. The chief of these are marble, which is of various qualities, and is-most abundant in the mountains which form the inland bar- rier of Carrara. Wine and oil are grown in the lower parts. The population of the principality is under 15,000. CA'RRIAGE, (in pron. the rand tare dropped,)?, [eariage, Ft."] a vehicle used to convey persons or goods from one place to an- other ; the act of conveying things from one place to another ; the price paid for the conveying of goods. Figuratively, personal address and behaviour ; conduct, or practices ; proceeaings, or the manner of transacting any affair. The carriage of a cannon is, the frame of timber on which it is mounted. CAR CARRICKFE'RGUS, Antrim, in Ulster, Ireland. It is seated on a safe and spacious bay of the same name, called also Belfast Lough , with an excellent harbour. The town is mostly well built ; it has some good public buildings. The ancient castle is a curious relic of former times. The fisheries of the bay furnish the prin- cipal trade to the town. It is 88 miles from Dublin. Pop. 3885. CA'RRIER, «. one who conveys or moves a thing from one place to another ; one who conveys goods from one town or place to another. In Natural History, a species of pigeons, so called from their carrying letters, &c. tied to their necks, to the place where they were bred, be it ever so remote. CA'RRION, s. [charogne, Fr.] the flesh of a dead carcass ; and putrefied flesh, not fit for food. Figuratively, a coarse, gross, disagreeable person ; a term of reproach. CA'RRION, a. relating to a dead or putrefied carcass ; feeding on dead carcasses. CA'RRON, Stirlingshire, Scotland. It stands on a stream which flows into the Frith of Forth, below Falkirk. Here are the celebrated Carron works, founded in 1761, which were once the largest iron foundery in Europe, but are now superseded in all but the name. It is 40 miles from Edinburgh. Pop. 838. CARRONA'DE, s. a short kind of ordnance, capable of carry- ing a large ball, and useful in close engagements at sea. It takes its name from the above-mentioned place, Carron, in Scot- land, where it was first made. CA'RROT, s. [carote, Fr.] a garden root ; of which there are two sorts, the yellow and the orange ;• the last of which is reck- oned by much the better. CA'RROTY, a. red ; applied to red-haired people, from the resemblance of the colour of their hair to that of a carrot. To CA'RRY, «. a. [charter, Fr.] to remove a thing from one place to another ; to convey, transport, bear ; to gain in compe- tition, or rather resistance ; to behave, conduct, obtain, import, support, sustain. Used with off, to kill or put an end to a per- son s life. To carry on, to prosecute, continue, or persevere in an undertaking, notwithstanding all oppositions. Joined with through, to support, or enable a person to sustain and surmount. CA'RSTAIRS, WILLIAM, a Scottish minister well known in English history, for the part that he took in the intrigues of William III. during the reigns of Charles II. and James II., and after the Revolution. He was a man of great shrewdness and power; and had an intimate knowledge of the state of parties, which enabled him to serve his patron with great suc- cess. He was once put to the torture on suspicion of being con- cerned in the unhappy attempt of the Duke of Monmouth, but he confessed nothing. He died in 171-5, having held for some years the Presidency of Edinburgh University, aged 66 years. CART, s. [crat, Brit.] a land carriage with two wheels, drawn by horses. Figuratively, any vehicle or carriage. CARTE BLANCHE, s. [Fr.] a blank paper ; a paper or instru- ment to be filled up with such terras and conditions as the person to whom it is sent thinks fit. CA'RTEL, s. [cartel, Fr.] certain terms or stipulations settled between persons at variance. In War, applied to the conditions made by enemies for the mutual exchange of prisoners. CA'RTER, s. one who drives, and gets his living by driving a cart. CARTE'SIANS, s. a sect of philosophers, who adhere to the opinions advanced by Des Cartes, which see. CARTHAGE'NA, a town of Murcia, Spain, seated on a bay of the same name. Here is a very large arsenal, with every requi- site for building and fitting out ships of the line. The harbour is spacious and deep, being a bason hollowed by nature, and sheltered from the winds by several hills, placed round it at equal distances. Its trade is considerable ; and its exports are wine, oil, &c., with metals from the neighbouring mountains. Its population is about 30,000. It is 27 miles nearly S. of Murcia. Lat. 37. 38. N. Long. 0. 36. W. CARTHAGE'N A, a large and rich sea-port of New Grenada, S. America. It has one of the best harbours in S. America ; the entrance however is so narrow, that only one vessel can enter at a time. This town is fortified and well built, although the streets are narrow. Its trade is not very great now. Its population is about 20,000. Lat. 10. 27. N. Long. 75. 22. W. CA'RTHAGE, once a celebrated city of Africa, and rival of Rome, but now in ruins. It is 10 miles E. of Tunis, near the promontory called Cape Carthage. It was originally a Phoenician CAR colony, and grew to be a great mercantile and commercial state. The country belonging to the city was laboriously cultivated, and being exceeaingly fertile, the state was not dependent on foreign supplies of grain, &c., as Rome was, which gave it for a time no small advantage. The government was an oligarchy ; and the character of tlie religion may be known from the fact that Moloch was the chief object of worship. See Hannib.4l, and SciPio. CA'RT-HORSE, s. an unwieldy horse, fit only for the cart. CARTHU'SIANS, a religious order founded by one Bruno, in the year 1080. They were a branch of the Benedictines, re- markable for the austerity of their rule, which obliged them to a total abstinence from flesh, even at the peril of their lives, and to feed on bread, water, and salt one day in every week. The peculiar dress of the order, was a white gown, and over it a black cloak with a cowl. They also wore hair-cloth under garments. CA'RTILAGE, «. [cartilago, Lat.] in Anatomy, a smooth, solid, uniform, elastic substance, softer than bone, but more solid than any other part, without cavities for marrow, or any nerves or membranes for sensation. CARTILA'GINOUS, a. consisting of cartilages. CA'RTMELL, Lancashire, a town seated among the hills, called Cartmell Fells, near the river Ken and the Ken Sands, a sandy shore, which requires guides to direct strangers on their way. It has a harbour for boats, and a market for corn, sheep, and fish. It is 260 miles from London. Markets, Tuesday and Saturday. Pop. 4927. CARTOO'N, s. [eartone, Ital.] in Painting, a drawing or sketch upon strong paper, made before commencing a painting on can- vass, or in fresco ; or to guide embroiderers in working tapestry, as the cartoons of Raphael now at Hampton Court were in- tended. CARTOU'CH, {cartdoch) s. [cartouche, Fr.] a case of wood three inches thick at the bottom, girt round with marlin, containing 48 musket balls, and six or eight balls of iron of a pound weight ; being fired out of a hobit, or small mortar, for the defence of a pass ; likewise used for a cartridge. CA'RTRAGE, Ca'rtridge, s. [cartouche, Fr.] a charge of powder wrapped up in thick paper, pasteboard, or parchment, used for charging fire-arms; or in flannel, for great guns. CA'RT-ROPE, s. a strong cord used to fasten the load on carts; proverbially, any thick cord. CA'RTULARY, s. [charta, Lat.] a place where papers or re- cords are kept. CA'RTWRIGHT, s. a maker of carts. CA'RTWRIGHT, DR. EDMUND, the inventor of power- looms, and other machines. He was an English clergyman, and had addicted himself in his younger days to literary pursuits, and had acquired some little name for authorship. He died in 1823, aged 80 years. CA'RTWRIGHT, MAJOR JOHN, the father of Radicalism in England. He had a commission in the navy throughout his life, but derived the title of major from a post in the Militia of his na- tive county, to which he was chosen during the American war. The part that he took in endeavouring to diffuse his principles, made him an ohject of suspicion and of prosecution by the various governments of the country, but be continued to the end of his long life to aim steadily at the object he had set before him from the first. His character stood so high that not his warmest oppo- nents could attempt to sully it. His writings contain abundant material for the use of those who would study politics ethically, and see what is to be advanced against the theories of the school of Bentham. He died in 1824, aged 84 years. To CARVE, V. a. [ceor/an, vSax.] to cut or divide into several parts ; to dissect or cut up a fowl or joint of meat at a table ; to cut flowers, knots, figures, or other devices, in wood or stone. — V. n. to exercise the trade of a sculptor ; to perform at table the office of supplying the company from the dishes. CA'RVER, s. one who forms statues, or other likenesses, in wood, stone, or marble. In Cookery, one who cuts the meat. CA'RVING, s. the art of cutting images, or other likenesses, in wood, stone, or marble. CARU'NCLE, s. [carunada, Lat.] in Anatomy, a little piece of flesh. The carunculee lachrymales are two small eminences in the inner corners of the eyes. CA'RUS, s. in Medicine, is a species of the apoplexy, being a 151 deprivation of sense and motion, affecting the whole body ; yet the faculty of respiration is still left; in short, the carus differs little from a lethargy. CA'RY, HENRY FRANCIS, the well-known translator of Dante's Commedia. He had a small benefice in the English Church, and was the author of many poems and poetical trans- lations, and the editor of some of the classic poets of England. He died in 1844, aged 72 years. CARYATIDES, s. in Architecture, a kind or order of columns or pilasters, used by the ancients, made in the form or figure of a woman, dressed in long robes, and serving to support the en- tablement. It is said that the Greeks, having taken the city of Carya, led away their women captives, and to perpetuate their servitude, represented them in their buildings as charged with burthens such as those sumorted by columns. CA'SAL, a town in the Kingdom of Sardinia, in a province of the same name, lying on the river Po, near Turin. The province has good pastures, and produces wine and silk. The town is rich in noble buildings, in paintings, and other memorials of its former splendour. It has a population of about 18,000. It is 34 miles from Turin. CA'SAS, BARTHOLOMEW DE LAS, a Dominican friar, and bishop of part of Mexico, when first overrun by the Spaniards, who devoted himself throughout his life to the protection of the aborigines of those early colonies. But whose zeal for the pre- vention of wrongs which so wounded his benevolent disposition, which he witnessed, led him to be, ignorantly, the inventor of the most monstrous wrong ever perpetrated — negro slavery. He died in 1566, aged 92 years. CASAU'BON, ISAAC, a divine of the latter part of the I6th century, a native of Geneva, but born of Huguenot parents ; was early noted for his learning, and was distinguished bv Henry IV. of France, in consequence ; emigrated to England at that monarch's death, and was patronized by James I. In addition to editions of Classics, he wrote on polemical subjects. His name is regarded as an authority in his own department of learning. He died in 1614, aged 55 years. CASCA'DE,«. [Fr.] a fall ofwater from a higher to a lower place. CASCARI'LLA, s. in Medicine, the bark of a plant of the species that yields the Croton oil, growing in the W. Indies, va- luable for its tonic properties. It has also an agreeable odour when burnt. CASE, s. [caisse, Fr.] something made to cover or contain a thing ; a covering, sheath, or box. CASE, s. [casus, Lat.] the outward or external condition, cir- cumstance, or state of a person ; the state of a thing. In Physic, the state of the body ; used with the particle tti, and the word good, fat and plump ; and with the word bad, lean or emaciated. In Law, the representation of any fact, question, or the whole arguings of counsel on a particular point or circumstance of a trial. In Grammar, the changes made in nouns, pronouns, par- ticiples, and adjectives, either by inflexion, or by the affixing of prepositions, to indicate the relation of the thoughts ex- pressed by them to other thoughts in the same or another sentence. Iti case implies, if it should happen. To CASE, V. a. to put in a case or cover. Figuratively, to surround or enclose, like a case. In Building, to cover with ma- terials different from those in the inside. — v. n. to represent an affair in all the various lights it will bear; to put cases. To CASE-HA'RDEN, v. a. to prepare iron, so as to render its outward surface hard, and capable of resisting the file, or any edg'ed tool, to turn the surface of the iron into steel. CASE'INE, s. in Chemistry, a modification of proteine found in milk, coagulable by acids only. Cheese is almost pure ca- seine. It is found in the seeds of leguminous plants, and in other vegetables. CA'SEMATE, s. in Fortification, a certain retired platform in the flank of a bastion, for the defence of the moat or face of the opposite bastion; a kind of vault or arch of stone-work. CA'SEMENT, «. [casamento, Ital.] a window opening upon hinges. CA'SEOUS, a. [caseus, Lat.] resembling cheese ; cheesy. CA'SERN, s. [caserne, Fr.] a little room or lodgment erected between the rampart and the houses, in a fortified town, for the ease of the garrison. CASH, s. [caisse, Fr.] in Commerce, the ready money a person is possessed of. 152 CAS CA'SHEL, Tipperary, in Munster, Ireland. This ancient city stands not far from the river Suir, and is not in a very flourishing condition. The most remarkable feature is a rock which stands in a singularly solitary position, all round being rather flat. On it are relics of ancient fortifications, the old cathedral, and other ecclesiastical buildings. The town has one good street, and is adorned with a fine new cathedral, and the episcopal palace. It was an archbishopric till 1839, and then was reduced to a bishopric, by the Church Temporalities Bill of 1833. It is 108 miles from Dublin. Pop. 70315. CA'SHEW-NUT, s. the nut of the cashew tree, which grows in the West Indies. The nut is small, the kernel sweet and pleasant, but between the layers of the shell is a caustic inflam- mable oil, which will blister the lips and tongue the moment it touches them. CASHIE'R, (casMer) s. a person who keeps the money at a banker's, or any public office. To CASHIE'R, (casheer) v. a. [casser, Fr.] to discard ; to de- prive a person of his place or post for some mal-practice. CASHME'RE, or Kashmir, a district lying N. of the Punjaub, in the kingdom of Runjeet Singh, the celebrated Sikh monarch. It is embosomed in the Himalayan range, and is watered by one of the large tributaries of the Indus, which receives the waters of countless mountain streams. It is more than 5000 feet above the level of the sea, but the height of the surrounding mountains is not known. It enjoys a temperate climate, and produces, un- der the cultivation it has- from the natives, all kinds or grain, and the fruits, &c. of more northerly latitudes. For honey, and saffron, it is noted ; and was so for silk. It feeds cattle and sheep in abundance. Its manufactures also are known through the world, though in good part superseded by the products of tne power-looms in Europe and the United States. The people are a branch of the great Indian family. Their numbers are about three-quarters of a million. Siranagur is the principal place. CA'SHMERE, s. in textile manufactures, the name of a par- ticular kind of twilled cloth, originally manufactured in Cash- mere from a special kind of Thibetian wool, and used for shawls. It has been successfully imitated in Europe. Many common kinds of twilled woollen cloth are called by this name. CASK, s. [casque, Fr.] a round hollow cycloidal vessel, used for keeping liquors, provisions, or dried goods ; a helmet, from cassis, Lat. CA'SKET, s. a small box for jewels, or things of small dimen- sions, but great value. Figuratively, any thing which contains something of great value. CA'SPIAN SEA, a great lake or sea of Asia, bounded by the country of the Calmuc Tatars on the N., by Bucharia and part of Persia on the E., by another part of Persia on the S., and by another part of Persia and Circassia on the W., being about 646 miles in length from N. to S., and 265 in breadth from E. to W. It receives the waters of the Volga, the Oural, the Kur, and of a multitude of small streams. It presents some very extraordinary peculiarities, most of which are traceable to the fact that its level is above 100 feet lower than that of the average sea level. The evaporation is so great as to keep it at an average level in spite of the enormous quantities of water continually poured into it. It has a decidedly salt flavour, and, indeed, abounds with marine animals and plants, identical with those found on the Mediterranean and Black Sea. From the strata found in its margin, it is believed to have been of much greater extent, till a late period. The Russians and Persians have vessels of small burthen on it. And there are fisheries which support many tribes and towns on its borders. It has several islands, which partake of the mineralogical character of its shores. CASSA'NDER, one of the successors of Alexander the Great. He obtained Macedonia as his quarter of the empire. His reign was one of constant war and intrigue, and his maintenance of his throne to the last seems to have been due rather to the trou- bles of his opponents, than to his own success. He died in 296B.C. CASSA'TION, s. [cassatio, Lat.] in Civil Law, the annulling or abrogating any proceeding. CA'SSAVA, s. a S. American root, of which the natives make a kind of bread, said to be a wholesome and nourishing food: when raw it is a deadly poison. CA'SSEL, capital of Hesse Cassel. It is divided, into the Old and New Towns, the latter of which is well built and spacious ; I CAS It has also extensive suburbs. The castle or palace commands a delightful prospect, and has fine gardens and a curious cabinet. It has some fine public buildings, and some very excellent literary, and philosophical, and charitable institutions. It is seated on the river Fulda, 40 miles S. of Paderborn. Pop. about 30,000. Lat. 51. 19. N. Long. 9. 44. E. CA'SSIA, s. in Botany, a genus of plants belonging to the tropics and countries bordering on them, in the E. hemisphere, which yield the excellent and simple purgative commonly known by the name of senna. In the Bible, it is the translation of the namp of a costly sweet-scented drug, apparently a kind of bark. The cassia of Cookery is an E. Indian species of laurel. CASSIME'RE, s. See Cashmere. CASSI'NI, the name of a family of eminent astronomers, at Paris, four of whom, in succession, held the Observatory at Paris from 1071 to 1793. Giovanni Dominic Cassini, the first of this illustrious line, and the most famous, was of Italian origin, and was induced by the celebrated Colbert to settle in France. He was one of the greatest observers Europe has produced. He dis- covered the times of rotation of Jupiter, Venus, and Mars; the division of the ring of Saturn, and tour of his moons ; the pecu- liar form of Jupiter's disc. In addition to which, he observed and tabulated the fact of the revolutions and eclipses of Jupiter's satellites, and constructed more accurate tables of refraction ;— he completed the theory of the moon's libration, and determined the value of the sun's parallax ;— and lastly, was the first speculating observer of the zodiacal light. He died in 1712, aged 87 years ; having always estimated his discoveries at a higher rate than even the scientific world did. Jacques Cassini, his son, Cassini de Thxiry, his grandson, and Count Cassini, his great-grandson, suc- ceeded him. The last was in some respects superior to the other two ; but a less distinguished post would have sufficed for all they have done, and a less extensive fame had been an ample reward. Count Cassini died in 1845, aged 90 years. CASSIOPE'A, in Astronomy, a constellation in the northern hemisphere. CA'SSIUS, C. LONGINUS, one of the leaders of the conspiracy which overthrew Julius Caesar. He was a partisan of Pompey, and joined Caesar during the campaign in Spain, after the death of Pompey. He was defeated by Octavianus (afterwards Au- gustus Caesar) and Marcus Antonius, near Philippi,aiid destroy- ed himself, in 42 b. c. CA'SSOCK, 8. [casque, Fr.] a close, long garment, worn by clergymen, when in their robes, under their gown. CA'SSONADE, s. in Commerce, cask sugar, or sugar put into casks or chests, after the first purification, but which has not been refined. CA'SSOWARY, s. in Natural History, a very large bird, which much resembles the ostrich, and is a native of Africa. CA'SSWEED, 8. in Botany, a very common plant, the same with the shepherd's pouch. To CAST, V. a. preter. and part, passive cast, \kaster, Dan.] to throw with the hand ; to throw a net ; to throw dice, or lots ; to throw in wrestling ; to let fall ; to expose ; to shed, to moult ; to condemn in a trial or law-suit ; to lay aside, as unfit for wear ; to have an abortion, as a cow, when she slinks her calf; to com- pute, reckon, calculate ; to contrive or plan out ; to form or model a thing in a mould with melted metals. To cast aside, to lay by as useless. Used with down, to fling or throw from a high place. To cast an eye, to glance, or look at. To cast a light, to reflect, or impart. Joined with away, to wreck or shipwreck, applied to sea-affairs. To be cast down, to be disconsolate, low-spinted, or dejected on account of some misfortune. Used with otrf, to speak, give vent to, or utter with rashness and vehemence. Used'with upon, to be driven by violence of the wind, or stress of weather. Used with off, to discard; to disburthen oneself of; to leave behind. — v. n. it implies, to contrive; to turn the thoughts; to admit of a form, by casting or melting; to warp. CAST, s. the act of throwing a thing at a distance by the hands; a specimen, or stroke ; a particular motion of the eye ; a throw, or chance of a throw, at dice ; a mould, a form ; exterior appearance; manner; air; mien. In Painting, a shade or tend- ency to any colour. CASTA'LIO, SEBASTIAN, one of the learned men of the time of the Reformation, who being unhappily in advance of his age in his opinions, was left to starve by it. He has left many works ; one, a Litin translation of the whole Bible, respecting CAS which he had a life-long controversy with the Genevese Reform ers, who at first had been his warm friends. He died of want at B^sle, in 1-563, aged about 50 years. CA'STANET, s. [castaneta. Span.] a musical instrument, made of two little round pieces of wood or ivory, hollowed like a spoon, fastened to the thumb, and beat with the middle finger, serving to direct the time and measure of the dances. CA'ST-AWAY, s. a person that is involved in a multiplicity of misfortunes, and seemingly abandoned by Providence. CASTE, s. a class or order of society separated from other classes, by rank, privileges, occupation, &c., and with whom no intercourse is permitted. This social system is seen most in- juriously carried out in Hindustan ; but it prevails amongst other Asiatic nations ; and existed in ancient Egypt. The state of so- ciety called feudalism in many respects resembled it ; and many of our modern conventionalities partake of the same character. CA'STELLAIN, s. [castellatw. Span.'] the constable of a castle. CA'STELLANY,s. the manor or lordship belonging to a castle, or the territory of a city or town. CA'STELLATED, a. enclosed within a building or fortified place. CA'STER, s. one who flings or throws. In Arithmetic, one who calculates. CASTIGA'TION, s. [castigatio, Lat.] punishment inflicted on a person in order to make him amend his faults ; penance, or cor- rection. CA'STIGATORY, a. punishing to make a person amend. CASTI'LE, NEW, or Toledo, a province of S>ain, 200 miles in length, and 184 in breadth ; bounded on the W. by Estrema- dura and part of Leon ; on the N. by Old Castile ; ou the E. and S. E. by Arragon, Valencia, and Murcia ; and on the S. by Murcia and Andalusia. There are two ranges of mountains run- ning through it ; and it is watered by the fagus, the Guadiana, and the Xucar. It produces in the N. fruits and wine, and in the S. good pastures and fine wool. It has mines of iron and quick- silver, and some of its manufactories, that at Toledo for sword cutlery, for instance, are celebrated. Its population is about 2,000,000. Madrid is the capital. CASTI'LE, OLD, a province of Spain, about 2.50 miles in length, and 80 in average breadth ; bounded on the W. by Leon ; on the N. by Biscay, Asturia, and Navarre ; on the E. by Navarre and Arragon ; and on the S. by New Castile. It is separated from its neighbouring provinces, both N. and S.,by mountains; and another range crosses it almost from N. to S. The Douro is its chief stream. It produces excellent wine ; its plains are covered with herds of large and small cattle, particularly sheep, which yield the finest wool in Spain. It has also a few manu- factories, and some foreign trade by means of St. Ander, a sea- port and district belonging to this province on the Bay of Biscay. The population is less than 2,000,000. Burgos is the capital. CA'STING, «. the running of metal, plaster, &c., into a mould prepared for that purpose. CA'STING-NET, s. a net which is spread by throwing it in the water, used in fishing. CA'STLE, s. [castellum, Lat.] a fortified building erected either as a strong-hold, or as a defence to a city. Castles in the air, imply some chimerical project. CASTLEBA'R, Mayo, in Connaught, Ireland. It stands on the Clydagh, over which are three bridges, and it is the assize town for the county. It has some small linen manufactories. It is 114 miles from Dublin. Pop. 5137. CA'STLE-CARY, Somersetshire. It is 117 miles from London. Market, Tuesday. Pop. 1942. CA'STLE-COMB, Wiltshire, so called from its old castle. It is 112 miles from London. Pop. 600. CASTLE-RI'SING, Norfolk. The castle, whence it has its name, is still standing ; and here is an alms-house for 24 poor widows. It is 103 miles from London. Pop. 358. CA'STLETOWN, or Castle-Rushin, the principal place of the Isle of Man, with a strong, beautiful castle, of free-stone, still entire-. At the entrance is a great stone chair for the governor, and two smaller ones for the deemsters ; and beyond this court is a room where the keys sit. On the other siae are seen the governor's house, the chancery offices, and good barracks. It is situated on the S. E. point of the island, with a shallow, rocky harbour. Pop. 2283. Lat. 54. 2. N. Long. 4. 35. W. CA'STLE-SOAP, «. a corruption of Castile Soap. . CAT CA'STLING, s. the young of a brute animal, which is cast be- fore its time. CA'STON, or Ca'wston, Norfolk, a town seated on the Bure, over which it has a bridge. It is 120 miles from London. Market, Tuesday. Pop. 1130. CA'STOR, called by the Saxons Thuang; Caston, i. e. Thonc/ Castle, Lincolnshire, a town said to be built by Hengist, on a tract of ground which he encompassed with an ox's hide, cut into thongs, pursuant to a grant of Vortigern. It is 140 miles from London. Market, Monday. Pop. 1988. CA'STOR, s. in Natural History, the generic name of the beaver, an amphibious animal, the feet of which have five toes, and the hinder ones formed for swimming, with a black, flat, and oval tail. CA'STOR and PO'LLUX, s. in Meteorology, the name by which the balls of electric fire, which during a storm are often seen in S. latitudes on the masts and other prominences of ships, were known, when they were regarded as omens rather than as natural phenomena. In Astronomy, the two principal stars in the constellation of Gemini. CASTORI'NE, s. in Chemistry, the essential oil of the sub- stance called castor, or castoreum, found in glands near the anus of the beaver. It has a strong and peculiar scent, and was formerly more used in medicine than now. CA'STOR OIL, s. in Medicine, a pale, viscid oil, nearly taste- less and scentless when pure, extracted from the seeds of rici- nus communis ; in general use as a gentle purgative. CASTRAMETA'TION, s. [castrametatio, Lat.] the art of en- camping. To CASTRATE, v. a. [castro, Lat.] to geld. Figuratively, to cut sentences out of any book. CASTRA'TION, s. the act of gelding. CA'STRES, a considerable town of the department of Tame, France. It is seated on the river Agout, over which are two bridges. It has some good manufactures. It is 350 miles from Paris. Its population is about 13,000. Lat. 43. 30. N. Long. 2. 20. E. CA'SUAL, {hdsual) a. [casual, Fr.] accidental; arising from chance ; done without design ; happening contrary to the com- mon laws of nature. CA'SUALLY, (kdzually) ad. in an accidental manner; without design ; by chance. CA'SUALTY, (kdzualty) s. an event that is not foreseen or intended. Figuratively, any accident which puts an end to a person's life. CA'SUIST, (hdzuist) s. [casuiste, Fr.] one who studies and re- solves nice points in cases of conscience. CASUFSTlCAL, (kazrdstical) a. belonging to cases of consci- ence, or practical parts of ethics. CA'SUISTRY, {kdzuistry) s. the pretended science of cases of conscience, or nice points in practical morality. CAT, [chat, Fr.] in Natural History, the common domestic animal, whose appearance, &c. are too familiar to need descrip- tion. It is of the same genus as the lion, the tiger, &c. CA'TACHRESIS, (katakresis) s. [kataehraomai, Gr.] in Rhe- toric, is when a word whose natural meaning is good and inno- cent, is used abusively; as, you are a pretty fellow indeed, meaning, you are a sad wretch. CATACHRE'STICAL, a. applied to language, improper ; far- fetched ; forced. CA'TACOMBS, s. [kata and kumbos, Gr.] grottoes or subter- raneous cavities for the burial of the dead. CATACOU'STICS, «. [kata and akom, Gr.] the science of re- flected sounds or echoes. CATALE'PSIS, s. [katalambano, Gr.] a disease by which a person is rendered in an instant motionless and senseless, and continues in the same posture that he was in when the fit seized him, with his eyes open, but without sight or understanding. The effects of a certain kind of religious excitement, that used to be regarded as a peculiarly supernatural manifestation by the Revivalists of a century ago ; and those of the modern Mes- merists may be classed under the general head of catalepsy. CA'TALOGUE, {cdtahg) s. [katahgos, Gr.] a list or particular enumeration of things in some order, wherein they are mentioned in separate lines or articles. CATALO'NIA, a province of Spain, bounded on the W. by Arragon and a part of Valencia; on the N. by the Pyrenees; and on the E. and S. W the Mediterranean and Valencia. Its greatest extent from E. to W. is 112 miles, and from N. to S. 148. It is watered by the Ebro, the Segra, and the Lobregal. Its mountains, which are numerous, and, in the instance of some of the Pyrenees, above 10,000 feet high, are covered with forest and fruit trees, and yield coal, marble, lead, &c. It abounds in wine, corn, and pulse. It exports timber, especially the cork tree. There are good manufactories in many of its towns. It has a population of about 2,000,000. Barcelona is the capital. CATA'MARAN, a rude kind of raft used by the fishermen both on the coasts of Hindustan and in S. America. CATA'NIA, an ancient rich and celebrated city of Val di Noto, in Sicily. The city stands on the east coast, on a gulf of the same name, near Mount Etna, and has often suffered by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. It is a handsome and regu- larly built town, has several fine edifices, and is the seat of a university of some note. The land about it is fertile in corn, wine, fruits, &c., but the port is too small for much trade. It is 47 miles S. S. W. of Messina. Its population is about 50,000. Lat. 37. 30. N. Long. 15. 6. E. CA'TAPLASM, s. [kataplasso, Gr.] a poultice, or plaster. CA'TAPULT, Ca'tapulta, [Lat.] an ancient military engine, for throwing stones, and sometimes huge darts or javelins, of 10 or 12 feet in length. It consisted of two large timbers, like masts of ships, placed against each other, and bent by an en- gine for the purpose ; these being suddenly unbent again by a stroke of a hammer, threw the javelins with incredible force. The invention of gunpowder made it useless. CATARACT, s. [katarrassn, Gr.] in Natural History and Cos- mography, a precipice in the course of a river, over which the water falls witn great violence and noise. In Surgery, a disease of the eye, in which by a peculiar affection of the crystalline hu- mour, or the vesicle in which it lies, a greater or less obscur- ation of sight ensues. It is often completely cured by the oper- ation called couching. CATARRH, (kattdr) s. [katerreo, Gr.] in Medicine, an inflam- mation of the mucous membrane in the nostrils, which occasions the secretion of great quantities of fluid, partly of a very acrid character, causing a great soreness to the mouth, throat, &c. Its common name is a cold; and it is commonly treated with too little care. CATA'RRHAL, Cata'rrhous, a. proceeding from a catarrh. CATASTROPHE, (katdstrofy) s. [katastrepho, Gr.] in Poetry, the change or revolution in the last act of a play, or the turn which unravels the intrigue, and concludes the piece. Figur- atively, a dreadful event or accident, which terminates in a per- son's ruin, misery, or death. CA'TCAL, (kdtcaut) s. a shrill whistle, used by the gallery cri- tics of the theatre, to show their dislike of a piece, or a performer. Any disturbance produced by such means. To CATCH, V. a. preter. I catched, or caught, I have catched, or have caught; [ketsen, Belg.] to seize or lay hold on suddenly with the hand ; to pursue or take any thing that is running from one ; to receive any falling body, or prevent it from reaching the ground ; to receive a disease by infection ; to contract ; to seize suddenly; to captivate, charm, or seize the affections, alluding to their taking prey in toils. Figuratively, to apprehend the meaning of any word,&c., which was not seen at first. — v. n. to be infectious ; to spread by contagion. Figuratively, to spread or increase from one to another, applied to bodies or things which lie near one another. CATCH, s. the act of seizing any thing which flies or hides ; the posture proper for seizing ; an advantage taken ; hold laid on the thing caught ; profit ; a short interval of action ; a taint ; any thing which fastens by a sudden spring, or entering into a loop or cavity. In Music, a short song, in which the singers all sing the same part, but begin at different intervals. CATCHER, «. one who catches, or that in which any thing is caught. CA'TCHFLY, s. in Botany, a common genus of plants, nearly allied to the campion. CA'TCH-POLL, s. at present a word of reproach and con- tempt for a bailiff and his followers ; formerly used without re- proach for a sergeant-at-mace, or any other, who used to arrest men upon any just cause. CATECHE'TICAL, (kateketikal) a. [katechizo, from katecheo, Gr.] consisting of questions and answers. CAT CATECHE'TICALLY, ad. by way of question and answer. To CA'TECHISE, (kdtckize) v. a. [Gr.] to ask a person ques- tions in order to discover secrets ; to examine, to interrogate. CA'TECHISER, {kdtekizer) s. one who teaches a person, or tries whether he can say his catechism ; one who questions, ex- amines, or endeavours to make discoveries by questions. CA'TECHISM, {kdtekism) s. a system of instruction by ques- tion and answer. According to the liturgy of the Church of England, an institution to be learned by every person before he is brought to be confirmed by the bishop. There are many of these compositions that have gained great notoriety, but "few greater than the Longer and Shorter Catechisms of the famed Assembly of Divines at Westminster, which the Scotch Kirk, and many bodies of English Dissenters, have adopted as their symbol or creed. CA'TECHIST, (kdtekist) s. one who teaches or instructs per- sons in the first principles by way of question and answer. CA'TECHU, s. in Pharmacy, the extract of a species of acacia, growing in Hindustan, used as an astringent. CATECHU'MEN, (katekumen) s. in the primitive church, a candidate for baptism ; one engaged in the preliminary study, with a view to entering the church. CATECHUME'NICAL, (katekmnenical) a. belonging to a cate- chumen. CATEGO'RICAL,a. positive; absolute; affirmative; adequate. CATEGO'RICALLY, ad. in a positive, express, absolute manner. CATEGORY, s. [kategoreo, Gr.] in Logic, the name given to those general classes, under one or more of which, what may be affirmed or denied of any subject may be arranged. The par- ticular good to be derived from such arrangements has not been made clear to all minds ; and almost all logicians are at odds respecting the number of them. CA'TENARY, a. [catena, Lat.] relating to a chain ; resembling a chain. In Mathematics, the catenary curve is formed by a rope or chain hanging freely between two points whereon its extremities are fastened. CATENATION, s. the act of linking together, or connecting like a chain. To CA'TER, V. a. to provide food ; to buy in victuals. CATERER, s. a man employed to provide and buy in victuals for a family. CATERESS, s. a woman who buys in provision for a family. CATERPILLAR, s. in Natural History, the larva, or first stage in the development of insects of the Lepidopterous kind. They have long soft bodies, of various colours, and various coverings and forms ; tney walk by means of numerous feet ranged in pairs from the tail towards the head, and have also six legs, more like insects, which they do not much use, save for feeling, at the head ; and when full-grown, they adopt various plans for securing their safety in the second or chrysalis state, some spinning a cocoon of silk, some rolling up leaves together round them, others tying them- selves by a band, and others suspending themselves by one end beneath some shelter; and others, again, burying themselves in the earth. See Chrysalis. GATES, «. [katter, Belg.] nice and elegant food ; cakes ; or rich dishes. CATFISH, s. in Natural History, the name of a sea-fish in the West Indies ; so called from its round head and large glaring eyes, W which it is discovered in hollow rocks. CA'TGUT, s. a kind of cord made from the intestines of sheep, used in the stringing of musical instruments, suspending of clock weights, manufacture of fishing-lines^&c. &c. CAT-HARPINGS, s. small ropes in a ship, running on little blocks, from one side of the shrouds to the other, near the deck. CATHARINE, the name of two empresses of Russia; the first being the wife and successor of Peter the Great ; the second, the notorious woman, wJio with transcendent intellectual abili- ties united a heart that seemed utterly void of good. The great crime of her reign, and perpetrated chiefly through her influence, was the partition of Poland amongst the three neighbouring states, by which it was utterly destroyed as a kingdom. In the administration of her empire, and in the promotion of its solid advancement as an empire, she was unrivalled. She died in 1796, aged 6.5 years. CATHARmEDE MEDICI, the queenof Henry II. of France, who, during the reigns of her three sons who were the immedi- CAT ate successors of Henry II., had actually the sovereign power. She was involved in an unbroken course of intrigues for the f ratification of her ambition. Her name is everlastingly con- emned by the memory of the massacre of the Huguenots on St. Bartholomew's day in 1572. She died in 1589, aged 70 years. CATHERINE HALL, a college of Cambridge, foundecl in the 15th century. It is neither a very rich foundation, nor a very imposing building ; but it has produced some famous scholars and divines. CATHARINE OF ARRAGON, and CATHARINE PARR, the first and last wives of Henry VIII. The first was divorced on the plea that she had been married to his brother ; the latter survived him. See Henry VIII. CATHA'RTIC, Catha'rtical, a. [kathario, Gr.] cleansing. Applied in Medicine to purgative medicines ; and in a more ex- tensive sense, to all kinds of medicine which cleanse the body. CATHA'RTICALNESS, s. the quality of cleansing or purging. CATHEAD, s. the vulgar name for the casts of separate chambers of a shell called Ammonites, which is known only in the fossil state, and greatly resembled the Nautilus. On board a ship, a piece of timber, with two shivers at one end, having a rope and block. CATHE'DRAL, a. episcopal, or containing the see or seat of a bishop ; belonging to a cathedral. CATHE'DRAL, s. [kathedra, Gr.] the chief church of a diocese, where the bishop's chair is placed. CATHETER, s. {kathemi, Gr.] in Surgery, a hollow tube or instrument, usually of silver, and crooked, generally used to assist the discharge of urine, when the passage is stopped by any disorder. CATHOLIC, a. [kata and ohs, Gr.] universal. TJie Church Catholic, is by its users meant for theirs, or the true church, in opposition to heretical or schismatical churches, and is a title which the papists arrogate to themselves. Jtoman Catholic, and Anglo Catholic, are terms, not wholly correct, but sufficiently so to describe the two great branches of the self-named true church : which branches, however, most generally repudiate each other. Catholic Kino, or Majesty, is the title of the king of Spain. CATHO'LICISM,s. universality ; something common to all of the same kind. CATHO'LICON, s. [katholikos, Gr.] in Medicine, a remedy which cures all disorders. Figuratively, that which is a univer- salpreservative. (jATILINE, or Catili'na, L. Sergius, a Roman patrician who has obtained an infamous notoriety for his conspiracy against his country, in which he fell. That he was as bad as the young nobility of his time usually were as to his private charac- ter, is quite evident ; whether his scheme, abating its failure and its appeal to arms, was wholly bad, may be cjuestioned. He had been a partisan of Sylla, which would sufficiently account for some of his plans. He was foiled through the treason of one of his party, and the eloquence of Cicero ; and he fell in a desperate engagement, by which the whole affair was defeated, in 63 B. c, aged about 45 years. CATKINS, s. in Botany, the long branches of flowers of some trees, as the willow, hazel, pine, &c., which contain only the stamens. CATLING, s. [kats leins, Teut.] in Surgery, a dismembering knife, used for cutting off' any corrupted part of the body. In Botany, the down or moss growing about walnut trees, resem- bling the hair of a cat. CATO, the surname of two celebrated Romans : the first, M. Porcius Priseus, lived about two centuries B. c, and was dis- tinguished for the stern simplicity of his principles and manners, for his oratory, for his military skill, and for his statesmanship. He fought in Spain and in Greece, and had a triumph for the victories gained in the former. He was an author, and a patron and encourager of poets and literature. The name by which he is commonly known — the Censor — is taken from the last public office he filled. He died in 149 b. c, aged above 80 years. M. Porcius Cato, his great-grandson, lived in more troubled times. His character resembled his great ancestor's, and he added all the gloomy grandeur which the Stoical philosophy threw round its earnest votaries. He opposed Catiline, and embarked on Pom- pey's side, in the struggle for the world. In the ruin of the cause he retired to Utica, and unconquerable, even in defeat, Blew himself. This was in 47 b. c. X 2 155 CAV CATCPTRICAL, a. relating to catoptrics, or vision by re- flection. CATO'PTRICS, s. [katoptron, Gr.l the doctrine of reflex vision, or that part of optics which treats of light reflected from polished surfaces. CATS-EYE, s, among jewellers, a stone of the opal kind, but far inferior to it in beauty. CA'TSILVER, s. in Natural History, a fossil composed of plain, parallel, flexible, elastic plates, and of a yellow or golden, white, silveiy, or black colour. CA'TSKILL MOUNTAINS, a range of mountains in New York, United States, the principal branch of the Alleghany chain in that state. Round Top, the highest peak, is 3804 feet high. In them the bear, wolf, wild cat, and wild deer are still found. CA'TSKILL, a town of New York, situated on the Catskifl river, near its junction with the Hudson ; the boundary of the land belonging to it extends on the W. to the mountains, and on the E. to the Hudson, over which is a ferry. Pine Orchard, a favourite summer resort, is situated here on the brow of the Catskill mountains, where is an hotel commanding a wide and most beautiful prospect ; there are two flne waterfalls near it, and it stands 2212 feet above the Hudson. The town is 33(5 miles from Washington. Pop. 5339. CA'TS-TAIL, s. in Botany, the name of a common kind of grass. CA'TSUP, s. a kind of Indian pickle ; the spiced juice of mushrooms. CA'TTEGAT, the strait lying between Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, by which the Baltic communicates with the North- ern Ocean. It contains several islands. CA'TTERICK, Yorkshire. It has a bridge over the river Swale, and a sort of cataract near it. It appears to have been a great city in the time of the Romans. It is 220 miles from London. Pop. 2965. CA'TTLE, s. a collective name for such animals as are useful either for tilling the ground, or for food for mankind, as horses, oxen, sheep, goats, &c. They are distinguished into great cattle, comprehending horses and oxen, and small cattle, such as sheep and goats. Black, or neat cattle, are collective names for all animals of the ox kind. Figuratively, persons ; a word of re- proach and contempt, as it places the human species on a level with brutes. CATU'LLUS, C. VALERIUS, a Roman poet who wrote im- mediately before the Christian sera. He was by improvidence and prodigality during the greater of his life sufficientiv poor for a poet ; but he enjoyed both the patronage and friendship of the great men of Rome. His poetry is graceful, harmonious, and at times lofty ; but it is disfigured with obscenities. He died about 40 B. c, aged about 45 years. CAVALCA'DE, s. [Fr.] a pompous procession on horseback, or in coaches. CAVALIE'R, (cavaleer) s. [Fr.] a knight, gentleman, or sol- dier, who rides on horseback ; a horseman. Also, in the 17th century, the name assumed by the partisans of Charles I. CAvALIE'R, a. gay, sprightly, warlike, brave, generous, polite. Sometimes in a quite contrary sense, i. e. proud, naughty, disdainful. CAVALIE'RI, BUONA VENTURA, a learned Jesuit, the friend and disciple of Galileo, but much more profound in ma- thematics. He invented a method which he called that of Indi- visible, which was in substance that of limits. He assumed every solid to be made up of an infinite number of planes ; every sur- face, of an infinite number of lines ; and every line, of points. He obtained some usefal results, and paved the way for the disco- veries of the greater mathematicians who followed. He died a professor in the Bolognian University, in 1647, aged 49 years. CAVALIE'RLY, a(/. in a brave or polite manner; also in a disdainful, haughty, and arrogant manner. CAVA'LLO, TIBERIUS, an indefatigable experimenter in electricity during the latter part of the last century. The use of two pith balls on very slender silver wire for an electrometer, and the instrument which he called the multiplier, are his only original suggestions. He died in 1809, aged 60 years. CA'VALRY, s. \cavakrie, Fr.] soldiers who fight and march on horseback, divided into horse and dragoons. The horse never serve but on horseback, being named likewise troopers or heavy CAV cavalry. The dragoons fight either on horseback or on foot, as occasion requires, and are named light-horse. When an army is drawn up in battle-array, the cavalry are posted in the wings ; and bodies of cavalry ranged in order of battle are termed' squadrons. CA'VAN, a county of Ulster, Ireland, bounded on the W. and S. W. by Leitrim and Longford ; on the N. W. and N. by Fer- managh and Monaghan ; on the N. E. by Monaghan ; and on the E. and S. by E. and W. Meath. It is about 40 miles long and 28 broad, and contains 33 parishes. In many parts it is open, bleak, and dreary, but from Cavan to Lough Earne it is fertile, well wooded, and extremely picturesque. It is a hilly county, and in the N. W. part mountainous ; and at the foot of the hills are many beautiful lakes, mostly small, but some of a larger size. In the hills are mines of several metals and coal, besides quarries of various kinds of stone and earth. The Earne is the chief river. The linen manufacture is carried on in it pretty extensively, but neither agriculture nor grazing are in a very flourishing state. Pop. 243,158. It returns two members to parliament. Cavan, its county town, is in the heart of the county, on a stream flowing into the Earne. It has the county courts, and a good barracks. It is 54 miles from Dublin. Pop. 3749. To CA'VATE, V. a. [cava, Lat.] to scoop, bore, or dig any solid matter into a hollow ; to make hollow. CAUCA'SIAN, the name by which that variety of the human race is known which exhibits the highest degree of intellectual development. It comprehends the nations extending in the E. hemisphere from Hindustan to the N. Atlantic ; the Semitic tribes seem also to belong to it. CAU'CASUS, a chain of mountains in Asia, which extend from the Black to the Caspian Sea, in length about 700 miles, some of whose peaks rise 16,000 feet in height, and are perpe- tually covered with snow. There is iron in these mountains which has long been worked ; gold and copper are found in the rivers which flow from them. The Kur, the Pamara, the Kuma, and the Kalum, have their origin in this range. The lower parts abound in honey, corn, wine, fruits, gom, a species of grain resembling millet, but cultivated like rice ; hogs, and horned cattle. The vines hereabouts grow winding round the high trees. The northern parts are mostly subject to Russia, and the southern to Turkey. The inhabitants are amongst the most beautiful in the world. There are many different tribes of them, no fewer than seven distinct languages exist amongst them. Some of them are very warlike in their habits, and are with difficulty kept in subjection by the Russians. CAU'CUS, s. a refinement of spelling on Caulkers, from whose meetings at Boston, U. S., to concert plans for their protection, this party epithet, applied specially to political party meetings, was derived. CAU'DLE, s. Icaudeau, Fr.] a liquor made with water, oatmeal, spices, and wine, used by women m their lying-in. To CAU'DLE, V. a. to make caudle ; to mix as caudle. CAVE, s. [cave, Fr.] a hollow place made in a rock or under ground, which runs in a horizontal direction. Figuratively, a hollow thing. Synon. Cave is a habitation under ground, made either by art or nature. Cell is some little dwelling raised above the ground. We dig a cave; we build a cell. To CAVJ3 V. n. to dwell in a cave, or subterraneous place. CAVE, WILLIAM, author of Primitive Ciiristianity , and other works of that kind, was an English clergyman in the latter part of the 17th century. He wrote his books, and enjoyed his pre- ferments, and died in 1713, aged 76 years. CAVE, EDWARD, the printer who patronized Dr. Johnson in his days of need, and sent forth the Gentleman's Magazine, &s a monument for himself, from St. John's Gate, Clerkenwell. He died in 1754, aged 63 years. CA'VEAT, s. [Lat.] in Law, a kind of process in the spiritual court to stop the probate of a will, the granting letters of admin- istration, or the institution of a clerk to a benefice, &c. CA'VENDISH, SIR THOMAS, a privateer or buccaneer of the time of Elizabeth, who entered into that line as a profitable, speculation, which it proved to him, and who circumnavigated the globe, adding not a little to the geographical knowledge of the times. He attempted another cruise, but failed, and died in 1593, aged about 30 years. CAVENDISH, HENRY, a natural philosopher of the last CAU century, belonging to a noble family, who is known as the first accurate experimental observer in chemistry, and the discoverer of many facts relating to gases. In electricity he was equally illustrious, introducing there the accurate quantitative observ- ation which, as much as recent discoveries, has contributed to the advance of the science. He also invented a beautiful experi- ment for determining the density of the earth. He died in lolO, aged 79 years. CA'VLRN, s. [caverna, Lat.] a hollow place under ground. CA'VERNED, rt. full of caverns; hollow; undermined. Fi- guratively, dwelling in a cavern. CA'VERNOUS, a. full of caverns or hollow places under ground. CAVETTO, s. ^[Ital.] a hollow member or round concave moulding, containing a quadrant or quarter of a circle. CA'VEZON, Cave'sson, s. [cavesson, Fr.] a sort of nose-band of iron, leather, or wood, clapped on the nose of a horse to wring it, in order to supple and break him in. CAUGHT, (kaut) participle preter. of Catch. CAVIA'RI, s. [Ital.] the hard roes of a sturgeon salted, made into small cakes, and dried in the sun. To CA'VIL, V. a. [caviller, Fr.] to raise frivolous objections. — f. n. to receive or treat with objections. CA'VIL, s. a groundless or trivolous objection. CAVILLATION, Ca'vili.ing, s. a disposition, inclination, or quality of raising groundless objections, or finding fault with things without reason. CA'VILLER, «. [cavillator, Lat.] one who makes groundless, frivolous, or impertinent objections. CA'VILLINGLY, ad. objecting in a groundless or frivolous manner. CA'VILLOUS, a. fond of objecting, or making groundless ob- jections. CA'VIN, s. [Fr.] a natural hollow, fit to cover a body of troops, and favour their approaches. CATITY, s. [cavitas, Lat.] hollowness ; a hollow ; a hollow place. CAUK, s. in Natural History, a coarse talky spar. CAU'KY, a. resembling cauk ; of the qualities of cauk. CAUL, s. [Brit.] a kind of netting or hair cap, used by women to enclose their hair in ; the hinder part of a woman's cap; the silk netting in the inside of a wig, on which the rows of curls are sewed. Figjuratively, a kind of net. In Anatomy, the omentum, or reticulum, a membrane in the abdomen. Like- wise a membrane found on the heads of some children at their birth. CAULI'FEROUS, a. [caulis and/ero, Lat.] in Botany, applied to such plants as have a true stalk. CAU'LlFLOWER, (generally pronounced caiifloiver,) s. [catills, Lat.] in Botany, a species of cabbage, the peculiarity of which consists in its being principally a cluster of undeveloped flower- stems. CAU'SABLE, a. Icama, Lat.] that may be produced or ef- fected. CAU'SAL, n. relating to causes. CAUSATION, s. the action of a cause. CAU'SATIVE, a. that expresses a cause or reason. CAUSA'TOR, s. a causer; an author. CAUSE, (the s in this word and its derivatives is usually pro- nounced like z,) «.' [caMsa, Lat.] that which makes a thing begin to be; that which produces any thing. A ^rst cause, is that which operates of itself, and from its own proper power or virtue. A secondary cause, is that which derives its pQwer irom some other. Final cause, in Natural Theology, is the purpose for which any thing in nature exists, or takes place. Figuratively, the reason or motive for any undertaking. In Law, the matter in dispute, or subject of a law-suit. To CAUSE, V. a. to produce any effect ; to effect. CAU'SELESS, a. derived from no cause ; without just grounds, reasons, or motives. CAU'SELESSLY, ad. in a groundless manner ; without found- ation; without reason ; unjustly. CAU'SER, s. he that produces, or the agent by which any thing is effected or produced. CAU'SEWAY, s. a solid raised path, beside a carriage-road, for foot passengers; or across a marsh, or place not adapted for pedestrians. CAU'STIC, Cau'stical, a. {kaio, Gr.] in Medicine, that which consumes or destroys organic matter. Caustic curve, in Optics, the curve of brilliant illumination formed by rays reflected from the concave of a cylindrical mirror, on a surface at right angles with it. CAU'STIC, LUNAR, s. in Medicine, a name by which the nitrate of oxide of silver is known ; called so from its effects when applied to animal textures. CAUSTFCITY, s. the quality of burning. CAU'TELOUS, a. [eattteleux, Fr.] wary, cautious, circumspect. Sometimes used in a bad sense for wily, cunning, treacherous. CAUTERIZATION, s. [cauteriser, Fr.] the act of consuming flesh by burning-hot irons or caustic medicines. To CAUTERIZE, v. a. in Surgery, to eat or consume a part by the application of a cauterj-. CAUTERY, «. &e Caustic. CAUTION, {kdushon) s, [cautio, Lat.] a prudent manner of acting ; wariness ; foresight ; warning. To CAUTION, V. a. to warn ; to give notice of a danger. CAU'TIONARY, {hdushonary) a. ^iven as a pledge or security. CAUTIOUS, (kdushous) a. [cautus, Lat.] guarded against any suspected trick ; wary ; watchful. CAUTIOUSLY, ijidtishously) ad. in a wary manner, opposed to rashness. CAUTIOUSNESS, {kdushousness) s. the quality of taking such measures as may prevent any misfortune ; a prudent, wary con- duct. CA'VY, s. in Natural History, a genus of small S. American animals, of which the best known is the restless cavy, or Gui- nea pig. To CAW, V. n. [formed from the sound,] to make a noise like a crow, raven, or rook. CAW'NPOOR, a town and military station on the Ganges, in the province of Allahabad, and capital of a district of the same name. It is a well-built town, but subject to all the incon- veniences of the climate, on account of its position. Lat. 26. 30. N. Long. 80. 13. E. CA'WOOD, Yorkshire. It is 186 miles from London. Mar- ket, Wednesday. Pop. 1108. CA'XTON, Cambridgeshire. It is but small, though a post- town, and a good thoroughfare. It is 49 miles from London. Market, Tuesday. Pop. 558. CA'XTON, WILLIAM, the first printer in England. He was a man of some learning, and not ill-to-do in the world, having travelled on the continent, and had dealings with governments respecting commercial treaties. He printed his first book in England between 1470 and 1480. He died in 1492, aged about 80years. CAYE'NNE,a town and island of Guiana, S. America, tcAjcA see. To CEASE, V. n. [cesso, Lat.] to forbear or discontinue an action or custom a person is engaged in. To rest, used with from.—v. a. to put a stop or end to. Synon. We finish by putting the last hand to a work. We cease in quitting it entirely. We leave off in discontinuing. CEASE, s. death or extinction, perhaps for decease. CE'ASELESS, a. without stop, intermission, pause, respite, or discontinuation ; without end. CE'BES, a moralist of Thebes, who learnt of Socrates, arid wrote an allegory called the Picture, which is often read in schools. He lived about 400 b. c. CE'CIL, the name of two distinguished statesmen of the 16th century. The first, William, Lord Burleigh, was Elizabeth's prime minister, and had been in the service of Henry VIII. and Edward VI. He appears to have been a man of high principle and sound judgment, united with consummate skill in business ; and to him IS attributed most of the peculiar glorj' that distinguishes the reign of the hero-queen. He died in 1598, aged 77 years. The second, was his son, Rohert, Earl of Salisbury, who was in the service of Elizabeth and James L, and with great ability resisted the fondness for arbitrary power displayed by the latter. Yet by all historians his conduct respecting Raleigh is allowed to have been foully treacherous. Nor was the part he took in respect ot Essex's fall, and in having secret correspondence with James whilst ostensibly the servant of Elizabeth, much better. He died in 1612, aged about 60 years. CECUTTENCY, s. [cacus, Lat.] a tendency to blindness ; a dimness of sight. 157 CEL CE'DAR, s. [cedrus, Lat.] in Botany, a species of pine, which grows to a very great size, and is exceedingly long-lived. The Foliage of this tree is peculiarly arranged, being in thin flat masses, and the wood is very durable, and has an aromatic scent. Mount Lebanon, in Palestine, is famed for cedars, many of which bear marks of great antiquity. In the Psalms and prophetic writings of the Old Testament, the cedars of Lebanon are often alluded to. As an ornamental tree it is much cultivated. The timber is used where lightness and free- dom from destroying insects are desired. Some other and com- moner species of pine are possessed of similar qualities, and are enjployed under its name. CE'DARN, Ce'drine, a. [cedrinus, Lat.] of or belonging to a cedar tree. To CEIL, (seel) V. a. [ceh, Lat.] to overlay or cover the inner roof of a building. CEI'LING, (seeling) s. the upper part or roof of a room. CE'LANDINE, s. [chelidomum, Lat.] in Botany, a genus of plants nearly allied to the poppy, differing therefrom in its seed- vessel being a pod. There are three British species. CE'LEBES, an island of Asia, in the Indian Ocean, called also Macassar, S. of the Philippines, E. of Borneo, andW. of the Moluccas. It is divided into four long and narrow portions by the Bays of Serva, Tolo, and Tomini. It has mountains and some large rivers. Mines of gold and other metals are known to exist; but are not much worked. Agriculture flourishes rather by the excellence of the soil, than by the skill and industry of the natives. Rice and some other grains, tobacco, and cotton are its chief products, and are not great. Wild animals of a dangerous kind, such as boars, elks, monkeys, and serpents, abound. The natives are allied to the Malays, and are divided into many small and independent tribes, who use different languages. Macassar is the largest place, and there the Dutch have a fort and establishment. To CE'LEBRATE, v. a. [celebro, Lat.] to make honourable mention of ; to make a thing famous. Figuratively, to praise or commend ; to enumerate the blessings received from the Divine Being, with a heart full of gratitude ; to perform the solemn rites appropriated to any particular day or festival. Synon. Famous, celebrated, and renowned, are equally applied to persons or things ; but illustrious to persons only, at least when we would be nice in our choice of words. CELEBRA'TION, s. \celchratio, Lat.] the performance of any rite appropriated to some festival or solemnity. Figuratively, praise, fame, renown, memorial, or honourable mention. CELE'BRIOUS, a. [celeber, Lat.] famous ; renowned. CELE'BRIOUSLY, ad. in a famous manner ; in such a manner as to communicate fame. CELE'BRIOUSNESS, Cele'brity, s. [celebritas, Lat.] renown, fame, or qualities which are the objects of esteem and approba- tion. CELE'RITY, s. [celeritas, Lat.] swiftness of motion ; velocity; rapidity. CE'LERY, s. in Botany, a species of umbelliferous plant, a native of this country, but grown in gardens with great care, so as to lengthen and blanch the stem, and used uncooked as a vegetable, or to flavour soups. CELE'STIAL, a. [ccelestis, Lat.] in the heavenly regions ; be- longing to heaven, or angelical. Used substantively for an in- habitant of heaven. CELE'STIALLY, ad. in a heavenly manner, opposed to earthly. To CELE'STIFY, v. a. [ccelestis, Lat.] to communicate or endue with the properties of heaven. CELE'STINES, in Church History, a religious order of Chris- tians, reformed from the Bernardins by Pope Celestine. Their rules are divided into three parts ; the first, of the provincial chapters, and the elections of superiors ; the second contains the regular observances ; and the third, the visitation and correction of the monks. They rise two hours after midnight to say matins. They eat no flesh unless they are sick ; they fast very rigorously. C^'LIAC, s. [koilia, Gr.] relating to the lower belly. Cceliac passim, is a sort of diarrhoea, in which the aliment is passed through the bowels before any of it has been assimilated. CETjIBACY, s. [Calebs, Lat.] the unmarried or single state, opposed to marriage. CE'LIBATE, s. [ctelibaius, Lat.l a single life; the same as Celibaq/. CEN CELL, s. [cella, Lat.] a hollow place ; a little house, apart- ment, or chamber, wherein the ancient monks used to dwell in their retirement ; a small or close apartment in a prison ; the in- nermost part of the ancient temples. In Anatomy, little bags, bladders, or cavities, wherein fluids or other humours are lodged. In Botany, a vacuity in a capsule for lodging the seed. It also signifies the vacuity in the anthers that contains the pollen. In Natural History, the little divisions of the combs of bees, in which" the honey is stored. CE'LLAR, s. [cella, Lat.] in Building, a place under ground for keepingslores, or the lowest room of a house. CE'LLARAGE, s. the part of a building appropriated to cel- lars ; cellar-room. CE'LLARIST, s. [cellarius, Lat.] the butler of a monastery. CELLA'RIUS, CHRISTOPHER, the writer on the geography of the ancients, who was, till lately, the standard authority on that subject. He held several professorships successively in dif- ferent universities of Germany, and published various works on Antiquities and History ; and died in 1707, aged 69 years. CELLI1VI, BENVENUTO, the celebrated sculptor and de- corator of goldsmiths' work, &c. He was engaged at various times as engraver to the mint at Rome and Florence, and was honourably entertained at the courts of most of the potentates of the Italian states, and of Francis I. of France. He had great taste and ability as an artist, great vanity and irascibility as a man. He led a life of continual troubles and wandering, from his practice of appealing to his fatal skill with the sword. His autobiography exnibits not only himself, with all his worth and all his lolly, but his times also ; and as they were the most mo- mentous of all modern history, it is well worthy of study. He died in 1570, aged 70 years. CE'LLULAR, a. [celtula, Lat.] consisting of, or abounding in, little cells or cavities. Cellular tissue, one of the simplest and most general of the elementary substances, which enter into the structure of all organized matter. It is the basis of both vegetable and animal bodies. CE'LSITUDE, s. [celsitudo, Lat.] height, tallness, stature. Also, a note of dignity, by which some persons in high offices are distinguished. CE'LSUS, AURELIUS CORNELIUS, the well-known Latin writer on Medicine, whose work continues to be used in medical colleges to this day. He wrote also works on other practical sciences, which are unfortunately lost. He flourished at some time during the 1st century a. c. CE'LSUS, an Epicurean philosopher, who flourished toward the close of the '2nd century, and wrote a work against Christianity, called the True Word, which is known only by the passages tran- scribed in the work of Origen in reply to it. CELTS, or Kelts, the name of one of the great races that peopled W. Europe when it first appears in History. The va- rious tribes of Gaul, and some of the tribes of Spain, formed one subdivision of this race, and the different British and Erse tribes another. Also, a name given to rude axe-heads of stone, and others more finished of bronze, found in various parts of Britain, and presumed to be of Celtic origin. CE'MENT, s. [camentum, Lat.] any glutinous substance, used to stick two bodies together. Figuratively, that which unites, or forms a union between things. To CEME'NT, v. a. to unite by some glutinous substance such as mortar, &c. Figuratively, to unite different people in the bonds of friendship, or by some common tie of interest, &c. To CEME'NT, v. n. to join together, so as not to be easily di- vided. In Surgery, applied to the healing of broken bones. CEMENTA'TION, s. the act of joining bodies together by cement. CE'METERY, s. [koimao, Gr.] a place wherein the bodies of the dead are buried, a church-yard, or burying-ground. CE'NATORY, a. [cmna, Lat.] relating to supper. CENOBI'TICAL, a. [koinos and bios, Gr.] living in community. CE'NOTAPH, s. [kenos and taphos, Gr.] an honorary monument erected for a person whose remains are buried in another place ; such are most of the monuments in Westminster Abbey. To CENSE, V. a. [encenser, Fr.] to perfume with incense. Used only in poetry. CE'NSER, s. [encensoir, Fr.] the pan or vessel in which in- cense is burnt. CE'NSOR, s. [Lat.] a Roman magistrate employed to survey CEN and rate the people, and to inspect and correct their manners. Used by moaerns to signify a person given to find fault with and censure the conduct, actions, or productions of others. CENSO'RIAN, a. relating to a censor. CENSO'RIOUS, a. morosely animadverting on the faults of others. Used with of or upon, before the object of censure. CENSO'RIOUSLY, ad. in a severe manner ; in such a man- ner as to condemn the foibles of others with the greatest rigour. CENSORIOUSNESS, s. a disposition of finding fault with the actions of others. CE'NSORSHIP, s. the office of a censor ; or the time during which he continued in his office. Censorship of the press, the office exercised by persons appointed by government to inspect every printed work, and to prevent any that they please from being published. It was once exercised in England, and is still throughout Europe. CE'NSURABLE, a. liable to be found fault with ; worthy of censure; blamable. CE'NSURABLENESS, «. the quality which makes a thing the object of blame or censure. CE'NSURE, s. Icettsura, Lat.] the act of blaming, or noting the defects which make any thing blamable; a reproof or repri- mand given by a person in authority. In Ecclesiastic discipline, a punishment inflicted on a person for any misdemeanor. To CE'NSURE, V. a, Icenstirer, Fr.] to reprove a person pub- licly for some misdemeanor, applied to the reproofs of a superior; to reprimand, blame, or find fault with. CE'NSURER, s. a person who is fond of taking notice of the faults of others; one who is addicted to reproving others for their defects. CE'NSUS, «. [Lat.] an enumeration of the inhabitants of any country. In this country and the United States there is a census every ten years. The last in Great Britain was in 1841, and was made with great care, the ages, occupation, and county of birth, of each individual being ascertained. The last in the United States was in 1840. The population of the towns, &c. in these two countries are given in this work from these returns. A quinquennial census is taken in France, but the returns are not so specific nor so interesting as those published in this country. CENT, s. [an abbreviation of centum, Lat.] in Commerce, used in stating the profit or loss arising from the sale of any commo- dity, the rate of commission, exchange, or the interest of money, &c., and signifies the proportion or sum gained, &c. in every 100; thus 10 per cent, gain implies that the seller has gained 10 pounds on every 100 pounds of the price for which he bought the commodity. CE'NTAUR, «. [centaurus, Lat.] an imaginary being, repre- sented by ancient poets as composed of the body and upper part of a man attached to the body and legs of a horse. In Astrono- my, a constellation in the southern hemisphere, joined with the Wolf. The Centaurs were probably an ancient nation of Greeks, who early acquired the art of riding horses. CE'NTAURY, s. in Botany, a plant, some species of which are wild in England, which was once esteemed for its supposed medical properties. CE'NTENARY, s. [centenarius, Lat.] the number of a hundred. CENTE'SIMAL, s. \centesimus, Lat.] hundredth. CENTIFO'LIOUS, a. [centum a.nA folium, Lat.] having a hun- dred leaves. CE'NTIGRADE, a. [centum and gradus, Lat.] applied to the scale of a thermometer, divided into 100 degrees. CE'NTIPEDE, s. [centum and pes, Lat.] in Natural History, a poisonous insect in the West Indies, commonly called by the English forty-legs. CE'NTO, s. [Lat.] in Poetry, a piece wholly composed of verses from other authors, wherein sometimes whole lines, and at others half verses, are borrowed, but set down in a new order, and applied to a subject different from that in which they were originally introduced. CE'NTRAL, a. relating to the centre, or placed in the centre. Central forces are those by which a body tends to, or removes from, the centre. CE'NTRALLY, ad. entirely; perpendicularly; in a manner relating to the centre of gravity. CE'NTRE, Ce'nter, s. [centrum, Lat.] in its primary sense, a point equally remote from either of the extremities of a line, figure, or body ; oi' the point or middle of a line or plane, which divides it into two equal parts. The centre of a circle, is a point within it, from whence all lines drawn to the circumference are equal. Centre of gravity, is that point about which all the parts of a body, in any situation, balance each other. Centre of oscilla- tion, is that point in which, if the whole gravity of the pendulum were collected, the time of its vibration would receive no altera- tion. Centre of percussion, is that point in which the force of a stroke is the greatest possible. Centre of pressure, is that point on which if tne pressure exerted on the whole surface be col- lected, the result would be the same. Centre is used figuratively for the earth, in the Ptolemaic system placed in the centre. To CE'NTRE, v. a. to fix on, or as a centre ; to tend to, or be collected together, as in a centre. — v. n. to meet, like rays in a centre ; to be placed in the centre of the mundane system. CENTRI'FUGAL,a. [centrum aind/iigio, Lat.] that endeavours to fly or recede from its centre or fixed place. Centrifugal force, is that force which impels a body moving in a curvilinear orbit, instead of continuing its orbit, to go on in the direction in which it may at any instant be moving, that is, in a tangent to the curve it was describing. A familiar example of this is the hurl- ing of a stone from a sling. CENTRI'PETAL, a. [centrum and peto, Lat.] tending towards the centre. Centripetal force, is that by which a body tends, acts, or is impelled towards the centre. CE'NTRY, s. See Sentry, or Sentinel. CE'NTUPLE, a. [centuplex, Lat.] a hundred-fold. To CENTU'RIATE, v. a. [centurio, Lat.] to divide into hun- dreds. CENTURIATOR, s. an historian who divides time into centu- ries, or spaces consisting of a hundred years. CENTU'RION, ». [centurio, Lat.] a military officer among the Romans who commanded a hundred men. CE'NTURY, s. [centuria, Lat.] in Chronology, is a period of one hundred years. In Church History, the method of^ comput- ing by centuries is generally observed, commencing from the time of our Saviour's incarnation ; in which sense we say, the first, second, thkd century, &c. CE'PHALALGY, {sephalalgy) s. [kephale and algos, Gr,] the head-ache. CEPHA'LIC, (sephdlik) a. [kephale, Gr.] in Medicine, applied to remedies for disorders in the head. CEPHALO'NIA, a large island to the W. of Greece, and one of the republic of the Ionian Islands. It is about 30 miles long, and has an average breadth of about 15 miles. A mountain ridge crosses it lengthwise, the highest point of which is about 4000 feet. It grows cotton, fruits, oil, and wine ; grazes abund- ance of cattle ; manufactures carpets and cotton goods ; and has a good and spacious bay for the advantage of its trade. It has a population of about 60,000. Its capital is Argostoli, and it has also some other towns. Lat. 38. 22. N. Long. 20. 40. E. CE'PHEUS, in Astronomy, a constellation in the northern hemisphere. CE'RAM, the largest island but one of the Moluccas, in the Sea of Banda, lying midway between New Guinea and Timor and Celebes. It has been little explored, the Dutch having been contented with seizing its vegetable riches, and vilifying the character of its barbarous inhabitants. At its E. extremity, and nearer to New Guinea, lie the Ceramlaut islands, which produce spices, and are claimed by the Dutch. But the people seem to be more advanced in civilization, through the influence of com- CERA'STES, s. [keras, Gr.] in Natural History, a venomous serpent having two protuberances resembling horns. CE'RATE, s. [cera, Lat.] in Medicine, a kind of stiff ointment, made of oil, wax, and other ingredients. CE'RATED, a. covered with wax or cerate. CETIBERUS, in Mythology, a name given to a dog with three heads, which was the fabled guardian of the passage to the shades below. To CERE, V. a. [cera, Lat.] to rub upon or cover with wax. CE'REBEL, s. [cerebellum, Lat.] the hinder part of the brain. CE'REBRUM, s. [Lat.j the brain properly so called. See Brain. CE'RECLOTH, s. a cloth covered or spread with cerate or other ointment. CE'REMENTS, «. [cera, Lat.] cloths dipped in melted wax or fum, in which dead bodies were formerly wrapped when em- almed. 159 CER CEREMONIAL, a. that relates to a ceremony or external rite. Figuratively, consisting in mere external show, formal. Substantively, an external rite, or book containing the cere- monies to be observed in religious worship. CEREMO'NIALNESS, s. the quality of abounding in external rites and modes of worship; the mere external show of devo- tion, pietr, or virtue. CEREMOTVIOUS, a. consisting in external or outward rites ; superstitious, or fond of ceremonies ; formal ; too much given to the practice of external acts of civility and polite address. Fi- gurativelv, awful. CEREMO'NIOUSLY, ad. in a polite and civil manner. CE'REMONY, s. an outward rite, and external form in re- ligion ; polite address. Master of the ceremonies, is an officer, instituted by King James I., for the more honourable reception of ambassadors and strangers of quality. He wears about his neck a chain of gold, with a medal under the crown of Great Britain, having on one side an emblem of peace, with this motto, heati pacifici, (blessed are the peacemakers,) and on the other, an emblem of war, with Dieu et mon droit (God and my right). CE'RES, in the Heathen Mytholo^, the goddess who taught mankind the use of corn, and presided over harvests. See Eleu- siNtAN Mysteries. In Astronorav, one of the five small planets between Mars and Jupiter, called asteroids. CE'RIGO, an island off the E. of the two promontories on the S. of the Morea, in Greece ; one of the republic of the Ionian Islands. It is about 20 miles long, by 12 broad. Although on the whole mountainous, there is good soil in many parts, which yields fruits, wine, grain, and cotton, and furnishes, more- over, excellent pastures. Its population is about 1000. Its capital is Capsali. CERFNTHIANS, in Church History, the followers of Ce- rinthus. CERI'NTHUS, one of the earliest speculators about Chris- tianity who have received from ecclesiastical historians the ge- neral title of Heretics. It is about him that the worse than apocryphal story is related of John the evangelist leaving the bath. The only opinions that are authentically ascribed to him, are manifestly attempts to elucidate the facts of Christianity by the help of the philosophy of Alexandria ; and, as this was little better than a dream of fancy, it made the facts of the Gospel no better. It is possible that John's Gospel was written on oc- casion of the spread of this scheme, though it seems more pro- bably intended to give the higher aspect of the character of our Lord, which in the simpler narrations of the other evangelists is not so clear. CE'RIUM, s. in Chemistry, a metal discovered in two rare minerals, cerite and allanite. But as it has been confounded \vith another metal, now termed lantanium, but little is posi- tively known respecting it. CERNE ABBAS, Dorsetshire, stands on the river Cerne, in a pleasant vale, surrounded with steep hills, on one of which, Trendle Hill, a little to the N. is a gigantic figure, cut in the chalk, which covers nearly an acre. It is 130 miles from Lon- don. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 1342. CE'RTAIN, a. [certus, Lat.] that cannot be denied without obstinacy ; resolved or determined ; sure, so as to admit of no doubt. CERTAINLY, ad. without doubt, question, scruple, or fail. CE'RTAINTY, s. the state of a person's mind which has full and complete conviction respecting any thing, generally imply- ing the existence of sufficient ground for this conviction. Thence transferred to truths or events respecting which this conviction is rationally entertained. A physical certainty, is that which de- pends on the evidence of the senses. A mathematical certainty, IS that which depends on necessary principles, and can in no- wise be doubted. A moral certainty, is that which depends on a due connexion of circumstances, and clearness of testimony. Figuratively, an event which must necessarily and unavoidably happen. CERTIFICATE, «. [certijko, law Lat.] a testimony given in writing, to certify or make known any truth. Figuratively, any testimony. To CE'RTIFY, v. a, [certifier, Fr.] to give certain notice of a thing. CERTIORA'RI, ». [Lat.] a writ issued out of the Chancery, 160 CEV or court of King's Bench, directed to an inferior court, to call up the records of a cause there depending. CE'RTITUDE, «. [ceHitudo, Lat.] an act of the judgment, importing the adhesion of the mind to the proposition it affirms, or the strength of evidence which occasions that adhesion; free from doubt. See Certainty. CERVA'NTES, MIGUEL DE, (Saatodra,) the renowned author of Don Quixote. He was born of nobly connected pa- rents, in Castile, Spain. He was a scholar and a soldier, and fought under Don John of Austria, at Lepanto, where he lost an arm. Afterwards, as he was proceeding to the Netherlands, with a regiment he had, he was captured by an Algerine pirate, and endured slavery not only with fortitude but with mirth, so as to have overmastered his owner by it. Ransomed at last, he returned to his militant career, and finally to the humiliating career of literature. He was imprisoned once, and was always poor. But his works have achieved a fame for him that is their richest reward. Don Quixote is his greatest production, but his others, which are numerous, are stamped with the same genius. He died in 1616, aged 69 years. CE'RVICAL, a. [cervix, Lat.] belonging to or situated in the neck. The cervical nerves and vessels in Anatomy, are so called from their being situated in the neck. CE'RVIX, s. [Lat.] in Anatoiny, the hind part of the neck, op- posed to the jusulum, throat, or fore part. CERU'LEAN, Ceru'leous, a. [ccerukus, Lat.] blue, or sky- blue. CERU'MEN, s. [Lat.] ear-wax. CE'RUSE, s. [cerussa, Lat.] white lead reduced to a powder, diluted with water on porphyrj', and formed into a paste. CESARE'AN, a. [from Ccesar,'] in Anatomy, is the cutting of a child from its mother's womb, either dead or alive, when it can- not be otherwise extracted ; which circumstance, it is said, first gave the name of Ctesar to the Roman family so called. CESS, s. a tax; the act of levying rates, or taxing. CESSATION, s. [cessatio, Lat.] a pause, rest, stop, or vacation, including the idea of a change from a state of activity or motion to its contrary, that of rest. Figuratively, a truce, or forbear- ance of hostile acts between two armies, without a peace. CESSA'VIT, s. [Lat.] in Law, a writ, which lies against a person who has not paid his rent or performed his due service tor the space of two years, and has not sufficient goods and chattels to make an equivalent distress. CESSIBI'LITY, s. [cessum, Lat.] the quality of receding or giving way. CE'SSIBLE, a. [cessum, Lat.] easy to give way. CE'SSIO BONO'RUM, in the Bankrupt laws of Scotland, is the giving up of the property of a person to his creditors, and operates much in the same way as the Insolvent laws of England do, in releasing a debtor from liability to be imprisoned. CE'SSION, (seshon) s. [cession, Fr.] the act of yielding or giving way to a stroke or force without resistance. In Common Law, an act whereby a person transfers his right to another. CE'SSIONARY, (seshionary) a. implying a resignation. CE'SSOR, s. [cesso, Lat.] in Law, a person who ceaseth or neglecteth to pay rent, or perform duty, so long, that a writ of cessavit may be taken out against him. CE'STUS, s. [Lat.] a girdle which the poets ascribe to Venus, and pretend that it adorns the person who wears it with irresist- ible charms. CETA'CEOUS, a. [cete, Lat.] resembling a whale; of the whale kind. CETTE, a town in the department of Herault, France. It stands on the entrance of the canal of Languedoc into the Me- diterranean, partly on a strip of land running between a sheet of water communicating with the sea, and the sea. It has a good bridge, and is a very pretty place. It has a superior trade, from its commanding situation ; and good fisheries. It has also some sugar manufactories, &c. It is above 400 miles from Paris. Thepopulation is about 11,000. -Lat. 43. 25. N. Long. 3. 42. E. CE'TUS, in Astronomy, the Whale, a constellation in the southern hemisphere. CEVE'NNES, a mountain chain belonging to the great Alpihe system, running through the S. part of France, formerly the province of Languedoc. It is about 300 miles long. Its E. de- clivity is more sudden than the W. From its N. gmd W. sides, the Loire, the AUier, the Cher, the Indre, the Creuse, &c. run I CHA into the Atlantic ; and from its E. and S. part, the Ardeche, the Gard, the Herault, &c. into the Mediterranean. The loftiest points are the Puy de Cacadogne, which is 5929 feet high, and the Puy de Gros, which is 5925 feet high : there are several others above 5000 feet in elevation. Slate and granite abound, and in the streams is found gold dust. CEU'TA, a town of Africa, in the territory of Fez, opposite to Gibraltar, strongly fortified by land and by sea. It has a har- bour, but of no value. Its population is about 11,000. CE'YLON, or, in Arabic, Serendib, a large and mountainous island of Asia, in the Indian Ocean, S. E. of Cape Comorin, on the coast of Coromandel, about 300 miles in length, and 140 in breadth. Many of its heights exceed 7000 feet. Its rivers are numerous. In some places (liere are mines, whence are got ru- bies, sapphires, topazes, and other stones of less value. It abounds in elephants, bulf'aloes, goats, hogs, deer, hares, dogs, jackals, monkeys, tigers, and bears. It produces corn, rice, in- digo, cinnamon, and pepper, various kinds of palm, and a great variety of wood ; the most remarkable tree in the island is the tallipot. The natives on the north belong to theTamulian race ; and on the south to the Cinghalese, who are divided into several tribes, some of which live almost in a savage state. The reli- gion is for the most part Boodhism, but Hinduism also prevails. The institution of caste was found here, as amongst other na- tions of these races. Other races, and religions, and customs have been introduced by immigration. It belongs to the Eng- lish, and has a considerable trade. The population is about 2,000,000. CHA'BLIS, a kind of wine, grown at a place of the same name, in the department of Yonne, France. CHACE, s. See Chase. CHAD, (shad) s. in Natural History, a round kind offish. CHAETO'DON, s. in Natural History, a genus of fishes with teeth divided into fine thin filaments resembling bristles. One species is remarkable for its method of procuring flies, on which it feeds, shooting them with a drop of water propelled through its singularly formed snout. To CHAFE, V. a. [echauffer, Fr.] to warm by rubbing. Figur- atively, to make sore by friction and heat ; to make a person grow warm with anger.— ». n. to grow angry, or fret at any op- position or disappointment ; beautifully applied to inanimate things. CHAFE, s. anger, or peevish warmthjT owing to opposition, slight, contempt, or disappointment. CHA'FER, s. in Natural History, a kind of beetle, with comb- like antennae, appearing generally in the month of May, whence they are called May-bugs. CHA'FERY, s. in the iron works, the name of one of the two Erincipal forges. The other is called (he finery. When the iron as been wrought at the finery into what is called an ancony or square mass hammered into a bar in its middle, but with its ends rough, the business to be done at the chafery is the reducing the whole to the same shape by hammering down these rough ends to the shape of the middle part. CHA'FEWAX, s. an officer belonging to the lord chancellor, who fits the wax for the sealing of writs. CHAFF, s. [ceaf. Sax.] the husks or outward skins of corn, which are separated from the flour by thrashing and winnowing. Figuratively, any thing of small value ; any thing worthless. To CHA'FFEK, v. n. \kauffen, Teut.] to treat about or make a bargain ; to haggle, to beat down a person in his demands or price.— f. a. to buy ; to truck or exchange one commodity for another. CHA'FFERER, s. one who buys bargains", or endeavours to purchase a thing at less than the market-price ; a haggler. CHA'FFERY; «. the art of buying or selling ; traffic. CHA'FFINCH, «. in Natural History, a common English bird, whose short and peculiar song is greatly admired by some bird- fanciers. It is one of our prettiest birds, and builds an ex- quisitely neat nest. CHA'FFLESS, a. without defect or levity. CHA'FFWEED, s. in Botany, a plant with small white blos- soms at the base of the leaves; found in moist sandy ground, and flowering in June. It is also called bastard pimpernel. CHA'FFY, o. full of chaff"; like chaff'. Figuratively, light. CHA'FING-DISH, s. an utensil made use of to contain coals for keeping any thing warm, or warming it when cold. CHA CHAGRI'N, (ihagre^rC) t. [Fr.] unevenness of temper ; ill humour, displeasure, or peevishness, arising from any thing done to vex, or in opposition to a person's inclinations. To CHAGRI'N, (shagreen) v. a. to tease ; to make uneasy. CHAIN, s. Ichaine, Fr.} a collection of rings, or pieces of metal linked to each other, of divers lengths and thickness; an orna- ment used by several magistrates, and borrowed from the Goths. In Surveying, a series of iron links, distinguished into 100 equal parts, used for measuring land. Figuratively, a state of slavery or confinement ; a series of things linked to and dependent on one another. To CHAIN, V. a. to fasten, secure, or confine with a chain. Figuratively, to enslave, or bring into a state of slavery ; to be defended by a chain ; to unite in firm and indissoluble friendship. CHA'IN-CABLE, s. cables for ships made of chain, which are now used for all large vessels, and frequently for those of less tonnage, from their superior strength, in proportion to their bulk, &c. CHA'INPUMP, s. a double pump used in large ships. CHA'INSHOT, s. two balls fastened together by a chain, used in an engagement at sea. CHA'INWORK, s. work with open spaces, or interstices, re- presenting the links of a chain. CHAIR, s. [chair, Fr.] a movable seat for a single person, with a back to it. Figuratively, the place or post of a great officer. Above the chair, in London, is apphed to those aldermen who have borne the office of lord mayor ; below the chair, to those that have not yet enjoyed that dignity. The seat of justice or au- thority ; a coveretl carriage in which persons are conveyed from one place to another, borne by two men ; a sedan. I'o take the chair, or be in the chair, implies that a person is president, and presides at an assembly. CHA'IRMAN, s. one who sits in a higher chair than the rest of the members, and presides at an assembly or club ; one who carries a chair or sedan. CHAISE, (shaize) s. [Fr.] a high open carriage, running on two or more wheels, and drawn by one, two, or more horses, CHA'LCEDONY, s. a kind of agate, of various colours, &c. In some places, fossil oyster shells are found converted into chalcedony. CHA'LCITIS, (kdlcitis) s. a caustic vitriolic mineral, imported from Germany, which is used in the composition of Venice treacle. CHALCO'GRAPHY, {kalkdgraphy) s. [chalkos and grapho, Gr.] the art of engraving upon copper. CHALDiE'A, the name that strictly appertained to a portion of the Babylonian empire, but is generally applied to the whole. The province called by this name lay between the Euphrates and Arabia. The people gave their name not only to the whole country, but to the language and to the inhabitants of the empire. They were famed as the first astronomical observers. Various strange sciences and arts were reputed to be their in- vention and study. They often appear in the Scripture history, as opposing and invading the land of Israel, and at last as carry- ing away part of the nation into captivity. CHALDA'IC LANGUAGE, a branch of the Semitic family of languages, spoken throughout Chaldaea. Some parts of Scripture, in the books of Ezra and Daniel, are written in this tongue. CHA'LDRON, s. a measure formerly used for coals, containing 12 sacks, or 30 bushels heaped measure. CHA'LICE, 8. [calic. Sax.] formerly used for a cup or drinking vessel, with a foot to it. At present appropriated to the vases or vessels used at the celebration of the eucharist, or Lord's supper. CHALK, (chauk) s. [cealc. Sax.] an exceedingly well-known, soft, white earth, used extensively as a manure. In Geology, it is the name given to the highest formation of the series of rocks commonly called secondary. It immediately underlies the beds of sand, gravel, and clay, which are found universally in the W. of Europe. The character of this formation varies very greatly ; in the highest beds it is almost pure carbonate of lime, and is a soft, friable stratum, having strata of ffint running through its mass, at regular intervals, abounding in fossils ; in the lower beds, flint nodules are occasionally met with, but the mass is of a very close texture, and may be used even for building purposes and statuary ; fossils are not so abundant. It varies in its charac- ters in different countries, but can alwavs be identified by its position, general structure, and fossils. It is every where burnt tor lime. In England it forms the range of low, round-browed V 161 CHA hills running; S. from Flamborougb Head, and those running from Cambridgeshire diagonally across England to Wiltshire, and thence in a double range across Surrey and Kent to the N. Foreland, and across Sussex to Brighton ; all of which afford ex- cellent sheep walks. In Drawing, it signifies that material pre- pared usually in white, red, or black colours, for drawing on roughish paper in a bold, effective style. See Crayon. To CHALK, (chauk) v. a. to rub with chalk ; to manure with chalk ; used with out, to mark or describe with chalk. Figur- atively, to direct, point out, or discover. CHA'LKY, (chauky) a. consisting of chalk ; white with chalk. Applied to fluids, such as have chalk steeped in them, and are impregnated with it. To CHALLENGE, v. a. [chalenger, Fr.] to call, dare, or pro- voke a person to fight, either by speaking or writing. Figura- tively, to dare or defy a person to enter into a literary contest on any subject ; to lay claim to as a right. CHA'LLENGE, s. provocation or summons to engage in a duel or combat, either uttered or written ; a claim of a tning as a due or right, used with of. In Law, an exception against either persons or things. CHA'LLENGER, «. one who defies, provokes, or summons another to fight him ; one who claims a superiority ; one who claims a thing as his due ; claimant. CHA'LMERS, ALEXANDER, part-author and editor of the well-known Biographical Dictionary, was an indefatigable litte- rateur of the beginning of this century. His Shakspeare, and British Poets and Essayists, are also widely known. He died in 1834, aged 75 years. Chalons-sur-Marne, the capital of the department Mame, France, standing on the river wnence it is named. It is a good- looking town, with some handsome public buildings. It is a bishop s see, and has a considerable trade, being well situated for that purpose, but little manufacturing importance. Here also is an excellent library, and a good government commercial school. It is 100 miles from Paris, and has a population of about 15,000. Lat. 49. 0. N. Long. 4. 25. E. Chalons-sur-Sa6ne, in the department Sa6ne et Loire, France, stands on the former river, whence the department is named, and has a stone bridge over it. It has a good trade, and some good manufactures. It is 200 miles from Paris. Its population is about 15,000. Lat. 47. 0. N. Long. 5. 0. E. CHALY'BEATE, (kab/beate) a. [chahjbs, Lat.] partaking of the qualities, or impregnated with steel. CHAM, (kam) s. the title given to the sovereign princes in Tatary. CHAMA'DE, (shamdde) s. [Fr.] a certain beat of a drum or sound of a trumpet, whereby notice is given to the enemy of some propositions to be made to them, to surrender, have leave to buiy the dead, make a truce, &c. CHA'MBER, s. [chambre, Fr.] in Building, any room situated between the ground floor and the garrets of a house. Figura- tively, a retired room in a house ; an apartment occupied as a public oflice, or court of justice ; also the members of such oflice or court ; any cavity or hollow ; that part of a gun or mortar, wherein the charge is lodged. CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES, the name of the assembly of the representatives of the Commons of France. CH A'MBERLAIN, s. an officer who has the care of a chamber. The lard great chamberlain is the sixth great officer of the crown. Lord chamberlain of the household has the oversight of all the officers belonging to the king's chambers, except the precinct of the bed-chamber. In great towns, a receiver of their rents and revenues; and in London, the chamberlain has likewise the cog- nizance of all disputes between masters and apprentices, the power of imprisoning the latter for misdemeanors, and makes freemen, &c. CHA'MBERLAINSHIP, s. the office of a chamberlain. CHA'MBERMAID, s. a maid-servant who takes care of the chambers, the lady's dressing-room, and assists the lady's woman in dressing her. CHA'MBERRI, the capital of Savoy. It is well built, and watered by many streams, which run through several of the streets ; there are piazzas under most of the houses. It has large and handsome suburbs, and is situated on an eminence, surrounded by mountains. It is 85 miles from Turin. Popu- lation, about 12,000. Lat. 45. 35. N. Long. 6. 4. E. CHA To CHA'MBLET, v. n. to be variegated ; to appear like cloth or silk watered by the calenderer. CHA'MBREL,"s. in Farriery, the joint or bending of the upper part of the hinder leg of a horse. CHAME'LEON, (kamSlem) s. [Gr.] See Cameleon. This is the proper spelling. To CHA'MFER, v. a. [chamfrer, Fr.] to furrow ; to make chan- nels or hollow places in a column. CHA'MLET, s. See Camelot. CHA'MOIS, s. [chamois, Fr.] in Natural History, an animal of the goat kind, inhabiting the Alps, whose skin is made into soft leather, called among us shammy. The hunting of this animal furnishes subsistence to most of the mountaineers. CHA'MOMILE,Ca'momile, (Aa)nomi/«) s. [cAamai and mefo»,Gr.] in Botany, a plant so called from its trailing along the ground. It has an aromatic smell, especially when bruised, and is much used in medicine. CHAMOU'NI, the name of a beautiful valley on the N. side of Mont Blanc, in the Alps, through which the Arve runs. It has several villages in it, the chief of which is Le Prieure. Its in- habitants, about 3000 in number, graze a good many cattle, and cultivate a little grain, but are chiefly supported now by the visitors to the Alps, who purchase herbals, minerals, &c. &c., which they collect in the mountains, and who employ them as guides. The vallej is about 3000 feet above the sea-level. It IS about 35 miles from Geneva. To CHAMP, V. a. [champayer, Fr.] to bite with a frequent and forcible action of the teeth ; to ^rind any hard and solid body with the teeth, so as to render it fit to swallow. Used with up.— V. n. to close and open the jaws together, or perform the action of biting often. CHA'MPAGNE, a ci-devant province in the N. E. of France; bounded by the Netherlands, Picardie, Isle of France, Orlean- nois. Burgundy, Franche Comte, and Lorraine. It is a level country, watered by the Seine and its tributaries, and is fertile in grain, pasturage, &c.,and produces the celebrated wine called after its name. Troyes was the capital. It now forms the de- partments of Ardennes, Aube, Maine, Haute Marne, Aisne, and Yonne. CHA'MPAIGN, {shdmpain) s. ichampagne, Fr.] a flat, open, or level countiT. CHA'MPERTORSj^. in Law, such as move suits, or cause them to be moved, emier by their own or others' procurement, and pursue, at their proper costs, to have part of the gains. CHAMPI'GNON, (shampinion) s. [Fr.] in Botany, a plant of the mushroom kind. CHA'MPION, s. [Fr.] one who undertakes a combat in behalf of another. The royal champion was an officer, who, while the sovereign was at dinner on his coronation-day, challenged any to contest the king's right with him in combat ; after which the king drank to him, and sent him a gilt cup and cover full of wine, which he kept as a fee. Figuratively, any one who un- dertakes the defence of any sentiment or topic in literature and religion. CHAMPLA'IN, a lake on the frontiers of the United States and Canada, lying between New York and Vermont, in length about 120 miles, and varying in width from half a mile to 10 miles. The scenery along its shores is highly picturesque, lofty mountains being but a little way from both shores, it has a great many islands, and receives the waters of many rivers, and communicates with the St. Lawrence by the Richelieu river. It is navigable by vessels of about 100 tons burthen. It abounds in fresh-water fish, and in the winter is frozen over. CHAMPO'LLION, JEAN FRANCOIS, (the younger,) a dis- tinguished student of Egyjitian antiquities of this century. He began his career at Grenoble, where he held an historical pro- fessorship; and early directed his attention to the hieroglyphics of Egypt. He adopted and improved on the discovery of Dr. Young respecting tliem, and applied it with considerable suc- cess ; but estimated his own scheme in a higher degree than other scholars have. He was engaged with Rosellini in the ex- ploring expedition to Egypt which was sent out by the French and Tuscan governments in 1828. He died in 1832, aged 42 years. His works on this subject in his last years are highly valuable. CHANCE, s. [Fr.J a term we apply to events, to denote that they happen without any ascertained cause. It is "also used to I CHA denote the bare possibility of an event when nothing is known either to produce or hinder it. Synon. Chance forms neither order nor design ; we neither attribute to it knowledge nor will, and its events are always very uncertain. Fortune lays plans and designs, but without choice; we attribute to it a will with- out discernment, and say that it acts blindly. To CHANCE, V. n. to fall out unexpectedly, or contrary to the necessary laws of motion or nature; to proceed from some unknown cause, or without any design of the agent. CHANCE-ME'DLEY, s. the killing of a person without de- sign, but not without some fault ; as when a person, in lopping a tree, should kill a passenger by means of a bough he flings down ; for though it may happen without design, yet, as he ought to have given notice, it is not without fault. CHA'NCEL, s. [cancelH, Lat.] the eastern part of a church. CHA'NCELLOR, s. [cancellarius, Lat.] a very ancient and hon- ourable officer, who was formerly the king's or emperor's notary or scribe, and presided over the secretaries, for the writing of trea- ties and other public business, and, afterwards, over the court of equity. At first the chancellor, as a judge, heard and determined petitions to the king, which were preferred to him; and in the end, as business increased, the people addressed their suit to the chancellor, and not to the king; and thus the chancellor's equitable power commenced. The lord high clumceUor, is the chief administrator of justice next the king, and occupies the high- est station in the department of law in the kingdom ; enters into his office by taking an oath, and having the great seal committed to him by the king ; has the disposition of all ecclesiastical bene- fices in the gift of the crown under 20/. per annum ; summons parliaments; appoints magistrates ; peruses all patents before they are signed ; and takes place of all the nobility, excepting those of the royal family, and the archbishop of Canterbury. He is the guardian of all infants, idiots, and lunatics, and superintendent of all charitable institutions. He has twelve assistants, called Masters in Chancery, the first of whom is the master of the rolls. Chancellor in an ecclesiastical court, is a doctor of civil law, ap- pointed by a bishop to direct them in their legal business, and hold their legal courts. Chancellor of the Exchequer, is an officer who used to preside in that court, and take care of the interest of the crown. He now has the entire control and management of all matters relating to the receipt and expenditure of public money, arising from all sources; conducts the financial business of the government ; and decides all questions arising between the sove- reign and the subject, respecting these matters. Chancellor of an University, \s the chief magistrate, who seals diplomas, letters lucid of degrees, and defends the rights and privileges of the place : in Oxford this place is enjoyed for life ; but at Cambridge only for the space of three years. Chancellor of the order of the Garter, is the person who seals the commissions and mandates of the chap- ter ; keeps the register, and delivers transcripts of it under the seal of tneir order. Chancellor of the diichy of Lancaster, is an officer appointed to determine controversies between the kin" and his tenants of land belonging to the duchy, being assisted in difficult points by two judges of the common law. CHA'NCELLORSHIP, s. the office of a chancellor. CHA'NCERY, s. the court of the lord high chancellor, and is the grand court of equity in the country. All the business of the chancellorship is transacted here. Beside which, all frauds and deceits, for which there is no redress at common law ; all breaches of trust, confidences, and accidents, as to relieve ob- ligors, mortgagers, &c., against penalties and forfeitures, where the intention was honest, are here relieved ; but in no case where the plaintiff can have his remedy at comiijon law. Here all patents, most sorts of commissions, deeds between parties tou^ch- ing lands and estates, treaties of foreign princes, &c., are sealed and enrolled. It also serves as a court of appeal to moderate the rigour of other courts, which are obliged to act according to strict legal maxims, and may therefore decide wrongly. The appeal from the Chancery court is to the House of Lords. From hence are issued writs to convene the parliament and convocation, pro- clamations, charters, &c. CHANDELIE'R, (shandeUer) s. [Fr.] a branch for holding candles. In Fortification, a wooden frame on which fascines or faggots are laid for covering the workmen, instead of a parapet. CHA'NDLER, «. [chandelier, Fr.] a seller of divers sorts of wares. To CHLANGE, v: a. [changer, Fr.] to give or take one thing for sive CHA another. To resign or quit one thing for the sake of another, used with for. " Cannot change that for another," South. To give a person the value of money in coin of a different metal ; to alter.— f. 7i. to undergo change, to suffer alteration ; to change, as the moon ; to begin a new monthly revolution. Synon. We vary in our sentiments, when we give them up, and embrace them again. We change our opinions, when we reject one in order to embrace another. He who has no certain principles is liable to vary. He who is more attached to fortune than truth, will find no difficulty in changing his doctrine. CHANGE,*, the alteration of a person's circumstances; the ling for act of taking or giving any thing for another; a succession of things in the place of one another. In Astronomy, the time in which the moon begins a new revolution. Figuratively, novelty. In Ringing, the alteration of the order in which any set of bells are rung. Money of a different metal, in trading transactions. CHA'NGEABLE, a. that may be altered ; that does not al- ways remain in the same situation or circumstances ; inconstant ; CHA'NGEABLENESS, s. applied to the mind, want of con- stancy ; fickleness. Applied to laws or qualities, liable to al- teration. CHA'NGEABLY, ad. in a manner subject to alteration ; in- constantly. CHA'NGEFUL, a. altering ven? often, and upon slight grounds ; fickle, inconstant ; full of^ change : used as a word of reproach. CHA'NGELING, s. a child left or taken in room of another; a person who does not enjoy a proper use of his understanding ; a fool, natural, or idiot; one apt to alter his sentiments often; a fickle person. CHA'NGER, s. one that is employed in changing or discount- ing money ; money-changer. CHATVNEL, s. [canal, Fr.] in Cosmography, the hollow or cavity in which running waters flow ; the arm of a sea or a narrow river, between two adjacent islands or continents. Generally, any narrow passage for running water. To CHA'NNEL, v. a. to cut any thing m narrow cavities, for containing water, or for the sake of ornament; applied to buildings. CHAINING, DR. WILLIAM ELLERY, an eminent divine of the Unitarian communion at Boston, United States. His works, which consist almost wholly of Sermons, Lectures, and Essays, are characterized by clear thought, high principle, and 'id expression. His reputation as an orator depended chiefly his mode of delivery. His zeal in the cause of slavery abolition will ever be his noblest characteristic. He died in 1842, aged 62years. To CHANT, V. a. [chanter, Fr.] to sing ; to celebrate in songs ; to perform divine service by singing, as in cathedrals.— e. n. to harmonize and sound a chord with the voice to any musical in- strument, used with the particle to. CHANT, 8. a song ; a particular tune ; the particular tune used in a cathedral. CHA'NTER, Cha'ntor, s. one who sings in a cathedral ; a singer ; a songster. CHA'NTICLEER, s. the cock, so called from his clear, shrill voice. CHA'NTRESS, s. a female who sings. CHA'NTREY, SIR FRANCIS, an eminent sculptor of busts, &c., was a farmer's son by birth, and being brought under the notice of NoUekens by one of his first attempts at this style of portraiture, was helped by him, so that he rapidly rose to the very summit of his reputation. Portraits were his forte ; no one has ever admired him as a genuine artist, for he was notoriously deficient in the power of idealizing his subject. Few parts of this kingdom are without some specimens of'^his skill. He died in 1841, aged 59 years. CHA'NTRY, s. a church or chapel endowed for one or more priests to say mass daily. CHA'OS, (hdos) s. [Gr.] the original confused mass of matter out of which it was believed all visible things were made. Figur- atively, any confused, irregular mixture ; any thing whose parts are not easily distinguished. CHAO'TIC, {kadtik) a. resembling or like a chaos. To CHAP, V. a. [keppen, Belg.] to break into chinks by exces- ?e heat ; applied to the effects of cold on the hands. v2 163 CHA CHAP, s. an opening, cleft, or chink in the ground, owing to excessive drought or heat. CHAP, s. the upper or under part of a beast's mouth. CHAPE, ». [chappe, Fr.] the catch of any thing by which it is held in its place; the hook by which a sword is fastened in its scabbard ; the steel ring with two points by which a buckle is held to the back strap ; a piece of brass or silver which covers the end of the scabbard of a sword. CHA'PEL, s. Icajiella, Lat.] a building which is sometimes part of a church or adjoining to it ; or separate, and called a chapel of ease, where a parish is large, as a relief to the distant parishioners. There are also free chapels, endowed with revenues for maintaining a curate without any expense to the rector or inhabitants. CHA'PEL-EN-LE-FRITH, Derbyshire. It is seated on the utmost confines of the Peak, near Cheshire, and has some small manufactures. It is 165 miles from London. Market, Thurs- day. Pop. 3199. CHA'PEL-HILL, a town of N. Carolina, United States. Its situation is elevated and healthy, and it is surrounded by a very fertile country. It derives its importance from its being the seat of the university of the State ; which is a respectable institu- tion, with a fine library. It is 286 miles from Washington. Pop. about 400. There is another Chapel-Hill, in Tennessee. CHA'PELRY, s. the jurisdiction or bounds of a chapel. CHA'PERON, (shdperon) s. [Fr.] a kind of hood or cap worn by knights of the Garter when dressed in their robes. CHA'PFALN, (ehdpfauln) a. having the mouth shrunk, or the projecting part fallen down, applied to a helmet. CHA'PITER, s. [chapiteau, Fr.] in Architecture, the upper part or capital of a pillar. CHATLAIN, s. \capellatms, Lat.] a person who performs di- vine service in a chapel ; or is retained in the service of some family to perform divine service. CHA'PLAINSHIP, s. the office, possession, or revenue of a chaplain. CHA'PLET, s. [chaplet, Fr.] a garland or wreath of flowers to be worn round the head. In the Romish Church, a string of beads. In Architecture, a little moulding carved into round beads, pearls, or olives. In Farriery, a couple of stirrup-leathers, mounted each of them with a stirrup, and joining at top in a sort of leather buckle, which is callea the head of the chaplet, by which they are fastened to the pommel of a saddle, after they have been fastened to the length and bearing of the rider. CHA'PMAN, s. [ceapman. Sax.] one that cheapens or buys goods ; a buyer and seller. CHA'PMAN, GEORGE, a dramatic writer and translator of the beginning of the 17th century, whose translation of Homer is the best known of his works, and most commonly associated with his name. He died in 1634, aged 77 years. CHAPPE, CLAUDE, the inventor of the telegraph, or sema- phore, first used by the French .during the first Revolutionary war. He died in 1805, aged 42 years. CHAPTA'L, JEAN ANTOINE, an eminent chemist of France, who first came into notice during the unparalleled activity of Paris in the first Revolutionary war. He afterwards held several offices of the state under Napoleon, and exerted himself inde- fatigably in behalf of the manufactures of France. He was the author of many works on Practical Chemistry, &c., and died in 1832, aged 75 years. CHA'PTER, «. [chapitre, Fr.] the division of a book. In Canon Law, a congregation of clergymen under the dean, in a cathedral church ; an assembly held both by religious and mili- tary orders for deliberating their affairs, and regulating their discipline ; the places in which assemblies of the clergy are held. CHAR, s. in Natural History, a fish ; a kind of golden alpine trout. To CHAR, t: a. to burn wood to a black cinder. CH AR, s. work done by the day by a woman ; a single job or task. To CHAR, {chair) V. n. to do the house-work of a family occa- sionally, opposed to regular service. CHA'RACTER, (kdrakter) s. [Gr.] a figure or mark drawn upon paper, or other substance, to convey .some idea to the mind; a letter of the alphabet; an assemblage of virtues or vices, whereby one person is distinguished from another ; or that which a person has peculiar in his manners, which makes him differ from others; office, dignity, or authority. 164 CHA To CHA'RACTER, (kdrakter) v. a. used with in or upon, to engrave. To CHA'RACTERIZE, {kdrakterize) v. a. to describe a person or thing by the properties which distinguish it from others; to impress a thing in lasting characters on the mind ; to mark with a peculiar staqip or form. CHARACTERPSTIC, Characteri'stical, {karacteristik) a. that distinguishes a person or thing from others of the same species. CHARACTERPSTIC, (karaktenstic) s. a peculiar mark, or as- semblage of qualities, which distinguish a person or thing from others of the same kind. Characteristic of a Logarithm, is the same with the index or exponent. CHA'RACTERLESS, (kdrakterless) a. without any mark to distinguish a thing. CHA'RACTERY, (kdraktery) s. a mark which distinguishes a thing from others of the same kind. CHARA'DE, s. the name of a sort of riddle, in which the syl- lables of a word, and the whole word, are concealed in enig- matical descriptions, which should have some association with each other. CHA'RCOAL, (chdrkol) s. the cinder that remains when wood or any vegetable substance is burnt without free access of air. It is almost entirely carbon, and is used as a fuel, but needs great care, since by burning it in confined rooms death has often been occasioned by the carbonic acid gas evolved. CHARD, Somersetshire. It consists chiefly of' four streets, which terminate near the market. It has several streams run- ning through it. Here is a small woollen manufacture. It is 141 miles ftom London. Market, Monday. Pop. 5788. CHARDI'N, SIR JOHN, a distinguished French traveller, of the 17th century. He spent very much of his time in Persia, and his observations made during his journeys in that country have been employed in illustration of the manners and customs described or alluded to in the Scriptures. He resided latterly in England, where he died in 1713, aged 70 years. CHARE'NTE, the name of two departments of France, named from a river, which rises in the hills dividing the W. part of the basins of the Loire and the Garonne, and after a circuitous course of nearly 200 miles, enters the Bay of Biscay, opposite the Isle of Oleron, some few miles north of the mouth of the Ga- ronne. Charente is bounded by Deux Sevres, Vienne and Haute Vienne, Dordogne, and Charente Inferieure. It is about 70 miles in length, and 50 in breadth. The bills from which the Charente rises run through it, and it is watered by that river and by the Vienne, which flows into the Loire. The soil is good, and amongst its productions brandy ranks first in quality and importance ; Cognac, the name given commonly to the superior kinds, being here. It has some manufactures, those of linen be- ing the first in importance. Its population is about 400,000. Its capital is Angoulfime. Charente Inferieure lies on the Bay of Biscay, and is bounded by Vendee, Deux Sevres, Charente, and Gironde. It is 100 miles in length, and its breadth is 50 miles : the islands of Oleron and Rhe are included in it. It is low and marshy, and the Charente, and several other small streams, some running into it, and others directly into the sea, water it. Brandy and salt are its principal products ; some corn is grown ; it has good fisheries ; and manufactures of earthenware, &c. Its population is about 500,000. Its capital is Rochelle. To CHARGE, v. a. [charger, Fr.] to intrust, or commit to a person's care ; to make a person debtor ; to adjure ; to command. Figuratively, to impute or ascribe ; to impose as a task ; to ac- cuse, applied to crimes, sometimes having the particle with. To attack, applied to a battle. To load a person, applied to bur- thens. Applied to fire-arms, to load with powder and shot. — v. n. to make an onset. CHARGE, s. in Gunnery, is the quantity of powder and shot with which a gun is loaded for execution. In Electricity, the accumulation of electric fluid on one surface of an electric, as a pane of glass, Leyden phial, &c., whilst an equal quantity passes off from the opposite surface ; the equilibrium is restored by a communication by means of conducting substances between the two opposite surfaces. Generally, care, trust, custody ; precept, mandate, commission, accusation, imputation ; the thing in- trusted ; expense ; attack ; the signal for battle. In Heraldry, it is applied to the figures represented on the escjitcheon, by which the bearers are distinguished firom one another ; and it i CHA is to be observed, that many charges are not so honourable as fewer. CHA'RGEABLE, a. expensive; costly; liable to be blamed or accused. CHA'RGEABLENESS, s. expensiveness ; costliness. CHA'RGEABLY, ad. in a costly, expensive manner ; at a great expense. Charge d'affaires, s. [Fr.] a subordinate kind of ambassador, sent to states of inferior importance, or left in charge of the business of the embassy during the absence of the higher officer. Such ambassadors are sent now to the new republics of America, and to the Hanse towns of Germany. And from the same states the chief ambassador to this country bears the same title, whilst in one or two other cases a Charg6 d'AfFaires is on the staff of the envoy extraordinary. CHA'ftGER, s. a verv large dish. CHA'RILY, ad. in a deliberate, circumspect, cautious manner. CHA'RINESS, s. a nicety, or delicacy, whereby a person is offended at any thing which is inconsistent with the highest degree or idea of justice ; scrupulousness. CHA'RIOT, 8. [charrette, Fr.] a covered four-wheeled carriage, suspended on leather or springs, drawn by two or more horses, and having only back seats. War chariots, used by our ancestors, were open vehicles drawn by two or more horses, with scythes at the wheels, and spears at the pole. Cliariot race, a public game among the Romans, &c., wherein chariots were driven for a prize. To CHA'RIOT, V. a. figuratively, to convey as in a chariot. CHARIOTE'ER, s. one who drives a chariot. CHA'RITABLE, a. [Fr.] having a benevolent and humane disposition, inclining a person to assist the afflicted. CHA'RITABLY, ad. m a kind, benevolent, tender, affection- ate manner. CHA'RITY,s. [charitas, Lat.] a benevolent principle, exerting itself in acts of kindness and affection to all persons, without re- spect to party or nation ; alms given to the poor ; used for the widest exercise of love, in the sacred Scriptures. To CHARL, V. a. to burn to a black cinder, as wood is burnt to make charcoal. CHA'RLATAN, s. [Fr.] a person who pretends to a knowledge of physic ; a quack ; a mountebank. CHARL ATA'NICAL, a. vainly pretending to a knowledge of ph^. ; quackish. HA'RLATANRY, s. the practice of a quack. CHA'RLEBURY, Oxfordshire. Distant from London 68 miles. Market, Friday. Pop. 2982. CHARLES I., king of England from March 27, 1625, to Jan. 30, 1649. He was badly taught in the duties of his station, by his father, James I., with his boasted kingcraft, and by the Duke of Buckingham, who was his leader and companion. This man retained his influence over Charles when he ascended the throne, and with him his fatal mistakes began. His marriage with the Princess Henrietta Maria of France, a zealous Romanist, owing to the feeling of the times, produced by the late escape of the nation from the Romanism of Philip II. of Spain, and the preva- lence of doctrines and practices amongst the English clergy which differed from Romanism in name only, would alone have been enough to inflame against him the passions of a class of men, who, by acquaintance with the realities and glories of gos- pel truth, had come to the knowledge of their prerogatives as citizens and men. During the first four years of his reign, he summoned three parliaments, and with each he found the same difficulties, but increasing in their measure, and the spirit dis- played respecting them. He could not obtain supplies for his injudicious schemes, without declarations of rights and impeach- ments of his favourite and minister. These last were silenced by the assassination of Buckingham, on the ground of some pri- ▼ate enmity. The former, Charles attempted to silence by col- lecting monies by virtue of his royal edict. Buckingham's place was filled by one who had been a leader against Charles, Went- worth. Earl of Strafford, aided by Laud, who had risen to the highest dignity of the church, and held and acted on the highest church doctrines, and the queen, who was fast gaining that ascendency over her husband which she used so cruelly for her own purposes and his ruin. One man resisted the royal edict of taxation, John Hampden, and contested it in law courts, and was of course cast in his suit. But the nation learned why the CHA king of England should dare to exercise arbitrary power. At this same time Charles took another step in his infatuated course. He determined on carrying out one of his father's darling schemes, the converting of the Scotch Kirk to Episcopacy. A woman, here, led the opposition. Old Jenny Geddes, who sat under the pulpit on the stool she had brought with her, flung it at the head of tne innovator ; and Scotland not only could not be converted, but was roused to rebellion by the attempt. Another parliament was called, but it was just as the others had been, and was hur- ried out of existence as they had been. And now the struggle began in earnest. An army of Scots marched into England that same year, 1640, as resolutely bent on converting England to Presbyterianism, as Charles had been on forcing Prelacy on them." Another parliament was summoned, Charles's last, the famed Long Parliament. The steps they took were of the most determined kind. They set themselves to work on purify- ing the state of traitors and the church of hypocrites ; and with a high hand procured the committal of both Strafford and Laud to the Tower. Strafford's execution soon followed ; and then came Charles's visit to Scotland with all its plots, and the Irish massacre. Some of the king's movements alarmed the leaders of the parliament, and the Remonstrance, and the king's futile at- tempt on the five members, was the result. Next came the king's refusal to suffer the power of summoning the Militia to go out of his hands, and then the wai. The parliament seized Hull, and the schemes of the king and his party were frustrated at all points. Most of the Lords were with the Commons in the struggle, and the Earl of Essex was appointed general for the parliament. At Edgehill the parliament gained their first vic- tory, on October 23, 1643. Attempts at a treaty ensued, which failed ; and then again, war. The king now gained some advan- tages, and the parhament lost some of its leaders ; he called his Oxford anti-parliament, therefore, which answered no purpose, for the Scots had joined the parliament, and the Solemn League and Covenant was adopted, and on July 2, 1643, Charles suf- fered a most disastrous defeat at Marston Moor. A few successes followed, but they were useless. Laud was now executed, and the Assembly of Divines held, at which appeared a new phase of this nation's controversy. A party, small m number, but strong in their position and character, amongst them Oliver Cromwell, maintained religious liberty, and opposed Romanism only be- cause it owned a foreign lord paramount. This party, under this man, now came rapidly to the foremost place. The self- denying ordinance cashiered the nobles ; Cromwell's regiments of religious men, from the middle class, gave a new tone to the army; and on the 14th of June, 1645, at the battle of Naseby, Charles lost all, and fled. After a year spent in fruitless in- trigues, he surrendered himself to the Scottish army ; who, in the beginning of 1647, made him over to the parliamentary army. Charles was now the centre of endless plots and intrigues, and, unwarned by all that had happened, his natural love for that plan of action induced him to the madness of attempting to play off the two parties of the parliament against each other, till he could get his own again. But both parties discovered him ; the strongest party proved to be the Independents, with whom monarchy itself was growing into disrepute; his attempts to escape only hastened the end ; and on Jan. 30, 1649, aged 49 years, after having been tried by a high court of justice specially appointed by the parliament, he was beheaded in front of VVhite- hall. His character has never yet had justice done it, because the church and state doctrines, which brought him to the scaffold, are not yet extinct ; and because the pity naturally escited by his misfortunes and death, the attribution to him of an exalted strain of piety, and the maligning of the characters of his op- ponents by the court wits and historians of the next generation, have called the attention of men away from the facts of his ca- reer. He had most of the private virtues, was kind-hearted and compassionate, and his domestic character was unsullied. He had every vice that can make a monarch, whether in prosperity or adversity, suspected, hated, scorned. His own personal power was his idol, and no hypocrisy nor falsehood was too mean or too wicked to be adopted in the attempt to secure it in its place. Yet after all he fell a victim rather to the fouler duplicity and treason of his queen, to whom he deferred with most mad fond- ness, than to the power or malice of his enemies. CHARLES II., king of England, according to le^al fiction, from the 30th of January, 1649, but in fact, from the 29th of 165 CHA May, 1660, to the 6th of February, 1685. He took part in the war, and shared in the overthrow of Naseby. At Paris, the Hague, and Jersey, he spent his time, till, on the beheading of his father, the Scotch made overtures to him, conditioned only by the adoption of the Solemn League and Covenant. This, which his father bad refused, and so was sold by the Scots, he took, and was crowned at Scone, on the first day of 1651. He at once invaded England, and on the 3rd of September was ut- terly unkinged and routed by Cromwell, at Worcester. After wanderings romantic enough in themselves, and made miracles of by the royalists of the day, he escaped to France, and being ioined by all who were attached to himself or his station, or who iioped to gain any thing by plots against the peace of England, he passed his time in France first, and afterwards in the Nether- lands, having the shadow of royal state and attendance, but destitute of any thing like royalty, save the profligacy, which to him was' all its value. On Cromwell's death, there was no one with sufficient power to carry on his rule, nor any with enough vigilaiice to detect plots. Charles began to entertain hopes of regaining England. On the abdication of Richard Cromwell, he prepared for his return. An agent fitted to his hand was found in General Monk, and on May 29, 1660, Charles entered Lon- don. The nation was beside itself with joy, save the men who had been the pillars on which Cromwell's rule was built. At one step every thing that had been purchased at so fearful a cost was renounced, and the gibbeted remains of the chief regicides gave fitting augurv of the coming age. Episcopacy was set up in Scotland, and the Covenant was publicly burnt. The Test Act and Act of Uniformity redeemed Charles's engagements when in exile ; and 2000 of the best ministers in England were ejected on the 24th of Aug., 1()02, to be hunted by act after act, from hiding-place to hiding-place, till they rested from their labours, through starvation in dungeons, or met the harder doom of the rack and the scaffold. Scotland fared worse. The numbers who perished in Great Britain, solely for their religious opinions, ex- ceed belief; whilst a greater number by far suffered by fines and punishments short of death. The court was a scene of un- blushing crime. The king's mistresses were its most conspicuous ornaments, and the queen, whom Charles espoused from Por- tugal, was compelled to admit them to all the honours of her court. The money needful for all this extravagance was gather- ed together from all and any quarters ; the sale of Dunkirk was the first public infamy of the kind. A disgraceful war with France and Holland was followed by a more disCTaceful peace ; and the English court became the hireling of the king of France. Clarendon had till now been the king's adviser; he was now dis- missed and banished, and the famous Cabal ministry followed. The great plague, and the fire of London ; a war with Holland ; political intrigues ; new acts against Nonconformity, in which Shaftesbury played a most prominent part, in endeavouring to set aside the Duke of York from his heirship to the crown, and after- wards in leading the opposition against Lord Danby his suc- cessor, fill up the interval to the famous Popish Plot. This wretched affair assumed an importance it would never else have gained, from the murder of Sir Edmundsbury Godfrey. It brought some of the most wretched villains into the pages of history, branded with the rankest perjuries that ever swore away human lives ; and answered no assignable end, unless it prepared men's minds for the change of governors, which not many years after took place. Episcopacy was not, after all, suited for Scotland, and the assassination of an archbishop, and the general rising of the Covenanters, to be defeated at Bothwell-brigg, and perse- cuted by novelties of horrible cruelty, showed it. New plots were now hatched by every one that had an itching for no- toriety, and some were formed by men who groaned for their nation's .freedom : there was a Meal-tub plot, Fitzharris's plot, the Ryehouse plot, the Assassination plot; and Lords Stafford and Russell, and Algernon Sidney, died on the scaffold ; whilst one of the most savage desperadoes was advanced to honour as Lord Chief Justice Jeffreys. The regiainder of Charles's reign was characterized by the same determined absolutism on his part, conjoined with the mean dependence on secret money from France ; by the same ceaseless intrigues in his court ; and by like restlessness amongst the people. This bad] man and mon- arch died on the 6th of February, 1085, aged 55' years, avowing himself a Romanist. It were idle to linger over such a reign. The abolition of military tenures, and the Habeas Corpus Act, CHA were almost the only benefits which parliaments were able to confer on the nation throughout it. CHARLES I. of France and Germany, commonly called Charlemagne, was joint successor with his brother Carloman, to Pepin, and by his death was sole king of the Franks. All the early part of his reign was taken up in war. He first subdued the Aquitanians, who, in his own kingdom, had rebelled. Next he turned his arms against the Saxons, and from them was called into Italy against the Longobards, and where his conquests were Eroductive of more important events than in any other part, as e assumed the crown of Lombardy, and established the right of controlling the election of the popes. After some years spent thus, he entered Spain, and drove back the Moors beyond the Ebro; and returning, lost his rearguard, with some of his bravest captains, at Roncesvaux. He then completed the sub- jugation of the Saxons, which was testified by their submission to baptism and the form of Christianity ; he also overran Bavaria. After this, he restored Pope Leo HI. to his throne, from which he had been driven by a formidable conspiracy, and received from his hands the crown of the Western empire. The protec- tion of the N. coasts of his wide dominions from the incursions of the Danes, or Northmen, as they were called, was all the military service he afterwards knew. Charlemagne was a man of extraordinary mind and powers. As a general and conqueror he was then unequalled, and also as a legislator and statesman. He was a diligent student, and a patron of letters. Offa of Mercia, and Egbert of Wesscx, two Saxon Bretwaldas, or chief kings of Saxon Britain, and the famous Caliph Haroun Alras- chid, were his friends and allies. Of his own personal character it can only be said, that he stood many ages in advance of his own day, although not free from stain. He died in 814, after a reign of 47 years, and aged 72. CHARLES V. of Germany, filled the throne at the time of the Reformation, and is known from the part he took in relation to it, and the singular conclusion of his reign. He was the grand- son of the emperor Maximilian I., and when he was but six years old inherited^ Austria and the Low Countries from his father. Ten years afterwards the united kingdoms of Castile and Arra- gon, and all their vast dependencies, became his, through his mother. And three years later, he was chosen, in opposition to Francis I. of France, emperor of Germany. He had been notori- ous for his arbitrary disposition, which the proud independence of the Spanish nobility could hardly keep in check. He was met at the outset of his imperial career by a more determined oppo- nent, one whom he could not subdue. Luther in that very year held his solemn public controversy with Eck, at Leipsic ; and in the next year he dared the papal authority to the utmost by burning the bull of excommunication against him. Some steps must be taken to put down this man, but Charles was not to be cajoled or terrified into staining his new dignity with such blood. He summoned Luther to the diet of Worms, and gave him assur- ance of safety, and kept his word, but placed him under the ban of the empire. An insurrection in Spain now diverted Charles's attention, but it was quelled before he reached that country. War with Francis, his rival candidate for the empire, followed, in which his forces took his foe prisoner. In this war he was embroiled with the pope, and Rome was taken and sacked by his troops. The issue of this war was his obtaining the crown of Lombardy. In Germany, shortly after this, he attempted to re- concile the Lutherans and Romanists at the diet of Augsburg, rendered memorable by the presentation of the great Confession of the Lutheran Faith there. For twenty years after this Charles was engaged in various wars, with France, with the Lutherans of the League of Schmalcald, with the Turks, and with Tunis and Algiers. In 1552, the treaty of Passau put an end to the religious wars of Germany. The war with France Charles left to his successor. It was three years after this peace that Charles abdicated, leaving the empire to his brother Ferdinand, and his hereditary dominions to his son, the too well-known Philip II., and retired to a monastery near Placentia, in Spain ; where, till 1558, he lived in complete seclusion from all the business and toils he had borne so long. He died at the age of 58. During the latter years of his life the Council of Trent was sitting. Charles was not naturally a bigot ; and his wars against the Lutherans rose more from his perceiving the elements of hos- tility to his power in their principles, than from fanatical zeal against their doctrines. His administration in G^ermany was CHA productive of many and lasting political advantages to that country. Seven emperors of Germany have borne this title, of whom these are the most famous. There were three other kings of Spain, after the Emperor Charles, of this name. In France, after Charlemagne there have been nine kings of this name, the most noted of whom are : — CHARLES v., surnaraed the Wise, who was possessed of con- siderable learning for his age, and promoted literature by all means that he could. In his reign the revolt of the peasantry, commonly called the Jacquerie, occurred ; and the wars with England, at first so disastrous, from the courage and conduct of Edward III. and the Black Prince, and afterwards so success- ful. He reigned from 13G4 to 1380. CHARLES yil., who retrieved the fortunes of the French monarchy, which had trembled on the verge of ruin from the successes of Henry V. of England ; and, in great part through the enthusiasm kindled by Joan of Arc, recovered all but Calais. He reigned from 1423 to 1461. CHARLES IX. has the infamy of the Huguenot massacr. of St. Bartholomew, in 1572, attached to his name. CHARLES X., the last king of France, by his policy, provoked the Revolution of 1830, when, in three days, the ascendency of the Bourbons, so laboriously restored by the allied powers of Europe, and twenty years of war, was completely overthrown. He died in exile in 1&J6, aged 79 years. CHARLES MARTEL, the grandfather of Charlemagne, held an office called the Mayoralty of the Palace, under Chilperic II. and Thierry, the last of the dynasty called Merovingian. He was a successful warrior against the Moors in Spain and the Saxons of Germany, and against the Prisons, Bavarians, and Swabians, who sought independence from the Prankish sway. He saved Europe by the checli he imposed on the Mohammedans of Spain ; and he was the founder of the German empire, and the new dynasty of Prank monarchs, though he never wore a crown himself. He died in 741, having been absolute master of the empire for 22 years. CHARLES XII. of Sweden, with Charles XIV., (see Berna- DOTTE,) the most famous monarchs of that kingdom of this name. Charles XII. has gained his by military madness, and the genius of his historian, Voltaire. He began his career when in his 19th year, by coping single-handed with Russia, Poland, Saxony, and Denmark. By victory after victory, he compelled the latter power to peace, dethroned Augustus of Poland, and advanced so far into Russia as to lose all. After staying for five years under the protection of the Sultan, he returned to Sweden, and again found himself opposed to a league of the neighbouring powers. He was not so successful in this war. Afterwards he obtained the alliance of Russia ; and in seeking the subjugation of Nor- way, the world was happily rid of him, by a shot before Frederics- hall, in 1718, aged 3(5 years. CHARLEROP, a town of Belgium, seated on the Sambre, which has lately act^uired considerable importance from its coal and iron mines, and its iron works. It has other manufactories ; and by canal, and by railroads, has great facilities for trade. It is about 30 miles from Brussels. Its population is about 10,000. Lat. 50. 24. N. Long. 4. 25. E. CHA'RLESTON, a city and sea-port of S. Carolina, United States, situated on a tongue of land formed by the junction of the Ashley and Cooper rivers. There is a bay formed by their junction 2 miles wide, and extending 7 miles to the Atlantic. A bar with four entrances protects the harbour's mouth ; there are also three forts. The city is regularly built, and abounds with elegant houses and gardens. It has also somevfine public build- ings, an orphan asylum, and an excellent museum and library. There is a college here with a small library. The commerce of Charleston comprises nearly all that belongs to the State. Packets ply continually hence to New York. A canal 22 miles long connects the harbour with the Santee river ; and there is ? railway to Hamburg on the Savannah. It is 540 miles from Washington. Pop. 29,261, of whom 14,673 were slaves. This is 1028 less than it was in 1830. There are ten other places of this name in the States. CHA'RLESTOWN, a town and port of Massachusetts, United States, situated on a peninsula lying between the Charles and Mystic rivers, and connected with Boston by Charles and Warren bridges. The streets are wide and ornamented with trees. The public buildings are, a model prison, a lunatic asylum, &c. &c. CHA There is also an extensive navy yard, with a dry dock built of granite. An obelisk on Bunker's Hill in the rear of this place, commemorates the famous battle there during the war of Inde- pendence. It is 441 miles from Washington. Pop. 11,484. There are six other places so called in the United States. CHA'RLES'S-WAIN, in Astronomy, seven remarkable stars in the constellation of TJrsa Major. CHA'RLOCK, s. in Botany, a weed growing among the corn, with a yellow flower. It is a species of mustard. CHA'RLOTTE'S ARCHIPELAGO, a group of islands in the S. Sea, almost due N. of the New Hebrides, and almost due E. of Soloman's Archipelago. CHA'RLOrrESVlLLE, a town of Virginia, United States, deriving its chief importance from its being the seat of the uni- versity of Virginia. This institution has some fine buildings, with a good library and museum. It does not include theology in its curriculum. The town is 121 miles from Washington. Pop. about 1500. Two other towns in the States bear this name. CHARM, s. Icharme, Fr.] a kind of spell, supposed to have an irresistible influence, by means of the concurrence of some in- fernal power, both on the mind, lives, and properties of those whom It has for its subject. Figuratively, any excellence which engages and conquers the aflfections. Synon. The word charm carries an idea of force, which puts a stop to ordinary effects and natural causes. The word enchantment is used properly for that which regards the illusion of the senses. The word spell bears particularly an idea of something which disturbs the reason. To CHARM, D. a. to fortify or secure against evil by some spell ; to influence or subdue the mind by some excellence or pleasure. CHA'RMER, s. one who deals in spells or magic ; one whose personal perfection irresistibly attracts admiration and love, Synon. Tne body seems to be more susceptible of graces ; the mind, of charms. We say of a lady that she walks, dances, and sings with i/race ; and that her conversation is full of charms. CHA'RMlNG,^«!r«. possessed of such perfections as work ir- resistibly on the mind, and fill it with pleasure. CHA'RMINGLY, ad. in such a manner as to convey inex- pressible pleasure. CHA'RMINGNESS, s. that quality which renders a thing capable of working on the affections, and filling the mind with pleasure. CHA'RNEL-HOUSE, s. [chamier, Fr.] a place in or near a church, where the bones of the dead are deposited. CHA'RON, in Classic Mythology, the ferryman who carried the souls of the dead over the river Styx, to the abodes of the shades. CHART, (kart) s. [charta, Lat.] an hydrographies i map, or projection of some part of the earth's superficies, for the use of navigation. CHARTE, s. [Fr.] that instrument determining the form of the French constitution, which was first drawn up on the re- storation of the Bourbons, in 1814; the violation of which pro- duced the three days of July in 1830 ; and which, slightly alter- ed in a few points, forms the basis of the present monarchy, &c. CHA'RTER, s. [chartre, Fr.] in Law, a written evidence or instrument of things done between two parties. The hin^^s charter, is where he makes a grant to any person or body politic ; such as charter of exemption, &c. Charters of private persons, are deeds and instruments. Figuratively, the act of bestowing any privilege or right, exemption or claim. CHA'RTERED, a. invested with privileges by charter, beauti- fully applied in the following sentence : " The air, a chartered libertine, is still," Shak. CHA'RTER-HOUSE, a public school in London, situated where there was a Carthusian priory, established in the reign of James I. CHA'RTER-LAND, s. land which is held- by charter, or evi- dence in writing. CHA'RTER-PARTY, s. [chaHre paHie, Fr.] a deed or writing indented, made between merchants and seafaring men concern- ing their merchandise. CHA'RTISM, a name given in England to that set of political tenets embodied in what is called the People's Charter. This document is drawn up in the style of an act of parliament, and promulgates a representative system based on universal suffrage, 107 CH A electoral districts, vote hy ballot, annual parliaments, no pro- perty qualification, and paid representatives. It has been asso- ciated with lawless violence and ochlocracy, partly through the panic terrors of such as see revolution in every reform, and partly through the conduct of some who hold these opinions. These are now very much divided respecting the method of realizing them. CHA'RTRES, the capital of the department of Eure et Loire, France. It is a very ancient city, and stands on a hill near the Eure, over which is a bridge, built by Vauban. Here are a good library, a museum, and some manufactures. But its principal trade consists in corn. Its cathedral, which was built during the 13th century, is esteemed one of the most beautiful in France, not only for its architectural proportions, &c., but for its ornaments and works of art. It is 45 miles from Paris. Popu- lation, about 1.5,000. Lat. 48. 25, N. Long. 1. 29. E. CHA'RY, a. cautious, scrupulous, careful of giving any cause for suspicion or censure. CHARY'BDIS, a whirlpool formerly in the Strait of Messina, between Calabria and Sicily, much celebrated by the old poets. To CHASE, V. a. [chasser, Fr.] to follow after a beast, &c., for pleasure ; to hunt ; to pursue as an enemy ; also to engrave gold or silver for the purpose of ornament. CHA.se, s. the pursuit or following of game ; hunting ; that which is the proper object of hunting ; the pursuit of an enemy, or of some desirable object. Figuratively, pursuit ; the object of pursuit, in naval matters. In Law, a large extent of woody ground, privileged for the reception of deer and game. CHA'SER, s. one who pursues ; also the name of guns carried fore and aft, to be used in the chase, in naval affairs. CHASM, (kazm) s. [chasme, Gr.] a breach or hollow space se- parating the parts of any body ; a vacant space. CHASTE, a. [chaste, Fr.] free from any breach of modesty. Applied to expressions, free from any obscenity or immodest words. In Grammar, free from any foreign mixture. To CHA'STEN, v. a. [chastier, Fr.] to correct or punish a child, in order to deter him from faults. CHA'STELY, ad, without the least incontinence, or any in- clination to lust. CHA'STENESS, 8. freedom from incontinence, or any breach of modesty. To CHASTPSE, (chastize) v. a. formerly accented on the first syllable ; [chestier, Fr.] to punish or afflict for faults. Synon. We chastise him who has committed a fault, to prevent his doing the saine again. We punish the person guilty of a crime, by way of expiation, and as an example to others. To correct, signifies to amend by means of chastiseinent. To discipline, means to re- gulate and instruct. CHA'STISEMENT, s. correction or punishment, generally applied to the discipline of parents and tutors. CHASTPSER, s. the person that chastises. CHA'STITY, s. [castitas, Lat.] an entire freedom from any im- putation of lust, either in thought or deed. In expressions, free from immodest words. To CHAT, V. n. [a contraction of the verb chatter^ to talk on difierent subjects, or without any deep thought or profound at- tention. — V. a. to talk of. CHAT, s. trifling and miscellaneous discourse, made use of to pass time away. CHATELLANY, (shdtellany) s. [chattelanio, Fr.] the district belonging to any castle. CHA'THAM, Kent, a town adjoining Rochester, and seated on the Medway. It is chiefly celebrated for being the principal station of the army and navy ; as likewise for its dock-yard ; and it is thought that there is not a more complete arsenal in the world. There are warehouses here for naval stores, ordnance, &c., of which there are whole streets, and rope-houses and smiths' forges proportionably extensive. There are also wet docks, in which vessels of the largest size can float ; barracks for the ar- tillery and other troops stationed here, &c. &c. It is 30 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 21,341. CHA'THAM ISLAND, an island lying in the S. Pacific Ocean, ■ due W. of the southmost island of New Zealand. The surface is very varied, being hilly in some parts, and boggy in others ; but it has a good proportion of fertile soil. It now belongs to the British in New Zealand. The group of small islands round this IS sometimes known by the general name of Chatham Islands. CHE CHATOYANT, in Chemistry, a term introduced by the French chemists, to describe a property in some metallic and other substances, of var^'ing their colours according to the way in which they are held ; as is the case with the feathers of some birds, which appear very different when seen in different posi- tions. CHA'TTELS, «. in Law, possessions movable or immovable, which are strictly personal, and cannot, for what they are, be entailed. To CHA'TTER, v. a. [cagueter, Fr.] to make a noise like a pie. Figuratively, to talk very much. CHA'TTER, s. a noise like that of a pie, or monkey when angry : " The mimic ape began his chatter," Swift. Figuratively, impertinent talk. CHA'TTERER, s. one who spends his time in idle or unim- proving talk. CHA'TTERTON, THOMAS, a youth of Bristol, who, in the last century, excited some controversy in the literary world by an alleged discovery of many ancient documents relating to Bristol, and particularly of some poems professedly written by one Rowley in the 15th century. These were discovered to be forgeries, but the poetic powers displayed in them were even greater than those displayed in his acknowledged productions. He was ever of a restless humour, and at last, being sunk in des- titution in London, after having indulged the most ambitious hopes, he poisoned himself, in 1770, aged nearly 18 years. CH A'TWOOD, s. little sticks ; fuel. CHAU'CER, GEOFFREY, the father of English poetry, lived in the 14th century. The facts that are preserved respecting him, represent him as a law student, a courtier, and statesman, a soldier in the French wars of Edward III., and a prisoner in France. But he lives as the poet; for though the English lan- guage was then so unsettled, and all things so rude and im- mature, he has gained an imperishable fame by his verses, in which not the men and manners of his own age appear, so much as what all times and nations have shown of common humanity. The association of this genius, as to his age, with the political stir of the commons, known as Wat Tyler's insurrection, and with the religious stir begun by Wiclifte, ought to be remem- bered by such as would watch the course of the history of man. He died in 1400, aged 72 years. CHAUMO'NT, the capital of the department of Haute Marne, France, standing at the entrance of the Suze into the Marne. It is well placed, and has some manufactures, and a good trade. It is 145 miles from Paris. Population, about 7000. CHAW'DRON, s. the entrails or maw of a beast. CHAW'LEY, Devonshire. It is 190 miles from London. Pop. 850. CHE'ADLE, Staffordshire. It is seated in a country abound- ing with coals, near the source of the Dove, and in the neigh- bourhood are very extensive copper and brass works. It is 156 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 4339. CHEAP, (cheep) a. [ceapan, Sax.] to be purchased with little money; of small value. To CHE'APEN, v. a. to bargain for or ask the price of a com- modity ; to endeavour to purchase a thing at a less price than the seller first asks for it. CHE'APLY, ad. at a very low price or rate; with very little money. CHE'APNESS, s. lowness of price. To CHEAT, (cheet) v. a. to deceive or impose upon ; to defraud a person by some artifice or low cunning. CHEAT, s. a fraud, or imposture, whereby a person is deceived and imposed upon ; a person who imposes on others. CHE'ATER, «. one who practises fraud, in order to deprive people of their property. To CHECK, V. n. to restrain the cravings of any appetite ; to stop a thing in motion ; to chide or reprove a person. CHECK, s. a restraint, disappointment, repulse, curb, reproof. Figuratively, a counter-cipher of a bank bill ; an account kept privately to examine that which is kept with a banker, or public office; a person who examines any account ; a kindof linanwith blue stripes crossing each other, used bv sailors for shirts, &c. Clerk of the check, in the king's household, has the controlment of the yeomen of the guard, and all the ushers belonging to the royal family, allowing their absence or defaults in attendance, or mulcting their wages for the same, &c. He, or his deputy, takes CHE cognizance of those who are to watch in the court, and sets the watch, &c. CHECK, s. [echcc, Fr.] that position of the king of either side, in the game of chess, which would expose him to being taken by the opposite player, if he were any other piece. To CHE'CKER, Che'quer, v. a. [cchecs, Fr.] to vary with different colours like a chess-board; to variegate. Figuratively', to diversify with different states of prosperous and unsuccessful circumstances. CHE'CKER, Che'cker-work, s. any thing painted in squares, with different colours, like a chess-board. CHE'CKMATE, s. [echec et mat, Fr.] that position of the men on one side of a chess-board, which puts the king of the opposite side into check, and makes it impossible for him by any means to get out of check ; which wins the game. CHE'CK-ROLL, s. a book or roll containing the names of the king's household servants. CHE'DDAR, Somersetshire. A village on the Mendip Hills, famous for its cheeses. The scenery near it is very romantic. It is 130 miles from London. Pop. 232.5. CHEEK, s. the fleshy part of the side of the face below the eye. Among mechanics, cheeks are a general name for almost all those pieces of machines and instruments that are double and perfectly alike. The cheeks of a grate, are flat plates of iron, stand- ing perpendicular, and serving to confine the dimensions of a fire. Tlie cheeks of a mortar, are two strong planks of wood, bound with thick iron plates, which are fixed on each side of the mortar to keep it in the elevation that is given it. CHEE'KBONE, s. the jaw. CHEER, s. [cAere, Fr.] provisions for an entertainment, gaiety, or fulness of spirits. To CHEER, V. a. to inspire with courage; to animate, or in- cite ; to make joyful. CHE'ERER, s. the person or thing which communicates joy, or comforts in distress. CHE'ERFUL, a. that abounds in gaiety, life, and spirits, op- posed to dejection. CHE'ERFULLY, ad. without dejection, willingly. CHEERFULNESS, s. a disposition of mind unclouded by despair; alacrity; vigour. CHE'ERLESS, a. sad, dejected, comfortless. CHE'ERLY, ad. in a gay, cheerful, joyous manner. CHE'ERY, a. gay, joyful, or communicating pleasure and gaiety. CHEESE, (cheeze) s. [cyze. Sax.] a food made of milk, curdled bv means of rennet, squeezed dry in a press, or suffered to drain till free from whey, and hardened by time. Those called cream cheeses are very soft and rich, and soon spoil. Gloucester, Derby, and the common cheese made in most dairies, are in the greatest demand. Cheshire, Cheddar, and Stilton, are most costly. Of foreign cheese, the Dutch is most used, and the Ame- rican. Parmesan, Pergolesi, Gouyere, are richer and rarer kinds. CHE'ESECAKE, s. in pastry, is made of soft curds, butter, and sugar, baked. CHEESEMONGER, s. one who deals in cheese. CHE'ESEPRESS, «. a press, wherein the curds of which the cheese is made are pressed dry from the whey. CHEE'SEVAT, s. the wooden case in which the curds are confined, when pressed for cheese. CHE'ESY, (cheezy) a. having the qualities of cheese, CHEKE, SIR JOHN, a name that frequently occurs in the history of the mid-part of the English (so-called) Reformation, His learning was such as to obtain him the tutorship of Edward VI, ; and the satisfaction he gave, and his zeal for the new forms, raised him very high in the favour of the court during Edward's reign. Being an adherent of the Lady Jane Grey, he was soon marked for Mary's vengeance, and after imprisonment and par- don, followed by voluntary exile, he was seized in the Nether- lands, and brought back to England, where he unworthily recanted his faith, and, harassed by his conscience and his con- verters, soon after died, in 1547, aged 43 years. His writings are numerous, and are valuable in all respects, CHE'LMSFORD, Essex, It is pleasantly situated in a valley, at the confluence of the Chelmer and the Cam, the gardens of the inhabitants on each side of the town extending to those rivers. Here are some good public buildings, and a fountain, or conduit, of excellent water ; and the assizes and quarter sessions CHE for the county are held here. The great eastern road from Lon- don formerly passed through it, and the railroad now going by it at a short distance, has nearly doubled the size of the town. It is 29 miles from London. Market for corn, cattle, and pro- visions, Friday. Pop. G789. CHE'LSEA, Middlesex. It stands on the banks of the Thames, and is now a suburb of London, being about 4 miles from the city boundaries. Here is an extensive and well-stocked botani- cal garden, belonging to the company of apothecaries in London, and a bridge over the river to Battersea ; nere also is a magnifi- cent hospital erected for the disabled and superannuated soldiers of the English army. Pop. 40,179. CHE'LTENHAM, Gloucestershire, It is noted for its mineral waters, and extensive prospects from its adjoining hills. It is much improved of late years, with a new market-house, and many handsome public buildings. It used to have a little trade from the neighbouring manufacturing towns ; but now derives all its subsistence from its spa. It is 95 miles from London. Market, Thursday. Pop. 31,411. CHE'LY, s, [chela, Lat,] the claw of the shell-fish. CHEMFSE, (shamees) s. [Fr.] in Fortification, a wall lining a bastion or ditch, in order to strengthen and support it. Also the French name for a shirt, or linen under-dress. CHE'MISTRY, s, Ichemaia, Gr.] the science which investi- gates the intimate structure of bodies, aims at the discovery of their elementary substances, the nature of the various com- pounds producible from these, and the laws of their produc- tion. This study has not long existed in the form of a science. Whatever facts were ascertained were the isolated results of accident, or of such attempts as the alchemists'. Its laws were mere empirical rules. But the theory of Lavoisier, and the discoveries of Davy, Berzelius, Faraday, and Liebig, have set it in such a position that every year changes its whole aspect, and every new acquisition promises a wider field and clearer know- ledge respecting its old and weH-established possessions. Or- ganic chemistry, is that branch of the science which specially re- lates to organized bodies, CHE'MNITZ, MARTIN, a distinguished Lutheran theologian, who was the associate of Melancthon, and by his writings against Romanist doctrine, and in exposition of Lutheran, abundantly supported the great Reformation, He died in 1580, aged 64 years. Some of his works are yet of great worth, CHE'PSTOW, Monmouthshire, a flourishing town, seated on the river Wye, near its confluence with the Severn, It is the port for all the towns that stand on the Wye and Lug. Ships of 6 or 700 tons burthen are built here, or come up to the town. The merchants import wine from Oporto, and flax, deal, pitch, &c., from Norway and Russia. The tide is said to rise higher here than in any other part of Europe, the spring tides rising fifty or sixty feet perpendicular. It is 127 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 33G6. CHEQUE, s. [Fr.] a draft on a banker, made on unstamped paper, and under certain restrictions, preventing it from being negociable as bills are; one characteristic mark of which is, its being payable to the bearer, CHER, a department of France, named after the principal stream it contains, bounded by the departments of Loiret, Loire et Cher, Indre, AUier, and Nievre. It is watered by the Loire, the Auron, and some other rivers, beside the Cher. It is quite an agricultural district, from the nature of the soil, which affords excellent pastures, and is abundantly productive of grain, &c. The wine called Chablis is produced in this department. It has also much mineral wealth, and iron is the most valuable of its productions of this kind. Manufactures of woollen goods and of iron, and of some articles of less importance, are here. Its ex- tensive forests supply plenty of timber for trade, even. The population is about 300,000. Bourges is its capital. CHE'RBURG, a maritime town in the department of La Manche, France. The docks and the breakwater are very great works. The harbour will admit vessels of 900 tons at high water, and of 250 at low. Woollen stuffs are manufactured here, and the inhabitants build small vessels, Cherburg is 200 miles from Paris, Population, under 20,000, Lat, 49, 38, N, Long. 1, .33, W. To CHE'RISH, V. a. [cherir, Fr,] to nourish or promote the growth of a thing ; to help; to encourage; to protect, shelter, and nourish. z ' 169 CHE CHE'RISHER, s. one who protects and contributes to the growth of a thiriff. CHEROKE'ES, the name of one of the aboriginal tribes of N. America, whose territory was to the N. and S. of the Appalachian Mountains. They were a branch of the Iroquois. They have now settlements on the Arkansas river in Louisiana, and are firogressina; in civilization, under written laws, and possessed of ana and the skill to cultivate it ; their language being reduced to writing, and schools and churches established amongst them. Thev are in number about 15,000. CHE'RRY, s. in Gardening, a fruit tree, with shining leaves ; its fruit is juicy and pulpy, grows on long stems, and is roundish or heart-shaped. Though included by Linnaeus under the genus of primus, or plum, yet they cannot be ingrafted on each other. CHE'RRY, a. resembling a cherry in colour ; red. CHE'RSON, a town of Russia, on the banks of the river Dnie- per, not verj- far from its mouth. It is not very large, but the nouses are of stone, and neatly executed. It has a dock for the construction of large vessels, and an arsenal for the S. part of the empire and the Black Sea. The public works are executed by criminals, who amount to some hundreds. In this city the humane Howard ended his days ; he was to the last engaged in the merciful employment of visiting those who were sick and in Srison. It is above 900 miles from St. Petersbui^. Lat. 46. . N. Long. 32. 