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 , S i Cr '.
 
 COLLINS'S 
 
 i^eerage of CnglantJ: 
 
 GENEALOGICAL, 
 BIOGRAPHICAL, AND HISTORICAL. 
 
 GREATLY AUGMENTED, 
 AND CONTINUED TO THE PRESENT TIME, 
 
 BY 
 
 SIR EGERTON BRYDGES, K. J. 
 
 IN NINE VOLUMES. 
 VOL. I. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 l'RI>fTED FOR F. C. AND J. RIVINGTON, OTRIDGE AND SON, 
 J. NICHOLS AND CO. T. PAYNE, WILKIE AND ROBINSON, J. 
 WALKER, CLARKE AND SONS, \V. LOWNDES, R. LEA, J. CUTHELL, 
 LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND CO. WHITE, COCHRANE, 
 AND CO. C. LAW, CADELL AND DAVIES, J. BOOTH, CROSBY 
 AND CO. J. MURRAY, J. MAWMAN, J. BOOKER, R. SCHOLEY, 
 J. HATCHARD, R. BALDWIN, CRADOCK AND JOY, J. FAULDER, 
 GALE, CURTIS AND CO. JOHNSON AND CO. AND G. ROBINSON, 
 
 1812. 
 
 O 
 
 S4844
 
 T. Bensley, Printer, 
 15It Court, Flett Street, London, 

 
 V-. 1 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 It is generally admitted, that for some time a new edition 
 ofCoLLiNs's Peerage has been much wanted. Thirty- 
 five years have elapsed since the last was finished at the 
 press ; and the Supplementary Volume published by Mr. 
 Barak Longmate, as long ago as 1785, by no means 
 supplies the numerous deficiencies created by the changes 
 of so long and eventful a period. The profusion of Mr. 
 Pitt's ministry of seventeen years in the creation of 
 honours is sufticiently notorious; and the active part 
 which Britain has taken in almost every quarter of the 
 world since the commencement of that illustrious states- 
 man's power, hr.s drawn forward the talents and exer- 
 tions of so many extraordinary men, that any work of 
 personal history not embracing so brilliant an aera must 
 be comparatively meagre and dull, and without the most 
 interesting features of the glory of later ages. 
 
 Collins was a most industrious, faithful, and excel- 
 lent genealogist; to the families which then came within 
 the compass of his work, he left little of pedigree to be 
 done, except a continuation to the present day. But he 
 was more : he was to a certain extent a biographer and 
 historian. Unfortunately, the dryness of his early pur- 
 suits, and perhaps a want of early education on a liberal 
 scale, and, not improbably, a narrow sphere of life which 
 restrained him from any familiar acquaintance with ele- 
 vated society, made him contemplate rank and titles with
 
 iv PREFACE. 
 
 too indiscriminate respect and flattery. His compilations 
 therefore are miserably wanting in all those higher traits 
 of biography and history, which convey the most amuse- 
 ment and the most instruction. 
 
 These are the ingredients which the present Editor 
 has endeavoured to infuse into the work now offered to 
 the Public. He is aware how perilous a task he has un- 
 dertaken, and how impossible it has often been, without 
 decomposing the whole, to give life and light to the 
 inanimate mass. Too large a portion of it he therefore 
 fears still retains its original character. Yet the intelli- 
 gent and candid reader will duly appreciate the vast store- 
 house of important facts and characters which it fur- 
 nishes; in addition to a collection of authentic genealo- 
 gies, which are deduced with the greatest labour and 
 clearness, and are so numerous and extensive, as to em- 
 brace almost all the honourable alliances of the kingdom 
 in past as well as present times. 
 
 The pen of the general historian cannot stop to de- 
 tail those private connections of his heroes, which often 
 give a clue to their public conduct and characters. On 
 this account such a work as the present is of the greatest 
 use to every Briton who desires to be thoroughly and 
 deeply conversant with the political story of his country. 
 
 The constitution of the government, or at least the 
 practice of late times is such, that every eminent man in 
 the state, and all who have distinguished themselves in 
 the law, navy, or army, have aspired to nobility, and 
 generally for themselves or their posterity obtained it. 
 Hence a Peerage embraces an account of almost all that 
 has been illustrious in public life. 
 
 It is not for him who has taken this task upon him- 
 self to criticise the profusion with which these honours 
 have been sometimes conferred. The station of an here- 
 ditary senator, clothed with rank and privileges, is no
 
 PREFACE. V 
 
 fight boon. It is due to splendid abilities exercised in 
 exalted and commanding situations ; it is due to brilliant 
 descent combined with large fortune and virtuous and 
 pa'riotic conduct. But there are pretensions of a less 
 eminent sort, to which enlightened and unprejudiced 
 minds do not think it often due. It is odious to the 
 gentry and the people to have men so lifted above them 
 without an adequate cause ! 
 
 The materials of this work have been sought for in 
 an extensive range of literature, by one, whose inordinate 
 love of reading, unconfined to any track, has been un- 
 ceasing from the age of twelve years. He has drawn 
 many of his notices from places whither the mere genea- 
 logist never travels; and has brought not only history, 
 biography, and anecdote, but all the belles lettres, and 
 much of the minutiae of black-letter learning to his aid. 
 It is true, that the calls of the press, and a variety of 
 distracting circumstances, did not always allow him to 
 apply his materials as he would have wished : and above 
 all, he regrets that he had seldom time to form those ori- 
 ginal delineations of the characters of great men, which 
 he most delights to revolve in his mind and to attempt 
 to pourtray. He would in days of less hurry and per- 
 plexity, have drawn every great man's portrait with his 
 own pen ; and thus at least have claimed the praise of 
 being an original writer rather than a compiler. But he 
 has still this consolation, that he has brought together 
 the materials for a more able designer ; and that there 
 is little now to do but to combine them into perfect 
 shapes. 
 
 What a vast fund here is for those who love to study 
 the complexity and the course of human affairs, must be 
 apparent to every cultivated eye ! And though the world 
 has been apt to treat Peerages with contempt as they 
 have been formerly con(Uicted : (a prejudice which it vvlli
 
 ^i PREFACE. 
 
 be difficult at once to efface, while the felicity with which 
 Burke characterized the pages of Collins as setting up no 
 other tests of merit than honours, and judging equally of 
 all who possessed equal titles and places, is remembered), 
 yet the truth will prevail at last; and the value of the 
 instruction which such a compilation is calculated to 
 convey, will be perceived and acknowledged. 
 
 Arthur Collins, the original compiler, was born 
 in \682] and according to a Memoir of him written by 
 Mr. Stephen Jones, and published in Gent. Mag. vol. 
 Ixix. p. 282, was son of William Collins, Esq. Gentleman 
 Usher to Queen Catharine in 1669, by Elizabeth, daughter 
 of Thomas Blythe, Esq. Mr. Jones adds, that he re- 
 ceived a liberal education; but it is clear, that at one 
 time he carried on the trade of a bookseller at the Black 
 Boy, opposite St. Dunstan's church in Fleet-street, from 
 the advertisement of books printed and sold by him an- 
 nexed to the edition of his Peerage in 1712. 
 
 He married about I7O8, and dj'ing in 176O, aged 
 seventy-eight, was buried in the church of Battersea in 
 Surry. His son, Major-General Arthur Tooker Collins, 
 died January 4th, 1793, leaving issue David Collins, Esq. 
 author of I'/ie Account of' the Engliah Settlement in Nea' 
 South Wales. 
 
 Thejirst edition of his Peerage was published in one 
 vol. 8vo. about 1709; the arms miserably cut on wood. 
 
 The second edition was in 1712, one vol. 8vo,- col- 
 lected as well from our best Historians, Public Records, 
 and other sufficient authorities, as from the personal infor- 
 mations of most of the Nobilitt/. ^ Two more volumes con- 
 taining the extinct Peerage were added about 1715. 
 
 But the^Vs; complete edition of the existing Peerage 
 was published in four vols. Svo. with the same copper 
 
 Tlie Editor has a large paper presentation-copy now before him.
 
 PREFACE. vii 
 
 plates, as were afterwards used, London, 1735. This was; 
 called the second edition. 
 
 To this were afterwards added two volumes of Supple- 
 mentf 1741. 
 
 The next edition, called the third, was published in 
 six vols. 8vo. 1756. 
 
 i\fter his death the Jour th edition came out in 1767, 
 in seven vols. 8vo. 
 
 The fifth and last edition was pubhshed in 1778, in 
 eight vols. 8vo. by Mr. Barak Longmate, "^ who in 1785 
 added a Supplemental Volume. 
 
 Collins also published a quarto volume, being part of 
 a larger Baronage, 1727. 
 
 A Baronetage ^incomplete) in two vols. 8vo. 1720, 
 which he reprinted and completed in 1741, in five vols. 
 8vo. an admirable work. 
 
 Besides these he gave to the world. Historical Collec- 
 tions of the Noble Families of Cavendish, Holies, Vere^ 
 Hurley, and Ogle, fol. 1752. 
 
 Letters and Memorials cf the Sydneys, two vols. fol. 
 1746. 
 
 j4 Collection of Cases of Baronies in Fee, fol. 1734. 
 
 Life of Lord Burleigh, 1732, 8vo. 
 
 Life of Edward the Black Prince, 1750, 8vo. 
 
 These works are sufficient proofs of his uncommon in- 
 dustry. The indefatigable skill with which he searched 
 into records, wills, deeds, epitaphs, MS genealogies, can 
 be properly ascertained only by those, who have been 
 engaged in similar pursuits. How much he added to the 
 account of those later famili<;s, of whom Dugdale treated 
 at the close of his Baronage, may be seen by a reference 
 to that great antiquary's work. In matters of pedigree, 
 subsequent investigations have seldom found him to be 
 
 ^ Barak Longmate, engraver, an excellent genealogist, and inge- 
 nicms man, died July 23d, 17p3, aged fifty-five.
 
 viii PREFACE. 
 
 erroneous. His flattery displayed itself in praises of cha- 
 racter; in reverential estimates of talents and integrity; 
 and not in genealogical untruths. This arose rather 
 from the nature and discipline of his mind than from 
 any wilful misrepresentations. History itself had not 
 then risen to its present philosophic character; and who 
 could expect it of a mere genealogist ? 
 
 For himself, the present Editor owes it to a just pride, 
 to disclaim the undue influence of titles or birth on his 
 mind. He feels no dazzle from them, that can destroy, 
 or affect his powers of discrimination. He thinks them 
 a disgrace to him, to whom they do not prove incentives 
 to liberal conduct, cultivated pursuits, and honourable 
 ambition. For those, whose insolence is founded upon 
 the possession of their privileges, but who turn with a 
 stupid or affected aversion from an inquiry into their 
 history, every sensible and rational mind must feel not 
 only disapprobation, but contempt. If they will not 
 look back with curiosity and respect on those merits, 
 which have procured them their present enviable station, 
 on what just grounds can they imagine themselves placed 
 where they are ? It is observable, that the most insolent 
 and haughty of the nobility are uniformly those who are 
 least conversant about its history. Perhaps they are 
 right: every page would teem with reproaches to their 
 own sensual lives ! 
 
 A young British Peer, who cultivates his mind, and 
 refines his manners ; who studies the public affairs of 
 his country, and takes a virtuous part in them, is in a 
 situation as desirable as a chastised and enlightened am- 
 bition can form a wish for. Even thousrh his estate 
 
 o 
 
 should be moderate, the senate opens a field for his ex- 
 ertions, where they will be tried only by their merit, 
 whether of intention or talent. His rank will procure 
 him respect, and a due attention to all his suggestions;
 
 PREFACE. IX 
 
 and without being liable to the caprices and expenses of 
 popular elections, he may pursue the dictates of an honest 
 mind unvvarped and uncontrolled ; and glow with the 
 inward satisfaction of living for others, and of the daily 
 discharge of patriotic duties. To look up to such a lot 
 as the object of desire, is it to look to that, which is not 
 the desire of virtue and wisdom ? 
 
 Low-born people too often console themselves that 
 these exhibitions of illustrious blood are the fables of 
 interested flatterers. But upon what clear and incon- 
 trovertible proof the pedigrees in these volumes stand, 
 may safely be left to the most strict and rigorous scrutiny 
 of all those who have skill on the subject. The Peerage 
 can furnish a number of families who can boast in the 
 male line a most venerable antiquity. The names of 
 Nevile, Grey, Talbot, Courtenay, Clifford, Berkeley, 
 Clinton, Lumley, Stanley, Howard, Devereux, Sackville, 
 and St. John, will speak for themselves. The lapse of 
 time may in some cases have weakened the impulse and 
 dimmed the lustre of their energies, though it may not 
 have annihilated the extent of their fortunes. When 
 this derivative splendour is invigorated by the original 
 light of personal merit, how attractive and imposing is 
 it on the feelings of a contemplative mind ! Let those, 
 who delight in degradation, rather seek it in the declen- 
 sion of the representative from his transmitted glory, 
 than in the denial of past greatness, which can so easily 
 be proved ! They may then cast a sting where it is 
 merited, and may do good : the rest is wilful blindness 
 to the light ! 
 
 There are some respects in which the members of the 
 Upper House of Parliament have undergone a material 
 variation of character and habits from those which they 
 formerly held. From their numbers, and from the nearer 
 equality of fortune of the major part of them, they arc
 
 X PREFACE. 
 
 become more blended with the people. The power and 
 the distance of a stately and reserved aristocracy are lost: 
 and instead of separate rights and views, they possess 
 mingled interests with the commonalty. There are in- 
 deed a few vast and princely estates, chiefly the remnants 
 of feudal times, and unproportionably augmented by the 
 amazing rise in the value of landed property, which en- 
 title those who possess them to all the splendor and in- 
 fluence of predominant wealth. The Houses of Bedford, 
 Devonshire, Marlborough, Portland, and Northumber- 
 land: Buckingham, Stafford, and Hertford: Bridgewater, 
 Fitzvvilliam, Darlington, Spencer, Grosvenor, Povvis, 
 and Lonsdale, and perhaps a few others, have rentals, 
 which compared with those of ancient days, must appear 
 truly astonishing. Make every allowance for increased 
 prices, and depreciation of money ; and still their relative 
 power, as far as wealth can operate, must be augmented. 
 Whether the diminished respect for titles, and the altered 
 manners of society are not more than a counterbalance 
 to this, may be fairly questioned ! 
 
 The magnificent palaces of Blenheim, Chatsworth, 
 Woburn, and Stowe ; the noble castles of Alnwick and 
 Raby ; the ancient and spreading mansions of Welbeck 
 and Milton; the venerable park and classical site of Ash- 
 ridge ; the rich and highly adorned seats of Trentham 
 and Althorp, become the rich Peers who own them, and 
 support the splendor of the British Peerage. In the re- 
 sidences of these great families, both in the country and 
 the capital, the arts flourish ; and learning finds the 
 amplest repositories. The Stafford, Carlisle, and Gros- 
 venor collections of pictures; the Spencer, Marlborough, 
 Devonshire, Bridgewater, and Pembroke libraries, are 
 national treasures, becoming a people who are contend- 
 ing for the empire of the world. 
 
 If to ruminate on the heroes of feudal times gratify a
 
 PREFACE. Xi 
 
 wild curiosity, and raise a brilliant array of images in a 
 rich and picturesque imagination, it is perhaps in the 
 exhibition of those who have risen by their intellectual 
 merits in a more refined state of society, that we furnish 
 something more suited to excite the interest of the 
 moralist, and the sympathy of the heart. Cecil, Cooper, 
 St. John, Harley, Walpole, and Pulteney Chatham, and 
 his son Pitt; Holland, with his son Charles Fox; and 
 Melville Bacon, Clarendon, and Somers ; Yorke, Talbot, 
 Murray, Thurlow, and Dunning: these are men, whose 
 lives we may study without wasting our time in an idle 
 and uninstructive curiosity! Nor will the memoirs of 
 our great commanders, either by sea or land, be read 
 without virtuous emotions, or solid information. 
 
 The Editor in tlie undertaking of this heavy task 
 has been actuated by no other motive than a pure desire 
 to produce an useful work, which appeared to be much 
 wanted, fie began it without any demand or hope of 
 reward, merely as an inducement to the proprietors to 
 hazard the great expense of a reprint, when, if they had 
 had the additional cost of an Editor to pay, they might 
 have been discouraged from the scheme. The very hand- 
 some and large presents of books which the proprietors 
 have since bestowed on him without any stipulation, are 
 as gratifying to his pride, as they are honourable to their 
 liberality. The time consumed, and the occasional labour 
 have been such, as he confessedly did not foresee. But 
 he is aware that those, who had no other avocations nor 
 pursuits, might have executed the work much more ex- 
 peditiously. He confesses that, somewhat volatile and 
 uncertain in the objects of his curiosity and amusement, 
 he has been too often drawn aside by every flower, and 
 tempted by every new prospect. A reader in every 
 various path of polite literature, voracious of books, yet 
 impatient of steady application ; sometimes at a distance
 
 xn PREFACE. 
 
 from the materials and volumes required for this task, 
 and sometimes forgetting them in the more urgent dis- 
 cussions of temporary interest, or the more seductive 
 pages of affecting or playful genius, the progress of this 
 Peerage has too often languished, and even slept. 
 
 At length it comes, not without some anxiety of the 
 Editor, before the public eye. He looks for little praise ; 
 nor does he wholly hope to escape censure. Of the 
 reader, who adds candour to intelligence, he is not much 
 in fear. In such an immense number of facts and dates, 
 there must be some oversights, and some omissions. A 
 sound judgment will not require him to have heaped 
 together every thing which might be found on the sub- 
 ject, without selection; and pour out an indigested com- 
 mon-place book, or loaded memory on every article. It 
 is sufficient to have given the prominent features, and 
 pointed out the track of reading which may still lead to 
 farther illustration. The reader in prose, as well as in 
 poetry, wishes to have something for the exercise of his 
 own ingenuity, and a display of the stores of his own 
 mind. 
 
 - Of the materials and authorities, on which this work is 
 built, little further requires to be said. The references at 
 the bottom of almost every page speak for themselves. 
 A long familiarity with all the minutiae of pedigree, and 
 habits of research for more than twenty years among 
 original documents and ancient memorials, more especi- 
 ally the immense mass of genealogical MSS. in the 
 British Museum, have given the Editor a critical judg- 
 ment on such subjects, which secures him from indiscri- 
 minate compilation. Something more might unques- 
 tionably have been done in some cases by the aid of the 
 respective families of whom he has treated. But he is 
 not ashamed to confess, that to the task of solicitation 
 his pride would not submit. Besides, it might have re-
 
 PREFACE. xui 
 
 strained his pen in the exercise of that freedom integrity 
 and truth, tempered by candour, with which he has most 
 sedulously endeavoured to give the history of every 
 family. 
 
 To a few persons only has he to make his acknow- 
 ledgements of assistance. George Naylor, Esq. York 
 Herald, has, at the expense of the publishers, furnished 
 copies of all or most of the pedigrees of the new peers, 
 which have been entered at the Heralds' College. ^ These 
 will be apparent, and need not be particularized. To 
 the Right Honourable the Earl of Lonsdale, K. G. the 
 Editor is indebted for the curious memoir of his col- 
 lateral ancestor the first Viscount, printed for private 
 use. To ihe late Viscount Melville, for the printed me- 
 moir of his immediate ancestors, which is copied into 
 Vol. vi. To Viscount Sidmouth, and Lord De Dun- 
 stanville, for replies to the Editor's queries. To the 
 Honourable and Reverend Francis Egerton, for the life 
 of his ancestor the Lord Chancellor Brackley; and 
 to John Egerton, Esq. of Olton, M. P. for Chester, 
 for the deduction of his own branch of the family. To 
 Earl Nelson, Lord Sheffield, and the Honourable W. B. 
 Lygon, M. P. for Worcestershire, for corrections in their 
 respective articles ; which two last, though they arrived 
 after those articles were printed, will be noticed in the 
 Addenda. He is also indebted to the Rev. J. Blakeway, 
 of Shrewsbury, for the use of his Marginal Notes to his 
 copy of Collins ; and to T. B. How ell, Esq. the learned 
 Editor of the new edition of the State Trials, for a most 
 important addition to the article of the Earl of Doncaster 
 (Duke of Bucclcugh); to Frederick Holdsworth, Esq. 
 for his liberal offers of aid in the Roper pedigree; and 
 to J. Haslewood, Esq. for his addition to the Berkeley 
 article. 
 
 ' Some new Peers have not entered any pedigrees.
 
 xiv PREFACE* 
 
 To Edmund Lodge, Esq. Lancaster Herald, if he has 
 not broken in on his time by requests of written assist- 
 ance which might perhaps have too much intruded on 
 his own views, (since Mr. L. himself is believed to have 
 had in contemplation an original Baronage, to which his 
 own admirable pen is capable of giving the highest in- 
 terest), the Editor is yet indebted for the instruction of 
 his conversation, and perhaps many hints and much 
 light which he would not otherwise have possessed. 
 
 A brief account of the Extinct and Dormant Peer- 
 ages, from the accession of King Henry VIL is appended 
 to the ninth volume. For a more detailed history of 
 them, the reader is referred to Banks's Dormant and Ex- 
 tinct Peerage, in three vols. 4to. published by White and 
 Cochrane. 
 
 Whoever wishes to be acquainted with the law of the 
 Peerage, will do well to procure Cruise's 8vo. volume On 
 Dignities, in which he will find the subject treated with 
 admirable perspicuity and brevity ; and all the legal 
 points which have arisen in the investigation of claims, 
 clearly stated and discussed. 
 
 In the progress of printing this work, the necessity 
 of a regular attention to some technical arrangements, 
 which at first had been sometimes neglected, enforced 
 itself on the Editor's mind. Every Peer on his succes- 
 sion is, with these exceptions, distinguished by his name 
 and title being printed in capitals; so also is, or should 
 be, the Christian name of his eldest son, whose courtesy 
 title is printed in italics; by which also the Scotch and 
 Irish titles are distinguished. Every child of a Peer is 
 likewise, at least in the latter volumes, marked out by a 
 separate paragraph. On the whole it is hoped, that in 
 all such points this Edition will be found to be a mate- 
 rial improvement on the former.
 
 PREFACE. XV 
 
 Some years having been consumed in compiling and 
 printing so voluminous a Work, many deaths, marriages, 
 and births have occurred, after the articles to which they 
 belong were printed off. These of necessity could only 
 find a place in the Addenda. 
 
 With these explanations, it only remains to submit 
 the Work to its fate; not in confidence and exultation, 
 but in the mil :! and gentle hope, that not merely genea- 
 logists and antiquaries, but readers of almost every class, 
 and more especially all who are fond of biography and 
 history, will find extensive interest in these full volumes. 
 
 London, 
 July 20, 1812.
 
 CONTENTS OF THE NINE VOLUMES. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 Contains the Blood Royal, and part of the Dukes, 
 
 VOL. IL 
 
 Contains the rest of the Dukes, and all the Marquises. 
 
 VOL. IIL 
 
 Contains the Earls to the termination of the seventeenth Century. 
 
 VOL. IV. 
 
 Contains the Earls from the comnencement of the eighteenth century, 
 to the death of George II. 
 
 VOL. V. 
 
 Contains the Earls from the accession of George III. 
 
 VOL. VL 
 
 Contains all the Viscounts ; and those Barons, whose honours ex- 
 isted prior to the death of Queen Elixaleth. 
 
 VOL. vn. 
 
 Contains the Barons from the accession of King James I. to the 
 termination of the Coalition Ministry in 1783. 
 
 VOL. VIIL 
 
 Contains the Barons from the commencement of Mr. Pitt's Ministry 
 1784, to the termination of the eighteenth century. 
 
 VOL. IX. 
 
 Contains the Barons from the commencement of the nineteenth cen- 
 tury and the Union of Ireland ; and also a short Extinct 
 Peerage from, the accession of King Henry VII. with an ac- 
 count of Peerage claims. 
 VOL. I. b 
 
 I
 
 CONTENTS OF VOL. I. 
 
 BLOOD ROYAL. 
 
 Page 
 
 Duke of Cornwall 1 
 
 Duke of York 42 
 
 Duke of Clarence 43 
 
 Duke of Kent 44 
 
 Duke of Cumberland 45 
 
 Duke of Sussex 46 
 
 Duke of Cambridge 47 
 
 Duke of Gloucestei- 48 
 
 DUKES. 
 
 Howard, Duke of Norfolk 50 
 
 Seymour, Duke of Somerset 144 
 
 Lenox, Duke of Richmond 203 
 
 Fitxroy, Duke of Grafton 21? 
 
 Somerset, Duke of Beaufort 222 
 
 Beauclerk, Duke of St. Albans 244 
 
 Osborne, Duke of Leeds 25 i 
 
 Russell, Duke of Bedford 262 
 
 Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire 302 
 
 Spencer, Duke of Marlborough 362 
 
 Manners, Duke of Rutland 454 
 
 Hamilton, Duke of Brandon AQl 
 
 H:^ The Reader is requested to turn also to the Addenda at the end of 
 tlie Volume for the latest dates, and a few corrections, of every article.
 
 THE 
 
 PEERAGE OF ENGILANB. 
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. 
 
 The House of Brunswick possesses such well-founded claims to 
 antiquity and importance, that it has engaged a more than ordi- 
 nary share of the attention of genealogists and historians. The 
 celebrated Leibnitz in particular, who passed the last forty years 
 of his life at the court of the Dukes of Hanover, became the ar- 
 chitect of a monument, which this family were ambitious of 
 raising to the glory of their name. His labours were published in 
 several volumes j and laid the foundation of Eccard's Origenes 
 Guelficce, in five volumes folio.* 
 
 In latter days, our very learned and elegant countryman. 
 Gibbon, has drawn from this fountain a Disquisition on the Jnti' 
 quilies of the House of Brunswick, which has been published 
 among his posthumous works, but was unluckily left unfinished. 
 
 * An English subject," says Gibbon, " may be prompted by 
 a just and liberal curiosity, to investigate the origin and story of 
 the House of Brunswick, which after an alliance with the daughters 
 of our kings, has been called by the voice of a free people, to the 
 legal inheritance of the crown. From George the First, and his 
 father, the first Elector of Hanover, we ascend in a clear and re- 
 
 * Muratori illustrated the Italian branch in his Antkhita Ettenst. 
 VOL. I. e
 
 2 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 gular series, to the first Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburgh, who 
 received his investiture from Frederick the Second, about the 
 middle of the thirteenth century. If these ample possessions had 
 been the gift of the emperor to some adventurous soldier, to some 
 faithful client, we might be content with the antiquity and lustre 
 of a noble race, which had been enrolled nearly 600 years among 
 the princes of Germany. But our ideas are raised, and our pros- 
 pect is opened by the discovery, that the first Duke of Brunswick 
 was rather degraded than adorned by his new title, since it im- 
 posed the duties of feudal service on the free and patrimonial 
 estate, which aloue had been saved in the shipwreck of the more 
 splendid fortunes of his house. His ancestors had been invested 
 with the powerful duchies of Bavaria and Saxony, which extended 
 far beyond their limits in modern geography : from the Baltic Sea 
 to the confines of Rome they were obeyed, or respected, or feared ; 
 and in the quarrels of the Guelphs and Gibellines, the former ap- 
 pellation was derived from the name of their progenitors, in the 
 female line. But the genuine masculine descent of the Princes of 
 Brunswick m\ist be explored beyond the Alps : the venerable tree, 
 which has since overshadowed Germany and Britain, was planted 
 in the Italian soil. As far as our sight can reach, we discern the 
 first founders of the race in the Marquises of Este, of Liguria, and 
 perhaps of Tuscany. In the eleventh century, the primitive stem 
 was divided into two branches ; the elder migrated to the banks 
 of the Danube and the Elbe ; the younger more humbly adhered 
 to the neighbourhood of the Adriatic : the Dukes of Brunswick, 
 and tlie Kings of Great Britain, are the descendants of the first ; 
 the Dukes of Ferrara and Modena were the offspring of the 
 second.*" 
 
 The Marquises of Tuscany. 
 
 An old charter of the reign of Charlemagne, and the beginning 
 of the ninth century, has casually preserved the memory of Boni- 
 face the Bavarian, the count or governor of Lucxa, the father of 
 the Marquises of Tuscany 3 and the first probable ancestor of the 
 house of Este and Brunswick. His official title describes him as 
 one of the principal ministers and nobles of the kingdom of Italy.f 
 The province entrusted to his command was that of Lucca, one of 
 the most fertile and fortunate spots of Italy, J 
 
 * Gibbon's Posthumous Works, vol. ii. p. 637. 
 + Ibid. X Ibid. p. 646.
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. 3 
 
 His son Boniface the Second, approved himself worthy of his 
 name and honours. The example and impunity of treason could 
 never tempt his loyalty ; and while the empire of Lewis the Pious 
 was relaxed by weakness, or agitated by discord, Boniface asserted 
 the glory of the French and the Christian arms. He had been 
 intrusted with the defence of the maritime coast and the Isle of 
 Corsica, against the Mahometans of Africa, and his right to com- 
 mand the service of the neighbouring counts, may entitle him to 
 the appellation of Duke or Marquis of Tuscany, which was aS' 
 sumed by his descendants. He incurred the vengeance of Lothaire, 
 King of Italy, by taking the part of his step-mother, the Empress 
 Judith, wife of Lewis the Pious, On this account he retired to 
 France, where his exile was alleviated by the most honourable 
 employments. But there is reason to believe, that he ended his 
 days in the government of Lucca.* 
 
 His son and successor, Adalbert the First, has a more un- 
 questionable right to the appellation of Duke and Marquis of 
 Tuscany, John VIII. a Pope of an active and ambitious spirit, 
 complains most bitterly of the two marquises, or tyrants, of Lam- 
 bert of Spoleto, and of Adalbert of Tuscany, who were brothers 
 in alliance, in arms, and in sacrilege. They solicited the aid of 
 the miscreant Saracens, invaded the ecclesiastical state, entered 
 the city, profaned the churches, extorted an oath of fidelity from 
 the Romans, and dared to imprison the successor of St, Peter. The 
 Pope excommunicated these two marquises, whom he styled the 
 enemies of God and man. But some political events gave a 
 new turn to affairs; and the sins of these powerful men were obli- 
 terated by a reconciliation, f 
 
 To him succeeded his son Adalbert the Second, distinguished 
 by the epithet of The Rich. He married Berta, a widow of Iheo- 
 bald, a Count of Provence, daughter of Lothaire, King of Aus- 
 trasia, or Lorraine, who was the great grandson of Charlemagne. 
 He died at Lucca in a mature age ; and his real or imaginary virtues 
 are inscribed on his tomb. " We are," continues Gibbon, " soli- 
 cited to believe that he was formidable to his enemies, liberal to 
 his soldiers, just to his subjects, and charitable to the poor ; that 
 his memory was embalmed in the tears of a grateful people; and 
 that the public happinefs was buried in his grave. An epitaph is 
 a feeble evidence of merit ; yet an epitaph on the dead may prove 
 
 Gibbon's Posthumous Works, vol. ii. 
 t Ibid.
 
 4 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 sontiewhat more than a panegyric on the living."* He left behind 
 him three children. Guide, Lambert, and Hermenegarda, who 
 married and survived a prince of equal rank on the confines of 
 Piedmont. 
 
 Guido succeeded as Duke of Tuscany. He was instrumental 
 in the election of his half-brother Hugh, Count of Provence, to 
 the kingdom of Italy, anno 926. But this event hastened the 
 downfall of their house. He was mild and moderate, and expiring 
 in the prime of life, left his inheritance to his brother Lambert, 
 who succeeded as fifth Duke of Tuscany. But his half-brother 
 Hugh, King of Italy, trampling on the prejudices of mankind, 
 married Marozia, Guido's widow. This was followed by public 
 hatred and contempt : the monarch therefore dreading the resent- 
 ment of the Marquis Lambert, and perhaps hoping a rich for- 
 feiture, denied his nearness of blood j and regardless of his mother's 
 fame, pretended she had substituted this issue to her second hus- 
 band. The intrepid Lambert threw down the gauntlet, and chal- 
 lenged the defamer to single combat. The challenge was ac- 
 cepted, and an easy victory obtained j but instead of embracing 
 his genuine brother, the monarch loaded the conqueror with irons j 
 confiscated his dominions, and deprived him of his eyes. The un- 
 happy prince survived his misfortune many years ; but he was 
 dead to his enemies, and to the world. Among barbarians, a blind 
 warrior, who is no longer capable of managing a horse, or of 
 wielding a lance, must be excluded from all the honours and 
 oflSces of public life, f 
 
 The House of Este. 
 
 Leibnitz and Muratori, after much research, and long hesita- 
 tion, admitted a third Adalbert, the unquestioned ancestor of the 
 House of Este, to be the son of Guido, Marquis of Tuscany, elder 
 brother of the last mentioned Marquis, Lambert. Gibbon consi- 
 dered that there were difficulties so insuperable to this supposition* 
 as to make him refuse his assent to it. Above all, the age of this 
 Adalbert, as proved by the age of his son, offers an insurmountable 
 bar. Gibbon, however, was inclined to believe that he was a 
 collateral branch of this family; and that he might be the son of 
 a second Boniface, the younger brother of Adalbert the Second. 
 
 * Gibbon's Posthumous Works, vol. ii. p. 650. 
 + Ibid. p. 65a.
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. S 
 
 All that can be positively proved of this Adalbert is, that he 
 flourished in Lombardy or Tuscany, in the beginning of the tenth 
 century. 
 
 This Adalbert, thus called The Third, had a son, Otbert the 
 First, whose existence and power stand upon decisive authority ; 
 for he attained the rank of Count of the Sacred Palace to the 
 Kings of Italy. He appears on the following occasion. When the 
 tyrant Hugh, half-brother of Lambert, last Marquis of Tuscany, 
 was necessitated to fly beyond the Alps, and the Marquis Beren- 
 gariiis was exalted to the throne, a grant of four Castles was made 
 to the Bishop of Modena ; and in that grant the new monarch 
 declares that, " it was made at the request of his trusty and well- 
 beloved, the Marquis Otbert." At the end of nine years, for 
 reasons now unknown, he became a fugitive and a rebel j and 
 escaping to the Saxon court, inflamed the ambition of Otho, with 
 whom he returned to dethrone his sovereign. This conduct has 
 rendered the virtues of his character doubtful ; and the union of 
 the kingdoms of Germany and Italy, was a measure, to which 
 perhaps a patriot ought not to have contributed. But it cannot 
 be questioned, that from the Emperor Otho, the Marquis Otbert 
 was entitled to riches and honours. With these he was amply re- 
 warded. The Count of the Sacred Palace was the prime minister 
 of the kingdom of Italy 3 and it was observed, in classic style, that 
 the Dukes, MarquiseS; and the Counts, submitted to the pre-emi- 
 nence of his Consular Fasces. In an age, when every magistrate 
 was a noble, and every noble was a soldier, the Count Palatine often 
 assumed the command of armies ; but in his proper station, he 
 represented the judicial character of the Emperor; and pro- 
 nounced a definitive sentence, as the judge of all civil and cri- 
 minal appeals. The city of Pavia, and the castle of Lomello were 
 his ordinary residence, but he visited the provinces in frequent 
 circuits; and all local or subordinate jurisdiction was suspended 
 in his presence. This important office was exercised above 
 twelve years by the Marquis Otbert : the public acts, the few 
 that have escaped, announce the proceedings of his tribunal at 
 Lucca, Verona, &c. and he continued to deserve and enjoy the 
 favour of the Emperor. In the decline of life, he took the mo- . 
 nastic habit, in a Benedictine abbey, which he had richly en- 
 dowed, where he laboured to expiate the sins of his seculaj: 
 life.* 
 
 Gibbon's Posthumous Works, vol. ii. p. 662,
 
 Q PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 His son, Otbert II. succeeded him in his patrimonial estates, 
 but not in the office of Count Palatine. The life of tlie second 
 Otbert was tranquil or obscure; he was rich in lands, in vassals, 
 and in four valiant sons, Azo, Hugh, Adalbert, and Guido : but 
 their valour embittered his old age, and involved the family in 
 treason and disgrace. When two hostile kings were elected to 
 the empire, Henry the Saxon, and Arduin the Lombard j and 
 disputed the iron crown in a civil war of ten years. Marquis Ot- 
 bert II. his four sons, and his grandson Azo II. were the adhe- 
 rents of the unsuccessful candidate Arduin j and suffered confis- 
 cation of their estates ; but being afterwards forgiven their ample 
 forfeitures, professed themselves the grateful and loyal servants of 
 their benefactor. When, however, the Emperor Henry died 
 issueless, the sons of Otbert 11. again opposed the election of 
 Conrad the First. 
 
 Azo I. succeeded his father. He married Valdrada, daughter 
 of Peter Candianus, the Fourth, Doge or Duke of Venice, and 
 neice of Hugh, Duke of Tuscany, by whom he acquired a rich 
 territory, and a commanding influence in the Venetian province. 
 Fifteen miles to the south of Padua he fixed his permanent and 
 principal seat in the castle and town of Ateste, or Este, formerly 
 a Roman colony of some note : and by a harmless anticipation, 
 we may apply to his descendants the title of Marquis of Este ; 
 which they did not however assume, till the end of the twelfth 
 century. From Este, their new estates, the inheritance of Hugo 
 the Great, extended to the Adege, the Po, and the Mincius. Their 
 farms and cattle were scattered over the plain ; many of the 
 heights, Montagnana, Monfelice, &cc. were occupied by their forts 
 and garrisons; and they possessed a valuable tract of marsh-land, 
 the island of Rovigo, which almost reaches to the gates of Fer- 
 rara.* 
 
 His son, Albert Azo II. succeeded him. Of this Marquis, 
 the name and character shine conspicuous through the gloom of 
 the eleventh century. He was styled Marquis of Liguria. Like 
 one of his Tuscan ancestors, he was distinguished by the epithet 
 of the Rich. The particulars of his rent-roll cannot now be ascer- 
 tained : an occasional, though authentic, deed of investiture, enu- 
 merates eighty-three fiefs or manors, which he held of the empire 
 in Lombardy and Tuscany, from the marquisate of Este to the 
 county of Luni : but to these possessions must be added the lands 
 
 * Gibbon's Posthumous Works, vol. ii- p. 666^.
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. 7 
 
 which he enjoyed as the vassal of the church, the ancient patri- 
 mony of Otbert,( theTerra Otbertenga) in the counties of Arezzo, 
 Pisa, and Lucca, and the marriage portion of his first wifej 
 which, according to the various readings of the manuscripts, may 
 be computed either at twenty, or at two hundred thousand English, 
 acres.* If such a mass of landed property were now accumvilated 
 on the head of an Italian nobleman, the annual revenue might sa- 
 tisfy the largest demands of private luxury or avarice j and the 
 fortunate owner would be rich in the improvement of agriculture, 
 the manufactures of industry, the refinement of taste, and the 
 extent of commerce. But the barbarisms of the eleventh cen- 
 tury diminished the income, and aggravated the expence of the 
 Marquis of Este. In a long series of war and anarchy, man, and 
 the works of man, had been swept away j and the introduction of 
 each ferocious and idle stranger, had been overbalanced by the 
 loss of five or six perhaps of the peaceful industrious natives. The 
 mischievous growth of vegetation, the frequent inundations of the 
 rivers, were no longer checked by the vigilance of labour ; the 
 face of the country was again covered with forests and morasses: 
 of the vast domains which acknowledged Azo for their lord, the 
 far greater part was abandoned to the wild beasts of the field, and 
 a much smaller portion was reduced to the state of constant and 
 productive husbandry. f His first wife was Cuniza, or Cunegonda, 
 a German heiress, whose ancestors by their nobility and riches, 
 were distinguished among the Suabian and Bavarian chiefs ; whose 
 brother was invested by the Emperor Henry III. with the Dutchy 
 of Carinthia, and the Marquisate of Verona, on the confines of the 
 Venetian possessions of the house of Este. This marriage was 
 productive of a son, who received at his baptism the name of 
 GuELPH, to revive and perpetuate the memory of his uncle, his 
 grandfather, and his first progenitors on the maternal side. After 
 the death of Cunegonda, the Marquis of Este married Garsenda, 
 daughter, and at length heiress of the Counts of Maine; by 
 whom he had two sons, Hugo and Fulk, the younger of whom is 
 the acknowledged parent of the Dukes of Ferrara and Modena. 
 The third wife of Azo was Matilda, another widow of noble 
 birth, his cousin in the fourth degree. J He died in 1097^ aged 
 upwards of an hundred years. || 
 
 * Gibbon's Posthumous Works, vol. ii. p. 668. 
 + Ibid. X Ibid. p. 672. S Ibid. p. 669. 
 
 U The descent given in the text agrees with that given in Anderson, p. 667.
 
 8 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 The Guelphish Line. 
 
 The House of Giielph were descended from Ega, a Major 
 Domns in France in the time of King Dagobert I. who died 
 A. D. d 6 Hf married Gerberga, daughter of Rtchemeres, Duke 
 oi Franconia, by Gerfrudis, daughter of Ansbertus, Duke on the 
 Moselle, who died A. D. 570, and^wasson of Vanbertus, Duke on 
 the Moselle, who died A. D. 528, son of Albero, Duke on the 
 Moselle, who died A. D. 49I, son or grandson of Pharamond, 
 Duke of the E.ist Franks, who died A. D. 470, and was grand- 
 father to Merovaeus, ancestor to the Merovingian Kings of 
 France. * 
 
 Erchembaldus was son of Eg^ and Gerberga. He was Major 
 Domus of King Ciodovaeus II. and died A D. 66i. 
 
 His son Lendisius succeeded as Major Domus, and died A.D. 
 6S0, leaving issue one son, 
 
 Ethicus, or Adtlricus, Duke of Alsatia, who died A.D. 720. 
 He had a younger .son Hetto ; and 
 
 His eldest son Adelbertus was Duke of Alsatia, and died 741. 
 
 His son Eberhard was Duke of Alsatia, and left issue Warinus, 
 who died s. p. and 
 
 Isembart, who was Lord of Altorf, in the court of Charle- 
 tnaine A D. 780. He married Irmintrudis, sister to Hildegardis, 
 wife of Charlemaine. They had a son surnamed Guelphus, 
 the origin of which name, however ridiculous, I shall give in the 
 words of a grave historian, Dr. Heylin. " I shall crave leave," 
 says he, " to speak of the original of the Guelphian family, Dukes 
 at the same time of Bavaria and Saxony ; of w hich they are at 
 this time the sole remainder. A family derived from one Guelphus, 
 whence it had the name, the son of Isenburdus, Earl of AUorf in 
 Schwaben ; whose wife, call Jermentrudis, having accused a poor 
 woman of adultery, and causing her to be grievously punished for 
 having twelve children at a birth, was afterwards delivered of the 
 like number, and all of them sons. Her husband being absent at 
 the time of her delivery, she commanded the nurse to kill eleven 
 of them, fearing, it seems, the like shame and punishnient, as 
 by her instigation was inflicted on the other woman. The 
 nurse, going to perform the ungodly command, was met by the 
 
 That which is given in the former editions of CoUinfi is according to the older 
 genealogists given by Anderson, in p. 665. 
 
 * Anderson, p. 478, 614.
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. 9 
 
 old Earl, then returning homeward ; who asked her what she 
 had in her apron. She made answer, ' Whelps .'" He desired to 
 see them. She denied him. Angry at this refusal, he opened 
 her apron ; and there found eleven of his own sons, pretty sweet 
 babes, and of most promising countenances. Examining the matter, 
 he found out the truth, and enjoining the old trot to be secret in 
 it, he put the children out to nurse. Six years expired, the Earl 
 invited to a feast most of his own and his wife's kindred ; and at- 
 tiring the young boys all alike, presented them unto their mother, 
 who, suspecting by the number of them what the matter was, 
 confessed the offence, was pardoned by the good old Earl; and 
 carefully educated her children whom the Earl commanded to be 
 called by the name of Guelps, alluding to the whelps or puppies, 
 which the nurse told him she had in her apron."* 
 
 Guelph I. was cotemporary with Charlemaine. He was 
 called sometimes Count, and at other times Duke of Bavaria. He 
 died A.D 820. His wife was Hedwig, daughter of a noble 
 Saxon family; by whom he had, first, Ethico ; second, Rudolph, 
 Count of Altorf, third, Conrad, Count of Altorf; fourth, Jutta, 
 or Lutgarda, second wife of the Emperor Arnolph ; fifth, Judith, 
 second wife of the Emperor Lewis the Pious; sixth, Suana, or 
 Susanna, wife of Bruno, the brother of Witekind the Great. 
 
 His son, Ethico, inherited the counties of Altorf and Raven- 
 burg as a sovereign. He died A.D. 8/0. His wife Judith is 
 supposed to have been daughter of Ethelwolf, King of England ;f 
 by whom he had Henry L and Bardo, slain by the Normans at 
 Ebsdorf A. D. 880 ; and Engelberga, or Luitgardis, wife of Lewis 
 IL King of Italy. 
 
 Henry L surnamed with the Golden Chariot, succeeded his 
 father. He got from his brother in-law, the Emperor Lewis IL 
 a great part of Bavaria, as a fief of the empire, and was by him 
 created the first Duke of Lower Bavaria 860; whereby he broke 
 the heart of his father Ethico, who hated subjection to the Em- 
 peror; for much of that land belonged to him, though Henry 
 took not possession, till after his father's death. He married 
 Orina, a princess of Flanders, by whom he had 
 
 Henry II. Duke of Lower Bavaria, and Count of Altorf 
 living 910, who married Hatta, or Beata, a Countess of Hohen- 
 wart, by whom he had, first, Rudolph; second, Conrad, (some 
 
 * Heylin's Cosmography, b. xi. p. 96, 
 i Anderson, p. 478.
 
 10 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 called him Burchard) bishop of Constance 935, slain 976; third, 
 Ethico the second, the patriarch of a noble race in Switzerland, 
 yet died a monk. 
 
 Rudolph I, Duke of Lower Bavaria, and Count of Altorf and 
 Ravensburg, died 940. By Seburgis, or Seborchis of Swabia, he 
 had an only daughter and heir, Gerbergis. 
 
 Gerbergis, daughter and heir, married Arnolph, Duke of 
 Upper Bavaria, son of Arnolph Malus, who called himself King 
 of Bavaria, and died 938; * by whom she had, first, Guelpho II. 
 second, Conrad, slain in battle 944 ; third, Ethico, Bishop of 
 Augsburg 981, died 9883 fourth. Otto or Udo, a Count of Ba- 
 varia, slain also in battle. 
 
 Guelpho II. succeeded as Count of Altorf and Ravensburg; 
 and was the first Duke of Lower Bavaria of that name. He died 
 98O. His children were, Rudolph II. Richilda, Cunigunda, Bar- 
 thold, Henry ; and Richuariaj wife of Cuno of Rheinfeld. 
 
 Rudolph II. succeeded as Duke of Lower Bavaria, Count of 
 Altorf and Ravensburg. He died J 020. By Itha, daughter of 
 Cuno, Count of Oeningen in Boden, by Richildis, daughter of the 
 Emperor Otto I., he had, first, Guelpho III.; second, Henry, 
 slain in hunting ; third, Barthold, a Count, from whom histo- 
 rians say are descended the Counts of ZoUern, the Burgraves of 
 Nurnberg, and the Margraves and Electors of Brandenburg ; 
 fourth, Richilda, or Richildis, wife of Albert, Count of Sempt and 
 Ebersberg ; fifth, Cunigundis, wife of Frideric, Count of Sinde- 
 burg : she died 1085, 
 
 Guelpho III. succeeded as Duke of Lower Bavaria ; he made 
 war upon the Emperor Conrad Salicus, 1020, and lived to 104/. 
 He married Juditha, or Irmingardis, sister of Gilbert, or Gislebert, 
 Count of Luxemburgh ; the neice of St. Canigunda, Empress of 
 Henry II. By her he had, first, Guelpho IV.; second, Cunissa, 
 or Cunigunda, his sister and heir. 
 
 Guelpho IV. succeeded as Duke of Lower Bavaria, &c. He 
 forced the Emperor Henry III. to restore the money extorted 
 from Verona, 1050. He died 1055. 
 
 Cunissa, or Cunigunda, his sister and heir, married in 1040 
 Azo 11. Marquis of Este, as before-mentioned. 
 
 * Anderson, p, ?oi, 514.
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. 11 
 
 House of Este continued. 
 
 By this great heiress of the Guelphs, Azo II. had issue 
 
 Guelpho V. first Duke of Upper and Lower Bavaria; who 
 began his reign upon the death of his uncle in 1055. He engaged 
 in the first Crusade, IOQQ, and died in his return from the Holy 
 Land at Paphos in Cyprus, in 1101. He had three wives, first, 
 Ethelinda, daughter of Otto, Duke of Saxony, on the Weser ; 
 second, Judith, daughter of Baldwin V. Count of Flanders, and 
 sister to Maud, wife of William the Conqueror ; third, Agnes, 
 widow of the Emperor Henry 11. By the second he had, first, 
 Guelpho VI. ; second, Henry; third, Adelheid, married first to 
 Sighard, Burgrave of Regensburg ; secondly, to Conrad, Margrave 
 of Landsberg; fourth, Zegebard, who died IO70. 
 
 Guelpho VI. succeeded as Duke of Bavaria and died 11 If), 
 without issue. His wife was Mathildis, daughter and heiress of 
 Boniface of the house of Este, whom she married in IO9O; and 
 was divorced from hira in IO95. She ruled Mantua, Lombardy, 
 Ferrara, Parma, Placentia, Lucca, Tuscia, Spoleto, Sardinia, nay, 
 the half of Italy ; she had two husbands before Guelpho, and 
 died without issue 1115. 
 
 Henry III. surnamed Niger, succeeded his brother. He mar- 
 ried Wulphildis, daughter and heiress of Magnus, the last Duke 
 of Saxony of the line of Billung. 
 
 The Line of Billung. 
 
 These Dukes of Saxony were descended from Billung, of Stu- 
 beckesborn, an eminent man of the land of Luneburg. He was 
 father of Hermannus Billung, or Billinger, who was created Duke 
 of that part of Saxony, which is now called Luneburg, by the 
 Emperor Otto L A.D. 96O. He died 973. By his wife Hilde- 
 gardis of Westerburg, he left issue, first, Ben no or Berno ; second, 
 Mechildis, wife of Baldwin III. Count of Flanders ; third, Lu- 
 derus, or Lothary, Count of Holstein and Burgrave of Magdeburg, 
 who died 973 ; fourth, Swanhildis, wife of, first, Ditmarus, Mar- 
 grave of Lausnitz, secondly, of Eckardust, Margrave of Meissen ; 
 fifth, Ditmarus, a Count. Benno, or Berno, or Bernhard, suc- 
 ceeded as second Duke of Saxony: he died 1011. By Geila, 
 daughter of Wratislaus, Prince of Pomerania, he had Bernhard, 
 third Duke of Saxony, who died IO62, leaving by Bertrada,
 
 12 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 daughter of Harold II. King of Norway, Ordulph, fourth Duke 
 of Saxony, who died 1074, leaving by Gisela, daughter of Olaus 
 II. King of Norway, Magnus the last Duke of Saxony of this 
 family, who died llOd, leaving by Sophia, daughter of Geysa 11. 
 King of Hungary, Wulfildis, * his heiress already mentioned. 
 
 House of Este continued. 
 
 In right of this Wulfildis, Henry, Niger, had the title of Duke 
 of Saxony : though the Emperor Henry V. seized upon the 
 Duchy, and gave it to another family He had however the 
 Duchy of Spoleto, and the Margraviate of Tuscia, with the prin- 
 cipality of Sardinia. He died 1 125, or 1 127, leaving a numerous 
 issue J viz. first, Henry, Superlus ; second, Conrad, Bishop of 
 Cologn, died 1 125 ; third, Judith, wife of Frideric, Duke of 
 Swabia J she died 11475 and was mother of the Emperor Frideric 
 Barbarossa ; fourth, Mechtild, wife of Dietbold, Count of Voh- 
 burg ; and of Gebhard, Count of Sultzbach ; fifth, Sophia, mar- 
 ried, first, to Berthold, Duke of Zaringin j secondly, to Leopold, 
 Margrave of Steyermark; sixth, Wulfhild, wife of Rudolph, 
 Count of Bregentz j seventh, Helen, wife of Wratislaus, Duke of 
 Pomerania ; eighth, Bertha, wife of Otto, Count of Buchorn ; 
 ninth, Guelpho, made governor of Bavaria, by his brother Henry : 
 he died IJpi. He had a nephew Guelpho, Stadtholder of Italy, 
 who died before him, ll68. 
 
 Henry IV. called Superlus, succeeded his father in the Duchy 
 of Bavaria. He married Gertrudis, daughter and heiress of the 
 Emperor Lotharius, by Richensa, daughter and at length heir of 
 Henry the Fat, Duke of Saxony, by whom he had the Duchy of 
 Saxony restored to him. He afterwards acquired the Duchy of 
 Brawnsweig, (now Brunswic) and the county of Northeim ; and 
 was invested with the Margraviate of Tuscia, with all the domi- 
 nions of his aunt-in-law, Mathildis, wife of Guelpho VL j and so 
 he reigned between sea and seaj viz. between Denmark and 
 Sicily, the Baltic and Mediterranean. He was also designed by 
 his father-in-law, Lotharius, his successor to the empire j but in 
 this he was supplanted by Conrad, who took from him his Italian 
 dominions, and Bavaria ; but could not wrest from him Saxony, 
 on which account he put him under the ban of the empire. Going 
 to recover Bavaria^ he was poisoned by the Emperor's agents, 1 138, 
 
 * Andcrsoni p. 477.
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. 19 
 
 or 1139. By his marriage, his issue united the line of Witekind, 
 with that of Billung. 
 
 The Line of JViteUnd the Great. 
 
 I 
 
 The Saxons, says Heylin, were doubtless a stout and valiant 
 nation, the conquerors of the Isle of Britain; and the last people 
 of the Germans, which yielded up their country to Charlemaine, 
 by whose means they were gained unto the Gospel, A. D. yS5. 
 Their last king was called Wittikindus, from whom descend the 
 Kings of France, since the times of Hugh Capet, the Kings of 
 Denmark of the house of Oldenburg, the Dukes of Burgundy and 
 Savoy, the Marquises of Montferrat, &c. This Wittikindus, 
 Charlemaine degraded from a King to be first Duke of Saxony. 
 He died 8O7. He had two wives, first, Geva, daughter of Goderic, 
 King of Denmark ; second, Suatana,* daughter of a Prince of 
 Bohemia. By the first he had, first, Wigebert, his successor. By 
 the second he had, second, Witekind li. Count of Wettin, who 
 died 825 j whose son, Witekind IIL went to'France, and was 
 ancestor of the Capetian Kings j third, Eberhardus, first Count of 
 Lippe. 
 
 Wigbert succeeded as second Duke of Saxony : he died 825. 
 By Sindacilla, his wife, daughter of Ratbodus, King of Friesland, 
 he left issue, first, Bruno ; second, Wolpert, Count of Ringel- 
 heim. 
 
 Bruno I. Duke of Saxony, died 843. By Suana, Countess of 
 Montfort, he had 
 
 Ludolph, the Grand, who died 859. He married Oda, a 
 Princess of East France, born 791^ who died 898, aged 107 years. 
 By her he had, first, Bruno II. ; second, Eckbert, Margrave of 
 Hartzburg, lived to A. D, 881 ; third, Taneward, built the castle 
 of Brunswic, and died 880 ; fourth, Otto, the Great ; fifth, Lud- 
 garda, wife of Lewis, junior. King of Franconia ; sixth, Hadmodis, 
 died 874 J seventh, Gerberga, died 8963 eighth, Christina, died 
 904. These three were all put into the abbey of Gandersbeim. 
 
 Bruno II. was Grand Duke of Saxony 859. He built the city 
 of Brunswic, so called from him, 801, and died faSO. 
 
 His brother, Otto the Great, succeeded him He had the 
 offer of the imperial crown from the Princes of Grcrmany, upon 
 the death of the Emperor Lewis IV. but declined it because of his 
 
 Anderson, p. 447.
 
 14 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 old age, and advised them to elect Conrad I.* He died Ql6. 
 His wives were, first, Hadwig, daughter of Ludovicus Germa- 
 nicus j second, Ludgarda, daughter of the Emperor Arnolph : but 
 genealogists difter as to which was the mother of his children. f 
 
 He was succeeded by his son Henry I. surnamed Auceps, or 
 the Fowler, born 876, Duke of Saxony 916, and elected Emperor 
 919, by the last will or advice of Conrad I. He bravely scorned 
 the Hungarians, laughed at their demand of the annual tribute, 
 and slew eighty thousand of them in the battle of Merseburg. In 
 his time most of the cities of the Rhine were either built, or for- 
 tified with walls. After having reigned gloriously sixteen years, 
 he died July 2d, 936, aged sixty years. His first wife was Hat- 
 burgis, a nun, daughter of Erwin, Count of Merseburg j who, 
 after her first husband's death, became the first wife of this Em- 
 peror j but by advice of Sigismund, bishop of Halberstadt, she 
 was drowned only for having been a nun, after she had bore to 
 him his son Tancwardus, w^ho was reckoned illegitimate and slain 
 at Merseburg 937, without issue. His second wife was Mathildis, 
 daughter of Dietricus, or Theodoric, Count of Ringleheim, who 
 was afterwards also divorced from him, and died 969, having had 
 issue by him, first. Otto I. or the Great, born 91 6 j elected Em- 
 peror 936; second, Gerberga, wife, first, of Giselbert, Duke of 
 Lorraine ; secondly, of Lewis IV. K ing of France ; third, Bruno, 
 bishop of Cologn, died 965 ; fourth, Mechtild, abbess of Qued- 
 lingberg; fifth, Rixaj sixth, Hedwigj seventh, Henry, Duke of 
 Bavaria 3 eighth, Adelheid, wife of Hugh the Great, Count of 
 Paris. 
 
 Henry, the younger son, became Duke of Bavaria. He married 
 Judith, daughter of Arnolph Mains, King or Duke of Bavaria j 
 whose son, Berthold I. succeeding in that dukedom, it was in 948, 
 soon after his deatli, conferred by the Emperor Otto on this Henry. 
 By her he had issue, first, Henry, Rlxosus ; second, Bruno f . 
 Margrave of Saxony ; third, Herman, Count of Northeim ; fourth, 
 Hadwig, wife of Burchard II. Duke of Suabia ; fifth, Gerberga, 
 abbess of Gandersheim. | 
 
 Herman, third son. Count of Northeim, had issue 
 
 Sigfrid I. Count of Northeim and Gottingen, who died 1002, 
 having had issue, first, Sigfrid II. 5 second, Henry, Count of 
 Northeim ; third, Bruno, Count of Northeim. 
 
 * Anderson, p. 45*- + Ibid. 
 
 X Ibid. S Ibid. p. 477.
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. 15 
 
 Sigfrid IL Count of Norlhelm had issue 
 
 Otto, Duke of Saxony on the Weser ; and Duke of Bavaria, 
 from 1062 to 1070. He was slain 1083. By Cuniza, a Bavarian 
 lady, he had, first, Henry, the Fat; second, Sigfrid I. Palatin of 
 Saxony ; third, Conrad^, Palatin of Saxony 5 foiuth. Otto, Margrave 
 of Stade ; fifth, Itha, wife, first, of Thimo, Margrave of Misnia ; 
 secondly, of Gerhard, Count of Querfart ; sixth, Etheline, wife 
 of Guelpho IV. Duke of Bavaria, and afterwards of Herman, 
 Count of Westphalia 5 seventh, Genaut, wife of Godfrey the 
 Bearded, Duke of Lorrain. 
 
 Henry the Fat, Duke of Saxony, on the Weser, married 
 Gertraut, daughter of Egbert IL last Margrave of Saxony and 
 Thuringia, descended from Heftry Rixosus, eldest son of Henry 
 Duke of Bavaria. She was heiress of Brunswic. He died 1101, 
 having had by her, first. Otto, died young j second, Herman, 
 Archbishop of Cologn IO89, died lOpgj third, Gertraut, wife, 
 first, of Henry, Margrave of Misnia ; and secondly, of Sigfrid, 
 Palatin of the Rhine ; fourth, Richensa, married to tlie Emperor 
 Lotharius II. by jvhom she had Gertraut, her heiress, married to 
 Henry, Superbus,* before-mentioned. 
 
 House of Este, or Guelph, continued. 
 
 Henry, Superlus, Duke of Bavaria, had issue by this great 
 heiress 
 
 Henry V, the Lion, born 1 \1Q, Duke of Saxony 1 139, ^i"^ ^f 
 Bavaria 1156. He added to his estates the counties of Mecklen- 
 burg and Lauenburg, which he had conquered from the Sclaves. 
 But thus becoming so great, he neglected his duty to the Emperor 
 Frideric Barbarossa, and joining the Pope, he was publicly pro- 
 scribed 1180, upon which his neighbour princes armed against 
 him, and by their joint power he was deprived of Saxony and 
 Bavaria, 1182. So this great estate was partitioned into many 
 parts, some of which the Emperor gave with the title of Elector, 
 to Bernhard, Count of Ascania, descended from the house of 
 Billung : yet Henry still retained his allodial estate of Brunswic 
 and Luneburg, and was obliged to take an oath 1 1 83, to keep 
 out of Germany for three years, upon which he went with his 
 second lady, Mechtildis, to his father-in-law, Henry II. King of 
 England, by whose intfercessiou he got leave to return home 1185: 
 
 Amierson, p. 477.
 
 \6 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 yet again was drove into England, 1 1 89, but returned the same 
 year, and died the 6rh of August 1 19,5, aged sixty-six. He had 
 two wives, first, in 1147, Clementia, daughter of Conrad, Duke 
 of Zaringen, from wiiom he was divorced in 1162, and by whom 
 he had a daughter Rixa, or Richensa, wife, first, of Frideric, a son 
 of the Emperor Conrad III. ; and secondly, of Canute, son of 
 Woldemar I. King of Denmark. He married secondly, Mech- 
 tildis; or Maud, daughter of Henry II. King of England, by whom 
 he had, first, Henry of Zelle ; second. Otto, of Brunswic, elected 
 Emperor II98, crowned 1208: he died 1218, s. p. j third, 
 Luderus, died young, 1191 ; fourth, William, surnamed Longo- 
 spada, born at Winchester, in England, 11J8; fifth, Mechtild, 
 wife of Henry Burewen, Prince of the Wenden. 
 
 Henry, Longus, of 2^11e, was Palatin of the Rhine from II 95 
 to 1215. He partitioned his father's dominions with his brother 
 Otto, 1203, and got a part of Luneburg, Zelle, and Stade. He 
 married, first, Agnes, daughter and heiress of Conrad, Palatin of 
 the Rhine, who died 1204, and by whom he got his Palatin ter- 
 ritories. He married, secondly, Agnes, a Countess of Lansberg, 
 By the first he had issue, first, Henry, born II97, died 1212 j 
 second, Agnes, or Matilda, heiress of the Palatinate of the Rhine : 
 she died 1262 : her husband was Otto, the Illustrious, Duke of 
 Bavaria, who died 1253 5 and to whose house she bro-ight the 
 Palatinate of the Rhine j third, Irmingardis, or Elicke, or Gerraut, 
 who died 1259 ' her husband was Hermannus IV. Margrave of 
 Baden, who died 1243. Their father died 1227, surviving his 
 two brothers, the Emperor Otto, and William of Winchester. 
 
 William of Winchester, the youngest brother, was Duke of 
 Luneburg. When his father's dominions were partitioned, he got 
 a part of Luneburg. He died 12?3, leaving by Helen, his wife, 
 daughter of Woldemar I. King of Denmark, * whom he married 
 in 1200, 
 
 Otto, Puer, or the Boy, born 1204, first created Duke of 
 Btunswic-Luneburg, being the heir of his father, and of his uncle 
 Otto. He went against Lubeck 1226, was taken prisoner by 
 Henry, Count of Schwerin, and released 1227 On the death of 
 his uncle Henry, the Long, he laid claim to Brunswic, as heir 
 male J but this being contested, he besieged and took it 1228, and 
 stated himself Duke of Brunswic the same year, and gave and 
 confirmed to it many privileges. Pope Gregory IX. offered to 
 
 * Anderson, p. 479.
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. IjT 
 
 make him Emperor in opposition to Frideric II. but he refused it. 
 The Emperor having some pretensions to the i ominions of 
 Brunswic, out of gratitude to Otto, and for his services, and that 
 he might take all his allodial dominions as a fief of the German 
 empire, invested him at the Diet of Mentz, 21st August, 1235, 
 with the territories of Bruns^A-ic and Luneburg, in such a way 
 that the daughters should be capable of inheriting in failure of 
 sons. He built the city of Wolclenstein, near Stauffenburg, and 
 died 9th June, 1252, aged forty eight. He married Matilda, 
 daughter of Albert II. Elector of Brandenburg, by whom he had, 
 first, Albert, the Great; second. Otto, Bishop of Hildesheim, 
 1261, died 1279; third, Conrad, Bishop of Verden, 1207, died 
 1303 ; fourth, Mechtild, or Helen, wife of Henr)' Pinguis, Count 
 of Ascania, she died 127O} fifth, Helen, or Mechtild, wife, first, 
 of Herman, called a Landgrave of Hesse; secondly, of Albert I. 
 Elrctor of Saxony, who died 1262; she died 12/2; sixth, Adel- 
 heid, first wife of Henry I. Langrave of Hesse; seventh, Agnes, 
 married to Wenceslaus, Prince of Rugen ; eighth, Elizabeth, wife 
 of William \\ Count of Holland, elected Emperor 1261 ; she 
 died 1266 ; ninth, John, the Handsome, the patriarch of the old 
 house of Lune-burg, which country he received from his brother 
 Albert, at the partition of his father's dominions 1 269. He died 
 
 3277.* 
 
 Albert, the Great, the patriarch of the elder branch of the 
 family, born I23f); divided his dominions with his brother John. 
 He and other princes, in 1252, went with a mighty army to assist 
 Wenceslaus III. Ottocarus, King of Bohemia, against Beta IV. 
 King of Hungary, whom Albert took prisoner in a battle that 
 lasted nine days, and behaved himself with so much courage, that 
 he was made a knight, and gained a glorious fame. The Arch- 
 bishop of Mentz, and Dideric, Count of Eberstein, in 1256, made 
 an irruption into the lands of Gottingen, but they were both de- 
 feated and taken prisoners ; the Archbishop was condemned to 
 pay ten thousand marks of silver ; but Richard^ Duke of Corn- 
 
 * This John, t/be Handsome, was father of Otto I. Strenuus, who received 
 Hanover as a feudum, and died 1330, leaving Otto II. who reigned with his 
 younger brother William twenty-four years. Oa his death, 1354, this 
 William, surnamed tvith the latgejoot, reigned alone over Luneburg: and 
 dying 1369, the male issue of this branch became extinct : on which occasion, 
 Luneburg, after much contest, went back to the sons of Magnus 1 1 . Torquatusf 
 Duke of Brunswic, de:;cended in the male line from his great uncle, Albert 
 the G' eat. Anderson) p 516, 
 
 VOL, I. C
 
 le PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 wall, the brotlier of Henry, King of England, paid the fine, and 
 procured his ransom. As for Didcric, Albert caused him to be 
 hanged by the feet, and he died not till after the fifth day. He 
 procured also for the city of Hamburg, from Henry III. King of 
 England, in 126(5, among other privileges, that of having ware- 
 houses all over England : he died I5th of August, 1279. His first 
 wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Henry IV. the Bold, Duke of 
 Brabant, who died without issue. His second wife was Adelheid, 
 according to some, daughter of Aldobrandus I. Margrave of Este 
 and Ferrara j according to othei^, daughter of Otto, Margrave of 
 Montfi rrat. By her he had, first, Henry, the JVoJiderful; second, 
 Albert, Pinguis 5 third and fourth, Luderus and Conrad, Knights 
 of St. John Baptist ; fifth, Metilda, wife, first, of Eric VI, King 
 of Denmark j and secondly, of Henry III. Duke of Glogau, who 
 died 13G() ; sixth, William, who being allotted by his father the 
 cities of Brunswic and Wolfenbuttel, Gebbershagen and Gander- 
 sheim, began to reign over his dominions 1281, but dying, 1292, 
 without issue, a contention arose between his two surviving 
 brothers, Henry and Albert, about the succession ; but Albert 
 prevailed, and succeeded to William's dominions.* 
 
 Henry, the JVbnderfuI, had the principalities of Grubenhagen 
 and Saltz der Heldenj the towns of Hameln, Osterode, and Du- 
 derstadt, with a third part of the spiritualities of Brunsu ic, &c. 
 He began to reign 1279, and rebuilt the castle of Wolfenbutlel 
 1283. He died 1322. His male posterity became extinct in 
 1595. t 
 
 Albert, Pinguis, or the Fat, next brother, had by his father's 
 
 * Anderson, p. .^i8. 
 + His son Henry, junior, succeeded in Grubenhagen, 1322, and dying 1337, 
 was succeeded by his son Otto, wlio gave up his inheritance to his uncle 
 Ernest I. of Osterode, wlio dying, 1344, was succeeded by his son Albert II. 
 called the first Dukeof Sahz: he died 1397, and though he had a son Eric, Was 
 succeeded by his brother Frideric of Osterode, who died 1404, and was sue* 
 ceeded by his son Otto; on whose death, without issue 1411, the inheritance 
 went back to his cousin Eric, son of his uncle Albert, which Eric died 1431. 
 His son, Henry III. succeeded and died 1469, leaving Henry IV. who died 
 without issue 15^6, having been excluded by his uncle Albert III. who died 
 i486, or 1490, leaving Philip I. senior, whodying 1551, wassucceedetl by his 
 son Ernest II. born 1512, who died 1567, leaving only a daughter ; on which 
 the inheritance came to his brother Wolfang, born 153 1, on whose death 
 without issue 1586, it came to his youngest brother Philip II. born 1531 ; who 
 died 23d Nov. 1595, without issue; and thus this eldest branch became ex- 
 tinct. Grubenhagen then fell to his brother-in-law, Julius, Duke of Wolfen- 
 buttcl. Anderson, p. 517.
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. I9 
 
 will Gottingen, the towns of Neideck, Miiiden, Ottensburg, &c. 
 the county of" Northeim, and the lands between the Deister, and 
 the Leine, with a third of the spiritualities of Brunswic. He died 
 13 18, having married Ricanza, or Rixa, daughter of Henry, senior. 
 Prince of Wenden, by whom he had, first, Ernest, Crnssus;* 
 second, Albert, Bishop of Halberstadt, 1324, who died 1358; 
 third, Henry, Bishop of Hildesheim, 1335, who died 13()2> 
 fourth, Bruno, who died 1 303 ; fifth, Luderus, or Luther, Grand 
 Master of the Teutonic order in Prussia, who died 1334 j sixth, 
 John, also Grand Master in Prussia; seventh, Otto, Largus, born 
 1 292, got half the city of Brunswic, married, first, Agnes, daughter 
 of Conrad I, Elector of Brandenburg; and getting with her the 
 Old Mark, was called Lord of the Old Mark. He had a second 
 wife Judith, daughter of Henry II. Landgrave of Hesse, but 
 dying 1373, left no surviving issue; eighth, Magnus I. Pius; ninth, 
 Mechtild, abbess at Gandei-stein 1305 ; tenth, Jutha, 1319. 
 
 Magnus I. Pius, got for his part at first the half of Brunswic; 
 but when his brother Otto died, he succeeded to his part also. He 
 began the line of Brunswic, commonly called the old House of 
 Brunsiv'ic. At last he broke his heart for the disobedience of liis 
 son Magnus, Torquatus, and died 136S. His wife was Agnes, or 
 Sophia, daughter of Henry, Margrave of Brandenburg, and heiress 
 of Sangershausen, Lansberg, and Petersberg, by whom he had, 
 first, 'bilagnViS, Torquatus; second, Sophia, died unmarried ; third, 
 Mechtild, second wife of Bernard III. Prince of Anhalt, who 
 died 1348 ; fourth, Helen, wife of Otto, Count of Hoya, who 
 died 140/ ; fifth, Agnes, wife of Eric, Count of Hoya, who died 
 1420; sixth, Albert, thirty- seventh Archbishop of Bremen, 1369, 
 and died 1395; seventh. Otto, went to Palestine, and died in 
 Italy on his return; eighth, Lewis, made Lord of Luneburg, by 
 his father-in-law William of Luneburg, whose daughter he mar- 
 ried 1355, but died without issue 1358. 
 
 Magnus II. Torquatus, so called from his father's threatening 
 to hang him, and his wearing in spite a silver chain to be hanged 
 in silver. He succeeded his father 1368, and upon the death of 
 
 * Ernest, Crassus, the Bulky, received for his share Gottingen, and the 
 country adjoinirg, 1318: he died 1379. His son Otto, Malut,iXiAAimipotens, 
 born 1303, died 1394, having reigned at Gottingen fifteen years, when he 
 was succeeded by his son Otto, Codes, or Monoculusy born 1378. He died with- 
 out issue 1462, on which this branch became extinct in the male line, and 
 the territories of Gottingen fell to William, senior, of Callenberg, grandson 
 ofMagnus Torquatus. Anderson, p. 518.
 
 20 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 his brother Lewis, made war upon Otto of Saxony, Duke of 
 Luneburg ; but was unfortunate in this, as in many other troubles. 
 He was taken prisoner by the Bishop of Hildesheim, 1367, and 
 for his ransom was obliged to sell Sangershausen and Lansberg, 
 which he got by his mother. In a war with Otto, Count of 
 Shaumburg, he was slain by the Count's Esquire, just as he was 
 taking tlie Count prisoner, 1373. Then it was agreed by his four 
 sons, that the dukedoms of Brunswic and Luneburg should not be 
 separated, but always return to the eldest of the famil}' : but this 
 did not last long. By Catharine, daughter of Waldeniar I. Elector 
 of Brandenburg, (who remarried Albert of Saxony, Duke of Lune- 
 burg) he had, first, Frideric; second, Otto, Bishop of Verden, 
 1388, and of Bremen, 1395, and died 1401, or 1406; third, 
 Helen, married, 13g6, Albert, Duke of Mecklenberg, afterwards 
 King of Sweden, and died 1412 j fourth, Agnes, wife, first, of 
 Busso, Count of Mansfield, 1 366 ; and secondly, of Bugislaus VI. 
 Duke of Pomerania-Stetin, and died 1412; fifth, Anne, wife of 
 Mauritius, Count of Oldenburg, who died 1420 ; sixth, Sophia, wife 
 of Henry Suspensor, Duke of Mecklenburg ; seventh, Catharine, 
 wife of Gerhard III Duke of Sleswic, who died 1404 ; and 
 secondly of Eric IV. Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg ; eighth, Bernhard, 
 the founder of the middle house of Luneburg ; ninth, Henry, the 
 founder oi the middle house of Brunswic* 
 
 Frideric, of Eimbeck, took Wolfenbuttel by a stratagem 13S4, 
 which had been possessed by their cousin Otto, of Gottingen. Six 
 years after this, the Dukes of Saxony renounced all claim to Lune- 
 burg for ever A. D. ISpO. Frideric was elected Empekor at 
 Frankfort J but upon the instigation of the Archbishop of Mentz, 
 was slain the same year, June 5th 1400, by one Hartingshausen, 
 leaving no issue male. 
 
 * On Frideric's deatli, he divided possessions with Bernhard, and got 
 Luneburg for life; but his children gave it up for Brunswic. He died 1416, 
 leaving two sons, William of Brunswic-Calcnberg, and of Gottingen; and 
 Henry of Wolfenbuttel, who died without issue male, 1473. William died 
 1482, agedninety, leaving Frideric, who died without issue 1494, and William, 
 who at last succeeded to Gottingen and Wolfenbuttel, and died 1495, or. as 
 some say, 1^03, leaving Henry III. and Eric I.of Brunswic-Calenberg, whose 
 son, Eric II. died without issue, 1584. Henry III. of Brunswic- Wolfen- 
 buttel, was killed 1514, leaving Henry IV. who died 1568, leaving Julius, of 
 V/olfenbuttel and Calcnberg, who died 1 589, leaving Henry-Julius, of Wolfen- 
 buttel and Calenberg, bom 1564, who died 1613 ; leaving Frideric-Ulric, of 
 Wolfenbuttel. born 1591, on whose death, 1634, the male line of this branch 
 became extinct, and Wolfenbuttel came 10 Augustus, grandson of Ernest of 
 tiellct Anderson, p. 519, ^2,0,
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. 21 
 
 Bernhard 1. reigned in conjunction with his younger brother 
 Henry II. until 1409, when against the agreement of A. D. 1374, 
 made by him and the rest of his brothers, after the death of his 
 father Magnus Torquatus, they partitioned their territories. Bern- 
 hard had Brunswic, the county of Eberstein, and the city of 
 Hanover ; but he afterwards exchanged Jiis dominions for 
 those of his nephews. A, D. 1428, when he took the duke- 
 dom of Luneburg, and was the patriarch of the middle house. He 
 died 1434. His wife was Margaret, daughter of Wences- 
 laus. Elector of Saxony, whom he married J 386. By her he 
 had, first, Catharine, wife of Casimir VI. Duke of Pomerania 
 and Stetin, who died 1434: she died 1429; second. Otto, called 
 the IVairior, because of his audacity and inclination to war; called 
 also Crooked, because he had crooked legs. He cleared his country 
 of highwaymen ; and having married Elizabeth, daughter 3nd 
 heires-. of Herman, Count of Eberstein, died 1445, without issue j 
 third, Frideric, the Pious. 
 
 Frideric, the Pious, succeeded his brother Otto, 1445. He as- 
 sisted the Bishop of Munster against the Archbjshop of Cologne, 
 1454, and in this war he was taken prisoner, and carried to Co- 
 logne, but was soon rrleased. He had war also with the Archbishop 
 of M.igdeburg, Frideric, Count of Beichlingen, and Frideric, 
 Elector of Saxony, 1456; but a peace was soon concluded. He 
 built a monastery of Franciscan monks at Zelie, 1459, when be 
 resigned liis dominions to his son Bernhard and became a monk ; 
 but after the death of his two sons, he reassumed the government, 
 1471, and died 14/8. By Magdalen, whom he married in 1430, 
 and who died 1^53, daughter of Frideric I. Elector of Branden- 
 burg, he had, first, Margaret, married in 1466 Henry, Duke of 
 Mecklenburg-Stutgard ; second, Bernhard II. elected in 1452, 
 Bishop of Hildesheim, which he resigned for the dukedom of 
 Luneburg. 1459 j l>c had war with his cousin William, senior, of 
 Brunswic; but having married, 1463, Mathildis, daughter of 
 Otto III. Count of Shauenburg, died without issue 1464 ; tiiird. 
 Otto, Magnanimous. 
 
 Otto, Magnuidmous, succeeded his brother Bernhard, 1464. 
 He had great quanels with the nobility of his country, but over- 
 came them. He took Hilzaker, from the family of Bulow, and 
 annexed it to his dominions He died 19th of January, 1471, 
 before his father; and his son Henry, being then only a child, 
 his father re-assnmcd the government, and reigned over Luneburg 
 seven years. He married at Zelle, on September 281 h, 1467,
 
 ai PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Anne, Countess of Nassau, Vianden, and Dietz, who after his 
 death became wife of Philip, Count of Catzen-Elnbogen j but 
 after the death of her lather-in-law, Duke Frideric, she returned 
 to Zelle, and assisted her son, yet a child, in the government : 
 she died 15 H. By her he had, first, Henry, junior} second, 
 William died in his infancy, 1480. 
 
 Henry, junior, or rather the middle Henry, so called to dis- 
 tinguish him from Henry senior, of Brunswic-Wolfenbultel, and 
 from his own grandson Henrv, was born 1468, and succeeded his 
 grandfather 1478. He joined John, bishop of Hildesheim, in his 
 war against Eric, senior, Prince of Brun-'wic-Calenberg 1519, yet 
 got nothing by it but the displeasure of the Emperor Charles V. 
 and having afterwards partitioned his dominions among his sons, 
 1521, abdicated the government, went to France, and Jdied at 
 Paris, 1532. He married in 1487, Margaret, daughter of Ernest, 
 Elector of Saxony, by whom he had, first. Otto, senior, bom 14th 
 August 1405, who got the government in his father's lifetime j 
 but resigned it to his brother Ernest for Harburg, and a large 
 sum of money. He died at Harburg, August ilth, 1.'549, aged 
 fifty-four J* second, Elizabeth, born 1492, married, 1518, Charles, 
 Duke of Geldtrs : she died 1572 j third, Francis- Henry, died 
 young, fourth, Henry, died young; fifth, ApoUonia, died un- 
 married ; sixth, Ernest, the Pious, of Zelle ; seventh, Anne, born 
 1502, married, 1523, Bamimus XI. Duke of Pomerania, died 
 15/3 ; eighth, Francis, born 1508, obtained for his portion GifF- 
 horn, and two counties belonging to it ; received a hurt in his 
 leg, which occasioned an amputation, of which he died 1549, 
 leaving only two daughters. 
 
 Ernest, the Pious, of Zelle, born 26th June, 1497, studied at 
 Wittenberg under Luther, and exerted his utmost power to in- 
 troduce the Lutheran religion in his dominions, w hich were as 
 large as his father's except GifFliorn. He signed the Augsburg 
 confession. 1530; and entered into the league at Smalcand; but 
 died before the religious war, January I2tb, 1546. He mariied, 
 1528, Sophia, daughter of Henry, Duke of Mecklenburg, by 
 
 * He manied Matilda de Campon, by whom he had Otto, junior, born 
 1528; succeeded in Harburg, 1549; died 1603, leaving several children, of 
 whom William succeeded to Harburg; reigned jointly with his brother 
 Christopher, who died 1618; and on his death, 1642, unmarried, the male 
 line of Harburg became extinct. He left Harburg, Merseburg, and Hoya, to 
 the Dukes of Luneburg. Anderson, p. fai.
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. 23 
 
 whom he had, first, Francis-Otto, born 1530, succeeded to the 
 inheritance 1546, professed the Lutheran religion 1532, married, 
 1559, Elizabeth Magdalen, daughter of Joachim IL Elector of 
 Brandenburgh, but died s. p. 1559 j third, Henry, born 1533, 
 reigned in conjunction with his younger brother, William, ten 
 years ^ and then left William the government alor.e, retaining 
 only for himself the county of Danneberg. He died 15Q8, being 
 ancestor of the Dukes of Wolfenbuttel ; * fourth, Frideric, born 
 1532, slain at Silvershausen, ]553j fifth, Margaret, bom 1534, 
 married, 1559, John or Hans, Count of Mansfeld ; sixth, Ursula, 
 born 1536, died 153S ; seventh, Catharine, born 153/, died 
 young J eighth, Elizabeth-Ursula, horn 1539, married, 1558, 
 Otto, Count of Holstein-Shauenburg j ninth, Magdalen, born 
 1540, married, 156l, Arnold, Count of Mentheim j tenth, Sophia, 
 born 1541, married, 1562, Poppo, a princely Count of Henneberg, 
 and died l631 ; eleventh, William, Junior, of Luneburg. 
 
 William, junior, the founder of the neu-' house of Luneburg, 
 was born July 4th, 1535. He came to the government on the 
 death of bis brother Francis-Otto, 1559, antl reigned ten years in 
 conjunction with his elder brother Henry, whom he persuaded to 
 content himself with the county of Danneberg ; and then himself 
 
 * This Henry married Ursula, daughter cf Frar.cis I. Duke ofSax-Lau- 
 enburg, by whom he had, first, Julius-Ernest, of Danneberg, who died 1653, 
 leaving only one surviving daughter ; second, Augustus, born at Danneberg, 
 1579, a very learned prince, an auther, and a collector of a great librarvi ob- 
 tained Grubenhagen, 1620; and after the death of his cousin, Frideric-Ulric, 
 got the right to the principality of Wolfenbuttel, 1634; out of which he was 
 kept by the imperialists, till 1643. He died 1666, aged eighty-seven. By his 
 second wife J Dorothy, daughter of Rudolph, Prince of Anhalt Zerbst, he 
 had, first, Rudolph- Augustus ; second, Antony-Eldric, born 1633, resided at 
 Wolfenbuttel, died 1714, leaving Augujtus-William ; and Lewis-Rudolph, 
 of Blankenberg. Rudolph-Augustus, born 1627, won Brunswic from his 
 <:ousins by a siege, 1671 ; and died 1704, leaving daughters his coheirs, of 
 whom Christina-Sophia, born 16,4, married her first cousin, Augustus- 
 William, who, on the death of his father, Anthony-Ulric, in 1714, became 
 Duke of Brunswic-WolfenbutteJ. She died without issue, 1695; and he 
 married, secondly, the same year, Sophia-Amelia, daughter of Albert, Duke 
 of Holstein-Gottorp ; who died at Hanover, 1710; and on her death, he 
 married, thirdly, Elizabeth*Sophia-Mary, daughter of Rudolph-Frideric, 
 Duke of Holstein-Norburg. 
 
 % By his third wife Sophia, daughter of John Albert II. Duke of Meck- 
 lenbcrg, he had Ferdinand Albert, of Bevern, a learned man, who died 1687, 
 leaving Ferdinand-Albert, of Bevern, who married, 1712, Antonietta, coheir 
 of his cousin Lewis Rudolph, of Blankenberg, and had Charles, borni7i3,&c. 
 Duke of Wolfenbuttel, died 1735-
 
 24 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 reigned over all the rest. After the death of Otto, the last Coutit 
 of Hoya without issue, 1582, the Duchy of Hoya and Bruchausen 
 fell to the families of the Dukes of Brunswic and I.uneburg, and 
 the Landgraves of Hesse, which they partitioned ; so that Duke 
 William, and Duke Henry, received Aemta, Hoya, Nienberg, 
 Libenau, Old and New Bruchausen. On the death of Frideric, 
 the last Count of Diephold 1585, that county also fell to Duke 
 William. His zeal for the rrformadon induced him to compose 
 and publish a creed entitled Corpus Doctrince Lunebur^icum. 
 He died 15y2, ag?d fifty-seven. By Dorothy, daughter of Chris- 
 tian III. King of Denmark, he had eight daughters, and seven 
 sons, viz. first, bophia, born 1563, married, 1579, George- 
 Fiideric, Margrave of Brandenburg, and died 1609 ; second, Eli- 
 zabeth, born 1565, married, 1585, Frideric, Count of Hohenloe, 
 and died 1621 : third, Dorothy, born 15/0, married, 1586, 
 Charles, Palatin of BirckenfelJ, died 1649 ; fourth, Clara, born 
 1571, married, 1593, William, Count of Swartzburg, died 1658 ; 
 fifth, Anne Ursula, born 1572, died IffOl ; sixth, Margaret, born 
 573, married, 15\)Q. John Casimir. Duke of Sax-Coburg ; and 
 died 1643: seventh, Mary, born 15/5, died 162O: eighth, 
 Sibylla, born 1584, married, I617, Julius Ernest, Duke of Bruns- 
 wic-Danneberg, and died 1652 J nimh, Ernest 5 tenth, Chri-.tian, 
 senior; eleventh, Augustus, senior j twellt', Frideric; thirteenth, 
 Magnus, boin 15/7, died l63i : fourteenth, George j fitteentb, 
 John, born 1583, died I628. 
 
 Ernest, born 1564, was the eldest of these seven brothers, 
 who cast lots who should marry ; for they had agreed not to di- 
 vide the dukedom, but that one should possess all. Accordingly 
 the lot fell to the sixth brother, George. They further agreed, 
 that they should reign after one another according to their seni- 
 ority. 1 hese agreements were kept inviolate to the admiration of 
 all Europe ; and thus Ernest reigned nineteen years, and died 20th 
 of March, 1611. 
 
 Christian, senior, the next brother, was born 1566, elected 
 Bishop of Minden 1599; and succeeded to Lunebnrg 161I. He 
 obtained Grubenhagen, 1617. He was elected Bishop of Halber- 
 stadt; but resigned that See to a son of the King of Denmark. 
 He was a brave, but not always successful, soldier ; he lo'it his 
 left arm at the relief of Bergen-op Zoom, and wore a silver one 
 in its place. In l624, he was elected knight of the English 
 Order of the Garter. He died November 8 th, l633. 
 
 Augustus, who succeeded him, was born 1568. He went with
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. 25 
 
 a thousand horse against the Turks. He commanded the troops 
 of the Hans Towns to relieve the city of Brunswic against Henry- 
 Julius, Duke of Wolfenbuttel. He was Bishop of Ratzburg I6l0j 
 began to reign at Zclle, l633, and died 1636, at the time the 
 Swedes overran Luneburg. 
 
 Frideric, next brother, was born, 15/4. He travelled through 
 most parts of Europe, was made Dean of Bremen, l602 ; re- 
 covered Luneburg from the Swedes, 1640 : got Harburgh, 1642, 
 and died l648 ; and was succeed^ by his nephew Christian 
 Lewis, son of his brother George, who died before him, l641. 
 
 This George, the next brother, was born 1582. He travelled 
 into France and England, l608 } and into Italy, Sicily, and Malta, 
 1609. After his return home, he betook himself to the service of 
 Christian IV, King of Denmark; and was made colonel of a 
 regiment of foot, 161I; and in the same year general of the 
 Danish army, in opposition to Charles IX. King of Sweden. He 
 signed the confederacy of Leipsic against the Emperor, 1631 ; 
 beat the imperialists in the battle of Oldendorp ; and took 
 Hameln, l633 ; Osnabrug, Hildesheim, &c. l634. Afterwards 
 he fell out with the Swedes, and signed the treaty of Prague, 
 1635. He got the principality of Calenberg, with the consent of 
 his elder brother, 1636. But the Emperor Ferdinand III. tyran- 
 nizing in such a manner over the German princes, Duke George 
 left him, and joined the Swedes again, 1640. He died l641, as it 
 is supposed, from the effects of poison* He married, I617, 
 Anne-Eleanor, daughter of Lewis V. Landgrave of Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt, by whom he had four daughters, and four sons, viz. first, 
 Magdalen, born and died ,l6l8j second. Sop hi a -Amelia, born 
 1628, married, l643, Frideric III. King of Denmark, and died 
 1685 ; third, Anne-Mary-Eleanora, born l630, died 16363 fourth, 
 Dorothy-Magdalen, born I629, died 1630; fifth, Christian- 
 Lewis; sixth, George- William; seventh, John Frideric, born 
 1625, reigned over Calenberg, Gottingen, and Grubenhagen ; 
 became a Catholic, and died in Italy, 1679, Ifaving only four 
 daughters, of whom Charlotte- Felicitas married Reinald, Duke of 
 
 * " Puffendorf insinuates that both he and general Banier drank poison at 
 an entertainment, to which they were invited at Hildesheim ; but the con- 
 jecture is supported by no other authority ; and it is certain that Banier's dis- 
 order was a fever, contracted by the cold and fatigue he sustained in the 
 tedious march through the Bohemian forest." Mod. Univ. Histt vol. xxxiii. 
 P- 475'
 
 2fl PEERAGE OF ENGLAND, 
 
 Modena; and Wilhelmina-Amelia, married the Emperor Joseph, 
 1699, and died 1711 ; eiglith, Ernest-Augustus. 
 
 Christian Lewis, tlie eldest son, was born l622, succeeded 
 his father in Calenberg, and (Jottingen, 1641, but because his 
 uncle Frideric resided at Zelle till l64S, he on his death chose 
 Zelle, and gave his younger brother, George-William, Calenbt rg, 
 and Gottingen, of which Hanover is the metropolis. He made a 
 treaty with the Emperor, 1642; and resigned the bishopric of 
 Hildesheim, l643, except a few Bailiwicks, by the peace of 
 Westphalia. He got the abbey of Walkenreid, which fell after- 
 wards to the house of Wolfenbuttel. He married, 1053, Dorothy, 
 daughter of Philip, Duke of Holstein-Glucksburg ; but died l665, 
 without issue. 
 
 George-William, next brother, born 1024, succeeded to Zelle, 
 He triumphed over the French army commanded by Marshall 
 Crequi, 1675, and took Triers, or Treves. He took Stade from 
 the Swedes I676; but restored it again for some other advan- 
 tages in the peace of Nimeguen I679. He composed some dif- 
 ferences in the city of Hamburg 1686; and got Sax-Lauenburg, 
 after the death of Julius-Francis, who died 1689. He was a great 
 friend of William, Prince of Orange, afterwards William IIL and 
 died August 28th, 1705, aged eighty-two. He had by Eleanora 
 d'Esmars, daughter of Alexander d'Olbreuse, an only daughter 
 and heir, Sophia Dorothy, born 1666, and wife of her first cousin, 
 George L 
 
 Ernest- Augustus, youngest brother, born November 10th, 
 1629, was coadjutor of Magdeburg, 1647 j but though the peace 
 of Westphalia frustrated his hopes ^f being bishop there, he 
 became bishop of Osnabrug, I662, He was much concerned 
 in the wars with the French from I670, till the peace of Nime- 
 guen, when he succeeded his brother John Frideric in the Hanover 
 dominions, TiQyg, and introduced the right of primogeniture with 
 the consent of his brother the Duke of Zelle.- He sent five thou- 
 sand men against the Turks, l684. He commanded himself eight 
 thousand of his own troops, 1688, and contributed much to take 
 Mentz, 1689. He was made ninth Elector of the empire, De- 
 cember 9th, 1692. '' This year," say historians, "the Protestant 
 interest in Germany was strengthened by the creation of a ninth 
 Electorate in favour of the Duke of Hanover. That Duke, who 
 had been long in the interest of France, had now entered into the 
 grand alliance ; and promised great supplies against France and 
 the Turks, if he might be made an Elector of the empire. King
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. -ilf 
 
 William concurring to press the matter at the court of Vienna, the 
 Emperor agreed to it, under pretence that the number of electors 
 ought to be unequal, ro prevent the inconveniences of an election, 
 where the votes might be equally iivided. The Duke was sup- 
 ported in his claim on^y by the electors of Saxony and Branden- 
 burg j the otlier electors, both ecclesiastic and laic, and the 
 college of the cities, opposing it with gre;it warmth. Their de- 
 puties, at the diet of Ratisbon, represented, that it was with great 
 astonishment, they heard that the Emperor designed to erect a 
 new Electorate, without the participation and consent of the slates 
 of the empire : nevertheless, they hoped, that regarding the 
 ancient customs and constitutions of the empire, he would suspend 
 the investiture of this ninth Electorate, till the result of the deli- 
 berations of the three colleges should be known. Leopold, 
 without having regard to these remonstrances, on December 19th, 
 gave the investiture of the new Electorate to Ernest Augustus, 
 with the title of Elector of Brunswic, and Great Marshal of the 
 empire. The deputies of Ratisbon, being informed of the inves- 
 titure, immediately drew up a manifesto, representing to his Im- 
 perial Majesty tlie grievances of their masters, and complaining 
 of the investiture, as contrary to the golden-bull, and sever&l ca- 
 pitulations, confirmed by successive emperors^ therefore they de- 
 clared the investiture given to the Duke of Hanover null ; and 
 that ihey would not acknowledge him as an Elector, resolving to 
 adhere to the golden-bull, the treaties of Westphalia, and other 
 fundamental laws of the empire. This dispute continued for some 
 time in terms of negotiation with the princes opposing the inves- 
 titure, who contented themselves to renew their protestations 
 afterwards in the conferences held at Ryswick for the general 
 peace."* Several assemblies were held on this affair at Goslar 
 and Nuremberg, and the opposition had almost proceeded to an 
 open rupture, when Ernest dying, January 23d, I698, the dispute 
 was omitted on account of the new war, that threatened the em- 
 pire. Ernest- Augustus was an active and laborious Prince, and 
 assiduous in the administration of justice. He married, September 
 30th, 1658, Sophia, born l638, daughter of Frederic, Elector 
 Palatin, and King of Bohemia, f by Elizabeth, daughter of James I. 
 King of England, by whom he had seven children. 
 
 * Mod. Univ. Hist. vol. xxx. p. 376, 377. 
 + This unfortunate Prince, being elected King of Bch;mia, in opposition 
 to the Emperor Ferdinand, 1619. was deposed from the electoral dignity.
 
 M PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 The Electress Sophia was declared successor to the crown of 
 England, by the act for securing it ia the Protestant Una, March 
 6th, 1702. She was a woman of great wit and sensse, and died at 
 Hanover, June 8th, 1714, aged eighty-four, just fifty-three days 
 before Queen Anne. She had i^sue, first, George Lewis, after 
 George L of England; second, Frederic- Augustus, born l6f)l , an 
 imperial general, kiledin the war with the Turks, 1690^ third, 
 Maximilian-William, born 1666, general of the Venetians, 
 became Roman Catholic, and the Emperor's genera), died 1702 j 
 fourth, Charles-Philip, born ]66g, colonel of an imperial regiment 
 of dragoons, killed in battle with the Turks, l6gO ; fifth. Chris- 
 tian, bo n at Heidelberg, I671, drowned in an engagement with 
 the French, 1/03; sixth, Ernest- Augustus, born 1674, bishop of 
 Osnabrug immediately on the death of Charles Joseph, Elector of 
 Treves 1/15, created Duke of York and Albany, and Earl of 
 Ulster, Juue2gth, 1716, K. G, July 1st, 1716, died August 14th, 
 1728, unmarried ; seventh, Sophia-Charlotta, married, l684, 
 Frederic, Elector of Brandenburg, and first King of Prussia, and 
 died 1705. 
 
 George Lewis, eldest son, who afterwards succeeded to the 
 throne of England, as George 1. was born May 28th, I66O. In 
 the fifteenth year of his age he was with his father at the siege of 
 Treves, I675, and was for his courage highly commended by his 
 imperial majesty. He commanded ten thousand men of the 
 Brun^wic troops, lC84, and was at the taking of Newhausel and 
 Buda, 1686. He accompanied his father in all the wars against 
 the French, whom he succeeded, 1698 ; as he did to his father- 
 in-law in the Dukedom of Zelle, 1705. He commanded the im- 
 perial army on the Rhine against the French, from 1707 to 1710. 
 
 driven out of his dominions, and after ten years exile, died at Mentz, 1632, 
 ged thirty-six. His beautiful and lU-fatcd queen, after many years of tribu- 
 lation returned to England, i65i, and died 1662. They h.d a numerous 
 family, viz. Charles-Lewis, born 1617, Elector, 16,0, died 1680, from whose 
 daughter are issue; second, Henry- Krideric, born 1614, died 1629; third, 
 Maurice, born 1620, died 16^4: fourth Elizabeth, born 1618, Abbess of Her- 
 vorder., died 1680; fifth, Prnce Rupert, b<,rn 1619, well known in England, 
 died 1682 ; sixth, Louisa II' 'landina, born 1622, abbess of Maibuis>on 1664, 
 died 1709, aged eighty-six ; seventh, Edward, Count Palatin, born 1625, died 
 1663, leaving daughters; eighth, Lewis, died an iftfant ; ninth, Henrietta. 
 Mary, born 1616, married Sigismond Ragotzi, Prince of Transilvania, and 
 died 1651 ; tenth, Philip, born 1627, died tp^o ; eleventh, Charlotta, born 1628, 
 died i6ji ; twelfth, Custavus,born 1652, died 1641 ; tJiirteenth, Sophia, Elec- 
 tress of Hanover, born 1630. Anderson, p. 508.
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. ' 29 
 
 He was introduced into the electoral college at the Diet of Ra- 
 tisbon, 17O8 5 and was made arch- treasurer of the empire, 1710. 
 He succeeded Queen Anne as King of Great Britain, on August 
 1st, 1714, and was crowned the 20th of October following : he 
 died at Osnabrug oh his way to his German dominions, June 
 11th, 1727, aged sixty-eight. Coxe says, that " he had excellent 
 qualities for a sovereign, plainness of manners, simplicity of cha- 
 racter, and benignity of temper ; great application to business, 
 extreme exactness in distributing his timcj the strictest economy 
 in regulating his revenue; and notwithstanding his mihtary skill 
 and tried valour, a love of peace ; virtue?, however, which re- 
 quired some time before they were appreciated, and not of that 
 specious call to captivate the multitude, or to raise the tide of 
 popularity."* 
 
 Coxe gives the following curious account of this monarch's 
 death. " The king departed for Hanover on the 3d of June ; he 
 enjoyed perfect health till he arrived at Delden. He was enter- 
 tained by the Count de Twittel, at a country house about twenty 
 miles from that town. The King eat some melons after supper, 
 which probably caused the indigestion, of which he died. He 
 returned that evening to Delden, and sat out early the next morn- 
 ing, after having breakfasted on a cup of chocolate. On his ar- 
 rival at Benlheim, the King felt himself indisposed, but continued 
 his journey in opposition to the repeated intreaties of his suite. 
 His indisposition increased, and when he arrived at Ippenburen, 
 he was quite lethargic; his hand fell down as if lifeless, and his 
 tongue hung out of his mouth. He gave, however, signs of life 
 by continually crying out, " Osnabrug ! Osnabrug !" This im- 
 patience to reach Osnabrug, induced the attendants not to stop at 
 Ippenburen, but to hasten on, in hopes of arriving at that city 
 before he died ; but it was too late. The exact time and place of 
 his death cannot be ascertained; but it is most probable that he 
 expired either as the carriage was ascending the hill near Ippen- 
 buren, or on the summit. On their arrival at the palace of his 
 brother, the bishop of Osnabrug, he was immediately bled, but 
 all attempts to recover him proved ineffectual." f 
 
 He married November 21st, 1682, his first cousin Sophia- 
 Dorothy, born 1666, daughter of his uncle George- WiUiam, Duke 
 of Zelle, whose hand had been courted by tlie most powerful 
 
 Memoirs of Sir R. Walpole, vol. i. p. 57. 
 + CoxCjUtsupr. vol. i. p, 265, i66.
 
 JO PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 princes of Germany ; and whose unfortunate story is thus told by 
 Mr. Coxe. " Ernest Augustus had once designed her husband 
 for the Princess Anne, afterwards Queen of England; and he 
 actually went to England to pay his addresses, and was well re- 
 ceived and approved by the whole court. But he was recalled 
 by his father, who had suddenly concluded a match for him witii 
 his cousin. Sophia, at the time of their maniage, was only six- 
 teen years of age, and was a princess of great personal charms 
 and mental endowments, yet her attractions did not retain the 
 affections of her husband. After she had brought him a son and 
 a daughter, he neglected his amiable consort, and attached him- 
 self to a favourite mistress. Such was the situation of Sophia, 
 when Count Konigsmark, * a Swedish nobleman, arrived at 
 Hanover. He was a man of good figure, and professed gallantry j 
 had been formerly enamoured of Sophia at Zelle, and was sup- 
 posed to have made some impression on her heart. On the sight 
 of her, his passion, which had been diminished by absence, broke 
 out with increasing violence 5 he had the imprudence publicly to 
 renew his attentions; and as George was absent at the army, he 
 made his solicitations with redoubled ardour. Information of his 
 attachment and of his success, was conveyed to Ernest- Augustus; 
 and one evening as the Count came out of her apartment, and 
 was crossing a passage, he was put to death by persons placed to 
 intercept him, in the presence of the Elector ; and tradition still 
 marks the spot where this murder was committed. Sophia was 
 immediately put under arrest, and though she solemnly protested 
 her innocence, yet circumstances spoke strongly against her. 
 George, who never loved his wife, gave implicit credit to the ac- 
 count of her infidelity, as related by his father j consented to her 
 imprisonment, and obtained from the ecclesiastical consistory a 
 divorce, which was passed December 28th, 1694. And even her 
 father, the Duke of Zelle, who doated on his only daughter, does 
 not seem to have entertained any doubts of her guilt ; for he 
 always continued upon the strictest terms of friendship with 
 Ernest- Augustus, and his son-in-law. The unfortunate Sophia 
 was confined in the castle of Alden, situated on the small river 
 AUer, in the duchy of Zelle. She terminated her miserable ex- 
 istence, after a long captivity of thirty-two years, on November 
 
 " Brother of Count Konigsmark, who was accused of having suborned as- 
 sassins to murder Thomas Thynne, and of Countess Konigsmark, mistress of 
 Augustus H. of Poland."
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. SI 
 
 13th, 1726, aged sixty-one, only seven months before the death 
 of George I.; and she was announced in the Gazette under the 
 title of the Electress Dowager of Hanover. During her whole 
 confinement she behaved with no less mildness than dignity ; and 
 on receiving the sacrament once every week, never omitted on 
 that awful occasion, making the most solemn asseveration, that 
 she was not guilty of the crime laid to her charge. Subsequent 
 circumstances liave come to light, which appear to justify her 
 meiTior)'; and reports are current at Hanover, that her character 
 was basely defamed; and that she fell a sacrifice to the jealousy 
 and perfidy of the Countessof Platen, favourite mistress of Ernest 
 Augustus. Being enamoured of Count Konigsmark, who slighted 
 her overtures, jealousy took possession of her breast ; she deter- 
 mined to sacrifice both the lover and the princess to her venge- 
 ance, and circumstances favoured her design. The Prince was 
 absent at the army ; Ernest-Augustus was a man of warm pas- 
 sions and violent temper; easily irritated, and when irritated, in- 
 capable of contioul. Sophia herself had treated Count Konigs- 
 mark with regard, and attention ; and the lover was hot-headed, 
 self-sufficient, priding himself on his personal accomplishments, 
 and accustomed to succeed in affairs of gallantry. Those who 
 exculpate Sophia assert, either that a common visit was construed 
 into an act of criminality ; or that the Countess of Platen, at a 
 late hour, summoned Count Konigsmark in the name of tlie 
 princess, though without her connivance; that on being intro- 
 duced, Sophia was surprized at his intrusion ; that on quitting 
 the apartment, he was discovered by Ernest-Augustus, whom the 
 Countess had placed in the gallery, and was instantly assassinated 
 by persons whom she had suborned for that purpose. 
 
 " It is impossible at this distance of time, to discover and trace 
 the circumstances of this mysterious transaction, on which no 
 person at the court of Hanover durst at that time deliver his opi- 
 nion ; but the sudden murder of Count Konigsmark may be urged 
 as a corroboration of this statement ; for had his guilt, and that 
 of Sophia, been unequivocal, would he not have been arrested, 
 and brought to a trial for the purpose of proving their connection, 
 and confronting him with the unfortunate princess? Many 
 persons of credit at Hanover have not scrupled, since the death of 
 Ernest-Augustus, and George \, to express their belief, that the 
 imputation cast on Sophia was false and unjust. It is also re- 
 ported, that her husband, having made an ofter of reconciliation, 
 she gave this noble and disdainful answer of haughty virtue, un-
 
 32 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 conscious of stain : * If, what 1 am accused of. Is true, I am un- 
 ' worthy ot his bed ; and if my accusation is false, he is unworthy 
 ' of me ! I will not accept his offers.' George II. who doated on 
 his mother, was fully convinced of her innocence. He once 
 made an attempt to see her, and even crossed the Aller on horse- 
 back, opposie to the castle, but was prevented from having an 
 interview with her, by the Baron de Buiow, to whose care the 
 Elector, her husband, had committed her. Had she survived his 
 accession, he intended to restore her to liberty, and to acknow- 
 ledge her as Queen Dowager. Her memory was so dear to him, 
 that he secretly kept her portrait in his possession."* By her 
 George I. had his only son George II. and Sophia Dorothy, borii 
 1635, married at Berlin, l/tS, her first cousin, Fiederic- William, 
 second King of Prussia : she died 1757* 
 
 George Augustus, who on the death of bis father became 
 George II ot England, was born Oct, 30lh, l683, made K. G. and 
 Duke of Cambridge, &c. Nov. 9th, 1706' j and Prince of Wales, 
 and Earl of Chester, Oct. 4th, 1714. On his father's accession to 
 the throne, he became Duke of Cornwall and Rothsay, &c. with- 
 out any formal creation. He had been principally educated under 
 the direction of his grandmother, the l^lectress Sophia. Being at 
 a very early period initiated into the profession of arms, he made 
 the campaign of 170, with the allied army in the Netherlands, 
 under the command of the Duke of Marlborough. He greatly- 
 distinguished himself as a volunteer at the battle ofOudenard, 
 where he charged the enemy at the head of the Hanoverian 
 dragoons, and had his horse shot under him. In 1716, during his 
 father's absence, he was appointed guardian and lieutenant of the 
 realm. He married August 2d, 1703, Carolina Wilhelmina, 
 daughter of John Frideric, Margrave of Anspach, by his second 
 wife Eleanora Erdmuth Louisa, daughter of John George, Du'<e 
 of ^laxe-Eisenach 5 born March 1st, 1683, and died November 
 2oth, 1737. " Having," says Coxe, " lost her iather, when she 
 was very young, and her mother marrying John-George, the 
 fourth. Elector of Saxony, she was left under the guardianship of 
 Frederic, Elector of Brandenburg, afterwards King of Prussia ; 
 passed part of her f-arly days at the court of Berlin, and rccJvcd 
 her education under the superintendance of her aunt, the accom- 
 plished Sophia-Charlotte, sister of George I. From her example, 
 and instructions, she inibibed that politeness of demeanour and 
 
 * Coxe, ut supr, p. 267, 363.
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. 33 
 
 dignity of character, those sentiments of philosophy, that ardent 
 love of learning, and fondness for metaphysical knowledge, which 
 merited the eulogium of Gierke and Leibnitz. A little before 
 she died, she said to the physician, " how long can this last?" 
 and on his answering, " Your Majesty will soon be eased of your 
 pains ;" she replied, " The sooner the better !" She then re- 
 peated a prayer of her own composing, in which there was such a 
 flow of natural eloquence, as demonstrated the vigour of a great 
 and good mind. When her speech began to falter, and she 
 seemed expiring, she desired to be raised up in her bed, and fear- 
 ing that nature would not hold out long enough without artificial 
 supports, she called to have water sprinkled on her j and a little 
 after desired it might be repeated. She then, with the greatest 
 composure and presence of mind, requested her weeping relations 
 to kneel down, and pray for her. Whilst they were reading some 
 prayers, she exclaimed, " Pray aloud, that I may hear," and after 
 the Lord's prayer was concluded, in which she joined as vreW as 
 she could, said, " So !" and waving her hand, lay down and ex- 
 pired."* 
 
 His Majesty died at Kensington palace, October 25th, 176O, 
 in the seven tj'-seventh year of his age, and thirty-fourth of his 
 reign. His children were, first, Frederic Lewis, Prince of Wales; 
 second. Princess Anne, born October 22d, 17OQ, married March 
 14th, 1734, William-Charles-Henry, Prince of Nassau and Orange, 
 and died January 12th, 1759; third. Princess Amelia-Sophia- 
 Eleanora, born May 30th, 1711, who constantly resided in 
 England, and died unmarried, October 31st, 1786; fourth^ Prin- 
 cess Elizabeth-Caroline, born May 30th, 1713, and died at St, 
 James's unnmrried, December 28th, 17^7; fifth, George-William, 
 born November 2d, 1717> died an infant; sixth, William-Au- 
 gustus, Duke of Cumberland ; seventh. Princess Mary, born 
 February 22d, 1723, married May 8th, 1740, Prince Frederic, of 
 Hesse-Cassel, and died January 14th, 1772 ; eighth. Princess 
 Louisa, born December 7th, 1724, married November 30th, 1743, 
 Frederic V. Prince Royal, afterwards King of Denmark, and died 
 December 8th, 1751. 
 
 William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, youngest son of 
 George 11. was born at Leicester-house, on April 15th, 1721. 
 On the revival of the order of the Bath, June 17th, 1725, he was 
 installed first knight companion of the order. He was created 
 
 * Coxe, ut supr. 275, .;48. 
 VOL. I, D
 
 U PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Duke of Cumberland, Marquis of Berkhamsted, Earl of Kennlng- 
 ton. Viscount Trematon, and Baron of Alderney, on July 27th, 
 1726; and elected Knight of the Garter, May 18lh, 1730; ap- 
 pointed colonel of the second regiment of foot-guards, April 25 th, 
 1739; and of the first regiment of foot-guards, February 20th, 
 1743. On May 17th, following, he was introduced into the 
 privy-council. He was advance^ to the rank of major-general, 
 Feb. 22d, 1743 3 and distinguished himself at the battle of Det- 
 tingen, where he was wounded. In 174r5, he was appointed 
 commander-in-chief of the British forces on the Continent ; and 
 in tlie following year, on the breaking out of the Scotch rebellion, 
 the entire command being committed to his Royal Highness, the 
 decisive victory over the rebels gained at Culloden, was attributed 
 to his courage and exertions. With the confederate armies in 
 Flanders, of which he had the command 1747,hewas not equally- 
 successful J there was a variance between him and the Prince of 
 Orange : *' our two young heroes do not agree," said Mr. 
 Pelham ; " our own is open, frank, resolute, and perhaps hasty j 
 the other, assuming, pedantic, rationating, and tenacious : sees 
 the danger at his own door, and demands assistance like a con- 
 queror ; the other more circumspect, and full as resolute not to 
 give what he does not think safe to part with." * In 1757^ his 
 Royal Highness commanded an army of observation, to defend 
 the electoral territories ; yet though he was in part successful, 
 had too small a body of troops completely to effectuate his pur- 
 pose; but on September 7th, concluded at Closter-Seven a con- 
 vention for the protection of his father's German dominions. On 
 October 11th, 1757, he resigned all his military employments; 
 and passed to a life of retirement, where he occupied his benevo- 
 lent heart in rural improvements, and the beneficial concerns of 
 peace. He died suddenly at his house in Upper Grosvenor-street, 
 by the bursting of a blood-vessel in his head, October 31st, 1765, 
 in his forty-fifth year, universally beloved and lamented. Lord 
 Walpole's opinion was, " That no prince appears to have been 
 endowed with greater talents ; could have a better understanding; 
 or a quicker apprehension ; could have a more engaging or agree- 
 able way in delivering his own, or hearing the sentiments of 
 others." f " George II." says Coxe, " retained a high degree of 
 aflFection and regard for his son the Duke of Cumberland, and 
 
 * Coxe's LifeofHor .Lord Walpole,p.' 339. 
 + Ibid. p. 352.
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. 35 
 
 was occasionally swayed by his advice. The duke himself was a 
 prince of high spirit, and considerable talents; and possessed 
 great influence in parliament from the number of his adherents." * 
 He died unmarried. 
 
 Frederic-Lewis, Prince of Wales, was born at Hanover, Ja- 
 nuary 20th, 1707. He was elected K. G. December 24th 1716; 
 and was created Duke of Edinburgh, Marquis of Cambridge, 
 Earl of Eltham, Viscount Launceston, Baron of Snaudon, July 
 15th, 1726. He continued at Hanover till he had attained the 
 twenty-first year of his age. An event then occurred, which in- 
 duced his majesty, however unwillingly, to send for him in haste 
 to England. A negotiation had commenced in the reign of his 
 grandfather, for a marriage between him and the Princess Royal 
 of Prussia; and a mutual affection had grown up between them. 
 In the mean time a great antipathy broke out between George II. 
 and the Prussian monarch. The English court received intelli- 
 gence that the young prince was about to contract this marriage 
 privately; and instantly sent a messenger to bring him to 
 England : f for some time after his arrival, the Prince, awed by 
 his new situation, acted with the utmost submission. At length 
 he emancipated himself from the restraint, in which he was kept, 
 and formed a party of his own ; and conceived an antipathy 
 against Sir Robert Walpole^ his father's minister. As he had a 
 taste for the arts, and a fondness for literary pursuits, he sought 
 the society of persons, who were most conspicuous for their talents 
 and knowledge. He was thrown into the company of Carteret, 
 Chesterfield, Pulteney, Cobham, and Sir William Wyndham^ 
 who were considered as the leading characters for wit, talents, 
 and urbanity. His house became the rendezvous of young men 
 of the highest expectations, Pitt, Lyttelton, and the Grenvilles, 
 whom he afterwards took into his household, and made his asso- 
 ciates. The usual topic of conversation in select society, was 
 abuse of the minister, and condemnation of his measures, urged 
 with all the keenness of wit and powers of eloquence. The Prince 
 found the men whose reputation was most eminent in literature, 
 particularly Swift, Pope, and Thomson, adverse to Walpole, who 
 was the object of their private and public satire. But the person, 
 who prmcipally contributed to aggravate his opposition, was 
 Bolinbroke. J In 1734, the misunderstanding between the father 
 
 * CoXe'sLifeofSir Robert Walpole, vol. i. p- 415. 
 t Ibid. p. 519,520. J Ibidp. sir.
 
 6 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 and son had increased to an alarming height. On April 27th, 
 1736, the Prince esp&used the Princess of Saxe-Gotha, younger 
 daughter of Frederic II. Duke of Saxe-Gotha; and soon after 
 his opposition to government, inflamed by the artifices and am- 
 bition of his adherents, became systematic. But the history of his 
 life, at this period, would contain almost the history of this part of 
 his father's reign. The illness, and death of his mother. Queen 
 Caroline,* closed the important events of the melancholy year 
 1737 ; and the animosity of party has loaded her memory with 
 reproaches for carrying her resentment against her son to the 
 grave. " But I am happy," says Coxe, " to remove this stigma . 
 from her: she sent her blessing, and a message of forgiveness to 
 her son; and told Sir Robert Walpole, that she would have seen 
 him with pleasure ; but prudence forbad the interview, as it 
 might embarrass and irritate the king,"t In 1742, these differ- 
 ences were in some degree allayed ; and the Prince paid his re- 
 spects at court. X About 1748, the party of the Prince began to 
 form a new opposition ; and in the second and third sessions of 
 thfe new parliament, they took the lead against administration. 
 In the third session, which commenced January 17th, I7^1j the 
 party of the Prince seemed likely to gain great accession from the 
 jxist unpopularity which the ministry incurred by the subsidiary 
 treaties in Germany ; while Lord Cobham and his friends medi- 
 tated a secession from the ministerial phalanx. But the unex- 
 pected death of the Prince, on March 20th, 1751, gave a new as- 
 pect to public affairs, and produced a great and singular change 
 in the temper of the court, and the counsels of the kingdom. He 
 died in the forty-fifth year of his age, and is generally allowed to 
 have been a prince of amiable and generous disposition, of elegant 
 manners, and of considerable talents. By his Princess, Augusta, 
 who died at Carlton House, February 8th, I772, aet. fifty-three; 
 he had issue, first, Augusta, born July 3 1 st, 1737, married January 
 17th, 1764, Charles- William-Ferdinand, Hereditaiy Prince of 
 Brunswic-Wolfenbuttel ; a Prince of the most splendid and heroic 
 character, who died most gallantly at the head of the Prussian 
 
 * The elegy on her death inserted in Coxe's Memoirs, and ascribed to 
 Dodington,was written by Mrs. Elizabeth Carter, then in her twentieth year, 
 and presented to Geo. II. by Sir R. Walpole. 
 
 t Coxe's Life of Sir. R. Walpole, p. 521. 
 X Ibid. p. 707. 
 He has some claims to literary talents. See Park's edition of Lord 
 Orford's R. and N. Authors, vol. i. p. 171.
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. 37 
 
 armies fighting with the legions of Bonaparte, in Autumn 1806 3 
 and by whom she has had, first, Charles-George-Augustus, born 
 February 8th, 1766, married, October 14th, 179O, Frederica- 
 Louisa-Willelmina, daughter of the late Stadiholderj second, 
 George- William-Christian, born June 26th, 17695 third, William- 
 Frederic, born October 9th, 177I5 and three daughters, viz. 
 fourth, Charlottc-Georgina- Augusta, born December 3d, 1764, 
 and married October 11th, 178O, Frederic-William, Duke of Wir- 
 temberg-Stutgard) and died 1791} (on which the Duke re- 
 married, 1797^ Charlotte-Augusta Matilda, Princess Royal of 
 England J ) fifth, 'Carolina- Amelia-Eliza bath, born May 17th, 
 1768, married April 8th, 1795, George Prince of Wales; sixth, 
 Augusta, born August 8th, 177O. 
 
 Second, George William-Frederic, now George IIL 
 Third, Edward-Augustus, Duke of York, born March 14th, 
 1739, elected K. G. March 18th, 1752, created Duke of York 
 and Albany, and Earl of Ulster, April 1st, 1760, and took his 
 seat in the house of lords. May 9th following. He was sworn of 
 the privy-council October 27th, 1760. Having shewn ap early 
 inclination to a maritime life, he was appointed a midshipman 
 July 5th, 17583 and embarked on board the Essex, commanded 
 by commodore (afterwards Earl) Howe, upon an expedition 
 against Cherburg. On June lyth, 1759, he was appointed 
 (Captain of the Phoenix, of forty-four guns. On July 28th, he 
 sailed from Plymouth, on board the Hero, commanded by the late 
 Earl of Mount Edgcumbe, and returned October 13th, following. 
 On March 31st, 1761, he was appointed rear-admiral of the blue. 
 On June 23d, 1762, he hoisted his flag at Spithead, on board the 
 Princess Amelia, on a cruize in the Channel, under Sir Edward 
 Hawke; and next month set sail with a squadron to the Bay of 
 Biscay ; and November 14th, following, sailed with the fleet under 
 Sir Charles Hardy, to the westward. In 1763, he embarked on 
 a tour through Europe. And again in 1767, set out on a tour to 
 the Continent, visited the King of Prussia, and several courts of 
 Germany; and passing from Paris to Italy, was seized at Monaco, 
 in the territories of Genoa, with a malignant fever, of which he 
 died, September 17th, 1767^ in his twenty-eighth year, unmarried. 
 His body was brought to England, and deposited in Henry the 
 Seventh's chapel. 
 
 Fourth, Elizabeth Carolina, born December 30th, 1/40, died, 
 September 4th, 1759 ; fifth, William Henry, of whom under the 
 title of Duke of Gloucester. 
 
 84941
 
 38 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Sixth, Henry-Frederic, Duke of Cumberland, born October 
 26th, 1745, constituted ranger or keeper of Windsor great park, 
 July 8th, 1766, in the room of his uncle William, Duke of Cum- 
 berland, deceased; created Duke of Cumberland and Strathern, 
 and Earl of Dublin, October 18th, 1766 } sworn of the privy- 
 council December 3d, 1766; elected K. G. December 21st, 1767, 
 married October 2d, 1771> Anne, eldest daughter of Simon, late 
 Earl of Carhampton, and widow of Christopher Horton, of Catton, 
 in Derbyshire, Esq. ' But died September 18th, 179O, without 
 issue. 
 
 Seventh, Louisa Anne, born March 8th, 1749, died March 
 13th, 1768 } eighth, Frederic William, born May 30th, 175O, died 
 December 29th, 1/65 j ninth, Caroline Matilda, posthumous, 
 born July 11th, 1751, married, October 1st, 1766, Christian VII. 
 King of Denmark. She died at Zelle, May 10th, 1775. Her 
 melancholy story is too fresh in the memory of the public to re- 
 quire recapitulation here.* 
 
 George William Frederic, now George III, w^as born at Nor- 
 folk-ho,use. May 24th, 1738, O. S. Succeeded his father in the 
 titles of Prince of Great Britain, Electoral Prince of Brunswic- 
 Luneburg, Duke of Edinburgh, &c, &c. March 20th, 1751, and 
 created Prince of Wales, by letters patent, April 20th, following. 
 He was elected K. G. June 22d, 1749; and succeeded to the 
 throne of Great Britain, on the death of his royal grandfather, 
 October 25th, 1760. His Majesty married at St. James's chapel, 
 Sept. 8th, 1761, the Princess Sophia Charlotte of Mecklenburg- 
 Strelitz, born May 19th, 1744, youngest daughter of Charles 
 Lewis Frederic, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz,t who died 1752, 
 
 * See a character of her in Ann. Reg. 1775, p. 2, &c. &c. 
 + The last edition of Collins has given in the text a full pedigree of the House 
 of Mecklenburgh ; but as her majesty, having brothers, is not the heiress of 
 this house, I have not replaced it there ; because there would be no end to giving 
 a complete history of the ancestors by the female lineof every family treated 
 of. But partly to conform with what has formerly been done, I repeat a short 
 abstract in this note. Genealogists deduce this family from the ancient kings 
 of the Heruli; the Vandals, and the Venedi, or Wenden, upon the East sea, 
 or Baltic ; of whom Anthyrius I. lived three hundred and twenty years before 
 Christ. See Anderson, p. 369. From whom, as they pretend, descended Ni- 
 clotus, the thirty-ninth king, whose son Pribislaus II. was the last king of 
 the Wenden, 1159, and died at Luneburg, at a tilting, October jst, 1178. His 
 son, Henry Burevinus, was great-grandfather of Henry of Jerusalem, who dying, 
 1302, left a son Henry, Leo, Duke of Mecklenburg, whose son, Albert I. was 
 created first Duke of Mecklenburg by the Emperor Charles IV. and de- 
 clared a prince of the empire 1 348, or 1 349 H,is great great grandson Magnuw
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. 39 
 
 by Albertine Elizabeth, daughter of Ernest Frederic, Duke of 
 Saxe-Hildburghausen ; and their majesties were crowned at 
 Westminster by Dr. Thomas Seeker, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 on the 22d of the same month. By his royal consort, his Ma- 
 jesty has had issue. 
 
 First, George Augustus Frederic, Prince of Wales. 
 
 Second, Frederic, Duke of York. 
 
 Third, William Henry, Duke of Clarence. 
 
 Fourth, Charlotte Augusta Matilda, born September 29th, 
 1766, married, May 1st, 1797, Frederic William, Duke of Wir- 
 temberg, to whom she is second wife. 
 
 Fifth, Edward, Duke of Kent. 
 
 Sixth, Sophia Augusta, born November 8th, 1768. 
 
 Seventh, Elizabeth, born June 17th, 1770- 
 
 Eighth, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. 
 
 Ninth, Augustus Frederic, Duke of Sussex. 
 
 Tenth, Adolphus Frederic, Duke of Cambridge. 
 
 Eleventh, Mary, born April twenty-fiftli, 1776' 
 
 Twelfth, Sophia, born November 3d, 1777- 
 
 Thirteenth, Octavius, born February 23d, 1779, died May 2dj 
 1783. 
 
 Fourteenth, Alfred, born September 22d, 1780, died August 
 20th, 1782. 
 
 Fifteenth, Amelia, born August 7th, 178S. 
 
 His Royal Highness George William Frederic, Prince of 
 Wales, was born at St. James's palace, August 12th 1762; was 
 created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, by letters patent, 
 August 17th, 1762} was elected K. G. 17O5 ; and installed at 
 Windsor, 1771' He took his seat in the house of peers in No- 
 vember 1783 ; and on April 8th, 1795, married his first cousin, 
 Carolina Amelia Elizabeth, second daughter of the late Duke of 
 Brunswic Wolfenbuttel, by Augusta, sister to his present Ma- 
 jesty, by whom he has a daughter Charlotte Carolina Augusta, 
 born January 7th, 1796. His Royal Highness is colonel of the 
 tenth regiment of Dragoons, &c &c. 
 
 The first creation of a Duke in England was by a charter. 
 
 Duke of Mecklenburg, died 1503; and his son, Albert VI. Duke of Mecklen- 
 burg, died 1547; whose grandson, Adolph Frederic I. died 1658; and his 
 grandson, Charles Lewis Frederic, was father to the present Queen of 
 England- See Anderson's Genealogies, p. $35.
 
 40 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 dated March 13th, 11 Edward III. in favour of his son Edward, 
 snrnamed the Black Prince, wherein he was declared Duke of 
 Cornwall, to hold to himself and his heirs, Kings of England, and 
 to their first born sons } by virtue of which charter, the eldest sou 
 of the King of England, is by law acknowledged Duke of Corn- 
 wall the instant he is born. 
 
 At the same time, by patent, a provision was made for the 
 better support of this dignity and honour ; and although some 
 of the lands granted on this occasion lay in other counties, yet 
 they were to be deemed a part of the Duchy of Cornwall. More- 
 over, a grant was made to him by patent, the same day, of the 
 Stannaries, in Cornwall, together with the coinage of tin, and all 
 the issues and profits that might arise from thence ; as also, of 
 the profits and perquisites of the court of Stannaries, except only 
 one thousand marks, payable to William Montague, then Earl of 
 Salisbury, and his heirs, out of the revenue thereof, till a proper 
 compensation was made to the said Earl, by the assignment of 
 fresh lands of the same yearly value. And again, of all the castles, 
 honours, manors, lands, and tenements, belonging to the duke- 
 dom, or earldom of Cornwall, which were held in Dover, or for 
 term of life, or years (the reversions of which were in the crown) 
 as they fell in. These several grants were made to this Prince, as 
 Duke of Cornwall, and confirmed to him, and to the eldest sons 
 of him and his heirs, being kings of England. 
 
 The Earldom of Chester was a creation of an earlier date, and 
 annexed to the crown for ever, by letters patent, in 31 Henry III. 
 when Prince Edward, his eldest son, was immediately created 
 Earl thereof. This honour was conferred upon Edward the Black 
 Prince, when he was but three years old, previous to his accession 
 to the Duchy of Cornwall. 
 
 The title of Prince of Wales, after the reduction of the British 
 Prince Lhewelyn, and the incorporation of that country with 
 England, was first conferred upon Prince Edward, the son of 
 Edward I. to conciliate the minds of the disalFected Britons, who 
 were ready upon all occasions to revolt, and had even the boldness 
 to declare to tlieir conqueror, that they never should be easy and 
 happy till they were again under the government of a Prince of 
 their own. Edward I. to comply with their wishes, without 
 lessening the power of the King of England in that country, sent 
 for his Queen Eleanor, when far advanced in her pregnancy, to 
 Carnarvon-castle in Wales, where she was delivered of a son on 
 April 25, 1284. The King then summoned all the Barens
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. 41 
 
 of Wales to join in a conference upon special affairs, and when they 
 were assembled at Ruthlan, told them, that as they had often 
 expressed a defire that he would appoint them a Prince, and as he 
 was going to depart out of the country, he was ready to comply 
 provided they would acquiesce in his nomination. They unani- 
 mously promised obedience, with this restriction, that the appoint- 
 ment should be to one of their own country. The King then 
 declared, that he would name one who was born in Wales, and 
 could not speak a word of English, whose life and conversation no 
 man was able to stain. A general consent ensued on the part of 
 the Barons, and the King named his own son Edward, then but a 
 few days old. Since which, the principality has always been 
 under the government of the English, though the title of Prince 
 of Wales has been several times merged in the crown. 
 
 Arms. Quarterly, 1. three lions passant guardant in pale. 
 Or, England. 2. Or, a lion rampant within a double tres- 
 sure flory and counterflory. Gules, Scotland. 3. Azure, a harp 
 or, stringed Argent, Ireland. 4. Gules, two lions passant 
 guardant in pale, or, Brunswic ; impaling, or, semee of hearts, 
 proper, a lion rampant. Azure, Lunenburg; having grafted in 
 base. Gules, a horse current. Argent, for ancient Saxony; in 
 the centre, a shield Gules. In chief a label of three points for 
 distinction. 
 
 Crest. Above a helmet, full-faced, on a coronet composed of 
 crosses patee, and fleurs de lis, with one arch surniounted by a 
 mound and cross patee, a lion statant, guardant or, crowned with 
 the coronet, as above described ; and charged on the breast with 
 a label, as in the arms. 
 
 Supporters. On the dexter side, a lion guardant or, crowned 
 and charged with a label, as the crest. On the sinister side an 
 unicorn Argent, armed, maned, crined, and hoofed, or, gorged 
 with a collar, adorned with crosses patee, and fleurs de lis, with a 
 chain affixed thereto, and reflexed, of the last ; and charged on 
 the breast with a label, as the dexter. 
 
 Motto, kh Dien.
 
 42 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 DUKE OF YORK. 
 
 Prince Frederic, second son of his present Majesty, was born 
 August l6th, 1763. He was elected bishop of Osnaburg, Feb. 
 27th, 1764. At a chapter of the Bath, held December 30th, 1767, 
 he was invested with the ensigns of that most honourable order, 
 and installed in Henry VII's chapel, as first and principal com- 
 panion, June 15th, 1/72. He was elected a companion of the 
 most noble order of the Garter, June 19th, 1771> and installed at 
 Windsor, the 25th of the next month. On the November 27th, 
 1764, he was created Duke of York and Albany, in Great Britain, 
 and Earl of Ulster, in Ireland. His Royal Highness is LL. D. 
 F. R. S. a field-marshal, commander in chief of all the King's land 
 forces in tlie United Kingdom j colonel ef the first regiment of 
 foot guards J colonel in chief of the sixtieth, or royal American 
 regiment of foot, and of the royal Dublin regiment of infantry j 
 ranger of St. James's and Hyde Parks, and warden and keeper of 
 the New Forest, Hampshire. 
 
 He married, September 29th, 1791, Frederica Charlotte Ulrica 
 Catherina, eldest daughter of the late King of Prussia, by his first 
 consort, Elizabeth Uliica Christiana, Princess of Brunswick Wol- 
 fenbuttle, sister to the present Duke. 
 
 Arms. The same as the Prince of Wales, with difference of 
 the label, and in the fourth quarter, (instead of a plain scutcheon 
 Gules in the centre), on a scutcheon of pretence. Argent^ a wheel 
 of six spokes. Gules, Osnahrug. 
 
 Crest, and Supporters. Same as Prince of Wales, with the 
 label differenced as in the arms.
 
 DUKE OF CLARENCE. 
 
 43 
 
 DUKE OF CLARENCE. 
 
 Prince William Henry, third son of his Majesty, was bom 
 August 21st, 1765, and on May l6th, 1789, was created Duke of 
 Clarence and St. Andrews, in Great Britain, and Earl of Munster, 
 in Ireland. He is a Knight of the Garter and Thistle, adniiral of 
 the Red, and ranger of Bushy Park. 
 
 Arms, Crest, and Supporters. Same as Prince of Wales, with 
 the omission of the scutcheon of pretence, in the fourth quarter, 
 and the label differenced.
 
 44 
 
 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 DUKE OF KENT. 
 
 Prince Edward, fourth son of his Majesty, was born November 
 2d, 1767. On April 23d, 1799, ^^ ^^s created Duke of Kent 
 and Strathern, in Great Britain, and Earl of Dublin, in Ireland. 
 He is Knight of the Garter, and of St Patrick; field-marshal of 
 the forces, governor of Gibralter, colonel of the first regimeflt of 
 foot, and keeper and ranger of Hampton-court Park. 
 
 Arms, Crest, and Supporters. 
 labels ditferenced, 
 
 The same as the last, with the
 
 DUKE OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 4S 
 
 DUKE OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 Prince Ernest Augustus, fifth son of his Majesty, was born 
 June 5th, 1771. On April 23d, 1799, he was created Duke of 
 Cumberland and Tiviotdale, in Great Britain, and Earl of Armagh, 
 in Ireland. He is Knight of the Garter, chancellor of the Uni- 
 versity of Dublin; a lieutenant-general in the army, and colonel 
 f the fifteenth regiment of light dragoons. 
 
 Arms, Crest, and Supporters. 
 labels differenced. 
 
 The same as the last, with the
 
 46 
 
 TEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 DUKE OF SUSSEX. 
 
 Prince Augustus Fkederic, sixth son of his Majesty, was 
 born January 27th, 1773. On November 7ih, 1801, he was 
 created Duke of Sussex and Earl of Inverness, in Great Britain, 
 and Baron of Arklow, in Ireland. The noarriage of his Royal 
 Highness to Lady Augusta Murray, daughter of John, Earl of 
 Dunmore, being contrary to the provisions of the statute, 12 Geo. 
 Ill, c. 11. has been declared null and void. He is a Knight ot 
 the Garter. 
 
 Arms, Crest, and Supporters. The same as the last, with the 
 labels differenced.
 
 DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 47 
 
 DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 Prince Adolphus Frederic, youngest son of his Majesty, was 
 born Feb. 24th, 1774. On November 27th, 1801, he was created 
 Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Tipperary, in Ireland, and Baron of 
 CuUoden, in Scotland. He is a Knight of the Garter, a lieutenant 
 general in the army, colonel of the second, or Coldstream regi- 
 ment of foot guards, and a colonel of the King's German legion. - 
 
 Arms, Crest y and Supporters. 
 labels differenced. 
 
 The same as the last, with the
 
 48 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 DUKE OF GLOUCESTER. 
 
 William Henry, third son of the late Frederic, Prince ofWales, 
 was born at Leicester-house, on November ^|, 1/43. He was 
 baptised eleven days afterwards. 
 
 At the marriage of their Majesties, September 8th, 1761^ his ' 
 Iloyal Highness walked on the Queen's left-hand to and from the 
 chapel ; and as he had no right then (as he was not a peer) to 
 form a part in the public procession, at the coronation, on the 
 22d of that month, he handed his mother, the Princess Dowager 
 of Wales, who ^ith her younger children, &c. made a lesser pro- 
 cession, to and from Westminster Abbey. 
 
 On May 27th, 1762, his Royal Highness was, at a chapter of 
 the Garter, held at St. James's, elected a knight of that most 
 noble order; was installed at Windsor on September 25th, fol- 
 lowing, when the King and Queen honoured the solemnity with 
 their presence : soon after which he was appointed ranger ef 
 Hampton-court Park, in Middlesex. 
 
 A few days before his Royal Highness was of full age, viz. on 
 November 17th, 1764, his Majesty was pleased to grant to him, 
 and to the heirs male of his Royal Highness, the dignities of a 
 Duke of the kingdom of Great Britain, and of an Earl of the 
 kingdom of Ireland, by the names, stiles, and titles, of Duke of 
 Gloucester and Edinburgh, in the said kingdom of Great Britain, 
 and of Earl of Connaught, in the said kingdom of Ireland. 
 
 On Wednesday, December IQth, 1764, his Royal Highness 
 was, by his Majesty's command, introduced into the privy- 
 council, and took his place at the council-board. His Royal 
 Highness, on Thursday, Januar)- 10th, 1765, being the first dar
 
 DUKE OF GLOUCESTEK. 49 
 
 of the fourth session of the twelfcli parliament' of" Great Britain^ 
 took the oaths and his seat in the House of Peers. 
 
 His Royal Highness, on June 28th, 1766, was appointed co- 
 lonel of the 13th regiment of footj and on the decease of his 
 royal brother, Edward, Duke of York, had a grant from his Ma- 
 jesty of the custody of the lodge and walks in Cranburne-chase, 
 in the forest of Windsor, &c, &c. On January 6th, J 76S, he was 
 constituted a major-general of his Majesty's forces, and colonel of 
 the third regiment of foot guards. On March 30th,"1770j he was 
 promoted to the rank of major-general, likewise to the command 
 of the first regiment of foot guards ; and in January, 1771^ was 
 appointed warden and keeper of the New Forest, &c. in the county 
 of Southampton. Also, on May 25tli, 1772> was advanced to 
 the rank of general of his Majesty's forces j and afterwards to 
 the rank of senior field-marshal. 
 
 His Royal Highness was likewise ranger and keeper of Windsor 
 Forest, ranger of Hampton-court Park, chancellor of the Univer- 
 sity of Dublin, and president of the London Infirmary. 
 
 His Royal Highness was married on September 6th, 1766, to 
 Maria, daughter of Sir Edward Walpole, Knight of the Bath, and 
 widow of James, Earl of Waldegrave. Their issue were, 
 
 First, Princess Sophia Matilda, born at Gloucester-house, 
 May 29th, and baptised there, June 26th, 1773. 
 
 Second, Princess Carolina Augusta Maria, born at Gloucester- 
 house, June 24th, 1774^> died there, March 14th, 1775, and was 
 buried in St. George's chapel, Windsor, 
 
 Third, Prince William Frederic, born at the Theodole-palace, 
 in the city of Rome, January 15th, and baptised there, Febmary 
 12th, 1776. 
 
 His Royal Highness died August 25th, 1805, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his only son, William Frederic, Duke of Gloucester. 
 
 His Royal Highness is a lieutenant-general in the army, and 
 colonel of the third regiment of foot guards. 
 
 Jrms, Crest, and Supporters. The same as the last^ with the 
 labels difl'erenced. 
 
 VOL. I.
 
 50 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 HOWARD, DUKE OF NORFOLK. 
 
 The family of Howard, though it must yield to several others, 
 in point of authentic proof of antiquity, yet considering that it 
 arrived at the rank of an English Dukedom nearly three hundred 
 and thirty years ago, and considering the number of its branches, 
 which have enjoyed the peerage, and the many eminent men it 
 has produced, especially in former days, is justly entitled to the 
 epithet of Illustrious j and to that sort of distinction, which re- 
 quires no aid from the colours of eloquence, or the arts of the 
 genealogist. We look back on that enlightened genius, the Earl 
 of Surry, and his ancestors, with veneration ; we trace with his- 
 torical interest the heroism and the feudal splendour of the Dukes 
 of Norfolk, under the Tudors, and Plantagenets ; and we learn a 
 lesson of content for more humble stations in the remark, ob- 
 truded on us, that the most conspicuous for power and abilities, 
 have been most unfortunate in their exit ; and have paid the 
 forfeit of imprisonment, proscription, or violent death for the 
 elevation they attained, and the conspicuous actions, in which they 
 were engaged. Ihe lapse of ages, which has been attended by 
 less exertion of body and mind, has brought with it less exposure 
 either of the person or the fortune, if not more tranquillity of the 
 bosom ; and though to ardent spirits the less brilliant qualities of 
 the later possessors of the titles of Norfolk, may not appear equally 
 enviable, there are those, to whom their security, their luxuries, 
 and their private gratifications, may seem not less worthy of pos- 
 session. It can scarcely be expected that a race of heroes, or of 
 poets, should continue unexhausted for centuries : nor can it be 
 liopcd that the enlightened refinement of manners, which could at 
 once dissipate all the coarseness of an age of barbarism, should
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 51 
 
 continue to devolve its steady light through a series of generations, 
 and shine with as decided a superiority in the court of George the 
 Third, as in that of Henry the Eighth. There is indeed a time 
 for all things ; and perhaps there are many to whose candour the 
 plain simplicity of one period, will appear as conunendable and 
 attractive as the illumined accomplishments of another. The 
 contrast is hardly less striking ; and some may argue, equally 
 praise-worthy. 
 
 The origin of the family of Howard has been a matter of great 
 dispute with genealogists. The readers of this Peerage may rest 
 assured, that the present Editor will never yield to the artifices and 
 fabulous assertions of those whose object it has been, either in the 
 descent of this or any other family, to flatter individual vanity. He 
 will state nothing which he does not believe to rest on good au- 
 thority. He may be sometimes deceived ; but he trusts that long 
 and deep researches on such subjects, will enable him in general 
 to detect errors, slight presumptions, and wilful deceptions. The 
 descents contained in these Volumes therefore, may be perused 
 with as much confidence as is in general due to historic evidence j 
 and not with the suspicions justly attached to the generality of 
 works bearing similar titles. 
 
 " There are those perhaps," says Dugdale, " who will expect 
 that I should ascend much higher in manifesting the greatness of 
 this honourable and large-spreading family of Howard, in re- 
 gard I do not make any mention thereof above the time of King 
 Edward I. some supposing, that their common ancestor in the 
 Saxon time, took his original appellation from an eminent office, 
 or command ; others, afterwards, from the name of a place. And 
 some have not stuck to derive him from the famous Hereward, 
 the chief conductor of those forces, which so stoutly defended the 
 Isle of Ely, for a time, against King William the Conqueror and 
 his army. But to this last I cannot well assent, by reason that 
 Ingulph,^ then Abbot of Crouland, who was his cotemporary, 
 affirms, that Hereward left no other issue than an heir female, 
 named Turfrida, wife to Hugh de Evermue, Lord of Deping, in 
 the county of Lincoln. 
 
 '' I shall therefore, after much fruitless search ^ to satisfy my- 
 
 F 511. b n 10 
 * Collins, on the idle authority of Harvey, Clarencieaux king of arms.
 
 52 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 self, as well as others, on this point, begin with William Howard, 
 a learned and reverend judge '' of the court of Common Pleas, for 
 a great part of King Edward the First's, and beginning of King 
 Edward the Second's reign ; before whom there are memorials of 
 fines,"* from XV. Joh. Bapt. 26 Edward I. until Crastin, S. Joh. 
 Bapt. 2 Edward II." e 
 
 This William Howard, who was Chief Justice of the 
 Common Pleas, from 1297 to 1308, had large possessions in 
 Wigenhale, in the north-west parts of Norfolk j and in many 
 other places of that neighbourhood ; being one of the commis- 
 sioners *" of sewers for the repairs of the banks and drains^, in Mid- 
 delton, Rungeton and Sechithe, in that part of Norfolk, in 22 
 Edward I. and having the year before been appointed one of the 
 judges, with John de Butford, to go the northern circuit. In 
 23 Edward I. he had summons '' to attend with the rest of the 
 judges of the courts of Westminster, and the King's learned 
 council, to the parliament then held there; as also to those parlia- 
 ments of 25, 23, and 32 Edward I. and 1 Edward II. On April 
 6th, 1305, he was appointed It to go the circuit in the counties of 
 Gloucester, Northampton, Oxford, Berks, Bedford, Bucks, Essex, 
 Hertford, Rutland, Cambridge, and Huntingdon. He is portrayed 
 in glass in a judge's robes, in a window of the church of Long- 
 Melford, in Suffolk, with two other judges ; and under them this 
 inscription : 
 
 Pray for the good state of IFilliam Haward, ChefJustis ofEng- 
 
 land, and for Richard Pycot, and John Haugh, Justis of the Law} 
 
 Sir William married two wives, first, Alice, daughter of Sir 
 
 Edward Fitton, Knight, and at length his heir, by whom he had 
 
 issue two sons, ^" Sir John Howard of Wiggenhall, and William ; 
 
 temp. 2 Elizabeth, supported as it seems by Glover and Philipot, has 
 ridiculously deduced this family from Aubur, Earl of Passy, in Nor- 
 mandy, whose grandson, Roger Fitz Walerane, according to him, won the 
 castle of Haiuarden, in Flintshire, whence his son William, born in that 
 castle, took the name of Howard, whose great great grandson, through a suc- 
 cession of knights, was, as they pretend, Sir Henry, father of the judge. A 
 set of people, of whose existence there seems to be no other proof, than the un- 
 supported dicta of these flattering heralds ! 
 
 c Rec de T. Mich 25 Ed I. d In Scacc penes Thes. et Camerar. 
 
 ' Dug liar. V ii p 265. f Pat. 22 Ed. I. m. 24 in dorso. 
 
 Dugd Chron Series p 31. b Claus 23 Ed. I. in dorso m 9. 
 
 i Claus de iisd ann in dorso. k Rymer's Foedera, v. ii p 9^9. 
 
 ' Dug Orig Jurid p 100 m Philipot's Baronage, vlncent's 
 
 Baronage, MS. No 20 in Offic Armor.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 53 
 
 and, second, Alice, daughter of Sir Robert UiFord, Knight, but 
 by her had no issue. 
 
 Sir John Howard, his eldest son and heir, in 34 Edward I. 
 being one of die gentlemen of the King's bedchamber," obtained 
 the wardship of the lands and heir of John de Crokednle, a person 
 of note in Norfolk: and, on the accession of King Edward II. to 
 the crown, " July 7^^h, 1307, had orders to attend his coronation 
 at Westminster, the Sunday next after the feast of St. Valentine. 
 In 4 Edward II. hei' was in the wars against the Scots j and in 
 11 Edward II. was'i governor of the castle of Norwich ; also sheriflf 
 of the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, from the third to the 
 sixteenth year of that King's reign, inclusive, which was then an 
 office of great power and trust. In 15 Edward H. he was joined 
 in'' commission with John de Vaus, to raise 2,000 foot soldiers 
 in the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, and to conduct them to 
 Newcastle-upon Tyne, thence 'to march against the Scots. Also 
 on November 3Cth, the same year/ was further commissioned, 
 with Thomas Bardolf and John de Thorp, to raise forces, both 
 horse and foot, in the said counties, and to march with them 
 against the Scots. 
 
 In 17 Edward II. he^ was in that expedition into Gascoign ; 
 and in ig Edward II. " one of the commissioner-; for arraying men 
 in the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, pursuant to the statute of 
 Winchester. Also, in 20 Edward II. one of the commissioners of 
 array in the county of Norfolk,'' and had command to arm 500 
 men (foot soldiers and archers) with hactoons, bacinets, and 
 gauntlets of iron, and to conduct them to the port of Orwell in 
 Suffolk, thence to go over seas against the French, 
 
 In 1328, he was commissioned, with Thomas Bigod, Iilarl of 
 Norfolk, and others, y to punish certain riots in Norfolk and 
 Suffolk j and died in J 331,* possessed of the manors of East 
 Winch, East Walton, Walton juxta Kirbroke, Wiggenhale, 
 Wirmegey, Tyrinton, West Walcot, South Wotton, North Wot- 
 ton. Great Walsingham, and the Honour of Clare, He had to 
 wife Joan, sister of Richard de Cornwall, who, by fine in 2 Ed- 
 
 Pat 34 Ed I. m 31' o Rymer, vol iii p. 53. 
 
 P Rot Scot 4 Ed II- m. 13. q Rot Fin 11 Ed II. m. 12- 
 
 ' Pat 15 Ed II pa. m 20- s Rymer, torn iii p 906. 
 
 * Pat 17 Ed. II p 2 in.i. " Pat. 19 Ed. 1 1- p. 1 m 4- 
 
 " Pat. 20 Ed. II p 2 m 18. 
 
 r MS.b. 21. p 83 in Bibl. Joh Anstis, Reg. Gart Armor. 
 
 I Esch, s Ed, III. n 81.
 
 54 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND 
 
 ward II.* settled on the said John Howard and Joan his wife, 
 and their heirs, a messuage and two carucates of land, with the 
 appurtenances, in Pauteney, Nereford, Ashwelthorp, &c. and 
 three parts of the manor of Terrington, with the appurtenances : 
 by which Joan he left issue Sir John his son and heir, who suc- 
 ceeded to the family estates on the death of his father in 1331. 
 
 Which Sir John Howard, in 9 Edward III,'' w^is constituted 
 Admiral and Captain of the King's navy in the North, and in 
 10 Edward III. he had an assignation of 153Z. ys. Qd. for = the 
 wages of himself with his men at arms, &c. in that service. And 
 the same year, having affairs to transact beyond the seas, the 
 King granted him his protection,*^ dated April 24th, 133/, to be 
 in force till August 1st, following. He was sheriff of Norfolk 
 and Suffolk in 1345. 
 
 In 21 Edward ill, he obtained* a grant for a market every 
 week upon the Friday, and one fair yearly, on the eve and day 
 of St. Mary Magdalen, at liis manor of Wiggenhall, in com. 
 Norfolk. Also, in that year, he was again constituted Admiral 
 of the whole fleet to the northward: ^ and, being a banneret, 5 as- 
 sisted at the siege of Calais, having in his retinue '' one banneret, 
 six knights, thirty-six men at arms, and thirty-five archers on 
 horseback. He married Alice, daughter ' of Sir Robert de Boys, 
 or de Bosco (and sister and heir of Sir Robert de Boys, of Fers- 
 field in Norfolk) and of Christian his wife, daughter of Sir Wil- 
 liam Latimer, Knight, by which marriage the whole inheritance 
 of the Boys's came into the Howard family ; and by the said 
 Alice, who died in 1374, he had issue Sir Robert Hov.'ard, and 
 John Howard. 
 
 Sir Robert was aged thirty-eight years, ^ at the death of his 
 mother, whereby he came possessed of the said manor of Fersfield. 
 In 2 Richard II. he was committed prisoner' to the Tower, for 
 detaining Margery de Narford, from Alice Lady Nevil, her grand- 
 mother, with whom, on her petition to the King and council, 
 she had been appointed to remain, till the cause of divorce betwixt 
 her and John de Brewer should be determined in the court of 
 
 ' Fin 2 Ed. II iri- 5. \'orf. ^ Rot. Scot gEd. Ill.m. 80 
 
 <^ Claus. lo Ed III rn 31. " Rymer, vol iv. p. 748. 
 
 ' Cart ii Ed. Ill 1114 ^ Pat. 21 Ed. Ill p. i. m 31. 
 
 MS de Famil Hcward, p 49. ' MS in Bibl Ha-Iey. 
 
 ' MS. Famil de Howard, p 125 in Bibl. Joh An tis, Arm Gart. 
 
 "Eich 48Ed III. i Claus.iRich II ind^rso, m 22.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 55 
 
 Rome. This Sir Robert died in the life-time of Lis father, " at 
 East Winch in Norfolk, on July 18th, 138S, 12 Richard II. 
 leaving issue, by Margery his wife, daughter to Robert Lord 
 Scales of Neucells (and at length one of the heirs of that family) 
 an only surviving son. Sir John Howard, and a daughter Margaret, 
 married to William de Lisle. " This Sir Robert lies buried with 
 Margery his said wife, in a chapel appropriated to his name," on 
 the south side of the chancel of East Winch church, in com. 
 Norfolk, where an arched monument was erected to their me- 
 mory, with divers escutcheons of the arms of Howard, impaling 
 the arms of their wivesj but, in l631, the following inscription 
 was only remaining thereon,. . Animabus Domini Rolerti Howard 
 militis, et Margerie uxoris sue 
 
 The said Sir John Howard^ the only surviving son, on 
 March 10th, 1388-9, p was retained to serve the King during his 
 life (his son being then turned of six yeai"S of age) and being to 
 go into Ireland with his Majesty, he had his protection for a year, 
 dated April 2Sth, ISpg. And on July 2d, 1405, he 'i received 
 order from the King (in conjunction with Sir Gerrard Rraybrook, 
 Knight) to array all men in the county of Essex able to bear arms, 
 and to muster tlicm, and march in defence of the sea-coast against 
 the French. Afterwards he took a voyage to Jerusalem^ and'" 
 there died, on November l/th, 143/, but had sepulture at" Stoke 
 Neyland in Suffolk. He was sheriff of the counties of Essex 
 and Hertford, 2 Hen. IV. as also 3 and 7 Hen. V. and of Cam- 
 bridge and Huntingdon, 4 Hen. IV. in the 9th of whose reign 
 he was one of the knights of the shire for the county of Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 He took to wife, first, Margaret, ^ daughter and heir of Sir 
 John Plaiz, ^ of Tofte in Norfolk, and of Stansted Mountfitchet 
 in Essex," and by her, who died in 1381, 5 Richard II. had 
 issue, ^ 
 
 Sir John Ho wARn, his son and heir, died 1409/m his life-time, y 
 
 '" Escli 22 Rich. Il.nzb "^ Kx stemmate Fam de Howard, MS- 
 
 p 49 in Bibl Joh Anslis, Ann Gart. " Wcevei's account of Funeral 
 
 Monuments, p 84.2. i Pat 12 Rich. 1 1, p. 2. m 31 
 
 ' Rymer, vol vHi p 78. ^ Ibid p 403 Esch 16 Hen VI n. 56 
 
 Norf and MS Famil Howard- I'rasd. and Rot. Fin 13 Rich. II. m- 24 
 
 ' See Weever, p 850, where the arms of Plaiz appear, per pale, a lion passant. 
 
 " MS Fol Baron omn per Pat- Ten aiitSunnnon- delincat. Hen. St. George 
 
 Mil Gart Ar Armor penes J Peshall, Bart 
 
 ^- Claus 10 Henry IV. iudorEO, m. 16. > Ex steiumat^^
 
 56 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 on a journey to the Holy Land, and had to wife Joan, daughter 
 of Sir Richard "Wahon, Knight, and sister and heir to John 
 Walton of Wyvenhoe, in Essex, Esq. with whom he had, by the 
 gift of her father, in Q Hen. IV. the manor of Ocle, and left issue* 
 Elizabetli, their only daughter, who was heir both to her father 
 and mother, at whose death, 1424, the said Elizabeth was four- 
 teen years old, and afterwards nianied to John Vere, Earl of Ox- 
 ford, whereby the title of Lord Scales centered in the Veres, Earls 
 of Oxford. The said Joan had, for her second husband. Sir 
 Thomas P'rpingham, of Erpingham, in Norfolk. 
 
 But the said Sir John Howard, father of the last Sir John, 
 after die death of the said Margery his first spouse (by whom he 
 had also a daughter, named Ivlargaret, wedded, first to Sir Con- 
 stantine Clifton, of Buckenham-castle, in Norfolk, Knight 3 and 
 secondly, to Sir Gilbert Talbot, Knight,) was married* secondly 
 to Alice, daughter and heir of Sir William Tendring, of Tcndring, 
 near Stoke Neyland, aforesaid. Knight, and by her had issue two 
 sons. Sir Robert, his heir, and Henry, who had, by gift of his 
 father, the manors of Teringhampton, East Walton, Bokenham, 
 Wigenhall, and Garblcsham, with other lands in the county of 
 Norfolk, to him and the heirs of his body, as appeareth by Sir 
 John's will dated at Stoke Neyland, April 1st, 1435, and left 
 issue 'by Mary his wife, daughter of Sir Henry Hussey, ot the 
 county of Susstx, Knight, Elizabeth his daughter and heir, married 
 to Henry Wentworth, of Codham, in Essex. 
 
 The said Alice, wife of Sir John Howard, by her last will 
 and testament, * dated October 13th, 1426," and proved on the 
 20th, orders her body to be buried in the south part of the church 
 of Stoke Neyland, near her father. She died on October 18th, 
 14265 and was buried' at Stoke Neyland, as was, in 1436, htr 
 husband : and both lie under a grave-stone before the high a! tar 
 in the said church; and .thereon the figures in brass of a knight 
 with his sword by his side, and his lady by him, with the arras 
 of Howard and Tendring at the corners, = circumscribed in black 
 letters as follows : Orate pro Ariimabus Johavnis Howard, Militis, 
 qui obi'it Ann. 14. . . , et AUicie uxoris ejus, que ohiit in festo 
 Saudi Luce Evangellste, Ann. 1426, quorum Animalus propi- 
 t'ietur DeuS, 
 
 Claus .-, Hen Vl.m. 13. Esch. i6Hen VI n ^6 . Ex stemmatc 
 
 " Ex Regist Lufieenham, in Cur Prerog. Cant p. 48. 
 ' Weevei'i Funcra MoniimeiitSjp 772, 773.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 57 
 
 There are also, in the east window of the south part of the 
 church, the portraitures of the said Sir John Howard, and Dame 
 Alice, his wife, both kneeling, with their hands erected, praying, 
 between an escutcheon of the arms of Howard and Tendring, viz. 
 azure, afesse letween two chevrons, argent. Over his head, Passio 
 XTI conforta nos ; over her head, Jesu, miserere nobis; and 
 underneath. Orate pro animabus Domini Johannis Howard, et 
 Domine Allicie uxoris ejus. 
 
 Sir Robert Howard, their eldest son, ^ was married to 
 Margaret, eldest daughter of Thomas de Mowbray, Duke of Nor- 
 folk, by Elizabeth his wife, daughter and coheir of Richard Fitz- 
 Allan, Earl of Arundel, and cousin and coheir to John Mow- 
 bray, Duke of Norfolk. By this marriage, the inheritance of 
 those great families became, at length, vested in this of the 
 Howards, and by Isabel, the other coheir, in that of Berkeley. 
 The said Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, was son and heir to John 
 Lord Mowbray, by Elizabeth his wife, daughter and heir to John 
 Lord Segrave, and of Margaret his wife, daughter and heir of 
 Thomas de Brotherton, Earl of Norfolk, and Marshal of England, 
 the eldest son of King Edward L by his second wife Margaret, 
 daughter to Philip the Hardy, King of France ; and on Febmary 
 12th, 1385-6, was invested with the office of Earl-Marshal, being 
 the first who bore that title, his predecessors in office being 
 simply styled Marshals. By the said lady. Sir Robert had a son. 
 Sir John Howard, and two daughters, Margaret, married to Sir 
 William Daniel, Baron of Rathwire in Ireland; and Catharine, 
 the second wife of Edward Nevil, Lord Abergavenny. 
 
 His only son. Sir John Howakd, was an eminent Yorkist of 
 great consideration, not only for his birth and possessions; but for 
 the various places of high trust, which he filled during the reigns 
 of Edward IV. and Richard HI. In his youth he began to dis- 
 tinguish himself in the wars against France. In 31 Henry VI. 
 (being then a knight) after the regaining of Bourdeaux, ^ he ac- 
 companied John Talbot Viscount Lisle, eldest son of the Earl of 
 Shrewsbury, toBlay; and soon after marched with the Earl of 
 Shrewsbury to the relief of Chastillon, then besieged by the 
 French, whom he encountered and entered their camp; but at 
 length that Earl being shot through the thigh, and his horse slain 
 under him, he there lost his life; on which the residue of the 
 English, after a valiant behaviour, retired to Bourdeaux. 
 
 It is certain he was in great favour with King Edward IV. 
 
 '' Ex stcmmate. ' Stowc's Annals, p 396.
 
 38 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 who, in 1461, the first year of his reign, ^ constituted him con- 
 stable of the castle of Norwich } and, for the better securing his 
 interest, made him ? sheriff of the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk : 
 and, in consideration of his great services, granted him, '' in 
 special tail, some of the forfeited manors of James Butler, Earl of 
 Wiltshire in England, and Ormond in Ireland. 
 
 In 2 Edward IV. being appointed to keep the seas' (together 
 with the Lords Falconbridge and Clinton,) having 10,000 men 
 in the fleet, he landed with them in Brittany, where they took the 
 town of Conquet, and afterwards made themselves masters of the 
 Isle of Rhce, on the coast of Poictou. In 1468, being treasurer 
 of the King's houshold,'' he obtained a grant of the whole benefit 
 that should accrue to the King, by coinage of money in the city 
 and tower of London, or elsewhere in the realm of England, so 
 long as he should continue in that office of treasurer of the 
 household j which had been conferred on him for his prudent 
 management in an embassy, that year, to Lewis XL of France, 
 in behalf of Francis II. Duke of Brittany. Also, the same year,* 
 he attended the Lady Margaret, the King's sister, into Flanders, 
 where she was solemnly married -to the Duke of Burgundy. 
 
 In 14/0, bearing " the title of Lord Howard, be was made 
 captain-general of all the King's forces at sea, for resisting the 
 attempts of the Lancastrian^^, then making head again under 
 Richard Nevil, Earl of Warwick, the Duke of Clarence, and 
 others; King Edward being then in Flanders, soliciting succours 
 from his brother-in-law, the Duke of Burgundy. 
 
 In 1471 he was constituted " deputy governor of Calais and 
 the marches adjacent. In 12 Edward IV. he had summons to 
 the parliament at Westminster, among the Bauons of the 
 realm, and during the whole reign of King Edward IV. During 
 this reign, in short, he held all those offices, which prove rank, 
 fortune, and activity. He was called on to furnish men and 
 arms; he had commands by sea; he was in all commissions for 
 treating with France; he had grants of castles and lands; and 
 above all, the frequent recurrence of his name in the history of 
 Philip de Commines, wherever he treats of the transactions 
 between our King and the French monarch, demonstrates the 
 
 f Pat. 1 Ed IV p 1 m. 16, s Rot. Fin. 1 Ed IV. m 3;. 
 
 " Pat. I Ed IV p. 4. m ig- ' Stovv's Annals, p 410. 
 
 '' Pat. 8 d IV m 5. ' Stow's Annals, p 421. 
 
 " Pat. 10 Ed IV pi m 13. Rot. Franc, ii Ed. IV.m 18. , 
 
 '' Cotton's Abridgnient of Records of Parliament, p 637, 693, et seq
 
 DIJKE OF NORFOLK. 5g 
 
 consideration which he possessed in the eyes of foreigners. But 
 it must not be concealed^ that the pages of that writer prove him 
 like all his cotemporaries, and like too many courtiers of all ages, 
 to have been too much under the influence of corruption. In 
 1475, King Edward, by the persuasion of the Duke of Burgundy, 
 having declared war against France, and having carried over 
 thither a powerful army, was soon inveigled into peace by King 
 Lewis, who was inclined to trust more to his wealth than his 
 arms. For this purpose, our monarch received " 7^,0^)0 crowns j 
 and a pension of l6,C00 crowns was promised to be divided 
 among his principal servants, of which Lord Hastings had 2,000 j 
 the rest had the Lord Howard, the Master of the horse. Master 
 St. Leger, Master Montgomery, and others : besides great sums 
 of monsiy and goodly presents of silver plate, which were given to 
 King Edward's servants."!' On this occasion. Lord Howard, and 
 Sir John Cheyney were left hostages, till the English troops were 
 arrived in England. 
 
 When Lewis XI. feared the interference of our monarch 
 against his acquisition of the dominions of the late Duke of Bur- 
 giAjly^ he .used similar weapons to keep him quiet. " My 
 readers," ?ays Commines, " will wonder that the Englishmen 
 suffered the King to take the towns bordering so- near upon them, 
 namely. Arras, Bolloin, Ardres, and Hedin, with divers other 
 castles, and to lie so long with his camp before St. Omer. But 
 you shall understand that the reason thereof was, for that our 
 King, in wisdom and sense, surmounted far Edward King of 
 England then reigning : for notwithstanding that the said King 
 Edward were a most valiant prince, and had won in England 
 eight or nine battles; wherein he fought always himself on foot 
 greatly to his renown ; yet were these troubles but by fits, so 
 that his head was not continually busied in matters of state : for 
 immediately after the victory obtained, he returned to his former 
 sports and pleasures, till another storm arose. For you shall un- 
 derstand, that when war beginneth in England, in ten days or less, 
 the one or the other gettcth the garland. But our affairs in France 
 passed not after that sort j for besides the war itself, the King was 
 forced to have an eye continually upon diverse places, as well of 
 his own realm, as of his neighbours ; but especially by all means 
 possible to content the King of England, and to entertain him by 
 ambassadors presents, and smooth words, to the end he should 
 
 '' Commines, p- m-
 
 <J0 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 not intermeddle with our affairs. For the King knew well the 
 Englishmen, as well nobles and commons, as the clergy, to be 
 naturally inclined to make war upon this realm, as well under 
 colour of the title they pretend thereunto, as also in Iwpe of gain. 
 For they trust to have ever such success here, as their predecessors 
 have had, whom God permitted to obtain in this realm many 
 great victories, and large dominions both in Normandy and in 
 Guienne, the which they had possessed by the space of three 
 hundred and fifty years, when King -Charles the Seventh first re- 
 covered it. During the which time they enriched the realm of 
 England with great spoils, and much treasure, that they got as 
 well of the princes and noblemen of France, a great number of 
 whom they took prisoners j as also of the towns and places, which 
 they subdued. Notwithstanding they should hardly have had 
 such success in the King our master's time : for he would never 
 have endangered his estate in battel as King Charles the Sixtli 
 did at Acincourt, where all the nobility of Fiance lighted on foot 
 to fight with the Englishmen ; but would have proceeded more 
 warily if the matter had come to execution, as you may perceive 
 by the course he held in sending King Edward home. Wherefore 
 the King well perceived that he must in any wise keep the K.ing 
 of England and his principal servants, his friends, whom he saw 
 altogether inclined to quietness and very greedy of his money : 
 for the which cause he payed duly at London the pension of fifty 
 thousand crowns, which they called tribute. And further, gave 
 yearly sixteen thousand crowns to the said King's principal 
 servants, whose names were these: the Lord Chancellor j the 
 Master of the Rolls, who now is Chancellor} the Lord Hastings, 
 Lord great Chamberlain, a man of singular wisdom and vertue, 
 and in great authority with his master, and not without cause, for 
 he ever served him faithfully 5 Sir Thomas Montgomery 5 the 
 Lord Howard, afterward Duke of Norfolk, and partaker with the 
 wicked King Richard j the Master of the Horse, called Mr. 
 Cheiny ; Mr. Challenger, (St. Leger) and the Marquess Dorset, 
 the Queen of England's son by her first husband. Further, he 
 gave goodly presents to all the embassadors that came to him, 
 were their messages never so sharp and bitter, and sent them 
 home with such goodly words and princely rewards, that they 
 returned well contented. And notwithstanding tliat some of 
 them understood that he did all this only to win time, the better 
 to atchieve his enterprise in the conquest of the Duke of Bur- 
 gundy's dominions 5 yet winked they at it, because of the great
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 61 
 
 riches they received at his hands. To all these above-named, be 
 gave besides their pensions, many goodly presents, so largely, that 
 ^he Lord Howard, over and above his pension, received of him in 
 less than two years space, in money and plate, 24,000 crowns. 
 To the Lord Hastings, also Lord great Chamberlain of England, 
 he gave at one time a present of plate to the value of 10,000 
 marks," pp 
 
 He continued, however, a great favourite with King Edward, 
 had many grants of forfeited manors, and was elected K. G. l6 
 Edward IV. In 1/ Edward IV, he was i joined in commission 
 with William Fitz-A.lan, Earl of Arundel, to treat with the 
 French for prolongation of the trace between both realms} and 
 the year after' the King conferred on him the office of Constable 
 of the Tower of London, during life, in reversion, after the death 
 of John Lord Dudley (who died in 22d Edward IV.), whereby he., 
 was possessed of that office. In 19 Edward IV. he was, by in- 
 denture, again retained to serve the King as captain general of 
 his fleet against the Scots, with 3,000 men at arms. And was 
 afterwards sent ambassador to the King of France for reminding 
 him of the treaty, whereby his son, the Dauphin, was to marry 
 with Elizabeth, daughter to King Edward, which turned out to 
 be^a fruitless journey. 
 
 Having been faithful to the house of York, during the whole 
 reign of King Edward IV". he continued stedfast to King Richard 
 III. after he had got the crown, June 22, 1483 ; but our histo- 
 rians make no mention of his being concerned in any of those 
 evil contrivances, or barbarous actions, which sullied his reign. 
 That Prince gave very distinguishing proofs of his favour and 
 esteem for the Lord Howard : for notwithstanding his nephew, 
 Richard Duke of York, upon the extinction of the male line of 
 the Mowbray family, in the person of John Duke of Norfolk, 
 Earl Marshal, &c. 1475, had been invested with his dignities and 
 titles, and afterwards, on January 15, 1477-6, though then only 
 in the fourth year of his age, solemnly wedded to Lady Anne, 
 that nobleman's only child and heir, he on June 28th, 1483, the 
 first of his reign, when his said nephew was certainly alive 
 (although Mr. Jekyl, in his Baiones Extincti, MS. says the con- 
 trary) conferred ^ on his lordship the office of Marshal of 
 England, " and also the name, title, and honour of Earl Marshal 
 
 pp Comrriines, p. iSg- <] Rot. Fran- 17 Ed. IV. m 2.. 
 
 f Pat 18 Ed IV. p I, 2. Ex Autogr penes Cler. Pell 
 
 ' Pat I.Rich, III p. I. m i3. " Rymer's Foedera, vol xii. p. 190
 
 62 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 of England, together with all offices and profits thereunto be- 
 longing (the which John late Duke of Norfolk, deceased, held 
 to himself, and the issue male of his body, and, for want of 
 issue male, remainder to tlie King) : to have and to hold to 
 him, the said John Lord Howard, in tail male; with power 
 to grant to any person, or persons, the office of Marshal of the 
 King's Bench, of Marshal of the Exchequer, and office of 
 Marshal's crier before the steward, and Marshal of the King's 
 boushold. He was further empowered (in the King's pre- 
 sence or absence) to bear a golden staff, tipped at each end 
 with black, the upper part thereof to be adorned with the royal 
 arms, and the lower end thereof with those of his own family; 
 and for the better support of the dignity of the said office, got a 
 grant to himself and his heirs (aforesaid) for ever, of 20/. annu- 
 ally, payable half yearly, out of the fee-farm rent of the town of 
 Ipswich, in Suffolk. Also, on the same day,'' was advanced to 
 the dignity of Duke of Norfolk; and Thomas, his son and 
 heir, J^ created Earl of Surrv. He was, on the 30th of that 
 month, ^ constituted High Steward of England for the ceremony 
 of Richard's coronation; and attended * there on July 6th, fol- 
 lowing, with his son Thomas, Earl of Surry, who bore the sword 
 of state ; the Duke himself carrying the King's crown, and walk- 
 ing next before him. 
 
 On July 25th, ensuing, ^ he was constituted Lord Admiral 
 of England, Ireland, and Aquitaine, for life. Upon which day he 
 likewise obtained a *" grant, in special tail, of divers manors and 
 lordships in the counties of Suffolk, Kent, Cambridge, Cornwall, 
 Somerset, and Wilts. 
 
 Also, the year after '' obtained another grant in special tail, of 
 several other manors and lordships in several counties. 
 
 But he did not long enjoy these great possessions ; for the 
 next ensuing year, being ' in the front of Richard's army at Bos- 
 worlh-field, he was, with that King, slain there, August 22d, 
 1485, 3 Richard III. from whence *^ his corpse was conveyed to 
 Thetford, and buried in the abbey church. After which he was 
 attainted in the parliament begun s at Westminster, November 7th, 
 
 ^ Cart. I Rich. III. m i. ^ Stow's Annals, p 459. 
 
 ^ Pat I Rich III. p I m 12. Speed's Chron p 726. 
 
 '' Pat 1 Rich. Ill p. I. m 8. c Pat ibid p i. 
 
 * Pat 2 Rich III p. 2 e Pol yd Viig p 562, and Stow's Annals, &c. 
 
 * Wecver's Funeral Monuments, p. 830. t Rot. Pari 2 Hen. VII.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 63 
 
 1 Henry VII. though Henry was neither King d: facto, nor de 
 jure, when Norfolk bore arms against him. 
 
 He was warned, by some of his friends, to refrain from going 
 with King Richard ; and, on the night before he was to set for- 
 ward, this was set on his gate : -' 
 
 " Jack of Norfolk, be not too bold. 
 
 
 r Dickon, thy master, is bought and sold," 
 
 Yet he would not absent himself from him; but as he faithfully 
 lived under him, so he manfully died with him, and, for his great 
 Avorth, was lamented by his enemies. Our historians recite his 
 fame ; and, among the poets. Sir John Beaumont, Bart, makes 
 honourable mention of him in his poem of Bosworth-field, which 
 may be found extracted in JVeevers Funeral Monuments. 
 
 This great Duke married two wives, first, Catharine, daughter 
 to William Lord Molines, ' and of Eleanor his wife, daughter of 
 Htnry Lord Beaumont, by whom he had issue Thomas his son 
 and hfcir, and four daughters, Anne, married to Sir Edmund 
 Gorges of Wraxhall, Somersetshire, Knight of the Bath, at the 
 creation of Arthur Prince of Wales, son of King Henry VH. and 
 who had issue by her "^ five sons, and three daughters ; whereof 
 Sir Edward, his eldest son, seated at Wraxhall, was father of five 
 som, of which Sir Thomas, the fifth, was father of Sir Edward 
 Gorges, who was created Baron of Dundalk in Ireland, July 13tb, 
 18 Jac. I. Isabel, the Duke's second daughter, married to Sir 
 'Robert Mortimer, of the county of Essex, Knight;' Jane,'tliird 
 daughter, to John Timperley, of Hintlesham in Suffolk, Esq. ; 
 and Margaret, wife of Sir John Windham, of Crounthorp, and 
 Felbrig in com. Norf. -ancestor by her to the present Earl of 
 Egrcniont. 
 
 His grace's first wife,"' Catherine, lies buried in the south part 
 of the church of Stoke, between the high-altar and the choir, 
 where a monument was erected for her; exhibiting the figure 
 of a lady, habited in a hood and gown, on one side whereof are 
 the arms of Brother ton, Gules, thee Lions passant guardant, in 
 pale, Or; the arms of Howard, Gules, a Bend between six cross 
 croslets,Jitchy, Argent ; and a Lion rampant, ducally croivned. 
 Also, on the four corners, arc escutcheons of arms; on the right 
 
 s Hollinshed's Chronicle, P/59 i Chaos, No. V. p. 55 in Coll. Arm. 
 
 >t Ex stemmate de Gorges. ' Vincent on Brook, p 3 
 
 m Weever's Funeral Monuments, p 774.
 
 64 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 next her head, four coats within a Garter, circumscribed, Honi 
 soit qui mal y pense, first, the arms of Brotherton ; second, . 
 Howard, third, Warren, Cheque/, Or and Azure; fourth, Mow- 
 bray, Gules, a Lion rampant, Argent. On the sinister side, six 
 coats, impaling IVdvy of six (the arms of Molins), first, Brotherton ; 
 second, Howard j third, Warren; fourth. Brews of Gowcr, 
 Azure, a Lion rampant, semi of cross croslets, Or;^fth, a Lion 
 rampant, ducally crowned. . . . ; sixth, Mowbray. At lier feet, 
 an escutcheon of the arms of Molines on the right; and on the 
 sinister six coats, Brotherton, &c. as before. 
 
 '* Beneath her feet is this inscription : 
 
 *' Under this stone is buried the hody of the right honourable 
 Woman and Ladie, some time Wife unto the right high and 
 mighty Prince, Lord John Howard, Duke of Norfolke, and Mother 
 unto the right honourable and puissant Prince Thomas Howard, 
 Duke also of Norfolhe. Which Lady departed this present Life, 
 Ann. Dom. 1452."" 
 
 His Grace's second wife " was Margaret, daughter of Sir John 
 Chedworth, Knight, by whom he had issue Catherine, who was 
 married to John Bourchier, Lord Berners, and by him had Joan 
 their daughter and heir, who by marriage carried Ashwel -Thorpe, 
 in Norfolk, to the family of Knyvct. Which Margaret surviving 
 the Duke, by her last? will and testament, dated May 13ih, 14^0, 
 ordered her body to be buried in the choir of the church of our 
 Lady -in Stoke Neyland, before her image on the side of the high- 
 altar. 
 
 Of Thomas, second Duke of Norfolk, we have a long and 
 particular account depencilled on a table, fixed to his monument at 
 Thetford in Norfolk. i 
 
 Li 15 Edward IV. "" he was retained to serve in his wars, with 
 s'x men at arms, and sixty archers, and, on that account received, 
 for the first quarter's wages for them, 177/. 9^. In 16 Edward 
 IV. he was = constituted sheriff of the counties of Norfolk and 
 Suffolk; and was created Earl of Surry,* when John, his 
 
 " Which, as it calls her husband Duke of Norfolk, must have been erected 
 many years after her death. " Pat 6 Ed. IV p. i mi. 
 
 p Ex Regist Vox. 16 No 10. in Cur, Pierog Camuar. 
 ** See it at length in Weevcr's Funeral Monuments, p. 833, 834,61 scq and 
 Blomefield's Norfolk, vol- i. p.45i,et seq. 
 
 '' Rymer, vol ii. p. 844 Rot. Fin. i6 Ed IV. m 9. 
 
 t Stow's Annals, p. 459-
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. U 
 
 father, was created Duke of Norfolk by Richard III. viz. June 
 28th, and by the title of Earl of Surry, Knight of the Garter, was 
 in the first year of that King, at " a chapter of the Garter within 
 the palace of Westminster, when a scrutiny was taken for an 
 election; and was elected in the room of'' the Lord Hastings. In 
 the battle of Bosworth he had the leading of the archers, whicli 
 King Richard so placed as a bulwark to defend the rest. The 
 martial prowess of this Earl in tliat battle, and his resolute un- 
 daunted carriage, when taken prisoner, are finely delineated by 
 Sir John Beaumont (before mentioned) in his poem on Bosworth 
 Field, as follows : 
 
 Courageous Talbot had with Surrey met 3 
 
 And after many blows begins to fret. 
 
 That one so young in arms should thus unmov'd 
 
 Resist his strength so oft in war approv'd. 
 
 And now the Earl beholds his father's fall. 
 
 Whose death like horrid darkness frighted all : 
 
 Some give themselves as captives, others fly 5 
 
 But this young lion casts his generous eye 
 
 On Mowbray's lion painted on his shield. 
 
 And with that king of beasts repines to yield. 
 
 *' The field," saith he, " in which the lion stands 
 
 " Ls blood, and blood I offer to the hands 
 
 " Of daring foes ; but never shall my flight 
 
 " Die black my lion, which as yet is white." 
 
 His enemies, like cunning huntsmen, strive 
 
 In binding snares to take their prey alive^ 
 
 While he desires f expose his naked breast. 
 
 And thinks the sword, that deepest strikes, is best. 
 
 Young Howard single with an army fights; 
 
 When, mov'd with pity, two renowned knights. 
 
 Strong Clarindon, and valiant Conyers, try 
 
 To rescue him, in which attempt they die. 
 
 Now Surrey, fainting, scarce his sword can hold ; 
 
 Which made a common soldier grow so bold. 
 
 To lay rude hands upon that noble flower. 
 
 Which he disdaining, (anger gives him power,) 
 
 Erects his weapon with a nimble round. 
 
 And sends the peasant's arm to kiss the ground. 
 
 " Anstiss Rcgist G art vol ii p.aiy, :i8. " Ibid p. 220. 
 
 VOL, I. P
 
 66 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 This done, to Talbot he presents his blade. 
 
 And saith, " It is not hope of life hath made 
 
 *' This my submission j but my strengtli is spent, 
 
 " And some perhaps of villain blood will vent 
 
 " My weary soul : this favour I demand, 
 
 " That I may die by your victorious hand." 
 
 " Nay, God forbid, that any of my name," 
 
 Quoth Talbot, " should put out so bright a flame, 
 
 " As burns in thee, brave youth ! where thou hast err'd, 
 
 " It was thy father's fault, since he preferr'd 
 
 '' A tyrant's crown, before the juster side." 
 
 The Earl, still mindful of his birth, replied, 
 
 " I wonder, Talbot, that thy noble heart 
 
 " Insults on ruins of the vanquish'd part : 
 
 " We had the right : if now to you it flow, 
 
 " The fortune of your swords hath made it so. 
 
 " I never will my luckless choice repent, 
 
 " Nor can it stain mine honour, or descent j 
 
 *' Set England's royal wreath upon a stake, 
 
 " There will I fight and not the place forsake. 
 
 ** And if the will of God hath so dispos'd, 
 
 " That Richmond's brow be with the crown inclos'd, 
 
 " I shall to him or his give doubtless signs, 
 
 " That duty in my thoughts, not faction, shines !" 
 
 Which, says Weever, ^ he proved to be true in the whole 
 course of his life. 
 
 He was committed to the Tower by Henry VII. ' where ^hc 
 continued about three years and a half 3 and was attainted with 
 his father. " In which time of his being in the Tower (as on the 
 inscription before-mentioned) the same King Henry had a field 
 with the Earl of Lincoln in Nottinghamshire, besides Newark j 
 and the lieutenant of the Tower came to the said Earl, and prof- 
 fered to him the keys to go out at his pleasure." And he 
 answered him again, " That he would not depart thence until 
 such time as he that commanded him thither should command 
 him out again, which was King Henry Vil. but charged the 
 lieutenant, upon his allegiance, if the King was on live to bring 
 him ther as the King was, to the intent he might do his Grace 
 er\'ice." And that King having fully experienced his fidelity by 
 
 ^ Fun. Mon p. 83^, 833. 2 Ibid p 835.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 07 
 
 by his demeanor, whilst he continued his prisoner, received him 
 into his special favour, and made choice of him for one of his 
 privy-council; being a person of ^r eat prudence,^ gravity, and 
 constancy. 
 
 In 4 Henry VII. he was restored to his title of Earl of 
 SuKRY J*' and to all those lands which were of his wife's inheritance : 
 and the same year, on that insurrection in the North, occasioned 
 by the assessing of a subsidy (wherein the Earl of Northumber- 
 land was murdered) he was'^ sent with a strong power for sup- 
 pressing of the rebels. John Anstis, Esq ; late Garier King of 
 Arms, who made a diligent search after all that bad been elected 
 Knights of the Garter, says,** The precise time hath not hitherto 
 appeared to the Editor, when he tvas re-elected, or re-instated into 
 the order. ^ The register is deficient in that reign, but it is certain 
 he was restored, and present in the chapter at Windsor, on May 
 7th, 1503, among the Knights of the Garter. On May gth, ^492, 
 he was, by indenture, ' retained to serve the King in his wars 
 beyond the seas, as should be appointed him, during one whole 
 year next ensuing the day of his first musters, and so long after as " 
 it should please the King, with ten men at arms, twelve demi- 
 lances, twenty archers on horseback, and fifteen archers on foot ; 
 but did not go abroad, being soon after again s employed in the 
 North, to restrain the incursions of the Scots. Also, in 1501, 
 being '' sub-warden and vice guardian of the west and middle 
 marches towards Scotland, the King informed him of the inten- 
 tions of the Scots to invade his kingdom, in favour of Parkin 
 Warbeck, and commissioned him to muster all men able to bear 
 arms, inhabiting between the Trent and Tweed, as shall seem ne- 
 cessary ; and, on any emergency, to lead them against the 
 enemy. And, in 12 Henry VII. he was,' with Richard Fox, 
 Bishop of Durham, keeper of the privy-seal, commissioned to treat 
 with James IV. King of Scotland, about a marriage between the 
 said King and Margaret, daughter of the King of England. In 
 13 Henry VII, on the siege of Norham castle by the Scots, he 
 marched towards them ;'' but, before he could reach to Norham, 
 they retired to their own country. " Thomas Howard, Earl of 
 Surrey," says Pinkerton, " a nobleman pardoned by Henry VII. 
 
 > Polyd Virg p 567. ^ Rot- Pari 4 Hen VII m i. 
 
 <: Stow's Annals, p 175. * Rcgist. Gart vol. ii p 234. 
 
 c Ibid, p 241 ^ Rymer, vol xii p 477 to 47a 
 
 Polyd Virg p. 60Q b Rymer, vol xii p 568. 
 
 Ibid p 695. k Polyd Viig p 603.
 
 10 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 after the battle of Bosworth, and who was long to be a scourge of 
 the Scots, had orders to collect a large array for the retaliation of 
 the Scotish invasion } but his march from Scotland was counter- 
 manded on account of an insurrection in Cornwall, occasioned by 
 the avaricious taxes of Henry, increased by the war. The insur- 
 gents joined Lord Audley at Wells, and advanced into Kentj 
 where they were soon afterwards defeated and dispersed. Yet 
 James seized the opportunity of this commotion to form another 
 invasion : and after extensive depredations, he laid siege to the 
 castle of Norhara. This fortress, having been recently supplied 
 with the exigencies of a siege by the care of Fox, the Bishop of 
 Durham, its proprietor, was defended, till Surrey advanced with 
 a superior force, upon which the Scots retired. The English ge- 
 neral entered Scotland ; but retreated after taking the castle of 
 Aytoun. It is probable, that Henry, persisting in his patriotic 
 views of a matrimonial connection with Scotland, perceived that 
 the warmth of James must soon expire, if left without materials 
 of irritation ; and therefore commanded Surrey to use moderate 
 hostilities. Perhaps the recent insurrection, and the imminent 
 hazards of a defeat to the unpopular arms of Henry, while a pre- 
 tender was ready to avail himself of every advantage, might well 
 induce great prudence and apprehension."' In 1498, 14 Henry 
 VII. he was among the temporal lords,'" called together by the 
 King, October 27th, who ratified the peace made with France, at 
 Estaples, 1402. 
 
 In 15 Henry VII. he made partition with Maurice, surviving 
 brother of William Marquis of Berkeley" (who died issueless) of 
 the lands, that came to them by inheritance, by right of their de- 
 scent, from the coheirs of Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk. And the 
 same'' year, the plague raging in England, he conducted the 
 .King and Queen to Calais, landing them there on May 8th, to 
 commune with Philip Duke of BuKgundy. He was i' also one 
 of the witnesses to the King's ratification of the marriage of his 
 son, Arthur Prince of Wales, to Catharine, daughter of Ferdinand 
 King of Spain. On June 25th, 1501, he^ had the great office of 
 Lord Tteasurer of England conferred upon him. While he main- 
 tained that station, the trade of England was extended by en- 
 couraging new discoveries in America, and a stop put to abuses 
 in the coin. 
 
 ' Pinkerton's Hist- Scot, vol ii. p. 30. "" Rymer, ut antea, p 710. 
 
 ^ Commun. deT. Pasch. 15 Hen. VII. Rot. i. " Stow's Annals, p 48z 
 
 f Rymer, vol. xii. p. 751. 1 Pat 16. Hen VII.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. ^ 
 
 In 17 Henry VI [. he was again commissioned,'^ with Henry 
 Dean, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Richard Fox, Bishop of 
 Winchester, Lord Privy Seal, to treat with James IV. King of 
 Scots, about a marriage between him and Margaret, eldest 
 daughter of King Henry VII. And having concluded a treaty of 
 friendship with the Scottish envoys, ' and settled the marriage 
 articles, on January 24th, 1501-2, at the palace of Richmond, 
 in Surry, the wedding was solemnized by proxy. 
 
 " At length," says Pinkcrton, " after a number of tedious for- 
 malities, the royal bride, now in her fourteenth year, proceeded to 
 Scotland, and by a special favour, rather before the time affixed. 
 Her father accompanied her from the palace of Richmond to 
 CoUiweston, in Northamptonshire ; where he delivered her to the 
 care of the Earl of Surrey, who, with a noble and magnificent re- 
 tinue, attended her journey, and was to present a blooming bride 
 to James, whom he afterwards defeated and slew. In th*ir pro- 
 gress they were met by the Archbishop of York, the Bishop of 
 Durham, Northumberland, Dacre, and other peers, who accom- 
 panied the cavalcade to Lambertonkirk, a place a little to the 
 north of Berwick, Here the Archbishop of Glasgow, and the 
 Earl of Morton, with a pompous train, received the bride, and 
 conducted her to Dalkeith 3 whither James soon proceeded, and 
 whence in a few days she made her solemn entry into Edinburgh, 
 The scenes of splendour, which ensued, were worthy of the occa- 
 sion, and of an age of chivalry. The gorgeous tournaments were 
 invigorated by the valour, and graced by the beauty of both 
 nations. James himself, emulous of novelty, appeared in the 
 character of the savage knight, attended by highlanders and 
 borderers, who interchanged real wounds and disgusted the spec- 
 tators with bloody pastime : but the King, as Buchanan remarks, 
 had no occasion to regret the wounds or the death of marauders 
 inimical to law and order. Arthur, and his knights of the round 
 table, so familiar to the latter ages of chivalrous fable, also adorned 
 the lists with their ideal personages. The solemnity of this 
 marriage had been appointed so long before, that even foreigners 
 attended the festival : and among those was distinguished a French 
 Knight, Anthony d'Arcy de la Bastie, who was afterwards warden 
 of the Marches of Scotland, till he met with a cruel fate. Suc- 
 cessive days of pleasure Vere diversified with public shews, the 
 feast, the carousal, and the dance. The English added to the 
 
 r Rymcr,ut antea, p. 791. s Rymer, vol xiii p 30 31,32.
 
 70 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 entertainments the exhibition of those rude interludes called Mo' 
 ralities. Nor were the Scotish muses silent, for Dunbar, a poet 
 of deserved reputation, celebrated the nuptials in an allegory of 
 no mean beauty, intituled the Thistle and the Rose. The guests 
 were at length permitted to depart, satiated with pomp and 
 pleasure, with royal generosity and Scotish hospitality." ' 
 
 The same year, the King constitutes " Thomas Earl of Surry 
 (Lord High Treasurer of England) Lord High Steward of England, 
 for the trial of Sir Edward Sutton, Lord Dudley, for felony com- 
 mitted in the county of Stafford; and, in 22 Henry VIL he ob- 
 tained a'' special livery of all the manors and lands, whereof the 
 Duke of Norfolk, his father, died seized, 
 
 His patent for Lord Treasurer of England y was renewed July 
 28th, 1 Henry VIII. Also, on March 23 following, he. and the 
 Bishop of Winchester, Lord Privy Seal, were* appointed by the 
 King to conclude, and sign several alliances made with forfign 
 princes 5 and were on that day signed by them and the French 
 ambassadors at London. 
 
 In 2 Henry VIII. he was* constituted Earl Marshal of Eng- 
 land during his life ; and that year *> had the honour to be god- 
 father, with William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, to 
 Henry, the first born son of the King ; Catherine, Countess of 
 Devonshire, daughter to King Edward IV. being godmother. 
 The year after, November 10th, 1511, the King confidmg in 
 the loyalty, industry, foresight, and care of Thomas Earl ot Surry/ 
 Treasurer and Marshal of England, and George Earl of Shrews- 
 bury, commissions ^ them to treat with Ferdinand King of Arragon, 
 and Joan Queen of Castile, in order to the aiding of Pope Julius II. 
 against Lewis XII. King of France. 
 
 On the 6th of August 1512,^ the King, confiding in the 
 loyalty, wisdom, valour, industry, experience, and integrity, of 
 Thomas Earl of Surry, Treasurer and Marshal of England, com- 
 missions him to raise and muster all persons able to bear arms, in 
 the CQunties of York, Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmor* 
 
 Pink Hist. Scot vol. ii p 44. At the end of the new edition of Leland's 
 Collectanea, vol iv. p 25R, may be found a minute account of the Princess's 
 journey and wetlding, by John Young, Somerset Herald, who attended her. 
 "Rymer,p87. * Pat 22 Hen VII p 3. 
 
 7 Pat. I Hen- VIII p i. m 18. = Rymer,vol xiii p 270 et seq. 
 
 Pat 2 Henry VIII p i. m 21. b Hall's Chronicle, folio j. 
 
 c Hymer, ut antea,p ^i^ * Ibid. p. 339.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. n 
 
 land, and Lancaster ; to arm, review^ and march thenij where he 
 saw necessary, to suppress the attempts of the Scots. ^ 
 
 In 5 Henry VIII. on that expedition the King made into 
 France, at which time Terrouen and Tournay were taken, this 
 valiant Earl of Surry was left in England, to defend the North, 
 and prevent the incursions of the Scots during the King's absence. 
 
 When the King took leave of his Queen, he ^ commanded 
 the Earl of Surry to draw towards the North, fearing the Scots 
 would invade it in his absence, and constituted him Lieutenant 
 of all the north parts, impowering him to raise all men able to 
 bear arms in the counties of Chester, Lancaster, Durham, Nor- 
 thumberland, Westmorland, and Cumberland. s And when the 
 King took ship at Dover, he took the Earl by the hand, saying. 
 My Lord, I trust not the Scots, therefore I pray you be not neg- 
 ligent. To which the Earl replied, 1 shall so do my duty, that 
 your Grace shall Jind me diligent, and to fulfil your will shall la 
 my gladness. Hall, who went over with the King, says, the 
 Earl could scarcely speak, when he took his leave, he was so con- 
 cerned at being left behind ; and said to some that were about 
 him : Sorry should he be, if he did 7iot see the King of Scots, that 
 was the cause of his aliding behind, and if ever they met, he should 
 do that in him lieth to make him as sorry, or die. From Dover 
 the Earl came to London and attended on the Qaeen, comforting 
 her the best he could ; and shortly sent for his gentlemen and 
 tenants, 600 able men, which he mustered before Sir Thomas 
 Lovel, July 2Ist j and the next day rode through London north- 
 ward, and came to Doncaster j and, perceiving the Scots intend- 
 ed war, he came to Pomfret the 1st of August, where he had 
 summoned the noblemen and gentlemen of the counties he had 
 in charge, to meet him, and certify him what number of able 
 men, horsed and armed, they could raise at an hour's warning to 
 attend him, and laid posts every way to advertise them. He sent 
 to the Captain of Norham, certifying him, that, if he thought the 
 castle to be in any danger, he would be ready to relieve him. 
 Who thereupon ^ wrote to the Earl, thanking him, a?id praying 
 God, that the King of Scots would come with his puissance, for he 
 would keep him in play, till the King of England came out of 
 France. But the King of Scots coming before it, August 22d, 
 raced the walls with his great ordnance, and made assaults for 
 
 See Pinkerton,vol ii p. 77- f Hall's Chronicle, folio 415, 
 
 Ibid 37. " Ibid 37,5.
 
 71 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 three days together, and the Captain valiantly defended it; but 
 Taiuly spent so much of his ammunition, that at last he was in 
 want, and on the 6th day was compelled to yield it. The Earl of 
 Surry, on the first tidings of the attack, ' summoned all the 
 counties, he had in charge, to meet him at Newcastle, Sep-r 
 tember 1st. 
 
 " The King of Scotland (says Lord Herbert) retaining some 
 rancour in his mind against the King, thought he could not, in 
 any time more seasonably, revenge himself, than by invading his 
 realm in his absence. And thereupon, with an army of 60,000 
 (some say 100,000) enters England, August 27th, and after a fo^v 
 days siege, takes Norham castle. Thomas Earl of Surry here- 
 upon hastens his army, which consisted of 26,000, appointing his 
 son, the Lord Admiral, to come by sea, and meet him, at or near 
 Alnwick, in Northumberland. This brave Lord failed not his 
 time (September 4th) bringing with him also about 1,000 menj 
 of whom, when the Earl had taken view, and given order in what 
 place every one should fight, he marches towards the King ; who 
 had removed his army to an hill, called Flodden, on the edge of 
 the mountain Cheviot, where he strongly intrenched himself. 
 The Scotch writers relate, that many of their countrymen, for 
 want of victuals, secretly fled home, leaving the King's troops 
 but thin. Our writers, on the other side, make the Scotchmen 
 much superior in number. Finkerton gives the following ip- 
 teresting continuation of this important event. 
 
 " Surry sent a herald to James ofixring battle: and to hi? 
 father's reproaches, the admiral added, that having in vain sought 
 the Scotish fleet by sea, he was now ready to assert the justice of 
 Andrew Barton's fate in the van of the English army. These de- 
 fiances were intended to arouse the characteristical spirit, and re- 
 sentment of James, and th.us induce him to combat with a dimi- 
 nished and disheartened army at the will of the English leader : 
 nor did they fail of their proposed effect ; for the Scotish king ac- 
 cepted the challenge in the very circumstances that Randal and 
 Douglas had refused that of Edward III. 
 
 *' James supposing that the hill of Flodden, on the opposite 
 side of the Till, presented a more advantageous post for his army, 
 than the level situation of his camp, removed, and took possession 
 of that fatal ground. This hill is the last and lowest of those 
 eminences which extend on the north-east of the mountains of 
 
 Hall's Chronicle, folio 38.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. f9 
 
 Cheviot, towards the vales of Tweed, frora which river it is 
 distant about four miles. The ascent from the Till, which runs 
 north by the declivity on which Ford stands, is about half a mile 
 in length : and a bridge across the Till rendered the passage easy. 
 On the south of Flodden extends the capacious plain of Mill field ; 
 embraced on the west by high hills branching from Cheviot ; on 
 the north by Flodden, and other eminences ; on the east and 
 south by rising grounds, beneath which the Till winds its slow 
 and solemn way. 
 
 " Surry learning this movement of the Scotish army, and 
 being now advanced to Woolerhaugh, within five miles of 
 Flodden^ he endeavoured again to provoke the pride of James, 
 by sending a herald to reproach him for leaving his ground ; and 
 to challenge him to abandon his heights, and try the fortune of 
 war on Millfield plain the following day, between the hours of 
 twelve and three. But the King's imprudence extended not so 
 far: he even refused admittance to the herald. 
 
 " Finding this scheme fail, and that it was necessary to bring 
 the Scots to battle, or retire, as his army began to want provisions 
 in a barren and ravaged country, the English general with. great 
 skill proceeded to a decisive measure. Passing the Till, he ad- 
 vanced through rugged grounds on its east side, and encamped for 
 the night at Barmore- wood, about two miles from the Scotish army. 
 An eminence on the east of Ford shaded the English from obser- 
 vation : and from this height the admiral reconnoitred the Scots, 
 who discharged a few cannon. Next morning the English wheeled 
 to the north-west, and crossed the Till, near its confluence with 
 the Tweed ; the vanguard and artiller)'^ over the bridge of Twisel; 
 the rear by a ford, aoout a mile above that bridge. Having thus 
 come behind the Scots, by which means there was an easy access 
 to Flodden hill, and a battle was rendered unavoidable, the English 
 advanced in full array towards the enemy. 
 
 "It isevidentthat James was ignorant of every duty of a general, 
 when he permitted the accomplishment of these movements : he 
 might have repeatedly attacked the enemy at disadvantage ; in 
 the rear, when marching through the rugged grounds ; or divided, 
 when passing the difficult ford of the Tilj. But he had not even a 
 suspicion of this countermarch; and had only ordered a battery of 
 cannon on the east side of Flodden, to defend the bridge between 
 Ford and his camp. To the former causes of discouragement in 
 his army, he now added, persistence in dcfcnccj while to attack 
 might have been half a victory.
 
 74 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 " The Scots, suddenly perceiving the English in order of battle. 
 Bet fire to the huts of their camp, and hastened to take possession 
 of a nortlicrn eminence near Brankston, which might have proved 
 an advantageous post for the enemy, who had now passed the 
 brook of Sandyfbrd. The southern wind blew the smoke between 
 the armies J so that the English advanced undiscerned almost to 
 the bottom of this eminence 3 and it is said that the king even 
 prohibited any use of his cannon. Surry, observing the confusion 
 of tlie Scots, arising from his unexpected approach, and from the 
 dangerous movement to tlie north, resolved upon an immediate 
 attack. His army was in three divisions ; the van under the Ad- 
 miral, and Sir Edmund Howard j the middle under Surry 3 and 
 the rear led by Sir Edward Stanley j besides a reserve of cavalry 
 commanded by Lord Dacre : the artillery in front, and the space 
 between the divisions. The Scots were arranged in four par- 
 titions ; on the left wing Huntley and Home were opposed to Sir 
 Edmund Howard, while Crawford and Montrose fronted the 
 Admiral ; the King himself had the centre : the right wing was 
 conducted by Lennox and Argyle. The reserve was committed 
 to Bothwell, and consisted of his followers, and those of other 
 chiefs in Lothian. The English cannon did some execution before 
 the armies encountered. 
 
 " At the hour of four, in the afternoon, the battle com- 
 menced. The Admiral perceiving the Scots descend in four large 
 bodies, armed with long spears, requested his father to extend 
 and strengthen the van, by drawing up the middle division on its 
 left. Sir Edmund Howard was theA encountered by Huntley 
 and Home, and his division thrown into great disorder, till Dacre 
 advanced his cavalry in its support: but the Admiral now joined 
 by Dacre, routed and slew Crawford and Montrose. The King's 
 battalions opposed those of Surry j while Stanley on the left 
 wheeled round the eminence, and attacked in flank Lennox, and 
 Argyle, who being slain, their battalions were totally routed. 
 But the Scotish historians say, that the undisciplined highlanders, 
 under the latter two nobles, rushed down the hill, though La 
 Motte and other French officers exerted themselves to prevent this 
 fatal step, and by their consequent discomfitui eoccasioned the cala- 
 mity of the day } Stanley attacking them in the rear, a measure 
 generally decisive of an engagement. 
 
 " James had altogether forgotten his characters of monarch 
 and general} and rushed on with the illaudable valour of a com- 
 mon soldier. While the English leaders, conscious of their duty
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. f. 75 
 
 and importance, preserved a station, from which they could dis- 
 cern, and direct, the actions of their bands, James, and his nobles, 
 dismounted ; and struggled in the front with the mass of English 
 bill-men, Ju this vain and inglorious contest, many Scotish 
 peers fell ; but Bothwell and his resei-ve advancing, and valiantly 
 supporting the King's attack, the standard of Surry was en- 
 dangered. At this critical moment, that part of the left wing, 
 which was led by Crawford and Montrose, being routed, Huntley 
 having fled, and Home's battalion being thus separated, and ap- 
 parently obliged to stand on the defensive against the cavalry 
 under Dacre, the Admiral advanced his division, and assailed in 
 flank that of the Scotish King, and the reserve under Bothwell, 
 which had bravely advanced in his support. James fell, amid 
 heaps of his warlike peers and gentlemen } being pierced with an 
 arrow, and mortally wounded on the head with a bill. Though 
 Stanley, having dispersed the right wing, now pursued their track, 
 and came upon the rear of the Scotish centre, it still maintained 
 the shock ; and, arranged in the form of a circle, disputed the 
 victory with surrounding enemies, till the approach of night ter- 
 minated the conflict 
 
 " As Home's band had defeated a part of the English army, and 
 the Scotish centre had not retired, Surry was uncertain of the 
 victory, till the returning dawn discovered that the field was 
 abandoned by the foe. 
 
 " Such was the celebrated battle of Flodden, the only one in 
 which a Scotish King had fallen, since the time of Malcolm III."'' 
 I shall now only recite, ' that the battle was fought on Sep- 
 tember pih, 1513, and that, beside the Archbishop of St. Andrews, 
 and the clergy before-mentioned, twelve Earls were slain, four- 
 teen Lords, besides Knights and gentlemen. And when the 
 body of the King of Scots was found, and brought to Berwick, 
 the Earl shewed it to Sir William Scot, his Majesty's Chancellor, 
 and Sir John Forman, his serjeant porter, who at first sight knew 
 him, and made great lamentation, having divers wounds, and in 
 especial one with an arrow, and another with a bill. "" The Earl, 
 after securing the quiet of the North, returned to the Queen at 
 Richmond, bringing the dead body of the King with him, which 
 was buiied at Sheen in Surry. Hall, who was present with the 
 
 ^ Pinkerton's Hist Scot vol ii- p. 98~J04. 
 Hall's Chronicle, folio 43 b 44- " Ibid, folio 44.
 
 70 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 King before Tournay, recites, that, September 25th, the King re- 
 ceived the gauntlet, with letters of the Earl of Surry, and highly 
 praised the Earl, and the Lord Admiral his son, and all that were 
 in that valiant enterprize. But that the King had a secret letter 
 of the Cheshiremen's flying from Sir Edmund Howard, the Earl's 
 son, which caused heart-burning, but the King would have no man 
 be dispraised. The next day, great fires were made in token of 
 victory and triumph j and John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, 
 made a sermon in a tent of cloth of gold that was set up, shewing 
 the death of the King of Scots, &c. And the following letter was 
 sent to the King, written by the Queen's own hand : 
 
 " Sir, 
 
 '* My Lord Howard hath sent me a letter open to your 
 Grace within oon of myn, by the whiche ye shall see at length 
 the grete victorye that our Lord hath sent your subjects in your 
 absence : and for this cause it is noo nede herin to trouble your 
 Grace with long writing ; but, to my thinking, this battell hath 
 been to your Grace and al your realme the grettest honor that 
 coude bee, and more than ye shuld wyn al the crown of Fraunce: 
 thanked be God of it, and I am suer your Grace forgetteth not to 
 doe this, which shal bee cause to sende you many more such gretc 
 victoryes, as trust he shall do. My husband, for hastynesse with 
 Rogecrosse, I coude not sende your Grace the peese of the Kinge 
 of Scolts cote, which John Clyn now bringeth, in this your Grace 
 shall see, how I can kepe my promys: sending you for your 
 baners a King's cote. I thought to send himself unto you, but 
 our^ Englishe men's harts wold not suffer it : it shuld have been 
 better for him to have been in peas, than to have this rewarde; 
 al that God sendeth is for the best. My Lord of Surroy, my 
 Henry, wold fayne knowe your pleasure in the buiyeing of King 
 of Scoits' body, for he hath written to me soo, with the next mes- 
 sanger your Grace pleasure may bee herin knowen : and with 
 this I make an ende, praying God to sende you home shortly : 
 for without this no joye here can be accomplished: and for the 
 same I pray, and now go to our Lady at Walsingham, that I pro- 
 mised soe longe agoe to see, at Wolorne the xvj day of Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 " I send your Grace herein a bill founde in a Scottyshe man's 
 purse, of such things as the Frenshe King sent to the said King of 
 Scotts to make'warre against you: beseeching you to send
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. f 7 
 
 Mathewe Heder assone this messanger cometh to bringe' me 
 tydings from your Grace. 
 
 " Your humble wife, 
 
 " and true servant, 
 
 " Katharine.'* 
 
 When the King returned to his palace at Richmond, October 
 24th, he was not unmindful of the services of the Earl," and 
 those who served under him in that memorable battle ; and wrote 
 to them letters, with such favourable expressions, that every man 
 thgught himself well rewarded. And the Earl had a special grant, 
 from the King," to himself, and the heirs male of his body, of an 
 honourable augmentation of his arms, to bear on the lend thereof. 
 In an escutcheon Or, a demi Lion rampant, pierced through the 
 mouth with an arrow, within a double tressure Jlory and counter- 
 Jlory Gules ; which tressure is the same as surrounds the royal 
 arms of Scotland. And the King had such a sense of his great 
 services, that, on February 1st next ensuing, he p advanced him to 
 the honour and dignity of Duke of Norfolk; which title (as 
 expressed in the patent) John his father, deriving his descent 
 (through the heirs female of Mowbray and Segrave) from Thomas 
 of Brotherton, son to King Edward I. did enjoy. The ceremony 
 of his creation i was performed at Lambeth the day following. 
 And, by other letters patent, " bearing the same date (February 
 1st) had a grant, in special tail, of the manors of Acton Burnel, 
 Holgat, Abeton, Millenchop, Langdon, Chatwall, Smithcote, 
 Wolstanton, Uppington, and Rushbury, in com. Salop ; Solihull, 
 in com. Warw. Wolverhampton, in com. Staff. Birehurst, and 
 Upton Lovel, in com. Wilts j Erdescote, in com. Berks j Honnes- 
 don, Estwike, Barley, and Hide, in com. Hertf. Kentcote, and 
 Kerdwike, in com. Oxon. Est Wickham, in com. Kane, the 
 castles of Bolsover and Horeston, and manor of Horsley in com, 
 Derb. the manors of Clipston, Limby, Mansfield Woodhouse, 
 and Sutton in Ashfield, in com. Netting. To be held by the 
 service of one knight's fee. 
 
 On March 2d following, he had' a new patent for the office 
 of Lord Treasurer of England. 
 
 On August 2d following, the King appointed his Grace ' to 
 
 " Hall's Chronicle, folio 46. Pat. 5 Hen. V II I . p 2. 
 
 p Pat. 5 Hen VIII. m. i8. ^ Kail. folio46. 
 
 Pat. ut supra. Pat j Hen. VIII. Rymer, ibid p. 421.
 
 fS PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Weat with Lewis XIL of France, or those deputed by him, about 
 peace, free trade; and more especially, about renewing the peace 
 lately concluded between Charles VIIL late King of France, and 
 Henry late King of England ; as also touching the treaty of peace 
 coiicluded at London, and about the ratification of the same. 
 And a peace and alliance was concluded between both Kings," 
 wherein it is recited, " That King Lewis, for the more effectually 
 keeping the same, had desired the King's sister, Mary, in mar- 
 riage Therefore he commissions the said Duke of Norfolk, 
 Thomas Wolsey, Bishop of Lincoln, and Richard Fox, Bishop of 
 Winchester, to treat about the said marriage with the French 
 King, or those deputed by him;" which commission also, bears 
 date August 2d, 151L And on the conclusion of the peace, Lewis 
 of Orleans, Duke of Longueville, '^ who had been taken at the 
 battle of Spurs, 1513, was set at liberty, paying his ransom; and 
 at Greenwich, August 13th, 1514, as proxy to Lewis King of 
 France, married the Princess Mary, in the presence of the Duke 
 of Norfolk, and others of the English nobility, and the deputies of 
 the French King, 
 
 When the King, her brother, had prepared all things for her 
 conveyance to France, he, with his Queen, accocnpanied her, 
 about the middle of September, to Dover ; and there staid some 
 time, the wind being very high; so that a ship of the King's, 
 called the Lubeck, driven a-shore before Sandgate, was there 
 shipwrecked ; and of 600 men, 300, with great difficulty, escaped, 
 and the most of them hurt with the wreck. On the weather 
 clearing up, the King brought her to the sea side; and, commit- 
 ing her to the care of the Duke of Norfolk, y who was accompanied 
 by his son, the Earl of Surry, the Marquis of Dorset, and other 
 Nobles, embarked October 2d, about four in the morning. But 
 when they had sailed about a quarter of the sea over, the wind 
 rose again so high, that it separated the ships ; and the vessel in 
 which the Queen was, with the Duke of Norfolk, with great 
 difficulty got into Boulogne; when Sir Christopher Garneys 
 jumping into the water, took her in his arms, and carried her to 
 land. On the feast of St. Dennis, King Lewis married her in the 
 great church of Abbeville. "^ Next day, all the English, who had 
 
 " Rymer, ibid p 426 x Hall, folio 47 b. 
 
 y Hall, folio 48 
 ^ See Drayton's Heroical Epistles and the notes to them ; among ivhich is 
 one from Queen Mary to Charles Brandon, on this occasion, and the answer 
 to it.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. f^^ 
 
 been her servants, except a few that were to wait on her, were 
 discharged, and the English Lords, having had rewards from the 
 French King, took their leave of the Queen, and returned. The 
 t)uke of Norfolk'' had in his retinue one hundred horsemen well 
 accoutred, and was allowed by the King 5/. a day towards defraying 
 his expences ; and the Earl of Surry, his son, had in his retinue 
 fifty-six horse, and was allowed 3/. 6s. 8d. for his expences. 
 
 In 7 Henry VIII. ^ observing that the King's coffers were 
 much exhausted, by his wars and triumphs j and not finding it 
 easy to supply those vast expences, which (in pageants, and other 
 devices) increased daily, he wisely withdrew himself. But upon 
 an insurrection of the London tradesmen and apprentices, on 
 May 1st, 1517 (commonly called Evil May-Day) his presence 
 was judged necessary to quell that riot, excited by foreigners 
 trading in the city at an under-rate ; and was assisted by his son, 
 the Earl of Surry, and George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury. In 
 1521, 13th Mail, he performed the office*^ of Lord High Steward 
 on the trial of Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham j and gave 
 sentence of death on him, whereat he was so much concerned, as 
 to shed tears. He made earnest suit to King Henry Vlil. at 
 Richmond, that he "^ might, in respect of his great age, resign his 
 office of Lord Treasurer of England. The King was unwilling 
 to part with so able a minister, but his importunity at length pre- 
 vailing, he instantly, on receiving the staff from the father, told 
 him he would deliver it, where he should think it best bestowed ; 
 and then calling his son, the Earl of Surry, at that time at bowls 
 on the Green, gave it him, December 4th, 1522. The same year 
 he obtained a grant, ^ in special tail, and to his son, Thomas Earl 
 of Surry, of the manors of Wells, Shyringham Stafford, Bannyng- 
 ham, Warham, and Weveton, in com. Suff. with the advowsong 
 of the churches ; part of the possessions of the before specified 
 Edward Duke of Buckingham, attainted. 
 
 By his last will, bearing date May 31st, 1520, he *" bequeathed 
 his body to be buried in the church of the priory of Thetford, 
 in com. Norf before the high-altar there j appointing, that his 
 executors should cause a tomb to be made, and set up directly, 
 with the images of himself and Agnes his wife thereon, allowing 
 
 * MS in Bibl Joh Anstis. Arm Gart. Reg Armor. Not. G.XI p. 197. 
 
 '' Herbert's History of Hen. VIII. p 58. c Herbert, p. 11 1. 
 
 " MS deFamil. Howard, D. 12. 192, in Bibl Joh. Anstis, Arnl. ex Relat. 
 Hen nup com Northampton. <; Pat. 14 Hen- VIII. p 3. 
 
 f x Regist Bodfield, qu 23 in Cur Praerog Cant.
 
 80 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 for the charge thereof 133/, 6s. 8d. He also bequeathed to his Son, 
 and heir apparent, wlio should be living at his decease, his great 
 hanged bed, paled with cloth of gold, white damask, and black 
 velvet, broidered witli these two letters T and A ; as also one suit 
 f hangings of the story of Hercules, made for the great chamber 
 at Framlingham, in Suffolk. And departing this life s about 
 eleven o'clock, on May 21st, 1524, at his said castle of Framling- 
 ham, had burial, with great solemnity, in the priory of Thetford, 
 whence his bones were removed, at the dissolution, to Framling- 
 ham. The inscription on his monument at Thetford is defaced, 
 but preserved in Bloomjield's Norfolk, vol. i. p. 451. 
 
 He married two wives j ^ first, Elizabeth, daughter and sole 
 heir to Sir Frederic Tilney, of Ash well-Thorpe in Norfolk, 
 Knight, widow of Humphrey Bourchier, Knight of the Bath, and 
 son of lohn Lord Berners, who married Catherine, daughter of 
 John Howard, first Duke of Norfolk, and by her had Joan their 
 sole heir, who carried Ashwell Thorpe in marriage to the family 
 of Knyvet, as before mentioned, in p. 64. Which Elizabeth, by 
 her' last will, bearing date November 6th, anno 1506, bequeathed 
 her body to be interred in the nuns choir of the Minoresses with- 
 out Aldgale, in London, nigh unto the place where Anne Mont- 
 gomerie lay buried : appointing that no more than twenty torches 
 should be used at her burial, and month's minde. Also, that no 
 dole, or money, should be given at either of those solemnities 3 but, 
 instead thereof, one hundred marks to be distributed to poor folks, , 
 viz. to every poor man and woman in the parishes of Whitechapel 
 and Hackney yd. 
 
 By the said Elizabeth, he had issue ^ eight sons ; first, Thomas, 
 created Earl of Suury in his life-time 3 second. Lord Edward 
 Howard, Knight of the Garter j third. Lord Edmund 5 fourth, Lord 
 John, a Knight, who died without issue' 23d March, 1503; as 
 did the other four, viz. Henry, who died in 1501, Charles in )512, 
 Henry, seventh son, in 1513, and Richard, who died on March 
 27th, 1517, and was buried at Lambeth: also two daughters; 
 first, Elizabeth, married to Thomas Viscount Rochford (after Earl 
 of Wiltshire and Ormond), and mother to Queen Ann Boleyn, 
 and to George Viscount Rochford the poet ; and second, Muriel, 
 wedded, first to John Grey, Viscount Lisle; afterwards to Sir 
 
 e Vincent's Add. to h s Discovery of Brook's Errors, MS. p 215. in Offic 
 Armor- *> Vincent, ibid. A Deane, <ju. 25. 
 
 k Ex stemmate 1 St. George's MSS. praed-
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. ' gi 
 
 Thomas Knevet, of Bokenhara castle, in com. Norf. Knight of 
 the Bath. 
 
 To his second he wedded " Agnes, daughter of Hugh Tilney," 
 
 and sister and heir to Sir Philip Tilney, of Boston, in com. Line. 
 
 Knight, (which Duchess Agnes was involved in the disgnice of 
 
 Queen Catherine Howard,) by whom he had issue, 1. Lord 
 
 William, ancestor of the extinct Earls of Nottingham, and of the 
 
 present Earl of Effingham, of whom I shall hereafter treat, which 
 
 Lord William, with his second wife Margaret Gamage, was 
 
 also involved in the disgrace of his niece Queen Catherine 
 
 Howard. 2. Sir Thomas, who, aiming at a match with the 
 
 Lady Margaret Douglas (daughter of Margaret Queen of Scots, 
 
 by her husband,- Archibald Earl of Angus) niece to King 
 
 Henry VIII. was attainted of treason, on suspicion of his as-. 
 
 piring to the crown, A. D, 1536 ; and departing this lifeP in the 
 
 Tower of London, November 1st, that year, was buried " at Thet- 
 
 ford. And four daughters, Anne, married to John Vere, Earl of 
 
 Oxford ; Dorothy, to Edward Stanley, Earl of Derby, whence 
 
 descended the Earls of Derby, down to James, tenth Earl, who 
 
 died in 1/36; Elizabeth, to Henry Ratcliff, Earl of Sussex; and 
 
 Catherine, first to Sir Rhese ap Thomas, of Dinevaur, Knight of 
 
 the Garter, who had a daughter by him, Anne or Agnes Rice, 
 
 married to William. Lord Stourton ; and, secondly, to Sir Henry 
 
 Daubeney, Earl of Bridgewater. 
 
 Lord Epward, the second son of the Duke, by his first wife, 
 signalised himself in several expeditions. In 7 Henry VIT. he 
 served in Flanders' on the behalf of Maximilian, the Emperor, 
 against the French ; and, in 14g7, being with his father in that 
 expedition into Scotland, * he then had the honour of knighthood 
 conferred on him. In 150g, 1 Henry VIII. 20th Mali, having 
 before manifested his valour, he was made the King's standard- 
 bearer" within the realm of England, and elsewhere, for life, with 
 the fee of 20/. i>er ann. to commence from the first day of the 
 King's reign. 
 
 And Sir Andrew Barton, a Scottish man, and pirate, infest- 
 ing the seas, " the King ordered the two sons of Thomas Earl 
 
 n Ex stem. " Ibid in MS- Famil, Howard, D- iz, in Bibl J. Anstis. 
 
 ojournalofParliament, zSHen. VIII. p Goodw p. 159. 
 
 ^ Stowe's Annals " Cat. of Nob ut supra. 
 
 , Polyd. Virg p 584. ' Jckil's Catalogue of Knights, MS- p. 170- 
 
 u Rymcr.tom. xiii. p 251. 
 
 VOL. I. ^
 
 82 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 of Surry (as recited " by Lord Herbert, in his Life of Henry VIIL) 
 to go in quest of them. Edward, the younger, in one ship ; and 
 ThomaSj the elder, in another ; who, coming up with the pirate's 
 ships, gave tliem several broadsides, but were warmly received : 
 the obstinate pirate (though so grievously wounded that he died 
 on the spot) encouraging his men with his whistle, even to his 
 last breath. At length the English prevailed, took their ships, 
 and brought them (together with the men that remained) and 
 presented them to the King, who, upon their submission, graci- 
 ously pardoned them, so that they would depart out of his king- 
 dom in twenty days," 
 
 On April 7th, 1512, the King, in consideration (as the patent 
 cxpresselh it) of his loyalty, wisdom, valour, industry, experience, 
 and integrity, > constituted him admiral, captain, commander in 
 chief, and leader of all his ships, captains, and others, to be em- 
 ployed in the service of the Pope, for the defence of the Chris- 
 tian religion, with power to reward the meritorious with knight- 
 hood. And the next day, by indenture, he was retained to serve 
 the King as admiral and commander of the ships, with 3000 
 forces, to be employed in the Pope's service, besides 70O mariners 
 and gunners, in the ship called the Regent. The said Admiral to 
 be allowed 10^. a day, each captain 1*. 6d. a day, and every 
 soldier, mariner, and gunner, 5s. a month for wages ; and as much 
 for victuals, accounting twenty-eight days to the month. He was 
 also to have eighteen ships under his command of several burdens, 
 viz. from 1000 to 120 tons. The year after, 19th Martii, he was" 
 constituted Admiral of England, Wales, Ireland, Normandy, Gas-^ 
 coine, and Aquitaine ; at which time he convoyed the Marquis of 
 Dorset into Spain, in aid of the Emperor Ferdinand against the 
 French : and having cleared the seas from the ships of the enemy, 
 landed in Britany, marched seven miles into the country* burnt 
 some towns, and brought away rich spoils. After which, he put 
 his men on shore at Conquet, and other places, where the French, 
 being still worsted, desired a parley ; wherein they begged him to 
 leave this cruel warring on them, tending only to burning of 
 villages, and ransacking them. ^ To which he replied, he was not 
 to take his directions from them ; and that it was the part of 
 brave gentlemen to defend their country, and not shamefully to 
 
 X Kennet's Complete History of England, vol. ii p. 7. 
 
 r Rymer,tom xiii p 3z6. ^ Pat 4 Hen. VIII p z. 
 
 Herbert's Life of Hen- VIII p 25. "> Ibid.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 83 
 
 ue for mercy. After which, entertaining thena with a banquet 
 in bis ship, he dismissed them, and returned home. 
 
 The French, alarmed by his proceedings, equipped>a powerful 
 navy, under Pors.;coguire, called Pierce Morgan by some English 
 authors 5 and Admiral Howard having received a strong rein- 
 forcement, the two fleets met in the Channel, where a furious' 
 engagement ensued 5 in which the Regent, commanded by Sir 
 Thomas Knevet, and the Cordeliere, Porsncoguire's ship, grappled, 
 and the magazine of the latter taking fire, the crews of both 
 vessels were blown up, to the amount of sixteen hundred brave 
 men. This affecting scene put a stop to the battle; and the two 
 navies retired to their respective ports. 
 
 In the beginning of the year 1513, the King, intending a 
 further war with France, sent his fleet, consisting of forty two 
 sail (besides barques) to clear the seas of his enemies. Where- 
 upon the French got one Pregent, a Knight of Rhodes, with four 
 galleys, to pass the Streights, and come into Britany, to join 
 divers large ships within the haven of Brest, On which the 
 Admiral, resolving to attempt them, at length entered the haven 
 where the French fleet lay, under the defence of platforms raised 
 on the land, besides fire-ships. But before he engaged them, the 
 Lord Admiral advertised the King thereof; advising him to come 
 in person to take the glory of the action ; which was not well 
 taken by the King, who wrote sharply to him, with command to 
 do his duty. Whereof he grew so apprehensive, that he hazarded 
 his own person too rashly ; first sending out his boats, to make a 
 shew of landing; and the French flocking to the shore, to the 
 number of 10,000; whereas the English in those boats were not 
 above 1500; and, landing over-against Brest, burnt the country 
 in Sight of the castle, thinking not to do more till victuals came. 
 But sflkn after six galleys of the enemies, and two foists, under 
 Pregent, putting in near Conquet (a little below Brest), this our 
 admiral, on notice thereof, attended with five choice captains 
 (Lord Ferrers, Sir Thomas Cheney, Sir John Wallop, Sir Llenry 
 Shireburn, and Sir William Sidney) resolved to board them; and 
 entering into one of those two galleys the English had only there, 
 did board that galley, in which Pregent was, with his sword and 
 target, one Carroz, a Spanish cavalier, and seventeen English at- 
 tending him; and coma-.anding his own galley to be grappled to 
 the enemy's, resolved to die, or to conquer. But, whether the 
 French hewed in sunder the cable, or the mariners let it slip for 
 fear of the ordnance, the English galley fell off} so that this
 
 84 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 noble person was left in the hands of his enemies : of whom there 
 could no other account be given, by his own men, than that, 
 when he was past all hopes of recovering his galley, he took his 
 whistle from his neck (the badge of his office of Admiral"^) and 
 threw it into the sea : and the French Admiral, being sent to, 
 answered, they had none but one mariner, who told him, that a 
 person, whom they bore over-board with their pikes, was their 
 Admiral. He was thus unhappily lost, April 25th, 1513, before 
 he could have notice** that he had been elected into the society of 
 the most noble order of the Garter. The King of Scots, in a 
 letter to King Henry VIII. bearing date May 24th, 1513, be- 
 moans his death in these words : "^ " And surely, derest brother, 
 we think more losse is to you of the late admiral, who dessed to 
 his great honour than the advantage might have bin of winning 
 all the French 'galleys. Which valiant Knight, and others that 
 perished, had bin better imployed on the enemies of Christen re- 
 ligion." By his will, made in 1512, ^ he bequeathed to Sir Charles 
 Brandon (after Duke of Suffolk) theroope of bowed Nobles, that 
 he wore his great whistle by ; and to the King's grace his great 
 whistle. He married Alice, daughter of William, and sister and 
 heir to Henry Lovcl, Lord Morley, (and widow of Sir William 
 Parker, Knight, father of Sir Henry, Lord Morley, in her right ;) 
 but died without issue. 
 
 Lord Edmund, third son of the Duke, was marshal of the 
 horse in the battle of Flodden field, in 5 Henry VIII. And in 
 1520, on the famous interview which King Henry VIII. had 
 with Francis 1. of France, where all feats of arms were performed 
 between Ardres and Guisnes for thirty days, s was one of the 
 challengers on the part of England. His lordship also distinguished 
 himself in the expedition which his elder brother made against 
 the Scots, A.D. 1523. He first married Joyce,^ daughter and 
 coheir to Sir Richard Culpeper, of Oxenhoath and Hollingbourn 
 in Kent, Knight, by wnom he had' issue three sons; Henry 
 Howard, Esq. whose wife, Anne Howard, was attainted with 
 Queen Catherine Howard; Sir George Howard, knighted in 
 Scotland, 1 Edward VI. by Edward Duke of Somerset; and Sir 
 Charles, slain in France, who both died without issue. And five 
 
 ' Anstis's Registerof the Garter, vol. ii. folio izr. 
 
 " Ibidvol.i p. 275. e Ibid, 
 
 * Ex Regist. Fettiplace, qu. 13. in Cur. Prerog. 
 
 Stow's Annals, p. 509. & Vincent on Brook, p. 355. ' Ibtd.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 65 
 
 daughters ; Margaret, married to Sir Thomas Arundel, of Wardour 
 castle, Wilts, Knight, grandfather to Thomas, the first Lord 
 Arundel, of Wardour : Catherine, Queen of England, fifth wife 
 to King Henry VIII. whose attainder for adultery is too well 
 known to require enlargement here. See extracts from that act of 
 attainder in Gent. Mag. vol. Ixvii. p. 543. Mary, married to 
 Edmund TrafFord, of Trafford, in com. Lane. Esq.; Joyce, to 
 John Stanney, of the county of Huntingdon, Esq.; and Isabel, 
 to ^ Henry Baynton, of Bromham, Wilts, Esq. To his second 
 wife, he married Dorothy, daughter of Thomas Troyes, of Hamp- 
 shire, Esq.; but had no issue by her. Lord Edmund died March 
 19th, 30 Henry VIII. being then comptroller for Calais and its 
 marches. 
 
 I shall now proceed to treat of Thomas, the eldest son, and 
 third Duke of Norfolk. In 2 Henry VIII. at a chapter held 
 at Greenwich, he was' elected Knight of the most noble order of 
 the Garter ; and installed on April 27th that year. In 3 Henry 
 VIII. he commanded one of those ships, which fought with 
 and took that famous pirate. Sir Andrew Barton, Knight. And 
 accompanied" Thomas, Marquis of Dorset, into Spain, in order 
 to join with the King of that realm against the French, and to in- 
 vade Guyen ; and, when there, the Marquis falling sick, bad" the 
 command of the English army. In 5 Henry VIII. on the death 
 of the Lord Edward, his brotlier, in the attempt at Brest,? he 
 was constituted Lord Admiral in his stead. Whereupon, bringing 
 the fleet out of harbour, he so scoured the seas, i as not a fisher- 
 boat of the French, durst adventure forth. At length landing in 
 WhiLsand-bay, he ransacked all the country thereabouts, and, 
 without resistance, returned safe to his ships. On the invasion "^ 
 of King James IV. of Scotland, 1513, he landed a veteran troop 
 of 5t)00 men. of tried vrdour, and haughty spirits, in regard of 
 their former naval victories obtained under his command; and, 
 as already mentioned, signalized himself by his conduct at the 
 battle of Flodden.' The king therefore, in consideration of his 
 valour and service, on February 1st, 1513-14, (the day of his 
 father's advancement to the title of the Duke of Norfolk) ^ created 
 
 < St George's MS- Baron praedict. 
 
 ' Anstis's Register of the Garter, vol. i p 273,274. 
 
 m Herbert, prced p. 7. " Ibid. p. 9 " Ibid. p. 10. 
 
 p Pat 5 Henry VIII p i- <) Godwin's Annals, p iz, 13. 
 
 " ' Ibid, p 19,20 s Herbert.utsupra, p. 18. 
 
 t Pat 5 Hen. VIII. p- 2. m u.
 
 86 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 him Earl of Surry. And in the year ensuing, on some dispute 
 in parliament concerning his place there, it was declared, that he 
 should sit according to his creation, and not as a Duke's eldest 
 son ; saving to him, out of parliament, his precedence, according 
 to his dignity and honour : also, if, on search of records, it should 
 after be found, that an higher place in parliament did, of right, 
 belong to him, it should be allowed. 
 
 In 12 Henry VIII. he was constituted Lord Lieutenant of 
 Ireland, that Cardinal Wolsey might the more easily accomplish 
 the ruin of the Duke of Buckingham, his lordship's father-in-law: 
 and landed there " the Wednesday before Whitsuntide, with 
 divers gentlemen, who had been of the garrison of Tournay, and 
 100 yeomen of the King's guard, with 1000 others, horse and 
 foot. On Whitsunday he was informed, that O'Neal had invaded 
 Meath with 4000 horse, and 12,000 foot : whereupon he pre- 
 pared himself to encounter the rebel, not doubting" but that his 
 victory would be a happy omen of his future government ; and 
 therefore adding to his small army such militia as he could get 
 on so short warning, marched to Slane. On which O'Neal, 
 frightened at the name of the Earl of Surry, retired so fast, that 
 the Lord Lieutenant could neither find him, nor his army. But, 
 soon after, O'Neal sent to him, to implore pardon, which was 
 granted him, on promise of future obedience. 
 
 In October, the King wrote to the Lord Lieutenant, that he 
 never expected a thorough reformation in Ireland, till all the 
 Irish were amesnable to law, and have the benefit of it : and the 
 King sent him a commission of martial law, with power of con- 
 ferring knighthood, and to knight O'Neal, and other Irish po- 
 tentates. Also ordered him to prevail with them (if possible) to 
 visit the King and court of England, in hopes to inure them to 
 civility, and a regularity in their living. He was also ordered to 
 propose a m^Uch between the Earl of Ormond's son, and Sir 
 Thomas Bullen's daughter. 
 
 Being resolved to make the army serviceable, he disbanded 
 Sir John Bulmer's troop for their cowardice 3'^ and, in October 
 1521, drove the Birns, who had rose in rebellion from place to 
 place, into their fastnesses and lurking holes, which gave quiet to 
 the rest of the English pale. And calling a parliament, it met at 
 Dublin, June 4th, 1521, and enacted many good laws, y He took 
 
 u Cox's History of Ireland, p 20S, et seq and Stow's Annals, p. 509. 
 " Cox's History, p, ziq. y Ibid.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 87 
 
 all precautions for subduing the Irish, but it was harder to find 
 the enemy, than conquer them. O'More's army that was formid- 
 able to the pale, were forced, by him, to divide in small parties, 
 sculking in thick woods, and deep bogs. ^ And whilst the Lord 
 Lieutenant marched through these wildernesses, a rebel, that lay 
 in ambush on the side of a wood, shot at him, and struck the vizor 
 off his helmet without further hurt to him. With difficulty they 
 found him out, and he was hewn to pieces, for he would not 
 yield. Whatever the rebels resolved, or bragged on beforehand, 
 when it came to the trial, their hearts failed them; the name of 
 Surry being so terrible, that the victories he obtained over them, 
 were almost without blows; and he made great slaughter in the 
 pursuit of them. ^ At length the Lord Lieutenant, being indis- 
 posed in health, and weary of the government, he obtained the 
 King's leave to return to England in January 1521-2, and left 
 there a good character of his conduct and valour, having governed 
 so acceptably, that he gained the love of all the civil people of that 
 country. On jNIay 26th, he landed the Emperor Charles V. at 
 Dover, and was constituted Admiral of all his dominion. Having 
 fitted '^ the fleets of England and Flanders, he debarked near 
 Morleix in Britany, forced the town, and burnt it ; and having 
 wasted the conntry thereabouts, went into Picardy, to join with 
 the imperialists, after he had conveyed the Emperor to Spain. He 
 then laid siege '^ to Hesding; but the winter approaching, he 
 quitted'' it again. And, haying burnt Marquise, and some other 
 places, near the English pale, returned. 
 
 In 1522, a general terror of a Scotch invasion pervading 
 the North of England, Lord Shrewsbury was deprived of his 
 commission of lieutenant general ; and it was transferred to Lord 
 Surry, a far more able leader. In this situation Surry con- 
 tinued to make a conspicuous figure for many years ; as he 
 was empowered not only to manage the war, but the nego- 
 ciations, and political intrigues, which appears from his corres- 
 pondence with Wolsey, and Queen Margaret. This has been 
 lately laid before the public by Mr. Pinkerton, in his History 
 of Scotland, in & very able and interesting manner j the whole 
 scene being drawn with great industry and talent fion- original 
 documents : the motives, councils, events, and c'.arac irs, being 
 pourtrayed from the letters of the principal per&ons concerned. 
 
 2 Cox's History, p- an. ' Ibid- p- 212,213. ^ Godwin, p. ^6. 
 
 t Stow's Annals, p .<i7- Herbert, ut sujira, p 132 
 
 " They fill," says the Historian, " nearly six folio volumes in the Cotton
 
 as ^ PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 On the present occasion only two or three characteristic extracts 
 Khali Jbe given. " In April 1523, some incursions into Scotland 
 were made by the English; and one in particular of considerable 
 importance into the Merse and Tividale. Buchanan informs us, 
 that Surry, at the head of ]0,00Omen, ravaged these provinces, 
 with a destruction which equally levelled the turreted castle of 
 the baron, and the straw-built hut of the labourer."'" 
 
 In September following, Surry again invaded Scotland : " The 
 English advanced from Berwick to Jedburgh, amid constant skir- 
 mishes with the Scots ; ' I assure your grace,' says Surry to 
 Wolsey, ' that I found the Scots at this time the boldest men, and 
 the most ardent, thac ever I beheld of any nation ;' their conflicts 
 were perpetual, though they amounted only to about 1500, hastily 
 gathered by the border chieftains, against an army of pOOO, 
 almost entirely cavalry; and ' were 40,000 such valiant men as- 
 sembled,' proceeds the English general, ' dreadful would be the en- 
 counter.' But all their efforts could not prevent- the pillage of 
 Tividale, and the conflagration of the fair town of Jedburgh, 
 containing at that time twice as many houses as Berwick, many 
 of them of beautiful architecture; it was defended by six strong 
 towers, and was capable of receiving a garrison of 1000 cavalry. 
 Sir William Bulmer, and Sir Thomas Tempest, conducted the 
 strong detachment which captured the town, and gave it com 
 pletely to the flames, so that a re-ediiication was necessary before 
 it could be inhabited. But this achievement was followed by an 
 unexpected and strange disaster, on the side of the English. Their 
 camp was s..rrounded with the provision waggons, and a ditch ; 
 b'Jt while Surry was engaged in the assault of the abbey, which 
 lasted till two hours after night fell, Dacre had, for some un- 
 known cause, stationed his cavalry without the precinct of the 
 camp. Next day Surry sent Dacre to attack the castle of Fcrni- 
 herst, along with Sir Arthur Darcy and Sir Marmaduke Constable; 
 but that hold being surrounded with a wood was well defended. 
 
 Library, Caligula, b. i ii iii. vi. vii. and part of b viii. This treasure, to the 
 disgrace of our History, had not been before explored." Hist. Scot vol ii 
 p III 
 
 In the late edition of this Peerage, some crude abstracts of this Earl's 
 Letters at this period, are printed from the collections of Anstis But as they 
 interrupt the oarrative, and do not seem to furnish any lights different from 
 thepagesof Pinkerton, they are now omitted. It is probable they were drawn 
 frojn thesameoriginals. 
 
 * Pink- vol. ii. p. 214.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 8p 
 
 and before It yielded, many on both sides were slain and wounded. 
 On his return Dacre resumed his former station on the outside of 
 the camp ; and about eight o'clock, while he sat at supper with 
 Surry, the horses of his cavalry broke loose, and running around 
 the camp, spread an universal alarm, as it was supposed the Scots 
 were assaulting the intrenchments j and many guns, and not less 
 than an 100 sheaves of arrows were discharged at them. Of 1500 
 horses, thus running wild, not 700 were saved j about 500 were 
 shot, or wandered in divers directions j 250 ran into Jedburg, still 
 in flames, where they were seized and carried off by Scotish 
 women ; 50 plunged to death down a precipice. It is risible to 
 find Surry, an honest and credulous soldier, seriously imputing 
 this disaster to daemons. He affirms that Dacre, and all his men, 
 beheld " spirits and fearful signs" six times that night ; and that 
 the whole army believe, that the infernal prince was six times 
 among them. It was apparently a stratagem of the Scots, as 
 their women were ready to seize what horses they could ; nor is 
 such a stratagem against cavalry, unknown in a former Scotish 
 history." s 
 
 It was in the following month, that, Albany threatening the 
 English frontiers with a very powerful force, ' Surry began to 
 strengthen his army, and requested \Volsey that some nobles of 
 the South might be sent, and some of the youthful peers, if they 
 would leave their attendance on court, their dances, dice, and 
 cards, to adorn by their presence the probable theatre of a great 
 battle. At the same time Surry pathetically requests Wolsey to 
 be beneficent to his children, if he fall in the battle, for his estate 
 iij exhausted in the King's service."'' 
 
 On November 3d, Albany having advanced as far as Warke 
 castle, trembled at the approach of Surry ; withdrew the artillery, 
 and sounded a retreat to his numerous and astonished batta'ions. 
 " Undoubtedly," says Surry, " there was never man departed with 
 more shame, or with more fear, than the Duke has done this 
 day." Surry, after requiring ten thousand marks to pay the 
 soldiers for their past service, and journey to their homes, dis- 
 missed his numerous and gallant army. His sovereign highly 
 praised his conduct, and regarded the transaction, as no less ho- 
 nourable than useful to England." ' 
 
 These services, before recited, were in his father's lifetime. 
 In 1524, his father being deceased, he had a special livery"^ of his 
 
 8 Pink vol ii p. no- '' Ibid. p. 226. 
 
 'Ibid p. 230. " Pat- 16 Henry VIII p. I.
 
 go PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 lands, l6th Jnlii ; and the 20th of the same month was again 
 made general ' of the army at that time raised to advance into 
 Scotland " for setting of the young King of that realm free, whom 
 the Duke of Albany (regent in his minority) had kept at Stirling; 
 but his Majesty was brought to Edinburgh, without the Duke's 
 going to Scotland, and took upon himself the government. He 
 continued in the North, in his character of lieutenant general, in 
 order to overawe any opposition by the dread of an instantaneous 
 array and invasion. " In 1" Henry V!I1. he obtained a grant " ia 
 reversion of the castle, honour, and manor of Folkingham in Lin- 
 colnshire ; as also of several other manors : and on August I7th, 
 1525, was constituted P one of the commissioners for treating of 
 peace at More in Hertfordshire, with the French agents ; their 
 King, Fiancis I. being then prisoner at Madrid, having be-en taken 
 at the battle of Pavia, on February 24th, that year. Several com- 
 motions happening about that time, by Cardinal Wolsey's issuing 
 proclamations, in the king's name, for raising money without con- 
 sent of parliament, his grace was sent, with the Duke of Suffolk, 
 to try the insurgents of Suffolk, and acted with great moderation 
 and lenity. Ke was also commissioned, on October l6th, 1529, 
 with that nobleman, to demand the great seal from Wolscy, which 
 the prelate refused to deliver, alleging, that he held it by patent 
 for life : but their graces bringing a mandate, next day, signed by 
 the King, the Cardinal submitted, as also to another they brought 
 under his majesty's hand, commanding him to retire to Esher in 
 Surry, one of his country seats. Next year, on"! the fallof Wolsey, 
 it being thought fit, by most of the great lords, that he should be 
 removed to some distance from the King j this Duke bade " 
 Cromwell tell him, that it was fit he should go to bis charge at 
 York (being Archbishop of that province :) and, after he saw that 
 he made no haste thither, he commanded Cromwell to tell him 
 further, that, if he got not away, he would tear him with his 
 teeth. On December 1st, the same year, he was one of the lords 
 who subscribed" the articles against that great Cardinal. And oa 
 the dissolution ' of the monastery of Felixton (alias Filcheston) ia 
 com. Suff. in 22 Henry VIH. by the authority of Pope Clement 
 VII's bull, in order to the foundation of those famous colleges ii\ 
 
 1 Autog. in liibl. Gotten-, *" Herbert, ut supra, p i. 
 
 " Pink ib p 235. Pat 17 Henry VIII. p. 2 
 
 '' Rymcr, torn xiv p. 119. 'i Stovv's Annals, p. 55- 
 
 Ibid Herbert, ut supra. 
 
 ' Pat. 22 Henry VIII. p. i-
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 9I 
 
 Oxford and Ipswich, which Cardinal Wolsey first purposed ; and 
 that design failing by the Cardinal's fall^ this Duke obtained a 
 grant in fee of that religious house at Filcheston, with all belong- 
 ing thereto, as by the patent, bearing date April 7th, 22 Henry 
 VIII, appeareth. 
 