26. E. CHERSONE'SE, Chersone'sus, {kersoneez) s. [chersos and Tiesos, Gr.] in Geography, amongst the Greeks, a peninsula. CHERT, s. [Germ.] a species of silicious stone which is coarser and softer than the common silex. It is often found in large masses or quarries of limestone. CHE'RTSEY, Surrey. It stands in a low situation near the Thames, over which there is a handsome bridge of seven arches. It was formerly the residence of some of the Saxon kings. It has a trade in malt, which it conveys in barges to London. It is 20 miles from London. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 5347. CHE'RUB, s. [Heb.] a celestial being, in Scripture variously described under the shapes of men, eagles, oxen, lions, &c. CHERU'BIC, a. angelic, or partaking of the nature of a cherub. CHE'RUBIM, s. the plural of cherub. CHERUBIM, MARIA LUIGI SALVADOR, an eminent composer of the end of the last and the commencement of the present century. He studied at Florence and Bologna, and at the former place, and in London, gained deserved renown before he settled at Paris, where he spent the greater part of his life. His chief fame rests on his sacred music, though his operas, and other compositions of a secular character, are esteemed very highly. He died in 1842, aged 82 years. CHE'RVIL, s. in Botany, a very common weed in many places of Britain. There are several species of it. Garden chervil is otherwise called sweet fern. CHE'SAPEAK, the largest bay of the United States, 200 miles long, and from 7 to 20 broad, and generally 9 fathoms deep. Its entrance is wholly in the State of Virginia, but the greater part is in Maryland, which it divides into two parts, called the E. and W. shore. It has many tine harbours ; and receives the waters of the Susquehanna, the Potomac, the James, and other rivers, draining a surface of 70,000 square miles, CHE^ELDEN, WILLIAM, an eminent lithotomist and sur- gical operator of the beginning of the last century. His success m his own department was most distinguished ; as an anatomist he was scarcely less eminent ; his works were long used as class- books. He died in 1752, aged 64 years. CHE'SHAM, Buckinghamshire. It is seated on the borders of Hertfordshire, and trades in laces, shoes, and wooden ware. It is 29 miles from London. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 5593. CHE'SHIRE, a county Palatine of England, lying on the Irish Sea, and bounded by Lancashire, Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Staf- fordshire, Shropshire, and Wales. It is about 00 miles in length, and 30 in breadth. The surface is generally even, but it has some hills. It is watered by the Mersey, the Dee, and the Wea- ver, with theirtesser tributary streams. It has also some great canals, and railroads, as means of communication. Coal and rock-salt, with some useful kinds of sandstone, are found here ; and the salt is ayery prominent feature in the wealth of the county. Dairy-farming is extensively pursued, and much cheese produced. There are some manufactures in this county, principally on the CHE borders ot Lancashire, of cotton, silk, woollens, &c. &c. And these, with its salt and its cheese, are its exports, not only to other parts of the kingdom, but all over the world. It has 101 parishes. Besides its rivers, there are many good-sized lakes in this county. It is also famed for its forests and plantations. Its population is 395,660. Chester is the county town ; Altring- ham, Congleton, Macclesfield, Stockport, &c, &c., are places of note. CHE'SHUNT, Hertfordshire, a village where is one of the colleges or academies founded by the Countess of Huntingdon. It is 10 miles from London. Pop. 5042. CHE'SNUT, Che'snut-tree, s. the timber of it, next to the oak, is the fittest for building, being very durable. As to the nut or fruit of this tree, the biggest are accounted the best. CHESS, s. [echecs, Fr,] a game played on a board divided into 24 squares, of alternate colours, each side having 16 pieces, hav- ing various moves and powers. The object of the game is to surround the principal piece of your adversary, so that it would be in danger of being taken, were it another piece, and cannot be moved or protected from this danger, CHE'SS- APPLE, s. a species of wild service. CHE'SS-MAN, s. the name of the pieces used in the game of chess. CHE'SS-PLAYER, s. a gamester at chess. CHE'SSOM, s. in Gardening, a mellow earth, between the two extremities of clay and sand. CHEST, s. Icyst, Sax.] a large, strong wooden box, greater than a trunk, used for keeping clothes, linen, &c. Figuratively, the cavity of the human body from the neck to the belly, called the breast or stomach, A chest of drawers, is a wooden frame which contains several drawers placed above each other. CHE'STER, Cheshire, a large and ancient city, seated on the Dee, over which there is a noble bridge, by which vessels come from the sea to the quay ; and having, by a canal, communica- tion with most of the inland navigations. The main streets are hollowed out in the rock to a considerable depth, and the houses have, elevated in front, covered porticoes, which are called rows, and afford a sheltered way for foot passengers. The city has four gates and three posterns, and is 2 miles in compass. It con- sists chiefly of four large streets, which are pretty even and spa- cious, and as they cross one another in straight lines, meeting in the centre, they make an exact cross, with the town-house or exchange, a neat structiire, near the middle. In the old castle, where the Earls of Chester formerly held their parliaments, was a stately hall, somewhat like that at Westminster, where the Pa- latine courts and assizes were held, before the erection of the new prison. It has nine well-built churches, and a cathedral, dedi- cated to St. VVerburgh, which is very ancient. Chester has a manufactory of gloves and tobacco-pipes, and a considerable traffic of shop goods into North Wales. It has also a constant communication with Ireland. It is 181 miles from London. Mar- kets, Wednesday and Saturday. Pop. 23,115. CHE'STERFIELD, Derbyshire. It is seated on a gentle rise, between two small rivers, and is, next to Derby, the' most consi- derable town in the county. It has one of the largest free-schools in the north of England. Here is a manufactory of worsted and cotton stockings, and of carpets; also silk mills, and potteries for brown ware ; and near the town are large iron founderies, which are supplied with ore and coal dug in the vicinity. The country round Chesterfield produces great quantities of camo- mile. The church is a fine building, but the spire, which is very lofty, is considerably awry. It is 149 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 11,2^1. CHESTERFIELD, PHILIP DORMER STANHOPE, EARL OF, the well-known authority on matters of worldly wisdom and politeness. He enjoyed some reputation as a parliamentary speaker, especially in the Upper House. He was engaged more than once in an embassy to Holland, and was at last made chief- secretary of state. He rendered some service to the country in his different stations, and amongst other things, he contributed materially to the correction of the Calendar, which had got 12 days apart from the true reckoning. He was a witty, slight man, and appears to the new tastes of the present day, in his writings, by no means as he showed to his own age. He died in 1773, aged 79 years. CHEST-FOU'NDERING, s. in Farriery, a disease in horses which resembles a pleurisy or peripneumony in men. ON(VI..S(TY CHI CHESVA-TV, s. [Heb.] the name of one of the Jewish months, corresponding with parts of our October and November. CHEVALIE'R, (shevalleir) s. [chevnl, Fr.] a knight. In He- raldrj-, a horseman armed at all points, or in complete armour. CHEVAU'X DE FRISE, (shevd dejreeze) s. [Fr.] in Fortifica- tion, pieces of timber traversed with wooden spikes, five or six feet long, pointed with iron, used for stopping up breaches, or securing any avenue from the enemy's cavalry. CHE'VERIL, {sheveril) s. [chevereux, Fr.] a kid. Figuratively, kid leather. CHE'VIOT, a mountainous district, separating the N. W. part of Northumberland from Scotland. The hilly country is called the Cheviot Hills, as the adjoining fenny grounds are called the Cheviot Moors. The cattle and wool are excellent. The high- est point is more than 2500 feet in height. CHE'VRON, (shendtiff) s. [Fr.] in Heraldry, one of the honorary ordinaries, representing two rafters of a house joined together, so as to form an angle, and is the symbol of protection. Parti/ per chevron, is when the field is divided only by two single lines, rising from the two base points, and meeting in a point above, like the chevron. To CHEW, V. a. [ceoicyan. Sax.] to bite or grind meat into small pieces between the teeth, proper for swallowing. — v. n. to revolve often in the thoughts ; to ruminate or meditate upon. Used with on, or upon. CHFAN EARTH, {Man erth) s. in Pharmacy, is a dense and compact earth, sent hither in small flat pieces from the island whose name it bears ; it is recommended as an astringent, and as the greatest of all cosmetics. CHIAROSCU'RO, s. [Ital.] the judicious and effective arrange- ment of light and shade, and opposed tints of deep and light kinds, in painting. The paintings of Rembrandt are the most striking illustration of this branch of art. CHICA'GO, a town of Illinois, United States. It is beautifully situated on a level ground on both sides of the river of the same name, not far from its entrance to Lake Michigan. An artificial harbour has been made, extending for some way into the lake. It has constant communication by steam-boats with Buffalo, and other places on the lakes. It contains the county buildings, and has a good trade, which will be increased by the canal to the Illinois river. It is 717 miles from Washington. Pop. 4470. CHICA'NE, (sheekdne) s. [Fr.] in Law, an abuse of judiciary proceeding tending to delay the cause, and deceive or impose on the jutlge or the parties. In the schools, vain sophistry, tending to perpetuate disputes, and obscure the truth. To CHICA'NE, V. n. [chicamr, Fr.] to prolong a contest by artifice and subtilties. CHICA'NER, s. [chicaneur, Fr.] one who makes use of quirks, subtilties, or other artifice, to obscure the truth. CHICA'NERY, «. [chicanerie, Fr.] an artful prolonging any dispute by frivolous objections or subtilties. CHI'CHESTER, Sussex. It is a neat and handsome city, seated in a plain, by the river Lavant, by which it is encompassed on every side except the N. The market-place is in the centre of the town, from which the four principal streets are directed to the cardinal points of the compass, and bear the names of E. W. N. and S. Street. Its market is well supplied with provisions ; it exp<>rts corn, malt, &c., has some foreigri commerce, a manufac- tory uf needles, and of baize, blankets, and coarse cloths. The haven, formed by a canal, cut from the city down into the bay, affords excellent lobsters. It is 61 miles from London. Markets, Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. Pop. 8512. CHICK, Chi^cken, «. [cicen. Sax.] the young of a fowl, or hen. Chick is used figuratively for a word of tenderness. Sometimes it is used for a person not arrived to the years of maturity, and void of experience. CHL'CKEN-HEARTED, a. timorous ; cowardly. CHI'CKEN-POX, «. in Medicine, a species of the small-pox, but the pustules are not so large. CHI'CKLING, s. a small or young chicken. CHFCKPEA, s. a kind of degenerate pea. CHFCKWEED, s. in Botany, a species of star-wort, with di- vided petals, leaves between egg and heart-shaped, and upright white blossoms, which open from nine in the morning till noon, except in rainy weather, when they do not onen at all. It is very common in rich cultivated ground,. and nowers from April to October. CHI CHI'CORY, So'ccoRY, s. [ckhnrimn, Lat.] in Botany, a com- mon plant with straggling bare stems, and large blue composite flowers, found much in corn-fields and road-sides, flowering all harvest-time. The root is largelv used to mix with common coffees, and it imparts to them a flavour by no metins disagree- able. To CHIDE, V. a. preter. chid, particip. pass, chid, or chidden ; [chidan. Sax.] to reprove with some degree of warmth and anger lor faults. To blame or find fault with, beautifully applied to inanimate things. '• Fountains, o'er the pebbles, chid your stay," Dryd. — r. n. to scold or reprove severely. To make a noise as in a passion, elegantly applied to inanimate things. "As doth a rock against the chiding flood," Shak. CHl'DER, s. one that is addicted to reproof, or fond of blaming. CHIEF, {chee_f) a. [chef, Fr.] the major part, or greatest num- ber ; principal, including the idea of superior rank and activity. CHIEF, «. a commander, applied to one who commands an army. In Heraldry, the upper part of an escutcheon, running across from side to side. CHIE'FLESS, a. without chief or commander. CHIE'FLY, ad. generally ; for the most or greatest part ; prin- cipally. CHIE'FRIE, (cheefry) s. an acknowledgment paid to the lord paramount. CHIE'FTAIN, (cheejiain) s. one who commands an army ; the head of a clan. CHI'LBLAIN, s. a very troublesome kind of cutaneous inflam- mation, which affects the feet and hands, and other exposed parts of the body, during winter, when they are subject to fre- quent and sudden alternations of heat and cold. In the worst form they become imperfectly suppurating sores, and require great attention. Friction ancl stimulating lotions are the best cure. But by proper care they may be avoided. CHILD, «. plural children,- [cild. Sax.] an infant or person in its tenderest years ; the offspring'of a person. To CHILD, V. n, to bring forth or bear children. Figuratively, to be prolific or fruitful, opposed to barren. CHl'LDBEARING, s. the act of bearing children ; pregnancy. CHFLDBED, s. a lying-in ; or the state of a woman just after her delivery. CHI'LDBIRTH,*. labour; travail; delivery. CHI'LDERMAS-DAY, s. the 28th of December ; on which day Herod's massacre of the children at Jerusalem, on account of Christ's birth, is commemorated. CHPLDHOOD, s. the state of a child ; the interval between infancy and youth. CHFLDISH, a. resembling a child in ignorance, simplicity, and trifling. CHI'LDISHLY, ad. in such a manner as only becomes a child ; in a trifling manner. CHI'LDlSHNESS, s. want of discretion, knowledge, experi- ence, and gravity. CHFLDLESS, a. without children. CHI'LDLIKE, a. that resembles the actions and sentiments of a child. CHI'LI, a republic of S. America, lying between the Andes and the Pacific ; bounded by Bolivia on the N., by La Plata on the E., and reaching, according to its own claims, to the Straits of Magellan. Some parts of the Andes are computed to exceed 16,000 feet in height. From these mountains flow many moun- tain torrents, but there are no rivers in Chili. In the neighbourhood of these streams occur portions of fertile ground. But the wealth of the country lies in its metallic treasures, with wh ich the Andes abound; gold, silver, copper, &c. &c., with coal, being plentiful. The climate of different parts of Chili differs very much ; but the whole length of it is subject to earthquakes. Olives and other fruits, capsicum, kc, are produced abundantly, and some good wine and spirits. Cattle, &c., which were introduced from Eu- rope, are reared plentifully. It exports, in addition to what has been enumeratecf, cotton and wool. There are no manufactures worth naming. The population is about 1,500,000. Santiago is its capital ; Valparaiso, Valdivia, San Fernando, San Felipe, &c. are also places of importance. CHI'LIAD, (kiliad) ». [chilias, Gr.] a thousand, or a collection of things or years amounting to a thousand. CHILIAF/DRON, s. [chilias, Gr.] a figure of a thousand sides. CHILIHU'QUE, «. a kind of American camel-sheep, serving z 2 171 CHI the ancient inhabitants of Chili as a beast of burthen and of draup;ht, and producing them a kind of wool. CHILL, s. [cele. Sax.] cold, or that which stops the circulation of any fluid by its coldness. Figuratively, shivering with, or having the sensation of cold ; depressed, dejected ; discouraged, or rendered inactive by some disappointment or terrible object. To CHILL, f. a. to reduce from a state of warmth to that of coldness. Figuratively, to stop or repress any motion ; to dis- courage and deject ; to blast or destroy by cold. CHI'LLINESS, s. cold; a sensation which produces shiv- ering. CHI'LLINGWORTH, WILLIAM, an eminent Protestant con- troversialist of the I7th century. He studied at Oxford, dialec- tics principally, was reasoned into Romanism by Fisher, and out of it again by Laud. He then wrote his great work on the Eelipon of Protestants. After having given unanswerable reasons against entering the English church, he was argued out of them and into it by Laud and Sheldon. In the civil wars, he was of course in the royalist party, and being taken prisoner at Arundel Castle, shortly after died in 1644, aged 41 years. He is esteemed very highly for his work on Protestantism, and was the author of that party saying, " The Bible, and the Bible only, is the re- ligion of Protestants." CHI'LLY, a. that proceeds from chilliness or cold. CHI'LMINAR, s. a beautiful piece of ancient architecture, being the ruins of the famous palace of Persepolis, which was burned by Alexander the Great. CHI'LNESS, s. the sensation of cold productive of shivering ; the quality of producing the sensation of cold. CHILO'E, an island of Chili on the W. coast of S. America. It is above 100 miles long, and about 50 broad. It is verv rocky, but grows good wood, and excellent grain, and furnishes fine pastures. These form its trade. S. Carlos is its chief town. Its population is about 50,000, including the small islands which are clustered round it. CHI'LTERN, a chain of chalky hills, separating the counties of Bedford and Herts, and running through the middle of Bucks, from Tring, Herts, to Henley upon Thames, Oxfordshire. They are covered, in various parts, with woods, and some of the eminences are of considerable height, and afford rich prospects. To these hills is annexed the nominal office of steward under the crown, the acceptance of which, of consequence, enables a member of the British parliament to vacate his seat. CHIMB, s. [kime, Belg.] the end of a barrel or tub. CHIMBORA'CO, the name of one of the loftiest mountains in the range of the Andes. It is in Colombia, between Quito and Guyaquil. Its height is about 21,600 feet above the sea. CHIME, s. in Music, formerly used for a concord, or the sounding of the same note on several instruments at once. In Ringing, the sounding all the bells of a steeple after one another, with all the variations in their order that can produce music, or an agreeable harmony. Applied to clocks, a kind of periodical music produced bj- a particular apparatus, wherein hammers of different sizes are put in motion, and play some tune on bells. Figuratively, harmony of tempers, proportion, or other relations. In Poetry, the syllable at the end of a verse, which has the same sound as that of the preceding one. To CHIME, V. n. to sound a concord ; to agree in sound. Figuratively, to be musical. To answer each other, applied to relative terms ; to acquiesce in ; to agree with. Apj)lied to poetry, to make the concluding syllables of two verses end with the same letters or sound. — v. a, to cause to sound harmonically ; to strike a bell with a hammer. CHIME'RA, (kimeera) s. [Gr.] a poetical monster, composed of parts of a lion, a goat, and a serpent. Figuratively, a ground- less or vain imagination, which has no foundation in reason or nature. CHIME'RICAL, {kimerical) a. that is the mere product of fancy or imagination ; imaginary; fantastic. CHIME'RICALLY, {kimerically) ad. in a wild, fantastic, vain manner ; without any reality. CHFMINAGE, s. {chimin, or chemin, Fr.] a toll for passage through a forest. CHI'MLEIGH, Devonshire. It is 193 miles from London. Market, Wednesday. CHI'MNEY, s. [cheminee, Fr.] in Architecture, the passage or funnel through which the smoke ascendii in a building. Cliim- CHI ney-piece, the ornamental piece of wood or stone that is set round the fire-place. CHI'MNEY-SWEEPER, s. one whose trade it is to clean foul chimneys of soot. CHIMPANZE'E, s. in Natural History, a species of ape which approaches in physical characters nearest of all animals to man. It IS found in Africa, principally on the W. coast. It is distin- guished by many very marked characteristics from the human species ; and so as to deprive those speculators of any show of reason, who pretend that man is but the highest development of the lower genera of animals. CHIN, s. [cinne. Sax.] the lower part of the face from the under lip. CHI'NA, a very large country in the farthest E. of Asia, lying on that part of the Indian Ocean that flows between Japan and the Indian Archipelago, and bounded by Tatary, great part of which is subject to itself, the Burraan Empire, Siam, and Cochin China. It is about 1200 miles in each direction ; and it has cout nected with it two islands of some extent, Formosa and Hainan. Its N. E. boundary is a large gulf called the Yellow Sea. The surface rises generally in terraces from the sea to the W., and there are two principal mountain-chains, but neither attain any considerable elevation. The greatest rivers are the Yangtse- kiang, and the Yellow River, which in length are secondary only to the Amazon and Mississippi. The most N. part of its coast is rocky, but it abounds with commodious harbours. Gold, silver, copper, &c. &c. have been obtained abundantly ; coal also occurs, and there are marble (quarries, and quarries of felspathic rocks, whence the porcelain is made : the mineral called jade is very abundant. The soil is in general good, and it is irrigated with great care. There are many large forests. The wild ani- mals are not of a very dangerous "kind ; but China is rich in pe- culiar species both in the animal and vegetable worlds. It has a singular variety of dog (used by the people for food) ; three beau- tiful kinds of pheasants, the gold and silver species, and another whose tail feathers are often above five feet long; the gold and silver fish ; the fishing cormorant, and some species of swim- mers. The tea plant, the camellia, the deep-coloured rose, the rice-paper plant, &c. &c., are its native plants. The tea, rice, millet, and many other grains are largely cultivated. In manu- factures it is very rich ; silks, porcelain, paper, &c. &c., and all productsof the imitative arts, are furnished by industry and skill that is most wonderful. Its chief export is tea, with which it furnishes nearly all the world ; it also exports its silk and porce- lain, and, in small quantities, most of its peculiar manufactures. The people of China are allied to the Tatars, and the reigning dynasty are actually a Tatar race, called the Mandtcheou, who obtained the sovereigntj^ of the countrj; about 200 years ago. The government is a rigid despotism, being a sorrowful applica- tion of parental rule ; but it appears that as far as their means will allow, educated capability is recognised as the qualification marking out the officers of state. The people are quick-witted and ingenious, as is proved by their having discovered the arts of paper-making and printing, gunpowder and the mariner's compass, before they were known in Europe ; but they are the most prodigious realization of conservatism the world ever 'saw, and are ages behind the least advanced nations of the West. The great wall of China, and the Imperial canal, are specimene of what thev have been able to do, in the shape of works on a very large scale. The jealousy with which they regard foreigners, is but partly broken down by their late disastrous war with Eng- land. The religion of Fo is the most popular ; and that of Buddha next. Their earliest writer, and greatest authority, is Confucius, who lived about the fifth century b. c. The population of China is reckoned to exceed 300,000,000, but this statement can neither be proved nor refuted. Nanking is the residence of the government ; Peking is the old capital ; Canton the chief port ; this with Amoy, Mngpo, Foochoo, and Shanghai, by the late treaty with England, are opened to the commerce of the world. CHINE'SE LANGUAGE : the spoken language differs in almost every province, but the written language, which consists ttf sym- bols for thoughts and things, can be read all over that vast em- pire, and most of the adjoining kingdoms. In its characteristics It differs from most of the other languages of the world, and is the t^-pe of a peculiar class, called by philologists, monosyllabic. Clll'NA, s. a species of earthenware, very fine and translucent. CHI made originally in China; generally known by the name of porcelain. CHI'NA-ORANGE, «. the sweet orange brought originally from China. CHI'NA-ROOT, s. a medicinal root brought originally from China, esteemed as a sudorific. CHINCHI'LLA, s. in Natural History, a genus of animals al- lied to the hare and the mouse, found in S. America, whose skin is very valuable, and is made into boas and mufl^s for ladies. CHI'N-COUGH, (chin-coff) s. in Medicine, a violent, dry cough, affecting children, even to a danger of suffocation. CHINE, s. [eschine, Fr.] the part of the back containing the spine or back-bone. To CHINE, V. a. to cut into chines; to split along the back- bone. CHINK, s. [cinan, Sax.] a narrow gap, or opening length- wise. To CHINK, V. a. to make money or pieces of any metal sound by shaking them together. — v. n. to sound by striking each other ; to break in clefts or gaps, applied to ground. CHI'NKY, a. full of narrow holes, gaps, or clefts. CHINTZ, s. a fine cloth manufactured of cotton in the East ladies, and generally printed with lively and durable colours. CHFOPPINE, s. Ichapin, Span.] a high shoe formerly worn by ladies. CHI'OS, an island of the jEgean Sea, near the coast of Asia Minor, opposite Smyrna. It is about 30 miles long, and 10 broad ; is mountainous towards the north part, but has good and fertile soil more to the south. It is frequently mentioned in ancient Grecian history. It was famous for its wines and fruits. It still produces them, with silk and cotton. There is good marble also still found here. It is now in a very degraded state, owing to the cruel massacre of almost all the people during the war in 1822. To CHIP, r. a. to cut wood into small pieces. To cut off the crust of a loaf, applied to bread. CHIP, s. [ct/p, Sax.] a small piece of wood separated from a larger by a bill or cutting tool ; any small piece cut off from a larger. CHI'PPENHAM, Wilts. It was the seat of Alfred, and other West-Saxon kings, and is seated on the Avon, over which is a stone bridge of 16 arches. It has a considerable manufac- ture of woollen cloth. It is 94 miles from London. Market, Thursday. Pop. 5438. CHI'PPEWAYS. See Ogibbeways. CHI'PPING, s. the action of cutting off small pieces from timber or other matters. CHIPPING-NO'RTON, Oxfordshire. It has a dry situation on the side of a hill, and near a small rivulet, and is a straggling town, except about the market-place. It is a corporate town ; and the market is good for corn, cattle, and provisions. It is 74 miles from London. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 3031. CHIPPING-O'NGAR, Essex, 20 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 870. CHIP"PING-SO'DBURY, Gloucestershire. It is seated in a bottom, near the Downs, on the road from Bristol to Cirencester, and has a great market for corn and cheese. It is 111 miles from London. Market, Thursday. Pop. 1273. CHIPPING-WY'COMB, or High WycOmb, Buckinghamshire. It is seated on the river Wyck, on which, as well as on the Loddon, are many corn and paper mills. It is 31 miles from London. Market for corn, Friday. Pop. 6480. CHI'RAGRA, (Jiiragra) s. [Lat.] in Medicine, the gout in the hand. CHIRA'GRICAL, {kirigrical) a. being subject to the gout in the hands. CHIRO'GRAPHY, (kirdgraphy) s. [cheir and grapho, Gr.] a person's own hand-writing. CHI'ROMANCER, {kiromanser) s, one who pretends to foretell future events by inspecting the hand. CHI'ROMANCY, [kiromamy) s. [cheir a.ndmanteia,Gr.'\ the pre- tended art of, foretelling what shall happen to a person, by in- specting the lines of his hand. To CHIRP, V. n. [formed from the sound,] to make a noise like a sparrow, or birds which call to one another. CHI'RPER, 8, a bird that makes a noise like a sparrow, or calls to another ; a person that is gay, cheerful, or merry. CHO To CHI'RRUP, f. n. to make a noise by drawing in the air through the lips, after they are drawn into a kind of circle, in order to encourage any beast, or to set a song-bird a singin: ' " . '. „ 'Pi' surgeon, s. [cheir and ergon, Gr.] one who cures such disorders. CHIRU'RGEON, (kirurjun) now disused, being supplanti ed by hurts, or ailments, as require external applications, or the oper- ations of the hand. CHIRU'RGERY, s. the art of curing wounds and diseases, by external applications, or operations of the hand. CHIRU'RGIC, Chiru'rgical, (kirHrjik, kinlrjikal) a. having qualities fit for external or outward application ; belonging to external or manual operation. •' CHI'SEL, {chizel) s. [ciseau, Fr.] a tool made of iron, pretty long, thin, and sometimes ground to an edge, used in carpentry, joining, masonry, sculpture, &c. To CHI'SEL, V. a. to cutwith a chisel. CHIT, «. [cito, Ital.] a young little child; a mere baby; a word used in anger, and expressive of contempt. CHIT-CHAT, s. [a cant word formed from the reduplication or repetition and corruption of the word chat,} idle and unim- proving discourse. CHI'TTAGONG, a province of Hindustan, lying on the Bay of Bengal, N. of Arracan, in length about 120 miles, and in breadth about 30. The greater part of the country is hilly, and it is watered by the Chittagong river, the Nauf, and some tributa- ries of the Irrawaddy. The soil by the rivers is fertile, and pro- duces the commodities usually grown in these countries. Its inhabitants are principally Mohammedans. It now belongs to the East India Company. Population, about 1,000,000. CHI'TTERLINGS, s. not used in the singular ; [sckyterlingh, Belg.] the guts or bowels, generally applied to those of beasts fit for food ; likewise the frill or border sewed on the bosom of a man's shirt. CHI'VALROUS, a. of or belonging to chivalry. CHI'VALRY, s. [checdlerie, Fr.] knighthood, or military dig- nity. The objects of this institution were, to check the insolence of overgrown oppressors, to vindicate the helpless, especially females, and to redress grievances. Knighthood was esteemed more honourable than royalty itself, and monarchs were found to receive it from the hands of private gentlemen. As valour, gallantry, and religion equally entered into the character of a true knight, it is believed that the spirit of chivalry had a great share in refining the manners of the European nations, during the twelfth and three following centuries, CHIVES, s. [cive, Fr.] in Botany, those threads or filaments in flowers, bearing the antherae or tips on their extremities. They are the male organization of plants ; and called by Lin- naeus, stamina. Also a small kind of onion. CHLORINE, s. [chhros, Gr.] in Chemistry, a simple or ele- mentary gas, discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy, of a yellowish- green colour, an astringent taste, and a disagreeable odour. Under great pressure it assumes first a liquid, and afterwards a solid form. It is very inflammable, and some metals take fire if exposed to it. Its most important property is its bleaching power. Its compounds are very numerous, and some of them are exceedingly valuable. Chloride of lime exercises a most pow- erful influence in disinfecting unwholesome atmospheres, and in purifying them from unpleasant odours. Chlorine has also been applied in cases of consumption ; but it is a powerful poison, CHLORO'SIS, (klorusis) s. [chloros, Gr.] in Medicine, the green sickness. CHO'COLATE, s. [Mexican,] a composition of cocoa, sugar, and vanilla. Chocolate-house, is a place where only chocolate is sold ready made, and resembling a coffee-house, CHO'CfTAWS, and CHI'CKASAHS, which means "Flat- heads," formerly inhabited most of the country on the Missis- sippi, as far up as the Ohio; but now occupy only portions of the State of Mississippi, United States, They have partially re- nounced their wandering manner of life, and are reckoned to be in number about 24,000. CHOICE, s. [choix, Fr.] a faculty of preferring one thing to another, including that it is in our power to have determined otherwise. Figuratively, the deferring or determining in behalf of a thing on reasonable motives ; the thing chosen ; that which merits a preference, or ought to be preferred ; a variety of things offered to the mind or judgment, that it may select from thence those which are best. To make choice of, is to prefer or select one 173 CHO or more things from several which are proposed to the judgment or will. CHOICE, a. comparative choicer, superlative choicest, [choisi, Fr.] of superior excellence; most valuable, or best; careful, frugal, opposed to prodigal or profuse. CHOI'CELESS, a. without the power of choosing. CHOI'CELY, ad. with all the qualifications which should de- termine the will to give a preference. CHOPCENESS, s. that quality which determines the will to give it a preference ; value, or superior excellence which claims a preference. CHOIR, (koir) s. [chonis, Lat.] a band or company of singers ; that part of the church where the choristers and clergy are placed. To CHOKE, V. a. [aceocan. Sax.] to stop up the passage of the throat so that a person cannot breathe ; to kill by stopping a person's breath ; to stop up any passage ; to intercept or obstruct the motion of any thing. Synon. Death brought on by a stop- ping of breath is the general idea of the words suffocated, smother- ed, choked; but that oi suffocated implies an extinction of life, oc- casioned by being in a place where we cannot breathe ; that of smothered, by being in a place where we are not suffered to breathe ; that oi choked, by having the wind-pipe closed. CHOKE, s. in Botany, the filamentous or capillary part of an artichoke, immediately covering the fleshy part of the bottom. CHOKE-DAMP, the name given by miners to carbonic acid gas, which collects at the bottom of mines, and often occasions death by suffocating those who are not aware of its presence. CHOKE-PEAR, s. in Gardening, a rough, harsh, unpalatable pear. Figuratively, any sarcasm that stops the mouth. CHO'KY, a. that cannot easily be swallowed, but is apt to stick in the passage, and stop the breath. CHO'LAGOGUES, (kdlagogs) s. [chole and ago, Gr.] medicines which have the power of purging the bile. CHO'LER, (kdler) s. [cotera, Lat.] in Anatomy, the bile ; which abounding very much in angry persons, is used figuratively for anger. CHO'LERA, s. [chole and reo, Gr.] a somewhat dangerous dis- ease, whose seat is the liver, and which arises in most cases from the temperature of the atmosphere, aided by the diffusion of the odours, &c. of decaying vegetable substances, as is usu- ally the case in autumn. Where there has been insufficient or improper food, there it is so much the more dangerous. It con- sists in an excessive and diseased secretion of bile, and is accom- panied by violent pain and spasms, with sickness and diarrhoea. It is common in this counti-y, but is rarely fatal. Cholera Mor- bus, or pestilent cholera, is a disease of a very different kind from the English cholera, being a very fatal species of epidemic. Its origin appears to be Hindustan, and in its ravages it has pro- ceeded chiefly in a westerly direction. It is attended by pain, cold, and cramp, vomiting and diarrhoea, and the blood seems to lose its serum and approach congestion ; this is the fatal part of the disease. It is followed by a sort of recoil into high febrile action, which also is very frequently mortal. The quickening of the circulation, and prevention of the cold, is the best course to take. But no course has proved certainly successful. CHO'LERIC, {Mlerik) a. abounding with choler. Figuratively, an^ry ; easily provoked ; passionate. CHOLU'LA, a town in Mexico, near which is one of the largest of the Mexican pyramids, built of bricks, and having a flat summit. Cholula has some manufactures, and a population of about 20,000. Lat. 19. 3. N. Long. 98. 20. W. To CHOOSE, (c/ioore) i;. a, preter. / chose, I have chosen or chose : [ceosan. Sax.] to prefer or take from several things offer- ed; to give the preference to; to will; to elect, or pick out of a number. Synon. When we would take a thing, we determine upon one, because we cannot have all. We choose by comparing things, because we would have the best. We do not always choose what vis prefer ; but we ever prefer that which we clioose. CHOO'SER, (choozer) s. one who has the power of choosing ; one who has a right to vote for a person who is candidate tor any post ; an elector. To CHOP, t;. a. preter. chopt, or I hare chopt; [kappen, Belg.] to cut with a cleaver, axe, or chopping-knife, by a quick or sud- den stroke; to devour or eat quickly, used with up.— v. n. to change with a quick and unexpected motion ; to appear as if cut, applied to the effects of cold or hard weather on the hands. CHO To CHOP, V. a. [ceapan. Sax.] to purchase by exchanging one thing for another; to take a thing back again which had been given in exchange; to be fickle in one's choice. CHOP, s. a piece cut off' by a sudden blow ; a piece of meal cut off from a joint, generally applied to mutton ; a chink, cleft, hole, or vacuity made by the warping of wood. Clwp-house, a kind of cook's shop, where meat is ready dressed, so called from their dealing mostly in mutton chops. CHO'PPING, a. large or lusty, applied to infants. Chopping- block, a long thick block of wood, used by butchers to cleave or chop their meat upon. Choppimj-knife, a large sort of knife, used for chopping or mincing meat. CHO'PPY, a. full of holes or clefts; appearing as if cut or chopt, owing to the effects of cold, applied to the hands, &c. CHOPS, s. no singular, [a corruption of chaps,] the mouth of a beast. Figuratively, used in contempt for the mouth of a man. CHO'RAL, (kdral) a. [chorus, Lat.] belonging to or composing a choir or chorus. CHORD, (pronounced hard, kord, as if the h was dropped. When it implies a string made of hemp or silk, it is spelt cord ; but when it retains its primitive sense, the h is retained ;) s. [chorde, Gr.] the string of a musical instrument, by the vibration of which all sounds are excited, as by its divisions the several de- grees of time are determined. Also, the combination of certain sounds in such a way as that their conjoined effect shall be in the highest degree harmonious, arising from commensurability of the rates of their vibrations. In Geometry, a right line, ter- minated at each end of its extremities in the circumference of a circle, but not passing through its centre. Line of chords, is one of the lines of the sector or plain scale ; used in the measuring of an arch of any circle of which it is the radius. In Anatomy, a little nerve extending over the drum of the ear, supposed by some to varj' and modify sounds that beat on the tympanum, in the same manner as the braces or strings stretched over the war-drum. CHORDE'E, {kordSe) s. is a violent pain or contraction of the frenum. CHO'REA, s. [Gr.] in Medicine, the disease commonly known as St. Vitus's dance. Its symptoms are the loss of power of con- trolling the muscles of the limbs, &c., accompanied by general debility, and producing very serious effects on the mind. It is peculiarly a disease of youth, and more especially of females. Various causes have been known to give rise to it, and occasion- ally it has proved fatal. CHO'RION, {korion) s. [cAoreo, Gr.] in Anatomy, a thick, strong, whitish membrane, covered with a great number of branches of veins and arteries, which is the outward membrane which wraps the foetus. CHO'RISTER, {kSrieter) a. one who sings in a choir, generally applied to signify a singing boy. Figuratively, one who sings or makes part of a chorus. Beautifully applied to birds. CHO'RlEY , Lancashire. It has large manufactures of cottons, fustians, calicoes, and muslins. The environs abound in mines of coal, lead, and alum, and with quarries of flag, slate, ashjer, and mill-stone. It is seated on the rivulet Chor, near the river Yarrow. It is 203 miles from London. Markets, Tuesday and Saturday. Pop. 13,139. CHORO'GRAPHER, {korografer) s. [choros and graplm. Or,] he that describes particular regions or countries. CHOROGRA'PHICAL, a. descriptive of particular regions or countries; laying down the boundaries of countries. CHORO'GRAPHY, (korografy) s. the art of describing par- ticular regions and countries, either in words or in maps. CHO'RUS, (kdrus) s. [Lat.] a number of singers joining in the same piece or tune. Figuratively, that part of a song in which a whole company join. In the ancient Greek drama, a group of persons present during a dramatic performance, supposed some- times as by-standers, at others serving to introduce or prepare the audience for the introduction of any particular incident ; and originally the only performers on the stage. They sang their part, and accompanied it with a kind of dance, whence thpir part of the theatre was called the orchestra. CHOUGH, (chuff) s. [ceo. Sax. choucas, Fr.] in Natural History, a bird like a jackdaw, but somewhat bigger, which frequents rocks by the sea-side. CHOULE, (commonly pronounced and written Jowl,) s. [gula, Lat.] the crop of a bird, "adhering to the lower side of the bill, and CHR descending by its throat, somewhat resembling a bag or satchel, and serving as a kind of first stomach, to prepare its food for digestion. To CHOUSE, r. a. to deprive a person of any thing by plausi- ble stories or false pretences. CHOUSE, s. one who is a proper object for fraud ; a bubble or tool ; a trick or sham. CHRISM (krism) s. [chrio, Gr.] the act of anointing; applied fenerally to anointing as the initiation into some office, or ren- ering a person qualified for some profession in a scriptural sense. CHRIST, {h-ist) s. one of the appellations given to our Lord and Saviour Jesus, signifying the same as Messiah, used by the Jews, and both importing the validity of his claim to the high character he assumed, as coming from God to accomplish the great work of man's redemption. CHRI'STCHURCH, Hants. A town trading in knit silk stock- ings, gloves, and watch-chains. Here is a good salmon fishery. It is seated at the confluence of the rivers Avon and Stour, with a small, barred, tide haven. It is 98 miles from London. Market, Monday. Pop. 5944. CHRl'ST CHURCH, one of the colleges of Oxford university, founded by Cardinal Wolsey in 1524, and remodelled by Henry VIII. after the Cardinal's fall. It is a very noble institution, and is immediately connected with the bishopric of Oxford ; its chapel being the cathedral church, and the dean and chapter having the sole management of all its affairs. It has a good library. Its buildings are on a ven' fine scale, and in the gate-way hangs the bell, famed as Great Tom of Oxford. CHRIST'S CO'LLEGE, one of the colleges of the university of Cambridge, which was founded by the Countess of Richmond in 1505, and is not meanly endowed. The edifices are not of a veiy imposing character. Some writers of distinction have been trained here, foremost amongst whom stands John Milton. To CHRI'STEN, (knsten) v. a. [christnian. Sax.] to initiate or enter into the church of Christ by the sacrament of baptism. Figuratively, to give a thing a name, alluding to the practice of naming persons at this ceremony. CHRrSTENDOM, {hrUtendom) a. [christendome. Sax.] the col- lective body of Christians ; those parts wherein Christianity is CHRI'STENING, {kristening) s. the ceremony of baptism. CHRIST'S HO'SPITAL, an educational institution of the city of London, founded by Edward VI., and enriched by subsequent bequests, so as to be one of the wealthiest of the public free- schools of England. It is under the government of the corpora- tion of the city of London, who present to it annually as vacancies occur. The whole of the buildings which are on the N. side of Newgate Street, have been within the last 20 years rebuilt on a very noble scale. Connected with this school is an establishment for such as are too young to enter it, at Hertford. CHR.rSTIAN, {kiistian) s. [Christos, Gr.] a person who believes in Christ, and the principles of his religion. They who pro- fessed the religion of Jesus were at first termed Disciples ; but the title of Christians was first given to those of Antioch, as ap- pears from the Acts of the Apostles. CHRI'STIAN, (kiistian) a, [christianus, Lat.] professing the Christian religion. The most Christian King was a title assumed by the kings of France ; supposed by French antiquaries to have been given originally by Gregory the Great to Charles Martel. Christian name is that name wnich is given a person at his bap- tism. Christian cera, the point of time from which Christianized nations reckon, and whicn is believed to be fixed four years be- fore the actual birth of Christ. CHRISTIA'NIA, the capital city of Norway, seated pleasant- ly on the shore of the N. extremity of the Gulf of Christiania. The streets are projected in straight lines, and at right angles to each other, and are uniformly 40 feet broad. It has an excellent harbour, and carries on a considerable trade. Its principal ex- ports are tar, iron, copper, planks, deals, and alum. The saw- mills here are numerous ; and it has a few manufactures. There is an excellent university here, with a good library. Lat. 59. 55. N. Long. 10. 48. E. CHRISTIA'NITY, {kristidnity) s. [chretiente, Fr.] the religion inculcated by Christ and his apostles, and professed by Cliristians. To CHRI'STIANIZE, (kristianize) v. a. to convert a per- CHR son ; to convince him of the truth of Christianity ; to make Christian. CHRI'STIANLY, ad. like a Christian. CHRI'STIANSAND, a town in theS. of Norway, standing on a bay in the N. part of the Skagerack. It has a good harbour, and IS built with great regularity. Fishing, ship-building, and the export trade of fir-wood, are the chief occupations of the people. Its population is about 10,000. Lat. 58. 9. N. Long. 8. 19. E. CHRISTI'NA, one of the most celebrated Swedish monarchs, daughter and successor of Gustavus Adolphus, who fell in the battle of Liitzen, in 1632. Being then a mere child, she was trained as her father had directed, under the superintendence of the Chancellor Oxenstiern. This education was such as would have made a noble public man ; but it was unfitted to produce a ?[ueen. Having arranged with considerable tact the affairs she bund unsettled on attaining her majority, she devoted herself to art and learning, and had a court adorned with some of the greatest men, and rendered motley by the mixture of some of the least men of the day. She abdicated the throne in 1054, having been an unfettered sovereign for 10 years ; and turned Ro- manist. The remainder of her life she spent at Rome and Paris, engaged in broils with Mazarine and the pope, and signalizing herself by putting one of her attendants to death, at Fontaine- bleau, in virtue of her sovereign power, which she declared that she retained. She died in 1089, aged 62 years. A most fa- vourable account of her is given by the Commonwealth's ambas- sador, Whitelocke, who visited her court in 1653 and 1654. CHRFSTMAS, (kristmas) s. the day on which the nativity of Christ is celebrated by most of the old churches. Christmas-box, a box in which money collected as gifts by servants at Christmas is kept. Figuratively, the collections made at Christmas. CHRI'STMAS-FLOWER, s. in Botany, the same with the black hellebore. CHRI'STMAS-ISLAND, nearly in the centre of the Pacific Ocean, is 60 miles in circumference, bounded by a reef of coral rocks, on the W. side of which is a bank of fine sand, extending a mile into the sea, and affording good anchorage. The soil is light and black, composed of decayed vegetables, the dung of birds, and sand. Here are a few cocoa-nut and other trees, shrubs, and plants, some birds, and plenty of fish and turtles. Lat. 1. 59. N. Long. 157. 32. W. CHRISTO'PHE, HENRI, the friend and coadjutor of Tous- saint L'Ouverture in the liberation of St. Domingo, and after- wards king of part of the island. He was a cook at Cape Town, and by his intelligence and skill did good service to the new cause of freedom. On the treacherous seizure of Toussaint by Napoleon's orders, against whom the climate had waged a dead- ly warfare in his attempt to recover the island and re-enslave the blacks, Christophe joined Dessalines; afterwards he con- spired against him, and became the president of the Haitian republic. Being opposed, however, by one of his fellow-con- spirators, he assumed the title of king, but could not dispossess his opponent of his territory and title. He ruled very arbitrarily, and being deserted at last by his own court, shot himself in 1820, aged about 50 years. CHRI'STOPHER, s. in Botany, an herb with flowers in egg- shaped bunches, a slender, jointed, scored stem, white blossoms, and black berries, called also baneberries. It is found in woods and hedges, and flowers in May and June. CHRFSTOPHER'S, ST., or St. Kit's, one of the Caribbee and Leeward Islands in the West Indies, about 18 leagues N. W. of Antigua. It is 15 miles in length, and 4 in breadth, and has high mountains in the middle, whence rivulets flow, which are of great use to the inhabitants. Between the moun- tains are rocks, precipices, and thick woods ; and in the S. W. parts, hot, sulphureous springs at the bottom of them. The air IS good, and the soil is light, sandy, and fruitful : they are, however, subject to hurricanes. The produce is chiefly sugar, cotton, ginger, indigo, and the tropical fruits. It belongs to the English, and is under the government of Antigua. Its popula- tion is about 30,000, both white and coloured. Basseterre is its chief town, and is in Lat. 17. 15. N. Long. 63. 14. W. CHRIST'S THORN,*', in Botany, a large thorny shrub, a na- tive of Africa, and introduced into this country in the end of the 16th century. CHROMA'TES, s. in Chemistry, salts formed by the combina- tion of any base with chromic acid. 175 CHR CHROMATIC, (kromdtic) a. [chroma, Gr.] in Painting, relat- ing to colour. In Music, the chromatic scale, is the scale of semi- tones. CHROMATICS, s. that part of the science of Optics by which the several properties of the colours of light and of natural bodies are illustrated and explained. CHROME, Chro'mium, s. in Chemistry, a metal, which, in a pure state, is of a yellowish white colour, and a distinct metallic lustre. It was discovered in red lead ; and has since been found in composition with other metals, to which it imparts various colours. Many very useful colours for dyeing, painting on glass and porcelain, &c., &c., are formed with this base. CHRO'MIC, a. in Chemistry, belonging to chromium, CHRO'MULE, s. in Organic Chemistry, and Botany, the co- loured grains which give the green tinge to the leaves of plants. CHRO'NIC, Chro'nical, {krdnich, krdntkal) a. [chronos, Gr.] that endures or lasts a long time. In Medicine, applied to those dis- eases which are opposed to the acute, or such as soon come to a crisis. CHRO'NICLE, (krSnUde) s. [cronique, Fr.] a regular account of transactions in the order they happen ; a history. To CHRO'NICLE, {krdnikle) v. a. to insert in a history ; to be recorded ; to be made famous, or handed down to the memory of posterity. CHRO'NICLER, {krdnikler) s. one who writes a regular ac- count of transactions, according to the order in which they were performed ; an historian. CHRO'NICLES, «. two books of the Old Testament, which contain an abridgment of sacred history, to the return of the Jews from the Babylonish captivity. The first book traces the genealogies of the Israelites from Adam, relates the death of Saul, and gives a brief account of the reign of David. The second traces the progress of the kingdom of Judah, its various revohitions, its period under Zedekiah , and the restoration of the Jews by Cyrus. These books are ascribed with some show of probability to Ezra ; but it must be observed that there are many discrepancies between the narrative contained in thein, and that of the Books of Kings ; some, as the numbers of armies, are the mistakes of copyists ; but others arise from the prevalence of various reports of the same event, which the different recorders of the events have used in the two books. CHRO'NOGRAM, {kr^mogram) s. [chronos and grapho, Gr.] an inscription whose numeral letters compose some particular date. CHRONOGRA'MMATIST, s. a writer of chronograms. CHRONO'LOGER, Chrono'logist, (krondhjer, kronihjist) s. [chronos and logos, Gr.] one who makes the settling the dates of former transactions his particular study. CHRONOLO'GICAL, (kronoldjical) a. relating to chronology, or the period in which any transactions happened. CHRONOLO'GICALLY, (kronoVrjically) ad. in such a manner as is consistent with the rules of chronology. CHRONO'LOGY, (kronihiy) s. the record of events simply with regard to the order of time in which they occurred. CHRONO'METER, (kronSmeter) s. [chronos and metreo, Gr.] an instrument used for the measuring of time, chiefly at sea. They are larger than a common watch, but made almost in the same manner, except that they have a detached escapement, and that the balance-wheel is composed of two different metals, which are affected by temperature in different degrees, and therefore it vibrates more equably. They are made with such accuracy as not to vary half a second in twelve months. CHRY'SALIS, (kry'salis-) s. [chrysos, Gr.] in Natural History, the second state into which insects of the Lepidopterous class pass in the course of their development. In it they continue for various lengths of time, and during this time they have but little power of motion, and take no food. They are enveloped in a case, on the outside of which the outline of*^ folded wings are seen, but no organs of locomotion or feeding ; and within this they change gradually to their perfect state, when they burst this case, expand their wings, and perform the functions of their position in the animal kingdom. CHRYSA'NTHEMUM, «. in Botany, the name of two tribes of flowers introduced from America and the Cape of Good Hope. CHRY'SOLITE, (kry'solite) s. [chrysos and Mhos, Gr.] a general term given by the ancients to all precious stones that had a cast of gold or yellow in their composition. Among moderns, a precious stone of a dusky green colour, with a cast of yellow. 176 CHU CHRYSO'PRASUS, ». [chrysos, Gr. and prasinus, Lat.] a pre- cious stone mentioned in Scripture, of a yellow colour, approach- ing to green. CHRY'SOSTOM, JOHN, one of the most distinguished Greek Fathers for the eloquence of his discourses and his writings. He studied law and philosophy at Antioch and Athens, but became an anchorite at an early age, and afterwards gained great re- nown at the former place for his preaching. He was afterwards made Archbishop of Constantinople, and devoted himself so earnestly to the realization of his notions of Christian perfection, that he gave great offence to the highest authorities, and was twice exiled from the city. He died in exile in 407, aged about 60 years. His writings are very voluminous, and of these his homilies are most admired ; but his excellence as an expositor of Scripture, and expounder of Christian truth, are not very great. CHUB, s. in Natural History, a non-spinous fish, or that which has no prickly fins, and only one on its back. CHUBB, THOMAS, an English writerof the beginning of the last century, who has gained a place amongst the list of infidels. He seems to have been a self-taught man, of a very inquisitive disposition, andof Arian sentiments as it regards theology ; and he wrote on some of the profoundest spiritual parts of the Chris- tian scheme, with insufficient knowledge of the original records of Christianity, and without being aware that accurate logic is less required for right understanding of it, than a spiritual mind. So greatly have things changed since his time, that some of the points he contended for are maintained by writers of unques- tioned piety now. He died in 1746, aged 68 years. CHU'BBED, a. Figuratively, having a large head, alluding to that of a chub. To CHUCK, V. a. to make a noise like a partridge, or a hen calling her chickens. To CHUCK, V. a. [choc, Fr.] to give a person a gentle chuck under the chin ; to throw any thing with a peculiar jerk. CHUCK, s. the noise of a hen ; an expression of endearment ; a cast, by which a person throwsany thing from him in a peculiar way. To CHU'CKLE, v. n. [schaeclmn, Bel^.] to laugh vehemently, so as to be out of breath.— u. a. to call like a hen. Figuratively, to fondle or chuck under the chin. CHU'DLEIGH, Devonshire. It is seated near the river Thames, and the market is good for corn and provisions. Chudleigh liock, in the neighbourhood, is a bold perpendicular rock, having on one side a cleft, whence a stream of water rushes very impetuously. It is 183 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 2415. CHUFF, s. a coarse, heavy, surly, and passionate clown. CHU'FFY, a. surly; morose. CHU'FFILY, ad. surlily ; stomachfully. CHU'LM LEIGH, Devonshire. It is seated on the river Dart, which, fetching a compass like a bow, surrounds three sides of it. It is but a small place, and the market is inconsiderable. It is 193 miles from London. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 1647. CHUM, s. [chrmi, Armorick,] a chamber-fellow ; a term used in the universities. CHUMP, s. a thick, heavy piece of wood, less than a block. CHUQUISA'CA, one of the names by which the capital of Bolivia, S. America, is known. See La Plata. CHURCH, s. [kuriakos, Gr. circe, A. Sax.] a word used in many different significations, the confounding of which has caused many grievous practical errors amongst men. 1. It means the collective body of all that are or will be saved, viewed as a unity, as God only can regard them. This is the church of God in Christ. 2. It is used for the aggregate of such as truly believe in Christ, of whatever communion they may be, at any time on the earth. 3. It signifies any particular congregation, or association of Christians, who unite together for worship and edification, the observance of the Lord's supper, and vital and practical .testimony of the truth of Christ to other men ; presided ' over by ministers of its own choosing, and maintaining itself and its discipline according to the spirit and example of the New Testament. 4. It is applied to incorporations of congregations into distinct parties, or bodies of professed Christians, as tMi Church of Rome, the Lutheran Church, ice. 5. It is used to mean all who, in some particular way, or who in any way, openly profess them- selves disciples of Christ. This is usually called the visible or Catholic Church. In this sense also it includes all who have openly belonged to any particular communion, according to some CHU writers. 6. In some countries it signifies that denomination which is established by law, in opposition to other denomina- tions which are simply tolerated, as the Church in England, the Kirk in Scotland. 7. It is employed as a designation of the ministers of all gjades, as an ecclesiastical class, or clergy, in opposition to thdi. laity, the non-ecclesiastical class, in some communions. 8. It means a certain kind of building specially and solely set apart for the celebration of divine service, in some denominations, and distinguished from chapels, and into several orders according to the form, use, &c. &c. Church militant, and Church triumphant, are titles of distinction made by some between the faithful on earth and those in heaven ; to which the Ro- manists add, the Church patient, or the faithful in purgatory. Church and state, is a phrase employed to designate the two great institutions which, according to some, are essential parts of any perfect constitution. It is used, however, chiefly by such as seek the sanction of sacred pretences for secular ends ; and as the watch-word of a party, rather than as the expression of any clearly apprehended idea. An established Church, is any commu- nion whicn is specially protected, patronized, supported, or main- tained by the law of any land, whether its forms and formularies be under the same supervision and sanction or not. To CHURCH, V. a. to read the peculiar service of returning thanks to God for a happy delivery, with the person who is re- covered from child -bed. CHU'RCHILL, CHARLES, one of the poets of England, who lived during the last century ; and beginning his mature life as a clergyman, ended it as a debauchee. His writings are mostly satirical, and do not lack fire of imagination, nor force of expres- sion, whilst there is a generosity of sentiment about them that has been mistaken by manj^ for the genuine poetic spirit. He died in 1765, aged 34 years. CHU'RCHMAN, s. one who professes the religion or mode of worship by law established ; one of the clergy. CHU'RCH-RATES, s. taxes levied by the vote of a vestn'- meeting on the parishioners, according to an assessment, for the prospective expenses of maintaining the celebration of service in the churches of the English Establishment, and for the repair, &c., of the building, Ike, except the chancel. CHURCH-STRE'TTON, Shropshire. It is seated between two hills, and is but a small place, though the market is good for corn. It is 153 miles from London. Market, Thursday. Pop. 1604. CHURCH-WA'RDEN, s. an oflicer elected yearly, in Easter week, by the minister and parishioners of every parish, to look after the church, church-yard, and the things belonging to them ; and also to observe the morals, and attendance at church, of the parishioners. CHURCH- YARD,?, the ground adjoining to a church, where- in the dead are buried. CHURL, s. [ceorl, Sax.] a clown, or unpolished countryman. Figuratively, a morose, surly, or ill-bred person ; a niggard, or a miser. CHU'RLISH, a. brutal, rude, ignorant, ill-bred, uncivil, sour, selfish, avaricious. CHU'RLISHLY, ad. in a rude, uncivil, unkind, or brutal manner. CHU'RLISHNESS, s. rude, obstinate, ajid surly behaviour. CHURN, s. [kern, Belg.] a vessel in which cream, by Violent or long agitation, is turned into butter. To CHURN, V. a. [kernen, Belg.] to make butter by frequent and continual motion. CHU'RN-OWL, s. in Natural History, the common name of the bird called the Goat-sucker. CHU'RNSTAFF, s. in Botany, a species of spurge, called also wartwort, with wedge-shaped leaves, and yellowish green blos- soms, found in cultivated places and gardens, and flowers in July. CHU'RRWORM, s. in Natural History, an insect that turns about nimbly, called also a fan-cricket. CHU'SAN, the name of an island on the E. coast» of China, about 30 miles in length, and 6 in width, with a good harbour, and a most delightful climate. It is about 50 miles from Niiigpo, and was formerly the centre of European traffic, till the jealousy of the government removed it to Canton, as farther from Peking. Some smaller islands around this are called by the general name of Chusan. The capital is Tinghae. CIC To CHUSE. -See Choose. CHYLA'CEOUS, {kyldceous) a. consisting of chyle ; partaking of the qualities of chyle; resembling chyle. CHY'LE, (h/le) s. [chylos, Gr.] in Physiology, a milky insipid liquor, consisting of nutritive particles, extracted from dissolved aliments of every kind, and by a si)ecial set of vessels added to the blood. CHYLIFA'CTION, {kylifdktion) s. the act of converting the nutritive parts of aliments into chyle. CHYLIFA'CTIVE, Chylopoe'tic, {kylifdctive, kyhpoHik) a. [chylos, Gr. and facio, Lat. and poieo, Gr.'] having the power of making chyle ; endued with the quality of converting aliment into chyle. CHY'LOUS, (ky'lous)a. consisting of chyle, resembling or par- taking of the qualities of chyle. CHYME, s. {chumos, Gr.] the product of the action of the gas- tric juice on the various aliments in the stomach. CIBA'RIOUS, a. [eibus, Lat.] proper for food ; partaking of the qualities of food. CPBBER, COLLEY, one of the English poet laureates, and a dramatist and actor in the last century. He occupied a conspi- cuous place in the fashionable world of his day, and has a small renown in second-rate characters, which he usually took on the stage. His dramas are ranked after the second-rate authors of that class, and his poems are almost wholly unknown. He died ' in 1757, aged 86 years. CI'BOL, s. [cibimle, Fr.] a small sort of onion used in salads. CrCATRICE, Ci'cATRix, s. [Lat.] a little seam or elevation of callous flesh, rising and remaining on the skin after the healing of a wound ; a scar. CICATRl'SANT, Cicatri'sive, a. in Medicine, applied to such applications as are desiccative, aid nature to repair the skin of a wound, and form a scar. CICATRIZA'TION, s. in Surgery, the act of healing a wound ; the state of being healed or skinned over. To CI'CATRIZE, r. a. to apply such medicines to wounds as heal and skin them over ; to heal and skin a wound over. CPCELY, s. in Botany, a sort of herb, called also fool's pars- ley, or lesser hemlock. CrCERO, MARCUS TULLIUS, one of the most eminent statesmen and philosophers of Rome, and her noblest orator, lived just at the culminating period of the true greatness of the city, and saw the beginning of her decline. In his j'ounger days he enjoyed the assistance of the best teachers of rhetoric and philosophy of the times, which completed the advantages of an excellent home education. His first essays were in poetry, a walk in which he failed so signally, as to be the butt of the satirists for attempting it. He no sooner, however, commenced the work of advocacy, than he rose to the highest rank. Haying set out on his polifical career, he received a severe lesson in find- ing that his absence from Rome in his province, Sicily, where he had most diligently bought up corn for the city, had rendered him almost forgotten. From the que^torship be advanced to the aediieship without difliculty, and in his 42nd year he was chosen consul. Not being of patrician blood, he had sided with the commonalty to this time, and had had to contend against the reproach of being a new man. He now veered round to the aristocratic party, and was marked for the hostility of his former friends. He distinguished his consulship by the prominent part he took in the suppression of Catiline's conspiracy. The next event of his life was his exile, which he chose in preference to exposing himself to the open attacks of one of his hottest oppo- nents. From this he returned after a year, and was receiyed with almost the honours of a triumph. He never gave up his forensic engagements, and at this time produced some of his finest speeches. In the struggle between Julius Caesar and Pompey, Cicero sided with the latter ; and after his cheaply purchased distinctions in his new province, Cilicia, gained an eminence that made it difficult for him to temporize without de- tection and danger; but the victory of Caesar, and his own over- tures made to the orator, restored him to his composure for a time. Domestic griefs and authorship filled up his time to the assassination of Caesar, in which he was implicated by Brutus's appeal to him at the time. To the party of Octavianus, after- wards Augustus Caesar, he gave his help, and uttered his famed Philippics against Antony ; but his hopes proved futile, the rivals effected a compromise, and Cicero's head was, part of the pur- 2 A 177 chase-money his friend Octavianus paid. He was taken in an attempt at flight, and killed, in 43 b. c, aged 63 years. The character of this great man has Httle in it worthy of admiration ; he was profoundly selfish and covetous, and a vain-glorious coward. But his writings are invaluable. His letters record the events of the most perplexed part of Roman history with the particularity and regularity of a newspaper. His Orations are beyond praise. His philosophical writings, though containing nothing new, are most beautiful developments of the metaphy- sics and ethics of the Academy. His political works are not without their use, even to such as may reasonably withhold their trust from his principles. His poetry he had better not have written. Yet he has not lacked panegyrists and imitators, even of the most lamentable features of his conduct. CICHORA'CEOUS, (sikordceous) a. [clchdreum, Lat.] having the qualities of succory. CICU'TA, s. [Lat.] in Botany, hemlock, a poisonous water- plant, but not so fatal as the true hemlock. CID, the name of the hero of a famous old Spanish epic, given him by the Moors of Spain, against whom he waged a ceaseless war. His name was really, Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar, and his ad- ventures have been magnified and multiplied in the poem as much as is customaij in such compositions. He lived in the 11th century; the epic was written in the course of the next. CI'DER, s, [cidre, Fr.] a brisk cool liquor, prepared from the juice of apples, made vinous by fermentation. CI'DEkKIN, s. the liquor made of the murk or gross matter of the apples, after the cider is pressed out, by the addition of boiling water, which is suffered to infuse for 48 hours. CI'DEVANT, 06?. [Fr.] heretofore, before, formerly. A word not much used. CIGA'R, s. a small roll of leaf tobacco, twisted tightly at one end, used for smoking. It was in this form that Columbus first observed the use of this narcotic sedative amongst the aborigines of the W. Indian island which he first discovered. Cheroot, is a small roll of leaf tobacco, open at each end, used for smoking. Cheroots are chiefly made in the E. Indies, cigars in the W. Indies. CIGARE'TTO, s. a small roll of fragments of tobacco leaf, in thin paper, or thin vegetable tissue, used for smoking in Spain, Mexico, and S. America. CI'LIA, s. [Lat.] in Anatomy, the stiff hairs wherewith the eyes are guarded; the eye-lashes. In Physiology, the name given to the minute, hair-like processes, capable of motion, which are discovered on many animal bodies, especially of the Infusorial order, which seem to have a conspicuous part assigned them in the economy of their life. Cl'LIARY, a. [cilium, Lat.] in Anatomy, belonging to the eyelids. CILl'CIA, a district of Asia Minor, lying* on the Mediter- ranean, opposite Cyprus, and bounded by Pamphylia, Lycaonia, Cappadocia, and Syria. It consisted of the plain between Mount Taurus and the sea, and was a fertile and productive region. The rivers Pyramus, Cydnus, Sarus, and Calycadnus, watered it. Its chief towns were Tai-sus, of no mean note, Issus, SoH, Seleucia, Selinus, &c. CILI'CIOUS, a. {cilicium, Lat.] made of hair. CIMABU'E, GIOVANNI, a pupil of the Greek painters at Florence, an artist of little ability, but regarded as the father of painting amongst the moderns : he died in 1300, aged about ()0 vcars. ClMARO'SA, DOMENICO, a celebrated Italian composer of the last century, who produced operas at Naples, Petersburg, and Venice, and is now known by his H Matrimonio Segreto. He died in 1801, aged 47 years. CI'METER, s. Icimitatra, Span.] a sort of sword, used by the Turks, short, heavy, flat, with but one edge, and curved towards the point. Sometimes spelt scymeter, or scimetar. CIMME'RIAN, a. [(nmmerii, Lat.] dark, dismal, gloomy, a term derived from the Scythians, whose country was presumed to be full of woods, and covered with continual clouds, that but ver^ little sun was seen among them. Ll'MON, the son of the famous Athenian general Miltiades, and rival of his father's fame, as to his public deeds, not as to his private character. He took Eion from the Persians, and gained the victory of the Eurymedon over them. He was banished by the citizens because he seemed to be too friendly with Sparta. 178 CIR He was recalled, effected a truce with Sparta, and went out in aid of the king of Egypt with the Athenian fleet. Before Citium in Cyprus he died, in 449 b. c, aged about 50 years. He was a thorough aristocrat in sentiment, and did much to produce dis- sension and after-trouble in his native city, by raising up a party of nobles, who, by their wealth and their vices, obstructed the course of Athenian glory. He spent much of his wealth in adorning the city, which, together with his military success, gained him a popularity that overlooked his bad politics and his worse character. CINCHO'NA, s. in Botany, the generic name for the plants, one of which yields the Peruvian bark. CINCINNA'TI, the largest city of Ohio, United States. It stands on the river Ohio, and has, in addition to the river, the Miami canal, which communicates with Lake Erie, to give it im- portance as a port. It is pleasantly situated in a valley skirted by hills, and is regularly laid out, the streets and lanes crossing each other at right angles. It is generally well built, and has some fine public edifices, as the churches, the court-house, the bank, &c. There is a college here, having academical, medical, and law departments ; and also a Medical College, and College of Professional Teachers. In addition to these is the Athenseum, a Romanist institution ; Lane Seminary, which has an excellent library; and the Mechanics' Institute and Lyceum, two institu- tions for the benefit of the citizens. It is the emporium of the W., and continually rising in extent and importance. It is 492 miles from Washington. Pop. 46,338. CPNCTURE, s. [cinffo, Lat.] a girdle or clothing worn round the body. Figuratively, an enclosure. CINDER, s. [ceindre, Fr.] coals burnt till most of their sul- phur is consumed, reduced to a porous cake, and quenched be- fore they turn to ashes; a red-hot coal that has ceased to flame. CINERA'TION, s. [cineres, Lat.] in Chemistry, the act of re- ducing a body to ashes. CINERFTIOUS, (sinerishious) a. [cinericius, Lat.] having the form of, or resembling ashes. CI'NGLE, s. [a'n^o, Lat.] a girth for a horse. CI'NNABAR, s. [cinnabaris, Lat.] is an ore of quicksilver, moderately compact, heavy, and of an elegant, striated, red colour. In this ore the quicksilver is blended with sulphur, which is commonly no more than one part in six, in proportion to the mercury. It is found lodged in a bluish indurated clay, though sometimes in a greenish talcy stone. CI'NNAMON, s. [cinnamomum, Lat.] the bark of an aromatic tree allied to the laurels, growing in Ceylon and other parts of Asia. Cinnamon water, is made by distilling the bark, first in- fused in barley-water, in spirit of wine, or white wine. CINQUE, {sink) s. [Fr.] in Gaming, a five on dice, &c. Cl'NQUEFOIL, {sinkfoit) s. [cinguefeuille, Fr.] a kind of five- leaved clover. CI'NQUE-PORTS, [Fr.] five havens that lie on the east part of England towards France, thus called by way of eminence, on account of their superior importance, as having been thought, by our kings, to merit a particular regard for their preservation against invasions. They have a particular policy, and are governed by a keeper, with the title of lord-warden of the Cinque-ports. They are Hastings, Dover, Hithe, Romney, and Sandwich, to which Winchelsea and Rye have since been added. CI'PHER, (sifer) s. [~ifra, Ital.] an arithmetical character or number marked thus (0); though of no value itself, in integers it increases the value of figures, when set on the right hand, and decreases them in the same proportion, when set before tbeni, in decimal fractions ; a collection or assemblage of letters con- sisting of the initials of a person's name, interwoven together, a:id engraved on plate, or painted, instead of escutcheons, on coaches ; certain cliaracters made use of by persons to conceal the subject they write about from others ; the key to explain any ' private characters. A mere cipher, a person of no importance or interest. To CITHER, {sifer) v. n. to perform the operations of arith- metic. CI'RCARS, THE N., a province of British India, lying on the Bay of Bengal, and bounded by the Carnatic, and Cuttack, on S. and N.; and separated by a chain of mountains on the VV. from Orissa, the dominions of the Nizam, &c. It is nearly 500 miles in length, and not quite 100 in width. It has a few small streams, and the Godavery and Kistna. The country is fertile where it has been cultivated, but forests and jungle are still abundant; the usual products of agriculture are obtained here, and good timber. The inhabitants are wholly Hindu, and are in number about 4,000,000. The chief places are Vizagapatam, Chicacole, Ellore, &c. &c. CIRCA'SSIA, a territory on the N. side of Mount Caucasus, extending from the Black Sea to the Caspian, and bounded on the N. by the Terec and the Kuban rivers. This country is very mountainous, having fertile strips of ground along the valleys, on which the inhabitants rear grain, and pasture their horses and cattle. The people are nominally subject to Russia, but have never been subdued, and maintain a constant war of out-posts against them. They are Mohammedans, and suthciently desti- tute of the habits of civilized life. The beauty of the women has lon^ been proverbial. There are no towns, the people living in serai-nomade style. CFRCLE, s. [cirmlus, Lat.] in Geometry, a plane figure, formed by one line, and having all lines drawn to it from a point in the middle e^ual. Figuratively, a curve line, which bein^ continued, ends in the point from whence it begun, having all its parts equidistant from a point in the middle called the centre ; but this is properly the periphery or circumference of a circle. Circles are regarded as cfivisible into 360 degrees for purposes of measurement. A Great Circle of the sphere is that whose plane passes through its centre, and whose centre is the same with that of the sphere, dividing the globe into two equal parts. A Lesser Circle is that which divides the globe into two unequal parts, as the tropics, parallels of latitude, &c. A Primitive Circle IS that described on tlhe plane of the projection. A Right Circle is that whose plane stands at right angles with the plane of the projection, and is a diameter of the primitive. An Oblique Circle IS that whose plane inclines to the plane of the projection, or makes oblique angles therewith. Parallel Circles are those lesser circles of the sphere, whose planes are parallel to the planes of any great circles ; thus the circles of latitude on the globe are called the parallels of latitude, because parallel to the plane of the equator. An Astronomical Circle is an instrument to measure the distance of a heavenly body, either from the horizon, or the zenith. The circumference or extremities of any round 6i1i CIRCULATION, s. the act of moving in a circle ; a motion whereby a body returns in a curved line to the point from which it set out; a series or succession, in which things preserve the same order, and return to the same state. The circulation of the blood, is the motion of the blood as propelled from the heart through the arteries to every part of the frame, charged with the materials for restoring the waste of the system, and returning through the veins, to be propelled from the other side of the heart, round a shorter course, in which it receives the chyle, and passing through the lungs, is aerated, and on its return to the heart is sent forth again on the first-named circuit. See Harvey. Circulation of the sap in vegetables, the motion of the fluids imbibed by the roots, by a force named by naturalists, en- dosmose, through the interior structure of the plant, to the leaves, &c., and back to the root, by the bark. In Chemistry, it is an operation whereby the same vapour, raised by fire, falls back, by which means it is distilled several times, and reduced to its most subtile parts. CIRCULA'TORY, s. in Chemistry, a glass vessel, consisting of two parts, luted on each other, wherein the finest parts mount to the top, and finding no passage, fall down again. CIRCtJMA'MBIENCY, s. [circwn and ambio, Lat.] the act of encompassing or surrounding. CIRCUMA'MBIENT, jiart. [cireumamhiens, Lat.] compassing a thing round; encircling; enclosing; surrounding; encom- n. \_circum and ambulo, Lat.] to walk 0, Lat.] body ; an assembly of people forming a ring ; a company ; a series of things following one another alternately. Circles are the names of the political divisions of some of the states of Central Europe. To CI'RCLE, V. a. to move round any thing; to surround, encompass, or enclose ; to confine or keep together. CI'RCLED, part, having the form of a circle. CI'RCLET, Si [diminutive oi' circle,} a circle; an orb. CI'RCLING, «. surrounding or encompassing like a circle. CI'RCUIT, {sirkit) s. [circudus, from circumeo, Lat.] the mov- ing round any thing; the motion or revolution of a planet round its orbit ; a space enclosed within a circle ; the circumference of any thing; the space which any thing measures in going round it ; a ring, a crown, or that which encircles any thing. Also the progress which the judges take twice every year through the several counties of England and Wales, to hold courts, and round any thin To CIRCUMA'MBULE, round about. To CI'RCUMCISE, (sirhmsize) v. a. [circum and to cut off the prepuce or foreskin. CIRCUMCI'SION, s. the ceremony of religious initiation amongst the Jews, enjoined on them in the law, after the ex- ample of Abraham. It was observed on the 8th day, with great form. It is still practised by them, and by the Monammedans, and a few other sects. CIRCU'MFERENCE, s. Icircmn and fero, Lat.] the periphery of a circle; the line including and surrounding any thing; the space enclosed in a circle ; the extremities of a round body. Figuratively, any thing of a round form. To CIRCU'MFERENCE, v. a. to include in a circle ; to cir- cumscribe, or confine. CIRCUMFERE'NTOR, s. an instrument used by surveyors in taking angles, consisting of a brass index with sights, and a compass, and mounted on a stand with a ball and socket. CI'RCUMFLEX, s. Icircumflecto, Lat. alluding to the shape of the accent,] an accent marked (') to represent the union of the acute and grave accents on the same syllable. CIRCU'MFLUENCE, s. [circumjluo, Lat.] an enclosure made by water flowing round any thing. CIRCU'MFLUENT,;;art. flowing round any thing, or enclos- ing any thing with water. CIRCU'MFLUOUS, a. environing with water. To CIRCUMFU'SE, v. a. [circumfundo, Lat.] to pour round ; to diffuse, or spread every way. CIRCUMFU'SILE, a. that may be poured, diffused, or spread administer justice. Hence England is divided into six cir- cuits, viz. the Home circuit, Norfolk, Midland, Oxford, Western, and Northern circuit. To CI'RCUIT, V. n. to move round, or in a circle. CIRCUITEE'R, Ci'rcuiter, s. one that travels in a circuit ; that which moves in an orbit. CIRClJFTION,«. [circumeo, hai.'] the act of going round about. Figuratively, circumlocution ; comprehension of argument. CFRCULAR, a. [circularis, Lat.] round, in the form of a circle. Figuratively, succession, in which that which proceeds first re- turns again. Circular letter, a letter addressed to several persons who have the same interest in some common affair, called usu- ally, by abbreviation, simply a circular. Circular lines, such straight lines as are dividecl by the divisions made iu the arch of a circle. Circular sailing, that which is performed in the arch of a great circle. CFRCULARLY, ad. in the form of a circle; with a circular motion. To CI'RCULATE, v. h. [circulus, Lat.] to move in a circle ; to be in use, so as to be constantly changing its owner ; to be dis- persed, — t!. a, to put about. CIRCllMFU'SION, s. the act of spreading round. To CIRCUMGY'RATE, v. a. icircum and gyro, Lat.] to roll round. CIRCUMJA'CENT, part, [circum and Jaceo, Lat.] lying round anything; bordering on any side ; contiguous. CIRCUMLOCU'TION,«. [circum aadloquor,LsLf] the express- ing a sentiment in a number of words ; a paraphrasis ; an indi- rect way of expressing a person's sentiments. CIRCUMMU'RED, a. [circum and murus, Lat.] encompassed or surrounded with a wall. CIRCUMNA'VIGABLE, a. [circumnavigabilis, Lat.] that may be sailed round. To CIRCUMNA'VIGATE, v. a. [circum and navigo, Lat.] to sail round. CIRCUMNAVIGA'TION, s. the sailing round any tract of land. CIRCUMNAVIGATOR, s. one that sails round. CIRCUMPO'LAR, a. [circum and polus, Lat.] in Astronomy, applied to such stars near the north pole, which move round it without setting, as viewed from any particular place north of the equator ; and vice versa. ' 2 A 2 179 CIRCUMPOSI'TION, s. Icircum and posUio, Lat,] the act of setting or placing' any thing in a ring or circle. CIRCUMROTA'TlON, s. Icircum and roto, Lat.] the act of whirling a thing round with a motion like that of a wheel ; the state of a thing whirled round. To CIRCUMSCRrBE, v. a. Icircum and scribo, Lat.] to enclose in certain lines or limits. CIRCUMSCRIPTION, s. the determination to a particular figure ; limitation, restraint, confinement, boundary. (aRCUMSCRI'PTIVE, a. that determines the shape or figure of a body. CIRCUMSPE'CT, a. [circmn and spicio, Lat.] cautious; a per- son attentive to the effects of his actions, and who weighs the dangers and difficulties with which they are attended. CIRCUMSPE'CTION, Circumspe'ctness, s. looking round about one ; a cautious or wary conduct, wherein a person weighs the dangers and difficulties with which his actions arc attended, and endeavours to guard against them. Synon. To be well with the world requires circumspection, when we are speaking be- fore those with wnom we are not acquainted ; consideration for people of rank and quality ; and regard toward those with whom we are interested. CIRCUMSPE'CTIVE, a. looking round about; taking all the measures which may prevent a disappointment, or secure a per- son from any maliciousness of an enemy. CIRCUMSPE/CTLY, ad. in a cautious, discreet, and prudent manner ; guarding against accidents, and precluding any dis- appointments. CI'RCUMSTANCE, s. [circonstance, Fr.] an event. Used in the plural for the sum of the things which make up the state or con- dition of a person ; had circumstances, signifying distress or poverty, and ^oo<; circumstances, riches or affluence. To CI'RCUMSTANCE, v. n. to be placed in a particular light ; to be attended with peculiar incidents. CI'RCUMSTANT, part, [circum and sto, Lat.] standing round, surrounding. CIRCUMSTATyTIAL, {sirhumstdnshial) a. accidental, opposite to essential ; minute, particular, wherein all the diflferent relations and attendant reasons of an action are enumerated. CIRCUMSTANTIA'LITY, (sirkmnstantidlity) s. the state of a thing, with all the peculiarities attending it. CIRCUMSTA'NTIALLY, a(/. according to circumstance; mi- nutely, exactly. To CIRCUMSTA'NTIATE, (sirhumstdntiate) v. a. to place a thing or action in a particular situation or relation, with respect to the accidents which attend or determine its quality. To CIRCUMVA'LLATE, v. a. [circum and vallo, Lat.] to en- close or surround with trenches and fortifications. CIRCUMVALLA'TION,s. the art of entrenching or fortifying a camp or place with works. In Fortification, a fine or trench with a parapet thrown up by the besiegers, encompassing all their camp, to defend it against any force that may attempt to relieve the place. To CIRCUMVE'NT, v. a. [circum and venio, Lat.] to overreach a person by superior craft ; to deceive or impose irion by specious pretences and secret artifices. CIRCUMVE'NTION, s. [circumventio, Lat.] the imposing upon or overreaching a person by secret artifices and subtlety. To CIRCUMVE'ST, v. a. [circum and restio, Lat.] to clothe all over with a garment ; to clothe, or surround with a garment. To CIRCUMVO'LVE, v. a. [circum and volvo, Lat.] to roll round ; to roll any body in an orbit or circle. CIRCUMVOLU'TION, s. Icircumvolutus, Lat.] the act of rolling round ; the state of bemg round ; the thing rolled round. CI'RCUS, s. [Lat.] in Antiquity, a spacious building of an oblong or oval figure, erected to exhibit shows and games to the people. The Roman Circus had a low wall or fence running part of the way along the centre, and adorned with obelisks, statues, &c. CI'RENCESTER, usually called Ci'cester, Gloucestershire. A town formerly surrounded by walls, of which some vestiges are yet visible. It has manufactures of cutlery ware, carpeting, wool-combing, wool-stapling, and yarn-making, and a commu- nication with Stroudwater, from which it derives great advan- tage. It is seated on the river Bhurn, and near it is the Royal Agricultural College. It is 89 miles from London. Markets, Monday and Friday. Pop. 0014. CIT CI'RRUS, s. in Natural Historj', a sort of beard which grows on the under jaw of certain fishes. Also the name given to that peculiar form of cloud commonly called the curl-cloud. The com- bination of this with the huge piles of mountainous-looking clouds is called cirrocumulus ; and with the long horizontal clouds, cirrostratus. CIST, «. [cista, Lat.] a case ; a covering. In Medicine, the coat or enclosure of a tumour. (!;I'STED, a. enclosed in a bag or membrane. CISTE'RCIANS, in Church History, a religious order founded in the eleventh century, by St. Robert, a Benedictine, at Citeaux, France. They became so powerful, that they governed almost all Europe, both in spirituals and temporals. Their observances were characterized by great austerity in diet ; they lay upon straw beds, in their tunics and cowls ; they rose at midnight to prayer ; they spent the day in labour, readmg, and praj-er ; and in all their exercises observed a continual silence. The habit of their order is a white cassock and gown, with a black scapularj' and hood, and girt with a woollen girdle. The nuns wear a white tunic, and a black scapulary and girdle. See Ber- NARDINES. CrSTERN, a. [cistema, Lat.] a receptaCie for water or rain, placed in j-ards or kitchens for family use ; a large reservoir of water, or enclosed fountain. Cl'STUS, s. in Botany, a genus of plants, of which species five are natives of England, viz. the lioary, annual, narrow- leaved, sunflower, and dwarf cistus. All these species flower in June or July. CIT, s, [a contraction oi citizen,'] one who lives in the city, op- posed to one at the court. A word of contempt. Cl'TADEL, s. [citadelle, Fr.] a fort, or place fortified with four, five, or six bastions, built sometimes in the most eminent part of a city, and sometimes only near a citj, in order to defend the city against enemies, and to keep the inhabitants in their obe- dience. CI'TAL, s. a reproof, or impeachment ; a summons, or a call to appear in a court. CITA'TION, s. [afafe'o, Lat.] in Law, a summons to appear before any ecclesiastical judge, on some cause relating to the church ; quoting or mentioning an author's name ; the passage quoted from an author; a mention, detail, enumeration. CI'TATORY, o. having the power of a summons, or used as a summons. To CITE, V. a. [cito, Lat.] to summons or call a person to ap- pear in a court of justice ; to enjoin, or call on a person with authority ; to quote. CI'TLR, s. one who summons a person to appear in a court ; one who quotes a passage from an author. CITE'SS, s. a city woman. CI'THARA, Ci'thern, s. [cithara, Lat.] a kind of harp, a musical instrument used by the ancients, the precise form or structure of which is not known : at first it had only 3 strings, but the number was increased afterwards to 8, 9, and lastly to 24; it was played upon with a plectrum or quill, like the lyre. CI'TIZEN, s. [citoyen, Fr.] a person who is free of a city, one who carries on a trade in a city, opposed to a gentleman or soldier. Politically, a member of'^a state who has a voice in its affairs ; more accurately, a member of a republic or democracy. CITRATES, «. in Chemistry, salts formed by the combination of any base with the citric acid. CFrRIC, a. in Chemistry, belonging to lemons and other similar fruits. CFTRINE, a. [citrus, Lat.] lemon-coloured ; of a dark yellow. CFTRINE, s. [citrinus, Lat.] a species of crystal of an ex- tremely beautiful yellow. It is generally clear, fine, and free from flaws ; it is very plentiful in the West Indies, oftentimes set in rings by our jewellers, and may be mistaken for a topaz. CI'TRON, s. [citrus, Lat.] a fruit which comes from a hot countrj', and is in smell, taste, and shape somewhat like a lemon. Citron-water, or Aqua-vita, is distilled with the rind of citrons. CI'TY, s. [cite, Fr.] a large town enclosed with a wall ; strictly, and in Law, a town corporate, that hath a bishop and a cathedral church ; the inhabitants of a city. In London, it applies to that part which is properly London, in distinction from the adjoining parishes and suburbs. CLA CLA irativeiy, civilized; beautifully applied city ; like a citizen ; with vain parade or CLAI'MABLE, a. that may be demanded as due, or as belong- ing to a person. CLAl'MANT, s. he that pretends a right to any thing in the possession of another, and demands it as his property. CLAI'MER, s. one who demands a thing as his property. CLAIRAUT, ALEXIS CLAUDE, a very eminent french mathematician of the last century. He was one of the successors of Newton, in the development of his stupendous and beautiful theorj' of gravitation, and aided in raising it to the rank of a law. He first investigated the problem of the three bodies, and applied it successfully to the furtherance of that branch of physical astronomy called the Lunar Theory. He also calculated the return of Halley's comet, in conjunction with Lalande, and a lady named Lepaute, and the result was an error of a month only, which they had stated was possible. His fame also rests on what is called his Theorem, which he published in connexion with his investigation of the figure of the earth, in which he shows that the gravity varies with the elliptical form of the globe, and that its amount on any spot may be discovered by this means. He died in 1765, aged 52 years, CLAIR-OBSCU'RE. See Chiarosouro. To CLA'MBER, v. n. [perhaps corrupted from climb,} to ascend or go up a steep place with difficulty, so as to be forced to use both knees and hands. To CLAMM, V. a. [cleemian. Sax.] to clog with any gluish or viscous matter. CLA'MMINESS, s. the quality by which any substance sticks to any thing that touches it ; viscidity; ropiness. CLA'MMY, a. viscous, ropy, glutinous, or adhering to any thing which touches it. CLA'MOROUS, a. making a noise with the voice ; speaking loud and turbulent. CLA'MOUR, s. [clamor, Lat.] a noise, or outcry ; an exalta- tion of the voice in anger. Applied with elegance to inanimate things. To CLA'MOUR, 1!. n. to make a noise ; or speak in a loud, passionate, and turbulent manner. CLAMP, s. [klampc, Belg.] a piece of wood added to another to strengthen it, and prevent its bursting ; a little piece of wood in the form of a wheel, used in a mortise, instead of a pulley ; a quantity or collection of bricks. Clamp-nails are such as are used to fasten on clamps in the building or repairing of ships. To CLAMP, V. a. in Joining, to fit a board with the grain to another piece across the grain ; this is of use to prevent warping. CLAN, s. [Celtic,] a family, race, or tribe ; a body of persons. This form of society prevailed in Ireland and Scotland, and is not yet wholly superseded. CLA'NCULAR, a. [clancularius, from clam, Lat.] secret, clan- destine. CLANDE'STINE, a. [clandestinns, Lat.] underhand ; secret ; in order to evade any law ; private : always used in a bad sense. CLANDE'STINELY, ad. in a secret or private manner, in- cluding some illegal or bad practice. To CLANG, V. n. [clam/o, Lat.] to make a loud shrill noise with a brazen sound like that of a trumpet; or to make a noise like that of armour when struck with a solid body, or like swords when beat together. — v. a. to strike together, so as to make a noise. CLA'NGOUR, s. [clangor, Lat.] a loud shrill sound. CLA'NGOUS, a. making a loud and shrill noise. CLANK, s. [onomatopoetic,] a loud, shrill, or harsh noise, made by hard metallic bodies when clashed together. To CLAP, V. a. [clappan. Sax.] to strike together with a quick motion, so as to make a noise ; to put one thing upon another with a hasty, sudden, and unexpected motion ; to perform any action in a quick and unexpected manner ; to applaud or praise a person by striking the hands together ; to snut up with a quick or sudden motion. To clap up implies to complete sud- denly, without much precaution.— 7;. n. to move nimbly with a noise ; to enter with alacrity upon any thing. CLAP, s. a loud noise made by the striking of two solid bodies together, or by explosion, when applied to thunder; applause or approbation, testified by striking the hands together. CLA'PPER, «. one who strikes his hands together by way of applause ; the tongue, or piece of iron which hangs in the in- side of a bell, and makes it sound ; a piece of wood in a mill for m CITY, a. living in ; ostentatious aflluence. CIUDA'D RODRI'GO, a fortified town of Spain, on the Por- tuguese frontier. It has a good cathedral, antl an ecclesiastical college. Its population is above 5000. Lat. 40. 50. N. Long. 6. CrVET, s. [civette, Fr.] in Natural History, an animal of the weasel kind, which inhabits several parts of Africa and India, and produces the drug called civet. Cl'VIC, a. [civis, Lat.] that relates to civil matters, opposed to military. A civic crown, among the Romans, was made of oaken leaves, and given to those that had saved the life of a citizen. CrVIL, a. [civilis, from cinis, Lat.] that belongs to a city, or the government thereof. Civil architecture, in tnat science, is that department which takes cognizance of public and private buildings, not of the ecclesiastical and military kind. Civil war is that which citizens or people of the same nation wage with one another. Civil death is that which is inflicted by the laws, in opposition to natural. Joined with power or magistrate, that which is exercised on the principles of government, opposite to militarj'. Civil law is that which is opposed to the common, and implies the Roman law, contained in the institutes, digests, and code. Civil year, that which is established by law in any country, and is so called to distinguish it from the natural year, which is determined by the revolution of the heavenly bodies. Civil List, the account of hereditary revenues of the crown of Great Britain, derived from various sources, out of which the ex- penses of the royal household, &c. were defrayed ; now changed to a charge on the Consolidated Fund. F' humane ; well-bred ; complaisant ; gentl to inanimate things. CIVI'LIAN, s. [civilis, Lat.] one who professes and makes the civil law his pecuhar study. CIVILIZA'TION, s. a law which renders a criminal process civil, by turning an information into an inquest, &c. That state of mankind, which is the highest to which it can be raised by commerce and education. It is opposed to barbarism. Also, the influence exerted on men by commerce and education ; and in this sense is opposed to evangelization, which is the influence of the Christian religion. CIVILITY, s. politeness; a polite address attended with hu- mane and benevolent actions ; a kindness bestowed in a polite manner. To CrVILIZE, f. a. to instruct in such sciences as tend to render men humane. CIVILI'ZER, s. one that reforms the savage manners of bar- barians, and renders them both humane and polile. CI'VILLY, ad. in a manner agreeable to the principles of go- vernment and the rules of society; in a kind, condescending, good-natured, and genteel manner. CI'VITA VE'CCFlIA, a sea-port in the Campagna di Roma, belonging to the Papal States. It has a tolerably good harbour, with a lighthouse, and has a considerable trade. It is defended by a citadel, which is the residence of a military governor. It is 3» miles from Rome. Population about 10,000. CI'VITA VE'CCHIA, or Mei.ita, a town in Malta, situated on a hill in the centre of the island, and strongly fortified. It is the see of a bishop. From this town may be-seen the whol^ island, and sometimes the coasts of Africa and Sicily. CLACK, s. [klack, Belg.] any thing which makes a continued and lasting noise, applied to that of a mill. Figuratively, inces- sant and importunate tattle ; the tongue. To CLACK, V. n. [klatschen, Teut.] to make a noise like that which is heard in a mill when going; to let the tongue run, or to talk much. CLACKMANNAN, a small county of Scotland, bounded on the E. by Fifeshire, on the N. and W. by Perthshire, and on the S. by Stirlingshire. It is but 8 miles in length, and 6 in breadth. It produces good corn and pastures, and plenty of coals and salt. This shire, together with Kinross, sends one member to parlia- ment. Pop. 19,155. Its capital, Clackmannan, stands on the Forth, and has a small harbour. It is 25 miles from Edinburgh. Pop. 5145. CLAD, part, prefer, from To Clothe. To CLAIM, V. a. [clamer, Fr.] to demand as a right or due ; to require authoritatively. CLAIM, s. a demand, or right of demanding a thing as due. CLA shaking the hopper. Figuratively, the tongue of a person that is very talkative ; a word of reproach. To CLAPPERCLA'W, v. a. to scold. CLA'PPERTON, HUGH, one of the series of adventurous travellers in the region of the Quorra, in \V. Africa. He made two journeys thither; the first from Tripoli, in conjunction with Major Denham, in which they succeeded in ascertaining much new and interesting information respecting the topography and customs of the nations of the interior, and the neighbourhood of Lake Tchad ; the second from the Bight of Benin, accompanied by Lander, (who afterwards succeeded in the great object, for which so many brave lives had been sacrificed — the discovery of the source of the Niger, or Quorra,) and on this he died, in 1827, aged 39 years. CLARE, a county of Munster, Ireland, 47 miles long, and 32 broad ; bounded on the W. by the Atlantic ; on the N. by Gal- way ; and on the E. and S. by the Shannon, which separates it from Tipperary; Limerick, and Kerry. It is very hilly, some heights exceeding 2000 feet, and produces iron, coal, slate, marble, &c. &c. It has also very rich pastures. It is watered by the Shannon and its tributary streams, and has some lakes. There is also by the mouth of the Shannon a very wide tract of bog. It contains 79 parishes, and breeds more horses than any other county in Ireland, as also a great number of cattle and sheep. The county town is Ennis. Pop. 286,394. It returns three members to parliament. CLARE, Suffolk. It is seated on a creek of the river Stour; the ruins of a castle, and a collegiate church, are still visible. They have a manufacture of baize. In this town is a very large church, and several dissenting meeting-houses. It is 56 miles from London. Market, Monday. Pop. 1700. CLARE HALL, a college at Cambridge, built in the 14th century, where University Hall formerly stood. The present edi- fice was erected in the 17th century, and is a good-looking building, with a very fine situation near the river Cam. It has two good libraries, and a noble chapel. There is in connexion with this college an annual prize for an essaj^ on the character of William III. ; a singular case of hero-worship, and care for the preservation of constitutional Protestantism, by its founder. CLARE, ST., the name of an order of nuns, founded in the 13th century, by a devotee of this name. They conformed to the Franciscan rule. The Minories, London, are named from their convent, for they were also called Minoresses. See Fr.*n- CISCANS. CLARENCEU'X, Clarenci'eux, [Fr.] the second king at arms, so called from the Duke of Clarence, son of Edward III., who first bore this oftice. He marshals and disposes of the fune- rals of all the lower nobility on the south side of the Trent, and is therefore called Surrey, z. e. South-roy, or South-king. CLA'RENDON, EDWARD HYDE, EARL OF, one of the statesmen of the time of the civil wars of the 17th century, and subsequently lord chancellor to Charles II. He studied for the legal profession, and practised as a barrister, though not on any of the circuits. He sat in the parliament of 1640, and the Long Parliament, and at first, though with moderation, took part with the opponents of Charles ; but on the parliament assuming an independence of the crown he sided with the royalists, and soon became one of the most confidential advisers of the king. Oil the open rupture between Charles and the Commons he was raised to a high dignity by the king, and remained with him. Being despatched by the king along with his son, on the disas- trous campaign of 1645, into the W. of England, he was com- pelled to flee from England, and at length joined the exiled court at the Hague. He was one of the ambassadors sent by Charles II. to Spain, and was rewarded by the name of Lord Chancellor, and the confidence of the prince. On the Restor- ation he entered on the full honours and emoluments of his title, and carried out the schemes of the needy and unprincipled king, for obtaining money. But he was not a sufticiently easy tool for Charles's purpose, and other influences than wisdom and experience held sway at court. He was first made the standing jest of the courtiers, and at last, by the means of Lady Castle- maine, dismissed from his post. He was impeached by the Peers, and the people, identifying him more completely than he merited with Charles s profligacy, were equally incensed against him. In 1667 he again fled from England, and died in exile in 1674, aged 65 years. One of his daughters was married to the Duke CLA of York, afterwards James II., whilst abroad. Clarendon has deserved well of after-times by his historical writings, mostly written when he was in degradation and exile ; he would have deserved better had they been more accurate, and had he not, by misrepresentation, omission, and other serious faults, made them mere diatribes of party and personal gall. As lord chancellor, he took a discreditable part in the worst acts of the beginning of Charles II.'s reign, both as to the unblushing licentiousness of the court, the equally unblushing money-hunting, and the re- ligious persecutions. And yet he seems to have brought about his own fall, by conscientiously acting the very opposite part in respect of all these matters. His oratory was very much ad- mired, both in his earlier days, and in his later exaltation. Per- sonal pride and ostentation of splendour marked him, and con- tributed perhaps to his downfal. CLA'RENDON, CONSTITUTIONS OF, the name given in history to 16 Ordinances, passed at a great assembly of the barons and bishops, in the reign of Henrj' II., at Clarendon, Wilts, the object of which was to keep the clergy, and particularly the pope, in check. CLA'RET, «. {clairet, Fr.] French wine, of a clear, pale red colour. CLA'RICORD, Cla'richord, s. [clarus and clwrda, Lat.] the name of a musical instrument in form of a spinnet, now disused. CLARIFICA'TION, s. [clarus and >, Lat.] the clearing any thing from impurities ; the fining liquors. To CLA'RIFY, V. a. [clarifier,VT.'] to fine or make any liquor clear. — v. n. to clear up ; to brighten. CLA'RINET, s. in Music, a wind instrument made of wood, and sounding by means of a reed fixed at its upper end. It has a bold sound, fitting it for military bands ; but it is made in three different keys, as one instrument will not give all the tones, &c. of its full scale. CLA'RION, s. [clarin. Span.] a trumpet with a narrower tube and shriller sound than the common sort. CLARITY, s. [clarte, Fr.] brightness; splendour. CLARK, s. See Clerk. CLARKE, DR. ADAM, the most eminent name for scholar- ship amongst the Wesleyan Methodists. He was intended for a trade, and was mostly self-taught. Having come under the notice of John Wesley, he was encouraged by him, and admit- ted to the ministry of his people. Arrangements were made, when his fame was great, for his being most frequently in the neighbourhood of London, by which means he was spared much of tlie desultoriness that marks the life of an itinerant preacher. He died in 1832, aged 70 years. His chief work is his Com- mentary on the Scriptures, and next to that is his Bibliographi- cal Dictionary. He was employed by the Record Commission to edit Rymer's Fsedera. His scholarship was rather extensive than profound, and he was, from the lack of early and severe mental training, often led astray both by etymological and doc- trinal whimsies, which considerably impair the value of his work. It is worthy of notice, that the Cfommentary, the only work of that kind of erudition amongst them, is not published by the Wesleyan Society, as their accredited works are. CLARKE, DR. EDWARD, a traveller of some name, in the beginning of the present century. After some tours and jour- neys of less importance, he travelled through the N. of Europe and Asia, and returned by Syria, Egypt, Turkey, and Germany. His record of this long wandering is full of interest. And the stores of specimens botn in natural history and antiquities which he brought back, were exceedingly valuable. The so-called tomb of Alexander the Great, in the British Museum, was amongst them. He died in 1822, aged 53 years. CLARKE, DR. SAMUEL, one of the most famous metaphy- sicians of England, who lived in the end of the 17th and begin- ning of the 18th century. The events of his life were his books and his controversies. His Boyle Lectures, in which he attempted the impossibiUty of a logical d priori proof of the existence of God; hisethical speculationsof the fitnesses of things; his vindi- cation of liberty ; and his Arianism ;— by which he drew 'on him the attacks of rope, Butler, Leibnitz, and the bench of bishops; in which Hoadley, More, Whiston, Newton, and others, defenaed him; and for which he is still occasionally solemnly arraigned, or apologized for, or gloried in ; — are the things by whicn his name lives. His misfortune appears to be, that he lived before the psychological method of metaphysical inquiry was promul- gated ; his fault, that he mistook the capabilities of school logic, through his consummate skill in its use, to which may be added, perhaps, a sort of vindictive hostility to Descartes and Spinoza. He died in 1729, aged 54 years. He was a good scholar, and some of his editions of the classics are in vogue to the present day. CLA'RKSON, THOMAS, one of a series of men, who, by prac- tical goodness, have adorned our country during the last hun- dred years. He competed for a prize given for an Essay on Slavexy, when at Cambridge, in his24th year, and from that time to his death never ceased to labour in the cause of Abolition. GranviileSharp had obtained the decision, that there could be no slaves in England ; Clarkson, aided by Wilberforce, Macaulay, and others, achieved the Abolition of the Slave Trade. Nor ceas- ing then, by public meetings, writings, unwearied iourneyings, and a most extensive correspondence, at the head of an associa- tion numbering some of the first men of the day, he largely contributed to the final overthrow of slavery in the British domi- nions. In all subsequent matters connected with the great work he had devoted himself to, and with similar philanthropic en- deavours, he was always amongst the first with his pen and his influence to aid. He died in 184t>, aged 80 years. He was a clergyman of the English Church, but he never engaged in any regular ministry, nor advanced beyond deacon's orders. CLA'RY, s. m Botany, a genus of plants, called by Linnaeus, salvia. There are two British species, viz. the meadow and wild ; the former with oblong, heart-shaped, scolloped leaves, and bluish purple blossoms, flowers in July ; the latter with in- dented, serrated, smoothish leaves, and blue blossoms, is com- CLA CLAU'DIAN, one of the later Roman poets, patronized by Stilicho, the guardian of Arcadins and Honorius. He had to contend with all the difficulties of using an acquired tongue, for Greek was his native language, and he was thoroughly success- ful. His poems are numerous, and if not equal to those of the Augustan writers, they are inferior only to them ; if somewhat too confined to the praises of his patron, they are varied in their style, and tell most graphically the historj- of his regency. He died in about 410, aged about 45 years. CLAU'DIUS, surnamed Nero, the successor of Caligula, and fourth emperor of Rome, He was raised to the purple by the Eraetorian guards, who found him concealed in the palace after : 1 ^„-i„ J — Tu„ x_ -a* ,1 his predecessor's murder. The senate were projecting the re- storation of the republican form, but were compelled to submit. His cowardly disposition made him the tool of the wickedness of mon in meadows and pastures, flowering from May to September. To CLASH, V. n. [kletsen, Belg.] to make a noise, applied to two bodies struck together ; to act with opposite views ; to con- tradict, oppose, or disagree.^!), a. to strike one thing against another, so as to produce a noise. CLASH, s. a noise made by the striking two bodies together; opposition of sentiments, opinions, or interests. CLA'SHING, s. See Clash. CLASP, s. [ckspe, Belg.] a thin piece of metal curved at the extremities, which enters into a hole made in another place, and is used to fasten two things together, such as the two covers of a book, or the two foreparts of a garment, &c. Figuratively, an embrace, wherein the arms are thrown round the body of a person. To CLASP, V. a. to shut or fasten by a clasp ; to hold within the hands ; to make the fingers meet round the circumference of any thing held in the hand; to enclose. CLA'SP-KNIFE, s. a knife which is furnished with a spring, and whose blade folds into the handle. CLASS, s. [classis, Lat.] a collection of things ranged accord- ing to their different natures and value ; a rank or order. In schools, a number of boys placed according to their attainments, and the authors they read. To CLASS, V. a. to range according to some stated method of distribution ; to range according to dift'erent ranks. CLA'SSIC, Cla'ssical, a. Idassis, Lat.] a term chiefly applied to authors who are read in the classes at schools. Virgil, Cicero, Homer, and all the other Greek and Latin writers who flourished at a time when their language subsisted in tolerable purity, are included under the term classical. CLA'SSIC, s. an author of the first rank for abilities, and esteemed a standard for style, &c. To CLATTER, v. a. [clatrunge,Sa.\.'i to make a noise by being often struck together, applied to sonorous or metalline bodies ; to make a noise by talking loud, fast, and little to the purpose : a low word. CLA'TTER, s. a rattling noise made by the frequent striking of hard bodies together; a confused and tumultuous noise. CLA'VATED, a. [chvatus, Lat.] knobbed ; or abounding with knobs. CLAUDE OF Lorraine, one of the most distinguished land- scape painters of the Roman school, who lived at the beginning of the 17th century. He went to Rome as a pastry cook, and studied under Agostino Tassi, and afterwards under Paul Brils. He died in 1682, aged 82 years, having gained wealth, and more lasting renown, by the most unwearied perseverance in studying the objects he depicted, and acquiring skill in the use of his colours. His pictures are all of graceful and beautiful scenery, and this he has not merely faithfully drawn, but most marvel- lou.<'COA, (koko) s. See Chocolate. CO'COA-NUT, s. in Botany, the fruit of a" kind of palm abund- ant in tropical regions, and the neighbourhood of the sea. Next to the bamboo, this palm furnishes the most in number and va- riety of useful things to man. In this country the oil of the nut is converted into soap and candles, and the fibres of the bark in- to cordage, matting, brooms, &c. CO'CTILE, a. [coctilis, Lat.] made by baking. CO'CTION, (kdkskon) s. [cogito, Lat.] the act of boiling. In Surgery, a digestion of matter. COD, Co'dfish, s. in Natural History, a sea-fish, caught on the banks of Newfoundland, and many other parts. COD, s. [codde. Sax.] in Botany, any case, or husk, in which seeds are lodged. To COD, V. n. to enclose in a nusk, case, or cod. CODE, s. [codex, Lat.] a book ; a book of civil laws, appro- priated by way of eminence to the collection made by Justinian. CO'DICIL, s. [codidllus, Lat.] a writing made by way of sup- plement to a will, in order to supply something omitted, or alter and explain something containetf in the testament. CODI'LLE, «. [codule Fr.] in Gaming, a term at ombre, im- COF plying that the game is won against the player ; this is termed basted, in quadrille. To CO'DLE, V. a. [coctido, Lat.] to parboil ; to soften by the heat of water. CO'DLING, 8. an early kind of apple, so called from its being generally boiled for eating. COE'FFICACY, ». [cum and efficio, Lat.] the united power of several things acting together to produce an effect. COEFFPCIENCY, s. [cum and efficio, Lat.] the acting toge- ther, or joint power of several things to produce an effect. COEF'FPCIENT, s. that which acts jointly with another. Coefficients, in Algebra, any factor of a product relatively to the other factors, whether it be a figure or a letter. CGE'NOBITES, {Cenobites) [koinos and hioo, Gr.] in Church History, the name given to those orders of monks who lived in societies and had all things in common, as opposed to such as lived solitary and retired lives, called hermits and anchorites. Several associations of a similar character have been attempted lately, some based on the expediency of such a plan for the ad- vantage of all ; and others on the statements in the Acts of the Apostles, of the social constitution of the church at Jerusalem. COE'QUAL, a. being in the same state, condition, and cir- cumstances as another. COEQUA'LITY, s. the state of two persons or things which are equal to each other. To COE'RCE, V. a. [coereeo, Lat.] to restrain by force, or punishment, from the committing any crime, or performing any action. COE'RCIBLE, a. that may or ought to be restrained. COE'RCION, {koershon') s. [coereeo, Lat.] a check, or restraint. A restraining from the violation of any law, by means of pun- ishment. COE'RCIVE, a. that has the power of restraining ; that has the authority of restraining by means of punishment, C0ESSE'5fTlAL, {koessenshiat) a. [con and essentio, Lat.] par- taking of the same essence. COESSENTIA'LITY, {koessenshidlity) a. the quality of partak- ing of the same essence. COETE'RNAL, a. [cum and aternus, Lat.] existing eternally with another ; equally eternal with another, COETE'RNALLY, other. manner equally eternal with an- COETE'RNITY, s. [cum and aternitas, Lat.] having an eter- nity of existence together with, or equal to, the eternity of an- other. COE'VAL, a. [cum and cevum, Lat.] born or produced at the same time ; of the same age with another. COE'VOUS, a. of the same age ; living at the same time. To COEXrST, V. n. [cum undexisto, Lat.] to exist, or be at the same time, or in the same place. COEXI'STENCE, s. the having existence at the same time or place with another. COEXI'STENT, a. having existence at the same time with another. To COEXTE'ND,!;.a. [cuma,nAextendo, Lat.] to extend to the same space, period, or duration with another ; followed by with, before the object with which the coextension is formed. COEXTE'NSION, s. the act or state of extending to the same space or duration with another. CO'FFEE, s. [Arab.] the berry of a shrub indigenous to Arabia and Abyssinia, dried or roasted with care, and much esteemed for the agreeable and aromatic flavour, and the stimu- lating properties of the decoction made from it. It is largely cultivated in the E. and \V. Indies, but the product of these parts is not regarded as equal in quality to the Arabian or Mocha cofiee. The essential principle of coffee, named in Organic Chemistry, Caffeine, has been shown to be identical with Theine, the essential principle of tea ; but the effects of the two are de- cidedly different in many respects, which arises from other ele- ments which enter into the decoctions or infusions made from these substances. CO'FFEE-HOUSE, s. a place where coffee is sold, persons generally meet, (if near 'Change,) transact business, and the newspapers are taken in for the accommodation of customers. CO'FFEE-POT, s. the covered pot in which coffee is boiled, CO'FFEE-MAN, s, one that keeps a cottee-house, CO'FFER, s. [cofre. Sax,] a chest for keeping nionev. Figura- 191 €06 lively, treasure. In Fortification, a hollow lodgment across a dry moat, the upper part of which is raised with pieces of timber above the moat's level, is covered with hurdles laden with earth, and serves as a parapet with embrasures. It is generally used by the besieged to distress the enemy when they endeavour to pass the ditch. To CO'FFER, V. a. to put into chests or coffers, followed by ttp. CO'FFER-DAM, s. a dam formed in a river, of two or more rows of piles, driven very close to each other, the space between being rammed full of earth and stones, so as to be impervious to the stream. It is usually in the form of a circle, or semi-circle, and is employed to enable workmen to repair the foundations of wharfs and bridges, since by pumping the water out from the space enclosed by the dam, access can be had to the very bottom of the river without difficulty. CO'FFERER, of the king's household, s. a principal officer at court, in the counting-house, or elsewhere, next to the comp- troller, who inspects over the behaviour and conduct of the other officers of the household, and pays them their respective salaries. CO'FFIN, s. [cqfin, Fr.] the receptacle wherein a dead body is placed for its interment. In pastry, a mould of paste for a pie. A paper case in form of a cone or pyramid ; a round piece of paper with the edges bent up perpendicularly, used by the apo- thecaries to drop their boluses in, to keep the outward part clean. To CO'FFIN, 1). a. to place, to enclose in a coffin. To COG, V. a. to persuade, wheedle, or gain a person over by flattery, or an insinuating address; to falsify, or corrupt a manu- script, by inserting some word or sentence ; to obtrude false- hoods, or endeavour to make them pass current. To cog a die, is to secure it so as to direct it in its tall. — v. n. to lie ; to wheedle. COG, s. the tooth of a wheel, by which it acts upon another wheel. To COG, V. a. to fix cogs in a wheel. CO'GENCY, s. [cogo, Lat.] the power of compelling ; the power of extorting assent or obedience. CO'GEN r, part, [cor/ens, Lat.] able to compel to action ; power- ful ; resistless. CO'GENTLY, ad. in a forcible manner. Extorting conviction and assent, applied to arguments. CO'GGER, s. a flatterer ; a wheedler. CO'GGESHALL, Essex. It is seated on the river Black water, or Pant, over which there is a bridge. It has one large church, and three meeting-houses. The town consists of several narrow streets badly paved, and there is here a manufactory of baize. It is 44 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 3851. CO'GGLESTONE, s. [ciwgolo, Ital.] a small pebble ; a little stone. CO'GITABLE, (cdjitaUe) a. Icogito, Lat.] that may be thought on, or may be the subject of thought. COGITATION, s. the act of thinking. Figuratively, thought, purpose, intention, or design ; meditation. CfO'GITATIVE, a. having the power of thought ; given to thought, study, or reflection. CO^GNAC, a town of the department of Charente, France, noted for its wines and brandy. Set Charente. COGNATION, s. [_cum and rmscor, Lat.] in Civil Law, the re- lation between both males and females descending from the same stock ; relation, partaking of the same nature. COGNISE'E, {konisee) s. in Law, the person to whom a fine in lands or tenements :s acknowledged. CO'GNISOR, {kSnisor) s. in Law, one that passes or acknow- ledges a fine in lands or tenements to another. COGNITION, s. [co^mfio, Lat.] knowledge; complete convic- tion. CO'GNITIVE, a. [cognitus, Lat.] that has the power of know- ing or apprehending. CO'GNlZABLE, (by some pron. hdnizahle) a. [connoissable, Fr.] proper for the consideration or inspection of a person ; subject to judicial examination and notice. CO'GNIZANCE, (by some pron. kdnizance) s, [connojssance, Fr.] in Law, an acknowledgment of a fine, or confession of some- thing done ; the hearing of a matter judicially; the particular jurisdiction of a magistrate, or an object which more particu- larly falls under his inspection or notice ; a badge by which any person may be known or distinguished. Generally, consider- ation, attention, notice. CO'GNOMEN, s. [Lat.] a surname, or appellation by which CO I any person is known. Amongst the Romans it was the name borne in addition to the family name, bv any individual person. COGNO'MINAL, a. [cognomen, Lat.] having the same name. COGNOMINA'TION, s. a surname, the name of a family, of name added from any accident or quality. COGNO'SCENCE, s, [cognosco, Lat.] knowledge. COGNO'SCIBLE, a. that may be known; possible to be known ; being the object of knowledge. To COHA'BIT, V. n. {cum and habito, Lat.] to dwell in the same place with another ; to live together as man and wife. COHA'BITANT, s. one who dwells in the same place with another. COHABITATION, s. the act of dwelling with another in the same place; the living together as man and wife. COHEFR, s. [cohceres, Lat.] a man who enjoys an inheritance together with another. COHEFRESS, s. a female who enjoys an inheritance with another. To COHE'RE, V. n. [cohxreo, Lat.] to stick together ; to hold fast to one another as a part of the same body ; to suit, fit, or be fitted to ; to agree. To be well connected ; to depend on what has preceded, and connect with what follows, applied to literary compositions. COHE'RENCE, Cohe'rency, s. [cohcerentia, Lat.] in Physics, that state of bodies in which their parts are joined together so as to resist separation. Generally, relation ; dependency ; con- sistency, so as one part of a discourse does not contradict an- other. COHE'RENT, part, [coluerens, Lat.] sticking together so as to resist a separation ; suitable, adapted to one another ; consistent, or not contradictory. COHE'SION, s. [cum and hmreo, Lat.] the force whereby the primary atoms of matter are connected together so as to form sensible masses. Figuratively, cohesion signifies the state of union or inseparability both of the particles of matter and other things ; connexion. COHE'SIVE, a. that has the power of sticking fast, so as to resist separation. COHE'SIVENESS, s. the quality of uniting so as to resist any attempt to separate them, applied to the particles of matter. To COHO'BATE, v. a. to pour any distilled liquor upon its residuum, or remaining matter, and distil it again. COHOBATION, «. the returning any liquor distilled upon that which remains after the distillation, and then distilling it again. CO'HORT, s. [cohors, Lat.] in the Roman army, the tenth part of a legion, consisting of 6 centuries. The praetorian co- hort, which was the body-guard of the commander, grew in the later days of the Roman state to be the only power. In Poetry used for any company of soldiers or warriors. COIF, s. [coeffe, Fr.] a head-dress ; a lady's cap ; a sergeant- at-law's cap. COI'FED, a. wearing a coif. COI'FFURE, s. [coefure, Fr.] a head-dress. To COIL, V. a. [cueiUir, Fr.] to reduce into a narrow compass. To coil a rope, is to wind it in a ring. COIL, s. [kolleren, Teut.] a tumult, noise, confusion, or bustle, occasioned by some quarrel ; a rope wound into a ring. COIMBATOO'R, a mountainous province in the S. of Hindu- stan, bounded by Malabar, Mysore, Trichinopoly, and Dindhi- gul. Some peaks of the mountains rise above 6000 feet in height. It is not very large, being between 40 and 50 miles in each direction. On the whole, owing perhaps to its elevation, it is healthy. It produces grain of various kinds, and native manufactures. Its chief town, of the same name, is, for the country, a fine, though not large place, and is about 300 miles from Madras. COI'MBRA, a city and university of Beira, in Portugal, situ- ated on a mountain, near the river Mondego. It has a fine- cathedral, and the buildings of the university are noble. Con- nected with it is a good library. It has about 20,000 inhabit- ants, and under 2000 students. It is 100 miles from Lisbon. Lat. 41. O.N. Long. 8.21. W. COIN, s. [coigne, Fr.] a corner ; anv thing standing with a corner outward ; a brick cut diagonally, pronounced quoin or quine. COIN, s. metallic money ; payment of any kind ; compensa- tion. -See Numismatics. COI As it is needful to know the values of different coins used by various nations, in order to understand works of History and Travels, and also for commercial purposes, some tables are sub- joined. Hebrew Coins. £ ». d. /. Gerah, equal in value to about ... 12 Bekah 13 Shekel, or stater, or shekel of the sanctuary . 2 60 Maneh, or mina 6 5 Talent . . . . . . . . 375 Drachma of gold, or daric . . . 1 1 10 Shekel of gold 1 16 5 Talent of gold 5464 5 80 The talent and mina, however, were the names of sums of money, and not of coins. After the subjugation of Judea by the Roman power, Roman coins were used as well as the native coinage, and those of Assyria and Greece. Greek Coins. £ ». d. f. Chalcus, equal in value to about . . . 0.75 Obolus 11 Drachma 7 3 Stater (of silver) 2 70 Stater (of gold) 16 4 Stater, Atticus (of gold) .... 1090 Mina . ... . . . . 3470 Talent 193 15 The talent and mina here, too, are sums of money. The value of these coins fluctuated very much during the different periods of Grecian history. Also, it should be observed, that different states had different coins, and that this table contains only the principal coins, of the most prominent and commercial state, Athens, which had a wider circulation than Attica merely. In early times, in Sparta, Lycurgus, the mythic legislator, to check the mercantile enterprise of the people, and make each man as far as possible the consumer of his own produce, issued and enforced an iron coinage ; but the dampness even of the Grecian atmosphere overthrew the idle scheme. Boman Coins. £ s. d.f. As, equal in value to about .... 3 Sestertius 13 Denarius 7 3 Denarius aureus 16 2 Aureus 1433 Sestertium 8 15 2 Talent 193 15 The sestertium and the talent were sums of money, and not coins ; the former, which must be distinguished from the ses- tertius, was the name given to the value of 1000 sestertii. Divisions of the as and of the denarius were also in use, but their names will indicate their value. The actual value of these coins, and the size and weight, varied at different periods of Roman history: the table contains the values that most fre- quently prevailed ; reckoning by which, no great mistake can be made. Homan Coins mentioned in the New Testament. £ s. d. f. Assarium, or lepton (mite), equals about . . 0.75 Quadrans (farthing) 1.5 Denarius (penny) 7 3 Mina (pound) . . . . . .. 3260 For tne value of the coins of other nations of antiquity, great numbers of which are preserved in our museums, and described in works on Numismatics, reference must be made to these works, and to dictionaries and treatises of the antiquities of the several people by whom they were used. English Coins. Pennies, halfpennies, and farthings, in silver and brass, coin- ed by the Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Danish kings, are very nu- merously preserved. Similar coins struck by the Norman and early Plantagenet kings, and by the nobles, bishops, and other COI authorities, also exist. In the reigns of the later Plantagenets, groats and half-groats were coined ; and gold coins, in value equal to 18 groats, called florins, with half and quarter florins. Before this time, gold had been but little used for Enghsh coin, and had borne no distinct name. The noble (whose value is yet preserved in the well-known legal fee 6s. 8rf.) supplanted the florin ; and was displaced in the time of the Yorkists, by the angels, equal to it in value, the half-angels, and the rials, equal in value to 30 groats. The accession of the Tudors introduced new coins; in silver, came the crown, half-crown, shilling, six- pence, and its half, quarter, and eighth parts ; in gold, the sovereign, and double sovereign, crown, half-crown, and noble, the values of all which are known. With the Stuarts were in- troduced guineas, half-guineas, and two and five guinea pieces in gold ; with halfpence and farthings in tin and copper. Quar- ter guineas in gold were struck in the earlier reigns of the pre- sent house. Copper pence and two-penny pieces, and seven-shil- ling gold pieces, were issued by George III. At the end of the war our present coinage was introduced, excepting four-penny pieces, wnich were struck by William IV., in silver ; and three- penny pieces, in silver, and parts of the farthing, in copper, by our present monarch. Double-sovereign and five-sovereign pieces are struck in gold, but are not in general circulation ; and two-penny, penny-halfpenny, and penny pieces in silver, also, whicn are usually called Maunday-pence, from an ancient cus- tom of giving these and other small silver coin, as alms, on Maunday Thursday, at the royal palace. £ s. d. 5 sovereign piece (gold) 5 Double sovereign 2 Sovereign 10 Half-sovereign 10 Crown (silver) 5 Half-crown ■ . . . 2 6 Shilling 10 Sixpence 6 Groat . ••• * Three-penny piece 3 Pieces of the several values of a penny, halfpenny, farthing, and half and quarter farthings, in copper. It must not be supposed that the actual value of these coins continued the same, as the sameness of the name would seem to imply. The worth of metallic money always depends upon cir- cumstances which no legislature can control ; and as it can al- ways be converted into bullion, no laws can keep it at a fictitious value. French Coins. £ s. d.f. 40 franc piece (gold) equals about . . . 1 11 8 2 20 ..: 15 10 2 5 ... (silver) 4 2 17 1 9 2 i ... ... (50 centimes) ... 43 i (25 ...).. . 2 1 10 centime piece (billon) ... 3 10 ... (copper) (2 sous) ... 3 5 ... ... (1 sou) ... 2 1 ... ... ...... 0.4 In addition to these coins, Louis d'ors and Napoleons yet cir- culate of the old gold coinage ; and of the old silver coinage, ecus and half-ecus, and pieces of the value of 30, 24, 15, 12, and 6 sous. Spanish Coins, £ s. d.f. Doubloon of eight crowns (gold) equals about 3 4 8 Doubloon of four ... ... . . . 1 12 4 Doubloon of two ... ... (pistole) 16 2 Crown (half-pistole) 8 1 Piaster (silver) 4 3 3 Peseta 10 2 Half-peseta ... 5 1 Realillo ... 2 2 There are also in copper, maravedis, and quartas of 4 and 8 maravedis, or octavos. 2 c ,193 Portuguese Coins. £ s. d. f. Moidore, or Lisbonine, or Pistole (gold) equals al)out 1 6 11 1 Half-moidore 13 5 2 Quarter-moidore ... ... . . 683 Moiadobra, or Portuguese 1 15 11 Half-moiadobra 17 10 2 16 teston piece 8 111 12 teston piece ... ... . . 641 8 teston piece 4 5 3 Cruzada 2 7 1 New cruzada . ... (silver) . . . 4 11 Vintera 2 3 Rei . . (copper) . . „ . . 0.6 Beside these, ducats in gold, and pieces of eight in silver, are occasionally used. Dutch Coins. 1 1.5 5 2 1 1 5 1.5 50 4 8 2 6 s. d. 17 9 18 10 18 10 9 5 3 7 1 9 1 2 value. 20 florin piece (gold) equals about . 10 florin piece ... .... 10 Williams Ryder ... .... Ducat Ducatoon . . (silver or billon) Rix-doUar, or patagon Guilder, or florin SchelHng The florin is divided into 20 sous, and the sou into 5 cents. Sxjoiss Coins, 32 franken piece (gold) equals about 16 franken piece Pistole (Berne) Ducat (Zurich) Ducat (Berne) ... ... Crown (Basle) (40 batz) (silver) . Crown (Basle) (30 batz) ... Florin, or half-crown Franken . . The batz, which are copper, are about l^d. in Banish Coins. £ Christian (gold) equals about Ducat f specie) Ducat (current) ... ... Rix-doUar (silver) .... Mark Hamburg Coins. Ducat (imperial) (gold) equals about . Ducat (town) Rix-dollar (silver) . 16 schilling piece ... ... Prussian Coins. Frederick (gold) equals about Half-Frederick Ducat Thaler, or rix-dollar (silver) Groschen Saxon Coins. Double Augustus (gold) equals about Augustus Half-Augustus Ducat d.f. 7 4 3 6 4 6 72 4 3 40 7 2 2 Rix-dollar (silver) .... Florin ... ... Groschen The Saxon thaler is a sum of money about Bavarian Coins. Carolin (gold) equals about Maximilian Crown (silver) .... Rix-dollar ... Teston ... .... 194 16 6 8 30 9 4 2 11 1 1 13 4 4 11 5 2 2 3 40 02 1 2 1 COI Coins of Baden. »■ d.f. 2 florin piece (gold) 16 8 1 (silver) . Florin ... 8 4 0.5 .... Swedish Coins. Ducat (gold) equals about .... Rix-dollar (silver) Austrian Coins. Half-sovereign (gold) equals about Quarter-sovereign ... .... Ducat Crown, or rix-dollar (silver) Florin ... .... Kreutzer (copper) In Lombaroy the sovereign circulates, a gold coin ii about £1 7s. Id. ; and the livre, a silver coin, about S\d. Venetian Coins. 3 3 in value value. Ozella (gold) equals about . Pistola ... .... Zecchino .... .... Ducat ... Ducat (silver) .... Crown Ducatoon Tuscan Coins, Ruspone (gold) equals about . Rosina Zecchino Crown, or 10 paoli piece (silver) . Paolo Coins of the Papal States. Pistole (gold) equals about Zecchino Crown, or 10 paoli piece (silver) Paolo Baioccho (copper) .... Neapolitan Coins. Ounce, or 3 ducats (gold) equals about Ducat (silver) Carlino Sardinian Coins. Carlin (gold) equals about Pistola Crown (silver) Coins of Savoy. Carlino (gold) equals about . Double pistola Pistola Zecchino Crown (silver) Russian Coins. Imperial (gold) equals about . . . . 1 12 9 Ducat 9 2 1 Rouble (silver) 3 2 Copeck (copper) 1.5 Turkish Coins. Zecchin (gold) 5 9 2 Piastre (silver) 17 Rouble 4 2 Paca (copper) 1.333 The aspres, of which there are 120 in the piastre, are very small and thin pieces of copper. Persian Coins. £ .. rf. / Rupee (gold) equals about , . . .19 13 Rupee (silver) 1 11 2 Abassi 9 Mamoudi 4 2 £ J. d.f. 1 17 4 15 11 1.333 9 6 5 11 1 3 4 5 3 3 4 80 8 70 17 1 9 6 1.333 4 5 1 5 13 11 1 9 42 4 3 1 5 1 2 53 4 1 4 1 2 6 3 83 5 19 13 92 15 10 9 5 3 3 11 2 COK Indian Coins. £ s. d. (gold) equals 1 13 8, or £ s. 1 10 1 9 7 1 Mohur Rupee ... 1 9 2, or Star pagoda ... .... Sicca rupee (silver) varies frona 2s. to . Chinese Coins. Tale (silver) equals 6 8 Mace 8 These with candareens are properly v^eights ; the cash, which are cast copper coins with a square hole io the middle, by which they are tied up in 10s., are the only proper coins of China, and 1000 of them equal a tale of fine silver. Coins of the United States. Eagle (gold), ten dollars, equals Half-eagle (gold), five dollars s. d.f. Dollar (silver) Cent (copper) 2 To make these tables less in extent, in most of them, the va- lues of half and quarter pieces, &c. are omitted ; and none but the most commonly used coin named. To COIN, V. a. to mint, or stamp metals for money ; to make or forge any thing, used in an ill sense. COrNAGE, Coi'ning, s. the stamping metals, or making money. Figuratively, coin or metallic money ; the charges or expense of coining. Forgery, or invention, used in a bad sense. See Mint. To COINCFDE, v. n. [coincido, Lat.] to fall upon, or meet in the same point ; to be consistent with, to concur. COFNCIDENCE, s. the state of several bodies or lines falling upon the same point ; concurrence ; consistency, or uniting to effect the same end, or establish the same point. COI'NCIDENT, a. [coiiicidens, Lat.] falling upon the same point, applied to bodies or lines. Concurring; consisting; agreeing ; mutually tending to the support of any particular point. COINDICA'TION, s. [cum and indico, Lat.] the concurrence of many symptoms bespeaking or betokening the same cause. COI'NER, s. one that makes money. Figuratively, a maker of counterfeit money ; an inventor. To COJOl'N, f. n. [conjunffo, Lat.] to join with another in the same office. COIT, s. [kote, Belg.] a thing thrown at a mark. See Quoit. COITION, s. [coitio, Lat.] the act by which two bodies come together. COKE, «. the cinder which results from burning coal in a close furnace, or in a heap covered with clay, so as to prevent access of atmospheric air. It is very useful, burning as charcoal does, without Its deadly fumes. COKE, SIR EDWARD, the famous lawyer of the beginning of the 17th century. He studied at Cambridge, and became a member of the Inner Temple at the outset of life, where he gained such fame as brought him solid reward in the form of in- cessa.nt engagements at the bar ; and higher honours in being appointed successively solicitor-general and attorney-general to Queen Elizabeth. At the accession of James I. Coke did not lose his office, but was more famous than ever, in consequence of the intrigues and plots against the great professor of king- craft, and the Anglican Church, as represented by him. He was soon advanced to the chief-justiceship of the Common Pleas and of the King's Bench ; and in these offices showed that James had mistaken his character, for he steadily opposed his arbitrary exercise of authority. He was accordingly removed, and though he was for a time restored to the royal favour, he was imprisoned afterwards in the Tower, and otherwise made to feel the wrath of the king, for his attachment to the growing patriot cause in the House of Commons. The reign of Charles I. gave him scope to show himself, and we find him accordingly, after seeming to fall behind in ardour, the first who dared to lift up his voice against the worthless favourite Buckingham. In 16J3 he died, aged 81 years. He was not free from the faults of his times, yet in comparison with his greater rival Bacon, he is worthy of all praise. His dedication of the matured wisdom of his last days to the nurturing and defending the growing liberties of England, will always be the most glorious trait of his life. Whilst in his own profession, till happier days come. Coke upon Littleton must be one of the most autnoritative works on Common Law. COL, one of the western islands of Scotland, 11 miles N.W. of the Isle of Mull. It is 13 miles long and 3 broad ; contains a few horses, sheep, and goats ; and has many lochs, which abound in fish. The inhabitants are about 800. CO'LANDER, (cullender) s. [colo, Lat.] a sieve, either of hair, twigs, or metal, through which any mixture is strained, and leaves the grosser parts behind it. COLATION, s. the act of filtering, straining, or separating any fluid from its dregs or impurities. COLA'TURE, s. the art of separating the dregs of any fluid by straining it through a sieve, or filtrating it through paper ; the matter strained or filtrated. CO'LBERG, a sea-port of Prussian Pomerania, and once a Hanse-town of Germany, remarkable for its salt-works. It is situated at the mouth of the Persante, and has a good harbour. It is well built, and has some noble institutions for charitable purposes. Its fisheries are valuable. It is nearly 200 miles from Berlin. Population, about 7000. Lat. 54. 22. N. Long. 15. 39. E. COLBE'RT, JEAN BAPTISTE, the great minister of Louis XIV. of France, was born in humble circumstances, and entered the service of Cardinal Mazarin, by whom he was introduced to the king. He held various offices under the king for more than 20 years, during which he freed France from debt, and raised the net income of the state to three times its former amount, but it was by such oppressive taxes as enraged the people in the highest degree against him ; and even so he had not enough to satisfy his luxurious and prodigal master. The commercial in- dustry of the country may be regarded as his creation, but it was by self-destructive means that he raised it. Him, also, France long thanked for her first fleet. Learning, literature, and the fine arts, found in him a munificent patron ; the royal library in particular remains a monument of this spirit ; and some of the finest buildings in Paris attest his taste. He died in 1683, aged 64 years. He is a surprising instance of what native force of mind can effiict ; but he shows also how vain is that notion of govern- ment which makes the governing power the thing for which all other things exist, instead of making them that are governed the end for which governments themselves are called into being. CO'LBERTINE, s. a kind of fine lace worn by women. CO'LCHESTER, Essex. It is situated on a fine eminence near the Coin, which is navigable within three miles of the town for ships of large burthen, and for hoys and small barks to a place called the Hythe, where is a quay close to the houses. Here is a manufactory of baize and seys ; and it is noted for oysters called natives. It has an ancient castle, and some other fine buildings both ancient and modern. It is a principal sta- tion on the E. Counties Railway. It is 51 miles from London. Markets, Wednesday and Saturday. Pop. 17,790. COLD, a. [cold. Sax.] without warmth, or warming; haying a sensation of cold, or shivering ; that which is not volatile, or easily put in motion by heat. Figuratively, unaffected; not easily excited to action ; indifferent ; not able to move the pas- sions ; reserved, or void of the warmth of friendship and affec- tion ; chaste, temperate, not easily provoked to anger ; not meeting with a warm or affectionate reception ; deliberate ; calm. COLD, s. something void of heat or motion; that which pro- duces the sensation of cold ; a disease affecting the mucous membrane, that lines all the passages in the body, very common in changeable weather. CO'LDLY, ad. without warmth or heat ; with great indiffer- ence or unconcern. CO'LDNESS, s. opposite to heat ; that quality which causes a sensation of cold, and deprives a person of his natural warmth and heat. Figuratively, want of kindness, love, esteem, or affection ; coyness, chastity. CO'LDSTREAM, Berwickshire, Scotland. A town situated on the N. side of the Tweed, with a fine bridge over that river. One of the regiments of the foot-guards takes its name from this town. It is 00 miles from Edinburgh. Pop. 1913. COLE, s. {catct. Sax.] a general name for all sorts of cab- bage. CO'LEBROOK-DALE, on the banks of the Severn, in Shrop- shire, is a winding glen between two hills, where are consider- able iron works and coal mines, and a large and elegant bridge. 2 c 2 195 COL of cast iron, of one arch. There is also in the Dale a spring of fossil tar, or petroleum, together with a spring of brine. COLERA'INE, Londonderry, in Ulster, Ireland. It has a valuable salmon fishery, and is situated 4 miles from the sea, &c., on the Bann, which being rapid, it is difficult for vessels to come up to the town. It is 114 miles from Dublin. Pop. 6255. CO'LERIDGE, SAMUEL TAYLOR, one of our greatest re- cent poets, theologians, and philosophers. He was the son of an eccentric clergyman of Devonshire, and was left fatherless at an early age. In Christ's Hospital, under Dr. Bowyer, he had his first training, and displayecf even then the strong bent of his mind towards poetry, and the deepest problems of metaphysical science. At Cambridge he studied subsequently, but did not complete his course. We find him next, ill-disguised by the designation Comberback, in the 15th dragoons ; whence, how- ever, he was soon released. Bristol was the next field of labour and thought, and there with Southey, Wordsworth, and a few more, be started his golden dream of a Pantisocracy to be found- ed by them some where in the New World ; there, too, and at Nether Stowey near it, he edited 10 numbers of his Watch- man, preached as a Unitarian minister, and wrote some of his sweetest and finest poems. His peculiarities too became more marked, — intense Jipphcation to metaphysics, and a sad neglect of trade excellencies. He next went on to the continent, and studied under some of the great scholars in all sciences Ger- many then rejoiced in, visited other parts, and had to be smug- gled from Italy, where he was regarded, and would have been treated, as a spy. Returning, he joined the Lake poets for two years, lectured at the Royal Institution, wrote in the Morning Post and Courier, and showed that in politics and religion his mind had undergone a total change. His Friend was first pub- lished at this time also. He removed to London next, and spent the remainder of his days at a friend's at Highgate, in planning, or rather dreaming, great works, and in executing fragments which make the lack of the unrealized dreams a loss not to be repaired ; in talking, when he had gathered round fit and few audience, such discourse as the old man eloquent might have held ; and in growing to a maturity in spiritual life, that makes his recorded thoughts more precious. He died in 1834, aged 02 years. Amongst politicians of a certain party it has long been the fashion to decry S. T. Coleridge, and to blacken his name and fame by any means that would serve. It is beginning to be felt that he was a great man, of clear spiritual vision, whose principles are so stated in his works as to enable any thinking reader to judge for himself respecting his conclusions and prac- tical positions. In America he is better known than here. But his day is opening even here. His Aids to Reflection in particu- lar is beginning to tell upon that class for whom it was written, and to whom it is beautifully adapted,— young men learning to think and judge of things. In Poesy his rank amongst the first has long been assigned him. CO'LESEED, s. in Botany, the seed of the rape, a species of cabbage, from whence rape-seed oil is drawn, cultivated for iieeding cattle. CO'LESHILL, Warwickshire. It is seated on the ascent of a hill, near the Coin. It is 102 miles from London. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 2172. CO'LET, DEAN, one of the distinguished divines in England just before the Reformation. He held various dignities and ap- pointments, and at last was made Dean of St. Paul's, London. In the discharge of his duties he was most exemplary, and in some of his opinions gave augury of the coming change. He founded St. Paul's School, and died in 1519, aged 53 years. He has left a few works, of little moment. CO'LEWORT, s. in Botany, a species of the cabbage. CO'LFOllD, Co'leford, or Co'verd, Gloucestershire, a town near which are considerable iron works. It is 124 miles from London. Market, Tuesday. Pop. 2208. CO'LIC, s. [colicus, Lat.] in Medicine, a severe pain in the lower venter, and so called because it was formerly thought to be seated in the colon. CO'LIC, a. affecting the bowels. " Intestine stone and ulcer, oo/ic pangs," Milt. COLPGNY, ADMIRAL DE, the most distinguished victim in the massacre of St. Bartholomew's day, in 1572, in France. He had been in the earlier part of his life a brave and able soldier and commander, and in the struggles during the reigns preced- 196 COL ing Henry IV., had taken part with the Huguenots and done them great service. A treacherous peace having been got up by Catherine in the name of Charles IX., Coligny came to Paris. He was killed by the Duke de Guise, who entertained special enmity against him : aged 56 years. To COLLA'PSE, v. n. \collapius, Lat.] to fall together ; to close together so as one side shall touch another. COLL A'PSION, s. the state of vessels closing of themselves ; the act of closing together. CO'LLAR, s. [collum, Lat.] that part of the dress of both sexes which surrounds the neck ; also part of the harness put round the neck of horses, &c. when used for draught, to which the draughts are fastened. An ornament of metal, worn by knights of several miUtary orders, hanging over the shoulders on the mantle, and generally consisting of a gold chain, enamelled with ciphers and other devices, and having the badge of the order suspended at the bottom. That of the order of the Garter consists of 26 pieces, of gold, with roses enamelled red, within a garter enamelled blue, and a George at the bottom. That of the order of the Bath, is of gold, formed of knots alternating with the three national flowers, enamelled proper, and imperial crowns. That of the Thistle, is of thistles and sprigs of rue, of gold, enamelled. That of St. Patrick, has six harjjs and five roses alternating with twelve knots, in the centre a crown, all of pure gold. To slip the collar, is a phrase for getting free, escaping or extricating oneself from any difficult engagement. A collar of brawn, is a quantity of brawn rolled and bound up in a roundish parcel. To CO'LLAR, v. a. to seize by the collar. Joined with brazen, to roll up and bind with a string, in order to make retain a round form. CO'LLAR-BONE, s. the clavicle. To COLLA'TE, v. a. [collatum, Lat.] to compare one thing with another of the same kind. Applied to books, to compare and examine them, in order to find whether any thing be defici- ent, corrupted, or interpolated. Used with to, to place in an ecclesiastical benefice. COLLATERAL, a. [cum and latus, Lat.] side to side ; run- ning parallel ; mutual, or such as becomes near relations, applied to affection. In Geography, situated by the side of another. Concurrent, applied to proofs. In Cosmography, intermediate, or lying between the cardinal points. In Genealogy, applied tn relations of the same stock, but not in the same line of as- . cendants and descendants ; such are uncles, aunts, nephews, cousins. Collateral descent, in Law, is that which passes to bro- thers' children. Collateral assurance, is a bond made over and above the deed itself for the performance of a covenant. Colla- teral security, is a deed made of other lands, besides those granted by the deed of mortgage, on their not being a sufficient security. COLLA'TERALLY, ad. side by side, applied to position or si- tuation. Not in the same line of descendants, though from the same stock, applied to genealogy. COLLA'TION, s. [cotlatio, Lat.] the act of bestowing or con- ferring, applied to gifts or favours ; the comparing one copy or thing of tne same kind with another. In Canon Law, the be- stowing of a benefice by a bishop, who has right of patronage. Also an elegant public entertainment or feast. COLLATI'TIOUS, a. [collatitius, Lat.] done by the contribu- tion of money, COLLA'TOR, s. one who examines copies or manuscripts, by comparing them with some other writing. In Law, one who presents to an ecclesiastical living or benefice, generally applied to the presentation of a bishop. To COLLAU'D, v. a. [colkmdo, Lat.] to join in praising. CO'LLEAGUE, {killeeg) s. [colleffa, Lat.] a partner or associate in the same office. To COLLE'AGUE, (Mleeg) v. a. to unite or join with. To COLLE'CT, v. a. [collectum, Lat.] to gather together ; to bring several things together, or into the same place ; to add into a sum ; to infer, draw, or deduce from arguments. Followed by the reciprocal pronouns himself, &c., to recover from a kervice ; to reassemble one's scattered ideas. CO'LLECT, s. [collecta, Lat.] a short comprehensive prayer, used in the service of some churches. COLLECT A'NEOUS, a. [collecianeus, Lat.] gathered together, collected. ( OL COLLE'CTEDLY, ad. gathered in one view at once. COLLE'CTIBLE, a. that may be gathered, or deduced from any premises. COLLE'CTION, s. [collectio, Lat.] the act of gathering several pieces together; an assemblage of things in the same place. Also, the gathering of money at a meeting, or otherwise, for any specified purpose. COLLE'CTIVE, a. [collectivus, Lat.] gathered together, con- sisting of several members or parts, forming a whole, or one com- mon mass. In Logic, a collective idea, is that which unites several things of the same kind. In Grammar, a collective noun, is a noun which expresses a multitude, or several of the same sort, though used in the singular number; as, a company ; an army; Ajleet. COLLE'CTIVELY, ad. in a body, taken together, opposed to siiigly or separately. In general ; generally ; in one mass or heap. COLLE'CTOR, s. [collector, Lat.] one who gathers scattered things together ; a compiler ; a tax-gatherer. COLLE'GATARY, s. [con and le^atum, Lat.] in the Civil Law, a person to whom is left a legacy in common with one or more other persons. CO'LLEGE, s. [collepium, Lat.] a community, or society of men set apart for learning or religion. The word colleye bears a different sense in different countries. In Germany there was the college of electors, who assembled in the diet of Ratisbon. At Rome there is the college of cardinals, a body composed of three distinct orders of them. The universities have their several col- leges, in which learning is taught. Among the Jews were several colleges, consisting generally of the tribe of Levi. Samuel is said to have founded the college or school of the prophets. Among the Greeks the Lyceutn and Academy may be regarded as colleges. Colleges have been generally in the hands of those devoted to religion. Thus the Magi in Persia, the Gym- nosophists in the Indies, the Druids in Gaul and Britain, had the care of instructing youth in the sciences. After the estab- lishment of Christianity there were almost as many colleges as monasteries, particularly in the reign of Charlemagne, who enjoined the monks to instruct youth in music, grammar, and arithmetic. In London there is the College of Civilians, com- monly called Doctors Commons, founded hj Dr. Harvey, dean of the Arches, for the professors of the civil law residing in Lon- don. Also, the College of Physicians, a corporation of physicians ; and the Royal College of Surgeons, a like corporation of surgeons. Sion College, or college of the London clergy, who were incorpo- rated in 1631, at the request of Dr. White, under the name of the president and fellows of Sion College ; it is likewise an hos- pital for ten poor men. Gresham College, or College of Philosophy, founded by Sir William Gresham, who built the Royal Ex- change. The subjects of the lectures (now read in the Royal Exchange) are divinity, astronomy, music, geometry, rhetoric, civil law, and physic. College of Heralds, commonly called the IleraUTs Office, a corporation founded by Kin^ Richard III., who granted tnem several privileges, as to be free from subsidies, tolls, offices, &c. Colleges of Common Law, see Inns of Court. COLLE'GIAL, a. relating to a college, or possessed by a college. COLLE'GIAN, s. an inhabitant or member of a college. COLLE'GIATE, a. consisting of colleges ; instituted or regu- lated after the manner of a college. Collegiate church, is that which is endowed for a society or body corporate, consisting of a dean and secular priests, without a bishop; of this kind are Westminster Abbey, Windsor, &c. COLLE'GIATE, s. a member of a college, or one bred at a university. CCLLET, s. [collum, Lat.] formerly any thing that was worn about the neck. Figuratively, the neck. Among jewellers, that part of a ring in which the stone is set. To COLLI'DE, V. a. [collido, Lat.] to strike, beat, or dash two things together, or against each other. CO'LLIER, JEREMY, one of the nonjurors, or clergy at the Revolution in 1G88, who refused to acknowledge William III., and in consequence, a great authority with the highest church party. He suffered for his zeal through prosecutions, fines, im- prisonments, outlawry, &c., but he never cooled. His writings were very numerous, and almost all of a controversial character. His Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain has a considerable re- putation amongst the partisans of his views. He died in 1720, aged 75 years. COL CCLLIER, s. one who digs for coals in a mine ; one who sells or deals in coals ; a vessel made use of to convey coals by water. CO'LLIERY, s. a coal-work. COLLIGA'TION, s. [cum and ligo, Lat.] the binding things close, or together. CO'LLIMATOR, s. [con and lineo, Lat.] in Optics and Prac- tical Astronomy, an instrument by which observers are enabled to detect any error in the direction of the line of sight in tele- scopes used in quadrants, sextants, &c. ; which would make the observation incorrect. CO'LLINGWOOD, ADMIRAL LORD CUTHBERT, a dis- tinguished naval commander during the last war. He took part in the victories of Lord Howe, St. Vincent, and Trafalgar; and was engaged after the last battle in arranging the political affairs it opened the way to. He was the fast friend of^ Lord Nelson, whom he followed step by step through the usual degrees of promotion. His character as a commander, and in private, has always been highly esteemed, especially in the fleet. He died in 1810, aged GO vears. CO'LLINS, ANTHONY, one of the most notorious of the Freethinkers (as they styled themselves) of the beginning of the last century. He was professionally attached to the law, but his numerous works on theological and moral subjects have been the preservers of his memory. He exerted himself, under the' guise of great concern for Christianity, to bring it into contempt, and spared no sophistry in the attempt. Dr. Bentley's famous work, under the name of Phileleutherus Lipsiensis, is almost the only one of the countless replies to Collins's various treatises that has lived beyond its own age, or has deserved to do so. His character was estimable both in public and private ; but it did not correct the natural tendency of his flippant and insincere writings. He died in 1729, aged .53 years. CO'LLINS, WILLIAM, one of our most eminent lyric poets. He received a good education at' Oxford, and commenced his literary career early in life. But indolence and mental dissipa- tion hindered the realization of his manifold schemes for achiev- ing renown. The last years of his life were spent, with few lucid intervals, in the horrors of madness. His poems are few in num- ber, but of a high order, and have had amongst the best critics passionate admirers. He died in 17.56, aged 35 years. CO'LLIQUABLE, a. easily dissolved ; liable to be melted. COLLFQUAMENT, s. the substance any thing is reduced to by being dissolved or melted. CO'LLIQUANT, part. a. [colliquans, Lat.] that has the power of dissolving, melting, or wasting. To CO'LLIQUATE, v. a. [colllqueo, Lat.] to melt, dissolve, or turn a solid into fluid by heat, &c. — v. n. to melt ; to be dis- solved. COLLIQUA'TION, s. [coUiquatio, Lat.] the melting of any thing by heat. COLLFQUATl'V'E, a. melting or dissolvent. A colliquative fever is that which is attended with a diarrhoea, or profuse sweats. COLLIQUEFA'CTION, s. [colliquef actio, Lat.] the reducing different metals to one mass, by melting them on a fire. COLLFSION , s. [coUisio, Lat.] the act of striking two bodies together. To CO'LLOCATE, v. a. [colloco, Lat.] to place ; to station. COLLOCA'TION, «. [collocatio, Lat.] the act of placing; dis- position. CO'LLOP, 8. a thin slice of meat, or steak ; a piece or slice of any animal. CO'LLOQUY, s. [cum and loguor, Lat.] a conference or con- versation ; a discourse in writing, wherein two or more persons are represented as speaking or talking together on any topic. • CO'LLOW, s. [supposed by Johnson rather to be colly, from coal,] the black grime of burnt coals or wood. COLLUCTA'TION, s. [cum and luctor, Lat.] the mutual struggle or commotion of the particles of any fluid between themselves ; opposition ; fermentation. Figuratively, contest ; spite ; mutual opposition. To COLLU'DE, v. n. [cum and btdo, Lat.] to join in a fraud; to conspire in imposing on a person. COLLU'MPTON, Devonshire. It is a handsome town, seated on the river Columb, 150 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 3,909. 