 About that time also he was one of the Peers, who subscribed'^ 
 the declaration, then sent to the Pope, whereby they gave him a 
 modest intimation, that the allowance of his supremacy here would 
 be endangered, if he did not comply with King Henry in the 
 cause of his divorce from Queen Catharine. In October 1532, 
 he attended ^ King Henry (among other of the nobility) to Calais, 
 and thence to Bologne, where Henry was most magnificently re- 
 ceived by Francis I. King of France 3 and his grace was then with 
 the King elected Knight of the order of St. Michael. In January 
 following, his grace vvas one of the witnesses to the King's mar^ 
 riage with Anne Boleyn. 
 
 In 24 Henry VIII. he obtained a grant, >' in fee, of the manors 
 of Acton Burneli, Holgat, Abbiton, Millenchop, Langdon, Chat- 
 wall, Smythcote, Woolstanton, Uppyngton, and Rushbury, in 
 com. Salop, with the advowsons of the churches thereunto be- 
 longing. And in 1533 (28th Maii), upon the surrender of Charles 
 Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, was constituted '^ Earl Marshal of 
 England. And he was employed '^ (together with the Lord Roch- 
 foid) to Francis I. of France, to attend him to Marseilles, where 
 the Pope and that King were to have an interview j but when he 
 came into France, being informed of some steps taken at Rome 
 very disagreeable to his master's views, he was recalled j and soon 
 afterwards presided at the trial of Lord Dacres, for a supposed il- 
 licit correspondence M'ith the Scots, 
 
 In 27 Henry VIII. he was againt sent ^ into France, with the 
 Bishop of Ely, to treat with the commissioners of King Francis, 
 touching a revocation of that censure, which the Pope had given 
 against King Henry for being divorced from Que^n Catherine. 
 In 28 Henry VIII. being president of the north, he marched,'^ 
 with considerable forces, into Yorkshire, to the assistance of the 
 Earl of Shrewsbury, for suppressing of the insurrection there, 
 called The Pilgrimage of Grace, raised by the dissolution of the 
 lesser monasteries the preceding year. In 31 Henry VIII. having 
 
 V Pat 22 Henry VIII p. i. " Stow's Annals, p. 560. 
 
 y Pat 24 Henry VIII. p z. ^ Pat. 25 Henry VIII. p. a. 
 
 Herbert, ut supra. ^ Ibid- ' Jbid.
 
 92 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 purchased*' from the abbot and convent of Sibton, in com, Suff. 
 the scite of that religious house, and all the lands thereto belong- 
 ing; he procured a special act in the parliament then held, that 
 the same purchase should not be prejudicial to him. Which shews, 
 that the King then resolved to unite the rest of the abbey lands to 
 the crown. 
 
 In 32 flenry VJII. (January 2r)th) he was constituted ^ lieu- 
 tenant-general of all the King's forces beyond Trent: and shortly 
 after sent 'ambassador into France, to otfer the assistance of King 
 Henry for the recovery of Milan. In 1542, September 1st, being 
 made s captain-general of all the King's forces in the North, he 
 entered,'' on October 21st,- following, Scotland with an army of 
 20,000 men, and wasted the marches ; there staying, without any 
 offer of battle by the Scots, till the midst of November. In 
 36 Henry VIII. being made*^ captain-general of the rear of the 
 King s army, then designed for France ; as also general of the 
 whole, until the King's coming over 3 he was sent to' besiege 
 Montrueil. Also, on the King's advance to Boulogne, he led'" 
 the vanguard of his army, which was clad in blue coats, guarded 
 with red J having caps and horse party-coloured, and suitable. ^^ 
 
 But notwithstanding these great services, he fell a sacrifice at 
 last to the envy of his cotemporaries, and the jealousy of a fickle 
 monarch. Lord Herbert says, that " his Duchess Elizabeth, 
 daughter to Edward Staflbrd, Duke of Buckingham, having for 
 many years entertained so violent jealousies of the Duke her 
 husband's matrimonial affection and loyalty, as it broke out at 
 last to open rancour, divers occasions of scandal were given : in- 
 somuch, that not being content with having surnnsed a long while 
 since tAvo articles against him, she again, in sundry letters to the 
 lord privy-seal, both averred the articles, and manifestly accused 
 some of his minions, repeated divers hard usages she pretended 
 to receive from them, and briefly discovered all the ordinary pas- 
 sions of her offended sex. This again being urged in a time when 
 the King was in his declining age, and for the rest, disquieted 
 with scruples, that the Duke's greatness or interest in sequent 
 
 * Herbert, p 445. ' Pat. 32 Henry VIII. p. 5 
 
 ' Herbert, ut supra. Pat. 34 Henry VIII. p. i. 
 
 h Herbert, lit supra, p. 483, &c. 
 ' Pinkerton says, "Oct. 12,"' and tlsat ' tlic army was 30, cc." Ibid, 
 p. 379' 380- 
 
 i< Pat. 36 Henry VIII. p. 8. ' Godwin's Annals, p. 190. 
 
 "" Stow's Annals, p. 587.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 93 
 
 times might interrupt the order he intended to give, was not un- 
 willingly heard : so that notwithstanding his many important and 
 faithful services, both in war and peace, at home and abroad, he 
 and his son Henry Earl of Surry, were exposed to the malignity 
 and detraction of their accusers. This again fell out in an unfor- 
 tunate time : for, besides that the Lady his Duchess had now for 
 above four years been separated from him, his daughter Mary, 
 Duchess of Richmond, not only inclined to the Protestant party, 
 (which loved not the Duke) but was grown an extreme enemy of 
 her brother : so that there was not only a kind of intestine division 
 in his family, but this again many secret ways fomented." 
 
 The remainder of the story is fully detailed by Lord Herbert, 
 where it may easily be referred to. 
 
 The King was so far incensed against him, through sinister 
 suggestions, that he did not only give order" to seize his goods, 
 but to advertise"^ his ambassadors in foreign parts, that he and 
 his son had conspired to take on them the government during his 
 life ; and, after his death, to get the prince .into their hands. 
 
 Henry, Earl of Surky, eldest son of Thomas, third Duke 
 of Norfolk, born about 15 16, is the great ornament of his family, 
 and would have been the ornament of any family, or any age. 
 Yet so whimsical is the mode, in which Peerages have been 
 written ; and so unaccountable have been the traits of merit, 
 which have struck the compilers of those works, that in the 
 earlier editions of Collins, this great luminary has been briefly 
 passed over as one who had just " been born and died," without 
 even a hint at his genius or learning. The late Lord Orford, by 
 his truly ingenious and lively Catalogue of Royal and Nolle Au' 
 thors, endeavoured to infuse some spirit into these dullest of dull 
 authors; and taught them how interesting and instructive an use 
 might be made of their materials. But hitherto he has been but 
 little iinitated ; here and there a patch of his splendor has been 
 uncoutlily sewed upon their coarse cloath ; and a slight allusion 
 to the brilliant talents of Lord Surry has been inserted ; but these 
 editors are soon glad to return to their own homely materials. 
 They are most happy when they have some court-roll to copv; 
 some old will to abstract ; or some tomb-stone to decipher. They 
 glory in the records, which confound the distinctions of nature, 
 and obliterate individual merit; which blend the stupid, and the 
 vicious with the poet, the hero, and the virtuous statesman j which 
 
 " Herbert, in History of England, vol. ii. p- 263. c Ibid-
 
 94 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 make equal titles and estates, proofs of equal accomplishments 
 and deserts ; and consider a patent of honours, and a register of 
 manors the most indisputable proofs of fame. Far different is the 
 feeling of the present Editor: if by chance he meets with a man 
 of eminence in these long genealogical deductions, his spirits risej 
 his heart and fancy gain a momentary expansion ; and he may 
 say with the poet Cowper ; (for surely poets may be cited even 
 in a Peerage, when speaking of Lord Surry) : 
 
 As one, who long in thickets and in brakes 
 
 Entangled, winds now this way and now that 
 
 His devious course uncertain, seeking home j 
 
 Or having long in miry -ways been foil'd 
 
 And sore discomfited, from slough to slough 
 
 Plunging, and half despairing of escape. 
 
 If chance at length he find a green-sward smooth 
 
 And faithful to the foot, his spirits rise ; 
 
 He chirrups brisk his ear-erecting steed. 
 
 And winds his way with pleasure and with ease j 
 
 Sol! 
 
 It is indeed delightful to contemplate the character of Lord 
 Surry, Excellent in arts, and in arms ; a man of learning, a 
 genius, and a hero ; of a generous temper, and a refined heart, he 
 united all the gallantry and unbroken spirit of a rude age, with 
 all the elegance and graces of a polished aera. With a splendor of 
 descent, in possession of the highest honours and abundant wealth, 
 he relaxed not his efforts to desene distinction by his personal 
 worth. Conspicuous in the rough exercises of tilts and tourna- 
 ments; and commanding armies with skill and bravery in expe- 
 ditions against the Scots under his father, he found time, at a 
 period when our literature was rude and barbarous, to cultivate 
 his mind with all the exquisite spirit of the models of Greece and 
 Rome ; to catch the excellencies of the revived Muses of Italy, 
 and to produce in his own language compositions, which in sim- 
 plicity, perspicuity, graceftd ornament, and just and natural 
 thoughts, exhibited a shining contrast with the works of his pre- 
 decessors, and an example, which his successors long attempted iit 
 vain to imitate. 
 
 His Songs and Sonnettes were collected by Richard Toitell, in 
 1557, small quarto, and successive editions appeared in 1565, 1507, 
 1569, 1574, 1585, and 1587; all of which are now extremely
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. gs 
 
 scarce, p The nature of this Work will only allow a short spe- 
 cimen, which I select therefore for its brevity, and not its supe- 
 riority to the rest. It is an imitation of the two last stanzas of the 
 twenty-second Ode of the first book of Horace. 
 
 A Vow to love faithfully , howsoever he le reuarded. 
 
 Set me whereas the sun does parch the green ; 
 
 Or where his beams do not dissolve the icej 
 In temperate heat where he is felt and seen. 
 
 In presence prest of people mad or wise. 
 Set me in high, or yet in low degi-ee. 
 
 In longest night, or in the shortest day,, 
 In clearest sky, or where clouds thickest be ; 
 
 In lusty youth, or when my hairs are grey : 
 Set me in heaven, in earth, or else in hell. 
 
 In hill or dale, or in the foaming flood ; 
 Thrall, or at large, alive, where so I dwell. 
 
 Sick or in health, in evil fame or good. 
 Hers will 1 be, and only with this thought. 
 
 Content myself, altho' my chance be nought, i 
 
 But all these accomplishments, and the popularity that at- 
 tended them, laid the foundation of a fatal death for this illus- 
 trious nobleman. They excited the jealousy of his capricious, and 
 despotic monarch Henry VIII, Lord Orford says, " the unwieldy 
 King growing distempered aiid froward, and apprehensive for the 
 tranquillity of his boy-successor, easily conceived or admitted 
 jealousies infused into him by the Earl of Hartford and the Pro- 
 testant party, though one of the last acts of his fickle life was to 
 found a convent !" Treason therefore was objected to Lord Surry 
 upon the most frivolous pretences; of which the principal was, 
 his quartering tlie arms of Edward the Confessor with those of 
 
 p Park's Royal and Noble Authors, vol. i. p. 271. 
 1 The poetical merit, and uideed the whole character, literary, moral, and 
 political, of Lord Surry, is nriost beautifully and ably delineated at great length 
 by Thomas Warton, in the first chapter of the third vol. of the Hist, of Engl, 
 Poetry ; and discussed with much originality, and spirit, and many acute and 
 many well-founded remarks by Lord Orlord in the Royal . ivJ Noble Au- 
 thors ; and given witli th..t peculiar grace, elegance, perspicuity and know- 
 ledge, whica charajterizes tie biographical skc ches of Mr. Lodge, in the 
 Memoirs annexed to the Holbein Heads See aho Woju'sA.Ii. ; Tanner's 
 Bibl. ; Biog . Brit.; Biog'-. Diet.; Gibber's and Aadeis^n's Lives of i'tcts ; 
 and Thcatr. Pcct. Angi. &.. Sec
 
 96 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Howard j though even this insignificant fact had been justified by 
 the practice of his family, and the sanction of the heralds. The 
 Unhappy story has been already partly told in the account of his 
 father. On January 13th, 1547, " the King being now danger- 
 ously sick," says Lord Herbert, " the Earl of Surr)' was arraigned " 
 in Guildhall In London, before the Lord Chancellor, the Lord 
 Mayor, and other commissioners. Where the Earl, 9s he was of a 
 deep understanding, sharp wit, and deep courage, defended him- 
 self many ways : sometimes denying their accusations as false, 
 and together weakening the credit of his adversaries ; sometimes 
 interpreting the words he said in a far other sense than that in 
 which they were represented : for the point of bearing his arras, 
 amongst which those of Edward the Confessor are related, al- 
 leging that he had the authority of the heralds therein. And 
 finally, when a witness was brought against him viva voce, who 
 pretended to repeat some high words of tlie Earl's by way of 
 discourse, which concerned him nearly, and that thereupon 
 the said witness should return a braving answer, the Earl re- 
 plied no otherwise to the jury than that he left it to them to 
 judge, whether it was probable this man should speak thus to the 
 Earl of Surry, and he not strike him again. Li conclusion, he 
 pleaded not guilty 3 but the jury, which was a common inquest, 
 (not of the peers, because the Earl was not a parliament lord) con- 
 demned him. Whereupon also judgment of death was given, 
 and he beheaded at Tower-hill,"^ 
 
 " The Duke," says Lord Herbert, " who had as much merit 
 of ancient service to plead for him, as any subject of his time 
 could pretend to, thought fit from the Tower to write to the King 
 in this manner. 
 
 *' Most Gracious and most Sovereign Lord. 
 
 " I, your most humble subject, prostrate at your foot, do 
 most humbly beseech your Highness to be my good and gracious 
 Lord. I am sure some great enemy of mine, hath informed your 
 Majesty of some untrue matter against me. Sir, God doth know, 
 in all my life, I never thought one untrue thought against you, or 
 your succession , nor can no more judge, or cast in my mind, 
 what should be laid to my charge, than the child which was born 
 this night. And certainly, if I knew that I had oflFended your 
 
 r Of his prii'cipal accuser, Sir Richard Southwell, there is a fine portrait 
 in the Holbein Heads. From Sir Richard's natural son is descended the 
 present Lord De Ciillbrd. See Lodges Memoir. 
 
 * Lord Herbert in Kcnnet, vol ii, p. 264.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK, 97 
 
 Majesty in any point of untruth, I would declare the same to your 
 Highness. But, as God help rae, I cannot accuse myself io much 
 in thought. Most noble and merciful Sovereign Lord, for all the 
 old service I have done you in my life, be so good and gracious a 
 Lord unto me, that either my accusers and I together may be 
 brought before your royal Majesty ; and if your pleasure shall not 
 be to take the pains, then before your council. Then if I shall not 
 make it apparent that I am wrongfully accused, let me, without 
 more respite, have punishment according to my deserts. Alas ! most 
 merciful Prince, I have no refuge but only at your hands ; and 
 therefore at the reverence of Christ's passion have pity of me, and 
 let me not be cast away by false enemies' informations. Un- 
 doubtedly, I know not that I have offended any man, or that any 
 man was offended with me, unless it were such as are angry with 
 me for being quick against such as have been accused of sacra- 
 mentaries. And, as for all causes of religion, I say now, and have 
 said to your Majesty and many others, I do know you to be a 
 prince of such virtue and knowledge, that, whatsoever laws you 
 have in times past made, or hereafter shall make, I shall to the 
 extremity of my power stick unto them as long as my life shall 
 last. So that if any men be angry with me for these causes, they 
 do me wrong. Other cause I know not why any man should 
 bear me any ill will ; and for this cause I know diverse have 
 done, as doth appear by casting libels abroad against mc. Finally, 
 my most gracious Sovereign Lord, I most humbly beseech your 
 Majesty to have pity of me, and let me recover your gracious 
 favour, with taking of me all the lands and goods I have ; or as 
 much thereof as pleaselh your Highness to take, leaving me what 
 it shall please you to appoint; and that according as is before 
 written, I may know what is laid to my charge ; and that I may 
 hear some comfortable word from your Majesty. And I shall 
 during my life pray for your prosperous estate long to endure. 
 
 " Your most sorrowful subject, 
 
 " Tno. Norfolk." 
 
 Notwithstanding this, it was thought that the Duke would 
 hardly have escaped, had not the King's death, following shortly 
 after, reserved him for more merciful times. 
 
 But, still, so powerful were his enemies, in the beginning of 
 King Edward the Sixth's reign, that, when pardon^ was given by 
 
 ' Godwin, p. i iz. 
 VOL. I, H
 
 98 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 proclamation, to all persons, for all crimes whatsoever, six onlj 
 excepted, be " was the chief thereof, and remained prisoner in the 
 Tower till August 3d, 1553, the day Queen Mary made her tri- 
 umphant entry into London : when, without any pardon or res- 
 titution, he was allowed to be Duke of Norfolk, and had his 
 lands restored. He" was, on the 18th of that month. Lord High 
 Steward on the trial of John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland. 
 
 On the insurrection of Sir Thomas Wyat, y 1554, his grace 
 raised two hundred horse, and six hundred foot, which he marched 
 from London against him ; and, in his way to Rochester, defeated 
 Knevit, who was marching to join Wyat ; but afterwards his forces 
 being' wrought upon by Harper, a pretended deserter, telling 
 them, that Wyat's rising was only for the preservation of the 
 nation, they abandoned him, and went over to Wyat. 
 
 On the suppression of that rebellion, being more than eighty 
 years of age, be retired to his seat at Kenning-hall in Norfolk ; 
 and by his last will and testament, ^ dated July 18th, 1554, and 
 proved on November 8th, orders his body to be buried in such 
 place and order, as shall be thought most convenient to his 
 executors, who were Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, 
 Lord Chancellor, Nicholas Heath, Bishop of Worcester ; Lord 
 Riche } Sir Robert Rochester, comptroller of the Queen's hous- 
 lioldj Sir Richard Morgan, Chief Justice of the common-pleas; 
 Sir Richard Southwell, Knight j Sir Nicholas Hare, Knight ; and 
 Sir John Baker, Knight. He thus concludes, " And I most 
 humbly beseech the Queen's Highness, my most gracious Sove- 
 reign Ladye, by whose godly clemencye, and mercye, I was set 
 at liberty, and delyvered from my longe imprysonment, to be su- 
 pervisour of this my will. ArA I do geve to her Highness 100/." 
 He died at Kenning-hall, com. Norf. on August 25th next en- 
 suing the date of his will, having seen the reigns of eight Eno-Iish 
 sovereigns. By inquisition^ taken after his death, March 31st, 
 1 and 2 Philip and Mary, it appears, that he was possessed of the 
 following manors, &c, viz. in the county of Norfolk, of Hane- 
 worth Parva, Framlingham, Syslond, Dykesborough, Hopham, 
 and the hundred of Laundishj the manors of West Walton 
 Walpole Hitcham, West Rudham, Castleacre, West Barshara 
 
 " Life of Edward VI. by Sir John Hayward, p 6- 
 
 " Burnet's History of the Reformation, p. 24.3. 
 
 T Burnet's History cf the Reformation, p 285. ' Ibid. 
 
 Zx Regist vocat, Moors, qu. 14. in Cur. Prasrog. Cant. 
 
 " Cole's Esch. lib. 2. p. 15, 16, 18. in Bibl. Harl
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 99 
 
 Systerne, Kempston, Normanborough, Hellgaye, Bagthorpe, 
 Heringsale, Great Massingham, Lodden, and the advowson of the 
 church of Welles; the manors of Heringham, Stafford, Barmlng- 
 ham, Warham, Byston, East Rudharn, West Rudham, Bariicet, 
 Tatterford, Tatterset, Titessale, Thorp Market, RoUe, Wroxham, 
 and Rectory; the rectories of Hallvergate, Salown, and Kenning- 
 hall ; the manors of Farsfield, Garboldisham, and the scite of the 
 monastery of Thetford ; the rectories of Great Framlingham, Por- 
 ringlond, St. Mary's Hill, Watton, Hokham, and VVistcd ; the 
 rectory and advowsons of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. Nicholas 
 in Thetford, and the adowsons of the vicarages of the said churches; 
 the manors of St. Mary's Hill, Tottmgton, Gatesthorp, and 40^. 4d. 
 rent out of the manor of Bodney, and the advowson of the vicar- 
 ages thereof; the manors of Halwyke, Norvvyke Sainton, Lyn- 
 ford, Langford, Croxton, Watton, alias Monks Wyke in Watton, 
 Kylvcrston, Aslacton, and their several rectories^ and the advow- 
 sons of the vicarages of the several churches ; the manors of 
 Kenning hall, Ersham, Fornset, Southfeld, Shelfanger, Fryers, 
 Sherwoods, Visedelewes, scite of the monastery of Boylands, scite 
 of the college of Rushworth, with the manor and rectory of 
 Eushworth ; the manors of Shadwele, Wynfarthinge, Haywoods, 
 and lands called Howard's lands in Tilney ; the hundred of Gylle- 
 rosse, and half the hundred of Ersham ; the rectories of Rowton, 
 Castleacre, Walpole, Southweke, Wygen-hall, Methwold. Slew- 
 sham, Est Barsham, Hitcham, Newton, and Toftres. 1 he above 
 list verifies the Duke's words, in calling his land^ good and stately 
 geer,'^ when in a petition to Henry VIH. after his attaind( r, he 
 desired they might be settled upon the Prince of Wales ; fearing 
 that if they were bestowed among some of the King's favourites, 
 as then intended, they would be totally alienated from his family. 
 To all the said estates, Thomas his grandson, viz. son of Henry 
 Earl of Surry, was found to be his heir, and of theatre of e ghteen 
 years the 12th of March last; '' that he was married to the Lady 
 Mary, daughter and coheir of Henry Fitz-Allan, Earl of Arundel, 
 lord Steward of the Queen's houshold. 
 
 The before mentioned Thomas Duke of Norfolk, who died at 
 Kenning hall in Norfolk, i.nd was buried at Framlingham in 
 Suffolk,'' had two wives; first. Anne, one <>f the daughters to 
 Kin"- Edward IV. by whom he had issue two sons ; the eldest 
 
 c Burnet's History of the Reformation, vol ii. p 6, 7. 
 Cole, praed, Ex stemmatc
 
 100 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 whereof died soon after he was born ; and Thomas, dying young, 
 August 3d, 1508, was buried at Lambeth. His second was Eliza- 
 beth, daughter to Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, by whom 
 he had issue two sons ; Henry Earl of Surry, beheaded in his life- 
 time, as before-mentioned ; and Thomas, who was restored in 
 blood 1553, and created Viscount Bindon, com. Dorset, by 
 patent, dated January 13th, 1559. He married Elizabeth, second 
 of the two daughters and coheirs of John Lord Marney, and 
 Christian, his wife, daughter and heir of Sir Roger Newburgh, 
 Knight ; and in 22 Henry VIII. had livery of the lands of her in- 
 heritance. He had issue by her, first, Henry, his successor; 
 second, Thomas, successor to his brother ; third, Francis 5 fourth, 
 Giles ; and two daughters, Elizabeth, who died unmarried ; and 
 Grace, wife of John, son and heir of Sir John Horsey, of Clifton, 
 com. Dorset, Knight. He had also three other wives, viz. 
 secondly, Gertrude, daughter of Sir William Lyte, of Billesdon, 
 com. Sora. Knight, by whom he had a son Charles Lyte, alias 
 Howard; thirdly, Mabel, daughter of Nicholas Burton, of Car- 
 shalton, com. Surry, Esq. whom he married, June 7th, 15/6;^ 
 by whom he had an only daughter Frances, married, first, to 
 Henry Pranell, citizen and vintner of London ) second, to Edward 
 Seymour, Earl of Hertford; and third, to Lodovick, Duke of 
 Richmond, a lady of a fantastic character, for whom see A. 
 Wilson's History of James I. &c. &-c.s Lord Bindon's fourth wife 
 was Margaret, daughter to Henry Manning, of Greenwich, in 
 Kent. He died 1582 ; and was succeeded by Henry, second 
 Lord Bindon ; who married Frances, daughter of Sir Peter 
 Mewtas, Knight; by whom he had a sole daughter and heif 
 Douglas, wife of Sir Arthur Gorges, Knight.'' Thomas, his brother, 
 succeeded him as tliird Viscount, and was installed K. G. at 
 Windsor, 26th May, 1606, but died without issue by his wife, 
 
 daughter of Duffield. The Duke had also one daughter, 
 
 Mary, married to Henry Fitz-Roy, Duke of Richmond and 
 Somerset (natural son to King Henry VIII.) who died, aged 
 seventeen, July 24th, 1536, without issue. There is a most 
 beautiful portrait of this lady among the Holbein Heads. Mr. 
 Lodge exclaims pathetically, " would that her story had died with 
 
 f Lysons's Environs of London, vol. i p. 133. 
 . Vide Granger, vol. ii. p. 48, for an account of this lady Frances, a great 
 beauty, who married three husbands ; she survived her last, Ludovick, Duk 
 of Richmond. Also Black-Book, folio, p. ijr. 
 
 j> See Mem. of Peers of James I. p. 1S7, 18S.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 101 
 
 her } and that we might have been at liberty to fancy the cha- 
 racter of so fair a creature as fair as her countenance. But the 
 truth must be told. At tlie iniquitous trial of her brother in 1546, 
 this lady was called as a witness, and brought forward a body 
 of evidence against him so keenly pointed^ and so full of secrets, 
 which from their nature must have been voluntarily disclosed by 
 her, that we cannot but suspect her conduct of a degree of rancour 
 unpardonable in any case, and in this unnatural."' 
 
 Henry Earl of Surry, by Frances, his wife, daughter 
 to John de Vere, fifteenth Earl of Oxford, by Elizabeth, daughter 
 and heir of Sir John Trussfll, left issue "^ two sons j Thomas, 
 fourth Duke of Norfolk, and Henry Earl of Northampton ; as 
 also three daughters ; first, Jane, who, by her grandfather's will, 
 bad lOOOZ. portion, and was married to Charles Nevil, Earl of 
 Westmoreland 5 she was buried 30th June, 15p3, at Kenninghall 
 in Norfolk J second, Catherine, to Henry Eord Berkeley, who 
 died \6l3; she died l.5g6 ; third, Margaret, to Henry Lord Scrope 
 of Bolton, who died 1592. 
 
 Which Henry, afterwards Earl of Northampton, with his 
 said three sisters, was restored in blood ' in the parliament held 
 1 Elizabeth. He was born at Shottisham in Norfolk about 1539; 
 bred at King's College, and afterwards at Trinity Hall, in Cam- 
 bridge, where he took the degree of A. M. to which he was al!=o 
 admitted at Oxford, 1568.'" Bishop Godwin says, his reputation 
 for literature was so great in the University, that he was esteemed 
 " the learnedest among the nobility; and the most noble among 
 the learned." He was probably very slenderly provided for, being 
 often obliged, as Loyd records, " to dine with the chair of Duke 
 Humphry." However he contrived to spend some years in 
 travel ; but on his return could obtain no favour at court, at least 
 till the latter end of Queen Elizabeth's reign, which was probably 
 owing to his connections. In 1597, it seems as if he was in some 
 power, (perhaps however only through the influence of his friend 
 Lord Essex), because Rowland White applied to him concerning 
 Sir Robert Sydney's suits at court, " He was the grossest of 
 flatterers, as appears by his letters to his patron and friend Lord 
 Essex. But while he possessed the most unbounded friendship ibr 
 Essex, he yet paid his suit to the Lord Treasarer Burleigh. On 
 
 ' Holbein Heads. 
 
 '' Cole's Escheat, lib ii ut antea- ' Journals of Parliament, i Eliz 
 
 ra Wood's Ath. vol- i. F- loi^ " Sydn. Papers, vol. ii. p. 48.
 
 102 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 the fall of Essex, he insinuated himself so far Into the confidence 
 of his mortal enemy, Secretary Cecil, whom he had just before 
 called toriuosum colubrum, as to become the instrument of the 
 secretary's correspondence with the King of Scots, which passed 
 through his hands." IL is not wonderful therefore, when we con- 
 sider the sufferings of Lord Harry's family for the Queen of Scots, 
 and his own late employment, added to his intriguing spirit, that, 
 on King James's accession, he was immediately received into 
 favour. In May l603, he was made a privy-counsellor j in Ja- 
 nuary following, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports; in March, 
 Baron of Marnhill, and Earl of Northampton ; and in April, 
 16O8, Lord Privy Seal; and honoured with the Garter. In 16OQ, 
 he succeeded John Lord Lumley, as High Steward of Oxford ; 
 and in lGl3, Robert Earl of Salisbury, as Chancellor of Cambridge. 
 Soon after he became a principal instrument in the infamous in- 
 trigue of his great niece the Countess of Essex with Carr, Vis- 
 count Rochester. The wretch acted as pander to the Countess, 
 for the purpose of conciliating the rising favourite. And it is im- 
 possible to doubt his deep criminality in the murder of Overbury. 
 About nine months afterwnrds, June 15th, l6l4, he died, luckily 
 for himself, before this atrocious affair became the subject of public 
 investigation.'' He was a learned manji* but a pedant dark and 
 mysterious; and of course, far from possessing masterly abilities. 
 It is said, that, non generant aquila; columlas, and Xhat fortes 
 creanturfortibus et bonis: it causes astonishment therefore, when 
 we reflect that this despicable and wicked wretch was the son of 
 the generous and accomplished Earl of Surry. 
 
 Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk, and eldest 
 son to Henry Earl of Surry, cut oft' in 38 Henry VIII. 'i was 
 eighteen years of age at the death of his grandfather in 1554, and 
 was then married to Marj', daughter and heir of Henry Fitz- 
 Allan, Earl of Arundel, and had the title of Duke of Norfolk ; 
 his said grandfather, Thomas Duke of Norfolk, being fully restored 
 in blood,' when the act of his attainder was made void, and 
 thereby he became his next hereditary successor. At the corona- 
 tion of Queen Mary, ^ October 1st, 1553, he had the title of Earl 
 
 " See this secret correspondence, published by Sir D Dalrymple See also 
 Birch's O F,!iz-vol ii p 501. 
 " See Memoirs of James's Peers, p 237, 251, and Biog Mirror, vol ii. p 1. 
 P See Paik's R and N. A vol ii p 148; and Oldys's Brit Librarian, 
 P 33 
 
 '* Cole's Esch lib ii. ut antea. Rot. Pari, i Mar n- 13. 
 
 Strype's Memorials, col- iii p 37
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK, 103 
 
 OF Surry, and officiated under his grandfather, as Marshal of 
 England. In 155/, he had a son born, and christened Philip, at 
 Whitehall, July 2d, King Philip, and Stephen Gardiner, Bishop 
 of Winchester, Lord Chancellor, being his godfathers, and the 
 Dutchess of Norfolic godmother. His Dutchess ' died at Arundel 
 house in the Strand, on August 25th following, in childbed of 
 Philip, Earl of Arundel, being then only sixteen years old, and 
 was buried at St. Clement's church, near Temple-bar, on the 31st. 
 She was a very learned lady. " 
 
 On the decease of Queen Mary, November l^th, 1558, the 
 Duke '^ was present with others of the Nobility, at the procla- 
 mation of Queen Elizabeth, and after grew into her favour and 
 esteem i so that he was elected one of the Knights of the most 
 noble order of the Garter in the first year of her reign. >' In the 
 second year of her reign, the Scots having asked aid of the Qneen, 
 to expel the French, who had landed in Scotland, their King 
 being married to Mary the Scottish Queen ; forces being raised 
 to displace such dangerous neighbours, ^ Queen Elizabeth sent 
 the Duke of Norfolk into the North, to command them as 
 general 3 and the troops entering Scotland under Lord Grey of 
 Wilton, and Sir James Crofts, besieged Leith. The Duke of 
 Norfolk, whilst the siege was carrying on, remained at Berwick 
 for the security thereof; and ^ Sir George Howard being dis- 
 patched to him there, to certify him of the state of the siege, his 
 Grace arrived at the camp before it, April 28th 1560. The siege 
 continued (the French being very numerous in Leith) till July 
 7th,'' when a peace was concluded, and the French obliged to leave 
 Scotland. His Grace was the next year*^ constituted lieutenant- 
 general of the North : and in 6 Elizabeth, he waited on the Queen 
 on her visiting the University of Cambridge, '^ where, August 5th, 
 the degree of Master of Arts was conferred on him, and others of 
 the nobles that attended on her Majesty, 
 
 The intrigues of the Duke of Norfolk to effect a marriage 
 with the Queen of Scots form so important a feature of the reign 
 of Queen Elizabeth, as to be detailed at much length in all our 
 general histories; and more especially in the pages of Camden and 
 
 ' Strype's Memorials, col iii p. 37. 
 
 u See Park's R and N A vol i. p- 313 " Strype's Memorials, p. 451. 
 
 J Camden's Life of Queen Elizabeth, in History of England, vol ii p. 383. 
 
 Stow's Annals, p 640- Ibid p 643 '' Ibid- p- 645. 
 
 ' Ashmole's Order of the Garter, in Appendix, No- 53. 
 
 * Fuller's History of the Unixersity of CambridgCi p. 139-
 
 104 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Robertson. After the long suflerings of his family; after the 
 fatal end of his father, and great great grandfather 3 after the im- 
 pr sonments, proscriptions, and hair-breadth escapes of his grand- 
 fatiier and great grandfather, it is impossible to suppress asto- 
 nishment, Ihat he was not frightened, instead of being allured by 
 the voice of ambition. It would have been natural for him to 
 have sought for peace and safety in the still vale of privacy and 
 retirement. The Duke's conduct cannot be defended by an im- 
 partial enquirer : it was tirst foolish ; and at last highly criminal. 
 When Queen Mary, in 1568, agreed to submit to Queen Elizabeth 
 an investigation of her conduct, the Duke of Norfolk, the Earl of 
 Sussex, and Sir Ralph Sadler, were nominated by the latter, her 
 commissioners to hear both parties At this very time began the 
 intrigue with the accomplished and ill-fated captive. '' The Duke 
 of Norfolk," sa) s Robertson, " was at that time the most powerful 
 and most popular man in England. His wife was lately dead ; 
 and he began already to form a project, M'hich he afterwards more 
 openly avowed, of mounting the throne of Scotland, by a mar- 
 riage with the Queen of Scots. He saw the infamy which would 
 be the consequence of a public accusation against Mary, and how 
 prejudicial it might be to her pretensions to the English succes- 
 sion." He therefore got over Maitland, and intrigued with the 
 regent, Murray. But his negotiation with the regent, however 
 secretly carried on, was not, in all prjobability, even then un- 
 known to a Princess so remarkable for her sagacity in penetrating 
 the designs of her enemies, and seeing through their deepest 
 schemes, as Queen Elizabeth. The marriage was so seriously de- 
 signed the following year, that Mary applied for a legal divorce 
 from Bothwell ; but her particular motive for proposing it at this 
 time, began to be so well known, that thfe demand was rejected 
 by the convention of estates. Robertson says, " the fertile and 
 projecting genius of Maitland first conceived this scheme. During 
 the conference at York, he communicated it to the Duke himself, 
 and to the Bishop of Ross. The former readily closed with a 
 scheme so flattering to his ambition. The latter considered it as 
 a probable device for restoring his mistress to liberty, and replac- 
 ing her on the throne. Nor was Mary, with whom Norfolk held 
 a correspondence, by means of his sister I.ady Scroope, averse to 
 a measure, which would have restored her to her kingdom, with 
 so niuch splendor. The sudden removal of the conference from 
 York to Westminster, suspended, but did not break off this in- 
 trigue. Maitland and Ross were still the Duke's prompters and
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 105 
 
 agents j and many letters and love-tokens were exchanged between 
 him and the Queen of Scots. 
 
 '* But as he could not hope, that under an administration so 
 vigilant as Elizabeth's, such an intrigue could be kept long con- 
 cealed, he attempted to deceive her by the appearance of optnness 
 and candor. He mentioned to her the rumour which was spread 
 of his marriage with the Scotch Queen ; he complained of it as a 
 groundless calumny j and disclaimed all thoughts of that kind 
 with many expressions full of contempt, both for Mary's character 
 and dominions. Jealous as Elizabeth was of every thing relative 
 to the Queen of Scots, she seems to have credited these profes- 
 sions. But instead of discontinuing the negotiation, he renewed 
 it with greater vigour, and admitted into it new associates. 
 
 " Encouraged by his success in gaining the Scotch Regent, he 
 next attempted to drive the English nobles to approve his design," 
 on the ground of the improbability of Elizabetti's marrying, and 
 the evils of an undecided succession, in the event of James's early 
 death. " The intrigue was now in so many hands, that it could 
 not remain a secret. It began to be whispered at court } and 
 Elizabeth calling the Duke into her presence, expressed the 
 utmost indignation at his conduct, and charged him to lay aside 
 all thoughts of prosecuting such a dangerous design. Soon after, 
 Leicester, who perhaps had countenanced the project with no 
 other intention, revealed the whole circumstances of it to the 
 Queen." The Regent then betrayed the Duke, who retired first 
 to Howard-house, and then to his seat at Kenning-hali in Norfolk. 
 After a second summons to attend the privy-council, he obeyed 
 with hesitation 3 was imprisoned, October 1569 j ^"d set at 
 liberty the next year, upon his solemn promise to have no farther 
 intercourse with the Queen of Scots. This he so little regarded, 
 that she took no step in any matter of moment without his ad- 
 vice. She recommended Ridolphi, an agent of the Pope in 
 London, to his confidence ; and the Queen's letter being betrayed 
 by one Hickford, his secretary, who having also been employed to 
 transmit money from the Duke to Mary's agents in Scotland, the 
 Duke, his domestics, and all, who were privy, or suspected, were 
 taken into custody. The Duke was brought to trial January l6'th, 
 1.572. " He implored the Queen's mercy; but his offence was 
 too heinous, and too often repeated to obtain pardon ; and Eliza- 
 beth thought it necessary to deter her subjects, by his punishment, 
 from holding a correspondence with the Queen of Scots, or her 
 emissaries. Being tried by his peers, he was found guilty of
 
 106 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 high treason, and, after several delays, suffered death for the crime 
 at the age of thirty-five." 
 
 Carte says, the nation was by no means satisfied vi'ith the 
 Duke's condemnation : but insinuates, that he had fallen into a 
 snare of Queen Elizabeth, who " considering the Duke of Norfolk 
 as the only man in the kingdom capable of serving for an head to 
 a body of male-contents 5 and that no number of the nobility, 
 however disposed to an insurrection, durst offer to stir without 
 his concurrence, resolved to get rid at any rate of one, who had it 
 in his power to hurt her, and to set the Queen of Scots at liberty 
 when he pleased 5 though out of a sense of duty, he had con- 
 stantly rejected all proposals and solicitations of that nature." But 
 this surely is most gross partiality and misrepresentation. After 
 the frequent warnings the Duke received, and the frequent re- 
 newals of his intrigues, what pretence is there for saying, that he 
 fell an innocent victim to the machinations of his sovereign ? 
 
 When the Duke was brought to the bar, the Lord Steward 
 said, " Thomas Duke of Norfolk, thou hast been arraigned of 
 divers crimes of high-treason, and hast submitted thyself to God 
 and these Peers, who have all found thee guilty. Hast thou any 
 thing to say why sentence should not be passed upon thee ?" His 
 Grace answered, " God's will be done, who will judge between 
 me and my false accusers." 
 
 On this, Serjeant Barham^ required the Lord Steward, in the 
 Queen's name, to pass sentence, which he, with tears in his eyes, 
 pronounced according to the usual form. The Duke, with a pre- 
 sence of mind, answered, " sentence is passed upon me as upon a 
 traitor : I have none to trust to but God and the Queen ; I am 
 excluded from your society, but hope shortly to enjoy the heavenly. 
 I will fit myself to die. Only this one thing I crave, that the 
 Queen would be kind to my childi en and servants, and take care 
 that my debts be paid." Camden (from whom this account is 
 taken) says, he heard these things himself, and penned them 
 down exactly. 
 
 He remained under sentence four months, the Queen affect- 
 ing an inclination to pardon him 5 but upon an address of a com- 
 mittee of both houses of parliament, she signed the warrant for 
 his execution, pretending that she could not resist the voice of her 
 people. On the 2d of June, at eight in the morning, the Duke ^ 
 
 ' Serjeant Nicholas Barham, M- P- for Maidstone, died lf,^^^ See Post* 
 script to Memoirs of King James's Peers, LI I. 
 f Camden, p. 44.8.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 107 
 
 was brought to a scaffold erected upon Tower-hill ; whereon he 
 was no sooner mounted (and Alexander Newell, Dean of St. 
 Paul's, who was there as his ghostly comforter, desiring the mul- 
 titude that stood round to keep silence) but he said, " it is no 
 new thing for people to suffer death in this place 3 though, since 
 the beginning of our most gracious Queen's reign, I am the first, 
 and God grant I may be the last." At this the people cried Amen. 
 Then (to give you an abstract, says Camden, of what I heard at 
 large) he went on : "I acknowledge my Peers have jus.tly sen- 
 tenced me worthy of death ; nor have I any design to excuse my- 
 self. I freely confess that I treated with the Queen of Scots, in 
 things of great moment, without my sovereign's knowledge; 
 which I ought not to have done. "Whereupon I was cast into 
 the Tower ; but I was afterwards set at liberty, having made a 
 humble submission ; and promised, upon honour, to have nothing 
 more to do with her; yet I confess I acted contrary, and this, in 
 truth, disturbs my conscience. But I neither promised, nor sware 
 it at the Lord's table, as is commonly reported, I once conferred 
 with Ridolpho, but not to the Queen's destruction ; for there are 
 several which know I had to do with him, about money matters, 
 upon bills and bonds. I found him to be one that envied the 
 peace of England, and forward to contrive any villany. Two 
 letters from the Pope I saw, but by no means approved of them, 
 nor of the rebellion in the North. I have not been popishly in- 
 clined ever since I had any taste for religion; but was always 
 averse to the popish doctrine, and embraced the true religion of 
 Jesus Christ, and put my whole trust in the blood of Christ, my 
 blessed Redeemer and Saviour, Yet I must own, that some of 
 my servants, and acquaintance, were addicted to the Romish re- 
 ligion. If, in this, I have offended either God, the church, or 
 the Protestants, I pray God and them to forgive me." Then after 
 reading a psalm or two, he said, with a loud voice, " Lord, into 
 thy hands I commend my spirit." After this, he embraced Sir 
 Henry Leigh, whispered something to him, and to Dean Nowel; 
 who, turning to the people, said, " the Duke desires you would 
 all of you pray to God to have mercy on him 3 and wdthall keep 
 sileuce that his mind may not be disturbed," The executioner 
 asked him forgiveness, and had it granted. One offering him a 
 handkerchief to cover his eyes, he refused it, saying, " I am not in 
 the least afraid of death." Then, falling on his knees, he lay 
 prostrate with his mind fixed upon God, and Dean Nowel prayed 
 with him. Presently after, he stretched his neck upon the block,
 
 108 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 and his head was immediately cut off at one blow, and shewed by 
 the executioner, as a doleful sight, for the sorrowful and weeping 
 niuliitiide.8 
 
 Bloomheld, vol. i. has his speech at large from a MS. in the 
 library of Caius-coliege, Cambridge, wherein he defies the Pope 
 and all his religion. 
 
 His Grace, after the death of his first Dutchess, already men- 
 tioned, married Margaret, daughter and sole heir to Thomas Lord 
 Audley, of Walden in Essrx, and Chancellor of England, >vidow 
 of the Lord Henry Dudley, John Duke of Northumberland's 
 younger son (slain at St. Quintin's in Picardy without issue, 
 August 10th, 155/) by whom he had issue three sons; Thomas, 
 afterwards made Eakl of Suffolk; Henry, who died young ; 
 and W1L1.IAM, of Na WORTH in Cumberland, ancestor to the 
 Eahl of Carlisle; with two daughters, Elizabeth, who died 
 in her infancy ; and Margaret, married to Robert Sackville, Earl 
 of Dorset. He lastly married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Francis 
 Leyburne, '' of Cunswick in Westmoreland, Knight, widow of 
 Thomas Lord Dacre of Gillesland ; but by her had no issue, she 
 dying ' in 1567, 10 Elizabeth, being married about a year, 
 
 Ihe title of the Duke of Norfolk being, by the attainder of 
 this Thomas, thus taken away, Philip, his eldest son, was called 
 Earl of Arundel, as owner of Arundel-caslle in Sussex, by descent 
 from his mother; it having, in 11 Henry VI. been adjudged"^ in 
 Parliament tb be a local dignity, so that the possessors thereof 
 should enjoy that title of honour. Whereupon, by that appella- 
 tion, he had summons ' to the Parliament, begun at Westminster, 
 January l6th, 1579-8O, and soon after, in the same parliament, 
 was by a special act restored '" in blood ; and, that same year, 
 made a privy-counsellor. But not long after this, by the artifices" 
 of Robert Earl of Leicester, and secretary Walsingham (who for 
 the entrapping of eminent persons of the Romish religion, dis- 
 persed counterfeit letters) this Earl Philip was confined to his own 
 house, upon suspicion of practising against the government in 
 favour of Mary Queen of Scotland, " This Earl," says Camden, 
 
 See a portrait of this Duke, when a boy, in the Holbein Heads, with the 
 annexed memoir by Lodge See also Park's R. and N. A, vol i p 323, where 
 in a dying memorial to a friend the Duke says, ' if I might have my wish, 
 and were in as good state as ever you knew me, yet I would wish for a lower 
 degree" 
 
 ^ C 39. 10 b. J Camden, in Hist, of Engl vol. p, 408. 
 
 - Rot. Pari in 11 Hen. VI, " Journ of Pari. 
 
 " Ibid n Camden s Eliz ut supra, in an. 1584. 23 Elk.
 
 DUltE OF NORFOLK. l(^ 
 
 " had through the Queen's grace and favour, been restored in 
 blood three years before ; and having soon after lost her favour 
 through the secret machinations of some greafepersons, hpd privily 
 reconciled himself to the Popish religion, living likewise a very- 
 austere life." During this restraint. Queen Elizabeth offered him 
 his liberty, provided he would cairy the sword of state before her 
 to the chapel, and there attend the service of the established 
 church J which his lordship declined : and nothing appearing 
 against him, he obtained his enlargement. He was soon after 
 taken up again, and sent to the Tower, from which he was like- 
 wise released for want of evidence against him. Alarmed by these 
 repeated attacks upon his liberty, and terrified " with the severity 
 of certain laws, then made against Jesuits and priests, he resolved 
 to P betake himself beyond the seas ; but in the first place to re- 
 present his grief to the Queen by letter, which he determined 
 should be delivered unto her after his departure : wherein he made 
 a long and sad complaint of the malice of his potent adversaries, 
 " whereunto he was necessitated to give place, whilst they tri- 
 umphed over his innocence. He recounted the fatal ends of his 
 ancestors ; namely, his great grandfather, who was condemned 
 without being heard ; his grandfather, who was beheaded for light 
 and trivial matters ; and his father, who, as he said, was circum- 
 vented by his adversaries ; and never bare any hostile mind against 
 his prince and country." And added, that, " he for his part, lest 
 he should be the heir of his forefathers infelicity, and that he 
 might the better attend the service of God, and provide for his 
 soul's good, hath quitted his country j but not his allegiance to 
 his prince." 
 
 But, before this letter could be delivered (being gone into 
 Sussex, 1 there to take shipping in an obscure creek) through the 
 treachery of some of his servants, he was apprehended, and com- 
 mitted to the Tower, Being thus imprisoned, a charge was 
 brought against him into the Star-chamber, " that he had sup- 
 ported Romish priests contrary to lav/ : also, that he had held in- 
 telligence with Cardinal Allen, and Parsons the Jesuit, the Queen's 
 enemies : '' that he had publicly, in writing, questioned the justice 
 of the kingdom ; and, that he had intentions of departing the 
 realm without license." The Earl (as Camden observes) pro- 
 testing his obedience to the Queen, and love to his country, 
 
 Camden's Eliz ut supra, in an 1584- 27 Eliz. 
 
 p Ibid. p. 50?. <i Ibid- p 504. 
 
 r Camden's Life of Queen Eliz, in Hist of Engl vol ii. p. jiz
 
 no PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 modestly excused himself, by his affection to the Catholic religion, 
 and his ignorance of the laws j and, confessing his fault, sub- 
 mitted himself to the censure of the bench } who fined him 
 10,0C0/. and imprisonment during the Queen's pleasure. 
 
 ' The late attempt of an invasion by the Spaniards," says 
 Carte, '' proved fatal to Philip Earl of Arundel. He was still con- 
 fined in the Tower, when the Spanish Armada entered the 
 channel, and could not forbear expressing his joy at the uews : he 
 had likewise caused a mass of the Holy Ghost to be said for its 
 success J and a course of devotions to be used for twenty-four 
 hours together. These things irritating the Queen, he was called 
 to an account for them, as well as for his former offences, which, 
 having been charged on him before as contempts and misde- 
 meanours, were now aggravated, and urged as treasonable matters. 
 His religion, some emblematical figures found in his house, and 
 other people's notions of his being one of the best friends to the 
 late Queen of Scots, and the chief support of the popish party in 
 England, were urged by the lawyers with more vehemence than 
 reason, as arguments to conclude him guilty of treason" He was 
 arraigned of high treason, and brought to his trial in Westminster- 
 hall, before twenty-five of the Peers. On April 14th, 1589,* 
 Henry Earl of Derby, being created Lord High Steward on this 
 occasion, the Earl appeared in a wrought velvet gown, furred with 
 martins, laid about with gold lace, and buttoned with gold buttons, 
 a black sattin doublet, a pair of velvet hose, and a high black hat 
 on his head. He was a very tall man, somewhat swarthy j and, 
 coming to the bar, he made two obeisances to the state, and to 
 the nobles, and others present. 
 
 Being required to hold up his hand, he raised it very high, 
 saying, " here is as true a man's heart and hand, as ever came 
 into this hall." His indictment consisted of the points on which 
 he had been convicted in the Star-chamber, together with five 
 additional articles, accusing him of engaging to assist Cardinal 
 Allen in his attempts to re-establish Popery 5 suggesting, that the 
 Queen was unfit to govern ; procuring mass to be said for the 
 success of the Spanish Armada j intending to withdraw himself 
 beyond seas, to serve under the Duke of Parma against his native 
 country; and being privy to the bull of Pope Sixtus V. trans- 
 ferring the Queen's dominions to Philip II. King of Spain. Two 
 emblematical pieces, found in his Lordship's custody, were pro- 
 
 > MS. de Fam de Howard, D- 12 f 219
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. ill 
 
 duced in court as evidence against him. The first represented a 
 hand shaking a snake into the fire, with this motto. If God is for 
 us, who can be against us ? The other was that of a lion without 
 claws, with this inscription. Yet still a lion. The Earl being 
 asked if he were guilty, or not guilty, of the several treasons ia 
 the indictment, his Lordship desired to know, " whether the se- 
 veral points, in the indictment contained, were but one indict- 
 ment, yea or no ?" Whereupon the judges satisfied him it was 
 but one. And being asked a second time, said, " not guilty, and 
 that he was well contented to be tried by such good, noblemen 
 then present, that knew his life." " He said, he had been a pri- 
 soner four years, and twenty-five weeks close prisoner ; that ha 
 had been sick and weak, whereby his memory may fail him ; and 
 therefore desired the Lord Steward, that he might be heard to 
 make answer to every particular point." To which the Lord 
 Steward replied, " there was no other meaning, and that he 
 should be heard deliberately." 
 
 It was urged against him, " that he was a traitor, because a 
 Papist ; the Queen of Scots had considered him as one of her best 
 friends j Cardinal Allen had spoken of him as the chief hope of 
 the Roman Catholics in England ; and that his letter to Queen 
 Elizabeth plainly accused the national justice with regard to his 
 father's trial." The lawyers for the crown, wilhng to make a 
 handle of the most trivial circumstances against him, produced 
 letters written abroad, wherein he was styled Philip Duke of 
 Norfolk. His Lordship acknowledged a correspondence with 
 Cardinal Allen, but merely upon his spiritual concerns; and that 
 he intended to have served under the Duke of Parma, as many 
 had done by the Queen's own approbation ; and insisted that he 
 had said nothing of his father's sentence, but what was on record; 
 that he could not be answerable for what had been written con- 
 cerning him ; and that Popham, the attorney-general, had ma- 
 naged the letters and confessions produced against him, as spiders 
 do flowers, by extracting from them nothing but poison. He 
 pointed out several inconsistencies in the indictment; and proved, 
 that " the letters between the Queen of Scots and Cardinal Allen, 
 about invading England, were wrote the very year in which he 
 intended to have left it ; and that the bull of Pope Sixtus V. had 
 been published the year before." Sir Thomas Gerard, W. Shelley, 
 then under sentence of death, and one Bennet, a profligate priest, 
 were examined as witnesses against him. What the first swore, 
 does not appear; and Shelley, being adjured, by his Lordship, to
 
 112 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 speak nothing but the truth, would give no evidence at all : but 
 Bennet, the informer of the Earl's having had Mass said for the 
 success of the Spanish invasion, persisted in what he had declared 
 before the council; notwithstanding bis having wrote a letter t 
 the Earl, asking his I,ordship pardon, and acknowledging that 
 his confession had been extorted by fear of the rack ; an instru- 
 ment well known to state-prisoners in that reign. That letter 
 was, unfortunately for the Earl of Arundel, intercepted by the 
 ministrj' } and therefore he could make no use of it, when he im- 
 peached Beni el's character. After all the struggles of the pro- 
 secutors, no charge of high tre;ison could be fixed upon his Lord- 
 ship, but that of being reconciled to the church of Rome; upon 
 which he was unanimously found guilty by his judges. After 
 sentence, he besought them to intercede with the Queen for the 
 payment of his debts j that his officers might have access to him j 
 and his wife permitted to visit him with his infant son, whom he 
 had never seen, having been born since his confinement. As the 
 Earl had been convicted merely on a religious account, the Queen 
 did not allow his sentence to be put in execution; but suffered 
 him to languish in the Tower, where he spent the remainder of 
 his days in exercises of devotion, until November 19th, 1 5Q5, 
 when he died in the thirty-ninth year of his age. He married 
 Anne, eldest daughter of Thomas, and sister and coheir to Thomas, 
 Lords Dacre of Gillesland, who survived him till April 13th, 
 1630, and was then buried at Arundel. She was a woman of a 
 poetical genius, as is proved by some verses preserved by Mr. 
 Lodge, "^ It is not unlikely," says that instructive biographer, 
 " that the melancholy exit of her Lord produced these pathetic 
 effusions. Many of her letters relating to the private affairs of her 
 son's family, and particularly to his children, for whom she seems 
 to have had the most affectionate regard, are written in the best 
 style of that time, and in a strain of unaffected piety and tender- 
 ness, wliich lets us at once into her character." ' 
 
 Thomas Earl of Arundel, &c. his only child, was born on 
 July 7th, 1592, seventh in descent from John Howard, first Duke 
 of Norfolk of that surname ; and by his father's attainder, being 
 deprived of that honour,, and the greatest part of the estate of his 
 family, he had only the title of Lord Maltravers, by courtesy, all 
 Queen Elizabeths reign. During his youth, he was under the 
 
 t Lodge s Illustr of Biit. Hist. vol. iii p 359. See a print of her in Park's 
 R and N A. vol ii p 259.
 
 DCJKE OF NORFOLK. 113 
 
 care of his mother^ " who, being a Lady of great and eminent 
 virtues, was not negligent in his education, and yet so wary (the 
 family being under a cloud) as not to expose him to travel abroad, 
 or to appear in much conversation at home. " So as Robert Deve- 
 reux. Earl of Essex, (to whom this Earl often said he was in his 
 youth much beholding) was wont to call him the Winter Pear; 
 and that, if he lived, he would be a great and a wise man." 
 
 He was, at eleven years old, in l603, not only restored'' in 
 blood by. act of parliament in the first year of King James I. but 
 to all such titles of honour and precedence, as Philip Earl of 
 Arundel lost by his attainder j as also to the honour, state, and 
 dignity of Eakl of Surry ; and to such dignity of baronies, as 
 Thomas Duke of Norfolk, his grandfather, lost by his attainder. 
 And though he was, by the said act, restored to all the honours 
 dependent on the title of Earl of Arundel, yet he was not to all 
 the possessions ; the baronies of Clun, and Oswaldestrle, in Shrop- 
 shire, the ancient inheritances of the Fitz-Alans, Earls of Arundel, 
 being given, from this Earl, to his great uncle, the Earl of North- 
 ampton, and by him transferred to his nephew, Thomas Earl of 
 Suffolk, and to his posterity. 
 
 When he had attained to the age of twenty years, the care of 
 his friends, for the honour and continuation of his family, and his 
 own inclination, prompted him to think of marriage ; in which 
 fdicity he came not behind any of his ancestors, taking to wife 
 the Lady Alatliea, third daughter and coheir of Gilbert Talbot, 
 Earl of Shrewsbury: and by her had large possessions j for her 
 two sisters, the one married to William Earl of Pembroke, and 
 the other to Henry Earl of Kent, both died without issue. 
 
 In the year 1607, y he was sworn of the privy council to 
 King James I. ; and his Majesty did him the honour to stand 
 godfather to his eldest son, ^ baptised James, July l/th that year. 
 In 1609, he was necessarily induced to travel for the recovery of 
 his health, passing through France and Italy ; but in the interim 
 lost his cousin, Thomas Viscount Bindon, to whom he was heir 
 at law but the greatest part of the Viscount's possessions was 
 transferred on the Earl of Suffolk, and his children. Upon his 
 
 " Short view of the Life of Thomas Earl of Arundel, p. zio, in Sir Edward 
 Walker's Historical Discourses. 
 
 " Inter Brevia de Certiorare dcanno 2 Jac I. 
 y Lloyd's Memoirs, p. 284. 
 i. Camden's Annals of King James, in History of England, vol il p 64*. 
 VOL. I. ^
 
 114 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 return, he was at Windsor installed Knight of the most noble 
 order of the Garter, on May 13th, 1611. 
 
 The year following, he was present at the marriage of the 
 Prince Elector Palatine with the Princess Elizabeth, only daughter 
 of King James, at Whitehall, February 14th, 1612-13, 10 Jac. I. 
 when this Earl of Arundel carried the sword, ^ and stood on the 
 right hand of his Majesty, during the ceremony. He was also 
 one of the four, ^ commissioned by the King to conduct them to 
 Bacharack, the first city in his country ; but at the request of the 
 Elector, they accompanied them to his chief city of Heidelberg. 
 I'he Countess, his lady, also accompanied the Princess thither ; 
 and took their leaves on the I4th of June following. 
 
 Soon after he went into Italy, where he very much pleased 
 himself} and either took up, or improved, his natural disposition 
 of being the great master and favourer of arts ; especially of 
 sculpture, design, painting, and architecture, which rendered him 
 famous, and acceptable to all ingenious spirits both at hoine and 
 abroad. 
 
 He'^ returned in November l6l4j and his two eldest sons 
 being grown up, he sent them to travel, especially to his beloved 
 Italyj where they had not been long, but their mother, out of 
 natural affection to see her children, had a desire to make a 
 journey, and to accompany them on their return. In all places, 
 through which she passed, she was received with respect. As she 
 returned, her eldest son, James Lord Mowbray and Maltravers, 
 died at Ghent, to the unspeakable grief of his parents, being of 
 great and notable hopes. 
 
 In 1619, he narrowly escaped with life j for, being '^ appointed 
 to conduct Count Gondemar, the Spanish ambassador, to his first 
 public audience at Whitehall, on March 12th that year, after a 
 small stay in the council-chamber, as they were passing over a 
 wooden terras to enter the guard-chamber, the weight of the over- 
 thronging multitude made it suddenly fall, with the Earl of 
 Arundel, the Lord Grey, and others, who received some hurt ; 
 but the ambassador, as he was entering the door, after half his 
 body was in the ruins, was pulled in by his servants that were 
 
 Sir John Finet's Observations on the Reception of Foreign Ambassadors, 
 A-'C p 10 
 
 k Stow's Annals, p 918 c Camden's Annals, prsed p 644. 
 
 i Sir John Finet's Observations, p 63.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 115 
 
 before liim^ and afterwards conducted by the Lord Chamberlaiu 
 to the King. 
 
 The year following, the French King sending for his Am- 
 bassador, the Marquis de Cadenet, one of the Mareschals of 
 France, and brother to the Duke de Luines, his favourite, with 
 between fifty and sixty persons of title and distinction, and above 
 three hundred others. King James ordered the Earl of Arundel, * 
 accompanied with the Lord Hunsdon, and divers gentlemen of 
 the privy-chamber, to visit him in his Majesty's name, at his 
 lodging in Gravesend. The ambassador not meeting his Lordship, 
 till he came to the stair-head of his chamber, and, at his parting, 
 accompanying him no further, .the Earl of Arundel^ displeased 
 with such a neglect of his quality, desired the master of the cere- 
 monies, the next day, to go to the ambassador, and tell him, in 
 regard his train was great, and his lodging little, he would not be 
 troublesome to him there, but would meet him in the street, and 
 thence accompany him to his embarking, having brought twenty 
 barges fi'om London to receive him and his train. And on their 
 arrival at Somerset-house, then called Denmark-house (ordained 
 fur the ambassador's abode) the Earl landing him at the garden- 
 stairs, accompanied him no further than to the foot of the first 
 stair ascending to the privy lodgings, where he took his leave, 
 sayino;, the gentlemen there should shew him his lodging. '* This 
 (says Sir John Finet) bred much discourse, and was soon con- 
 veyed to the knowledge of his majesty, who (sensible more of the 
 cause given by the ambassador, than of the measure returned by 
 the Eail of Arundel) stormed much at it. And the ambassador 
 the next day made his excuse to the Lord Arundel, that his indis- 
 position in his journey, and when he came to receive him, was the 
 cause that he met him no sooner, nor accompanied him any 
 further ; whereupon the difference was accommodated." 
 
 In 1621, he had a quarrel with Lord Spencer. Lord S. 
 was speaking something in the house, that their great ancestors 
 did, which displeased Arundel 3 and he cut him off short, saying, 
 " My lord, when these things you speak of, were doing, your an- 
 cestors were keeping sheep I' Spencer instantly replied; " When 
 my ancestors, as you say, were keeping shct-p, your ancestors 
 v/ere plotting treason!" As Arundel was the aggressor, he was 
 committed to the Tower; and not released till he had made an 
 liumble submission. '' 
 
 c Sir John Finet 'sObservat. p, 67,68. 
 Wilson in Kcnnet, vol, ii. p. 737.
 
 116 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 On the removal of the Lord Chancellor Bacon, in l621, the s 
 seal was delivered to him and three other commissioners, with 
 whom it rested from May 3d, till July 10th following : and on 
 August 29th that same year, ^ he was constituted Earl Marshal of 
 England for life, with a pension of 2000/. per ann. ; having been 
 before appointed one of the commissioners for executing that 
 office. 
 
 And thereupon reviving that honourable court, which had 
 anciently been held by the constable and marshal jointly, wherein 
 remedy was given for such abusive provocations, as might occa- 
 sion no little bloodshed by duels, or other more mischievous ways 
 of revenge, some scruple being made as to the jurisdiction of the 
 Earl Marshal alone, without the constable, he, the next ensuing 
 year, obtained other letters patent, ' bearing date August 1st, 
 20 Jac. I. whereby that King, after mature advice had with the 
 lords of his council upon the point, did declare, that, in the 
 vacancy of the constable of England, the Earl Marshal had the 
 like jurisdiction in that court, as both constable and marshal 
 jointly ever exercised, commanding him to proceed accordingly. 
 But the truth is, notwithstanding the assertions of fulsome and 
 indiscriminate panegyrists, that this arbitrary court ought never 
 to have been re-established, and afterwards on April l6th, 1040, 
 it was presented by the famous Sir Edward Hyde as one of the 
 greatest grievances of the day, for its arbitrary proceedings. ^ And 
 Lord Arundel's haughty temper was calculated to aggravate its 
 offensiveness. 
 
 On the accession of King Charles I. to the crown, he was 
 continued in his office of Earl-Marshal, and counsellor j and at 
 the funeral of the late King, on May 17th, 1625, was one of 
 the supporters to his Majesty, the chief mourner. Also, at the 
 coronation of King Charles, was joined in commission " with 
 William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, to make such persons 
 Knights of the Bath, as the King should then think fit to call to 
 that dignity. He was '^ likewise one of the commissioners, au- 
 thorised to determine the claims exhibited concerning services to 
 be performed at the coronation : at which, on February 2d, 
 
 8 Bishop Hacket's Life of Archbishop Wil iams, part i.- p 51. 
 
 *> Pat. 19 Jac. I. p 13- ' Pat. 20 Jac. I. 
 
 i' See Dallaway's Heraldry, p 293. 
 
 1 Rennet's History of England, vol. iii p 4.. 
 
 " Pat- I Car. I p 5. indorse 
 " Rushworth's Collections, vol i. p, 203, 204.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 11^ 
 
 1625-6, he attended in his place of Earl-Marshal^ and with 
 George Villiers^ Duke of Buckingham, Lord High Constable of 
 England for that day, went next before his Majesty, He had a 
 grant ',dated December 22d, 1625,) of the wardship of the body, 
 and lease of the lands, of Henry Lord Stafford, during the mi- 
 nority of his said ward ; together with a fine of 500 marks im- 
 posed upon the said Lord Stafford, in the court of wards and 
 liveries, to the King's use, for the said lordships, wardship, and 
 marriage. 
 
 About a year after, he fell into the King's displeasure, on ac- 
 count of the marriage of his son, Henry-Frederic Lord Maltravers, 
 with the Lady Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Esme Stuart, Duke 
 of Lennox, by the mediation of the old Dutchess of Lennox, his 
 relation, and the Countess of Arundel, without the knowledge 
 and consent of his Majesty, who designed her, as his own ward 
 and kinswoman, for Archibald Lord Lome, afterwards Marquis 
 of Argyle. The new-wedded couple were confined at Lambeth 
 under the inspection of Archbishop Abbot j and the Earl and 
 Countess of Arundel were at first restricted to their seat at 
 Horseley in Surry, ^ and afterwards sent to the Tower, His com- 
 mitment being while the parliament was sitting, John Williams, 
 Bishop of Lincoln, took notice that they wanted a member who 
 was debarred from the house j and no cause of his commitment 
 being expressed, the peers presented several petitions to the King 
 to preserve the privileges of parliament. 1 In answer to one of 
 them, his Majesty returned this message, " that the Earl of 
 Arundel was restrained for a misdemeanor, personal to his Majesty, 
 and lay in his proper knowledge, and had no relation to matters 
 of parliament." To which they'" made a remonstrance, asserting 
 their privileges. ^ He had five proxies, which were lost by his 
 imprisonment ; and this affair was in agitation for almost three 
 months. But on Thursday, June 8th, 1626, the Lord Keeper, 
 Sir Thomas Coventry, delivered to the Lords this message,* 
 " that on Saturday last his Majesty sent word to the house, that, 
 by this day, he would send them such an answer concerning the 
 Earl of Arundel, as should satisfy them in point of privilege. 
 And therefore to take away all dispute, and that their privileges 
 may be in the same estate as they were when the parliament 
 
 Rymer's Foeclera, torn xviii p 248. p Ruslnvorth, praed. p. 367. 
 
 q Ibid. ' Ibid. p. 369,370- Whitlocke, p. 6. 
 
 t Journal Dom Procer.
 
 118 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 began, his Majesty hath taken off the restraint of the said Earl, 
 whereby he hath liberty to come to the house." The Earl of 
 Arundel, upon his return to the house, gave their Lordships most 
 hearty thanks for their intercessions for him to the King ; and 
 protested his loyalty, and faithful service unto his Majesty : whose 
 goodness he likewise acknowledged for his enlargement. 
 
 He was shortly after admitted to court, and by degrees into 
 the King's favour. In the year l631, he" was one of the com- 
 missioners appointed to examine the oppressions of the fees 
 exacted in all courts and offices, civil and ecclesiastical, through- 
 out England : and on June 18th, l633, waited on the King at 
 his coronation in Scotland} where all persons strove to outvie 
 each other in the bravery and riches of their apparel and enter- 
 tainment J but this Earl kept his old plainness, and yet wanted 
 not the honour and esteem due to his person and quality. He^ 
 was also constituted chief justice of all the forests north of Trent. 
 About the end of that year, he was sent to the Queen of Bohemia 
 in Holland, to condole the death of her husband, which happened 
 on November 29th ; being at the same time appointed ambassador 
 extraordinary to the States-General, 
 
 In the beginning of the year 1636, the Earl was made choice 
 of for an embasrsy, for the restitution of the Palatinate to the 
 King's nephew ; which, out of his affection to the Queen of Bo- 
 hemia, and the Palatine family, he willingly embraced. Fie 
 began his journey about the end of March 1636. Three months 
 being spent without any progress in the business, the Earl took 
 his leave of the Emperor, and Elector, and, by tl)e same way he 
 came, he returned to Holland; and thence, about the end of De- 
 cember, embarked for England, having spent nine months in this 
 journey, and much money. He met with a. most gracious recep- 
 tion from the King, it being evident he had done his best in this 
 negociation. And on February 4th, following, a warrant was 
 issued by Secretary Coke J' to tlie exchequer for payment of 
 7,262/. without account, to the Earl of Arundel and Surry, his 
 IMajesty's late ambassador extraordinary to the Emperor of Ger- 
 many ; being the remainder of l9,2o2/, for his extraordinary ex- 
 pences and disbursements of several ends, over and above his 
 allowance of 6/, per diem. 
 
 In 1637, the Scots being ofiended that a Liturgy, conforraab'e 
 
 u Hacket's Life of Archbishop WiJIIam-, pa;t i;. p 93 
 " Pat. 9 Car I. p. i. y Ex .'^utog int. Evident, apud Pe.-.ihurst
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK, UQ 
 
 to that of England, was, at this time, pressed on them, began in 
 fury to threaten their bishops and ministers, and grew to such a 
 height, that, after many commissions and delegations, of ihe 
 Marquis of Hamilton, and others, between the King and them, 
 no way was found so proper, as to reduce them by arms to due 
 obedience. " The King," says Lord Clarendon, " hastened the 
 raising an army, which was not long in doing. He chose to 
 make the Earl of Arundel his general, a man who was thought 
 to be made choice offer his negative qualities : he did not love the 
 Scots; he did not love the puritans j which qualifications were 
 allayed by another negative 3 he did not much love any bcdy else j 
 but he was tit to keep the state of it ; and his rank was such, that 
 no man would decline the serving under him."* The army ren- 
 dezvoused at Selby-upon-Ouse in Yorkshire, on April 10th, l63Q, 
 and thence marched to a place called Birques, four miles from 
 Berwick, where the King put himself at the head of it. " The 
 King," continues Lord Clarendon, " had not at that time one 
 person, of his council, who bad the least consideration for his 
 own honour, or friendship for those who sat at the helm of affairs. 
 There was no other council of name, but the general, the Earl of 
 Arundel, who was always true to the character under which he 
 has been delivered, and thought he had been general long 
 enough."^ But, after some skirmishes, a treaty was begun, and 
 a peace ensuing, the army was dismissed in three months frorn 
 the time it was levied. 
 
 In t!ie end of the year l63g, there were new preparations for 
 a war with the Scots, which drew on a parliament, when this 
 Earl, then Lord Steward of the King's household, administered the 
 oaths to the house of commons the first day of their sitting, on 
 April 25 th, l640. 
 
 At the Earl of Strafford's trial, which began on March 22d, 
 1640- 1, the lords, in the absence of the lord keeper, who was 
 very sick, made choice of the Earl of Arundel to preside, and 
 govern the court, being a person notoriously disaffected to the 
 Earl of Strafford."'' 
 
 The Earl afterwards presented a remonstrance, and petition, 
 dated June 2yth, iG-il, to be restored to the dukedom of Norfolk. 
 And several noblemen had such a regard to his Lordship, as to 
 subscribe a similar petition to his Majesty, on his behalf. 
 
 ^ Hist. Rcb vol. i. p 114 
 Ibid p U2. " Ibid p ii6.
 
 120 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 The King so far favoured these petitions, that, by letters 
 patent, bearing date June Gth, l644, in consideration of his 
 special services, and great merits (as recited in the patent) ; as 
 also in respect of his lineal descent from Thomas of Brotherton, 
 Earl of Norfolk, son of King Edward I. he created his Lordship 
 Earl of Norfolk, with limitations to the heirs male of his body. 
 But Norfolk discernmg the cloud hanging over the nation, 
 willingly resigned his staff of steward of the household, and re- 
 solved to travel. His lady took the same resolution, and a fair 
 and honourable opportunity immediately offered. For Mary de 
 Medicis, the Queen-Mother of France, having been in England 
 about two years, was, by the violence of the times, forced away ; 
 and the care of conducting her was committed to the Earl, which 
 he did in July, l641, His Countess then likewise passed the 
 seas, and made her residence at Cologn, with tlie French Queen, 
 who died there on July 13th, 1642. The Earl spent some time 
 at Utrecht, whither he had formerly sent his grandchildren, sons 
 to his eldest son (afterwards Earl of Arundel) to be educated. In 
 the beginning of the winter, he arrived in England ; and being 
 indisposed in his health, and his lady and grandchildren absent, 
 in whose company he placed his chief delight, he again resolved 
 to return to theraj and had another fair occasion offered him, 
 with high respect and esteem, to quit his country before he saw it 
 ruined. The King, in the beginning of the summer, viz. May 
 2d before, had matched his eldest daughter, the Princess Mary, 
 unto William the young Prince of Orange j and the Queen, her 
 mother, having a desire to absent herself for a time, took this oc- 
 casion of conducting and settling her daughter in Holland. And 
 this noble peer had the honour to be the chief person of quality, 
 that waited on the Queen and the Princess thither 3 embarking 
 at Dover about the midst of February, 16-H-2, there taking leave 
 of his native country, which he never saw after. 
 
 Having spent some time in Holland, he thence went to Antwerp, 
 whei-e he was received, and esteemed equal to the greatness of his 
 birth, and eminent qualities. At this place he and his lady took 
 their last leave of each other, the recovery of his health, and his 
 natural love of motion, drawing him thence, only at first to go 
 for the Spa ; but afterwards he passed into France, and then into 
 his beloved Italy, having in his company two of his grandsons, 
 then grown up, and learned in the Latin, French, and Dutch 
 
 ' Pat. ao Car. I.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 121 
 
 tongues. And as he was highly honoured and esteemed on this 
 side of the Alps, he was as much, if not more, there 3 being the 
 only great subject of the northern parts, tliat had, by his conver- 
 sation and great collections, set a value on that country. Here 
 two misfortunes fell on his family : Thomas, his eldest grandson, 
 a gentleman of a goodly person and parts, was seized with a dis- 
 temper of the brain ; and his third grandson, Philip, afterwards 
 the famous Cardinal Howard, going from him to Milan, was 
 seduced by an Italian Dominican frier, and became one of that 
 order, notwithstanding all possible means used to prevent it. His 
 chief comfort then remained in the hopes of his second grandson, 
 Mr. Henry Howard, which did not deceive him, " having no 
 superior, in all respects, of birth, person, wit, learning, and height 
 of courage," says Sir Edward Walker. Thus this great Earl 
 having, in this moving condition, spent four or five years abroad, 
 he retired to Padua; where, about the end of the year 1645, his 
 eldest son, the Lord Mowbray, visited him. 
 
 In the year l646, he had thoughts and intentions of return- 
 ing, and had made preparations towards it ; but being on the 
 point of beginning his journey from Padua, fell suddenly indis- 
 posed, and died on October 4th, 16I6, in the fifty-fifth year of his 
 age J "^ his son, and grandchild, being present. 
 
 Lord Clarendon gives a very distinct, but probably too severe, 
 character of this celebrated nobleman, in the following words : 
 
 " The Earl of Arundel was the next officer of state who in his 
 own right and quality preceded the rest of the council. He was 
 generally thought to be a proud man, who always lived within* 
 and to himself, conversing little with any who were in common 
 conversation ; and so that he seemed to live as it were in another 
 nation, his house being a place to which all people resorted who 
 resorted to no other place; strangers, or such who affected to 
 look like strangers, and dressed themselves accordingly. He re- 
 sorted sometimes to the court, because there only was a greater 
 man than himself, and went thither the seldomer, because there 
 was a greater man than himself. He lived towards all favourites, 
 and great officers, without any kind of condescension, and rather 
 suffered himself to be ill-treated by their power and authority (for 
 he was often in disgrace, and once or twice prisoner in the 
 Tower) than to descend, in making any application to them. 
 
 " And upon these occasions he spent a great interval of his 
 
 ^ Mr. Edmondson's Tables.
 
 122 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 time in several journeys into foreign parts, and with his wife and 
 family had lived some years in Italy, the humours and manners 
 of which nation he seemed most to like and approve, and affected 
 to imitate. He had a good fortune by descent, and a much 
 greater from his wife, who was the sole daughter upon the matter 
 (for neither of the two sisters left any issue) of the great house 
 of Shrewsbury J but his expences were without any measure, and 
 always exceeded very much his revenue. He was willing to be 
 thought a scholar, and to understand the most mysterious parts 
 of antiquity, because he made a wonderful and costly purchase of 
 excellent statues*^ whilst in Italy and in Rome (some whereof he 
 could never obtain pernnssion to remove from Rome, though he 
 had paid for them), and had a rare collection of medals. As to 
 all parts of learning, he was almost illiterate,'^ and thought no 
 other part of history so considerable as what related to his own 
 family, in which, no doubt, there had been some very memorable 
 persons. 
 
 ' It cannot be denyed that he had in his own person, in his 
 aspect, and countenance, the appearance of a great man, which 
 he preserved i.\ his gait and motion. He wore and affected a 
 habit very different from that of the time, such as men had only 
 beheld in pictures of the most considerable men ; all which drew 
 the eyes of most, and the reverence of many, towards him, as the 
 image and representative of the antient nobility, and native 
 gravity of the nobles, when they had been most venerable 5 but 
 this was only his outside, his nature and true humour being much 
 disposed to levity and delights, which indeed were very despicable 
 and childish. He was rather thought not to be much concerned 
 for religion, than to incline to this or that party of any j and had 
 little other affection for the nation or the kingdom than as he had 
 a great share in it, in which, like the great Leviathan, he might 
 
 * A large part of these are now at Oxford, by the donation of the Countess 
 of Pomfret, 175,, to the University. 
 
 * The late Duke of Norfolk, in his Anecdotes of the Howard family, re- 
 sents this character of his ancestor ; and, among other remarks, observes, 
 that " the wonderful and costly collections which Lord Clarendon talks of 
 are sufficient monuments to prove that our Earl looked upon the histories of 
 Greece and Rome as worthy, at least, of some conside.M' ion. He could not 
 certainly expect to find iioy traces of his family in his A: -in 'el marbles, though 
 they threw the greatest light on the Grecian history of any collection that 
 was m?c'.^ ofore r"- since, and which were of such infinite use to P. Peteau, 
 Salmasuio, \' o.u i, and several other learned men, in their works." Ho-wanfi 
 Anecdotes, p. So-
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 123 
 
 sport himself; from which he withdrew, as soon as he discerned 
 the repose thereof was like to be disturbed, and died in Italy, 
 under the same doubtful character of religion in which he lived." 3 
 
 The following is the character given by Sir Edward Walker, 
 perhaps a more partial memorialist: 
 
 " He was tall of stature, and of shape and proportion rather 
 goodly than neat; his countenance was magestical and grave; 
 his visage long; his eyes large, black, and piercing; he had 
 a hooked nose, and some warts or moles on his cheeks ; his 
 countenance was brown, his hair thin, both on his head and 
 beard ; he was of a stately presence and gait, so that any man 
 that saw him, though in never so ordinary habit, could not 
 but conclude him to be a great person, his garb and fashion 
 drawing more observation than did the rich apparel of others; so 
 that it was a common saying of the late Earl of Carlisle, " here 
 comes the Earl of Arundel in his plain stuiiand trunk hose, and 
 his beard in his teeth, that looks more like a nobleman than any 
 of us." He was more learned in men and manners than in 
 books, yet understood the Latin tongue very well, and was 
 master of the Italian ; besides, he was a great favourer of learned 
 men, such as Sir Robert Cotton, Sir H(;nry Spelman, Mr, Camden, 
 Mr. Sclden, and the like. He v.'as a great master of order and 
 
 E Lord Claiendo.n, vol i. p 55,56- 
 
 " Lord Clarendon," it is observed in ihe Howard Anecdotes, '* should 
 have transmitted t j us the unaccountable means by which this odd composition 
 of pride and ignorance, as he would set him forth, was, without any kind of 
 solicitation for himself, a;)pointed to the first places in the state, and the most 
 important commissions abroad, though he kept the world at such a distance, 
 and scarcely treated his Sovereign with common decency. Were there no 
 cringing, soliciting, lettered courtiers about the King's person, who would have 
 treated his favourites and ministers with condescension, and even acknow- 
 ledged them to be their lords and masters, if they were appoinf^d to these 
 offices, that they must be conferred on a man, who was almost illiterate ? 
 Nay, further, he should have let us know by what kind of magic this man, un- 
 aided by literature, could have d scharged the several important offices of 
 Earl Marshal, Constable, and Lord High Steward of England, and ambassador 
 abroad on the most interesting concerns, with universal applause to himself, 
 and utility to the public A research so curious would certainly have been 
 worthy of so able a pen : but this noble author being silent here, the reader 
 ini;si judge for himself." Hoivard's Anecdotes, p 8i, 83- 
 
 In answer to the accusation of " his indifierence to religion," the solemn 
 words at the opening of his will, made at Dover, 1640, are cited : 
 
 " My sou! I do, whh all zeal and humility of spirit, beseech Almighty 
 God to receive, and being purified by the precious blood and passion of our 
 blessed Saviour from my great and manifold sins, to vouchsafe it, out of his 
 infinite mercy, a I'lctce to glorify iiiin for ever amongst the blessed." Ibid-
 
 124 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 ceremony, and knew and kspt greater distance towards his Sove- 
 reign than any person I ever observed, and expected no less from 
 his inferiors 5 often complaining that the too great affability of 
 the King, and the French garb of the court, would bring Majesty 
 into contempt. In council he was grave and succinct, rather dis- 
 charging his conscience and honour than complying with par- 
 ticular interests ; and so was never at the head of business or 
 principal in favour j contenting himself to be as it were the sup- 
 porter of antient nobility and gentry, and to interpose in their 
 behalf. Witness the care he had in the education of the novir 
 Earl of Oxford, and the young Lord Stafford, in his own house, 
 together with his grandchildren. Yet wanted he not a share of 
 the royal favours, as may appear by the many employments he 
 held under King James and King Charles j the first of which I 
 believe loved him more, and the last had him in greater vene- 
 ration and regard (though rot in intimacy of favour), he being a 
 person by years, quality, and parts, of an austere disposition, and 
 not so complacent as other persons that had more of ends. He 
 was the greatest favourer of the arts, especiallj'^ painting, sculpture, 
 designs, carving, building, and the like, that this ago hath pro- 
 duced 3 his collection of designs being more than of any person 
 living ; and his statues equal in number, value, and antiquity, to 
 those in the houses of most princes ; to gain which he had persons 
 many years employed both in Italy, Greece, and so generally in 
 any part of Europe, where rarities were to be had. His paintings 
 likewise were numerous, and of the most excellent masters, 
 having more of that exquisite painter Hans Holbein than are in 
 the world besides. And he had the honour to be the first person 
 of quality that set a value on them in our nation ; and so the first 
 person that brought in uniformity in building, and was chief 
 commissioner to see it performed in London, which since that 
 time has added exceedingly to the beauty of that city. He was 
 likewise sumptuous in his plate and household stuff, and full of 
 state and magnificence in his entertainments, especially of 
 strangers, and at his table very free and pleasant. He was a 
 person of great and universal civility, but yet with that restriction 
 as that it forbad any to be bold or saucy with him j though with 
 those whom he aifected, which were lovers of state, nobihty, ard 
 curious arts, he was very free and conversable; but they being 
 but few, the stream of the times being otherwise, he had not 
 many confidents or dependents; neither did he much affect to 
 have them, they being unto great persons both burtheusome and
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 125 
 
 dangerous. He was not popular at all, nor cared for it, as loving 
 better^ by a juster hand than flattery, to let the common people to 
 know their distance and due observance. Neither was he of any 
 faction in court or council j especially not of the French or Puritan, 
 He was free from covetousness, and so much above a bribe or 
 gratuity (for favours done) as no person ever durst tempt him 
 with one. He was in religion no bigot or puritan^ and professed 
 more to affect moral virtues than nice questions and controversies. 
 He was most faithful and affectionate to his lady, indulgent to 
 his children, and more to his grandchildren. His recreations were 
 conversation with them, and care of their education, overlooking 
 his rare collections, and (when not diverted by business) pleasing 
 himself in retirement to the country. If he were defective in 
 any thing, it was that he could not bring his mind to his 
 fortune, which, though great, was far too little for the vastness 
 of his noble designs : but it is pardonable, they being only for the 
 glory and ornament of his country. To conclude, he would have 
 appeared far more eminent, had the times he lived in been more 
 consonant to his disposition. However^ as they were, he must 
 by all wise and noble persons be looked upon as the greatest as- 
 sertor of the splendor and greatness of the Crown, and the antient 
 honour of the nobility and gentry that lived in his time, and as 
 the last great and excellent person that our age of peace hath 
 bred," '' The Earl's corpse was brought into England, and buried 
 at Arundel, in Sussex. 
 
 He had issue, first, James, Lord Mowbray and Maltravers, 
 who was made Knight of the Bath, on November 3d, 1616. the 
 day before the creation of Charles Prince of Wales ; and died un- 
 married at Ghent, in Flanders, as before related: second, Henry- 
 Frederic, Lord Mowbray and Maltravers, his successor in honours 
 and estate^ third, William, ancestor of the late Earls of Stafford, 
 of whom more fully afterwards j fourth^ Thomas ; fifth, Gilbert ; 
 and, sixth, Charles, who all three died unmarried. 
 
 The said Sir William Howard, the second surviving son, was 
 one of the Knights of the Bath, made at the coronation of King 
 Charles L and having wedded Mary, sister and heir of Henry 
 Stafford, Lord Stafford, the heir male of the illustrious family 
 of Stafford, Dukes of Buckingham, Earls of Stafford, &c. 
 
 Sir William Howard, and his wife Mary, before mentioned, 
 were by letters patent, dated September 12th, 1(346, created 
 
 > From the Earl's Life, written 1651, among Sir Edward Walker's Histo- 
 rical Discourses, p zii-.-zij.
 
 12S PEERAGE OF ENGLAND 
 
 Baron and Baroness Stafford, of Stafford-castle : ' and on No- 
 vember mil following, his Lordship was promoted to the dignity 
 of Viscount Stafibrd. His Lordship vas accused in October, 16/8, 
 of concern in the Popish plot " Lie was," says Burnet, " a weak, 
 but a fair conditioned man. He was in ill terms with his nephew's 
 family 5 and had been guilty of great vices in his youth, which had 
 almost proved Ibtal to him. He thought the King had not rewarded 
 him for his former services, as he had deserved : so he often voted 
 against the court, and made great applications always to the Earl 
 of Shaftsbury. He was in no good terms with the Duke, for the 
 great consideration the court had of his nephew's family made 
 him to .be the most neglected. When Oates deposed first against 
 him, he happened to be out of the way ; and he kept out a day 
 longer. But the day after he came in, and delivered himself; 
 which, considering the feebleness of his temper, and the heat of 
 that time, was thought a sign of innocence." "^ He was brought 
 to trial and condemned. " He composed himself," adds Burnet, 
 " in the best manner he could to suffer, which he did with a 
 constant and undisturbed mind. He supped and slept well tlie 
 night before his execution, and died without any shew of fear, or 
 disorder. He denied all that the witnesses had sworn against 
 him."' On June 3d, l685, a bill passed the house of peers, en- 
 titled, " An act for reversing the attainder of William, late 
 Viscount Stafford;" in the preamble to which, it was asserted, 
 " That it was now manifest, that William, late Viscount Stafford, 
 died innocent ; and that the testimony, on which he was con- 
 victed, was false : as also, that it appeared by record of the 
 King's Bench, that one of the witnesses was convicted of per- 
 jury." 
 
 By his Paid lady, he had three sons, and six daughters. The 
 sons were, first, Henry, afterwards Earl of Stafford ; second, John, 
 continuator of the line; and, third, Francis, who being groom of 
 the bedchamber to King James IL when, on December 17th, 
 1688, at one in the morning, he removed from Whitehall, at- 
 tended his master into France, and died at Paris, in 1692, leaving 
 by Eleanor, his wife, daughter of Henry Stanford, of New Inn, 
 
 in Staffordshire, Esq. a son, Henry^ who wedded daughter 
 
 of Bartholomew Berkeley, of Spechley in Worcestershire, Esq. 
 but died without issue. 
 
 ' See Gent Mag. vol Ixvii. p. 667- On this occasion Roger Stafford, the 
 collateral heir male, seems to have been used very unjustly. 
 
 k Hist. O. T. vol. i. p 488. ' Ibid p 494.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 127 
 
 Of the six daughters of William Viscount Stafford, i\lathea, 
 Ursula, and Mary, were nuns ; Isabella, the second, was the third 
 wife of John Powlett, Marquis of Winchester j Anastasia, the 
 fifth, was married to George Holman, of Warkworth in the 
 county of Northampton, Esq and Helena, the youngest, died soon 
 after she was born. 
 
 Henry, the eldest son, in consideration of his father's suf- 
 ferings, and his noble descent, was created Earl of Stafford, 
 October 5th, 1688, with remainder, for want of issue male, to 
 John and Francis, his brothers, and their heirs male respectively. 
 By the same patent, Mary, his mother, was made Countess of 
 Stafford for life, and his sisters were allowed the rank of daughters 
 of an Earl of England, and to use and bear the surname of 
 Stafford. This Henry Earl of Stafford retiring, in 1688, with his 
 sovereign into France, was, on April 3d, l6g4, married at St. 
 Germain's en Leye, to Claude Chiirlotte, eldest daughter of 
 Philibert, Count of Gramont, and dying on April lp,th, l/lf), 
 without issue, was succeeded by William, son of his brother John 
 Stafford Howard. 
 
 The said John Stafford Howard married, first, Mary, daughter 
 of Sir John Southcote, of Merstham in Surry, Knight; and, 
 secondly, Theresia, daughter of Robert Strickland, Esq. By the 
 first he was father of William, second Earl of Stafford; John- 
 Paul Stafford-Howard, fourth Earl of Stafford ; Mary, wedded to 
 Francis Plowden, of Plowden in Shropshire, Esq. ; whose daughter 
 and heir Mary married, in 1/33, Sir George Jerningham, Bart, 
 which lady died 1785, and was mother of the present Sir William 
 Jerningham, Bart, and of Edward Jerningham the poet, &c. ; 
 Xavaria, and Louisa, both nuns. By his second wife, he had a 
 son, Edward, and a daughter, Harriot. 
 
 William, second Earl of Stafford, married his cousin, Anne, 
 daughter of George Holman, and his Lady Anastasia, before 
 mentioned : and by her Ladyship, who died on May 21st, 1/25, 
 he had William-Matthias, his successor, as third Earl of Stafford; 
 Lady Mary wedded the Count of Chabot, of the house of Rohan, 
 in France; and the Ladies Anastasia, who died at Paris, 27th 
 April, I8O7, aet. eighty-five, and Anne, both nuns at Paris. His 
 Lordship dying in France, in January 1733-4, had sepulture in 
 the church of Notre Dame in Paris : and his Lady survived till 
 September igth, 1754. 
 
 William-Matthias, his only son, third Earl of Stafford, 
 married Henrietta; daughter of Richard CantiLon, Esq.; but
 
 128 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 dying on February 28th, 1750-1, without issue by her (who took 
 to her second husband Robert Maxwell, late Earl of Farnham in 
 Ireland) the honours and estate devolved on John-Paul Stafford- 
 Howard, his uncle, before-mentioned. 
 
 The said John-Paul Stafford Howard, Earl of Stafford, wedded, 
 in 1738, Elizabeth, daughter of . . . . Ewen, of . . . . in the county 
 of Somerset 3 but departing this life, without issue, on April 2d, 
 17(32, the male line of this noble branch of the illustrious house 
 of Howard expired with him. 
 
 We now return to the eldest surviving son, Henry-Frederic, 
 Lord Mowbray and Maltravei^s, vi'ho was Earl of Arundel, Nor- 
 folk, &c. on his father's decease. He married the Lady Elizabeth 
 Stuart, eldest daughter of Esnie Earl of March, afterwards Duke 
 of Lennox ; but being married without his Majesty's consent, he 
 and his Lady were confined (as said before) at Lambeth, under 
 the care of Archbishop Abbot. But, on his father's coming into 
 favour with the King, he was called up by writ on March 21st, 
 1639, to the house of peers, and took his place there accordingly, 
 by the title of Lord Mowbray. On the bill of attainder of Thomas 
 Earl of Strafford being brought, from the commons, to the house 
 of peers, his Lordship gave his vote against it, and was steady 
 in his adherence to the King. Soon after. Lord Clarendon 
 mentions^ " that at a committee in the house of lords, in some 
 debate, passion arose between the Earl of Pembroke, who was 
 then Lord Chamberlain of the household, and the Lord Mowbray j 
 and from angry and disdainful words, an offer or attempt of blows 
 was made, for which misdemeanour they were both next day sent 
 to the Tower." " 
 
 In ] 642, he waited on his Majesty at York^ and was with 
 those peers, who, on June 13th, the same year, subscribed, " To 
 obey no orders or commands whatsoever, not warranted by the 
 known laws of the land 5 and to defend his Majesty's person, 
 crown, and dignity, together with his just and legal prerogatives, 
 against all persons and power whatsoever, &c. " He was also 
 among those lords, who attested, that they had been witnesses of 
 his Majesty's frequent and earnest declarations, of abhorring all 
 designs of making war upon his parliament, &c." Which testi- 
 monies, with the names of the lords and counsellors, who sub- 
 scribed theretOj were, with their consent, immediately printed. 
 
 "> Sir Edward Walker's Historical Dis p zig. 
 " Hist. Reb. vol. i- p ^63. Ibid, vol ii. p 564, 565,566.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 129 
 
 and carefully divulged over the kingdom. He attended on his 
 Majesty, and was at Oxford? on November 1st, l642, when he 
 was created master of Arts, with James Duke of York. It is 
 certain, his Lordship 1 faithfully adhered to the King, serving as 
 a vokmteer in his army till lQ46 ; about the end of which year, 
 being sent for by his father, he repaired to him at Padua ; and, 
 after some stay, was on the point of beginning his journey home- 
 wards. But his father falling suddenly indisposed, induced him 
 to defer setting out till he saw the issue of his illness, and in a 
 few days he deceased. Whereupon his Lordship immediately 
 gave orders for embalming his remains, and came over with them 
 to England, where he found the King's affairs in a deplorable 
 condition 5 Oxford surrendered 3 and his Majesty obliged to fly 
 to the Scots. 
 
 By the death of his father, on October 4th, 1046, he was Earl 
 of Arundel, &c. and heir to his great estate j but the parliament 
 had taken possession of it, so that, with difficulty, he subsisted, 
 till the commons, on November 24th, l64S, voted, " that the 
 Earl of Arundel should be admitted to the composition of his 
 estate for 6,000/. in regard he had suffered losses by the parlia- 
 ment's forces ; and that the 6,000/. should be paid for the use of 
 the navy." 
 
 He afterwards lived retired, and departed this life '" at his 
 house in Arundel-street in the Strand, on April 7th, 1652. He 
 had issue by his Lady, Elizabeth Stuart, before-mentioned, ^ nine 
 sons, and three daughters, whereof Lady Anne died young j 
 Lady Catherine was married to John Digby, of Gothurst, in 
 com. Rucks, Esq. ; and Lady Elizabeth, to Sir Alexander Mac- 
 donnel, Bart, (great-grandson of Sir James Macdonnel, brother to 
 Randal Earl of Antrim, in Ireland). 
 
 The sons were, first, Thomas, his successor in honours and 
 estate ; of whom hereafter. 
 
 Second, Henry Howard, heir to his brother Thomas. 
 
 Third, Philip, who was Lord Almoner to Queen Catherine, 
 consort of Charles II and was a Cardinal of the church of Rome. 
 Wood, in his Athenae Oxonienses, vol, i. p. 238, gives this ac- 
 count of him, " He was born in Arundel-house, London, in 
 1629, and there educated till he was fourteen years of age j and 
 
 p Wood's Fasti Oxon vol. ii. p. 4 and 7. 1 Walker, ut antea, p 321- 
 ' Ex Collect- MS per Greg King, Lane. Fecial, 
 s Ex Collect. Car. Townlcy, Garter Reg. Armor. 
 VOL. I. K
 
 130 PEERAGE OF EKGLAND. 
 
 (ravelling with his grandfather, Thoraas Earl of Arundel, int 
 Italy, became a Dominican at Cremona. After several years 
 spent there, he returned mto England, and upon the marriage of 
 King Charles II. became Lord Almoner to his Queen, and con- 
 tinued in her service several years ; till on the nation's being ex- 
 asperated against Popery, he quitted that service, went to Boan- 
 heim in Flanders ; where he had a Cardinal's cap sent him by 
 Pope Clement X. in the month of May, 16/5, and was generally 
 stiled. The Cardinal of Norfolk, and by some. The Cardinal of 
 England. He afterwards went through Flanders to Doway, and 
 from thence to Paris, where he continued some time incognito ; 
 and at length, with some of the nobility his relations, and other 
 persons of quality, journeying to Rome, he there made a public 
 entry." 
 
 Bishop Burnet says, ' he was treated by him, l685, with great 
 freedom, and that he was a very good-natured manj " That he 
 told him, all the advices writ over from thence to England, were 
 for slow, calm, and moderate courses. He said, he wished he 
 was at liberty to shew me the copies of them : but he saw violent 
 courses were more acceptable, and would probably be followed, 
 which were the production of England, far different fiom the 
 councils of Rome. He also spoke with great sense of the pro- 
 ceedings in France, which he apprehended would have very ill 
 consequences in England, &c. He lived to the sixty-fifth year 
 of his age, " and died at Rome, on June l6th, 1694." 
 
 Charles Howard, fourth son,'' married Mary, y eldest daughter 
 and coheir of George Tattershall, of Finchampstead in Berkshire, 
 Esq. by Mary his wife, daughter of Henry Astell, of Basledon in 
 the same county, Esq. She died on November 7th, \6Q5, having 
 had issue two sons, Charles Howard, and Henry, who died 
 young, Charles, their father, departed this life on March 31st, 
 1713, having been seated at Greystoke, in the county of Cumber- 
 land, which devolved on him by settlement of Henry-Frederic 
 Earl of Arundel, his father. He passed his life principally at his 
 retirement of Dipden in Surry, of which Aubrey has given a 
 curious account. " Thus happy in a quiet conscience," says his 
 grandson the late Duke, " thus innocently employed lived Charles 
 Howard. Retired from the bustle and noise of the world, he 
 found true happiness there (within himself,) where only it should 
 
 t History of his own Times, 8vo vol ii. p- 35s, 353, 354. 
 " Ex Collect Car. Townley, prazd, " Ibid. 
 
 1 Both buried at Dorking, M- 1.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. . 131 
 
 be sought. The changing scenes, which nature, bountiful even 
 to a degree of profusion, as if she meant to shew how greatly she 
 was interested in the happiness of this good man, constantly ex- 
 hibited to his view, afforded each day to his contemplative mind 
 fresh objects of delight. His natural philanthropy must of course 
 have been heightened from so pleasing, so undisturbed a situation 
 of life. Every one within the limits of his acquaintance or know- 
 ledge, felt the effects of it, insomuch that his memory will ever be 
 revered in that neighbourhood. When obliged to sue for his 
 estates in Cumberland and Westmoreland, the amiable benevolent 
 Christian then shewed the fortitude and temperate firmness of a 
 man. He entered the expensive lists of the law, though his for- 
 tune was rather narrowly circumscribed than otherwise, and at 
 length proved successful. The decree in his favour, which is a 
 well-known leading case in our law books, remains as one of 
 the many other memorials we have of the great talents and 
 equity of that ever memorable Chancellor, Finch, Earl of 
 Nottingham." y On his decease, Charles Howard, Esq. his 
 eldest son, became seated at Greystoke, and dying possessed 
 thereof on June 10th, 1720, *was buried at Darking in Surry, 
 as were his spouse (who died on October 7th, 1/47) his father 
 and mother. " He was," says his son, " as well known a; 
 most private gentlemen of his time. He had a fine taste for the 
 polite arts. His measures in every respect, but particularly with 
 regard to politics, were directed by the strictest modei'ation. He 
 was one of the few of those days, who held that religion should 
 never be blended with politics, further than as it enjoins a due 
 submission to government, and an attention to the peace and 
 prosperity of society."* He had to wife Mary, daughter and 
 coheir of John Aylward, Esq. descended from the Aylwards of the 
 county of Waterford, in the kingdom of Ireland, by whom he had 
 issue three sons and three daughters, Mary and Catherine, who 
 died in France, and Frances, who died at Brussells, in December, 
 1770, all unmarried. And of the three sons, Henry the eldest, 
 and Thomas the third son, died unmarried. The second son and 
 heir, Charles Howard, succeeded to the title of Duke of Norfolk, 
 &c. on the death of his cousin Edward, the eighth Duke of Nor- 
 folk, September 20th, 1777. 
 
 Talbot Howard, fifth son, died on February 1st, 1734, un- 
 
 Howard Anecdotes, p 124. 7, Ex Collect. Car. Townlcy, prd. 
 
 Howard Anecdotes, p. 147-
 
 1S2 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 married: and Edward, sixth son, and Francis, seventh son, also 
 died unmarried. 
 
 Bernard Howard, the eighth son,'' had to wife Catherine, 
 second daughter and coheir of George Tattershall, of Fincham- 
 stead in Berkshire, Esq. and sister to the wife of his brother 
 Charles ; and she was the widow of Sir Richard Lichford, of 
 Darking in Surry, Knight. The said Bernard Howard had issue 
 by her, three daughters, Elizabeth, Mary, and Catherine, who 
 all became nuns, and died atBruxelles; and one son, Bernard 
 Howard, ^^ho married Anne, daughter of Christopher Roper, 
 Lord Teynham, by whom he had issue Bernard Howard, who 
 died unmarried ; Henry Howard of Sheffield, in Yorkshire, Esq. 
 born April pih, 1713, who married, October 30th, 1/64, Juliana, 
 second daughter of Sir William Molineux of Wellow in Notting- 
 hamshire, Bart. He died November 11th, 1787, aet. seventy-five, 
 having had issue three sons; first, Bernard Edward, born No- 
 vember 1st, 1765, presumptive heir to the Dukedom of Norfolk, 
 who married April 23d, 1789, Lady Elizabeth Bellasyse, daughter 
 of the late Earl of Fauconberg, by whom he had a son Henry- 
 Edward, born August Qth, lygi, and from whom he was di- 
 vorced 179'h when she remarried the present Earl of Lucan j 
 second, Henry -Thomas, born October 6th, 1766, lieutenant- 
 colonel in the Gloucestershire militia, and M. P. for the city of 
 Gloucester, who married in 1801, Miss Long, by whom he haa 
 issue; third, Edward Charles; fourth, Mary-Bridget, born 1767, 
 married the present Lord Petre ; fifth, Juliana-Barbara, born 
 1769, married the late Lord Petre. Thomas, 3d son, and Charles, 
 fourth son, of Bernard Howard and Anne Roper, died unmarried. 
 Anne was an abbess at Paris ; and Mary died young, 
 
 Esme, ninth son of Henry-Frederic Earl of Arundel, &c. 
 married, and had issue, Elizabeth, only child, and heir, who 
 died single, February 26th, 1737, aged sixty-one. They were 
 buried in the church-yard of St. Pancras, Middlesex, under a flat 
 stone; he dying June 14th, 1728, aet. eighty-three, and she 
 January 11th, 1716, set. seventy. 
 
 I now return to Thomas (son and heir to Henry Earl of 
 Arundel) who was Earl of Arundel, Surry, and Norfolk, &c. 
 Which Earl, on the humble petition of James Earl of Suffolk, 
 Thomas Earl of Berkshire, William Viscount Stafford, Charles 
 Lord Howard of Charlton, Edward Lord Howard of Escrick, 
 
 b Ex Collect Car Townley.praed.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 133 
 
 Henry, second son to the late Earl of Arundel, Surry, and Nor- 
 folk, and Charles Howard of Naworth, all lineally descended 
 from Thomas Duke of Norfolk, attainted in 15 Eliz. and other 
 of the English nobility, to the number of ninety-one in the whole, 
 through the special grace and favour of King Charles II. obtained 
 a special act in the parliament begun at Westminster, 8th Maii, 
 1664, for his restoration unto the title of Duke of Nokfolk, and 
 to the heirs male of his body ; with limitations thereof to the 
 heirs male of the said Henry, late Earl of Arundel, Surry, and 
 Norfolk, with divers other remainders ; and all privileges, prece- 
 dences, and pre-eminencies, thereunto belonging, as fully, amply, 
 and honourably, as the said Thomas Duke of Norfolk did, or 
 might at any time before the said attainder, hold and enjoy the 
 same. Afterwards, travelling into Italy, his Grace died at Padua 
 unmarried, on December 1st, 1677,^ whereby the honours and 
 estate descended to Henry his brother. 
 
 Which Henry, sixth Duke of Norfolk, &c was born on 
 July 12th, l6'28, and desirous of improving his natural abilities 
 by travel, set out from London on February 21st, 1664, with his 
 brother Edward, to see Constantinople 5 being invited thereto by 
 his intimate correspondent. Count Lesley, whom the Emperor 
 Ferdinand III. nominated his ambassador extraordinary to the 
 Grand Seignior Ibraim, for the settling and establishing ihe peace 
 agreed on by the ministers of each state. His Lordship was re- 
 ceived in every city and town, through which he passed in his 
 way to Vienna, with all honours due to his birth and fortune. At 
 Vienna, he was introduced to his Imperial Majesty, and had the 
 honour of partaking, with the Emperor and Empress, in some 
 public diversions, &c. as contained in yl relation of a journey of 
 the right honourable my Lord Henry Howard, from London to 
 Vienna, and thence to Constantinople, in the company of Count 
 Lesley, Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, &c. published 
 at London, under this Duke's name, l6yi, 12mo. His Lordship 
 returned to England in l665, and on .Tune 5th, 1668, was created 
 doctor of the civil law at Oxford. ^ Also his two sons, Henry and 
 Thomas, of Magdalen-college, were, at the same time, created 
 Masters of Arts. " And, in the lifetime of his brother, his Lord- 
 ship, in consideration'^ of the eminent services, performed by his 
 noble flither and grandfather to King Charles I. and to the crown 
 
 ' Ex Collect Greg Kin;?, Lane Fecial. 
 < Wood's Fasti Oxon, vol. ii. c 17a. Pat ai Car. 11-
 
 134 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 of England, both here and abroad, to their great peril and costs ; 
 as also of his own personal services to King Charles II. in the 
 times of the usurpation, when he was necessitated to be in foreign 
 parts, in a banished condition, was advanced by letters patents, 
 bearing date 27tli Martii, l(J6g, to the dignity of a Baron of this 
 realm, by the title of Lord Howard, of Castle Rising, in com. 
 Norf." Likewise by other letters patent bearing date October 
 lc)th, 1672, f was created Earl of Norwich to him and the heirs 
 male of his body : " also, by the same patent, had granted to 
 him the office and dignity of Earl Marshal of England, with all 
 rights, &c. thereunto belonging, to him and the heirs male of his 
 body : and for default of such issue, to the heirs male of the body 
 of Thomas Earl of Arundel, Surry, and Norfolk, grandfather of 
 the said Henry Lord Howard : and in default of such issue, to 
 the heirs male of the body of Henry Howard, Earl of Arundel, 
 Surry, and Norfolk, son and heir of the said Thomas Earl of 
 Arundel, &c. and for default of such issue, to the heirs male of 
 Thomas, late Earl of Suffolk ; in default, to the heirs male of the 
 body of the Lord William Howard, of Naworth in the county of 
 Cumberland, youngest son of Thomas Duke of Norfolk (be- 
 headed in 15 Elizabeth). And in default of such issue, to Charles 
 Howard, Earl of Nottingham, and the heirs male of his body. In . 
 1677^ he became sixth Duke of Norfolk, and took his seat January 
 5lh, following. 
 
 " He was," says Granger, " a man of great good nature ; but 
 there was nothing shining in his character. On the contrary he 
 is represented in the " Memoirs of Grammont," as a man of a 
 slender capacity, and little or no politeness in his manners. He 
 was a considerable benefactor to the Royal Society, who as- 
 sembled at his house in London, after the fire in 1 606. He, at 
 the motion of Mr. Evelyn, gave the Arundel marbles to the Uni- 
 versity of O.'iford. These were by far the most precious of the 
 Grecian relics which his grandfiuher possessed, and the most 
 valuable of their kind in the world. They formerly stood ex- 
 posed to the air in the garden belonging to Arundel house. This 
 benefaction will probably be remembered by the editions of the 
 " Marmora Oxoniensia," of Dr. Prideaux, Mr. Mattaire, and Mr. 
 Chandler, when the original inscriptions are totally obliterated." s 
 
 His Grace married, to his first wife, the Lady Anne, eldest 
 daughter to Edward Somerset, Marquis of Worcester) and by 
 
 f Pat 2.] Car II. t Granger, vol iii p. 186.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 135 
 
 her (who died in 1662) '^ had issue two sons, and three daughters, 
 hereafter mentioned. His Grace, by his second wife, Jane (who 
 died on August 28th, 16q3) daughter of Robert Bickerton, gent. ' 
 son of James Bickerton, Lord of Cash in the kingdom of Scot- 
 land, had issue four sons, and three daughters : Lord George 
 Howard, who married Arabella, daughter and sole heir to Sir 
 Edmund Allen, of Hatfield-Pevcrel in the county of Essex, Bart, 
 widow of Francis Thompson, of Humbleton in the county of 
 York, Esq. but died without issue, on March 6th, 172O-I : Lord 
 James Howard, who died unmarried on August 12th, 1/02, being 
 unfortunately drowned, attempting to ride over Sutton-Wash in 
 Lincolnshire : Lord John, who died an infant : Lord Frederick- 
 Henry Howard, who was born after his father's decease .... 
 September 1684, and marrying Catherine, daughter to Sir Francis 
 Blake, of the county of Oxford, Knight, relict of Sir Richard 
 Kennedy, of Mount Kennedy in Ireland, Bart, by her had a 
 daughter, Elizabeth, married to Sir William Dudley, of Clopton 
 in Northamptonshire, Bart, he died on March l6th, 1 726-7, his 
 Lady surviving him until January 22d, 1731-2: Lady Catherine, 
 and Lady Anne, who were both nuns in Flanders; Lady Philippa, 
 who was born in I678, and married to Ralph Standish, of Standish 
 in the county of Lanc.ister, Esq. and died April 5th, 1731, by 
 whom she had issue Cicely, the wife of William Towneley, of 
 Towneley Com. Lane, he died in February 1741, aged twenty- 
 seven years, and lies buried in Weston church, com. Somerset : 
 vide the inscription in Collinson's Hist. Som. vol. i. p. l65. 
 
 The Duke's daughters, by his iirst wife, were. Lady Annc- 
 Alathea, who died in her infancy 5 Lady Elizabeth, ^ who was 
 married to Alexander Gordon, Marquis of Huntley, afterwards 
 created Duke of Gordon, in Scotland, and died July l6th, 1732 5 
 and Lady Frances, married to the marquis Valparesa, a Spanish 
 nobleman in Flanders. His sons were Henry, his successor, and 
 Lord Thomas, father of Thomas, eighth Duke of Norfolk. And 
 his Grace, departing this life, aged fifty-five years, at his house 
 ill Arundel street, on January 11th, 1683-4, had sepulture at 
 Arundel, and was succeeded by his said eldest son Henry, born on 
 January 11th, 1653-4. 
 
 ^ On his wife's death, he is said to have fallen into a deep melancholy. 
 ' Wood's Fasti, vol ii. p 846 
 
 '' There is a three quarters painting of her in Gordon-Castle, sitting with 
 a muslin veil, blue mantle, and lined with ermine ; her left hand resting on a 
 coronet, which is placed on a table.
 
 136 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Which Henry, seventh DuKEOpNoRFOLK.was' of Magdalen 
 College, in Oxford, under the inbpection of Dr. Henry Yerbury, 
 and the degree of Master of Arts was conferred on him in iGO'S. 
 In his father's lifetime, he was summoned to Parliament, January 
 27th, 1677-8, by the title of Lord Mowbray, and next day, 
 being introduced into the bouse of peers, "' took his place at 
 flie upper end of the Barons bench. On the death of Prince 
 Rupert, he was, in December l682, " constituted constable and 
 governor of the castle of Windsor, and ~\^ arden of the forest of 
 Windsor ; also Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire, and Surry. Like- 
 wise, on the decease of his father, was constituted lord lieutenant 
 of the county of Norfolk ; and, succeeding to his honours, was 
 also Earl Marshal of England. On the accession of Jatpes IL to 
 the throne, he signed the order, dated at Whitehall, on February 
 6th, ] 684-5, for proclaiming him King of England, &c. And by 
 his Majesty's being Sovereign of the Order of the Garter, his stall, 
 as Duke of York, was vaccait ; whereupon his Grace, at a chapter 
 held at Whitehall, May 6tb, l685, was elected a knight compa- 
 nion of that most noble order } and was installed, at Windsor, on 
 July 22d the same year. He was, that same year, appointed 
 Colonel of the twelfth regiment of foot : but, on May 6th, 1686, 
 resigned his command. He stood staunch to his religion. " One 
 day," says Burnet, " the King gave tJie Duke of Norfolk the 
 sword of state to carry before him to the Popish chapel : and he 
 stood at the door. Upon which the King said to him, ' my Lord, 
 your father would have go;,e ftuther;' to which the Duke an- 
 swered, ' your majesty's father was the better man, and he would 
 not have gone so far." " 
 
 His Grace obtained a commission under the great seal, on the 
 13th of August, 1687, 3 Jac. IL whereby, as Earl Marshal of 
 England, be was empowered to revive and hold a court of 
 chivalry. Sec. i' And setting out for France on the 24th of March 
 following, constituted his brother, the Lord Thomas Howard, 
 his lieutenant in the court of chivalry, and Sir Thomas Exton, 
 and Sir Richard Raines, surrogates. His Grace returned to- 
 England by the way of Flanders,'' July 30th, ]6S8 ; and joined in 
 the invitation of the Prince of Orange. In November following, 
 he was among the Protestant Lords, in London, who, with the 
 
 ' Wood's Fasti, vol ii c. lyz- "' Journal Dom Procer. 
 
 History of England, vol iii p 397. o Hist. O- T. vol i. p. 684- 
 
 " Jcurnal MS per Giegor. King, Lar.c- Fecial. q Ibid.
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. is; 
 
 Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and others of the bishops, 
 drew up a petition, wherein they represented to the King, " the 
 deep sense they had of the miseries of a war, now breaking out in 
 the bowels of the kingdom, &c. and that, in their opinions the 
 only visible way to preserve his Majesty, and his kingdoms, would 
 be the calling of a parliament, regular and free in all respects. 
 Therefore they earnestly beseeched his Majesty to call such a 
 parliament with all speed, wherein they should be most ready to 
 promote such counsels and resolutions of peace and settlement in 
 church and state, as might conduce to his Majesty's honour and 
 safety, and to the quieting the minds of his people, &c." "^ The 
 Duke of Norfolk, the Marquis of Halifax, the Earls of Oxford 
 and Nottingham, and the Lord Carbery, desired it might be in- 
 serted in the petition, 'Hhat the peers, who had joined the Prince- 
 of Orange, might sit in that free parliament." But the other 
 Lords thought that clause needless, and it was left out. It was 
 presented on November 17th, 168S, to the King, who in his 
 answer told them, " he would have a parliament, and such an one 
 as they asked for, as soon as the Prince of Orange quitted the 
 realm," &c. The King, the same day, began his journey towards 
 Salisbury, to put himself at the head of his army. Whereupon 
 his Grace set out for his seat in Norfolk, and immediately de- 
 clared for the Prince of Orange, and brought over that, and some 
 of the neighbouring counties, to his interest; and raised a regi 
 ment, which was afterwards sent into Ireland, for the reduction 
 of that kingdom to the obedience of the crown of England. 
 
 His Grace came with the Prince of Orange to St. James's, on 
 December 18th 3 and, on December 21st, was among the lords 
 spiritual and temporal, who waited op his highness, desiring him 
 to call a free parliament, and to pursue the ends of his declaration. 
 Also, the next day, he was among tlie peers, who met on that 
 extraordinary conjuncture, and appointed Francis Gwyn, Esq. for 
 them, and in their names, to sign and subscribe such orders, as 
 shall be from time to time by them made. His Grace voted for 
 the settlement of the crown on the Prince and Princess of Orange,* 
 who were proclaimed King and Queen on Ash -Wednesday, 
 February I3th, lCS8()j and the next day, their Majesties sum- 
 moning a privy-council, ' his Grace was sworn thereof. He also 
 was continued constable and governor of his Majesty's royal 
 
 History of England, vol. iii. p. 529- ' Ibid p- 54}. 
 
 ' Ibid- p 550-
 
 1S8 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 castle and honour of Windsor, lord warden of New Forest, lord 
 lieutenant of the counties of Norfolk, Surry, and Berkshire, of 
 the city of Norwich, and county of the same} as also Costos 
 Rotulorum of the said counties. At the funeral of Queen Mary, 
 on March 5th, 1694-5, he was the first supporter of her Majesty's 
 pall. His Grace, in l677> wedded Lady Mary, daughter and sole 
 heir of Henry Mordaunt, Earl of Peterborough, but she having 
 been guilty of notorious adultery, he separated himself from her 
 about a week before Michaelmas, l685, and in l6Qb moved for an 
 act of Parliament for dissolving his marriage with her, and al- 
 lowing him to marry again : but as this lady was a papist, and a 
 busy Jacobite, a great party appeared for her, and the bill mis- 
 carried then." However, in the session of parliament, which 
 began at Westminster, November l6th, l6gg, his Grace again 
 moved for a bill in the house of peers, " to dissolve his marriage 
 with the Lady Mary Mordaunt, and to enable him to marry 
 again ;" which, in a few days, passed both houses (but not with- 
 out a protest) and had the royal assent on April 11th, 1700. But 
 the Duke did not marry again j and, after his decease, she took 
 Sir John Germain to her husband, who, by her will, became, at 
 her death, October l6th, 1/05, possessed of her estate, and 
 erected a fine monument to her memory at Luswick St. Peter's 
 in Northamptonshire, where she lies buried. At the funeral of 
 William Duke of Gloucester, August pth, 1/00, in Westminster 
 Abbey, his Grace was chief mourner, his supporters being the 
 Dukes of Ormond and Northumberland. And departing this life 
 at his house in St. James's-square, in the forty-eighth year of his 
 age, on April 2d, 1/01, without issue, was '^ buried on the eighth 
 of the same month, in Arundel-church, in Sussex. I shall now 
 treat of his brother, the Lord Thomas Howard, whose eldest son, 
 Thomas, succeeded to his Grace's honours and estate. 
 
 The said Lord Thomas Howard, at the coronation of King 
 James IL April 23d, l6b6, as Lord of the manor of Worksop, in 
 com. Nott. claimed to find the King a right hand glove, and sup- 
 port the King's right arm, whilst he held the scepter; which 
 being allowed, he accordingly performed that service. In 1686, 
 he was made master of the robes to King James, and, being of 
 the Romish religion, ** in which," says Wood, " he was born, 
 and baptized," >' was in great esteem at court ; he was sent ara- 
 
 " Burnet Hist- O T. vol ii- p- 127- 
 " Leneve's Monument. Angl p 30. / Wood's Fasti, vol ii- tyt-
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 139 
 
 bassador to Rome, ^ and set out from London on his journey 
 thither, on Tuesday, June 12th, 1688. He continued there till 
 King James left England ; when, repairing to him in France, he 
 soon after came to London, and from thence went to Ireland, and 
 returning to France, on King James's affairs, was shipwrecked, 
 on November pth, 1689. He married Elizabeth-Maria, daughter 
 and sole heir of Sir John Savile, of Copley in com. Ebor. Bart, 
 and by her (who died on December 10th, 1/32) had issue five 
 sons, Thomas, Henry, Edward, Richard and Philip ; also a 
 daughter, Mary, who was married to Walter Lord Aston, of 
 Forfar, in Scotland, and died 23d May, 1723. Of the sons, Henry, 
 tlie second, died unmarried, on November 22d, 1/20} and 
 Richard, the fourth, deceased also unmarried j Thomas, the 
 eldest, was the eighth Duke of Norfolk, and Edward, the ninth 
 Duke of Norfolk, of whom I shall further treat ; Philip, the 
 youngest son, on January /, 1724-5, married, first, Winifrede, 
 daughter of Thomas Stonor, of Watlington-park in the county of 
 Oxford, Esq. by whom he had issue a son, named Thomas, who 
 was born on February 4th, 1727-8, died on January 11th, 1763, 
 and was buried at Arundel 3 and a daughter Winifrede, born on 
 August 31st, 1726, and in October, 17^9^ ^^s married to the 
 Hon. William Stourton, brother to Charles Lord Stourton, whom 
 he succeeded. She died 15th July, 1753. On the decease of 
 his first wife, February 3d, 1730-1, he, secondly, married, in 
 J7:i9, Henrietta, daughter of Eward Blount, of Blagdon in com. 
 Devon, Esq. (sister to the late Dutchess of Norfolk, and widow, 
 of Peter Proli, of Antwerp, Esq.) by whom he had issue Anne, 
 born on August 29th, 1742, and married to Robert Edward, 
 Lord Petre, on April 19th,* 1762; and Edward, born on Ja- 
 v.uary 22d, 1743-4, who to the inexpressible grief of their Graces, 
 and the family, departed this life on February 7th, 1767, un- 
 married. Their father died at his house, in Upper Grosvenor- 
 strect, on February 23d, 1749-50, and their mother died 26th 
 March, 1782, at her house in Upper Grosvenor-street, aged 
 seventy-three years. ^ 
 
 I now return to Thomas, the eldest son, who, upon the death 
 of his uncle Henry, April 2d, 1701, became eighth Duke of 
 Norfolk. He was born on December 11th, 1683, and on May 
 26th, 1 709, his Grace was married to Mary, daughter and sola 
 
 ^ Journal of Greg King, Lancaster Herald, MS. 
 Quereif notzgth April, 1762? ^ Co&a Plate.
 
 140 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 heir of Sir Nicholas Shireburn, of Stonyhurst in the county pala- 
 tine of Lancaster, Bart, and died without issue on December 23d, 
 1732, at his house in St. James' s-square, leaving his Duchess sur- 
 viving, who afterward married with Peregrine Widdrington, Esq. 
 and deceased on September 24th, 1754. 
 
 His brother Edward, thereupon, became the ninth Duke of 
 "Norfolk, and was the eleventh in paternal descent from his great 
 ancestor, John Howard, the first Duke. When the young cheva- 
 lier was advancing, in 1745, with his followers to Derby, the 
 Duke and Duchess of Norfolk retired from their seat of Worksop 
 in Nottinghamshire, and upon their arriv^al at London, on De- 
 cember 6th, waited upon his Majesty at St, James's, where they 
 were most graciously received. Since the accession of the pre- 
 sent King, their Graces were frequently at court. 
 
 His Grace, on November 6th, 1727> married Mary, second 
 daughter and coheir of Edward Blount, ^ of Blagdon in the county 
 of Devon, E'q. third son of Sir John Blount, of Sodington in 
 Worcestershire, Bart. '^ lineally descended from Sir Walter Blount, 
 who, in the reign of King Edward I. married Joan, daughter and 
 sole heir of Sir William de Sodington in that county y of which 
 family was Robert le Blund, as the name was wrote at the time 
 of the general survey (made in 14th William the Conqueror) who 
 was possessed of thirteen Lordships in Suffolk. And cotempo- 
 rary with him was William le Blund (probably his brother) who 
 likewise ^ held (as appears by the said survey) six Lordships in 
 the county of Lincoln. Her Grace died without issue 27lh May, 
 1773, and was buried at Arundel in Sussex, and his Grace sur- 
 vived her till 20th September, 1777. having attained the great 
 age of ninety-two. On October 3d, he was buried in great pomp 
 at Arundel. 
 
 The late Mr. Gilpin, speaking of the fire at his seat at Worksop 
 in 1761, mentions the rebuilding it, as a singular instance of the 
 spirit, perseverance, and disinterestedness of this nobleman. " It 
 had belonged formerly to the Earl of Shrewsbury, and was gone 
 much into decay. But the Duke liking the situation, and con- 
 ceiving it to be a good centre-house to his great estates in these 
 parts, resolved to restore it to its ancient splendor. He was now 
 in years, but for tiie advantage of his heir, the honourable Edw^ard 
 
 ' The friend and correspondent of Pope, the poet. 
 Ex Stcmmate de Famil- Blount. Doomsday, Lib in Scac 
 
 f Ibid Lib. in Scac.
 
 t)UKE OF NORFOLK. 141 
 
 Howard, he engaged in the work, and having fitted it up in a 
 very noble manner, at the expence of 30,000/. he was just pre- 
 paring to take possession of it, when on October 22d, 1761, a fire 
 left carelessly in the library, caught hold of the flooring of the 
 apartment, and communicating itself with great rapidity to the 
 other chambers, the whole edifice and all its valuable furniture, 
 pictures, and books, were burnt to the ground. The loss was esti- 
 mated at 100,000/. Such a catastrophe one should have imagined 
 might have checked the Duke's farther designs in building, but it 
 only roused him. Almost before the ashes of the old house were 
 cold, he engaged again in building a new one ; and taking his 
 young heir in his hand, he laid the foundation stone of a most 
 magnificent pile on March 25th, 1763. It was to consist of 3 
 centre, and two wings. With this work he went on so rapidly, that 
 the centre part as it now stands, which is itself a complete palace, 
 extending three hundred feet, was finished in 1765. At that 
 time, Mr. Edward Howard dying, the Duke, who built only for 
 him, dropt all farther thoughts of completing his design." s 
 
 By his Grace's deceasing without issue, the family honours 
 devolved upon 
 
 Charles, the late and tenth Duke of Norfolk, &c. &c. 
 lineally descended from Charles Howard, fourth son of Henry 
 Frederick Earl of Arundel, Norfolk, &c. as before- mentioned 
 (p. 130.) In 1739, he married Catherine, daughter of John 
 Brockholes of Claughton, in the county of Lancaster, Esq. by 
 whom he had issue, a daughter, Mary, born in June 17^2, and 
 died in November 1756) unmarried; also one son, Charles. His 
 Grace had a literary turn, having written anecdotes of his own 
 family, and other things.'' He died August 31st, 17S6; c.nd 
 was succeeded by his only son, 
 
 Charles, present and eleventh Duke of Norfolk, who was born 
 March 15th, 1745, and in 1767^ was married to his first wife, 
 Mary-Anne, sole daughter and heir of John Coppinger of Ireland, 
 Esq. which Lady dying without issue, on May 2Sth, 1768, was 
 buried at Darking in Surry j and on April 2d, 1771^ he was 
 married at St, George's church, Hanover-square, to his present 
 Lady, Frances, only child of Charles Fitz-Roy Scudamore of Home 
 Lacy, in the county of Hereford, Esq. but has no issue. While 
 a commoner he represented Carlisle in parliament ; and has taken 
 an active part in both houses in favour of the popular interest. 
 
 E Tour to Scotland, vol. i p- 18 
 s See Park's Royal and Noble Authors, vol. iv. p. 328-
 
 142 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 His Grace hath precedence of all other Dukes, not only by 
 his creation, but likewise in respect of his office, as hereditary 
 Earl-Marshal of England (by grant to Henry Duke of Norfolk, 
 34 Charles II. as before observed) and takes place with the Lord 
 Great Chamberlain, Lord Great Constable (but after them) and 
 Lord High Admiral of England, Lord Steward, and Lord Cham- 
 berlain of the King's household, next after the Lord Privy Seal ; 
 and above all other personages, being of the same estate and de- 
 gree. His Grace's titles are. 
 
 The most high, mighty, and most noble Prince, Charles 
 Howard, Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal, and hereditary Marshal 
 of England, Earl of Arundel, Surry, Norfolk ; Baron of Mow- 
 bray, Howard, Segrave, Brewese of Gower (in Caermarthenshire) 
 Fitz-Alan, Warren, Clun, Oswaldestre, Maltravers, Greystock, 
 Furnival, Verdon, Lovetof, Strange (of Blackmere) ; premier 
 Duke, Earl, and Baron of England, next the blood-royal ; and 
 chief of the illustrious family of the Howards. 
 
 Creations. Baron Howard, by writ of summons to parlia- 
 ment, October 15th, 1470, 10 Edward IV. also August IQth, 
 1472, 12 Edward IV j Earl Marshal, and Duke of Norfolk, and 
 Earl of Surry, June 28th, 1483, I Richard III. confirmed Earl of 
 Surry, November 3d, 1492, 8 Henry, VII. and again May 13th, 
 1509, 1 Henry VIII ; again Earl of Surry and Duke of Norfolk, 
 February 1st, 1513, 5 Henry VIIIj Earl of Arundel in the county of 
 Sussex (a feudal honour, or local dignity, as adjudged in Parliament, 
 July 8th, 1433, 11 Henry VI.) by inheritance and possession of 
 that castle only, without any other creation ; also by summons to 
 parliament, January l6th, 15S0, 23 Elizabeth. By descent ori- 
 ginally, after the conquest, by King William I. and by Maud the 
 Empress (temp. Steph.) confirmed by King Henry II, and also, 
 June 27th, 1 1 89, 1 Richai J I ; Earl of Norfolk, Jane 6th, l644, 
 20 Charles I ; Duke of Norfolk by act of parliament, with an 
 entail on the heirs male, and divers limitations. May 8th, 1661, 
 13th Charles II5 and hereditary Earl Marshal, October Igth, 
 1672, 24 Charles II j Baron Mowbray, by writ of summons to 
 parliament, March 21st, 1639, 15 Charles I. By descent origi- 
 nally, June 8th, 1204, 22 Edward I. 
 
 Arms. Four grand quarters, viz. 1. Howard; Gules, on a bend 
 between six cross croslets, fitchy, argent j the before mentioned 
 augmentation in remembrance of the victory gained over the 
 Scots at Flodden-field, viz. on an escutcheon, or, a demi lion, 
 pierced through the mouth with an arrow, within a double
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. 143 
 
 tressure flory counterflory, gules. 2. Gules, three lions passant 
 guardant in pale or, a label of three points in chief argent, for 
 Thomas of Brotherton Earl of Norfolk. 3. Cheeky or and azure 
 for Warren Earls of Surry. And 4. gules, a lion rampant, argent, 
 for Mowbray Dukes of Norfolk. Behind the whole two marshal's 
 staves in saltire, or, enamelled at each end sable, having the 
 King's arms at the upper, and his own at the lower end} the 
 badge of his Grace's hereditary office as Earl Marshal. 
 
 Crest. On a chapeau, gules, turned up ermine, a lion statant 
 guardant. Or, (his tail extended) gorged with a ducal coronet. 
 Argent, as descended from Margaret, daughter and heir of Thomas 
 de Brotherton, Earl of Norfolk, fifth son of King Edward I. His. 
 Grace has another crest, viz. on a wreath, a mount vert, sur- 
 mounted by a horse passant, argent, holding in his mouth a slip 
 of oak, fructed proper, as Earl of Arundel : but the original crest 
 of the family was, upon a chapeau, as before, a pair of wings dis- 
 played, each charged with the original arms of Howard. 
 
 Supporters. On the dexter side a lion, and on the sinister a 
 horse, both argent : the latter holding a slip of oak, fructed 
 proper : but before the match with the heiress of Arundel, the 
 sinister was as the dexter. 
 
 Motto. Sola virtus invicta. 
 
 Chief Seats. At Arundel-castle in the county of Sussex, 
 repaired by the present Duke at a great expence ; Worksop- 
 manor, Nottinghamshire, which he holds by grand-serjeanty, viz. 
 a glove to the King's right hand, and supporting his right arm, at 
 the coronation; and Greystock, Cumberland ^ and Home-Lacy, 
 Herefordshire.
 
 144 
 
 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 SEYMOUR, DUKE OF SOMERSET. 
 
 The elevation of the Seymours was extraordinary. They rose at 
 once from the station of an ancient knightly family, to the highest 
 pinnacle of the peerage, by the marriage of Henry VIII. to a 
 daughter of this house. 
 
 Among others who entered England with William the Con- 
 queror, or soon after, were those of the name of Seymour, as the 
 learned Camden and other genealogists agree ; and that the name 
 was antiently written St. Maur,* and in old Latin records D. S. 
 Mauro, deduced from a place of the same name in Normandy. "^ 
 
 The earliest and n:iost certain information, concerning this 
 family, and the place of their residence, is given us by Camden 
 in his Britannia (in Monmouthshire) in these words : " Not far 
 from Caldecot, are Woundy and Penhow, the seats formerly of 
 the illustrious family of St. Maur, now corruptly called Seymour. 
 For we find that about the year 1 240 (in order to wrest Woundy 
 out of the hands of the Welsh) Gilbert Marshal, Earl of Pem- 
 broke, was obliged to assist William of St. Maur ; from whom was 
 descended Roger of St. Maur, Knight, who married one of the 
 heiresses of the illustrious Joijn Beauchamp, the noble Baron of 
 Hache, &c." 
 
 Vincent in his MS, Baronage In the College of Ai-ms, No. 20, 
 
 Camden's Remains, p. 113,151. 
 b There was an antient baronial family of the name of St Maur, of whom 
 Milo de St. Maur took part with the rebellious barons against King John ; 
 and Nicholas de St. Maur had summons to parliament 8 Edward II. Alice, 
 the heiress of this family, married Sir William Le Zouche, temp Hen. VI_ 
 Bugd. Bar. vol. ii. p 89. They seem to have had no alliance to the present 
 family of Seymour, and bore dilferent arms ; viz Arg- 2 chevrons Gu a label of 
 three joints, Ax.
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. 145 
 
 lias transcribed the Latin record, viz, " Gilbertus Marescallus 
 Comes Pembrochiae tenetur prsebere Dn" Willo de S. Maiiro con- 
 silium et auxilium in quantum poterit, secundum leges Angliae 
 ad perquirendum Manerium de Woundy, de Morgano filio Hueli, 
 tali condilione, quod si proed. Willus dictum Manerium perqui- 
 rere poterit, dictus Gilbertus habebit medietatem dicti Manerij, et 
 aliam medietatem faciat extendi dicto Willo, per probos, et legales 
 homines ad hoc, ex eaque parte electos, Ita quod pro qualibet 
 summa 20/. redditus dictus Gilbertus dabit Willo de S. Mauro 
 decem Libras. Et quod idem Willus de S. Mauro, teneat medie- 
 tatem dicti Manerij in manu sua donee inde plenam solutionem, 
 sicut praescriptum est, receperit. Et si forte contigeret, quod 
 eidem Willo de consilio dictus Gilbertus defecerit, dictus Willus 
 de S. Mauro remaneat solutus et quietus de obligatione quara 
 dictus Gilbertus fecit super dictum Manerium de Woundy." 
 
 Whether the Earl of Pembroke performed his part of this co- 
 venant, it does not appear. But certain it is, that this Sir Wil- 
 liam St. Manr*-" (for Vincent assures us he was a Knight) soon 
 after became master of Woundy, Penhow, &c. in Monmouth- 
 shire ; and at the last of those places fixed the seat of his family. 
 The church of Penhow was dedicated to St, Maur ; their park 
 there was called by their own name 3 and here likewise they had 
 their castle, which continued in the family to Henry VIII's time: 
 for, in a letter of the Earl of Hertford to Sir J. Thynne, he desires 
 him to inform him, to whom his grandfather had sold Seymour- 
 castle in Wales. 
 
 Sir Roger de St. Mauro was the'' son and heir of Sir William. 
 He was Lord of the manor of Woundy, as appears by an assize, 
 2:5 Henry IH. wherein it was found, that Roger de St, Maur 
 ought to have housebote and heybote at his house at Woundy, by 
 the moiety of Magor-park, and upon his fee of Woundy by the 
 froftment of Sir Earth, de Moor. And in a grant of his of a mes- 
 suage to Thomas Elliot, of the chapel at Woundy, his seal ap- 
 pendant M'as a pair of IVings, circumscribed Sigill. Rogeri dc 
 Seimor. This Sir Roger died before the 28 of King Edward I. 
 
 Roger dc St. Mauro, the second of that christian name, was^ 
 the son and heir of Sir Roger, He was Lord of Penhow and 
 Woundy, and was living in the 8th of King Edward IL as appears 
 
 c Ex Collect. Reverend! Harbin- 
 
 '' Vincent's Baronage in Oiiic Arm. n 20- 
 
 Ex Collect. Rev Harbin. t Vincent, ut antea. 
 
 roL. r. -t-
 
 H6 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 from an inquisition of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester ^ 
 where it is mentioned, that Roger de Seymour, William de 
 Gamage, and their tenants in Woundy, are answerable in pleas of 
 the crown, in the court of Caerlton. This Roger married Joan, 
 
 daughter and heir of Daraarel of Devonshire, whose 
 
 arms were, per Jess, gules and azure, three crescents, argent. 
 
 His eldest son was John Seymour, who died in 32 Edward 
 III. leaving Roger, his son and heir, eighteen years of age ; after 
 whose decease the inheritance went by his daughter to a family 
 of the name of Bewlays, of Penhow in Monmouthshire, who bore 
 tJie Seymour arms ; and terminated in a daughter and heir, who 
 was married to Sir George Somerset, a third son of Charles, first 
 Earl of Worcester. 
 
 The second son of Roger de St. Mauro and Joan his wife, was 
 also called Roger; who, by his marriage with Cecilia one of 
 the daughters and heirs of John de Beauchamp, Baron of Hacche, 
 &c. in com. Somerset, considerably added to the fortunes as well 
 as the dignity of his family, and was the cause of their removal 
 into Somersetshire, to their very great advantage. On this occa- 
 sion I chuse to represent, in the learned Camden's own words, 
 the great accession that accrued to the honour of the family, by 
 this noble alliance, 
 
 " From this William de St. Maur, who first settled at 
 Woundy, descended Roger de St. Manr, Knight, who married 
 one of the heiresses of the illnstrious John Beauchamp, the noble 
 Baron of Hache, who was descended from Sibyl, one of ihe 
 coheiresses of that most puissant William Marshal, Earl of Pem- 
 broke, and from William Ferrars, Earl of Derby, Hugh de Vivon, 
 and William Malet, men of eminent worth in their times. The 
 nobility of all which, as also of several others have (as may be 
 made evident) concentered in the Right Honourable Edward dc 
 St. Maur, or Seymour, now Earl of Hertford, a singular en- 
 courager of virtue and learning ; for which qualification he is 
 deservedly famous." 
 
 The said Cicilia, wife of Roger Seymour, in 36 Edward III. 
 had assigned for her share, on the partition of the inheritance of 
 the Beauchamps.g the manors of Hache, Shepton- Beauchamp, 
 Murifield, and the third part of the manor of Shcpton-Malet, in 
 com. Somtrset; also certain lands in Sturminster-Marshal, in 
 com. Dorset; the manors of Boultbury, and Haberton, in com. 
 
 e Rot Fin. 36 Edward III. m.27, claus. 4a Edward III. m. iz.
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. .147 
 
 Devon 3 the manors of Dourton, in com. Bucks; Little-Haw, in 
 com. Suff. ; and two parts of the manor of Selling; in com. 
 Kane. She survived her husband, and'' died in 1303, seised of 
 the manor of Shepton-Beauchamp, and the advowson of the 
 church, Roger Seymour, son of Sir William Seymour, being 
 her grandson and heir, and then of the age of twenty-seven 
 years. 
 
 Which Sir William, in 36 Edward III, attended the Prince 
 of Wales into Gascony, ' and, on that account, had the King's 
 letters of protection, dated at Bamburge, February 8th, the same 
 year. He sometimes resided at Woundy, as appears by his deed, 
 bearing date there in 36 Edward III, wherein he is stiled William 
 Seymour, Miles, JUius et hceres Rogeri Seymour, Militis. He had 
 to wife Margaret, daughter and heir of Simon de Brockburn, of 
 Brockburn, in the county of Hertford, by Joan, sister and heir 
 to Sir Peter de la Mare, Knight, and died in 15 Richard 11."^ 
 leaving the before-mentioned Roger, his son and heir, of full 
 age. 
 
 This Roger married Maud (or Margaret) daughter and co- 
 heir to Sir William Esturmi, or Sturmy, of Chadham, in com. 
 Wilts, Knight, Lord of Wolf-hall in the same county, whose an- 
 cestors were bailiffs and guardians of the forest of Savernake, by 
 right of inheritance, from the time of Henry II. as Camden has 
 observed in his Britannia, in Wiltshire ; and that their hunters 
 horn, of a mighty ligness, and tipt with silver, was, in his time, 
 kept by the Earl of Hertford. The before-mentioned Roger 
 Seymour died, leaving issue, John his son and heir in minority, 
 who, by inquisition taken in the county of Gloucester, in 1422, 
 10 Henry V. ' was found cousin and heir to Sir Peter de la Mare, 
 Knight, viz. son of Margaret, daughter of Joan, sister of the said 
 Peter ; and that John, son of the said Roger Seymour, was next 
 heir, and of the age of twenty-years. 
 
 Which John Seymour was a very noted and active person, 
 having been sheriff of several counties, and in other public offices. 
 In 9 Henry VI, he was sheriff of the county of Southampton, 
 and the year following for Wiltshire. In 12 Henry VI. when the 
 title of the house of York was set on foot, and all persons of note 
 in the several counties of England were summoned to take the 
 
 " Ex Collect Rev Harbin. i Rymer's Feed torn, v p 841;. 
 
 k Esch. 25 Rich. II. ' Esch. lo Henry V. 
 
 "' Fuller's Worthies in eod. com p 14, 158, 161, 287.
 
 148 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 oafhs, to preserve the peace for themselves and retainers, he ap- 
 peared in Wiltshire ; and is the first mentioned in the list after 
 the Knights in that county. He was that year Sheriff of Dorset 
 and Somersetshire, and knighted before the 15th year of Henry VI. 
 when he was again sberiif of the county of Southampton. He 
 was likewise in the same office of Wiltshire, in the 29th of 
 Henry VI and one of the knights for the said county, " in the 
 parliament held at Reading in 31 Henry VI. also the year follow- 
 ing was a third time sheriff of Southampton ; and departed this * 
 life in the 4th year of the reign of Edward IV. He had issue by 
 Isabel his wife, daughter and heir of William Mac- Williams of 
 Gloucestershire, Esq. 
 
 John, who was p sheriff of Wiltshire in 36 Henry VI. and 
 died the year before his father, having to wife Elizabeth, daughter 
 and heir of Sir Robert Coker, of Lawrence Lydiard, in com. 
 Somerset, 1 re-married to Nicholas Carew of Haccomb, Knight, 
 by whom he left two sons, John, and Humphrey Seymour, of 
 Evinswinden, who married Elizabeth, daughter and one of the 
 heirs of Thomas Winslow of Burton, in com. Oxon, from whom 
 the Seymours of Oxfordshire descended. 
 
 John Seymour, Esq. the eldest son, was fourteen years of 
 age at the death of his grandfather. He took to his first wife 
 Elizabeth, daughter to Sir George Darell, of Littlecote, in com. 
 Wilts, by Margaret his wife, daughter of John Lord Stourton. 
 The issue of this John Seymour by her were four sons, and as 
 many daughters 3 viz. first, Sir John Seymour, hereafter men- 
 tioned; second, Sir George Seymour, Sheriff of Wiltshire in 14 
 Henry VIL ; third. Sir Robert Seymour ; and fourth. Sir William 
 Seymour, made Knight of the Bath at the marriage of Prince 
 Arthur, eldest son to Henry VII. and by his will, dated Sep- 
 temper 3d, 1503, 19 Henry VII. orders his body to be buried in 
 Joseph of Arimathea's chapel in the abbey of Glastonbury. The 
 daughters were, Margaret, married to Sir William Wadham; 
 Jane, the wife of Sir John Huddleston of Warleston, in com. 
 Cumbr. Elizabeth, espoused to John Crofts, Esq. and Catherine, 
 who died a maiden. 
 
 He had also a second wife, daughter of Robert Hardon, by 
 whom he had issue Roger Seymour, Esq, who left four daughters 
 bis coheirs. 
 
 " MS penes B. Willis, Arm. " Vincent, ut antea. 
 
 f Fuller, ut antea, p. 161 <) St. George's MSS. Baron praed. 
 
 f Ex Regist. Holgrave, qu- a6.
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. UQ 
 
 Sir JoKN Seymour, before mentioned, the eldest son, suc- 
 ceeded his father in 7 Henry VII. and was one of the Commanders 
 of those forces that vanquished the Lord Audley, and the Cornish 
 rebels at Blackheath in Kent, in 12 Henry VII. 1497, where, 
 for his valiant deportment, he was knighted by the King in the 
 field of battle 5 and in 23 Henry VII. he was sheriff of Wiltshire. 
 Also serving King Henry VIIL in his wars in France and Flanders, 
 had the honour of knight-banneret* co:iferred on him in 1313, 
 for his gallant behaviour in the sieges of Tlieroune and Tournay, 
 and the action at Gainegaste, on August l6th, called by our his- 
 torians the battle of Spurs, on account of the very precipitate 
 retreat of the French after their defeat. In 7 Henry VIIl. he 
 was*^' sheriff of Dorset and Somersetshire, as also in 18 Henry 
 VIII. and was twice sheriff for Wiltshire, in 10 and 10 Henry 
 VIII. In 9 Henry VIII. being then one of the knights of the 
 body of that King, he '^ obtained a grant of the constablewic of 
 Bristol-castle, to himself and Edward his son, in as ample a 
 manner as Giles Lord D'Aubeny held the same. In 1518, he^ 
 was charged with providing ten men for the King's service in his 
 wars, for lands he held in Wiltshire. In the year 1520, he at- 
 tended on Henry VIII. at the^ great interview with Francis the 
 French King, between Guisnes and Ardres, having in his retinue 
 one chaplain, eleven servants, and eight led horses. Also when 
 the Emperor Charles V. came into England 1522, he was'' ap- 
 pointed to attend the King at Canterbur}^, May 27th, in order to 
 his reception. In 22 Henry VIII. he was one of the five of the 
 county of Wilts ^ who were appointed to enquire into the pos- 
 sessions of Cardinal Wolsey ; and at the second interview with 
 Francis the French King at Boulogne, in the year 1532, was 
 one '^ of the grooms of the chamber, and waited on his Sovereign. 
 He departed this life on December 21st, 1536, aged sixty, 
 and was buried in the church of Easton priory, but that fabric 
 becoming ruinous, his corpse was removed thence, A. D. 159O, to 
 the church cf Great Bcdwin, Wilts, where a monument stands 
 erected to his memory by his grandson, Edward Earl of Hertford, 
 His wife was Margery, second daughter of Sir Henry Went- 
 worth, of Nettlested in Suffolk, Knight of the Bath. They had 
 
 Nom- equit in Bibl. Cott. Claud. C III. ' Ibid. 
 
 Fuller's Worthies. " Pat. 9. Hen. VIII. p. 2. 
 
 y MS. sub. effig. Oth Edw. 1 1, in Bibl. Cotton. 
 
 ^ MS. ut antea penes Job Anstis- * Rymer's Feed, torn xiii p. 768. 
 
 *> Ibid, torn- xiv. p. 404. ' MS. in Bibl. Job. Anstis.
 
 150 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 issue six sons, and four daughtt-rs, viz. John, who died July 15th, 
 1520, unmarried J Edward, created Duke of Somerhctj Sir 
 Ilet'.ry ; Thomas Lord Sudley (of which three more fully here- 
 . after) ; John and Anthony, who died young ; Jane, third wife of 
 King Henry VIIL by whom she was mother of King Edward 
 VL "^ two days after whose birth she died, on October 14th, 1537} 
 *' whose loss," says Herbert, " much afflicted the King, as 
 having found her always discreet, humble, and loyal." Elizabeth, 
 successively wedded to Sir Anthony Oughtred, Knight, and, 
 Gregoiy Lord Cromwell ; Margery, who died in her infancy ; and 
 Dorothy, married to Sir Clement Smith, Knight, of Little Bad- 
 dow in Essex, and after his death to Thomas Leventhorpe of 
 Shingey-hall, Hertfordshire, Esq. 
 
 His lady survived him, and died in the year 1550, as her last 
 testament, and thepiobate thereof, shew : ^ wherein she bequeaths 
 her body to be buried as her executors think fit ; leaves divers 
 legacies of plate, jewels, &c, to her relations, and mentions 
 Edward Seymour, and Hf nry Seymour, sons of the Duke of 
 Somerset, as her godsons, and constitutes her second surviving 
 son. Sir Henry Seymour, executor. 
 
 The before-mentioned Sir Henry Seymour, third son (brother 
 of Queen Jane Seymour, and Edward Duke of Somerset) was ^ 
 made one of the Knights of the Bath at the coronation of Ed- 
 ward VL In 1551, s being in the King's service, he had a grant 
 of lands of the yearly value of 1861. and 4d; among which were 
 the manors of Marvel, and Twyford, in com. Southampton, with 
 the parks and house of Marvel, being a parcel of the lands be- 
 longing to the bishopric of "Winchester. The year after, 7 Ed- 
 ward VL he'^ had a grant for life of the manors of Sommerford, 
 and Hurn, in the county of Southampton ; and divers other lands, 
 to the yearly value of 202/ 6s. Qd. He deceased in 1578, having 
 married Barbara, dap.ghter of Thomas Morgan, Esq. by whom he 
 had issue Sir John Seymour, Knight,' who had three sons, but 
 from them there is no issue remaining, and several daughters, of 
 whom Jane was wedded to Sir John Rodney, of Stoke-Rodney, 
 and Pilton in Somersetshire, the heiress of which fmiily married 
 Sir Thomas Bridges of Keinsham, Lord Rodney is also sup- 
 posed to be derived from this family. 
 
 <! I.orJ Herbert's Life of King Henry VIII. p. 429, 430- 
 Ex Regist Coode, qu 29 ' MS N. I. 7, in Offic. Arm. 
 
 E Strype's Mtmoiials, vol ii p 272,273 '' Ibid- p. 506- 
 
 > Heylin's Hiatory of the Reformation, p j. '
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. 151 
 
 Sir Thomas, the fourth son, was, by Henry VIII. nominated 
 one of the twelve a<;sistants to the executors of his will during the 
 minority of Edward VI. in the first of whose reign he was, on 
 February l6lh, created Baron Seymour of Sudley, '^ and soon after 
 constituted Admiral of England. Being of an aspiring disposition, 
 he courted the Princess Elizabeth ; but finding no prospect of 
 success, he made his addresses to Queen Catherine, daughter of 
 Thomas Parr of Kendal, Henry VIII's widow, and got the King's 
 consent to their marriage. She was first married to Lord Latymer, 
 and lastly to Edward eldest son of Thomas Lord Bray. Dissa- 
 tisfied that his elder brother should enjoy a greater share in the 
 administration than himself, he caballed among such of the nobi- 
 lity as envied the Duke's power, in order to get himself admitted 
 to the chief management of affairs. To facilitate the execution 
 of his purpose, he bribed the attendants next the King's person; 
 and by an aflJable and obsequious behaviour^ and supplying his 
 Majesty privately with money, insinuated himself into his good 
 graces, and gained a considerable ascendancy in his esteem. When 
 the protector represented to the admiral the dangerous tendency 
 of his underhand practices, his Lordship's answer convinced his 
 Grace, that he was not to rely upon any friendship from their 
 fraternal connexion. The animosity was fomented by Anne 
 Dutchess of Somerset's being obliged to yield precedence to the 
 wife of her husband's younger brother. Lord Sudley took the 
 opportunity, during the Duke's absence in Scotland, to prosecute 
 his schemes with redoubled vigour ; and was so successful as to 
 obtain a new patent as admiral, with an additional salary, besides 
 the grant of a large estate. The protector, apprised of his brother's 
 proceedings, hastened his return from Scotland : but before his 
 arrivel, the admiral had formed a considerable party among the 
 peers and commoners, and even prevailed on the King to write to 
 both houses, desiring his Lordship might be appointed his go- 
 vernor. The council, being informed of that step, let the Admiral 
 know, by a de|)Utat;on of their own number, that if he did not 
 desist, he should be prosecuted, on the late statute, for high- 
 treason, in attempting to disturb the order of government. Thus 
 intimidated, he made his submission, and was seemingly recon- 
 
 ^ In Gloucestershire, of which castle he had a grant ; but on his attainder 
 it was granted to Sir John Bridges, who was created by Queen Mary, in 15^4, 
 Baron Chandos of Sudeley In the chapel here Queen Katherjne Parr was 
 buried; and discovered a few years ago in a state of high pieservation. Sec 
 Archaeologia, vol ix pa.
 
 152 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 ciled to his brother j who, to divert him from his turbulent pro- 
 jects, sent him with a fleet, and 1200 land troops on board, to 
 intercept Mary, the infant Queen of Scotland, in her passage to 
 France : but that Princess being conveyed north about round the 
 Orkneys, his Lordship was disappointed of his expected prize, 
 and making some descents upon the coast of Fife, was repulsed, 
 and returned in discredit, having lost half of his land forces, 
 " The Queen Dowager," says Burnet,' " that had married him, 
 died in September last, not without suspicion of poison." She was 
 a good and virtuous lady, and in her whole life had done nothing 
 unseemly but the marrying him so indecently, and so soon after 
 the King's death. There was found among her papers, a dis- 
 course written by her, concerning herself j entituled. The lamen- 
 tation of a Sinner, which was published by Cecil, who writ a 
 preface to it. She being thus dead, the admiral renewed his 
 addresses to the Lady Elizabeth ; but in vain ; for her right of 
 succession to the throne depended, according to her father's will, 
 on her marr}ing with the consent of his executors. Lord Sudley 
 therefore proposed to accomplish his aim by seizing the King's 
 person, and taking the reins of government info his own hands ; 
 and for that purpose retained a great number of men in different 
 parts of the kingdom. His design being intimated to the council, 
 he was, on January 19th, 1548-9, committed to the Tower, and 
 commissioners were named to take the depositions of his accusers. 
 The Duke advised him to resign his office, and retire from court: 
 tut perceiving his exhortations ineflectual, he acquiesced in his 
 prosecution." Upon the report of the commissioners appointed to 
 hear what he had to say in his defence, both houses, with little 
 opposition," passed a bill of attainder, which receiving the royal 
 assent, he was condemned unheard, without an opportunity of 
 examining the evidence against him, and without being allowed 
 the perusal of his charge, the substance of which was, first, at- 
 tempting to seize the person of the King, and the government of 
 the realm ; second, fortifying his castle of Holt in Denbighshire, 
 and enlisting a great number of men into his service j third, con- 
 federating with Sharrington, by whose means he became master 
 
 ' Hist. Ref. vol. ii p. 97. 
 m See Park's R. and N. A. vol i. p. 48. 
 " A copy of the articles of charge, amounting to thirty-three, is in Burnet's 
 Hist. Ref vol ii p. 158. 
 
 " " Only the Protector, for natural pity's sake, desired leave to with- 
 draw."
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET, 153 
 
 of the mint at Bristol : fourth, endeavouring to espouse the 
 Princess Elizabeth (with whom he had carried on an intrigue too 
 far to be exposed in a public court of justice) ; fifth, persuading, 
 the King in his nonage to take upon himself the administration of 
 affairs ; sixth, conniving with pirates, and making himself master 
 of the Scilly islands. He was beheaded '' on March lOlh, on 
 Tower-hill ; leaving an only child, Mary, who died in her infancy, 
 after being restored in blood. 
 
 " Thus fell," says Burnet, " Thomas Lord Seymour, Lord 
 High Admiral of England, a man of high thoughts, of great 
 violence of temper, and ambitious out of measure. The Pro- 
 tector was much censured for giving way to his execution, by 
 those who looked only at that relation between them, which they 
 thought should have made him still preserve him. But others, 
 who knew the whole series of the affair, saw it was scarce pos- 
 sible for him to do more for the gaining his brother, than he had 
 done. Yet the other being a popular notion, that it was against 
 nature for one brother to destroy another, was more easily enter- 
 tained by the multitude, who could not penetrate into the mys- 
 teries of state. But the way of proceeding was much condemned} 
 since to attaint a man without bringing him to make his own de- 
 fence, or to object what he could say to the witnesses that were 
 brought against him, was so illegal and unjust, that it could not 
 be defended. Only this was to be said for it, that it was a little 
 more regular than parliamentary attainders had been formerly; 
 for here the evidence on which it was founded was given before 
 boih houses." ^ 
 
 I now return to Edwaijd Seymour, eldest son of Sir John 
 Seymour. He was educated first at Oxford, and after some stay 
 there removed to Cambridge; from whence returning to his 
 father at court, when martial achievements were encouraged by 
 Henry VIIL he took early to arms; and landing at Calais with 
 the Duke of Suffolk on August 24th, 1523, was present at the 
 taking of Bray, Roye, and Montdidier, in France ; where, for his 
 conduct and bravery, he had the' honour of knighthood con- 
 ferred on him by the Duke of Suffolk at Roye, on Allhallows-day, 
 the same year. In l6 Henry VIIL being one of the esquires of 
 the King's household, he was one of the challengers before the 
 
 f See the warrant for his execution- Burnet's Hist. Ref vol ii p. 15S. 
 
 4 Ibid. p. loo- Wood's Athene Oxon. vol i p 711. 
 
 Noin. Equit pracd.
 
 154 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 King in the Tilt-yard at Greenwich, on his keeping a royal 
 Christmas there. In Ip Henry VIII. he accompanied Cardinal 
 Wolsey, who went in great state on an embassy to the French 
 King, and was received with the highest honour. In 24 Henry 
 VIII. being 'squire for the body to the King, ^ he was in that 
 gallant train which attended their sovereign to Boulogne, at his 
 interview with Francis I. On his sister's marriage with Henry 
 VIII. on May 20th, 1530, he was one of the Knights for the 
 King's body. On June 5th, after that" solemnity, the King, in 
 consideration of the acceptable, good and laudable service " of his 
 beloved and faithful servant. Sir Edward Seymour, Knight, as 
 also of his conduct, valour, and loyalty, created him Viscount 
 Beauchamp, to have and to hold to him and the heirs male of 
 his body : and further granted to him twenty marks yearly, 
 payable out of the fines and profits of the counties of Somerset 
 and Dorset, dated June 5th, 28 Henry Vlil. The same year, 
 with Sir Richard Buckley, Knight, > he had a grant of the office 
 of Chancellor and Chamberlain of North Wales for lifej as also 
 was made captain ^ of the Isle of Jersey. 
 
 On October 18th, 1537, three days ^ after the baptism of his 
 nephew, afterwards King Edward VI. he was created"^ E*rl of 
 HtiiTFonD; and in 32 Henry VIII. was senf^ over to France to 
 ascertain the limits of the English borders ; and on his return 
 was'' elected at Hampton-court, January gth, t541-2, one of the 
 Knights Companions of the most noble Order of the Garter. In 
 33 Henry VIII. as cousin and heir to Sir William Sturmy, Knight, 
 viz. ^ son of Sir John Seymour, Knight; son of John Seymour, 
 Esq.; son of John Seymour, Esq.; son of Sir John Seymour, 
 Knight ; son of Maud, daughter and heir to Sir William Sturmy, 
 of Wolf-hall, before-mentioned. Knight, he had livery of Sturniy's 
 lands; and the same year, on the Scots denying their homage, he 
 accompanied ^ the Duke of Norfolk in his expedition into Scot- 
 land. In 34 Henry VIII. he was 5 made Lord Great Chamber- 
 lain of England for life ; and the same year " being made lieute- 
 nant general of the North, he embarked for Scotland with two 
 hundred sail of ships, and landing in the Frith, took Leith, and 
 
 t MS in Bibl. Joh. Anstis. " Slew's Annalt.and Pat 28 Hen VIII. p 3. 
 
 * Rot. Par 28 Hen VIII ) Priv Sigill 28 Hen VIII. 
 
 ^ Pat 28 Henry VIII p 2. ^ MS. in Collegio Arm i- 24. 
 
 *> Pat 29 Henry VIII. p 3. ^ Herb. Hist Hen VIII. 
 
 "Ashmole's Oiderof the Garter, p 265 * P^t- 33 Hen. VIII. p i. 
 
 f Herb.utantea. Pat. 34 Hen. VIII. p. 7. Stow's Annals.
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. 155 
 
 Edinburgh, and after plundering and burning them, returned by 
 land into England, wasting Haddington, Dunbar, &c. in his 
 march. On the King's expedition into France, 1544, his Majesty 
 having appointed his consort. Queen Catherine, Regent general 
 and Governor of the kingdom, ' his Lordship bearing the title of 
 Edward^sni. of Hertford, Lord great Chamberlain of England, 
 was, on July gth, especially commissioned with Thomas Cranmer, 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Lord Wriothesly, Lord 
 Chancellor, Thomas Thirleby, bishop of Westminster, and Sir 
 William Petre, Knight, principal Secretary of State, to be aiding 
 and assisting to the said Queen, in her administration of the 
 government. And the said Earl of Hertford was nominated to 
 be captain-general of such forces under her Majesty, necessary to 
 be raised in the kingdom during the King's absence. And the 
 same year, whilst the King was at the siege of Boulogne, ^ he 
 came to his aid with several troops ; and after taking the town, 
 routed an army of 14,000 French, who lay encamped near it 
 
 In 37 Henry VIII. the Scots making several incursions on the 
 borders, in conjunction with 5000 auxilijries from France, he 
 being sent ' against them destroyed all the towns upon the Middle 
 marches, and passing towards the West, made great spoil in those 
 parts. Soon alter, the French endeavouring to regain Boulogne, "' 
 he forced them to retreat, and pursuing the enemy, with great 
 slaughter, gained several tropliies of his success. 
 
 In 38 Henry VIII. he was elected Chancellor of the Univer- 
 sity of Cambridge ; and the same year the Earl of Surry, governor 
 of Boulogne, " being laid aside, he was sent ihit'ier v.'ith an army 
 of 9300 men to oppose ths French, then making head. After 
 which, on proposals for an accommodation, he was '^ constituted 
 the chief of the commissioners for the treaty; and they meeting 
 betwixt Gulsnes and Ardres, a peace was concluded. And the 
 King lying on his death-bed, by his will left him p a legacy of 
 500/. and appointed him one of the council to his son, as also one 
 of his executors; after whose decease, January 28th, 1546-7, he 
 immediately repaired 'i to the young King at Hertford, and con- 
 duct ing him to London, was by the; council, February 1st, unani- 
 niuu-'.y cl-'<-ted governor of the King's person, and protector of 
 
 i Rynicr s Feed vol xv. p 39 "^ Herb ut antea. 
 
 ' Ibid "" Godwin, p 195. 
 
 " Herbert, ut ant. " Godwin, p. 200. 
 
 p Rymer's Feed. torn, xv p. 117. 
 
 'i Heyward's Life of King Edward VI. in Hist. Eng. p 271, &c.
 
 156 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 his realms, dominions, and subjects, until he should accomplish 
 the age of eighteen years ; and proclaimed such according to the 
 usual custom,' by the heralds, with sound of trumpet, through 
 the city of London. On February 10th following, he was' con-' 
 slituted Lord Treasurer of England : and though he had the titles 
 of Viscount Beauchamp, and Earl of Hertford, yet being no 
 Baron, he was*^ advanced to that degree of honour on the 15th of 
 the sari:e month, with limitation to the heirs male of his body by 
 Anne Stanhope his wife; remainder to Edward Seymour his son, 
 by Catherine his first wife; by the title of Baron Seymour, 
 " Whereby the name of that family," as the King declares in the 
 patent, " from which his most beloved mother Jane, late Queen 
 of England, drew her beginning, might not be clouded by any 
 higher title, or colour of dignity." Also the next day he was ^ 
 created Duke of Somerset, and to the heirs male of his body by 
 Anne his wife ; ^ and for default of such issue, to the said Edward 
 Seymour, Esq, son of him the said Duke, and the Lady Catherine 
 his first wife, and the heirs male of the body of the said Edward 
 Seymour ; and for default of such issue, to the heirs male of 
 the body of the said Duke, to be lawfully begotten on any other 
 wife. 
 
 Likewise, on February ly, he had a grant-- of the office of 
 Earl Marshal of England for life, in as ample a manner as John 
 IMowbray, or Thomas Howard, Dukes of Norfolk, or any other 
 Earl Marshal of England, held or occupied. Moreover, on March 
 12th following, he had a patent^ for that great office of protector 
 and governor of the King and his realms ; also, on July gtb, a 
 grant ^ of 8000 marks per annum, during the time he should be 
 protector. 
 
 In this first year of his administration,'' he warily made a 
 peace with France, turning all his thoughts to bring about the 
 match of Mary Stuart, sole daughter and heir to James V. King 
 of Scotland, with his nephew. King Edward; and to that end 
 first assailed the Scotch nobility by friendly letters, remembering 
 them of the promises, seals, and oaths, which, by public autho- 
 
 ' Holinshed's Chron. p- 979. ' Pat. i Edward VI. p. 6- 
 
 ' Pat. in eod ann. and Rymer's Feed, torn xv. p. 125. 
 u Pat in eod. ann. 
 This postponement of the issue of ihe Jirst marriage to those of the 
 tecondh'ii been deemed very unjust. 
 
 y Rymer's Feed torn. xv. p. 130. ^ Ibid p. 4. 
 
 Privat. Sigill. i Edward VI. " Heyward's Hist. Edward VI.;
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. 157 
 
 rity, had passed for concluding the marriage; as also, that the 
 two Piinces were agreeable, both for years and princely qualities^ 
 to be joined together 3 and thereby knit both realms into one, 
 which would be profitable as well as honourable to bcth kingdoms. 
 But these and many other reasons, that were enforced by the 
 protector, taking no effect, the King, by the advice of his council, 
 granted him the before-mentioned commission, with those large 
 powers before recited j whereby having prepared an army, he in- 
 vaded Scotland, and on September 10th, 1547, fought that me- 
 morable battle at .Pinkey, near Mussleburghj wherein his un^ 
 daunted courage, as well as conduct, were the principal means of 
 gaining that signal victory, the advantages of which he could not 
 prosecute, being obliged, by the intrigues of his brother, the 
 Lord Sudley, to repair spSedily to London; but in his return took 
 the castles of Hume, Roxburgh, &c. 
 
 When the good news of the victory came to court, the young 
 King, on the 18th of September, being then at his house of Oat- 
 lands, "^ wrote an answer to his uncle with his own hand, acknow- 
 ledging the mercy of God, and thanking his grace, and all that 
 served under him, for their courage and conduct : and his Majesty, 
 on October 18th, settled upon the Duke, and his heirs for ever, 
 lands to the value of 500/. a year. On November 3d next ensuing, 
 he got this special grant. ' 
 
 " Edwarde the Sixte, &c. Forasmoche as our most dere Vncle, 
 Edwarde Duke of Somersette, by the advise of the lords and the 
 rest of our privie counsaill, with the consent and good agreement 
 of the noble men of our realm, we have named, ordeyned and 
 commaunded to be governour of our person, and protectour of our 
 realmes, dominions and subjects, during our minoritye; hath no 
 soche place appropriated or appoynted unto him in our highe 
 coart of parliament, as is convenient and necessarie, as well in 
 respecte of his proxymytye of bloode unto us, being our uncle, 
 and eldest brother unto our mother of most noble memorie de- 
 ceased. Queen Jane; as also for his better mayntaining and 
 conducying of our affaires to our honour, dignitie, and suretie, 
 and the welthe and benefit t of our realms, dominions and sub- 
 jects. 
 
 " We have therefore, aswel by the consent of our said uncle 
 as by the advyce of other the lords, and the reste of our privie 
 counsaill, willed, ordeyned and appoynted, and do by these pre- 
 
 , Strypc's Memorials. 4 Rymer, torn, xv p- 164.
 
 15S PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 sents will, ordeyn and appoynt, that our said uncle shall and doo 
 sit alone, and be placed at all times, aswell in our presens at our 
 paid courte of parliament, as in our absens, upon the myddes of 
 the bench or stole, standing next on the right-hand of our siete 
 reall in our parliament chamber. 
 
 " And that he further shall have and do enjoy in our saide 
 courte of parliament, in all sessions, all soche other privilegies, 
 preemynences, prerogatyves and liberties in all things, and to all 
 en tents and effects, as by any lawes or statutes heretofore made, 
 or otherwise, any of the uncles by father or mother side, to any 
 of our most noble progenitors, or any protectour of their realms 
 and dominions, being in the minoritie of yeres as we be, have 
 had, used, or enjoyed, or ought to have had, used or enjoyed, in 
 their courts of parliament, the statute, concerning placing of the 
 lords in the parliament chamber, and other assembles and con- 
 ferencyes of Counsaill, madt; in the one and thirtieth yere of the 
 reigne of our most dere father, of most famous memorye, Kinge 
 Henry the Eii^ht, or any other statute. Sec. notwithstanding, &c.'* 
 
 And the King at Westminster, on August 11th, 1518, makes 
 known to his subjects,^ " That whereas he had declared, by ad- 
 vice of his council and peers, his dear uncle, Edward Duke of 
 Somerset, governor of his royal person, and protector of his domi- 
 nions and subjects, during his minority, and made such ample 
 concessions and grants to him as were worthy of so great a person ; 
 v,'hich grants, authorities, and clauses, by advice of his council, 
 he wills and commands to be intei prated, and deemed in the most 
 ample, liberal, and beneficial manner; for the extending, enlarg- 
 ing, and support of the authorities, powers, &c of his said uncle, 
 as far as the true meaning of the said words in the said patents may 
 be construed and extended. 
 
 "^ And whereas many grand and villainous injuries, ill actions, 
 and damages, have fallen on his subjects from their old enemies 
 the Scots, and other foreign powers, by sea and land, and still 
 cotitinue ; the King therefore, by the advice of his council, con- 
 sidering that his tender age will not permit him personally, as he 
 ought, to suppress his enemies ; and although by his letters 
 patents, in general words, he granted to his said uncle power and 
 authority personally to go against his enemies with an army, and 
 to do and act at all times all matters necessary to be done. Never- 
 theless, because certain doubts and scruples may arise, for want, 
 
 Rymer, torn xv. p. 174..
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. 159 
 
 or through the incertainty of words in the said letters patents ex- 
 pressed, he thinks it necessary to declare and make known his 
 mind to all his subjects, as also to all foreign powers, 
 
 " That whereas he constituted, &c. his dear uncle, Edward 
 Duke of Somerset, governor of his person, and protector of his 
 kingdoms, dominions, and subjects, during bis minority ; his in- 
 tention was, and is, that by the said letters patents, he constituted, 
 and by these doth appoint, the said Duke of Somerset, his lieute- 
 nant and captain general in war within his dominions, as well as 
 in all other dominions, kingdoms and places whatsoever, as well 
 on this side, as beyond the seas, when the cause shall require and 
 whenever it shall seem necessary and expedient to his said uncle. 
 And also to summon and assemble together all his liege subjects, 
 within his dominions, of all degrees, or as many of them as shall 
 leem necessary to him ; and also to array them, and chuse such 
 that to him seem most proper, and them to arm and review in 
 proper places, and to hire, at his discretion, foreign troops and 
 soldiers ; also to take, out of his storehouses, provisions, artillery, 
 tents, &c. for horses, ships, transports, galleys, 8cc. for the de- 
 fence of the kingdom, both by sea and land. And for his said 
 liege subjects, so chosen, mustered, and armed, as well horse and 
 foot as archers, as well as armies, and all manner of arms and 
 provisions, and other warlike necessaries, to transport and carry, 
 not only into any part of his dominions, for the defence of the 
 same ; but also to oppose his enemies making any attempts on 
 his dominions in an hostile manner, and also to vanquish them, 
 and take cities, castles and towns, for bis use, and the same to 
 garrison and hold, 
 
 " He likewise empowers him, in his absence, to reward all 
 persons in the army (at his discretion) by conferring the honour 
 of Knighthood, or dignity of Baron, or other title of nobility, and 
 to grant arms and ensigns of honour, as shall become them. 
 
 " To hear and determine all quarrels and disputes of those 
 matters, which appertain to the office of lieutenant-general, 
 rhi!-f captain and commander, or governor; and to make and 
 iippoint a marshal of the said army ; and to take cognizance of 
 all other causes within his baid dominions arising as well as in the 
 army, 
 
 " To make decrees and orders for the sound and good govern- 
 ment of his dominions and army, and to make proclamations, and 
 see that they be put in force. To punish, within his dominions
 
 160 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 nnd army, delinquents, and opposers^ by imprisonnaent, or other- 
 ways, at his discretion. 
 
 " To hear and determine all causes criminal as well of lift-, 
 and limbs maimed, and of death, and all other causes, contracts 
 and quarrels, of all persons whatsoever, within his dominions and 
 army, by himself, or sufficient deputies j with power to punish or 
 pardon according to the nature of the fact. 
 
 " And because his said uncle, for diverse great and necessary 
 causes, touching his royal person and dominions, hath daily oc- 
 ca-^ions to treat and confer with foreign Emperors, Kings, Princes, 
 and Potentates ; he decreed by his said letters patents, and by 
 these wills, and grants him power to confer, treat, and conclude 
 cessations of arms, truces, alliances, and leagues of peace and warj 
 as also any other league or treaty with any foreign Prince or power, 
 or other person or persons, on sucli terms as to him shall seem 
 most congruous, fitting, opportune, and convenient. And also on 
 the ending, or breach of the said truces, leagues, &c. to proclaim 
 war on all such persons who shall break the same ; and to pro- 
 secute the same to his Majesty's use, in as full a manner as if he 
 himself were present. 
 
 " And further the King grants, that whatsoever his said uncle 
 in his wisdom shall do in the premisses during his minority, shall 
 be deemed and construed grateful and acceptable, as though the 
 same had been transacted by himself. And that in case his said 
 uncle should be called from the army, so that he could not attend 
 in time of war, he empowers him, by his letters under his hand, 
 to grant commissions, constituting one or more lieutenants, or 
 captain generals, in time of war, by sea and land, under him. 
 And he wills and commands, in full hopes and confidence of the 
 gravity, care, wisdom, and integrity of his said uncle, all persons 
 whatsoever, on pain of their allegiance, to be aiding to him, or 
 his lieutenant, or lieutenants, &c. 
 
 " And his will is, that his said uncle, his lieutenant, or lieu- 
 tenants, &c. and all other his subjects so raised, shall be acquitted 
 and discharged from all forfeitures, damages, censures, pains and 
 troubles, which he or they may be subjected to, on the said account, 
 notwithstanding any act or statute heretofore made." 
 
 Soon after this, his power and near alliance to the King ex- 
 posed him to the envy of the nobility, who sought means to divest 
 him of his places. And in 1549, the major part of them with- 
 drawing from the court, by the subtle artifices of John Dudley,
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. l6l 
 
 Viscount Lisle, Earl of Warwick (afterwards Duke of Northum- 
 berland) they secretly combined to ruin him. Hollinshed relates, 
 " That suddenly, on what occasion few knew, every lord and 
 counsellor went through the city weaponed, and had their servants 
 likewise weaponed, attending upon them in new liveries, to the 
 great wondering of many. And at the last, a great assembly of 
 the said counsellors was made at the Earl of Warwick's lodging, 
 which was tlien at Ely Place in Holborn, whither all the confe- 
 derates in this matter came privily armed j and finally concluded 
 to possess the Tower of London, which by the policy of Sir 
 William Paulet, Lord Treasurer of England, was peaceably ob- 
 tained, and who, by order of the said confederates, immediately 
 removed Sir John Markham, then lieutenant of the Tower, and 
 placed in his room Sir Leonard Chamberleine. And after that 
 the said council was broken up at Ely Place, the Earl of War- 
 wick removed forthwith into the city of London, and lay in the 
 house of one John York, a citizen of Loudon, who was then 
 chief master of the mint, kept at Suffolk Place, Southwark. The 
 Lord Protector hearing of the manner of the assembly of this 
 council, and of the taking of the Tower, which seemed to him 
 very strange and doubtful, did presently, the said night, remove 
 from Hampton Court, taking the King with him, unto the castle 
 of Windsor, and there began to fortify the same." He likewise 
 wrote the following letter to the Lord Russel, Lord Priv^-^-Seal, 
 then in the West country. 
 
 " After our right hartie commendations to your good Lord- 
 ship. Here hath of late risen such a conspiracie against the 
 King's Majestic and us, as never have been scene, the which they 
 cannot mainteine, with such vaine letters and false tales surmised, 
 as was never ment nor intended on us. They pretend and sale, 
 that we have sold Bullougne to the French, and we doo withhold 
 wages from the soldiers ; and other such tales and letters they 
 doo spread abroad (of the which if anie one thing were true, we 
 would not wish to live;) the matter now being brought to a mar- 
 vellous extremitie, such as we would never have thought it could 
 have come untoj especiallie of those men towards the King's 
 Majestic and us, of whome we have deserved no such tiling, but 
 rather much favour and love. But the case being as it is, this is 
 to require and praie you, to hasten you hither to the defence of 
 the King's Majestic, in such force and power as you may, to shew 
 the part of a true gentleman, and of a vcrie friend ; the whichs 
 thing we trust God shall reward, aud the King's Majestie in time 
 
 VOL. I. M
 
 103 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 to come, and we shall never be unmindfull of it too. We are sure 
 you have other letters from them, but as ye tender your dutie to 
 the King's Majestic, we require you to make no staie, but imme- 
 diately repaire with such force as you have, to his highnesse in 
 his castle at Windsor, and cause the rest of such force as you maic 
 make, to follow you. And so we bid you right hartilie farewell. 
 From Hampton Court, the 6th of October. 
 
 ** Your Lordship's assured loving friend, 
 
 Edward Summerset." 
 
 And in a postscript, his Grace adds, " They are not ashamed 
 to send posts abroad to tell that we are already committed to the 
 Tower : that we would deliver the bishops of Winchester and 
 London out of prison, and bring in again the old mass." The 
 nature of this work will not permit me to give a full relation of 
 the troubles that befcl the Dukej but the course his enemies 
 took to bring him under their power, was in part thus : they 
 summoned armed men, horse and foot, to repair to them from 
 every county, to oppose the Duke and his men ; giving out to th 
 gentry the great dangers the King's person was in, and the neces- 
 sity of rescuing him out of the Duke's hands ; whose doings they 
 called traiterous and false, and his proceedings devilish. Burnet 
 remarks that, " that which provoked the nobility most, was the 
 partiality the Protector had for the commons in the insurrections 
 that had been this summer. He had also given great grounds of 
 jealousy, by entertaining foreign troops in the King's wars ; 
 which, though it was not objected to him, because the council 
 had consented to it, yet it was whispered about that he had ex- 
 torted that consent. But the noble palace he was raising in th 
 Strand, (which yet carries his name) out of the ruins of some 
 bishops' houses and churches, drew as public envy on him as any 
 thing that was done. It was said, that when the King was en- 
 gaged in such wars, and when London was much disordered by 
 the plague, that had been in it for some months, he was then 
 bringing architects from Italy, and designing such a palace as had 
 not been seen in England. It was also said that many bishops 
 and cathedrals had resigned many manors to him, for obtaining 
 his favour." * " All these things concurred to beget him many 
 enemies, and he had very few friends, for none stuck firmly to 
 bim but Paget and Secretary Smith, and especially Cranmcr, who 
 
 * Burnet's Hist. Rcf. vol ij- p. 134.
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. 163 
 
 never forsook his friend. All that favoured the old superstition 
 were his enemies : and seeing the Earl of Southampton leading 
 the party against him, they all run into it." s But on his sub- 
 naission, and surrendering the King's person, which he was pre- 
 vailed on to do, to prevent the effusion of blood, the lords dis- 
 patched another letter, dated from London, October 11th, to 
 forbear the sending up the forces they required. And by bill 
 igned October 13th, ^ his letters patent of protectorship, &c. 
 were made void. The next day, the Duke was committed to the 
 Tower, and after continuing a prisoner about three months, was 
 advised to submit himself, and acknowledge that he had deserved 
 his imprisonment, or whatever greater punishment the King 
 should be pleased to inflict on him j and withal implore the 
 favour of his Majesty's royal clemency. To this he easily conde- 
 scended. " Thus fell," says Burnet, *' the Duke of Somerset 
 from his high offices and great trust. The articles objected to 
 him,"' (among which was having a court of requests in his own 
 house) " seem to say as much for his justification, as the answers 
 could do, if they were in my power. He is not accused of 
 rapine, cruelty, or bribery ; but only of such things as are inci- 
 dent to all men that are of a sudden exalted to a high and unpro- 
 portioned greatness. What he did about the coin, was not for 
 his own advantage, but was done by a common mistake of many 
 governors, who in the necessity of their affairs, fly to this as their 
 last shift, to draw out their business as long as possible; but it 
 ever rebounds on the government to its great prejudice and loss. 
 He bore his fall more equally than he had done his prosperity : 
 and stet himself in his imprisonment to study and reading ; and 
 falling on a book that treated of patience, both from the prin- 
 ciples of moral philosophy, and of Christianity, he was so much 
 taken with it, that he ordered it to be translated into English, 
 and writ a preface to it himself, mentioning the great comfort he 
 had found in reading it, which had induced him to take care that 
 others might reap the like benefit from it. Peter Martyr writ 
 .him also a long consolatory letter, which was printed both in 
 Latin and in an English translation ; all the reformed, both in 
 England and abroad, looked on hU fall as a public loss to that whole 
 interest, which he had so steadily set forward."'' " He wai 
 fined in 2000/. a year of land, and lost all his good offices. And 
 
 Burnet's Hist. Ref. vol: ii. p. 134. u Vincent's Baronage, MS. 
 
 I Sec them in Burnet's Hist. Ref. vol ii. p. 138. " Ibid
 
 164 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 80 this storm went over him much more gently than was ex- 
 pected ; but his carriage in it was thought to have so little of the 
 hero, that he was not much considered after this." ' On Fe- 
 bruary l6th, he was set at liberty, upon giving security for his 
 future conduct : but was not restored to the dignity of Protector, 
 or any other of his great places, but that of a privy-counsellor, 
 about two months afterwards. And it being conceived, that re- 
 venge might draw the Duke to new practices, his friends me- 
 diated a reconciliation between him and the Earl of Warwick ; 
 which, that it might be the more firm and sincere, the Duke's 
 eldest daughter, on June 3d, was married to John Viscount Lisle, 
 the Earl of Warwick's son, the King gracing the nuptials with 
 his presence. 
 
 His estate, of which he had been deprived, was given to the 
 crown by parliament ; but the King, of his special favour, " and 
 at the humble petition of the lords of his council, by patent, 
 sealed on June 4th, 1550, gave him back some lands, which were 
 part of the inheritance of his ancestors, viz. the castle of Marie- 
 borough j and all his lordships and manors of Barton, Ludgarsbal, 
 Alborn, and Old Wotton, and his parks of Ludgarshal, Great 
 Vastern, Little Vastern, Alborn chase, and Alborn Warren, and 
 the forests, and the liberties of the forests of Bradon and Sa- 
 vernakej with the appurtenances in the county of Wilts j and 
 divers other lordships, manors, lands, and tenements in the 
 counties of Wilts, Southampton, Dorset, Somerset, Middlesex, 
 Berks, and Bucks. 
 
 And on the next day the King, by the advice of his council, 
 grants to his dear and entirely beloved uncle, Edward Duke of 
 Somerset, authority and licence, during life, to retain two hundred 
 persons, resident within his dominions, and at his will and plea- 
 sure to give them his livery, badges, and cognizance, over and 
 above all such servants as attend him in his household, or are under 
 him in any office or offices, or stewardship, &c. And on the 
 14th, > in consideration of his right to tle castle and lordship of 
 Sleford, and other lands and manors in the county of Lincoln, 
 the King, by patent, gave him all and singular the messuages, 
 lands, tenements, and hereditaments, with the appurtenances, in 
 the town of Glastenbury, in the county of Somerset ; and other 
 lands and tenements in Kingstonupon-Hull. 
 
 On July ipth following, "^ he had a general pardon ; and im- 
 
 ' Burnet's Hist. Rcf. vol. ii. p. 142. m Strype's Mem. vol. ii. p. t^x. 
 
 Ibid. o Vincent, praed.
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. 165 
 
 mediately after was prevailed with p to go down into Oxfordshire, 
 Sussex, Wiltshire, and Hampshire, to secure those places from 
 rising, and to order the keeping of the peace : also in August he 
 went to Reading for the same purpose, on account of jealousies of 
 the Lady Mary, who was privately to be conveyed out of England, 
 from some creek in Essex, by Shipperius, admiral of the Em- 
 peror's navy. On which an open war was to be begun, and an 
 intestine conspiracy to be raised at home, as Sir Thomas Cham- 
 berlain, ambassador with the Queen of Hungary in the Low 
 Countries, had learned at that court, and advertised the ministry 
 in England. 
 
 About the same time his Grace established a company of 
 foreign woollen manufacturers, under Polanus their Pastor, and 
 one Cornish, in the abbey of Glastenbury, of which he had got a 
 grant : and that branch turned out so beneficial to the English 
 commerce, that the privy-council, after the Duke's death, or- 
 dered his agreement with them to be continued in full force. 
 
 The parliament sat on November 4th following, and broke 
 up on February 1st: and it appears, 1 that the commons still 
 favoured the Duke of Somerset, and consulted his restoration to 
 the office of Protector of the King's person, but by their proro" 
 gation were prevented. However, they intended the next session 
 to endeavour at it, and in the mean time to prepare the lords for 
 it. And Whaley, the receiver of Yorkshire, speaking to divers 
 noblemen about it, was on that account brought into trouble. 
 
 Not long after, as appears by a letter from the Earl of War- 
 wick to the Lord Paget, and other letters in the Cotton Library 
 (Titus, B. 2,) feuds began to be visible between the parties of the 
 Duke of Somerset, and the said Earl of Warwick, the King shew- 
 ing his uncle favour. And considering his narrow circumstances, 
 having not only been stripped of all his beneficial places, but also 
 of his lands and revenues, the King, to ease the Duke in all ht 
 could, being to send hostages into France, consisting of persons of 
 the best nobility, that might answer the quality of the French 
 hostages sent hither, his Majesty among the rest made choice of 
 the Earl of Hertford, the Duke's heir, and was at the charge of 
 equipping him (as appears by the King's warrant book) which he 
 did not do by any of the others. Also about the same time the 
 Duke received 500/. bequeathed to him by King Henry's last 
 will, in consideration of his present occasions j the legacy having 
 
 P Strype's Memorials, vol ii p- azo- 1 Ibid- pa49
 
 166 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 in effect been before satisfied, when in the first year of Edward 
 VI. he had divers grants, in consideration of services, and for ful- 
 filling the King's will, as it run in the book of sales. He likewise 
 got the command of a troop of horse-guards, consisting of one 
 hundred, newly raised, to counterballance that lately conferred on 
 the Earl of "Warwick. " The Duke of Somerset," says Burnet, 
 *' had such access to the King, that the Earl of Warwick had a 
 mind to be rid of him lest he should spoil all his projects j and to 
 raise himself, and all his friends higher, procured a great creation 
 of new honours ; on which occasion he got himself created Duke 
 of Northumberland." 
 
 In April 1551, the Duke was made lord lieutenant of the 
 counties of Buckingham and Berkshire ; but the new Duke of 
 Northumberland could no longer bear such a rival in his great- 
 ness, who was the only person that he thought could take the 
 King out of his hands. Somerset (as some write) provoked by 
 continual injuries, had resolved to murder Northumberland j and 
 to that end, under colour of a visit, came privily armed to his 
 lodging, attended by seconds. But finding him in his bed, and 
 being courteously entertained, did not execute what he proposed. 
 Whereupon, at his departure, one of the company (Sir J. Thynn 
 his Secretary) asking him whether he had done the feat, and he 
 saying no, the other replied, then you are undone. This his in- 
 tent being by his own party betrayed, he, with the Lord Grey of 
 Wilton, were sent to the Tower, on October 1 6th, 1551} and 
 the next day his Dutchess, Sir John Thynn, Su: Michael Stan- 
 hope, his brother-in-law, and other of his friends, ^ were com- 
 mitted to the same place, where his Dutchess remained till set at 
 liberty by Queen Mary, on August 3d, 1553. Also, on October 
 21st, the Lord Paget was carried to the fleet by a guard ; and 
 from thence he, and the Earl of Arundel, were sent to the 
 Tower, charged with being privy to the Duke's practices, as wa 
 also the Lord Dacres of the North. 
 
 Whereupon the Duke of Northumberland and his party, to 
 make the pretended treasons appear more formidable, with much 
 shew and ceremony came into the city, on October 22d ; and 
 several companies of London being commanded to repair to their 
 halls, he acquainted them, that the Duke of Somerset would have 
 taken the Tower, seized on the broad-seal, and have destroyed 
 
 r Godwin, p. 239, 246 ; and Hajrward's Hist. Edw. VI.' 
 Sir Thomas Palmer, though imprisoned with him, as an accomplice^ 
 was theperson who ruined hira. Murnet, i&.
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. 1(J; 
 
 the city, and then to have gone to the Isle of Wight : all which 
 was thought very improbable. 
 
 On December 1st, 1551, he was brought to his trial in West- 
 minster-hall, before the Marquis of Winchester (then Lord Trea- 
 surer of England) sitting as high-steward, and twenty-seven 
 peers. ^ The charge against him consisted of five parts : first. Of 
 raising men in the north parts of the realm : second. Of assembling 
 men to kill the Duke of Northumberland : third. Of resisting his 
 attachment : fourth. Of killing the gens d'arms, and raising 
 London : and, fifth. Of assaulting the lords, and devising their 
 deaths. To which he pleaded, not guilty, and putting himself 
 upon trial of his peers, he averred that he had never any intent 
 to raise men in the North : that he never intended to kill the 
 Duke of Northumberland, or any other Lord, but spoke of it only, 
 and determined the contrary. He further said, that it had been a 
 mad enterprize with his hundred men to assail the gens d'arma 
 guards, consisting of nine hundred, when, in case he had pre- 
 vailed, it would nothing have availed the pretended purpose : and 
 therefore, that this, being senseless and absurd, must needs dis- 
 credit other matters, which might otherwise have been believed. 
 
 Next, that at London he never projected any stir, but ever 
 held it a good place for his security. And that for having men 
 in his chamber at Greenwich, it was manifest he .meant no harm; 
 because, when he might have done it, he did not. Moreover, 
 against the persons of them whose examinations were read 
 against him, he objected many things, desiring they might be 
 brought to his face ; but his request was rejected. Against Sir 
 Thomas Palmer, one of the witnesses, he urged several particulars 
 to his discredit ; and yet in opinion of many, far short of what 
 might have been proved. 
 
 The King's learned council pleaded, that some of the crimes 
 charged against him were treason, and the other felony j never- 
 theless, after many varieties in opinion, he was acquitted of 
 treason, but found guilty of felony, by \ irtne of a statute then in 
 force, which made conspiring the death of a privy -counsellor 
 felony, without the benefit of clergy j and he received sentence 
 to be hanged. 
 
 Those who were present at his trial, hearing the lords say, 
 not guilty, (which was to the treason) thinking he was acquitted, 
 and chieily for that immediately on those words, the ax of the 
 
 State Trials. foliO) vol vii.
 
 106 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND 
 
 Tower was taken from before him, they testified their joy with 
 such loud acclamations, that it was heard at Charing Cross.* And 
 on his passing through London, some hollowed for joy that he 
 was acquitted, and others cried tliat he was condemned, and the 
 people murmured against the Duke of Northumberland and the 
 other Lords who were his enemies. 
 
 On Friday the 22d of January, 1551-2, before eight in the 
 morning, the Duke was brought from the Tower to the scaftbld, 
 which having ascended, he changed neither voice or countenance, 
 but kneeling down, and lifting up his hands, commended himself 
 unto God. After he had ended some short prayers, standing up 
 again, and turning himself to the east side of the scafibld, be with 
 great alacrity, and cheerfulness of mind and countenance, uttered 
 these words to the people : 
 
 " Dearly beloved friends, I am brought hither to suffer death, 
 albeit I never offended against the King, neither by word or deed, 
 and have been always as faithful and true unto this realm, as any 
 man bath been. But forasmuch as I am by law condemned to 
 die, I do acknowledge myself, as well as others, to be subject 
 thereunto. Wherefore to testify mine obedience which I owe 
 unto the laws, I come hither to suffer death, whereunto I willingly 
 offer myself with most hearty thanks unto God, that hath given 
 me this time of repentance, who might tlirough sudden death 
 have taken away my life, that I neither should have acknowledged 
 him nor myself. j 
 
 " Moreover (dearly beloved friends) there is yet somewhat 
 that I must put you in mind of, as touching Christian religion, 
 which so long as I was in authority, I always diligently set forth 
 and furthered, to my power. Neither do I repent me of my 
 doings, but rejoice tlierein, sith now the state of Christian religion 
 Cometh most near unto the form and order of the primitive 
 church. Which thing I esteem as a great benefit given of God, 
 both to you and me ; most heartily exhorting you all, that this 
 which is most purely set forth, you will with like thankfulness ac- 
 cept and embrace, and set out the same in your living : which 
 thing if you do not, without doubt, greater mischief and calamity 
 will follow."" 
 
 More he would have said, but a strange tumult and sudden 
 consternation of the assembly interrupted him ; but the Duke in 
 the mean time stood unmoved, waving his cap which he held in 
 his hands, and making signs to the people, to keep themselves 
 
 ' Burnet, ib. p- lii- " Ibid. p. 164.
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. 169 
 
 quiet. And when they were composed, espying Sir Anthony 
 Brown riding to the scafFold, they conjectured the King had sent 
 his uncle a pardon j and thereupon casting up their caps, they 
 cried, pardon, pardon is come, God save the King J 
 
 But at length silence being obtained, he spoke to tliem a 
 second time in this manner : 
 
 " Dearly beloved friends, there is no such matter in hand, as 
 you vainly hope or believe. It seemeth thus good to Almighty 
 God, whose ordinance is meet and necessary that we be all obe- 
 dient unto. Wherefore I pray you all to be quiet, and let us join 
 in prayer unto the Lord, for the preservation of our noble King, 
 unto whose Majesty I wish continual health, with all felicity and 
 abundance, and all manner of prosperous success : whereunto the 
 people cried out. Amen. Moreover, I wish unto all his counsellors 
 the grace and favour of God, whereby they may rule all things 
 uprightly with justice, unto whom I exhort you all in the Lord 
 to shew yourselves obedient, the which is also very necessary for 
 you, under the pain of condemnation, and ako most profitable for 
 the preservation and safeguard of the King's Majesty. And for- 
 asmuch as heretofore I have had oftentimes affairs with divers 
 men, and that it is hard to please every man that hath been 
 offended or injured by me, I most humbly require and ask them 
 forgiveness : but especially Almighty God, whom, throughout all 
 my life, I have most grievously offended, and to all other, what- 
 soever they be that have offended me, I do witli my whole heart 
 forgive them. 
 
 " And once again (dearly beloved in the Lord) I require that 
 you will keep yourselves quiet and still, lest, through your 
 tumult, you might cause nie to have some trouble, which in this 
 case would nothing at all profit me, neither be any pleasure unto 
 you. For albeit the spirit be willing and ready, the flesh is frail 
 and wavering, and through your quietness I shall be much more the 
 quieter : but if that you fall into tumult, it will be great trouble, 
 and no gain at all. unto you. Moreover, I desire you to bear me 
 witness, that I die here in the faith of Jesus Christ, desiring you 
 to help me with your prayers, that I may persevere constant in 
 the same unto my life's end." 
 
 Then turning himself about, and kneeling down. Doctor Cox 
 (who was present to assist him in his last moments) delivered 
 into his hand a paper, wherein was contained a brief confession 
 to God } which being read, he stood up again, and bidding the 
 Sheriffs, the Lieutenant of the Tower, and others on the scafFold,
 
 i;o PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 farewel, taking them all by the hands, he after gave the ex- 
 ecutioner money. Then kneeling down in the straw, he untied 
 his shirt- strings, and the executioner coming to him, turned down 
 his collar round about his neck, and made all things ready for 
 his execution. Which being done, he covered his face with his 
 own haudkerchief, and laid himself down, shewing no manner of 
 trouble or fear, neither did his countenance change, any other 
 than that just before his e)'-es were covered, his cheeks had a little 
 more tincture of red than usual. 
 
 Thus lying on the block, and waiting for the stroke, his 
 doublet was taken notice of to cover his neck ; and thereupon he 
 was desired to rise up and put it off^ after which, laying himself 
 down again on the block, and calling thrice, Lord Jesus, save met 
 he was, on the third time of repeating it, in a moment bereft of 
 his life. His head and body were put into a coffin, and carried 
 back to the Tower, and buried on the north side of the choir of 
 St. Peter's chapel, between Queen Anne Boleyn and Queen 
 Catherine Howard. 
 
 That his death was generally lamented is manifest. ^ Many 
 they were, who kept handkerchiefs dipped in his blood, as so 
 many reliques : among the rest, a sprightly Dame, two years 
 after, when the Duke of Northumberland was led captive through 
 the city, for bis opposition against Queen Mary, run to him in 
 the streets, and shaking out her bloody handkerchief before him, 
 said, " Behold the blood of that worthy man, that good uncle of 
 that excellent King, which iVas shed by thy treacherous machi- 
 nations, now, at this instant, begins to revenge itself upon thee." 
 
 His Grace's character is given us by Dr. Burnet, y in these 
 words, " Edward Duke of Somerset, was a person of great 
 virtues, eminent for piety, humble and affable in his greatness, 
 sincere and candid in all his transactions, he was a better captain 
 than counsellor, had been often successful in his undertakings, 
 was always careful of the poor and oppressed ; and in a word, 
 had as many virtues and as few faults as most great men, espe- 
 cially when they are unexpectedly advanced, have ever had. He 
 was much courted by John Calvin and Peter Martyr, the chiefs 
 who carried on the reformation." 
 
 " It was generally believed that all this pretended,conspiracy, 
 upon which he was condemned, was only a forgery. For both 
 Palmer and Crane, the chief witnesses, were soon after discharged, 
 
 * Godwin, p. 49. ^ Hist- Ref. vol ii. p. 187.
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. 171 
 
 as were also Bartvile, and Hamond, with all the rest that had 
 been made prisoners on the pretence of this plot. And the Duke 
 of Northumberland continued after that in so close a friendship 
 with Palmer, that it was generally believed he had been corrupted 
 to betray him. And indeed the not bringing the witnesses into 
 court, but only the depositions, and the parties sitting judges, 
 gave great occasion to condemn the proceedings against him. For 
 it was generally thought, that all was an artifice of Palmer's, who 
 had put the Duke of Somerset in fears of his life, and so got him 
 to gather men about him for his own preservation ; and" that he 
 afterwards being taken with him, seemed through fear to ac- 
 knowledge all that which he had before contrived. This was 
 more confirmed by the death of the other four formerly men- 
 tioned, who were executed on the 26th of February^ and did all 
 protest they had never been guilty of any design, either against 
 the King, or to kill the lords. Vane added, that his blood would 
 make Northumberland's pillow uneasie to him."^ 
 
 During the time of his imprisonment, he omitted no oppor- 
 tunity to employ his time religiously, as appears by his writ- 
 ings.^ 
 
 This great Duke had two wives. First, Catherine, daughter 
 and coheir of Sir William Fillol, of Fillol-hall in Essex, and 
 Woodlands in com. Dorset, Knight, and by her had issue two 
 sons, John, and Edward, of whom I shall farther treat, being 
 ancestor to the present Duke of Somerset, as also to the Marquis of 
 Hertford. His Grace the Duke of Somerset, by his second wife 
 Anne, daughter to Sir Edward Stanhope, of Sudbury in Suffolk, 
 and of Rampton in com. Nott. Knight, (and heir to her mother, 
 Elizabeth, sister to John Bouchier, Earl of Bath, and great grand- 
 daughter of William Bouchier, Earl of Ewe, in Normandy, by 
 Anne his wife, daughter and sole heir of Thomas of Woodstock, 
 Duke of Gloucester, seventh and youngest son of Edward III.) 
 had issue three sons, Edward, afterwards Earl of Hertford ; 
 Henry, who married Joan, daughter of Thomas Percy, Earl of 
 Northumberland, and died without issue j and another Edward, 
 who died unmarried, a Knight, in 1574. Also six daughters : 
 Anne, first married to John Dudley (commonly called Earl of 
 Warwick) eldest son to John Duke of Northumberland; and 
 afterwards to Sir Edward Unton, of Wadley in Farringdon in 
 
 "^ Hist. Ref. vol. li p. 187. 
 a For a list of these, with a spirited character of this Duke by Lord Or- 
 fordjsee Park's R.and N. A. vol-i p. 7,84,
 
 173 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Berks, Knight of the Bath ; Margaret and Jane, who both died 
 unmarried; Mary, first wedded to Andrew Rogers, eldest son to 
 Sir Richard Rogers, of Brianston in com. Dors. Knight, and after 
 to Sir Henry Peyton, Knight j Catherine died unmarried ; and 
 Elizabeth, who became the second wife to Sir Richard Knightly, 
 of Fawesley and Norton in com. Northampt. Knight j she died'' 
 June 3d, l602, and was buried at Norton. The three first men- 
 tioned daughters are celebrated by Thuanus, for the composition 
 of 160 verses in couplets, on the death of Margaret, consort of 
 Henry de Albert, King of Navarre, and sister of Francis I. of 
 France. The same historian describes them as worthy of immortal 
 fame for their noble birth, elegance of wit, extraordinary learn- 
 ing, and rare probity of manners. "= Their mother was secondly 
 married to Francis Newdigate, Esq. ; she died April 16th, 1587, 
 and is buried in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, eldest son and heir 
 of Edward, first Duke of Somerset, by his Dutchess, Anne Stan- 
 hope, was, by special entail, inheritor, by descent from the said 
 Duke, as well of most of his lands, &c. as of all his dignities, 
 and honourable titles of Duke of Somerset, Earl of Hertford, 
 Viscount Beauchamp, ^ and Baron Seymour ; as not forfeited by 
 the crime for which he suffered death. But in the session of 
 parliament, in the fifth and sixth years of Edward VI. (when he 
 was but thirteen years of age, or thereabout) there passed an act, 
 by the procurement of his enemies, by which were given to the 
 crown the said dignities and titles of honour, with lands of 5000/, 
 yearly value. Being thus deprived of all his titles and lands, he 
 contiiaued in this disconsolate condition, till Queen Elizabeth* 
 created him Earl of Hertford, and Baron Beauchamp, in the 
 first year of her reign, before her coronation. He married the 
 Lady Catherine Grey, daughter and heir of Henry Grey, Duke 
 of Suffolk, (b)'^ the Lady Frances his wife, eldest daughter and 
 coheir to Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, and Mary the French 
 Queen, wha was youngest daughter to Henry VII,) which lady 
 had been divorced from Henry Herbert, Earl of Pembroke; and 
 being sister to the Lady Jane, who was beheaded,*' it was the 
 cause of great trouble, both to her and the Earl. In 1563, being 
 
 *> Bridges's Northamp. voli. p. 79. <= See Park's R. and N. A. vol. i. p. 293. 
 rt So it is said; but query ? for surely the Viscounty of Bcauthamp wa 
 entailed on the issue by the first marriage. 
 
 "^ 1 Paf. Eliz p. 4. 
 f Camden's Annals of gueen Elizabeth is Kennet, vol. ii. p. 389.
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. 173 
 
 discerned to be big with child, she was committed prisoner to the 
 TowcFj though she acknowledged herself to be his lawful wife j 
 and he returning out of France, where he had gone with the 
 Queen's leave, and owning his marriage, was also imprisoned 
 with her ; where she was soon brought to-bed of her first son j 
 after that, of another, having corrupted her keeper. He was, 
 upon this, censured in the Star-Chamber, upon these three points : 
 first, for that he had vitiated a maid of the royal blood j next, 
 that he had broke prison ; and lastly, that he had lain with her 
 again. To which he answered, that having lawfully married her, 
 and the prison doors standing open, he came to her, in her sad- 
 ness, to comfort, and pay his conjugal debt : yet was, nevertheless, 
 fined 15,000^. and kept prisoner for the space of lune years in the 
 Tower, where his Countess died, on January 26th, 1567 . The 
 validity of this marriage being afterwards tried at common law, 
 the minister who married them being present, and other circum- 
 stances agreeing, the jury found it a good marriage. 
 
 This Earl lived s to be an aged man ; ^ and in the 3d of Jac. I. 
 l605, with much importunity, was prevailed on to go ambassador 
 to the Arch-Duke Albert, governor of the Netherlands, for con- 
 firming a peace. ' *' The Earl," says Carte," who was generally 
 thought to be master of more ready money, than any nobleman in 
 England, resolved to make a pompous figure in his embassj'^, and 
 to spend in it 10,000/. besides his allowance." 
 
 By the Lady Catherine Grey, his first wife, aforesaid, he had 
 issue three sons j Edward who died young ; Edward Lord Beau- 
 champ j and Thomas, who took to wife Isabel, daughter of 
 Edward Onley, of Catesby in com. Northam, Esq. j he died with- 
 out issue, on August 8th, l600, and his wife on August 20tb, 
 1619, was buried in St. Margaret's church, Westminster 5 also 
 Catherine, a daughter, who died young. He had likewise two 
 other wives 3 Frances, daughter to William Lord Howard, of 
 Effingham, sister to Charles Earl of Nottingham, who dying on 
 May 14th, 1508, was buried in Westminster- Abbey on June 20th 
 following. He, lastly, married Frances, daughter to Thomas 
 Viscount Howard, of Bindon, and widow of Henry Pranell,k 
 Esq. of London ; but by neither of these had any issue 5 and the 
 
 In the latter part of her reign he entertained Queen Elizabeth at his eat 
 t Elvetham, near Hertford Bridge in Hants; for an account of which set 
 Nichols's Progresses- 
 
 > Camden's Annals, Jac I. 
 
 ' Sec Memoirs of James's Peers, p. 295 ; and Winw. Memor. vol- ii. p. 45, s. 
 
 * Fed of FraDRcll in Vine- No 119407, in Her- CoH.
 
 174 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 latter was thirdly, wedded to Lodowick Stuart, Duke of -Lenox 
 and Richmond, and died 1639 3 but had no children.^ His Lord- 
 ship, departing this life in April 1621^'" aged eighty-three, was 
 buried in the cathedral church of Salisbury. 
 
 Edward Lord Beaucuamp, his eldest surviving son (notwith- 
 standing the Duke's descendants, by the first venter, had lodged 
 a petition in the house of peers, against the claim of those of the 
 second to the family titles) in the sixth of Jac. I. obtained letters 
 patent, " that he and the heirs male of his body, immediately after 
 the death of his father, should be Barons of parliament, and have 
 place and voice there: as also, other letters patents the same year, 
 for the enjoyment of the title of Earl of Hertford. And having 
 married Honora, daughter to Sir Richard Rogers, of Brianston in 
 com. Dors. Knight, without the consent of the Earl his father, it 
 exposed him to a great deal of trouble. He died before his father, 
 and by the said Lady Honora, he had three sons and one daughter ; 
 first, Edward, who was created Knight of the Bath, at the crea- 
 tion of Charles Prince of Wales, and married Anne, daughter of 
 Robert Sackvile, Earl of Dorset. The marriage articles bear date 
 March 20tli, I6O8} by which it appears, the Lady was to have 
 6000Z. for her portion, payable by her brother, Richard Earl of 
 Dorset, at Hertford House in Chanon Row, in the city of West- 
 minster. And the Earl of Hertford, his grandfather, covenants to 
 settle a jointure of 800/. per ann. on her. He died in August, 161 8, 
 before his father and grandfather, and had issue, by the said Lady 
 Anne, (who was secondly married to Sir Edward Lewis, Knight,) 
 one son, Edward, who died young, and two daughters, Anne and 
 Mary, who died infants. The second son of Edward Lord Beau- 
 champ, by the said Lady Honora, was Sir William Seymour, 
 Knight of the Bath ; and Sir Francis Seymour, Knight, created 
 Lord Seymour of Troubridge, was third son. The daughter, 
 Honora, was married to Sir Ferdinand Dudley, Knight of the 
 Bath, at that time heir-apparent of Edward Lord Dudley. 
 
 Sir William Seymour, second son of this Edward Lord 
 Beauchamp, on the death of his grandfather, Edward Earl of 
 Hertford, 1621, succeeded him in his honours. 
 
 This William Earl and MARauis of Hertford, and second 
 Duke of Somerset, was educated in Magdalen- college in 
 Oxford. His marriage with Lady Arabella Stuart, daughter of 
 
 ' See an account of her fantastic charaaer in A. Wilson, p. 258;. and 
 Memoirs of James's .Peers, p- 296. Also a print of her, Biog. Minor, vol. 11. 
 p 116. See also Topographer, vol. i. p 39S. 
 
 "1 St George's MS. Baron- praedict " Pat. 6. Jac I. p 3a.
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET, 174 
 
 Charles Stuart fifth Earl of Lennox, uncle to King James, by 
 Elizabeth Cavendish, made a great noise in this reign. " Her 
 double relation to royalty," says Lodge, " was equally obnoxious 
 to the jealousy of Elizabeth, and the timidity of Jamesj and they 
 secretly dreaded the supposed danger of her having a legitimate 
 offspring. The former therefore prevented her from marrying 
 Esme Stunrt, her kinsman, and heir to the titles and estates of 
 her family ; the latter, by obliging her to reject many splendid 
 oflfers of marriage, unwarily encouraged the hopes of many in- 
 ferior pretenders. Thus circumscribed, she renewed a childish 
 connection with William Seymour, which was discovered in 
 1609." 
 
 Mr, Beaulieu writes to Mr. Trumbull, February 15th, 16O9 : 
 *' The Lady Arabella, who as you know was not long ago cen- 
 sured for having, without the King's privity, entertained a motion 
 of marriage, was again within these few days deprehended in the 
 like treaty with my Lord of Beauchamp's second son, and both 
 were called and examined yesterday at the court about it. What 
 the matter will prove, I know not; but these affectations of 
 marriage in her do give some advantage to the world, of impairing 
 the reputation of her constant and virtuous disposition," p 
 
 Sir Dudley Carleton writes to Sir R, Winwood, July 25th, 
 
 1610 : " The great match, which was lately stolen betwixt the 
 , Lady Arabella and young Beauchamp, provides them both of safe 
 
 lodgings ; the Lady close prisoner at Sir Thomas Parry's house at 
 Lambeth ; and her husband in the Tower. Melvin, the poetical 
 minister, welcomed him thither, with this distich : 
 
 Communis tecum mihi causa est carceris ; Ara- 
 Bella tibi causa est, Araque sacra mihi. i 
 
 Mr. John More writes to Sir Ralph Winwood, June 8th, 
 
 1611 : " The first of this month, by the ordinary of Middleburg, 
 I sent your Lordship some advertisements of small importance, 
 and that which I now send is, for the most part, of no better stuff. 
 The quick-winged and various fame of my Lady Arabella's and 
 Mr. Seymour's flight will far outstrip the passage of this letter j 
 yet in the certain manner of their escape, it may perhaps, in 
 ome points, clear the obscurity of forerunning bruits. On 
 
 Illustr. vol. iii- p. 178 n. 
 p Winrr. Mem. vol iii. p. 119. s Ibid, p-zoi.
 
 176 . PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Monday last, in the afternoon, my Lady Arabella, lying at Mr, 
 Conyers's'' house, near Highgate, having induced her keepers 
 and attendants into security by the fair shew of conformity, and 
 willingness to go on her journey towards Durham, which the 
 next day she must have done, and in the mean time disguising 
 herself, by drawing a pair of great French -fashioned hose over 
 her petticoats, putting on a man's doubletj'a man-like peruke witli 
 long locks over her hair, a black hat, black cloak, russet boots 
 with red tops, and a rapier by her side, walked forth between 
 tliree and four of the clock with Markham. After they had gone 
 a-foot a mile and a half to a sorry inn, where Crompton attended 
 with horses, she grew very sick and faint, so as the ostler that 
 held the stirrup, said that the gentleman would hardly hold out to 
 London ; yet being set on a good gelding, astride in an unwonted 
 fashion, the stirring of the horse brought blood enough into her 
 face, and so she rid on towards Blackwall ; where arriving about 
 six o'clock, finding there In a readiness two men, a gentlewoman, 
 and a chambermaid, with one boat full of Mr. Seymour's and her 
 trunks, and another boat for their persons, they hasted from thence 
 towards Woolwich. Being come so far, they bade the watermen 
 row on to Gravesend. There the watermen were desirous to 
 land, but for a double freight were contented to go on to Lee ; 
 yet, being almost tired by the way, they were fain to lie still at 
 Tilbury, whilst the rowers went a-land to refresh themselves. 
 Then they proceeded to Lee, and by that time the day appeared, 
 and they discovered a ship at anchor a mile beyond them, which 
 was the French bark that waited for them. Here the lady would 
 have lain at anchor, expecting Mr. Seymour, but, through the 
 importunity of her followers, they forthwith hoisted sail sea- 
 ward. In the mean while, Mr. Seymour, with a peruke and 
 beard of black hair, and in a tawny cloth suit, walked alone 
 without suspicion from bis lodging, out of the great west door of 
 the Tower, following a cart that had brought him billets. From 
 thence he walked along by the Tower wharf, by the warders of 
 the south gate, and so to the iron gate, where Rodney was ready 
 with oars for to receive him : when they came to Lee, and found 
 that the French ship was gone, the billows rising high, they hired 
 a fisherman for twenty shillings to set them aboard a certain ship 
 that they saw under sail. That ship they found not to be it they 
 
 ' In my Lord Salisbury's letter to Mr- Trunbull, it is Sir James Croft's 
 home-
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. 17; 
 
 looked for, so they made forward to the next under sail, which 
 was a ship of Newcastle. This, with much ado, they hired for 
 401. to carry them to Calais : but whether the collier did perform 
 his bargain or no, is not as yet here known. On Tuesday in the 
 afternoon, my Lord Treasurer being advertised that the Lady 
 Arabella had made an escape, sent forthwith to the Lieutenant of 
 the Tower, to set straight guard over Mr. Seymour ; which he, 
 after his yare manner, ' would throughly do, that he would :' but 
 coming to the prisoner's lodgings, he found, to his great amaze- 
 ment, that he was gone from thence one whole day before. 
 
 I may not omit in this relation, to insert the limple part of 
 two silly persons j the one called Tom Barber, servant to Mr. 
 Seymour, who (believing his master spake bond fide,) did, ac- 
 cording to his instructions, tell every one that came to enquire for 
 his master, that he was newly betaken to his rest, being much 
 troubled with the tooth-ache; and when the matter was disco- 
 vered, did seriously persist to persuade Mr. Lieutenant, that ha 
 was gone to lie a night with his wife, and would surely return 
 thither of himself again : the other a minister's wife, attending 
 the lady, who, seeing htr mistress disguise herself, and slip 
 away, was truly persuaded that she intended but to make a private 
 visit to her husband, and did duly attend her return at the tim 
 appointed. 
 
 " Now the King and the Lords being much disturbed with 
 this unexpected accident, my Lord Treasurer sent orders to a 
 pinnace that lay at the Downs, to put presently to sea, first to 
 Calais road, and then to scour up the coast, towards Dunkirk. 
 This pinnace, spying the aforesaid French bark which lay linger- 
 ing for Mr. Seymour, made to her, which thereupon offered to 
 fly towards Calais, and endured thirteen shot of the pinnace, 
 before she would strike. In this bark is the Lady taken, with 
 her followers, and brought back towards the Tower, not so sorry 
 for her own restraint, as she would be glad if Mr. Seymour might 
 escape, whose welfare she protesteth to affect much more than her 
 own. 
 
 " In this passionate hurry here was a proclamation first con- 
 ceived in very bitter terms, but by my Lord Treasurer's mode- 
 ration, seasoned at the print, ' as now here you find it. There 
 are likewise three letters dispatched in haste, written by Sir 
 
 , Sec Rymer's Foedera, XVI- p. 710, where this proclamation is printed! 
 at large- 
 
 VOL. I. K
 
 178 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Thomas Lake, to the King and Queen Regent of France, and to 
 the Archdukes, all written with harsher ink than now, if they 
 were to do, (I presume) they should be, especially that to the 
 Archdukes, which did seem to presuppose their course to tend 
 that way ; and all three describing the offence in black colours, 
 and pressing their sending back without delay. Indeed, the 
 general belief was, that they intended to settle themselves in 
 Brabant, and that under the favour of the Popish faction ; but 
 now I rather think they will be most pitied by the Puritans, and 
 that their course did wholly tend to France. And though for the 
 former I had only mine own corrigible imagination, yet for the 
 latter many pregnant reasons do occur: as, that the ship th&t did 
 attend them was French ; the place that Mr. Seymour made for 
 was Calais ; the man that made their perukes, was a French 
 clockmaker, who is fled with them ; and in the ship is said to be 
 found a French post, with letters from the ambassador. This 
 proclarhation for the oath is by diverse found strange, for that it 
 is so general : but where love is, loyalty will not be wanting. 
 The number of Baronets is now just thirty-six."* 
 
 On March 10th, l6l2, Mr. John Chamberlaine has these 
 words in a letter to Sir Ralph Winwood : " The Lady Arabella is 
 said to be distracted, which (if it be so) comes well to pass for 
 somebody, whom they say she hath nccirly touched." " Again on 
 May 6th, l6l3, he says, "The Lady Arabella is likewise '^ re- 
 strained of late, though they say her brain continues still cracked. ">' 
 Lady Arabella died in the Tower without issue j and was interred 
 in Westminster Abbey, September 27th, 1 6l5, near Henry Prince 
 of Wales. 
 
 Her husband Lord William Seymour, who afterwards suc- 
 ceeded to the family honours, in consideration of his eminent 
 merits, was advanced ' to the dignity of Marquis of Hertford, 
 3d Junii 1640, and thereupon constituted governor to the Prince 
 of Wales : and faithfully adhering to that King, on the grand re- 
 belUon against him, was made lieutenant-general of all his forces, 
 in the counties of Wilts, Southampton, Dorset, &c. and elected 
 Chancellor of the University of Oxford, October 24th, 1643 : and 
 the same year made Groom of the Stole to the King ; whom be 
 attended throughout the course of the civil wars, and distinguished 
 himself on several occasions, particularly by his gallant defence of 
 
 ' Win\v..Mein. vol-iii. p-ayg 281. " Ibid. p. 44a. 
 
 As well as Lord Grey de Wilton y Winw ut supr p. 454. 
 
 ^ Pat 16 Car. I. p. 1.
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. 179 
 
 Sherborne castle in Dorsetshire, l642, against the parliamen- 
 tarians, and by his courage and conduct at the battle of Lans- 
 tJown, on July 5th, 1643. When the Marquis was informed, 
 that the rebels proposed to put his Majesty to death, he, with 
 James Stuart, Duke of Richmond, Thomas Wriothcslej, Earl of 
 Southampton, and Montague Bertie, Earl of Lindsey, generously 
 offered themselves sacrifices for the safety of their Sovereign, as 
 having been, by their office of privy-counsellors, the advisers of 
 the measures imputed to liim as criminal : and on his craei murder, 
 they got a licence from the parliament to bury his Majesty's 
 body, 
 
 " The Marquis of Hertford, " says Lord Clarendon, " was a 
 man of great honour, interest, and estate, and of an universal 
 esteem over the whole kingdom; and though he had received 
 many, and continued disobligations from the court, from the time 
 of the King's coming to the crown, as well as during the reign of 
 King James, in both which seasons, more than ordinary care had 
 been taken to discountenance and lessen his interest ; yet he had 
 carried himself with such a notable steadiness, from the beginning 
 of the parliament- in the support and defence of the King's power 
 and dignity, notwithstanding all his allies, and those with whom 
 he had the greatest familiarity and friendship, were of the oppo- 
 site party j and never concurred with them against the Earl of 
 Strafford, whom he was known not to love, nor in any other ex- 
 travagancy. And then he was not to be shaken in his affection to 
 the government of the church; though it was enough known, 
 that he was in no degree biassed- to any great inclination to the 
 person of any churchman. And with all this, that party carried 
 themselves towards bitn with profound respect, not presuming to 
 venture their own credit in endeavouring to lessen his. It is very 
 true, he wanted some of those qualities, which might have been 
 wished to be in a person to be trusted in the education of a great 
 and hopeful prince, and in forming of his mind and manners in so 
 tender an age. He was of an age not fit for much activity and 
 fatigue, and loved, and was even wedded so much 10 his ease, that 
 he loved his book above all exercises; and had even contracted 
 such a lazmess of mind, that he had no delight in an open and 
 liberal conversation ; and cnred not to discourse, and argue ou 
 those points which he understood vcy well, only for the trouble 
 of contending; and could never impose upon himself the; pain 
 that was necessary to be undergone, in such a perpetual attend- 
 ance : but then those lesser duties might be otherwise provided
 
 180 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 for, and he could well support the dignity of a governor, and ex* 
 act that diligence from others, which he could not exercise him- 
 self j and his honour was so unblemished, that none durst mur^- 
 rour against the designation ; and therefore his majfsty thought 
 him very worthy :of the high trust against which there was no 
 other exception, but that he was not ambitious of it, nor in truth 
 willing to receive and undergo the change, so contrary to his 
 natural constitution. But in his pure zeal and affection for the 
 crown, and the conscience, that in this conjuncture his submis^ 
 sion might advance the King's service, and that the refusing it 
 might prove disadvantageous to his Majesty, he very cheerfully 
 undertook the province, to the general satisfaction and public joy 
 of the whole kingdom 5 and to the no little honour and credit of 
 the court, that so important and beloved a person would attach 
 himself to it under such a relation, when so many, who had 
 scarce ever eaten any bread but the King's, detached themselve* 
 from their dependence, that they might without him and against 
 him, preserve and improve those fortunes, which they had pro* 
 cured and gotten under him, and by his bounty." 
 
 In another place Lord Clarendon says, " The Marquis of 
 Hertford was a man of great honour, and fortune, and interet in 
 the affection of the people ; and had always undergone hard mea- 
 sure from the court, where be long received no countenance, and 
 had no design of making advantage from it. For, though he 
 was a man of very good parts, and conversant in books, both in 
 Latin and the Greek languages, and of a clear courage, of which 
 he had given frequent evidenc'J^ yet he was so wholly given up 
 to a country life, where he lived in splendour, that he had an 
 aversion, and even an unaptness, for business : besides his parti- 
 cular friendship with the Earl of Essex, whose sister he had 
 married, his greatest acquaintance and conversation had been with 
 those who had the reputation of being best affected to the liberty 
 of the kingdom, and least in love with the humour of the court ; 
 many of whom were the chief of those who engaged themselves 
 most factiously, and furiously against the King, But as sobn as 
 he discerned their violent purposes against the government esta- 
 blished, before he suspected their blacker designs, he severed 
 himself from them; and from the beginning of the parliament, 
 never concurred with them in any one vote dishonourable to the 
 King, or in the prosecution of the Earl of Strafford. He did ac- 
 cept the government of the Prince of Wales, as is mentioned 
 before, purely out of obedience to the Kingj and, no doubt, i^
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. 181 
 
 Was a great service ; though for the performance of the ofSce of 
 a governor, he never thought himself fit, nor meddled with it. 
 He left York, as is remembered, to form an army for the King 
 in the west, where his interest was ; but he found thoie parts so 
 corrupted, and an army from the parliament was poured down so 
 soon upon him, that there was nothing for the present to be done 
 worthy of his presence; so that he sent the small party, that was 
 with him, farther west to Cornwall ; where, by degrees, they 
 grew able to raise an army, with which they joined with him 
 afterwards again; and himself returned to the King at Oxford, 
 about the time when the treaty began.'' 
 
 During the usurpation, ^ he was dismissed from being Chan- 
 cellor of the University of Oxford, but by a letter sent to the 
 University, dated May 8th, 160O, was restored to his place of 
 Chancellor on the 26th following; and on June 6th was con- 
 firmed by the convocation. 
 
 On the King's restoration, the Marquis of Hertford met the 
 King at Dover ; and the next day, May 27th, his Majesty at Can- 
 terbury gave him the garter (having been elected in Jersey on 
 Januai"y 13tb, l64Q) at the same time that he gave it to the Earl 
 of Southampton, and General Monk. He was also, by a special 
 act, in that parliament begun at Westminster on April 25th, 
 1660, restored to the title of Duke of Somerset, forfeited by 
 the attainder of Edward Duke of Somerset, his great grandfather^ 
 with limitation to the heirs male of the body of the said Edward, 
 late Duke of Somerset, begotten on the body of the Lady Anne 
 his wife, with all privileges as fully and amply, as if the act of 
 attainder in 5 Edward VI. had never been made. On the passing- 
 of which act, the King thus expressed himself, in parliament, 
 ' That as this was an act of an extraordinary nature, so it was 
 done for an extraordinary person, who hath merited so much of 
 his royal father and himself, as any subjejt could do ; ar.d there- 
 fore hoped no man would envy it, because he had done what a 
 good master should do to such a servant." 
 
 This great nobleman departed this life on October 24th, I660, 
 and was buried at Great Bedwin. He had two wives; lirst, the 
 Lady Arabella Stuart, already mentioned. 
 
 His second lady was Frances, daughter of Robert Earl of 
 Essex, and eldest sister and coheir to Robert Devereux, Earl of 
 Essex, the parliament general. By this lady he had five sons and 
 
 a Wood's Fasti Oxon, vol ii.
 
 18* PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 four d"aughter3, of which William, Robert, and Edward, died un- 
 married j as also one of his daughters, the Ladjr Arabella : and 
 his second daughter, Lady Frances, died without children, after 
 having married three husbands, viz. Richard Viscount MoUneux, 
 Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, and Conyers, soa 
 and heir to Conyers Lord Darcy. His other daughters were. 
 Lady Mary, married to Heneage Earl of Winchelsea, and Lady 
 Jane to Charles Lord Clifford of Lanesborough, son and heir to 
 Richard Boyle, Earl of Burlington j she died November 23d^ 
 1679, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 His sons that lived to maturity, were Henry Lord Beauchamp, 
 third son, and Lord John Seymour, who at length was Duke of 
 Somerset, of whom I shall farther treat. 
 
 Which Henry Lord Beauchamp took to wife Mary, eldest 
 daughter of Arthur Lord Capel, of Hadham, ancestor to the 
 Earls of Essex of that family, and died at the age of twenty-eight 
 years, in his father's life-time, anno 1656; leaving the said Mary 
 his wife surviving, afterwards married to Henry Duke of Beau- 
 fort. By the Lord Beauchamp she had one son, William, who 
 succeeded his grandfather, as third Duke of Somerset, and three 
 daughters, Frances, and Mary, who died infants ; and Elizabeth, 
 who had a warrant from^ Charless JL on June 28th, 1672, allow- 
 ing her the title of Lady, and the place and precedency of a 
 daughter of the Duke of Somerset ; on August 31, I676, she was 
 married to Thomas Lord Bruce, afterward Earl of Ailesbiiry, and 
 died in childbed January 12th, 1696-7. And from her descend 
 the Earls of Aylesbury, who from that great marriage possess the 
 Seymour estates in Wiltshire; but whose representative in blood 
 is the present Countess Temple, daughter of the late Duke of 
 Chandos, in right of his mother. 
 
 William, third Duke of Somerset, after five days illness, 
 died at Worcester-house in the*^ Strand, unmarried (aged twenty 
 years) on September 26th, 1671, and the Lord John, his uncle, 
 succeeded to the honours. 
 
 John, fourth Duke of Somerset, having married Sarah, 
 daughter of Sir Edward Alston, Knight, president of the college 
 of physicians (and relict of George Grimston, Esq. son of Sir 
 Harbottle Grimston, master of the rolls) departed this life with- 
 out issue, at Amesbury in Wiltshire, on April 20th, 16/ 5, and 
 was buried in- the cathedral of Salisbury, and" his Duchess sur- 
 
 * Sandford'5 Gcneal. History, p. 366. Hist Engl vol iii. p. 309.
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. 18f 
 
 viving till 25th October 1692, was interred in Westminsters 
 Abbey. 
 
 His Duchess gave a notable instance of her regard for the 
 family of Somerset, having by her will, dated May 17th, 1686, 
 settled, in the strictest terms of law, the manors of Powscy and 
 Titcombe, cum Oxenwood, and Harding farm, with their appur- 
 tenances, in Wiltshire, on the successive Dukes of Somerset de- 
 scendants from Edward Seymour, the first Duke. She likewise 
 founded the noble alms-house at Froxfield, in the said county, 
 for thirty widows not having 20L a year, one half the widows of 
 clergymen, and the other of laymen. 
 
 Now I come to Sir Fkancis Seymour, Knight, third son to 
 Edward Lord Viscount Beauchamp, son and heir to Edward Earl 
 of Hertford, and younger brother to William Duke of Somerset, 
 who was restored to that title, as before mentioned. Which Sir 
 Francis, on February 19th, 16 Car. I. had been advanced to the 
 dignity of a Baron of this realm, ** by the title of Lord Sey- 
 mour, OF Troubiiidge J and was*^ constituted Chancellor of the 
 duchy of Lancaster, on June 1st, 1660. He married twice 5 first, 
 Frances, daughter and coheir to Sir Gilbert Prinne, ofAUingtoa 
 in com. Wilts, Knight, by whom he had issue one son, Charles 
 Lord Troubridge, and a daughter, Frances, inarried to Sir William 
 Ducie, of Tortworth in com, Gloucest. Knight of the Bath, wha 
 was created Lord Viscount Down, in Ireland : secondly, Cathe- 
 rine, daughter to Sir Robert Lee,*^ of Billesley in com, Warw, 
 Knight, by whom he had no issue ; and dying on July 12tb, 
 1664, was buried at Bedwin. 
 
 Charles, his only son, succeeded him as Lord Trou- 
 bridge, and dying on August 25th, i665, was buried by hi 
 father. He married first Mary, daughter and sole heir of Thomas 
 Smith, of Solcy in the parish of Chilton Foliot in com. VVilts^ 
 Esq.; by whom he had issue Edward, that died in his infancy, 
 and two daughters, Catherine, who died unmarried ; and Frances, 
 wedded to Sir George Hungerford, of Cadengham in the county 
 of Wilts, Knight, And having married, secondly, Elizabeth, 
 daughter to William Lord Allington, of Horsheath in the county 
 of Cambridge, had issue five sons, viz. Francis, William, au4 
 William, who all died young; Francis and Charles, who survived, 
 and were successively Dukes of Somerset: also two daughter^ 
 
 d Pat. 16 Car. I. p 7. e Pat. la Car. II. 
 
 f Vide Fed of Lee K. Ill fol 50, in Her, Coli.
 
 184 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Elizabeth, who died young ; and Honora, married to Sir Cbarleg 
 Gerard, of Harrow on the Hill in the county of Middlesex, Bart, 
 and she died in May, 173I. Their mother was secondly married 
 to Sir John Ernie, Knight, Chancellor of the Exchequer. s 
 
 Francis, eldest of the two sons, sncceeded his father in l665. 
 He was born on January 17th, 1657, and by the death of the 
 before-mentioned John Duke of Somerset, who died without 
 issue, in 16/5, became the fifth Duke of Somerset : but tra- 
 velling in Italy was murdered at Lerice, in the territories of the 
 Genoese, on April 20th, 1678, occasioned by his falling into 
 company with some French gentlemen, who persuaded him to go 
 with them into the church of the Augustinians at Lerice, where 
 they oiFercd some rudeness to certain ladies of the family of Botti 
 of that town. This was so much resented by the husband of on., 
 of those ladies, Horatio Botti, that he watched his opportunity, 
 and shot the Duke at the door of his inn, of which wound he 
 instantly died. It was the Duke's unhappiness, that he was in 
 company with these French gentlemen, who gave the provocation, 
 he himself being intirely innocent. On his death, his uncle, Mr. 
 Hildebrand Allington, afterwards Lord Allington, who travelled 
 with his Grace, immediately gave notice of it to the state of 
 Genoa, and demanded satisfaction. That republic was not want- 
 ing in doing all that was possible, in order to apprehend the said 
 Horatio Botti ; 'lul he making his escape, they promised a reward 
 to any one that should seize him, and bring him to justice; and 
 he was hanged in effigie, as an atonement to the King of England, 
 for the death of so great a subject. 
 
 He was succeeded in his honours and estate by his brother 
 Charles, sixth Duke, born on August 12th, 1662, commonly 
 called the proud Duke of Somerset, both on account of his mag- 
 nificent and stately manner of living, as well as on account of his 
 extreme haughtiness. ' His Grace, on May 30th, l682, took to 
 wife the Lady Elizabeth, sole daughter and heir of Josceline 
 Percy, the last Earl of Northumberland of that family, who had 
 been before married to Henry Cavendish, Earl of Ogle, only son 
 and heir to Henry Duke of Newcastle, who died before he was of" 
 age to cohabit with her, and secondly to Thomas Thynne, Esq. 
 According to the marriage articles, his Grace and his heirs were 
 
 s Monthly Chronicle for July 1731. 
 h For soMie anecdotes of his very jidiculous pride, see Noble's Contn of 
 teranger.
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. 185 
 
 to relinquish the surname of Seymour, and instead thereof to as- 
 sume and use that of Percy : but the Duchess, soon after sha 
 came of age, released him from that disagreeable obligation. By 
 that Lady (who died on November 23d, 1722) his Grace had 
 issue, that survived to maturity, three sons and four daughters, 
 viz. 
 
 Algernon Earl of Hertford, and seventh Duke, born on No- 
 vember 11th, 1684, 
 
 Lord Percy Seymour, who was born on June 3d, l686, served 
 in parliament for Cockermouth in Cumberland, and died of the 
 small-pox on July 4th, 1721, unmarried. 
 
 Lord Charles Seymour, who was born in 1688, died on 
 January, 4th, 171O, unmarried, and was buried in Westminster 
 Abbey, ' 
 
 Lady Elizabeth, who was married to Henry Obrien, Earl of 
 Thomond, of the kingdom of Ireland, and Viscount Tadcasier in 
 England, and died without issue, April 2d, 1734. 
 
 Lady Catherine, who was married on July 21st, 1708^ to Sir 
 William Wyndham, of Orchard Wyndham in the county of 
 Somerset, Bart, and died in April, 171 3, leaving issue Charles, 
 late Earl of Egremont, &c. 
 
 Lady Anne, married to Peregrine Marquis of Caermarthen, 
 son and heir of Peregrine Osborn, Duke of Leeds, died November 
 27th, 1722. "^ 
 
 Lady Frances, who died unmarried, on May 10th, 1720. 
 
 His Grace, on Februar)' 4th, 1725-6, had to his second wife, 
 the Lady Charlotte Pinch, second daughter to Daniel Earl of 
 Winchelsea, and Nottingham ; by whom he had two daughters j 
 the Lady Frances, bom on July 8th, 1728, married on September 
 3d, 1750, to John late Marquis of Granby, son and heir of John 
 present Duke of RulJand, and died January 25th, 176O: Lady 
 Charlotte, born on September 2 1 st, 1730, and married on October 
 6th, 1750, to Heneage Lord Guernsey, late Earl of Ailesford. 
 The Duchess their mother died January 2 1st, 1773. 
 
 His Grace was admitted Knight of the Garter on April 8th, 
 1684, and upon the demise of King Charles II. was one of the 
 privy-counsellors who signed the proclamation of James 11. for 
 whose service, in June following, he assisted in collecting the 
 militia of Somersetshire against the Duke of Monmouth : but re- 
 fiosing to introduce Ferdinand Dadda, Archbishop of Arnasia, 
 
 'Monumenta Anglieana; Tol iv<
 
 186 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 nuncio from Pope Innocent XI, to his audience at Windsor, on 
 July 3d, 1687, he was deprived of his place of lord of the bed- 
 chamber, and the command of the third regiment of dragoons, 
 raised in 1685. The University of Cambridge elected him their 
 Chancellor in 1688. When the Prince of Orange landed, in l688, 
 his Grace was one of the noblemen who offered him their assist- 
 ance : and during part of his reign, president of the council, and 
 one of the lords of regency, in 1701, when his Majesty made his 
 last visit to Holland. Upon Queen Anne's accession, he was 
 sworn of her privy-council, appointed master of the horse on 
 July 3d, following, and, in 17O8, one of the commissioners for 
 treating of the union. His Dachess, on January l6th, 171O-II, 
 was constituted groom of the stole, and first lady of the bed- 
 chamber to her Majesty : but his Grace was removed from the 
 mastership of the horse, on January 17th, 171I-12. His unex- 
 pected appearance with John Duke of Argyll, both unsummoned, 
 at the council at Kensmgton, on July 30th, 171'^> when the 
 Queen's recovery was despaired of, very probably disconcerted the 
 schemes of some of the other counsellors, with regard to the suc- 
 cession : and when her Majesty expired, on August 1st, his 
 Grace's name was the second in the list of the nineteen peers, 
 whom King George I. had, by a previous deed, added to the 
 seven great officers of state, as guardians of the realm, until his 
 arrival. In the mean time, his Grace concurred in every step for 
 preserving the quiet of the nation ; and, on August 31st, was em- 
 ployed, with the Duke of Shrewsbury and Lord Cowper, to re- 
 ceive the seals from Lord Bolingbroke, and seal up the doors of 
 his office. Kmg George having landed at Greenwich on Sep- 
 tember 18th, the Duke of Somerset was nominated one of the 
 new privy council, and restored to the place of master of the 
 horse, on the 27th of that month, but threw it up on October 
 25th, next year. The Duke accepted of no office at Court after- 
 wards, though the late King George II. in the first of his reign, 
 named him one of his privy council. 
 
 His Grace, after his succession to the peerage, assisted at 
 almost every grand solemnity in a station suitable to his high qua- 
 lity : at the funeral of Charles II. on February 14th, l6S4-5, he 
 was one of the supporters to Prince George of Denmark, the chief 
 mourner: he carried the orb at the coronation of James II,; 
 and the Queen's crown, at that of William and Mary : at the 
 burial of Queen Mary, on March 5th, l6g4-5, he was one of the 
 supporters of the pall, while his Duchess walked as chief mourner;
 
 t>UKE OF SOMERSEl^ iSf 
 
 ^t the funeral of King William, on April 12, 1702, he was one 
 of the two supporters to Prince George, the principal mourner : 
 and at the coi'onation of Queen Anne, of George I. aud of 
 George II. his Grace carried the orb. 
 
 His Grace, some years before his decease, retired from all 
 public affairs, to his seat at Petworth in Sussex, where he died on 
 December 2d, 1/48, and on the 26th of the same month, was 
 buried in Salisbury cathedral. "^ 
 
 His honours and estate devolved on his eldest son, Alger*- 
 BTON, Earl of Hertford, the seventh Duke of Somerset. 
 
 On the death of his mother in 1 722, he succeeded to the ba- 
 ronies of Percy, Lucy, Poynings, Fitz-Payne, Bkyan, and 
 Latimer, and took his seat accordingly in the house of peers> 
 being then aged thirty-eight. 
 
 But to look back to the earlier part of his life, he had, before 
 he arrived at full age, been returned member for Marlborough 
 to the parliament summoned to meet on June 14th, 1705, being 
 the last English parliament, and which, when the union took 
 place in 1 707, was with the members from Scotland, the first of 
 Great Britain. He was also elected for the same place to the par- 
 liament convened in 17O8 and 1722; but being at the same time 
 chosen one of the Knights of the shire for the county of Northum- 
 berland, as he was likewise to three intervening parliaments, he 
 took his seat for that county. 
 
 His Grace, at the death of Charles Sackville Earl of Dorset, 
 on January 25th, 1 705-6, was in his stead constituted Lord Lieu- 
 tenant and Gustos Rotulorum of the county of Sussex. 
 
 In 17O8, he made the campaign as a volunteer in Flanders, 
 and was present at the memorable victory obtained over the 
 French at Oudenard, on July llth, and at the taking of Lisle that 
 year. Upon those occasions, he so far signalized himself, that the 
 Duke of Marlborough sent his Lordship express, with the account 
 of his success, as published in our Gazette, No. 44()2: " St. 
 James's, November 26lh, This afternoon the Right Honourable 
 the Earl of Hertford arrived here express from his Grace the Duke 
 
 *^ In July, 1756, a very fine marble statue of his Grace (done at the ex- 
 pence of his daughters, the Marchioness of Granby and Lady Guernseyi by 
 the ingenious Mr llysbrack) representing him in the younger part of his life. 
 raised on a square pedestal, and dressed after the manner of Vandyke, with 
 the ensigns of tlie Garter, leanir.g in an easy posture on his left arm, anci 
 holding a roil in his right hand, was placed in the senate-house of the Univer-. 
 sity of Cambridge, with a suitable inscription-
 
 18S PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 t)f Marlborough, to her Majesty, with an account, that his Grac; 
 had passed the Scheld, and relieved the town of Brussels, which 
 was besieged by the late Elector of Bavaria. His Lordship was 
 received by the Queen with great distinction," 
 
 In 1709, he served again as a volunteer at the taking of Tour- 
 nay ; also in the famous battle of Blaregnies, or Malplaquet, on 
 August 31st, and at the reduction of the strong city of Mons, the 
 capital of Hainault, which concluded that glorious campaign. 
 Whereupon, in consideration of his valour and merit, he was con- 
 stituted, on October 23, 1709, colonel of the fifteenth regiment 
 of foot J and afterwards served every campaign in the Netherlands 
 till the conclusion of tlie peace at Utrecht, 1713, And Queen 
 Anne, in regard of his signal services, constituted him governor 
 of Tinmouth-castle and Clifrord fort. 
 
 On February 8th, 1714-15, the first year of George I. he was 
 constituted colonel and captain of the second troop of horse- 
 guards. He was also appointed lord of the bed-chamber to thai 
 Prince of Wales, afterwards King George II. and continued in 
 his government of Tinmouth castle, and Clifford fort, as also 
 Lord Lieutenant and Gustos Rotulorum of the county of Sussex. 
 
 In 1722, by the death of his mother Elizabeth, only daughter 
 and heir of Josceline Xlth and last Earl of Northumberland, he 
 succeeded to the baronies of Percy, Lucy, Poynings, Fitz- 
 Payne, Bryan, and Latimer, and accordingly took his seat iii 
 the house of peers as a Baron of this realm. 
 
 At the decease of Evelyn Pierrepont, first Duke of Kingston, 
 on March 5th, 1725-6, his Lordship was appointed Gustos Rotu- 
 lorum for the county of Wilts. 
 
 On March ipth, 1/26-7, ^^ was promoted to the rank of a 
 brigadier-general of his Majesty's forces 5 and on November 11th, 
 1735, constituted major-general of the horse. 
 
 On September 26th, 1737, he was made governor of Minorca, 
 and of the town and garrison of Port-Mahon. Also on July 2d, 
 1739, he was declared lieutenant-general of the horse. 
 
 On May 6th, 1740, he was made colonel of his Majesty's 
 royal regiment of horse guards; of which he continued com- 
 mander to the time of his decease : and quitting his government 
 of Minorca, he was, on March 13th, 1741-2, appointed governor 
 of the island of Guernsey and Castle-Cornet, and all other islands 
 and forts thereunto belonging. 
 