197 COL COLLU'SION, s. Icum and ludo, Lat.] in Law, a deceitful contract or agreement between two or more persons, for the one to bring an action against the other, in order to defraud a third person of his right. COLLU'SIVE, a. fraudulently concerted or agreed upon be- tween two persons, in order to cheat a third. COLLU'SIVELY, ad. concerted or contrived in a fraudulent manner, with a fraudulent design. COLLU'SORY, ». carrying on a fraud by secret concert. COLLY'RIUM, s. [Lat.] in Medicine, an external remedy for disorders in the eyes. CO'LMAN, GEORGE, the younger and elder, two play-writers and humourists of the end of the last century and beginning of the present. The father died in 1794, the son in 1830. CO'LMAR, s. [Fr.] a sort of pear. COLMA'R, capital of the department of Haut Rhin, France. It stands below the hUls called the Vosges, on the river Lauch. There is a brisk trade carried on in it ; and it has some import- ance as a trading place given it by a canal communicating with the river Fecht. A few manufactures are carried on. And there is a college here, with an admirable library. It is about 260 miles from Paris, and has a population of about 20,000. Lat. 48. 4. N. Long. 7. 25. E. CO'LNBROOK, Bucks and Middlesex. It is situated on four channels of the river Coin, over each of which it has a bridge. It is 17 miles from London. Market, Wednesday. Pop. 1050. COLNE, Lancashire, a town near Pendle Hill. It is 218 miles from London. )Iarket, Wednesday. Pop. 8015. COLO'GNE, (kotone) a circle of Prussia, lying on the Rhine, about 40 miles in length, and bounded by Arnsburg, Coblentz, Aix-la-Chapelle, and Diisseldorf. It has mountains in its east part, which afford mines of coal, and some metals, but generally It is plain and fertile, abounding in cattle and sheep. Bonn, the celebrated university, is in this circle. The population is about 420,000. Cologne, the capital of this circle, stands on the Rhine, and is an ancient and noble city, strongly fortified, and adorned with many magnificent buildings, of which the cathedral, famous amongst Romanists for its relics, is the most splendid. There are some good libraries and educational institutions at Cologne. The produce of the vicinity, and manufactures, (espe- cially of wine and spirits,) furnish it with a good trade ; though as a trading place it has greatly fallen, it having been one of the imperial towns in ancient times. It has a population of above 65,000. Lat. 50. 55. N. Long. 6. 56. E. COLO'GN EARTH, s. a deep brown ochre, which contains more vegetable than mineral matter, and owes its origin to the remains of wood long buried in the earth. COLO'MBIA, the general name by which the republics of Grenada, Ecuador, and Venezuela, in S. America, are known. See these names. CO'LON, s. [Gr.] in Grammar, a point or stop marked thus ( : ), used to mark a pause greater than that of the semi-colon, and less than that ot a period, employed where a close dependence as to sense exists between two sentences, but none as to syntax. In Anatomy, the greatest and widest of all the intestines, adjoin- ing immediately to the rectum. CO'LONEL, (kernel) s. [Fr.] an officer in the army who has the command in chief of a regiment. Colonel- Lieutenant is one who commands a regiment of the guards, whereof the king, or other great personage, is colonel. Lieutenant~Colonel is the second officer of a regiment at the head of the captains, and commands in the colonel's absence. CO'LONELSHIP, {kernelship) s. the office of a colonel. COLONIZATION, s. the act or process of colonizing. To CO'LONIZE, (Ulonize) V. a. to plant with inhabitants; to settle with people brought from some other place ; to plant with colonies. COLONNA'DE, «. [cohnna, Ital.] a peristyle of a circular form ; or a series of pillars placed in a circle, and insulated withinside. Figuratively, any series or range of pillars, CO'LONY, s. [cohnia, Lat.] a body of people sent from the mother country to cultivate and settle some other place. The colonies of the W. part of S. America were chiefly for the pur- pose of working the mines there. England has had in New Holland colonies formed almost wholly of convicted criminals, which have proved to be what prudence and common sense might have foreseen, and are accordingly to be discontinued. COL Figuratively, the country settled by a body of people both in and coining from some other place. CO'LOPHONY, ikdhfony) s. [Colophon, a city, whence it is imported,] a resinous substance prepared of turpentine boiled in water, and afterwards dried ; or from a slow evaporation of a fourth or fifth part of its substance by fire. COLOQUI'NTEDA, s. [koilia and kineo, Gr.] in Botany, the fruit of a plant of the same name brought from the Levant, often called bitter-apple. COLORA'DO, a river of N. America, emptying itself into the Gulf of California, after a long course from the Rocky Moun- tains. It is very imperfectly known. CO'LORATE, a. [coloratus, Lat.] coloured; dyed; marked or stained with any colour. COLORAfTION, s. [coloro, Lat.] the art or practice of colour- ing or painting; the state of a thing coloured. COLORI'FIC, a. [color and /ac/o, Lat.] that has the power of producing colours, or of colouring any body. COLO'SSjE, a city of Phrygia Pacatiana in Asia Minor, seated on the Lycus, at which one of the earliest apostolical churches was formed. COLO'SSIANS, PAUL'S EPISTLE TO THE, written during Paul's first imprisonment at Rome, about 00 — 64 a. d. Con- siderable light will be thrown on it by the comparison of it with the same writer's Epistle to the Ephesians, which was written a very short time before. It consists of a very highly finished re- presentation of the truth the Colossians had received', as a spi- ritual principle— a partaking of the life of Christ, and not as a merely intellectual doctrine, or outward ceremonial ; and a series of practical exhortations founded on this representation, in which he draws a bold and masterly sketch of what must and ought to be the character of one who has participated in that new life-principle. COLO'SSUS, s. [Lat.] a statue of enormous size : that of Apollo at Rhodes, made by Chares, was so high that the ships of those days could pass at full sail between its legs ; its height was 126 feet ; it was overthrown by an earthquake after standing 1300 years ; and was sold to a Jew, who loaded 900 camels with the brass of it. CO'LOUR, (kuller) s. [coloj; Lat.] the sensation produced by the refraction and reflexion of the rays of light from the surface of any substance, or through any transparent medium, to our eyes. See Optics. In a popular sense, the hue in which any body appears to the eye. Figuratively, the rosy hue of the cheeks ; the tint or hue produced by covering any surface with paint. Under colour, appearance or pretence. To CO'LOUR, [kiiller) r. a. [coloro, Lat.] to mark or dye with some hue or tint. Figuratively, to palliate, or excuse ; to as- sign some plausible or specious reason for an undertaking ; to blush. CO'LOURABLE, {kiillerable) a. specious; plausible. CO'LOURABLY, (kuUerahly) ad. plausibly ; speciously. CO'LOURED, {kullerd) part, streaked; diversified with differ- ent hues. CO'LOURING, (kullering) s. that branch of Painting which teaches the proper distribution of lights and shades, and laying the colours with propriety and beauty. CO'LOURIST, (kullerist) s. a painter excellent in the tints he gives his pieces, and the manner in which he disposes his lights and shades. CO'LOURLESS, a. without colour; white; transparent. COLT, s. [colt. Sax.] a young horse that has never been rid- den or broke. Figuratively, a raw, ignorant person. CO'LTER, s. [culter, Lat.] the sharp iron of a plough, which cuts up the ground perpendicularly to the ploughsnare. CO'LTIE, s. a term used by timber-merchants for a defect or blemish in some of the annual circles of a tree, whereby its value is much diminished. CO'LTISH, o. resembling a colt; wanton. CO'LTSFOOT, s. in Botany, a species of tussilago, or butter- bur, with yellow compound blossoms, and large angular-toothed leaves, somewhat heart-shaped, appearing after the flower. A decoction of it is often used in coughs. It is found on moist, stifl' lands, flowering in March. COLT'S-TOOTH, s. an imperfect or superfluous tooth in the mouth of a young horse. Figuratively, an inclination to youth- ful pleasures, wantonness, or gaiety. COL COLU'MBA NCACHI, in Astronomy, a constellation of the S. hemisphere, recently made of some stars lying near Canis Major. OOLU'MBA, ST. the traditional apostle from Ireland who taught the Gaels in Scotland Christianity. He lived in the 6th century, and founded the establishment on the island of lona. The common narratives of his life are almost wholly legendary. CO'LUMBARY, s. [columba, Lat.] a place where doves or pigeons are kept ; a dove-cot ; a pigeon-liouse. Amongst the Romans, it also meant the places where the urns containing the ashes of the dead were placed. CO'LUMBATES, s. m Chemistry, salts formed by the com- bination of any base with the columbic acid. COLU'MBIA, District of. United States, a tract of country 10 miles square, ceded by Virginia and Maryland, lying on both sides the Potomac, having a plain but sterile surface, little fitted for agriculture. It is the centre of a considerable and active commerce, having three ports and one navy-yard on the river. It was ceded, however, for the purpose of becoming the seat of government, and Washington was built on it. It is not represented in Congress. It has two colleges. Population, 43,712, of whom 4094 are slaves. COLU'MBIA, capital of S. Carolina, United States, stands on the Congaree river, on a plain elevated above the surrounding country. It is regularly laid out, and though built mostly of wood, IS a handsome place. The state house, and buildings con- nected with the government, and the buildings of S. Carolina college, are good. The college is a fine institution, with a good library. It is 506 miles from Washington. Pop. 3500. There are in the States 27 other places bearing this name. COLU'MBIA, the name of a large nver flowing W. from the Rocky Mountains into the N. Pacific Ocean, in 47! N. Lat., wa- tering the whole of the Oregon territory. Its course is very circuitous, and it receives the waters of many tributaries in its course. The navigation of the part next the ocean, though it admits vessels drawing 12 feet of water, is rendered very diffi- cult by shoals and quicksands ; and the mouth has a dangerous bar. Its whole course is above 700 miles in length. CO'LUMBIC, a. in Chemistry, belonging to columbium. CO'LUMBINE, s. [columba, Lat.] in Dyeing, a pale violet, or changeable dove-colour. Likewise the heroine or chief female character in pantomime entertainments. In Botany, a plant, with leaves like the meadow-rue. CO'LUMBIUM, s. in Chemistry, a metal of an iron grey co- lour, known also by the name tantalum, CO'LUMB MAGNA, or St. Co'lumb, Cornwall, a small town with a large parish, seated on a hill, at the bottom of which is a river which runs into the sea at a small distance. It is 249 miles from London. Markets, Monday and Thursday. Pop. 3140. COLU'MBO, a town on the W. side of the island of Ceylon, formerly subject to the Dutch, but now in the hands of the Eng- lish. It is the seat of their government, and is well fortified. It has a harbour, but not very serviceable. It is well built, and has some handsome edifices belonging to the government. Its trade is good, being the chief emporium for the productions of the island. Pop. about 40,000. Lat. 7. 4. N. Long. 79. 50. E. COLU'MBUS', (or COLON,) CHRISTOVAL, the navigator who in the 15th century discovered the continent of America. He was ever of an adventurous disposition, and meeting in Henry, the navigator of Portugal, a prince who sympathized with the discoveries of travellers, hoped to enlist the Portuguese court in his behalf. At length»h« obtained from Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain what he desired, and set forth on his novel voyage. After many discouragements he reached the Bahamas, and hav- ing discovered Cuba, St. Domingo, and other neighbouring islands, returned to Spain. In three subsequent expeditions he discovered others of tne W. Indian islands, and parts of the N. and S. American continents. He was also doomed to experience the customary meed the world bestows on its greatest men. He was deprived of all solid recompence for his toil, and worn out with petty vexations. He died in 1506, aged about 60 years. It is exceedingly doubtful whether he were absolutely the first to discover the rfew World ; but it was by his discovery that it first became a reality for Europe, and from its date may be reck- oned a new sera in the history of commerce and civilization. COLU'MBUS, capital of Ohio, United States, stands on the Scioto river. It is regularly and handsomely built, and has some COM fine churches and public buildings for government purposes. There is also an asylum for the deaf and dumb, and a lunatic asylum, with some other public institutions, that are great or- naments to this city. A bridge over the Scioto connects this place with Franklinton. It is 393 miles from Washington. Pop. 0048. There are 12 other places named thus in the States, of which one in Georgia, on the Chattahoochee river, a place of some importance as a centre of steam-navigation, having a po- pulation of 3114, deserves notice. CO'LUMN, {kollwn) s. [co^umnn, Lat.] in Architecture, a round pillar, tapering, but not regularly from the base upwards ; and used either singly as a monument, or to support or adorn build- ings. The forms of the columns of nations which have attained any refinement of art, vary much. The Grecian form is that which satisfies most completely the demands of taste. There are three varieties of this, the Corinthian, the Ionic, and the Doric; the last severely simile, the first admitting of profuse and ela- borate ornament. To these varieties the Roman architects added the Tuscan and the Composite ; the first, in some respects, plainer than the Doric; the latter more ornamented than the Corinthian. Beside these differences, there were regular pro- portions allotted to each variety ; and peculiar forms and details both in the capitals and bases. In Military Art, a body of men drawn up in such order as to present but a narrow front, and at. the same time to move with the greatest force upon the enemy. Columns are usually divided into portions to prevent the dis- order which would otherwise arise at the least check. With printers, when pages are divided lengthwise, each part is called a column. COLU'MNAR, Column a'rian, a. formed in the shape of a column. COLU'RES, {holeurz) s. [coluri, Lat.] in Geography and Astro- nomy, two great circles imagined to intersect each other at right angles, in the poles of the world ; .one of which passes through the equinoctial points, Aries and Libra ; the other through the solstitial points. Cancer and Capricorn. CO'MA, s. [Gr.] in Physic, a lethargic sleep. CO'MA BERENPCES, in Astronomy, a constellation lying behind the Lion, in the N. hemisphere. COMATO'SE, a. [kotna, Gr.] lethargic ; sleepy ; or affected with a coma. COMB, {kom) s. [eamb. Sax.] a toothed instrument made of horn, tortoise-shell, &c., used to adjust, &c., the hair; likewise an instrument made of iron or steel wires fixed upright on a piece of wood, through which flax, wool, or hemp, is passed to pre- pare it for spinning; the crest of a cock, so called from its re- sembling the teeth of a comb. Also, the receptacles or hollow places in a bee-hive, wherein the honey is stored. To COMB, (kom) V. a. [camben. Sax.] to clean or smooth the hair by passing a comb through it ; to make wool or flax fit for spinning, by passing it through a comb. To CO'MBAT, t'. n. Icumbattre, Fr.] to fight, generally applied to a duel, or a fight where the persons engage hand to hand. — v. a. to fight. Figuratively, to engage. CO'MBAT, s. {combat, Fr.] a contest, generally applied to an engagement between two persons ; a duel. Figuratively, oppo- sition or struggle, CO'MBATANT, s, leombattant, Fr.] he that fights. Figura- tively, a champion or stickler for any opinion. CO'MB-BRUSH, s. a brush to clean combs. CO'MBER, {komer) s. one who passes wool through the comb, and prepares it for the spinner, COMBINA'TION, s. a union of private persons for some par- ticular purpose. Figuratively, union of qualities or bodies ; mix- ture. In Chemistry, a term expressive of the chemical union of two or more substances, in opposition to mere mechanical mix- ture. Association, applied to ideas. In Mathematics, combina- tions are the different parcels of any number of things that can be taken, each consisting of a certain number of the things, without regard to the order in which they stand in the parcels. In Politics, and Political Economy, the association and union of persons having a common interest, to secure that interest by means of the power obtained by combining ; as of employers against their men, and workmen against their masters, in respect of hours of work, and wages ; and of tradesmen against pur- chasers, &c. 'I'o COMBI'NE, V. a. to join together. Figuratively, to link COM together in unity, affection, or concord.— -t-. », to join together, applied to things. Figuratively, to unite in one body. To unite in friendship, applied to persons. CO'MBLESS, {komless) a. wanting a comb, without a comb, applied to a cock. CO'MB-MAKER, s. one whose trade is to make combs. COMB-MA'RTIN, Devonshire, a town seated on an inlet of the Bristol Channel, with a cove for the landing of boats. It is 181 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 1399. COMBIJ'ST, a. [comburo, Lat.] burnt. COMBU'STIBLE, a. that may be burnt, or that easily catches fire. COMBU'STIBLES, substances which readily take fire. In Chemistry, certain substances which are capable of combining more or less rapidlv with oxygen. COMBU'STIBLENESS, Gjmbustibi'lity, s. the quality of catching fire easily. COMBU'STION, (Jiomhust-yun) s. [Fr.] the burning of several things together; conflagration; consumption by fire. Figura- tively, confusion, noise, hurry, commotion, produced by restless minds, either in moral or political affairs. In Chemistry, it is regarded as the combination of oxygen with any combustible body, accompanied by the emission of light and heat. Spontane- ous Comhnstion, is combustion that takes place without any me- chanical cause, and without the contact or approach of any sub- stance in a state of combustion. Many cases of the combustion of the human body, without a sufficient immediate cause, are on record ; they are nearly all of immoderate spirit-drinkers, but the cause is quite uncertain. To COME, V. n. preter. I came, or have come; participle, come ; [coman. Sax.] to move from a distant to a nearer situation, either to a thing or person ; to approach, draw near to, or advance to- wards ; to proceed ; to issue ; to become ; to become present, and no longer absent ; to happen ; to fall out. To come about, to come to pass, to fall out ; to change ; to come round. To come after, to follow. To come in, to enter; to comply; to yield; to hold out no longer ; to arrive at a port, or place, or rendezvous ; to become modish, or brought into use ; to be an ingredient ; to make part of a composition. To come into, to join with, to bring help; to comply with ; to agree to. To come over, to repeat an act ; to revolt; to rise in distillation. To come out, to be made public ; to be discovered. To come out with, to give a vent to ; to let fly. To -come abroad, to be publicly known or published. To come to, to arrive at or attain ; to follow as a consequence ; to happen. To come again, to come a second time; to return. To come at, to reach. To come by, to obtain, gain, or acquire. To come in for, to be early enough to obtain a share of any thing, alluding to the custom of hunting, where those dogs that are slow come in for no share of the game. 2'o come near, to approach ; to assemble. To come off, to escape ; to quit or fall from, or leave. To come on, to thrive, or grow ; to advance to combat. To come to, to agree or consent ; to amount to, applied to arithmetic. To come to himself, &c., to recover from a fright or a fit. To come up tcith, to overtake. To come upon, to invade, attack, or seize un- expectedly. COME, interjection, implying an exhortation to attention, de- spatch, and courage, when used singly; but when repeated, it implies a grant, permission, supposition, or a transition from the topic which preceded, to avoid giving ofifence. COME, ad. means when it shall come. To come, in futurity ; not present. COME'DIAN, s. [comSdien, Fr.] one who acts on the stage. In a restrained sense, applied only to one who appears in a comedy ; but in a more loose sense, any actor. CO'MEDY, «. Ikome and ode, Gr.] a dramatic piece, represent- ing some diverting transaction, being an exact picture of com- mon life, exposing the faults of private persons, in order to render them ridiculous and universally avoided. CO'MELINESS, «. grace ; handsomeness united with an ap- pearance of dignity. CO'MELY, a. handsome, graceful, applied to that appearance which excites reverence rather than love. Applied to things, that which is suitable to a person's age and condition, consistent with virtue, or agreeable to the rules of right reason. CO'MELY, ad. in a graceful, becoming, and pleasing manner. CO'MER, s. that which soon grows, or rises above ground, ap- plied to plants. A visitor, a person who enters or settles in a COM place. To yive up oneself to the first coiner, is to embrace any doc- trine implicitly, and without examination. CO'MET, s. [kometes, Gr.] in Astronomy, a name given to a large class of bodies revolving round our sun in highly elliptical orbits, which present the appearance of a nucleus of luminous matter, surrounded by light luminous vapour, which streams oiF from the nucleus on the side away from the sun. As they are very unsubstantial, the disturbing forces they are exposed to in their orbits act on them with excessive violence. The resist- ance of the ether filling the planetary spaces has shortened the orbit of one, Encke's comet, bv some days, since it was first dis- covered. And the failure in the predicted return of some, which had been observed but once, and then indicated a very short period, may be accounted for by the perturbations which some of the larger planets occasioned them, having changed the cha- racter of their path during the time of the observation. There are three comets, the times of whose revolutions are ascertained and verified by their returns. The first, called Halley's, has ape- riod of 76 years, and was seen last in the autumn of 1835. The second, Encke's, has a period little exceeding 3 years ; and the third, Biela's, has a period of nearly 7 years ; but both these are telescopic. Beside these, there are some hundreds of all degrees of brilliancy, but mostly telescopic, of which nothing more is known than the results of isolated observations. The only theory respecting their nature, which has any claims to attention, is that which regards them as gaseous in their nature ; the fact of one of thein having gone between the moons of Jupiter without occa- sioning any derangement of that complex and beautiful system, and another having twice crossed the earth's orbit, when she was at 110 great distance, without any acceleration or retarda- tion having been detected, assures us that the matter composing them must be in a state of extreme tenuity. Beside which, stars of no great magnitude and brilliancy have been seen by constant observers, even through the nucleus itself. These bodies were, until late years, regarded as the causes of war, famine, pestilence, drought, &c. COMETA'RIUM, s. [Lat.] a mathematical machine, repre- senting the method of a comet's revolution. CO'METARY, Come'tic, a. that belongs or relates to a comet. CO'MFIT, s. [konft, Belg.] a dry sweet-meat ; any vegetable preserved by boiling it in sugar, and drying it afterwards. To CO'MPORT, V, a. [comforto, low Lat.] to strengthen, excite, invigorate, enliven, or make a person undertake a thing boldly by persuasions ; to make a person grow cheerful that is in sorrow, by advice and arguments. CO'MFORT, s. support, assistance, or countenance ; consola- tion, or support under calamity and danger. CO'MFORTABLE, a. receiving relief or support in distress ; affording consolation ; having the power of lessening distress. CO'MFORTABLY, ad. in a cheerful manner ; in a manner free from dejection or despair. CO'M PORTER, «. one that diminishes or lessens the degree of a person's sorrow under misfortunes ; one who strengthens and supports the mind in misery or danger. A title given both to Jesus Christ, and to the Spirit of Truth, in the New Testament. CO'MFORTLESS, a. without comfort, without any thing to lighten the burthen or allay the sensation of misfortunes; ap- plied both to persons and things. CO'MFREY, s. in Botany, a species of the Symphytum of Linnaeus, with leaves betwixt egg and spear shaped, running along the stem, and yellowish white or purple blossoms. It is found on the banks of rivers and wet ditches, flowering in Ma^. CO'MIC, Co'mical, a. [comique, Fr.] relating to or fit for comedy; ridiculous or causing mirth, either from an unusual assemblage of ideas, seemingly inconsistent, or antic gestures and polite raillery. CO'MICALLY, ad, in such a manner as to raise mirth, either by an association or assemblage of ideas seemingly inconsist-- ent, by polite or good-natured raillery, or by some odd or antic gestures. CO'MICALNESS, s. that quality by which a thing appears odd or ridiculous, and raises mirth in the mind. COMI'NES, PHILIP DE, a French nobleman, and the histo- rian of the events of the latter half of the 15th century. The be- ginning of his life he spent in the service of Charles the Bold, of Burgundy ; afterwards he entered the service of Louis XI. Charles VIII., after an interval of disfavour, continued this royal COM patrona^; and the events of which he was an eye-witness and a participant, he has recorded in a clear, straightforward way. He died in 1d09, aged about 63 years. COAMING, s. the act of moving towards a person or place; approach ; presence, or arrival ; the presence of a thing which was absent some time before. Coming-in, the product of a per- son's estate, pension, salary, or business. CCVMING, part, applied to the inclination, propensity, or affec- tion, fond ; forward ; easily complying. Applied to time, some- thing not present ; something future. COMi'TIAL, {komishal) a. [comitia, Lat.] relating to an as- sembly, applied particularly to that of the Romans. C0''MMA, s. [Gr.] in Grammar, a pause or stop marked thus (,) used to distinguish those parts of a sentence which serve as expletives to the chief factors or components thereof, but are not so distinct from it in syntax or sense as most subor- dinated accessory sentences are. In Music, the smallest of all the sensible intervals of tone, seldom used but in theorj', to show the justness of the concords, and is about the ninth part of a tone, or interval, whereby a perfect semitone, or tone, surpasses an imperfect one. In Natural Histoiy, a very beautiful moth, so called from its having a white mark on one of its wings, in the form of this point. To COMMA'ND, v. a. [commander, Fr.] to order, including the idea of authority ; to keep in subjection ; to oblige a person to perform any thing. Figuratively, to arrogate or claim by mere force ; to overlook ; to be situated above any place, so as to be able to look into or annoy it. COMMA'ND, s. authority or power. Figuratively, the exer- cise of authority, or enforcing obedience. In a military sense, the power of overlooking and taking or annoying any place. COMMA'NDER, s. he that has the direction of or authority over others. In a military sense, a leader, chief, or officer. Alsp, a paving-beetle, or rammer. In Surgery, an instrument, called likewise a glossocoraium, used in most tough, strong bo- dies, where the luxation has been of long continuance. COMMA'NDERY, s. the exercise of a command, or the office of a commander. In History, applied to a benefice or fixed re- venue belonging to a militarj- order, and conferred on ancient knights, who had done some considerable service to the order. COMMA'NDMENT,s. Icmnmandement, Ft.} an express order to do or abstain from any thing. When it orders any thing to be done, it is named a positive command; but when it forbids the doing a thing, it is then termed a negative command. COMMA'NDRESS, s. a woman vested with supreme authority. COMM ATE'RIAL, a. [con, or cum, and materia, Lat.] consist- ing of the same matter with another thing. COMMATERIA'LITY, «. of the same matter or substance with another; resemblance to something in its matter or sub- stance. COMME'MORABLE, a. [am and memorabilis, Lat.] deserving to be mentioned with honour and reverence, worthy to be cele- brated and kept in remembrance. To COMME'MORATE, v. a. to preserve the memory by some public act ; to celebrate solemnly. CX)MMEMORA'TION, s. the doing something in order to pre- serve the remembrance of any person or thing. COMME'MORATIVE, o. tending to preserve the remem- brance of anv person or thing. To COMM'E'NCE, v. n. [commencer, Fr.] to begin ; to take its beginning; to assume a new character which it never did be- fore, applied to persons and things. COMME'NCEMENT, s. beginning ; date. To COMME'IND, ». a. [con and mando, Lat.] to represent a per- son as possessed of those virtues that demand notice, approba- tion, and esteem ; to praise ; to deliver, or intrust, with confi- dence, and full assurance of protection ; to desire to be mentioned in a kind and respectful manner. COMME'NDABLE, a. worthy of praise. COMME'NDABLY, ad. laudably; in a manner worthy of commendation. COMME'NDAM, s. [commenda, low Lat] in Canons, a vacant benefice which is given to a person to supply till some other person is presented or named to it. COMME'NDATARY, «. one who holds a living on com- mendam. COMMENDATION, «. a favourable representation of a per- COM son's good qualities ; praise ; recommendation ; a message of kindness. COMME'NDATORY, a. that commands or engages notice, esteem, and approbation, from a favourable display ot good qua- lities; containing praises. COMME'NDER, s. one who praises or displays the virtues of another, in order to render him esteemed and beloved. COMMENSA'LITY, s. [con and mensa, Lat.] the act of eating, or sitting to eat, at the same table with another. COMMENSURABI'LITY, Comme'nsurableness, s. [con and mensura, Lat.] the capacity of being measured by some common measure or standard. COMME'NSURABLE, a. in Geometry, having some common aliquot part, or which may be measured by some common mea- sure, so as to leave no remainder. Thus an inch and a yard are commensurable, because an inch taken 3(5 times is a yard. To COMME'NSURATE, v. a. to reduce to one common mea- sure ; to extend as far as. COMME'NSURATE, a. reducible to one common measure; equal ; proportionate. COMME'NSURATELY, ad. a capacity of measuring or being measured by another, equally extensive. COMMENSURA'TION, s. the reduction of, or measuring a thing, by some common measure ; proportion. To CO'MMENT, v. n. [commentor, Lat.] to write notes ; to ex- plain, interpret, or expound. CO'MMEN T, s. notes or annotations, in order to explain an author ; exposition ; explanation ; remark. CO'MMENTARY, s. [cmnmentarius, Lat.] a continued and cri- tical explanation of the sense of an author. CO'MMENTATOR, s. one who writes remarks, notes, or ex- planations of an author. COMMENTFTIOUS, (kommentishioas) a. [commentator, Lat.] in- vented; forged; fictitious; without any existence but in the brain. CO'MMERCE, s. [cum and merces, Lat.] the exchange of com- modities, or the buying and selling merchandise both at home and abroad, in order to gain profit, and increase the conveni- ences of life. Commerce, that is, the intercourse of nations for the exchange of their several productions, has been one of the main agents in promoting civiUzation. By extending the sphere of human knowledge, — by accustoming men to wide differences of language, customs, and modes of thinking, — by unfolding to view interests which, relating to humanity at lar^e, dwarf all the greatest interests of any particular section of mankind,— by making men feel the superiority of actual manly worth and power over the factitious dignity of birth and station, — it has operated thus. Not that it is able to carry men beyond a certain stage in the progress of the race, far short of the goal ; for it tends in turn to produce feelings and institutions as injmical to the greatest interests of man as feudalism itself. An aristocracy of capitalists, and the spirit of trade developed to gigantic pro- portions, are the evils to be watched for and prevented. But wherever nations have given it free scope, it has brought good to them ; where they have hindered, discouraged, or prevented it, they have damaged themselves ; and where they have sought to quicken its growth and force its development by legislative stimuli, they have damaged themselves in another way. The his- tory of the great trading nations of old. Tyre, Babylon, Egypt, Carthage, Israel under Solomon, exhibit different aspects of the influence of commerce. Athens and Sparta afford a most in- structive contrast of the two opposite classes of evils which in- terference with commerce entails. Rome developed the result of every influence commerce can exert, in her long career. In the middle ages we have, in Persia and Arabia under the successors of the warlike Caliphs, in the republics of Italy, and in the impe- rial or Hanse towns of Germany, some fine and most instructive examples. Spain and Portugal on one side, and Holland on the other, repeat these lessons in the next period. And now we have in China on one side, and Great Britain and the United States on the other, the story without an end. The tendency of the legislation of the present age is, undoubtedlj', to set free commerce from all restrictions, and to withhold from it all ad- ventitious supports. This is what should be promoted by every effort every man can make : and meanwhile it should be remem- bered, that education can carry mankind on to leng:ths which commerce could never reach ; and that religion can raise men to heights which education alone could never^ attain. Synon. 2 D 201 COM Commerce is used figuratively, for intercourse of any kind. Traffic, relates more to the exchanging of merchandise ; trade and com- merce, to that of buying and selling; with this difference, that trade seems to imply the manufacturing and vending of merchan- dise within ourselves; commerce, negociatin^ with other countries. COMME'RCIAL, a. belonging or relating to trade or com- merce. To CO'MMIGRATE, v. n. [con and migro, Lat.] to move in a body, or with one common consent, from one country to another. COMMIGRA'TION, s. the removal of a large number of per- sons or animals from one country to another. COMMINA'TION, s. [cum and minor, Lat.] a threat, a declar- ation or denunciation of punishment or vengeance for any crime ; an office of the Church of England, containing threatenings de- nounced against certain crimes, and recited on Ash-Wednesday. COMMI'NATORY, a. applied to a clause in any law or edict, importing a punishment for the breach or violation of it. COMMINU'IBLE, a. [comminm, Lat.] that may be broken, powdered, or reduced into small parts. To COMMINU'TE, v. a. to pulverize ; to grind ; to break into small parts. COMMINU'TION, s. the act of reducing into small particles, by grinding, powdering, breaking, or chewing. COMMl'SERABLE, a. [con and misereor, Lat.] that deserves, or is the object of, pity and relief; showing pity and compassion to persons in distress. To COMMI'SERATE, v. a. to pity ; to compassionate. Sy- NON. We naturally commiserate the sorrows of one we love. VVe may pity, and yet not have compassion. We may have both pity and compassion, yet not commiserate. COMMISERA'TION, s. [commiseratio, Lat.] a tender, sympa- thizing, and affectionate regard for those in distress. CO'MMISSARY, «. [commmanus, low Lat.] an officer commis- sioned occasionally for a certain purpose ; a delegate or deputy. In church government, one who exercises ecclesiastical jurisdic- tion in such places as are at a considerable distance from the bishop's see. In the army, a commissary-general of the musters, is one who takes a view of the numbers or strength of every re- giment, sees that the horse are well mounted, and that the men be well clothed and accoutred. Commissary-general of provisions furnishes the army with every necessary for its food. COMMISSION, s. [committo, Lat.] the act of intrusting any thing ; a trust ; a warrant by which any trust is held. In Com- mon Law, the warrants or letters patent, which all persons, ex- ercising jurisdiction, have to empower them to hear and deter- mine any cause or suit, as Commission of the judges, &c. There are a great variety of Commissions issued from the crown. In Trade, it sometimes means the power of acting for another, and some- times the premium or reward a person receives for so doing, which is I, 1, 2, 3, or more per cent., according to the nature or circum- stances of the affair. To COMMI'SSION, f. a. to authorize, empower, appoint, or give a person authority to discharge an office. COMMI'SSIONER, s. one whose name is inserted in any war- rant for the discharge of a public office ; one empowered to act in a particular quality by patent or warrant. COMMI'SSURE, s. [commissura, Lat.] a joint ; or a place where two bodies, or the parts of an animal body, are joined together. To COMMI'T, V. a. [committo, Lat.] to intrust ; or trust a per- son ; to send a person to prison ; to perform, act, or perpetrate some crime or f^iult. COMMITMENT, s. the act of sending a person to prison ; imprisonment. COMMI'TTEE, s. a number of persons to whom the consider- ation, examination, or execution of any affair is referred. COMMITTER, s. a perjjetrator ; he that commits. C031MITTIBLE, a. liable to be committed ; worthy of im- prisonment. To COMML'X, V. a. [con and misceo, Lat.] to mix, blend, or join several things together, or into one mass. COMMI'XION, CoMMi'XTioN, s. mixture ; incorporation. COMMl'XTURE, s. the act of mingling; the state of being mingled ; incorporation. COMMO'DE, s. [Fr.] the head-dress of a woman. COMMO'DIOUS, a. [commodus, Lat.] suitable to any particular purpose ; free from any hinderance or obstruction ; convenient ; 202 COM seasonable, or suitable; spacious, well contrived, applied to building. COMMO'DIOUSLY, ad. in a convenient manner, applied to situation. Enjoying the necessaries and comforts of life, applied to condition. Fitted or suited to any particular end or view. COMMO'DIOUSNESS, s. the fitness or suitableness of a thing to any end ; advantage. COMMO'DITY, s. [commoditas, Lat.] conveniency, profit, in- terest, or advantage. In Commerce, wares, goods, merchandise, or that which is the object of trade. CO'MMODORE, s. in the navy, an under admiral, or per- son commissioned to command a squadron of ships. When three or more sail of ships are in company, the eldest captain assumes this post, and has this title. The commodore's snip is distin- guished by a broad red pendant, tapering towards the outer end, and sometimes forked. COMMODUS, L. ^LIUS AURELIUS, the emperor of Rome who succeeded Marcus Aurelius. The outset of his public life inspired great hope, but he soon gave himself up to the practice of everj' private and public evil that his station gave him the op- portunity of doing. He sacrificed, without compunction, all who thwarted his will in any way; and after having been repeatedly E lotted against without success, he was poisoned by his concu- ine. He was killed in 193, having reigned 13 years. CO'MMON, a, [communis, Lat.] that is enjoyed by different species of animals ; belonging equally^ to more than one ; the property of no person ; without a proprietor or possessor; vulvar ; mean ; trifling ; frequently seen ; usual ; easy to be had ; of lit- tle value; general; public; intended for the use of every body. In Grammar, applied to such verbs as signify both action and passion. Applied to nouns, such as signify both sexes under one term, as parent signifies both father and mother. CO'MMON, «. an open field, free for any inhabitant of the lordship wherein the common lies to graze his cattle in. To CfO'MMON, V. n. to enjoy a right of pasture in an open neld in conjunction with others. CO'MMONABLE, a. that may become open or free, applied to ground. CO'MMONAGE, s. in Law, the right of pasture in a common ; or fishing in another person's water; or of digging turf in the ground of another ; the joint right of using any thing equally and together with others. CO'MMONALTY, s. [comnmnaute, Fr.] the people of the lower rank ; the common people. Figuratively, the major part or bulk of mankind. CO'MMONER, s. one of the common people ; one of low rank ; a person who bears no title ; one who has a seat in the House of Commons. In Law, one who has a joint right to pasture, &c. in an open field. In the university, one who wears a square cap with a tassel when under-graduate, is of rank between a battler and gentleman commoner, and eats at the common table. COMMONITION, s. [con and mcmeo, Lat.] advice, warning. CO'MMON LAW, s. customs, which by long prescription have obtained the force of law, and were received as laws in England, before any statute was enacted in parliament to alter the same; and are now distinguished from the statute law. CO'MMON LY, arf. generally ; frequently; usually. COMMON-ME'ASURE, s. in Aritnmetic, any number which divides any other two or more numbers without any remainder. Greatest common-measure, is the highest in amount in cases where two or more numbers will serve as common-measures. CO'MMONNESS, s. frequency, or repetition; participation among, or application to several. To COMMONPLA'CE, v. a. to reduce to and transcribe under general heads. COMMONPLACE-BOOK, s. a book wherein things or ex- tracts are recorded alphabetically, or reduced to general heads, in order to assist a person's memory, or enable him to supply himself with any curious observations on any topic he wants. CO'MMON-PLEAS, s. the queen's court, now held at West- minster, but formerly movable ; it was erected at the time that Henry III. granted the great charter. In personal and 'mixed actions, it has a concurrent jurisdiction with the Queen's Bench, but has no cognizance of the pleas of the crown ; the actions come hither by originals ; the chief judge is called Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, who is assisted by three other judges, all of them created by letters patent. CO'MMON-PRAYER, s. the liturgy, or forms of service, used by the Church of England. CO'MMONS, s. the vulgar; the lower sort of people; the Lower House of parliament, consisting of members chosen by the various cities, towns, and counties of England, according to the law and customs of the land. A portion of food or victuals usually eaten at one meal, so called at the universities. COMMON WE'AL, Commonwe'ai.th, (kommontoeel, hommm- toelth) s. in its primary sense, used in Law, the common good ; a regular form of government or polity, established by common consent ; a form of government in which the supreme power is lodged in the people; a republic ; a democracy. CO'MMORANCE, Co'MMOR.tNCY, s. dwelling; habitation; abode ; residence. CO'MMORANT, a. [commoror, Lat.] resident ; dwelling ; tar- rying; sojourning. COMMOTION, s. {comrnoveo, Lat.] tumult, disturbance, sedi- tion, disorder, or confusion, arising from the turbulent dispo- sitions of its members, applied to a state. Figuratively, inward confusion or violence ; disorder of mind ; perturbation ; a vio- lent motion or agitation. To COMMUTVE, v. n. [eommunieo, Lat.] to converse ; to talk together ; to impart sentiments mutually. COMMUNICABI'LITY, s. an open or generous disposition, whereby a person is willing to impart his sentiments to another ; the possibility or power of being imparted or communicated to another. COMMU'NICABLE, a. [Fr.] that may become the property of, or be related or imparted to, another ; used with to. COMMU'NICANT, s. one who partakes of the Lord's supper. To COMMU'NICATE, v. n. [communico, Lat.] to impart to an- other ; to make another a joint partaker with ourselves ; to con- fer or bestow a possession ; to discover one's sentiments or knowledge to another. — v. n. to partake of the Lord's supper ; to be connected or joined ; to have something common with an- other. COMMUNICA'TION, s. [communication, Fr.] applied to science, the act of imparting, discovering, or revealing. A common in- let or passage, leading from one place to another; the mutual inteUigence kept up between persons or places ; a conversation, conference, or imparting a person's sentiments in mutual dis- course. COMMU'NICATIVE, a. inclined to make advantages com- mon ; liberal of benefits or knowledge ; not close ; not selfish. COMMUNICATIVENESS, s. readiness of imparting benefits or knowledge to others. COMMU'NION, s. [communis, Lat.] intercourse ; fellowship ; common possession ; a partaking of the same thing. Also, the celebration of the Lord's supper. COMMU'NITY, s. [cotnmunitas, from communis, Lat.] a govern- ment ; a body of people united together in the same form of government ; common participation, possession, or enjoyment, opposed to approbation. COMMUTABFLITY, s. the quality of being the proper object of interchange, or of being capable of exchange. COMMUTABLE, a. that may be ransomed or redeemed. COMMUTATION, s. [eommuto, Lat.] change, alteration, bar- tering; the exchanging a corporeal for a pecuniary punishment. Tithe Commutation Act, a statute changing the levying of a tenth on all the produce of land into an annual rent-charge, deter- mined in its amount by the average price of corn for seven pre- ceding years. COMMUTA'TIVE, a. relating to exchange. Commutative justice, that which is exercised in trade, and is opposed to fraud or extortion in buying and selling. To COMMUTE, v. a. to exchange; to put one thing in the place of another ; to buy off, or ransom.— ». n. to atone ; to bar- gain for exemption. COMMUTUAL, «. mutual ; reciprocal. Used only in poetry. " Commutual zeal," Pope. CO''MO, a town, lake, and district of that part of the Austrian empire which lies S. of the Alps, and was once Lombardy. The lake is about 5 miles in breadth, and 88 in circumference, and is surrounded by most enchanting scenery. The town is situ- ated on the S. extremity of the lake. The inhabitants have established several manufactories of cotton and silk, and trade with the Grisons. It is 20 miles N. W. of Milan. Its population COM is under 20,000. Lat. 4.5. 44. N. Long. 9. 7. E. The district lies between Bergamo and the lake Maggiore, and is bounded on the N. by the Grisons, and on the S. by Milan. It is a hilly region, abounding with fertile spots, yielding excellent wine and fruits. On account of its climate and rich scenery it has always been the resort of the rich, whose villas are very numerous. There are about 400,000 inhabitants. CO'MORIN, CAPE, the southernmost point of Hindustan. Lat. 8. 0. N. Long. 77. 35. E. CO'MORO ISLANDS, a cluster of islands in the Indian Ocean, lying opposite to the coast of Zangiiebar, in Africa, N. W. of Madagascar. They are four in number, Johanna or Anjoin, Mayotta, Mohilla, and Comoro or Angazija. Comoro, which gives name to the rest, is the largest, but Anjoin is the chief in importance. The mountains are lofty, and richly clothed with wood, chiefly fruit-trees ; fine streams are numerous, and the grass and trees are green throughout the year. They pro- duce rice, yams, all kinds of tropical fruits, and honey. At Anjoin the sultan resides. The natives are more numerous than their Mohammedan masters, but cannot get rid of them. The East India Company's ships often touch here for refreshments. The people on the coast speak English intelligibly. They pre- serve the language and manners of Arabia, and are not of so dark a complexion as the original natives. The entire popula-" tion is about 12,000. CO'MPACT, s. [compactitm, Lat.] a bargain or agreement en- tered into by two or more parties ; a contract. To COMPA'CT, V. a. to unite or join together closely; to con- solidate, or render solid by pressing the particles of a body close together; to league, or enter into a bargain. COMPA'CT, a. close, dense, and heavy ; having few pores, and those very small. Applied to style, concise, or containing much matter in few words. COMPA'CTLY, ad. in a close, neat manner. COMPA'CTNESS, s. firmness, hardness, density. COMPA'CTURE, s. the manner in which any thing is joined ; a joint or joining. COMPA'GES, s. [Lat.] a composition or system wherein se- veral things are joined or united. COMPAGINATION, s. [compago, Lat.] union, or joining se- veral parts together. COMPA'NION, s. [compasnon, Fr.] one with whom a person frequently converses, or with whom he is generally seen. COMPA'NION ABLE, a. fit for the company of others ; agree- able ; sociable. COMPA'NIONSHIP, «. a body of men forming one company ; fellowship or association. CO'MPANY, s. [compagnie, Fr.] several persons assembled in the same room, either for conversation or mutual entertainment; several persons united together to carry on one general and common design ; a number of persons united or incorporated by some charter ; a body corporate ; a corporation. The several professions and bodies exercised in the city of London, are in- corporated into distinct fraternities, called guilds, governed by their particular laws. There were formerly various trading com- panies, some of which have become extinct. By far the most im- portant of any now existing, is the East India Company. Joint- stock Companies are combinations for trading with capital raised by shares, the profits of which are divided amongst the share- holders in proportion to their shares. It is usually restricted to Banking Companies. In Military Affairs, Company means a small body of infantry, under one captain. In the Marine, a number of merchant ships going the same voyage, and mutually bound by charter party, to stand by and defend each other. To bear or keep company, is to go with a person, or to visit him often. To CO'MPANY, V. a. to be often in a person's presence ; to go or walk with a person ; to attend ; to associate with. CO'MPARABLE, a. worthy to be compared; equal to, or re- sembling. COMPARABLY, ad. in such a manner as is worthy of com- parison ; in a comparative manner. CO'MPARATES, s. in Logic, the two things compared to one another. COMPA'RATIVE, a. [compare, Lat.] that results merely from a comparison with another ; that has the power of forming a comparison, or comparing two things or ideas t<^gether, in order to find out their resemblance or difference. In Grammar, the 2 D 2 203 COM comparative degree is the form into which an adjective or adverb is put, either by inflexion, or the use of other adverbs, to express the relation of the subject, or of the verb, to some other like thing, or action, in reference to the intensity of its manifestation of the attribute expressed by such words. COMPA'RATIVELY, ad. in a comparative manner ; accord- ing to the distance or likeness found from comparing. To COMPA'RE, V. a. to bring two or more things together, in order, by an inspection of them, to find in what they agree or differ; to apply one thing as the measure of another; to liken. When the comparison intends only an illustration of a thing by its likeness, then to or iinto is used before the thing brought by way of illustration. But when persons or things are compared together, to discover in what they agree or disagree, or their re- lative proportions, then icith is used. COMPA'RE, s. the state of being compared; likeness; estimate or judgment formed on comparison. COMPA'RISON, s. [comparaison, Fr.] judging of the difference of two things, by examining, or comparing them together ; the state of a thing compared. In Grammar, the formation of an adjective through the various degrees in which the signification is heightened or diminished, as soft, softer, softest. To COMPA'RT, V. a. [compartir, Fr.] to divide or lay down a feneral design or plan, in all its different parts, divisions, or sub- ivisions. COMPARTI'TION, s. the act of comparting or laying down the several parts or divisions of any plan or design. Figuratively, the part of any plan. In Architecture, the useful and graceful distribution of the whole ground-plot of an edifice into rooms of oflice, of reception, and entertainment. COMPA'RTMENT, s. [compartiment, Fr.] a design composed of different figures, disposed with symmetrj-, as ornaments of a parterre, ceiling, or picture : a division of a picture, or design. To CO'MPASS, V. a. [compasser, Fr.] to surround; to enclose; to stand round in a ring ; to besiege or block up ; to grasp or en- close in the arms; to obtain, attain, secure, or have. CO'MPASS, s. orbit ; revolution ; extent or limit ; enclosure. In Music, the power of the voice, or of an instrument, to sound any particular note. In Navigation, an instrument consisting of a box, in which a magnetical needle is suspended so as to play freely, and thus point out the magnetic N., and enable pilots to steer their vessels with assurance of safety at all times. Com- passes, a mathematical instrument, consisting of two branches, fastened together at the top by a pivot, about which they move as on a centre, and are used in taking distances, drawing circles, and in working problems in the mathematics. COMPA'SSION, s. [compassion, Fr.] a disposition of mind which inclines us to feel the miseries of others with the same pain and sorrow as if they were our own. COMPA'SSIONATE, a. easily affected with sorrow or pain, on viewing the calamities and distresses of others. To COMPA'SSIONATE, r. a. to pity, and be moved with sorrow at the sufferings of others. COMPA'SSIONATELY, ad. in a pitying, tender, sympa- thizing manner. COMPATE'RNITY, «. [con and paternitas, Lat.] the relation of a Godfather to the person for whom he answers. COMPATIBI'LITY, s. consistency ; the power or possibility of coexisting in the same subject, or at the same time ; agreement. COMPA'TIBLE, a. [cojnpeto, Lat.] consistent with ; fit for ; suitable to ; becomirig or agreeable to. COMPA'TIBLENESS, s. the quality of agreeing with. COMPA'TIBLY, ad. fitly; suitably, so as to be applicable to the same subject, and coexist in it at the same time. COMPA'TRIOT, s. Icon and patria, Lat.] one of the same country. COMPE'ER, s. [cotnpere, Fr.] an equal in rank; an associate or companion. To COMPE'ER, V. a. to be equal with in quality ; to match. To COMPE'L, V. a. [compello, Lat.] to make a person do or refrain from some act by force ; to extort by force ; used with from, before the person suffering the violence. COMPE'LLABLE, a. that may be forced. COMPE'LLER, s. he that makes a person do or refrain from an action bv force. CO'MPEND, s. [compendium, Lat.] in Literature, signifies abridgment, epitome, extract, or summary. 204 COM COMPE'NDIOUS, a. concise; brief, or containing much in few words, applied to style. Near, or short, applied to travelling. COMPENDIOUSLY, ad. in a short or concise manner. COMPE'NDIOUSNESS,*. brevity, or shortness; the quality of containing much in a short space, or performing much in a short time. COMPE'NDIUM, s. [Lat.] an abridgment of discourse; a short or concise method of writing on any subject. COMPE'NSABLE, a. [compenso, Lat.] that may be recom- pensed. To COMPE'NSATE, v. a. to make amends for ; to countervail ; to counterbalance. COMPENSA'TION, s. amends ; recompence; a thing of equal value to another; an equivalent. COMPE'NSATIVE, a. that compensates, or countervails. CO'MPETENCE, Co'mpetency, s. [compete, Lat.] such a quantity as is just sufficient, without superfluities; such a for- tune as is sufficient to supply the necessaries of life, and is be- tween poverty on one side, and affluence on the other. In Law, the right or authority of a judge, whereby he takes cognizance of any thing. CO'MPETENT, a. suitable; proportionable; sufliicient in numbers, quantity, or power, to any undertaking; moderate; qualified or fit for ; consistent with ; applicable to. CO'MPETENTLY, ad. properly ; sufficiently ; without excess or defect. COMPETI'TION, s. [con and peto, Lat.] the endeavouring to gain something in opposition to another ; rivalry; contest; op- position. COMPE'TITOR, s. [Lat.] one who claims or endeavours to gain something in opposition to another ; a rival. COMPIE'GNE, a town in the department of Oise, France. It stands on a sloping ground near the river whence the department is named, and is not remarkable in appearance. It has a bridge over the river. Several branches of manufacture are carried on here, and it has some trade, chieffy in agricultural produce. Its history, and the royal park adjoining, have made it known. It is 4.5 miles from Paris. Population, about 10,000. Lat. 49. 26. N. Long. 3. 0. E. COMPILA'TION, s. [compilo, Lat.] a collection from various authors ; an assemblage or mass of things heaped together. To COMPI'LE, V. a. to form or collect from various authors. Figuratively, to write ; compose ; to form from an assemblage of various circumstances or incidents. COMPI'LEMENT, «. the act of piling together; the act of heaping up. CO>rPrLER, ». a collector; one who composes a work from various authors. COMPLA'CENCE, Compla'cency, «. [complacentia, Lat.] a satisfaction arising in the mind on viewing some action which is worthy of its approbation, or in contemplating something which, on account of its amiableness, produces joy ; the cause of joy, of rational pleasure and satisfaction ; a genteel address, which bespeaks approbation, and causes pleasure; civility, com- plaisance, politeness, applied to behaviour. COMPLA'CENT, a. affable; kind; civil; poHte. To COMPLA'IN, V. n. [complaindre, Fr.] to find fault with ; to charge a person with having been guilty of some crime. — v. a. to weep, lament, or bewail. COMPLAINANT, s. one who urges a suit, or commences a prosecution against another. COMPLA'INER, s. one who complains ; a murmurer ; a la- mented COMPLA'INT, «. [complainte, Fr.] a mournful representation of injuries or pain ; grief; the act of finding fault with any thing. Figuratively, the cause of dissatisfaction, or complaining. COMPLAISA'NCE, s. [complaisance, Fr.] a civil behaviour, whereby a person complies with the inclinations of another, in order to insinuate himself into his esteem and favour. Svnon. Complaisance is the characteristic of the lover ; politeness, of the courtier ; but to be well-bred denotes the gentleman. COMPLAISA'NT, a. [complaisant, Fr.] civil ; polite ; endea- vouring to please. COMPLAISA'NTLY, ad. in a civil, kind, condescending, and polite manner. To COMPLA'NATE, Compla'ne, v. a. [complano, Lat.] to level, to make smooth and flat. COM CO'MPLEMENT, «. [compleo, Lat.] that which perfects or com- pletes any thing; a full, complete, or requisite quantity or num- ber. In Geometrj', applied to the arc of a circle, what it wants of 90 degrees ; applied to parallelograms, are the parallelograms, which, when lines parallel to the sides are drawn, cutting each other in the diagonal, thus dividing the whole into certain num- bers of similar hgures, touch the point of intersection. In Na- vigation, applied to a course, what it wants of 90 degrees, 8 points, or a quarter of a circle. In Astronomy, the distance of a star from the zenith. Complement of the curtain, in Fortification, is that part in the interior side of it which makes the demi-gorge. Arithmetical compleDient, is what any number lacks to make it even with the unit of the next higher denomination. Comple- ment of a logarithm, is what a logarithm wants of 10. COMPLE'TE, a. [computus, Lat.] finished ; perfect ; wanting nothing ; without defects ; ended ; concluded. Synon. We may easily make a thing complete, and, with much T^sans, finish it; after all, it may not be perfect. To COMPLE'TE, v. a. to perfect ; to finish ; to answer per- fectly. COMPLE'TELY, ad. perfectly; fully; in a perfect manner. COMPLETENESS, s. perfection; a quality which implies a thing to be finished without defect. COMPLE'TION, s. the existence of some circumstance pre- dicted, whereby every part of a prophecy is fulfilled ; accomplish- ment ; the greatest height, or perfect state. CO'MPLEX, s. [complector, Lat.] a collection, summary, or the whole of a thing, consisting of several parts. CO'MPLEX, Comple'xed, a. compounded ; consisting of se- veral parts; including several particulars. COMPLE'XEDNESS, s. composition ; containing a variety of circumstances or particulars. COMPLE'XION, s. the enclosure or involution of one thing in another ; the colour of the outward part of the body, particularly that of the countenance. In Physic, the temperature, habit, or disposition of the body. A sanguine complexion, is that of hot or warm persons, and is so called from the blood being thought to be more predominant in such. COMPLE'XIONAL, a. depending merely on the habit or tem- perature of the body. COMPLE'XIONALLY, ad. by complexion, or by the habit of the body, or predominancy of some ot the fluids. COMPLE'XLY, ad. in a compound manner ; consisting of se- veral particulars, opposed to simply. COMPLE/XNESS, s. the state or quality of being composed of several particulars different from each other. COMPLE'XURE, s. the compounding or uniting of one thing with others. COMPLI'ANCE, s. the yielding consent to a thing proposed ; the ready performance of a thing requested ; condescending so far to the humours of a person, as to do every thing he can de- sire or expect ; condescension. COMPLI'ANT,^a)<. yielding to the touch ; bending with any force ; yielding, condescending. To CO'MPLICATE, v. a. [complieo, Lat.] to join or add one thing or action to another; to compose or make a whole, by the uniting of several things different from each other. CO'MPLICATE, a. compounded of a variety of parts. COMPLICA'TION, s. [complieo, Lat.] the joining, mixing, blending, or involving several things in one another ; a whole consisting of several things. COMPLI'ER, s. a man of an easy temper ; a man of ready compliance. CO'MPLIMENT, s. [compliment, Fr.] a profession of great esteem, or an expression of approbation or praise, merely from ceremony and politeness ; a mere ceremonious expression. To CO'MPLIMENT, v. a. to make use of expressions of re- spect, from a bare principle of good behaviour and ceremony ; to speak in praise of a thing or person, contrary to one's real sen- timents and opinion.— f. n. to use ceremonious or adulatory lan- guage. COMPLIME'NTAL, a. expressive of respect and civility. COMPLIME'NTALLY, ud. in a mere ceremonious manner. COMPLIME'NTER, s. a person abounding in compliments. CO'MPLINE, s. [compline, Fr.] the last of the canonical hours in the Romish daily service. COMPLO'T, s. [Fr.] a plot, or ill design, concerted and conspiracy or con- carried on by two or more persons : federacy. To COMPLOT, V. a. [complotter, Fr.] to join in a design ; to bring about an ill design. COMPLO'TTER, s. one who joins in a plot ; a conspirator. To COMPLY', V. n. [compiler, Fr.] to consent to any request ; to suit oneself to a person's humours ; to yield to. COMPO'NENT, a. [componens, Lat.] that composes or contri- butes to the forming of a compound body. To COMPO'RT, V. n. [comporter, Fr.] to suit, to agree with ; to act agreeably or suitably to. COMPO'RT, s. behaviour ; manner of looking and acting ; conduct. COMPO'RTABLE, a. consistent, opposed to contradictory. COMPO'RTMENT, s. behaviour or conduct. To COMPO'SE, (kompdtu!. The s in this word and its deriva- tives is sounded like z,) v. a. [composer, Fr. compono, Lat.] to form a mass, consisting of several things joined together ; to form or consist of; to place in a proper form; to join words to- gether in a discourse with art and care ; to reduce to a state of calmness, rest, and quiet ; to reconcile. With printers, to put the letters in order in the composing stick. In Music, to set any thing to tune; to form a proper collection, order, or disposi- tion of the notes. COMPO'SED, part, calm, serious, sedate, undisturbed. COMPO'SEDLY, ad. in a calm, serious, serene, or sedate manner; free from any perturbation or confusion. COMPO'SEDNESS, s. sedateness ; calmness ; tranquillity of mind; a freedom from any disturbance or disorder, applied to the mind. COMPO'SER, s. an author or writer on any subject; one that adapts or sets words to music, or forms a tune from a peculiar assemblage of the notes of music. COMPO'SITE, a. [compono, Lat.] in Architecture, one of the five orders of columns, termed likewise the Italian or Roman order ; its capital is formed from the Ionic and Corinthian order. Composite numbers, are those that can be measured by some other number above unity, as 12 by 2, 3, 4, 6. COMPOSI'TION, s. [compositio, Lat.] the act of forming a whole from parts different from each other ; the act of combining simple thoughts together, in order to form a complex one ; the distribution or orderly placing of the several parts of a plan, de- sign, or picture ; the work or production of an author ; an agree- ment; contract; a reconciliation, or terms in which differences or quarrels are settled. In Commerce, a contract, whereby a creditor accepts part of his debt in compensation for the whole. In Grammar, the formation of sentences, or prefixing a particle or other word to any word, to increase, diminish, or alter its sig- nification. In Music, the art of disposing notes, so as to form tunes or airs. Composition of forces, velocities, ^c, in Mechanics, is the discovery of the direction, amount, &c. of the forces, &c., which combined produce a result, the direction, amount, &c. of which is known. See Resolution. COMPO'SITOR, s. [compositeur, Fr.] in Printing, the person who works at the case, sets up the forms, and prepares the types, by arranging them properly therein for printing. CO'MPOST, s. [Fr. from compono, Lat.] a mixture of different soils together, in order to make a manure for assisting the natural soil, so as to amend, improve, and render it more fruitful. To CO'MPOST, V. a. to manure ; to enrich, or improve ground by mixture of different soils. CO'MPOSTELLA, St. Jago de, a city, the capital of Galicia, in Spain, seated on a peninsula formed by the rivers Sar and Sarela. It contains many religious houses, 12 churches, and a university, which, with the public squares, are very magnificent. In former days it was one of the holy places to which great num- bers of pilgrims continually journeyed, under the belief incul- cated by the Romish Church, that it was an act of great merit, and power for the remission of sins. It is 205 miles from Ma- drid. It has a population of about 30,000. Lat. 43. 0. N. Long. 8. 25. W. COMPO'SURE, {homp6zure) s. the writing or inditing a work ; composition or production, applied to books. Arrangement, mixture, or order ; frame ; make ; temperament ; sedateness. Adjustment, or reconciliation, applied to difference or quarrels. COMPOTA'TION, s. [con and poto, Lat.] the act of drinking or tippling together. ^ COM To COMPOU'ND, V. a. [con and pono, Lat.] to mingle several ingredients together; to form by unity several things together; to place together in different lights, attitudes, or positions; to produce by being united ; to reconcile, or put an end to a differ- ence or quarrel, by concessions or compliance with the demands of an adversary ; to pay a part of a debt, for want of a capacity to discharge the whole, and to be cleared for that reason from any farther demand ; to agree on certain terms ; to contract. CO'M POUND, a. formed or produced by several ingredients, opposed to simple. In Grammar, formed by joining two or more words. The primary rules of Arithmetic are called so, when ap- plied to quantities of more than one denomination in value, as pounds, shillings, and pence ; or cwts., lbs., ozs. Compound In- terest, is the interest paid after a lapse of years, on the amount of the principal and the annual interest added annually to it, and is therefore a higher rate than simple interest ; e. g. any sum of money at 5 per cent, per ann., compound interest, is doubled in about 14 years ; the same sum at the same rate, simple interest, would not be doubled till the end of 20 years. Compound FracMre, in Surgery, is when any bone is broken in more nlaces than one at the same time. COMPOUND, s. the mass formed by the union of two or more ingredients. COMPOU'NDABLE, a. that may be united together so as to form one mass ; capable of being united. COMPOU'NDEK, s. one who endeavours to bring adverse parties to an agreement ; a reconciler. In the University, a per- son of superior rank or fortune, who is allowed to commute for residence, by paying extraordinary tines. To COMPREHE'ND, v. a. [con and prehendo, Lat.] to comprise, include, contain, or imply ; to have an adequate, clear, and deter- mined idea of any doctrine or proposition. Synon. We compre- hetid ifi\\a.t is reducible to the forms of the understanding, e. g. the laws of nature ; we apprehend what we know, yet cannot re- duce to those forms, e. g. the Creator and Sustainer of the works of nature. COMPREHE'NSIBLE, a. [comprehensible, Fr.] capable of being perfectly and clearlv known. COMPREHE'NS'IBLY, ad. in a large extent, applied to the acceptation of words. COMPREHE'NSION, s. [con and prehendo, Lat.] the act or quality of comprising or containing; a summary compendium or abstract ; capacity, or the power of the mind to admit several ideas at once. Comprehension, in English Church History, de- notes a scheme for relaxing the terms of conformity, in behalf of Protestant Dissenters, and admitting them into the communion of the Church. It was attempted in 1667-8, and 1674, and again immediately after the Revolution, but always failed. It has been proposecf since, by various members of the Church of England. The union of Dissenters and Churchmen in any ec- clesiastical organization is an utter impossibility. See Dissent. COMPREHE'NSIVE, a. able to understand many things at once ; comprising much in a narrow compass ; extensive. COMPREHE'NSIVELY, ad. in a compendious or concise manner. COMPREHE'NSIVENESS, s. the quality of including much in a narrow compass. To COMPRE'SS, I', a. [comprimo, Lat.] to reduce in a narrow compass by force ; to squeeze closer together. COMPRE'SS, s. in Surgery, a bolster formed of linen cloth, folded into several doubles, laid under a bandage, to prevent a wound from bleeding or swelling, or to retain the remedies ap- COMPRESSIBI'LITY, s. the quality of being reduced by force into a narrower compass. COMPRE'SSIBLE, a. capable of being reduced by force into a narrower conipass. COMPRE'SSION, s. [Lat.] the action of bringing the particles of a body nearer together by external force, and thereby decreas- ing its bulk or dimension ; the act of pressing together. COMPRE'SSURE, s. the act or force of a body pressing upon another. To COMPRI'SE, {komprize) v. a. [compris, Fr.] to contain ; to include ; to comprehend. COMPROBA'TION, s. [con and probo, Lat.] confirming by a joint testimony of two or more persons. CO'MPROMISE, {k6m]>riESS, 8. curdling; coagulation; or the gather- ing several fluids into a solid mass. CONCRE'TION, s. the act whereby a soft body becomes hard, or the particles of a fluid become fixed, so as not to yield to*the touch ; the coalition or uniting of several particles so as to form one mass. CONCRE'TIVE, a. that has the power of uniting several par- ticles together, so as to form one mass ; that has the power of turning; a fluid into a solid ; that has the power of producing co- agulation, or the curdling of a fluid body. CONCRE'TURE, s. a mass formed by the cohesion of several particles. CONCU'BINAGE, s. [Fr.] the act of living or cohabiting with a woman, as a wife, without being married. CO'NCUBINE, s. [eon and cubo, Lat.] a woman who is kept by a man, and lives with him, though not married to him; a kept mistress. To CONCU'LCATE, v. a. [conculco, Lat.] to tread upon, or trample under foot. CONCULCA'TION, «. [con and calco, Lat.] trampling with the feet. CONCU'PISCENCE, s. [concupiscentia, Lat.] an inordinate desire of women ; lust. CONCU'PISCENT, iwi. [concupisco, Lat.] lustful ; having an irregular appetite after carnal things. CONCUPISCE'NTIAL, {konkupissential) a. relating to con- cupiscence, or having an irregular desire after women. CONCUPI'SCIBLE, a. that may be desired ; that raises, ex- cites, or exerts desire. To CONCU'R, V. n. [con and curro, Lat.] to meet together ; to join in one action or design, applied to several persons ; to unite with ; to be conjoined with ; to contribute to the effecting one common event or design. CONCU'RRENCE, Concu'rrency, s. assistance ; union ; con- junction; united efforts to promote any design ; agreement in any opinion or sentiment. CONCU'RRENT, part, acting in conjunction, or together; promoting the same design. CONCU'RRENT, s. that which contributes to the performance of a design. CONCtl'SSION, «. [concutio, Lat.] the act of putting a thing into a violent motion ; shaking ; agitation. CONCU'SSIVE, a. that has the power or quality of shaking. To COND, Con, or Conn, v. a. in sea language, signifies to guide or conduct a ship in her right course. CONDE', LOUIS DE BOURBON, THE GREAT, a cele- brated French general of the 17th century. He commenced his career early, and in the 30 years' war fought against the em- peror of Germany, with various success. The wars of Fronde, at home, followed, and here he pursued such a course as led to his being imprisoned by Mazarin, whom he afterwards drove from the position of supreme power which he had assumed. In the Spanish service, he subsequently was often engaged with the equally celebrated Turenne. Being restored to his native coun- try by Louis XIV., we find him fighting beside Turenne, against William of Orange, and the great general Montecuculi. He end- ed his life in peaceful retirement ; but the soldier never was wholly lost in the admirer of letters. He died in 1686, aged 65 years. To CONDE'MN, (^oWf'm) v. a. [condemno, 'La.t.'] to pass sen- tence against a person, whereby he is subject to punishment ; to censure, to blame, or find fault with. CONDE'MNABLE, a. that may be blamed, found fault with, or is subject to the sentence of a judge. CON CONDEMNATION, s. [conJemnatio, Lat.] passing or pro- nouncing sentence against a person, whereby he is subject to punishment or penalty, either in respect to person, fortune, or life. Figuratively, the state of a person on whom sentence has been passed. CONDE'MNATORY, a. having the force of condemning or subjecting a person to punishment. CONDE'MNER, s. the person who condemns, censures, blames, or finds fault with. CONDE'NSABLE, a. that is capable of being made more solid, or forced into a smaller compass. To CONDE'NSATE, v. a. [condenso, Lat.] to make more solid or thick by compression or force, applied to fluids. CONDE'NSATE, a. made thicker or more solid by compression or external force. CONDENSATION, s. the act of bringing the parts of a body closer to each other, and increasing their contact, whereby the body is rendered more dense, compact, and heavy ; opposite to rarefaction. To CONDE'NSE, v. a. {condenso, Lat.] to make any body more thick, compact, or weighty, by increasing the contact of its particles; applied by some only to the effect of cold, but by others used for compression, or the effects of external force, which diminishes the size of the pores of a bodj-, and renders it, consequently, more solid. — e. n. to grow thick, applied to the effects of cold on fluids ; to become solid and weighty, by shrink- ing to a narrower compass. CONDE'NSE, a. thickened ; close ; compact ; become more solid by the effect of cold, or compression. CONDE'NSER, s. a pneumatic engine, by means of which an unusual quantity of air may be forced into a small space, or by which three, four, or five atmospheres may be injectea more than a thing would contain naturally. In the steam engine, it is a small chamber kept cool by a jet of water, into which the steam passes when forced out of the cylinder, and being there recon- verted into water, is carried off to the cistern which supplies the boiler. Electrical Condenser, an instrument invented by Wilke and vEpinus, and improved by Cavallo and Volta, for the purpose of examining the phenomena connected with very small charges of electricity. &e Electricity. CONDE'NSITY, s. the state of a fluid, whose parts are fixed so as not to give way to the touch, by cold, coagulation, or com- pression. Thickness, applied to consistence. To CONDESCE'ND, v. n. [con and desce)ido, Lat.] to lay aside the dignity of rank, in order to make oneself agreeable to, or on a level with, inferiors ; to behave with familiarity to inferiors ; to stoop ; to submit. CONDESCE'NDENCE, s. [condescendance, Fr.] an act where- by a person in authority lays aside the difference of rank in or- der to converse freely with his inferiors ; a granting some favour to a person, or consenting to yield him some advantage which he could not demand. CONDESCE'NDINGLY, ad. in such a manner as to lay aside the claims of authority and dignity ; or to yield up a right, or consent to a request, from a principle of good nature andgene- rosity. CONDESCE'NSION, s. the behaviour of a superior, whereby he treats one of lower rank as his equal, and grants him favours he cannot demand. CONDESCE'NSIVE, a. courteous; treating inferiors without distance ; affable, and ready to serve or grant any favour, or forego a right to serve or oblige another. CONDI'GN, (hondm) a. [condignus, Lat.] worthy; suitable to; merited ; deserved, or proportionable to ; generally applied to the punishment due to a person for his crimes. CONDFGNLY, {hondlnly) ad. in a manner suitable to a per- son's crimes ; deservedly. CONDI'GNNESS, {kondln-nesa) s. proportion suitable to a per- son's crimes. CONDILLA'C, ETIENNE DE, a French metaphysician of the 18th century, who may be regarded as the immediate author of that shallow materialism, which was regarded as philosophy, immediately before the French Revolution, and which produced the atheism which characterized the greater number of tne actors in that terrible drama. His works are professedly explanations of Locke's system, but they omit one part of it, and are constructed on a different method altogether. lie developed his views in CON their relation to various subjects with great ability and clear- ness, and to this, as well as the character of them, may be at- tributed their rapid adoption. There are a few who profess still to hold similar opinions. He died in 1780, aged 65 years. CO'NDIMENT, s. [conditnentum, Lat.] seasoning, sauce, that which excites the appetite by a sharp taste. To CONDl'TE, v. a. [condio, Lat.] to preserve or pickle. CONDITION, s. [conditio, and condictio, Lat.] state, or the cir- cumstance of a person or fortune ; rank ; the terms of any con- tract, bargain, or agreement. A quality or property which de- termines the nature of a thing; an attribute or accident, in a logical sense. Figuratively, a writing containing the terms of an agreement. To CONDI'TION, v. n. to stipulate; to make terms. CONDI'TIONAL, a. to be performed on certain terms ; not absolute, but subject to certain limitations. CONDITIONALLY, ad. on certain terms or limitations. CONDI'TIONARY, a. stipulated; bargained ; to be done as a means of acquiring anj' thing. To CONDITIONATE, v. a. to make conditions for ; to regu- late by, or perform on, certain conditions. CONDITIONATE, a. established and grounded on certain terms and conditions. CONDI'TIONED, part, having qualities either good or bad. To CONDO'LE, v. n. [con and doleo, Lat.] to lament with those ' who grieve for any misery, misfortune, or calamity. — v. a, to be- wail a misfortune with another. CONDO'LEMENT, s. grief; sorrow ; mourning for any loss or misfortune. CONDO'LENCE, s. [condohnee, Fr.] a sympathizing grief arising from the misfortunes of another, which expresses itself by lamenting with the person in distress. CONDO'LER, s. one who expresses a complimental concern for the sorrow of another, and the cause which occasions it. CONDO'R,a species of vulture which inhabits tropical America, the feathers of wnich are principally black, with white round the neck and in the tail and wings. Its claws are not hooked as the hawk tribes' usually are, its neck and head are bare, and its bill very formidable. It has its dwelling without a nest on ledges of lofty mountains, and from them it descends to the plains, where it kills even large animals for food. CONDORCET, M. JEAN A. NICOLAS CARITAT, MAR- QUIS, a mathematician, philosopher, and politician, of the period before the French Revolution, and the greater part of the Revolution itself. His scientific attainments, which were con- siderable, would have entitled him to a celebrity, without his philosophic and political dreams, or his tragic end. He was the author of much of the sentimentalism which was displayed in the schemes framed by those who conducted'the most frightful scenes in that period. His republicanism was built on no sounder foundation than such philosophic sentimentality. He finally attached himself to that part in the Convention, called Girondins, who had some scruples about the length to which changes should be carried, and he shared their fall. He poisoned him- self in prison, into which he was thrown, on being discovered as he attempted concealment, in 1794, aged 51 years. To CONDU'CE, V. n. [con and duco, Lat.] to promote an end by acting conjointly. CONDU'CIBLE, a. having a power of conducing to, or pro- moting a design. Used for two or more causes operating to one end. CONDU'CIVE, a. that has a tendency, power, or quality, to promote or produce any end. CONDU'CIVENESS, s. the quality of promoting or con- tributing to the production of some end. CO'NDUCT, s. [conduit, Fr.] management, or tenor of actions ; the act of commanding an army; convoy, or escorting with a fuard ; the guard convoying, securing, or escorting ; a warrant y which a convoy is appointed ; behaviour ; or a series of ac- tions regulated by some standard. To CONDU'CT, f. a. [conduire, Fr.] to accompany a person in order to show him his way to any place ; to direct, lead, or guide ; to usher ; to introduce ; to manage ; to head an army, or com- mand a body of troops. Synon. vVe conduct andguide those who know not the way; we lead those who cannot or care not to go by themselves. Reconduct an affair; y/e guide a traveller; we lead an infant. 