 On March 24th, 1 746-7, he was constituted general of the 
 horse } and on December 2d, 1748, succeeded his fathci' in hi*
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. 18^ 
 
 titles of Duke of Somerset, Earl of Hertford, Viscount Beau- 
 champ, &c, &c. &c. 
 
 His [late Majesty was also pleased, by letters patent, dated 
 October 2d, 1/49, 23 George II. to grant unto his Grace the dig- 
 nities of a Baron and Earl of the kingdom of Great Britain, by the 
 name, stile, and title, of Baron Warkworth, ofWarkworth- 
 castle in the county of Northumberland, and Earl of Northum- 
 berland j to hold the same to him, and the heirs male of his 
 body 5 and in default of such issue, to Sir Hugh Smithson, of 
 Stanwick, in the county of York, Bart, (son-in-law to his Grace) 
 and to the hel;"s male of his body, by the Lady Elizabeth Smith- 
 son, his wife (daughter of the said Duke of Somerset) ; and in 
 default of such issue, the dignities of Baroness Warkworth, of 
 Warkworth castle, and Countess of Northumberland, to her Lady- 
 ships and of Baron Warkworth, and Earl of Northumberland, to 
 her heirs male.' 
 
 His Majesty was moreover pleased to grant unto his Grace, 
 by letters patent, dated October 3d, the same year, the dignities 
 of a Baron and Earl of the kingdom of Great Britain, by the 
 name, stile, and title of Baron Cockermouth of Cockcrmoutk 
 castle, in the county of Cumberland, and Earl of Egremont in 
 the said county : to hold the same to him, and the heirs male of 
 his body ; and in default of such issue, to his nephew Sir Charles 
 Wyndham, of Orchard- Wyndham in the county of Somerset^ 
 Bavt. and the heirs male of his body j and, in default of such 
 issue, to Percy Wyndham Obrien, of Shortgrove in the county of 
 Essex, Esq. (brother of the said Sir Charles Wyndham, and after- 
 wards Earl of Thomond) and to the heirs male of his body. 
 
 His Grace was many years president of the society of anti- 
 quaries ; and having been long afflicted with the gout, departed 
 this life at Percy LoJge, near Colnebrook, on February /th, 
 1749-50, without heir male; and was buried in St. Nicholas's 
 chapel in Westminster Abbey, February 24th following." 
 
 His Grace married Frances, eldest of the two daughters and 
 coheirs of the Honourable Henry Thynne, only son of Thomas 
 first Viscount Weymouth. By that Lady (who was of the bed- 
 chamber to Queen Caroline, and had served her in the same 
 place when Princess of Wales) he had issue one son and one 
 daughter, viz. 
 
 ' Ex Original Patent. "> Ibid. 
 
 Mr Butlcr't Coilcctioua. Register of West. Abbey.
 
 igo PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 First, Lady Elizabeth Seymour, born November 26th, 17 16, 
 O. S. who was afterwards so much admired and distinguished as 
 Duchess of Northumberland. 
 
 Second, George Seymour, Viscount Beauchamp, who was 
 born on September 11th, 1725, and had King George I. and 
 Henry Earl of Thomond for his godfathers, and Queen Caroline, 
 (then Princess of Wales) for his godmother. This young noble- 
 man was so amiable in his person, and of so sweet a disposition, 
 as endeared him to all that had the honour to know him ; and, 
 in the little time he lived, shewed an excellent turn of thought, 
 far above his years, and a behaviour, in all respects, that could not 
 fail of rendering him an ornament to his country, and a shining 
 example to posterity. 
 
 His Lordship, after a most accomplished education (having 
 for his preceptor the ingenious Dr. Dalton, to whom the stage is 
 indebted for the revival of Milton's Comus) was sent by his noble 
 parents to make the tour of Europe. He accordingly embarked 
 at Dover, October 14th, 17^^25 and was every where received 
 with the highest distinction in his passage through France, par- 
 ticularly at Toulon, (where, by order of tlie Marquis de Mire- 
 poix, commandant in Provence, all the naval stores, &c. were 
 shewn him, and he was received with great honours on board the 
 Spanish Admiral.) Hence his Lordship proceeding to Lyons and 
 Geneva, travelled through Switzerland into Italy, where he 
 visited whatever is most deserving the consideration of a person 
 of taste and judgment ; till arriving at Boulogne on July 22d, 
 N. S. 17'14, he was there seized with the small-pox, and (after an 
 illness of four days only) departed this life on September 1 1 th, 
 1744, being his birth-day, when he had just completed his nine- 
 teenth year. On account of the war, his body could not then be 
 conveyed through France, and therefore was detained till the 
 following year, when it was brought over in a King's ship, and 
 interred in St. Nicholas's chapel in Westminster Abbey, on 
 July 6th, 1745. P 
 
 Frances Duchess of Somerset, survivfng the Duke her hus- 
 band, lived retired at her seat near Colnebrook, which they had 
 purchased of Lord Bathurst, and named Percy Lodge, (its com- 
 mon name being Richings :) and this is the place so often men- 
 tioned in the works of Shenstone, and other poets of her time ; 
 by whom she was most deservedly admired and celebrated for her 
 
 ' Register of West- Abbey.
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. igi 
 
 fine taste, distinguished genius, amiable manners, and exalted 
 virtues. ' Here this most excellent and accomplished Lady de- 
 parted this life, July 7th, 1754/ and was interred in the same 
 vault with her beloved spouse and son, in St. Nicholas's Chapel, 
 Westminster Abbey, July 20th, following. * 
 
 On the death of her Lord, Algernon Duke of Somerset, 
 Baron^ Percy, &c. (who was not more distinguished for his high 
 birtli and exalted rank than for his generosity, affability, and every 
 amiable quality, which can render a nobleman esteemed and 
 beloved) his great estates in Middlesex and Northumberland 
 descended to his only daughter and heir the Lady Elizabeth, 
 then wife of Sir Hugh Smithson, Bart, of Stanwick in York- 
 shire, 
 
 As his Grace died without issue male, the honours of Duke 
 OF Somerset, and Baron Seymour devolved on Sir Edward 
 Seymour, Bart, lineally descended from Edward first Duke of 
 Somerset, by his first wife, Catherine, daughter of Sir William 
 Fillol, as before mentioned ; who had issue by her two sons, * 
 John and Sir Edward Seymour; which John Seymour, by his last 
 will, dated on December 7th, 6 Edward VI. " after bequeathing 
 legacies to his servants, concludes in these words, " Also 1 make 
 my brother, Sir Edward Seymour the elder, my full executor, 
 and I give him all my lands and goods that is unbequeathed. 
 He, to pay and discharge all my debts." The probate bears date, 
 April 26th, 1553. 
 
 Which Sir Edward Seymour was, with his father, in the battle 
 of Musselburgh, " and for his valour there, received the honour 
 of knighthood. 
 
 In the seventh year of Edward VI. he obtained an act of Par- 
 liament, entitled, " An act for the restitution in blood of Sir 
 Edward Seymour, Knight, which recites the attainder of Edward 
 Seymour, Duke of Somerset; and restores Sir Edward Seymour 
 in blood (describing him as eldest son of the said Duke) so as to 
 enable him to take any lands that may then after come to him, 
 from any collateral ancestor. Ihe same year he had a grant,!' 
 dated September (5th, at Ely, from the said King, of the lordships 
 and manors of Walton, Shedder, and Stowey, the park of Stowey, 
 and the hundred of Water-Stock, with the appurtenances, in the 
 
 i See Park's R. and N- A. vol iv. p. 217. " Register of Westminster Abbey, 
 s Ibid- ' Vincent's Baronage, MS. No. 20, in Offic Armor. 
 " Fx Rc:i;,t 'ra:h qu. 9, in Cur- Prerog Cant. 
 " Jekyi's Cut- of Kuls MS. r Strype's Memorials, vol. ji. p. c^oz.
 
 l&i PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 county of Somerset, lately the possessions of his father, Edward 
 Duke of Somerset, to him and his heirs for ever j and, from his 
 father's death to that time, there had been no provision made for 
 him. He lived retired, without any concern in public affairs, 
 except his being" sheriff of the county of Devon in 25 Elizabeth, 
 and other offices in the county suiting his degree. He* married 
 Mary, daughter and heir of John Walsh, '^ constituted one of the 
 justices of the Common Pleas on Februaipr 10th, 1 Eliz. This 
 Sir Edward Seymour died* on May 6th lo93, (and lies buried at 
 Berry Pomeroy). In the inquisition taken after his death at 
 Totness, on September 20th, the same year, he had the titles of 
 Edward Seymour, Knight, Lord Seymour j and died seised of the 
 castle and honour of Bury, and Bury-Ponieroy, and Bridgetown 
 in Pomerqy, with the advowson of the church of Bury, the castle 
 and honour of Totness, and manor of Totness j the manors of 
 Cornworthy, Lodeswell, Huise, Monnockenzeale, alias Zeale- 
 Monacon j the manors of Losebear, a fourth part of the hundred 
 of Hayborre, the scite of the monastery of Torr, and divers other 
 lands in Devonshire; the manor and lordship of Mayden Bradley 
 in com. Wilts, and divers other lands ; and a capital messuage, 
 called the Lord Cheyne's house, within the precincts of Black 
 Friers, near Ludgate in London; to all which, it was found that 
 Edward Seymour was his son and heir, and, at that time, thirty 
 years of age, and upwards. 
 
 Which Edward Seymour was chosen'' one of the Knights 
 for the county of Devon, in 35 and 43 Elizabeth ; and to the first 
 parliament of James J. He was advanced to the dignity of a 
 Baronet on June 2oth, l6ll. In ]576, he had to wife Elizabeth, 
 daughter of Sir Arthur Champernon, of Daitington, in com. 
 Devon, Knight, by whom he had issue Edward his successor; 
 John \yho married . . . . , sister to Sir Richard Slanning, Knight, 
 but left no issue ; William and Walter who died infants ; 
 Bichard, who married . . . . , daughter of , . , . Rashleigh, and had 
 a son of his own name who died unmarried ; Bridget, wife to 
 John Bruen, of Admerston in Wilts, Esq. : Mary, wife of Sir 
 George Farewell, of Hill-bishop in com. Somerset, Knight; 
 Elizabeth, married to George Gary, of Cockington in com. 
 Devon, Esq. ; and Amy, wedded to Edmund Parker, of North- 
 molton in com. Devon, Esq. 
 
 Risdon's Description of Devon, p Z03. Vincent, praed. 
 
 " Pat, I Eliz. p. 5. Cole's Esch.in Bibl. Harl.4i. A- 31. 
 
 * Willis's Not. Pari vol. ii. p. 254.
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. xg'j 
 
 The said Sir Edward Seymour, Bart. ^ died on April 11th, 
 I6l3, and was buried in the church of Berry Pomeroy, on Thurs- 
 day, May 27th following, with great solemnity. His funeral 
 sermon being preached by Barnaby Potter, Fellow of Queen's 
 College, Oxford (afterwards bishop of Carlisle), and was printed 
 at Oxford the same year, an abstract of which is reprinted at 
 fo. 485, of " Memorials and Characters, together with the Lives 
 of divers eminent and worthy PerMW^," published in 1741. To 
 him succeeded, in title and estate, his eldest son, 
 
 Edwaed, who was knighted at Greenwich, on May 22d, 
 1603, and ' sent by James 1. on an embassy to the King of Den- 
 mark. He was? elected one of the Knights for Devonshire in 
 two parliaments, in the reign of King James the First, and for 
 Killington and Totness, in two other parliaments, whereof the 
 last met at Westminster, on the 6th of February, l0'25, by the 
 appointment of Charles I. j but, on the dissolution thereof, being 
 in an advanced age, he lived retired at the castle of Bury Pome- 
 roy, '' which he made a stately house. 
 
 This castle of Bury, the ancient seat of the Pomeroys, was a 
 great and noble structure^ but, in those times of confusion, during 
 the civil wars in the reign of Charles I. was demolished, and now 
 lies in ruins. The additions, this Sir Edward Seymour made 
 thereto, are by INIr. Prince, in Danmonii Orietdales Jllustres, 
 page 492, said to cost upwards of 20,000/. 
 
 At this seat, the said Sir Edward Seymour died, and was buried 
 at Bury Pomeroy, on October 5th, 1659, very much lamented, 
 having, by an obliging temper, attracted the love of his country j 
 and, by a prudent management, gained the character of a person 
 of honour, conduct, and experience. He had, by Dorothy his 
 Lady, daughter of Sir Henry Killigrew, of Lathbury in Cornwall, 
 Knight, six sons and live daughters 3 Elizabeth, married lirst to 
 Francis Courtnay, ofPowderham in com. Devon, Esq. ; secondly, 
 to Sir Amos Meredith, of Ashley in Cheshire, Bart. Mary, wedded 
 to Sir Jonathan Trelavvney, Bart, father of the late Bishop of 
 Winchester ; Margaret, espoused to Francis Trelawney, brother 
 of the said Sir Jonathan 5 Anne, wife to Dr. Stourton, and .... to 
 Sir Thomas Hall of Bradford, Wiltshire. 
 
 Of the sons, Edward, the eldest, will be mentioned hereafter: 
 Henry, second son, was a gentleman valued and esteemed by 
 
 MS. I6. p 357, in Offic. Armor. 
 
 f Ex Inform Dom- Edw. Seymour, Bar. 
 
 t Willis, ut antea, p. 175, 254, and 284. " Risdon, p- 203. 
 
 VOL. I. O
 
 * 
 
 194 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 persons of the greatest note. He was, in his youth, page of 
 honour to Ciiarles I. ; and, on the eruption of the civil wars, went 
 with the Marquis of Hertford into Somersetshire, and was at Sher- 
 burn with that noble peer,' who, with only two troops of horse 
 and 4000 foot, courageously withstood the whole force of the 
 Earl of Bedford, consisting of above 70OO foot, besides horse, 
 with cannon, &c. and the Marquis sending the Earl of Bedford a 
 challenge, Mr. Seymour was '^ chose to carry it. His behaviour 
 in all respects won him the esteem of the whole court so, that, 
 when it was thought necessary for the Prince of Wales, after- 
 wards Charles II. to have servants peculiar to himself, he was 
 nominated one of the grooms of the bedchamber. When all was 
 lost in England, he went with his royal master abroad, and was 
 entrusted with the last letter and message, the Prince' sent to 
 the King, which he delivered on January 27th, 1648-9, on the 
 evening of that day the sentence of death passed on his Majesty ; 
 who, after hearing what he had to say, imparted to him his an- 
 swer, the last he sent. He left issue by his wife Ursula, daughter 
 of Sir Robert Austen, of Bexley in Kent, Bart, widow of George 
 Stawell, Esq. a son. Sir Henry Seymour, of Langley in com. 
 Bucks, Bart, who died unmarried, in 1714, and was buried at 
 Langley. Thomas, third son, married Anne daughter of Sir 
 Richard Anderson, of Penley in Hertfordshire, Knight, and had 
 issue two sons and three daughters, Robert, fourth son j and John, 
 fifth son, died young 3 and Sir Joseph, sixth son, married Bridget, 
 another daughter of the above mentioned Sir Richard Anderson, 
 and had a son and daughter, 
 
 ' I now return to Sir Edward Seymour, Bart, (eldest son of 
 Sir Edward Seymour, Knight and Bart.) Which Sir Edward was"" 
 two years and a half old at the death of Sir Edward Seymour, 
 his grandfather, April 11th, l6l3. He was" elected one of the 
 Knights for Devonshire, in the two last parliaments called by 
 Charles I.; and, adhering to his sovereign in the times of the re- 
 bellion, had his house of Bury-castle in Devon plundered and 
 burnt. He sat at Oxford, aniong those members the King con- 
 vened, in 1643 ; and, shewing a ready concurrence in the mea- 
 sures for supporting monarchy and episcopacy, he endured many 
 hardships, till such time as the constitution was restored, by the 
 establishment of Charies 11, on the throne of his ancestors. He 
 
 i Clarendon's History, 8vo. vol. iii. p. 6, and 19, k Ibid. p. 329. 
 1 Wood's Athen Oxon. vol. ii. p. 523. MS. I. 16 ut antea. 
 
 " Wil'is, ut antea, Ex Inform. Dom. Ed. Seymour, Bar
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. iq5 
 
 Vas vice admiral of the county of Devon, and a member in all 
 parliaments, in the reigns of Charles II. and James II being 
 elected thereto for the borough of Totness. And, departing this 
 life, had sepulture at Berry Pomeroy, on December 7th^ 1(568, 
 leaving issue by Anne his wife (vi'ho was daughter to Sir William 
 Portman, and surviving him six years, was interred by him) a 
 daughter, Elizabeth, wedded to Sir Joseph Tredenham, of Tre- 
 gony in Cornwall, Knight, and five sons ; Sir Edward, his suc- 
 cessor, born in l633 ; John, a colonel in the army, who married 
 .... daughter of Sir Richard Kennedy j Hugh was captain in the 
 navy, and killed in the Dutch wars ; William, fourth son, who 
 both died unmarried ; Henry Seymour, Esq. fifth son, heir to 
 his uncle. Sir William Portman, Bart, whereby he possessed the 
 large inheritance of the Portmans, at Orchard Portman, in Somer- 
 setshire, &c. and assumed the name and arms of Portman, by act 
 of Parliament, pursuant to a settlement of the said Sir William. 
 This Henry married, first, Penelope, youngest daughter of Sir 
 William Haslewood, of Maidwell in com, Northampt. Knight, 
 and coheir to her brother, Peter Haslewood, Esq. ; and, secondly, 
 Millicent, daughter of William Fitch, of High Hall in com. 
 Dorset, Esq. ; but by neither of them had issue, and died in 
 February, 1727-8 ; and his last wife was after married to Thomas 
 Fownes, of Mapleton in tiie county of Dorset, Esq. 
 
 Sir Edward Seymour, Bart, fifth of that name in lineal suc- 
 cession, and eldest son of the last Sir Edward, made a considerable 
 figure, both in court and the house of commons, in four several 
 reigns. He constantly served in parli.unent, after his first elec- 
 tion, to the time of his death j and hardly any was better heard, 
 as he always espoused the interest of his country; or brought 
 more over to his opinion, than he did. In the year 1667^ lie pro- 
 moted the impeachment of the Earl of Clarendon ; was the first 
 that moved it; and carried it up to the lords. i On June 6th,'" 
 1667, he had a grant of the office of clerk of the Hanaper in 
 Chancery, for the term of his natural life. On February 15th, 
 1672-3, he was unanimously chosen speaker of that called the 
 Long Parliament, on the resignation of Sir Job Charleton ; and 
 on April gth following, was sworn of the privy-council, and soon 
 after made treasurer of the navy. On March 6th, 1678 y, being 
 
 P Pat. 19 Car II. 
 q Which, by the bye, is very little to his credit. Sec Burnet's O. T. vol i. 
 
 p. 251. 
 
 ' Pat. 19 Car. II ]
 
 Iq6 peerage of ENGLAND. 
 
 then Knight for the county of Devon, he was again elected 
 speaker of the house of commons, at which time he was of the 
 privy-council, and treasurer of the navy ; but the King refused 
 his. approbation, notwithstanding the commons made three repre- 
 sentations in Sir Edward's favour; and it caused warm debates.* 
 The commons were so disgusted at his attachment to the consti- 
 tution in opposition to their extravagant schemes, that they 
 carried an impeachment against him, ^ on November 20th, 168O, 
 and a motion was made to remove him from his Majesty's council 
 and presence for ever ; but that was dropped, and no articles were 
 ever exhibited against him. 
 
 He opposed the bill of exclusion, with great strength of argu- 
 ment : and was a chief promoter of the Habeas Corpus act, which 
 both he and his successors saw several times suspended, and 
 thereby their fellow subjects deprived of the benefit of that in- 
 tended bulwark of liberty against ministerial tyranny and other 
 oppression. At the revolution he joined the Prince of Orange, 
 and was made governor of Exeter. ** 
 
 In March, 1 69 1-2, he was sworn of the privy-council, and 
 appointed a commissioner of the treasury 5 which gave occasion to 
 his enemies to suspect his integrity. Burnet says, " Seymour, 
 who had in a very injurious manner, not only opposed every 
 thing, but had reflected on the King's title and conduct, was this 
 winter brought into the treasury and the cabinet council,"* 
 
 In 1695, the same historian hints at his corruption in regard 
 to East India affairs.-^ 
 
 Queen Anne having mounted the throne on March 8th, 
 1701-2, Sir Edward Seymour was, on the 14th of the next month, 
 appointed comptroller of her household, ^ and sworn of the privy- 
 council three days afterwards, and had an offer of a patent to be 
 Baron : but knowing that upon failure of issue male in the 
 younger branch of his family, the title of Duke of Somerset 
 would devolve upon his eldest son, or his heirs, he declined the 
 offer for himself, and got the title of Baron Conway conferred on 
 Francis, his eldest surviving son by his second Lady. Sir Edward, 
 in 1703-4, was divested of the ofRce of comptroller of the house- 
 hold, * This steady patriot continued to manifest his zeal for the 
 
 Burnet's OT. vol.i. p. 453. ' Ibid p. 484. 
 
 u Ibid, p 793- X Ibid, volii. p. 86 
 
 y Ibid. p. 144, 251J. He is also accused of having left a large balance 
 against him as treasurer of the navy. Ibid- p, 343. 
 
 Ibid. p. 314. a Ibid. p. 381.
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. 197 
 
 good of his country, till his death, which happened on February 
 i;th, 1707-8, at Maiden Bradley, in Wiltshire, whither he had 
 retired some time before. 
 
 Burnet gives the following character of him, in the reign of 
 Charles II. " The ablest man of his party was Seymour, who 
 was the first speaker of the house of commons, that was not bred 
 to the law. He wns a man of great birth, being the elder branch 
 of the Seymour family ; and was a graceful man, bold and quick* 
 But he had a sort of pride so peculiar to himself, that I nevet 
 saw any thing like it. He had neither shame nor decency with 
 it. He was violent against the courts till he forced himself into 
 good posts. He was the most assuming speaker that ever sat in 
 the chair. He knew the house and every man in it so well, that 
 by looking about he could tell the fate of any question. By that 
 he gave time to those, who were appointed for that mercenary 
 work, to go about and gather in all their party. And he would 
 discern, when they had got the majority. And then he would 
 very fairly state the question, when he saw he was sure to 
 carry it." '' 
 
 Sir Edward Seymour, though he inherited a large paternal 
 estate, though he married two wives, with considerable portions 
 each, though he had enjoyed lucrative employments almost from 
 his very youth, and though he lived without profuseness, but with 
 as much eccnomy as sph'ndor ; yet the personal estate, which he 
 left at his death, and the real ones which he had purchased, did 
 not amount near to what a person of the strictest probity might 
 have, without any blemish, added to his patrimonial fortune. 
 
 This great and illustrious patriot had sepulture at Maiden- 
 Bradley, aforesaid, where a beautiful monument is erected to his 
 memory. ^ 
 
 h Burnet's Hist. O- T. vol i. p-382. 
 c It has the following inscription : " Under this marble are deposited the 
 remains of Sir Edward Seymour, Bart- late of Bury Pomroy in the county of 
 Devon, and of this place. A man of such endowments, as added lustre to his 
 whole ancestry, commanded reverence from his cotemporaries,and stands tha 
 fairest pattern to posterity : being often called to council, and always chosen 
 in parliament. (A friend to his Prince, a servant to his country ) He advised 
 the King with freedom, the senate with dignity ; that senate, the bulwark of 
 the English liberty, in which he presided for several years, found his eloquence 
 an advocate, his integrity a guardian, his vigour a champion for its privileges : 
 nor can any Englishman rejoice in that envied portion of his birth-right, the 
 Habeas Corpus Act, without gratitude to the ashes of this patriot, under whost 
 influence it became his heritage. Born in the year 1633, his childhood felt not
 
 ^B PEERAGE OF ENGLAN0. 
 
 He married to his first wife, Margaret, daughter and coheir t 
 Sir William Wale, of the city of London, Knight, and alderman ; 
 by whom he had Sir Edward Seymour, bis successor in the title 
 of Baronet, and William Seymour, Esq. hereafter mentioned. 
 And taking to his second wife, Lelitia, daughter to Francis 
 Popham, of Littlecote, in the county of Wilts, Esq. ; by her 
 (who died on March l6th, J728-y) had six sons, and a daughter 
 Anne, married to William Berkeley, of Pill in com. Somers. 
 Esq. J 
 
 The sons by the second venter were. 
 
 First, Popham, killed in the twenty-fourth year of his age, in 
 a duel, by Colonel Kirk, In June, l6gQ ; second, Francis, an- 
 cestor to the present Marquis of Hertford ; third, Charles, who 
 left an only daughter j fourth, Henry; fifth, Alexander, who died 
 unmarried; and John, sixth son, who died young. 
 
 William, his second son by his first wife, distinguished him- 
 self in the military service. In l6g5, he commanded a regiment 
 of foot at the siege of Namur, and on August 3d, the French 
 hanging out a white flag, and desiring b parley; which being 
 granted, hostages were exchanged, and colonel William Seymour 
 was the first of the two on our side. He rose gradually to be 
 lieutenant-general of the forces in the reign of Queen Anne, 
 and was also general of the marines. He died without issue, on 
 February pth, 1 727-8. 
 
 Sir Edward Seymour, Bart, the eldest son by the first wife, 
 succeeded to the estate at Maiden Bradley, &c. He was '^ chosen 
 for Totness in the parliament summoned to meet on July 8th, 
 17O8; and in the succeeding parliament, in 1710, ' for Great 
 Bedwin ; also, for the same town, in that summoned to meet 
 
 the calamities, which in the succeeding years, the spirit of anarchy and schism 
 spread over the nation : his manhood saw the church and monarchy restored, 
 and he lived in dutiful obedience to both : loaden with honour, full of years, 
 (amidst the triumphs of his country) raised to the highest point of glory by 
 that immortal Princess Queen Anne, he died in the year 1707. Francis Sey- 
 mour, Esq. in just veneration for the memory of his illustrious grandfather, 
 and in due obedience to the last will and testament of lieutenant-general 
 William Seymour, second son to the deceased Sir Edward, hath caused this 
 monument to be erected, 1730. 
 
 " They had a daughter Laetitia, who in 1747 manied Sir John Burland, 
 Knight, one of the Barons of the Exchequer- He died February 29th, 1776, 
 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. They had issue John Berkeley Bur- 
 land, Esq. born January 7th, 1754. Collinson's History of Somerset, vol. i. 
 p 256. 
 
 British Pari Regist. No- 49. f Ibid. No- 214^
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. IQQ 
 
 November 12th, 1713. Afterwards he lived retired from public 
 affairs, at his seat at Maiden-Bradley in Wiltshire, where he died, 
 aged eighty years, on December 29th, 1741, He married 
 Letitia, sole daughter of Sir Francis Popham, of Littlecote in 
 Wiltshire, Knight of the Bath, and by her, who died in 1738, had 
 four sons and eight daughters. 
 
 First, Edward, eighth Duke of Somerset. 
 
 Second, Francis Seymour, of Sherborn in Dorsetshire, Esq. 
 who was chosen member of parliament ^r Great Bedwin, on the 
 decease of Sir William Willis, in 1732, s and for Marlborough in 
 the parliament summoned to meet on June 13th,' 1734; He 
 died December 23d, 17(ii, liaving married Elizabeth, daughter of 
 Alexander Popham of Littlecote, relict of Edward Viscount Hin- 
 chinbroke, and mother of the present Earl of Sandwich, and had 
 issue by her two sons j first, Henry, who first married, on July 
 24th, 1753, Lady Caroline, only daughter of William Earl 
 Cowper, by which Lady, who died June 2d, 1773, and is buried 
 at Herlingfordbury, ha had issue Georgina, born Jan. 31st, 1755, 
 married in Sept. 1775 to William Danby, junior, Esq. of S win ton 
 in Yorkshire, and Caroline, born December 31st, 1756} he se- 
 condly married October 5th, 1775, to Madame Louise de Pan? 
 thou, a Lady descended of an ancient and noble family in the 
 province of Normandy, by whom he had a son and heir, Henry, 
 born November 10th, and baptised December 5 th, 1776} second, 
 Francis, who died an infant } and a daughter, Mary, married on 
 November 30th, 1758, to John Bailey, of Sutton in Somersetshire^ 
 Esq. 
 
 Third, Alexander, who died unmarried, April 3d, 1731. ' 
 
 Fourth, William Seymour, of Kqoyle in Wiltshire, Esq. who 
 married Elizabeth, daughter and heir of ... . Hippye, of Frome 
 in Somersetshire, Esq. and died without issue. 
 
 Of the daughters, Letitia was married to John Gapper, of 
 Wincauton in Somersetshire, Esq. } Margaret, to Richard Jones, 
 of Ramsbury in Wiltshire, Esq.} Elizabeth, to Henry Hunger- 
 ford, of Field in Wiltshire, Esq. and died on May 5th, 1756} 
 Anne, to William Scroggs, of Chute Lodge in the same county, 
 Esq. and died February 1 755 ; Helena, died unmarried } Mary, 
 wife of the Rev; Mr. Hammond} Jane, of William Coleman, of 
 Gornhey in com. Devon, Esq. } and Catherine, of John Phillippa 
 Fuhr, merchant of Bristol. 
 
 British Pari. Rcgist. No 214,218
 
 200 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 The eldest son Edward, eighth Duke of Somerset, when a 
 commoner, served for'' the city of Salisbury, in tliat parliament 
 Avhich sat first on December 4th, 1741. And on the death of 
 his Grace, Algernon Duke of Somerset, on February 7^^, 
 1749*50, by the limitations in the creation patents, to Edward 
 Duke of Somerset, in the reign of King Edward VI. of Baron 
 Seymour, and Duke of Somerset, being lineally descended from 
 that greatnobleman, by his first wife, which was evidently proved 
 before Sir Dudley Ryder, attorney-general ; and on his report to 
 his Majesty, on November 23d, 1750, that he had just claim to 
 those titles, his Grace had summons to parliament, as Duke of 
 Somerset, and Baron Seymour, and took his place accordingly in 
 the house of peers ; and was chief mourner at the funeral of 
 Frederic Prince of Wales, on April 13th, I751. 
 
 On P'ebruary 11th, 1752, he had a grant of the offices of 
 warden and chief justice in Eyre, of all his Majesty's forests, parks, 
 chases, and warrens, beyond Trent j and also constituted lord 
 lieutenant of Wiltshire. 
 
 His Grace married Mary sole daughter and heir of Daniel 
 Webb, of Monkton Farley in Wiltshire, Esq. and niece and heir 
 of Edward Somner, of Seend in the same county, Esq. ; by whom 
 he had issue four sons and a daughter, living at his death, on 
 December 12th, 1757, and his Duchess survived till February 
 23d, 1768. 
 
 First, Edward, his successor in titles and estate. , 
 
 Second, Lord Webb Seymour, tenth Duke, who inherit:ed his 
 grandfathers estate at Monkton Farley. 
 
 Third, Lord William, who being entered in the Inner Temple, 
 was called to the bar, as barrister of law, in 1744. On June 5th, 
 1767, his Lordship married Hester, daughter of John Maltravers 
 of Milkshaw in Wilts; by whom he had issue, first, Edward, 
 born May 3d, 1768 ; second, William, born March 28th, 1769; 
 third, Hesther, born November 24th, 1770. He died 
 
 Fourth, Lord Francis, who was one of his Majesty's chaplains 
 in ordinary, canon of Windsor, vicar of Wantage in Berks, and 
 lastly dean of Wells. His Lordship married Catherine, dau<^hter 
 of the Rev. Mr. Payne, of Home Lacy in Herefordshire, and 
 sister to the Countess Dowager of Northampton, and by her had 
 two sons, Edward, who died unmarried June 23, 1775; and 
 Francis Compton ; and three daughters, Mary, married in Sep- 
 
 British Pari. Regist- No zoj.
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. 201 
 
 tember 1773, to John Hyde of East Greenwich in Kent, Esq. ; 
 Catherine, married June 6th, 1/76, to John Newton, of Kings 
 Bromley in Staffordshire, Ebq. which marriage was dissolved by 
 act of parliament in 1782; and Frances, married, first. Dr. Bovet, 
 deceased ; and secondly, in 1803, the Rev. James Tuson. 
 
 His Grace's only daughter. Lady Mary, was married on Sep- 
 ternber 21st, 1759, to Vincent Biscoe, Esq. of Austin Friars, 
 London, and died July 21st, 1762, leaving Joseph Seymour Biscoe, 
 and Mary. 
 
 Edward, ninth Duke of Somerset, at the funeral proces- 
 sion of George II. on November 11th, 176O, walked as principal 
 supporter to the Duke of Cumberland, chief mourner at that solem- 
 nity 5 and at the coronation of George III. on September 22d, 
 1761, carried the orb, as his illustrious predecessors had generally 
 done at former coronations } the carriage of that part of the re- 
 galia having been commonly allotted to persons of the first rank. 
 His Grace was one of his Majesty's most honourable privy -council. 
 He died unmarried, January 2d, 17y2, and was succeeded by his 
 brother. 
 
 Lord Webb Seymour, who became tenth Duke of So- 
 merset. He married on December 15th, 1769, Anne, daughter 
 and heiress of John Bonnel, Esq. of Stanton Harcourt, in Oxford- 
 shire, by whom, (who died July 22d, 1802,) he had issue, first, 
 Edward ; second, "Webb, who both died young ; third, Edward 
 Adolphusj fourth, Webb John, born February 7th, 1777. His 
 Grace died December 15th, 1/03, when he was succeeded by his 
 eldest son, 
 
 Edward Adolphus, present and eleventh Duke of So- 
 merset, born February 7th, 17/5. He married, June 24lb, 
 1800, Lady Charlotte Hamilton, second daughter of Archibald, 
 Duke of Hamilton, by whom he has a daughttr born October 
 21st, 1803. 
 
 Titles. Edward Adolphus Seymour, Duke of Somerset, Baron 
 Seymour, and Baronet. 
 
 Creations. Baron Seymour by letters patent, on February 
 15th, 1546-7, (1 Edward (VI.) and Duke of Somerset, the day 
 following; and Baronet, by letters patent, dated on June 29th, 
 1611,9 Jac. I. 
 
 Arms. Quarterly; first and fourth. Or, on a pile^, gules,- 
 between six fleurs-de-lis. Azure, three lions of England (an aug- 
 mentation granted by Henry VIII. on his marriage with the Lady
 
 202 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Jane Seymour) second and third, the paternal coat of Seymour, 
 gules, two wings, conjoined in lure, tips downwards. Or. 
 
 Crest. Out of a ducal coronet. Or, a phoenix in flames, proper, 
 with wings expanded. Or; in memory of King Edward VI. but 
 the original crest was, on a wreath, a pair of wings conjoined in 
 lure, tips downwards, and crowned. Or. 
 
 Supporteis. On the dexter side an unicorn. Argent, raaned. 
 Or, gorged with a ducal collar. Azure, to which is affixed a 
 chain. Or : on the sinister a bull. Azure, maned, collared, chained 
 and hoofed, as that on the dexter. 
 
 Motto. Foy pour devoir. 
 
 Chief Seats. At Maiden Bradley and Seend in Wiltshire j 
 Berry Pomeroy and Totness castle in Devonshire, which last arc 
 in ruins. _
 
 DUKE OF RICHMOND, 203 
 
 LENOX, DUKE OF RICHMOND. 
 
 The next in order of precedency, of whom I am to treat, are the 
 Dukes of Richmond, descended from the most noble Charles 
 Duke of Richmond, only son of King Charles II. by the Lady 
 Louise Rcnee de Pcnencourt^ of Queroualle in France, who 
 came into England, in the year 1670, with the Duchess of 
 Orleans, the King's sister. 
 
 " This year, says Burnet, " the King declared a new mistress, 
 and made her Duchess of Portsmouth. She had been maid of 
 honour to Madame, the King's sister, and had come over with 
 her to Dover : where the King had expressed such a regard to her, 
 that the Duke of Buckingham, who hated the Duchess of Cleve- 
 land, intended to put her on the King. He told him that it was 
 a decent piece of tenderness for his sister to take care of some of 
 her ser\'ants. So she was the person the King easily consented 
 to invite over. That Duke assured the King of France, that he 
 could never reckon himself sure of the King, but by giving him 
 a mistress that should be true to his interests. It was soon agreed 
 to. So the Duke of Buckingham sent her with a part of his equi- 
 page to Dieppe, and said he would presently follow. But he, who 
 was the most inconstant and forgetful of all men, never thought 
 of her more; but went to England by the way of Calais. So 
 Montague, then ambassador at Paris, hearing of this, sent over 
 for a yacht for her, and sent some of his servants to wait on her, 
 and to defray her charge, till she was brought to Whitehall : and 
 then Lord Arlington took care of her. So the Duke of Bucking- 
 ham lost the merit he might have pretended to 3 and brought 
 over a mistress, whom his strange conduct threw into the hands 
 of his enemies. The King was presently taken with her. She
 
 2(M' PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 studied to please and observe him in every thing : so that he 
 passed away the rest of his life in a great fondness for her. He 
 kept her at a vast charge ; and she by many fits of sickness, some 
 believed real, and others thought only pretended, gained of him 
 every thing she desired. She stuck firm to the French interest, 
 and was its chief support. The King divided himself between her 
 and Mistress Gwyn ; and had no other avowed amour. But he 
 was so entirely possessed by the Duchess of Portsmouth, and so 
 engaged by her in the French interest, that this threw him into 
 great difficulties, and exposed him to much contempt and dis- 
 trust." ^ 
 
 His Majesty created her Duchess of Portsmouth, Countess of 
 Farneham, and Baroness of Petersfield, all in the county of South- 
 ampton, to enjoy during her life, by letters patent, dated at West- 
 minster on August 19th, 1673. And likewise, by his intercession 
 with the then French King, Louis XIV. the territory of Aubigny 
 in France, which, by the death of Charles Stuart, sixth Duke of 
 Richmond and Lenox, reverted to that crown, was given to her 
 Grace, by grant, dated at St. Germains en Laye, in the month of 
 December, l6/3, and thirty-first year of his reign, during her 
 lifej the remainder to such of the King of Great Britain's natural 
 sons by her, as he shall name ; under the same limitation, as the 
 grant by Charles VI L of France, anno 1422, to John Stuart, 
 ancestor to the aforesaid Duke of Richnaond, Aubigny is a town 
 in Berry, in France, situate on the river Nere, given (according to 
 Pere Daniel) to John Stuart the third Lord Darnley of the name 
 of John, on March 24th, 1422, to whom the county and earldom 
 of Eureux was also granted in 1426, and who was killed at the 
 battle of Herrings, on February 12th, 1428-9. 
 
 The French King, by his grant dated at Versailles, in the 
 month of January, l684, in the forty-first year of his reign, re- 
 citeth, " That the territory- of Aubigny upon Nere, in the pro- 
 vince of Berry, having been given, in the year 1422, by King 
 Charles the Vllth to John Stuart, in consideration of the great 
 and commendable services by him done in the wars ; and by de- 
 fault of heirs male, the same having reverted to the crown, anno 
 1672, on the death of the Duke of Richmond, he, in regard to 
 the King of Great Britain, had, by his letters patent, dated in the 
 month of December, 16/3, granted to the Lady Louise Renee dc 
 Pcnencourt de Queroualle, Duchess of Portsmouth, the said terri- 
 
 * Hist, O. T. vol, i p 337.
 
 DUKE OF RICHMOND. ^- 305 
 
 tory of Aublgny , with all rights to the same belonging, for her 
 life J remainder to such of the natural male children as she shall 
 have by the King of Great Britain, in tail male, by the said King 
 to be named} remainder to the crown of France. And whereas, 
 the said King of Great Britain had appointed Prince Charles 
 Lenox, Duke of Richmond, his natural son, master of the horse, 
 and Knight of the Garter, to succeed the said Duchess of Ports- 
 mouth in the said inheritance ; he, the said King of France, 
 being willing to annex to the said inheritance a proper title, and 
 such as should be agreeable to the illustrious birth of the said 
 Duke of Richmond ; and at the same time to confer honour on 
 the said Duchess of Portsmouth, whose progenitors always held a 
 considerable rank in the province of Britany, as well in conside- 
 ration of their birth, services in the army, as alliance to antient 
 families, and otherv.'isej and also considering the great extent of 
 the said territories, consisting of the town of Aubigny, two con- 
 siderable castles, two parishes and fiefs, extending eight leagues, 
 with the privilege of resorting to the court and parliament at Paris; 
 being likewise mistress of the waters, forests, fairs, markets, and 
 all places in the said territories; therefore he unites, creates, and 
 erects the said tov/n, territory, castellany and castle of Aubigny, 
 iiefs and lands, &c. into a Duchy and Peerdom of France, with all 
 pre-eminences and prerogatives thereunto appertaining; to be en- 
 joyed by the said Lady Louise Renee de Penencourt de Que- 
 roualle. Duchess of Portsmouth, during her life ; and after her 
 decease, by the said Duke of Richmond, and the heirs male of 
 his body, in name, title, and dignity of Dukes of Aubigny, and 
 peers of France ; with all jurisdiction, rights, honours, authority, 
 &c. belonging to the said dignity of peers and Dukes, and Sove- 
 reignty of the said duchy; doing homage to the crown of 
 France."^ 
 
 Which Charles first Duke of Richmond, was her only son 
 by Charles IL who being present at his baptism, gave him the 
 surname of Lenox, and his own christian nan^e, Charles. He was 
 born on July 29th, 1672, and being of great hopes, was, in the 
 third year of his age, created, by his royal father. Baron of Se- 
 tringtoo, in the county of York, Earl of March (a title derived 
 from the Marches in Wales) and Duke of Richmond, in York- 
 shire, by letters patent, bearing date at Westminster, August 9th, 
 1675. 
 
 * The French Revolution has swept away all this.
 
 206 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 And his Majesty considering, with what lustre and glory the 
 house of Lenox had shone in former times, and that by the death 
 of Charles Stuart, Duke of. Richmond and Lenox, the dignity of 
 the Duke of Lenox was immcrged in the crown ; therefore, that 
 the honour might be again revived, his Majesty bestowed the 
 estate of Lenox on his son, the aforesaid Charles Duke of Ricli- 
 mond : and by letters patent, passed in Scotland on September 
 9th, 1675, created him Duke of Lenox, Earl of Darnley, and 
 Baron Methucn of Torbolton, and to the heirs male of his 
 body. 
 
 His Grace was elected, on April 7tli, 1681,'= a knight com- 
 panion of the most noble order of the garter, and installed at 
 Windsor on the 20tli of the same month. At that time, and 
 formerly, as pictures shew, the Knights of the Garter wore the 
 blue ribbon round the neck, with the George appendant on the 
 breast: but the Duke's mother having, some time after his instal- 
 lation, introduced him to the King, with his ribbon over his left 
 shoulder, and the George appendant on the right side, his Majesty 
 was so pleased with the conceit, that he commanded all the 
 knights companions of the order to wear it the same way. His 
 Grace was made master of the horse to the King, on the removal 
 of the Duke of Monmouth ; which office, during his minority, 
 was executed by three commissioners, Henry Guy, Theophilus 
 Oglethorpe, and Charles Adderly, Esqrs. ; but on the accession 
 of King James to the throne, his mother having promoted the bill 
 of exclusion, his Grace was removed from that honourable em- 
 ployment. On November 14th, l6g3,^ he took his seat in the 
 house of peers. In the reign of King William, his Grace served 
 in Flanders, and was aid- de-camp to his Majesty. He was also 
 one of the lords of the bedchamber to King Gaorge I. and de- 
 parting this life, at his seat at Goodwood in Sussex, on May 27th, 
 1723, aet. fifty-one, was buried in King Henry the Vllth's chapel, 
 in Westminster Abbey, but afterwards removed to Chichester 
 cathedral. 
 
 His Grace married in January i6q2-3, Anne, widow of 
 Henry, son of John Lord Belasyse, of Worlaby. She was second 
 daughter of Francis Lord Brudenell (who died vita patris) son 
 and heir apparent of Robert Earl of Cardigan, and by her second 
 husband left issue one son, Charles, second Duke of Richmond, 
 
 ' Elections and Installations of the Garter in Offic Arm. 
 * Journal Dom. Procer.
 
 DUKE OF RICHMOND. S07 
 
 Lenox, and Aubigny ; as also two daughters. Lady Louise, born 
 December 24th, l6g4, married to James, third Earl of Berkeley, 
 and died January 15th, 1716-7, and Lady Anne, born June 24th, 
 1703, wedded to William Anne, second Earl of Albemarle. Her 
 Grace departed this life on December Qth, 1722. 
 
 Charles, second Duke of Richmond, Lenox, and Aubigny, 
 in the lifetime of his father, was chosen a member of the house of 
 commons for the city of Chichester, as also for the borough of 
 Newport in the county of Southampton, in the parliament sum- 
 moned to meet on May 10th, 1722. And when George I, re- 
 vived the antient military order of knighthood of the Bath, he was 
 declared one of the knights of that order, anno 1725. Also, on 
 May 26th, 1726, was elected one of the knights companions of 
 the most noble order of the garter, and installed at Windsor, on 
 June l6th following; at which time he was one of the lords of 
 the bedchamber, and aid-de-camp to his Majesty, Likewise, on 
 the accession of George II. he was constituted one of the lords of 
 the bedchamber, as also aid-de~camp to his Majesty; and at his 
 coronation, on October 1 Ith, 1727^ was high constable of England 
 for the day. 
 
 Her Grace the Duchess of Portsmouth dying on November 
 14th, 1734, the dukedom of Aubigny in France, with the peer- 
 age of that kingdom, devolved on his Grace; and on January 
 8th, 1/34-5, he was appointed master of the horse to his Ma- 
 jesty, and the next day sworn of his mo^t honourable privy- 
 council. 
 
 On July 2d, 1739, his Grace was made brigadier general of 
 his Majesty's forces : on February l6tb, 1739-40, elected one of 
 the governors of the Charter-house : on May 12th, 1740, declared 
 one of the lords justices for the administration of the government 
 during his Majesty's absence : on January 1st, 1741-2, constituted 
 major-general of his Majesty's forces,*^ and of the staff of general 
 officers for South Britain ; also on June 6th, 17^5, promoted to 
 the rank of lieutenant-general. 
 
 In 1743, his Grace attended the late King during the cam- 
 paign, and was present at the battle of Dettingen, on June 27th, 
 N. S. He had been declared one of the lords justices of the 
 kingdom before his Majesty's departure ; and was also in that most 
 honourable trust in 1745. 
 
 The same year the Pretender's eldest son, Charles, landing in 
 
 * Ex Inform Car. Due. Richmor.d.
 
 208 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Scotland, and advancing as far as Derby, his Grace attended thtf 
 Duke of Cumberland in liis expedition against the insurgents, and 
 assisted in the reduction of Carlisle. 
 
 In 1748, his Grace was again appointed one of the lords justices 
 of the kingdom j as also in 175O, On the death of the Duke of 
 Somerset, he was chosen high steward of the city of Chichester : 
 and his Grace accompanying the Duke of Newcastle to his instal- 
 lation at Cambridge, was admitted to the degiee of doctor of 
 physic, on July 3d, l/^p. In August following, his Grace and 
 his Duchess set out for France, to see his territories there, and 
 returned to their house in Privy Garden, on October 27 ih tlie 
 same year. On February 17th following, his Grace was consti- 
 tuted colonel of his Majesty's royal regiment of horse-guards ; and 
 departed this life, generally lamented, on August 8th, 1750, and 
 was buried in the cathedral of Chichester, whither the corpses of 
 his grandfather, transferred from Henry the Vllth's chapel in 
 Westminster Abbey ; and six of his children, five from London, 
 and one from Boxgrove, were interred with him. 
 
 His Grace married at the Hague, on December 4th, 17^9, 
 Sarah, eldest daughter and coheir of William Earl Cadogan, and 
 one of the ladies of the bedchamber to Queen Caroline j and had 
 isbue by her Grace (who died on August 25th, 1751), 
 
 First, Lady Georgina Carolina Lenox, who was born at London 
 on March 27th, 1723, of whom hereafter, under the title of Baron 
 Holland. 
 
 Second, a son, who died immediately after his birth, at London, 
 on September 3d, 1724. 
 
 Third, Lady Louisa Margaret Lenox, who was born at London 
 on November 15th, 1725, and died at Paris in 1728, his Grace in 
 that year taking a tour into France. 
 
 Fourth, Lady Anne Lenox, who was born on May 27th, 1/26, 
 and died the next year in London. 
 
 Fifth, Charles Earl of March, who was born on September 
 29th, 1730, and died the same year in London. 
 
 Sixth, Lady Emilia Lenox, who was born on October 6th, 
 1731, and married on February 7th, 1746-7, to James, then Earl 
 of Kildare, and afterwards Duke of Leinster, of the kingdom of 
 Ireland, and Viscount Leinster of Great Britain, &c. He died 
 November ipth, 1773. Her Grace married, secondly, William 
 Ogilvie, Esq. 
 
 Seventh, Charles, third Duke of Richmond. 
 
 Eighth, Lord George Henry Lenox, born in London, on No-
 
 DUKE OF RICHMOND. 2Qg 
 
 vetnber 2C)th, 1/37, who, on February 15th, 1754, had an ensign's 
 commission conferred on him in the second regiment of foot 
 guards; and on May 8th, 1758, was, on his brother's promotion, 
 appointed lieutenant colonel of the thirty-third regiment of foot. 
 At the general election in 1/61, he was returned for Chichester j 
 and at the general elections in 1768 and 1775, chosen one of the 
 knights of the shire for Sussex, which county he continued to re- 
 present till his death. On February 20th, 1762, he was nomi- 
 nated one of his Majesty's aid-de-camps, with the rank of colonel 
 of foot; and December 22d, 1762, got the command of the 
 t-w^enty-fifth regiment of infantry. He made the campaign in 
 Germany in 1757^ being aid-de-camp to tlie Duke of Cumber- 
 land; was in the expedition against the coast of France in 1758 j 
 in 1760 and 1761 served in Germany; and in 1763 as brigadier- 
 general of the forces in Portugal. In 1765 he attended his 
 brother, as secretary, on his embassy to the court of France, and 
 on his Grace's leave of absence, was left charge des affaires. On 
 May 25th, 177^, was promoted to the rank of major general; on 
 August 27th, 1777^ lieutenant general j and on October 12th, 
 1793, of general. His Lordship, in 17^9, wedded Lady Louisa, 
 daughter of William Ker, Earl of Ancram, son and heir apparent 
 to William Marquis of Lothian in Scotland; and by her had three 
 daughters. Louisa, born in Privy Gardens, Whitehall, on No- 
 vember 2d, 1760 ; Emilia, born in Portugal, in December i/GS, 
 married August 28th, 1784, the Hon. George Cranfield Berkeley, 
 vice admiral of the white; Georgina, born at Goodwood in Sussex 
 1765, married April 1st, 1789, Henry, now Earl Bathurst ; and 
 a son, Charles, born in Scotland 17^4, now Duke of Richmond. 
 Lord George died March 22d, 1805. 
 
 Ninth, Lady Margaret Lenox, who was born in London on 
 November l6th, 1739, and died of the small-pox at Goodwood, 
 on January 10th, 1740-41. 
 
 Tenth, Lady Louisa Augusta Lenox, who was born in London 
 on November 24th, 1743, and married on D( cember 30th, 1758, 
 to Thomas Conolly, of Castletown, Esq. in the county of Kildare, 
 in Ireland. 
 
 Eleventh, Lady Sarah Lenox, born in London on February 
 14th, 1744-5, was the first of the ten unmarried daughters of 
 Dukes and Earls who supported the train of Queen Charlotte, at 
 her nuptials on September 8th, 1761 ; and on June 2d, 1762, 
 wedded Sir Thomas Charles Bunbury, Bart, knight of the shire 
 
 V01-. I. r
 
 ilO PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 for Suffolk, from whom she was divorced by act of parliament, 
 which received the royal assent. May 14th, 1776. She re-married 
 August 27th, at Bengrove in Sussex, tlie Hon. George Napier, 
 son of the fifth Lord Napier. 
 
 Twelfth, Lady Cecilia Margaret Lenox, born February 28th, 
 1749-50, and died at Paris November 21st, I769, unmarried. 
 
 Charles Lenox, the third Duke of Richmond of this 
 family, was born in London, on February 22d, 1734 5, and in 
 September 1750, set out on his travels for further accomplish- 
 ment in foreign countries. Choosing a military life, he was, in 
 June 1756, appointed lieutenant colonel of the third-third regi- 
 ment of foot, having before served in the inferior commissions of 
 an officer j and being constituted colonel of the seventy -second 
 regiment of foot, on May 9th, 1758, was promoted to the rank 
 of major general on March 9th, 1761, and to that of lieutenant 
 general on March 30th, 1770> to that of general February 19th, 
 1783 j and of field marshal, July 30th, 1796. His Grace, having 
 likewise an elegant taste for the polite arts, ordered, in March 
 1758, a room to be opened at his house at Whitehall, containing 
 a large collection of original plaister casts, from the best antique 
 busts and statues at Rome and Florence, to which any painter, 
 sculptor, carver, or other artist, and youths above twelve years of 
 age, to whom the study of those gesses might be useful, were al- 
 lowed access witliout any expence : and for the encouragement 
 of genius, he moreover bestowed annually, two medals on those 
 who made the two best models. His Grace was also colonel of 
 the royal regiment of horse guards j and of the militia for the 
 county of Sussex ; F. R. S. high steward of the city of Chichester j 
 one of the vice presidents of the society for encouraging arts, ma- 
 nufactures and commerce, and of the lying-in-hospital for mar- 
 ried and unmarried women, in Duke street, near Grosvenor- 
 square, London. At the coronation of his Majesty, on September 
 22d, 1761, his Grace carried the scepter with the dove; and on 
 October 18th, 1763, was declared Lord Lieutenant and Gustos 
 Rotulorum of the county of Sussex. At the accession of the pre- 
 sent King, his Grace was nominated one of the lords of the bed- 
 chamber, but soon after resigned. In 1765, his Grace was ap- 
 pointed ambassador extraordinary to the court of France, and on 
 October 23d same year, sworn one of his Majesty's most honour- 
 able privy-coancil. On May 23d, 1/66, he was appointed prin- 
 cipal secretary of state for the southern department, which high
 
 DUKE OF RICHMOND . 211 
 
 post he resigned on August 2d following. In March 1782, he 
 was appomted master general of the ordnance ; from which he was 
 removed in April 1/83, and again appointed December following, 
 whence he held it till November I795. In 1782, he was elected 
 Knight of the Garter He wedded, on April 1st, 17^7^ Mary, 
 eldest daughter and coheiress of Charles Bruce, late Earl of Ailes- 
 bury, by his Lady, Caroline, daughter of general John Cam.pbell, 
 afterwards Duke of Argyll, but had no issue by her, who died 
 1796. He died December 2gth, I8O6, leaving a character of per- 
 severing talents, and an assiduous love of business. He was suc- 
 ceeded by his nephew, 
 
 Charles, fourth and present Duke of Richmond, born 1/^4, 
 who is a lieutenant general in the army, and colonel of the thirty- 
 fifth regiment of foot; and in April 180", was appointed Lord 
 Lieutenant of Ireland, in the room of the Duke of Bedford. He 
 married September 9th, 1 789, Charlotte, daughter of Alexander, 
 Duke of Gordon, by whom he has, first, Mary, born August 15th, 
 179O; second, Charles, Earl of March, born August 3d, 1791 j 
 third, Sarah, born August 22d, 1792; fourth, John George, born 
 October 3d, 1793 j fifth, Georgina, born September 27th, 1795; 
 sixth, Henry Adain, born September 6th, 1797 '} seventh, a son, 
 born 1802; eighth, a daughter, born 1803; ninth, a daughter, 
 born 1804. 
 
 Titles. Charles Lenox, Duke of Richmond, B'arl of March, 
 and Baron Settrington, in England ; Duke of Lenox, Earl of 
 Dainley, and Baron Methuen of Torbolton, in Scotland; and Duke 
 of Aubigny in France; which last title was confirmed by patent, 
 and properly registered by the parliament of Paris in 1777- 
 
 Creations. Duke of Richmond in Yorkshire, Earl of March 
 (a title derived from the Marches in South Wales) and Baron of 
 Settrington, in the county of York, on August 9th, 1675, 27 Car. 
 II. Duke of Lenox, Eail of Darnley, and Baron Methuen of Tor- 
 bolton, in Scotland, on September 9th, l675; and Duke of 
 Aubigny in France, in January, 1683-4, 41 Louis XIV. 
 
 yirms. Quarterly, first and fourth, the arms of France and 
 England, quarterly ; the second, Scotland ; and the third, Ireland 
 (being the arms of Charles II ) the whole within a border com- 
 pone. Argent and gules, tlie first charged with verdoy of roses of 
 the second, and seeded proper : over all, in an escutcheon, the 
 arms of Aubigny, viz. gules, three oval buckles. Or. 
 
 Crest. On a chapeau, gules, turned up ermine, a lion statant,
 
 212 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 guardant. Or, crowned with a ducal coronet, gules, and gorged 
 with a collar gobone, charged as the border in the coat. 
 
 Supporters. On the dexter side, an unicorn. Argent, armed, 
 crested, aod hoofed. Or. On the sinister, an antelope, argent, 
 armed, maned, and hoofed, as the dexter. Each supporter gorged, 
 as the crest. 
 
 Motto. En la rose je fleurie. 
 
 Chief Seat. At Goodwood, in the county of Susse-v.
 
 DUKE OF GRAFTON. 213 
 
 FITZROY, DUKE OF GRAFTON. 
 
 HfiNKY FiTZROY, second natural son of Charles If.'' by Barbara 
 Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland, was born on September 20th, 
 1663 ; and being of a brave and martial spirit, addicted himself, 
 first, to the experience of maritime affairs, having been in several 
 naval expeditions with Sir John Bury, Knight, vice admiral of 
 England: he was, by letters patent, bearing date August l6th, 
 1672, created Baron of Sudbury, Viscount Ipswich, and Earl of 
 Euston, all in the county of Suffolk; also on September 11th, 
 1675, created Duke of Grafton, in the county of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 On August 31st, 168O, he was elected a Knight of the most 
 noble Order of the Garter ; but being then at sea with the afore- 
 said Sir John Bury, he was installed at Windsor by his proxy. Sir 
 Edward Villiers, Knight, afterwards Earl of Jersey, on September 
 3Gth following. 
 
 On December 15th, 168I, he was chosen by the corporation 
 of the Trinity House, to be one of their elder brothers ; ^ and on 
 the 30th of the same month, constituted colonel of the first regi- 
 
 "^ Burnet says, " One of the race of Villiers, then married to Palmer, a 
 Papist, soon after made Earl of Castemain, who afterwards being separated 
 from hirn was advanced to be Duchess of Cleveland, was his first and longest 
 mistress, by whom he had five children. She was a woman of great beauty, 
 but most enormously vitious and ravenous ; foolish, but imperious, very un- 
 easy to the King, and always carrying on intrigues with other men, while yet 
 she pretended she was jealous of him. His passion for her and her strange 
 behaviour towards him, did so disorder him. that often he was not master of 
 himself, nor capable of minding business, which in so critical a time required 
 great application.'' Burnet's Hist. O T. voli. p 94. 
 k Hist of Engvol. iii p 391.
 
 214 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND, 
 
 ment of foot guards, which was given, in 1688, to the Earl of 
 Litchfield, but restored that ye.ir to his Grace by the Prince of 
 Orange. On December 2d, l682, he was"^ appointed vice 
 admiral of England j on October 20th, l684, was sworn re- 
 corder of St. Edmnnsbury in Suffolk j and on May 6th, l6S5, 
 appointed Lord Lieutenant and Gustos Rotulorum of that county. 
 He was also, by patent, remembrancer in the first fruits office ; 
 ranger of Whittkbury forest in Northamptonshire ; and game- 
 keeper at Newmarket. 
 
 At the coronation of James II. he performed the "^ office of 
 lord high constable of England. And on the landing of the Duke 
 of Monmouth in the West, 1685, he commanded a part of King 
 James's forces, and behaved with great gallantry in the action of 
 Philips Norton Lane, in com. Somerset, c narrowly escaping with 
 his life. 
 
 Iri 1687, the Duke of Somerset having declined conducting 
 Ferdinand Dadda, Archbishop of AmasJa, Pope Innocent Xl's 
 Nuncio, to his public audience, he was prevailed on by the King 
 to perform it 3 ^ and accordingly, on the 3d of July that year, he 
 solemnly conducted him to Windsor, attended by Sir Charles 
 Cotterel, master of the ceremonies, in one of his Majesty's coaches. 
 The same year (being then vice admiral of England) he had the 
 command of a squadron of his Majesty's ships of war, to receive 
 Mary Sophia, Queen of Pedro II. King of Portugal, in Holland, 
 and conduct her to Lisbon. His Grace afterwards sailed for 
 Tunis, where he arrived on October l6th, 1687, and having 
 brought the Corsairs of that place to amity, he returned to England 
 in March 1688, and waiting on the King, was very graciously 
 received. 
 
 On the landing of the Prince of Orange, his Grace k was one 
 of the Protestant peers then in London, uho, with the Arch- 
 bishops of Canterbury and York, &c. signed a petition to King 
 James, " That in the deep sense of the miseries of a war, &c, 
 they did think themselves bound in conscience, and out of the 
 duty they owe to God, their holy religion, &c, most humbly to 
 offer to his Majesty, that in their opinions, the only visible way 
 to preserve his Majesty and his kingdom, would be the calling of 
 a parliament, regular andyree in all respects, &c." The Jesuits 
 were so enraged at this petition, that they published a paper with 
 
 c Hist, of Eng. vol. iii. p. 397. * Hist, of King James's Coronation. 
 Hist, of Eng. vol. iii. p.431. ' Ibid, p 494- ' Ibid, p 529.
 
 DUKE OF GRAFTON. ' 215 
 
 this title. Some Reflections upon the humble Petition to the King, 
 of the Lords, who subscribed the same ; presented November 1 yth, 
 1688, 
 
 On King James's arrival with his army at Salisbury, No- 
 vember 19th, his Grace, '* with the Lord Churchill (afterwards 
 Duke of Marlborough) were the first that went over to the 
 Prince of Orange. And such confidence had his Highness in his 
 Grace's good disposition to him, ' that when King James had the 
 first time withdrawn himself from Whitehall, he dispatched the 
 Duke of Grafton from his camp at Henley, to go and take pos- 
 session of Tilbury Fort, with his regiment of foot guards. But 
 after the meeting of the convention, when it came to be debated 
 in the house of peers, ivhether the throne being vacant, it ought 
 to be filled up by a Regent, or a King, the Duke '' was one of the 
 forty- nine, that voted for a Regent. However, his Grace, with 
 the Duke of Ormond, the Dukes of Southampton and Northum- 
 berland, soon after acknowledged the Prince and Princess of 
 Orange for King and Queen. 
 
 At their coronation, his ' Grace attended, and bore the King's 
 Orb. in 1690, he embarked with the Earl of Marlborough for 
 Ireland, who arrived before the harbour of Cork on September 
 21st J '" and two days after, the greatest part of the land forces 
 went on shore, headed by the Duke of Grafton, who, coming the 
 next day within a mile of the town of Cork, began a formal siege. 
 And a considerable breach being made, the grenadiers were 
 ordered to storm the town, headed by his Grace, and some resolute 
 volunteers. But as he was leading" them on to the assault, on 
 September 28th, he i-eceived a wound with a shot, which broke 
 two of his ribs, whereof he died, at Cork, on October pth follow- 
 ing ; and his corpse was brought to England, and buried at Euston 
 in Suffolk. 
 
 His Grace married, on August 1st, 1672, the Lady Isabella, 
 only daughter, and at length heir, to Henry Bennet, Earl of Ar- 
 lington, Viscount Thetford, &c. Secretary of State, and of the 
 privy-council, Knight of the most noble order of the Garter, and 
 Lord Chamberlain of the houshold to Charles II. by the Lady 
 Isabella of Nassau, his wife, one of the daughters of Lewis of 
 Nassau, Lord of Beaverwaert, and Count of Nassau, and sister to 
 Henry of Nassau, Seignior de Auverquerque, master of the horse 
 
 " Hist. ofEng p. 5*9- ' Ibid. p. 5,^5. 
 
 ^ Ibid, p 544- ' Ibid, p 560 " Ibid, p, 610, 6u.
 
 216 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 to William III. and father of Henry, late Earl of Grantham : and 
 by her had Charles, his only child, second Duke of Grafton, born 
 at Arlington House, on October 25th, 1683 ; and in the right of 
 his mother (who was secondly married to Sir Thomas Hanmer of 
 Mildenhall in Suffolk, Bart, and died on February 7th, 1722-3, 
 in the fifty-sixth of her age) was Earl of Arlington, Viscount 
 Thetford, and Baron Arlington j her father being created Baron 
 Arlington, of Arlington, in the county of Middlesex, March 14th, 
 l663, ]6 Car. II. and Viscount Thetford, in the county of Nor- 
 folk, and Earl of Arlington, on April 22d, 1672, with limitation 
 to the heirs of his body lawfully begotten. 
 
 " The Duke of Grafton," says Burnet, " was one of King 
 Charles's sons by the Duchess of Cleveland. He had been some 
 time at sea, and was a gallant but rough man. He had more 
 spirit than any one of the King's sons. He made an answer to 
 the King about this time, that was much talked of. The King 
 took notice of somewhat in his behaviour that looked factious : 
 and he said, he was sure he could not pretend to act upon prin- 
 ciples of conscience J for he had been so ill bred, that as he knew 
 little of religion, so he regarded it less. But he answered the 
 King, that, though he had little conscience, yet he was of a party 
 that had conscience." In another place Burnet says, " he was 
 brave, and probably would have become a great man at sea."" 
 
 Charles, second Duke of Grafton, after finishing his travels 
 abroad, took" his seat in the house of peers on October 25th, 
 1704 ; and on April 4th, 1705, was constituted Lord Lieutenant 
 of the county of Suffolk. On September 25th, 17OS, he was sent 
 to Portsmouth, to compliment Mary Anne of Austria, Queen of 
 Portugal, in her Majesty's name, upon her arrival in Great Britain. 
 On October 9th, 1714, he was again, on the accession of George I. 
 (at whose coronation, on the 20th of the same month, he acted as 
 high steward, &c. carried St. Edmond's crown) constituted Lord 
 Lieutenant of the county of Suflblk, and Custos Rotulorum of the 
 same. On October 18th, he was appointed one of the gentlemen 
 of his Majesty's bedchamber. On August 27th, 1715, his Grace, 
 and Henry Earl of Galway, were appointed lords justices of Ire- 
 land 5 and on the 31st of the same month, he was sworn one of 
 his Majesty's privy-council. On June 17th, 1 720, his Majesty, in 
 council, declared him Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. 
 
 " Burnet's Hist. vol. i p 791- vol. ii. p. 60. 
 Journal Dom- Procer.
 
 DUKE OF GRAFTON. 21/ 
 
 His Grace embarked at Holyhead, on August 27th, 1721, and 
 landing at Dublin tlie next day about noon, received the compli- 
 ments as usual, and proceeding to the castle, took the oaths in 
 council, as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. On September 13th, he 
 went in the usual state to the house of peers, and opened the 
 session of parliament with a speech to them from the throne. 
 
 On June 11th, 1720, he was also nominated one of the '^rds 
 justices of Great Britain, whilst his Majesty went to Hanover. 
 
 On March 27th, 1721, he was elected a Knight of the most 
 noble order of the Garter, and was installed on April 25th fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 On June 3d, 1723, he was, a second time, made one of the 
 lords justices of Great Britain, and, on April 3d, 1724, appointed 
 lord chamberlain of his Majesty's household. 
 
 On May 12th, 1724, (on his return from Ireland, from whence 
 he arrived at Parkgate, on the pth of that month) he was sworn 
 recorder of the city of Coventry, and presented with tlie freedom 
 thereof. 
 
 Also, on June 1st, 1/25, he was, a third time, one of the 
 lords justices : and, on May 31st, 1727, a fourth time, when his 
 Majesty died on his journey. On his late Majesty's ascending the 
 throne, he was again appointed, on December 14th, 1727? Lord 
 Lieutenant and Gustos Rotulorum of the county of Suffolk, and 
 vice admiral of the same. He was also appointed lord cham- 
 berlain of his household, and sworn of his privy-council ; and in 
 August, 1734, was elected one of the governors of the Charter- 
 house. 
 
 He was, on May 12th, 1740, again nominated one of the 
 lords justices ; as he was on every future occasion, when his Ma- 
 jesty's pleasure and affairs called him abroad, until his Grace's 
 death, which happened on May 6th, 1757. 
 
 His Grace in 1713, married the Lady Henrietta, daughter to 
 Charles Somerset, Marquis of Worcester (eldest son of Henry 
 Duke of Beaufort) and by her (who died on August pth, 1726) 
 had issue five sons and four daughters. 
 
 First, Charles Henry, born April ISth, 1/14, and died De- 
 cember, 1715. 
 
 Second, George Earl of Euston, born on August 24th, 17^5, 
 who was one of the four young noblemen, who, at the coronation 
 of his late Majesty, supported his train, and was member of par- 
 liament for the city of Coventry. He married, in 174), Lady 
 Dorothy, daughter of Richard Earl of Burlington, who died ia
 
 219 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 April, 1742. His Lordship died at Bath July 7th, 1747, leaving 
 no issue. 
 
 Third, Lord Augustus, born on October l6th, 1716, of whom 
 hereafter. 
 
 Fourth, Lord Charles, born on April 28th, 17I8, who died at 
 Milan, in his travels, July 29th, ] 739, unmarried. 
 
 Fifth, Henry, born March 26th, ] 725, who died November 
 20th following. The daughters were. 
 
 First, Harriot, born January 17th, 172O-I, who died an infant. 
 
 Second, Lady Carolina, born on April 8th, 1722, and married 
 the 11th of August, 1746, to William late Earl of Harrington ; 
 and was mother of the present Earl. 
 
 Third, Lady Harriot, born on June 8th, 1723, and died, in 
 August, 1735. 
 
 Fourth, Lady Arabella, born on July 19th, 1729, and married 
 in May, 1741, to Francis Seymour Conway, Lord Conway, after- 
 wards Earl and Marquis of Hertford. She died November 10th, 
 1782, leaving the present Marquis, &c. 
 
 Lord Augustus Fitzroy, third son of Charles second Duke of 
 Grafton, being brought up in the sea-service, was, in September, 
 1736, captain of the Kennington, and afterwards of several other 
 of his Majesty's ships of war. He commanded the Orford man 
 of war at the attack of Carthagena, in February, 174O-I, but died 
 at Jamaica, on May 28th following, much regretted for his bravery 
 and diligence in the service, being then also member in parlia- 
 ment for Thetford, into which he had been elected in Februarj', 
 1738-9, upon a vacancy. His Lordship, in March, 1733-4, 
 wedded Elizabeth, daughter of Colonel William Cosby, some 
 time governor of New York, a younger son of Alexander Cosby, 
 of Strodbell in Ireland, Esq. and by her (who after his decease 
 re-married James Jeffreys, Esq. and died December 21st, 1788), 
 had three sons, Charles, who was born at New York in 1734, 
 and died there, aged fourteen months ; Augustus Heniy, now 
 Duke of Grafton ; and the Honourable Charles Fitzroy, created 
 29th, September 178 ), Lord Southampton, of Southampton in 
 Hants. 
 
 Augustus Henry, the present and third Duke of Grafton, 
 was born in October, 1735, and succeeded his uncle, the Earl of 
 Euston, as heir apparent to his grandfather, was, in November, 
 1756, appointed a lord of the bedchamber to the present King, 
 then Prince of Wales, On the death of the late Earl of Harrington, 
 in 1756, and the promotion of the present Earl of Mansfield, that
 
 DUKE OF GRAFTON. 219 
 
 same year, he was elected, in the room of the latter, a member 
 for Boroughbridge, and in place of the former, for St. Edmnnds- 
 bury, for which he chose his seat in parliament, which he kept 
 till his grandfather's death, in May 1757. His Grace is receiver 
 general of the profits of the seals, in the courts of King's Bench 
 and Common Pleas j ranger of Whittlebury-forestj master of the 
 game in Salcey-park j his Majesty's game-keeper at Newmarket; 
 recorder of Tbetfordj high steward of Dartmouth; one of the 
 governors of the Charter-house; and president of the Small Pox- 
 hospital. In the late reign, he was appointed Lord Lieutenant 
 and Custos Rotulorum of Suffolk, and cotuinued so in the present. 
 On July 10th, 1/65, his Grace was appointed one of his Majesty's 
 principal Secretaries of State, which he resigned in May, 1766; 
 on August 2d following, was constituted First Lord Commis- 
 sioner OF THE Treasury, which he resigned January 28th, 17/0. 
 On June 12th, 1771, constituted Lord Privy Seal, in which high 
 department he continued till Nov. 1775. On Dec. 5th, 1768, his 
 Grace was elected chancellor of tlie University of Cambridge, and 
 installed July 1st following; also in a chapter held September 
 20th, lyQg, was elected one of the Knights companions of the 
 most noble order of the Garter, and installed July 25th, 1771. 
 
 On Jan. 29th, 175(5, he married Anne, only child of Henry 
 Liddcll, Lord Ravensworth ; and by her had issue, a daughter, 
 J^ady Georgiana, born on May 8th, 1757^ and married, on June 
 4th, 1778, to John Smyth of Heath, Esq.; and died January 10th, 
 1799, leaving issue. 
 
 Also three sons, first, George Henry, Earl of Euston, born on 
 January 14th, 176O; another son, born on February 20th, 1761, 
 who died soon after; a third son, Charles, born on July 17th, 1704, 
 who married, June 20th, 1 7Q5, Miss Mundy, daughter of Edward 
 Miller Mundy, Esq. who died August pth, 1797, leaving one son, 
 Charles Augustus; and married, secondly, March 10th, 1 799* 
 Lady Frances Stewart, eldest daughter of Robert, Earl of London- 
 derry, by Lady Frances Pratt: his Lordship is a lieutenant gene- 
 ral in the army, and colonel of the forty-eighth regiment of foot. 
 
 His Grace obtained an act of parliament which received the 
 royal assent on March 23d, 1769, whereby his Grace's marriage 
 with the said Anne Liddell was dissolved; in consequence where- 
 of, this Lady remarried to John, the present Earl of Upper Ossory, 
 and his Grace, in May following, took to his second Duchess, 
 Elizabeth, third daughter of the Rev. Sir Richard Wrottesley, 
 Bart, and Dean of Windsor, by whom he has had issue, five sons,
 
 220 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 third. Lord Henry, born March 22d, 1770 J n holy orders; mar- 
 ried, October 2d, 1800, Miss Caroline Pigot, youngest daughter 
 of the late Admiral Pigot j fourth. Lord Augustus, born June 1st, 
 1773, a captain in the navy, died 1799; and, fifth. Lord Frede- 
 rick, born September l6th, 1774 ; sixth, Lord William, born June 
 1st, 1782, a captain in the navyj seventh. Lord John, born Sep- 
 tember 24th, 1785. Also seven daughters, viz. Lady Charlotte, 
 born May 14th, 177 1 ; Lady Elizabeth, born October 19th, 1775 ; 
 Lady Louisa, born July 30th, 1777; Lady Augusta, born Fe- 
 bruary 19th, 1779; Lady Frances, born June 1st, 178O, married, 
 November 25th, 1800, Lord Francis Almaric Spencer, second 
 son of the Duke of Marlborough 5 Lady Caroline, born July 5th, 
 178I, died May 28th, 1803; Lady Harriot, born April 28th, 17S4, 
 died April 14th, 1804; Lady Isabella, born November 17th, 1/86. 
 George Henry, Earl of Euston, married, November l6th, 
 1784, Charlotte Maria, second daughter of the second Earl of 
 Waldegrave, and by her has had six sons and four daughters ; viz. 
 Henry, Viscount Ipswich, born February 10th, 1790; Charles,, 
 born 1791, an ensign in the first regiment of foot guards; Wil- 
 liam, born January 20th, 1794 ; Hugh George, born 29th, 1795; 
 died April 2eth, 1797 ; Richard James, born May 3d, 1800, died 
 September 29th, 1801; Mary Anne, born November 3d, 1/85 ; 
 Georgiana Laura, born January 15th, \7^7 ; Elizabeth Anna, 
 born June 29th, 1/88; and Isabella Frances, born May 6th, 
 1792. His Lordship has for many years represented the Univer- 
 sity of Cambridge in parliament. 
 
 Titles. Augustus Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Grafton, Earl of 
 Arlington and Euston, Viscount Thetford and Ipswich, Baron 
 Arlington of Arlington, and Baron of Sudbury. 
 
 Creations. Baron Arlington of Arlington, in com. Middlesex, 
 Viscount Thetford in com. Norfolk, and Earl of Arlington, afore- 
 said, by descent from his mother Isabella, sole daughter and heir 
 to the Right Honourable Henry Bennet, Earl of Arlington, who 
 was created Baron by letters patent, on March 14th, 1663, 
 16 Car. II. and Viscount and Earl, on April 22d, l6?2, 24 Car. II. 
 Baron of Sudbury, Viscount Ipswich, and Earl of Euston, all in 
 the county of Suffolk, on August l6th, I671, 24 Car. II. and 
 Duke of Grafton, in the county of Northampton, on September 
 nth, 1675, 27 Car. 11, 
 
 Arms. The arms of King Charles II. with a Battone sinister 
 compone. Argent and Azure.
 
 DUKE OF GRAFTON. 221 
 
 Crest. On a chapeau, gules, turned up ermine, a lion statant 
 guardant, Or, crowned with a ducal coronet. Azure, and gorged 
 with a collar countercompone. Argent and Azure. 
 
 Supporters. On the dexter side a lion guardant. Or, crowned 
 with a ducal coronet. Azure, and gorged with a collar counter- 
 pone. Argent, and Azure : on the sinister, a greyhound, ai'gent, 
 gorged as the lion. 
 
 Motto. Et Decus et pretium recti. 
 Chief Seats. At Wakefield Lodge in Whittlebury Forest, in 
 the county of Northampton ; at Livermore Hall, in the county of 
 Suffolk ; and at Euston Hall in the same county, which last, de- 
 rived from the Earl of Arlington, is his principal seat.
 
 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 SOMERSET, DUKE OF BEAUFORT. 
 
 This noble Duke derives his genealogy from an jllegitimate 
 branch of the house of Plantagenet, (whence it is observable, 
 that his progenitors have flourished with the titles of Dukes, Mar- 
 quisses, and Earls, and have not descended to a lower degree for 
 these seven hundred years) being lineally descended from John 
 of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, son of Edward IIL who caused all 
 his natural children, by Catherine Swinfoid, daughter of Sir Payn 
 Roet, alias Guyen, king of arras, and widow of Sir Otes Swin- 
 ford. Knight, to whom he was afterwards married, to be called 
 Beaufort, from the castle of Beaufort in the county of Anjou, 
 the place of their nativity j which castle came, A. D. 12/6, to the 
 house of Lancaster by the marriage of Blanch, daughter of 
 Robert I. Count of Arlois, and widow of Henry I. King of Na- 
 varre, with Edmund (surnamed Crouchback) Earl of Lancaster, 
 second son of Henry IIL King of England. 
 
 By the said Catherine, he had before marriage three sons, and 
 a daughter, who were all legitimated by act of parliament in i3Q6, 
 viz. Joan, who was first married to Sir Robert Ferrers of Oversley, 
 secondly to Ralph Nevill, the first Earl of Westmoreland, and 
 dying anno 1440, was buried in the cathedral of Lincoln. Of 
 the sons, which were John, Henry, and Thomas, the latter was 
 created Earl of Dorset, and Duke of Exeter, but left no issue ; he 
 died 1427, and was buried at St. Edmund's Bury in Suffolk. His 
 body was ^ found in 17/2, by some workmen who were employed 
 among the ruins of that abbey. The second was made Bishop o 
 Winchester, anno 1405, and was also Cardinal and Lord Chan- 
 
 * Gentleman's Magazine, vol. xlii p gz.
 
 DUKE OF BEAUFORT. 223 
 
 cellor, and father of a natural daughter, Joan, wife of Sir Edward 
 Stradling in Wales j and John, the eldest, was created EarJ of . 
 Somerset, anno 13q6, also Marquis of Dorset and Somerset, Sep- 
 tember 29th, 1398, from which last titles he was afterwards de- 
 prived. In 1400, he was made Lord Chamberlain of England for 
 life; Knight of the Garter, and captain of Calais, He died 
 March 16th, 1410, and was buried in Canterbury cathedral. 
 
 John, second Earl of Somerset, having married Margaret, 
 sister and coheir to Edmund Holland, Earl of Kent (who was 
 secondly married ^ to Thomas Duke of Clarence, son of King 
 Henry IV.) by her had four sons and two daughters, whereof 
 Joan, the eldest, was married first to James I. King of Scots, and 
 iifter his death, to Sir James Stuart, son to Lord Lome, from whom 
 -the Duke of Athol ; and Margaret, to Thomas Courtnay, Earl of 
 Devonshire. 
 
 The sons of the said John Earl of Somerset were, Henry, 
 John, Edmund, and Thomas j whereof Henry the eldest dying 
 unmarried, anno 1418, left his inheritance to his brother, 
 
 John, who succeeded him as third Earl of Somerset ; and in 
 1443, was created Duke of Somerset, and Earl of Kendale, and 
 constituted lieutenant and captain general of Aquitain ; as also of 
 the whole realm of France, and duchy of Normandy. His Grace 
 departed this life on May 27th, 1444, and was buried at Winborne 
 minster in Dorsetshire ; leaving issue by Margaret his wife, widow 
 of Sir Oliver St. John, and daughter to Sir John Beauchamp, of 
 Bletshoe in the county of Bedford, Knight, (and heir to John her 
 brother) an only daughter, Margaret, married to Edmund of 
 Hadham, Earl of Richmond, eldest son of Owen ap Merideth ap 
 Tudor, and Catherine of France, Queen of England, dowager to 
 Henry V. and by him was mother of Henry VII. she was se- 
 condly, married to Sir Henry Stafford, son of Humphry Duke of 
 Buckingham J and thirdly, to Thomas Stanley Earl of Derby, and 
 dying on"^ 3d calend. of July 1509, was buried in Henry VII. 's 
 chapel, Westminster Abbey. 
 
 To him succeeded Etjmund his next brother, who was Earl 
 of Mortien in Normandy, and created Marquis of Dorset on June 
 24th, I'^i'lS. In 24th Henry VI. he was Regent of Normandy j 
 and in 26th Henry VI. created Duke of Somerset ; but was slain 
 in the battle of St. Alban's, on May 22d, 1455. He married 
 Eleanor, second daughter and coheir to Richard Beauchamp, Earl 
 
 ^ Vincent, p 283. ' Inscrip. Tumuli.
 
 221 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 of Warwick, and by her, who died '^ March 12th, 1467^ had four 
 sons and five daughters, viz. first, Eleanor, first married to Jaraes 
 Butler, Earl of Ormond and Wiltshire, ^' secondly, to Sir Robert 
 Spencer of Spencercombe com. Devon, Knight; second, Joan, 
 first married to Sir Robert St. Lawrence, Baron of Howth 
 in Ireland, and secondly, to Sir Richard Fry, Knight j third, 
 Anne, married to Sir William Paston, of Paston in Norfolk, 
 Knight J fourth, Margaret, first married to Humphrey Stafford, 
 Earl of Stafford, and secondly, to Sir Richard Darrel, Knight j 
 and fifth, Elizabeth, rtiarried to Sir Henry Lewis, Knight. 
 
 The sens of Edmund, the second Duke of Somerset, were 
 Henry, Edmund, John, and Thomas. Henry, the eldest son. 
 Knight of the Garter, succeeded his father as third Duke of So- 
 merset 3 but he having no lawful issue, the honour devolved upon 
 Edmund, his next brother, who was beheaded May 7th, 1471, 
 without issue; and John and Thomas, his next brothers, also 
 dying issueless (the first of them being killed at the battle of 
 Tewksbury, in May, 14/1) in them terminated the male issue of 
 John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, not only by Catherine Swin- 
 ford, but also by his wife, Blanch (mother of King Henry IV.) 
 who was his only other wife that bore him any male issue. 
 
 However, we return to Henry, third Duke of Somerset, 
 Knight of the Garter, as ancestor to his Grace, the present Duke 
 of Beaufort. The said Henry Duke of Somerset had the title of 
 Earl of Moreton in his father's life-time, and gained great honour 
 in the French wars. Among other services, he is remembered 
 for his desperate assault of the castle of St. Anjou in Mayenne, in 
 27 Henry VI. in which he put to the sword three hundred Scots, 
 and hanged all the French found therein. In 36 Henry VI. he 
 was constituted lieutenant and governor of tlie Isle of Wight, 
 and castle of Carisbroke, and the year after made governor of 
 Calais; but being by King Henry VI. recalled into England, to 
 supply the command of Duke Edmund his father (who was slain 
 in behalf of that King in the battle of St. Alban's, against Richard 
 Duke of York) was taken prisoner at the battle of Hexham, in 
 the county of Northumberland, and there (on April 3d, 1463) 
 beheaded for his adherence to the house of Lancaster, leaving 
 issue by Joan Hill, or, de la Montaign, an only natural son, 
 
 Charles, who assumed the surname of Somerset ; he being 
 a person of great abilities, arrived to very high advancements, as 
 
 '' EdmonJson's Baron Gcneal. Vincent, p. 595.
 
 DUKE OF BEAUFORT. 225. 
 
 well In honour as estates. In 1485, he was *" constituted one of the 
 privy-council ; and in 2 Henry VII. being then a Knight, k was 
 made constable of Helmsley castle in Yorkshire, and the year 
 after,'' admiral of his fleet at sea j in which post he' continued 
 in 4 Henry VII. In 6 Henry VII. he was ^ sent ambassador 
 with the Order of the Garter to the Emperor Maximilian I. He 
 was also, by the same King, his near kinsman (for the King's 
 mother and Henry Duke of Somerset his father were brothers' 
 children) created a Banneret, elected Knight of the Garter, and 
 made captain of the guards, on July l/th, 14g6. In 1 7 Henry 
 VII. he ' was sent ambassador to the said Maximilian, and con- 
 cluded two treaties, one dated at Antwerp, on June ipth, 1502, 
 and the other the day after j at which time he gave bond for the 
 payment of 10,000/. to the deputies of the said Maximilian, ia 
 aid against the Turks, in defence of the Christian religion : and 
 therein is stiled Sir Charles Somerset, Knight of the Garter, 
 chamberlain and captain of the guard to the King of England. 
 At a '" Chapter of the Garter held on May 7th, 18 Henry VII. 
 at Windsor, by Thomas Earl of Derby, appointed thereto by the 
 King's commission, the Sovereign, by letter to that Earl, excused 
 Sir Charles Somerset's attendance there, being employed by him 
 on arduous affairs. Those eminent favours were, doubtless, a great 
 fiiriherance of his marriage with Elizabeth, the sole daughter and 
 heir to IFiUiam Herlert, Earl of Huntmgdon, Lord Hei lert of 
 Raoland, Chepstow and Gower: and in her right he bore the title 
 of Lord Herbert 5 by which appellation he was" made go- 
 vernor of Payne castle, and Montgomery castle in Wales, and 
 had" summons to parliament in the first and third of Henry VIII. 
 among the Barons, by the name of Charles Somerset da Her- 
 bert, Chevalier. Having been Lord Chamberlain to Henry VII. 
 he was also in p the same office to Henry VIII, at his first coming 
 to the crown, likewise one of his privy-council, -and continued 
 in his other employments. In 1513, in the expedition into France, 
 hC^ followed the King thither with 6,000 foot, and was present 
 at the taking of Therrouenne and Tournayj where n-eriting 
 
 f Polyd Virg. p. ,67, Pat 2 Hcmy VII. p a m- 5. 
 
 Pat. 3 Henry VII. p. i . in dors- > Pat. 4 Henry VII. m. 8, 
 
 " Ashmolc's Order of the Garter, p. 391. 
 
 ' Rymer's Feed. torn. xiii. p. S and 9. 
 
 m Anstis's Reg. of the Garter, vol. i, p. 242. 
 
 Pat. 19 Henry VII, p- I. ni. 16 " Claus. de iisd. ann. in dors. 
 
 p Herbert's History of Henry V 1 1 1 . p. 3 t Stow's Annals 
 
 VOL. I. *
 
 226 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 highly for his heroic actions, and exemplary valour, he "^ had the 
 office of Lord Chamberlain bestowed upon him for life ; and like- 
 wise, by reason of his noble descent, and near alliance to the King 
 in blood * (as the patent itself did then import) was on the festival 
 of the Virgin Mary;, in 1514, advanced to the dignity of Earl of 
 Worcester. And on October Qth that year, he ' attended Lady 
 Mary, the King's sister, at her coronation at St. Dennis in France. 
 He was afterwards employed by the King, for " confirming arti- 
 cles of peace between England and France) and in 1521, to me- 
 diate peace between the Emperor Charles V. and Francis I. King 
 of France; having before, on May 13th that year, been one of 
 the peers who sat on the trial of Edward Stafford, Duke of Buck- 
 ingham) and continued in great favour with King Henry VII f. 
 till his Lordship's death, on April 15th, 1526, and was buried at 
 Windsor, with his two first wives. 
 
 By^ his testament, dated 21st Martii, anno 1524,' bearing 
 then the title of Earl of Worcester, Lord Herbert of Gower and 
 Chepstow, Lord Chamberlain to the King, and Knight of the 
 most noble Order of the Garter, he ordered his body to be buried 
 in the church of our Lady and St. George, within the castle of 
 Windsor, by his first wife, in his chapel of our Lady, now called 
 Beaufort chapel, where her tomb was then made, by the consent 
 nnd agreement of the dean and canons of the same place, at such 
 a time as he endowed a priest to say mass, daily and perpetually 
 there, to pray to God for his soul, and for the soul of Elizabeth 
 his first wife, his own, her friends, and mother's soul, and all 
 other : appointing, that in case he should depart this life in Lon- 
 don, Kaiho, or near the river of Thames, that his body should be 
 brought by water to the said church of Windsor, as privately as 
 might be, without pomp, or great charge of torches, or cloathing, 
 hearse, wax, or great dinner, but only for them that must needs 
 be had ; that is to say, twenty men of his own servants, to bear 
 every man a torch, and to have cloathing ; and the bier, or hearse, 
 to be covered witli black cloth, and his body under the same, 
 with a white cross upon it. He likewise bequeathed to Eleanor, 
 his wife, six hundred marks in plate; to his son Henry all his 
 harness, artillery, and habiliments of war, except the harness for 
 his own body, which he gave to his son George : and to his son 
 Henry all his robes of estate, and robes of parliament, with his 
 
 r Fat. 5 Henry VIII. p. 2. m 30. 
 
 Pat. 5 Henry VIII. p. 2 m. 13. t Herbut supr. p |z. 
 
 u Ibid. p. 116. X Ex Regiit Porrh qu- zz..
 
 DUKE OF BEAUFORT, 227 
 
 mantie, gown, and hood of the Order of the Garter. For his first 
 wife he had y Elizabeth, daughter and heir (as has been said 
 before) to William Earl of Huntingdon, and by her had issue 
 Henry, his son and successor ; and a daughter Elizabeth, married 
 to bir John Savage, of Clifton in com. Cestr. Knight, progenitor 
 of the late Earls Rivers. For his second wife he espoused Eliza- 
 beth, daughter of Thomas West, Lord de la War, by whom he had 
 issue Sir Charles Somerset, Knight, captain of the Tower of Ryse- 
 bank in (he haven of Calais j Sir George Somerset, of Badmmi- 
 desfield in com. Suff. Knight, who wedded Mary, sole daughter 
 and heir of Sir Thomas Bovvlays, of Penho.v in the county of 
 Monmouth, Knight, who bore the arms of Seymour, being de- 
 scended from the daughter and sole heir of Roger Seymour, elder 
 son of John Seymour, elder brother of Roger, ancestor to the 
 Duke of Somerset. Sir George Somerset, by the said Mary Bow- 
 lays, was father of two sons, Charles, who married^ Elizabeth, 
 daughter of Sir George Gresely of Colton com. Staff. Knight, 
 and had issue two sons, George and Charles, and a daughter 
 Mary. And William, and a daughter Anne, who wedded Edward 
 Barretj of Belhouse in Essex, Esq. This Earl Charles had also, by 
 his second wife, a daughter Mary, married to William Lord Grey 
 of Wilton. By his third wife, Eleanor, daughter of Sir Edward 
 Sutton, Lord Dudley, he had no issue. 
 
 Henry, his son and heir, the second Earl of Worcester, 
 for his signal exploits performed in the wars of France, during his 
 father's lifetime, ^ had been knighted by Charles Bra;idon, Duke 
 of Suffolk ; and shortly after his father's death, was " appointed 
 one of the commissioners for concluding a peace with the French; 
 and departing this lifie' on November 26th, 1540, was buried at 
 Ragland. <* The inquisition taken after his decease, at Wotton- 
 under-Edge in Gloucestershire, on F-i^bruary 21st, 4 Edward VI. 
 shews, that he died seized of the minors of Wolveston, alias 
 WoUaston, and Grange ofWoUaston, Modesgate, alias Maiott, 
 Brbckwere, Alverston, Halleshall, and Hewelfield, and eighty- 
 two messuages, three milis, one thousand acres of ploughed land, 
 seventy of meadows, one thousand of pasture, six hundred of 
 wood, five hundred of heath and turf, and 20/. 8^-. rent in Brock- 
 were, Wolveston, Alniington, Alverston, Hewelsfield, and Mo- 
 
 y Cat- of Nob. by R Brook z Sandford'sGeneal. Hist- 
 
 Hollinsh. p. 8So b Herb ut supra, p. no. 
 
 ' Each. 4 Edward VI- 
 
 i Cole's Esch lib. 5, u. 6x. A- 16 p 372 in Bibl. Harley.
 
 aas PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 desgate, with the fisheries in the Wye, called Plomwere, Ash" 
 were, Ithelswere, and Walwere, and rectory of Walwere, and ad- 
 vowsons and vicarage of the same ; the manor of Tiddenham, and 
 divers messuages, lands and tenements in Strote, Widden, Bisten, 
 Bottesley, and Sudbury, all in the county of Gloucester : and that 
 William Lord Herbert, Earl of Worcester, was his son and heir, 
 and of the age of twenty-two years. This Earl Henry married* 
 Elizabeth, daughter to Sir Anthony Browne, Knight, standard 
 bearer to Henry VII. and ancestor to the Lords Viscounts Mon- 
 tacute, and by her, who died 1565, and is buried at Chepstow, 
 had issue four sons ; first, William ; second, Thomas, who died 
 on May 27th, 158/, in the Tower of London j third. Sir Charles, 
 who was standard bearer to the band of pensioners in the time of 
 Queen Elizabeth, and died on March 2d, 15t)8, leaving issue hy 
 Emme, ^ daughter and coheir of Henry Braine, Esq. widow of 
 Giles Morgan of Newport, Esq. an only daughter and heir Eliza- 
 beth, married first to RatclifFe Gerrard^ Esq. y and secondly, to 
 Sir Edward Fox, Knight ; and fourth, Francis, slain at Mussel- 
 borough-^field, on September 10th, 1547. Also four daughters} 
 first, Eleanor, married to Sir Edward Vaughan, of Tretour in 
 com. Brecon, Knight j second, Lucy, to John Nevil, Lord La- 
 timer, who died 1577 j she died s 1582, and is buried at Hackney 
 in Middlesex; third, Anne, to Thomas Percy, Earl of Northum- 
 berland; and fourth, Jane, to Sir Edward Mansel, Knight, an- 
 cestor to the late Lord Mansel, and'' died October 10<h, 159I. 
 
 Which William, third Earl, his eldest son and heir, was 
 Knight of the Garter. In 1573, he was ' sent into France with a 
 fount of pure gold, for the christening of a daughter to Charles 
 IX. King of that realm, and to stand in the Queen's stead, as one 
 of the sureties. He married Christian, daughter to Edward North, 
 Lord North of Cathladge, by whom he had Edward, his onlj 
 son and heir ; and two daughters, Elizabeth, married to William 
 Windsor, Esq. youngest son of William Lord Windsor; and 
 Lucy, to Henry Herbert, Esq, son and heir of Sir Thomas Her- 
 bert, of Wynestow in com. Monmouth, Knight.'^ By the inqui- 
 sition, taken September 20lh, 1589, ^t Cardiffe, in the county of 
 
 Cat. of Nob by R Brook. f Sandford proeJ. 
 
 * Stow's Survey of London, Edit. 1633, fol. 797. 
 Inscrip. apud Margam com. Glamorg. 
 Camden's Annals of Queen Elizabeth. 
 * Cole's Esch. lib. 3, note 61 A. 1+ in Bibl. Harley, p 204
 
 DUKE OF BEAUFORT. 22<) 
 
 Glamorgan, the jury found, that at tie time of his death, oa 
 February 2Ist before, (and was buried at Ragland co. Monmouth) 
 he was seized of the lordships and manor of Gower, Kilvey, and 
 the castle and borough of Swansey, parcel of the manor of Gowerj 
 the demesne lands of the castle of Oystmouth, with the appurte- 
 nances, in Clyn forest j the manors of Wringston, Michelston, 
 and the rectory of the church } half the manor of West Orchard, 
 and the manor of f^ancarnan, all in the county of Glamorgan : 
 and that Edward Earl of Worcester was his son and heir, and of 
 the age of thirty-six years, and upwards. 
 
 Edward, fourth Earl, in 1591, was' sent ambassador to 
 James VI. .of Scotland, to congratulate his marriage and safe re- 
 turn from Denmark, &c. And in the 43 Elizabeth, was "" made 
 master of the horse, being the" best horseman and tilter of the 
 times ; which office he had continued to him by James I. being 
 also 1' constituted one of the commissioners for executing the 
 office of Earl Marshal. In the 13th of King James, i resigning 
 his office of master of the horse, he was '^ made lord privy-seal ; 
 and two years after, had a new grant of that office, with the 
 fee of 1,500/. per ann. for life. This Earl, being also Knight of 
 the Garter, wedded Elizabeth, daughter of Francis Earl of Hunt- 
 ingdon J by which Lady, who died August 24th, 1621, and is 
 buried at Ragland, he had issue eight sons. WiUiam Lord Her- 
 bert, eldest son, died unmarried in the life-time of his father j 
 and Henry, second son, succeeded his father 5 Thomas, the third 
 son, was sent with Sir Charles Percy, by the privy -council, to 
 notify to King James the demise of Queen Elizabeth, and his 
 Majesty being proclaimed her successor ; he was made Knight of 
 the Bath on January 5th, l604-5; and on December 8th, 1626, 
 created discount Somerset, of Cashel, in the county of Tipperary 
 in Ireland. The preamble to the patent ' recites, that he had 
 performed many acceptable services, both to the King himself, 
 his father and mother, especially as a faithful counsellor of his 
 father, and as master of the horse. He married Eleanor, daughter 
 of David Lord Barry, and Viscount Buttevant of Ireland, relict of 
 Thomas Butler, Earl of Ormond, by whom he left Elizabeth, his 
 daughter and heir, who died single, and was buried at Ragland. 
 
 I Camden's Annals. " Pat.4j Eliz. p. ij. 
 
 n Fragnri Regalia, p. 87. o Pat. i Jac. I. p. 6. 
 
 r Pat 2 Jac. I. p. 24. 1 Annal. R. Jac I. per Camd. 
 
 r Ibid. Pat- 15 Jac. I. p 6. ' Pat. a Car- I. p. No. 10.
 
 230 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Charles Somerset, and Francis, fourth and fifth sons, died infants. 
 Charles, sixth son, of Troy in Monmouthshire, made Knight of 
 the Bath at the creation of Henry Prince of Wales, married Eli- 
 zabeth, the daughter and heir of Sir William Powel, of Llanpylt, 
 in the county of Monmouth ; and had issue three daughters, 
 Elizabeth, the wife of Francis Anderton, of Lostock in com. Pal. 
 Lane. Esq. ; Mary, who died unmarried ; and Frances, the wife 
 of Sir Henry Brown, of Kiddington in the county of Oxford, 
 Bart. Christopher Somerset, seventh son, died young ; and Sir 
 Edward Somerset, eighth son, made Knight of the Bath with his 
 brother, Sir Charles, married Bridget, daughter and heir to Sir 
 William Whitmore, of Leighton, in com. Cestr. Knight, but died 
 without issue. The Earl had likewise seven daughters ; first, 
 Elizabeth, married to Sir Henry Guildford, of Hemsted Place in 
 Kent, Knight ; second, Catherine, married to William LordPetre, 
 of Writtle, she died .October Slst, 1624, at Thorndoii in Essex, 
 and was buried at Ingatstone j third, Anne, married to Sir Edward 
 Winter, of Lidney in com. Gloucester, Knight j fourth, Frances, 
 married to William Morgan, Esq. son and heir to Edward 
 Morgan, of Lanternam in com, Monmouth, Esq. j fifth, Mary, 
 who died an infant ; sixth, Blanch, married to Thomas, son and 
 heir apparent to Thomas Lord Arundel of Wardour ; and seventh, 
 another Catherine, married to Thomas Lord Windsor. 
 
 The said Edward, fourth Earl of Worcester, died at his house 
 in tlie Strand, 3d Martii, 1627-8, and was buried at Windsor. 
 Sir Robert Naunton,'^ who was of the privy-council to Queen 
 Elizabeth, and well known to most of them, gives this character 
 of his Lordship. " My Lord of Worcester I have here put last, 
 but not least in the Queen's favour. He was of the ancient and 
 noble blcod of the Bcauforts, and of her gandfathers line by the 
 mother ; which tlie Queen could never forget ; especially when 
 there was a concurrency of old blood with fidelity ; a mixture 
 which ever borted with ^he Queen's nature. And though there 
 might appear something in this house which might avert her 
 grace (though not to speak of nly Lord himself, but with due 
 reverence and honour) I mean contrariety or suspicion in religion, 
 yet the Queen ever respected this house, and principally this 
 noble Lord, whom she first made master of the horse, and then 
 admitted of her council of state. In his youth (part where jf he 
 spent before he came to reside at court) he was a very fine gentler 
 
 u Funeral Certificate in Coll. Armor. " Fragm. Regalia, p. 87
 
 DUKE OF BEAUFORT. 2^1 
 
 man, and the best horseman and tilter of the tunes, which were 
 then the manlike and noble recreations of the court, and such ag 
 took up the applause of men, as well as the praise and commen- 
 dations of ladies. And when years had abated these exercises of 
 honour, he grew then to be a faithful and profound counsellor. 
 And as I have placed him last, so was he the last liver of all the 
 servants of her favour ; and had the honour to see his renowned 
 mistress, and all of them, laid in the places of their rest : and for 
 himself, after a life of a very noble and remarkable reputation, he 
 died rich, and in a peaceable old age. A fate (that I make the 
 last and none of the slightest observations) which befel not many 
 of the rest, for they expired like unto lights blown out with the 
 snuff stinking, not commendably extinguished, and with offence 
 to the standers by." He was succeeded by his eldest surviving 
 son, 
 
 Henry, fifth Earl, and first Marouis of Worcester, 
 who was, in the life time of his father, summoned to the first 
 parliament of James I. and was a nobleman of great parts, piety, 
 and wisdom, and of a free and generous disposition, supported by 
 an equal and flowing fortune, which was much impaired by his 
 signal and manifest loyalty to Charles I. in the large supplies of 
 men and money he assisted his Majesty with ; whose interest he 
 powerfully asserted during that fierce and unnatural war. " The 
 Marquis of Worcester," says Clarendon, ' was generally reputed 
 the greatest monied man of the kingdom, and probably might not 
 ihink it an unthrifty thing, rather to disburse it for the King, 
 who might be able to repay it, than to have it taken from him by 
 the other party; which would be hardly questionable, if they 
 prevailed." y He maintained his castle of Ragland, ^ in the county 
 of Monmouth, with a garrison of eight hundred men, from 1642, 
 to August 19th, 1646, without receiving any contribution froni 
 the country, and then yielded it to Sir Thomas Fairfax, the par- 
 liamentary general (who besieged it in person) upon very honour- 
 able articles for all the officers and soldiers that were therein. 
 This was amongst the last places in England, that held out against 
 the rebels : but after its surrender, was demolished, and all the 
 timber in the three parks, that lay near to the house, was cut 
 down and sold by the committees for sequestration, the offal of 
 which (for there was no coppice wood in any of the parks) ac- 
 cording to the sub-committees (whose custom was not to acknow- 
 
 y Clar.vol ii. p. 154. z Ibid rol. iii, 40.
 
 232 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND, 
 
 ledge the utmost of the profits they made) amounted to 37,000 
 cords of wood. The lead, that covered the castle, was sold for 
 (5,000/. and a great part of the timber thereof to the citizens of 
 Bristol, to rebuild the houses on the bridge there, which had been 
 lately burnt. The loss to this truly noble family, in the house 
 and woods, was modestly computed at 100,000/. besides, at least, 
 as great a sum lent to his Majesty, by the said Marquis, and the 
 supporting the above mentioned garrison, and raising and main- 
 taining two several armies at his own expence (commanded by 
 his son, Edward Earl of Glamorgan) together with the seques- 
 tration from 16^6, and afterwards the sale of that whole estate 
 by the rump, which (besides what the family disposed of in those 
 necessitous times) amounted, as appears by that year's audit, to 
 about 20,000/. per ann. and was not restored till l660, when his 
 said son got it again. The conditions of capitulation being basely 
 violated, the Marquis was taken into the custody of the parlia- 
 ment's black rod, in which he died in December following, and 
 was buried at Windsor, near the tomb of Charles Earl of Wor- 
 cester, his ancestor. He was, by letters patent, dated at Oxford 
 on November 2d, 1 642, created Mar au is ofWorcesteb. There 
 is exlaat a book called, " Certamen Religiosum ; or, a conference 
 between King Charles I. and Henry, late Marquis of Worcester, 
 concerning Religion in Ragland Castle, l646." Also, " The 
 Golden Apothegms of King Charles I. and Henry Marquis of 
 JVorcester, l660, and l66g." ^ This Henry Earl and Marquis of 
 Worcester married Anne, tlie only child of John Lord Russell, 
 who died in the life time of his father, Francis Earl of Bedford ; 
 and by her, who died on April 1st, I639, and is buried at Rag- 
 Jand, he had issue nine sons, and four daughters. 
 
 Edward Lord Herbert, the eldest, succeeded him in his 
 honours. 
 
 Lord John, second son, who was knighted, and commanded 
 the horse of his brother's army, ^ had issue by his wife, Mary, 
 daughter of Thomas Lord Arundel of Wardour, three sons. The 
 fnst was Henry, of Pentley Court in Gloucestershire, who wedded 
 Anne, daughter of Walter Lord Aston, Baron Forfar, in the king- 
 dom of Scotland, and by her was father of Edward Maria, who 
 married two wives, viz. Clare, daughter of Charles Calvert, Lord 
 Baltimore, of the kingdom of Ireland, and Anne, daughter of 
 Charles Calvert, Lord Baltimore, sister to Clare, but died without 
 
 . Park's R. and N A. vol iii p. 102. k Clar. yol. ii. p. 155.
 
 DUKE OF BEA.UFORT. 233 
 
 issue 1711 '^ and of Mary, who was a nun. The second son of 
 Sir John Somerset, was Thomas, who departed this life in 1671. 
 Sir John Somerset's third son was Charles, who was of Ross in 
 Herefordshire, and wedded three wives, viz. Jane, daughter of 
 Walter Thomas,, of Swansey in Glamorganshire, Esq. widow of 
 .... Aubrey, Esq. Catherine, daughter of Walter Baskervdle, 
 and widow of George Sawyer, Esqrs. and Alice, daughter of John 
 Goodyer. of Burghope in Herefordshire, Esq. By the first he 
 had no issuej but by the second, he had two sons, Charles and 
 Henry, and as many daughters, viz. Mary Johanna and Eli- 
 zabeth J and by the third, a daughter Anne, who died in her 
 infancy. 
 
 Lord William, third son, died an infant. Lord Henry, fourth 
 son, died, at the age of twenty years, unmarried. Lord Thomas, 
 fifth son, lived at Rome, in the year 16/6. Lord Charles, sixth 
 son, was governor of Ragland Castle, under his father, and having 
 signalized himself in the cause of his injured sovereign, died a 
 Canon of Cambray In Flanders. Lords Frederick, Francis, and 
 James, all died young ; Lady Elizabeth, eldest daughter, died an 
 infant; Lady Anne, second daughter, died a nun at Antwerp; 
 Lady Mary, third daughter, died unmarried ; and Lady Elizabeth, 
 youngest daughter, was wedded to Francis Brown, Viscount 
 Montague, and died in 1682. 
 
 Edward Somerset, eldest son. Lord Herbert, and second Mar- 
 auis, succeeded his father, anno 1646, and attaching hirpself to 
 the royal cause, was constituted Lord Lieutenant of North Wales, 
 by King Charles L who directed several letters to this Edward, 
 in the life time of his father, by the title of Earl of Glamorgan, 
 which title he usually bore. 
 
 Jvord Clarendon says, that the King " committed South 
 Wales to the charge of the Lord Herbert, eldest son to the Mar- 
 quis of Worcester, whom he made his lieutenant general, adding 
 Monmouthshire to his commission. There were, in the opinion 
 of many, great ohjections against committing that en)ployment to 
 that noble Lord, whose person many men loved and very few 
 hated. First he had no knowledge or experience in the martial 
 profession; then his religion, beipg of that sort of Catholics the 
 people rendered odious by accusing it to be most Jesuited, men 
 apprehended would not only produce a greater brand upon the 
 King of favouring papists and popery, than he hgd beep yet re- 
 
 c Mr Edmondson' Tables-
 
 234 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 preached with, (for though he had some papists^^entertained in 
 his armies, yet all men trusted by him in superior commands were 
 men of unblemished integrity in the Protestant religion ; and in 
 all his armies he had but one general officer of the contrary re- 
 ligion, Sir Arthur Aston, whom the Papists notwithstanding 
 would not acknowledge for a Papist.) This gave opportunity 
 and excuse to many persons of quality, ard great interest in those 
 counties (between whom and that Lord's family there had been 
 perpetual feuds and animosities) to lessen their zeal to the King's 
 cause, out of jealousy of the other's religion. And those contes- 
 tations had been lately improved with some sharpness, by the 
 Lord Herbert's carnage towards the Lord Marquis of Hertford, 
 during the time of his residence there 3 when out of vanity to 
 magnify his own power, he had not shewed that due regard to 
 that of the other, which he should have had. And no doubt if 
 he had been of that mind, it would much more have advanced 
 the King's service^ if he would have contributed his full assistance 
 to another, who more popularly might have borne the title of 
 such a command. But on the other side, the necessity of disposing 
 those parts, divided from the rest of the kingdom, under the com- 
 mand of some person of honour and interest, was very visible, 
 and the expedition in doing it was as necessary," &c. Lord Her- 
 bert engaged to do all this at his own charge, on a promise of re- 
 payment, when the King should be restored to his own. He 
 " was a man of more than ordinary affection and reverence to the 
 person of the King j and one, who, he was sure, would neither 
 deceive nor betray him. For his religion, it might work upon 
 himself, but would not disquiet other men. For though he were 
 a Papist, he was never like to make others so ; and his reputation 
 and interest were very great with many gentlemen of those 
 counties who were not at all friends to his religion."'* 
 
 There now remains in the signet ollice a bill under the royal 
 sign manual at Oxford (if a patent did not pass the great seal 
 thereupon) in order to his being created Earl of Glamorgan, and 
 Baron Beaufort, of Caldecot Castle, in the county of Monmouth: 
 and in l644, he had the following remarkable and extraordinary 
 commission : " Charles, by the grace of God, King of England, 
 Scotland, France, and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c. To our 
 right trusty, and right well beloved cousin, Edward Somerset, 
 alias Plantagenet, Lord Herbert, Baron Beaufort, of Caldicote, 
 
 * Clar. volii. p. 153,
 
 DUKE OF BEAUFORT. 235. 
 
 Grisraond, Chepstow, Ragland and Gower, Earl of Glamorgan, 
 son and heir appaient of our entirely beloved cousin, Henry Earl 
 and Marquis of Worcester, greeting. Having had good and long 
 experience of your prowess, prudence, and fidelity, do make 
 choice, and by these nominate and appoint you, our right trusty, 
 and right well -beloved cousin, Edward Somerset, Sec. to be our 
 generalissimo of three armies, English.. Irish, and foreign, and 
 admiral of a fleet at sea, with power to recommend your lieute- 
 nant-general for our approbation, leaving all other officer': to your 
 own election and denomination, and accordingly to receive their 
 commission from you : willing and commanding them, and every 
 of them, you to obey, as their general, and you to receive imme- 
 diate orders from ourself only. And lest, through distance of 
 place, wc may be misinformed, we will and command you to 
 reply unto us, if any of our orders should thwart, or hinder any of 
 your designs for our service. And there being necessary great 
 sums of money, to the carrying on so chargeable an employment, 
 whch we have not to furnish you withal, we do by these em- 
 povv- r you to contract with any of our loving subjects of England, 
 Ireland, and dominion of Wales, for wardships, customs, woods, 
 or any our rights and prerogatives ; we by these obliging ourselves, 
 our heirs and successors, to confirm and make good the same ac- 
 cordingly. And for persons of generosity, for whom titles of 
 honour are most desirable, we have entrusted you with several 
 patents under our great seal of England, from a Marquis to a 
 Baronet, which we give you full power and authority to date, and 
 dispose of, without knowing our further pleasure ; so great is our 
 trust and confidence in you, as that, whatsoever you do contract 
 for, or promise, we will make good the same accordingly, from 
 the date of this our commission forwards ; which for the better 
 satisfaction, we give you leave to give them, or any of them, 
 copies thereof, attested under your hand and seal of arms. And 
 for your own encouragement, and in token of our gratitude, we 
 give ami allow you henceforward such fees, titles, preheminences, 
 and privileges, as do, and may belong unto your place ai:id com- 
 mand above-mentioned, with promise of our dear daughter 
 Elizabeth to your son Plantagenetin marriage, with three hundred 
 ihoQsand pounds in dower or portion, moit part whereof we ac- 
 knowledge spent and dist)urst by your father and yon, in our ser- 
 vice j and the title of Duke of Somerset to you and your heirs 
 male for ever; ar.d from henceforward to give the garter to your 
 arms, and at your ple^aure to put on the George and blue ribbon :
 
 230 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 and for your greater honour, and in testimony of our reality, we 
 have with our own hand affixed our great seal of England, unto 
 these our commission and letters, making them patents. Witness 
 ourself at Oxford, the first day of April, in the twentieth year of 
 our reign, and the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred and 
 forty-four." ^ 
 
 King Charles is charged with sending this Lord to negotiate 
 with the Irish rebel Catholics, and to bring over a great body of 
 them for the King's service. The parliament complained j the 
 King disavowed the Earl. This mysterious business has been 
 treated at large by Dr. Birch in an Inquiry into the share which 
 King Charles the First had in the transactions of the Earl of Gla- 
 morgan, iffc. 1747, and 1756, in which it is strenuously asserted 
 that the King was privy to the negotiation. 
 
 After the restoration, the house of lords appointed a com- 
 mittee, to consider of a patent granted to the Marquis of Wor- 
 cester in prejudice to the peers: whereupon, the committee re- 
 ported, that the Marquis was willing to deliver it to his majesty ; 
 and accordingly the patent was delivered up. 
 
 His Lordship was the author of A Century of the Names and 
 Scantlings of such Inventions, as at present I can call to mind to 
 have tried and perfected, which (my former notes being lostj I have, 
 at the instance of a powerful friend, endeavoured, now in the year 
 1655, to set these down in such a way as may sufficiently instruct 
 me to put any of them to practice." First printed l663, and re- 
 printed 1/46. Lord Orford very unjustly calls this an amazing 
 piece of folly ; but a more competent judge esteems the author 
 one of the greatest mechanical geniuses that ever appeared in the 
 world. It is said, that hence was drawn the first hint of the steam- 
 engine. ^ This noble peer married, to his first wife, Elizabeth, 
 daughter of Sir William Dormer, Knight, sister to Robert Earl of 
 Carnarvon; and she dying on May 30th, l665, was interred in 
 the parish church of Ragland, leaving issue by him one son and 
 
 e Lord Orford very justly calls it, " the most extraordinary patent that 
 over was granted." And Sir Edward Hyde says, in 1646, " I care not how 
 little 1 say in that business of Ireland since those strange powers and in- 
 structions given to Glamorgan, which appear to me inexplicable to justice, 
 piety, and prudenc " Clarendons State Papers, vol. ii p. 337- 
 
 f Park's R and N. A vol iii. p 97. v. 373 It has been said, that the 
 Marquis published a prior work called A History of a Century of Inventions. 
 Lord Orford has laboured this peer's character with his usual jnix-ture of 
 acute and whimsical remarks.
 
 DUKE OF BEAUFORT', 
 
 23/ 
 
 two daughters ; viz. Henry Lord Herbert, who succeeded hira j 
 Lady Anne, eldest daughter, first wife of Henry Howard, second 
 son to Henry Earl of Arundel, afterwards Duke of Norfolk j 
 Lady Elizabeth, second daughter, married William Herbert, 
 Earl and Marquis of Powis ; she died at St. Germans en Laye, ia 
 March, 1692, and was buried at St. Germains en Laye in France. 
 He, secondly, married Margaret, daughter to Henry Obrien, Earl 
 of Thomond j by which Ladj^ who died on July 26th, 168I, he 
 had issue a daughter, Mary, who died in her infancy ; and de- 
 parting this life on April 3d, I667, was buried at Ragland. 
 
 His only son and successor Henky, fikst Duke, s consti- 
 tuted on July 30th, 166O, Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire, 
 and, in 16/2, lord president of the council in the principality of 
 Wales ; ^ and lord lieutenant of the several counties of Anglesey, 
 Brecon, Cardigan, Caermarihen, Glamorgan, and Radnor, in South 
 Wales J and of Carnarvon, Denbigh, Merioneth, Montgomery, 
 Flint, and Pembroke, in North Wales. He was also, on August 
 22d, appointed Lord Lieutenant of the county and oily of Bristol j 
 and on August 27th, the same year, sworn of his Majesty's privy- 
 council ; having, on June 3d, the same year, being installed one 
 of the Knights of the Garter, ^nd having been eminejitly ser- 
 viceable to that King (as is expressed in the patent) since his most 
 happy restoration ; in consideration thereof, and of his most noble 
 descent from King Edward the Hid, by John de Beaufort, eldest 
 son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, by Catherine Swinford, 
 his third wife, he was by letters patent, dated on December 2d, 
 in l6S2, the thirty-fourih year of his reign, advanced to the title 
 of Duke of Beaufokt, with remainder to the heirs male of his 
 body. At the funeral of Charles H. his Grace was one of the 
 supporters to George Prince of Denmark, chief mourner : and, 
 by James U. was made lord president of Wales, and also ' lord 
 lieutenant of all the above-mentioned counties j and at his coro- 
 nation, carried the Queen's crown. In l68.'5, he was made 
 colonel of the eleventh regiment of foot, then first raised, the 
 command of which he resigned that year to his eldest surviving 
 son, Charles Marquis of Worcester. He exerted himself against 
 the Duke of Monmouth, in 1()85 ; and in 1(J88, endeavoured to 
 secure Bristol against the adherents of the Prince of Orange ; 
 upon whose elevation to the throne, his Grace, refusing to take 
 the oaths, lived in retirement till his death, which happened on 
 
 Bill iignat 11 Car. II. " Ibid 24 Car II ' Bill sigrwt i Jac. II.
 
 238 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 January 21st, 1699, " ^he seventieth year of his age. He was 
 buried in Beaufort chapel at Windsor, before mentioned, and a 
 very elegant monument erected over him. the inscription of which 
 is inserted in Poles Hlitory of Windsor, p. 381, and Jshmole's 
 Berkshire, vol. iii. p. 162^ having had, by Mary his wife, eldest 
 daughter of that valiant nobleman, Arthur Lord Capel, widow of 
 Henry Lord Beauchamp, five sons, and four daughters j and the 
 said Mary, his Duchess, died in the eighty-fifth year of her age, 
 on January 7th, 1/14, and is buried at Badminton. 
 
 First, Henry, eldest son, who died young, was buried in Beau- 
 fort chapel in Windsor castle; second, Charles, called at first 
 Lord Herbert, but after his father was created Duke of Beaufort, 
 styled Marquis of Worcester ; third, another Henry ; fourth, 
 Edward, who both died young, and are buried at Ragland ; and, 
 fifth, Arthur,, who married Mary, daughter and sole heir to Sir 
 William Russel, of Lianhern in Caermarthen shire, Bart, and 
 widow of Hugh Calveley Cotton, Esq. son and heir to Sir Robert 
 Cotton, of Cumbermere in com. Cestr. Bart, had issue a son 
 Edward, who died young ; also three daughters ; Mary, married 
 to Algernon Greville, second son of Fulk Greville, Lord Brook ; 
 Elizabeth ; and Anne, ^ married to Uvedal Price of Foxley in 
 Herefordshire, Esq. 
 
 Lady Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Henry Duke of Beaufort, 
 died an infant. Lady Mary, second daughter, was married, in 
 1685, to James Duke of Ormond; and died in November, 1/33. 
 I>ady Henrietta, third daughter, was married, in l6s6, first to 
 Henry Lord Obrien, who was eldest son, by the second venter, 
 of Henry Earl of Thomond, and died vita patris, and after Lord 
 Obrien's death, to Henry Earl of Suffolk and Bindon ; she died 
 August 10th, 1715, and was buried at Saffron Walden in Essex. 
 Lady Anne Somerset, fourth daughter, was married, on May 4th, 
 1691, to Thomas first Earl of Coventry, and died February 14th, 
 1763. 
 
 Charles, before mentioned Marquis of Worcester, second, 
 but eldest surviving son of Henry, first Duke of Beaufort, was a 
 nobleman of great parts and learning, and died in the lifetime of 
 his father, in the thirty-eighth year of his age, unhappily leaping 
 out of his coach, to avoid the danger he was exposed to by the un- 
 ruliness of the horses running down a steep hill with him ; 
 whereby he received a violent bruise, and broke his thigh-bone, 
 
 * See a letter to her in Pope's Supplemental Letters, lately published
 
 DUKE OF BEAUFORT. 2SQ^ 
 
 of which he died, on July 13th, 1698. His Lordship, in 1683, 
 married Rebecca, daughter to Sir Josiah Child, of Wanstead in 
 the county of Essex, Knight, sister to Richard Earl Tilney, and 
 by her had issue three song, and three daughters. (She war 
 afterwards the wife of John Lord Granville, and died on July 
 27th, 1712.) 
 
 Henry, eldest son, succeeded his grandfather as second Duke 
 of Beaufort, anno 16QQ. 
 
 Lord Charles Somerset, born anno I68Q, died in his travels at 
 Rome, on March 4th, N. S, 1709-IO, aged twenty-one ; and left 
 500/. towards building of Peckwater quadrangle in Christ church 
 college in Oxford, ' where he is buried. 
 
 Lord John, third son, died on December 31st, 1704, and was 
 buried in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Lady Mary, and Lady Elizabeth, both died young. 
 
 Lady Henrietta, youngest daughter, born on August 27th, 
 1690, was married, in 1713, to Charles Duke of Grafton, and died 
 August 9th, 1726. 
 
 Which Henry, second Duke of Beaufort, born on April 
 2d, 1'684, on Queen Anne's visiting the University of Oxford, in 
 1702, and going thence to Bath, met her Majesty not far from 
 Cirencester, on August 2gth, accompanied by great numbers of 
 gentlemen, clergy, and freeholders; and conducted her to his seat 
 at Badminton, where a very splendid entertainment was pre- 
 pared by his Grace for her Majesty, who was very well pleased 
 with it, as well as Prince George of Denmark, her royal consort. 
 
 On October 25ih, 1705, he took his seat in the house of 
 peers ; but did not go to court till after the change of the mi- 
 nistry, in 17 10; when he told her Majesty, that he could then call 
 her Quee?i, in reality. On January 10th, 1711, 12, he was 
 constituted captain of the band of pensioners. His Grace was 
 likewise appointed Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire and warden of 
 New Forest, Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire, and cities of 
 Bristol and Gloucester, and counties of the same, on February 
 29th, following, and was installed Knight ofthe Garter at Windsor, 
 on August 4th, 1713. He was also one of her Majesty's privy- 
 council: and departing this life, on May 24th, 1714, in the thirty- 
 first year of his age, at Badminton, had sepulture in the church 
 there, where a monument is erected to his memory. 
 
 His Grace married, in 1702, to his first wife. Lady ISIary, 
 
 1 Inscrip Tumul- . Journ- Dom Procer.
 
 240 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 only daughter of Charles Sackville, Earl of Dorset, sister to 
 Lionel, late Duke of Dorset, who died in childbed on June 18th, 
 1/05, and was buried at Badminton, leaving no surviving issue. 
 He married, in 1706, to his second wife. Lady Rachel, second 
 daughter and coheir to Wriotheslcy Baptist Noel, Earl of Gains- 
 borough, by whom he had issue, Henry Marquis of Worcester, 
 bom on March 26th, 170/} Lord John, who died soon after he 
 was born, in 17C8 ; and Lord Charles Noel Somerset, born on 
 September 12th, 1709, of whom his mother died in childbed the 
 next day, and was buried at Badminton. On September 14th, 
 1711, he married, to his third wife. Lady Mary, youngest daughter 
 to Peregrine Osborne, Duke of Leeds j but by her had no issue ; 
 and, her Grace surviving, was secondly married to William 
 Cochran, Earl of Dundonald, and died in Scotland, on February 
 4th, 1722. 
 
 Henry, his eldest son, third Duke of Beaufort, took hU 
 seat in the house of peers, soon after he came of age ; and on 
 June 16th, 1729, was elected high steward of the city of Here- 
 ford. On the 28th of that month, in the same year, he wedded 
 Frances, only child and heir of Sir James Scudamore, of Home 
 Lacy in Herefordshire, Bart, and Viscount Scudamore in the 
 kingdom of Ireland (who died on December 12th, 1716) by 
 Frances his wife (who died on May 3d, 1729, aged forty-four) 
 only daughter of Simon Lord Digby, in the said kingdom. Ne ;t 
 year an act passed in parliament, authorising the Duke and 
 Duchess, and their children, to take and use the additional sur- 
 name and arms of Scudamore, pursuant to a settlement made by 
 the Duchess's saFd father : but his Grace having fully proved the 
 incontinence of his consort, obtained a divorce on March 2d, 
 1/43-4} and he was enabled, by act of parliament, to marry 
 again ; but though he had no heirs of his own body, died with- 
 out taking any advantage of that statute, at Bath, on February 24 th, 
 1745-6, in the thirty-ninth year of his age." His Grace was m- 
 terred at Badminton, justly respected for his unbiassed conduct in 
 the senate, and munificence in private life. His successor in 
 dignity and estate, was his brother, aforesaid, 
 
 Charles Noel Somerset, fourth Duke of Beaufort, who 
 
 His repudiated Lady, after his death, was married to Charles Fitzroy, 
 Esq natural son to the first Duke of Grafton, and member for Thetford, who 
 died at his house in Arlington-street, August igth, 1782, aet fifty-seven, by 
 whom she left a daughter, Frances, heir to the Scudamore estate, and married 
 on April id, i77i>to Charles Howard, the present Duke of Norfolk-
 
 DUKE OF BEAUFORT, 241 
 
 in July, 1730, was created doctor of laws by the University of 
 Oxford, in consideration of his distinguished zeal for both univer- 
 sities, and, in J 731, was chose one of the knights of the shire for 
 the county of Monmouth : also in the succeeding parHament, 
 which ?at first on business on January 23d, 1735, was chose for 
 the town of Monmouth ; and was elected for the same place in 
 that summoned to meet on June 25th, 1741, which was sitting 
 when the honours fell to his Grace by the decease of his brother. 
 This noble Duke, who distinguished himself in the senate, both 
 whilst a commoner and peer, by a steady opposition to uncon- 
 stitutional and corrupt measures, and endeared himself to man- 
 kind by his social virtues, departed this life on October 28th, 
 1756, in the forty-seventh year of his age, and was buried at 
 Badminton. His Grace, on May 1st, 1740, married Elizabeth, 
 daughter of John Berkeley, of Stoke Gilford in Gloucestershire, 
 Esq. and sister of Norborne Lord Botetourt, whose Barony she 
 inherited ; and she died April 8th, 1799, having had issue Henry, 
 late Duke of Beaufort, born in Brook-street, Grosvenor-square, 
 on October lOth, 1744, and five daughters, viz. Lady Anne, 
 married, on September 13th, 1759, to Charles Earl of North- 
 ampton, and died at Venice in 176'd, and was buried at Compton, 
 having had issue the present Lady George Cavendish. Lady 
 Elizabeth, who departed this life on May 10th, 1/(30 : Lady 
 Rachael, who died an infant j Lady Henrietta, born in 1/47-8, 
 married April 11th, 1769, to Sir Watkin Williams Wynn, Bart. 
 and died at Kensington July 24th following ; and Lady Mary 
 Isabella, born on August 3d, 1750, married by a special licence 
 December 26th, 1775, to Charles, commonly called Marquis of 
 Granby, afterwards Duke of Rutland ; and is now living his 
 widow. 
 
 Henry, fifth Duke of Beaufort, seventh Marquis, and 
 eleventh Earl of Worcester, the thirteenth in paternal descent 
 from John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, &c. fourth son of King 
 Edward IIL and father of King Henry IV. having accomplished 
 his studies at Oxford (where he received the degree of LL. D. for 
 his proticience in literature, as well as the hopeful appearance of 
 his inheriting the patriotic qualities of his illustrious ancestors, 
 together with their titles) embarked at Dover, on March 15th, 
 1764, for his travels in foreign parts, for the further capacitating 
 himself for the important duties of his high station. After his 
 return, his Grace on January 2d, 1766, was married in the parish 
 church of St. George's, Hanover-square, to Elizabeth, youngest 
 
 VOL. I. u
 
 141. PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 daughter of the late Hon. Edward Boscawen, admiral of the blue, 
 by whom his Grace had issue five sons. 
 
 First, Henry Charles, Marquis of Worcester, born December 
 24th, 1766, now Duke of Beaufort. 
 
 Second, Charles Henry, born December 12th, 1767. A lieu- 
 tenant-general in the army, and colonel of the first West India 
 regiment, married Elizabeth, daughter of William second Vis- 
 count Courtney, and has issue. 
 
 Third, Henry Edward, born December 23d, 1768, and died 
 April 23d following. 
 
 Fourth, Norborne Berkeley Henry, born May 4th, 1771. 
 
 Fifth, Robert Edward Henry, born December l6ih, '^77^' 
 Lieutenant-colonel of the fourth regiment of dragoons. 
 
 Sixth, Arthur John Henry, born February I'ith, 178O, captain 
 of the ninety-first foot. 
 
 Seventh, William George Henry, born September 2d, 1784, 
 captain of the tenth dragoons. 
 
 Eighth, John Thomas Henry, born August 30th, 1787, a 
 lieutenant of the seventh dragoons. 
 
 Ninth, Fitzroy James Henry, born September 30th, 178S, a 
 lieutenant of the fourth dragoons. 
 
 Also four daughters. 
 
 First, Lady Elizabeth, born Febraary 18th, 1773, married 
 June 27th, 1796, Rev. Charles Talbot, second son of the Hon. 
 and Rev. George Talbot. 
 
 Second, Lady Frances, born April 1 77^- 
 
 Third, Lady Harriot, born July yth, 1775, married, July 17tli, 
 1804, major Mitchell of the twenty-sixth regiment of foot. 
 
 Fourth, Lady Anne Elizabeth, died September 22d, 1803. 
 
 On January 20th, 1768, his Grace was appointed master of 
 the horse to her Majesty, which post he resigned January 17th, 
 1770 J his Grace was appointed Lord Lieutenant of the county of 
 Monmouth, on December 24th, 1771 ; and was likewise colonel 
 of the militia of the said county and LL. D. ; and in 1786, was 
 elected Knight of the Garter. His Grace died October 11th, 
 1803, and was succeeded by his ehlest son, 
 
 Henry Charles, sixth Duke or Beaufort, who suc- 
 ceeded his father as colonel of the Monmouth and Brecon militia ; 
 and in 1805, was elected Knight of the Garter. He married. 
 May 16th, 1791, Lady Charlotte Leveson Gower, daughter of th 
 late Marquis of Stafford, by whom he has issue j 
 
 First, Henry, Marquis of Worcester, born February 5th, 1792.
 
 DUKE OF BEAUFORT. 243 
 
 Second, a son, born December 28th, 1792. 
 
 Third, a son, born December 1st, 1793> died January 28th, 
 1794. 
 
 Fourth, a daughter, bom May Qth, 1804. 
 
 Titles. Henry Somerset, Duke of Beaufort, Marquis and 
 Earl of Worcester, Earl of Glamorgan, Viscount Grosraont, Baron 
 Herbert, Lord of Ragland, Chepstow, and Gower, as also Baron 
 Beaufort of Caldecot castle, all in the county of Monmouth. 
 
 Creations. Baron, Jure Uxoris, and by letters patent, No- 
 vember 26th, 1506, 22 Henr)' VII. originally by descent and writ 
 of summons to parliament, July 26th, 146l, 1 Edward IV; Earl, 
 February 2d, 1513-14, 5 Henry VIlI; Marquis, November 2d, 
 1642, 18 Car. I; and Duke of Beaufort, December 2d, l682, 
 34 Car. II. 
 
 Arms. Quarterly, France and England, within a Bordure 
 compone, argent and azure : anciently. Or, on a fess bordered 
 gobone (or compone) argent and azure, France and England, 
 quarterly. 
 
 Crest. On a wreath, a portcullis. Or nailed Azure, chains 
 pendant thereto of the first, which the family bears in memory of 
 John of Gaunt's castle of Beaufort, before mentioned. Antiently 
 the crest was a panther. Argent, diversely spotted, and gorged with 
 a ducal coronet. Or. 
 
 Supporters. On the dexter side a panther. Argent, spotted 
 with various colours, fire issuing out of his mouth and ears proper, 
 gorged with a collar, and chain pendant. Or : on the sinister, a 
 wyvern, vert, holding in his mouth a sinister hand coupe at the 
 wrist proper. 
 
 Motto. Mutare vel timere sperno. 
 
 Chief Seats. At Badminton in the county of Gloucester ; at 
 Chepstow castle, in the county of Monmouth ; at Troy house, ia 
 the same county ; and at Nether Haven, in "Wilts.
 
 244 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BEAUCLERK, DUKE OF ST. ALBANS. 
 
 His Grace, Charles Duke of St. Albans, was a natural son 
 of Charles IL (begotten on Mrs. Eleanor Gvvin) on whom his 
 Majesty conferred the name of Beauclerk. He was born in 
 Lincoln's Inn Fields, on May 8th, 1670, and by letters patent, 
 dated at Westminster, on December 27th, 28 Car, II * was ad- 
 vanced to the state and degree of Baron of Heddington in com. 
 Oxon. as also Earl of Burford in the same coursty, and to tlie heirs 
 male of his body, with remainder, for default of such issue, to 
 James, likewise surnamed Beauclerk (another of the natural sons 
 of the said King by the before mentioned Mrs. Eleanor Gwin") 
 and the heirs male of his body 3 which James died in France 
 about Michaelmas, in the year 168O, unman ied. The said Charles 
 was also further advanced to the dignity of Duke of St. Albans, 
 by other letters patent, dated on January 10th, 1653-4, 35 Car. 
 II. and was constituted register of the high Court of Chancery, 
 as also master falconer of England, with remainder to the heirs 
 male of his body. 
 
 In the reign of James II. his Grace had a regiment of horse j 
 which'' being under the command of his lieutenant colonel Lang- 
 ston, was among the first that went over to the Prince of Orange, 
 on his landing in the West. His Grace at that time was with the 
 Emperor's army in Hungary, having been at the siege of Belgrade, 
 wherein he gained great honour in the general assault, on Sep- 
 tember 6th, 1688. 
 
 " Bill signat, s8 Car- n. b Hjst. of Eng. vol iii. p. S2.
 
 DUKE OF ST. ALBANS. 24J 
 
 His Grace being of full age, was introduced into the house of 
 peers, on September 26th, 16923"^ and the year after made the 
 campaign under King William, arriving in the camp at Park, 
 near Louvain, in June, 16Q3. Returning with his Majesty into 
 England, he was sworn captain of the band of pensioners, on 
 November 30th, l6g3 ; and served in the campaign of 1695. 
 
 In 1697, the King of France acquainting his Majesty with 
 the Duke of Burgundy's marriage, he was pleased at Kensington, 
 on December 21st, to appoint his Grace, then one of the lords of 
 the bedchamber, to return the compliment of the French King 
 and the Dauphin. 
 
 Queen Anne continued his Grace captain of the band of 
 pensioners, and at the head of them he closed the procession, on 
 September 7th, 1704, on her Majesty's going to St, Paul's on the 
 thanksgiving-day for the glorious victory obtained at Blenheim, or 
 Hockstet, on August 13th, N. S. that year. On the change of 
 the ministry, in 1/10, his Grace resigned his place of captain of 
 the band of pensioners ; but George I. on his accession to the 
 throne, re-instated him in that postj and constituted him, on No- 
 vember 12th, 1714, Lord Lieutenant, and Gustos Rotulorum of 
 Berkshire. On March 31st, 1718, he was elected one of the 
 knights companions of the most noble order of the garter, and 
 installed at Windsor, on April 30th following. 
 
 His Grace departed this life in the fifty-sixth year of his age, 
 on May 11th, I726j at which time, besides the offices before 
 mentioned, he enjoyed those of high steward of Windsor and 
 Oakingham, in Berkshire. 
 
 On Tuesday, April 13th, 1694, he married the Lady Diana 
 Vere,"^ daughter, and at length, sole heir of Aubrey de Vere, the 
 twentieth and last Earl of Oxford, of that noble family, whereof 
 Alberick, their direct ancestor, is mentioned in dooms-day book 
 to be an Earl in the reign of King Edward the Confessor, She 
 was first lady of the bedchamber, and lady of the stole, to Queen 
 Caroline, when Princess of Wales. His Grace by her (who sur- 
 vived him till January 15th, 1741-2) left eight sons. 
 
 First, Charles, of whom I shall hereafter treat, as second Duke 
 ef St. Albans. 
 
 Second, Lord William Beauclerk, born on May 22d, l6g8. 
 He was captain of a troop in the royal regiment of horse guards, 
 
 * Journal Dom Procer. '' See I. 25207, in Her. Coll.
 
 24fl PEERi^GE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 and was a member in two parliaments for Chichester. On No- 
 vember J 5th, 1728, he was constituted vice-chamberlain of her 
 Majesty's houshold; and died at the Bath on February 28d, 
 1732-3. In 1725, he married Charlotte, daughter and coheir of 
 Sir John Werden, of Cholmeston in Cheshire, and Layland in 
 Lancashire, and HoUyport in Berkshire, Bart, and by her (who 
 died on June 17th, 1745) left two sons, William, who died at 
 Eton school on December 1st, 1738 ; and Charles Beauclerk, who, 
 in March 1 739-40, was appointed one of the pages of honour to 
 the Duke of Cumberland : and after several gradations in the 
 army, promoted, on October J 6th, 176'^ to the command of the 
 107th regiment of foot. He married Elizabeth, daughter of ... . 
 Jones, Esq. and had issue by her (who died December 5th, 1768) 
 one son, George, born December 5th, 1758 j who became in 
 1786, fifth Duke. The colonel died on August 30th, 1775. His 
 Lordship had also two daughters j Charlotte, married to John 
 Drummond, Esq. son of Andrew Drummond, Esq. banker at 
 Charing Cross, Westminster, and brother to the Right Hon. 
 William Drummond, fourth Viscount Strathailan ; and Caroline, 
 married to the late Sir William Draper, Knight of the Bath, 
 major general of his Majesty's forces, and commander in chief 
 en the expedition against Manilla and the Philippine Islands^ 
 which were reduced, but restored to the Spaniards at the late 
 peace. 
 
 Third, Lord Vere Beauclerk, created Lord Fere of Hanworth, 
 grandfather of the present Duke. He was born on July I4th, 
 1699, and died October 2d, 1781, at his house in St. James's- 
 square, and was by desire of his will privately interred, the 6th fol- 
 lowing, in a vault in St, James's church. Entering early into a 
 maritime life, he distinguished himself in several commands. 
 
 In 1721, his Lordship was captain of the Lyme man of war, 
 and, after touching at Lisbon, sailed to Gibraltar, which he left 
 on September 31st, 1722, and from thence sailed to Leghorn for 
 intelligence. Also, being afterward at Genoa, he departed from 
 thence on December 7th, O. S. to cruize ipi the Mediterranean, 
 and the Streights. On January 11th, N. S, 1723, his Lordship 
 entered the harbour of Lisbon : and the same year returned into 
 the Mediterranean ; where cruizing for some time, and leaving 
 port Mahon, he arrived from thence at Lisbon, on February igih, 
 
 He 4ied a^th of July, 1774, aed fifry-one years, at Spa in Germany.
 
 DUKE OF ST. ALBANS. 247 
 
 N. S. 1724. He afterwards sailed again up the Medlterranea.n to 
 Genoa, from whence he returned to Lisbon on July 5th, 1/24. 
 Also having his station in the. Mediterranean he came from Port 
 Mahon o!i October 2Ist, the same year; and continuing on that 
 station, sailed from Lisbon tor Genoa in January, N. S. 1726, 
 from whence he returned afcer s- veral cruises to Lisbon, on 
 August 6th, 1726. On the 12th he put to sea again for Gibraltar: 
 and on September 1st following, joined Sir John Jennings's 
 squadron, cruising with him olFCape Stellary. After continuing 
 in the mouth of the Saeights in October and November, he ar- 
 rived at Lisbon on D-^ccmbrr 8th from Gibraltar. His Lordship 
 afterwards commandrid the Hampton Court, one of the squadron 
 under Sir Charles Wager, that sailed from Spithead, on July 14th, 
 1731, to introduce the Spanish garrisons into Tuscany. Before 
 Sir Charles left Leghorn, he sent Lord \ ere to the Grand Duke 
 of Florence, with his compliments of excuse to him for not wait- 
 ing in person, on account of the advanced season's making it ne- 
 cessary to hasten his departure home. Accordingly on December 
 10th, 173], Sir Charles, wi'h part of his squadron (amongst 
 which was the Hampton Couit) arrived in twenty days at St, 
 Helen's, from Gibraltar. His Lordship was, after passing through 
 a regular succession of inferior commands, advanced to the rank 
 of commodore in his Majf^sty's navy, and having resigned that 
 command, was, on March 7lli> '737-8, constituted one of the 
 commissioners for executing the office of high admiral of Great 
 Britain and Ireland. He continued in the office of commissioner 
 of the admiralty, with some intermissions, till he voluntarily re- 
 signed in July, 1749. After gradual promotions, his Lordship 
 was constituted admiral of the blue squadron of his Majesty's 
 fleet in 174S. His Lordship was, in 17^7, elected one of the 
 members for the borough of New Windsor, in Berkshire, to the 
 first parliament called by King George IL and sat for the same 
 place, in the next which convened for the dispatch of business on 
 January 14th, 1734-5, and was the eighth parliament of Great 
 Britain. At the general election, in 1741, he was returned for 
 the town of Plymouth, in Devonshire ; for which he was also 
 chosen, in 1747, to the tenth parliament of Great Britain : but 
 before the conclusion of that assembly, his late Majesty was 
 pleased to create him a peer of Great Britain, by the stile and 
 title of Lord Vere of Hanworth, in com. Middlesex, by letters 
 patent, bearing date March 28th, 1750, whereupon he was intro
 
 248 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 duced into the house of peers, and took his seat there on the 30th 
 of the same month. 
 
 Upon the resignation of his nephew, George, the third Duke 
 of St. Alban's, in 1761, his Lordship succeeded him as Lord 
 Lieutenant and Gustos Rotulorum of the county of Berks, which 
 he afterwards resigned. 
 
 In April 1736, his Lordship married Mary, eldest daughter 
 and coheir of Thomas Chambers, of Hanworth in the county of 
 Middlesex, Esq. by his wife, the Lady Mary Berkeley, sister of 
 James, 3d Earl of Berkeley ; and by her I^adyship (who was sister 
 to the late Countess Temple, and who died January 21st, 17^3, at 
 her house in St. James's -square) 3 *^had issue four sons, first, Verej 
 second. Chambers 5 third, Sackville, who all died young; and, 
 fourth, Aubrey : and two daughters, first, Elizabeth, who died 
 young j second, Mary, born December 4th, 1743, married Oc- 
 tober 2d, 1762, to Lord Charles Spencer, brother to his Grace 
 George, the present Duke of Marlborough. He died, as has been 
 said, October 2d, 178I. 
 
 The said Aubrey, his Lordship's only surviving son, who 
 succeeded as Lord Vere on the death of his father, afterwards 
 became ^/A Duke of St. Albans. 
 
 Fourth, Lord Henry, born on August 11th, 1701, who dis- 
 tinguished himself at the siege of Gibraltar as a volunteer under 
 the Earl of Portmore, in 1727, and after being captain of a com- 
 pany, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, in the first regiment of 
 foot guards, was, on March 19th, 1742-3, constituted colonel of 
 the fifty-ninth regiment of foot, and of the thirty-first on April 
 25th, 1745. He was first elected for Plymouth, on a vacancy, in 
 1740, and afterwards served for Thetford in Norfolk till his death, 
 on January 6th, 176l.g He married, in December 1738, Mary, 
 sister and heir of Nevil Lord Lovelace, by whom he had a son 
 George, who died an infant ; and a son Henry, born August 12th, 
 1745, and died 1774, having married, November 24th, 1769, to 
 Charlotte, daughter of John Drummond, Esq.; and six daughters. 
 Diana, born June 24th, 1741 ; Henrietta, born November 26th, 
 1742; Mary, born November 25th, 1743; Charlotte, born Oc- 
 tober 24th, 1746; Martha, born December 12th, 1747; and 
 Anne, born October 5th, 1749. 
 
 f D. 17-..36, in Her. Coll. 
 8 He was interred the nth of January, at Whitchurch near Edgewarc, 
 C. 16 102, in Her. Coll.
 
 DUKE OF ST. ALBANS. 14^ 
 
 * Fifth, Lord Sidney, born on February 27tb, 1702, whont 
 Richard Topham, of Windsor, Esq. made heir to his estate, was 
 6ne of the members of parliament for New Windsor in Berkshire. 
 In April 174O, his Lordship was declared vice-chamberlain of the 
 household to his Majesty, and sworn of his most honourable privy- 
 council, on May 1st following. He died, M. P. for Windsor, 
 November 23d, 1744, having, on December pth, 1730, married 
 to Mary, daughter of Thomas Norris, of Speck in com. Pal. 
 Lancast. Esq. by whom he left issue one son, named Topham, born 
 in December, 1739, and married on March 12th, 1768, to Lady 
 Diana Spencer, sister of George the present Duke of Marlborough. 
 He died at his house in Great Russel-street, Bloomsbury, March 
 11th, 178O : a man well known in the circles of literature, and 
 for his curious library. He left issue one son, Charles George, 
 and two daughters 5 first, Elizabeth, married, April 8th, 1787, 
 her cousin George Augustus, now Earl of Pembroke, and died 
 March 25th, 1793 ; second, Anne. 
 
 Sixth, Lord George, born on December 26th, 1704, made a 
 captain of a company in the first regiment of foot guards, in Sep- 
 tember 1736, and aid-de-camp to his late Majesty, on June 15th> 
 1745. On December 5th, 1747> he was made colonel of a marine 
 regiment, and on March 15th, 1748, succeeded to the command 
 of the nineteenth regiment of foot. On December 4th, 1753, 
 his Lordship was constituted governor of Landguard fort, on the 
 coast of Suflblk, and appointed major general on March 18th, 
 1755. On January 25th, 1758, he was promoted to the rank of 
 lieutenant-general, and was commander in chief of the forces in 
 Scotland. His Lordship married Margaret, daughter of ... . 
 Bainbridge, but died without issue. May 11th, 1768. 
 
 Seventh, Lord James, born l/Op, who, on February 1732-3, 
 was made a prebendary of Windsor, and canon on March 4th, 
 1737-8: and, in 1745, promoted to the see of Hereford. He 
 died unmarried, October 28th, 1787- 
 
 Eighth, Lord Aubrey, born in 1/11, who being also brought 
 up to the sea service, was captain of several of his Majesty's ships, 
 and lost his life, after a very noble behaviour in the attack of the 
 harbour of Carthagena, on March 24th, 1740-41.'' A monument 
 is erected to his memory in Westminster Abbey. He married 
 .... daughter of Sir Henry Newton, Knight, and widow of 
 
 * Gazette, No. 8015-
 
 250 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 colonel Francis Alexander ; but had no issue by lier, who died 
 October 30th, 1755. 
 
 CuARLESj SECOND DuKE OF St. Albans, was bom on April 
 Cth, 1696, and during his being a commoner, was first elected x 
 member for tlie borough of Bodmin, in the first parliament called 
 by George I. and in the parlianent summoned to meet on May 
 10th, 1722, was chosen for the borough of New "Windsor. In 
 the year 1725, was one of those persons, who, in consideration of 
 their great merits, were chosen knights companions of the Bath, 
 upon the re-establishment of that order. In 1726, he succeeded 
 his father in his honours 5 and in February 22d following, was 
 appointed Lord Lieutenant and Gustos Rotulorum for the county 
 of Berks j as he was on September 1-lth, 1727, in the first year of 
 George II. and on October 11th following, assisting at his Ma- 
 jesty's coronation, carried the Queen's crown. In May, 1730, 
 his Grace was made governor of Windsor castle, and warden of' 
 the forest of Windsor, and one of the lords of bis Majesty's bed- 
 chamber. On March 20th, 1740-I, his Grace was elected a 
 Knight of the Garter, and installed, at Windsor, on April 21st 
 following. 
 
 On December 13th, 1722, he married Lucy, daughter and 
 coheir of Sir John Werden, * of Holiyport in Berkshire, Bart, and 
 bv her, who died on November Tilh, 1752, had issue one son, 
 George, third Duke of St Albans, and one daughter. Lady Diana, 
 wedded on February 2d, lyQl, to the Honourable and Reverend 
 Shute Barrington, canon of Christ's Church, Oxford, one of the 
 Kind's chaplains in ordinary, now Bishop of Durham, and brother 
 to William Vl ildman B.iriington, late Viscount Harrington in 
 Ireland; her Ladyship died IjQQ. His Grace departed this life 
 on Saturday, July 27th, 1751, in the fitty-sixth year of his age, at 
 his house in St. Janif s's Place, and was succeeded in his honours 
 and estate by his said only S'<n, 
 
 George, third Duke of St Albans, born on June 25th, 
 1730, and on Decemb.-r 15;li, 1751, was constituted Lord Lieu- 
 tenant and Custos Rotulorum of Bt rk.shire. His Grace was high- 
 steward of the corporation of Windsor, and Lord Lieutenant of 
 the county of Berks. His Grace was also hereditary grand fal- 
 coner of England, likewise hereditary register of the Court of 
 Chancery. In 1754, he married Jane, '^ daughter and coheir of 
 Sir Walter Robarts, of Glassenbury, in the parish of Cranbrook, 
 
 Sec C 6..-776, in Her. Coll. k See D. 18118. in Her. Coll.
 
 DUKE OF ST. ALBANS. 251 
 
 Kent, Bart, by his wife Elizabeth, sole daughter and heir of 
 William Slaughter, of the city of Rochester, Esq. but had no 
 issue by her ; who died December l6th, 17/8. His Grace died 
 February 1st, 1/86, and was succeeded by his cousin, 
 
 George, grandson of Lord William Beauclerk, second son of 
 the first Duke, as fourth Duke of St. Albans, who only sur- 
 vived a year, and dying February l6th, 1/87, unmarried, was 
 succeeded by his cousin Aubrey, Lord Vere, who thus becama 
 FIFTH Duke of St. Albans. He was son of Lord Vere Beau- 
 clerk, third son of the first Duke. 
 
 His Grace was born June 3d, 1/40; in 1 76 1, was returned 
 M. P. for Thetford ; and in 17^8, for Aldborough in Yorkshire. 
 On May 4th, 1763, he married Lady Catherine Ponsonby, 
 daughter of William, Earl of Besborough, by whom he had 
 issue. 
 
 First, Aubrey, now Duke of St. Albans. 
 
 Second, Lord William, born December ]8th, 1766, married 
 iirst, July 21st, 179I, Miss Carter Thelwall, daughter of the 
 Reverend Robert Carter Thelwall, who died s. p. October ipth, 
 1/97; he married, secondly, in 1799, a"d has a daughter born 
 in 1800. 
 
 Third, Lord Amelius, a captain in the navy. 
 
 Fourth, Lord Frederic, in holy orders. 
 
 Fifth, Catherine Elizabeth, married September 1st, 1802, the 
 Reverend James Burgess, and died July 1803. 
 
 Sixth, Caroline, married, February 10th, 1797> the Hon. 
 Charles Dundas, second son of Lord Dundas. 
 
 Seventh, Georgina, died October 17th, 1791- 
 
 His Grace died February 9th, 1802, and was succeeded by 
 his eldest son Aubrey, sixth and puesent Duke, born August 
 21st, 1765, who married, first. Miss Moses, who died August 
 1800, without issue; and secondly, Louisa Grace, third daughter 
 of Lady Louisa Manners. 
 
 Titles. George Beauclerk, Duke of St. Albans, Earl of 
 Burford, and Baron of Heddington, hereditary grand falconer of 
 England, and hereditary register of the Court of Chancery. 
 
 Creations. Baron of Heddington, and Earl of Burford, in 
 com. Oxon. on December 27th, 1676, 28 Car. II. and Duke 
 of St. Albans, in com. Hertford, January 10th, 1683-4, 35 
 Car. II. 
 
 Arms. Those of King Charles II. with a baton sinister, gules, 
 charged with three roses, Argent, seeded and barbed proper.
 
 252 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Crest. On a chapeau, gules, turned up, ermine, a lion statant, 
 guardant, Or, crowned with a ducal coronet, per pale. Argent and 
 Gules, and gorged with a collar. Gules, charged with three roses. 
 Argent, seeded and barbed proper. 
 
 Supporters. On the dexter side, an antelope. Argent, gorged 
 as the crest, armed and unguled. Or : on the sinister, a grey- 
 hound. Argent, gorged and unguled, as the other. 
 
 Motto. Auspicium melioris aevi. 
 
 Chief Seats, At Crawley in Hampshire, and at Windsor.
 
 DUKE OF LEEDS. 253 
 
 , OSBORNE, DUKE OF LEEDS. 
 
 This family was for some time seated at Ashford in the county 
 of Kent) of which John Osborne, of Canterbury, gent, in the 
 12th of Henry VI. was returned in the list of gentry of the said 
 county, who made oath for the observance of the laws then en- 
 acted. But the said John Osborne bore different arms from those 
 used by the family of Leeds.'' Richard Osborne married Eli- 
 zabeth, daughter of ... . Fyldene, by whom he was father of 
 Richard, who married Jane, daughter of John BroughtoUj of 
 Broughton, Esq. and sister and heir to Edward and Lancelyn 
 Broughton, of the county of Westmoreland, Esqrs. and by her 
 had Sir Edward Osborne, Knight, Thomas, and Julian. The 
 said 
 
 Sir Edward Osborne, discovering a genius for mercantil* 
 affairs, which about that time began to flourish, was put appren- 
 tice to Sir William Hewet, of the clothworkers company, one of 
 the most considerable merchants in London, and possessed of an 
 estate of 6,000/. a year : and whilst he lived in that capacity. Sir 
 William's only daughter and child, Anne, having been acciden- 
 tally dropped, by the maid playing with her in her arms, from the 
 window of his house on London bridge, into the Thames, almost 
 beyond expectation of being saved, lie immediately leaped inta 
 the river, and brought her safe out. Sir Edward afterwards had . 
 the said Anne in marriage, and with her got an estate in the 
 parish of Barking in Essex, together with lands in the parishes of 
 Wales and Harthill in Yorkshire. The said Sir William wa 
 Lord Mayor of London, in 1559, 1 Elizabeth 3 and dying on 
 
 > MS. ia Offic Armor E 1 fol 190
 
 354 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 January 21st, 1566-7, 9 Elizabeth (when the said daughter was 
 twenty -three years of age) was buried in the church of St. Martin 
 Orgar (of which he was a parishioner) in the ward of Candle- 
 wick-street, near Alice his beloved wife, according to his will 
 (dated on the 27th of that month) wherein he constituted his said 
 daughter, with her husband Edward Osborne, Thomas Huet his 
 brother, of Bilby in Derbyshire, Esq and his nephew Henry 
 He wet, executors. He was a benefactor to divers hospitals in 
 London, and to the poor of the several parishes. He bequeathed 
 to the poor in the hospital of St. Thomas in Southwark, whereof 
 he was president, 20/. ; and to every poor maiden's marriage, that 
 shall be wedded in the parish of Wales, or Harthill, in com. 
 Ebor, within a year after his decease, 6s. Sd. each. He bequeathed 
 to his nephews, Henry, and William Huet, sons of his brother 
 Thomas Huet, his mansion and dwelling in Philpot Lane in 
 London. Sir Edward Osborne was sheriff of London in 1575, 
 and Lord Mayor in 1582, when he was knighted at Westminster. 
 He served in parliament for the city of London 1585, and dying 
 in 1591, was buried in St. Dionis Back-church, near Fenchurch- 
 street. Besides the said Anne, Sir Edward Osborne had another 
 wife, Margaret, who was buried near him, in 1 602, having been 
 secondly wedded to Robert Clarke, Esq. a Baron of the Ex- 
 chequer. But it was only by the first that he had issue, viz. Sir 
 Hewit Osborne,^ born anno Dom. 1567 j Edward, who died un- 
 married anno l625 ; Anne, wife of Robert Offley, of London, 
 and Alice, married to Sir John Peyton, of Iselham in com. 
 Cantab. Knight and Baronet. 
 
 Sir Hewit Osborne was knighted by the Earl of Essex, at 
 Mcnoth in Ireland, in 1599, having valiantly behaved against the 
 rebels there. He married Joice (daughter of Thomas Fleetwood, 
 of the Vacbe, Bucks, Esq. master of the mint, and sister to Sir 
 William Fleetwood, of Cranford in Middlesex, receiver of the 
 court of wards) who survived him, and was afterwards married to 
 Sir Peter Frechevile, of Stavcley in Derbyshire, Knight; but by 
 her first husband had issue a son Edward, and a daughter Alice, 
 married to Christopher Wandesford, of Kirklington in Yorkshire, 
 Esq. Lord Deputy of Ireland, and ancestor to the late Earl of 
 Wandesfordi He died l6l4. 
 
 Edward Osborne succeeding his father. Sir Hewit was 
 
 In MS Regr. Octo. marked O in Coll. Arms is this entry in St. Giles, 
 Cripplegate. " Xtd. i^J Aug. 1594, Heivet, Son of He-wet Osborne, Gtnt."
 
 DUKE OF LEEDS. 23^ 
 
 created a Baronet on July I3th, 1620, having before received the 
 honour of knighthood. In 1629,'' when Thomas Lord Viscount 
 Wentworth, afterward Enrl of Strafford, was made lord president 
 of the North, Sir Edward Osborne was nnde vice-president of 
 the council to Charles I. for the north of England j and upon the 
 breaking out of the grand rebellion, in l6'il, was lieutenant- 
 general of the forces raised in his defence in that part of th 
 country, upon the recommendation of the said Earl of Strafford, 
 who had a very great opinion of his loyalty and capacity, as may 
 be seen in that nobleman's printed letters. Sir Edward, first, 
 married Margaret, eldest daughter of Thomas Viscount Faucon- 
 berg, and by her had a son Edward, a promising youth, who was 
 unfortunately killed, by the fall of some chimneys of York manor 
 (Sir Edward's habitation as vice-president of the North) on 
 October 31st, 1638, when his other two children narrowly escaped 
 the same misfortune, being then passing through the great 
 chamber to their brothi-r's apartment. Sir Edward's second wife 
 was Anne, widow of William Midleton, of Stockeld in York- 
 shire, Esq. and daughter to Thomas Walmsley, of Dunkenhalgh 
 in the county of Lancaster, Esq. (by Eleanor his wife, daughter 
 and coheir to Sir John Danvers, of Dantsey in the county of 
 Wilts, Knight, by Elizabeth his wife, youngest daughter of John 
 Nevil, Lord Latimer, and coheir to her brother, * John Lord 
 Latimer, who died without issue) and by her left issue Sir Thomas 
 Osborne, created Duke of Leeds, &c. and Charles Osborne, who 
 died unmarried J which 
 
 Sir Thomas, first Duke of Leeds, faithfully adhering to 
 the royal interest, and co-operating with many others, in order to 
 the happy res'ioration of Charles IL was afterwards, by that King, 
 made treasurer of the navy, in the year 1671 ; and on May 3d, 
 1672, one of the privy-council. The next year, on June IQth, he 
 was constituted lord high treasurer of England ; and his Majesty, 
 as a farther testimony of his most gracious esteem by letters 
 patent, bearing date August 15th, 25 Car. IL advanced him to the 
 degree of a Baron of this realm, by the title of Baron of Kiveton, 
 in com. Ebor. and Viscount Latimer, and to his heirs male. Also 
 by other letters patent, 27th Junii the year following, was further 
 advanced to the dignity and title of Earl of Danby ; likewise 
 Viscount of Dumblaine in Scotland, by patent dated July igtb, 
 
 c Drake's Hist, and Antiq. of York, p. 370. C Fed of Danby. 
 ^ Pedigrees from Records, MS. in Bibl. Job. com EKmont.
 
 266 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 27 Car. II. On April 21st, 1677, having been elected a Knight 
 of the most noble Order of the Garter, he was installed on the 
 29th of the same month. 
 
 Burnet speaks of him, as " A gentleman of Yorkshire, whose 
 estate was much sunk." He goes on, " He was a very plausible 
 speaker, but too copious, and could not easily make an end of his 
 discourse. He had been always among the high cavaliers : and 
 missing preferment he had opposed the court much, and was one 
 of Lord Clarendon's bitterest enemies. He gave himself great 
 liberties in discourse, and did not seem to have any regard to 
 truth, or so much as to the appearances of it ; and was an im- 
 placable enemy : but he had a peculiar way to make his friends 
 depend on him, and to believe he was true to them. He was a 
 positive, and undertaking man : so he gave the King great ease, 
 by assuring him ail things would go according to his mind in the 
 next session of parliament. And when his hopes failed him, he 
 had always some excuse ready to put the miscarriage upon. And 
 by this means he got into the highest degree of confidence with the 
 King, and maintained it the longest, of all that ever served him.^" 
 
 In 167'^ Burnet says " The Earl of Danby set up to be the 
 patron of the church-party, and the old cavaliers ;" he adds that, 
 " he was dii'ected by Sir William Temple in all his notions of 
 foreign affairs ; for no man ever came into the ministry, that un- 
 derstood so little of the affairs of Europe, as he did." In 1675, 
 he was attacked by the house of commonsj but in vain. " In 
 16'77j he saw his ruin was inevitable, unless he could bring the 
 King of!" from the French interest." For this purpose he brought 
 about the marriage between the Princess Mary, and the Prince of 
 Orange. In 1 678, he is accused of treating with France for a 
 pension to King Charles ; and became in consequence " the most 
 hated minister that had ever been about the King. All people 
 said now, they saw the secret of that high favour he had been so 
 long in j and the black designs, that he was contriving." He 
 was soon after impeached of high treason ; but in 1679, a new 
 parliament was summoned; and Lord Danby resolved to leave 
 the treasury at Lady-day j and when the new house fell upon 
 him, he took out a pardon from the great seal : notwithstanding 
 which the commons prosecuted him, and a bill of attainder was 
 brought in; but before it had passed, he delivered himself up, 
 and was sent to the Tower, where he lay five years; and whence, 
 
 Burnet's Hist. O T. toI i. p. 350.
 
 DUKE OF LEEDS. 237 
 
 in l684, he was bailed, at the same time with the Popish Lords. 
 He afterwards took an active part in bringing about the Revolu- 
 tion ; and was of course in great credit with the Prince of Orange. 
 In 1089, he was accordingly created Makouis of Carmakthen. 
 In 1690, an attempt was made to revive the impeachment against 
 him J for " he was believed to have the greatest credit with the 
 King and Queen, and was again falling under an universal hatred." 
 In 1695, an impeachment against him was again voted for re- 
 ceiving presents from the East India Company 5 but was let drop. 
 On May 4th, I694, he was created Duke of Leeds, "^ to colour 
 the dismissing him from business," says Burnet, " with the in- 
 crease of title." 
 
 He was, in that reign. Lord Lieutenant of the East, West, 
 and North Ridings in the county of York, of the city of York and 
 county of the same; as also Gustos Rotulorum for the East Riding 
 of Yorkshire, and the liberties of Rippon and Cawood in the said 
 county; and governor of his Majesty's town and fortress of King - 
 ston-upon-Hull. In the reign of Queen Anne, after the union, 
 he was sworn of her Majesty's privy-council. He distinguished 
 himself at the trial of Dr. Henry Sacheverell, in February and 
 March, 1709-IO; and on that occasion spoke with great freedom 
 concerning the Revolution, which he concurred so signally in 
 bringing about. He lived to a very advanced age, in which, by 
 a regular course of life, he preserved a wonderful vigour of mind 
 and body to the last. He was a good judge of men, and left a 
 great fortune, which was raised by good economy, as his friends 
 say, who add, that he was a strict observer of justice, and an 
 able statesman. He died in the eighty-first year of his age, on 
 July 26th, 1712, at Easton, in the county of Northampton (the 
 seat of his grandson, the Earl of Pomfret) being on his journey to 
 his seat in Yorkshire. 
 
 I'hc celebrated John Dryden, Esq. dedicated to him, when 
 Earl of Danby, his Tragedy of All for Love. ^ 
 
 His Grace married the Lady Bridget, second daughter (by the 
 first wife) of Montagu Bertie, Eail of Liudsey, Lord Great Cham- 
 berlain of England, and by her (who di( d January 7th, IJOA,* 
 and was buried at Kiveton in Yorkshire) had three sons, Edward, 
 
 ' " The peerage,'' says Lord Oiford, " vindicates this peer by a dedica- 
 tion of Diyden; whicli one must allow is authority to such a book; for 
 nothing can exceed the flattery of a genealoiiist, but that of a dedicator.'' 
 r:irk's R. and N. A vol iv p 45 
 
 " Le Neve's Mon. .\nz\ voUiv. p. 69-
 
 358 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Thomas, and Peregrine ; and six daughters, whereof Lady Eli- 
 zabeth died unmarried j Anne, the second, was married to Robert 
 Coke, of Holkham in the county of Norfolk, Esq. ancestor to the 
 late Earl of Leicester, and secondly, to Horatio Walpole, Esq. 
 and died on August 5th, 1722, aged sixty-four, without issue ; 
 Bridget, the third, first to Charies Fitzcharles, Earl of Plymouth, 
 natural son of King Charles IL by Mrs. Catherine Pegge, but by 
 him had no issue, and secondly, to Dr. Philip Bisse, Bishop of 
 Hereford J she died May Qth, 17I8 j Catherine, to James Herbert, 
 of Kingsey in Bucks, Esq. son and heir of James Herbert, a 
 younger son of Philip Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery j 
 Martha, to Edward Baynton, Esq., and secondly, to Charles 
 Granville, Earl of Bath ; and the Lady Sophia, the youngest, first 
 to Donatus Lord O'Brien, grandson and heir to Henry Earl of 
 Thomond, and afterwards to William Fermor, Lord Lempster. 
 His eldest son, Edward Lord Latimer, was one of the gentlemen 
 of the bedchamber to Charles II. He married '' Elizabeth, eldest 
 daughter to Simon Bennet, of Beechampton in com. Bucks, Esq. 
 and by her, who died May 1st, 168O, had two sons, who died young, 
 and departed this life himself, in January, 1688, without other 
 issue; and Thomas, his brother, dying before him in his infancy. 
 Peregrine the youngest son, succeeded his father in his honours. 
 
 Peregrine, second Duke of Leeds, was in his father's life- 
 time created Viscount Dumblaine in Scotland, on the surrender 
 of his father's patent ; and being called up by writ to the house 
 of peers in England, on March 19th, 1689-9O, ' took his place by 
 the title of Lord Osborne of Kiveton. And having experienced 
 himself in maritime affairs, and commanding in several expedi- 
 tions at sea, was on many occasions distinguished for his gallant 
 behaviour, especially in the unfortunate expedition at Cameret, 
 where he was ordered with seven men of war to the bottom of 
 that bay, to batter a fort and two batteries on the west side of it, 
 and to cover the landing of the soldiers; where his conduct and 
 bravery were very remarkable. 
 
 In 1695, he commanded a squadron oflF the Isles of Scilly to 
 secure our trade, and convoy our merchants. " He was," says 
 Burnel," an extravagant man both in his pleasures and humours; 
 he was slow in going to sea ; and when he was out, he fancied 
 the French fleet was coming up to him; which proved to be only 
 
 Willis's History of Buckingham, p. 146. 
 ' Journal. Doni, Procer.
 
 DUKE OF LEEDS. 259 
 
 a fleet of merchant ships : so he left his station^, and retired into 
 Milford Haven 5 by which means that squadron became useless,"'^ 
 
 In 1607, ' he was made rear-admiral of the red squadron of 
 his Majesty's royal navy^ and colonel of the first regiment of 
 marines J after which he was constituted vice-admiral of the 
 white J and on March 11th, 1702-3, was promoted to be vice- 
 admiral of the red. In September, 1705, with six men of war he 
 convoyed the Duke of Marlborough with several land forces to 
 Holland 5 and on April ipth, 1713, he took the oaths appointed, 
 as Lord Lieutenant and Gustos Rotulorum of the East Riding of 
 Yorkshire. He died on June 25th, 1729, in the seventy-first 
 year of his age. 
 
 He married Bridget, only daughter and heir to Sir Thomas 
 Hyde, of North Myms in the county of Hertford, Bart, and by 
 her (who died on March 8th, 1733-4) he had two sons and two 
 daughters ; whereof the Lady Bridget was married to the Rev. 
 Mr. Williams, prebendary of Chichester 5 and the Lady Mary was 
 first married to Henry Somerset, Duke of Beaufort ; secondly, on 
 October I5th, 1715, to William Cochrane, Earl of Dundonald, of 
 the kingdom of Scotland, and died Pebruary 4th, 1722. 
 
 Of the sons, William Henry, the eldest, born in July, 1691, 
 died of the small-pox at Utretcht, "' on August l6th, 1711, aged 
 twenty-one. 
 
 Peregkine Hyde, the youngest, on January 31st, 1712-13, 
 the 11th of Queen Anne, was summoned to parliament by the 
 title of Lord Osborne of Kiveton, and took place according to his 
 ancestor's patent of creation (on August 15th, 1073) and suc- 
 ceeded his father as third Duke of Leeds. His Grace married, 
 to his first wife, the Lady Elizabeth Harley, youngest daughter to 
 Robert Earl of Oxford, and Earl Mortimer, lord high treasurer of 
 Great Britain; and by her, who died in childbed, on November 
 20th, 1713, " aged twenty-eight, and was buried at Kiveton in 
 com. Ebor. had issue Thomas, his successor. By his second wife, 
 the Lady Anne Seymour (who died on November 27th, 1722) 
 third daughter to Charles Duke of Somerset, he had a son, who 
 died young. In April, 1725, his Grace married, to his third wife, 
 Julian, daughter and coheir to Roger Hele, of Halewell in the 
 county of Devon, Esq. but had no issue by her, who, after his 
 decease, was married to Charles Earl of Portmore, and died No- 
 
 "^ Burnet's O. T. vol ii. p. i5y ' Lcdiard's Nary History. 
 
 '" Le Neve's Mon Angl. vol iv. p. 329 " Ibid. p. 270.
 
 160 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 vember 20th, 1794, aged eighty-nine, leaving issue the present 
 Earl of Portmore. His Grace departing this life, on May gth, 
 1731, was succeeded by his only son and heir, 
 
 Thomas, foukth Duke of Leeds, born on November 6th, 
 1713) on November 12th, 1748, constituted warden and chief 
 justice in eyre of all his Majesty's forests, chases, &c. south of 
 Trent, having been the same year appointed one of the lords ot 
 the bedchamber. On June 22d, 17^9, elected a Knight of the 
 most noble order of the Garter, and installed at Windsor on July 
 12th, 1750. His Grace, resigning the offices of warden and chief 
 justice in eyre of the forests south of Trent, was appointed cof- 
 ferer of the houshold, on January 13th, 1756. At his present 
 Majesty's accession, he was called to the council table j and laying 
 down the office of coffisrer, was constituted chief justice in eyre 
 of all the royal forests north of Trent, on April 14th, 1761. His 
 Grace w^as also LL. D. and F. R. S. 
 
 He married, on June 26th, 1740, the Lady Mary, youngest 
 of the two daughters of Francis Earl Godolphin, and by her, who 
 died on August 3d, 1 764, aged forty-one, had a son, who was 
 born in May, 1741, and died immediately after 3 Lady Harriot, 
 who was born in November, 1744, and died a few days after 5 
 Thomas, Marquis of Caermarthen, who was born on October 5th, 
 1747, and died of the small-pox, on August 15th, 1761, and 
 Francis Gk>dolphin, Marquis of Caermarthen, who succeeded to 
 the title of Duke of Leeds. His Grace died March 23d, 1789, 
 and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Francis Godolphin Osborne, fifth Duke of Leeds, born 
 January 29th, 1751, called up to the house of peers by writ, as 
 Baron Osborne of Kiveton, May 14th, 1776 j sworn of the privy- 
 council, December 24th, 1777 > and in July, 1778, was sworn 
 Lord Lieutenant and Gustos Rotulorum of the East Riding of 
 Yorkshire. He was also appointed a lord of the bedchamber in 
 1776 } and afterwards secretary of state for the foreign department, 
 which he held till 179I. 
 
 He married, first, on November 29th, 1773, Lady Amelia 
 Darcy, only daughter and heir of Robert, last Earl of Holdernesse, 
 and Baroness Conyers in her own right, from whom he was di- 
 vorced in May 1779, having had issue by her, first, George 
 William Frederic, now Duke of Leeds j second, Mary Henrietta 
 Juliaua,born September 6th, 1776, married, August 1801, Thomas, 
 
 Coffin Plate.
 
 DUKE OF LEEDS. 26l 
 
 Lord Pelham, now Earl of Chichester ; third, Lord Francis Go- 
 dolphin Osborn, born October llth^ 1777^ married, March 3Ist^ 
 1800, Elizabeth Charlotte Eden, daughter of Lord Aukland, and 
 has issue a son, born July ] 802. 
 
 His Grace married, secondly, October 11th, 1788, Catharine, 
 daughter of Thomas Anguish, Esq. master in Chancery, by whom 
 he had, fourth, Sydney Godolphin, born December l6th, 17895 
 fifth, Catharine Anne Mary. His Grace dying, January 31st, 
 ^799> ^vas succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 George William Frederic Osborne, sixth and present Duke 
 OF Leeds, born July 21st, 17/5, married, August 17th, 1797, 
 Lady Charlotte Townshcnd, daughter of George, late Marquis 
 Townshend, by whom he has issue Francis Godolphin Darcy, 
 Marquis of Carmarthen, born May 21st, 1798. 
 
 Titles. George William Frederic Osborne, Duke of Leeds, 
 Marquis of Caermarthen, Earl of Danby, Viscount Latimer, and 
 Dumblaine, Baron Osborne of Kiveton, Baron Conyers, and 
 Baronet. 
 
 Creations. Baronet, July 13th, 1 620, 18 Jac, I. Baron Os- 
 borne of Kiveton in Yorkshire, and Viscount Latimer (the name 
 of a family) August 15th, 16/3, id Car. IL Viscount of Dum- 
 blaine in Scotland, July 19th, 1675, 27 Car. IL Earl of Danby, 
 in the North Riding of Yorkshire, June 27th, 1674, 26 Car. IL 
 Marquis of Caermarthen, in com. Caermarthen, April 20th, 1689, 
 1 Will, and Mar. And Duke of Leeds, in com. Ebor. May 4th, 
 1694, 6 Will and Mar. Also Baron Conyers, by writ, 1506. 
 
 j4rms. Quarterly, ermine and azure, a cross. Or, 
 
 Crest. On a wreath of his colours, a tyger passant. Argent, 
 
 Supporters. On the dexter side, a griphon. Or : on the siiuster, 
 a tyger. Argent ; each gorged with a ducal coronet. Azure, and 
 langued and unguled, gules. 
 
 Motto. Pax in bello. 
 
 Chief Seats. At North Myms, in the county of Hertford ; at 
 Kiveton park in the county of York ; and at Harthill Hall, Thorp 
 Hall, and Waller Hall, all in the same county.
 
 262 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 RUSSELL DUKE OF BEDFORD. 
 
 The immediate foundation of the wealth and honours of this 
 great family was laid in the reign of Henry VJII. ; but we have 
 the authority of Dugdale, and of Hulchins (in his Dorsetshire) 
 for admitting them to have sprung from a younger branch of an 
 ancient Baronial family. In 1202,* the 3d of King John, John 
 Russell gave fifty marks for licence to marry the sister of a great 
 man, called Doun Bardolf. '^ Kingston Russell near Burton in 
 com. Dorset, was the possession of the Russells (Barons of high 
 renown in Gloucestershire) who held it by grand serjeantry, that 
 they should present a cup of beer unto our sovereign Lord the 
 King on the four principal feasts of the year, as it appears by an 
 old record of Henry Ill's time. 
 
 This John (or James according to some) was son of Robert 
 Russell, and constable of Corfe castle ' in the county of Dorset, 
 A, D. 1221, whose son and heir. Sir Ralph Russell, Knight, by 
 his wife Jane, daughter of John Tilly, "^ married Isabel, one of the 
 daughters and coheirs to James de Newmarch, Baron of New- 
 march and Derham, and a descendant of Bernard de Newmarch, 
 who was one of the Conqueror's followers into England, A. D. 
 1066, and witness to one of his charters granted to the monks of 
 Battel in Sussex, upon his foundation of that abbey. 
 
 This Ralph, in the 8th of Henry III. had livery of those 
 lands that fell to the share of his wife Isabel, which lay in the 
 counties of Somerset, Wilts, and Gloucester 3 and in the same 
 
 Rot. Pip. 3 Joh. Dors. ^ Dugd. Bar voJ.ii p. 377. 
 
 c Claus. 5Hen. III.m.8. 
 
 " Claus. 8 Hen. III. m. 3. Dug. Bar. vol. i. p. 436.
 
 DUKE OF BEDFORD. 263 
 
 reign* had respite of what was due from him to the King's ex- 
 chequer, upon the collection of divers scutages, for the moiety of 
 the honour of the same James de Newmarch ; which shews the 
 prevalency of his interest in that Prince's court. He had issue 
 three sons. Sir William, who became possessed of lands at Derham 
 in Gloucestershire, and was ancestor to the Russells of that place j 
 second, Robert, who left no issue ; and Sir William. 
 
 Sir William Russell, in 1284, ^ obtained a charter for a 
 market every Thursday in the week, and a fair on the eve, day 
 and morrow of St. Matthew, at his manor of Kingston, com- 
 monly Kingston Russell, in the county of Dorset j which lordship 
 was held by sergeantry, c as before mentioned. In the first of 
 Edward II. ' he was returned to parliament one of the knights 
 for the county of Southampton : and having married Jane, 
 danghter of Robert Peverel, had issue Theobald Russell, his son 
 and heir, ancestor, by his second wife, to the Duke of Bedford. 
 The said Theobald, by his first wife, Eleanor, daughter and co- 
 heir of Ralph de Gorges, a Baron in parliament, temp. Edw. III. 
 had three sons; Sir John, William, who died without issue, and 
 Sir Theobald, who bore the name and arms of Gorges, viz. Lo- 
 %engy. Or, and Gules, i and from whom the Gorgeses of Wrax- 
 hall in Somersetshire were descended. Sir Theobald Russell had 
 also a daughter Eleanor, wedded to John Fitz John. Sir John 
 (or Ralph, according to Hutchins's Dorset, vol. i. p. 298), the 
 eldest son of Sir Theobald, by his first marriage, succeeded his 
 father in the estate of Kingston Russell, and was three times 
 married J first, to Eleanor, daughter of . ; . . , secondly to Isabel, 
 daughter of .... , and thirdly to Alicia, daughter of ... . : but 
 by the last only had issue, viz. three sons, Theobald, John (who 
 both died sinepi'ole) and Maurice; also a daughter .\lice, married 
 to .... Hacket. Maurice Russell, the third, but only sur- 
 
 * Mich. Rec 22 Hen III- Rot. 2 Someis. Dois. 
 f Cart. 12 Edw. I. p 28. ' Esch. 34 Edw I. n 130 Dors. 
 
 ^ Pryn's Bi'ev Pari Part I. p So- 
 ' There was a dispute between him and Warblcton, in 21 Edw. Ill be- 
 fore Henry Earl of Lancaster, at the siege of the town of St. Margaret's, both 
 claiming to ber this coat He died seized of the manor of Wraxhall, 4 Rich. 
 II. His descendant, Sir Edward Gorges, married Anne, daughter of John 
 Howard, Duke of Norfolk; and had Sir Edward, who by his second wife, 
 Mary Poynts, had his fourth son, Sir Thomas, of Longford, in Wihs, who 
 married Helena, Marchioness of Northampton, and whose son, Edward, was 
 made a Baronet, 1612, and Baron 'f Dundaik in Ireland, 18 James I- Collim's 
 Baronetage, 1"] 2.0, vol. i. p. 414- These bore, Loxeagy, Or, and Az. a chevr*n 
 Gulfs.
 
 2(54 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 viving son of Sir John, was first married to Isabella, daughter of 
 .... Bruyn, and by her had two daughters, viz. Margaret, mar- 
 ried to Sir Walter Dennys, Knight, and Isabel to Stephen Hat- 
 field. Maurice's second wife was Joane, daughter of ... . Strad- 
 ling, and by her he had Sir Thomas Russell, of Kingston Russell, 
 who by Joan his wife was father of an only child, Margery, who 
 died without issue. 
 
 Having brought this line to a period, I shall now treat of the 
 issue of the before-mentioned Theobald, son of Sir William 
 Russell, "^ which were by his second wife, Eleanor (or Alice ac- 
 cording to some accounts) daughter and heir of John de la Tour 
 of Berwick in com. Dorset. By this said wife he had William 
 Russell, his son and heir, who married . . . . , daughter and heir 
 of ... . Mustianj and had issue Henry, who by his wife . . . . , 
 daughter of .... Godfrey, had a son ' Johx, who was of King- 
 ston Russell, and by Elizabeth his wife, daughter and coheir of 
 John Hering, Esq. was father of Sir John Russell, Knight, and 
 William Russell. The said Sir John Russell was'" speaker of the 
 house of commons in the second year of King Henry VI. as also 
 in tlie tenth year of that Kirlg j " and by Elizabeth his wife, 
 daughter and heir of John Froxraere, had issue James his eldest 
 son and heir, and two daughters, Alice, married to Henry Tren- 
 chard, Esq. father to Sir Thomas Trench^rdj aud Christian, wife 
 of Walter Cheverell, Esq. 
 
 His eldest son and heir, James Russell, married to his first 
 wife Alice, " daughter and heir of John Wyse, Esq. and by her 
 had two sons, John, his heir, and Thomas, and two daughters 
 hereafter mentioned. In his sickness i' he makes his will, on 
 November 30th, 1505, 21 Henry VI 1. ordering his body to be 
 buried in the church of the Holy Trinity, of Swyre in Dorsetshire, 
 and bequeaths his whole estate to Joan, his then wife, John, his 
 eldest son, and Thomas, younger son, whom he ordains bis ex- 
 ecutors j \^ hereunto were witnesses, Sir Henry Russell, and 
 
 ^ MS. vocat. Yorkshire, fol. la. 1. 6- penes Geo. Com. Cardigan. 
 
 ' Ibid fol 3. a. "" Cotton's Abridgment of Records, p. 567,602. 
 
 " In the church at Swyre in Dorsetshire, is a grave-stone, inscribed " Hert 
 lyeth John Russely Esquire, and Elix.aieth bis %uyfe, daughter of John Frocksmerf 
 Esquire, -which deceassjd the xxjere of K. Henry the VJI. anno 1505." Now as 
 there is a space of eighty-one years between 2 Henry VI. 1424, and 20 Henry 
 VII 1505, and as he could not be a very young man when he filled that high 
 post I am rather inclined to think that it was his son who married thedaughter 
 of John Frccksmer, and is buried at Swyre- Hutchinis Dorsttihivey vol. i, 
 fol- S7a 
 
 Ibid. p Ex Rcgist- A- Dear.; s^u. 3. in Cur- Praerog. Cant.
 
 DUKE OF BEDFORD. 265 
 
 Nicholas Eoreniont, who had married Elizabeth, one of his 
 daughters J and Thomasin, the other, was wife of Robert Hussey, 
 of Shapwick in com, Dorset, Esq. He is buried according to 
 his will, 1 under a coarse grey marble stone, with the arms of 
 Russell and Wyse impaled, and tliis inscription in characters of 
 the age. 
 
 Here lyeth James Russel, Esquire, 
 
 and Alys his wife, daughter of 
 
 John JVyse, who decessyd thefrst yere 
 
 ofK. Henry the VHL anno MCCCCCIX. 
 
 JoHx Russell, Esq. tlie eldest son, afterwards first Earl or 
 BiiDFOED, born at Kingston Russell aforesaid, resided at Berwick, 
 about four miles from Bridport, in the county of Dorset, and being 
 a gentleman of excellent accomplishments, versed in several 
 languages, as also one who had travelled, and been in divers 
 battles with King Henry in France, it is no wonder that he at- 
 tained to great honours and employments. 
 
 In 21 Henry VIII. Philip Archduke of Austria, only son of 
 the Emperor Maximilian I. being bound for Spain, having married 
 the heiress of that kingdom, Johanna, daughter of Ferdinand and 
 Isabel, King and Queen of Castile and Arragon, and meeting 
 with a violent storm in his passage from Flanders, was necessitated 
 to put on shore at Weymouth, whereupon Sir Thomas Trenchard, 
 Knight, who lived near that port, accommodated him in the best 
 manner he could, till such time as he had sent to court to acquaint 
 the King with his arrival ; and inviting this Mr. Russell, * who 
 was his neighbour and relation, and then newly returned from 
 his travels, to wait upon him at his house, the Archduke was so 
 taken with his conversation, that he desired he might enjoy his 
 company to the court, then at Windsor, whither the King had 
 invited that Prince to come : in which journey, " being much af- 
 fected with his learned discourse, and generous deportment, the 
 Archduke recommended Mr. Russell to the King, as a gentleman 
 litly qualified to serve him in some considerable station ; and he 
 was thereupon taken into great favour, and made one of the 
 gentlemen of his privy chamber. 
 
 <5 Hutchins's Dorsetshire, vol. i. fol. 570. 
 r Ex script. Will. Co. Bedford. ' Hollingshed's Chron, p. 791. 
 
 ' Ex script, praef. Co Bedford. 
 u Some accounts state, that he was sent to accompany him to London, as 
 a spy upon him. See Lodge's Memoir in the Holbein Heads.
 
 266 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 In 1513,'' he attended the King in his expedition, and taking 
 ofTherouenne andTournay; being also then one of the gentle- 
 men of the privy chamber to that King. And in the eighth year 
 of his reign, he obtained, for his services in France, certain lands 
 in Tournay. Also in 1519, on that agreement made betvi'ixt 
 King Henry and Francis I. King of France, he received his letters 
 for tlie render of Tournay to the French. After which he wasy 
 knighted by the Earl of Surry, admiral of the English fleet, in 
 1522, for his service at the taking of Morlaix in Bretagne, 
 
 In 1523, he was '^ made marshal of the Marshalsea, and after- 
 wards * employed in several negociations to the Emperor Charles 
 V. to Francis the French King, to the Pope, and to the Duke of 
 Lorraine ; and was likewise at the great battle of Pavia, fought 
 on February 24th, 1524-5, when Francis I. King of France was 
 taken prisoner by Charles Duke of Bourbon, who had revolted 
 from him to the Emperor, of which, says Lord Herberl, " Sir 
 John Russell in a disguised habit was a main instrument." '' He 
 was constituted sheriff of Dorset and Somersetshire, in the igth 
 of Henry VIII. and attended King Henry, in 1532, <^ at the 
 magnificent interview with Francis I. of France at Boulogne. In 
 the 29th of Henry VIII. he was*" made comptroller of the house- 
 hold, and one of the privy-council, on November 8th. And the 
 King taking into consideration his great merits and accomplish- 
 ments, he was, on March 9th, 30 Henry VIII. *^ advanced to be a 
 Baron of the realm, by the title of Lord Russell, Baron Russell 
 of Cheyneys in the county of Buckingham, And that he might 
 the better support the honour conferred on him, the King granted 
 him the manor of Agmondesham in Bucks, being part of the 
 estate of Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, attainted in 
 1521 : and having married Anne, widow of Sir John Broughton, 
 of Tuddington in Bedfordshire, and daughter and coheir of Sir 
 Guy Sapcotes, Knight, (nephew and heir to Dame Agnes Cheney) 
 obtained with her the manor and seat of Cheneys and other large 
 possessions in that neighbourhood ; and in the chancel of that 
 church his family have ever since been buried. 
 
 In 1540, on the dissolution of the greater monasteries, he ob- 
 tained a grant '^ to himself, and Anne his wife, and the heirs of 
 
 '^ Ex script, praef. Co. Bedford. y Hollinshed, p. 874. 
 
 " Pat. 15 Henry VIII. p. i. a Ex script, pr^f. Co. Bedford. 
 
 * Lord Herbert in Kennet, volii p. 58- 
 
 ^ Stow's Annals. <i Godwin, p. 158. 
 
 " Pat 30 Henry VIII. p 5 m. i. ^ Pat. 31 Henry VIII. p 3.
 
 DUKE OF BEDFORD. 267 
 
 their bodies lawfully begotten, of the whole scite and circuit of 
 the rich abbey of Tavestock, in the county of Devon, as also of 
 the borough and town of Tavestock, and of the manors of Hunde- 
 wyke, Morewell, and Morewelham, Milton Abbot, alias Milton 
 Leigh, Lamerton, Hole, Brcntor, Wyke Dabernon, Peterstavye, 
 Ottiew, alias Otterve, Whitchurch, and Newton, with the 
 hundred of Hundewyke, otherwise called the hundred of Taves- 
 tock ; as also the rectory and vicarage of Tavestock ; likewise 
 the manor of Antony in the county of Cornwall, and the 
 borough of Denbury, with the manors of Denbury, Plymstoke, 
 Worrington, Cowyke, Enwyke, Burleigh, Olderidge, Cave- 
 linch, Whimple, Wood Marshton, Christenstow, Borington, and 
 Cornwedede, all in the county of Devon, and belonging to the 
 same dissolved monastery of Tavestock. He had likewise divers 
 other lands given him in the counties of Devon, Somerset, and 
 Bucksj among s which was the manor of Abbots Aston, in the 
 county of Bucks, belonging to the dissolved abbey of St. Alban's, 
 in the county of Hertford. 
 
 Besides this vast augmentation in lands, he bore several great 
 offices rn that King's reign ; '' as, first, lord warden of the Stan- 
 naries in the counties of Devon and Cornwall j and in the 32d of 
 Henry VIII. was' constituted lord admiral of England and Ire- 
 land ; having been, in 1589, the year before, '^ admitted into the 
 most noble Order of the Garter, on April 23d, with Sir Thomas 
 Cheney, and Sir William Kingston ; but not being present at his 
 election, the King sent to him to come immediately. On May 
 18th following, his lordship, with his two companions, were in- 
 stalled at Windsor } as fully recited by Mr. Anstis in his Ap- 
 pendix to vol. i. p. 4445. He' had been in nomination for 
 Knight of the Garter in 19 Henry VIII. and in several subsequent 
 chapters of the Order, till he was chosen. His royal master 
 having had experience of his abilities at home and abroad, in 
 court and camp, by sea and land, and having thought it expe- 
 dient to establish a council, in and for the better government of 
 the Western parts of the kingdom, his Lordship was made presi- 
 dent of the counties of Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, and Dorset: 
 and in the same 32d year, on differences between King Henry"" 
 and Francis I. King of France, he was sent into Picardy to 
 
 * Pat 31 Henry VIII. p 4. *' Ex autog penes praef. Co. Bedford. 
 
 i Pat 32 Henry VIII. p. 3. 
 
 ^ Anstis's Register of the Garter, p 412 ' Ibid. p. 382,6! seq. 
 
 " Hcrbert'sHist of Henry VIII. p-464.
 
 258 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 oppose Monsieur de Veodome, who was raising forces in that 
 country. 
 
 On December 3d, 1543, he " was appointed lord privy-seal ; 
 and two years after^ King Henry attacking Boulogne in person, 
 the Lord Russell was'' captain general of the vanguard of his 
 Majesty's array. And the King was pleased, on his deathbed, to p 
 appoint him one of the sixteen counsellors to his son. Prince Ed- 
 ward, at whose coronation he was i constituted lord high steward 
 of England for that day j and in the same year he had a grant of 
 the monastery of IVoolurn, &c. in com. Bedford ; which has 
 since become the chief seat of the family. 
 
 The council to King Edward, being very intent on promot- 
 ing the reformation, ' ordered the images to be pulled down, 
 which occasioned divers insurrections ; whereupon the Lord 
 Russell was the first in commission, to put in force all such laws 
 as should be thought most necessary to be executed ; and was 
 dispatched, in I54g, against the Devonshire and Cornish men 
 with a body of troops, with which he* defeated them at Fenniton 
 Bridge, and relieved Exeter; for these and other services, he 
 was, " on January ipth, 1549-50, created Earl of Bedford, 
 
 In the 4th of Edward VI. his Lordship, ^ with William Lord 
 Paget, Sir "William Petre, and Sir John Mason, were sent am- 
 bassadors to Guisnes in France, to treat of a peace between the 
 two kingdoms, which they concluded. At a chapter of the 
 garter, held at Greenwich, on April 23d, 1551, his Majesty being 
 present, the Earl of Bedford was one of the five knights compa- 
 nions appointed to peruse the statutes, and explain the articles, of 
 the order : and having survived the many difficulties and factions 
 of King Edward's reign, he, upon the accession of Queen Mary to 
 the throne, v obtained a new patent, dated November 3d, for the 
 office of lord privy seal. Also, though then pretty well in years, ^ 
 he was, in the first year of that Princess, sent into Spain, to attend 
 King Philip II. into England, in order to his nuptials with the 
 said Queen : and tliis was the more remarkable, that as this 
 Prince's grandfather, Philip Archduke of Austria, brought hinj 
 
 Pat 34 Henry VIII. p 2. Pat. 36 Henry VH I p. 8. 
 
 p Godwin, p 205. ^ Pat i Edward VI p. 6 
 
 Bill signal i Edward VI Hayward's Life of Edward VI. p. 55. 
 
 Ibid p. 60,61, and Godwin's Annils 
 " Pat 3 Edward VI. p. 11. ^ Hay ward, p 105- 
 
 y Pat. 1 M. p. 8. -^ Ex script. Will. Com Bedf- '
 
 DUKE OF BEDFORD. 26g 
 
 first to court, and was the occasion of his rise to the great fortune 
 and honours he attained to, so his Lordship's last public office, 
 was to bring his grandson over to lie in the bosom of the Queen, 
 his royal mistress, and to enjoy the title of King of England. It 
 is recited by HoUinshed, * that the Earl of Bedford, lord privy- 
 seal, and Lord Fitzwalter, were sent to the Prince of Spain, ac- 
 companied with divers noblemen and gentlemep, who arriving at 
 the Groyne in Gallicia, were very honourably received ; but the 
 Prince being one hundred leagues from thence, they were desired 
 to stay there for their better ease, till he could repair thither, 
 which was not so soon as he told them, by reason of the sickness 
 of his sister, the Princess Dowager of Portugal, and by other 
 weighty affairs. But ai length, on his coming to Gallicia, the Earl 
 of Bedford met him at St. James de Compostella, and after he 
 had, in presence of a great number of noblemen and gentlemen, 
 ratified the contract and sworn to observe it, he set forward for 
 Corunna, where he embarked, attended by 150 sail, and arrived 
 at Southampton on July IQth, 1554. 
 
 This great Earl dying " at his house in the Strand, London, on 
 March 14th, 1554-5, was buried at Cheneys in the county of 
 Bucks : c and his Lady, by'^ her will, dated on August IQth, 1558, 
 bequeathing her manor of Thornhaugh to her grandson, Edward 
 Lord Russell, and to the heirs of his body, deceased on March 
 l^th, 1559, '^ leaving Francis, Earl of Bedford, her son and heir, 
 then of the age of thirty-two. A noble monument is erected to 
 the memory of this lady and her husband, at the east end of the 
 chapel, on the north side of the church of Cheneys, curiously em- 
 bellished with arms, the figure of an Earl in alabaster, lying on 
 his back in a coat of mail, with a coronet on his head, and habited 
 with the collar of the order of the garter. And by him his 
 Countess, with a coronet on her head, habited in a mantle ; but 
 the inscription sets forth only his places of honour and trust that 
 he held, which I have already cited. 
 
 Such is the history of the first Earl of Bedford. It was upon 
 this ancestor, that the late Duke of Bedford, having made a 
 somewhat illiberal attack upon the pension granted to Edmund 
 Burke, drew forth the torrent of that wonderful orator's resentful 
 eloquence, " Why," said he, " will his Grace, by attacking 
 
 > Chron p. iizi- '' Stow's Survey, p 4t)i. 
 
 Let. Itin. MS vol. i- fol izz " Rcgist. Welles, qu. jj. 
 
 Cole's Esch. lib- i. p 419 N 61 A- Iz in Bibl Harley.
 
 2;o PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 me, force me reluctantly to compare my little merit with that, 
 which obtained from the crown those prodigies of profuse dona- 
 tion, by which he tramples on the mediocrity of humble and labo- 
 rious individuals ?" " The first peer of the name, the first pur- 
 chaser of the grants, was a Mr. Russell, a person of an ancient 
 gentleman's family, raised by being a minion of Henry VIII, As 
 there generally is some resemblance of character, to create these 
 relations, the favourite was in all likelihood much such another, 
 as his master. The first of those immoderate grants was not 
 taken from the ancient demesne of the crown, but from the recent 
 confiscation of the ancient nobility of the land. ^ The lion 
 having sucked the blood of his prey, threw the offal carcase to the 
 jackall in waiting. Having tasted once the blood of confiscation, 
 the favourites became fierce and ravenous. This worthy favourite's 
 first grant was from the lay nobility. The second, infinitely im- 
 proving on the enormity of the first, was from the plunder of the 
 church, &c. &c." s Lodge however observes, that " the detail of 
 his services is sufficient to assure us that he possessed no mean 
 abilities ; and if the public conduct of such a man escaped de ' 
 traction, it necessarily demands our good opinion." ^ 
 
 Francis, second Earl of Bedford, his only child, was 
 twenty-seven years old at his father's death ; and at the coronation 
 of Edward VI, among others, was ' made Knight of the Bath ; 
 and upon that Kings decease, "^ together with Sir Maurice 
 Berkeley, Sir William Fitzwilliam, and Sir Henry Neville, 
 Knights, proclaimed the Lady Mary Queen of England j and put 
 themselves in arms on her behalf against the Lady Jane Grey, 
 who contested for the crown. And Queen Mary being reduced,^ 
 in the fourth year of her veign, to engage in her husband's quarrel 
 with France, her forces were very instrunicntal, first in gaining 
 the battle of St. Quintin, on August 10th, 1557, and then in tak- 
 ing the town, ' where the Earl of Bedford was present, and shared 
 both in the glory and danger. 
 
 In the first of Queen Elizabeth, he"" was sworn one of the^ 
 privy-council : and in the second, sent " ambassador to France ; 
 and having discharged that trust fully to her Majesty's satisfaction, 
 
 ' StafToid Duke of Buckingham. 
 Burke's Letter to a noble Lord. In this manner he goes on for several 
 pages. Eurkc's Works, vol vii. p 407, &c. 
 
 h Memoir in Holbein Heads. i I. 7. in Offic. Arm fol 436. 
 
 ^ Ex script. Will Corn. Bedf. ' Hollinsh p- 1133 
 
 ^ Camden's .-Annals of Q. Eliz " Ex script. Will. Com. Bedf
 
 DUKE OF BEDFORD. 271 
 
 was sent a second time into that kingdom^ to condole the death 
 of Francis II. and at the same time to congratulate his brother, 
 Charles IX. upon his accession to the throne. 
 
 In the sixth of Elizabeth^ he was p constituted governor of the 
 town and castle of Berwick upon Tweed, and warden of the East 
 Marches towards Scotland. Also in the same year, ^ on May 
 14th, he was installed one of the Knights of the most noble Order 
 of the Garter. Being not present at his election. Sir Gilbert 
 Dethick was sent to him with the ensigns of the order, and he 
 was installed by his proxy. Sir George Howard. 
 
 In 7 Elizabeth, he was ' employed to treat with certain com- 
 missioners from Mary Queen of Scotland, for a marriage' between 
 her and Robert Earl of Leicester. 
 
 In 8 Elizabeth, the Queen being requested to be godmother to 
 James, then Prince of Scotland, he was sent to stand surety for 
 her Majesty, and carried with him a font of pure gold, as an 
 honorary gift at the solemnity of his christening, on December 
 15th, 1560, 9 Elizabeth. 
 
 In 13 Elizabeth, he obtained the wardship of George Earl of 
 Cumberland, on which occasion he sent the following letter to 
 the Queen : 
 
 " It may ' please your most CKcellent Majestic to be advertised, 
 that heretofore (as it is well knov/ne to many) there hath been 
 communication betweene my Lord of Cumberland and me, for 
 the marriage of his sonne to one of my daughters ; and being now 
 informed that he is in some danger, 1 do presume to be a sutor to 
 your Highness, that I may have the wardship of his sonne, if it 
 shall soe stand Math youre Majesties pleasure j and therein I shall 
 think myselfe most bounden (as I have every way good cause) to 
 your Highness. And thus I beseech God to send unto your Ma- 
 jestic a most prosperous helthful raigne, to God's glory, and your 
 hearts deiirc, &c. 
 
 " From Russell Place, this 3d of January, 1570." 
 
 In the 14th of her reign, he" was the fourth named among 
 
 Camden's Annals. p Pat. 6 Elizabeth, p 6. 
 
 1 Ashmok's Ord. of the Garter, p. %oz, 324. 325, 378. 
 
 f Camden's Annals. * Ibid. 
 
 ' Records de Famil de ClifTord, MS. vol. iii p. 69- 
 
 Camden's Annals.
 
 37JJ PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 the peers for the trial of that truly great, but unhappy peer,- 
 Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk. 
 
 In 24 Elizabeth, he was "" one of the commissioners to treat 
 with those ambassadors sent from France, to negotiate a marriage 
 between the Duke of Anjou and Queen Elizabeth. He was also 
 warden of the stannaries in Devon and Cornwall, chief justice in 
 eyre of all the forests south of Trent, and lieutenant of Dorset, 
 Devon, and Cornwall. 
 
 This great Earl (who was godfather to that ever famous navi- 
 gator. Sir FVancis Drake, who sailed round the world) founded a 
 school atWooburn in the county of Bedfordj and by his will,y 
 dated on April 7th, 1583, gave 20/. per ann. for the maintenance 
 of two poor students of divinity in University college in Oxford, 
 called the Earl of Bedford's scliolars, to be nominated and ap- 
 pointed by his heirs for ever; and was a person of such great hos- 
 pitality, that Queen Elizabeth v/as wont to say of him, tJuit he 
 made all the beggars. ^ He died at Bedford-house in the Strand, 
 on July 28th, 1585, aged fifty-eight, and lies buried at Cheneys, 
 where there is a noble monument erected to his memory, and of 
 his Countess, Margaret, daughter of Sir John St. John, and sister 
 to Oliver, first Lord St. John of Bletshoe, with the inscription in 
 Rf'/man capitals gilt, inserted below " 
 
 His Lordship, after the death of the aforesaid Lady, married 
 Bridget, daughter of John Lord Hussey, and widow of Sir Richard 
 Morison, Knight, and of Henry Earl of Rutland, but had no issue 
 by her, who departed this life January 12th, 16OO, and lies buried 
 
 " Camden, in an. 24 Eliz. y Ex Regist. Windsor, qu 45. 
 
 z See a short sketch of his character, beautifully drawn by Lodge, in the 
 Holbein Heads. 
 
 " Here lyes interred the noble and religious Lord, Francis Russel Earl of 
 Bedford, Baron Russel, Knight of the Order of the Garter, Privy Counsellor 
 to Q. Elizabeth, from her first entry to the crowne: Lord Governor of Bar- 
 wick, and Warden of the East Marches towards Scotland, during the troubles 
 in that kingdom; Warden oftlic Stanneries in Devon, and Cornwall, Chef 
 Justis and Justis in Eyer of all the Q's Forrests by South Trent, and Liefte- 
 nant of the counties of Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall : and the most virtuous 
 Lady Margaret Ceuntis of Bedford his wife, daughter of Sr John St John 
 Knight, and sister to Oliver, first Lord St. John of Bletso, who had between 
 them issue four sons and three daughters, whose names and matches with 
 ther children they lefr, appeare about this tombe. The said Earle departed 
 this life with much comfort, in assurance of a better, at his mansion place in 
 the Strand, called Russel House, the 28th Day of July, in the fifty-eighth 
 yeare of his age, and of our blessed Saviour 1585. And the said Countijs 
 made the like godly end, at Woobourne in Bedfordshire, the
 
 DUKE OF BEDFORD. 273 
 
 at Watford in Hertfordshire. By his first Countess he had four 
 sons and three daughters. 
 
 First, Edward Lord Russell, the eldest son, married Jane 
 Sibilla, daughter of Sir Richard Morison, died without issue vitd 
 patris, and lies buried at Cheneys, and his widow remarried to 
 Arthur Lord Grey of Wilton. 
 
 Second, John Lord Russell, baron of parliament, by writ in 
 the life-time of his father, married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir 
 Anthony Cook, of Giddy Hall in Essex, and widow of Sir Thomas 
 Hobby, of Bisham in Berkshire, Knight. Which Lady was a 
 very learned and accomplished woman, and wrote Greek, Latin, 
 and French epitaphs for both her husband and several of her re- 
 lations. ^ She died on July 23d, 1584, and is buried at Bisham, 
 and left two daughters, Elizabeth, who died unmarried July 2d, 
 1600,'^ and is buried by her father j Anne, married to Henry 
 Lord Herbert, son and heir apparent of Edward Earl of Worcester, 
 lord privy seal. She died April 8th, \63Q, atid is buried at Rag- 
 land com. Monmouth. This Lord Russell also died (1584 and 
 lies interred in Westminster Abbey) in the life time of his father, 
 and had, besides the above two daughters, a son, Francis, who 
 deceased in 1580, and is buried with his father. 
 
 Third, Sir Francis Russell, knighted for his services in Scot- 
 land, summoned to pailiament as Baron Russell, 7 Edward VI. 
 married Julian, daughter and coheir of Sir John Foster, Knight, 
 lord warden of the middle Marches towards Scotland, was slain 
 on an accidental fray on the borders there, on July 27th, 1585, 
 and lies buried at Alnwick in Northumberland. He had one 
 son, 
 
 Edward, thikd Earl of Bedford, who married Lucy,'* 
 daughter of John Lord Harrington, sister and coheir of John, the 
 second Lord Harrington She was a great patron of tlie wits of 
 her day ; particularly Donne, who wrote an elegy on her, and 
 Danyel, who addressed an epistle to her. "^ Pennant sayj, " her 
 vanity and extravagance met with no check under the reign ol 
 
 b BalLird, p. 105. Park's R. and N A vol. ii p 52. See also Birch's 
 Q Eliz vol. ii p 129, &c And Strype's Ann. of the Reformation, vol ii. 
 p. 470 
 
 c MS St. George prxd. 
 
 * A tomb was made by Nicholas Stone, statuary to Kinp James I. for 
 her fath r and mother, br.otlier and sister, and erected at Exton in Rutland, 
 for which he received of tliis ('oiintess icio/ : a print of it is in Wright's 
 History of that county, p 57 Sec Walp Anec of Tainting, vol ii p 42 
 ' Memoirs of James's Peers, p 312 
 
 VOL. I. T
 
 274 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 her quiet spouse. ^ He died without issue, on May 3d, 1627. 
 She long survived him. 
 
 Fourth, Sir William Russell, youngest son, knighted for his 
 ervices in Ireland, married Elizabeth, daughter and heir of Henry 
 Long, Esq. son and heir of Sir Richard Long, of Shengay in 
 Cambridgeshire, Knight. 
 
 His first service, in Ireland, was in 1580, when he had the 
 command of 150 horse, s raised by the clergy of England, for the 
 reduction of the Queen's rebellious subjects in that kingdom, 
 where he behaved so well, that the honour of knighthood was 
 conferred on him. The year after, when Monsieur (Francis 
 Duke of Alen5on) brother to (Henry III.) the French King, was 
 in England, with the Prince D'Aufine, and a royal combat and fight 
 on foot was performed before Queen Elizabeth, wherein Mon- 
 ieur, with the Prince D'Aufine, and others, were challengers, ^ 
 the Lord Thomas Howard, and Sir William Russell, were the two 
 first that were called out as defenders. 
 
 On December 8th, 1585, he' embarked with Robert Dudley, 
 Earl of Leicester, then sent to the assistance of the States Ge- 
 neral, and landed two days after at Flushing. They were received 
 with great joy by the States,^ who nobly entertained them all the 
 Christmas holidays, and made a very solemn publication, " of 
 their desiring, accepting, and authorizing the said Robert Earl of 
 Leicester to be their governor, general, and captain over all the 
 United Provinces, and associate cities, &c. acknowledging, that 
 the Queen of England had mercifully sent him and his forces to 
 their assistance." 
 
 After taking several towns from the Spaniards, Sir William 
 Russell distinguished himself in the fight at Zutphen, on Sep- 
 tember 22, 1586, where the Spanish horse were intirely defeated, 
 though much superior in number, and their commanders taken 
 prisoners. Stowe relates, from a journal of those transactions, 
 how Sir William Russell behaved. " He charged so tei-ribly, 
 that after he had broke his lance, he so plaid his part with his 
 cuttle-axe, that the enemy reported him to be a devil, and not a 
 man ; for where he saw six or seven of the enemies together, 
 
 ' Memoirs of James's Peers, p, 312. 
 ' HolUnshcd's Chronicles of Ireland, folio 17a, and Cox's History of Ire- 
 land, p-367. 
 
 Honour Milit. and Civil, per W. Segar, Norroy, p. 196. 
 
 ' Slew's Annals, p. 709, 710. fc Ibid p. 711. 
 
 ' Ibid. p. 737.
 
 DUKE OF BEDFORD. 275 
 
 thither would he, and so behave with his cuttle-axe, that he 
 would separate their friendship." On October 5th following, he 
 commanded a party of 6OO horse, sent to intercept a convoy of 
 provisions' the enemy designed to throw into Zutphen, which he 
 prevented. 
 
 Queen Elizabeth, on February 1st, 1587", by her patent re- 
 cites, " that by the death of the late Sir Philip Sidney, the town 
 of Flushing is without a governor : she therefore confiding in the 
 fidelity and sufficiency of Sir William Russell, Knight, makes 
 choice of him to supply the place of governor, and captain of the 
 said town, with the rammekins and forts thereto belonging, and 
 of the garrison. He had also a precept to the high admiral of 
 England, all vice-admirals, captains, &c. searchers of ports, &c. 
 and to all other officers of the customs. Sec. justices of the peace, 
 mayors, sheriffs, &c. to suflfer him with his horses, money, plate, 
 armour, weapons, ammunition, &c. belonging to him and his 
 private train, and to such of his train as shall hereafter repair to 
 him, to pass unmolested, and to be aiding in furnishing him or 
 them with shipping, vessels, and other carriages, necessary for 
 their transportation, at reasonable prices. 
 
 On May l6th, 1594, he" was constituted lord deputy of Ire- 
 land ; and in July following the University of Oxford, in convo- 
 cation, in honour of having his education there, conferred on p 
 him the degree of master of arts. He landed at the head of 
 Hoath, on July 31st, 1594, and the next day went to Dublin, but 
 refused to accept of the sword, 1 till the council had first given 
 him in writing, under their hands, an account of the state and 
 condition of the kingdom ; which being complied with, he was 
 sworn on Sunday, August 1 1th, with great solemnity. 
 
 On August 19th, he set out, by the advice of the council, to 
 relieve Inniskilling, and after long marches over bogs, with great 
 danger, passed the river on the 30th with difficulty, and some 
 loss J ' and then entered the castle of Inniskilling without opposi- 
 tion, the enemy flying on his approach. 
 
 He was afterwards very active in many expeditions against 
 the rebels, and several of them being slain, ' and some taken, 
 were publicly executed. But that great rebel Tir Oen raising a 
 rebellion in the North, the lord deputy, to strengthen his ability 
 
 ra Stow's Annals, p. 737. 
 
 Rymer's Foed torn. xvi. p. 2,3. 
 
 e Pat 36 Eliz p. 5 p Wood's Fasti Oxon- vol i. p- 773. 
 
 % Cox's History of Ireland, p-4ov ' Ibid, p 404 'Ibid, p 40;.
 
 27fi PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 in the management of the war, besought the Queen to assist 
 him with some able soldiers, and an experienced officer. Camden 
 relates, '^ that he had a mind for Baskervill, before any other, 
 though he did not go so far as to mention him; but clear contrary 
 to his expectation. Sir John Norris was pitched upon. 
 
 He went over with 1300 veteran soldiers, who had served in 
 Bretagne and the Low Countries, and with other supplies out of 
 England, as Camden writes, who also gives an account that the 
 rebels were able to muster 1000 horse, and 6280 foot in Ulster, 
 and 2300 in Connaught, every man of them at Tir Oen's com- 
 mand. And among these were several experienced officers, 
 trained in the exercise of war, ever since the lord deputy Perrot 
 had appointed every Lord in Ulster to have such a number of men 
 disciplined to serve against the Island Scots. 
 
 The lord deputy had no great friendship for Sir John Norris ; 
 and Sir Richard Cox observes, " that the clashings and janglings, 
 between these two 'spirited men, did very much prejudice the 
 Queen's affairs : but that the lord deputy acted prudently and 
 disinterestedly, appears from Camden, Borlace, and other autho- 
 rities. The former gives this account : y " Sir John Norris had 
 orders to march against the rebels, to prevent the succours they 
 expected out of Spain j for the Queen had given him the prin- 
 cipal command (to prevent any reflection that might fall on the 
 lord deputy) stiling him. The General of the army in Ulstei; in 
 the alsence of the lord deputy} and granted him an absolute 
 power to pardon what male-contents he should think fit. With 
 what design this was done, I cannot divine ; but most certainly it 
 was the subject of general wonder, in regard that the very essence 
 of government seems to consist in its being lodged in the hands 
 of one, and nothing being either more monstrous or mischievous 
 tlian a mixed or divided authority. However, the lord deputy 
 acted in conjunction with him, and they advanced as far as 
 Armagh, putting the rebels into such a consternation, that Tir 
 Oen abandoned the fort of Blackwater, set fire on the adjacent 
 villages, and the town of Dungannon, demolished a great part of 
 his own house there, and looking on his affairs as quite desperate, 
 began to look out for some fit place to abscond in 3 but the loyal- 
 ists made a halt for want of provision, and after placing a gar- 
 rison in Armagh, returned back. They afterwards fortified the 
 
 > Borlace's Reduction of Ireland, p. 175. Hist.ofEng praed p 587. 
 History of Ireland, p 406. x Hist, of Eng. vol. ii. p. 588.
 
 DUKE OF BEDFORD. 277 
 
 garrison of Montaghan, and when they got pretty near to Dun- 
 dalk, the lord deputy, according to the instructions he had re- 
 ceived, gave up the entire charge of the army to Norris, and after 
 several compliments and expressions of civilities between them, 
 returned to Dublin, and kept a strict eye on the affairs of Leinster, 
 Connaught, andMunsterj" and happily managed them, whilst 
 no good effect came of the truce with Tir Oen (as Borlace 
 writes) which in the end so much redounded to Norris's discon- 
 tentment, that Tir Oen by his dissembling had mocked him, that 
 shortl)' after he died. 
 
 Camden gives this further account of that transaction : " Norris 
 remained with a strong army in Ulster, and did nothing answer- 
 able to the great hopes conceived of him ; perhaps out of an 
 emulation against the lord deputy (which the courtiers endea- 
 voured to foment by all the sly arts they were masters of) ; the 
 one being as little able to brook an equal, as the other to endure 
 a superior, Norris gave so much credit to the fine harangues of 
 Tir Oen and his party, that he blamed the lord deputy for 
 having dealt too rigidly with Tir Oen, when he refused to accept 
 of any terms of an accommodation at his hands. The lord deputy 
 was really persuaded thai Tir Oen did nothing but make pretences 
 of delay, till the succours which he expected arrived from Spain. 
 Wherefore he refused all terms or overtures of a treaty, as so many 
 tricks and artifices on his side, and as inconsistent with the 
 Queen's honour, and his own reputation, since they were the 
 proposals of a proclaimed rebel. Norris, on the other side, con- 
 ceived such hopes of bringing him to handsome terms, as to admit 
 of a conference with him, which ended in a truce." 
 
 It further appears, that Tir Oen concluded the truce only to 
 gain time, as Camden observes, and that base people flocked in 
 every day to the rebels, the English forces lying in the mean time 
 unemployed, and at a great expence, and eating the Queen's 
 faithful subjects out of house and home, because it was provided 
 by the treaty, that they should not quarter in the enemy's 
 country. 
 
 The lord deputy, in the mean time, ^ was in piirsuit of another 
 famous rebel, O'Maden, and laid siege to his castle of Clohon 
 O'Maden, the garrison whereof, being summoned to surrender, 
 made a rude answer : *' That they would never deliver the fort, 
 were there as many lord deputies as single persons before th 
 
 * Reduction of Ireland, p 176. ' Camden, lit antea.
 
 a78 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 place," But wltliin a few days they stormed the castle, and put 
 every man to the sword. 
 
 The lord deputy made several other successful expeditions 
 against the rebels, and on September 18th, 15g6, made very 
 good and necessary ^ orders for the army ; viz. first, that on their 
 march they should not stay above one night in a place, and then, 
 without exaction, give money or ticket for their diet : second, 
 that there shall be but six women (and they soldiers wives) per- 
 mitted to be laundresses to a company, and but one boy to two 
 soldiers, and that neither women or boys be any charge to the 
 country : third, no false musters, or any charge on the country 
 for more men than really are : fourth, that they shall be content 
 with such food as is reasonable, and with a breakfast and supper, 
 without exacting Capury encreason, or Capury ne hairk : fifth, 
 they shall not take the country garrisons without order or pay- 
 ment, nor depart from garrison without leave. And lastly, shall 
 have their quarters assigned by the civil magistrate. 
 
 General Norris was not pleased with these strict orders, = and 
 therefore refiised to sign them ; and when Tir Oen had broke the 
 truce, and attempted Armagh, which he blocked up, Norris so 
 far espoused his quarrel,"* as to write to the council, that one 
 good letter would have prevented the danger Armagh is in, 
 covertly reprehending the deputy's severity. But the council 
 sent him a smart answer, telling him, " Since he understood Tir 
 Oen's humour best, they left it to him to relieve Armagh by force 
 or treaty, as he thought fit." 
 
 The lord deputy, at his own request, ' was recalled, and was 
 succeeded by Thomas Lord Borough. 
 
 Sir William Russell, after some stay in England, returned to 
 his government of Flushing, On King James's accession to the 
 throne, on July 21st, l603, at Hampton Court, in the Great 
 Hall, the Queen present, he created several peers, ^ and among 
 them this Sir WiUiam Russell, by the style and title of Lokd 
 Russell, Baron Russell, of Thornhaugh, in com. Northamp. 
 
 I find this character of his Lordship : e "He was daring in his 
 person, close to his purpose, firm to his dependencies, of a deep 
 and large soul, who looked on the chargeable war in Ireland as 
 
 * Cox's History, p. 409, 410. ' Ibid. p. 410, 411. 
 
 * Cox's History, p. 411. * Ibid. p. 413, and Borlase, p. 177. 
 
 ^ Stow's Annals, p. 8a6,and Pat 1 Jac I. p. 14. 
 
 Loyd's State Worthies, p (,29-
 
 DUKE OF BEDFORD. 279 
 
 an equal remedy against a worse in England j and advised the 
 bestowing of church lands among the nobility of both persuasions 
 in Ireland, as in England, who would then hold their religion, 
 with their land, in Capite, and stick to the Queen, as the great 
 support of both." He died on August gth^ l6l3, and was in- 
 terred at Thornhaugh, in the Isle of Ely, Northamptonshire, 
 where a monument is erected to his memory. 
 
 He married Elizabeth, daughter and heir of Henry Long, of 
 Shengay, in com. Cantab. Esq. before mentioned. She died 
 June 12th, I611, and is buried at Watford in Hertfordshire,'' 
 leaving issue an only son Francis, the fourth Earl of this family. 
 
 Fifth, Lady Anne, eldest daughter of the before mentioned 
 Francis, second Earl of Bedford, married Ambrose Dudley, Earl 
 of Warwick, and died on February pth, l603. 
 
 Sixth, Lady Elizabeth^ second daughter, married to William 
 Bouchier, Earl of Bath, Lord Fitz Warren, died on March 24th, 
 1604, at Tavestock in Devon, and is buried there. 
 
 Seventh, Lady Margaret, youngest daughter, ' born in the 
 parish of St. Stephen, within the city of Exeter, and baptized in 
 the said parish church, on July 9th, 1560, married on June 24th, 
 1577 > to George Clifford, third Earl of Cumberland, and Knight 
 of the Garter. She died on May 24th, 1616, at Browgham-castle, 
 and is buried in the parish church of St. Lawrence of Appleby in 
 Cumberland, where a monument is erected to her memory, by 
 her daughter Anne, the famous Countess of Dorset and Montgo- 
 mery. Pennant says, " she was happier in the filial affections of 
 her daughter, than in the conjugal tenderness of her husband, 
 who, taken up with military glory, and the pomp of tilts and 
 tournaments, paid little attention to domestic duties. In her 
 diary she complains of her sufferings even to poverty, and laments 
 her ill usage in the most suppliant and pathetic manner," '' 
 
 Francis, son of William Lord Russell of Thornhaugh, suc- 
 ceeded his cousin Edward, as fourth Earl of Bkdford, on 
 May 3d, l6'27, and in 1030, became the principal undertaker in 
 that great and chargeable work of draining thobc fens, called the 
 Great Level, and since Bedford Levels, which extend into the 
 counties of Northampton, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Norfolk, and 
 Lincoln. 
 
 ^ Chaunccy's and Salmon's nertfordshirc 
 ' Izaack's Charitable Benefactors to County of Devon, p 46. 
 ^ See her character from her Daughter's MS Memoirs, in Memein of James's 
 ^/fri, Appendix, I.XXXII.
 
 280 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 " The Earl of Clarendon gives this account of him : " That 
 in the house of peers he was the great contriver and principal 
 agent of those who were for asserting the liberty of the subject ; 
 but a wise man, and of too great and plentiful a fortune to wish a 
 subversion of the government ; and it quickly appeared, that he 
 only intended to make himself and his friends great at court, not 
 at all to lessen the court itself; and that Mr. Pym, though known 
 to be inclined to the Puritan Faction, was not of those furious re- 
 solutions against the church as the other leading men were, and 
 wholly devoted to the Earl of Bedford, who had nothing of that 
 spirit." 
 
 The same noble author also relates, " That the Earl of Bed- 
 ford had no desire, that there should be any alteration in the 
 government of the church ; and had always lived tow^irds my 
 Lord of Canterbury himself, with all respect and reverence, and 
 frequently visited and dined with him; subscribed liberally to 
 the repair of St. Paul's church, and seconded all pious undertak- 
 ings ; though it is true, he did not discountenance, notoriously, 
 those of the clergy who were unconformable." And, that dis- 
 coursing with the Earl, " He lamented the misery the kingdom 
 was like to fall into by their own violence and want of temper, 
 in the prosecution of their own happiness," 
 
 His desire to preserve the peace of the kingdom cannot better 
 be expressed, than in the Earl of Clarendon's words, who attri- 
 butes to his death one of the great causes of those divisions which 
 rent the nation : 
 
 "The other accident Csays the noble author) that fell out, 
 during the time that the business of the Earl of Strafford was 
 agitated, and by which he received much prejudice, was the 
 death of the Earl of Bedford. This Lord was the greatest person 
 of interest in all the popular party, being of the best estate, and 
 best understanding, of the whole number ; and therefore most 
 like to govern the rest. He was, besides, of great civility, and of 
 much more good nature, than any of the other. And therefore 
 the King resolving to do his business with that party by him, re- 
 solved to make him lord high treasurer of England, in the place 
 of the Bishop of Ivondon, who was as willing to lay down the 
 office, as any body was to take it up. And to gratify him the 
 more, at his desire, intended to make Mr. Pym chancellor of the 
 exchequer, as he had dune Mr, Saint John his solicitor general 
 (all uhich hath been touched before) as also that Mr. Hollis was 
 to be secretary of state, the Lord Say master of the wards, and
 
 DUKE OF BEDFORD. 28i 
 
 the Lord Kimbolton to be lord privy seal after the death of his 
 father, who then held that place. Others were to be placed about 
 the Prince and to have offices when they fell." 
 
 " The Earl of Bedford secretly undertook to his Majesty, that 
 the Earl of Strafford's life should be preserved; and to procure 
 his revenue to be settled, as amply as any of his progenitors, the 
 which he intended so really, that, to my knowledge, he had it in 
 design to endeavour to obtain an act for the setting up the excise 
 iu England, as the only natural means to advance the King's 
 profit. He fell sick within a week after the bill of attainder was 
 sent up to the lords house, and died shortly after, much afflicted 
 with the passion and fury which he perceived his party inclined 
 to, insomuch as he declared to some of near trust to him, ' That 
 he feared the rage and madness of this parliament, would bring 
 more prejudice and mischief to the kingdom, than it had ever 
 sustained by the long intermission of parliaments.' He was a 
 wise man, and would have proposed and advised moderate courses j 
 but was not incapable, for want of resolution, of being carried into 
 violent ones, if his advice were not submitted to : and therefore 
 man',', who knew hini well, thought his death not unseasonable, 
 as well to his fame, as his fortune ; and that it rescued him as 
 well from some possible guilt, as from some visible misfortunes, 
 which men of all conditions have since undergone." 
 
 This noble Earl died^ of the small-pox on Sunday, May pth, 
 16-11, and was buried at Cheneys. 
 
 In the History of the Troubles and Trial of Archbishop Laud, 
 wrote by himself, folio 1/8, is the following account of him : 
 
 " This Lord was one of the main plotters of Strafford's death j 
 and I know where he with other Lords, before the parliament 
 sat down, resolved to have his blood. But God would not let him 
 live to take joy therein, but cut him off in the morning, whereas 
 the bill for the Earl of Strafford's death was not signed till 
 night." 
 
 How much mistaken the Archbishop was, appears by what I 
 have before cited from the Earl of Clarendon, who positively 
 affirms, he undertook to save the Earl of Strafford's lifej and 
 thoucrh he might die on the day the bill was signed, yet lie v.as 
 ill for above a week of the small-pox, which at lengtli brought 
 him to his end. 
 
 ' Pet."/: Dj.-id. ata Curiosa vol. ii lib 14. p. i6.
 
 282 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 He married Catherine, daughter and coheir of Giles Bridges, " 
 tliird Lord Chandos, " and by her (who died on January 29tli, 
 l6o3-4) had four sons, and as many daughters j viz. Catherine, 
 the eldest married to Robert Greville, Lord Brooke; Anne, to 
 George Digby, Earl of Bristol j Margaret, first to James Hay, 
 Earl of Cariisle, secondly, to Edward Montague, Earl of Man- 
 chester, and thirdly, to Robert Rich, Earl of Warwick and 
 Holland; and Diana, to Francis, Lord Newport, ancestor to the 
 late Earls of Bradford. 
 
 His sons were William, Francis, John, hereafter mentioned; 
 and Edward, who, by his wife Penelope, daughter to Sir Moses 
 Hill of Hillsborough castle in the kingdom of Ireland (ancestor to 
 the present Earl of Hillsborough) and widow of Sir William 
 Brook, Knight of the Bath, had five sons, and two daughters ; 
 and departing this life on September 21st, 1605, was succeeded 
 by William his eldest son, who was standard bearer to King 
 Charles II. and died unmarried, l674, and was succeeded by 
 Edward, his second brother, after Earl of Orford; the others 
 being John, Francis, and James, all died without issue. The 
 daughters of Edward Russell, fourth son of the Earl of Bedford, 
 were Letitia, and Catherine, married to captain William Harbord, 
 a younger son of Sir Charles Harbord. The eldest, Letitia, was 
 first married to Thomas Cheek, of Pirgo in the county of Essex, 
 Esq, (and by him had a daughter Anne, their heir, married to Sir 
 Thomas Tipping, ofWheatfield in the county of Oxford, Bart, 
 who dying on January 21st, 1/27-8, left two daughters, his heirs; 
 Letitia, married to Samuel Lord Sandys, and Catherine, to 
 Thomas Lord Archer) ; her second husband was Robert Russell, 
 fifth son of William first Duke of Bedford, by whom she had no 
 issue, and died January 7th, 1/22-3, 
 
 Edward, the second son of Edward Russell and Penelope Hill, 
 before mentioned, was very much employed in carrying on the 
 correspondence between the malecontents in England and the 
 Prince of Orange in Holland, with whom he came over in 1688; 
 
 " The original deed of settlement in contemplation of this marriage is in 
 the British Museum, and sliews how small the settlements even of great and 
 rich families were in those days. 
 
 This Lord Chandos died 1594. By this marriage the future Dukes of 
 Bedford became representatives of the more antlent Barony of Chandos, which 
 fell into abeyance in the reign of Henry VI. There is a fine portrait of this 
 Lord Chandos at Woburne; and another at Lord Harcourt's at Nuncham. 
 At Wobnrne is also a portrait of his daughter, Lady Bedford.
 
 DUKE OF BEDFORD. 283 
 
 and upon the advancement of his Highness to the throne, was 
 made one of his privy-council. " He had been bred at sea," 
 says Burnet," and was bedchamber man to the King, when Duke 
 of York ; but upon the Lord Russel's death, he retired from the 
 court. He was a man of much honour, and great courage. He 
 had good principles, and was firm to them."** 
 
 In 1691, he first became admiral of the blue squadron, and 
 then was advanced to the command of the whole navy, and made 
 treasurer of the same, on April 4th, 1689, p and on May 19th, 
 1692, gave a total overthrow to the French fleet, under the com- 
 mand- of Monsieur de Tourville, at La Hogue, forcing them to 
 fly ; anJ in the pursuit (besides six considerable ships burnt by 
 vice-admiral De la Val, near Cape de Wick) destroyed thirteen 
 of their men of war, and several of their transports, whereof six 
 were three deck ships, and the rest carried from sixty to seventy 
 guns. For that action, he was made first commissioner of the 
 admiralty J and on November 11th following, 1 the commons in 
 parliament came to a resolution, " that the thanks of their house 
 be given to admiral Russell, for his great courage and conduct, in 
 the victory obtained at sea the last summer." Moreover, on 
 December 20th following, they came "" to another resolution, 
 " that admiral Russell, in his command of the fleet, during the 
 last summer's expedition, had behaved himself with fidelity, 
 courage, and conduct." And resolved, " that tlie said resolution 
 be communicated to the lords at a conference." On March 23d, 
 1692-3, he was constituted treasurer of his majesty's chamber. 
 
 In 1694, he sailed with the fleet for the Mediterranean, where 
 he prevented the design of the French against Barcelona ; and in 
 March 1695-6, by his diligence, also prevented the designed inva- 
 sion in favour of King James, who lay with a French army, ready 
 to embark, near Diepe j for steering over to the coasts of France 
 with the English fleet under his command, he disappointed that 
 unfortunate Monarch's setting sail for England. For these and 
 other his services, he was, on May /th, i6g7> created Baron of 
 Shingay, in the county of Cambridge, Viscount Barjleur, in the 
 Duchy of Normandy, and Earl of Orfokd, in the county of 
 Suffolk, with remainder of Baron of Shingay to the issue male of 
 Letitia, his eldest sister. 
 
 Burnet's O- T. vol. i. p. 763. Pat. i William and Mary. 
 J Votes of the House of Commons, 1692, No- 9. 
 ' Ibid. No 36.
 
 284 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 He was also by King William made vice admiral of England, 
 and twice one of the lords justices whilst his Majesty went to 
 Holland. By Queen Anne he was appointed one of the com- 
 missioners to treat of an union between England and Scotland, 
 and made one of her privy-council, and first lord commissioner of 
 the admiralty, on November 8th, 17OQ. Also upon her decease, 
 was nominated by George I. to be one of the lords justices till he 
 arrived from Hanover; after which, he was appointed one of 
 the privy-council, and again made first commissioner of the ad- 
 miralty. 
 
 He married the Lady Margaret, third and youngest daughter 
 to William, Ihe first Duke of Bedford, his father's brother; but 
 having no issue, and dying on November 26ih, 1727, in the 
 seventy-fifth year of his age, left his house in Covent Garden, 
 London, to Thomas Archer, Lord Archer ; and his fine seat at 
 Chippenham, in the county of Cambridge, to his niece, Anne, 
 widow of Sir Thomas Tipping aforesaid. 
 
 I now return to William, Francis, and John^, the three eldest 
 sons of Francis, fourth Earl of Bedford, by Catherine 
 Bridges, bis wife before mentioned ; whereof Francis ^ died a 
 month before his father, in France ; having no issue by his wife 
 Catherine, daughter of William Lord Grey of Wark, widow of 
 Sir Edward Moseley, Bart, and of the Lord North and Gray ; and 
 John, the youngest, was a colonel in the civil wars for Charles I. 
 and in 1660, after the restoration of Charles IL was made colonel 
 of the first regiment of foot-guards, which he kept till November 
 168I, when he died unmarried. 
 
 William, the eldest son, fifth Eakl and fiest Duke op 
 Bedford, was made Knight of the Bath' at the coronation of 
 Charles I. and in 1637, married Anne, daughter and sole heir of 
 Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset, by his too celebrated Countess, 
 Frances Howard, the divorced wife of Essex. " Francis Earl of 
 Bedford," says Pennant, " was so averse to the alliance, that he 
 gave his son leave to choose a wife out of any family but that. 
 Opposition usually stimulates desire : the young couple's affec- 
 tions were only increased. At length the King interposed, and 
 sending the Duke of Lenox to urge the Earl to consent, the match 
 was brought about. Somerset, now reduced to poverty, acted a 
 
 * Peck s Desiderata Curiosa praed 
 t Catalogue of Knights, MS. and Anstis's Observations on the Order of 
 the Bath, p. 77.
 
 DUKE OF BEDFORD. '185 
 
 generous part, selling his house at Cbiswick, plate, jewels, and 
 furniture, to raise a fortune for his daughter of 12,000/, which 
 the Earl of Bedford demanded j saying, that since her affections 
 were settled, he chose rather to undo himself than make her un- 
 happy. " She proved worthy of the alliance she made. It is 
 said, that she was ignorant of her mother's dishonour, till she read 
 it in a pamphlet she found accidentally left in a window. It is 
 added, that she was so struck with this detection of her parent's 
 guilt, that she fell down in a fit, and was found senseless with 
 the book open before her." ^ He was a member of that fatal 
 parliament which met at Westminster on November 3d, 1640, y 
 and the house of commons on their first meeting, taking into con- 
 sideration the state of the nation, it was moved that both houses 
 might jointly address the King for a fast ; and a message being 
 sent to the lords, they appointed twelve of their house for a con- 
 ference with the commons. Whereupon the Lord Russell wa 
 one of the twenty-four of the principal commoners, who were to 
 consider of motives to be presented to the lords thereupon, and to 
 manage the conference. Also, on April 24th, l64l, he was'' sent 
 by the commons to the lords, to desire a conference by a com- 
 mittee of both houses, on a petition of the citizens of London, 
 setting forth their grievances. 
 
 His Lordship, on May Qth following, succeeded his father in 
 his honour and estate ; at which time all things were tending to 
 an open rupture between the king and his parliament. His Lord- 
 ship, who had then one of the best estates in the kingdom, ac- 
 cepted the command of general of the horse in the parliament's 
 service, which was conferred on ^ him July 14th, lf)42 : but that 
 he had no ill design in it, may be collected from what the Earl of 
 Clarendon has observed, '^ who says, the party were prepossessed 
 with an opinion, that on the first appearance of their army, the 
 King would be constrained to return to his parliament. And this 
 Earl of Bedford afterwards shewed his good judgment in de- 
 testing the passions and wickednesses of those men, who were 
 for destroying and subverting the antient constitution of this 
 kingdom. 
 
 The Marquis of Hertford, being sent by the King into the 
 West to raise forces, in order to relieve Portsmoutli, the Earl of 
 
 "Brit Biography, V v'!34 " Pennant's Journey to Lon Ion, p 358- 
 
 > Ruihwortli's Collectioi.s, vol. iv. p. 29,30. 
 
 Ibid p. 22;, 224. ' Ibid, p.7^6. 
 
 * History of the Rebellion, t'ol. vol ii p i^ ' Ibid p 5, 15, 16.
 
 28(5 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Bedford had the command of 7,000 foot, and eight full troops of 
 horse, ^ to prevent his making head in those parts ; and marched 
 with such expedition, that he obliged the Marquis to relinquish 
 Somersetshire, where (as Lord Clarendon observes) his power and 
 interest were believed unquestionable, and so prevented that 
 nobleman from raising an army for his Majesty in the West. After 
 which he joined the Earl of Essex, and in the battle of Edgehill, 
 fought on October 23d, l642, commanded the reserve of horse, 
 which saved the whole army, when the horse of both wings had 
 been defeated ; and after doing great execution on the King's in- 
 fantry, brought off their own foot j this reserve being the only 
 forces that stood their ground in good order. 
 
 In 1643, the Earls of Bedford, ' Holland, and Clare, concurred 
 with the Earl of Essex, who was weary of the war, and influenced 
 the house of lords so, that they desired a conference with the com- 
 mons (on August 5th, l643) and declared to them, that they 
 were resolved to send propositions to the King, and they hoped 
 they would concur in them ; but such tumults were raised to 
 terrify the lords, that they left the town ; the commons refiising 
 to agree to their propositions. 
 
 The Earl of Bedford, and the Earl of Holland, after this dis- 
 appointment, resolved to go to the King at Oxford ; ^ but their 
 purpose being discovered, or suspected, they with some difficulty 
 got into his Majesty's garrison at Wallingford, from whence the 
 governor gave advertisement of their arrival to the council at 
 Oxford. The King was then at the siege of Gloucester, and the 
 council had debated whether they should be admitted to come to 
 Oxford, or return from whence they came ; but no determina- 
 tion was thereon, till the King came purposely from the siege for 
 one day. 
 
 The Earl of Bedford s was much mortified with the time he 
 had been forced to spend at Wallingford, and with the disputation 
 he heard had been held concerning him. The Earl had friends 
 enough to provide for his accommodation in convenient lodgino's 
 at Oxford, but he chose to take up his abode in Magdalen College, 
 of which house he had been a member. 
 
 After some days stay, he offered his service to the King in 
 
 '' Clarendon, Hist, of the Rebellion, vol. ii. p. 34,35,37- 
 
 Ibid p 245, 247- and Whltlock's Memorials, p 58,67, 75. 
 
 f Clarendon, p. 250, 251. 
 
 ' History of the Rebellion, vol ii. p 257.
 
 DUKE OF BEDFORD. 287 
 
 his army before Gloucester, and his Majesty accepting it, he 
 waited on him there at the siege, and throughout his march : 
 and, further, as the Earl of Clarendon writes, " charged in the 
 King's regiment of horse at the (first) battle of Newbury (Sep- 
 tember 20th, 1643) very bravely, and behaved himself throughout 
 very well." He asked the King's pardon, when he first kissed 
 his hand, and wisely took it out under the great seal of England. 
 
 On his return to Oxford, '' the King on all occasions spoke 
 very graciously to him ; but he was not well looked upon by 
 many of his court ; so that the Earl of Holland going first, the 
 Earl of Bedford and the Earl of Clare followed (who had also 
 gone to the King's quarters) and came to ' the Earl of Essex at 
 St. Alban's, on Christmas day, 1643. Soon after, by order of par- 
 liament, the Earl of Bedford was taken into custody of the black 
 rod, and his estate was sequestered, as was also the Earl of Clare's, 
 till the parliament, elevated with their successes against the King 
 in l644, in a kind temper (as Whitlock*^ writes) ordered their 
 lequestrations to be taken off : but the Earl of Bedford ' never 
 after sat in the house of peers, or concurred in any of their 
 councils during the usurpation. 
 
 When the house of peers met, on April 25th, l660, ^ they 
 ordered the Earl of Manchester, their speaker, to write to the 
 Earl of Bedford to take his place in their house j which he ac- 
 cordingly did, believing they designed to restore the King. On 
 Friday, April 27th, 166O, the lords ordered a conference with the 
 house of commons, " to consider of some way and means to 
 make up the breaches and distractions of this kingdom;" and the 
 Earl of Bedford was one of the lords appointed to manage the 
 conference. He heartily concurred in all the measures for the 
 restoration of the Kingj and, on May 15 th, was one of those 
 peers appointed " to view and consider of what ordinances had 
 been made since the lords and parliament were voted useless, 
 which now pass as acts of parliament ; and to draw up and pre- 
 pare an act to present to the house, to repeal what they think 
 fit, and the Lord Chief Baron Wild, and Serjeant Mallet, to assist 
 them." 
 
 After the happy restoration of King Charles II. the Earl of 
 Bedford was so far in his favour, that at the solemnity of his coro- 
 
 * History of the Rebellion, vol. ii. p 279- ' Whitlock, p 7i- 
 
 k Ibid p 90. ' Clarendon, p aSj. 
 
 " Journal Dom Procer an i66o-
 
 288 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 nation, on April 23d, 1661, he had the honour to cany St. 
 Edward's scepter J and. on May 29th, 1672, was elected a Knight 
 of the most noble order of the Garter. 
 
 On the exaltation of the Prince and Princess of Orange to the 
 throne, he was sworn one of the privy-council ; and at their coro- 
 nation, carried the Queen's scepter with the dove. They consti- 
 tuted his lordship, on May lOth 1689, Lord Lieutenant of the 
 counties of Bedford and Cambridge; and, on March 1st, l6gi. 
 Lord Lieutenant and Gustos Ro;ulorum of the county of Middle- 
 sex, and the liberties of Westminster. He sought for no other 
 honours or employments; but their Majesties, on May 11th, 
 1694, created him Marquis of Tavestock, and Duke of Bedford, 
 and for bestowing those honours, it is set forth : " 
 
 " That this was not the least, that he was father to the Lord 
 Russell, the ornament of his age, whose great merit it was not 
 enough to transmit by history to posterity; but they were willing 
 to record them in their royal patent, to remain in the family, as 
 a monument consecrated to his consummate virtue 5 whose name 
 could never be forgot, so long as men preserved any esteem for 
 sanctity of manners, greatness of mind, and a love to their country, 
 constant even to death. Therefore to solace his excellent father 
 for so great a loss, to celebrate the memory of so noble a son, and 
 to excite his worthy grandson, the heir of such mighty hopes, 
 more cheerfully to emulate and follow the example of his illus- 
 trious father, they intailed this high dignity upon the Earl and 
 his posterity." 
 