2 E 209 CON CONDU'GTOR, s. a guide, or one who shows another the way; a leader or commander; one who transacts an affair. In Sur- gery, an instrument which serves to conduct the knife in the operation of cutting for the stone, and in laying open sinuses and fistulas. It is also called a gorget. Conductors, in Electricity, are those bodies that transmit electricity ; other bodies are called non-conductors, CONDU'CTRESS, s. a woman who directs or leads a person, or carries on any undertaking. CO'NDUIT, {ki'tndit) s. [Fr.] a canal, or pipes made use of for the conveyance of water at a distance from the reservoir or spring head ; an aqueduct ; a place furnished with a cock, whence peo- ple are publicly supplied with water. CONDUPLICA'TION, s. \condupUeatio, Lat.] a doubling; a duplicate. CONE, s. [konos, Gr.] in Geometry, a solid body whose base is a circle, its uppermost part ending in a point ; it resembles a sugar loaf, and may be conceived as formed by the revolution of a triangle on one of its sides as on an axis. To CONFA'BULATE, v. n. [cmifahulo, Lat.] to talk easily and with carelessness together; to chat with a person. CONFABULA'TION, s. easy, familiar, careless, cheerful talk with a person. CONFA'BULATORY, a. belonging to entertaining and care- .ess conversation. To CONFE'CT, v. a. [conficio, Lat.] to preserve fruit, &c. with sugar. COTyFECT, s. a sweetmeat. CONFE'CTION, s. [confectio, Lat.] the preserving fruit or ve- getables by means of clarified sugar. In Pharmacy, any thing prepared with sugar ; a liquid or soft electuary ; the assembling or union of different ingredients. CONFE'CTIONARY, s. a place where elegant food from dif- ferent ingredients is made, or fruits are preserved. CONFE'CTIONER, s. one who makes and sells sweetmeats. CONFE'DERACY, s. [con and >(/««, Lat.] a league, contract, or agreement, entered into by several states and bodies of men for their mutual advantage and defence. To CONFE'DERATE, v. a, to unite in a league, or agree with, in order to accomplish some design. CONFE'DERATE, a. leagued, or united by some contract to accomplish some design. CONFE'DERATE, s. one who enters into an engagement with another, whereby they are obliged mutually to assist and defend each other ; an ally. CONFEDERA'TION, s. [confederation, Fr.] a league ; an act whereby two or more persons oblige themselves to assist each other; an alliance.- To CONFE'R, V. n. [confero, Lat.] to discourse with a person on some important, grave, and stated subject ; to talk with a person on any subject, in order to come to a determination.— d. a. to compare the sentiments of one person or author with those of another; to give a thing which could not be claimed ; to bestow a favour ; to contribute or conduce. CO'NFERENCE, s. [conference, Fr.] the act of discoursing with another, in order to settle some point in dispute, or treat upon any subject in a public character ; a meeting appointed for the discoursing of some point in debate ; comparison, or examination of things by comparing them together. CONFE'RRER, s. he that discourses with another on some stated point; he that bestows a favour on another. To CfONFE'SS, V. a. [coiifesser, Fr.] to acknowledge the having done something amiss. To disclose a person's sins to a priest, in order to obtain absolution. To own. To avow ; to profess. To grant. Not to dispute. To show; to approve; to attest. CONFE'SSEDLY, ad. in such a manner as must extort uni- versal consent ; generally owned ; avowedly; indisputably. CONFE'SSION, s. profession ; avowal ; the acknowledgment or owning a crime. In the Romish Church, an acknowledgment of sins in private to a priest, in order to obtain absolution. CONFESSIONAL, s. [Fr.] in the Romish Church, a little box or desk, wherein the priest takes the confession of a penitent. CONFE'SSIONARt, s. [confessionaire, Fr.] the confession chair or seat, wherein the priest sits to receive the confession of a penitent. CONFE'SSOR, 8. [confesseur, Fr.] one who professes a religious sentiment or opinion in the face of danger, and amidst the most CON cruel tortures. In the Romish Church, a priest, who is authorized to receive the confessions of penitents, and grant them absolution. CONFE'ST, a. [the proper way of spelling confessed,'] open ; generally known ; acknowledged, in a good sense. Notorious, in a bad sense. CONFE'STLY, ad. indisputably; evidently; without doubt or concealment. CONFrCIENT, (kotifishient) part, [con and facio, Lat.] causing or producing in company with some other person or thing. CONFIDA'NT, s. [confidant, Fr.] a person intrusted with the secrets of another, most commonly applied to those who are in- trusted with affairs of lovers. To CONFI'DE, V. n. [confldo, Lat.] to trust in, implying a strong persuasion or assurance of a person's abilities to assist another, or his fidelity in keeping a secret. CO'NFIDENCE, s. [confidentia, Lat.] a strong assurance of the fidelity and ability of another. When joined to the reciprocal pronouns, himself, &c., a strong assurance of the efficacy of a person's own abilities : a vicious and assuming boldness. CO'NFIDENT, par<. assured of a truth beyond any possibility of doubt; positive; secure of success ; without fear of^a miscar- riage ; without suspicion ; bold, to a vice. CO'NFIDENTLY, ad. in such a manner as to discover no fear of a miscarriage; securely. CO'NFIDENTNESS, s. a favourable opinion of one's own judgment ; assurance. CONFIGURATION, s. [configuration, Fr.] the order in which the particles of bodies are united together; the form of a body made by the order in which its particles are united together. To CONFFGURE, v. n. [con and figura, Lat.] to dispose or form by uniting in a particular manner. CO'NFINE, s. [eonfinis, Lat.] a limit, border, edge, or utmost verge of a thing or place. CO'NFINE, a. bordering upon, applied to places; it implies that the one begins where the other ends. Touching, adjoin- ing, or contiguous. To CONFl'NE, V. n. to border upon ; to touch ; to be conti- guous to. — V. a. to bound ; to limit ; to enclose ; to shut up ; to restrain ; to imprison ; to immure ; to keep at home ; not to quit or neglect. CONFI'NELESS, a. boundless ; without limits, end, or pause. CONFFNEMENT, «. the act of restraining a person from go- ing abroad ; the act of enclosing a person in prison ; the state of a person in prison, or kept at home without liberty of going abroad ; restraint. CONFI'NER, s. a person who lives at the extremity, or on the borders of a country ; one who deprives another of the liberty of walking abroad, or shuts him up in a prison, CONFFNITY, s. [confinitas, Lat.] nearness ; neighbourhood ; likeness. To CONFFRM, v. a. [confirmo, Lat.] to put beyond doubt, by additional proofs ; to settle a person in an office ; to fix; to com- plete; to render perfect ; to admit to the full privileges of a Chris- tian by imposition of the hands of a bishop. CONFFRMABLE, a. that is capable of incontestable evidence, CONFIRMATION, s. the act of establishing any person or thing in a place or office; an additional or new proof to evince the truth of a thing or opinion beyond doubt or contradiction ; a proof which brings conviction. In the Churches of Rome and England, an ecclesiastic rite, whereby a person, arrived to years of discretion, undertakes the performance of every part of the baptismal vow, made for him by his godfathers and godmothers, and receives the imposition of hands from the bishop. In the Romish Church it is regarded as a sacrament. CONFIRMA'TOR, s, [Lat.] one who proves a thing beyond doubt. CONFFRMATORY, a. establishing, or giving such additional proof as may increase the certainty or probability of any fact or action. CONFFRMEDNESS, s. a quality implying certainty, when applied to evidence ; an inveteracy or strength, not easily to be surmounted, when used of habits. CONFFRMER, s. one who establishes an opinion or fact by new evidence or proofs ; one who establishes or secures a person in the possession of any dignity. CONFI'SCABLE, a. [confisco, Lat.] liable to be seized on as a fine or punishment for some crime. To CONFISCATE, v. a. to seize on private property, and con- vert it to the use either of the chief magistrate, or the public, by way of punishment. CONFISCA'TION, s. the seizing of private property on account ' ., it to the " " ■ ■" trate or of the public. of some crime, and converting i use of the chief magis- CO'NFITENT, s. [confiteor, Lat.] one confessing ; one who confesses his faults. CO'NFITURE, «. [Fr.] a sweetmeat ; a confection ; a comfit. To CONFI'X, r. a. [configo, Lat.] to fix down ; to fasten. " Or else for ever be confixed here," Shak. CONFLA'GRANT, part, [con and flagro, Lat.] burning to- gether; involving in the same fire. CONFLAGRA'TION, s. a general fire spreading over a large space, and involving several things in its names. CONFLATION, s. [con and >, Lat.] the act of blowing several wind instruments at the same time; the casting and melting of metal. To CONFLFCT, v. a. [con a.m\fligo, Lat.] to strive or struggle in order to get victory, applied to persons and things. CO'NFLICT, 8. a combat, or fight between two, seldom used of a general battle; a contest or strife; a struggle between op- posite qualities ; an agony or pang, wherein nature seems to struggle hard against suflfering and pain. CO'NFLUENCE, «. [conjiuo, Lat.] a uniting of two or more streams or rivers ; the act of crowding or coming in great num- bers to one place; a concourse or a multitude gathered into one place. CO'NFLUENT, part, running one into another ; meeting or mixing together. CO'NFLUX, s. the uniting or union of several streams or rivers. Figuratively, a crowd, a great number of persons col- lected together. CONFO'RM, a. [con and /oraza, Lat.] assuming the same form or quality as another; like. To CONFO'RM, v. a. to bring into the same shape, or into agreement with. — v. n. to comply or agree with. CONFO'RMABLE, a. having the same form ; agreeable, suit- able, consistent ; compliant, or submissive to authority. CONFO'RMABLY, ad. agreeably; suitably; with compliance. CONFORMATION, s. [conformatio, Lat.] the particular union or order of the parts of a body, and their disposition to make a whole ; the act of producing suitableness, or conformity to any thing. CONFO'RMIST, s. in English Church History, one who com- plies with the mode of worship used by the Church of England. CONFOR'MITY, s. likeness ; resemblance ; the act of regu- lating one's actions to some law; consistency. In English Church History, compliance with the worship of the Established Church. CONFORTATION, s. [conforto, a low Latin word,] collation of strength ; corroboration. To CONFOU'ND, v. a. [confundo, Lat.] to mingle or mix things so that their forms or natures cannot be distinguished ; to sub- stitute or make use of one word for another, which conveys dif- ferent ideas ; to puzzle or perplex the mind by indistinct ideas, or words used in an indeterminate manner; to amaze, astonish, and render unable to repiv ; to destroy. CONFOU'NDED, por<. hateful ; prodigious : a low word, to ex- press any thing in the superlative degree. CONPOU'NDEDLY, ad. shamefully; hatefully: a low word. CONFOU'NDER, s. one who perplexes, astonishes, or destroys. CONFRATE'RNITY, s. [con amd fratemitas, LaQ a brother- hood, or body of men united for some religious purpose. CONFRICATION, «. [con and/nco, Lat.] theact of rubbing. To CONFRO'NT, v. a. [confronter, Fr.] to stand directly oppo- site to ; to stand face to face ; to oppose ; to set in opposition ; to contrast ; to compare one thing with another. CONFRONTATION, s. [Fr.] the act of opposing one evi- dence to another. CONFU'CIUS, or Tchuno-fut-zee, the great philosopher, priest, and legislator of China, who lived about 500 b. c. Much that is excellent is found amongst his moral precepts ; but much has been added to them of later date. The narratives of his life are almost wholly legendary, nothing more is certainly known than that he met with no very general favour when he began his work, and experienced such reverses as such teachers have usu- CON ally endured. He is the founder of the empire and manners of China, and is worshipped as a god. His political system is only an amplification of the forms and relations of the family, and to this may be traced the peculiar features of the nation he formed. To CONFU'SE, {honfuze; the « in this word and its derivatives sounding like 2,) v. a. [confirms, Lat.] to put in disorder ; to make irregular ; to perplex by indistinct ideas, or by using words with- out any determinate signification. CONFU'SEDLY, ad. in an indistinct manner ; mixed, opposed to separate ; perplexed, or not clear ; without any order ; in ob- scure, indistinct, or unintelligible terms. CONFU'SEDNESS, s. want of distinctness or clearness ; want of order or regularity. CONFU'SION, s. an irregular, careless, or disorderly mixture ; tumult; the using words without any precise meaning; over- throw; destruction; astonishment; distraction of mind. CONFUTABLE, a. that may be shown to be false or ground- less. CONFUTATION, s. [confuto, Lat.] the act of destroying the arguments of another, by showing them to be false, inconclusive, or groundless. To CONFUTE, v. a, to destroy the force of an argument ; to show the proofs of an adversary to be groundless, inconclusive, sophistical, or false. CONGE', (Jionjee) s. [Fr.] an action showing respect, compli- ment, or submission, consisting in bowing the body, in men ; and in women, in sinking with the knee bent, or making a cour- tesy ; leave, or the action of taking leave. CongS d'elire, Fr. i. e. leave of election, in Canon Law, is the king's permission to a dean and chapter to choose a bishop when the see is vacant. In Ar- chitecture, a moulding in form of a quarter round, or a cavetto, which serves to separate two members from one another; such is that which joins the shaft of the column to the cincture. To CONGE'AL, {konjeel) v. a.[congeb, Lat.] to change or thicken any fluid by cold. Figuratively, to thicken any fluid, ap- plied generally to the blood. — v. n. to grow thick. CONGE'ALABLE, a. that may grow thick by cold. CONGE'ALMENT, s. the clot or thick mass formed by cold ; concretion. CONGELA'TION, s. the act of freezing, or producing such a change in a fluid body, that it grows thick, or its particles be- come fixed like those of a solid body. CO'NGENER, s. [con and genus, Lat.] a thing of the same kind or nature. CONGE'NEROUS, a. of the same genus or species ; arising from the same principle ; proceeding from the same cause. Used only by scientific writers. CONGE'NIAL, a. [con and c/enius, Lat.] partaking of the same genus ; of the same nature, disposition, or kind. CONGENIA'LITY, s. a partalting of the same genus, nature, or disposition. CONfJE'NIALNESS, s. a sameness of disposition. CO'NGER, (in this word the g has a hard sound before e,) s. [congrus, Lat.] a large eel, frequenting salt waters. CO'NGERBEKRY, a village in Somersetshire. CONGE'RIES, s. [Lat.] a mass consisting of smaller bodies heaped together. a. [congero, Lat.] to heap up ; to gather to- To CONGE'ST, gether. CONGE'STION, {konjed-yun) s, in Surgery, blood gathered to- gether in the capillary vessels. CO'NGIARY, s. [confficfrium, Lat.] a gift distributed by the Roman emperors, consisting of corn and oil. To CONGLA'CIATE, v. n. [comjlacio, Lat.] to turn to ice. CONGLACIA'TION, s. the changing into ice ; the state of a thing changed into ice ; vitrifying, or turning into glass. CO'NGLETON, Cheshire, a town seated on the river Dane. It has manufactories of leather gloves, cotton, and silk. It is 164 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 9222. To CO'NGLOBATE, v. a. [conghho, Lat.] to unite in the form of a globe or ball. CO'NGLOBATE, part, moulded into a ball. CO'NGLOBATEL Y, ad. in a globular, round, or spherical form. To CONGLO'BE, v. n. to gather into a firm round ball; to gather into a round mass. To CONGLO'MERATE, v. a. [conglomero, Lat.] to gather several things into a round mass. 2 E 2 211 CON CONGLOMERATE, ^ar*. pthered into a round hall or mass, so that the compounding bodies appear distinct. Figuratively, twisted or collected together. CONGLO'MERATE, s. in Geology, a concretion of pebbles, sand, &c. with clay, afterwards hardened into a mass. Some conglomerates are very ancient, others are found in the process of formation. They are called also Breccia, and Pudding-stone. CONGLOMERA'TION, s. a collection of matter into a loose round ball ; intertexture ; mixture. To CONGLU'TINATE, v. a. [eonglutmo, Lat.] to glue, ce- ment, or join fast together by any viscous, sticking, or glutinous substance.— u. n. to stick or cohere together. CONGLUTINATION, s. the act of sticking together ; the act of uniting and fastening the lips of a wound together. CONGLUTINATIVE, a. having the power of sticking to- gether, or uniting the lips of a wound. CONGLUTINA'TOR, «. that which has the power of making things cohere, or stick together. CO'NGO, a tract of country lying on the W. coast of Africa, and bounded by Angola and Loango on the N. and S. Towards the interior the boundaries are not ascertained, nor, perhaps, de- fined. It has several large rivers, of which the Congo or Zaire, and the Dando, are the most considerable. It is fertile, and pro- duces many useful fruits, grains, and vegetables, both indigenous, and imported by the early Portuguese settlers, abundantlj'. Palm- wine is also produced for consumption and exportation. It has all the wild animals of tropical Africa, elephants, leopards, buf- faloes, monkeys, serpents, poisonous insects, a)-<. [consecratus, Lat.] set apart for Divine uses ; dedicated to the service of God ; sacred. CONSECRA'TION, s. the act of appropriating, dedicating, or setting apart any common or profane thing to religious uses, by means of certain ceremonies or rites ; the benediction of the bread and wine in the sacrament of the eucharist, amongst the Romanists. CONSECRA'TOR, s. the person who performs the rites by which a thing is appropriated to Divine uses. CONSE'CTARY, a. \consectariii8, Lat.] following as a conse- quence. CONSE'CTARY, s. a proposition which follows from some pre- ceding definition, lemma, axiom, or the like. CONSECU'TION, s. [consecutio, Lat.] a chain of consequences; succession. In Astronomy, the motith of consecution, is the space between one conjunction of the moon with the sun to another. CONSE'CUTI VE, a. \comeeuUf, Fr.] following in an uninter- rupted succession ; following ; immediately succeeding. CONSE'CUTIVELY, ad. after or following as an effect. CONSE'NSION, s. [con and sentio, Lat.] agreement ; accord. CONSE'NT, s. the act of yielding, or compliance with a re- quest ; agreement ; unity of sentiment ; harmony, or agreement of parts. Synon. We consent to the will of others by permitting ; we acquiesce in what is proposed by conforming ; we agree to what is said by approving. Prov. They agree like cats and dogs. They agree like bells, they want nothing but hanging. To CONSE'NT, v. n. to agree to ; to promote the same end ; to yield or comply with a request ; to admit. CONSENTA'NEOUS, o. [consentaneus, Lat.] agreeable or suit- able to ; consistent with. CONSENTA'NEOUSLY, ad. in a manner agreeable to; con- sistent with, or suitable to. CONSENTA'NEOUSNESS, s. consistence ; agreeableness. CONSE'NTIENT, (komSnshient) part, unanimous ; agreeing, or united in opinion. C(yNSEQUENCE, «. [conseqmr, Lat.] the relation or connexion between two propositions, whereof one follows or is deduced from the other; that which follows from, or is produced by, any cause or principle; event, effect; importance, moment, or concern. CO'NSEQUENT, part, following from some premises, applied to argument. Following as an effect. CO'NSEQUENT, s. the last proposition of an argument, de- duced from or included in some preceding proposition ; an effect, or that which proceeds from the operation of any cause. Conse- quent of a ratio, in Arithmetic, is the latter of the two terms, or that to which an antecedent is referred; thus in a: 6, or the proportion of a to b, b is the consequent, and a the antecedent. CONSEQUE'NTIAL, (konsequenshial) a. produced by a neces- sary chain of causes and effects ; deduced according to the rules of reason or logic. CONSEQUE'NTIALLY, (hmsequemJiially) ad. deducing con- sequences, or making inferences; according to the rules of rea- son or logic ; hj consequence ; eventually ; in a regular series. CO'NSEQUENTLY, ad. by consequence ; necessarily ; inevi- tably, from a necessary connexion of effects to their causes ; in consequence. CONSE'RVABLE, a. [conservo, Lat.] capable of being pre- served or kept. CONSE'RVANCY, s. applied to the courts held by the lord CON mayor for the preservation of the fisheiy on the river Thames, which are styled courts of conservancy. CONSERVA'TION, s. the act of preserving bodies or system* from corruption or decay. CONSE'RVATIVE, a. having the power of keeping from cor- ruption or decay. The title assumed by a political party, to indi- cate their opposition to radical reforms in the state. CONSERVA'TOR, s. [Lat.] one who preserves from corruption or decay; an officer established for the preservation of the privi- leges granted some cities ; or a person who is authorized to de- termine differences arising between the citizens. CONSE^RVATORY, s. a place wherein a thing is kept in a manner suitable to its nature; specially applied to hot-houses and buildings for the growth and culture of exotic plants. CONSE'RVATORY, a. having the power of preserving a thing from corruption or decay. CO'NSERVE, s. a sweetmeat made by boiUng fruit in clarified sugar. In Pharmacy, a medicine in the form of an electuary, made of the leaves of flowers, beat with sugar in a mortar. To C'ONSE'RVE, v. a. to preserve without loss or detriment CONSE'RVER, s. a layer up ; a repositor ; one that preserves any thing from loss or diminution. CONSE'SSION, s. Icon and sedeo, Lat.] a sitting together. CONSE'SSOR, s. [Lat.] one who sits with another. To CONSI'DER, v. a. [considero, Lat.] to think much on a thing ; to revolve often in the mind ; to meditate on ; to view with attention ; to determine or resolve after weighing the con- sequences of an action ; to remark ; to call to mind ; to observe ; to respect ; not to despise ; to requite ; to reward for his trouble. — v. n. to think maturely ; to deliberate ; to doubt ; to hesitate. CONSI'DERABLE, a. that is worthy of notice, regard, or at- tention ; important ; valuable ; respectable ; large, or convey- ing a sense between little and great. CONSFDERABLENESS, s. importance; value; dignity; a quality which claims our notice. CONSI'DERABLY, ad. in a degree deserving some, though not the highest, notice ; in a great degree. CONSI'DER ATE, a. serious ; given to consideration or thought ; pitying ; prudent, or moderate. CONSFDERATELY, Of/, calmly; coolly; prudently. CONSIDERA'TION, s. the act of thinking on ; mature thought or deliberation ; meditation ; importance ; worthiness of regard ; motive of action; influence; reason. In Law, the actual ground for enforcing the fulfilment of a contract, or the transfer of pro- perty, apart from bequest ; an equivalent. CONSI'DERER, s. one who employs his thoughts on any subject. To CONSFGN, (konsin) v. a. [consigno, Lat.] to transfer one's property to another. In Commerce, to send goods, or direct them to another. Figuratively, to commit or intrust, used with to. — V. n. to vield, submit, or resign ; to consent or submit. CONSIGN A'TION, s. [consignation, Fr.] the act of transferring property to another. In Commerce, the transmitting or sending goods to another. CONSIGNMENT, {konslnnwnt) s. the act of transferring the writing by which property is transferred, or goods sent to an- other to be sold. To CONSl'ST, V. n. [con and sisto, Lat.] to subsist, or be pre- served in existence ; to continue in the same state ; to be com- prised or contained ; to be composed ; to agree or exist in the subject ; to subsist, or have being. CONSI'STENCE, Consi'stency, s. the natural state of bodies ; the degree of thickness or thinness, applied to fluids ; sub- stance, form, make; uniformity of appearance, action, or quali- ties; freedom from contradiction, or variety. CONSFSTENT, part, [comistens, Lat.] not contradictory ; not opposite ; reconcilable ; agreeing ; firm ; or solid. CONSFSTENTLY, ad. m such a manner as to imply no con- tradiction ; agreeably ; uniformly. CONSISTO'RIAL, a. relating to some court where an ecclesi- astic is judge. CONSFSTORY, s. [consistorium, low Lat.] a court consisting of ecclesiastics ; the place where an ecclesiastical court is held ; a court held at Rome, consisting of cardinals, at which the pope is president. Figuratively, any solemn assembly. CONSO'CIATE, {komoshiate) s. [con and socitis, Lat.] one who joins with another in an undertaking ; an accomphce. CON To CONSCCIATE, {konsoshiate) v. a. [consocio, Lat.] to unite or join two things together; to cement, or hold together. — v. n. to uniteor join with. CONSOCIA'TION, (konsosidshion) s. an alliance, or connexion ; intimacy, or union. CONSO'LABLE, a. that admits comfort. To CO'NSOLATE, v. a. [consolor, Lat.] to allay the sense of misery ; to assuage sorrow ; to impart comfort. CONSOLA'TION, s. [consolath, Lat.] that which diminishes grief, and alleviates misery ; comfort. CONSOLATOR, s. [Lat.] a comforter. CONSO'LATORY, «. that affords comfort. To CONSCKLE, V. a. to cheer ; to comfort ; to lessen the sense of misery ; to diminish a person's grief. CONSO'LE, s. [Fr.] in Architecture, an ornament cut upon the key of an arch, which has the projecture, and occasionally serves to support little cornices, figures, beasts, or vases. CONSO'LLR, s. the person or thing which administers comfort. CONSO'LIDAMT, part, in Surgery, having the property of closing or uniting wounds. To CONSO'LIDATE, v. a. [con and solidus, Lat.] to form into a compact or hard body; to harden. — v. n. to grow firm, hard, or solid. CONSOLIDA'TION, s. the act of uniting into one mass ; the act of uniting two parliamentaiy bills together. CONSO'LS, [technical contraction of ConsoUdated Annuities,'] the popular or market name of certain Stock in the Funds, which was made by bringing under one head in the public accounts several different kinds of annuities, bearing interest of 3 per cent. The largest financial operations of government, and the greatest public traffic, being in this stock, it is usually quoted as the sign of the state of the money market. See Funds. CO'NSONANCE, Co'nsonancy, {_con and sono, Lat.] in Music, the sounding of two notes together ; and the union and agree- ment of two sounds. Figuratively, consistence or agreement of opinions or sentiments. CO'NSONANT, a. agreeable ; consistent ; according ; recon- cilable. CO'NSONANT, s. in the alphabet, the name of those letters which represent the various modifications to which the vocal sounds, represented by the vowels, are subjected in the formation of words. CCyNSONANTLY, ad. in a consistent manner; suitably; agreeably. CO'NSlONANTNESS, s. the quality of agreeing with ; con- sistency. CO'JNSONOUS, a. agreeing in sound, harmonious. CONSOPI A'TION, a. [consopio, Lat.] the act of laying to sleep. Little used. CCNSORT, s. [cansors, Lat.] a companion, generally applied to signify one who shares the lot assigned by Providence to an- other, and appropriated to a person joined in marriage to another; an assembly ; consultation ; concurrence ; union. To CONSO'RT, f. n. to unite, join, or associate, followed by with.—v. a. to join, or to marry ; to mix ; to accompany. CONSPICUTTY, s. brightness ; easiness to be seen even at a distance; the plainness of any truth or proposition. CONSPI'CUOUS, a. [conspicun, Lat.] easj' to be seen ; to be seen at a distance. Figuratively, eminent, famous, distinguish- ed ; easily discovered, manifest. CONSPI'CUOUSLY, ad. easily to be seen, or discerned by the sight ; remarkable for some excellence ; eminently ; famously ; remarkiibly. COiNSPl'CUOUSNESS, s, exposure to the view ; the being visible at a distance ; eminence. CONSPI'RACY, «. [ccmspiro, Lat.] a private agreement be- tween two or more persons to commit some crime ; a plot. In Law, it signifies an agreement between two or more to injure, or procure to be injured, an innocent person. A conspiracy to maintain suits and quarrels ; of victuallers, to sell their victuals at a certain price ; and of labourers and artificers, to raise their wages, is also punishable by law. CONSPFRANT , part, joining with another in a plot, or other bad design. CONSPIRA'TION, s. .See Conspiracy. CONSPFRATOR, «. [Lat.] one who has secretly engaged to carry on a plot, or some bad design, with another. To CONSPFRE, v. n. to enter into an agreement with others to carry on a plot or other bad design. To agree together. CONSPI'RER, s. a conspirator; a plotter. CONSPFRING, part, tending mutually to produce one design. In Mechanics, conspiring ponders are such as do not act in direc- tions opposite to each other. CO'NSTABLE, JOHN, an English artist, who gained and pre- serves no small celebrity, as a landscape painter. Accurate ob- servation, and accurate representation of what he observed, freedom from the pedantic rules popular with dilettanti critics, and at the same tune no very vivid apprehension of any ideal of art, are his chief characteristics. He died in 1837, aged 61 years. CO'NSTABLE, «. [connetable, Fr.] an officer in various man- ners. Lord High Constable was anciently an officer of the crown, both of England and France, whose authority was so very ex- tensive, that the office has long since been laid aside in both kingdoms, except on particular occasions, as the king's corona- tion. The function of the Constable of England consisted in the care of the common peace of the land, in deeds of arms, and in matters of war. The first constable was created by the Con- queror ; the office continued hereditary till the 13th of Henry VIII., when it was laid aside, as being so powerful as to become troublesome to the king. From the Lord High Constable are de- rived those inferior ones, since called the Constables oX hundreds and franchises, ordained in the 13th of Edward I. by the statute of Winchester, for the conservation of the peace, and view of armour, which appointed that two constables should be chosen in every hundred. These are what we now call High Constables: and under these it was found necessary to appoint others in every town, called Petty Constables, who act as servants to magis- trates in the execution of their warrants, and as protectors of the Eublic peace, by taking into custody such as disturb it. We ave also constables denominated from particular places ; as Constable of the Tower, of Dover Castle, of Windsor Castle, of the castle of Caernarvon, and many other castles in Wales, whose office is the same with that of the Castellans, or governors of castles. CO'NSTABLESHIP, ». the office of a constable. CO'NSTANCE, the name of two lakes that separate Switzer- land from Germany. The IJpper Lake, or the Boden See, is 45 miles long, and 12 broad. Through this lake the Rhine flows, and then enters the Lower Lake, or Zeller Zee, which is IK miles long, and 10 in its greatest breadth. There is a great deal of trading carried on between the various towns on its banks by its means ; and the sceneiy of its neighbourhood is very fine. CO'NSTANCE, a city of Baden, Germany, pleasantly seated on the Rhine, between two lakes of the same name. It has magnificent public buildings, and once flourished in commerce ; but is now much reduced. It has some inconsiderable manufac- tures, but depends chiefly on the trade of its surrounding coun- try. Its population is about 6000. Lat. 47. 35. N. Long. 9. 6. E. Council of Constance, was an oecumenical assembly of the Roman Church held in the 15th centurj', which terminated a disgraceful rivalry between three pretended popes, denied the cup to the laity in the eucharist, martyred John Huss and Je- rome of Prague, and ordered the dust of John Wicliffe to be dug from its grave and cast into the river. CO'NSTANCY, s. [constantia, Lat.] a slate which admits of no change or alteration, opposed to mutability; consistency; reso- lution ; steadiness to any principle in spite of threats, dangers, promises, or rewards ; a firm ana inviolable attachment to a per- son, including an unalterable afl^ection ; veracity, or the consist- ency of a narrative with the nature of things. CO'NSTANS, one of the three sons of Constantine the Great, who was left as his share of the empire, Italy, Illyria, and Africa. Constantine II., attempting to deprive him of Italy, lost his life in a battle near Aquilegia, and thus Constans acquired his por-» tion. He professed and patronized the orthodox Creed of Nice, but his life was a shame to humanity. Magnentius conspired against him, and he was slain in a wood at the foot of the Pyre- nees, in 3-50, after a reign of 13 years. CO'NSTANT, a. [constans, Lat.] firm ; strongly and immovably attached to any principle or person ; assiduous, or without inter- mission. In Mathematics, applied to those quantities in any problems which do not vary, and therefore afford a sure basis for calculations. CONSTANTINOPLE, called by the ancients Byzantium, and 215 CON by the present inhabitants Stamboul, one of the largest and most celebrated cities of Europe, capital of the Ottoman Empire. It is pleasantly seated between the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmora, on a neck of land separated from Natolia by a strait a mile in breadth. The Grand Seignior's palace, called the se- raglio, is on the sea-side, surrounded by walls flanked with towers, and is 7 miles in circumference, including the gardens. Its principal entrance is of marble, and called the Porte, (in Turkish, Capi,) whence the denomination of the Ottoman Porte is given to the Turkish empire. Fronting the great gate of the seraglio, is the celebrated mosque of St. Sophia, built for a Christian church by the emperor Justinian. In the castle of the seven towers, to which an eighth has been added, situated near the Sea of Marmora, state prisoners are confined. The bazaars, or markets, are square buildings, covered with domes, and sup- ported by arcades. The houses in general are crowded with in- habitants, yet they have a mean appearance on the outside, where there are few or no windows, and the streets are narrow ; even the palaces of the grandees have nothing remarkable on the outside, but within they are decorated with splendid and costly ornaments. The great square, near the mosque of the sultan Bajazet, is the place for public diversions. The street called Acfrianople, is the longest and broadest in the city. The cir- cumference of the city with the suburbs, is about 34 miles. The suburb called Pera is delightfully situated, and is the place where the European ambassadors reside. Constantinople is built in form of a triangle, and, as the ground rises gradually, there is a view of the whole town from the sea, in which the palaces, mosques, bagnios, and caravansaries, rising above the other houses, have a grand effect. The harbour is spacious and convenient, and is called the Golden Horn. A considerable trade is carried on here, although the Turks have little beyond raw produce to export. The population is about 800,000, of which about half are Turks, and the rest Greeks, Armenians, Euro- peans of different nations, and, to the amount of about a third, Jews. Lat. 41. N. Long. 25. 56. E. CONSTANTINOPLE, THE STRAIT OF, anciently the Thracian Bosphorus, forms the communication between the Euxine or Black Sea, and the Propontis or Sea of Marmora. It is the boundary between Europe and Asia in this part, and is 20 miles long, and, where narrowest, a mile and a quarter broad. The adjacent country is remarkably beautiful. On one side of the strait is situated Constantinople, and on the other Scutari, which is considered as a suburb to the city. CONSTANTI'NUS MAGNUS, the first Roman emperor who professed Christianity, and under whom all the corruptions, which had long been kept down only by the hard regimen of persecution, came forth to sudden and fatal perfection. He was of imperial birth, and his father held the rank of Caesar in the western part of the empire. On his death, the soldiers proclaimed Constantinus emperor, but he assumed at first only the title of Caesar. Soon he was able, by his popularity in the army and his military skill, to claim a partnership with Galerius and Maxentius in the em- pire. On the death of Galerius, Constantinus attacked Maxen- tius and defeated him ; on which occasion, it is said, he saw in the heavens a peculiarly formed cross, with a Greek inscription, signifying, " by this conquer," which led to his becoming the patron of Christianity, assigning the old heathen temples for the use of the Christians, with their incomes also, and bestowing on Christian professors both civil and military offices in preference to such as were not Christian professors. He had associated Licinius with him in the empire, but he soon was at war with him, and, being conqueror, was sole emperor till his death. He forbade by edict all the most objectionable features of paganism ; he held the Council of Nice, which condemned Arianism, but he afterwards befriended Arius, and was baptized by an Arian bishop ; he built Constantinople, on the site of the ancient Byzantium ; he was not wholly free from the cruelty which so many emperors in the decline of the empire displayed ; but the greatest injuries he in- flicted on Christianity are to be ascribed to his ecclesiastical ad- visers rather than to him. He died in 337, aged 64, and having reigned 31 years. CONSTA'NTIUS, the name of two joint emperors of Rome: the first, the father of Constantine the Great, surnamed Chlorus, reduced a rebellion which had broken out in Britain, and was a good ruler as times were, especially towards the Christians; he died in 306, having reigned 15 years;— the second, in the di- CON vision of the empire by his father, Constantine the Great, re- ceived the East for his share, but after the fall of Constantine II. and murder of Constans by Magnentius, he attacked the latter, and, overcoming him, became sole emperor. He had not the wisdom of his father, for, professing Arian Christianity, he per- secuted both the adherents of paganism and the orthodox Chris- tians ; and by his proceedings, nurtured a new enemy to himself and to Christianity, in the person of Julian, surnamed the Apos- tate. Julian being proclaimed emperor by the army, Constan- tius with indignation and shame sickened and died, in 361, having reigned 24 years. CO'NSTANTLY, ad. in an invariable, consistent, or unalter- able manner ; without ceasing ; perpetually. To CONSTE'LLATE, v. n. fcow and stella, Lat.] to shine with a collected lustre, or general light.— u. a. to unite several shining bodies in one splendour. CONSTELLA'TION, s. in Astronomy, a system of several stars that are seen in the heavens, near to one another. Astronomers, for the better distinguishing and observing the stars, have adopted the classification of the stars made by the poets of Greece and Rome, who grouped them most fancifully, and gave these groups the names of animals, and men, and various things connected with their poems and national legends ; which ar- rangement is certainly one of the most inconvenient that can be conceived, but in all probability will never be disused. CONSTERNA'TION, s. [consternatio, from consterno, Lat.] amazement, or wonder, occasioned by some unexpected, great, and terrible object. To CO'NSTIPATE, v. n. Icon and «<«>, Lat.] to crowd to- gether, or reduce into a narrow compass; to thicken any fluid body; to stuff up, or stop any passage. In Physic, to bind, or render costive. CONSTIPA'TION, s. the act of crowding into a narrow com- pass ; the forcing the particles of a body closer than they were before; the act of thickening, applied to fluids; stoppage or ob- struction caused by fulness ; costiveness. CONSTFTUENT, a. [constitiw, Lat.] that makes any thing what it is; elemental; essential; original; necessary to exist- ence; that of which any thing consists. CONSTFTUENT, s. the person or thing which constitutes the formationof a thing; one who authorizes or deputes another to act for him ; that which is necessary or essential to the being or subsistence of a thing. To CO'NSTITUTE, v. a. [con and statuo, Lat.] to give exist- ence to a thing ; to give a thing its particular nature and proper- ties ; to make a thing to be what it is. Applied to law, to enact, pass, or establish. CO'NSTITUTER, s.the person who appoints another to act for him. CONSTITUTION,*, the act of establishing; disposing; pro- ducing the particular texture of the parts of a body; the habit or temperament of a body, arising from a peculiar disposition and quality of its parts ; temper of mind ; an established form of government ; particular law ; established usage ; institution. Apostolic Constitutions, are canons prescribing with great particu- larity the constitution, organization, discipline, and worship of the church, professedly the work of the apostles, or of Clemens Romanus; but actually of a much later date, about the 4th or 5th century, being one of the many forgeries by which the Epis- copacy of the middle ages was established. Constitutions and Canons Ecclesiastical, are the prescriptions on which the disci- pline and organization of the Church of England, as far as it is an ecclesiastical body, rest. Many are now fallen into desuetude, and by the changes in the Church regarded as a political body, have been repealed, yet none have been altered since the days of James I., and all are subscribed to, and enjoined, as if no changes had taken place. CONSTITU'TIONAL, a. flowing from the particular tempera- ment or habit of a person's body, or from the peculiar temper and disposition of his mind ; implanted in the very nature of a thing; consistent with the form of government ; legal. CONSTITUTIVE, a. that constitutes anything what it is; elemental; essential; productive. To CONSTRAFN, v. a. [constraindre, Fr.] to force a person to perform or refrain from some action ; to violate ; to ravish ; to confine; including the idea of force or pressure. CONSTRAl'NABLE, a. liable to force or compulsion. CON CONSTRAI'NEDLY, ad. by constraint ; by compulsion. CONSTRAI'NER, «. the person that forces or compels. CONSTRAI'NT, «. [constrainte, Fr.] the act of overruling the will or desire ; compulsion or force ; confinement. Figuratively, reserve. To CONSTRI'CT, v. a. [constHngo, Lat.] to contract or bind close ; to draw the parts of any thing closer to each other ; to cramp. CONSTRI'CTION, s. [consirictio, Lat.] the drawing the parts into a narrow compass, or close together ; contraction. Synon. Compression is from an outward force, constriction from some quality ; as the throat is compressed by a bandage, and eonstringed by a cold. CONSTRI'CTOR, s. [Lat.] that which contracts. In Ana- tomy, applied to those muscles which shut up or close some of the canals or tubes of the body. To CONSTRFNGE, v. a. to bind, or force the parts of a body closer together ; to compress. CONSTRFNGENT, part, having the quality of binding, or making the parts of a body approach nearer to each other. To CONSTRU'CT, v. a. [con and strno, Lat.] to form from different materials ; to build; to compile, or constitute. CONSTRU'CTION, s. [constructio, Lat.] the act of forming from an assemblage of different things, joined together with art and regularity; the form of a building; structure; the manner in which things are laid together. Figuratively, the sense, meaning, or interpretation of a word ; judgment ; mental repre- sentation. In Grammar, the arrangement of the parts of each sentence, and of the sentences, so as to convey the meaning in- tended, fully and clearly, and without violation of the powers of the words employed. Construction, in Geometry, the drawing of such lines ana figures as are required for the demonstration of a theorem, or the solution of a problem. CONSTRU'CTURE,s. an edifice; a building; a pile or frames composed of several things placed together with regularity and art. To CO'NSTRUE, v. a. to place words in a grammatical order, and explain their meaning. CONSUBSTA'NTIAL, {konsubstdnshial) a. [con and suhsto, Lat.] having the same substance or essence; of the same kind or na- ture, applied to material bodies. In Creeds, this word is regard- ed as the test of orthodoxy respecting the Trinity. CONSIJBSTANTIA'LITY, (konsi&tanshidlity) s. the existence of more than one in the same essence. To CONSUBSTA'NTIATE, (konsubstdnshiate) v. a. to unite in one common substance or nature. CONSUBSTANTIA'TION, [konsuhstamhidsMon) s. the real presence of the body and blood of Christ in the bread and wine after consecration, in the sacrament of the eucharist, accordinsj to the Lutherans. Something like this is held by the Church of England. CO'NSUL, s. [Lat.] the title of the two chief magistrates at Rome, which were created on the expulsion of the kings ; they ruled one year, were presidents in the senate, commanded the armies of tne republic, and decided the differences between the citizens. A person commissioned to judge between merchants in foreign parts, take care of their interests, and protect their commerce. CO'NSULAR, a. [con«Mfen«, Lat] relating or belonging to a consul. CCyNSULATE, «. [consulatus, Lat.] the office of a consul ; the time during which a person exercises the office of a consul. CONSULSHIP, «. the office of a consul. To CONSU'LT, V. n. [conmlto, Lat.] to deliberate together. — V. a. to apply to for advice ; to act with regard or respect to ; to act so as to promote some end. Figuratively, to plan or contrive ; to examine into the sentiments of an author. CONSULTA'TION, «. [consultatio, Lat.] the act of taking the advice of one or more persons ; an assembly of several persons meeting together to give their opinions on any subject. CONStI'LTER, s. one who applies to another for counsel, ad- vice, or intelligence. CONSU'MABLE, a. that may be diminished, altered, wasted, or destroyed. To CONSU'ME, V. a. [consumo, Lat.] to waste by separating the particles of a body ; to diminish ; to lessen a person's fortune or money by expenses ; to destroy. CON CONSU'MER, s. one who spends, wastes, or destroys. To CONSU'MMATE, v. a. [consommer, Fr.] to perfect or finish , to complete, or render complete ; to end. CONSU'MMATE, o. [consummo, Lat.] perfect; complete; fin- ished ; without defect of any circumstance or particular required for its completion or perfection. CONSUMMATION, s. the completion or conclusion of any action or undertaking; the final termination of all things. CONSU'MPTION, s. [consumo, Lat.] the act of consuming, wasting, or destroying; the state of wasting, decaying, or per- ishing; the use of^ goods and wares produced by nature, or by the industry and skill of men. In Medicine, a disease, the dis- tinguishing feature of which, is the gradual and rapid wasting away of the fleshy parts of the frame, and the seat of which is the lungs. CONSU'MPTIVE, a. having the quality of wasting, consuming, or destroying ; diseased or affected with a consumption. To CONTA'BULATE, v. a. [con and tabula, Lat.] to floor with boards. CONTABULATION, s. a joining of boards or planks together. CO'NTACT, s. [contactus, from contingo, Lat.] touch ; close union. In Astronomy, a planet and star, or any two planets, are said to be in contact, when they are in or so near the same longitude and latitude of the zodiac, that the nearer body hides,- either wholly or in part, the other from our view ; also applied to the first or last impression of the moon, or inferior planet, on the sun's disk. In Mathematics, it is when one line, plane, or body, : J ._ . -1 .1 _ , . . . . enter into it. ade to touch another, but not to cut ( CONTA'CTION, s. the act of joining or touching. CONTA'GION, s. [contasio, from contingo, Lat.] the communi- which affects a person le Doay with ais iseases by unwholesome effluvia. Figuratively, the propagation of vice, or the power which vice has to propagate itself. CON FA'GIOUS, a. infectious ; to be communicated from one to another, applied to the manner in which pestilential diseases or vices are propagated. CONTA'GIOUSNESS, s. the quality of propagating a disorder or vice from one person to another. To CONTAI'N,!'. a. [contineo, Lat.] to include any fluid within its sides, applied to a vessel ; to comprise, applied to writings. Figuratively, to restrain or keep within bounds. CONTAI'NABLE, a. possible to be included within certain bounds ; possible to be included within a vessel. To CONTA'MINATE, v. a. [contamino, Lat.] to defile ; to pol- lute by base mixture. CONTA'MINATE, part, defiled ; polluted. CONTAMINATION, s. the act of pollution; the state of a thing defiled or polluted. To CONTE'MN, (contem) v. a. [contemno, Lat.] to despise ; to disregard ; to slight, neglect, or defy. CONTE'MNER, s. one who despises, scorns, or has a mean opinion of a thing; one who hears the threats of another without being concerned ; a despiser ; a scorner. To CONTE'MPER, r. a. [contempero, Lat.] to moderate, or allay, by the mixture of some opposite quality. CONTE'MPERAMENT, s. temperature or quality resembling another. To CONTE'MPERATE, ®. a. to diminish any quality by the addition of its opposite. CONTEMPERA'TION, s. the act of lessening any quality by the mixture of a contrary one ; the act of tempering, or moderat- ing; the act of blending opposite humours. To CONTE'MPLATE, v. a. [contemplor, Lat.] to consider with continued attention and application. — v. n. to muse; to think with great attention. CONTEMPLATION, s. [contemplatio, Lat.] studious or intense thought on any subject; the act of keeping any idea brought into the mind for some time actually in view; the employment of the thoughts about Divine things ; study or speculation. CONTEMPLATIVE, a. given to thought; studious; em- ployed in study. CONTE'MPLATIVELY,arf. thoughtfully; attentively; with deep attention. CfONTEMPLATOR, ». [Lat.] one employed in study; a student. CONTE'MPORARY, (usually pron, kotemporctry) a. \contempo- rain, Fr] living in the same age ; born at the sarae time ; exist- ing at the same point of time. CONTE'MPORARY, s. one who lives at the same time with another. To CONTE'MPORIZE, v. a. [con and Umpua, Lat.] to make coutemporaiy ; to place in the same age. CO^TWmVT ,s.-[cmtemptus, ixomcontemno, Lat.] the act of look- ing on a thing as an object worthy of scorn ; and , on account of its meanness, unfit for approbation ; the state of being despised. In Law, refusal to obey any orders given by competent authority. CONTE'MPTIBLE, a. worthy of scorn on account of its vile- ness or insignificancy ; despised, or thought unworthy of notice. CONTE'MPTIBLfeNESS, s. that quality which renders a thing the object of scorn and contempt. CONTE'MPTIBLY, ad. meanly ; in a manner deserving con- tempt. CONTE'MPTUOUS, a. using an insolent expression of scorn and disdain, on account of the meanness of a thing, whether it be real or imaginary. CONTE'MPTUOUSLY, ad. in a manner which expresses a mean and disdainful idea either of a person or thing. CONTE'MPTUOUSNESS, s. the quality expressive of an in- solent disdain of a thing, on account of^ its real or supposed meanness. To CONTE'ND, v. n. [contendo, Lat.] to strive or struggle in opposition to another; to vie with ; to debate with warmth. UONTE'NDER, s. one who opposes the opinions of another; an opponent. CONTE'NT, a. [contentm, Lat.] satisfied with one's present lot, though not pleased with it ; submitting without opposition. To COiNTE'NT, v. a. to satisfy so as to stop complaint ; to confine one's desires to that which is in our possession ; to re- strain our actions within certain limits ; to give a person his de- mands, so as to hinder him from making any more ; to please ; to gratify. CONTE'NT, s. a disposition of mind whereby a person con- fines his desires to what he enjoys, without murmuring at his lot, or wishing ardently for more. In the plural, that which is contained or included in any vessel or receptacle ; the capacity of containing; thepurport of any writing ; the chief things treated of by an author. Synon. No restless or turbulent man can ever enjoy true content. Satisfaction hardly ever accompanies immo- derate ambition. CONTENTA'TION, s. satisfaction or content. Out of use. CONTE'NTED, part, resigned to the dispensations of Provi- dence ; satisfied with one's present lot, without murmuring at its defectiveness, or desiring more. CONTE'NTION, s. Icontentio, from contendo, Lat.] an oppo- sition of sentiments or opinion ; a warm espousal of any doctrine or interest in opposition to others ; eagerness to bring about a design ; emulation. CONTE'NTIOUS, (kontemhious) a. inclined to oppose the sen- timents of another; quarrelsome; litigious. Contentious Juris- diction, in Law, is a court which has a power to judge and determine differences between contending parties. The lord chief justices and judges have a contentiom jurisdiction ; but the lords of the treasury, and the commissioners of the customs, have none, being merely judges of accounts and transactions. CONTE'NTIOL'SLY, (konUmhiously) ad. out of a fondness for opposition or contradiction. CONTE'NTIOUSNESS, (kontenshiousness) s. proneness to op- pose, contend, or quarrel with. CONTE^NTLESS, a. dissatisfied with one's present condition ; void of resignation to the dispensations of Providence. . CONTE'NTMENT, s. [contenitnent, Fr.] full satisfaction in present enjoyment, without a wish for more ; pleasure ; gratifi- cation ; or delight. CONTE'RMINOUS, a. [con and terminus, Lat.] bordering up- on ; touching at the boundaries. To CONTE'ST, t). a. [contester, Fr.] to dispute, to oppose an opinion ; to call in question ; to contend with a person for any right, property, or other subject.— «. n. to strive, contend, vie, or emulate. CO'NTEST, «. a dispute, or opposition of opinions ; a differ- ence ; a controversy. CONTE'STABLE, a. that may be disputed, opposed, or con- troverted. •218 GON CONTE'STABLENESS, «. possibility of being disputed or controverted. CONTESTATION, s. the act of opposing the sentiments of another ; strife ; contradiction. To CO'NTEX, V. a. [con and texo, Lat.] to weave together; to unite by interposition of parts. CO'NTEXT, s. [contextus, Lat.] the general tenor and series of a discourse ; the parts which precede or follow a sentence quoted. CONTE'XT, a. woven close together ; interwoven. CONTE'XTURE, s. the peculiar arrangement, order, or dis- position of the parts of a body ; the composition which is formed from a union of various and previously separate parts; consti- tution ; the manner in which any thing is woven or formed. CONTIGNA'TION, s, [con and tignum, Lat.] a frame of beams or boards joined together ; the act of framing or joining the parts of a building together. CONTIGUTTY, s. actual touching ; a situation in which two things touch each other. CONTPGUOUS, a. [c. i and teM^o, Lat.] meetiiig so as to touch ; bordering, applied to countries or places which join. CONTl'GUOUSLY, ad. in such a manner as to touch or join. CONTl'GUOUSNESS, s. touching ; nearness, so as to touch. CO'NTINENCE, Co'ntinency, s. [cmtineo, Lat.] restraint, or command over our thoughts and passions ; continuance or unin- terrupted series ; chastity. CO'NTINENT, ;)arf. chaste; restrained from an immoderate use even of lawful pleasure ; contiguous or joined to. CO'NTINENT, s. a main land, not intersected by the sea, con- taining many various countries. The continents which best deserve the name, are two, the ancient continent, which com- prehends Europe, Asia, and Africa, and the new continent, which is caliedT America. Australasia or New Holland is an island, yet from its extent may be considered a continent. Popularly amongst us, Europe is termed the Continent. To CONTPNGE, v. n. [con and tango, Lat.] to touch ; to reach ; to happen. COJNTPNGENCE, Conti'ngency, s. the quality of being free to exist or not to exist ; applied to future events, and opposed to those which must necessarily happen. CONTINGENT, a. not necessarily happening; casual. CONTPNGENT, s. something casual, or uncertain ; a future event which may or may not happen, according as things shall be circumstanced. In Law, it is a use Hmited in a conveyance which may or may not happen, according to the contingency mentioned in the limitation of use. And a contingent remainder is when an estate is limited to take place at a time to come, on an uncertain event. CONTl'IsGENTLY, ad. in a contingent, uncertain, casual manner. CONTI'NGENTNESS, s. the quality which denominates an action or future event to be uncertain with regard to its ex- istence. CONTPNUAL, a. [contineo, Lat.] incessant ; without inter- ruption; succeeding without any respite or intermission. CONTI'NUALLY, ad. without any pause or respite; without ceasing. CONTI'NUANCE, s. an uninterrupted succession, habit, or repeated act of the same kind ; abode or dwelling for some time in the same place; duration; perseverance. CONTPNUATE, a. intimately or closely connected ; uninter- rupted ; unbroken, or incessant. CONTPN UATELY, are/j. [Lat.] used in Commerce, to signify the side of an account contrary to the debt ; t. e. the credit side. In Com- position, it signifies contrary, or against. Contra-alto, Contra- tenor, names of species of the alto voice for singing, or of the alto key in written music. CfyNTRABAND, a. [contrahando, Ital.] that is prohibited by the laws of nations ; illegal ; applied chiefly to the carrying on of trade with nations, or in articles, or in a manner, contrary to the law of the land. To CONTRABAND, v. a. to import goods prohibited. To CONTRA'CT, v. a. {con and tralw, Lat.] to draw together ; to draw into one mass ; to comprise ; to make a bargain ; to be- troth, applied to a compact between a man and woman ; to acquire ; to reduce to a narrow compass. — v. n. to shrink, or grow short. CONTRACT, «. an agreement entered into by two parties ; a compact ; the act of betrothing ; a writing which contains the terms or conditions of a bargain or agreement. CONTRA'CTEDNESS, s. the quality which denotes a thing to be reduced into a narrower compass ; narrowness or smallness of extent. CONTRA CTIBFLITY, s. the possibility of being reduced to a less coinpass by shrinking. CONTRA'CTIBLE, a. capable of being reduced to a narrower compass. CONTRA'CTIBLENESS, s. the quality of bein» reduced io a less compass by shrinking, or of suffering contraction. CONTRA'CTILE, a, having the power of contracting or shortening itself. CONTRA'CTION, s. [contractio, from con and traho, Lat.] the act of shortening a writing, or reducing the substance of it to less compass ; the act of shrinking or decreasing in magnitude or dimensions ; the state of a thing shrunk, shrivelled, or drawn into a narrow compass. In Anatomy, it means the shrinking up of a fibre, or an assemblage of fibres, when extended. As paralytic disorders generally proceed from a too great relaxation of the fibres in the part afliBcted ; so, on the other hand, con- vulsions and spasms proceed from a preternatural contraction of the muscles of^the nart affected. In Grammar, the reduction of two vowels or syllames into one. CONTRA'C'IOR, s. one of the parties to a contract or bar- gain. To CONTRADT'CT, v. a. {contra and dico, Lat.] to oppose ; to assert a thing quite opposite or contrary to another ; to deny the assertion of another ; to oppose ; to be opposite, or irrecon- cilable with. CONTRADI'CTER, s. one who opposes the sentiments of another; an opponent. CONTRADICTION, s. the asserting bywords that the opi- nion of another is false ; opposition ; inconsistency ; contrariety ; a species of direct opposition. CONTRADI'CTIOUS, (kontradikshious) a. inconsistent, or op- posite ; inclined to oppose, cavil at, or contradict another. CONTRADFCTIOLISNESS, {hontradikshioimiess) s. inconsist- ency, opposition, or contrariety. CONTRADI'CTORILY, ad. inconsistently ; in such a manner as to be guilty of inconsistencies or contradictions. CONTRADI'CTORINESS, s. the highest degree of opposition, applied to truth or opinions. CONTRADI'CTORY, a. opposite to, or inconsistent with. In Logic, applied to propositions, of which one must be true and the other false. CONTRADISTi'NCTION, ». the explanation or determining the sense of a word, by producing one that has an opposite signification. CON To CONTRADISTI'NGUISH, v. a. to distinguish or explain by contrast, or producing a contrary quality. CONTRAFI'SSURE, s. [contra and ^ndo, Lat.] in Surgery, a crack or fissure in the skull, in the part opposite to that wherein the blow was received. To CONTRAI'NDICATE, v. a. [contra and indico, Lat.] to point out a method contrary to the general tenor of a disease ; as when a vomit might seem advisable, the patient's being subject to vomiting shows that it ought by no means to be prescribed. CONTRAINDICATION, ». in Physic, a symptom which for- bids that to be done which the main scope of a disease at first thought seems to point out. CONTRAMU'RE, s. [contrcmur, Fr.] in Fortification, an out- wall about, or opposite to, the main wall of a city. CONTRANFTENCY, s. [contra and nitor, Lat.] a contrary re- sistance, reaction, or a resistance to any force. CONTRAPOSITION, s. [contra and positio, Lat.] the placing opposite, or over against. CONTRAREGULA'RITY, s. contrariety to rule. CONTRA'RIANT, a. [Fr.] contradictory ; opposite and irre- concilable in sense. CONTRARI'ETY, s. [contrarietas, from contra, Lat.] opposition ; inconsistency ; a quality or position opposite to, or destructive of, another. CONTRA'RILY, ad. in a manner opposite to, inconsistent, or irreconcilable with ; differently ; in opposite directions. CONTRA'RINESS, s. the quality of^ being opposed to, or in- consistent with. CONTRA'RIOUS,a. opposite ; different in the highest degree. CONTRA'RIOUSLY, ad. oppositely ; in contrary or opposite directions ; in a manner inconsistent. CONTRA'RIWISE, ad. on the contrary ; in a contrary manner. CONTRARY, a. inconsistent ; disagreeing ; in an opposite direction, or unfavourable, applied to the wind. In Logic, ap- plied to propositions, both of which cannot be true, yet both may be lalse. On the contrary, borrowed from the commercial phrase per contra, signifies on the opposite side, or in opposition to something which has been alleged or offered. To the contrary, to an intention or purpose quite contrary; against; or in op- position to any thing. To CO'NTRARY, v. a. [contrarier, Fr.] to oppose; to thwart; to contradict. CO'NTRAST, s. [contraste, Fr.] in Painting and Sculpture, an opposition or difference between the position, attitude, &c., of any two figures, or the lines which form objects by means whereof they cause a variety, and tend to set off each other. In Architecture, the avoiding of the repetition of the same thing, in order to please by variety ; as in the gallery of the Louvre, the pediments are alternately arched and angular. To CONTRA'ST, v. a. in Painting, to place in a contrary atti- tude, &c., in order to set off one figure by another. Figuratively, to set in contrary positions ; to set one thing off by coupling it with another. CONTRAVALLATION, s. [contra and valto, Lat.] in Fortifica- tion, the means used by an army to defend themselves from the sallies of a town they besiege, consisting of a trench guarded by a parapet, without musket-shot of the town, and drawn between the besiegers and the town. To CONTRAVE'NE, r. a. [contra and venin, Lat.] to oppose ; to obstruct the performance of a thing ; to act contrary to a bar- gain, contract, or agreement. CONTRAVE'NER, s. he who opposes another. CONTRAVE'NTION, s. [Fr.] an opposition to any law; a violation of, or acting contrary to, a law. CONTRECTATION,s. [contrecto, Lat.] a touching or handhng. CONTRI'BUTARY, a. paying a tribute to the same person ; concurring to promote a design. To CONTRI'BUTE, v. a. [contribuo, Lat.] to give or pay a por- tion of money towards carrying on some common design. — v. n. to promote, or bear a part or share in the promoting any design. CONTRIBUTION, s. the act of paying a share of the ex- penses required to carry on any design; a sum paid by a town taken, or in danger of being taken, by an enemy, to prevent its being plundered ; a sum of money collected from several persons. CONTRFBUTIVE, a. that promotes any design in conjunc- tion with other things or persons. CONTRFBUTOR, s. one who bears a part in the measures 2 F 2 219 CON taken to accomplish any design; one who pays his share towards raisinpr a sum of money, CONTRI'BUTORY, a. promoting the same end ; paying a share towards raising a common fund, or certain sum. To CONTRI'STATE, v. a. Icontrisio, from Mstis, Lat.] to sad- den ; to make sorrowful. CONTRISTATION,*. the act of making sad; sorrow; heavi- ness of heart ; sadness ; gloominess ; grief ; discontent ; melan- . cholv moan ; trouble. CO'NTRITE, a. [contritus, from contero, Lat.] in its primary signification, bruised, or much worn. In Divinity, sorrowful for sin from a love of God. CONTRI'TENESS, s. contrition ; repentance. CONTRI'TION, s. in its primary sense, the act of rubbing two bodies against each other so as to wear off some parts of the sur- faces. In Divinity, that penitence or sorrow for sin which arises from the love of God. In the Church of Rome, certain distinc- tions are made between the merits of different kinds of penitence, the most meritorious being called Attrition, the less. Contrition. CONTRI'VABLE, o. possible to be discovered, or planned by the mind. CONTRI'VANCE, s. the projecting or planning the most pos- sible methods to accomplish any design, or attain any end. Fi- guratively, a plan ; a scheme ; a plot ; an artifice. To CONTRI'VE, v. a. to invent, plan, or project the means of attaining any end, or accomplishing any design. — v, n. to form, design, or lay a plot. CONTRI'VEMENT, s. invention. CONTRI'YER, s. an inventor; a projector; one who forms projects for the attaining an end, or accomplishing some design. CONTRO'L, (the o in this word and its derivatives is pron. long, kontrol,) s. [cnntrok, Fr.] the account kept by a person as a check upon another. Figuratively, restraint, a check ; power ; authority; dominion. To CONTRO'L, i\ a. to examine the accounts of another by a check kept against him. Figuratively, to restrain ; to keep un- der restraint ; to govern ; to overpower ; to confute. CONTRO'LLABLE, a. liable to be controlled, overruled, or restrained ; subject to restraint. CONTRO'LLER, s. a person who examines public accounts by a check ; one who has the power of overruling, restraining, or governing the actions of another. CONTRO'LLERSHIP, s. the office or compliment of a con- troller. CONTRO'LMENT, s. the power of restraining the actions or active powers of another; opposition; resistance. CONTROVE'RSIAL, {controvershial) a. relating to dispute, or opposition of sentiments ; that may be disputed. CO'NTROVERSY, s. {controversia, from contra and rerto, Lat.] an opposition of opinions or sentiments, generally applied to disputes carried on with some warmth, in writing or print; a suit at law about the property of a thing ; opposition, or strug- gling against the force of a thing. To CONTROVE'RT, v. a. to oppose the sentiments of another in writing. CONTROVE'RTIBLE, a. that may give occasion to dispute ; that may be opposed. CONTROVE'RTIST, s. a disputant ; a person versed or en- gaged in literary wars or disputations. CONTUMA'CIOUS, (kontumdshious) a. [contumax, Lat.] inso- lently obstinate, implying a contempt of lawful authority, and acting against it from a spirit of insolent opposition. CONTUMA'CIOUSLY, (kontumdshiously) ad. in such a manner as shows an insolent obstinacy, or disobedience of lawful au- thority. CO'NTUMACY, Contuma'ciousness, s. disobedience to law- ful authority, including insolence, perverseness, and the highest degree of impudence. CONTUME'LIOUS, a. [contumeliosus, from contumeo, Lat.] re- proachful ; rude ; sarcastic ; contemptuous ; inclined to utter reproach, or practise insults; brutal; productive of reproach; shameful; ignominious. CONTUME'LIOUSLY, ad. in a rude, reproachful, contemp- tuous, or abusive manner. CONTUME'LIOUSNESS, s. that quality which arises from, or denominates any expressions to be rudely reproachful, and abounding with bitterness. CON CONTU'MELY, ». [conlumelia, Lat.] language abounding with the bitterest expressions, intended to subject a person to the reproach of others, and to render him uneasy. Figuratively, infamy, which subjects a person to the reproaches of others. To CONTU'SE, ilcontiise) v. a. [con and ttmdo, Lat.] in its Erimary signification, to beat together, to bruise. In Surgery, to urt by a blow, or some blunt body, so as to discolour the skin by an extravasation of the blood, &c., without breaking it, or destroying its continuity. CONTU'SION, s. the act of beating or bruising. Figuratively, the effect of beating or bruising. In Medicine, a hurt occasioned by a fall, or blow from any blunt weapon, which discolours the skin without cuttino; it, or destroying its continuity. CONVALE'SCENCE, Convale'scency, «. [con and valeseo, Lat.] a recovery of health. CONVALE'SCENT, a. recovering; or returning from a dis- order to a state of health. CONVE'NABLE, a. [eonvenaUe, Fr.] consistent with ; agree- able to ; accordant to. To CONVE'NE, v. a. [con and tenia, Lat.] to call together by summons ; to assemble a number of persons into the same place ; to summons, to appeal, in a law sense. — r. n. to come or assemble together. CONVE'NIENCE, Conve'niency, s. [con and venio, Lat.] the suitableness or fitness of a thing to promote any end ; advan- tage; profit; ease; or freedom from any obstruction, difficulty, or embarrassment. CONVE'NIENT, a. fit, suitable to effect an end, proper or necessary; free from obstructions. Applied to situation, com- modious, seasonable. CONVE'NIENTLY, ad. suitably with a person's ease, interest, or advantage ; commodiously ; properly. CO'NVENT, s. [con and venio, Lat.] an assembly of persons dedicating themselves entirely to the service of religion, and without any commerce with the world. A place inhabited by monks or nuns. CONVE'NTICLE, s. [a diminutive of coni-eni!,] an assembly. Fi- guratively, a meeting for worship, generally applied to the meet- ings and meeting-houses of Nonconformists, by way of reproach ; a secret assembly for the contrivance of some plot or crime. CONVE'NTICLER, s. one who frequents private and unlawful assemblies, particularly those held for worship. CONVE'NTION, s. a treaty, contract, or agreement between two or more parties; also an assembly, union, coalition, [t is also a name given to an extraordinary assembly of parliament, or the states of the realm held without the king's writ ; as was the convention of the estates, who, upon the retreat of King James II., came to a conclusion, that he had abdicated the throne, and the right of succession devolved to King William and Queen Mary ; whereupon the assembly expired as a convention, and was converted into a parliament. Also, in later history, the name of the assembly held during the French Revolution,,when there was no regularly constituted authority in the land. CONVE'NTIONAL, {konvSnshional) a. stipulated ; or agreed to by bargain or contract. Applied to actions, it means such as are sanctioned by custom or law, but have no moral or religious sanction. CONVE'NTIONARY, (konvemhionary) a. acting according to the articles of some agreement or contract. CONVE'NTUAL, a. [conventuel, Fr.] belonging to a convent. — s. a monk ; or one who lives in a convent. To CONVE'RGE, v.n. [con and vergo, Lat.] to meet in a point ; to approach nearer to each other till they join in a point, applied to the rays of light, or lines drawn from different surfaces. CONVE'RGENT, Conve'rging, ;ja»-<. [con and verc/o, Lat.] is- suing from divers points, and approaching nearer to each other till tliey meet in a point. CONVE'RSABLE, a. written sometimes conversihle, but im- properly ; [Fr.] qualified or fit for conversation ; fit for company ; affable; inclined to communicate knowledge or sentiments to another. CONVE'RSABLENESS, s. the quality flowing from affability and good nature, which renders conversation agreeable. CONVE'RSABLY, ad. in such a manner as to engage the conversation of others, and entertain them agreeably with dis- course. CONVE'RSANT, a. [Fr.] used or habituated to; familiarly CON acquainted with ; intimate ; having intercourse with. Used with about, it implies employed ; engaged ; relating to ; having for its object ; or concerning. CONVERSA'TION, s. [converso, Lat.] easy discourse with an- other; a familiar discourse; intercourse ; commerce ; behaviour; life ; or moral conduct. CONVE'RSATIVE, a. fit for conversation, or intercourse with men, opposed to contemplative. To CONVE'RSE, v. n. [eon and versor, Lat.] in its primary signification, to live with ; to keep company with. Figuratively, to hold intercourse with ; to be acquainted with by study ; to be used to ; to discourse. CO'NVERSE, s. conversation, or the sentiments of a person communicated in familiar discourse. Figuratively, familiar ac- quaintance. In Logic, the proposition formed by the change of the position of the subject and the predicate of any simple sentence. CONVfi'RSELY, ad. with change of order; in a contrary or- der ; reciprocally. CONVE'KSION, s. [con and verto, Lat.] the change from one state to another. In Divinity, a change from wickedness to piety, or from a false religion to a true one. In Logic, the change effected in a sentence by making the subject the predicate, and vice versa. In Algebra, the reducing any quantities that are in various denominations, to one common denomination, for the sake of simplifying the process. CONVE'RSIVE, a. fit for conversation or discourse ; inclined to communicate sentiments by discourse. To CONVE'RT, r. a. to change into another substance; to change from one religion to another, generally used for a change from a false to a true one ; to change the terms of a proposi- tion ; to undergo or suffer a change. CO'NVERT, ». one prevailed on to change his religion. CONVERTER, s. a person who persuades his religic CONVERTER, s. a person who persuades another to change CONVERTIBI'LITY, s. the quality of being an object of con- version ; possibility of conversion. CONVE'RTIBLE, a. that may be changed ; that may be al- tered with respect to its qualities ; that may be transmuted ; that may be interchanged, or used instead of another. CONVE'RTIBLY, ad. in such a manner as to be interchanged or used one for the other. CO'NVEX, a. [convexm, Lat.] swelling to the view ; protu- berant, applied to the external surface of a globe or circular body. CO'NVEX, s. a convex body ; a body swelling externally into a circular form. CONVE'XED, part, bending outwardly, applied to the out- ward surface of any round body. CONVE'XEDLY, arf. protuberant; in a convex form ; or like the outward surface of a globe. CONVE'XITY, s. protuberance in a circular form. CONVE'XLY, ad. in a convex form. CONVE'XNESS, «. spheroidical protuberance ; convexity. CONVE'XO-CONCAVE, a. hollow on one side, and convex on the other. To CONVEY', f. a. [conveho, Lat.] to move from one place to another ; to transport ; to transmit ; to transfer a right or pro- perty to another ; to impart ; to introduce. " CONVEY''ANCE, s. the act of moving a thing from one place to another ; a method of sending goods from one place to an- other. Figuratively, the means or instruments by which any thing is introduced from one place to another. In Law, the trans- ferring of property from one to the other ; a writing or instru- ment by which property is transferred. CON VEY'ANCER, s. a lawyer conversant in drawing writings whereby property is transferred from one person to another. CONVEY-'ANCING, s. the business of a conveyancer; a par- ticular branch of legal practice, relating to the tenure and trans- fer of real property. CONVEV'LR, s. a person who carries or removes goods from one place to another ; one who is engaged in conducting waters from one place to another by means of pipes, channels, &c. To CON VI'CT, V. a. {con and vinco, Lat.] to prove guilty of some crime. CONVrCT, a. convicted ; detected in guilt. CO'NVICT, «. a person proved to be guilty of a crime. CON CONVrCTlON, Convi'ncement, s. the proof of guilt, either by being outlawed, by appearing and confessing, or by in- quest ; the act of proving a crime ; confutation ; consciousness of guilt. CONVI'CTIVE, a. having the power of convincing. To CONVFNCE, v. a. to prove any proposition so as to make a person acknowledge its truth ; to evince, manifest, or vindi- cate. CONVI'NCIBLE, a. capable of acknowledging the strength of a proof or evidence ; capable of being convicted or proved guilty ; liable to be confuted. CONVINCINGLY, ad. in such a manner as to make a person see and acknowledge the truth of any proposition or reality of any fact. Convincingness, «. the power of convincing. CONVI'VIAL, a. [convivialis, from con and vivo, Lat.] relating to an entertainment of several persons. CONU'NDIIUM, s. [a cant word,] a low jest or quibble, drawn from the double signification of words, or distant resemblance of things. To CO'NVOCATE, v. a. [con and voco, Lat.] to call several per- sons together; to summons several persons to meet, or come to an assembly. CONVOCA'TION, «. [convocatio, Lat.] the act of calling se- veral persons to an assembly ; an assembly. An assembly of the clergy of England, by their representatives, to consult upon matters ecclesiastical. It is held during the sessions of parlia- ment, and consists of an upper and lower House. In the upper sit the bishops, and in the lower the inferior clergy, who are re- presented by their proctors, consisting of all the deans or arch- deacons, of one proctor for every chapter, and two for the clergy of each diocese, in all 143 divines, viz. 22 deans, 53 archdea- cons, 24 prebendaries, and 44 proctors of the diocesan clergy. The lower House chooses its prolocutor, whose business it is to take care that the members attend, to collect their debates and votes, and to carry their resolutions to the upper House. The Convocation is summoned by the king's writ, directed to the arch- bishop of each province, requiring him to summons all bishops, deans, archdeacons, &c. But since the year 1665, when the clergy gave up the privilege of taxing themselves to the House of Commons, they seldom have been allowed to do any business ; and are generally prorogued from time to time till dissolved, a new one being generally called along with a new parliament. The only equivalent for giving up the privilege of taxing them- selves, was their being allowed to vote at elections for members to the House of Commons, which they had not before. Likewise an assembly at Oxford, consisting of the vice-chancellor, doc- tors and masters of arts, wherein the conferring of degrees, ex- pulsion of delinquent members, and other affairs relating to the university, considered as a body corporate, are transacted. To CONVO'KE, V, a. [con and voco, Lat.] to call together several persons ; to summons to an assembly. To CON VO'LVE, v. a. [con and volvo, Lat.] to roll together ; or roll one part over another. CO'NVOLUTED, part, twisted, writhed, or rolled up, so that one part laps over another. CONVOLU'TION, s. the act of rolling the parts of a thing over one another ; the state of a thing rolled up, so as its parts close over each other. To CONVOY', V. a, [convoyer, Fr.] to guard or protect ships by sea, or provisions by land, from falling into the hands of an enemy. CO'NVOY, s. in Maritime affairs, one or more ships of war, employed to accompany and protect merchant ships against pirates and other enemies. In Military matters, it is a body of soldiers appointed to guard any supply of men, money, ammuni- tion, or provisions, conveyed by land into a town, army, or the like, in time of war. CO'N USANCE, s. [connoiasanee, Fr.] notice; knowledge; or authority of inquiring into an affair. A law term. To CONVU'LSE, v. a. [con and velh, Lat.] in Medicine, to give involuntary motion or contraction to any parts of the body. CONVU'LSION, s. in Medicine, a preternatural and violent contraction of the muscular system, or any part of it. Also any violent eruption, earthquake, or subterraneous disorder; any sudden commotion or rebellion in a state. CONVU'LSIVE, a. [conrulsif, Fr.] that gives an involuntary 221 coo motion, twitches, or spasms. In Medicine, applied to those mo- tions which should naturally depend on the will, but by some disorder are caused involuntarily. CO'NWAY, Caernarvonshire, N. Wales. It is seated at the mouth of the river Conway, and is a large walled town, with a castle, and the houses are well built. Near this town, corn, timber, and oak-bark are in great plenty. Copperas is manu- factured from a rock found on the bank of the river. Formerly it was famous for pearl-fishing, and there is still plenty of pearl muscles, but thej^ are now neglected. It is 2.35 miles from Lon- don. Market, Tuesday. Pop, 1,358. CO'NY, s. [cuniculus, Lat.J in Natural History, a creature which burrows and breeds in warrens; a rabbit. To COO, V. n. [formed from the sound,] to make a mournful noise like a dove. COOK, s. Icoquus, from eoqm, Lat.] a person who professes to dress victuals for the table. A cook-maid is a female employed in dressing victuals. To COOK, V. a. to prepare victuals. Figuratively, to prepare any thing for a particular design. COOK, JAMES, known as Captain Cook, the famous circum- navigator and discoverer in the Pacific Ocean. He rose by energy and perseverance from a very humble origin, to the well- earned celebrity he enjoys. It was under Admiral Sir Hugh Palliser, during the Canadian war, that he first obtained any no- tice, and by the reputation he acquired as a seaman, and as an hydrographer, gained the command of an expedition which was sent out to observe a transit of Venus, and seek for the sup- posed southern continent. During this and two subsequent voyages, he rediscovered New Zealand, visited the E. coast of New Holland, explored many of the Polynesian groups, verified and extended our knowledge of the N. W. part of the American continent, disproved the existence of any such S. continent as was imagined, and brought home specimens of plants and ani- mals before unknown. His treatment of the aborigines of the countries he visited, and his discipline and treatment of his sailors, show that he was a right-hearted man. He was killed in an unpremeditated rising of the natives of Hawaii, or Owhyhee, in the Sandwich Islands, which he had shortly before discover- ed, in 1779, aged 51 years. COOKE, DR. BENJAMIN, an eminent organist and com- poser of the last century. He was organist of Westminster Ab- bey and St. 3Iartin's in the Fields ; and his glees continue to be as great favourites as they were when first composed. Some of his sacred music is very fine. He died in 1793, aged 67 years. COO'KERY, s. the act of dressing victuals. COOK-ROOM, s. a room in which provisions are prepared for the ship's crew ; the kitchen of a ship. COOK'S INLET, a considerable arm of the sea entering in a N. E. direction the Russian territory of N. America ; on the E. of the Ion" promontory of Aliaska. COOL, a. [koelen, Belg.] a lesser degree of coldness, approach- ing to, or somewhat cold. Figuratively, free from anger or any violent passion ; not over-fond ; indifferent. To COOL, V. a. to lessen heat. — v. n. to lose heat ; to become less hot. Figuratively, to become less eager by the impulse of passion or inclination. COO'LER, s. that which has the power of diminishing or less- ening the degree of heat in any body ; a vessel made use of by brewers to cool their sweet wort in. COO'LLY, ad. in such a manner as to be between hot and cold. Figuratively, without heat or passion. COO'LNESS, s. a middle state between excessive heat and excessive cold. Figuratively, applied to the passions, freedom from any violent affection ; want of cordial love or affectionate regard ; indifference. COOM, s. [ecume, Fr.] the soot that gathers over an oven's mouth ; the matter which works out of carriage wheels. COOMB, Comb, s. a dry measure containing four bushels. In connexion with names of places, it signifies a hollow, narrow vallev. COOP, s. [kuype, Belg.] a vessel for keeping liquor ; a pen or enclosure to confine poultry in To COOP, V. a. to confine, shut up, or enclose in a narrow compass. COOPE'E, s. Icoupe, Fr.] the name of a particular step or motion in dancing. 