 This Duke, in the year 1695, having settled all things in re- 
 ference to his grandson's marrying Elizabeth, only daughter and 
 heir of John Rowland, of Stretham, Esq. who was one of the 
 greatest fortunes of that time, it was thought convenient, for the 
 honour of this alliance, to make him Baron Howland, of 
 Stretham in Surry, on June 13th the same year. His Grace de- 
 parted this life in the eighty-seventh year of his age, on Sep- 
 tember 7th, 1700, and was buried with his ancestors at Cheneys,* 
 where a most noble monument is erected for him and his Countess, 
 before mentioned (who died on May 10th, l684, aged sixty-four) 
 their two figures being exhibited under a canopy, supported by 
 
 Pat. 6 William and Mary 
 " His funeral sermon was preached by Samuel Freeman, D- D and pub- 
 lished the same year, extracts of which may be seen at folio 723- oi Memotials 
 ud Ci>arac:ers, tcgether ivitb tie Lii'es of di-ven eminent and "worthy Persom, 
 published n 1741.
 
 DUKE OF BEDFORD. 289 
 
 two pillars of the Corinthian order. Their children that lived to 
 maturity, were as follow : 
 
 irst, Francis, Lord Russell, who died A. D. iGjQ (unmarried, 
 aged forty-one) ; second, William, Lord Russell ; third. Lord 
 dward ; fourth. Lord Robert ; fifth. Lord James ; sixth, George j 
 seventh, Lady Anne ; eighth. Lady Diana 3 ninth. Lady Mar- 
 garet ; whereof Lady Anne died unmarried. 
 
 Lady Diana, born on April Qth, 1052, was first married, in 
 August, 1667, to Sir Grevil Verney, of Compton Verney in com. 
 Warwick, Knight of the Bath; and, secondly, to William Lord 
 Allington, of Horseheath in the county of Cambridge; and Lady 
 Margaret, born on August 31st, 1656, was the wife of Edward 
 Russell Earl of Orford, before mentioned. 
 
 I shall distinctly treat of the Lord William. 
 
 Lord Edward, third son, married, l6S8, Frances, widow of 
 .... Lloyd, Esq, and died without issue, on June 30lh, 1/14, in 
 the seventy-second year of his age. He was chosen seven times 
 one of the i' Knights for the county of Bedford, viz. from the first 
 parliament called by King William and Queen Mary, to that 
 convened in 1/02, inclusive; and, on November 22d, 1700, he 
 was constituted Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the 
 county of Middlesex, during the minority of Wriothesley Duke 
 of Bedford. 
 
 Lord Robert, fourth son, was constituted clerk of the pipe on 
 August 3lst, ^ 1689, ^"<^ having married Letitia, widow of 
 Thomas Cheek, of Pirgo in the county of Essex aforesaid, Esq. 
 died without issue ; and his Lady deceased on January 8th, 
 1722. 
 
 Lord James, fifth son, had a learned education in Magdalen 
 College in Oxford, and took the degree of M. A. on February 
 4th, l666-y. He was seated at Maidwell, in the county of 
 Northampton, and died on June 22d, 1712, leaving an only 
 daughter, the wife of Thomas Scawen, of Carshalton in Surry, 
 Esq. knight of the shire for Surry. His Lady, surviving him, 
 married to her second husband Sir Henry Houghton, of Houghton 
 Tower in Lancashire, Bart, and died at Reading, on her return 
 from Bath, on September 1st, 1736. 
 
 George, youngest son, was also of Magdalen College, and 
 took the degree' of M. A. on February 4th, 1666-7, with his 
 
 Willis's Not Parliameat, vol i- p 9. q Pat. i William and Mary. 
 ' Wood's Fasti Oxoa> Wood's Fasti Oxon praed- 
 
 VOL. I. V.
 
 390 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 brother, the Lord James. He married Mary, daughter and heir 
 of Mr. Pendleton, merchant of London j and died in the year 
 1693, leaving issue a son William, who died unmarried/ 
 
 William Lord Russell, second' son, before mentioned, was 
 elected to sit in parliament for the county of Bedford, in I678 9, 
 and that parliament being dissolved by the King's spefcial order, 
 to the general surprise of the council, who were consulted upoa 
 it, of which this Lord Russell ' was one, and another called to as- 
 semble in October, 1679," he was elected one of the knights of 
 the shire for the county of Southampton, " as also for Bedford- 
 shire. But that parliament did not sit for the dispatch of busi- 
 ness till October 21st, 168O, being prorogued by several royal 
 proclamations J and the Lord Russell, ^ with the Lord Cavendish, 
 and Sir Henry Capel, on January 31st, 1679-8O, prayed the King 
 to give him leave to withdraw from the council board, to which, 
 as it was published, on February 2d, in the Gazette, No. 1482, 
 " His Majesty was pleased to answer with all his heart." In the 
 parliament called to meet at Oxford, on March 21st, 168O-I, ^ he 
 was again chosen for the county of Bedford, and spoke with great 
 vehemcncy for the bill of exclusion. " He was (says Bishop* 
 Burnet) a man of great candor, and of a general reputation, uni- 
 versally beloved and trusted; of a generous and obliging temper. 
 He had given such proofs of an undaunted courage, and of an un- 
 shaken firmness, that I never knew any man have so entire a 
 credit in the nation as he had. He quickly got out of some of 
 the disorders into which the court had drawn him : and ever 
 after that, his life was unblemished in all respects. He had, from 
 his first education, an inclination to favour the Non-conformists ; 
 and wished the laws could have been made to them, or they more 
 pliant to the law. He was a slow man, and of little discourse: 
 but he had a true judgment, when he considered things at his 
 own leisure. His understanding was not defective ; but his virtues 
 were so eminent, that they would more than balance real defects^ 
 if any had been found in the other." 
 
 Sir Robert Atkins, in his defence printed in 1689, says of his 
 Lordship (p. 7,) " And though I had a very small and short ac- 
 quaintance with him, yet no man, that has known any thing o^ 
 
 ' Temple's Memoirs, part iii. p 64 
 
 Willis's Not. Pari. MS in com Southamp. ^ Ibid vol I p. 9. 
 
 T Temple's Memoirs, p 95. 2 Not Pari, prsef. 
 
 Hiit. of his own Times, vol. i. p 388.
 
 DUKE OF BEDFORD. 2gl 
 
 the public affairs, or of our late transactions, could be a meer 
 stranger to his great worth. He had as great a name, for a true 
 honest English Gentleman, and for good temper, prudence, and 
 moderation, as ever I knew any man have ; and was generally 
 beloved by all that love our religion and country." 
 
 His going publicly to Westminster hall,'' and there, on June 
 l6th, l6'S0, at the King's Bench, presenting the Duke of York as 
 a recusant j and the eagerness he shewed for the bill of exclusion 
 of his royal highness, which he carried up to the house of lords, 
 on November 15th, 1680, at the head of more than two hundred 
 of the house of commons, gave the friends of the government no 
 favourable idea of his principles. Sir William Temple writes,"^ 
 that his setting himself at the head of these affairs, had a great 
 influence on the house, " being a person in general repute of an 
 honest worthy gentleinnn, without tricks or private ambition, 
 who was known to venture as great a stake as any subject of 
 England." He vvas accused of being concerned in the Rye-house 
 plot J and though he knew of a messenger being sent for him, 
 before he was apprehended, and might have gone away, he sus- 
 pected that would give the court too great an advantage, and 
 look like confessing of guilt. 
 
 He was brought on his trial at the Old Bailey, on July 13th, 
 1683. Unfortunately for his Lordship, the witnesses swore that 
 he had been more than once *' in company with traitors, when 
 treasonable purposes were the principal topic of conversation 3 it 
 being a maxim in law, that any person present, though he says 
 nothing, is presumed to give his consent ; and it is misprision of 
 treason, if he do not discover their designs the first time. He 
 spoke little to the fact 3 for being advised not to tell the whole 
 truth, he said he could not speak against that he knew to be true, 
 though in some particulars it had been carried beyond the truth ; 
 and so he left it wholly to the jury, who brought in their verdict 
 at^ainst him for high-treason, upon which he received sentence of 
 death. " He then," says Burnet, " composed himself to die with 
 -rcat seriousness. He said he was sure the day of his trial was 
 more uneasy to him, than that of his execution would be. The 
 last week of his life he was shut up all the morning, as he hiin- 
 
 b Memoirs, p. 120, and Wood's Athenae Oxon. vol ii. p-544- 
 ' Memoirs, p- 112 
 Lord Russel and Burnet protest it was only once, at one Siiepliard's, a 
 wine merchant, and that, though the discourse might be in his presence, he 
 did not hear it. See Burnet's O. T. vol i. p ^37, ^40.
 
 292 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 self desired. And about noon I came to him, and staid with 
 him till night. All the while he expressed a very Christian 
 temper, without sharpness or resentment, vanity, or afFectation. 
 His whole behaviour looked like a triumph over death." He said 
 he felt none of those transports that some good people felt ; but 
 he had a full calm on his mind; no palpitation at heart, nor 
 trembling at the thoughts of death." ^ For further information, 
 as to this ill-fated nobleman, we refer our readers to his Lordship's 
 trial, and the narrative of Lord Grey of Werk, one of the con- 
 spirators ; as well as to the History of Burnet, who had a per- 
 sonal knowledge of many parts of this tragedy. 
 
 He had such magnanimity afterwards, when the Lord Caven- 
 dish offered to change cloaths with him in the prison, and remain 
 there whilst he made his escape, that he would not suffer him to 
 expose himself to so much danger. In the paper he left with the 
 Sheriffs, on July 21st, 1083, the day of his execution, he first * 
 made a profession of his religion, and of his sincerity in it: that 
 he was of the church of England j but wished all would unite 
 together against the common enemy : that churchmen would be 
 less severe, and Dissenters less scrupulous. He owned he had a 
 great ^eal against Popery, which he looked on as an idolatrous 
 and bloody religion ; but that though he was at all times ready to 
 venture his life for his religion or his country, yet that would 
 never have carried him to a black or wicked design. He said, he 
 never had any design against the King's life, or the life of any 
 man whatsoever ; so he never was in any contrivance of altering 
 the government. He prayed heartily for the King, that in his 
 person and government he might be happy, both in this world 
 and in the next. He protested, that in the prosecution of the 
 Popish plot, he had gone on in the sincerity of his heart j and that 
 he never knew of any practice with the witnesses. He owned he 
 had been earnest in the matter of the exclusion, as the best way, 
 in his opinion, to secure both the King's life, and the Pro- 
 testant religion j and to that he imputed his present sufferings. 
 But he forgave all concerned in them, and charged his friends to 
 think of no revenges. As to the sentence of death passed on him, 
 he thought it a very hard one, nothing being sworn against him 
 but some discourses about making some stirs, which was not levy- 
 ing war against the King by the statute of Edward III and not 
 the consulting and discoursing about it, which was all that was 
 
 ' Burnet's O. T. toI i. p 556, 5 $7. t Memoirs, p. 56i-
 
 DUKE OF BEDFORD. 393 
 
 witnessed against him, and which at naost could be but misprision 
 of treason j so that he said he died innocent of the crime he stood 
 condemned for. He wished the rage of hot men, and the parti- 
 alities of juries, might be stopped with his blood, which he should 
 offer up with so much the more py, if he thought he should be 
 the last that were to suffer in such a way. Killing by forms of 
 law, he said, was the worst sort of murder. What the heats, 
 wickednesses, passions, and vanities of other men have occasioned, 
 he ought not to be answerable for, nor could he repress them, 
 though he now suffered for them. He averred, that what he said, 
 of not hearing Colonel Rumsey deliver his message from my Lord 
 Shaftsbury, was true, for he always detested lying, though never 
 go much to his advantage. He concluded with some very devout 
 ejaculations ; and after he delivered the said paper, he prayed by 
 himself; and Dr. Tillotson (afterwards Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury) who assisted him in his last moments, likewise prayed for 
 him. When he had undressed himself, he laid his head upon 
 the block, without the least change of countenance; and it wai 
 cut off at two strokes, in Lincoln's Inn Fields, on July 2 1st, 1 683. 
 At the revolution, an act was passed, on March l6th, J 683-9, 
 for annulling and making void the attainder of William Russell, 
 Esq. commonly called Lord Russell. 
 
 On that revolution, Henry Lord Delamere published ' The 
 late Lord Russell's Case, with Observations upon it." And therein 
 confidently affirms, his Lordship could not be guilty of the in- 
 dictment he was tried on ; grounded on matter of law, and the 
 inconsistencies and contradictions in the evidence against his 
 Lordship. Also Sir Robert Atkyns, one of the judges of the court 
 of Common Pleas, published " A Defence of the late Lord 
 Russell's Innocency." Printed I694. 
 
 Mr. Pennant says he was " the sad victim to his virtuous 
 design of preserving our liberties and constitution from the at- 
 tempts of as abandoned a set of men as ever governed these kingi- 
 doms. True patriotism, not ambition, nor interest, directed his 
 intentions. Posterity must applaud his unavailing engagements, 
 with due censure of the machiavelian necessity of taking off so 
 dangerous an opposer of the machinations of his enemies. The 
 law of politics gives sanction to the removal of every obstacle to 
 the designs of statesmen. At the same time, he never should 
 lessen our admiration and pity of the generous characters who fell 
 sacrifices to their hopes of delivering purified to their descendants, 
 the corrupted government of their own days. To attempt to clear
 
 $94 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Lord Russel from the share in so glorious a design, would be to 
 deprive him of the most brilliant part of his character. His inte* 
 grity and ingenuity would not suffer even himself to deny that 
 part of the charge. Let that remain unimpeached, since he con- 
 tinues so perfectly acquitted of the most distant idea of making 
 assassination the means ; or of intriguing with a foreign monarch, 
 the most repugnant to our religion and freedom, to bring about 
 so desired an end."s 
 
 His Lordship married the Lady Rachel, second daughter, and 
 at length heir to Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, 
 lord high treasurer of England, the widow of Francis Lord 
 Vaughan, eldest son of Richard Earl of Carbery. She died on 
 September 29th, 1723, aged eighty-seven. This Lady's letters 
 exhibit her piety, virtue, and conjugal affection, and have im-'' 
 mortalized her memory. By her he left issue one son, named 
 Wriothesley, born on November 1st, 168O, who succeeded his 
 grandfather in his honours and estate} and two daughters. Lady 
 Rachel, the eldest, born in January, l664, married to William 
 Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire, and died December 28th, 1/25 ; 
 and the Lady Catherine, born on August 23d, 16/6, to John 
 Manners, Marquis of Granby, son and lieir of John Duke of 
 Rutland, and died October 31st, 171 1, in childbed. 
 
 Weiothe^.ley, secokd Duke of Bedfokd, married, on May 
 23d, 16Q5, Elizabeth, only daughter and heir of John Howland, 
 of Stretham in the county of Surry, aforesaid, Esq. Which John 
 Howland was the last surviving son of Jeffery Howland, of Stret- 
 ham, Esq. and died en September 2d, 1686, leaving his said 
 daughter Elizabeth, tnen an infant; and being heir to a very 
 great fortune, his Grace was created Baron Howland of Stretham, 
 on June 13th, l6f)5, and on September 7th, anno 1 700, succeeding 
 his grandfather, became Duke of Bedford, &c. As soon as he 
 came of age, he was constituted Lord Lieutenant of the counties 
 of Bedford and Cambridge, on June 27th, 1702, and Lord Lieu- 
 tenant and Gustos Rotulorum of Middlesex, and one of the gentle- 
 men of his Majest)''s bedchamber. On the accession of Queen 
 Anne to the throne, he was made lord high constable of England, 
 at the coronation, on April 23d, 1702; and was sworn one of the 
 privy-council. He was elected a Knight of the most noble order 
 ol'the Garter, and installed at Windsor on March 13th, 1702-8, 
 at which time he was Lord Lieutenant of the counties of Bedford, 
 
 * Journey to London, p 361
 
 DUKE OF BEDFORD. 29s 
 
 Cambridge, and Middlesex, and Gustos Rotulorum of Middlesex; 
 and liberty of Westminster. He died of the small-pox, on May 
 26th, 17] 1, in the thirty-first year of his age, leaving issue by his 
 Duchess (who died at Stretham, on July 2gth, 1724) three sons 
 and two daughters, of which ^ Lord William and Lady Jane died 
 infants ; the Lady Rachel, the eldest, was married to Scroop 
 Egerton, Duke of Bridge water, and afterwards to Sir Richard 
 Lyttelton, Knight of the Bath, brother to George Lord Lyttelton, 
 and died May 22d, 1777 J and the Lady Elizabeth, in 1 726, to 
 William Gapel, Earl of Essex. 
 
 His eldest surviving son Wkiothesley, third Duke of 
 Bedford, born in the year 17O8, was married, on April 22d, 
 1725, to the Lady Anne Egerton, only daughter of Scroop Duke 
 of Bridgewater, by the Lady Elizabeth Ghurchill, his first wife, 
 third daughter and coheir to John Duke of Marlborough, by 
 whom he had no issue. And labouring under an ill state of 
 health, his physicians advised his going over to Lisbon ; but in his 
 passage, his Grace was so ill, that he was obliged to be put on 
 shore at the Groyne in Spain, where he departed this life, on Oc- 
 tober 23d, 1732; and his body being brought to England, was 
 interred at Cheneys, in the burial-place of his ancestors. His 
 Duchess after married William Earl of Jersey, and died June 15th, 
 1762. 
 
 Whereupon his titles and estate devolved on his brother, the 
 Lord John Russell, the fourth Duke, and eighth Earl op 
 Bedford. His Grace was born on September 30th, 171O, and 
 married on October 1 1th, 1731, the Lady Diana Spencer, youngest 
 daughter of Charles Earl of Sunderland, by Lady Anne, daughter 
 to John Duke of Marlborough, by whom he had issue a son^ 
 Francis Marquis of Tavistock, who died on the day he was born, 
 viz, on November 6th, 1732. Her Grace departed this life on 
 September 27th, 1735 : and in April, 1737^ his Grace married, 
 secondly, Gertrude, eldest daughter of John Earl Gower, by his 
 first wife, the Lady Evelyn Pierrepont, daughter of Evelyn Duke 
 of Kingston, by whom he had issue Francis Marquis of Tavistock, 
 who was born on September 26th, 1739, and at the general elec- 
 tion, in 1761, returned one of the knights to parliament for the 
 county of Bedford ; and was colonel of the militia of that county. 
 His Lordship, on June 7th, 176-^^ married Lady Elizabeth, 
 
 > Lady Russell's Letters published 1773, and Peerage of England, pub- 
 lished 1709.
 
 2g6 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 daughter of William Anne Keppel, Earl of Albemarle, by whom 
 he had issue three sons j first, Francis, late Duke of Bedford; 
 second, John, born July 6th, 1766, now Duke of Bedford ; and a 
 posthumous son, William, born August 20th, 1767, married, July 
 11th, 1789, Charlotte Anne, daughter of the late Earl of Jersey j 
 by whom he has issue, first, Gertrude Frances, born November 
 25th, 1791 ; second, Francis, born March 7th, 1793 ; third, 
 George, born April 7th, 1795 3 fourth, John, born July 1 1th, 1796. 
 His Lordship represented Surry in parliament till the dissolution 
 in I8O7, when he was returned for Tavistock. This excellent 
 young nobleman unfortunately fractured his skull by a fall from 
 his horse (when hunting) of which he died, universally lamented, 
 on March 22d, 1 767, and was buried at Cheneys, to the inex- 
 pressible grief of his noble parents, and of his amiable consort, 
 who. inconsolable for her loss, languished under a consumplioQ 
 (the effect of her sorrow) till November 2d, 1768, ' when she 
 died at Lisbon, aged twenty-eight ; and her corpse being brought 
 to England, was interred with her husband's. His Grace had 
 also another son, born in June, 1745, who died an infant ; and a 
 daughter. Lady Caroline, who was born in January, 1 742-3 ; was 
 one of the ten unmarried ladies (daughters of Dukes and Earls) 
 who supported the train of Queen Charlotte, at her nuptials, on 
 September 8th, l/Sl, and wedded, on August 23d, I7t>2, to 
 George Duke of Marlborough. 
 
 His Grace was constituted first lord commissioner of the ad- 
 miralty, '' in December, l77'Jj and on the 27th of the same 
 month was sworn at St. James's, one of his Majesty's most ho- 
 nourable privy-council. On May 28th, 1745, he was constituted 
 Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of Bedfordshire ; and at 
 the rebellion breaking out, he raised a regiment of foot for his 
 Majesty's service. On February 12th, 1745, he was constituted 
 warden and keeper of New Forest, in the county of Southampton, 
 but afterwards resigned; and on February 13th, 1 747-8, his Ma- 
 jesty was pleased to appoint his Grace one of his principal secre- 
 taries of state;' but he soon resigned the seals in disgust. '" In 
 October, 1748, he was chosen one of the governors of the Charter 
 House. On June 22d, 174g" his Grace was elected one of the 
 Knights Companions of the most noble order of the Garter; 
 
 Coffin Plate. 1, See Coxe's Memoirs of Lord Walpole, p 176 
 
 ' Ibid p 376- m Ibid. p. 382. 
 
 Pole's Hist, and Antiq. of Windsor, p ^39,^^1.
 
 DUKE OF BEDFORD. 297 
 
 and installed at Windsor, on July 12th, 175O. On April 13th, 
 1751, he was constituted Lord Lieutenant and Gustos Rotulorum 
 of Devonshire, and of the city and county of Exeter; and in June 
 following, resigned the seals of office as one of his Majesty's prin- 
 cipal secretaries of state. His Grace was one of the lords justices 
 during his Majesty's absence in his German dominions, in the 
 years 1745, 1748, and 175O. On February 28th, 1755, his Grace 
 was appointed major general, and on February 1st, 1759, lieute- 
 nant general, of his Majesty's forces. On December 15th, 1756, 
 he was declared lieutenant general and governor general of Ire- 
 land : and his Grace being in that kingdom, when the famous M. 
 Thurot, on February 21st, 1760, landed with a body of French 
 troops at Carrickff rgus, took such measures to frustrate the at- 
 tempts of that daring adventurer, that in a few days he was obliged 
 to put to sea, and meeting with captain John Elliott, commander 
 of his Majesty's ship ^olus, and captains Clements and Logic, of 
 the Pallas and Brilliant, was defeated and slain, and the three 
 ships under his command taken, on the 28th of that month. In 
 June, 1761 > his Grace was nominated vice admiral of Devonshire j 
 and acted as lord high constable of England, at his Majesty's coro- 
 nation, on September 22d that year. His Grace was appointed 
 to be keeper of the privy-seal November 25th, 1761. On Sep- 
 tember 4th, 1762, was nominated minister plenipotentiary to the 
 court of France (the custody of the privy-seal being committed to 
 deputies, during his absence) and on November 3d ensuing, 
 signed, at Fontainbleau, the preliminary articles of peace with 
 France and Spain. On the 3d of next month, he signed the rati- 
 fication of the said preliminaries; and on February 10th, 1763, 
 subscribed the ratification of a definitive peace between the belli- 
 gerent powers. Great Britain, France, Spain and Portugal ; which 
 ratifications he exchanged with the ministers of those powers, on 
 March lOth ensuing. Upon his arrival in London, on June 12th, 
 he immediately waited on the King, and was most graciously re- 
 ceived ; and having in April resigned the privy seal, was declared 
 president of the council, on November 2d that year ; his Grace 
 was also colonel of the first regiment of the Devonshire militia ; 
 high steward of the corporation of Huntingdon; recorder of Bed- 
 ford ; an elder brother of the Trinity House; and president of 
 the Foundling Hospital. His Grace departed this life at his house 
 in Bloomsbury-square, London, on January 15th, 1771, and was 
 interred at Cheneys among his ancestors. 
 
 " His name," says Andrew Stuart in his Letters to Lord
 
 2p8 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Mansfield, " must ever be held in high veneration, while there re- 
 mains in this country, any attachment to real goodness, and to an 
 honourable, manly, generous, and exalted character. No man 
 held in greater detestation than he did, every thing unfair j and if 
 with all the information, which he had so good opportunities of 
 receiving at Paris, he had found reason to believe, that there was 
 any thing reprehensible in my conduct, the first and most severe 
 attack upon me would have come from that quarter. There was 
 DO disguise nor deceit in the character of this nobleman ; you 
 must likewise have observed, that though distinguished by his 
 abilities, and talents, he possessed the firmness and integrity of 
 his mind, untainted by that duplicity and timidity, which so often 
 attend and degrade eminent abilities ; pursuing candidly and ar- 
 dently, what appeared to him right and honourable, he was 
 equally careless of vain applause, and of unjubt or factious clamour. 
 I must be excused for indulging my admiration of a character so 
 seldom to be met with ; and for paying this just tribute to the 
 ashes of one, whose death I shall ever sincerely lament, as a na- 
 tional loss, as well as a real misfortune to all who bad the honour 
 and happiness of his particular acquaintance." 
 
 He was succeeded in his titles and estates by his grandson, 
 
 Francis, the fifth Duke of Bedford. He died March 
 2d, 1S02, at Woburne, aged thirty-one, unmarried, of a mortifi- 
 cation in his bowels. 
 
 Mr. Fox on moving for a new writ for Tavistock, in room of 
 his brother John, who succeeded to the Dukedom, pronounced 
 the following eloquent eulogium on him. 
 
 jNIr. Fox said, the motion he wns about to make, led him to 
 the contemplation of an unfortunate event, the death of the late 
 Duke of Bedford, which was not only a private but a public loss ; 
 he hoped, therefore, he should be excused in saying a few words 
 upon the subject, previous to making his intended motion. He 
 was perfectly aware that was not the place, nor was it the time 
 to enter at large into such a subject, but he felt the loss to be so 
 important, that he could not avoid saying a few words with re- 
 spect to it. The noble person to whom he alluded, and whose 
 death was, he believed, as generally lamented as that of any sub- 
 ject ever had been in this country, had something so peculiar and 
 so marked in his character, as to render him a person of the 
 greatest importance. He was unfortunately snatched away at a 
 period of life when he was still young enough to enjoy life, and 
 Still active enough to labour for the public good : at a period too.
 
 DUKE OF BEDFORD. 299 
 
 when from his previous conduct, the most vigilant and benevolent 
 exertions for the public beneiit, were to be expected as the result 
 of his future life. It not unfrequently happened, that the fairest 
 hopes derived from the dawn of life, were disappointed in maturity; 
 but with respect to the noble person alluded to, the hopes which 
 had been afforded in the early period of his life, were confirmed 
 in maturity, in which his character became firmly and decidedly 
 fixed. That noble person came into the possession of high rank 
 and immense wealth at a time of life when he was surrounded by 
 the greatest danger, by those dangers to which persons in his 
 situation were peculiarly exposed, from the seductions of tempta- 
 tion and the influence of flattery : but though thus situated, in 
 the midst of prosperity, his character, his mind, acquired all the 
 firmness and energy which could be derived from adversity. 
 There never was a man who gave himself up more completely to 
 the public good : to that he was continually looking in all his 
 actions; that was the sole object of his life. Enjoying a splendor 
 almost princely, still every selfish consideration was postponed, 
 v/hilst the good of others formed the constant object of his wishes 
 and his exertions. It was frequently remarked that people grew 
 vvibcr as they grew older; it often happened however that as ihey 
 advanced in years, they lost some of that warmth of feeling by 
 which they had been actuated at an earlier period of life. Not 
 so with the noble person he was now alluding to, no man ever 
 cultivated any favourite science, or pursued any art, or followed 
 any trade, with more solicitous and assiduous industry, than that 
 noble person did the art of doing good ; whilst he improved every 
 day not only in that, but in the most generous warmth of feeling. 
 The great value of his character was his desire of public utility, 
 the great object of his life, the public good. Instances were not 
 wanting, or unknown ; to mention, however, only one the 
 agriculture of the country, it was well known, was more indebted 
 to him than to any other man. With respect to the politics of 
 that noble person, he found some difficulty in speaking of them 
 before such an assembly, as his political principles were those for 
 which, though he mi:Tht think he was entitled to the highest 
 praise, yet others might think they demanded an apology. He 
 believed there were few, however, who would not sometimes con- 
 fess that their adversaries were entitled to admiration and esteem. 
 If in Rome a descendant of the family of Claudii was permitted 
 to be aristocratical, in his opinion surely it might be allowed to 
 one who bore the name of Russell to cherish tlie political principles
 
 300 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 of his ancestors. He could not forget that his ancestors had been 
 attached to liberty ; but whatever might be his opinions, his con- 
 duct had been firm and patriotic, manly and sincere. He now 
 carae to the close of what he had to say, and those who were 
 solicitous to see the perfection of the human character, would 
 find that the death of this great and good man was conformable 
 to his life. It might have been expected that his thoughts would 
 have been concentrated in the extreme bodily torture which he 
 endured, and in that awful event to which he had to look forward; 
 he died, however, as he had lived, regardless of himself, and only 
 solicitous to make those arrangements which might conduce to 
 the happiness of others. He did not wish, in saying what he had 
 said of the noble person^ whose death was so deservedly lamented, 
 merely to strew flowers upon his grave, but to raise a monument 
 to his fame in the memory of all around, that they might relate 
 his virtues and his actions to their children, and talk of them to 
 their friends. He concluded by moving, " That the speaker do 
 issue his warrant to the clerk of the crown, for a new writ for the 
 borough of Tavistock, in the room of Lord John Russell, now 
 Duke of Bedford." 
 
 Mr. Sheridan seconded the motion, which was agreed to. 
 
 His next brother Lord John, succeeded him, as sixth Dukk 
 OF Bedford. He was born July 6th, 1/66, and while a com- 
 moner represented Tavistock in parliament. He married, first, at 
 Brussels, March 21st, 1/86, Georgina Elizabeth, second daughter 
 of Viscount Torrington, by whom he had, first, Francis Marquis 
 of Tavistock, born May 13th, 1/88 j second. Lord George 
 William, born May 8th, 1/90, a lieutenant in the first regiment 
 of dragoons 5 third, Lord John, born August IQih, IJQI. Their 
 mother died October 11th, 1801 ; and his Grace remarried, June 
 23d, 1803, Lady Georgina Gordon, daughter of Alexander, present 
 Duke of Gordon, by whom he has a son, born May 18th, 1804 ; 
 and another son born April 24th, 1805. His Grace, in 1806, 
 was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, which he resigned in 
 spring I8O7. 
 
 Titles. John Russell, Duke of Bedford, Marquis of Tavistock, 
 Earl of Bedford, Baron Russell of Cheyneys, Baron Russell of 
 Thornhaugh, and Baron Howland of Stretham. 
 
 Creations. Baron Russell of Cheneys, in com. Bucks, by 
 letters patent, March gtii, 1538-9, 30 Henry VIII. Earl of the 
 county of Bedford, January 19th, 154g-50, 3 Edward Vl. Baron 
 Russell of Thornhaugh, in com. Northampton, July 21st, l603.
 
 DUKE OF BEDFORD. 301 
 
 1 Jac. I. Marquis of Tavistock, in com. Devon ; and Duke of the 
 county of Bedford, May 11th, 1694,6 William and Mary j and 
 Baron Howland of Stretham, in com. Surry, June 13th, l6g5, 
 7 William III. 
 
 Arms. Argent, a lion rampant. Gules ; on a chief, sable, three 
 escalops of the first. 
 
 Crest. On a wreath, a goat passant. Argent, armed. Or. 
 
 Supporters. On the dexter side a lion, on the sinister an an- 
 telope, both Gules ; the latter gorged with a ducal collar, chained, 
 armed, crested, tufted, and hoofed. Or. 
 
 Motto. Che sara sara. 
 
 Chief Seats. At Wooburn Abbey in the county of Bedford j 
 at Thorney, in the Isle of Ely ; at Clieneys in the county of Bucks; 
 at Bedford House in the city of Exeter j and at Stretham in Surry. 
 
 See an Account of it in Pennant's Journey to London.
 
 302 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 CAVENDISH, DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 
 
 The potent and illustrious family of Cavendish, of which in the 
 last century two branches arrived at Dukedoms, laid the founda- 
 tion of their future greatness ; first, on the share of abbey-lands 
 obtained at the dissolution of monasteries, by Sir William Caven- 
 dish, who had been gentleman usher to Cardinal Wolsey, who 
 died in 1557; and afterwards by the abilities, the rapacity, and 
 the good fortune of Elizabeth, his widow, who remarried George, 
 Earl of Shrewsbury, and died in 160/, set. eighty-seven. 
 
 But though from hence originated the superior property and 
 rank which this fmiily still enjoy, let it not be supposed that 
 their remote ancestors were obscure. Whether the first of this 
 name who possessed the Lordship of Cavendish in Suffolk, was, 
 or was not, the son of one of the Baronial family of Gernon, * 
 
 The following account of the Gernons is given by Collins : 
 
 The Gernons were of great note in the counties of Norfolk and Essex, 
 being lineally descended from Robert de Gernon, a famous Norman, who 
 assisted William the Conqueror in his invasion of this realm, A. D. ic66; and 
 in reward of his services, had grants of several lordships, - particularly of the 
 manors of Merdley, three hides of land in Wallington, two hides and a half 
 in Aiot, one hide in Wimundclcy, and the manor of Lccliworth, rated at ten 
 hides, all in Hertfordshire. 
 
 This Robert de Gernon b gave to the church of St. Peter, in Gloucester, 
 the church of Winterbourne, as also the church of Laverstoke, and half the 
 lands thereto belonging, to the abbey of Gloucester, which was confirmed by 
 King Henry I in the time of Peter the abbot- 
 
 His son and heir, Matthew de Gernon, = was one of the witnesses to the 
 
 * Domesday-book, folio 137, 138. 
 
 ^ Dugdale's Monasticon Ang vol i. p. no- 
 
 " Ibid vol i p. 883. 16. b.
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. SOS, 
 
 whom genealogists have stated to have owned that estate, it is 
 demonstrably proved '-^ that Sir John Cavendish, who obtained the 
 
 charter of William dc Montefichet, of the donation of divers lands to the 
 priory of Stratford Langton in Essex, founded in 1135, andgavei also him- 
 self to the said priory, his lands of Gubige. He had to wife Hodierna, 
 daughter and coheir to Sir William Sackvile, second son of Herbran de Sack- 
 vile, and brother to Sir Robert Sackvile, lineal ancestor to his Grace the pre- 
 sent Duke of Dorset ; by whom he had issue Ralph de Gernon. 
 
 Which Ralph ' was a witness (with William Earl Warren, and others of 
 prime note) to the charter of King Henry II. made to the abbey of Bungey 
 in com SufF. dated at Bromholm in 1167, the thirteenth year of his reign; 
 and by R his wife, who was sister to Sir William de Brewse, Knight, had issue 
 a son of his own name, 
 
 Ralph de Gernon,'^ founder of Lees priory in Essex, who departed this 
 life in 1248, leaving issue William his son and heir. 
 
 Which William de Gernon, Knight, was a witness, with William Eavl 
 of Albemarle (and others of great notej to the confirmation charter of King 
 Henry III. to Basedalc priory, c(3m Ebor dated at Durham, on September 
 10th, 1236, and deceasing in 1258, left issue, by the Lady Eleanor his wife, k 
 two sons, Sir Ralph de Gernon, Knight, whose line terminated in females; 
 and GeofTery de Gernon, ancestor to the Cavendishes. 
 
 Which GeoiFrcy was' wrote of Moorhall in the Peak in com. Derb- in the 
 reign of King Edward Land"" was succeeded by Roger his son and heir, 
 seated at Grimston Hall in Suffolk, who departed this hfe in 17 Edward II. 
 and whom Collins pretends to have married the daughter and heir of John 
 Potton, Lord of Cavendish in the same county, and to have had issue" John, 
 Roger, Stephen, and Richard, who all took the name of Cavendish, as was 
 , usual in those times- 
 
 > Sir William Dugdale had said in his Baronage, that < this family was 
 derived from the Gernons, which being seated at Cavendish in Suffolk, as- 
 sumed that place for their surname." Collins went farther and said, " that 
 the chief justice was eldest son of Roger de Gernon," who, he says, ' married 
 the daughter and heir of John Potton Lord of Cavendish." In the eleventh 
 volumeof the Archaeologia, is an article by Thomas Ruggles, Esq FAS. in- 
 titled, " Notices of the manor of Cavendish in Suffolk, and of the Cavendish 
 family while possessed of that manor." From the opening I fully expected 
 that it was intended to prove that the family of Cavendish of Chatsworth, 
 were not in truth allied to those who possessed the lordship of that name. 
 But it is so far from this, that it proves by new and oiiginal documents thcif 
 immediate descent from thence: Its object is to establish, and it does seem 
 to establish, that the chief justice obtained the manor of Cavendish Overhall 
 by marriage with the heiress of Odymdes, and not by descent from any mar- 
 
 ^ Dugdale's Monasticon Ang. voL i. p. 49. b, 
 
 Vincent's Disc of Brook's Errors, p. 679. 
 
 f Monastic Angl. vol.i. p. 120. Ex cjusdcm FamilicD stemmate- 
 
 h Monasticon Angl. vol ii. p- 362 lib. 51. 
 
 i Ibid. vol. i. p. %\i.- ^ Segar's Baronage, MS. 
 
 1 Ibid. "> Ibid et. Vis. Com. Sufl^ 
 
 MS. in Bibl. Cotton ElBg. Julii, F. 11.
 
 304 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Lordship W Cavendish Overhall by his marriage with Alice,, 
 daughter and heir of John de Odyngseles, was chief justice of the 
 King's Bench, 1366, 1373, 1377, and that he was beheaded by 
 
 liage of a GernoH with an heiress of Potton The matter surely is of little im- 
 port : but it must be observed, that the inference Mr. Ruggles endeavours 
 from hence to establish, that therefore the Cavendishes were not derived from 
 the Gernons, IS far from conclusive. For surely the chief justice seems from 
 his local name, to have had some connection with the parish previous to his 
 marriage; and there might be other manors or lands there, (besides that ot 
 Overhal!,) derived from the Gernons, or Pottons. 
 
 The name of Cavendish seems not to have been first and personally as- 
 sumed by the chief justice. For there was a family of the same name, and 
 which genealogists state to have been derived from his brother, seated at 
 Grimston Hall in the same county, of whom Thomas Cavendish the last, was 
 that celebrated naval commander in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, who died 
 pn his last voyage, near Brazil, August 26th, i59i< 
 
 The descent of this branch has been stated by Collins in the following 
 manner- 
 Roger, the second brother of chief justice Cavendish, married Christian, 
 
 daughter of' , and by her had two sons, Roger and John ; and also 
 
 two daughters, Eleanor, married to Bishop, and Sarah, to Cham- 
 berlain. Roger, the eldest son, was one of the justices of peace in Suffolk, * 
 9 Henry IV. and marrying Alice, daughter and heir of Geffrey de Stratton, 
 ofStratton in NorfolkT had with her that manor, which descended to their 
 only child and heir, Margaret, wedded to William Laneney. John Cavendish, 
 the second son, was of the embroiderers company in London, and by his wife 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Brandon, Knight, was father of Thomas 
 
 Cavendish, who married Agnes, daughter of , and by her had four sons, 
 
 John and William, who died without issue ; Augustine, continuator of the 
 line; and Thomas : and likewise three daughters, Elizabeth, Anne, and Jane. 
 Augustine, third son of Thomas Cavendish, had issue by his wife Elizabeth* 
 
 daughter of , two sons and three daughters, viz. Richard, Edward, Anne, 
 
 Elizabeth, and Catherine. The eldest son Richard Garnon, alias Candish, 
 was seated at Grimsted in Suffolk ; he married Elizabeth, daughter of Edward 
 Grimston, Esq. by whom he had two sons, Richard and John; also three 
 
 daughters, Elizabeth, married to Brightly, Anne to Sands, and Mary 
 
 to Thome. Sir Richard, eldest son of Richard Cavendish, was captain 
 
 and governor of Blackness,'' and received the honour of knighthood in Scot- 
 land from the Earl of Hertford, on September z^d, 1545. He was, on Fe- 
 bruary 6th, 1551-2, found by inquisition then taken to be sixty years of age, c 
 and one of the coheirs of Henry Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, who had died of 
 the sweating sickness without issue, on July 14th preceding : and having es- 
 poused Beatrix, daughter of Gold, of the county of Suffolk, was by her 
 
 father of two sons, William, his successor, and Richard ; and likewise two 
 daughters, Mary, wedded to Thomas Fclton of Playford, in Suffolk, and 
 
 a Pat. 9 Henry IV. p. 1. 
 
 b MS. in Bibl Cotton. Claudius, c 3 p 146. 
 
 Cole's Esch. in Cur. Ward MS. lib i p. 273 Not iz- in Bibl. Harleyan.
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. ^ 
 
 80me rebels in an insurrection, 5 Richard II. 1582 ; and that this 
 chief justice was ancestor to Sir William Cavendish of Chats- 
 worth, already mentioned, 
 
 Margaret to John St. Cleer, of the county of Essex. Sir Richard's eldest 
 son, William, was of Trimley St. Martin's in Sufibik, and aLo inherited the 
 manor of Stonely in Warwickshire^ fpart of the Duke of Suffolk's estate) 
 which he sold to Sir Rowland Hill and Sir Thomas Leigh, by deed bearing 
 date March 17th, 1560. i. He married Mary, one of the daughters of Thomas 
 Lord Wentworth of Nettlested, and departed this life in 1572,' being then 
 possessed of Grimston, Stratton, the inheritance of his ancestors, and other 
 manors. This William Cavendish, by his said wife Mar)', had three sons and 
 three daughters, William, Augustine, Thomas, Mary, Beatrix, and Margaret.* 
 Thomas Cavendish, the third son, was the famous navigator our historians 
 mention, f who had good possessions, and a fine seat at Trimley near Ipswich 
 in Suffolk, and, as my b author says, " was of a delicate wit and personage- 
 After some experience at sea, his generous inclination induced him to make 
 foreign discoveries for the use and honour of his nation ; and at his own cost, 
 victualled and furnished three ships, with which he set sail from Plymouth, on 
 July zist, 1586, and ' met with such prosperous winds that by August 26th, 
 they had got 930 leagues to the south of Africa. Then bending their course 
 south-west, they entered the mouth of the Magellan Streights, on January 
 7th, where he named a place Port Famine, from the miseries of hunger and 
 cold they endured. On February 24th, they entered the South Sea, and fre- 
 quently landed as they saw occasion, having many conflicts with the natives, 
 but more with the Spaniards, coming off gaintis in most, and savers in all 
 tncounters, that alone at Quintero excepted, on April ist, 1587, when they 
 lost twelve men of account ; whereby in June following, he was forced to sink 
 the rear-admiral, his least ship, for want of men to manage her. Amongst the 
 many prices he took, the St. Anne was the most considerable, being the 
 Spanish Admiral of the South Sea, and a ship of 700 tuns, which he boarded, 
 though his own ship was but 120 tuns, and had not half their number of men. 
 There were found in this ship 122,000 Pezos of gold (in English money 
 48,800/.) and great quantities of silks, sattins, musks, and other rich commo- 
 dities. Having laden hisihips, became round by the East Indies for England. 
 But he, who went forth with three ships came home but with one, and safely 
 landed at Plymouth, on September 9th, 1588. He was forced to sink one, as 
 was said before, and the other, called the Content, did not answer her name, 
 whose men took all occasions to be mutinous, and staying behind in a road, 
 with Stephen Hare, their master, were never heard of. He was the third 
 man, and the second Englishman, which sailed round the globe: but was not 
 80 successful in his next and last voyage ; for having set sail from Plymouth, 
 on August 26th, 1591, and not being able to pass the Streights of Magellan, 
 by reason of bad weather, and contrary winds, he was driven back to the 
 coasts of Brazil, and there died an untimely death, taxing John Davis with 
 his last breath, for having basely deserted him, as Camden ' observes. 
 
 d Dugdale's Warwickshire, p- 173. 
 
 Ex Regist vocat. Draper, qu.28. in Cur. Piaerog. Can. 
 
 rStow's Annals, edit. 1614 p 808, 809. b Ibid. 
 
 h Hacluit's Voyages, first part, p 803- 
 
 i LifeofQ Elizabeth in History of England, vol ii p.<;66. 
 
 TOL. I. X
 
 306 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 The will of the chief justice, which has been published by Mr. 
 Ruggles, is curious, and is therefore copied here. 
 
 " In nomine Sanctae Trinitatis, Patris, Filii, et Spiritui 
 Sancti. 
 
 " Ego Job' es Cavendysche sanae mentis existens condo testa- 
 menlura raeum in forma quae inferius describitur. Imprimis lego 
 aniraam meam Deo omnipotenti, et corpus raeura ad sepeliendum 
 in cancello ecclesiae de Cavendysch, coram summo altari prope 
 iibi corpus Aliciae nuper uxoris meae jacet humatum ; et quia 
 lingua Gallica amicis meis et mihi plus est cognata et magis com- 
 munis et nota quara lingua Latina, totum residuum testamenti 
 mei praedicti in linguam Gallicam scribi feci, ut a dictis amicis 
 meis facilius intelligatur. Primes J'ai ordeigne et devise &c. Im- 
 primis, a Andrew Cavendysche un lit de worstede, vermeil ou 
 coloure tester embroide et poudres de colombynes, et auxi ridelles 
 de worstede vermeyl, et bestes pour charus '^ charettes en toutes Ic 
 places, queux il aura apres moi par descint de heritage, ^c. Item 
 a Rose, sa femme un lit vermayl, &c. et un coupe d'argent en ou 
 est emprente une rose ; c'est ascavoir cet que jeo avois de don de 
 la Countesse de la Marche. Item a Margarete leur file un lit de 
 saperye poudre des popyngays : itena a la fesaunce du chancell 
 de Cavendyssche en caas que la person alloques ou ces executoires 
 le voillent commencer dedeins un an procheyn avener apres la 
 Pasche cresuant 40li. Item a distribuer as poures decrepits, 
 avoegles et anxiens, et as autres que ne procuent travayler pour 
 leurs sustenance de villes ou jeo aye terres et tenements et fourey- 
 nement a Cavendyssche, Pentelow, Fakenham, Saxham, c'est 
 ascavoir a chascun ayant regarde a sa povertc et son meschef selon 
 la bone discretioun de rnes executeurs 20li. de q'ueux lOli. a 
 Cavendyssche. Dated at Bury St. Edmond, le Vendredi proscheyn 
 devant la feste de Palmes, I'an du reigne le Roy Richard Seconde 
 apres la couqueste quart' Probat. 26 die Aug. A. D. 1381. ^ 
 
 ' " Possibly char et charettes". <i Arch. xi. p 55, 56. 
 
 Stephen Cavendish, third son of Roger de Gernon, was'' returned a 
 member for the city of London, to the parliament held in 34 Edward III. 
 was' chosen sheiifF in 3a Edward III. was alsom lord mayor in the 37th 
 year of King Edward III. and dying without issue, in 1373, was" buried in 
 St. Thomas of Aeons, now called Mercers chapel. 
 
 = Stow'sSurvey of London, enlarged by Strype, vol. ii. 
 Fabian's Chron- fol 104- 
 " Ibid p. loS. Stow, b 3 p. 37.
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. ^ 
 
 This Sir John Cavendish ^^ in 39 Edward III. 1365, was ap- 
 pointed Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, and was consti- 
 tuted^ therein by Claus writ, on July 15, 1372. In the next 
 reign, his patent for that honourable office was likewise renewed ; 
 and Junii 26th, 1377, he had a grant^ of 100 marks per annum. 
 In 8 4 Richard II. he was elected Chancellor of the University of 
 Cambridge 5 and^ next year was commissioned, with Robert de 
 Hales, treasurer of England, to suppress the insurrection raised in 
 the city of York : in which year the mob being animated to rise 
 in several parts of the kingdom, and particularly in Suffolk, a 
 body of 50,000 made it their triumph to plunder and murder' tlie 
 lawyers, and were the more incensed against the Lord Chief Jus- 
 tice Cavendish, for that his son, John Cavendish, had killed Wat 
 Tyler in Smithfield. Whereupon they dragged this venerable 
 judge,'' with Sir John of Cambridge, Prior of Bury, into the 
 market-place of that town, and there beheaded them. He left 
 two sons, Andrew and John, and a daughter, Alice, married to 
 William Nell. 
 
 Andrew Cavendish, his eldest son, was elected one of the 
 knights for Suffolk, in 51 Edward III. 'and attending forty-one 
 days in parliament, he, with the other knight, had l6/. 8*. for 
 their expences. In the 8th year of King Richard II. he was 
 sheriff" of the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, "and dying in the 
 18th of Richard II. 1396, seized of the manor of Cavendish- 
 Overhall, was buried in the abbey called the New Abbey, (where 
 the Victualling-office now stands) near the Tower of London; as 
 is evident from the last testament of his lady, who writing herself 
 Rose Cavendyshe, wife of Sir Andrew Cavendyshe, knight, makes 
 her will, on June 13, 1419, ^t Stebney, ''desiring to be buried 
 in the aforesaid abbey, by the said Sir Andrew, her late husband, 
 constituting William Cavendish, Robert Cavendish, and William 
 Bartilmew, Clerk, her true and faithful executors; and wills to 
 them all her goods, &c. to be distributed according to their dis- 
 cretions, for the good of her soul, the souls of her ancestors, and 
 all her benefactors." He left a son and heir, William, who was 
 
 " Dugdale's Chron Series, p 48 e Ibid. p. 50. 
 
 ' I'at 1 Richard II. p 1. m 28. Le Neve's Fasti, p- 389. 
 
 '' Rymer's Feed vol. vii- p 315. i Stow's Annals, p 393- 
 
 < Fuller's Worthies in com SufF p. 56 
 
 1 Prynne's 4th part of a Brief Reg p. 312. 
 
 m Fuller's Worthies in com- Norf p 269. " Esch. 18 Rich. 11. num. li. 
 
 Ex Regist vocat March, p 363 in Cur. Praerog. Cant
 
 308 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 seized of the manor of Cavendish-Overhall, which he conveyed 
 by fine to his cousin William, son of his uncle John, 13 Hen. IV. 
 
 The said William Cavendish, and Robert Cavendish, were 
 sonsP of John Cavendish, (brother to the said Andrew) by his 
 wife Joan, daughter of Sir William Clopton, Knt. Which John 
 Cavendish was one of the Esquires of the body to King Richard II. 
 and our historians relate, that it was he who killed Wat Tyler. 
 *' For William Walworth, Mayor of London, having arrested 
 him, he furiously struck the Mayor with his dagger, but being 
 armed, hurt him notj whereupon the Mayor, drawing his basclard, 
 grievously wounded Wat in the neck; in which conflict,"! an Es- 
 quire of the King's house, called John Cavendish, drew his sword, 
 and wounded him twice or thrice, even unto death." And for 
 this"" service he was knighted by the King in Smithfield, who 
 likewise gave him 40/. per annum, to him and his heirs for ever. 
 This Sir John Cavendish, or another of his name (which in that 
 age was wrote Caundish) ser^'ed under King Henry V. in his wars 
 io France, and 'was in the famous battle of Agincourt, on Octo- 
 ber 25, 1415; and the King, in the first year of his reign, in con- 
 sideration * of the discretion, prudence, and fidelity, of his beloved 
 Esquire, John Caundish, grants him the office of Brouderer of his 
 Wardrobe, to act by himself, or deputies, with all profits, &c, 
 thereto belonging. What time he died, I do not find; but by the 
 said Joan his wife, daughter of Sir William Clopton, of Clopton 
 in Sufiblk (who was buried in the "Augustine Friers of Clare in 
 Suffolk) he had issue three sons, ''William, Robert, serjeant at 
 law, died without issue, seized of the manor of Cavendish-Over- 
 hall, 143S, and Walter Cavendish, living in 11 Henry VI. 
 
 The said William Cavendish, citizen and mercer of London, 
 in the 8th year of King Henry V. was yone of the executors to 
 the lady Rose Cavendish, wife of Sir Andrew Cavendish, eldest 
 son of the Lord Chief Justice Cavendish. He became possessed 
 of the manor of Cavendish-Over hall, by fine, levied 13 Henry IV. 
 
 and having ^married Joan, daughter of Staventon, departed 
 
 this life in the 11th year of King Henry VI. 1433, as appears by his 
 bst will and testament. He left two sons, Thomas, his heir, and 
 William, who married , daughter of Mack- Williams. 
 
 p MS in Bibl. Cotton, ut antea. ^ Stow's Annals, p 289. ' Ibid, p. 209. 
 
 * Ex lib. MS. cent Nom Nob &c k temp. R Stephen ad Hen. VIII. 
 Not b 5 in Bibl Job Anstis t Pat. 1 Henry V. p. i m z6. 
 
 Weever's Fun. Mon p.74z. " MS in Bibl. Cotton not Jul F 11. 
 y Ex Regist. March, praed. z Ex Stemmate, MS ut antea.
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 30g 
 
 By wliich testament, bearing date at London, Jan. 5th, 1432, 
 he '^orders " his body to be buried in the church of St. Thomas 
 the Martyr of Aeon (now called Mercers Chapel) if so be he de- 
 parted this life in London; but if he should die at Cavendish, or 
 elsewhere in Suffolk, then his body to be buried in the parish- 
 church of the blessed Virgin St, Mary, in Cavendish; and that 
 20/. should be given to that church where he should be buried. 
 
 " He wills to Joan his wife, one moiety of his goods and 
 chattels, in the name of her dower. To Walter, his brother, an 
 annuity during his life; and to his brother Robert, the guardian- 
 ship of his son Thomas Cavendish, during his nonage; consti- 
 tuting the said Robert, William Fleet, and William Berneway, 
 his executors: to which he put his seal the day and year afore- 
 said," 
 
 Robert Cavendish, brother and executor to the said William, 
 was brought up in the study of the laws,^ as has been mentioned, 
 and arrived to that eminency, as to be called to the degree of a 
 Serjeant, in 1425, and died l/th Martii,^ 1439, possessed of the 
 manor of Cavendish Overhall, in com. SufF. which descended to 
 his nephew, Thomas Cavendish, who was under his guardianship, 
 by the will of his father. 
 
 Which Thomas was '^ wrote both of Cavendish and Posling- 
 ford, in Suffolk; and taking to wife Catherine, daughter and heir 
 of Scudamore, departed this life*^ in the l/th year of Ed- 
 ward IV. leaving his wife surviving, who was buried in the church 
 of St. Botolph's, Aldersgate, London, with this memorial^ on a 
 monument erected for her. 
 
 " Hicjacet Katharina Cavendish, quondam Uxor Thomce Ca- 
 vendish, nuper de Cavendish, hi Com. Suffolke Armig. que oliitxv. 
 die Septetnb. Anno ..Dom. M.CCCC.LXXXXIX. Cujus Anima 
 requiescat in Pace." 
 
 ^They had issue a son, named after his father,? Thomas Ca- 
 vendish, of Cavendish, Esq; who, after the example of his ances- 
 tor, took to the study of the laws; and in \y Henrj- VIL "was 
 employed by Thomas, Earl of Surry, then Treasurer of the King's 
 Exchequer, in a plea between him and Thomas West, Lord De la 
 
 Ex Regist vocat. LufFenham, p 140 in Cur Pnsrog. Cant- 
 
 * Dugdale's Chron Series, p 61. "^ Esch 17 Hen. VI. n 16 in Turr. 
 
 d Vincent's Baronage, MS Offic. Arm num 20. 
 
 ' Esch. 17 Edvv. IV. num 4 ^ Weever's Fun Mon. p 693. 
 
 E Vincent, pvasd & Esch. 17 Edw IV '' Madox's Uaronia AngUa, p- loj.
 
 310 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 War. He was Clerk of the Pipe in the Exchequer, in the reign 
 of King Henry Vin. 
 
 The said Thomas Cavendish, Esq ; had first to wife, Alice, 
 daughter and coheir of John Smith, of Podbrook-Hall in Caven- 
 dish, Esq; who died in the 7th year of King Henry VIII. and 
 was also buried in the church of St. Botolph's Aldersgate,* with 
 this inscription on her tomb, 
 
 " Hicjacet Alicia nuper Uxor Thomce de Cavendish, de Caven- 
 dish, y de Scaccario excellentissimi Principis Domini Henrici VII f. 
 que quidcm oliit xii Novemb. Anno Dom. M.CCCCC .XV. Ciijus 
 Animte propilietur Altissimus. Amen." 
 
 He had issue by her four sons, George, William, Thomas, and 
 another George; and a daughter Mary, by his second wife Agnes, 
 as is evident by his last will and testament, and it appears by the 
 probate thereof, that he died in the 15th year of Henry VIII. 
 But forasmuch as the said testament shews the manner of those 
 times, as also his integrity and piety, I shall here insert it in his 
 own words : ^ 
 
 " In the name of the Fader, the Sonne, and the Holy Ghost, 
 Three Persones and One God, I Thomas Cavendishe of the King's 
 Escheker, being hole of mynd, and in good memory, the xiiith 
 day of Apr. in the xvth yere of the reigne of King Hen. VIII. 
 make my testament and last wille, in manner and fourme as en- 
 sueth. First, I bequeth and geve my soul to Almighty God, my 
 Maker and Redemptor, to whom I crye for help and grace, during 
 my natural lyfe in this world, and to his blissid moder our Lady 
 St. Mary, and to all the companye of Hevyn, to pray for me at the 
 departyng of my soule out of my wretched body, for marcy and 
 pitie; and that ray soule may be saved by the merits of the most 
 precious passion of my Sovrayn Lord God Jesu Criste. Also I 
 will. That all other testaments and willes made, and bering date 
 before this day, be void, adnuUed, and of noon etiecte: and my 
 body to be buried in holy sepulture, that is to witt, with Godd's 
 sufFeraunce, in the church of Saint Thomas of Acres, within Lon- 
 don, in the north isle of the quere, next unto my grandfather 
 William Cavendish, yf it may conveniently be. And if it may 
 not, then sumcwhere ells in the same churche, by license of the 
 maister of the same place for the tyme being, yf it fortune me to 
 depart this present lyfe in London, or nygh aboute; or ells in 
 
 ' Weevcr, p 693- 
 k Ex Rcgist Bodfelde, qu 23. not 21 in Cur. Prxrog Cant-
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. dil 
 
 Cristen Sepulture, in such place, as it shall please God to provide 
 and ordeyne for me. Also I will, require, beseke, and pray, on 
 Godd's behalf, myn executors, that they paye and content my own 
 debts, which I owe of right or conscience, that may be provid 
 dew before myn executors, and the maister of the said church of 
 St. Thomas of Acres for the time being, in the discharging of my 
 soul, and their consciences. Also I bequeth to the Church "VVerks, 
 of the church of Saint Botulphe without Aldriche-Gate of Lon- 
 don, VIS. vnid. And to the reparacions and bilding of the chaun- 
 trye of the Trinitie in the same parish xxs. Also I bequeth to 
 the said master of Saint Thomas xiii*. iVud. for my sepulture there, 
 and xiid. for being at the dirige and massej and to every priest of 
 the same place iuid. and to every clerk iio?. Item, I bequeth to 
 the high awter of the parishe churche of Saint Alban Wood-street,^ 
 where I am a parishioner, for my offerings and tythes forgotten, or 
 negligently paid, in discharging of my soule, vi5. vnid. Also I 
 bequeth to the iiii orders of Freers in London, That is to say. 
 White, Black, Greye, and Augustine, to every of them vi^ viiic?. 
 bringing my corps to the said church, and there say de profundis 
 for my soule, and all Cristen soules. Also T will. That myn exe- 
 cutors shall fynde, and geve twenty pounds at my burying, and 
 for other my funeral expences, and all other the circumstances 
 belonging thereto. And over that xl^. for a stone to lye upon 
 my grave. Also I will, that Agnes, my wife, shal have all my 
 landes and tenements in the countie of Kent to sell. And the 
 money thereof, coming of the said sale, to take and retayn to her 
 own use, one hundred and twenty pounds. And of the residue 
 of the said money, that the same Agnes content and paye, or 
 cause to be contented and paid, to my doughter Mary fourty 
 pounds, at the tyme, of her marriage. And yf the said Mary de- 
 cesse before she be married, then I will, That the said fourty 
 pounds be equally divided between Thomas Cavendishe, and Wil- 
 liam Cavendishe, my sonnes. And yf any of my said two sonnes 
 happen to dccesse, ar they come to lawful age of xxi yeres, then I 
 will. That the parte of him so departing, shall remayne to the 
 other brother so over-lyving. And of this my last will and testa- 
 ment, I ordeyn and make myn executors, Agnes my wife. Sir 
 Richard Broke, Knyght, one of the Justices of the Comen Place, 
 and Henry Walter, Gentleman. And to every of the said Richard 
 
 The King kept his Court, and mo.t of the Nobility lived in the City in 
 those Times.*
 
 313 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Broke, and Henry Walter, I geve and bequeth a black gowne, 
 and XX ^. for their labours, desiring them to take the labour for to 
 se the execution of-this ray last will and testament. And George 
 Cavendishe my sonne, to be ray overseer of the same, after my 
 decesse, in manner and fourme aforesaid. These witness. Sir 
 John Webbe, John Newyngton, Henry Walter, and other." 
 
 Of these sons, George, the eldest, was in the possession of the 
 manor of Cavendish-Overhall, and dying about 1362, leftissue"^ 
 two sons, William, and Ralph." William, the eldest, had the manor 
 of Cavendish by release from his father, 1558, on paying annually 
 20 marks; he was of London, mercer, and sold this manor to 
 William Downes, Esq; ISGg." 
 
 Thomas, the third son,P was one of the Knights of St. John 
 of Jerusalem, and died unmarried. 
 
 WiLLiAMi Cavendish, second son of the before-mentioned 
 Thomas Cavendish, and Alice Smith, had divers lands in Suffolk, 
 by the settlement of his father, who gave him a liberal education, 
 which recommended him to Cardinal Wolsey, who had the greater 
 esteem for him, as he was of a Suffolk family; therefore took him 
 to be about bis own person, as Gentleman-Usher of his Chamber, 
 and placed a special confidence in hiiii. 
 
 The Cardinal had, for a long time, the management of all 
 affairs under Henry VIII. and, indeed, the government of the 
 realm; so that the coinage of money being under his inspection, 
 he assumed so far, as to put T, W. on each side the King's Arms, 
 and underneath, the Cardinal's Hat; as is evident from several 
 pieces of coin yet remaining in the cabinets of the curious. His 
 court, and servants, were such, as no subject before, or since, ever 
 had; there being, in his household, all ollicers suiting the dignity 
 of a prince, to the ^number of 800 persons, and among them, nine 
 or ten Lords, who had each of them two or three servants; but 
 the Earl of Derby had five men allowed him. 
 
 Mr. Cavendish waited on the Cardinal, in his splendid em- 
 bassy into France, in the year 1527, when the Earl of Derby,' the 
 Bishop of London, Lord Privy-Seal, the Lord Sands, Lord Cham- 
 berlain of the King's household, with a great number of other 
 
 n> St. George's MS. prosdict. 
 n William, son of Ralph Cavendish, Gent, was baptized at Cavendish, 
 in i6i2. '. Ruggles, ut supra. 
 
 P Ex Stemmate in MS praed. n Vincent's Baronage, MS ut antea. 
 
 T ;.ife of Cardinal WoUey, dedicated to the Marquis of Dorchester, p 19, 20, 
 * Stew's Annals, p 533. /
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 313 
 
 Lords, Knights, and Gentlemen, attended on him. At Canter- 
 bury, Mr. Cavendish was dispatched with letters to a Cardinal at 
 Calais,*^ and staid there till his Lord's arrival. Also, when the 
 Cardinal had been feasted by the King at Amiens fourteen days, 
 and it was agreed to remove to Compiegne, Mr. Cavendish was 
 sent before to provide lodgings," which he prepaied in the great 
 Castle of the Town, and saw it furnished, the King having one 
 half of the Castle, and the Cardinal the otherj the gallery in like 
 manner being divided between them. It appears, that he was 
 admitted to more'' intimacy with his Lord, and let into more 
 secrets, than any other servant; and therefore would not desert 
 him in his fall, but honourably waited on his old master, when 
 he had neither office, nor salary, to bestow upon him. 
 
 He was with the Cardinal in his chamber, when the Earl of 
 Northumberland, and Sir Walter Walsh, arrested him in the 
 King's name, on November 4th, 1530, and was the chief person 
 they suffered to be about him. y Sir Walter telling Mr. Caven- 
 dish, " That the King's Majesty bore unto him his principal fa- 
 vour, for the love and diligent service he had performed to his 
 Lord; wherefore the King's pleasure was. That he should be 
 about him as chief, in whom his Highness putteth great confi- 
 dence and trust." And thereupon gave him, in writing, several 
 articles, which, having read, he was content to obey his Majesty's 
 pleasure, and was sworn to the performance of them. He went 
 with the Cardinal to the Earl of Shrewsbury, at Sheffield-park, 
 who shewed a particular regard to Mr. Cavendish,* saying, " For- 
 asmuch as I have always perceived you to be a man in whom my 
 Lord putteth great affiance, and I myself knowing you to be a 
 man very honest (with many other words of commendations and 
 prai'^e) sait/i further. Your Lord hath often desired me to write 
 to the King, that he might answer his accusations before his ene- 
 mies ; and this day I have received letters from his Majesty, by 
 Sir William Kingston, whereby I perceive, that the King hath 
 him in good opinion, and, upon my request, hath sent for him by 
 the said Sir William King->ton. 
 
 " Therefore, now I would have you pjny your part wisely 
 with him, in such sort, as he may take it quietly, and in good 
 part; for he is always full of sorrow and much heaviness at my 
 
 = Lifeof WoUey, p 4,9. " Ibid. p. 58. " Ibid, p. 72. 105. 129. 
 
 ) Ibid p JS7, 138. Ibid, p 141, u\z.
 
 314 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 being with him, that I fear he would take it ill if I bring him 
 tidings thereof: and therein doth he not wellj for I assure you, 
 that the King is his very good Lord, and hath given me most 
 hearty thanks for his entertainment: and therefore go your way 
 to him, and persuade him I may find him in quiet at my coming, 
 for I will not tarry long after you." He went, according to the 
 Earl's desire, and then attended him, with Sir William Kingston, 
 to Leicester, who, on receipt of letters from his Majesty, to exa- 
 mine the Cardinal about what money he had, *was directed to 
 follow Mr. Cavendish's counsel: but his death prevented what 
 had been aimed at 5 and Mr, Cavendish, when he had paid his last 
 respects to the Cardinal, by seeing him interred in St. Mary's 
 Chapel at Leicester, on November 30th, 1530, set forward to 
 wait on his Majesty ; and being introduced by Sir Henry Norreys, 
 Groom of the Stole, had a long conference with the King, who 
 was so well satisfied with the answers he made, that, in conclu- 
 sion, he told them, ^ " For his honesty and truth, he should be his 
 servant in his chamber, as he was with his Master. Therefore, 
 go your ways to Sir John Gage, our Vice-Chamberlain, to whom 
 we have spoken already to admit you our Servant in our Cham- 
 ber} and then go to the Lord of Norfolk, and he shall pay you 
 your whole year's wages, and a reward besides." 
 
 To give a more lasting testimony of his gratitude to the Car- 
 dinal, he drew up a fair account of his life and death, which he "^ 
 wrote in the reign of Queen Mary, whereof the oldest copy is in 
 the hands of the noble family of Pierrepont, into which the au- 
 thor's daughter was married. Lord Herbert, of Cherbury, in the 
 Life and Reign of King Henry Vill. quotes the manuscript in 
 many places, "^ but mentions George Cavendish to be the author 
 of it, which, from divers circumstances, we may conclude to be a 
 mistake. In the year 1641' it was printed, and again in \6Q7, 
 with a dedication to Henry Lord Marquis of Dorchester, with the 
 author's preface, in which are these expressions: " The Cardinal 
 was my Lord and Master; whom, in his life-time, I served: and 
 so remained with him in his fall continually, during the time of 
 all his troubles, both in the south and north parts, until he died. 
 In all which time, I punctually obser\''d all his demeanors, als* 
 
 Life of Wolsey, p. 148. Ibid, p 156, 157. Ibid, p 9. 
 
 * Life of King Henry VIII. in History of England, vol. ii- p izz- 
 
 * See Cens. Lit- iii. 371.
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 015 
 
 his great triumphs, and glorious estate, &c. Nevertheless, what- 
 soever any man hath conceived of him in his life, or since his 
 death, thus much I dare say, without offence of any, that, in my 
 judgment, I never saw this realm in better obedience and quiet, 
 than it was in the time of his authority ; nor justice better ad- 
 ministered, without partiality ; as I could justly prove, if I should 
 not be taxed with too much affection." In these particulars* 
 Lord Herbert agrees, in his character of the Cardinal. 
 
 But to return, Mr. Cavendish, in 1530, was constituted one of 
 the commissioners for visiting and taking the surrenders of divers 
 religious houses j ^ and in that year, the prior and convent of 
 Sheen came before him at Sheen, and surrendered their monastery 
 to him. Also, on December 5th, 6 in 1539, the abbot and monks 
 of St. Alban's delivered their convent seal, and surrendered to him, 
 and other of the King's visitors. In the same year he was made ^ 
 one of the auditors of the court of augmentation, then newly 
 erected (and so called, because the King's revenue was much aug- 
 mented, by the access of those monastery lands at that time to the 
 crown). Also, on February 26th following, ' had, in consideration 
 of his services, a grant to him, and Margaret his wife (as also to 
 his heirs and assigns) of the Lordships and manors of Northawe, 
 Cuffele}', and Cbyldewyke, in Hertfordshire. This Margaret 
 was his first wife,'' daughter to Edmund Bostock, of Whatcroft 
 in Cheshire, Esq. by whom he had a son, John, who died young, 
 and four daughters, whereof only two were married, viz. Anne, 
 to Sir Henry Bainton, of Bromham in Wiltshire, Knight j and 
 Catherine, to Thomas Brook, Esq. of the same county, fifth son to 
 Thomas Lord Cobham. His said wife departed this life in the 
 32d of Henry VIII. and was buried in the church of St. Botolph's, 
 Aldersgate, under the monument of Alice Cavendish, wife of 
 Thomas Cavendish, of Cavendish, father of the said William 
 Cavendish, ' as this incription in the said church shews : 
 
 " Here lyeth buried under this stone, Margaret Cavendish, late 
 trife of William Cavendish, which William was one of the sonnes 
 of the above named '" Alice Cavendish. Which Margaret dyed the 
 
 c Life of King Henry VIII. in History of England, vol ii. p. 148. 
 f Rymer's Foedera, vol xiv p 407. Stow's Annals, p. 576. 
 
 h Pat. 3 I Henry VIII. p a- ' Bill signat 31 Henry VIII. 
 
 " Ex Stemmate. ' Weever's Fun. Mon p. 693. 
 
 " Vide the Inscription on her Monument, wherein she is mentioned to be 
 the wife of Thomas Cavendish of Cavendish-
 
 316 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 sixteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord God M.CCCCC.XL. 
 Whos soul Jesu pardon. 
 
 Hevcn His he here mede, 
 Yatfor the sing, prey or rede" 
 
 After her decease, he married Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas 
 Conyngesby, Esq. son of Sir Thomas Conyngesby, Knight, and 
 uidow of William Paris j and by her had three daughters, Susan, 
 
 Joan, and , who died, with her mother^ soon after her 
 
 birth. 
 
 In the 37th of Henry VIII. he" was constituted treasurer of 
 the chamber to his Majesty, a place of great trust and honour ; as 
 appears by an act in 6 Henry VIII. (concerning the King's geneial 
 receivers of his revenues). 
 
 He received the honour P of knighthood from his sovereign, 
 on Easter day, in 37 Henry VIII. who afterwards admitted him 1 
 of bis privy council. He was likewise continued in the same 
 office of treasurer of the chamber, both to Edward VI, and Queen 
 Mary, and was also of their privy-council, " as appears by several 
 warrants directed to him, and other authorities. In the 6th of 
 Edward VI. he had a grant of divers manors and lands, belonging 
 to several dissolved priories and abbeys in Derbyshire, Notting' 
 hamshire, ' Staffordshire, Dorsetshire, Cornwall, Kent, and Essex, 
 in exchange with the King for his manors of Northaw, in Hert- 
 fordshire, Northawbery in Lincolnshire, the scite of the priory 
 and rectory of Cardigan in South Wales, with other lands in 
 Cornwall, and elsewhere. But the greatest addition to his fortunes 
 was made by a prudent and happy match with Elizabeth, his 
 third wife, daughter of John Hardwick, of Hardwick in com. 
 Derb. Esq. by '^ Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Leak, of Hasland 
 in Derbyshire, Esq. j and, at length, coheir to James Hardwick, 
 Esq. her brother. 
 
 This beautiful Lady was married at fourteen years of age to 
 Alexander Barley, of Barley in com. Derb. Esq. who " was also 
 very young, and died soon after (viz. on February 2d, 1532-3,) 
 but his large estate was settled on her, and her heirs. She lived 
 
 Pat. ^7 Henry VIII. pa. <> Rot. Pari. 6 Henry VIII. 
 
 p MS. Not. Claudius, c. 3. p 149, in Bibl. Cotton. 
 
 y Cat. of Nob by R. B. Tit. Devon. 
 
 " Ashmole's Order of the Garter, in Appendix, 89. 
 
 Thorotons .'^nt. cf Netting p 186 b. ' Ibid. p. 187. 
 
 " Life of Willia.Ti Duke of Newcastle, p. 154
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 31/. 
 
 a widow a considerable time, and then took, for her second hus- 
 band, this William Cavendish, who had so great an affection for 
 her, * that, on her desire, he sold his estate in the southern parts 
 of England, to purchase lands in Derbyshire, where her own 
 friends and kindred lived. Also, on her further persuasion, he 
 begun a noble manor house at Chatsworth, which he did not live 
 to finish, dying y in the fourth and fifth years of the reign of King 
 Philip and Queen Mary. He had by her a hopeful number of 
 sons and daughters. First, Henry, who was ^ elected one of the 
 knights for Derbyshire, in the l4th year of Queen Elizabeth, and 
 served for the same county in five other succeeding parliaments, 
 in the reign of that Queen. He married Grace, third daughter of 
 George Earl of Shrewsbury, In the I^atter part of his life, this 
 Henry resided at Tutbury priory, in Staffordshire : but dying 
 without issue, on October 12th, 1616, aet. sixty-seven, was 
 buried at Endsore in Derbyshire, where his epitaph still remains. * 
 
 Second, William, heir to the whole estate, and Jirst Earl of 
 Devonshire; made Knight of the Bath, at the creation of Henry 
 Prince of Wales, on May 30th, iQiO. 
 
 Third, Sir Charles Cavendish, of Welbeck Abbey in Notting- 
 hamshire, Knight, who died in \Q\7 > set. sixty-four, having two 
 wives, viz. first, Margaret, eldest daughter and coheir of Sir 
 Thomas Kitson, of Hengrave in Suffolk, and secondly, Catherine, 
 daughter and coheir of Cuthbert Lord Ogle, and at last declared 
 Baroness Ogle, on December 4th, l628. Sir Charles had no 
 issue by the first, who died a year after her marriage ; but by the 
 second had three son?, Charles, who died an infant 5 Sir William, 
 of whom more fully, and Sir Charles of Wallington, who died on 
 February 4th, l653, unmarried, and was buried at Bolsover ; " a 
 man," says Lord Clarendon, ** of the noblest and largest mind, 
 though the least and most inconvenient body that lived." 
 
 Sir William, eldest surviving rfon of Sir Charles Cavendish, 
 was made Knight of the Bath, A. D. 161O, at the creation of 
 Henry Prince of Wales : and enjoyed the titles of Baron Ogle of 
 Bothal, Baron Cavendish of Bolsovcr, Viscount Mansfield, Earl of 
 Ogle, Earl, Marquis and Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne. His 
 Grace was signally active in the cause of Charles I. to whom hs 
 
 X Life of William Duke of Newcastle, p. 154. 
 y Ex Stemmate. z Willis's Notitia Parliament, vol ii. p 222. 
 
 From him was descended illegitimately the late Sir Henry Cavendish of 
 Doveridge in Derbyshire, Bart whose son is now Lord Watcrpark in Ireland.
 
 Sl . PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 was a privy counsellor, as he was also to Charles II. He had 
 several offices of great trust, both civil and military, from these 
 two monarchs ; was Knight of the Garter j and departing this 
 life on December 25th, 1(5/6, aged eighty-four, was buried in 
 Westminster Abbey, where a superb monument is erected to his 
 memory. This illustrious peer, commonly stiled the loyal Duke 
 of Newcastle, ^ wedded two wives : first, Elizabeth, only daughter 
 and heir of William Basset, of Blore in Staffordshire, Esq. and 
 widow of Henry Howard, third son of Thomas, Earl of Suffolk ; 
 second, Margaret, daughter of Thomas Lucas, of St, John's near 
 Colchester in Essex, Esq. and youngest sister of Lord Lucas of 
 Colchester. His second Lady*^ brought him no children j she 
 died 1673 : but by his first he had four sons, Charles, who died 
 an infant ; William, who died without issue ; Charles, who 
 wedded Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Rogers, of Brianstone in 
 Dorsetshire, Esq. and after his death, sine prole, became the wife 
 of Charles Stuart, Duke of Richmond ; and Henry, his successor 
 in titles and estate. His Grace had also four daughters. Lady 
 Jane, wedded to Charles Cheney, of Chesham Boys in Bucking- 
 hamshire, Esq. 5 Lady Elizabeth,'' to John Earl of Bridgewater, 
 and died June 14th, l663j Lady Frances, married to Oliver St. 
 John, afterwards Earl of Boiingbroke ; she died August 1 5th, 1 6'^S, 
 and is buried at Bletsho 3 and Lady Catherine, who died young. 
 His Grace was a very great sufferer on account of his loyalty to 
 King Charles the first, his estates being plundered and sequestered, 
 to a vast amount, as may be seen in the account published by his 
 Dutchess, c 
 
 Henry Cavendish, second Duke of Newcastle, only surviving 
 son of William Duke of Newcastle, was, at the restoration of 
 Charles II. appointed master of the robes, and lord of the bed- 
 chamber, to his Majesty, and elected Knight of the Garter, on 
 February 17th, 1677-8. When James II. ascended the throne, 
 
 b See his amiable character given at length by Lord Clarendon, and con- 
 firmed by the opposite party, in the Memoirs of Col. Hutchinson. See also 
 Lord Orford's ill-founded attack on him in Park's R and N A. vol iii. 
 p 176 See also the entertaining Life of him written by his Duchess. 
 
 c For an account of this celebrated Lady, who was a voluminous writer, 
 see also Park's R.and N. A, vol. iii p. 136 
 
 i A most amiable and accomplished woman- See ibid, p 72- 
 
 His landed rental was 2z,393/ ics. id an amount, which if wc mak 
 allowance for the depreciation of money, and rise of rents, from improve- 
 ments in agriculture, &c. would now be probably equal to ioo,oco/ a year, 
 far exceeding any subject's rental now existing in this country.
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. U9 
 
 his Grace was constituted one of the lords of the bedchamber, 
 declared a member of the privy-council, and appointed lord chief 
 justice in eyre north of Trent, lord lieutenant of Nottinghamshire 
 and Yorkshire, and governor of Berwick. He opposed the settle- 
 ment of the crown upon William and Mary, Prince and Princess 
 of Orange, and when they were declared King and Queen, refus- 
 ing the oaths to them, retired from public business. His Grace 
 departed this life at Welbeck, on July 26th, l6gi, in the sixty- 
 seventh year of his age 5 and was interred at Bolsover in Derby- 
 shire, By his Duchess, Frances, eldest daughter of William Pierre- 
 point, second son to Robert Earl of Kingston, he had four sons, of 
 whom the two first were named William, and died soon after they 
 were born : Henry, third son, stiled Earl of Ogle, after his mar- 
 riage with Elizabeth, sole daughter and heir of Josceline, Earl of 
 Northumberland, took the surname of Percy, but died without 
 issue, and his Lady was soon afterwards wedded to Charles Duke 
 of Somerset 5 and Basset, the fourth son, died young. His Grace, 
 by the said Duchess, who died anno 1695, and is buried at Bol- 
 sover, had also five daughters, his coheirs : first. Lady Elizabeth, 
 married to Christopher Monk, Duke of Albemarle, secondly, to 
 Ralph, Duke of Montagu, and died August 28th, 1734, aged 
 ninety-five; second. Lady Frances, married to John Campbell> 
 Lord Glenorchy, eldest son of the Earl of Breadalbane, and died 
 at Copenhagen in Denmark, on March 2d, 1/27 j third. Lady 
 Margaret, married to John Holies, Earl of Ckre, after Duke of 
 Newcastle, and died December 26th, 1716 ; whose daughter and 
 heir married Edward Harley, second Earl of Oxford, and left a 
 daughter and heir married to the late Duke of Portland, by whom 
 she was mother to the present Duke, who possesses the large 
 Newcastle estates : fourth. Lady Catherine, married to Thomas 
 Tufton, Earl of Thanet, and died of the small-pox April 20th, 
 1712 J and fifth. Lady Aiabella, married to Charles Spencer, 
 Earl of Sunderland, and died June 4th, 1698. 
 
 The surviving daughters of Sir William Cavendish, by hi* 
 third wife, were Frances, who died in January, 1^32, having 
 married to Sir Henry Pierrepoint, of Holm Pierrepoint in com. 
 Nott. ancestor to the Dukes of Kingston ; second, Elizabeth, 
 wedded to Charles Stuart, Earl of Lennox, younger brother to 
 Henry Lord Darnley, father of King James I. by whom she was 
 mother of Lady Arabella Stuart; third, ^.lary, who wa the wife 
 of Gilbert Earl of Shrewsbury. 
 
 A rare example of two brothers founding two several dukedoms j
 
 820 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 and the sisters matched, one in a direct branch of ihe royal family 
 of Great Britain, and the other iu the noblest families ol 
 England. 
 
 The Lady Cavendish, their mother, continued in her widow- 
 hood some time, rejecting many offers, and then ^accepted of Sir 
 William St. Loe, of Tormarton in Gloucestershire, captain of the 
 guard to Queen Elizabeth, and grand butler of England, and 2 
 possessor of divers fair lordships in Gloucestershire, which, in r.r- 
 ticles of marriage, she took care should be settled on her, and her 
 own heirs, in default of issue by him j and accordingly, having 
 no child by him, she lived to enjoy his whole estate, excluding 
 his former daughters and brothers. 
 
 " In this third widowhood, she had not survived her charms 
 of wit and beauty, ^ by which she captivated the then greatest 
 subject of the realm, George Earl of Shrewsbury, whom she 
 brought to terms of the greatest honour and advantage to herself 
 and children ; for he not only yielded to a considerable jointure, 
 but to an union of families, by taking Mary, her youngest 
 daughter, to wife of Gilbert his son, and afterwards his heir; and 
 giving the Lady Grace, his youngest daughter, to Henry her 
 eldest son. On November 18th, 15Q0, she was a fourth time lefr, 
 and to death continued a widow. A change of conditions, that, 
 perhaps, never fell to any one woman, to be four times a creditable 
 and happy wife ; to rise by every husband into greater wealth, 
 and higher honours 3 to have an urt.mimous issue by one hus- 
 band only ; to have all those children live, and all, by her advice, 
 be honourably, and creditably, disposed of in her lifetime ; and, 
 after all, to live seventeen years a widow, in absolute power afid 
 plenty, 
 
 " She built three of the most elegant seats that were ever 
 raised by one hand within the same county, beyond example, 
 Chatsworth, ' Hardwick, "^ and Oldcotes, all transmitted entire to 
 the first Duke of Devonshire. At Hardwick, she left the ancient 
 seat * of her family standing, and at a small distance, still adjoin- 
 ing to her new fabric, as if she had a mind to preserve her cradle, 
 and set it by her bed of state. Which old house has one room 
 
 f Insciiptio Tumuli- t Dugdale's Baronage, vol. ii p 420. 
 
 h Bishop Kennel's Memoirs of the family of Cavendish, p 67, reprinted 
 by Nichols, 1797, octavo 
 
 Which still in part remains, as built by her 
 k Which remains, as she built it. ' This also still remains-
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 321 
 
 in it, of such exact proportion, and such convenient lights, that* it 
 has been thought fit for a pattern of measure and contrivance, of 
 a room in the late Duke of Marlborough's noble house at Blen- 
 heim. It must not be forgotten, that this Lady had the honour 
 to be keeper of Mary Queen of Scots, committed prisoner to 
 George Earl of Shrewsbury, for seventeen years. Her chamber, 
 and rooms of state, with her arms, and other ensigns, are still re- 
 maining at Hardwick ; "> her bed was taken away for plunder in 
 the civil wars. At Chatsworth, the new lodgings, that answer 
 the old, are called the Queen of Scots' apartment, and an island 
 plat at the top of a square tower, built in a large pool, is still 
 called, the Queen of Scots' garden ; and some of her own royal 
 work is still preserved among the treasures of this family : a 
 carpet embroidered with her needle, and particularly a suit of 
 hangings, now remaining in a chamber at Hardwick, wherein all 
 the virtues are represented in symbolical figures, and allusive 
 mottoes ; an ornament, and a lecture. " The Earl's own epitaph 
 does betray that he was suspected of familiarity with his royal 
 prisoner," " quod licet a malevolis propter suspectam cum captiva 
 Regina familiaritatem saepius male audivit," which is not to be 
 imagined true : however the rumour of it w^as, no doubt, an ex- 
 ercise of temper and virtue to the Countess, who carried herself 
 to the Queen, and the Earl her husband, with all becoming re- 
 spect and duty." 
 
 " Yet it was reported of her, that coming to court, p and 
 Queen Elizabeth demanding how the Queen of Scots did, she 
 said, " Madam, she cannot do ill, while she is with my husband j 
 and I begin to grow jealous, they are so great together." Where- 
 upon the Queen was ordered into the custody of Sir Amlas 
 Paulet, and others. It is probable it was this that induced 
 Camden 1 to tax her with ill conduct, in the character he gives 
 of the Earl of Shrewsbury. 
 
 She endowed a noble hospital at Derby, for the subsistence of 
 twelve poor people, who have each of them an allowance of near 
 10/. per annum ; and departing this life in the eighty-seventh 
 year of her age, on February 13th, iGO/, was buried in the south 
 isle of All Hallows church in Derby, under a stately monument, 
 
 "" See this mentioned also in Gray's Letters by Mason. 
 
 n Sec Walpole's Anecdotes of fainting. 
 
 u Inscriptio Tumuli apii'.l Sheffield. 
 
 T Fuller's Worthies, in Com. Deb p 237. 
 
 4 History of England, vol. ii. p. 60. 
 
 TOL. 1. Y
 
 S22 PEERAGE OF ENGLANIX. 
 
 which she took care to erect In her own life-time. Her statue, 
 in full proportion, curiously cut in marble, lies at length, and 
 above it, is a Latin inscription, setting forth her marriages and 
 issue before mentioned. 
 
 William Cavendish, first Earl (second son of Sir William 
 Cavendish) born 15gO, by the death of his elder brother Henry, 
 who died without issue in l6l6, inherited a great estate. He 
 had his education with the sons of George Earl of Shrewsbury, 
 who married his mother, and being a favourite, she gave him, on 
 his marriage, and at her decease, a greater fortune than bis eldest 
 brother had. He was"" returned to parliament for Newport in 
 Cornwall, in 31 Elizabeth; and in 37 Elizabeth, was sheriff of 
 Derbyshire; and King James I. advanced him' to the dignity of 
 Baron Cavendish, of Hardwick in com. Derb. by letters patent, 
 on May 4th, l605.* At which time of his creation, his Majesty 
 stood under a cloth of state in the hall at Greenwich, " accom- 
 panied with the princes his children, the Duke of Holstein, the 
 Duke of Lenox, and the greatest part of the nobility, both of 
 England and Scotland. 
 
 His Lordship was one of the first adventurers, who settled a 
 colony and plantation in Virginia ; and on the first discovery of 
 the Bermudas Island, had (with the Earl of Northampton, the 
 Earl of Pembroke, the Lord Paget, the Lord Harrington, and 
 others) a grant of them from the King. " Whereupon, in April, 
 l6l2, they sent a ship thither, with sixty persons, to take posses- 
 sion of it, who were followed by others, and yearly supplies, 
 which soon made them a flourishing plantation. The great island 
 was divided into eight cantons or provinces, bearing the name of 
 eight of the chief proprietors, whereof one of them still retains the 
 
 r Willis's Not Pari, vol ii. p. 164. 1 Pat. 3 Jac. I p. iz. 
 
 ' He attained the Peerage by tlie means of the Lady Arabella Stuart, his 
 neice. See Lodge's lUustr- vol. iii. p. zi^o. On this occasion Rowland White 
 Writes thus to Lord Shrewsbury: " I need not write to your Lordship, that there 
 will be Earls and Barons made at the christening, because your Lordship sees 
 Mr. William Caveadish is come up to be one, but I will not omit to let your 
 Lordship know who they are, because perchance you have not heard of them 
 all. My Lord of Cranbourn, my Lord Burleigh, and Sir Philip Herbert, shall 
 be Earls i the first of Bridgewater, the second of Exeter, and Sir Philip of 
 Montgomery as we hear: my Lord Sydney shall be Viscount Lisle; Sir John 
 Stanhope, Sir George Carew, her Majesty's vice-chamberlain, Count Arun- 
 dell, and Mr. William Cavendish (if my Lady Arabella have no more uncles) 
 hall be Barons *' Ibid. p. 286. 
 
 < Stow's Annals, p 86j. x Ibid p. 944..
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 823 
 
 name of Cavendish. By the death of his Lordship's elder brother, 
 in the year 1616, a great addition was made to his estate; and 
 being in repute with the leading men in that age, and waiting on 
 his sovereign in his progress, he was declared Earl of Devon- 
 shire, on August 2d, l6]B, in the Bishop's palace at Salisbmy jy 
 but the letters patent^ bear date August 7th, 16 Jac. I. This 
 noble Lord married two wives : first, Anne, daughJ:er and coheir 
 to Henry Kighley, of Kighley in com. Ebor, Esq. by whom he 
 had three sons and three daughters ; first, Gilbert, who died in his 
 youth ; ** second, William, his heir and successor ; third, James, 
 who died in his infancy ; fourth, Frances, married to Sir William 
 Maynard, afterwards Lord Maynard, she died^ September 1st, 
 1613, aged twenty, and is buried at Little Easton in Essex; fifth 
 and sixth, Mary and Elizabeth, who both died young. His 
 second wife was Elizabeth, daughter to Edward Boughton, of 
 Causton in com. Warw. Esq. and widow of Sir Richard Wortley, 
 of Wortley in com, Ebor. Knight, by whom he had issue Sir John 
 Cavendish, Knight of the Bath at the creation of Charles Prince 
 of Wales, on November 3d, l6l6.'^ who departed this life on 
 January 18th, 1617, without issue by his wife, daughter of 
 William Bruneard, of Wiltshire, Esq. This Earl of Devonshire 
 deceased, at his seat at Hardwick, on March 3d, 1625, aet. 
 seventy-five, leaving Wilham his son and heir,* at that time 
 thirty-six years of age, and was buried at Endsore, near Chats- 
 worth, where a monument is erected for him. 
 
 William, second Earl, his son and heir, * having travelled 
 into France and Italy, under the tuition of Mr, Thomas Hobbes, 
 was, on his return,'' knighted at Whitehall, on March 7th, 
 16O8-9; and, by the policy of King James, married to Christian, 
 only daughter to his great favourite, Edward Lord Bruce, of Kin- 
 losse in Scotland, whose great services (he being a principal in- 
 
 y Camden's Annals, in History of England, vl ii. p. 649. 
 '^ Pat. 16 Jac. I- p. II. 
 A book of Observations and Discourses, called Horce Subsecivae, 1620; 
 has been attributed to him by Wood, Ath. vol ii p 474, but certainly by 
 mistake. That Book is believed to have been written by Grey Lord Chandos. 
 Sec Mem. of James s Peers; and Park's R. and N A vol ii. 
 ^ Hist, of Essex, vol. iii. p 172 
 ' Vincent's Disc of Brook's Errors, p. 166. 
 <* Cole's Esch. Not i6 .\- 16 lib v p 184, in Bibl. Harley. 
 c Bishop Rennet's Memoirs, p 73. 
 f Philpot's Cat of Knights, p 48. 
 Who was born on Christmas Day, and for that reason had the name of 
 Christian.
 
 324 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 strument of his obtaining the crown of England) were rewarded 
 by this match into a rich and noble English family. And for the 
 better grace, the King gave her with his owji hand, and made her 
 fortune ten thousand pounds, and solicited for a better settlement 
 on tliem, telling the old Lord Cavendish, '' after his marriage with 
 a second wife, that his son being matched into a family, for which 
 he was so nearly concerned, he expected, out of that plentiful 
 estate he himself had, such a proportion should be settled, that 
 Sir William might bear up the port of his son, and his Lady the 
 quality of the King's kinswoman j which mediation proved so 
 effectual, that the Lord Cavendish did what the King thought 
 reasonable. 
 
 But this addition, though it answered the King's, ' yet it did 
 not rise up to the generosity of the son's mind, which occasioned 
 his contracting a very great debt, entered into by an excess of 
 gallantry, the vice of that age, which he too much indulged him- 
 self in ; ^ for when he was Earl of Devonshire, and had a much 
 greater fortune than formerly, he increased his expences by his 
 magnificent living, both in town and country; his house appear- 
 ing rather like a Prince's court, than a subject's. He understood 
 foreign languages so well, that, ' whilst he was Lord Cavendish, 
 he was appointed to conduct Count Swartenburgh, the Emperor's 
 ambassador, to his public audience of James I, as also Seignior 
 Valersio, '" ambassador extraordinary from the Republic of Venice; 
 and =^ Messieurs d'Arsennes and Joachimi, joint ambassadors of 
 the States of the United Provinces. In the year 1625, his Lord- 
 ship, and his Lady, waited on Charles L to Canterbury, by his 
 royal appointment, to be present at his nuptials with Maria 
 Henrietta (second daughter to Henry IV. of France) who arrived 
 at Dover^ on May 13th, and came the same night to Canterbury, 
 where the marriage was consummated. 
 
 This noble Earl i' was beloved and admired in both houses of 
 parliament, and a great speaker in them : Mr. Hobbes, in his 
 epistle dedicatory to his son, of his History of Thucydides, gives 
 this shining character of him : " By the experience of many years 
 I had the honour to serve him, I know this, there was not any 
 
 i Pomfret's Life of Christian Countess of Devon, p. zj. 
 
 ' Ibid, p 24. k Ibid, p 25. 
 
 1 Sir John linet's Observations on Ambassadors, p. 95, 96 
 
 Life,p iiz. . Ibid. p. 138. o Ibid p. ist, If J. 
 
 p Lifeof the Countess of Devon, p. 31.
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 325 
 
 who more really, and less for glory's sake, favoured those that 
 studied the liberal arts liberally, than my Lord your father did ; nor 
 in whose house a man should less need the university, than in his. 
 For his own study, it was bestowed, for the most part, in that kind 
 of learning, which best deserved the pains and hours of great 
 persons, history, and civil knowledge, and directed not to the 
 ostentation of his reading, but to the government of his life, and 
 the public good ; for he so read, that the learning he took in by 
 study, by judgment he digested and converted into wisdom and 
 ability, to benefit his country : to which he also applied himself 
 with zeal] but such as took no fire, either from faction or ambi- 
 tion : and as he was a most able man for soundness of advice, and 
 clear expression of himself in matters of difliculty and conse- 
 quence, both in public and private ; so also was he one whom no 
 man was able either to draw or justle out of the straight path of 
 justice. Of which virtue, I know not whether he deserved more 
 by his severity in imposing it (as he did to his last breath) on 
 himself; or by his magnanimity, in not exacting it himself from 
 others. No man better discerned of men, and therefore was he 
 constant in his friendship, because he regarded not the fortune 
 or adherence, but the men ; with whom also, he conversed with 
 an openness of heart, that had no other guard, than his own in- 
 tegrity, and that nil conscire. To his equals he carried himself 
 equally; and to his inferiors, familiarly; but maintaining his re- 
 spect fully, and only with the native splendor of his worth. In 
 sum, he was one in whom might plainly be perceived, that 
 honour and honesty are but the same thing, in the different de- 
 grees of persons." 
 
 He departed this life at his house near Bishopsgate, in Lon* 
 don, (where Devonshire-square is now built) on June 20th, 1028, 
 and was buried in the vault, with Elizabeth Countess of Shrews- 
 bury, his grandmother, on July 11th following; where a most 
 stately monument is erected to his memory, his own statue of 
 white marble standing upright in the midst of it ; and at the four 
 corners, are the figures of his children, which he had by his wife 
 before- mentioned. Christian, ' daugliter of Edward Lord Bruce, 
 of Kinlosse, and sister to Thomas Earl of Elgin in Scotland, father 
 of Robert Earl of Ailsbury. Ihese were, first, William, his heir; 
 second, Charles, lieutenant general of the horse, under hii 
 
 MS J 8. in Offic Arm. folio ig. 
 Who died in January 1674, and was buried at Derby.
 
 S26 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 cousin, the Marquis of Newcastle, in the civil wars, and was 
 killed at Gainsborough, as will be presently detailed j third, 
 Henry, who died young ; and, fourth, Anne, married to Robert 
 Lord Rich, son and heir to Robert Earl of Warwick. 
 
 The Countess, getting the wardship of the young Lord, her 
 eldest son, he was under her care, whose clear jointure* was no 
 less than 5000/. a year, to which she added 4000/. by her own 
 prudent management. Her son's estate" was charged and com- 
 plicated with near thirty law suits, which, by the cunning and 
 power of her adversaries, were made as perplexed, and as tedious 
 as possible J yet, by right, managed by diligence and resolution, 
 she went through them all with satisfaction ; so as King Charles 
 jestingly said to her, " Madam, you have all my judges at your 
 disposal." The discharging of the estate from those numerous 
 law suits was not the only thing that required her care;'' there 
 was a great debt to be satisfied, which was another specimen of 
 her trouble, as well as patience. Her Lord had, before his death, 
 obtained an act of parliament for cutting off an entail, in order 
 to the sale of lands ; a thing not usual in those times, and had 
 not then been effected, but for the sakes of those for whom it 
 was done, as King Charles was pleased to express it. Yet this 
 bore no proportion towards the payment of that vast debt for 
 which it was designed ; but with what money the sale of those 
 lands brought in, together with her own care and management, 
 the debt was discharged by her. She was a Lady of that affa- 
 bility and sweet address, with so great a wit and judgment, as 
 captivated all who conversed with her j and of such strict virtue 
 and morals, that she was an example to her sex. y " Prayers and 
 pious readings were her first business ; the remainders of the day 
 were determined to her friends ; in the entertainment of whom, 
 her conversation was so tempered with courtship and heartiness j 
 her discourses so sweetened with the delicacies of expression, 
 that such as did not well know the expence of her time, would 
 have thought, she had employed it all in address and dialogue. 
 In both which, she exceeded most ladies ; and yet never affected 
 the title of a wit } carried no snares in her tongue, nor counter- 
 feited friendships j and as she was never known to speak evil of 
 any, so neither would she indure to hear of it, from any, of others; 
 reckoning it not only a vice against good manners, but the 
 
 ' Vita, p. z6. " Ibid p 27,28. 
 
 Ibid p. 30. 7 Vide her Life, p. 36, 38, 39, 40.
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 327 
 
 greatest indecency, also, in the entertainment of friends, and 
 therefore always kept herself within the measures of civility and 
 religion. Her gestures corresponded to her speech, being of a 
 free, native, genuine, and graceful behaviour ; as far from affected 
 and extraordinary motions, as they from discretion. These ad- 
 mirable qualities drew to her house all the best company ; towards 
 whom she had so easy, and such an obliging address, without the 
 least allay of levity and disdain, that every one departed with the 
 highest satisfaction ; she ever distributing her respects according 
 to the quality and merit of each ; steering the same steady course 
 in the country also ; between which, and the town, she com- 
 monly divided the year. Her country seats were many and 
 noble ; some of which, when her son came of age, she delivered 
 up to him, viz. his great houses in Derbyshire, all ready furnished; 
 she herself living in that of Leicester abbey (near to which she 
 had purchased a considerable estate) until the rebellion broke 
 out." 
 
 Charles Cavendish, ^ younger son, was bred to books and arms, 
 and was, in both, a glory of the latter age : he was born in 
 London, May the 20th, l620j the King was his godfather, and 
 named him Charles. After a strict tuition in his father's house, 
 at eighteen years of age he was sent to travel with a governor. 
 He went first to Paris, and hearing much of the French army then 
 in the field near Luxemburgh, he was so impatient for such a 
 view, that he stole away to the camp, without the knowledge of 
 his governor, who hearing of the frolic, followed him in great 
 pain, and brought him back to his studies at Paris. He spent the 
 year following in Italy, making his chief stages at Naples, Rome, 
 and Venice ; from whence, in the next spring, he embarked for 
 Constantinople, dropping his governor and English servants, as 
 knowing that a traveller may learn most from strangers. After a 
 long circuit by land through Natolia, he went by sea to Alexan- 
 dria, thence to Cairo, and was brought, by way of Malta, to 
 Spain, and back to Paris ; and after some conversation with the 
 court, returned to England about the end of May, l64l. 
 
 " When he had paid his duty to his mother, he was presented 
 to the King and Queen, and he was graciously received by them, 
 and much caressed by the most eminent persons about the court} 
 for, says the intimate friend and writer of his life." " The sun 
 
 / Bisliop Rennet's Memoirs, p. 83, et seq. 
 Life of Colonel Cavendish, MS.
 
 328 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 beheld not a youth of a more manly figure, and more winning 
 presence. His inclinations determined him to arms, and there- 
 fore his mother, the Counless, designed to have bought for him 
 colonel Goring's regiment of foot in Holland: so he went over to 
 be trained up there in the Prince of Orange's army, the most 
 eminent school of war. When lie had passed one campaign, he 
 came over again to England, about the end of November, 1641. 
 And when, soon afrer, the King, by tumults in the streets, and 
 greater distractions in the two houses, was forced to retire to York, 
 the Earl of Devon, and his brother, Mr. Cavendish, repaired 
 thither to ofter their duty and service to their distressed Prince." 
 
 The writer of his mother's life informs us,*' that " he was a 
 person of so much address and valour, that those brave gentlemen 
 of the Temple, who offered themselves as a guard to the King's 
 person, chose him for their captain, knowing he would thither 
 lead them, where law, honour, and conscience, would oblige 
 them to follow. At York, Mr. Cavendish put himself among tlie 
 noblemen and gentlemen volunteers, who desired to be under 
 command for the King's service ; and made it his choice to ride 
 in the King's own troop, commanded by my Lord Bernard Stuarr, 
 his kinsman, brother to the Duke of Richmond ; among so many 
 considerable persons for qualities and fortunes, that the King was 
 heard to say, " The revenues of those in that single troop, would 
 buy the estates of my Lord of Essex, and of all the officers in his 
 army." He marched in this troop, till the battle of Edge Hill, 
 October 23(1, l642, when the King, in respect and tenderness to 
 those gallant men, would not expose them to equal hazard with 
 the rest of the cavalry, but reserved them for a guard to his own 
 person. INIr. Cavendish supposing this to be no post of danger, 
 and therefore not of honour, prevailed with my Lord Bernard 
 Stuart, that they should wait upon the King, and intieat his leave 
 to be drawn up on the right hand of the right wing of the horse, 
 as the most open, and most honourable place in the battle; to 
 which his Majesty, upon their importunity, consented. And this, 
 indeed, proved to be the post of hottest service, and greatest suc- 
 cess : wherein Mr. Cavendish so distinguished himself by a per- 
 sonal valour, that the Lord Aubigny (who commanded the Duke 
 of York's troop) being slain, he was preferred to that charge, 
 before any other pretenders of eminent birth and merit. 
 
 " This troop was, soon after, put into the Prince of Wales'i 
 
 * Page p 49.
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 329 
 
 regiment, wherein the superior officer put something on Captain 
 Cavendish, which he thought an indignity; and therefore, he 
 desired his Majesty to assign him 1000/. (which his own brother, 
 the Earl of Devonshire, had presented to the King) promising, 
 that if his Majesty would be pleased to let him have the Duke of 
 York's troop out of the Prince of WiJes's regiment, he would go 
 into the North, and raise the Duke a complete regiment of horse, 
 before the army could take the field ; to which the King consented, 
 assuring him the honour of being colonel of his new regiment. 
 In order to complete it, he accepted of Thomas Markham, Esq. 
 to be his lieutenant colonel; and Mr. Tuke for the captain of his 
 first troop ; and took his head quarters at Newark, keeping under 
 many of the rebel garrisons at Nottingham, and other neighbour- 
 ing parts ; and, by degrees, became master of the whole country; 
 so that the King's commissioners for Lincolnshire, and Notting- 
 hamshire, desired his leave to petition the King, that he might 
 have the command of all the forces of their two counties, in 
 quality of colonel general, which he complied with, and the 
 King granted. 
 
 " In this command, he beat the enemy from Grantham, and 
 gained a complete victory near Stamford, and reduced several of 
 their garrison towns, by the assistance of colonel Weiby, and 
 other brave officers. After many glorious actions, being "^ lieute- 
 nant general of the horse to his kinsman the Marquis of New- 
 castle, he had the honour to receive the Queen in her march to 
 Newark, who immediately took notice, that she saw him last in 
 Holland, and was very glad now to meet him again in England. 
 The Countess of Derby sitting at the end of the Queen's coach, 
 entertained her Majesty with great cominendations of the general; 
 and when the Queen was to give the word to Major Tuke, she 
 gave that of Cavendish." 'I he copy of his life breaks off with 
 his convoying the Queen to Newark; but from thence, with a 
 noble guard, "^ he waited on her Majesty towards Oxford, and in 
 his way, with her consent, took Burton upon Trent by storm, on 
 July 2d, 1643, encouraging his soldiers, by his own example, to 
 swim over the river, and scale the works, and enter under showers 
 of bullets, defying all the most dreadful images of death, as if his 
 life had been as immortal, as he hath made his honour, it is 
 further memorable of him, ' that my Lord Clarendon lias record- 
 
 : Life of Duke of Newcastle, p- J4. 
 " Life of the CountL'ss, &c. p-^z. 
 llistoiy of the Rebel. 8vo vo]. iii. p 144
 
 330 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 cd, " that the Earl of Newcastle, general in the North, sent 
 Charles Cavendish, the younger brother of the Earl of Devonshire, 
 with a party volant of horse and dragoons, into Lincolnshire ; 
 where, about the middle of March, he assaulted Grantham, a new 
 garrison of the rebels, which he took, and in it above 300 prisoners 
 (March 23d, 1642-3) with all their officers, arms, and ammuni- 
 tion." The royal cause declining, made him only the more 
 daring and desperate. In his last action, ' he is said to have 
 been murdered in cold blood, after quarter given, by Colonel 
 Bury, who made himself dear to Cromwell, by this, and some 
 other acts of cruelty. Another writer tells us, s " That, his horse 
 sticking in the mud, he died magnanimously, refusing quarter, and 
 throwing the blood that ran from his wounds in their faces that 
 shed it, with a spirit as great as his blood. And that his goodness 
 was as eminent as his valour, and was as much beloved by his 
 friends, as feared by his enemies." Cromwell was himself in this 
 action, and valued himself so much on the success of it, that he 
 gave a particular account to the committee for the association 
 sitting at Cambridge, in a letter dated on'^ July 31st, 1643. 
 " Gentlemen, it hath pleased the Lord to give your servant and 
 oldiers a notable victory now at Gainsborough. In the last re- 
 serve, unbroken, stood general Cavendish, who one while faced 
 me, another while faced four of the Lincoln troops, which was all 
 of ours that stood upon the place, the rest being engaged in the 
 chase ; at last General Cavendish charged the Lincolners, and 
 routed them. Immediately I fell upon his rear with my three 
 troops, which did so astonish him, that he gave over the chase, 
 and would fain have delivered himself from mej but I pressing 
 on, forced him down a hill, having a good execution of them, and 
 below the hill drove the general, with some of his soldiers, into a 
 quagmire, where my captain lieutenant slew him, with a thrust 
 under his short ribs ; the rest of the body were wholly routed, 
 not one man staying on the place." He was the more capable of 
 arms by his great knowledge in the mathemitical arts ; some of 
 his papers, that shew a profound skill in numbers and measures, 
 were in the hands of that eminent collector of valuable papers. 
 Dr. John Moor, Lord Bishop of Ely. He deserved the character 
 given by the writer of his mother's life : " He was a gentleman 
 
 ^ Life of his Mother, p 53. 
 
 * Lloyd's Memoirs of the Loyalists, p 673. 
 
 * Rushworth, vol- ii p. 278.
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 331 
 
 so furnished with all the interior and politer parts of learning (ob- 
 tained at home and abroad, both by reading books, and men) as 
 well as courage, that he was prepared to defend his prince with 
 his head and hand, by the strongest reason, and most generous 
 valour," When ' his body was brought to Newark to be interred, 
 the whole town was so fond of it (even dead) that they would not 
 suffer it, for some days, to be laid into the ground, but wept over, 
 and admired it, and, not without the greatest reluctancy, at last 
 committed him to his dormitory, covering his hearse with tears 
 and laurels. And when, about thirty years after, his body was 
 removed to be interred at Derby with his mother, fresh lamen- 
 tations were made by those who knew, and others that had heard, 
 his fame ; and the whole people of Newark expressed the most 
 sorrowful unwillingness to part with the relicks of so dear a 
 person, who had been, when alive, the ornament and defence of 
 that place. 
 
 It was '^ his mother's express will, that his corpse should be 
 taken up, and wait upon hers in another hearse to Derby. Her 
 corpse passing through Leicester, due respects were paid to her 
 memory, the magistrate of that place attending in their forma- 
 lities, and the gentry of the country meeting there at the same 
 time waited on it out of town. The same honourable reception 
 was paid to both of them at Derby, were they were interred in 
 the burial place of the family, under a stately monument she had 
 erected for her lord, herself, and children. Her funeral sermon 
 was preached by Mr. Frampton (chaplain to her brother the Earl 
 of Elgin) afterwards bishop of Gloucester; and his by Mr. Naylor, 
 chaplain to the Countess. 
 
 His death is ' said to come nearest the heart of the mourning 
 mother, of any affliction God was pleased to try her patience 
 with. And, indeed, but for his loss, and that of her only daughter, 
 the Lady Rich (whose memory is celebrated by the wits and 
 orators of her own time, the Lord Falkland, Mr. Waller, Mr. 
 Godolphin, and others) she had an uninterrupted prosperity, 
 abating her great concern for those common calamities which 
 befel herself, together with the King and church."* She retired 
 
 i Lifeof the Countess, p 53, 54 " 'bid p 91. 
 
 1 Ibid, p 55 
 m She was distinguished as the patroness of the wits of the age, wha 
 frequently assembled at her house- Waller read his verses there, and Williana 
 Karl of Pennbroke wrote a volume of poems in her praise, published afterwards, 
 and dedicated to her by Donne" Lyions's London, vol i p. 431, who has 
 given a iortrait of her-
 
 332 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 to Greenwich towards the latter end of the rebellion, and reflect- 
 ing on the deplorable condition of the King and church, she en- 
 deavoured, with her utmost skill and diligence, to recover the 
 dignity of the crown, and the liberties of the people soliciting 
 the Earls of Essex and Holland to expiate their former en- 
 gagements, by espousing the royal cause. " They are said both 
 to have been very much encouraged by her earnest solicitations 
 and prudence; and that Essex would have given the surest de- 
 monstration of his loyal purposes, had not death prevented him" 
 (not without suspicion of poison) on September 13th, an. 1646. 
 When the army had made themselves masters of the King's 
 person, and were carrying him in their triumph from place to 
 place, P they let him rest a night or two at Latimers, 'J a seat of this 
 family in Buckinghamshire, where this noble lady happened then 
 to be, with her son, the Earl of Devonshire, and his Majesty had 
 much private consultation with them, concerning the state of his 
 affairs ; and, at the same time, expressed both to her, and the 
 Earl, the great sense he had of the faithful services they had done 
 him. 
 
 After the fatal fight at Worcester, on September 3d, l651, she 
 was infinitely concerned for t!ie safety of the King's person, and 
 could not conceal her joy, when she heard of his safe arrival in 
 France : she took care of the only remains he left in England, his 
 domestic servants, many of whom she received into her own 
 family^ and retained them with good respect and support, till 
 their royal master's happy return. By three years privacy at her 
 brother's the Earl of Elgin's house, at AmpthilCshe had lightened 
 her griefs and expences, and became able to renew her hospitality 
 and churity, in a seat which she purchased, for the pleasant situa- 
 tion, Rowbampton, in Surry. Here she took opportunity from 
 such loyal persons as frequented her house, to discourse with, and 
 persuade them to the most active endeavours for the King's re- 
 storation : and having held a communication in cyphered letters 
 with Duke Hamilton, the Earls of Holland, and Norwich, and 
 other eminent undertakers for the King ; in the writing and 
 opening of which, she intrusted none but her nephew, the Lord 
 Bruce (after Earl of Ailesbury) and her chaplain Mr. Gale 5 she 
 
 " Life of the Countess, p. 60. 
 Dugdole's Baronage, vol ii p 182- r LifCi p- 55- 
 
 1 Still the seat of Lord George Cavendish. 
 ' Life, p. 72,73, etscq.
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 333 
 
 nevertheless became so much suspected, though her actings were 
 not thoroughly discovered, that a troop of horse had been sent 
 down to fetch her up from Ampthiil (about the time the Countess 
 of Carlisle was put in the Tower) had not her goldsmith (a con- 
 fident of the rebels) given a bribe to one of the then council of 
 state. She at last entered into a speedy and secret correspondence 
 with general Monk, who, in the midst of his dark reserves, sent 
 her, by a considerable officer, a private signal, by which she might 
 knov.' his intentions of restoring the King : the general valued 
 her noble friendship, and continued it, with the greatest respects, 
 to his death. The Kijig himself expressed frequently the sense he 
 had of her constant zeal in his service, and, as a mark of satis- 
 faction and favour, would himself, with the Queen, Queen- 
 mother, and royal family, ofien dine with her 3 and sometimes 
 break in upon her on a sudden after hunting. And, that no token 
 of respect might be wanting, towards the declining part of her 
 age, when she could not pay her attendance upon the Queen with 
 the usual and due solemnities of court address, she was admitted 
 to wait on her Miijesty with more than ordinary ease and kind- 
 ness. She lived to the last, with all the bounty of old English 
 hospitality, and in vast distributions of Christian charily, and yet 
 inspected her own accounts with so severe a scrutiny, that she 
 spent her revenues without lessening or squandering any part of 
 them. She bore her sickness with great piety and resignation, 
 and, being crowned with many years and honours, she went to 
 receive that of immortality, on January l6th, 16/4. The noble 
 Lord, her son, took care that the solemnities of her lying in state, 
 and those also of her funeral, should correspond to tlic magniti- 
 cence of her living ; and the train, which waited on her to her 
 burial, was great and noble. She was carried, by the way of 
 Newark, to Derby, and was interred with her son, as before is 
 mentioned. 
 
 William, third Earl of Devonshire, her son and heir, 
 was ten years, '^ eight months, and ten days old, at the death of his 
 father, being then a knight, as is evident from the inquisition 
 taken on September l/th, 4 Car. I. in the court of wards. He 
 was made Knight of the Bath at the coronation of Charles I. * 
 His mother committed him to his father's tutor, Mr. Hobbes, '^ 
 who instructed him in the family for three years, and then. 
 
 Cole's Esch lib. iii p. 240, in Bib- Harl. 
 I Cat of Knights, MS. In i6ji, Vit. Hobbes, p. 41.
 
 9SA PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 about 1634, travelled with him, as his governor, into France and 
 Italy, making the longest stay at Paris, for all the politer parts 
 of breeding. He returned, in 1637, a"d when he came of age, 
 his mother delivered up to him his great houses in Derbyshire. 
 
 This Earl of Devon was so much a Cavendish in the very out- 
 ward appearance, that Mr. Hobbes called him the image of his 
 father, being of a comely shape and aspect : and therefore he 
 ended the before mentioned epistle to him, with this prayer, 
 " that it would please God to give him virtues suitable to the fair 
 dwelling he had prepared for them." He * is said to have been 
 seasoned with the just tincture of all private and public virtues, 
 and to have made an early expression of the severest loyalty, 
 mixed with the noblest resolution, in that famous occasion of 
 the Earl of Strafford's bill, and many others j being then firm to 
 the true interests of his Prince and country. He followed the 
 King in the North, and at York, on June l642, ^ was one of 
 those noble peers, who subscribed a declaration of their bearing 
 testimony of his Majesty's frequent and earnest declarations and 
 professions, of his abhorring all designs of making war upon his 
 parliament. When he saw a party in the two houses too strong 
 to be satisfied, he supplied the King with money, attended him 
 in his parliament at Oxford, ' and was one of the peers who 
 signed there, on January 27th, 16 13-4, his Majesty's declaration 
 of such means as might probably settle the peace of the kingdom. 
 After which he lent him his own brother to take the field 5 and 
 then retired beyond the seas, to wait for peace at home. This 
 recess could give him no repose ; he was thrust into tlie number 
 of delinquents J his great estate was sequestered: and when, 
 by the mediation of his friends, an ordinance was depending for 
 his composition, on October 23d, l645, ^ order was given for hi 
 return from beyond the seas by such a day. We are*^ well in- 
 formed, that " This noble Lord was fortified against all surprises 
 from mean and mischievous principles, and that in all public 
 concerns, he directed his course by the rules of honour and justice ; 
 that nothing could tempt him to a dishonest action, nor to pre- 
 serve himself, at the expence of his reputation. He chose seques- 
 tration, rather than swerve in the least tittle from Christian forti- 
 
 Lifeof the Countess, p 4z. y Clarendon's History, vol. ii. p 656. 
 
 * Rushworth's Hist. Collect, part iii vol ii- p. 566. 
 Whitelock's Memorials, p i6j. 
 * Life of the Countess, p. 46, 47.
 
 BUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. S35 
 
 tude and nobleness, or to change his propositions according to the 
 necessities or advantages of the season. Nor would he at last have 
 been prevailed with to remove any part of his troubles, or the se- 
 questration from his estate, but by the importunity, or rather, the 
 commands of his mother, detesting in itself, what, in duty to her, 
 he complied with." 
 
 The Earl, though he had been a great sufferer for his loyalty 
 to King Charles I. sought for no employment at court, on the 
 restoration of King Charles II. But his Majesty shewed his con- 
 fidence in him,= by constituting him lord lieutenant of the 
 county of Derby, on August 20th, I66O. He lived in great plenty 
 and respect, a true English peer, honoured by his Prince, and be- 
 loved by the people ; because steady in the measures of maintain- 
 ing the just prerogatives of the one, and the legal liberties of the 
 other. Many persons of honour, his cotemporaries, agree in the 
 remembrance of him, that he was a man of as much conscience 
 and honour, religion and virtue, prudence and goodness, as they 
 ever knew in the world. His tenderness and good nature, to 
 friends and relations, was very exemplary. He was so extremely 
 fond of his grandson, the second Duke, then a youth, that he 
 could not be easy without him ; and assiduously affected to have 
 him as much in his company as possible. He was virtuous in his 
 whole life, and prudent in all his affairs j he improved his large 
 inheritance, and took care to let it descend entire to his successor. 
 He married Elizabeth, second daughter of William Cecil, Earl of 
 Salisbury, who survived him five years, dying on November 19th, 
 1689, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, on the 21st of the 
 same month, in a vault under the east window of Henry VII's 
 chapel. They had issue, William Lord Cavendish, who was 
 created Duke of Devonshire 5 second, Charles, born October 5th, 
 1655, buried at Derby : also one daughter, Anne, first married to 
 Charles Lord Rich, only son to Charles, Earl of Warwick j 
 secondly, to John Lord Burleigh, afterwards Earl of Exeter, with 
 whom she travelled twice to Rome, and attended at his death, in 
 his last return, near Paris. She died 1703. He died at his seat 
 of Rowhampton, in Surry, on Tuesday, November 23d, 1084, 
 and was interred with his ancestors at Derby. 
 
 His son William, first Duke of Devonshire, born oil 
 January 25th, l640, had all the advantages of education, both by 
 studies and travels, and was a gentleman of gracefulness and 
 
 c Billsignat. 12 Car- II-
 
 336 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 gallantry, becoming a Prince's court. The companion and guide 
 of his travels, was Dr. Killigrew, afterward master of the Savoy, 
 &c, who gave him a just and true relish in poetry, and all the re- 
 finements of sense and wit. 
 
 Under the style of William Lord Cavendish, son to the Earl 
 of Devonshire, he was one of the four young noblemen, ^ who 
 bore up the King's train at his coronation, on April 23d, 1661. 
 In 1662, he went over to Ireland, and was married at Kilkenny, 
 on October 27th that year, to a noble, beautiful, and virtuous 
 Lady, Mary, second daughter of James Duke of Ormond. On 
 his return to England, on September 21st, 1663, he was created 
 master of arts in the University of Oxford, by the special com- 
 mand of the chancellor, ' in company of the Earls of Suffolk, 
 Bath, and others of the greatest hopes ; the King, Queen, and 
 courtj being then at Oxford. 
 