222 COO'PER, ». one who makes casks, or any vessel whose parts are held together by hoops. COO'PER, SIR ASTLEY, a very distinguished surgeon of the beginning of the present centuiy. He studied under Cline and Hunter, and was remarkable for the ceaseless diligence with which he prosecuted his anatomical researches. His example, his lectures, and his writings maj^ have contributed largely to that change in the nature of surgical practice, which has taken place recently. He was officially connected with St. Thomas's Hospital, Guy's, Surgeons' Hall, and the College of Surgeons, of which last institution he was twice president. He died in 1841, aged 73 years. COO'PER, SAMUEL, a painter of miniature likenesses, who, under the government of Cromwell, and his predecessor and suc- cessor, in this country and in France, enjoyed a first-rate reput- ation amongst the highest classes. He painted portraits of some of the most distinguished persons of his age, amongst whom were Oliver Cromwell, Charles IL, and some of the ladies of his court, which have well maintained his celebrity. He died in 1672, aged 63 years. COO'PERAGE, s. the price paid for coopers' work ; a place where coopers work. To CO-O'PERATE, v. n. [con and operor, Lat.] to labour with another, in order to perfect or finish any work ; to concur in pro- ducing the same effect. CO-OPERA'TION, s. the act by which two or more persons or things contribute to promote the same end. CO-0'PERATIVE, a, concurring to promote the same design or produce the same eff'ect. CO-OPERA'TOR, s. he that endeavours to promote the same end as others. CO-0'RDINATE, a. [con and ordo, Lat.] of equal rank, order, or degree with another ; not being subordinate. In analytical Geometry, this term is applied to the portions of two lines inter- secting each other at a known angle, by which the position of a point or a right line, curve, &c. &c., maj' be determined, and be- come the subject of mathematical investigation. CO-0'RDINATELY, ad. in the same order or rank with an- other. CO-0'RDINATENESS, s. the state of a thing of a degree or rank equal with another. CO-ORDINA'TION, s. the state of holding the same rank or degree. COOT, CooTE, s. in Natural History, a name of the water-hen. COP, s. [Sax.] the top ; the top or head of any thing ; or any thing rising to a head or point. CO'PAL, s. [Span.] a resinous substance, pure, transparent, of a watery colour, and little smell. It flows out of the trunk of a tree by incision, is inflammable, dissoluble in oil, and used in some medicines, but chiefly as a varnish. COPA'RCENERS, s. [con and partkeps, Lat.] such as have equal portions in the inheritance of their ancestors. Thus, the female issue, in default of male, come equally to the lands of their ancestors ; and by the custom of gavel-kind in Kent, the father's lands, at his death, are equally divided among all his sons. COPA'RCENY, s. an equal share of coparceners. COPA'RTNER, s. one who has a share in some common stock or affair; one who carries on business in conjunction with an- other; one equally concerned and involved in the same calamity, or enjoying the sann COPA'RTNERSHIP, s. a state wherein a person has an equal I same advantage, with another. share of the profits or loss of trade, or is engaged in the same common design with another. COPA'YVA, s. [it is sometimes written capivi, copivi, cupaiba, capayva, cupai/va,] in Medicine, a gum which distils from a tree in the Brazils, and is made use of in disorders of the urinary passages. COPE, 8. [see Cop,] any thing with which the head is covered; an ornament worn by priests, reaching from the shoulders to the feet ; any thing spread over the head. To COPE, V. a. to cover or arch over. To reward ; to give in return. To cope with, to contend with ; to fight or combat ; to oppose. COPENHA'GEN, the capital of Denmark. It is seated on the E. shore of Zeeland, and the N. shore of Amak, islands of the Sound, and is the most uniform and best built city in the COP north. It contains four royal palaces, one university consisting of four colleges, and nineteen churches. The streets are almost all broad, and in a straight line, well paved, with a foot-way on each side, but too narrow for general use. It is the see of a bishop. The haven is generally crowded with ships ; and the streets are intersected by broad canals, which bring the merchandise close to the warehouses on the quays. It is divided into the New Town and Old Town ; and has some important manufactories. Popu- lation about 120,000. Lat. 55. 41. N. Long. 12. 35. E. COPE'RNICUS, NICOLAS, the reviver of the ancient Pytha- gorean theory of the solar system, and establisher of it by observation and calculation. He studied in Prussia first, and afterwards in Italy. At Rome he acquired great renown as a professor, and entered the church. Returning to his own coun- try, he devoted himself to his studies, and at length produced, warily, and under the sanction of Rome, the then startling an- nouncement, that the sun was the centre of this system, and that the planets revolved round it, the moon being a second- ary planet and revolving round our earth, as it does about the sun ; yet hampered and encumbered with many of the specula- tions which required all the force of Kepler and Newton to sweep away. He was ridiculed and disbelieved even by philosophers like Bacon, but his system, purified from absurdities by bolder and clearer speculators, and corrected and amplified by observers possessed of greater powers and means than nis, has lived. He died in 1-54.3, aged about 70 years. CO'PIER, s. one who transcribes a writing, or imitates any coin, or other original. CO'PING, s. [eoppe. Sax.] in Architecture, the upper tire of masonry, which covers a wall. CO'PIOUS, a. [copiosus, Lat.] plentiful; abundant; in great quantities; abounding in words and images ; not confined. CO'PIOUSLY, arf. plentifully; in great quantities; large; in a diffusive manner, applied to stj'le or descriptions. C'O'PIOUSNESS, s. plenty; abundance; great quantities of anything; diffusiveness; exuberance. CO'PIST, s. in diplomatic science, signifies a transcriber or copier of deeds, books, &c. CO'PLAND, 8. a piece of ground which terminates with an acute angle. CO PLEY, JOHN S., an American painter of the last a^e, of some celebrity. He visited Europe, and finally settled in England. His great painting of the Death of Cliatham is known by all. He died in 1815, aged 78 years. CO'PPED, a. rising or terminating in a point at top. CO'PPEL, s. spelt Ukewise copel, cupel, cuple, cuppel; [cuppe. Sax.] a vessel used by assayers and refiners to try and refine their metals in. CO'PPER, s. [koper, Belg.] one of the most abundant of the metals, which was well known to the ancients. Native copper IS by no means uncommon, but it is extracted chiefly from the native sulphuret, especially from copper pyrites. It is of a red colour, ana receives a considerable lustre by polishing. It is both ductile and malleable, and in tenacity is inferior only to iron. It is hard and elastic, and consequently sonorous : less fusible than silver, but more so than gold. It rusts in a short time from exposure to air and moisture, being converted into a green sub- stance, carbonate of the black oxide of copper. It is one of the most widely applied of the metals to the service of man. It is manufactured into various culinary utensils ; it is coined and made into buttons by dies; rolled into platea, it is employed to sheathe the bottoms of ships, and sometimes as a light and cfurable roofing for houses. In composition, it is employed as an alloy for both silver and gold ; in making brass and bronze ; and for bell-metal. The recent advances of electrical science have dis- covered a field for its employment by means of the galvanic bat- tery, of surpassing interest and utility. Copper also signifies a large vessel or boiler fixed in brickwork. Copper-work is a place where copper is worked or manufactured. CO'PPLRAS, s. [kopperoose, Belg.] a name given to the sul- phate of the protoxide of copper, commonly called blue vitriol, used as an astringent in surgery, and in galvanic batteries;— to the sulphate of the protoxide of iron, commonly called green vitriol; and to the sulphate of the oxide of zinc, commonly called white vitriol. All are made usually by the applicjition of dilute sulphuric acid to the several metals; and the last two are em- ployed in dyeing, and making of colours and inks. COR CO'PPER-PLATE, s, a thin plate of copper, upon which, by means of graving-tools, and acia, a copy of a drawing or paint- ing is made, from which copies may be taken by rubbing printer's ink into all the lines, &c. cut in the metal, and passing the plate with the paper through a rolling press. CO'PPER-SMITH, s. a person who makes vessels formed of copper. CO'PPER Y, a. containing copper ; made of copper ; coloured like copper. CO'PPICE, (it is often written and pron. copse,) s. [coupeaux, Fr.] a low wood cut at stated times for fuel ; a small wood, con- sisting of under-wood, or brush-wood. COTPLE-STONES, «. lumps or fragments of stone, broken from the adjacent cliffs, and rounded by being bowled and tum- bled to and fro by the action of water. CO'PROSE, s. a provincial term for the corn poppy. COPSE, s. &e Coppice. To COPSE, V. a. to preserve under-woods. CO'PTIC, the name of a branch of the great Semitic family of languages, spoken by the Copts, in which exist translations of the Scriptures, and of ecclesiastical and devotional works, which are of some value in Biblical literature. The language is of some interest and value in the study of comparative grammar, for illustrating some peculiarities of the family it belongs to. COPTS, or CoPHTs, the name of a people dwelling in Upper Egypt and Abyssinia, principally, who are distinguished from the other races of the N. E. quarter of Africa, by their profession of a very debased form of Christian faith. Their church retains most of the characteristics of the so-called Universal Church of the middle ages. They are much diminished in numbers now, and are losing their distinctive peculiarities. CO'PULA, s. [Lat.] in Logic and Grammar, that member of a simple sentence which connects the subject, or thing spoken of, with the predicate, or thing said of it ; as, the tree falls, he runs away, where the terminal s of the verbs serves as copula ; or, the tree is falling, he is running away, where is serves as copula. In Logic no other word or inflexion is regarded as copula than is or are. CO'PULATIVE,a. [cop«/are, Lat.] having the power of uniting. Applied in Grammar to a class of conjunctions which are em- ployed to unite co-ordinative words and sentences. CO'PY, s. [copia, low Lat.] a writing which consists of the sub- stance of some other, and is written, word for word, from some original; an individual book, or manuscript, of an author; an instrument by which any thing is conveyed, in Law ; a picture drawn from an original piece ; a line or piece of writing for scholars to go by. To CO'PY, V. a. to transcribe a writing or book word for word ; to imitate a design or picture. — v. n. with from, and sometimes with after, before the object of imitation. CO'PY-BOOK, s. a book in which copies are written for learners to imitate. CO'PYHOLD, s. in Law, a tenure by which the tenant hath nothing to show but the copy of the rolls made by the steward of the lord's court. This tenure the tenant holds in some sort at the will of the lord, though not simply so, but according to the custom of the manor. CO'PYHOLDER, s. a person admitted a tenant of any lands or tenements in a manor, which have, time out of mind, been devisable to such as will take the same by copy of court roii, ac- cording to the custom of the said manor. To COQUE'T, V. a. [coqueter, Fr.] to treat with an appearance of love, without any real affection. — v. n. to pretend the lover. COQUE'TRY,s. [coqueterie, Fr.] a desire of attracting the no- tice of the other sex ; an affectation of love expressed in ad- vances, without being affected with that passion. COQUE'TTE, s. [Fr.] a gay girl, who endeavours to attract the notice of the other sex, and by an affectation of tenderness to engage a number of suitors, merely from vanity. CO'RACLE, s. [cwrwgle, Brit.] a boat used by the Welch fish- ers, made of a frame of wicker-work covered with leather. CO'RAL, s. [corallium, Lat.] the calcareous matter forming the internal framework, or the cells of certain marine zoophytes. It is commonly applied to one particular kind, which is of a beau- tiful red colour, and is found in the Mediterranean Sea. There is also a black kind common. CO'RALLINE, a. [coralUnus, Lat.] consisting of coral ; re- COR sembling coral.— s. a class of organized existences which are found in the seas of all climates, and in fresh water, the true place of which in the kingdom of nature is unknown, some naturalists calling them plants, and some animals. CO'RALLOID, Co'ralloidal, a. [korallion and eidos, Gr.] re- sembling coral. CO'RAL-RAG, s. in Geology, one member of the Oolitic series of formations, distinguished hj the great abundance of corals in it. It is best developed in Wiltshire, but corresponding and si- milar beds occur quite across the kingdom to the Yorkshire coast. CO'RALWORT, s. in Botany, a species of the dentaria, found in shady places. CO'RANICH, Co'ronach, ». among the Scotch and Irish, the custom of singing at funerals, anciently prevalent in those coun- tries, and still practised in several parts. CO'RBAN, s. [Heb.] a word which signifies a gift, offering, or present, made to God or his temple. When, among the .Tews, a man had thus devoted all his fortune, he was forbidden to make use of it, even for the purposes of common justice or mercy. CORBE, (korh) a. [courbe, Fr.] crooked. CO'RBEILS, «. [corbeille, Fr.] in Fortification, little baskets filled with earth, and used to shelter the men when firing at the besiegers. CO'RBEL, Co'rbil, s. in Architecture, the representation of a basket. Also, a short piece of timber or stone placed in a wall, with its end projecting so as to furnish a support for a beam, &c. CO'RBY, Lincolnshire, a small country town, supplying the villages round with a market for their commodities alone. Mar- ket, Wednesday. Pop. 714. CORCY'RA, the ancient name of the island of Corfu, on the coast of Greece. This island is of some note in the history of Greece, as the celebrated and disastrous Peloponnesian war arose out of a quarrel between its citizens and the inhabitants of Epidamnus, a city which had sprung from an offshoot of themselves. CORD, s, [port, Brit.] a string made of hemp twisted, gener- ally applied to that which is composed of several strands. In Scripture, " The cords of the wicked," are the snares with which they entangle the weak and innocent. " The cords of sin," are the consequences of crimes and bad habits, which are as it were bands, which it is almost impossible to break. " Let us cast away their cords from us," is to cast oflP subjection, which, like cords, binds and restrains. " To draw iniquity with cords of vanity," are worldly profits, or pleasurable allurements, which attract as strongly as cords. " The cords of a man," are such motives as are suited to a man as a rational agent, and consist in reasons and exhortations. A cord of wood, is a quantity con- sisting of a pile of eight feet long, fourhigh, and four broad, be- ing supposed originally to be measured by a cord. To CORD, V. a. to bind or fasten several things together with a cord. CO'RDAGE, s. a quantity of cords ; the ropes of a ship. CO'RDATEI), part, [cor, Lat.] resembling a heart. CORDA'Y, CHARLOTTE, a young girl of Caen in Normandy, who, during the French Revolution, feeling deeply the miseries and bloodshed which were threatened to and inflicted on France by the writings and speeches of the Jacobin leaders, and being inflamed by the attempt made by the Girondin leaders, to secure the ascendancy for their party by means of civil war, to be com- menced in Calvados, took a journey to Paris, under colour of some business for a friend, attended the Convention, selected Marat as the most ferocious of his party, assassinated him at his own dwelling, and was guillotined in 1793, aged 25 years. CO'RDED, part, made of ropes, or cords. A corded silk is that whose surface is not level, but rises in weals of the size of a small string or cord. CORDELIE'RS, {Cordeliers) s. [Fr.] in Ecclesiastical History, a branch of the Franciscans, or religious order of St. Francis ; they wore a coarse grey cloth with a little cowl, or cloak of the same cloth, and a rope girdle with three knots, from whence they take their name. Thev were in all things guided by the rule of St. Francis, which they observed with great rigour. In the French Revolution, this name was assumed by a club of the Revolutionists, who spht off" from the Jacobins during the early part of their career, as too moderate for them, and held their 224 COR meetings in the Cordeliers' convent. They afterwards rejoined their mother society. CO'RDIAL, s. [cor, Lat.] in Medicine, a stimulating draught. Also, a species of liqueur. Figuratively, any thing which occa- sions joy, gladness, or revives the spirits. CO'RDIAL, a. reviving; strengthening. Applied to the af- fections, sincere ; hearty ; without hypocrisy. CORDIA'LITY, s. sincere aflfection ; freedom from hypocrisy. CO'RDIALLY, ad. in a manner free from hypocrisy ; in a sincere and affectionate manner. CO'RD-MAKER, s. a rope-maker. CO'RDON, s. [Fr.] the ribbon worn by a member of any or- der of knighthood. In Fortification, a row of stones jutting out before the rampart and the basis of the parapet; also, a chain of military posts. CORDO'VA, anciently Corduba, a large city of Andalusia, Spain, It is seated on the Guadalquiver, over which is a stone bridge of 16 arches built by the Moors. Here are 16 parish churches, besides the cathedral, 36 convents, 16 hospitals, 2 colleges, and an ancient palace of the Moorish kings, lately con- verted into stables for Andalusian horses. The cathedral, which was formerly a mosque, till retains the name of Mezquita, In the square, called the Plaza Major, are splendid buildings, un- der wnich are piazzas. There are many orchards and gardens within the walls of the city, and in the neighbouring mountains there are groves of citron, orange, fig, and olive trees. The trade consists of wine, fruits, silk, and Cordovan leather, and the best horses of Spain are had from it. It is 1-35 miles from Ma- drid. Population, about 50,000. Lat. 38. 0. N. Long. 4. 40. W. CO'RDWAIN, s. a kind of leather from Cordova in Spain. CORDWAI'NER, s. [cordonnier, Fr.] a person who makes and sells shoes. CORE, «. [cor, Lat.] the heart ; the inner part of any thing. CORE'A, a peninsula, lying to the N. E. of China, bounded on the S. W. by the Yellow Sea, which parts it from China; on the N. by Chinese Tatary ; and on the S. by a narrow sea, which parts it from the Japanese Islands. It extends from N. to S. about 500 miles, and about 200 from E. to W. Corea is moun- tainous, and of a very inclement climate ; and it has some large rivers. Corn and rice are grown abundantly, and of these, with some metals, as gold and silver, some minerals, the skins of some of its native animals, a small breed of horses, the native manufac- tures, spices, and ginseng, their trade consists. The inhabitants greatly resemble the Chinese in manners, language, religion, &c., and are possessed of some degree of civilization. The king lives at a town on the river Hanching, called King-foo, and is a tributary of the emperor of China. CORE'LLI, an Italian composer of the latter part of the 17th century, who at Paris, Municn, Rome, and other places gained great celebrity by his sonatas and concertos, which he retains undiminished to the present day. He was equally celebrated for his skill in performing on the violin. He died in 1713, aged 60 years. CORFE CASTLE, Dorsetshire, a town with some trade in stone, and knit stockings. It is seated on a peninsula, called Purbeck Isle, between two hills, on one of which stands the castle, said to have been built by King Edgar, now in ruins. It is 120 miles from London. Market, Thursday. Pop. 1946. CO'RFU, anciently known by the name of Scheria, PtiiEAtiA, CoRCYRA, and Drepano, ari island of the Mediterranean, near the coast of Albania, is the chief of the Ionian Islands' republic. The islanders make great quantities of salt ; and the country abounds with vineyards, oranges, lemons, citrons, olive trees, grapes, honey, wax, and oil. The capital is Corfu, on the E. coast of the island. Lat. 39. 40. N. Long. 20. 17. E. The po- pulation of the island is about 70,000. CORIA'CEOUS, {lioridshiotis) a. [cerium, Lat.] consisting of, or resembling leather. CORIA'NDER, s. [coriandrum, Lat.] in Botany, a plant with a fibrous annual root ; it has an umbellated flower ; is found by road-sides, and flowers in June. The leaves have a strong dis- agreeable smell, but the seeds are tolerably grateful when dry. The seed vessels are used in medicine as a carminative, and to flavour confections and cordials. CORFNNA, a Grecian poetess, a few fragments only of whose writings remain. She was a native of Boeotia, and is said to have been the preceptress of Pindar. Her fame during her life, and COR subsequently in her own country, was very great ; whence arises no slight regret at the almost total loss of her poems. She flourisned about 500 b. c. CO'RINTH, s. [from Corinth in Greece,] a small fruit, com- monly called a currant. CCKRINTH, or Coranto, an ancient and celebrated city, situ- ated on the isthmus which joins the Morea to Greece. It was the capital of one of the small but wonderful states of ancient Greece, and was bounded by the territories belonging severally to Argos, Sicyon, and Megara. It had ports on the Saronic and Corinthian Gulfs, and was the emporium of the trade of the Pe- loponnesus. It hence acquired great wealth, and with it a taste for the refinements of philosophy, and of profligacy, and it was famed for both. It was a close oligarchj^ ; and in the subjuga- tion of Greece by Rome, it first cheerfully assumed the yoke. It is now decayed, the houses being intermixed with fields, orange groves, and gardens, like a village ; there still remain, however, ruins of temples, and other marks of its former magni- ficence. The adjacent country abounds with corn, wine, and oil ; and from the castle, seated on the top of an almost inac- cessible rock, there is one of the finest prospects of land and water in the world. Its present population is under 2000. Lat. 37. 58. N. Long. 23, 28. E. CORFNTHIAN, a. belonging to Corinth. Corinthian brass, was the name of the finest quality of that metal, said to have been first formed by the acciclental fusion of bronze statues, and parts of other metals, at the conflagration which destroyed Co- rinth. Corinthian Order, in Architecture, is that kind of column which was the most richly ornamented amongst the Greeks, though less so than the Composite Order of the Romans. It was always fluted, and sometimes the lower part was reeded also. The capital was formed of the foliage of the acanthus, and had a peculiarly beautiful effect. CORI'NTHIANS, The two Epistles of Paul to the, the title of two books of the New Testament, of peculiar interest and value. They are of a particularly practical character, and are the dis- cussion of certain matters wherein the apostle perceived that the recently made converts to Christianity in Corinth required to be reproved, instructed, or exhorted to act as they knew. The first was written while Paul was staying at Ephesus, and treats of the following subjects in turn ;— the parties which had already sprung up in the Corinthian church ; the laxity of their disci- pline ; their litigious spirit; marriage; idol-oflierings ; conduct of public worship and teaching; the resurrection and future life; and the collections for the aid of the Christians at Jerusalem. The Second Epistle was written during the apostle's journey through Macedonia, after he had left Ephesus because of the tumult occasioned by the makers of silver models of the temple of Artemis or Diana. The former part powerfully treats of his relation to them as their teacher in the knowledge of Christianity; he then proceeds in the same noble strain to exhibit the practice and principle of Christian liberality ; and in the last part defends himself against the open and the covert attacks made upon him amongst them, with a most affecting manifestation of generosity and self-sacrifice. CORIOLA'NUS, CN^US M., one of the heroes of Rome's mj-thic age, whose valour and proud spirit were the theme of some of her most popular lays. He was of noble- birth ; almost single- handed he retrieved an impending defeat of the army, and took Corioli, a Volscian town, whence his name. Unpopular, not- withstanding, and not choosing to court the people's favour, he was at length banished, and found a home amongst his former foes. He now planned revenge, and advanced against his terror- stricken native city. Deaf to all embassies, he waited the ac- ceptance of the humiliating terms he proposed, or their refusal, as a signal to lay siege to it at once, when his aged mother, and wife and children, came forth, pleaded, and were successful; they saved Rome, but lost Coriolanus. This is said to have happened about 490 b. c. CORK, a county of Munster, Ireland, 84 miles in length, and 62 in breadth, being the largest in the kingdom. It is bounded on the W. and S.^VV. by Kerrj' and the sea; on the N. by Limerick ; on the E. by Waterford and a part of Tipperary ; and« on the S. by the ocean; and contains 209 parishes. It abounds with excel- lent harbours, and has many fine rivers, as the Blackwater, Lee, Bandon, Hen, &c. There are several ranges of hills, some of which are above 2000 feet high, and isolated points, like one COR called the Sugar-loaf hill, occur. Coal, and some other minerals, and several metals, are found; building-stone, also, and slate. The soil varies ; in many parts it is fertile, but some parts are wholly uncultivated. Population, 773,398. It returns 8 mem- bers to parliament. CORK, capital of the county of the same name. It is a well- built city, and has been much improved in late years. It is seated on the river Lee, by which it is nearly surrounded, and by means of the different channels, vessels come up into the different parts of the town. Its principal export is salt pro- visions. Their other exports consist of pork, tallow, hides raw and tanned, butter, candles, calves', lambs', and rabbits' skins, wool, linen and woollen yarn, and worsted and linen cloth. The country adjacent to Cork is hilly and beautiful, affording extensive and diversified prospects. It is 124 miles from Dub- lin. Pop. 80,720. The bishopric named from this place is now held along with those of Cloyne and Ross. Cork Harbour, or the Cove of Cork, one of the best in the world, is about 9 miles below the town, and so spacious and deep, as tobe capable of contain- ing the largest vessels, and the most extensive fleets. The en- trance is easy, and it is secure from currents and storms. One side of Cork Harbour is formed by Great Island, which is 4 miles long and 2 broad, and very fertile. CORK, s. \korch, Belg.] in Botany, a species of oak, which is • stripped of its bark every eight or ten years. Of the bark, which is very light and elastic, are formed bungs for barrels, and stopples for bottles, which likewise go by the name of the tree, and are called corks. These trees are very common in France, Spain, and Italy. CO'RKING-PIN, «. a pin of a large size. CO'RKY, a. consisting of, or resembling cork. CO'RMORANT, s. [Fr.] in Natural History, a sea-bird that preys upon fish. Figuratively, a glutton. CORN, a. [Sax. korn, Teut.] the grain or seed of certain gramineous plants, sepai-ated from the spica, or ear; one species of which is made into bread. There are several species of corn, such as wheat, rye, and barley, millet, and rice, oats, maize, and lentils, pease, and a number of other kinds, capable of being used as food for man. A single particle of gunpowder or salt. Also, [from cornu, Lat.] a horny excrescence, or great thickening and induration of the skin on the toes. To CORN, V. a. to form gunpowder into grains, or small par- ticles ; to salt, or sprinkle meat with salt ; so used by the old CO'RNAGE, s. a tenure which obliges the landholder to give notice of an invasion by blowing a horn. CO'RNBRASH,s. in Geology, the uppermost member of the great Oolitic formation ; a bed rich in fossils, and particularly well developed in the W. of England. CORNEFLLE, PIERRE, the great French dramatist of the 17th century. His success and his fame is of a veiy mingled character, some of his pieces, as The Cid, Horatius, llie Liar, (a comedy,) and Cinna, being excellent productions, and exhibit- ing great power both of thought and of expression ; others being condemned when represented, and only preserved from being forgotten by the misfortune of having his name to them. Napo- leon used to wish that Corneille was living that^he might have made him his minister. He died in 1084, aged 78 years. CO'RNEL, s. in Botany, the dogberry, which is common in woods and hedges, and flowers in June. CORNELIAN, ». See Carnelion. CO'RNEMUSE, s. [Fr.] a kind of rustic horn. CO'RNEOUS, a. [cornu, Lat.] hornv, or resembling horn. CO'RNER, s. [cornel, Brit.] an angle, or space formed by the meeting of two walls. Figuratively, a secret or private place ; the extremities. Corner-stone, is the stone that unites the two walls at the corner ; the principal stone. In the New Testament this name is applied to Christ, Acts iv. 11, and elsewhere. CO'RNERWlSE, ad. from one corner to another ; diagonally ; with the corner in front. CO'RNET, s. [cornette, Fr.] a horn or musical wind instrument used by the ancients in war ; a company or troop, perhaps as many as had one cornet. An officer in the cavalry, who bears the ensign or colours in the troop ; he is the third oflicer in the company, and commands in the absence of the captain and lieutenant. Cornet, in Farriery, is the lowest part of the pastern of a horse. 2o S^ COR CORNET-A-PISTON, a recently invented musical instru- ment of the cornet kind ; there are three pistons in some instru- ments, and two, or one, in others, by pressing which with the finders to different depths in the tubes in which they play, the various notes are produced. They are made in different cleis, and have great power and effect. CO'RN-FLAG, s. in Botany, a common genus of plants, of which there are manj' species, some with red, and some with white flowers. CO'RNICE, s. [corniche, Fr.] in Architecture, the iippermost member of the entablature of a column, or that which crowns the order; likewise all little projectures of masonry, or joinery, where there are no columns, as the cornice of a chimney, of a beaufet, &c. Cornice ring, in Gunnery, the next ring from the muzzle-ring backwards. CORNI'CULATE, a. [cornu, Lat.] in Botany, applied to such plants as, after each flower, produce many horned pods, called sUiquose plants. Cornicutated Jlowers, are such hollow flowers as have a kind of spur or little horn on their upper part. CORNFFIC, a. [cornu and f ado, Lat.] productive of or making horns. CORNFOEROUS, a. [cornu and gero, Lat.] horned ; bearing or having horns. CO'RN-LAVVS,s. statutes imposing duties on all corn import- ed into England from other countries, the amount of duty being in the last alterations graduated according to the average price of corn in England. Their effects being proved to be the en- hancement of the price of corn, and therefore the price of bread, the restriction of tne field of manufacturing and commercial in- dustry, and the artificial raising of rents and tithes, they have been virtually repealed, and in a few years will be out of the sta- tute book. CO'RN-RENT, s. payment for the hire of land graduated ac- cording to the average price of corn. CORNUCO'PIA, s. [Lat.] in ancient Mythology, the horn of the goat Amalthsea, which suckled Jupiter. It is generally the characteristic of the goddess of plenty, and described in the form of a large horn, adorned with flowers, and filled with fruits. To CORNU'TE, v. a. to confer or bestow horns. CORNU'TED, part, grafted with horns ; horned. CORNWALL, a county of England, which forms the S. W. extremity of Great Britain. It is bounded on the E. by Devon- shire ; its other parts are washed by the sea. Its length from E. to W. is 74 miles, and its greatest breadth about 43 ; on the S. W. it terminates in two promontories, the Lizard Point and the Land's End. It contains 9 hundreds, and 2(K3 parishes. The central part, which is the highest, is mostly covered with barren moors, but there are fertile tracts beside the rivers which flow to the N. and S. of it. The Tamar, the Camel, the Fowey, the Fal, &c., are its chief streams. Its being surrounded on three sides by the sea, keeps its temperature very even, there being seldom any severe frosts, or great heats, and spring being earlier here than in the rest of England ; but it is exposed to storms, and has abundance of rainy and foggy weather. Its chief importance arises from its mineral riches. It has valuable copper mines, in which gold and silver are sometimes met with in small quantities. Its tin mines are most extensive, and cele- brated in remotest antiquity. Lead, iron, zinc, arsenic, &c., also occur. There are very many kinds of rock quarried here, for building, as granite and freestone, slates for roofing, grit for making millstones, &c. A species of very clear crystal is com- mon, which is known to jewellers as the Cornish diamond. The growth of corn is not considerable for its extent, nor the numbers of cattle. It was one of the retreats of the ancient Britons when the Saxons seized the E. parts of the island, and it is but lately that the last remnant of the old Celtic dialect of this is- land has become extinct. It gives a ducal title to the eldest son of the sovereign ; and as revenue, he has the proceeds of a . n. to make a loud noise ; applied to that which is occasioned by the fall of several things at once. — v. a. to break or bruise by means of force. Figuratively, to drink, applied to liquor. CRASH, s. a loud, sudden, mixed sound, occasioned by se- veral things falling, or being dashed together. Figuratively, a sudden and astonishing commercial failure; the unexpected failure of any high hopes. CRA'SH AW, RICHARD, one of our sacred poets of the 17th century. He was a divine of the Church of England of Laud's school, was ejected for contumacy by the Presbyterian parlia- mentary commissioners, and eventually became a member of the Roman Church, and died in Italy, in 1650, aged about 45 years. His poems are of the class that Herbert is the familiar type of, and are much admired by such as can look beyond the mere dress of a thought. CRA'SIS, s. [krasis, Fr.] constitution, or the habit of body ; health. ' CRASS, a. [crassus, Lat.] thick ; gross ; not easily running, applied to fluids. CRA'SSITUDE, s. that state of a fluid which enables it to support solid bodies without sinking ; grossness. CfRA'SSUS, M. LICINIUS, the partner with Julius Csesar and Pompey, in the arrangement made against the liberties of Rome. The Eastern provinces were assigned to him. He was a brave soldier, and most enormously wealthy, to which latter gift it is presumable that he owed the power he had put into his hands. He was defeated by the Parthians in 53 b. c, and put to death by having molten gold poured down his throat. CRASTINA'TION, s. [eras, Lat.] the delaying a thing, which ought to be done immediately, to another time. CRATCH, s. [creche, Fr.] the pallisaded frame in which the hay is put ; a manger. CRA'TER, in Astronomy, the Cup, a constellation in the southern hemisphere. CRATI'NUS, a comic writer of Athens, a contemporary and rival of Aristophanes. He was once the successful competitor for the prize with him. We have only the names of a few of bis plays. He flourished about 400 b. c. CRAVA'T, s. a cloth worn round the neck ; a neckcloth. To CRAVE, V. n. [crafian. Sax.] to ask with earnestness and submission. Figuratively, to ask insatiably, or wish for without being satisfied ; to require as necessary; to call for as a claim, applied to things. CRA'VEN, s. a cock that is conquered, and void of courage. Figuratively, a coward, or one afraid to encounter any danger. To CRA'V EN, V. a. to render inactive by fear ; to render a person a coward, or affect with cowardice. CRA'VER, s. an insatiable asker. , To CRAU'NCH, v. a. [sehrantsen, Belg. whence it is more pro- per to say scraunch,] to crush with the teeth. CRAW, s. [kroe, Dan.] the crop or first stomach in birds. CRAWFISH, s. sometimes written cranfish ; [ecrevisse, Fr.] in Natural History, a fresh-water species of lobster. To CRAWL, V. a. [krielen, Belg.] to move with a slow motion along the ground, like a worm. Figuratively, to move slowly ; to move in an abject posture, despised by all. CRAWLER, s. an animal which moves with its belly on the ground ; any animal moving with a slow and creeping motion. CRA'YFISH, s. the same with the Crawfish, which see. CRA'YON, s. [Fr.] any colour formed into a roll or pencil, with which pictures or portraits are drawn or coloured. Figura- tively, any design or portrait formed with crayons. To CRAZE, V. a. [eeraser, Fr.] to break. Figuratively, to crush or weaken a claim, or arguments: to powder; to disorder the senses or brain of a person ; to make a person mad. CRA'ZEDNESS, s. the state of a thing broken ; weakness ; madness, applied to the understanding. CRA'ZINESS, s. the state of being mad ; weakness. CRA'ZY, a. [Scrase, Fr.] broken. Figuratively, weak with age; decrepit; feeble; disordered in the mind; lunatic, or mad. To CREAK, {kreek) v. n. [an onoraatopee,] to make a harsh, shrill, and disagreeable noise, like that of a rusty hinge, applied both to things and animals. CREAM, {kreem) s. [cremor, Lat.] the thick, rich, unctuous 2 u 2 235 CRE substance which rises on the surface of milk when it has stood for some time, used in making butter. Figuratively, the best, essential, or most valuable part of any thing; as, the cream of the jest. Cream-faced, implies pale with fear. To CREAM, (Icreem) v. n. to rise in cream ; to look pale like cream.— u. a. to skim off the cream of milk. Figuratively, to take or collect the flower, best part, or quintessence of any thing. CRE'AMY, {kreemy) a. abounding with, or of the nature of, cream, CRE'ANCE, s. [Fr.] in Falconrj-, a fine small line, fastened to a hawk's leash when she is first lured. CREASE, {kreese) s, a mark made in a thing by folding or doubling it. To CREASE, {kreese) v. a, to make a mark in any thing by folding or doubling it. To CREA'TE, v. a. [creo, Lat.] to form out of nothing. Figu- ratively, to cause or produce ; to occasion ; to confer an honour or dignity. In Law, to give a thing new qualities, or put it into a new state. CREA'TION, s. [creatio, Lat.] the act of forming or giving ex- istence. In its strict sense, it implies the giving existence to a thing which had no pre-existent matter. Figuratively, the act of conferring titles and dignity ; also, the things created ; the universe. CREA'TIVE, a. having the power to form out of nothing ; ex- erting the act or power of creation. CREA'TOR, s. the Being that bestows existence on all things. CRE'ATURE, (kreeture) s. a being which owes its existence to something else ; any thing created; an animal not human ; a general term for man ; a word of contempt for a human being ; a word of petty tenderness. Figuratively, used for one who owes his fortune to, and is slavishly at the service of, another. CRE'ATURELY, {kreeturely) ad. having the qualities of a cre- ated thing. CRE'BRITUDE, s. [creh-itudo, Lat.] frequentness, or the quality of repeating the same thing often. CRE'BROUS, a. [creher, Lat.] frequent. CRE'DENCE, s. [emfo, Lat.] belief; credit; the act of the mind whereby it assents to the truth of a person's pretensions, and places confidence in his claim to assent. Figuratively, that which gives a person a right to belief or credit. CREDE'NDA, *. [Lat.] things or articles which it is neces- sary to believe ; those propositions or articles which are merely the objects of faith, opposed to agenda, or practical duties. CRE'DENT, a. believing ; easy of belief. CREDE'NTIAL, {liredhishial) s. that which gives a right to belief and credit ; that which warrants assuming any authority, and claims the respect due to one of that character. CREDIBI'LITY, s. the claim which a thing may have to be assented to or believed; the quality or evidence which renders a thing fit to be assented to ; probability. CRE'DIBLE, a. worthy of credit, assent, or belief. CRE'DIBLENESS, s. the quality which renders a thing wor- thy of credit, assent, or belief. CRE'DIBLY, ad. in such a manner as may be assented to ; in such a manner as to claim belief. CRE'DIT, s. {credit, Fr.] belief of a statement as true. Figur- atively, honour, esteem, testimony, or reputation for honesty; the lending and expectation of money lent within some limited time ; the faith reposed in the government Ly lending money at interest, which may be transferred, though not redeemable, or is promised to be repaid at a certain time. In Commerce, it signi- fies something sold on trust ; and the credit of a person's account is that on which his payments, whether in cash or other commo- dities, are registered. To CRE'DIT, V. a. [credo, Lat.] to believe or assent to what a person says as true. Figuratively, to reflect honour on a person or thing; to trust or confide in one; to let a person have goods on trust. In Commerce, to discharge a debt, by entering an article on the credit side of an account. CRE'DITABLE, a. that may engage confidence or esteem. In Commerce, that may procure trust; honourable; estimable. CRE'DIT ABLENESS, s. reputation; the being generally praised and esteemed. CRE'DITABLY, ad. in such a manner as to keep one's re- putation, or avoid disgrace. CRE'DITON, or Ki'rton, Devonshire. It has a considerable 236 CRE manufacture of serges ; and was formerly the see of a bishop, re- moved to Exeter in 1050 ; the cathedral, a magnificent struc- ture, 200 feet in length, is still standing. It is seated between two hills, on the river Creddy, 181 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 5947. CRE'DITOR, s. [credo, Lat.] one who lets another have any thing on trust ; one to whom a debt is owing. In Book-keeping, that side of an account wherein all things which are delivered are entered ; in the cash book, contains a person's payment. CREDU'LITY, s. belief without examining into the truth of the thinVERIN, s. [covdouvrine, Fr.] a slender piece of ordnance-, or artillery, from 5 one-half to 5 inches bore, from 12 to 13 feet long, and carrying a shot from 5 one-fourth to 3 three-fourth inches diameter. CU'MiE, a town of ancient Italy, in the district named Cam- pania, not far from Naples, celebrated as the home of one of the sibyls, or female prophetesses, who in the legends of Rome was said to have offered the writings containing her predictions re- specting the city, contained in nine volumes, to King Tarquinius Superbus, for a price, which was refused, on which she burnt three volumes, and demanded the same price for the remainder ; and being again refused, burnt three more, and still demanded the same price, which so struck the king, that he purchased the three remaining volumes, and they were depositecl in the Capi- tol, and consulted on great occasions; but neither Rome nor, most certainly, Tarquin was a whit the wiser for her vaticin- ations. To CU'MBER, f. a. [komheren, Belg.] to hinder a person from acting by its weight; to put a person to difficulty in managing a thing, by its weight or length. Figuratively, to load with something useless ; to disturb, distress, or involve in difficulties ; to distract or perplex with varietv of employments. CU'MBER, s. [komber, Belg.] hinderance ; unmanageableness caused by bulk. CU'MdERLAND, a maritime county of England, bounded on the W. by the Irish Sea and Solway Frith ; on the N. by Scot- land ; on the E. by Northumberland, Durham, and Westmore- land; and on the S. W. and S. by the sea and Lancashire. It is 58 miles in length, and its greatest breadth is about 45 miles. All but the N. part of this county is very hilly, or even moun- tainous, Helvellyn, Skiddaw, Cross-Fell, and some other heights exceeding 3000 feet. Amidst these mountains and hills are lakes, of no great extent, but of most romantic beauty. Its streams are the Eden, the Derwent, the Esk, &c., some of which have in their course several noble waterfalls. There are mines of lead, copper, iron, and even of silver ; but those of black- lead, or plumbago, are the most peculiar. Coal, slate, lime- stone, granite, and various building-stones, also occur in various degrees of abundance. There is good pasturage even among the hills, and the arable land is fertile. It contains 1 city, 2 bo- roughs, 17 market towns. Carlisle is the county town. Pop. 178,038. It returns 9 representatives to parliament. CU'MBERLAND, RICHARD, Bishop of Peterborough, at the beginning of the last century. He was a learned and a good man, but is known best, perhaps, by a work on ethical science, in which he combated Hobbes' Philosophy, without, however, substituting a better in its room. He died in 1718, aged 8tj and poets of the 18th century, some of whose pieces occasion ally find their way before the public even now. He died in 1811 aged 79 years. CU'MBERSOME, a. occasioning great trouble and vexation. Figuratively, burthensome ; occasioning perplexity; unwieldy or not easily managed, on account of its length or weight. CU'MBERSOMELY, ad. in a troublesome manner; in a man ner that produces hinderance and vexation. CU'MBERSOMENESS, s. encumbrance; hinderance; ob struction. CU'MBRANCE, s. burthen ; hinderance ; impediment. CU'MBROUS, a. troublesome ; vexatious ; causing uneasiness. CU'MFREY, Co'mfrey,s. in Botany, a medicinal umbelliferous plant. CU'MMIN, s. [cuminum, Lat.] in Botany, fl common plant in W. Asia, used for the aromatic and carminative properties bf its seeds. To CU'MULATE, v. a. [eumuh, Lat.] to lay one thing upon another ; to heap together. CUNCTATION, s. [cunctaOo, Lat.] the act of deferring the doing of a thing to another time,which ought to be dgne imme- diately. CU'NEAL, a. [curuius, Lat.] relating to, or having the shape of, a wedge. CU'NEATED, ;jar<. made in the form of a wedge. CUNETFORM, a. [cuneus aadforma, Lat.] having the form of a wedge. In Anatomy, applied to the fourth, fifth, and sixth ri->i'i-iiU'''-niir\j}-o, CUR bones of the foot, from their wedge-like shape, being large above and narrow below. CU'NNING, a. [connan. Sax.] learned, knowing, or of an ex- tensive knowledge ; performed with art or skill ; curious. Figu- ratively, sly; designing; crafty; over-reaching another by su- perior wit and understanding. CU'NNING, s. [cM««i«^e, Sax.] artifice; deceit; superior talents employed in deceiving others ; art ; skill ; knowledge. CU'NNINGHAM, ALLAN, a recent writer, whose Scotch songs have gained him a well-deserved name, but whose books, made for publishers, are not of a corresponding class. His Lives of Painters, and several other of his works, are, meanwhile, of a useful kind, and display his skill in writing, if not his real genius. He died in 1842, aged 57 years. CU'NNINGLY, ad. in a sly, crafty manner. CCNNINGMAN, «. a man who pretends to tell fortunes, or teach how to recover stolen goods. CU'NNINGNESS, s. craftiness ; slyness. CUP, ». [cup, Sax.] a small vessel, with a foot, to drink in. Figuratively, the liquor contained in a cup. In the plural, a merry bout or entertainment of drinking. Any thing hollow like a cup, as the husk of an acorn, the bell of a flower. To CUP, f. n. in Surgery, to bleed a person after having fixed a cupping-glass to the part. CUPAR, tl . the name of three towns in Scotland, one of which is in Fifeshire, the other two in Perthshire. Cupar Fife, the most important, is chief town of the county, and is beautifully situated on the river Eden. Though not a large town, it is well built, and has several important institutions. It was also in olden time a place of great distinction as the seat of the court of the Thanes of Fife. It fS about 30 miles from Edinburgh. Pop. 0758. CU'PBEAREIl, s. an officer of the king s household ; an at- tendant to give wine at a feast. CU'PBOARD, s. [cup and lord, Sax.] a case or receptacle ; a place fitted with shelves and a door, in which victuals or earthen- ware are placed, distinguished from a closet, which is consider- ably longer. lo CU'PBOARD, V. a. to put into a cupboard. Figuratively, to board. CU'PEL, s. in Metallurgy, a vessel made of calcined bones, mixed with a small proportion of clay and water. It is used whenever gold and silver are refined by melting them with lead. The process is called cupellation. CU'PID, in Heathen Mythology, amongst the Romans, the fod who presided over love, and was represented as the son of enus and Mercury. He was painted as a winged boy, bearing a bow and arrows, and sometimes blindfolded. Amongst the Greeks he was called Eros. CUPI'DITY, «. [cupiditas, from eupio, Lat.] concupiscence ; un- lawful or unreasonable longing. CU'POLA, s. [Ital.] In Arcnitecture, a spherical vault, or the round of the top of the dome of a church, which resembles a cup inverted ; called by some a lanthorn. CU'PPER, s. one who applies a cupping-glass, and scarifies a person. CU'PPING, «. in Surgery, the applying a cupping-glass for the discharge of blood, and other humours, by the skin. CU'PPING-GLASS, s. a glass vessel, which having its air rarefied, gives room for that contained in the part to which it is applied to expand itself, and bring with it such humours as it is involved in, which are afterwards discharged by a scarifier, or instrument fitted with the points of several lancets, which by means of a spring enter the skin at the same time. CU'PREOUS, a. [cu/jrcMs, Lat. jcoppery, or consisting of copper. CUR, s. [korre, Belg.] a degenerate, worthless dog. Figur- atively, used as a term of reproach for a man. CU'RABLE, a. [euro, Lat.] that may be healed. CU'RABLENESS, «. the possibility of being healed. CURACCKA, (^Curasoa,) a West India island, subject to the Dutch, 35 miles long and 8 broad. The island is barren, and dependent on the rains for water ; and it has some hills of con- siaerable height. St. Barbara has a harbour which, though not naturally good, has been artificially made very secure. Cura^oa, the capital, has a verj' good harbour. There are also some others. Its value is not very great except as an emporium for the W. In- dia trade of Holland. Its population is inconsiderable. Lat. 12. 6. N. Long. 09. 2. W. CUR CU'RACY, ». in the Church of England, the employment of a clergyman, who does the duty of the person who has the bene- fice, lor a certain salary. CU'RATE, s. in the Church of England, a clergyman who performs the duties of another: a parish priest. CU'RATIVE, a. relating to the cure of a disease ; recovering, or able to recover, from a disorder. CU'RATOR, s. [Lat.J one who has the cure and superintend- ence of a thing, place, or person. CURB, s. [courber, Fr.] in Farriery, an iron chain fastened to the upper part of the branches of a bridle, in a hole called the eye, and running over the beard of a horse, used to manage a hard-mouthed horse. Figuratively, a restraint put on the in- clinations of a person. It is also a large swelling that runs along the inside of a horse's hoof, in the great sinews behind, above the top of the horn, which makes him go lame after he has been heated. To CURB, V. a. to manage or guide a horse by means of a curb. Figuratively, to check or restrain the passions or inclin- ations. CURD, s. [kruyden, Belg.] the thickening or clotting of any liquor, generally applied to that of milk, which is occasioned by mixing runnet with it. To CU'RDLE, V. n. to grow into clots ; to grow thick, like milk mixed with runnet. — v. a. to make a thing grow thick, clot, or coagulate, by mixing some acid with it. CU'RDY, a. coagulated ; clotted. CURE, s. \cura, Lat.] a remedy ; the healing of a wound, or recovering from a disease ; the benefice or employment of a cler- gyman or curate in the Church of England. Synon. Cure seems to have no other object than stubborn disorders, and those which proceed from constitution; whereas remedy has a view to slight complaints, and such as are of short duration. To CURE, V. a. [ctiro, Lat.] to heal a wound ; to restore to health ; to recover from a disease. In Cookery, to preserve from stinking, or corrupting ; to salt. CU'RELESS, a. without cure or remedy ; not to be cured. CU'RER, 8. a healer or physician. CU'RFEVV, s. [couvre feu, Fr.] an evening bell, on the sound of which every man was obliged to put out his fire, and extin- guish his candle, in the time of William the Conqueror. Figu- ratively, any bell which tolls regularly about night time ; a cover for a fire or a tire-place. CURIA'LITY, s. [curialis, Lat.'] the privileges, prerogatives, or retinue of a court. CURIO'SITY, s. a propensity or disposition of the soul, which inclines it to inquire after new objects, and to delight in viewing them ; a nice experiment ; an object of curiosity, or a rarity. CU'RIOUS, a. [curiosus, Lat.] inquisitive, or disposed to in- quire into novelties, whether they respect truths or objects of sight; attentive to, or diligent; accurate, or careful to avoid an impropriety or mistake ; exact ; nice ; artful ; elegant ; neat ; rigid ; severe. CU'RIOUSLY, ad. in an inquisitive, exact, accurate, elegant, laboured, or high-finished manner; captiously. CURL, «. a single lock of hair. Figuratively, a wave ; undu- lation ; or waving line. To CURL, V. a. [cyrran. Sax.] to make the hair twist in circles or ringlets ; to writhe or twist round ; to dress with curls ; to raise in waves, or in a spiral form.— t. n. to form itself into ring- lets; to form circular lines ; to twist itself. CU'RLEW, s. [courlieu, Fr.] in Natural History, a genus of long-billed birds allied to the woodcock and snipe, which fre- quents marshy places, and wades in the shallow water at dusk, feeding on what it can gather from the ooze of the bogs. The stone curlew is a name given to another bird of the same class, called the thick-knee. The corn crake is sometimes called a curlew. CURMU'DGEON, «. [a corrupt pronunciation and spelling of coeur mechant, Fr.] one who is void of generosity ; a niggardly or avaricious person ; a miser. CU'RRAGH, an extensive common, of fine land, in Kildare, Leinster, about 30 miles from Dublin, celebrated for horse-races. CU'RRANT, ». in Botany, the tree so called, and the berry of it ; likewise a small dried grape ; properly written cnrinth. CU'RRENCY, s. [curro, Lat.] circulation ; passing from hand to band, and acknowledged as local, applied to money, whether 245 CUR in metal or paper. General reception ; fluency ; readiness of utterance; constant flow; uninterrupted course; 'general esteem and repute. CU'KRENT, a. passing from hand to hand ; established or legal, applied to money. Generally received ; not contradicted, applied to opinions. Popular, or established by a majority; fashionable ; passable, or to be admitted ; what is now passing. In Commerce, account current, is that which is opened by two persons that have dealings with each other, wherein the dinerent credits and debts of each are registered on opposite sides, in order to form a balance between them. CU'RRENT, s. in Hydrography, a running stream. In Navi- gation, a progressive motion of the water of the sea, by which a ship may be retarded in her course, or carried more swiftly, when moving in the same direction as the current. The great gulf stream, which flows from the Gulf of Mexico, and is felt in the most northerly latitudes, is a good example of an ocean current. Synon. a stream issues from a head, and moves forward ^yith a continuity of parts. A current is a certain progressive motion of some fluid bo(fy. These words in the literal sense are applied to water. Thus we say, the stream of a river, the current of the sea. CtfRRENTLY, ad. in a constant motion ; without opposition ; without ceasing. CU'RRENTNESS, s. circulation ; general reception ; easiness of pronunciation. CU'RRIER, s. {corium, Lat.] one who dresses leather. CU'RRISH, a. like a cur ; 'snappish ; quarrelsome. To CU'RRY, V. a. [corium, Lat.] to dress leather with oil, tal- low, &c. To rub a horse with a sharp-pointed instrument or comb, in order to smooth his hide, promote circulation, and in- crease his flesh. Figuratively, to tickle ; to flatter. To curry favour with, is to endeavour to gain the esteem or friendship of another by trivial ofiices and small compliances. CU'RRYCOMB, s. an iron instrument set with iron teeth or wires, used to dress a horse. To CURSE, V. a. [cursian. Sax.] to wish a person ill ; to devote to destruction. Figuratively, to afilict or torment. CURSE, s. the action of wishing any tremendous evil to ano- ther ; the act of devoting to temporal or eternal torments ; afllic- tion; torment or misery. CU'RSED, part, under a curse. Figuratively, hateful; un- holy; vexatious. CU'RSEDLY, ad. miserably; shamefully: a low cant word. CU'RSEDNESS, s. the state of being under a curse. CU'RSITOR, s. [Lat.] an oflicer, or clerk, belonging to chan- cery, who makes out original writs. There are 24, having each particular shires allotted them, for which they make such original writs as are required, and are called clerks of course in the oath of the clerks of chancery. CU'RSORILY, ad. in a hasty manner ; without care or at- tention. CU'RSORINESS, s. haste ; slightness of attention. CU'RSORY, a. [cursorius, from curro, Lat.] hasty ; quick ; careless; transient. CURST, a, [korsel, Belg.] froward ; snarling ; peevish ; de- lighting in mischief. CU'RSTNESS, s. peevishness ; f.owardness ; malignity. CURT, a. [curtus, Lat.] short. To CURTAIL, V. a. [curtus, Lat.] to cut oflT; to shorten by cut- ting. Figuratively, to retrench, applied to expenses. CU'RTAIL DOG, s. a dog whose tail is cut of}', and is thence rendered unfit for coursing; perhaps the original from whence cur is formed by contraction. CU'RTAIL-DOUBLE, s. a musical wind instrument like the bassoon, which plays the bass to the hautboy. CU'RTAIN, s. [cortina, Lat.] a cloth hung before a window, and running on a string or iron rod, by which means it is spread or contracted, made use of to exclude the light, air, or to hide any thing. In Fortification, that part of a wall or rampart which lies between two bastions. To CU'RTAIN, v. a. to furnish or hang with curtains. CURTA'NA, X. a sword which has no point, and which is car- ried before the sovereigns of England at their coronation, and is supposed to typify the quality of mercy, which must be admitted to modify the sternness of rigid justice in a sovereign's dealings with a people. CU.'RTATE DISTANCE, s. in Astronomy, the distance of 246 . CUS the sun's place, and that of the moon or a planet, reduced to the ecliptic. CURTATION, s. [acrto, Lat.] in Astronomy, a little part cut off from the line of a planet's interval or distance from the sun. CU'RTELASSE, Cu'rtei.ax, s. See Cutlass. CU'RTSY, s. See Courtesy. CUHVATED, a. [curvatus, Lat.] bent. CURVA'TION, s. [curvo, Lat.] the act of bending or crooking. CU'RVATURE, s. crookedness ; inflection; manner of bend- ing. CURVE, a. [curvus, Lat.] crooked, bent, formed or forced from a perpendicular or stra^ht surface to an angular one. CLlRVE, s. any thing bent ; a bending. In Geometry, a line whose points are placed and extended different ways, running on continually in all directions, and may be cut by a right line in more points than one. To CURVE, V. a. [curvo, Lat.] to bend ; to crook ; to bend back, or fold. To CURVE'T, V. a. [corvettare, Ital.] to bound or leap ; to frisk ; to grow wanton, or licentious. CURVE'T, s. in the menage, a leap or bound. Figuratively, a frolic or prank. CURVILI'NEAR, a. [curvus and linea, Lat.] consisting of, or composed of, one or more crooked lines. CU'RVITY, s. [eurvitas, Lat.] crookedness. CU'SCO, a large city of Peru, S. America, formerly the resi- dence of the Incas. It is built in a square form, and in its centre is the best market in all Spanish America. Four large streets, perfectly straight, meet in the square, and streams of water run through the town. Several branches of manufacturing industry are carried on here. It is 290 miles from Lima. ' Population, about .50,000. Lat. 13. 9. S. Long. 71. 0. W. CU'SHION, s. [kussen, Belg.] a case of silk, velvet, or worsted, stuffed wdth wool, feathers, or horse-hair, placed on the seat of a chair, to render the sitting easy. CU'SHIONED, a. supported by cushions ; seated on a cushion. CUSP, s. [cuspis, Lat.] in Astronomy, the horns of the moon or any other planet. Generally, any acute point formed by curved lines. CU'SPATED, Cu'spiDATED, a. in Botany, applied to the leaves or petals of a flower, which end in a point, called spear-shaped by Miller. CU'STARD, s. [cwstard, Brit.] a kind of pastry made with milk, eggs, and sugar, which are thickened into a mass, either by baking in an oven, or boiling over a fire. CU'STODY, s. [custodia, from cwtos, Lat.] confinement in pri- son ; restraint of liberty. Figuratively, the charge or keeping of a person ; defence ; preservation ; security. CU'STOM, s. [coutume, Fr.] repeated and habitual practice of any action ; fashion, or method adopted by the majority ; an established manner ; a good run of trade ; a tribute or tax paid to the government on goods imported or exported. Custom-house is the place where those taxes are paid. Among lawyers, it is a law or right not written, established by long usage and the consent of our ancestors, has been, and daily is practised. Synon. Fashion, introduces itself, and extends daily. Custom establishes itself, and gains authority. The first forms a mode ; the second a usage. Each is a kind of law independent of rea- son, with respect to that which relates to our outward actions. Customs relate to the general practice of a people ; irmnners, to their way of life ; auA fashions, to their dress. CU'STOMABLE, a. that is frequently or commonly practised. CU'STOMABLENESS, s. frequency, habit; conformity to custom. CU'STOMABLY, ad. according to custom. CU'STOMARILY, a(^. commonly; generally. CU'STOMARINESS, s. frequency of repetition, or practice. CU'STOMARY, a. habitual; usual. CU'STOMED, a. usual; common; generally practised. CU'STOMER,s. one who purchases anything of a tradesman. CU'STOS, s. [Lat.] a keeper, or person who has the charge of any thing. Custos Brevium is a clerk belonging to the'Common Pleas, who has the charge of writs and records of Nisi Prius ; there is also one in the court of Queen's Bench, who files such writs as are to be filed, and all warrants of attorney, and tran- scribes or makes out records of Nisi Prius. Custos Rotulorum, one who has the custody of rolls or records of the sessions of peace ; CUT he is also a justice of the peace, and of the quorum in the county where he has his office. Custos Spiritualium, one who acts as an ecclesiastical judge during the vacancy of a see. Custos Tempo- ralium, one appointed by the king to take care of the rents and profits of a vacant see. CU'STREL, s. a huckler-bearer ; a vessel for holding wine. To CUT, V. a. preter. and past part, cut ; [couteau, Fr.] to pene- trate, or divide with a sharp-edged instrument ; to hew ; to carve ; to wound or pierce with any uneasy or poignant sensation ; to intersect ; to cross. In Gaming, to separate a pack of cards, by taking off some of them from the others. Fiffurativeiy, to excel, or surpass. To cut off, to destroy ; to rescind ; to intercept ; to obviate; to withhold; to preclude; to interrupt ; to abbreviate. To cut out, to shape ; to form ; to contrive ; to fit ; to debar ; to excel. To cut up, to carve, or divide a joint or fowl properly. CUT, /)ar<. prepared, or fit for use, alluding to hewn timber. CUT, s. the action or effect of a sharp or edged instrument ; a channel made by art ; a small piece, or shred, separated by an edge-tool from a larger substance ; a lot ; a short way, by which some winding is avoided ; a picture taken from a block of en- graved wood. Also fashion ; form ; shape. CUTA'NEOUS, «. [cutis, Lat.] relating to the skin. CUTCH, a district of Hindustan, lying on the Indian Ocean, between Sindh and Guzerat, and stretching back to the desert in the interior. It is not a very promising region, the soil bein^ sandy and the hills barren, and much of its area being occupied with a salt marsh. It has coal and iron, but not many mines. Its pastures feed horses, sheep, &c. &c. Cotton is its principal growth, and with the produce of its pastures, and some native fruits, form its chief export. Two large rivers water it, as well as one branch of the delta of the Indus. Boogebooge is its ca- pital. Its population may be about 500,000. Both Moham- inedisra and Hinduism prevail amongst the inhabitants, but both systems are mixed with other foreign superstitions. CUTICLE, [s. cuticula, Lat.] in Human Physiology, the first and outermost covering of the bodv, commonly called the scarf- skin. This is that soft skin which rises in a blister upon any burning, or the application of a blistering-plaster. It adheres to the true skin, to which it is also attached by the microscopic vessels which nourish it. When examined with a microscope, it appears to be made up of several layers of exceedingly small scales. In Vegetable Physiology, it is the outer and delicate skin of plants. Figuratively, a thin skin formed on the surface of any liquor. CLTI'CULAR, a. belonging to the cuticle, or skin. CU'TLASS, s. [coutetas, Fr.] a broad cutting sword, slightly curved, used in the navy. CU'TLER, s. [coutelier, Fr.] one who makes and sells knives, &c. CU'T-PURSE, s. one who robs a person of his money by cut- ting his purse ; a common practice before the invention of breeches, when men wore their purses at their girdles ; a thief; a robber. CUTTA'CK, or Catta'ck, a district of Hindustan, lying on the Bay of Bengal, between Bengal and the Circars, forming the maritime part of Orissa {ichich see). Ciittack, or Cattach, is its principal place, and stands at the head of the delta of the Maha- nudi river. It is not badly built in comparison with the towns of Hindustan generally, and has some trade. It is about 250 miles from Calcutta. Its population is about 50,000. Lat. 20. 30. N. Long. 86. 15. E. CUTTER, s. a person or instrument which cuts any thing; a small nimble-sailing vessel ; one of the fore-teeth. CUT-THROAT, s. a murderer.— a. cruel; inhuman; bar- barous. CU'TTING, s. a shred, or piece separated by means of a knife or sharp instrument. In the Menage, it is when the feet of a horse interfere, or when with the shoe of one foot he beats off the skin from the pastern joint of another hoof. In Painting, it is the lay- ing one strong lively colour over another, without any shade or softening. In Horticulture, it is a slipcut from a plant, for the pur- pose of planting. In Engineering, It is a wide trench cut through a hill for a rail-road to run in, that the level may be preserved. CUTTLE-FISH, s. [cutUewhisch, Belg.] in Natural History, a marine animal, allied to the family of the nautilus, but having a sort of internal shell, or bone, instead of an external unattached one. It has many arms with which it takes its prey, and a bony CYC mouth. It is furnished with a bag containing a thick black fluid, which it emits when alarmed, and darkens the water. Fossil cuttle-fishes have been found, with the ink-bag entire. The beleumite or thunder-bolt of the chalk and oolitic beds, is the bone of a species of cuttle-fish. The pounce used in lawyers' of- fices for smoothing parchment after an erasure, is the softer part of the bone of the cuttle-fish, powdered. CU'VIER, BARON G., the distinguished French comparative anatomist and naturalist, of the beginning of this century. He early rose into notice through his diligence and acute observations macle in some departments of natural history, and received an appointment at Paris from the Directory. By Napoleon he was much employed, both as a professed teacher at Paris, and in the organization of colleges in various parts of Europe which had been conquered by France ; he even called him to his state coun- cil. Similar honours and duties were heaped on him by the re- stored Bourbons. His great systematic work on natural history is entitled The Animal Kingdom, and is an entirely new classifi- cation of every department of the subject ; in some branches of which he was aided by his scientific friends and coadjutors. He constructed a geological theory, but, as so few facts in compari- son with the magnitude of the subject had been discovered, it is not surprising that it should not be accepted. His most Hercu- lean labours lay amidst fossil remains, amongst which, aided by a scientific insight almost miraculous, he discovered and recon- structed veiy many entirely new genera and species of quadru- peds, &c. His restoration of the Iguanodon {which see) from a fragment of bone found in a quarry in Sussex, is one of the most remarkable triumphs of inductive science; it having been com- pletely verified by subsequent discoveries. He wrote many other works, and many addresses on the death of scientific men before the National Institute of France are published. After the Re- volution of 1830, he was ennobled. But he never recovered from the shock which he received on the death of his solitary living child, a most amiable, accomplished, and pious giri, who died in 1827, and he died in 1832, aged 03 years. CUXHA'VEN, a sea-port and harbour of Hamburg, situated on the German Ocean, between the mouths of the Elbe and the Weser, in the province of Bremen. Its population is under 1000. Lat. 53. .50. N. Long. 8. 45. E. CUYP, ALBERT, a Dutch painter of the 17th century, much admired in England for his quiet landscapes with animals, which are distinguished for their colouring. Dort was the scene of his labours, and furnished the material for his sketches. No parti- culars of his personal history are known. CY'A'NOGEN, s. [kuanos and gignomai, Gr.] in Chemistry, a gas composed of 2 parts of carbon and 1 of nitrogen, capable of uniting with oxygen, hydrogen, and most other non-metallic ele- ments, and also with the metals. Combined with hydrogen, it forms one of the most deadly poisons, Prussic acid. It is also an ingredient in that well-known and useful colour, Prussian blue. CY'BELE, in Ancient Mythology, a goddess represented as crowned with towers, and drawn in a car by lions. She belonged to the prse-Jovian race of gods, but was worshipped by those who worshipped Jupiter. CY'CLADES, in Ancient Geography, the name of a small group of islands in the iEgean Archipelago. CV'CLE, s. [kuklos, Gr.] in Chronolop^, it is a certain period or series of years, during which a series of events takes place, which at the end of the cycle begin again, and go through the same order of succession ; and so on perpetually. T/ie cycle of the sun consists of 28 years ; the metonic, or that of the moon, is a period of 19 years. 27ie ci/cle of the Soman indiction, is completed in 15 years. CY'CLOID, s. [kuklos and eidos, Gr.] a geometrical curve, form- ed by the line which a nail, in the circumference of a wheel, makes in the air, while the wheel rolls on in a right line. CYCLOI'DAL, a. relating to a cycloid. The cycloidal space, is that contained between a cycloid and its substance. CYCLOPiE'Dl A, s. [kuklos and paideia, Gr.] a circle of know- ledge ; a course of sciences. Applied most frequently to books which embrace, either methodically or alphabetically, every de- partment of human knowledge. CY'CLOPS, [kuklos and qy«, Gr.] in Ancient Mythology, the name given to the workmen of Vulcan who helped him to forge the thunderbolts for Jupiter ; they were represented as one-eyed. It was also given to a race of giants who were said to inhabit 247 CYP Sicily, and to occupy themselves in pastoral work ; but who were cannibals. Pojj'phemus, one of these giants, was outwit- ted, blinded, and in the end killed, by Ulysses. -See Polyphe- mus, Ulysses. CYCLO'PEAN, a. in Architecture, the name given to certain ruins occurring in Italy and Greece, in which huge masses of stone, oftentimes not even squared, were piled into walls, towers, &c. without any mortar, being held together by their own weight. They are attributed to the Pelasgi, which see. CY'DER, s. &e Cider. CY'GNET, s. [cygnus, Lat.] a young swan. CY'GNUS, the Swan, in Astronomy, a constellation in the northern hemisphere. CY'LINDER, s. [kulindros, from kulio, Gr.] in Geometry, a round solid, having its base circular, equal and parallel, in the form of a garden-roller. CYLrNDRIC, Cyli'ndrical, a. partaking of the nature or in the form of a cyHnder. CY'MA'R, s. [properly written simar,] a slight loose covering or scarf. CYMATIUM, s. [himation, from kumo, Gr.] in Architecture, a member or moulding of the cornice, the profile of which is waved, or concave at top and convex at bottom. CY'MBAL, s. [cymbalum, Lat.] a musical instrument made of brass, consisting of two thin brass plates, tuned to accord, hol- lowed in the middle, and held in the two hands. When used they are struck together, and produce a clanging sound, fitting for a military band. CYNA'NTHROPY, s. [hton and anthropos, Gr.] a species of madness, in which persons resemble a dog ; the species of mad- ness contracted by the bite of a mad dog. CYNARCTO'MACHY, s. {kmn, arktos, and mache, Gr.] a word coined by Butler, to denote bear-baiting with a dog. " In bloody cynarctomachy" Hudibras. CYNEGE'TICS, s. [kunegetikos, from kuon and ago, Gr.] the art of hunting ; the art of training dogs for hunting. CY'NIC, Cy'nical, a. [kunikos, from ktion, Gr.] snarling; brutal, or partaking of the qualities of a cynic philosopher, who was remarkable for his contempt of riches, and rigorous repre- hension of vice. CY'NICS, s. a sect of so-called philosophers in Greece, founded by Antisthenes, who was a pupil of Socrates. But he took away from the school of the sage only the rudest and barest form of truth. Despising the conventionalisms which imposed on most, and confounded right and wrong amongst men, they denuded human nature till nought was left but a snarling, savage, self- satisfied, all-defying animal. It afforded one of the first and most singular illustrations of the folly of attempting to abdicate one's humanity, and of the fact that in striving to be by mere dogged will more than man, it is impossible to escape becoming less than man. The spirit of Cynicism may be discovered in the ascetics of the middle ages, and in some o^ the most fanatical of the sects which sprang up during the 17th century, and have subsisted to this day. See Diogenes. CY'NOSURE, s. \kuon and oura, Gr.] in Astronomy, the name given by the Greeks to Ursa Minor, or the Little Bear ; the polar star, by which sailors steer. Figuratively, an object of universal attention, such as one possessed of great beauty is. CY'PHEL, 8. in Botany, a provincial term for the common houseleek. CY'PRESS TREE, s. [cypressus, Lat.] in Botany, a tree of the pine kind ; its leaves are small and dark, it is an evergreen, and was used to plant about tombs. The wood of it never rots, or is worm-eaten. CY'PRIAN, ST. a Latin father of the African Church, of the 3rd century. He was converted by one Caecilius, and he named himself after him. He rose to be bishop of Carthage, was ban- ished under the emperor Valerian, recalled, and beheaded in 258, aged about 58 years. He was an orator, and a man of business, and attended much more to the practical and ecclesiastical aspects of Christianity, than to the doctrinal. Tertullian's writings were the source of most of his notions not springing from the rigid character of his own mind. He helped largely to exalt episcopal power. His writings are numerous, and are ardent and animated in style, but the Latinity is not very pure. Epis- copalians both of Rome and England are much taken with bis character and works. 248 CZE CY'PRUS, s. [so called from the place where it was made,] a thin transparent stufl^, used for sieves, &c. CY'PRUS, an island in the Mediterranean, between the coast of Syria and that of Asia Minor, subject to the Turks. It is about 150 miles in length, and 40 in breadth. A range of mountains runs through it, some heights of which are said to ex- ceed 6000 feet. The soil is fertile, but subject to long droughts, and there are numerous springs, but no rivers. It abounds with game ; and great numbers of ortolans, boiled and pickled in vinegar, are annually exported. The chief produce is cotton, silk, and wines. The other exports are wool, nutmegs, turpen- tine, madder, kermes, opium, coloquinteda, salt, umber, green earth, and a small quantity of cochineal. Nicotia is the metro- polis of the island. Population, about 15,000. CYRENA'ICS, a sect of Greek philosophers, which originated with Aristippus, a pupil of Socrates. The chief feature of their doctrine was, that pleasure and pain are the criteria of the cha- racter of actions ; but they also taught that it was not imme- diate pain or immediate gratification that were to be regarded in forming the estimate. -See Aristippus. CY'RIL, ST., (of Jerusalem,) a Greek father who was bishop of that city in the 4th century. He shared in the vicissitudes which the Arian controversy gave rise to, and was thrice deposed or expelled from his see ; "but he was ultimately restored, and died in 386, aged about 70 years. His writings are valuable as containing an accurate and clear account of the doctrines and rites of his times, and are chiefly plain didactic lectures intend- ed for catechumens. In them the sophistication of the simple, practical principles of the New Testament seems nearly com- pleted. CY'RIL, ST., (of Alexandria,) a testy, headstrong father of the Greek branch of the church, who occupied the see of Alex- andria, and quarrelled with almost every body, about every thing, except the bishop of Rome and church doctrines. Arian- ism and Nestorianism were his mortal aversion. He was once deposed, but soon restored. He died in 444. Most of his writ- ings are expository ; but the rest are polemical. The worship of the Virgin as the mother of God, was his great subject for dis- coursing and persecuting also. He has incurred everlasting shame respecting the cruel murder of a Grecian lady who taught Platonism at Alexandria ; and whose death was owing to his tirades against her, and effected by his followers. CY'RUS THE GREAT, the overthrower of the Assyrian and founder of the Medo-Persian empire. He took Babylon by lay- ing the river-bed dry. The Jews, whom he found captives there, he sent back to Judea, and protected them whilst they re-estab- lished their kingdom with diminished splendour at Jerusalem. By some writers he is said to have fallen on an expedition against a Scythian tribe, in 531 b. c. The whole of the Assyrian em- Eire, from the Indus to the Mediterranean and the iEgean, owned is power. CY'RUS, son of Darius and Parysatis, formed a plot against his brother Artaxerxes, who had succeeded Darius, and fell in battle, it is presumed by his brother's hand, in 401 b. c. This event led to the wonderful expedition called in historj', the Retreat of the 10,000 Greeks ; which is recorded by Xenophon, who conducted it. -See Xenophon. CYST, Cystis, s. Ikmtis, Gr.] in Surgery, a bag containing some morbid matter. CY'STIC, a. in Surgery, contained in a bag. CYSTO'TOMY, s. [kustis and temno, Gr.] the act of opening encysted tumors, or cutting the bag in which any morbid matter is contained. CZAR, (zar) s. [Sclav.] written more properly tzar, the title of the emperor of Russia. CZARI'NA, {zareena) s. the title of the empress of Russia. CZA'SLAU, a town and circle of Bohemia, Austria. In the church of the former is the tomb of Zisca, the celebrated general of the Hussites. It is 42 miles E. S. E. of Prague. Population, about 4000. CZE'RNICK, or Czi'rnitz, a town of Carinthia, Austria. Here is a remarkable tract of land, 15 miles in length 'and 5 in breadth, which in summer produces excellent grass and corn, but in winter is overflowed, yields fish, and is called the Czir- nitzer Sea. It is 28 miles S. E. of Laybach. Population, about 1500. T\ THE fourth letter of the alphabet, is a consonant, differing -'-^> in sound from T by the addition of the effect produced by the compression of the larynx in uttering it. The sound of D in the English is uniform, and is never mute, except in the words Wediiesday and handkerchief. The form of the letter is derived from the Greek letter delta, in the cursive character, through the Romans. D, as a numeral, denotes 500 ; and with a dash over it, thus, D, 5000. In abbreviations, it has various significations ; thus D. stands for doctor, as M. D. for doctcrr of medicine ; D. D. doc- tor of divinity ; L. L.D. doctor of laws ; Mus. D. doctor of music. To DAB, V. a. [dauber, Fr.] to touch gently with something soft or moist. DAB, s. a small lump generally, applied to something moist ; a blow with something moist or soft. In low language, a person expert in any thing. In Natural History, a small flat fish. To DA'BBLE, v. a. [dabbelen, Belg.] to smear, moisten, or daub with something wet ; to play in the water ; to do any thing in a slight or superficial manner. DA'BBLER, s. one that plays in water. Figuratively, one who performs a thing superficially; one who never makes him- self a complete master of any subject, or branch of science. DA'B-CHICK, s. in Natural History, the common water-hen, called likewise dobchick, didapper, and dipchick. DA CAPO, s. an Italian term in music, meaning that the first part of the tune should be repeated at the conclusion. DA'CCA, a city of Bengal, once the capital, situated in a dis- trict of the same name, of which it is the capital, on a branch of the Ganges, which has a ready communication with all the other channels of that river and the Burrampooter. It is the third city of Bengal in extent and population. It has large manufac- tories of the finest mushns and silks, and cotton is produced within the province. The country round Dacca lying low, is covered with perpetual verdure during the dry months, and is not subject to violent heats, as Moorshedabad, Patna, and other places. It is 120 miles from Calcutta. Its population is about •250,000. Lat. 23. 43. N. Long. 90. 17. E. DACE, s. [derceau, Fr.] in Natural History, a small river-fish resembling a roach, but something less. DA'CIA, in Ancient Geography, the name of a country lying on the Black Sea, and occupying the tract at present known as Bannat, Transylvania, in Hungary, Moldavia, Wallakia, in Turkey, and Bessarabia, in Russia. The gladiators and slaves of Rome in the period of the empire were brought from this coun- try', as well as from Sclavonia. DA'CIER, MADAME ANNA, an eminent translator and editor of Greek and Latin classics, in the beginning of the last century. Her editions are still much esteemed. Her private character was as much respected for its worth as her pubhc character was for its learning. Her husband shared her literary labours and re- nown. She died in 1720, aged C9 years. DA'CTYL, Da'ctyle, s. \daktulos, Gr.] a foot, in Latin or Greek poetry, consisting of one long and two short syllables. DAD, Daddy, s. [tad, Brit.] a child's way of expressing father. DiE'DAL, a. [dcedalus, Lat.] various ; variegated ; skilful. DiE'MON,s. &e Demon. DA'FFODIL, Daffodi'lly, or Daffodo'wndilly, in Botany, the common garden narcissus, or pseudo-narcissus. To DAFT, V. a. to toss aside ; to throw away slightly. DAG, s. [dague, Fr.] a dagger; a hand-gun. To DAG, V. a. [Sax.] to dirt or bemire the lower parts of a garment. DA'GGER, «. [dague, Fr.] a short sword. In fencing schools, a blunt blade of iron with a basket hilt, used for defence. In Printing, the obelisk, used as a mark of reference, and of this form m. DA'GGER'S-DRAWING, s, the act of drawing a dagger. juratively, quarrelsomeness, or readiness to fight. I'o DA'G'GLE, f. a. &e Draggle. DAGUE'RREO r\PE. See Photography. DA'HLIA, ». in Botany, a common autumn-flowering garden plant, of great variety and beauty. It is a Mexican plant, and was introduced into England in the latter part of the last century. ^VT DAL DA'HOMY, a country of Guinea, Africa, E. of the Slave Coast, and about 70 miles from the sea, called also Fouin, and supposed to reach from the sea-coast 150 or 200 miles inland. The go- vernment is perfect despotism; yet, in the country, strangers are the least exposed to insults, and reside there in security and tranquillity. The king of Dahomy maintains a considerable standing army, among whom are several hundreds of women, immured within his palace, that are trained to the use of arms, under a female general. It is a flat country, presenting no ex- ception as to climate, productions, wild beasts, &c. to the general character of tropical Africa. Its population is estimated at about 1,000,000. The capital is Abomey, in Lat. 9. 50. N. and Long. 3. 30. E. DA'ILY, a. [daglic. Sax.] happening, done, or repeated every day. Figuratively, constantly or frequently ; used adverbially, every day, frequently. DA'INTILY, ad. in a curious, elegant, or delicate manner ; deliciously; pleasantly. DA'INTINESS, s. delicacy ; softness ; elegance ; nicety ; squeamishness, or the not being easily pleased, either with food, or the productions of art. DA'INTY, a. pleasing to the taste, and purchased with great cost. Figuratively, of delicate or exquisite sensibility ; squeam- ish ; not easily pleased with food ; scrupulous ; elegant ; well or nicely formed ; nice, or affected. DA'INTY, s. some rare food of exquisite taste. A word of fondness. DA'IRY, s. [perhaps from dey,\n old word for milk,] the place where milk is kept, and butter or cheese made. DA'IRY-FARM, s. a farm almost wholly laid down in grass, for the purpose of keeping cows, and making cheese and butter. DA'IKY-MAID, s. a woman-servant who has the care of the dairy, and makes butter or cheese. DA'IRY-WORK, Da'irying, s. the employment on a dairy- farm, or in a dairy. DAIS, s. [Fr.] the raised part at the upper end of great dining- halls, along which the table was placed at which the principal parties sat. DA'ISY, (ddzy) s. [abbreviated from day's-eye, according to some,] in Botany, a common and pretty English flower, most plentiful in spring. Da'lai-Lama, [Tatar,] the name given to the supreme priest amongst the Boodhists, who is sovereign of good part of Thibet. It is pretended that he is a sort of incarnation of Boodh, the di- vinity; and that on the death of anyone, the indwelling god removes to another priest, whom they take great pains to dis- cover. In this respect, as well as in others before mentioned, Boodhism much resembles Romanism. DALE, s. a low or hollow place between hills ; a vale or valley. DALECA'RLIA, a province of Sweden, near Norway, and sur- rounded by Helsingland, Gestricia, Westmanland, and Werme- land. It is mountainous, and intersected with numerous rivers and lakes, yet has fertile pastures, and abounds in mines of copper, iron, and silver, some of which are of a prodigious depth. The principal productions are corn, wood, and hemp. The in- habitants are a plain, hardy, warlike race. Its population is about 1-50,000. Fahlun is its capital. DA'LKEITH, Edinburgh, Scotland, seated on the Esk, 6 miles from Edinburgh. Dalkeith House is the principal seat of the Duke of Buccleugh. The present magnificent palace was built about the beginning of the 18th century, on the spot formerly occupied by Dalkeith Castle, built on a perpendicular rock of great neight, and inaccessible on all sides except the E., where it was defended by a fosse. Pop. 5830. DA'LLIANCE, s. acts of fondness between lovers. Figura- tively, delay, or deferring a thing. DA'LLIER, s. a trifler ; a person who practises acts of fond- ness. To DA'LLY, V. n. [dollen, Belg.] to trifle ; to play the fool ; to amuse oneself, and lose time in idle play ; to exchange caresses of fondness ; to sport ; to frolic ; to delay. DALMA'TIA, a province of Austria, lyin^ on the Gulf of Venice, and bounded by Turkey and part of Hungary. It is about 280 miles in length, and about 20 in breadth. But it is very irregular and disjoined, some considerable part^of it being the islands, which are numerous on the E. shore of the gulf. It 2 k 249 DAM is very mountainous, being bordered by the chain called the Di- naric Alps, some heights of which exceed 6000 feet. Its streams are almost all mere mountain-torrents. Coal and building-stone abound. It produces good timber also. But its agricultural produce is small, and its pasturage not very extensive. It does not export much, nor are there any manufactures worthy of mention amongst the inhabitants. Its population is about 400,000. Ragusa and Zara are its chief places. It is styled a kingdom, under the emperor of Austria. DALRY'MPLE, JAMES, VISCOUNT STAIR, an eminent Scottish jurist of the 17th century. He was brought into public notice by General Monk, whom Cromwell had left in charge of Scotland ; and on the Restoration was favoured by many marks of Charles II.'s good will, being ultimately ennobled by him. His great work on Scottish law continues to be highly esteemed to this day. He was the author of some other pieces. He died in 1695, aged 74 years. DALRY'MPLE, DAVID, LORD HAILES, the distinguished Scottish judge, and man of letters, in the last century. History, both civil and ecclesiastical, law, classics, exjjository and prac- tical divinity, all received some contributions from his pen. He died in 1792, aged 65 years. DA'LTON, Lancashire, It is seated on the spring-head of a river, in a champaign country, not far from the sea; and the ancient castle is made use of to keep the records and prisoners for debt in the liberty of Furness. It is 273 miles from London. Market, Saturday. Pop. 3231. DA'LTON, DR. JOHN, the chemist to whose origination of the Atomic theory modern chemistry owes the sure basis of its astonishing progress. He was introduced to the sphere of labour at Manchester, by the philosophic friend who had first initiated him into the love and study of phj'sical science. It was in the college at Manchester that he was enabled to elaborate his fa- mous discovery. He published it at first in lectures at various places ; and afterwards more fully in his work of chemical phi- losophy. He was the author of other productions relating to different branches of science. He received during his life many honourable proofs of the value set on his theory by scientific men of various countries. And he died in 1844, aged 78 years. DAM, s. [dame, which, according to Chaucer, formerly signi- fied a mother,] the mother, applied most commonly to beasts; but figuratively, and by way of reproach, applied to persons. DAM, s. Iclam, Belg.] a mole, bank, or any other obstruction to confine water. To DAM, V. a. [demman, Sax.] to confine water by moles or other obstructions. Figuratively, to damp; to extinguish, ob- struct, or intercept. DA'MAGE, s. [domage, Fr.] mischief; hurt; detriment; loss. In Common Law, it is what the jurors, upon a trial, allow the party who appears to have suffered wrong. To DA'MAGE, v. a. to spoil, hurt, or impair any thing; to affect a person with loss, or hinder him in the prosecution of his business. — v. n. to impair ; to lose of its worth by time. DA'M AGEABLE, a. that may be impaired or spoiled by time ; mischievous or hurtful. DA'MASCENE, Da'mson, s. \dammcenus, Lat.] in Gardening, a small round black plum, of a rough and astringent taste. DAMASCE'NUS, JOHN, a church writer of the 8th century, who acquired no small renown for his eloquence, philosophy, and orthodoxy. He was in the service of the Saracen khalif, and being falsely accused to him, had his right hand cut off, which by the Virgin Mary's intercession was restored. He was a stout opponent of the Iconoclasts, and perhaps aided much in estab- lishing the image-worship of Rome. He wrote a treatise on the Faith, which was long an authority. He died about 750. DAMA'SCUS, now called Sham, a very ancient city of Syria, and the capital of a pachalic, is built in the form of an oblong square. Streams of clear water run across the plain of Damas- cus, which fertilize the gardens, supply the public fountains, and run into every house. The caravansaries have long galleries, supported by marble pillars, surrounding a large court. The private houses, which are built of wood, have their fronts in- wards, enclosing a court, and presenting a dead wall to the streets, although often richly adorned within. The castle is like a little town, having its own streets and houses. The mosques are su- perb and numerous. The straight street, which runs across the city and suburbs in a direct line, has shops on each side, where DAM all sorts of merchandise are sold. The gardens and orchards extend several miles round, and are embellished with summer- houses, turrets, fountains, cascades, and streams of water. A manufactory of cutlery is carried on here. Damascus stands on the river Barida, in a very fertile plain, not far from the mountain range of Antilibanus. Its population is about 200,000, of whom 20,000 are Christians. It is 136 miles from Jerusalem. Lat. 38. 30. N. Long. 36. 30. E. DA'MASK, s. [from Damascus, the place where it was invented,] a manufacture of linen or silk woven with raised flowers ; like- wise a very fine steel, at Damascus in Syria, used for swords and cutlass blades, and of a very fine temper. Figuratively, a red colour, alluding to that of the damask rose. To DA'MASK, v. a. to weave linen or silk in raised figures; to variegate, diversify, or embellish ; to adorn steel work with figures. DA'MASK-ROSE, s. in Floriculture, a rose of a very rich crim- son colour, brought originally from Damascus. DA'MASKENING, s. the art of adorning iron and steel, by cutting and carving holes in them, and filling them up with gold or silver wire ; used in enriching the blades of swords and locks of pistols. DA'MASUS, the title borne by two popes of Rome, the first of whom, in the 4th century, has ever borne a high character for learning. St. Jerome was one of his correspondents and friends. He died in 384, after having been supreme pontiff fo,r 18 years. DA'MBEA, an extensive lake of Abyssinia, containing many fertile islands, and abounding in fish. Hippopotami are also very numerous. It is not far from the city of Gondar. DAME, s. [dame, Fr.] originally applied to a person who was mistress of a family, and of noble birth, as it is at present used in law ; but now commonly used for a farmer's wife, or one of the lower sort. Figuratively, women in general. DAMIE'TTA, a sea-port town of Egypt, situated on the east- ern branch of the Nile, about 7^ miles from its mouth, in the most fruitful part of Egypt. There are manufactures here of fine linen of all colours, napkins fringed with silk, &c. &c. Multi- tudes of boats and small vessels fill the port or road, which, how- ever, is very defective and disadvantageous to trade, being every where totaiW exposed. It is a place of great trade, and is 84 miles from Cfairo. Its population is about 15,000. Lat. 31. 30. N. Long. 31. 40. E. To DAMN, (dam) v. a. [damno, Lat.] to doom, devote, or curse to eternal torments ; to condemn ; to render any perform- ance unpopular, by hissing or criticising. DA'MNABLE, a. deserving, or justly condemned to, eternal punishment. DA'MNABLY, ad. in such a manner as to incur eternal pun- ishment. DAMNATION, s. exclusion from Divine mercy ; the state of a person who is sentenced to eternal punishment. DA'MNATORY, a. containing the sentence to eternal punish- ment. DA'MNED, part, hateful ; detestable ; abominable ; doomed to everlasting punishment. DAMNI'FIC, a. procuring loss; mischievous. To DA'MNIFY, v. a. [damnum and facio, Lat.] to cause loss ; to spoil, hurt, or impair. DA'MNINGNLSS, s. tendency to procure damnation. DAMP, a. [damps, Belg.] moist ; inclining to wet ; moistened by the air or vapours. Figuratively, dejected, full of sorrow, on account of some sudden disappointment or unexpected calamity. DAMP, s. in the language of miners, applied to two species of gases which occur in mines, and are often fatal to life. The choice- damp is carbonic acid gas, which, being heavier than atmospheric air, lies at the bottom of old mines, and wells, and cannot be in- haled with safety. The fire-damp is carburetted hydrogen gas, which, being lighter than the atmosphere, ri.ses to the higher parts of the mines. But as it often happens that the roof is low, and that blasts of this gas proceed from the rifts in the coal, a safety lamp is used; for a lighted candle would ignite the gas, and cause a most tremendous explosion. Carelessness is con- tinually occasioning such explosions. See Safety Lamp. Figu- ratively, dejection or sorrow, arising from some sudden calamity. To DAMP, V. a. to wet or moisten; to chill, or diminish heat by water. Figuratively, to lessen any quality ; to smother, check, or depress any ardour or passion; to weaken; to abandon. DATVIPIER, CAPTAIN WILLIAM, an English circumnavi- gator of the 17th century. He was one of the buccaniers, and afterwards, attracting attention by the intelligent and scientific account he gave of his voyage, was employed in some exploring expedition by the British government. He died about 1710, aged about 60 years. DA'MPISHIS'ESS, s. tendency to wetness, or moisture, arising from fogs, vapours, &c. DA'MPNESS, s. cold, moisture, or fogginess. DA'MPY, a. moist or wet. DA'MSEL, s. [detnoiselle, Fr.] originally used for a young gen- tlewoman or lady of distinction, an attendant of the higher rank, but at present for a young country lass. DA'MSON, s. See Damascene. DAN, s. [dominus, Lat.] a title of dignity or honour, formerly used for master, DA'NBURY, Essex, on a hill, 5 miles E. of Chelmsford ; its spire serves as a sea mark. DANCE, GEORGE, the architect who built Newgate, St. Luke's, the Compter in Giltspur Street, and some other public buildings in London. He died in 1825. To DANCE, V. n. Idanser, Fr.] to move in a graceful attitude, with measured steps, and in particular figures, according to an air sung or played. — v. a. to make a person dance or skip. To dauce attendance, is to wait in a humble and suppliant manner on a person. DANCE, s. {danse, Fr.] an agreeable motion of the body and feet, adjusted by art to the measure or tune of a musical instru- ment or the voice. DA'NCER, «. one who practises dancing. DA'NCING-MASTER, s. one who teaches the art of dancing. DA'NCING-SCHOOL, s. the school where the art of dancing is taught. DANDELI'ON, «. [dent de lion, Fr. lion's tooth,] in Botany, a common English plant, the roots of which are often boiled for use in cases of sore throat. DA'NDIPRAT, s. [_dandin, Fr.] a little fellow, used some- times as a word of fondness, and sometimes as a word of re- proach. To DA'NDLE, «. a. [dandelen, Belg.] to keep a child in motion, either on the knee or otherwise, to quiet it. Figuratively, to treat with too much fondness; to use like a child. DA'NDLER, s. a person that fondles a child. DA'NDOLO, HENRY, the brave old Doge of Venice, who was engaged in the capture of Constantinople from the brother of the emperor (who had dethroned him) during the 4th cru- sade. This happened when he was 89 years old, and could barely see, yet ne led the storming party, and planted the lion of Venice on the walls with his own hand. He died two years afterwards, in 1205. DA'NDRUFF, s. the scurf of the head. DA'NEGELT, s. a tax, or tribute on every hide of land, im- posed in the time of the Saxons, to procure the withdrawal of the Danes on any invasion. After their expulsion it was im- posed hj Ethelred as a standing yearly tax, to be employed for the fitting out such a fleet as should be sutficient to protect the country from the Danes. It was continued for other purposes under the Norman kings, and appears to have been last levied by King Henry II. DA'NEVVOKT, s. in Botany, a species of elder, likewise called the dwarf-elder, or wall-wort. DA'NGER, s. {danger, Fr.] hazard ; risk ; or a condition which is liable to mischief or calamity. To DA'NGER, v. a. to expose to loss, calamity, or misery. DA'NGERLESS, a. out of a possibility of meeting with any calamity or accident. DA'NGEROUS, a. exposed to accidents, loss, harm, or mis- chief. DA'NGEROUSLY, ad hazardously; perilously; full of danger. DA'NGEROUSNESS, «. a condition which exposes to acci- dents, calamity, or death. To DA'NGLE, r^ n. to hang loose, so as to be put in motion by the wind, breath, or a shake. Figuratively, to hang as a de- pendant upon a person. DA'NGLER, s. a person who frequents the company of women merely to pass or kill time. DA'NIEL, a Jewish prophet during the captivity, who has DAN ever held a high place amongst the Jews, because of the learning and shrewdness with which he is represented as endowed, and because of the devoted piety which he manifested. He inter- preted the dreams of the kings in whose court he was detained, and read the hand-writing on the wall which announced the de- struction of the Assyrian monarchy. He was thrown into a den of lions for persisting in the Jewish custom of prayer, and was miraculously preserved from injury. His writings have been the occasion of a great discussion amongst both Je%vish and Chris- tian commentators ; the great distinctness with which the com- ing events are described, giving them more the aspect of fantas- tically written history than of prophecy. They are, however, generally received as containing inspired prophecy. The most striking part refers to the kingdom of Christ, which is represented in great contrast with the four great world-empires, the Assyrian, the Persian, the Macedonian, and the Roman. And one part, in which a number of days is stated as marking the term of the present order of things, has been the favourite theme for the expatiation of such as have aspired to be prophets them- selves, rather than to use the Scriptures for instruction in right- eousness. DA'NIEL, SAMUEL, a poet of some worth in the IGth centu- ry, whose verse for depth of philosophy, and practical bearing on human affairs, knows few rivals. He died in 1619, aged 57 years. DA'NIELL, DR. JOHN F., a distinguished chemist of the present age, who held for some years the chemical chair in King's College, London. He wiis a most diligent experimental chemist and observer of facts in meteorology ; and several valuable instru- ments were the result of his studies. He died in 1845, aged 55 years. DANK, a. [tuncken, Teut.] moist ; wettish. DA'NKISH, a. somewhat moist or wet. DA'NNECKER, JOHANN H., a distinguished German sculp- tor, some of whose works are characterized by high artistic power. He died in 1841, aged 83 years. DA'NTE, ALIGHIERI, the great poet of the middle ages. He was a native of Florence, and nobly connected, and received such education as could be g^ven then. He rose in time to fill the post of one of the chief magistrates of Florence, but during some one of the many disturbances which occurred in that re- public, Dante and his party were worsted and banished. He wandered from place to place and court to court afterwards, wrote his poem, and died in 1321, aged 50 years. Of the Di- vina Commedia, not much can be said, beyond that it purports to be a relation of a visit to the world of souls paid by the poet, and is divided into three books, describing respectively. Hell, Purgatoiy, and Paradise. The general conception is grand and terrific, but the individual pictures add unspeakable terror or unspeakable beauty to the whole. The poem, too, abounds with lines containing worlds of truth, a life-long experience con- densed into a few syllables. The most charming feature of the whole is, perhaps, the introduction of Beatrice, the object of love which ended for him so unhappily, for the world so well, seeing that we have this great work as one of the fruits of his sorrow. DA'NTON, GEORGE JAMES, a name tolerably known in the French Revolution. He was an advocate by profession, and was the first to adopt the extreme political opinions which after- wards made the name of Jacobin so terrible. In the course of those eventful years he appeared as the mover of some of the most daring and most questionable affairs. He petitioned for the de- cree of forfeiture against Louis after the flight to Varennes ; he was the soul of the insurrection of Aug. 10 ; he was more than suspected of being connected with the Septemberers ; he was the proposer of the Committee of Public Safety; he was in the van in the struggle against the Girondins. His private charac- ter was none of the best, and yet his name stands out as one of the two or three truly great ones of the Revolution. Robespierre sacrificed him to his jealousy of the power he had, and the cha- racter he bore. He was guillotined in 1794, aged 35 years. He has been called the Mirabeau of the people. DA'NTZICK, capital of a circle of the same name in Prussia, one of the largest, richest, and strongest towns of Europe, with a famous harbour, a bishop's see, and a university. It is en- compassed with a wall ana fortifications of great extent. The houses are well built of stone or brick, six or seven glories high ; and the granaries, containing vast quantities of grain and naval DAK stores, are still higher, to which the ships lie close when they take in their lading. The arsenal is well provided, and the ex- change is a handsome structure. It carries on a great trade, particularly in corn, timber, and naval stores, which are chiefly purchased by the Dutch. It was once a free Hanseatic town, under the protection of Poland ; but was seized by Prussia, at the second partition of Poland, and was for a time the capital. It is seated on the western banks of the river Weissel, or Vistula, near the Gulf of Angil, in the Baltic Sea ; 140 miles from Berlin. Its population is about 80,000. Lat. 54. 22. N. Long. 19. DA'NUBE, the first river of Europe, called by the ancients Ister. It rises in Suabia, bv the Black Forest, runs through Ba- varia, Austria, Hungary, Turkey, and, after a course of near 2000 miles, enters the Black Sea, in the Russian province of Bessarabia. It reckons amongst its tributaries the Iser, the Inn, the Morava, the Drave, and the Theiss. Seated on it are Ulm, Ratisbon, Linz, Vienna, Presburg, Buda, Belgrade, Widin, Is- mael, and Galacz. The navigation is interrupted by many falls and rapids, yet between the falls steam vessels now regularly ply, and there is a considerable trade carried on between the dil- lerent great towns on its banks. To DAP, V. a. [from dip,] in angling, to let fall, or put gently into the water. DA'PIFER, s. the dignity or office of grand master of a prince's household. In Germany, the elector of Bavaria assumed the title of Archdapifer of the empire, whose office was, at the coron- ation of the emperor, to carry the first dish of meat to table on horseback. DA^PPER, a. [dapper, Belg.] small of stature, and full of spirit and vivacity. It is usually spoken in contempt. DA'PPERLING, s. a person of low stature ; a dwarf. DA'PPLE, a. niarkecf, variegated, or clouded with different colours. To DA'PPLE, V. a. to streak or diversify with a different colour. DAR, Dart, s. in Natural History, a fish found in the Severn. DARA'BGERD, a townof Farsistan, Persia, wiih a consider- able manufacture of glass. Near it is found salt of various colours, red, white, black, and green. It is 116 miles from Schiras. Its population is about 20,000. Lat. 25. 4(5. N. Long. 55. 0. E. D'ARBLA'Y, MADAME FRANCES, a daughter of Dr. Bur- ney, who early attracted the attention of the literary world of the latter part of the last century, by a gossipy tale called Evelina, unreadable now. She afterwards received some appoint- ment about the person of the queen ; and was married to a French emigrant. After residing some time in France, she re- turned to England, where she died in 1840, aged 88 years. Her other writings, which are voluminous, are less endurable than Evelina. But her Diary and Correspondence give the most faithful picture of the highest ranks of society in England before the war, and afford a means of estimating the progress of civil- ization and common sense amongst them. DARDANE'LLES, two castles, built by Mahomet IV., (in 1658,) one on each side of the Strait of Gallipoli, anciently the Hellespont, between the Archipelago and the Sea of Marmora. The strait is 33 miles long ; in the broadest part it is a mile and a half across, and in the narrowest half a mile. At the entrance, where guarded by the castles, it is about two miles over. To DARE, ». n. prefer, durst, past part, dared; [dearran. Sax.] to undertake a thing without being discouraged by the dangers which attend it. — v. a. to challenge, or provoke a person to fight. To dare larks, is to catch them by means of a looking- glass, or by keeping a bird of prey hovering aloft, which keeps them in amaze till caught. DARE, s. a provocation, or calling on a person to fight; a challenge; defiance. DA'REFUL, a. full of defiance ; without fear. DA'RFUR, a country in tropical Africa, having the Moun- tains of the Moon on the S., and bounded by Bournou, Dongola, Sennaar, and Abyssinia. It lies in the midst of the Desert, and is subject to all the peculiarities of climate which such a situation usually is exposed to. It differs not from the general character of this continent in respect of native productions and wild beasts. It carries on a trade with Arabia and E^ypt. Agriculture can be practised only on the most limited scale, yet enough grain is DAR grown for the subsistence of the people. The population is about 200,000. Cobbe is the chief place. DA'RGLE, a romantic vale or glen, in the county of Wicklow, about 10 miles from Dublin. The lofty mountains on each side are clothed with trees down to the edge of the river, which falls from rock to rock in the bottom, forming many cascades. The views from the eminences are grand and beautiful. DA'RIEN, an isthmus, or narrow country, which joins N. and S. America, having the Atlantic on the N. E. and the Pacific on the.S. W. It extends about 360 miles in length, and from 48 to 135 in breadth. See Panama. DA'RIEN, GULF OF, part of the Caribbean Sea, washing the N. E. shore of the isthmus. It has some good and spacious harbours in it. DA'RING, a. bold ; adventurous ; courageously undertaking an affair notwithstanding the dangers attending it. DA'RINGLY, ad. in a bold, courageous, outrageous, or impu- dent manner. DA'RINGNESS, s. boldness. DARI'US, the name borne by three kings of Persia. The first planned the attempt on the liberty of Greece, which Athens almost single-handed defeated at Marathon. He was more suc- cessful in other military expeditions, and died in 485 b. c. The third was king when Alexander the Great set out on his great expedition ; he lost three great battles, that on the Granicus, and those of Issus and Arbeia; and with the last, kingdom, trea- sures, and life too, being assassinated by one of his own officers, in 330 B. c. DARK, a. [, a. \de and articulus, Lat.] to disjoin ; to dismember. DEATH, {deth) s. [death. Sax.] the departure of the soul from the body ; loss of sensibility, motion, and all the functions of animal life. Figuratively, mortality ; destruction ; the manner of dying ; the image of mortality represented by a skeleton ; the state of the dead; murder, or depriving a person of life by violence and unlawful means; the cause of death. In Law, there is a natural and civil death ; natural, where nature itself expires ; civil, where a person is not naturally dead, but ad- judged so by law. Thus, if a person for whose life an estate is granted remains beyond sea, or is otherwise absent, for seven DEB years, and no proof made of his being living, he shall be account- ed naturally dead. Synon. Departure, is still more defined, and carries with it an idea of the passage from one life to another. Death, more common, and signifies precisely extinction of life. Decease, more studied, is a term somewhat bordering upon the law, and implies the refuge of mortality. The second of these words is made use of with respect to all sorts of animals ; the other two to man only. DEATHBED, {defhbed} s. the bed on which a person dies. DE'ATH-DOING, De'athful, {dethful) a. pregnant with death ; mortal ; fatal ; destructive. DE'ATHLESS, {dethless) a. not subject to death ; immortal ; everlasting. DE'ATHLIKE, {dethUke) a. [deathlic. Sax.] resembling death, either in its horrors, or in its insensibility or motionless state. DE'ATHS-MAN, {deths-man) s. an executioner. DEATH-WATCH, {deth-watch) s. the sound produced by some small species of insects, which live in old wood, when they strike their horny heads against the wood, by way of calling their com- panions. To DEAU'RATE, v. a. [deauro, from aurum, Lat.] to gild, or cover with gold. DEAURA'TION, s. the gilding or covering any thing with gold or silver. DEBACCH ATION, s. [debacchatio, Lat. from Bacchus,} a raging ; a madness. To DEBA'R, V. a. to hinder or restrain a person from the en- joyment of a thing. To DEBA'RB, v. a. [rfe and barba, Lat.] to deprive of the beard. To DEBA'RK, v. a. [debarquer, Fr.] to come out of a ship upon shore. To DEBA'SE, v. a. to reduce from a higher to a lower value ; to adulterate metal or liquor by the addition of something less valuable ; to spoil or render less perfect by mean and unworthy additions. DEBA^SEMENT, s. the act of debasing or degrading a thing by the mixture of something mean or worthless. DEBA'SER, s. the person who lessens the value of a thing by some mixture ; one who adulterates metals or liquors. DEBATABLE, a. that may be disputed, or give occasion for controversy. DEBA'TE, s. [debat, Fr.] a dispute concerning the meaning of the truth of any proposition ; a quarrel or contest. To DEBA'TE, v. a. [debaUre, Fr.] to controvert or dispute ; to produce the arguments which may be brought to support any side of a question. — v. n, to deliberate. DETBA'TEFUL, a. fond of dispute or contradiction. Quarrel- some or contentious, when applied to persons. Contested, or occasioning disputes, when applied to things. DEBA'TEMENT, s. controversy ; deliberation. DEBA'TER, s. a disputant, or one fond of dispute. To DEBAU'CH, v. a. [debaucher, Fr.] to seduce a person, or prevail on him to do something amiss; to corrupt a person's mo- rals ; to corrupt by intemperance in meat or drink, but especially the latter. DEBAU'CH, s. a fit of intemperance ; luxury; excess; lewd- ness. DEBAUC'HE'E, *. [debauche, Fr.] a person given to intemper- ance in drink, or lewdness. DEBAU'CHER, s. one who seduces others to intemperance ; a corrupter. DEBAU'CHERY, s. the practice of excess ; intemperance ; lewdness. DEBAU'CHMENT, s. the act of corrupting the morals of a person, whether it respects temperance or chastity. To DEBE'L, Debe'llate, v. a. [debello, from bellum, Lat.] to conquer, or overcome, in war. DE'BENHAM, Suffolk, seated near the head of the river Deben, on the side of a hill. It is 84 miles from London. Mar- ket, Friday. Pop. 1667. DEBE'NTURE, s. [debeo, Lat.] is a term used in the custom- house, for a kind of certificate which is signed by the officers of the customs, and entitles a merchant exporting goods to the receipt of a bounty or drawback ; which debentures for foreign goods are to be paid within one month after demand. DE'BILE, a. [debilis, Lat.] weak ; feeble ; languid ; faint ; impotent. DEC To DEBFLITATE, v. a. to deprive of strength ; to weaken, or render weak. DEBILITATION, s. the act of depriving a person of strength, or rendering him weak. DEBI'LITY, s. loss of strength ; weakness; want of strength to bear any weight, or to accomplish an undertaking. DEBONA'IR, a. {_dehonnaire, Fr.] lively; affable; genteel; civil ; well bred ; elegant. DEBONA'IRLY, ad. with an elegant or genteel air; civUly; sprightly. DEBT, (det) s. [debitum, from f&6eo, Lat.] that which one per- son owes to another. That which any man is obliged to do or suffer. National debt, is the enormous sum of monej', about £800,000,000, borrowed of the nation by the government at various times, for the purpose of carrying on wars, &c. &c., for which purposes they coulcl not tax the people ; but the whole of which, with the interest upon it, remains as a burden to after generations. It is a tax levied on posterity, which governments dared not levy on their contemporaries. The yearly interest is nearly £30,000,000. DE'BTOR, {dettor) s. [debitor, Lat.] he that owes another money; one who has taken goods of another on trust ; that side of an account which contains the articles whicl^ a person has had on trust. DEBULLI'TION, s. [debuUitio, from ebullio, Lat.] the bubbling of water over the side of the vessel which contains it. DECACU'MINATED, a. [decacuminatus, from cacutnen, Lat.] having the top or point cut oft'. DECA'DE, s. {deka, Gr.] a number amounting to or consist- ing of ten. DECA'DENCY, s. [decadence, Fr.] decay. DE'CAGON, s. [deka and gonia, Gr.] in Geometry, a figure having ten equal sides and angles. DE'CALOGUE, (dekaldg) s. [deka and logos, Gr.] the ten com- mandments given by God to Moses. DECA'MERON, s. [deka and meros, Gr.] a book, discourse, or other matter, divided into ten distinct parts. To DECA'MP, V. a. [decamper, Fr.] to shift a camp ; to re- move from a place. DECA'MPMENT, s. the act of moving from a place. DECA'NDOLLE, AUGUSThX P., an eminent French bo- tanist of the present centurj*. He held a professorship at Geneva during the latter part of his life. He carried out to their highest developement the principles of the natural systems of plants, bringing in to his aid all the most recent discoveries respecting vegetable physiology. He published many works respecting his favourite study, but he accomplished only an outHne of the great work on all known plants, which he had projected. He died in 1841, aged 03 years. To DECA'NT, v. a. [decanter, Fr.] to pour liquor off gently. DECANTA'TION, s. [decantation , Fr.] the act of pouring liquor off the lees. DECA'NTER, s. a bottle of white glass, used to contain liquors. To DECA'PITATE, f. a. [decapito, from caput, Lat.] to be- head. To DECA'Y, V. n. [de and cadere, Lat.] to lose of its value, substance, strength, or perfection ; to be gradually impaired. — V. a. to impair, to consume gradually, or waste the substance of a thing. DECA'Y, s. a gradual loss of substance, qualities, value, or perfection ; the eftects or marks of consumption or decline, DECA'YER, s. that which causes decay. DE'CCAN, THE, an extensive tract of country in Hindustan, including Candeish, Dowlatabad, Orissa, Derar, Golconda, and the Circars. It is under the sway of the British. Its population is above 2,500,000. See the respective provinces composing it. DECEASE, {deseese) s. [decessus, from decedo, Lat.] death ; departure from life. To DECE'ASE, v. n. to die. DECE'IT, (deseet) 8. [deceptio, Lat.] a means by which a thing is passed upon a person for what it is not, as when falsehood is made to pass for truth ; a fraud ; cheat ; artifice. DECETTFUL, (deseetfut) a. full of fraud or artifice ; meaning different from what a person expresses ; not to be confided in. DECETTFULLY, (descetfully) ad. in a fraudulent, insincere manner. 256 DECE'ITFULNESS, {deseetfidness) s. the quality of imposing on a person to his hurt. DECE'lVABLE, (deseevable) a. subject or exposed to fraud or imposture ; subject to, or capable of, leading a person into an error. DECETVABLENESS, s. the possibility of being imposed upon by false pretences. To DECE'IVE, {deseeve) v. a. [decipio, Lat.] to make a person believe something false, or intended to his damage or hurt ; to impose on a person's credulity by false appearances ; to lead into an error or mistake. Figuratively, to disappoint. DECEIVER, (deseever) s. one who leads another into a mis- take ; one who imposes on the credulity of another. DECEMBER, s. [Lat.] because the tenth month in ancient reckoning, the year then beginning in March ; the last or twelfth month of the year, according to the modern computation of time. DECE'MPEDAL, a. [decern and^jes, Lat.] measuring ten feet. DECE'MVIRATE, s. [decern and vir, Lat.] the dignity and office of the ten governors of Rome, who were appointed to rule the commonwealth of consuls ; their authority subsisted only two years. Any body of ten men. DE'CENCE, De'cency, s. [decentia, Lat.] a method of address or action proper and becoming a person's sex, character, or rank. Figuratively, modesty. DECE'NNIAL, a. [decern and annm, Lat.] containipg the space of ten years. DECENNO'VAL, Decenno'vary, a. [decern and novem, Lat,] relating to the number nineteen. DE'CENT, a. [decens, Lat.] becoming; fit or suitable; neat; grave; not^audy; not immodest. DE'CENILY, ad. in a proper manner; consistent with cha- racter, rank, or the rules of good breeding. Figuratively, mo- destly. DECEPTIBFLITY, s. [deceptio, Lat.] liableness to be led into an error or mistake ; liableness to be imposed on. DECE'PTIBLE, a. liable to be deceived, imposed on, or led into an error. DECE'PTION, s. [deceptio, Lat.] the act or means of imposing on a person, or leading him into an error; the state of a person imposed on, or in a mistake ; a cheat, fraud, or fallacy, by which a person takes a thing to be what it is not. DECE'PTIOUS, a. apt to impose upon, or lead a person into an error. DECE'PTIVE, a. having the power of deceiving. . DECE'PTORY, a. containing the means of imposing on the credulity of a person, or of leading him into a mistake. DECE'RPT, a. [decerpo, Lat.] cropped; taken off. DECE'RPTIBLE, a. that may be taken off. DECE'RPTION, s. the act of lessening, taking off, parting, or dividing any thing. DECERTA'TION, s. [decertatio, Lat.] contention, strife, or dispute. DECE'SSION, s. [decessio, from decedo, Lat.] a departure ; a going away. To DECHA'RM, v. a. [declianner, Fr.] to counteract a charm. To DECFDE, v. a. [decido, Lat.] to put an end to or determine a dispute or event. DECFDER, s. one who determines a quarrel or cause. DECFDUOUS, a. [deciduus, Lat.] falling oft: In Botany, ap- plied to the leaves, those which fall off at the approach of winter; to the cup or impalement, falling off before the blossom, as in the cabbage, and cuckoo flower ; and to the seed-vessel, falling off before it opens, as in the sea-rocket and woad. DECI'DUOUSNESS, «. aptness to fall. In Botany, the quality of fading or withering every year. DE'CIMAL, a. [decern, Lat.] numbered, multiplied, or increas- ing by tens. Decimal arithmetic is that which computes by deci- mal numbers. A decimal fraction is that whose denominator is always one, with one or more ciphers; thus a unit may be ima- gined to be equally divided into ten parts, and each of these into ten more ; so that by a continual decimal subdivision, the unit may be supposed to be divided into 10, 100, 1000, &c. equal parts. But denominators of this sort of fractions are always known ; they are seldom expressed in writing ; but the fraction is distinguished by a point placed before it thus, '6, '46, *869, for 6-lOths, 46-lOOths, 869-IOOOths. The same 'is observed in DEC mixed numbers, as 678-9 for 678 and O-lOths, 67-89 for 67 and 89-lOOths, 6-789 for 6 and 789-lOOOths, &c. And as ciphers placed after integers increase their vahie decimally, so being placed before a decimal they decrease their value decimally; but Deing placed before integers and after fractions, neither of them is increased or diminished. Decimal notation, is the system of notation practised by ourselves and most nations, supposed to have origmated in the habit of calculating by means of the figures, in which but 10 symbols are used, and a higher denomi- nation is entered on at every tenth figure. To DECIMATE, v. a. [decimo, Lat.] to tithe ; to take the tenth. DECIMA'TION, s. [decimatio, Lat.] the act of tithing, or tak- ig the tenth, whether by lot or otherwise ; a selection of every tenth soldier by lot, for punishment in a general mutiny. To DECI'PHER, (deslfer) v. a. [dechiffrer, Fr,~ thing written in ciphers. Figurativefy, to describe, or give a characteristicalrepresentationof a thing ; to unfold; to unravel. DECl'PHERER, (desiferer) s. one who explains any thing written in ciphers. DECrSION, s. [decisio, Lat.] the determination of a dispute or difference ; the result of an event. In Scotland, it is used for a narrative, or report, of the proceedings of the court of session there. DECl'SIVE, a. having the power of determining a difference, or settling the result of an event, that is uncertain. DECrSIVELY, ad. in a conclusive manner, so as to put an end to a dispute, or to determine the fate of an undertaking. DECI'SIVENESS, s. the power of determining any difference, or settling any event. DECT'SORY, a. liable to determine or put beyond dispute. To DECK, V. a. [decken, Belg.] to cover by way of ornament. To adorn with dress ; to embellish. DECK, s. Idecken, Belg.] is the planked floor of a ship from stem to stern, whereon the guns are laid, and the men walk to and fro. Great ships have three decks, 1st, 2d, and 3d, counting from the lowermost. Half-deck reaches from the main-mast to the stern of a ship. Quarter-deck is that aloft the steerage, reaching to the round-house. Fhish-deck is that which lies even in a right line fore and aft, from stem to stern. A rope-deck is that made of cordage interwoven and stretched over a vessel, through which they may annoy an enemy that boards them. It is only used in small vessels that have no deck. DE'CKER, s. a dresser ; one who adorns ; one who covers a table or lays a cloth. In ships, it is used with a number to ex- press the size of the vessel, as, a three-decker, means a ship with three decks. ■ To DECLA'IM, v. a. [declamo, Lat.] to speak in a florid man- ner, like an orator or rhetorician ; to speak much against a thing ; to run a thing down, used with ar/ainst, DECLA'IMER, s. one who makes a florid speech in order to fire the imagination or move the passions ; an orator. DECLAiVlA'TION, s. a florid or rhetorical discourse addressed to the passions. Figuratively, an ostentatious display of rhetoric or oratory. DECLAMATOR, s. [Lat.] one who speaks against a thing, person, or opinion ; an orator ; a rhetorician. Seldom used. DECLA'MATORY, a. relating to the practice of declaiming ; treated in the man ner of a rhetorician ; appealing to the passions ; merely rhetorical flourish. DECLA'RABLE, a. that may be declared ; capable of proof, DECLARATION, s. [Fr.] the discovery of a thing by words ; explanation ; affirmation. In Law, the showing forth or laying out an action personal in any suit ; sometimes used both for per- sonal and real actions. The declaration of fidelity is used for a profession which is made by the people called Quakers, in lieu of the oath of allegiance. DECLA'RAl IVE, a. explaining ; making proclamation; ex- press ; explanatory. DECL A'RATORILY, ad. in the form of a declaration ; not in a decretory form. DECLA'RATORY, a. expressive ; affirmative. To DECLA'RE, v. a. [declaro, Lat.] to explain, or free from obscurity; to make known; to manifest; to publish or proclaim. DECLA'REMENT, s. discovery ; declaration ; testimony. DECLA'RER, s, one who makes any thing known. DECLE'NSION, s. {decline, Lat.] a gradual decay, or decrease DEC froni a greater degree of strength or power to a less ; descent ; declination or declivity. In Grammar, the series of terminations, which, affixed to the root of a substantive, express the various relations in which the notion represented by it may stand to the other notions in a sentence. DECLFNABLE, a. having a variety of endings, according to the different relations it stands for. DECLINATION, s. {declinatio, Lat.] descent; a change from a more to a less perfect state ; decay ; the act of bending down. A variation from a perpendicular or right line ; an oblique direc- tion ; variation from a fixed point, such as that of the needle from the north. In Astronomy, tne distance of the sun, moon, planet, or star, from the equator, either north or south. Declination of a plane, in Dialing, is an arch of the horizon, comprehended either between the plane and the prime vertical circle, if counted from east to west, or between the meridian and plane, if reckoned from north to south. DECLINATOR, Decli'natory, s. an instrument used in dial- ing, to determine the declination, reclination, and inclination of planes. To DECLFNE, v. n. [declino, Lat.] to bend or lean downwards. Figuratively, to go astray; to shun, or avoid to do a thing; to sink; to be impaired; to decay. In Grammar, to affix to the root of a substantive, in order, the various endings appropriated to it, which express the various modifications of its radical mean- ing, as to number and case. — v. a. to bend downwards ; to shun ; to elude the force of an argument ; to mention all the different terminations of a declinable word. DECLI'NE, s. decay, owing either to age, time, disease, or other causes. DECLFNING, part, bending or leaning downwards. In Botany, bent like a bow with the arch downwards, as the seed- vessel of the water-cress. DECLI'VITY, s. [declicitas, Lat.] gradual descent of a hill or other eminence. DECLFVOUS, a. [declivis, Lat.] gradually descending. To DECO'CT, V. a. [deeoctum, Lat.] to prepare for use by boil- ing. In Pharmacy, to boil in water, so as to draw out the strength or virtue of a thing; to boil till it grows thick. DECO'CTIBLE, a, that may be boiled, or may be prepared by boiling. DECO'CTION, s. \decoctio, Lat.] the act of boiling any thing to extract its virtues. Figuratively, the strained liquor of a plant, or other ingredient boiled in water. DECO'CTURE, s. a preparation or substance formed from boiling ingredients in water. DECOLLATION, s. [decoUatio, Lat.] the act of beheading. DECOMBU'STION, s. in Chemistry, the depriving a body of oxygen so as to render it incapable of burning. DECOMPp'SITE, a. [deconipositus, low Lat.] separated into parts after being previously compounded. DECOMPOSITION, s. the separating the particles of a com- pound body. To DECOMPOU'ND, v. a. [decompono, low Lat.] to separate the particles of a compound body. DECOMPOU'ND, a. separated into parts after being previously compounded. DE'CORAMENT, s. ornament ; embellishment. To DE'CORATE, i-. a. [decoro, Lat.] to set off or adorn with ornaments. DECORATION, s. an ornament, or thing which, by being added, gives both grace and beauty to another. DE'CORATOR, s. one who adorns or embellishes. DECCROUS, a. [decortis, Lat.] suitable or agreeable to the character, dignity, or perfections of a person or thing ; becoming. To DECO'RTICATE, v. a. [decortico, Lat.] to strip off the bark or husk ; to peel. DECORTICATION, «. the act of stripping a thing of its bark or husk. DECO'RUM, s. [Lat.] a behaviour proper or suitable to the character and abilities of a person, consisting likewise of a due observance of the established rules of politeness. To DECOY', V. a. [koei/, Belg.] to lure or entice into a cage ; to draw into a snare. Figuratively, to seduce a person by al- lurements. DECOY', s. a place adapted for drawing wild fowl into snares. The decoy consists of several pipes, as they are 'called, which 2 L 257 DBD lead up a narrow ditch that closes at last with a funnel net. Into this the wild ducks are enticed by means of hemp seed, which is thrown into the water, and by the example of the decoy-ducks, which are trained for the purpose of leading their companions into the snare. To DECRE'ASE, {dekrehe') v. n. [de and cresco, Lat.] to become less either in length, weight, force, or bulk ; to diminish. — v. a. to make less. DECRE'ASE, (dekre^ce) s. the state of growing less ; decay. In Astronomy, the wane; the change made in the face of the moon from its full till it returns to full again. To DECRE'E, v. n. [decretum, Lat.] to establish by law ; to re- solve.— f. a. to assign, or dispose of a thing by law. DECRE'E, s. {decretum, Lat.] a law, an established rule ; the determination of a suit. In Canon Law, an ordinance which is enacted by the pope himself, by and with the advice of his car- dinals in council assembled, without being consulted with any one thereon. DE'CREMENT, s. \_de and cresco, Lat.] the state of becoming less; the quantity lost by decay. In the higher Mathematics, the amount by which the terms of series regularly diminish. DECRE'PIT, a. [decrepitus, Lat.] wasted, worn out, and en- by age. To DECRE'PITATE, v. a. [de and crepo, Lat.] to calcine salts on the fire till they cease to crackle, or make a noise. DECREPITA'TION, s. the crackling noise made by salt when put over the fire in a crucible, or cast into a clear fire. DECRE'PITNESS, Decre'pitude, s. the weakness attending old age ; the last stage of decay. DECRE'SCENT,/>art. [de and cresco, Lat.] becoming less ; in a state of decay. DE'CRETAL, a. [decretum, Lat.] appertaining, belonging, or relating to a decree. A decretal epistle, is that which the pope decrees, either by himself or by the advice of cardinals, on his being consulted thereon by some particular person. DE'CRETAL, s. a letter or rescript of the pope, by which some point in the ecclesiastical law is solved or determined ; a book of decrees or laws. DE'CRETIST, s. one who studies or professes the knowledge of decretals. DECRETORY, a. judicial; final; decisive; critical; in which there is some definitive event. DECRI'AL, s. the endeavouring to lessen any thing in the esteem of the public; censure; condemnation. To DECRY', f. a. [decrier, Fr.] to censure, blame, or inveigh against a thing ; to endeavour to lessen the esteem the public has for a thing. DECU'MBENCE, Decu'mbency, «. [decumho, Lat.] the act or posture of Iving down. DECL MrilTURE, s. the time at which a person takes his bed in a disease. In Astrology, a scheme of the heavens erected for that time, by which the prognostics of recovery or death are discovered. DE'CUPLE, a. [decuplm, Lat.] tenfold ; the same number re- peated ten times. DECU'RION, s. [decurio, Lat.] an officer who had the com- mand of ten persons. DECU'RSION, «. [_de and curro, Lat.] the act of running or flowing down. DECURTA'TION, s. [decurtutio, Lat.] the act of cutting short, or shortening. To DECU'SSATE, v. a. [decusso, from decussi's, a Roman coin marked with an X, Lat.] to intersect, or cross at right angles. DECUSSA'TION, s. the act of crossing, or the state of being crossed at right angles ; the point at which two lines cross each other. DE'DDINGTON, Oxfordshire. It is seated on a rising ground, in a fertile soil, 69 miles from London. Market, Tuesday. Pop. 2025. To DEDE'CORATE, v. a. [dedecus, Lat.] to disgrace ; to bring a reproach upon. DEDECORA'TION, s. the act of disgracing ; disgrace. DEDE'COROUS, a. disgraceful ; reproachful. DEDENTl'TION, s. [de and de the teeth, DE'DHAM, Essex. It has one old large church, which has a remarkably fine steeple, of the Gothic order, and a great deal of and dens, Lat.] loss or shedding of DEE carved work about it, much injured by time. The streets, though not paved, are very clean, occasioned by their lying pretty high. It is situated on the river Stour, which separates it from Sufiblk, 58 miles from London. Market, Tuesday. Pop. 1787. To DE'DICATE, r. a. [dedico, Lat.] to devote, appropriate, or set aside a thing for Divine uses. Figuratively, to appropriate peculiarly to a design or purpose; to inscribe to a patron. DE'DICATED, /)arf. or a. [dedicatus, Lat.] appropriated, or de- voted to a particular use. DEDICA'TION, s. [dedicatio, Lat.] the act of consecrating or appropriating some place or thing solely to Divine uses ; the ad- dress of an author to his patron. DEDICA'TOR, s. one who ascribes a work to a patron. DE'DICATORY, a. composing, belonging to, or in the style of a dedication. DEDI'TION, s. [dedo, Lat.] the act of surrendering to an enemy. To DEDU'CE, V. a. [deduce, Lat.] to describe in a continual series, so that one thing shall introduce another ; to infer by rea.son from certain propositions which are premised. DEDU'CEMENT, s. that which is collected or inferred from any |iremises. DEDU'CIBLE, a. to be inferred or discovered from principles laid down. DEDU'CIVE, a. performing the act of deduction; infer- ring or collecting from principles or propositions already laid down. To DEDU'CT, V. a. [deduco, Lat.] to subtract, or take away. DEDU'CTION, s. [deductio, Lat.] a consequence or inference drawn by reason from some principle laid down ; that which is subtracted or taken away from any sum, number, &c. DEDU'CTIVE, a. that may be deduced or inferred from any proposition laid down or premised. DEDUCTIVELY, ad. by way of inference, or collecting one truth from another. DEE, a river of N. Wales and Cheshire, which rises near Pimble Meer, in Merionethshire, crosses the county of Denbigh, separating it from Cheshire, and runs into the Irish Channel, about 15 miles N. VV. of Chester, and to which city it is navi- gable from near Ellesmere in Shropshire. At Chester the con- tinuity of the navigation is broken by a ledge of rocks, which run across the bed of the river, and cause a kind of cascade; from hence it flows to the sea, a broad sandy estuary, dividing Cheshire from Flintshire. By embankments, however, much land has been gained from the tide, and a narrower, but deeper channel, fitted for navigation, has been formed from Chester, half way to the sea. DEE, JOHN, an English mathematician and professor of ju- dicial astrology, in the IGlh century. He was a man of consi- derable attainments in genuine science, having studied both here and on the continent in some of the best schools. He was the first translator of Euclid into English, and accomplished the task well. It was a fault of his times, added, perhaps, to some disposition to play the quack, that be pretended to have inter- course with spirits of nut particularly good characters, and was consulted by great and royal personages on the strength of his pretensions. These unworthy pursuits seem to have drawn him aside from the path he was so well fitted to pursue with profit and renown. He died in 1G08, aged 81 years. DEED, s. [dad. Sax.] an action, or thing done; an exploit; written evidence of any legal act ; fact ; reality. DEE'DLESS, a. inactive ; without doing any thing. To DEEM, V. n, part, deemed, formerly dempt ; [demon. Sax.] to judge ; to think ; to determine on due consideration. DEE'MSTER, «. [from deem,] a judge; a word still used in Guernsey and Jersey. DEEP, a. [deep. Sax.] that has length measured downward from its surface. Applied to situation, low ; below the surface, or measured from the surface downwards. Figuratively, piercing far ; far from the entrance. " Deep ambush'd in her silent den," Drijd. Not to be discovered at first sight ; no^ obvious. " The sense lies deep," Locke. Sagacious, penetrating, profound, learned. " He meditating with two deep divines," i'An/i. Artful, grave. Dark, applied to colours. DEEP, s. [diepte, Belg.] the sea. Joined to night, the most advanced and stillest part thereof; midnight. To DEE'PEN, V. a. to sink far below the surface. Applied to DEF colours, lo darken ; to cloud ; to make a shade darker ; to in- crease the dolefulness of a sound. DEE'PING, Lincolnshire. It is seated on the river Weland, in a fennv ground, 90 miles from London. Market, Thursday. Pop. 1219. DEE'PLY, ad. to a great distance below the surface ; with great study, application, and penetration, opposed to super- ^dally. Sorrowfully; profoundly; with a great degree of sorrow, melancholy, or sadness, when used with words expressing grief. In a high degree ; excessively ; vastly. DEE'P-MOUTHED, a. having a hoarse, loud voice, or utter- ing a hollow, loud sound. DEEP-MU'SING, a. contemplative; lost in thought. DEE'PNESS, s. distance or space measured from the surface downwards. DEER, s. [denr. Sax.] in Natural History, a class of animals, the males of which have their heads adorned with branching horns, which they shed every year. Some of them are kept in parks for hunting, and others rove at large in the wild regions of North Britain. Their flesh is called venison, and reckoned very delicious. The species of the deer are very various, and will be found noticed under their several names. To DEFA'CE, v. a. [defaire, Fr.J to destroy ; lo ruin ; to dis- figure. DEFA'CEMENT, s. the act of disfiguring. DEFA'CER, s. one who destroys or disfigures any thing. DE FA'CTO, s. something actual and in fact, or reallv exist- ing, in contradistinction to de jure, where a thing is only so in justice, but not in fact. DEFAI'LANCE, s. [defmllance,Fr.'\ failure; miscarriage; dis- appointment. To DEFA'LCATE, v. a. [defalquer, Fr.] to cut or lop off; to take away or abridge part of a person's pension or salary. Most commonly applied to money affairs. DEFALCA'TION, ». diminution ; abridgment of any custom- ary allowance. To DEFA'LK, v. a. to lop or cut off; to abridge. DEFAMA'TION, s. [de and /ama, Lat.] the speaking slander- ous words of another, for which the slander is punishable accord- ing to the nature of the offence, either by action at common law, or in the ecclesiastical court. DEFA'MATORY, a. tending to lessen the character, or ruin the reputation, of another. To DEFA'ME, v. a. to utter words against a person or thing, with an intent to lessen his reputation, or render it infamous. DEFA'MER, s. one who asserts things injurious to the reputa- tion of another, with an intention to render him infamous. To DEFA'TIGATE, v. a. [defatigo, Lat.] to weary ; to tire. DEFATIGA'TION, s. [defatigatio, Lat.] weariness ; fatigue. DEFAU'LT, s. [defaut, Fr.] omission of what ought to be done ; neglect; fault. In Law, it is a non-appearance in a court at a day assigned. If a plaintiff fails to appear at his trial he is non- suited ; if a defendant makes £?«/»!//<, judgment will go against him by default. Jurors making default in their appearance, are to lose and forfeit issue. To DEFAU'LT, v. a. to fail ; or not to perform something pro- mised or contracted. DEFAU'LTER, s. one that makes a default. DEFE'ASANCE, (defeezance) s. [defaisance, Fr.] the act of an- nulling, or rendering a contract void. DEFE'ASIBLE, (defeezibk) a. [defaire, Fr.] that may be an- nulled, abrogated, set aside, or made void. DEFE'AT, (defeet) s. [defaire, Fr.] the overthrow of an army ; an act of destruction ; deprivation. To DEFE'AT, {defeet) v. a. to beat or overthrow an army. Figurativelv, to frustrate ; to disappoint. To DE'FtCATE, i: a. [flefceco, from f^es, Lat.] to purge or dear liquors from dregs or sourness. Figuratively, to clear truth from any thing which renders it obscure; to purify from any gross mixture ; to brighten. DE'FECATE, a. cleared or purified from lees or foulnesses. DEFECA'TION, s. [defaxatw, Lat.] the act of clearing or puri- fying from foulness. DEFE'CT, «. [dejicio, Lat.] the absence of something which a thing ought to have ; failing ; want ; a mistake or error, applied to the constitution. A fault, applied to moral conduct. In Astronomy, applied to the eclipsed part of the sua or moon. DEF Synon. FavU includes relation to the maker; so that while it implies some real want in the finishing of the work, it denotes also that it is owing to the workman. Defect expresses some- thing imperfect in the thing without any relation to the maker of it. To DEFE'CT, r. n. [defectum, Lat.] to be deficient. DEFECTIBI'LITY, s. a state of failing ; deficiency ; imper- fection. DEFE'CTIBLE, a. imperfect ; deficient ; wanting in some- thing which a thing ought to have. DEFE'CTION,s. failure; apostacy; rebellion. DEFE'CTIVE, a. not having all the qualities or powers which are requisite; faulty; blamable. Defectice nouns, or verbs, in Grammar, are such as are known never to have had some cases, numbers, persons, tenses, or moods, in use. DEFE'CSTIVENESS, s. wanting something which a person or thing ought to have; a state of imperfection. DEFE'NCE, s. [defensio, Lat.] the method used to secure a person against the attack of an enemy; guard; protection; se- curity; vindication; justification; or the reply made by a per- son in order to clear himself from a crime laid to his charge. DEFE'NCELESS, a. destitute of the means of repulsing; un- able to resist. To DEFE'ND, v. a. [defendo, Lat.] to protect ; to support ; to secure ; to forbid ; to vindicate or justify ; to maintain a place or cause against those that attack it. DEFE'NDABLE, a. that may be maintained or secured against the attacks of an enemy; that may be vindicated or justified. DEFE'NDANT, s. he that endeavours to beat off an enemy, or to hinder a place from falling into his hands. In Law, the person who is prosecuted or sued. DEFE'NDER, s. one who protects a place or person against an enemy ; one who endeavours to answer the objections raised against any truth or doctrine. Defender of the Faith, a title still retained by the sovereign of Great Britain, though given by Pope Leo X. to Henry VIII. for writing against Luther. DEFE'NSATIVE, s. that which is made use of to secure a person or place against the attack of an enemy; defence; guard. In Surgery, a bandage, plaister, or the like, used to secure a wound from outward violence. DEFE'NSIBLE, a. capable of resisting an enemy; vindicating from any crime or aspersion. DEFE'NSIVE, a. [defensif, Fr.] only proper for defence. DEFE'NSIVE, s. safeguard ; state of defence. DEFE'NSIVELY, ad. in such a manner as to guard against the designs or attacks of an enemy. To DEFE'R, V. n. [differo, Lat.] to put off to another time ; to delay. — [defero, Lat.] to refer to another's judgmert. DE'FERENCE, s. [deference, Fr.] regard or respect paid to rank, age, or superior talents ; complaisance ; submission. DE'FEREN r, a. [deferens, Lat.] that carries or convevs. In Anatomy, the term is applied to certain vessels in the body, that serve for the conveyance of humours from one part to another. DE'FERENT, s. that which carries; that which conveys. In Astronomy, according to the old Ptolemaic system, the great circles which were supposed to carry in their revolution epicycles, round which each of the planets, and the sun and moon, re- spectively, passed. This scheme was invented because the hy- pothesis of a circular orbit, revolving centrically, or excentrically, did not explain the facts. DEFI'ANCE, s. [deji, Fr.] a challenge or call upon a person to make eood an accusation ; a contemptuous disregard. DEFI'{^IENCE, Defi'ciency, (defishience, defishiency) s. [de- fkio, Lat.] the want of something which a person or thing should have; an imperfection, or defect. DEFPCIENT, (defishient) a. imperfect. Deficient Numbers, in Arithmetic, are those numbers, whose parts, added together, make less than the integer whose parts they are. DEFI'ER, s. a challenger; a contester; one who dares a per- son to make good a charge. To DEFI'LE, V. a. [qfilan. Sax.] to render a thing foul, un- clean, or impure; to pollute. To DEFI'LE, V. n. [defUer, Fr.] to march or separate in files, applied to an army. DEFILE, s. [defile, Fr.] a narrow pass, where few men can march abreast. 2 L 2 259 nEV DEFI'LEMENT, s. that which renders a thing foul or nasty; that which pollutes or corrupts the virtue of a person. DEFI'LER, s. one who pollutes the chastity of a person. DEFI'NABLE, a. that may be defined ; that may be ascer- tained. To DEFI'NE, V. a. [definio, from Jmis, Lat.] to explain a thing or word by the enumeration of its properties or qualities, so as to distinguish it from every thing ofthe same kind. DEFI'NER, s. a person who explains the nature of a thing or word bj' enumerating all its properties. DE'FINITE, a. exact, certain, limited, bounded. In Gram- mar, it is an article that has a precise determined signification ; such as the article the in the English, /e and la in French, &c., which fix and ascertain the noun they belong to, to some parti- cular, as the king, le roi; whereas in (quality, of kins, de roi, the articles of and de mark nothing precise, and are tiierefore in- definite. DEFINI'TION, s. [definitio, Lat.] in Logic and Rhetoric, an enumeration of all that enters into the meaning of a word ; a de- scription of what a word is used to signify ; the process of fixing the meaning in which any word is to be used. DEFFNITIVE, a. \definitivus, Lat.] express; positive; deci- sive ; free from ambiguity, doubt, or uncertainty. DEFFNITIVELY, ad. in a positive, express, or decisive manner. DEFFNITIVENESS, s. decisiveness ; or a state free from am- biguity or doubt. DEFLAGRABI'LITY, s. [deflagro, Lat.] the quality of taking fire and burning entirely away. DEFLA'GRABLE, a. having the quality of wasting away wholly in fire. DEFLAGRATION, s. in Chemistry, the act of setting fire to a thing which will burn till it is entirely consumed. To DEFLE'CT, v. n. [de amdjiecto, Lat.] to turn aside from its due direction ; to bend. DEFLE'CTION, s. the act of deviating or turning aside from its proper course, point, or direction. DEFLE'XURE, s. a bending downwards ; the act or state of a thing turned aside. DEFLORATION, s. [dejloratus, Lat.] the act of violating the chastity of a virgin. To DEFLOU'R, v. a. [deflorer, Fr.] to violate a virgin. Figu- ratively, to take away the beauty or grace of a thing. DEFLOU'RER, s. a ravisher. DEFLU'OUS, a. {_defiuo, Lat.] that flows down ; that falls off. DEFLU'X, Deflu'xion, «. the act of flowing down. DEFO'E, DANIEL, one of the most popular of English writers of works of fiction ; and a man who, in the 17th century and beginning of the 18th, passed through a life chequered with the strangest vicissitudes, chiefly because of his maintaining principles which it was the fashion to disavow and to persecute. He was favoured more than once with the notice of royalty ; and he was once, by the resolute effort of his numerous enemies, pilloried and imprisoned. His writings, which are very numerous, embrace a great variety of subjects. His political and polemical works are undeservedly unknown. Every one has read his Jfc- hinson Crusoe. His History of the Plague, and narratives of the adventures of characters of no great beauty or morality, are also well known, and are wonderful for the verisimilitude which every where characterizes them. He died in 1731, aged 70 years. DEFOEDA'TION, s. Idefoedus, low Lat.] the act of rendering foul and filthy. DEFO'RCEMENT, s. in Law, the act of withholding land or tenements from the right owner. To DEFCRM, v. a. [de and forma, Lat.] to disfigure, or spoil the beauty or shape of any thing ; to make disagreeable to the sight. DEFORMATION, s. [deformatw, Lat.] the act of spoiling the shape or beauty of a thing, or making it disagreeable to ths sight. DEFO'RMED, a. void of symmetry of parts, straightness of shape, or pleasantness of appearance; disfigured; crooked. DEFO'RMEDLY, ad. in an ugly manner. DEFO'RiMITY, «. [deformitas, Lat.] the appearance of any thing which has lost its beauty, gracefulness, or regularity; ridiculousness. Figuratively, deviation from the standard of moral perfection and obedience. 260 DEJ DEFO'RSOR, s. [farceur, Fr.] in Law, one that overcomes and casts out by force. To DEFRAU'D, v. a. [defraudo, from fraus, Lat.] to deprive a person of his property by some false appearance, fraud, or trick. DEFRAUDATION, s. privation by fraud. DEFRAU'DER, s. a person who deprives another of what be- longs to him, by some trick, or false appearance. To DEFRA'V, V. a. [defrayer, Fr.] to pay or discharge expenses. DEFRA'YER, s. one that discharges expenses. DEFRA'YMENT, s. the payment of expenses. DEFT, n. [rf