 In the year 1065, the Lord Cavendish shewed his bravery, in 
 going volunteer in the fleet, and was in the midst of that dangerous 
 sea fight, on June 3d, in attendance on the Duke of York. *" 
 Whilst he lived a commoner, he was elected to serve for the 
 county of Derby, in the long parliament, e as also in three others 
 without intermission 5 and was a very faithful and leading member, 
 distinguishing himself in every debate, wherein the service of his 
 King and country required his attendance. In the beginning of 
 the year 1669, he accompanied Mr. Montagu (after made Duke 
 of Montagu) then sent on an embassy to France } and whilst he 
 was at Paris, he was most rudely '' affronted at an opera, by three 
 officers of the King's guard, who came full of wine upon the 
 stage : one of them coming up to him, with a very insulting 
 question, my Lord gave him a severe blow on the face, upon 
 which they all drew, and pushed hard upon him : he got his back 
 against one of the screens, and made a stout defence, receiving 
 several wounds, till a sturdy Swiss of my lord ambassador Mon- 
 tagu's, caught him up in his arms, and threw him over the stage 
 into the pit : in his fall, one of his arms was caught upon an iron 
 spike, which tore cut the flesh, and left a scar very visible to his 
 dying day. The assailants were clapped up by the King's com- 
 mand, and not released till my Lord himself interceded for them. 
 The judicious Sir William Temple, ' in a very memorable 
 
 <* Baker's Chron 7th edit- p 7,5S- 
 
 t Wood's Atl)2n Oxon. vol ii- p 8jo f Kennet's iMem p. 86. 
 
 Willis, p 222. " Bihop Kennet's Memoirs, p 117. 
 
 ' Vide his Letters, vol ii p-7o.
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 337 
 
 letter to his Lordship, gives some account of the discourse at the 
 Hiigae, on this brave action. 
 
 Hague, July i8th, N. S. 1669. 
 " My Lokd, 
 
 " Though I had much rather make your Lordship my 
 compliments upon some better fortunes, and upon your health, 
 rather than your dangers ; yet I could not omit doing it at this 
 time upon so honourable a pnrt as all men allow you to have had 
 in your late adventure at Paris : which I do not only as a private 
 person and a servant of your Lordship's, who wishes you all in- 
 crease of honour that may not be bought too dear j but withal, as 
 a public minister, who ought ever to consider, above all things, 
 the honour of our nation ; and knows that the complexion of it, 
 in times of peace, is very much either mended or spoiled in the 
 eyes of strangers, by the actions and carriage of ])articular persons 
 abroad. I can assure your Lordship, all that can be said to your 
 advantage, upon this occasion, is the common discourse here ; and 
 not disputed by the French themselves j who say, you have been 
 as generous in excusing your enemies, as brave in defending 
 yourself. The Dutch will have it, that you have been the first 
 in excess ; and say, that such a thing as seven or eight falhng upon 
 one, would never have been done in any other place, but France, 
 nor suffered neither by the rest of the company. How.ev^er, I am 
 of opinion, if excess maybe allowed in any part, it is in that j 
 and therefore rejoice with you in the honour of both, and with 
 myself, in that of my being, 
 
 " My Lord, 
 " Your Lordship's most obedient 
 
 " Humble servant." 
 
 In 1677, when his Majesty was offended with the commons, 
 for addressing him to make a league offensive and defensive with 
 the States of Holland, and, for a mark of displeasure, had com- 
 manded the speaker to adjourn the house to Monday, July l6th, 
 the Lord Cavendish ^ was at the head of those members, ' who 
 
 '' ' Lord Cavendish," says Rurnet, " was too much a libertine both in 
 principle and practice He went off" from the court at first upon resentments 
 for some disappointment there. He was ambitious, and had the courage of a 
 hero, with an unusual proportion of wit and knowledge- He had a great 
 softncssin his exterior deportment.'' Burnet's O T. vol i p. 389. 
 Bishop Kennel's Memoir:;, p no, ct scq. 
 vol.. I. Z
 
 33S PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 objected against that abrupt dismission of them, and pressed it 
 upon the speaker, " that he could not leave the chair, but by a 
 question, and the vote of the house j" and offered to shew a pre- 
 cedent of tlie commons sitting after an unexpected message to ad- 
 journ. And when, upon the said July l6th, the two houses met, 
 only in order to be adjourned by his Majesty's pleasure, this 
 Lord was in the report of a royal command to that effect ; but he 
 moved, " that their last order about adjournment might be read, 
 to the end they might take notice of the authority by which they 
 met here now ; and this, he said, was usual and regular to be 
 done j' which motion was seconded, and had probably been 
 carried, if the speaker, Edward (afterwards Sir Edward) Seymour 
 had not left the chair, and run away from the hard words that 
 followed him. In the same session, when a vote of great conse- 
 quence was depending, and the house divided, and tellers were 
 appointed, and the numbers were returned equal on both sides, 
 by which means, he and his friends would have lost their neces- 
 sary point, he charged a mistake upon the tellers against him, 
 and would not suffer it to be shuffled up, but insisted on it, till, 
 with great difficulty, he gained the proof of it, by which he ex- 
 asperated the court party to the last degree. In the next Parlia- 
 ment, in October, 1678, the Lord Cavendish was the third 
 named, "" in the first committee appointed for privileges and 
 elections; was also in a second committee for drawing up an 
 humble address to be presented to his Majesty foi- removing all 
 popish recusants from within ten miles of the city of London ; " 
 and in a third, for examining into the murder of Sir Edmund 
 Bury Godfrey) and in another, for preparing a bill to hinder 
 Papists from sitting in either house of parliament, which received 
 the royal assent on November 30th. 
 
 On October 29th, 16/8, he was one of the select committee 
 appointed i' to go to Newgate, and examine Mr. Coleman, touch- 
 ing the plot and conspiracy against his Majesty ; and in a second, 
 to communicate to the Lords at a conference, "" *' That upon the 
 evidence that has already appeared to the house, they are of opi- 
 nion, that there is, and hath been, a damnable and hellish plot, 
 contrived and carried on by popish recusants, for assassinating 
 and murdering the King, for subverting the government, and the 
 
 Copy of the Journal of the House of Commons, printed A- D. 1680 p 4 
 Ibid p g, 10- Ibid. p. 18. p Ibid, p ^4, 
 
 ' Ibid. p. 63.
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. SSft 
 
 Protestant religion." Also on December 2d, in* another to draw 
 lip a representation to be made to the King, " of the danger that 
 may arise to his Majesty and the kingdom, by the non-observance 
 of the laws that have been made for the preservation of the peace, 
 and safety of the kingdom." On December Ipth, he was sent 
 to attend his Majesty with the votes of the house, relating to the 
 information given against Mr. Montague j * and was chosen, the 
 same day, one of the committee to prepare and draw up articles 
 against the Earl of Danby ; and was particularly appointed to keep 
 the letters delivered by Mr, Montague. 
 
 In another parliament, which met on March 6th, 16/8-9, 
 this Lord was among the chief members appointed to attend his 
 Majesty, with the vote concerning the election of a new speaker, 
 on March 8th, the King having refused to approve of Edward 
 Seymour, Esq. before mentioned, as having occasion for him in 
 his own immediate service ; and of the committee, for drawing 
 up a bill to secure the King and kingdom against the growth 
 and danger of Popery, on April l6th, iQjQ; also, on May 14th, 
 was distinguished ip carrying up the address for declaring to re- 
 venge upon the Papists any violence offered by them to the King's 
 person. Upon these occasions, he spoke often with that weight 
 and freedom, that some of his speeches got abroad, in imperfect 
 copies, and were much applauded. One of them had such severe 
 things in it, that it wisely produced this order of the house : 
 " the house being informed that there is a flUse and scandalous 
 pamphlet dispersed abroad, under the name of The Speech of the 
 Lord Cavendish; resolved, it be referred to a committee, to en- 
 quire into the authors and publishers of that pamphlet. " During 
 this session, the King, finding his ministry not able to support 
 themselves, chose, on April 21st, 1679, a new privy-council, con- 
 sisting of a number not excfeding thirty j of which fifteen to be 
 of the chief officers, privy counsellors by their places; and ten 
 out of the several houses of the nobility , and five commoners of 
 the realm, '^ whose known abilities, interest, and esteem in the 
 nation, should render them without all suspicion of either mis-, 
 taking or betraying the true interest of the kingdom. In this 
 honourable list^ was William Lord Cavendish, with his inse- 
 
 ' Copy of the Journal of the House of Commons, printed A. D. 1680. 
 p. .59. 
 
 Ibid. p. 1S9, 19,", 196 u Keniict, ut supr 90. 
 
 " King's Spectli to his Privy Council, April 20tli, 1679. 
 
 History of England, vol iii. p 361.
 
 340 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 parable friend, William Lord Russell. On the next day,^ the 
 King told his two houses, that he had established a new privy- 
 council, and had made choice of such persons as were worthy and 
 able to advise him^ and was resolved, in all his weighty and im- 
 portant affairs to be advised by them. But in May, a bill was 
 brought in, " To disable the Duke of York from inheriting 
 the imperial crown of England." This, and other proceedings 
 against Popery, brought the session to a quick period, on May 
 27th, when they were prorogued to August 14th, and in the 
 mean time dissolved. Then the Duke returned from Flanders, 
 and before the new parliament, summoned to meet on October 
 17th, he chose to withdraw into Scotland*} and that in his ab- 
 sence no proceedings might affect him, the parliament was put 
 off by several prorogations, and the petitions for their sitting 
 were declared to be libellous, and punished as such. On January 
 28th, 16/Q-8O, the King declared in cbuncil, that he had sent for 
 his Royal Highness out of Scotland, and would answer, that his 
 return should have no ill influence upon the public. These mea- 
 sures so much disconcerted the views of the anti-courtiers, that 
 some of them resolved to withdraw. Accordingly, it was pub- 
 lished in the Gazette, Whitehall, January 31st: "this evening 
 the Lord Russell, the Lord Cavendish, Sir Henry Capel, and 
 Mr. Powle, prayed his Majesty to give them leave to withdraw 
 from the council board." ^ To which his Majesty was pleased to 
 answer, " with all my heart." A frank intimation, that since 
 they opposed his new scheme of administration, he had rather be 
 without them ; and which he thought fit to make known to his 
 people. 
 
 The Lord Cavendish was again chosen for the county of Derby 
 in the next parliament, which, after so many prorogations, met 
 on October 21st, 168O j and was in the bosom of the Lord 
 Russell, when he stood up to declare his opinion,'' " that the life 
 of our King, the safety of our country, and protestant relio-ion, 
 were in great danger from popery ; and that either the parliament 
 must suppress the power and growth of popery, or else popery 
 would soon destroy all that was near and dear to us : and there- 
 fore moved, that, in the first place, they might take into consi- 
 deration how to suppress popery, and prevent a popish successor. 
 
 ^ King's Speech in the House of Lords, April 21, 1679. 
 
 History of England, vol iii. p, 368. 
 
 * Collect. oi'D^'batea in the House of Commons, 1680, p. j.
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 341 
 
 The Lord Cavendish^ carried up the articles of impeachment to 
 the lords against Sir William Scroggs, Knight, chief justice of the 
 court of King's Bench, for his aibilrary and illegal practices. 
 Also when the King had declared his resolution of not consenting 
 to a bill of exclusion, and the great point was, to secure the king- 
 dom against popery, his lordship was a warm stickler for the ex- 
 clusion, as appears by his speech on that occasion^ printed in the 
 debates of the house. 
 
 In fine, he was one of those who openly opposed the King's 
 chief counsellors, and promoted the address to his Majesty, to re- 
 move them from all offices of honour and profits, and from his 
 Majesty's councils and presence for ever. Upon which his 
 Majesty prorogued the parliament, on January 10th, 1630-1, and 
 dissolved them by proclamation, on the 18th ; and called another 
 to meet at Oxford, on March 21st, wherein Lord Cavendish 
 began again to stem the tide : but his undaunted cff^'orts were 
 again stopped, by dissolution, in a week's time- It is, however, 
 observable, that the zeal of Lord Cavendish was, in the warmest 
 debates, tempered with candour and great civility. When Mr. 
 Secretary Jenkins refused to carry a message to the lords, and the 
 house so far resented it, as to be for calling him to the bar, my ^ 
 Lord Cavendish concluded, " that the gentleman's fault was a 
 great one ; but that, after his begging the pardon of the house, 
 he should be wiUing to pass it over 5 for though it was a great 
 fault, )'et it was too little to give occasion of a breach at this 
 time." Upon which the secretary was softened, and said, " he 
 was ready to obey the order of the house, and was sorry his words 
 had given offence;" and so went on the message. After this, 
 the King and his ministers governed without a parliament, and, 
 under some pretence or other, called the chief members of the 
 late houses into question for their liberties, and very lives; Duke 
 of Monmouth, Earls of Shaftsbury and Essex, Lord Eusscll, 
 Colonel Sidney, and others. The Lord Cavendish was thought 
 as obnoxious as any, and did not decline the meeting with tliose 
 persons, while nothing was proposed, but what was honourable 
 and just. But in some one assignation, he is said to have con- 
 demned a bold overture that was then made, and to have declared, 
 with great earnestness, when he came back, " that he would 
 never more go amongst them :" not that he deserted what he 
 thought the public cause, or any in it, whom he esteemed his 
 
 History of England, vol. iii. p.379- '' Debates praed. P-3i6.
 
 342 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 friends J for at the trial of Lord Russell, his Lordship appeared, 
 with the Earl of Anglesey, Mr, Howatd, Dr. Tillotson, Dr. 
 Burnet, &c. to vindicate him in the face of the court, giving his 
 testimony to the good life and conversation of the prisoner, * say- 
 ing, *' he had the honour to be acquainted with my Lord Russell 
 a long time, and always thought him a man of great honour, and 
 too prudent and wary a man to be concerned in so vile and des- 
 perate a design as this, and from which he would receive so little 
 advantage. And that two or three days since the discovery of 
 this plot, upon discourse about Colonel Rumsey, my Lord Russell 
 did express something, as if he had a very ill opinion of the man, 
 and therefore it was not likely be would intrust him wiih such a 
 secret." 
 
 When, by force of the stream, he saw that great man sub- 
 mitting to the hard sentence of death, he did not forsake him, 
 nor would he altogether despair of his safety. He sent him a 
 message by Sir James Forbes, that he would come and change 
 clothes with him in the prison, and stay there to represent him, 
 if, in such disguise, he could make his escape. ^ When the 
 Lord Russell was too generous to accept of this proposal, the Lord 
 Cavendish attended him in his extremes, waited on his discon- 
 solate Lady, and took leave of him, in the most endearing pas- 
 sions, the morning he suffered ; and evidenced his respect to the 
 family, by matching his eldest son with a daughter of it. 
 
 There is one other instance of his gallantry and courage, that 
 is to be admired, so far as it proceeded from his love to a friend, 
 and his zeal for justice. He had contracted a firm intimacy with 
 Thomas Thynne, Esq. ; and, after his barbarous assassination, he 
 pursued a legal vengeance on tlie murderers, and brought the 
 immediate actors to condign punishment, and the great abettor of 
 it to his trial, who happened to be acquitted by a jury possessed, 
 or rather prepared, in favour of him. This Lord had great indig- 
 nation at his discharge, which he thought owing to corruption j 
 and knowing, that an appeal to single combat was, of old, the last 
 resort in law, for convicting a murderer, he obtained the favour 
 of a noble peer to go in his name to Count Coningsmark, to 
 charge the guilt of blood upon him, and to offer to prove it in 
 the open field : but it may be presumed, the message, or the 
 answer, was dropped, because the Count was in haste to fly 
 from a second trial. 
 
 ' Trial of my Lord Russel, p c,^. 
 f Bishop Burnet's History, p. 560.
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 343- 
 
 By the death of the old Earl, in l684. Lord Cnvendish was 
 FOURTH Earl of Devonshire ; and in the reign of King James, 
 he was the same man, in his principles, as formerly. He had 
 been very rudely insulted within the verge of the court by colonel 
 Culpe^er, for which he contained himself, and only worked out 
 the satisfaction of giving him his pardon, upon condition he 
 should never more appear at Whitehall ; but, immediately after 
 the defeat of the Duke of Monmouth, the colonel was encouraged 
 to shew himself at court, and was rising into a creature of it. The 
 Earl of Devonshire meeting him in the King's presence chamber, 
 and receiving from him, as he thought, an insulting look, he took 
 him by the nose, led him out of the room, and gave him some 
 despising blow with the head of his cane. For this bold act, the 
 Edrl was prosecuted in the King's Bench, upon an information, 
 and had a fine of 30,000/. imposed upon him, and was com- 
 mitted, though a peer, to the King's Bench prison, till he should 
 make payment of it. He was never able to bear any confine- 
 ment that he could break from, and therefore he escaped only to 
 go home to his seat at Chatsworth. Upon the news of bis being 
 there, the sheriff of Derbyshire had a precept to apprehend him, 
 and bring him with his posse to town. But he invited the sheriff, 
 and kept him a prisoner of honour, till he had compouovled for 
 his own liberty, by giving bond to pay the full sum of 30,000/. 
 which bond had this providential discharge, " that it was found 
 among the papers of King James, and given up by King William." 
 We are told, that the Countess dowager, his mother, being un- 
 easy to see him under so great a hardship, waited on the King, to 
 beg her son's pardon, and, for discharge of the fine, did humbly 
 desire, " that his Majesty would accept of her delivering up 
 bonds, and other acknowledgements, for above 60,0(X)/. lent by 
 her husband, and his mother, to his royal father and brother, in 
 their greatest extremities. But it seems the popish party then 
 thought the Earl had forfeited all title to gratitude and equity. 
 It was under this load of difficulties, that he first projected the 
 new glorious pile at Chatsworth, as if his mind rose upon the de- 
 pressions of his fortunes ; for he now contracted with workmen 
 to pull down the south side of that good old seat, and to rebuild 
 it on a plan he gave to them, for a front to his gardens, so fair 
 and august, that it looked like a model of what might be done in 
 after ages. When he had finished this part, he meant to go no 
 farther, till, seeing public affairs in a happier settlement, for a 
 testimony of ease and joy, he undertook the east side of the
 
 544 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 quadrangle, and raised it entirely new/ in conformity to the south, 
 and seemed then content to say, " that he had gone half way 
 through, and would leave the rest for his heir." In this resolution 
 he stopped about seven years, and then began to lay the founda- 
 tion for two other sides, to complete the noble square j and these 
 last, as far as uniformity admits, do exceed the others by,a west 
 front, of most excellent strength and elegance, and a capilol on 
 the north side, that is of singular ornament and service. And 
 though such a vast pile (of materials entirely new) required a 
 prodigious expense, yet the building was bis least charge, if re- 
 gard be had to his gardens, water-works, statues, pictures, and 
 other the finest pieces of art, and of nature, that could be ob- 
 tained abroad, or at home. One of the first rooms he finished, 
 was the chapel, which he made not only us decent, but as splendid, 
 as any in a protestant country. This, Avith the apartments, and 
 all the other glories of the house, are a subject of surprize and ad- 
 miration. It will bear the report, that when the Marshal Talbrd 
 came hither, with some of his fellow prisoners, by invitation of 
 the Duke, and was nobly entertained for several days, he is said to 
 have parted with this compliment : " my Lord, when I come 
 hereafter to compute the time of my captivity in England, I shall 
 leave out the days of my enjoyment at Chatsworth." 
 
 At this place the Earl kept himself retired for the most part 
 of the few years of King James, thinking the farthest retreat from 
 the court to be, at that time, the fittest place for a good subject. 
 Here was his refuge from Westminster and Hounslow, from a set 
 of judges, and a standing army. He heard, with indignation, of 
 the proceedings above, and the great advances made towards a 
 French monarchy, and a Roman religion. He was satisfied in his 
 judgment, that a Prince, governing by law, deserved allegiance, 
 and the utmost assistance of his people ; but he could never di- 
 gest the hard notions of a passive obedience to tyrants, i. e. to 
 any monarch, or their ministers, who should bend a legal. consti- 
 tution to their own will and pleasure, till they broke up, and 
 changed the foundation of it. His care was, if possible, to pre- 
 serve a legal monarchy in the protestant line, upon tlie true esta- 
 blishment of laws and fundamental constitution. He had no 
 otlier view of safety, but from the Prince of Orange ; and there- 
 fore he helped to draw the eyes of the nobility and gentry the 
 same way. He writ his mind freely to an English friend at the 
 court of the Hague, that their last and only hopes were from 
 thence ; and therefore he was very much in those deep and secret
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 345 
 
 measures, which were taken to invite over that prince. But 
 while he was waiting, with impatience, the effects of it, he found 
 dangers and difficulties big enough to try a noble spirit. 
 
 The King, upon the first alarm from Holland, or rather from 
 France, had a jealousy of this Earl, above any other peer, and sent 
 for him to court, that he might have the stricter guard upon him. 
 His Lordship excused his attendance, because he knew the mean- 
 ing of it. After this, his kinsman, the Duke of Newcastle, was 
 desired to go down to Chatsworth, to invite the Earl into the 
 King's service: but his Lordship heard the Duke's discourse of 
 the fatality of civil war, and of the loyalty of their family the 
 Cavendishes, and some other suggestions of interest and honour, 
 with seeming attention, and all civilities, without making any re- 
 turn or answer, but in general expressions. When his noble 
 guest was gone, he concerted other measures with the Earl of 
 Danby, the Lord Delaraere, Sir Scroop How, and some few 
 others of greatest quality and interest in those parts. They had, 
 at first, an eye upon the Prince's landing in the north, and, when 
 disappointed of those hopes, they still continued their prepara- 
 tions, and waited for him with impatience. In the mean time, 
 the Earl treated with many of his friends and neighbours ; but he 
 found them reflecting on the Duke of Monmouth's attempt, and 
 bearing in mind the western inquisition. He had the hearts and 
 wishes of many who dared not to stir their hands. Some ex- 
 pectances were not answered, and even some promises were 
 evaded. When the Prince was driven back by a storm, and the 
 Kin'.'- was doing some fair things to please the people, his Lord- 
 ship was then in danger of being delivered up, or, at least, of 
 being left alone. He did, however, keep himself and servants, 
 and some ftw of his fastest friends, in a readiness and silent pre- 
 paration. They talked over the scene they had laid in feigned 
 words and phrases ; and when any suspected company seemed to 
 understand them, they fell into other inventions of secresy and 
 reserve. 
 
 As soon as he heard of the Prince's landing in the west, he 
 began to move, and resolved to run the utmost hazards for his 
 cause. He marched first, with a small retinue, to the county- 
 town of Derby, and invited n}any of the gentry, and entertained 
 those .vho adventured to come, at his open table, with freedom of 
 discourse. He called out the mayor and commonalty, and read 
 to them the Prince's dfclaration, and made a favourable com- 
 ment on it 3 and delivered to them a copy of tlie declaration made
 
 $46 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 by himself, and the nobility and gentry with him, " that they 
 would, to their utmost, defend the protestant religion, the laws of 
 the kingdom, and the rights and liberties of the subject. 
 
 While his Lordship was in town, a messenger came from 
 London, with a letter in the heel of his boot, so much soaked in 
 water and dirt, that it could hardly be made legible : the contents 
 were to signify the return of King James from Salisbury, and the 
 advance of the Prince's army towards London. This occasioned 
 great joy ; but, in the midst of it, another courier arrived, with an 
 account directly contrary, and left the wisest of them in suspence, 
 and the rest in consternation. The King's party made their ad- 
 vantage of it, and began to form a plot of securing the Earl and 
 his company, if they had not left the place with greater expe- 
 dition. 
 
 From thence his Lordship marched to Nottingham, where 
 the people were well affected ; and the nobility and gentry soon 
 made a number and figure very considerable. The Earl, at the 
 head of them, thought fit to unite them in a declaration of their 
 sense and resolution ; which was accordingly made, and (on 
 November 22d, l6S8) unanimously subscribed on this professed 
 principle; " we own it rebellion to resist a King that governs by 
 law ; but he was always accounted a tyrant that made his will the 
 law 3 and, to resist such a one, we justly esteem no rebellion, but a 
 necessary and lust defence." This declaration was thought to be 
 so equitable and honourable, that many otiiers came daily into it, 
 and w ere formed into regular troops, and made the appearance of 
 a confederate army. A regiment of horse (the fourth) was- 
 formed, whereof his Lordship was colonel, and >vas one of the 
 first that went to Ireland, in 168Q. When her royal highness the 
 Princess Anne was persuaded to forsake her father's palace, she 
 .went from London with the Lord Bishop, the Earl of Dorset, and 
 a small train of ladies, on Sunday night, November 25lh, deter- 
 mining to go directly to Nottingham. In her journey a rumour 
 was industriously spread, that a party of the enemies would in- 
 tercept her ; upon which the Earl marched out, with a good 
 body of horse, and, at some miles distance from the town, met 
 her royal highness, with great respect and joy, and conducted her 
 to the castle (from whence the noble owner, the Duke of New- 
 castle, had withdrawn) and kept tables at his own expence, and 
 provided all the other accommodations of a court, and a standing 
 council. When his stock failed, he accepted of some contribu- 
 tions, and, at last, borrowed the public money in such a manner,
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 34/ 
 
 as to satisfy the collectors, and please the country. When a 
 'copy of the association came, he readily went into it, and was 
 followed by those who were most hearty in the cause. When 
 some were so cautious as to decline it, he waved their refusal 
 with great temper : but when they afterwards, on a nearer pros- 
 pect of success, offered to subscribe, he then checked them for 
 their former wariness, and said, there was now no need of their 
 doing it. 
 
 The Princess was extremely satisfied with her reception ; but 
 desiring to be nearer to his royal highness Prince George, pro- 
 posed to go toward Oxford : whereupon the Earl of Devonshire, 
 and his noble train, were a guard to her royal highness, and, by 
 easy and most convenient stages, conducted her safe to Oxford, 
 where she was soon after met by her most affectionate consort, 
 the Prince. When the Earl of Devon had delivered up his royal 
 trust at Christchurch, he was solicitous to do more, that the im- 
 portant work might be finished, and the fruits of it remain to 
 posterity : so, with a private friend or tv?o, he hastened early 
 next day to London ; and hearing the Prince of Orange was come 
 as far as Sion House, he resolved to meet him the next morning, 
 and came thither to the Prince, as he was taking coach, and was 
 received by him with all the marks of affection and esteem. 
 
 He was among the lords spiritual and temporal, assembled in 
 their house at Westminster, on December 25th, and was forward 
 and leading in the address to the prince, to take upon him the 
 administration, till the meeting of a convention then summoned. 
 At the opening of that convention on January 22d, 1O88-9, he 
 was one of the first peers in the order, for " a day of public 
 thanksgiving to Almighty God, for having made his highness, 'he 
 Prince of Orange, the glorious instrument of the great deliverance 
 of this kingdom from popery and arbitrary power." And again 
 in the address of the lords and commons, " to desire the Prince 
 to continue in the administration of public affairs, civil and mili'- 
 tary, and the disposal of the public revenue, for the preservatioa 
 of our religion, rights, laws, liberties, and properties." In the 
 following debates, he was for completing and securing the 
 wonderful revolution. He argued boldly for the sense of the 
 commons of England, " that King James had not only endea- 
 voured to subvert the constitution of the kingdom, by breaking the 
 original contract between King and people j but, having violated 
 the fundamental laws, and withdrawn himself out of the king- 
 dom, had abdicated the government ; and the throne was thereby
 
 348 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 vacant." When a majority of lords were at first against this 
 vote, he entered his protestation with about forty other peers ; 
 and, after a free conference, he encouraged the leading commons, 
 and helped to convince some lords, how reasonable it was to agree 
 with them. When this point was at last carried, he had the 
 pleasure to see a greater majority with him in the final resolution, 
 " that the Prince and Princess of Orange should be declared King 
 and Queen of England, &c." He was zealous in the declaration 
 of the lords and commons, for vindicating their antient rights and 
 liberties ; and distinguished himself in every vote to fix the throne, 
 and prevent a relapse into slavery. 
 
 For these eminent and faithful services, he was admitted one 
 of the privy-council, on February 14th, and, on March l6th, 
 l6'88-9, was constituted lord lieutenant of Derbyshire, Also, for 
 a nearer relation to the court, was made lord steward of their 
 Majesties houshold : and it must be remembered to his honour, 
 that when a person oft'ered him a very large sum for the liberty 
 of filling up the places in his gift, and would have brought a list 
 of three names for each place, that his Lordship might choose 
 any one, he rejected the offer, justly scorning a bribe, and hating 
 the tempter. He was, indeed, averse to any act that had the least 
 appearance of dishonour, and so nice a regard to every thing that 
 was just, that when, for the entertainment of his friends, he had 
 an assembly at his house, he sent for the groom porter, and his 
 servants, that those who were disposed to play, might have no 
 suspicion of being ill treated. On April 3d, iGSQ, he was elected 
 a knight companion of the most noble order of the garter, and, 
 on May 14th following, installed, with great splendor. 
 
 At the coronation, on April 11th, l6sg, he was made lord 
 high steward of England for that day, and carried the regal 
 crown next to'the bible and the King's person ; his daughter as- 
 sisting in bearing up her Majesty's train. In this solemnity, his 
 person, port, and habit, were so very graceful, that they really 
 adorned the procession, and made the regalia more illustrious. 
 
 In the following parliament, his Lordship complained of his 
 grievance, and had it referred to a committee, who, on April 22d, 
 came to this report, ^ " their lordships are of opinion, that the 
 proceedings against the Earl of Devonshire, in the court of King's 
 Bench, in Easter term, in the 3d of King James II. upon an in- 
 formation for an assault upon Mr. Culpepper, wherein his Lord- 
 
 e Journal of the House of tords.
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 849 
 
 ship's plea of privilege of parliament was overmled, and he was 
 fined 30^000/. and thereupon committed to the King's Bench in 
 execution, was a great violation of the privileges of the peers of 
 this realm. Their lordships are likewise of opinion, that those 
 judges who sat in the said court, when the said judgments were 
 given, and the said commitment made, should be required to at- 
 tend at the bar of this house, to answer for the great offence 
 which they have committed thereby." Hereupon the house or- 
 dered, " that the clerk of the crown office, in the King's Bench, 
 should bring into this house the records of that office, wherein 
 the proceedings against the Earl of Devonshire were entered ; and 
 that the keeper of Newgate should bring, in safe custody, to the 
 bar of this house. Sir Robert Wright ; and that Sir Richard 
 Holloway, and Mr. Justice Powel, should attend the house on the 
 day appointed." 
 
 Accordingly, on Monday, May 6lh, they severally attended, 
 and acknowledged their crime, and begging the Earl of Devon- 
 shire's pardon, the house came to this resolution, " that the 
 court of King's Bench, in overruling the Earl of Devonshire's plea 
 of privilege of parliament, and forcing him to plead over in chief, 
 it being the usual time of privilege, did thereby commit a manifest 
 breach of the privilege of parliament ; and that the fine of 
 30,000/. imposed, by the court of King's Bench, upon the Earl of 
 Devonshire, was excessive and exorbitant, against Magna Charta, 
 the common right of the subject, and the law of the land." And 
 on May 7th, the house heard the judges, what cases and prece- 
 dents there were in the laws, for the commitment of a peer of this 
 realm, in execution for a fine. And on May 15tb, their Lord- 
 ships heard the persons who had given judgment against the Earl, 
 what they could say for themselves, to justify their proceedings j 
 and the King's council, upon a week's notice, did give their at- 
 tendance, but did offer nothing therein. Whereupon, after full 
 consideration, their lordships did affirm their former judgment; 
 and did further declare and adjudge, " that no peer of this realm, 
 at any time, ought to be committed for non-payment of a fine to 
 the King." 
 
 When he had obtained this right and honour to be done unto 
 himself, and his fellow peers, and to his and their posterity, he 
 -was as much concerned for redressing the injuries done unto the 
 commons, and to the particular sufferings among them. He pro- 
 moted the repeal of several attainders, and helped to prevail in 
 the house of lords, to appoint a committee to examine who were
 
 550 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 the advisers and prosecutors of the murders of the Lord Russell, 
 Colonel Sidney, Sir Thomas Armstrong, Mr. Cornish, and others. 
 He was so averse to all manner of injustice and oppression, that 
 he was always ready to protect and deliver the very enemies of 
 the government from any illegal hardship. He remembered his 
 master. King William's saying, " that he came over to defend 
 the Protestants, and not to persecute the papists." Those Roman 
 catholic gentlemen who lived near him in the country peaceably 
 and quietly, he treated as neighbours and friends, and they bore 
 a great respect to him, and shewed it by attending his funeral in 
 a very decent manner. Yet, in all public debates and consults, 
 the Duke was a steady and magnanimous opposer of popery and 
 French power : he hated the very name of a tyrant j his pen was 
 never sharp, but on that subject, as may be seen in his poem, 
 intitled, " An allusion to the Bishop of Cambray's Supplement of 
 Homer. '^ 
 
 On January 18th, 169O-I, he embarked at Gravesend with 
 his Majesty, who appointed a splendid congress at the Hague, 
 where his Grace outshined most of the Princes there. His plate 
 and furniture were so magnificent, that the sight of them drew 
 a greater concourse of people to his house, than to any other 
 palace. ' He invited several of the sovereign princes to dinner, 
 and the King to be incognito among them. In our Gazette, No, 
 2642, is the following relation : 
 
 Hague, March 9th, " On Monday last my lord steward 
 treated the Elector of Brandenburg, the Landgrave of Hesse, the 
 Prince de Commercy, &c. with great magnificence, and the King 
 was pleased, unexpected, to do his Lordship the honour to be one 
 of the company. The Elector of Bavaria was not there, but has 
 invited himself some other day," 
 
 At the siege of Mons, in March, l6g] , he waited upon his 
 Majesty to the camp, and returned to England, without any com- 
 plaint of the trouble or expence, landing with his Majesty at 
 Whitehall, on April 13th, N S. following, Mons having sur- 
 rendered to the French on the 10th. 
 
 On May 12ih, 1694, he was created Marquis of Hartington, 
 and Duke of Devonshire j the preamble to his patent setting 
 forth, " That the King and Queen could do no less for one who 
 had deserved the best of them : one who, in a corrupted age, and 
 
 *> So far is almost entirely in the words of Bishop Kennet. 
 ' Exact relation of the entertainment of King William at the Hague
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 351 
 
 sinking into the basest flattery, had constantly retained the man- 
 ners of the antients, and would never suffer himself to be moved, 
 either by the insinuations, or the threats, of a deceitful court : 
 but, equally despising both, like a true asserter of libt-rties, stood 
 always for the laws ; and when he saw them violated past all 
 other redress, he appealed to us ; and we. advising with him how 
 to shake off that tyranny, he, with many other peers, drawn over 
 to us by his example and advice, gave us the greatest assistance 
 towards gaining a most absolute victory without blood ; and so 
 restoring the ancient rights and religion, &c." This dignity, 
 with his garter and white staff, and justiceship in eyre, and lieu- 
 tenancy, was as much honour as an English subject could well 
 enjoy. 
 
 He was constituted Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of 
 Derbyshire, on King William's accession, having, on the death of 
 his father, been left out of the commission, for not approving of 
 the measures of the court. King Charles constituted Robert Earl 
 of Scarsdale lord Lieutenant ; and King James appointed Theo- 
 philus Earl of Huntingdon. 
 
 At the death of Queen Mary, on December 28th, l6c>4, the 
 Duke expressed his own grief, and the public loss, in an ode com- 
 posed by him, with great passion and judgment. ' 
 
 He was chosen, in l6g7, recorder of the town of Notting- 
 ham. 
 
 When, after the Queen's death, the administration of the 
 government, in the King's* absence, was to be intrusted in the 
 hands of his subjects, the Duke was one of those lords justices of 
 England for seven successive years, a continual honour that 
 happened to no one other peer, save to him and Dr. Ihomas 
 Tenison, archbishop of Canterbury. 
 
 In the case of Sir John Fenwick, he had a conviction of his 
 guilt, and therefore an abhorrence of his person j and yet so 
 tender was he of the forms of law, and so averse to any extraor- 
 dinary judicial proceeding, that, for fear of leaving a precedent 
 that might hereafter be misunderstood, or mis.tppiitd, he could 
 not come into that bill: for, without regard to the authority of 
 others, he always followed his own judgment ; as he did < ') - 
 nently in another bill, " for the resuniption of estates in Ire- 
 
 ' Dryden's flattery on this occasion was, as usual, gross. Dr Kip'>is >b 
 serves that, " his Grace htd merit enough, wirhout i's bcin^' iiecessay un ac- 
 count of his writing a few copies of easy verses, to d\ih him with 'he adveati-: 
 tious title of an excellent poet." Sec Park's R and N- A. vol. iv. p. Zy
 
 352 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Lind," which he opposed with great resolution, declaring, upon 
 honour, " that he would never recede from a report in that 
 iiiatter." At the funeral of King William, his Grace, and the 
 Duke of Somerset, were the two supporters to his royal highness 
 George Prince of Denmark, the chief mourner. 
 
 Upon the accession of Queen Anne to the throne, he was 
 continued in his high office, and other stations ; and served the 
 Queen with a grateful reverence to the memory of the King. 
 
 At the splendid coronation of the Queen, he 'w^s a second 
 time lord high steward of England for that solemn day, and bore 
 the crown between the Dukes of Richmond and Somerset, till he 
 presented it at the altar. 
 
 In parliament he was active for securing the protestant suc- 
 cession, for declaring war against France and Spain, and sup- 
 porting her Majesty in her alliances, to carry on the common 
 cause of Europe. He was one of the commissioners, on the part 
 of England, to treat of an union between the two nations. In 
 April, 1705, he waited on the Queen to Cambridge, and was there 
 created doctor in law, with his son, the second Duke, and many 
 others of the nobility and gentry. 
 
 Afier a severe indisposition, that would not yield to the art of 
 the best physicians, he sunk extremely in his body, without any 
 alteration in his mind and senses ; and, with a full prospect of 
 death, and a Christian preparation for it, he departed, about nine 
 in the morning, on Monday, August 18th, 1707, in Devonshire 
 House, Piccadilly, in the sixty-seventh year of his age, "^ and was 
 buried in the church of AUhallows in Derby, on Friday, Sep- 
 tember 1st. ' 
 
 The following inscription which he ordered to be put on his 
 monument, shews his political principles : 
 
 WiLLIELMUS Dux DeVON. 
 
 Bonorum Principum Fidelis Subditusj 
 Inimicus et Invisus Tyrannis. 
 He valued no other political character. 
 
 k All this also from Kennet- 
 The famous Dr. White Kennet, afterwards Bishop of Peterborough, 
 preached his funeral sermon, and published it with memoirs of the family 
 annexed, from whence the greater part of this article is taken, though in the 
 late editions of Collins it was not acknowledged There is a further character 
 of the Duke in the sermon itself, which is not inserted for want of room. The 
 preacher was calumniated as recommending a death-bed repentance, which 
 he denied. See Nichols's Edition, 1797, Preface, p viii-
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 353 
 
 " His bearing a relation to most of the noble families in Eng- 
 landj gave him, as he thought, a larger share in the common 
 care and concern for the privileges of the peers, and the rights of 
 the people. His frequent discourse was to commend the consti- 
 tution and laws of this kingdom ; and to affirm, " that as he 
 always had, so he ever would endeavour to defend and preserve 
 them." He seemed to be made for a patriot : his mien and as- 
 pect were engaging and commanding : his address and conver- 
 sation were civil and courteous in the highest manner. His 
 speeches on any important affair were smooth and weighty. As a 
 statesman, his whole deportment came up to his noble birth, and 
 his eminent stations : nor did he want any of what the world 
 calls accomplishments. He had great skill in languages, was a 
 true juJge in history, a critic in poetry, and had a fine hand in 
 music. He had an elegant taste in painting, and all politer arts, 
 with a spirit that was continually improving his judgment in 
 them; and in architecture, had a genius, skill, and experience, 
 beyond any one person of any one age^ his house at Chatsworth 
 being a monument of beauty and magnificence, that perhaps is 
 not exceeded by any palace in Europe." '" 
 
 By the Lady Mary, his wife, daughter of James Duke of Or- 
 mond, before mentioned (which Lady died on July 31st, 1 7 10, 
 aged sixty-eight, and was buried in Westminster Abbey) his Grace 
 had three sons and a daughter, Lady Elizabeth, married to Sir 
 John W'entworth of Broadsworth in com. Ebor. Bart. His three 
 sons were, 
 
 First, William, second Duke of Devonshire. 
 
 Second, Lord Henry Cavendish, a gentleman distinguished for 
 his great merits, who was elected " for the town of Derby, in l6g5 
 and 1698 ; and died, very much lamented, on Friday, May 10th, 
 1700, in the twenty-seventh year of his age, leaving by his wife 
 Rhoda, daughter of William Cartwright, of Aynho in com. 
 Northamp. Esq. one daughter, Mary, born January 30th, 1698, 
 married to John, late Earl of Westmoreland, and died his widow 
 July 29th, 1778, aged eighty years. The said Rhoda, surviving, 
 died on January 2-Jth, 1729-3O. 
 
 Third, Lord James Cavendish, of Stayley Park in Devonshire, 
 who was elected P to parliament for the town of Derby, in the 
 12th year of King William j as also in another parliament (he 
 
 " Kennet in his Sermon. " Not. Parliament p 236, 
 
 o CoHin Plate. p Not. Parliament, p zjC). 
 
 VOL. I. 2 A
 
 354 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 year following, and in two other parliaments, in the reign of 
 Queen Anne : he was likewise chosen for the said borough in the 
 first year ut King George I. and in all the following parliaments, 
 till he was made auditor of the revenue in Ireland, in February 
 1/41-2, whereby he vacated his seat in parliament. His Lord- 
 ship married xVnne, daughter of Elihu Yale, Esq. governor of 
 Fort St. George in the East Indies, who died on July 8th, 1721. 
 By her Ladyship (who died on June 27th, 1734) he had issue one 
 son, William, and a daughter Elizabeth, who died August 4th, 
 1779, '1 married, in February 1/32, to Richard Chandler, Esq. 
 son and heir apparent to Edward Chandler, lord bishop of Dur- 
 ham. And the said William also married Barbara, daughter of 
 the before mentioned Edward, lord bishop of Durham, and died 
 on June 30th, 1751, without issue j and Lord James Cavendish, 
 his father, deceasing on December 14th, 17''51, the said Richard 
 Chandler, Esq. by act of parliament in 1752, changed his name 
 to Cavendish. 
 
 William, second Duke of Devonshire, w^as trained to 
 the public service from his youth. In l()y2, he served, as a vo- 
 lunteer, under King William, in Flanders. 
 
 As soon as he came of age, he \\'as returned a member of the 
 house of commons ; and on the peace concluded at Ryswick, ho 
 made a tour to France. He was elected one of the knights for 
 the county of Derby, in 1695 ; as also in two other parliaments, 
 in 169s and 170O} and one of the knights for Yorkshire, in 1/02, 
 1705, and 1707, when he succeeded to the peerage. While he 
 was Marquis of Flartington, her Majesty constituted him captain 
 of the yeomen of her guard ; and succeeding his father in his 
 honours, the Queen likewise conferred on him his places of dig- 
 nity and trust, with this most gracious expression, " that she had 
 lost a loyal subject and good friend in his father, but did not 
 doubt to iind them both again in him." 
 
 His Grace was declared lord steward of the household, on 
 September 6th, and sworn of the privy council, on September 8th, 
 1707. On October 2C)th following, he was appointed lord warden 
 and chief justice in eyre, of all the forests, parks and ehaces, &c. 
 beyond Trent ; as also Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of 
 the county of Derby. On May 10th, 1708, he was again sworn 
 of the privy council, according to an act of parliament on the 
 
 ' See an account cf Bishop Chandler's family in Gent- Mag. for 1793,
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 355 
 
 union with Scotland, which his Grace industriously pronioted, 
 when he was one of the commissioners for that purpose. 
 
 On the change of the ministry, in 17 10, he resigned his places j 
 but having been elected a Knight of the most noble order of the 
 Garter, he was installed at Windsor, on December 22d the same 
 year. 
 
 At the demise of the Queen, his Grace was in the same power 
 and trust with her successor, being one of the regents of the king- 
 dom, nominated by his Majesty, pursuant to an act of parliament 
 for the better securing the protestant succession ; and was de- 
 clared lord steward of the King's household, and sworn of the 
 privy-council. 
 
 On July 5th, 1716^ he resigned his office of lord steward of 
 the household, and the next day was declared lord president of 
 the council 5 from which high office he retired in April, 1717* 
 when several of the nobility and other persons voluntarily quitted 
 their places. On June 11th, 172O, his Mrgesty designing to visit 
 his dominions in Germany, he declared his Grace one of the 
 justices of the kingdom, during his absence, in which most 
 honourable trust he was continued when his Majesty's affairs 
 called him abroad 5 and on March 27th, 1725, was again declared 
 lord president of the council. Likewise, on May 31st, 1727, he 
 was a fifth time declared cue of the lords justices of the king- 
 dom. 
 
 His Grace was again made Lord Lieutenant and Gustos Ro- 
 tulorum of the county of Derby, and declared lord president of 
 the council October 4th, 17^7 } a!''0, in June following, again 
 appointed one of the lords justices, during his Majesty's absence; 
 and, on November 17th following, chose one of the governors of 
 the Charter House. 
 
 His Grace married the Lady Rachel, daughter of William 
 Lord Russell, and sister to Wriothesley Duke of Bedford ; and by 
 her (who died on December 28th, 1725) had issue. 
 
 First, William, third Duke of Devonshire. 
 Second, Lord James Cavendish, who, in 1730, was consti- 
 tuted colonel and captain of a company in the third regiment of 
 foot guards; also, in 1738, colonel of the thirty-fourth regiment 
 of foot, and died member of parliament for Malton, on No- 
 vember 5th, 1741. 
 
 Third, Lord Charles Cavendish, who was elected member 
 for Heylesbury, in Wiltshire, April 15th, 1725. In 1727, he 
 was chosen for the city of Westminster, and the year after, ap-
 
 356 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 pointed one of the gentlemen of the bedchamber to the Prince of 
 Wales. In 1734^ he was chosen for the county of Derby. He 
 married, on January Qth, 1/27, the Lady Anne Grey, third 
 daughter of Henry Duke of Kent, and by her (who died at Pucke- 
 ridge in Hertfordshire, on September 20th, 1733) had issue two 
 sons, Frederick and Henry, His Lordship was a well known 
 member of the Royal Society, one of the trustees of the British 
 Museum, and one of the council ot the Free British Fishery. He 
 died. . . . 
 
 Fourth, Lord John Cavendish, who died on May 10th, 
 1723. 
 
 Lady Mary Cavendish, eldest daughter, died on June 15th, 
 1719, unmarried. Lady Rachel, married to Sir William Morgan, 
 of Tredegar in com. Monmouth, Knight of the Bath. She sur- 
 vived him till June 18th, 1780, when she departed this life, aged 
 upwards of eighty years 3 by him she had issue a son and heir, 
 William Morgan, of Tredegar, Esq. vvho died in 1763, S. P.; 
 and a daughter Elizabeth, the wife of William Jones, third son 
 of ... . Jones, of Llanarthy in com. Monmouth, Esq. S. P. 1779* 
 Lady Elizabeth, married to Sir Thomas Lowther, of Holker in 
 com. Pal. Lane. Bart, and died anno 1737. Lady Catherine, and 
 Lady Anne, died unmarried ) as did Lady Diana, on February 
 12th, 1721-2. 
 
 His Grace departed this life in Devonshire-house, in Picca- 
 dilly, on June 4th, 1 729, and was buried in Allhallows church in 
 Derby. 
 
 William, third Duke of Devonshire, served in Parlia- 
 ment, whilst he was a commoner, for the boroughs of Lest- 
 withiel and Grampound in Cornwall, and for the county of 
 Huntingdon. 
 
 On May 23d, 1726, he was constituted captain of the band of 
 gentlemen pensioners, and attended, in that character, at the coro- 
 nation of his late Majesty, who, on his accession to the crown, 
 continued him in the same post. Succeeding his father in his 
 honours, he was constituted Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotu- 
 lorum of the county of Derby, on November 2d, 1727, and was 
 sworn of his Majesty's privy-council. And on June 12th, 1731, 
 was declared lord keeper of the privy-seal, and sworn of the privy- 
 council, the J 5th following, and took his place at the board as 
 keeper of the privy-seal. 
 
 In April, 1/33, his Grace was constituted lord steward of his 
 Majesty's household. And having been elected one of the knights
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 357 
 
 companions of the most noble order of the garter, was installed at 
 Windsor, on August 22d, the same year. 
 
 On March 31st, 1737, his Grace was declared in council, 
 lord lieutenant general, and general governor of the kingdom of 
 Ireland. His Grace continued lord lieutenant of Ireland, till Ja- 
 nuary 3d, 1744, when the place of lord steward of his Majesty's 
 household was again conferred on him. His. Grace was one of 
 the lords justices for the administration of the government, during 
 his Majesty's absence, in 1741, 1743, 1745, and 1748; continu- 
 ing lord steward of his Majesty's household, till June 1749^ 
 when choosing to retire to his noble seat at Chatsvvorth, he did 
 there, for the most part, reside, and departed this life on De- 
 cember 5th, 1/55, and was buried at AUhallows, Derby. 
 
 Coxe has recorded that, " while he was lord lieutenant of 
 Ireland, he gave a striking instance of prudence and firmness. Oa 
 the introduction of a new coinage, Swift, elated with his former 
 triumphs in the affair of Wood, and anxious to embarrass the 
 measures of government, distributed inflammatory hand bills, 
 ordered the bells of the cathedral to be muffled, and endeavoured 
 to excite a ferment among ihe people. The Duke on his arrival, 
 informed of these seditious attempts, sent an aid-de-camp to un- 
 muffle the bells, and to threaten Swift with an arrest should any 
 riot be excited. The turbulent dean was intimidated ; a peal of 
 loyalty was rung at the cathedral, and perfect tranquillity pre- 
 served. The Duke was a man of sound judgment, and unbiassed 
 integrity ; and Sir Robert Walpole, who often confidentially con- 
 sulted him on difficult questions, used to declare, that, on a sub- 
 ject which required mature deliberation, he would prefer his sen- 
 timents to those of any other person in the kingdom. Mr. Wal- 
 pole also paid a just tribute to the character of his noble friend, 
 whose talents were more solid than brilliant. Calling one day at 
 Devonshire House, which was just finished, and not finding him 
 at home, he left this epigram on his table : 
 
 Ut dominus, domus est; non extra fulta columnis 
 Marmoreis splendet 3 quod tenet, intus habet. 
 
 His Grace was, at this period, lord steward of the household, and 
 held a place in the cabinet : disgusted, however, with the feuds in 
 thecabinet, and perplexed with the jealous disposition of Newcastle, 
 and the desponding spirit of Mr. Pelham, he resigned his office 
 in 17^9, and withdrew to a dignified retirement at Chatsworth, 
 prepared, on all occasions of importance, to give his support to
 
 358 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 government. He was succeeded in his high station by the Duke 
 of Marlborough." 
 
 On March 27th, 17I8, his Grace married Catherine, daughter 
 and sole heir of John Hoskins, of the county of Middlesex, Esq. 
 by which Lady (who survived till May 8th, I///) he had issue 
 four sons, and three daughters. 
 
 First, William, fourth Duke of Devonshire. 
 
 Second, Lord George Cavendish, to whom his late Majesty 
 was godfather, and who was elected, in 1751, for Weymouth 5 
 and in several parliaments was chosen for the county of Derby. 
 In October, 1761^ he was appointed comptroller of the household, 
 and sworn of the privy council, on February 15th, 1762, but did 
 not long enjoy the office of comptroller. And on June 17th, 
 1766, was appointed Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of 
 the county of Derby. He died, unmarried, May 2d, 17i,'4, being 
 then M. P. fur the connty of Derby. 
 
 Third, Lord Frederick Cavendish (to whom his royal highness 
 the late Prince of Wales was godfather) who taking to a military 
 life, was, on March 21st, 1752, appointed lieutenant, with the 
 rank of cnptain, in the second regiment of foot guards. In May, 
 1758, his Lordhhip was nominated aid-de-camp to his late Ma- 
 jesty ; in November, 176O, constituted colonel of the thirty- 
 fourth regiment of foot 3 promoted to the rank of major general, 
 on March 7tlij 1701, and advanced to be lieutenant general on 
 April 30th, 1770 ; general 20th November 1782 ; and field marshal 
 on July 30th. 179^i' On his brother being called up to the house 
 of peers, he was elected in his place one of the knights for the 
 county of Derby ; also to several parliainents for the town of 
 Derby ; and d;eil, unmarried, October 21st, 1S03. 
 
 Fourth, Lord Juhn Cavendish, ' elected in 1754, member of 
 parliament for Weymouth j in 176I for Knaresborough j and to 
 subsequent pirli 'ments for the city of York, and elected for the 
 county of D rby, in the room of his brother Lord George, de- 
 ceased. On March 27th, 1782, he was appointed chancellor of 
 tiie Exchequer, and one of the lords of the treasury, which he 
 held only till July fallowing 5 and was again appointed to those 
 situations April oth, 17S3, which he held only to December fol- 
 lowing. He died unmarried, December ipth, 1796. 
 
 Lady Carolina, to whom his late Majesty was godfather, mar* 
 
 " The Poet Mason was his tutor at Cambridge; and addressed one of 
 his elegies to him.
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 35 
 
 ried to William Ponsonby, Lord Viseount Duncannon, son and 
 heir of Brabazon^ Earl of Bessborough, of tlie kingdom of Ireland, 
 of whom under the title of Lord Ponsonby. Her Ladyship died 
 January 20th, l/60. 
 
 Lady Elizabeth, married, in September, 1/42, to the honour- 
 able John Ponsonby, Esq. second son of the said Ear! of Bess- 
 borougli ; by whom she was mother of William Brabazon Pon- 
 sonby, created Lord Ponsonby 1806 3 and of the Rt. Hon. George 
 Ponsonby late Lord Chancellor of Ireland 3 and Lady Rachel, 
 married, on May 12th, 174S, to Horatio Walpole, Esq. son and 
 at length successor to the Rt. Hon. Horatio Walpole, Baron of 
 Woolterton in iNorfolk 3 now Earl of Orford. She died May Sth, 
 1805. 
 
 William, fourth Duke and seventh Earl of Devon- 
 shire, of his family, was at the general election, in 1/47, returned 
 one of the knights for Derbyshire 3 and called up to the house of 
 peers, on June 13th, l/'Sl, wiih precedency, according to the 
 patent granted his ancestor, on May 4th, l605, being the fifteenth 
 Baron, when he took his scat among the lords. On July 9th, 
 1/51, he was appointed master of the horse, and three days after 
 sworn of the privy-council. On March 30th, next year, he was 
 nominated one of the lords of the regency, during his Majesty's 
 absence : and in January, 1/54, was constituted governor of the 
 county of Cork in Ireland, and also, in February following, 
 lord high treasurer of that kingdom, in the room of the last Earl 
 of Burlington. On March 27th, 1755, he was declared lord 
 lieutenant and governor general of Ireland ; first commissioner 
 of the treasury, on November l6th, 1756; and lord lieutenant of 
 the county of Derby, on December 15th, that year. His Grace 
 was installed Knight of the Garter, on March 27th, 17^7 3 ^^'^ 
 having, in May that year, been appointed chamberlain of the 
 household, he resined his place in the treasury. Being conti- 
 nued in the chamberlain's OiHce, at the accession of the present 
 King, he in that quality assisted at the royal nuptials, and the 
 coronation. He in 1762, resigned all his employments in England 
 depending on the crown 3 but retained those of lord high trea- 
 surer of Ireland, and governor of the county of Cork in that 
 kingdom, to the time of his decease, which happened on October 
 2d, 1704, in the forty-fourth year of his age, at the German Spa, 
 whither he had gone about a month before for the benefit of his 
 health, and was buried at Allhallows, Derby. His Grace was 
 slso Fellow of the Royal Society, one of the governors of th
 
 360 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Charter House, president of the London Hospital in Whitechapel 
 Road, and one of the governors of St. Bartholomew's Hospital. 
 He married, in March, 1748, Lady Charlotte, the third and 
 youngest, but only surviving, daughter and heir of Richard Boyle, 
 Earl of Burlington and Cork, and by her Ladyship (who died on 
 December 8th, 1754, and was buried at AUhallows, Derby) had 
 issue three sons, and one daughter j viz. William, now Duke of 
 Devonshire; Lord Richard Cavendish, born on June ipth, 1751, 
 and elected in two parliaments for the town of Lancaster j he 
 died at Naples September 7th, 1781, where he went for the re- 
 covery of his health. His Lordship was at the general election, 
 l/SO, chosen member for Derby. 
 
 Lord George Augustus Henry, born on Feb. 27tb, 1754, and 
 elected in several parliaments for Knaresborough in Yorkshire; and 
 since for the county of Derby. He married, March 27th, 1782, at 
 Trinity chapel. Conduit-street, Lady Elizabeth Compton, sole 
 daughter and heir of Charles, seventh Earl of Northampton, by 
 whom he has had issue, first, William, born Jan. 10, 1783, M. P. for 
 Aylesbury, I8O6: second, George Henry Compton, M. P. for 
 Aylesbury, I8O7, and captain in the seventh dragoons; third, 
 Elizabeth Dorothy, born June 12th, 17S6, died September 
 17th, 1786; fourth, Anna, born November 11th, 1 787 ; fifth, 
 Elizabeth, born March 13th, 1792, died May 26th, 1794; 
 sixth, Henry Frederick Compton, born November 5th, 1789; 
 seventh, Charles Compton, born August 28th, 1793 ; eighth, 
 Mary Louisa, born March 6th, 1795, died June 7th, 1795 j ninth, 
 Carolina, born, April 5tli, 1797 J tenth, a daughter, born April 
 23 d, 1803. 
 
 And Lady Dorothy Cavendish, born on August 27th, 1750, and 
 married on Nov. 8th, 1766, to his Grace William Henry Caven- 
 dish Bentinck, the present Duke of Portland 3 she died May 1794. 
 William, the present and fifth Duke, and eighth 
 Earl, of Devonshire, was born on December 14th, 1748; and 
 was one of the six lords (eldest sons of peers) who supported his 
 Majesty's train at his coronation, on September 22d, 1761 ; on 
 March 1st, 1766, his Grace was constituted lord high treasurer of 
 Ireland, and governor of the county of Cork in that kingdom. 
 His Grace married June 6th, 1774, Lady Georgina Spencer, eldest 
 daughter of the Right Honourable John Earl Spencer, by whom 
 he has had issue, first, Georgina, born July 12th, 1783, married, 
 March 21st, 1801, George Viscount Morpeth, son of Frederick, 
 Earl of Carlisle, K. G. ; second, Henrietta, born August 12, 1805;
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 36l 
 
 third, William George, Marquis of Hartington, born May 21st^ 
 1790. His Duchess died in March I8O6, His Grace is a Knight 
 of the Garter. 
 
 Titles. William Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire, Marquis of 
 Hartington, Earl of Devonshire, and Baron Cavendish of Hard- 
 wick. 
 
 Creations. Baron Cavendish of Hardwick, in com. Derb. by 
 letters patent May 4th, l605, 3 Jac. I. Earl of Devonshire, August 
 7th, 161 8, 16 Jac. I. Marquis of Hartington, and Duke of Devon- 
 shire, May 12th, I694, 6 William and Mary. 
 
 Arms. Quarterly. 1 . Sable, three harts heads caboshed. Argent, 
 attired. Or, Cavendish. 2. Per bend embatteled Arg. and Gu. 
 Boyle. 3. Cheeky, Or and Az. a fess Gules, Clifford. 4. As first. 
 
 Crest, On a wreath, a snake noue, proper. 
 
 Supporters, Two harts, proper, each gorged with a garland 
 or sprig of roses. Argent and Azure, attired. Or. 
 
 Motto. Cavendo Tutus. 
 
 Chief Seats. At Chatsworth, in the county of Derby ; at 
 Hardwick, in the same county ; and at Chiswick, in Middlesex.
 
 3G2 
 
 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 SPENCER, DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 
 
 The family of Spencer, who were made peers by James I, by (he 
 title of Lord Spencer- of IVormleighton, and were afterwards made 
 Earls of Sunderland, obtained the Dukkdom of Marlborough, 
 by marriage with Lady Anne, second daughter and coheir of John 
 Ch.ujrchill, the celebrated Duke of that title. It will tlierefore 
 be proper first to give the Churchill pedigree. 
 
 Churchill Family. 
 
 I shall give an account of this ancient house from Dr, James 
 Anderson's Genealogical Tables, edit. 2. p. .'580-1. ^ 
 
 The patriarch of the family, according to that reverend and 
 illustrious antiquary, was Gitto de Leon, of a noble family in 
 Normandy, who lived A. D. 1055, and had two sons, Richard 
 and Wandril. Richard, the eldest, Avas Lord of Montalban, and 
 progenitor of the present noble house of Leon in France, by his 
 wife Yoland, Countess of Luxemburg. 
 
 Wandril de Leon, the second son, was Lord of Courcil, '' 
 and by marriage with Isabella de Tuya, was also father of two 
 sons, Roger de Courcil, and Rouland de Courcil, ancestor of the 
 Courcils of Poictou, from whom those of that name, in Normandy 
 and Anjou, are descended. 
 
 Roger de Courcil, eldest son of Wandril, came into Eng-^ 
 land, in 1066, with William the Conqueror, and was rewarded 
 for his services with divers lands in Somersetshire, Dorsetshire, 
 
 " The Duke of Marlborough is inserted by Anderson, as Duke of Mindel- 
 lieim in Swabia ; and afterwards in excliange, Prince of Nellenburg in Upper 
 Austria. The present compiler copies it on his authority ; but it is extremely 
 deficient in reference to original documents, and is therefore suspicious. 
 '' Baronagium Gencalog. MS.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. S63 
 
 and Devonshire (as appears by Doomsday-book) part whereof 
 was the Lordship of Churchill '^ in Somersetshire, which was an- 
 ciently written Curichil, Cheuchil, Chirchil, &c. and was so de- 
 nominated from being the habitation of his family. This Roger 
 de Courcil wedded Gertruda, daughter of Sir Guy de Torbay, and 
 by her had three sons ; first, John de Curichil j second, Hugh 
 Fitz Roger, Lord ofCorfeton In Dorsetsliire, wlio marrying the 
 sister and heir of ... . Bond, Lord of Fisherton, his offspring as- 
 sumed that surname, and bore the arms of that family, viz. sable, 
 a fess, Or; and third, Roger Fitz Roger, whose son, by Mabel, 
 heiress of the family of Solerys, or Solers, taking that surname, 
 from him are sprung those of the name of Solers. 
 
 John de Curichil espoused Joan de Kilrington, and by her 
 was father of 
 
 Sir Bartholomew de Chirchil, a great warrior, and cele- 
 brated in antient songs, who held the castle of Bristol for King 
 Stephen, and died fighting in his cause. This Sir Bartholomew 
 wedded Agnes, daughter of Ralph Fitz Ralph, Lord of Tiverton ; 
 and by her had a son. 
 
 Pagan de Cherchile, father of Roger de Cherchile, who had 
 free warren in his lands of Cherchile, in the reign of Edward I.'' 
 and left a son, 
 
 Elias de Churchile, who in 8 Edward 11. grants e to John 
 Bampfield his meadow called Pleynford in Clifton, married Do- 
 rothy, a daughter of the antient fmiily of Columbers, and by her 
 had three sons, John, Giles, and William. John, the eldest, a 
 witness to a charter of Thomas Bampfield, in 5 Richard JL ^ and 
 also mentioned in a charter, 11 Henry IV. wedded Jane, daughter 
 and coheir of Roger Dawney of Norton, by Juliana his wife, 
 daughter and coheir of William de Widdehere, and by her was 
 father of two daughters, Margaret, wife of Andrew Hillersdon of 
 Devonshire; and Agnes, married to Thomas Giffaid, of Theu- 
 
 ^ This is contradicted by Collinson, Hist Som. vol iii- p. 580, who says 
 it is not mentioned among Roger dc Cuicelle's posscsbions in the Domesday 
 Book ; for that it then formed part of the manor of Banwell In the time of 
 Edward III. it belonged to the family of Cogan- Sir John Churchill bought 
 it in the time of Charles II, of Richard Jenyns, p:sq. 
 
 '^ Cotcmporary with whom was Richard de Churchille, who in 14 Edw. 
 V. was a witness to the agreement made between the brctinen of the hospital 
 of St John Baptist in Bath, and Thomas de Hereford, one of the burgesses of 
 Bristol, concerning a house in Recdclive, in the suburbs of Bristol, of the fee 
 of Berkeley. Rot. Term. Pascli. 14 Ed. I. 
 
 ^ Sir William Pole's MS. of Charters. ^ Ibid. p. 34, and 260.
 
 364 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 borough in Cornwall, who had with her the lordship of Churchill, 
 and other lands, Giles, the second son, had the lordship of 
 Yampton and Lineham in Devonshire, which went at last, by an 
 heiiess, to the family of the Crokers. 
 
 William Churchile, the third and youngest son of the above 
 mentioned Elias, was seated at Rockbear, in Devonshire, and had 
 a son, 
 
 Giles Churchill, Esq. who was father of 
 
 Charles Churchill, Esq. who was engaged by Thomas 
 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire, in the cause of Edward IV. and 
 adhering to that monarch, when the Earl deserted his party, by 
 his Majesty's interest obtained, in marriage, Margaret, daughter 
 and heir of Sir William Widville. By that Lady^ who was a near 
 relation of Edward's Queen, he left 
 
 Thomas Churchill, Esq, his heir, who, by his wife Grace^ 
 daughter and coheir of Thomas Tylle, of Tylle House in Corn- 
 wall, Esq. was father of 
 
 William Churchill, Esq. who espoused Mary, eldest daughter 
 of Richard Creuse, of Wicroft castle in Devonshire, Esq. and by 
 her had three sons, Roger Churchill, his heir ; William, who was 
 of Corton in Dorsetshire ; and John Churchill, Esq. who was 
 seated at Muston, in the same county, and left a son, William 
 Churchill, Esq. his heir, who by his last will, e dated March 12th, 
 1599, ordered his body to be buried in St. Peter's church at Dor- 
 chester, and constituted John Churchill, Esq. his son and heir, 
 sole executor, who having wedded Eleanor, daughter of John 
 Meller, of Kyme in Dorsetshire, had by her nine sons and four 
 daughters, from whom a numerous progeny is descended, as ap- 
 pears in Huichins's History of Dorsetshire, vol. i, fol. 397. 
 
 Roger Churchill, Esq, eldest son and heir of William Churchill, 
 above mentioned, was of Catherston in Dorsetshire, and by his 
 wife Jane, daughter of William Peverell of Bradford, Esq, and 
 relict of Nicholas Meggs, Esq, had a son, 
 
 Matthew Churchill, of Bradford, Esq, who took to wife 
 Alice (daughter of James Gould, of Dorchester) by whom he was 
 father of a son, 
 
 Jasper Churchill, of Bradford, Esq. who married Elizabeth, 
 daughter of John Chaplet, of Harringston in Dorsetshire, Esq. and 
 by her left two sons, John Churchill, Esq, and Jasper Churchill, 
 Esq, father of Sir John Churchill (an eminent counsel in the 
 
 * Ex Rej. Moimtagu in Cur. Prjerog Cant, p i qu 103
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 365 
 
 reign of Charles II.) who died 1685, and by Susan his wife, 
 daughter of Edmund Prideaux, Esq. left four daughters, his co- 
 heirs. He bought the manor of Churchill of Richard Jenyns, 
 Esq. but dying greatly in debt, this estate, among others, was 
 sold. ' 
 
 John Churchill, of Mintern in Devonshire, Esq. eldest son of 
 Jasper Churchill, of Bradford, Esq, was of the society of the 
 Middle Temple, and by his knowledge in the law, increased 
 his fortune very considerably, as well as by his marriage with 
 Sarah, one of the daughters and coheirs of Sir Henry Winstan, of 
 Standon, in Lincolnshire 3 and of his wife Dionise, daughter and 
 coheir of Sir Thomas Bond, Knight. By that Lady he had a son. 
 
 Sir Winstan Churchill, who was born in l6'20, and, at the 
 age of sixteen, was sent to St. John's College in Oxford ; ' but 
 took no degree, as his private affairs did not permit him to stay* 
 long there : and soon after he left the university, he married Eli- 
 zabeth, daughter of Sir John Drake, of Ashe in Devonshire, Bart, 
 and of Eleanor his wife, daughter and coheir of John Lord Boteler, 
 of Bramfield in Hertfordshire, by his wife Elizabeth, sister of 
 George Villers, the great Duke of Buckingham. Having been a 
 strenuous partizan of the royal cause, during the civil wars, he 
 suffered by sequestration, &c. with other loyalists : and his Lady 
 was obliged to take shelter at her father's house at Ashe, where 
 she bore all her children. Sir Winstan was returned to the first 
 parliament after the restoration, for Weymouth, ^ and received the 
 honour of knighthood, A. D. 1663. He was one of the first 
 Fellows of the Royal Society ; one of the commissioners of the 
 court of claims in Ireland, 1654; ' eldest clerk comptroller of the 
 board of green cloth, at the death of Charles II. in which office 
 he also continued under James II. in whose reign he served in 
 parliament for Lyme Regis ; "" and to whom he dedicated his 
 Book, entitled " Divi Britunnici : ie'vig a remark upon the 
 lives of all the Kings of this isle, from the year of the world 2855, 
 unto the year of Grace, 1660. Lond. l6/'5." A work which shews 
 him to have been well read in the ancient historians. He died 
 March 26th, l6S8, and was interred in the church of St. Martin 
 in the Fields, Westminster ; having had, by his wife aforesaid. 
 
 ^ His arms, a lion rampant delrused -U'llh a benJlct, impaling Pr'tdcaux, are 
 on the wall of Churchill-chuicli. Collinson, ut siipr- 
 
 ' Wood's Ath vol. ii. " Willis's Not Pari, p 455. 
 
 ' Cox's Hist of Ireland, vol ii. p 6. '" Willis, p 454.
 
 SCd PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 four daughters and seven sons, whereof Winstan, the eldest j 
 Montjoy, the fifth ; Jasper, the sixth, died young ; Theobald, the 
 seventh, having his education at Queen's College in Oxford, and 
 conimencing M. A. on June 13th, l683, was in holy orders, 
 and dying on December 3l\, l635, was buried in St. Martin's. 
 
 Of the daughters, Dorothy, Mary, and Barbara, died in their 
 infancy: and Arabella, the eldest, born on March l6th, ]6'48, " 
 was mistress to James II. when Duke of York, by whom she had 
 James Fitz James Duke of Berwick, one of the most celebrated 
 warriors of his time 3 Henry Fitz James, commonly called the 
 Grand Prior, on whom his father, in France, conferred the title 
 of Duke of Albemarle J Henrietta, wife of Henry Lord Walde- 
 grave J and . . . . , a nun. The said Arabella was afterwards the 
 wife of Colonel Charles Godfrey, master of the jewel office, &c. 
 and one of the clerks comptrollers of the green cloth. She died 
 at Bath, February 23d, 171^, leaving by him two daughters, 
 Charlotte, married to Hugh Boscawen, Vircount Falmouth ; and 
 Elizabeth, to Edmund Dnnch, Esq, of Wittenham in Berkshire, 
 of whose coheirs, one married the late Sir George Oxenden, 
 Bart. ; and another to Robert, 3d Duke of Manchester. 
 
 George Churchill, third son of Sir Winstan, was born on Fe- 
 bruary 2t^th, 1663-4, and having chosen a maritime life, com- 
 manded a squadron, A. D. 1689, in the Kervice of King William, 
 and distinguished himself, under Admiial Russell, in the naval 
 engagement which began off La Hogue, on May 19th, 1692. In 
 1702, the tirst of Queen Anne, he was appointed one of the 
 council, in naval afiairs, to Prince George of Denmark, lord high 
 admiral ; to whom he vt'as one of the lords of the bedchamber 
 for twenty years ; and in that reign was made admiral of the blue. 
 He served in parliament for St. Alban's, in l685, 1 James II. and 
 was one of the representatives for that borough in every succeed- 
 ing parliament, till 1710, when he departed this life, unmarried, 
 on May 8th, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Charles Churchill, fourth son of Sir Winstan, was born on 
 February 2d, l656, and at thirteen years of age was page of 
 honour to Christian V. King of Denmark, At the revolution, 
 he was made colonel of the third regiment of foot, in the room of 
 Sir Theophilus Oglethorpe, and on August 3d, 1692, acted as 
 brigadier-general at the battle of Steinkirk. He likewise assisted 
 at the battle of Landen, on July 29th, 1693, where he took his 
 
 n Ex. Regist. Eccles. de Musburg.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 3f5r 
 
 nephew, the Duke of Berwick, prisoner, and by King William 
 was made a major general of foot, and afterwards lieutenant ge- 
 neral. He was also, by that Prince, made governor of Kinsale 
 in Ireland. He was constituted lieutenant governor of the 
 Tower, on May 27th, 1/02, and had a share of the laurels gained 
 at Blenheim, or Hockstet, on August 2, 1/04. He was likewise 
 governor of Brussels, and Guernsey ; and in 170/, got the com- 
 mand of the second regiment of foot guards, being then general 
 of foot. In 170?/, he married Mary, daughter and sole heir of 
 James Goulde, of Dorchesler, Esq. and dying on December 29th, 
 1714, had sepulture in Mintern church, in Dorsetshire; but left 
 no issue by his wife, who took Montagu Earl of Abingdon for her 
 second husband. 
 
 John Churchill, Duke of Marllorough, the second but 
 eldest surviving son of Sir Winstan Churchill, is said to have been 
 born, at seventeen minutes after noon, on May 24th, l650. In 
 his youth, he was page of honour to James Duke of York, by 
 whose favour his father got him an ensign's commission in the 
 guards. In l671> he served at Tangier against the Moors; and 
 being in the army sent next year, under the Duke of Monmouth, 
 to the assistance of Lewis XIV. of France against the Dutch, sig- 
 nalized himself at the siege of Maestricht. In 1670, he attended 
 the Duke of York into Flanders, and next year into Scotland. 
 He likewise, in l682, accompanied that Prince in the voyage 
 to that kingdom, when the Gloucester frigate, on May 5th, struck 
 on the Lemon and Oar Sand ; and was one of those persons for 
 whose preservation his royal highness was particularly solicitous. 
 On December 21st following, he was, by the interest of the Duke 
 of York, dignified with the title of Lord Churchill, of Eye- 
 mouth in the county of Berwick, in Scotland; and next year, being 
 then a general officer, he got the command of the first regiment of 
 dragoons, at that time newly raised. The Duke of York suc- 
 ceeding to the crown, on February 6tli, lf;S4-5, nominated him 
 ambassador to the court of France,!' on March .5th following; 
 and constituted him one of the lords of the bedchamber, in which 
 quality he walked at his Majesty's coronation, on April 23d, 
 
 1085. 
 
 On M'ly I4th ensuing, he was crentcd a peer of England, by 
 the title of Bakon Cuukchill, of Sandridge in Hertfordshire; ^ 
 
 Where is a monument for him with a long inscription. 
 f Burnet's OT. vol. i \> 623.
 
 368 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 assisted in defeating the Duke of Monmouth at Sedgemore, on 
 July 6th following, being next. in command to Lewis Duras, Earl 
 of Feversham j and the same year was appointed colonel of the 
 third troop of life-guards. When the Prince of Orange landed, 
 in l685, he was amongst the first who went over to his highness ; 
 and in the convention, voted for the vacancy of the throne, and 
 for filling it with the Prince and Princess of Orange. 
 
 Burnet gives the following character of him j and of his con- 
 duct on this occasion : " He was a man of a noble and graceful 
 appearance, bred up in the court with no literature : but he had 
 a solid and clear understanding, with a constant presence of mind. 
 He knew the arts of living in a court beyond any man in it. He 
 caressed all men with a soft and obliging deportment, and was 
 always ready to do good offices. He had no fortune to set up on : 
 this put him on all the methods of acquiring one. And that went 
 so far into him, that he did not shake it off, when he was in a 
 much higher elevation : nor was his expense suited enough to his 
 posts. But, when allowances are made for that, it must be ac- 
 knowledged, that he is one of the greatest men the age has pro- 
 duced. He was in high favour with the King. But his Lady 
 was much more in Princess Anne's favour. She had an ascendant 
 over her in every thing. She was a woman of little knowledge, 
 but of a clear apprehension, and a true judgment, a warm and 
 hearty friend, violent and sudden i)i her resolutions, and impe- 
 tuous in her way of speaking. She was thought proud and in-^ 
 Solent on her favour, though she used none of the common arts of 
 a court to maintain it. For she did not beset the Princess, nor 
 flatter her. She staid much at home, and looked very carefully 
 after the education of her children. Having thus opened both 
 their characters, I will now give an account of his Lordship's en- 
 gagements in the revolution ; for which he has been so severely 
 censured, as guilty both of ingratitude and treachery to a very 
 kind and liberal master. He never discovered any of the King's 
 secrets ; nor did he ever push him on to any violent proceedings. 
 So that he was in no contrivance to ruin or betray him. On the 
 contrary, whensoever he spoke to the King of his affairs, which 
 he did but seldom, because he could not fall in with the King's 
 notions, he always suggested moderate counsels* The Earl of 
 Galway told me, that when he came over with the first compli- 
 ment upon the King's coming to the crown, he said then to him, 
 that, it the King was ever prevailed on to alter our religion, he 
 would servo him no longer, but withdraw from him. When he
 
 DXJKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 669 
 
 saw how the King was set, he could not be contented to see all 
 ruined by him. He was also very doubtful as to the pretended 
 birth. So he resolved, when the Prince should come over, to go 
 in to him ; but to betray no post, nor do any thing more than 
 the withdrawing himself, with such officers, as he could trust 
 with such a secret. He also undertook, that Prince George and 
 the Princess Anne would leave the court, and come to the Prince 
 as soon as was possible." 1 
 
 After their being declared King and Queen, on Ash-Wed- 
 nesday, February 13th, 1688-9, Lord Churchill was called to the 
 council table, and appointed one of the lords of the bedchamber to 
 King William. On April 9th, l6sg, two days before the coro- 
 nation, he was advanced to the rank of Eakl of Maklborough, 
 and sent that year to command the English forces in the Nether- 
 lands, under Prince Waldeck, general of the Dutch troops. Being 
 employed in Ireland, A. D. 169O, in conjunction with the Duke 
 of Wirtemberg, he reduced Cork and Kinsale;'' and, in 16QI, 
 served the campaign in Flanders under King William. In l()g2, 
 he was excepted from the benefit of the pardon offered by King 
 James, in his declaration published before the affair of La Hogue, 
 when that unfortunate monarch had a prospect of being restored ; 
 and soon after falling under King William's displeasure also, was 
 divested of all his employments, ' and for a short time kept pri- 
 soner in the Tower, on a forged accusation. * However, in June, 
 3698, being again received into William's favour, he was re-ad- 
 mitted of the privy-council, and appointed governor to William 
 Duke of Gloucester. " His Grace was also, that year, nominated 
 one of the lords justices, during his Majesty's visit to Holland ; as 
 he was likewise in 1699, and 170O. When King William was 
 forming the grand alliance, he declared the Earl of Marlborough, 
 on June 1st, 1701, general of foot, and commander in chief of all 
 his forces in Holland j and also, on the 28th of that month, con- 
 stituted him ambassador and plenipotentiary for the negotiations 
 carrying on at the Hague. Queen Anne succeeding King William, 
 on March 8th, 1 701-2, appointed his Grace, on the 15th, captain 
 general of all her forces in England, ^ and of those employed 
 
 i Burnet's O. T. vol i p. 76^ ' Il^id- vol ii p. 60. 
 
 Ibid p 90, 91- Uurnct says it was ii. rescntmei.t to the motion of the 
 Princess Anne, for an augmcntcU allowance, which the court atlributcil to 
 Lady Marlborough's instigation- 
 
 t Ibid p 102, i04 u Ibid p 2.10. x Ibid p 313. 
 
 VOL. I. 2 B
 
 37* PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 abroad in conjunction with her allies, and on the 28th, sent him 
 ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the states ge- 
 neral, y But the following inscription on the monumental pillar 
 erected at Blenheim, near Woodstock, in the county of Oxford, 
 sets forth his Grace's political transactions and military achieve- 
 ments, in the end of King William's reign, and while employed 
 in Queen Anne's : and for illustrating the dates, &c. according 
 to old style (which is that used in the inscription) notes are sub- 
 joined. 
 
 " The Castle of Blenheim was founded by Q. ANNE, 
 
 In the fourth Year of her Reign, 
 
 In the Year of the Christian ^Era 1/05 ; 
 
 A Monument design'd to perpetuate the Memory of the 
 
 signal Victory 
 
 Obtained over the French and Bavarians, 
 
 Near the Village of Blenheim, 
 
 On the Banks of the Danube, 
 
 By JOHN Duke of MARLBOROUGH : 
 
 The Hero not only of his Nation, but his Age j 
 
 Whose Glory was equal in Council and in the Field : 
 
 Who by Wisdom, Justice, Candour and Address, 
 
 Reconciled various, and even opposite Interests j 
 
 Acquired an Influence, which no Rank, no Authority can give. 
 
 Nor any Force but That of superior Virtue. 
 
 Became the fixed important Center, 
 
 Which united in one common Cause 
 
 The principal States of Europe j 
 
 Who by military Knowledge, and irresistible Valour, 
 
 In a long Series of uninterrupted Triumphs, 
 
 Broke the Power of France, 
 
 When raised the highest, when exerted the most ; 
 
 Rescued the Empire from Desolation ; 
 Asserted, and confirmed the Liberties of Europe. 
 
 " Philip, a grandson of the house of France, united to the in- 
 terests, directed by the policy, supported by the arms of that 
 crown, was placed on the throne of Spain. King William the 
 Third beheld this formidable union of two great, and once rival, 
 monarchies. At the end of a life spent in defending the liberties 
 
 y Ibid p. 310,311.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 3;i 
 
 of Europe, he saw them in their greatest danger. He provided 
 for their security in the most effectual manner. He took the 
 Duke of Marlbokough into his service: 
 
 " Ambassador extraordinary and Plertipotentiary, 
 To the States General of the United Provinces, 
 The Duke contracted several alliances before the death of King 
 William. He confirmed and improved these. He contracted 
 others, after the accession of Queen Anne ; and re united the 
 confederacy, which had been dissolved at the end of a former 
 war, in a stricter and firmer league. 
 
 " Captain general and commander in chief 
 Of the forces of Great Britain, 
 The Duke led to the field the army of the allies. He took with 
 surprising rapidity, Venlo, ^ Ruremonde, * Stevenswaert, '' Liege. 
 He extended and secured the frontiers of the Dutch. The enemies, 
 whom he found insulting at the gates of Nimeguen, were driven 
 to seek for shelter behind their lines. He forced Bonne, Huy, 
 Limbourg in another*^ campaign. He opened the communication 
 of the Rhine, as well as the Maes. He added all the country 
 between these rivers to his former conquest. The arms of France, 
 favoured by the defection of the Elector of Bavaria, had pene- 
 trated into the heart of the empire. This mighty body lay ex- 
 posed to immediate ruin. In that memorable crisis, the Duke of 
 Marlborough led his troops with unexampled celerity, secresy, 
 and order, from the ocean to the Danube. He sawj he attacked ; 
 nor stopped, but to conquer the enemy. He forced the Bava- 
 rians, sustained by the French, in their strong intrenchmentJ at*^ 
 Schellenberg. He passed the Danube. A second royal army, 
 composed of the best troops of France, was sent to re inforce the 
 first. That of the confederates was divided. With one part of it 
 the siege of Ingolstadt was carried on. With the oiher the Duke 
 gave battle to the united strength of France and Bavaria. On the 
 second day of August, 1/04, he gained a more glorious victory = 
 than the histories of any age can boast. The heaps of slain were 
 dreadful proofs of his valour. A marshal of France, whole legions 
 of French, his prisoners, proclaimed his mercy. Bavaria was sub- 
 dued. Ratisbon, Augsbourg, Ulm, Meminghen, all the usurpa- 
 tions of the enemy, were recovered. The liberty of the Diet, the 
 
 " September 25th, 1702 ' October 6th. ^ Ibid. 
 
 * In .Muy, August, and September, 1703. " July 2d, 1704. 
 
 e At Blenheim, or llotkstct.
 
 372 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 peace of the empire, were restored. From the Danube the Duke 
 turned his victorious arms towards the Rhine and the Moselle. 
 Landau, Treves, Traerbach, were taken. In the course of one 
 campaign the very nature of the war was changed. The invaders 
 of other States were reduced to defend their own. The frontier 
 of France was exposed in its weakest part to the efforts of the 
 allies. 
 
 " That he might improve this advantage j that he might push 
 the sum of things to a speedy decision, the Duke of Marlbo- 
 rough led his troops early in the following year once more to the 
 Moselle. They, whom he had saved a few months before, *" neg- 
 lected to second him now. They, who might have been his 
 companions in conquest, refused to join him. When he saw the 
 generous designs he had formed frustrated by private interest, by 
 pique, by jealousy, he returned with speed to the Maes. He re- 
 turned ; and fortune and victory returned with him. Liege was 
 relieved ; Huy re-taken j the French, who had pressed the army 
 of the States General with superior numbers, retired behind in- 
 trenchments, ^ which they deemed impregnable. The Duke 
 forced these intrenchments, with inconsiderable loss, on the 
 seventh day of July, 1705. He defeated a great part of the army, 
 which defended them. The rest escaped by a precipitate retreat. 
 If advantages proportionable to this success were not immediately 
 obtained, let the failure be ascribed to that misfortune, which 
 attends most confederacies ; a division where one alone should 
 judge ; * a division of powers, where one alone should command. 
 The disappointment itself did honour to the Duke. It became 
 the wonder of mankind, how he could do so much under those 
 restraints, which had hindered him from doing more. 
 
 " Powers more absolute were given him afterwards. The in- 
 crease of his powers multiplied his victories. At the opening of 
 the next campaign, when all his army was not yet assembled ; 
 when it was hardly known that he had taken the field, the noise 
 of his triumphs was heard over Europe. On the 12th of May, 
 1706, he attacked the French at Raraillies. In the space of two 
 
 f The Dutch, who insisted upon returning to their own fiontiers- 
 e At Tirlemont 
 ^ When his Grace was about to attack the French at Overysche, on 
 August 7th, 1705, the Dutch Deputies, who accompanied the army, opposed 
 his design, and would not let their troops engage : which the Duke highly re- 
 sented ; but was afterward pacified, upon M. Buys, the Pensionary of Am- 
 sterdam, being sent to apologise for the Deputies' conduct.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 37s 
 
 hours their whole army was put to flight. The vigour and con- 
 duct, with which he improved this success, were equal to those, 
 with which he gained it. Louvain, Brussels^ Malines, Liere, 
 Ghent, Oudenard, Antwerp, Damme^ Bruges, Courtray, surren- 
 dered. Ostend, Menin, Dendermond, Aeth, were taken. Brabant 
 and Fianders were recovered. Places, which had resisted the 
 greatest generals for months, for years ; provinces, disputed for 
 ages, were the conquests of a summer. Nor was the Duke con- 
 tent to triumph alone. Solicitous for the general interest, his 
 care extended to the remotest scenes of the war. He chose to 
 lessen his own army, that he might enable the leaders of other 
 armies to conquer. To this it must be ascribed that Turin was 
 relieved ; the Duke of Savoy re-instated 3 the French driven with 
 confusion out of Italy. 
 
 " These victories gave the confederates an opportunity of car- 
 rying the war, on every side, into the dominions of France. But 
 she continued to enjoy a kind of peaceful neutrality in Germany. 
 From Italy she was once alarmed, and had no more to fear. The 
 entire reduction of this power, whose ambition had caused, whose 
 strength supported, the war, seemed reserved for him alone, who 
 had so triumphantly begun the glorious work. 
 
 " The barrier of France, on the side of the Low Countries, had 
 been forming for more than half a century. What art, power, 
 expence could do, had been done to render it impenetrable. Yet 
 here she was most exposed; for here the Duke of Marlborough 
 threatened to attack her. 
 
 " To cover what they had gained by surprise, or had been 
 yielded to them by treachery, the French marched to the banks 
 of the Schelde. At their head were the Princes of the blood, and 
 their most fortunate general, the Duke of Vendosme. Thus 
 commanded, thus posted, they hoped to check the victor in his 
 course. Vain were their hopes. The Duke of Marlborough 
 passed the river in their sight. He defeated their whole army. 
 The approach of night concealed, the proximity of Ghent favoured 
 their flight. They neglected nothing to repair their less, to defend 
 their frontier. New generals, new armies appeared in the Nether- 
 lands. All contributed to enhance the glory ; none were able to 
 retard the progress of the confederate arms. 
 
 " Lisle, the bulwark of this barrier, was besieged. A numerous 
 garrison, and a Marshal of France, defended the place. Piince 
 
 ' At Oudcnardc, on July n, 1708.
 
 374 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Eugene of Savoy commanded, the Duke of Marlboeough 
 covered and sustained the siege. The rivers were seized, and the 
 communication with Holland interrupted. The Duke opened 
 new communications, with great labour, and much greater art. 
 Through countries, overrun by the enemy, the necessary convoys 
 arrived in safety. One alone was attacked. The troops, which 
 attacked it, were beat. '^ The defence of Lisle was animated by 
 assurances of relief. The French assembled all their force. They 
 marched towards the town. The Duke of Marlborough 
 offered them battle, without suspending the siege. They aban- 
 doned the enterprize. They came to save the town. They were 
 spectators of its fall. 
 
 " From this conquest, the Duke hastened to others. The posts 
 taken by the enemy on the Schelde were surprized. That river 
 was passed the second time ; and, notwithstanding the great pre- 
 parations made to prevent it, without opposition. 
 
 " Brusseh, besieged by the Elector of Bavaria, was relieved. 
 Ghent surrendered' to the Duke in the middle of a winter re- 
 markably severe. An army, little inferior to his own, marched 
 out of the place. 
 
 " As soon as the season of the year permitted him to open 
 another campaign, the Duke besieged and took "^ Tournay. He 
 invested Mons, Near this city the French army, covered by thick 
 woods, defended by treble intrenchments, waited to molest, nor 
 presumed to offer battle. Even this was not attempted by them 
 with impunity. On the last day of August, 17O9, the Duke at- 
 tacked them in their camp. " All was employed, nothing availed 
 against the resolution of such a general, against the fury of such 
 troops. The battle was bloody. The event decisive. The woods 
 were pierced. The fortifications trampled down. The enemy 
 fled. The town was taken. <^ Doway, Bethune, Aire, St. Venant, 
 Bouchain, underwent the same fate, in two succeeding years. 
 Their vigorous resistance could not save them. The army of 
 France durst not attempt to relieve them. It seemed preserved 
 to defend the capital of the monarchy. 
 
 " The prospect of this extreme distress was neither distant, nor 
 
 1' At Winnenilale, on September zSth, 1708, by major general Webb, who 
 conducted the convoy. 
 
 ' December 19- 
 m Invested on June i6th, and surrendered on July 30th, and its citadel 
 on September 3d. 
 
 n At Ma'plaquet, or Blaiegnies September 21st.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 375 
 
 dubious. The French acknowledged their conqueror, and sued 
 for peace. 
 
 " These are the actions of the Duke of Marlborough, 
 
 Performed in the compass of few years j 
 
 Sufficient to adorn the annals of ages j 
 
 The admiration of other nations. 
 
 Will be conveyed to the latest posterity. 
 
 In the histories even of the enemies of Britain. 
 
 The sense, which the British nation had 
 
 Of his transcendent merit. 
 
 Was expressed 
 
 In the most solemn, most effectual, most durable manner. 
 
 The Acts of Parliament, inscribed on this Pillar, 
 
 Shall stand 
 
 As long as the British name and language last. 
 
 Illustrious Monuments, 
 
 Of Marlborough's Glory 
 
 And 
 Of Britain's Gratitude." 
 
 On December 14th, 1702, he was created Marquis of Blan- 
 Jord and Duke of Mari-borough, i' soon after his return from 
 the Low Countries, in which he was, on November 5th, surprized 
 by a French party from Guelder ; but not being known, and pro- 
 ducing an old French pass, granted on a former occasion to his 
 brother, the general^ and which the enemy not strictly examining, 
 he was permitted to proceed on his voyage to the Hague, where 
 he arrived on the 7th, a little after the report of his being taken 
 had reached that place, and was congratulated on his escape, by 
 the States, and the ministers of those powers in amity with them. 
 In consequence of an address of the house of commons, on Ja- 
 nuary 10th, 1704-5, to the Queen, to consider of some proper 
 means to perpetuate the memory of his services, her majesty 
 granted to him, and his heirs, the royal manor of Woodstock, and 
 hundred of Wotton, in Oxfordshire, and, on the 2Sth, gave her 
 assent to an act corroborating that grant. 
 
 His Grace having no prospect of heirs male, after the death ot 
 his only son, and being desirous of having his honours and digni- 
 ties, together with the manor of Woodstock and house of Blen- 
 heim, settled on his posterity, an act for that purpose obtained 
 
 c Burnet'b O. T. vol. ii p 317.
 
 3/6 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 the royal assent, on December 21st, 1/06 j and, on January 28th 
 ensuing, the like sanction was given to another act, for settling on 
 him, and his posterity, a pension of 5,000/. a yearj although, 
 when the Queen, on December lOtb, 1/02, intimated, to the 
 house of commons, her intention of granting the title of Duke, 
 together with a yearly pension of 5,000 Z. out of the post office, to 
 him and his heirs male, and desired the concurrence of that as- 
 sembly, such heats arose, that the proposal was then dropt. The 
 Emperor Leopold, in consideration of the eminent services per- 
 formed by the Duke of Marlborough to the Germanic body, 
 created him a prince of the empire, in 1/04 j"" and his son, the 
 Emperor Joseph, on November 12th, 1/05, N. S. bestowed on 
 his Grace the principality of Mindelheim in Suabia, of which he 
 got investiture, on May 24th, 1706" : but that province being re- 
 stored to the Elector of Bavaria, with his other dominions, by the 
 peace of Rastadt, Charles VL Emperor, granted his Grace, in 
 exchange, the county of Nellenburgh in Upper Austria, and 
 erected it into a principality. On December 30th, 1711j his 
 Grace was divested of all his offices dependent on the British 
 crown, as his Dutchess had been of hers some time before j the 
 profits of their places amounting, at a moderate computation, to 
 the yearly sum of 62,325/. besides the Duke's emoluments by the 
 war. " Tliis," says Burnet, " was thought very extraordinary, 
 afler such long and eminent services. Such accidents, when they 
 happen, shew the instability of all human things. The only thing 
 pretended to excuse it was, his being considered as the head of 
 those, who opposed the peace, on which the court set their 
 hearts." " 
 
 His Grace having obtained leave to go beyond sea, embarked 
 with his family at Dover, on November 30th, 1712, * and re- 
 turning to England, on August 1st, 1714, was, by King George I. 
 on September ,24th following, reinstated^ captain general of his 
 Majesty's forces, master of the ordnance, and colonel of the first 
 regiment of foot guards, and appointed one of the privy-council. 
 Bat in 1716, Coxe says, " Marlborough also was among the dis^ 
 satisfied. Soon after the death of Queen Anne, Bothraar says of 
 him, ' he is not pleased that he is cot of the regency, and that 
 there is any man but the King higher than him in this country}'" 
 
 '1 Burnet's O, T. vol. ii. p. 385. 
 
 Ibid. p. 588. See also Coxu's Sir R. Walpole, vol. i. p. 20,33. 
 
 = Ibid p 614, 615. t Coxe, vol.i. p. 6i. 
 
 u Macphcrjon's Papers, vol ii- p. 640.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 377 
 
 and his disgust was not diminished after the King's arrival : for 
 although he was appointed commander in chief, yet he did not 
 enjoy the smallest share of power or confidence. George the 
 First never forgot, that during the campaign of 17O8, when he 
 commanded the imperialists, Marlborough had contrived, that no 
 troops or supplies were sent to the Rhine, but that the whole 
 force was destined for the army in Flanders, by which arrange- 
 ment he had been obliged to act on the defensive, and could not 
 distinguish his command by any successful operation against the 
 enemy. In consequence of this disinclination, Marlborough, 
 though commander in chief, could not obtain even a lieutenancy 
 for a friend ; and he not unfrequently requested Pulteney, who 
 was secretary at war, to solicit in his room, adding, but do not 
 say it is for me, for whatever I ask is sure to be denied." * 
 
 He enjoyed his places, however, till his death, which happened 
 at Windsor, on June l6th, 1722, having some years survived his 
 mental faculties ; and on August 9th ensuing, his corpse was, 
 with very great magnificence, interred in Westminster Abbey, 
 from whence it was afterwards removed to Woodstock. 
 
 His Grace married Sarah, daughter and coheir y of Richard 
 Jennings, of Sandridge in the county of Hertford, Esq. by Frances, 
 daughter and coheir of Sir Giffard Thornhurst, of Agnes Court, 
 in Kent, Bart, son and heir of Sir John Jennings, K, B, 1616, son 
 and heir of John Jennings, Esq, by Anne, daughterof Sir William 
 Brounker, son and heir of Ralph Jenyns, Esq. of Churchill, com. 
 Somerset, who died 1572, by Joan, sister and coheir of Sir Ralph 
 Rowlet, of St. Albans, com. Hertf Knight, Her Grace died 
 1744. " This favourite Duchess," says Lord Orford, " who like 
 the proud Duke of Espernon, lived to brave the successors in a 
 court, where she had domineered, wound up her capricious life, 
 where it seems she had begun it, with an apology for her conduct." 
 It was entitled. An account of the conduct of the Dowager Duchess 
 of Marlborough, from her first coming to court to the year 1710. 
 London, 1712. Sir David Dalrymple also published The opinions 
 of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, 1783, 12mo. ' By her he had 
 one son, John, born on January 13th, iGsg-gO, and died of the 
 small -pox, at Trinity College in Cambridge, on February 20th, 
 1702-3 J also four daughters, viz. 
 
 " Coxc ut supr vol i. p 81. 
 y The other coheir married Talbot, whom James II. made Duke of 
 Tyrconnel. 
 
 Park's R. and N A vol- iv. p. 190.
 
 \ 
 
 378 ' PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 The Lady Henrietta, married to Francis Earl of Godolphln, who 
 by the act of parliament, before taken notice of, succeeded as 
 Duchess of Marlborough. And her Grace departing this life, on 
 October 24th, 1733, in the fifty-third year of her age, was in- 
 terred in Westminster Abbey, on November pth following, near 
 her father-in-law, the Earl of Godolphin. She had issue William 
 Marquis of Blandford, who had all the advantages of education at 
 home, and travelled through most parts of Europe for his greater 
 accomplishment. He was M, P, for Woodstock. He married 
 on April 25th, 1729, Maria Catherina, daughter of .... D'Jong, 
 of Utrecht, and sister to the Countess of Denbigh, by whom he 
 had no issue. He died at Oxford of an apoplectic fit, August 
 24th, 1731. Her titles therefore on her death devolved on her 
 nephew, Charles, Earl of Sunderland. 
 
 Lady Anne, second daughter, was married to Charles Spencer, 
 Earl of Sunderland, and died on April 15th, 1716, by whom she 
 had issue Charles, Duke of Marlborough, as successor to the said 
 Henrietta, Duchess of Marlborough. 
 
 Lady Elizabeth, third daughter, was first wife of Scroop 
 Egerton, first Duke of Bridgewater, and died on March 22d 
 1713-14, without surviving issue. 
 
 The Lady Mary, was the wife of John, late Duke of Mon- 
 tague, of whose descendants I shall treat in their proper place. 
 
 Spencer Family. 
 
 This family claim a descent from the antient Baronial family 
 of De Spenser, of whom Robert De Spenser came over with the 
 conqueror, and was, as his name imports, steward to that monarch. 
 At the time of Domesday Book, he had four lordships in War- 
 wickshire, one in Gloucestershire, fifteen in Lincolnshire, and 
 seventeen in Leicestershire, 
 
 But those principles of authenticity and integrity, by which 
 the Compiler has professed his resolution that this Work should 
 be characterized, impose upon him the painful task of observing 
 that this descent is by no means established by satisfactory 
 proof. 
 
 These pretensions indeed are by no means of late date ; and 
 they seem to have a sort of equivocal sanction from Dugdale. 
 But Dugdalc's doubts are sufficiently obvious to those, who know 
 his manner, and examine both parts of his work. 
 
 It would be, after all, an idle sacrifice of truth to flattery and 
 vanity, \{we were to be too delicate in stating our opinions upon
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 379 
 
 such a subject. The present family of Spencer are sufficiently 
 great ; and have too long enjoyed vast wealth and high honours, 
 to require the decoration of feathers in their cap, which are not 
 their own. Sir John Spencer, their undisputed ancestor, and the 
 immediate founder of their fortune, lived in the reigns of Henry 
 VII. and Henry VIII. ; and three hundred years of riches and 
 rank may surely satisfy a regulated pride. 
 
 " Of this family," says Dugdale, " which do derive their de- 
 scent from a younger branch of the antient Barons Spenser, of 
 whom I have in the first volume * of this work already spoke, 
 was John Spenser, Esq. (son to ^ John Spenser of Hodenhull, in 
 com. Warw. as it seems.) Which John, having purchased "^ that 
 great lordship of JVormleighton, situate on the southern part of 
 that county, began the structure of the fair manor house there, ^ 
 in 22 Hen. VII." <^ 
 
 It must here be observed, that Dugdale himself having written 
 the history of Warwickshire, it was particularly within the limits 
 of his research, to have ascertained and authenticated this descent 
 beyond a question, had it been as stated. 
 
 I will now simply repeat the pedigree, as formerly given, ac- 
 companied by a few observations in the notes. But must forbear 
 incumbering this article with the whole detail of the main branch 
 of the antient house of De Spenser, which will indeed more 
 properly occur under the Barony of Le De Spenser, which ii 
 now enjoyed by Sir Thomas Stapleton, as heir general of that 
 family. 
 
 Robert Le De Spenser, already mentioned, was father of 
 
 William Le De Spenser ; after whom was 
 
 Thurstan Le De Spenser, the King's steward, a powerful man, 
 father of 
 
 Almaric, Steward to Richard I. father of another 
 
 Thurstan, sheriff of Gloucestershire, 19th, 20th, 22d, Henry 
 III. who died before 1249 5 who by Lucia , left 
 
 Sir GeftVey, who died about 1251, leaving two sons. Sir Hugh, 
 and Geffrey. Sir Hugh, * the eldest, was a great Baron, and 
 
 But in that first volume, Dugdale never hints at this branch; nor at 
 any ancestor for them. 
 
 b H- 15, in Offic Arm 3. a. 
 = Esc. super Depop- 9 and 10 Hen- VIII. " Ibid. 
 
 ^ Dugd. Bar. vol. ii p 418- 
 f Dugdale guesses this Hugh to have been son of Thomas, and grandson 
 of Hugli. Baronage, vol. j p 3yt.
 
 580 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 father of Hugh, Earl of Winchester, and grandfather of Hugh, 
 Earl of Gloucester, from whom descends the present Lord Le De 
 Spenser. 
 
 G^efFrey Le De Spenser, s second son, is stated to have been 
 Lord of Marcheley, in Worcestershire j and to have died 1242, * 
 father of 
 
 Sir John Le De Spenser, whose guardianship was committed 
 to Emma his mother. He was of full age, 40 Henry IIL at 
 which time being stiled son of Geffrey, and holding 60l. per 
 ann. in com. Leicester, and 15/. in com. Southampton, he i was 
 called to receive the honour of knighthood. In 1256, Pope Alex- 
 ander IV. directs his bull to the Bishop of Salisbury ; ^ wherein 
 he sets forth that John De Spenser, by petition, prays, that he 
 may build a chapel, and have a chaplain in his manor of Swale- 
 field, which he is ready to endow, his said manor lying in a 
 forest, in which he lived, and that it was unsafe for him and his 
 family to go to the mother church, by reason many thieves har- 
 boured in the said forest, and for inundations in winter ; which 
 matter the Pope refers to the said bishop to determine. 
 
 This Sir John, ' and others of this family, took part with the 
 Barons in their wars against Henry III. and was taken prisoner 
 at the battle of Northampton ; on which account the manors " 
 of the said John, viz. Castle Carlton, and Cavenby, in com. Line, 
 which he held in right of his wife, were extended by the King ; 
 but when the Barons had taken that Prince prisoner, at the battle 
 of Lewes, on May 14th, 1264, the said John, by mutual" agree- 
 ment, was released ; for by the King's writ to Roger de Mor- 
 timer, dated on June 4th, 1264, he was ordered to bring him, 
 among other prisoners (taken in April last, at Northampton 
 fight) to London, in order to his being set at liberty. He died 
 
 s No Geffrey is mentioned by Dugdale- But Hugh De Spenser afterwards 
 Earl of Winchester, had a grant of free Warren in his lordship of Marteley, 
 CO- Wore 26 Edvv. I. and it descended to his heirs, in whose possession it was 
 13 Edw. Ill- Dudg- Bar- vol i p 390 Nash's Worcestershire, vol. ii p. 166. 
 > The authority cited for this is, Visitat. com. Northampt- in Coll. Arm. 
 anno 1617. But it must be obvious, that such books are no authority for facts 
 beyond memory of the Herald's time, unless authenticated by references to 
 original documents. 
 
 * Lib- MS. in Blbl- Cotton Claud c. 2. is here cited. 
 
 ' Rymer's Feed. tom. i. p. 610. 
 
 ' Brady's Hist of England, p 643- 
 
 " Esch- incerti temp. R. Hen. III. No. 190, in Turr. Lond. 
 
 Brady, ut supra. *- Rymer's Feed. vol. i p. 791.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH, 381 
 
 in 1274, and by p inquisition taken next year, at Gertre, in com. 
 Leicester, he is found to die possessed of the manor of Beransby, 
 and the moiety of Wigan de la Mare, with several other lands ; 
 as also the hundred of Beaumaner, held of Hugh De Spenser in 
 socage, and of the house and park there. Likewise by another 
 inquisition, dated the same year, taken at his manor of Marteley, 1 
 in com. Wigorn, he is said to die possessed of that manor, with 
 the advowson of the church held in chief of the King, which his 
 father had by gift of King Henry, He had also restitution of his 
 manors of Castle Carlton, and Cavenby ; for by two several in- 
 quisitions the same year, he is said to die possessed of them, in 
 right of his wife Joan j but having no issue of her body alive, he 
 held them only by the courtesy of England j and John de Merieth 
 entered on the same as his right, by the death of Joan, daughter 
 of Robert de Lou, late wife of the said John De Spencer, cousin 
 of the aforesaid John de Merieth, whose heir he is, and at that 
 time thirty years old. 
 
 This Sir'' John De Spenser, by Anne, his second wife, had 
 two sons, viz. Adam, who died young, and William Le De 
 Spenser, his heir, styled of Belton, and one of the jury at an * in- 
 quisition taken at Bredon;, on June 8th, 1306, concerning the 
 right of electing a prioress of Langley, in com. Leicester. He re- 
 sided at DefFord, ^ in com. Wigorn, and died possessed thereof 
 about 1328," as appears by an inquisition taken at Pershore, 
 which likewise shews that John was his son and heir, and of full 
 age. 
 
 Which John was in the retinue of John of Gaunt, nominal " 
 King of Castile, in his voyage to Spain, and on that account had 
 the King's letters of protection for one year, bearing date March 
 6th, 1386. He was afterwards Esquire of the body to Henry V. y 
 Keeper of his great wardrobe, and attending him in his warlike 
 expeditions, was with him at the siege of^ Roan.* He had 
 issue by ^ Alice his wife (daughter and heir of Giles Deverell.) 
 
 P Esch 3 Edw. I. No 2. "J Not mentionedby Nash, 
 
 r Vincent's Baronage, in OfBc Arm No. 20- Visit. Com Northampton. 
 in diet- Offic anno 161 7. These are liable to the observation already made, 
 s Monast- Angl vol. i. p 481 b- 
 ' Nash is very defective in his history of this manor- 
 Esch, anno 3 Edw. Ill- " Rymer's Feed. torn, vii p 500. 
 
 J Ibid vol ix p 271- 7. Lib. MS. in Musaco A-hmol No 1120. 
 
 a So far the authorities seem on the whole to establish the fact of the ex- 
 istence of this branch- 
 
 > Vijit. com. Northampton piwd. Sec the observations before made.
 
 382 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Nicholas his son and heir, = who by '^ Joan his wife, daughter 
 of Richard Polard, of Kent, had issue two sons, Thomas ; ^ and 
 William, who, by his wife . . . . , daughter of Gilbert de Clare^ 
 had one son John, who married ^ Alice daughter and heir of 
 "William Livesay, and died without issue, in the year 1456. 
 
 Thomas, the eldest son and heir of Nicholas, was father? of 
 Henry Spencer, of Badby in com. Northampton, Esq. as appears 
 by a '' receipt, ' dated 13 Henry VI. for subsidies then paid to 
 that King. 
 
 Which Henry took to wife Isabel, daughter and coheir of 
 Henry Lincoln, from whom proceeded four sons, John, Thomas, 
 William, and Nicholas j and died about ^ l6 Edward IV. his last 
 will and testament bearing date 1476, wherein he appoints his 
 sons, John and Thomas, executors, and Isabel his wife overseer. 
 The seal affixt had the arms the family now bear, viz. quarterly 
 in the first and third a fret, over all, on a lend, three Escallops. ' 
 He was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 John Spencer, of Hodnell, Esq. who is mentioned in several 
 deeds of feoffment with Sir Edward Rawleigh, of Farneborough, 
 Knight, and others ; particularly in 13 and ig Edward IV^. when 
 he sealed with the arms of his mother and wife together, beino- 
 both heiresses; viz. on a cross, five stars of six points (his 
 mother's) ; '" and a cheveron between three cinqfoils, his wife's, 
 who was daughter and heir of ... . Warsted ; by whom he had 
 
 Original proof wanting- 
 
 '' Visit com- Northampton, prasd. and Vincent's Baron, praed- 
 
 * Original proof wanting. * St. George's Baronage, MS praedict. 
 
 Original proof wanting. " Visit.com. Northampton- praed. 
 
 ' Query, whether this receipt is cited to prove that Henry was son of 
 
 Thomas ? 
 
 ^ Visit com Northampton, praed. 
 ' If this fact be ascertained, it is a strong one. 
 n> There is something singular in this circumstance. A person entitled to 
 an antient paternal coat does not commonly abandon it for the obscure arms 
 of his mother. There is much more in the use of arms, than light or interested 
 critics in genealogy admit When carried up to such a period as to be beyond 
 memory, it operates in the nature of prescription, and is of a directly opposite 
 nature from a late assumption, where the want of authority is fatal to the 
 right- Even in the weakest weight which can be given to it, it operates as 
 antient pretension ; and a neglect of acknowledgment of the right by the 
 Heralds' College, is of all arguments against it the most absurd and ignorant ; 
 as every intelligent and liberal member of that college well knows. 
 
 The first Lord Spencer of Wormleighton quartered with the coat now 
 used, Ax,, a Jess ermine ketiveen six sea mezus heads erased Arg a coat granted to 
 the name of Spencer in 1504: and, I suspect, to this very family. The ad-
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 333 
 
 two sons; first, William hereafter mentioned j second, John 
 Spencer, of Hodnell, in com. Warwick, Esq. who died" anno 
 1498, and was buried at Hodnell j he held lands in eighteen 
 several lordships ; as appears by his last will and testament, dated 
 on September 15th, I486; by which he appoints his body to be 
 buried in the chancel of the parish church of Hodenhull, and con- 
 stitutes his nephew, John Spencer, of Snitterfeild, Esq. son of his 
 brother William, one of his executors ; entailing his lands on him 
 in default of issue male of his own son Thomas (from whom the 
 Spencers of Hodnell) and in default of issue of him, the said John, 
 to the heirs male of Thomas, the said John's late brother, of whom 
 hereafter. 
 
 William Spencer, Esq. (eldest son and heir of John) was, in 
 1 Henry VII. seated at Rodburne in Warwickshire, and having 
 married Elizabeth, sister to Sir Richard Empson, Knight, had 
 issue a daughter, Jane, wife of Stephen Cope of Hanwell in Ox- 
 fordshire, Esq. and two sons. Sir John (of whom hereafter, as heir) 
 and Thomas. 
 
 The said Thomas had issue, William, who had the estate at 
 Badby p in Northamptonshire, whose son, Thomas Spencer, 1 was 
 of Everdon in the same county, and dying on August 17th, 1576, 
 had sepulture there. He married his cousin Dorothy, third 
 daughter of Sir William Spencer of Althorpe (the Duke of Marl- 
 borough's predecessor) and by lier was father of five sons, " 
 Thomas, Antony, William, John, and George, who all died young 
 except William, who married Elizabeth, daughter of .... Milney, 
 but died without issue ; also seven daughters, Ursula, Ursula, 
 and Elizabeth, who all died young, so that the other four 
 daughters ^ became coheirs to the said William, their brother, viz. 
 Dorothy, wedded to George Cope, Esq. second son of Sir John 
 Cope, of Canons Ashby in Northamptonshire, and after his de- 
 cease to Gabriel Pulteney, of Pulteney in Leicestershire, Esq. 
 
 mission of such a grant would operate very strongly, though not decisively, 
 against this descent. It has sometimes happened that the Heralds have per. 
 suaded a careless man, entitled to an ancient coat, to purchase a new one ! 
 n Reg. Horn, in Cur. Prxrog. Cant. Qu. 4- 
 On the whole, the pedigree from Sir John Le De Spenser by Alice 
 Dcverell down to this point, must be admitted to be very bare of proof, un- 
 satisfactory, and suspicious. 
 
 p Ex Stemmate, prxd. 'i Ibid- 
 
 r Inscrip. Turn, apud Everdon, in Bridges- 
 
 , Ex Stcmmate, praed and Bridges'* Hist- Northampt.
 
 J84 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Susan, married to John Temple, Esq. of Stow in Buckingham- 
 shire j Mary, the wife of Richard Wallop, of Byebroke in 
 Northamptonshire, Esq. and Catherine, married to Thomas 
 Browne, Esq, 
 
 Sir John Spencer, eldest son, was denominated of "^ Snitter- 
 feild, in com. Warwick ; having acquired that estate in right of 
 his wife Isabel, one of the daughters and coheirs of Walteir 
 Graunt, Esq. 5 and in 12 Henry VI I. being wrote of that place, 
 was one of the executors to his cousin, John Spencer, of Hoden- 
 huU. On September 3d, 1506, he purchased the great lordship 
 of" Wormleighton, in com. Warwick, and soon after began ihe 
 structure of a fair manor house there. 
 
 He was knighted by Henry VIII. and by his last will and 
 testament^ it appears, that he was possessed of a very large 
 estate j was a noble house keeper 3 had a great reverence for the 
 clergy J was very liberal to his poor neighbours, as also bountiful 
 to his tenants and servants. He in a manner rebuilt the churches 
 of Wormleighton, in com. Warwick, and Brington, and Stanton, 
 in com. Northampton, and gave thereto vestments and chalices : 
 and his other bequests to religious houses, and for reparation of 
 churches, are very numerous; as are also his charities to his 
 servants, and others ; whereby it is evident that he had a noble 
 spirit, tempered with the greatest humanity. He was likewise so 
 honest and just, and of so pious a disposition, " that he requires 
 his executors to recompense every one that can lawfully prove, or 
 will make oath, that he has hurt him in any wise, so that they 
 make their claim within two years, though (as is recited) he had 
 none in his remembrance ; but he had rather charge their souls, 
 than his own should be in danger : and requires his executors to 
 cause proclamation thereof to be made once a month, during the 
 first year after his decease, at Warwick, Southampton, Coventry, - 
 Banbury, Daventry, and Northampton." 
 
 By this testament, which is dated April 12th, 1522, " he/ 
 bequeaths his body to be buried in the chancel of Brington church, 
 in com. Northampton, before the image of our blessed Lady j and 
 that his executors cause a tomb to be made as nigh the wall as 
 they can behind the place of sepulture." 
 
 He lies buried, according to his appointment, in the church of 
 Brington, ^ in com. Northampton, as appears by a monument, 
 
 ' Reg. Horn, praed. " Dugdale's Warwickshire, p 405. 
 
 " Ex Reg. vocat. Manwaring in Cur Praerog Cant. Qu 24. 
 y Ibid ^- In \Yhich parish his seat of Althorp stands.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 385 
 
 now remaining on the north side of the south chancel, shewing 
 the figures of a knight in armour, and his lady in the dress of the 
 times, lying on their backs, under an arch of free stone, curiously 
 adorned with carvings. At his feet, against the wall, is the in- 
 scription in capitals, setting forth his marriage and issue : by 
 which it appears, that he died April I4th, 1522, having married 
 Isabel, daughter and coheir of Walter Graunt of Snitterfeild, in 
 Warwickshire, Esq, by the daughter and heir of Humphry 
 Rudinge, of the Wich in Worcestershire, Esq. ; by whom he had, 
 first. Sir William Spencer ; second, Anthony, who died without 
 issue J third, Jane, wife of Richard Knightley, Esq, son and heir 
 of Sir Richard Knightley, of Fawsley in Northamptonshire, 
 Knight j fourth, Isabel, married to Sir Nicholas Strelly,of Strelly 
 in Nottinghamshire, Knight ; fifth, Dorothy, married to Sir 
 Richard Catesby, of Legers Ashby in Northamptonshire, Bart. 
 
 Sir William Spencer received the honour of'^ knighthood, 
 A.D. 1529} and in 23 and 24 Henry VIII. was'^ sheriff of 
 Northamptonshire. His last will bears date June IJth, 1532, 
 whereby he bequeaths his body to be*^ buried at Brington, in such 
 manner as his executors shall think fit : orders his father's will to 
 be complied with in every article, not then performed : api)oints 
 Dame Susan, his wife. Sir Nicholas Strelle)'^, Knight j Anthony 
 Cope, Esq. J Walter Smith, Esq. ; and two others, his executors j 
 and that they take care of John, his only son, then very young; 
 he lies buried according to his desire ; and a fine altar tomb, 
 erected to his memory, is now standing against the north-east 
 wall of the north ** chancel, or burial place of this family, round 
 the verge whereof is this inscription in old characters : 
 
 liic Jacent Dominus IViUus Spencer Miles, & D'na Suzanna 
 uxor ejus qui olilt xxii Die mes Junij Anno D'ni MiUimo 
 CCCCCXXXIl. quorum Aiahus propitietur Deus. Amen. 
 
 Over the said tomb, on a tablet under an arch, is likewise an 
 inscription, whence it appears that he died 1532, having married 
 Susan, daughter of Sir Richard Knightley, of Fawsley in North- 
 amptonshire, Knight, and had issue, first. Sir John, only^ son ; 
 second, Isabel, married to Sir John Cotton, of Lanwadc in Cam- 
 
 Nomin Equit in Bibl. Cotton. Claud c 3. 
 '' Fuller's Worthies in com, Northamp- 
 c Ex Reg. Thome, in Cur- Piicrog prxd- * I-x Autoj
 
 186 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 bridgeshire. Knight ; third, Jane, ^ wife of Sir Richard Brugis, * 
 of ShefFord In Berkshire, Knight ; fourth, Dorothy, married to 
 Thomas Spencer, of Everdon in Northamptonshire, Esq. 5 fifth, 
 Anne, wife of Sir John Goodwin, of Winchendon in North- 
 amptonshire, Knight, which Anne died without issue j sixth; 
 Mary, wife of Thomas Boles, of Walington in Hertfordshire, Esq. 
 
 Sir John Spencer, the only son, wass sheriff of Northamp- 
 tonshire, in 5 Edward VI. and elected one of the knights of the 
 shire in parliament for that county in the'' 1st of Queen Mary. 
 He also served in the 4th and 5th of Philip and Mary, and the 
 year following was again sheriff of that county, as also in 13 Eli- 
 zabeth; and, in the 15th year of the reign of that Queen, was by 
 writ appointed (with other justices of prime quality in the county 
 of Northampton) a' commissioner to enquire after such persons 
 as acted contrary to an act of parliament, 1 Elizabeth, entitled, 
 " An act for the uniformity of tlie common prayer, and service of 
 the church, and administration of the sacraments." He was a 
 great oeconomist, yet kept a plentiful table, according to the old 
 English way, as is manifest from his last'' will and testament, 
 bearing date January 4th, 1585 ; wherein he orders hospitality to 
 be kept in his houses at Althorp, &c. by his heir, after his decease, 
 according as he had done; bestowing likewise several legacies on 
 his servants. It also appears, that he delighted in retiredness; 
 was an encourager of industry 3 and so much averse to an inac- 
 tive life, that though he possessed a great estate, he employed his 
 thoughts on husbandry, as of most profit and advantage to his 
 country 3 for at his death he had numerous flocks of sheep and 
 other cattle in his grounds and parks of Althorp and Worm- 
 leighton. 
 
 This Sir John Spencer, ' in his last will aforesaid, requires his 
 
 e She was, after Sir Richard's decease, the third wife of Sir Simon Har- 
 court, of Stanton Harcourt, the present Earl Harcourt's ancestor, but without 
 issue. 
 
 *" He was son of Henry Bruges, uncie to John, first Lord Chandos. He 
 was also of Luggershali in Wilts, where he was buried ; and had a son An- 
 thony Bridges of Sheftbrd, Esq. 
 
 E Fuller's Worthies, in com. Northampt. 
 
 ' MS. penes Browne Willis, Ann. 
 
 ' Rymer's Feeder, torn- x. p- 724, 725. 
 
 ^ Reg Spenser, p. i. Qu. i in Cur. Pizeror, prasd. 
 
 ' Edmund Spenser, the Poet, claimed alliance to this family. Sec his 
 
 dedication of Muiofotmos to Lady Carey; and of the Tears of the Muses to
 
 DUKE OF MALRBOROUGH. 387 
 
 executors to bury him in a decent manner without pomp (after 
 the worldly fashion) in the church of Brington, where his late 
 wife. Dame Catherine Spencer, lieth buried. Also, that they 
 give, before his burial, 40 1, in alms, and cause a tomb, such as 
 they think fit, to be placed where he and his said wife lie buried. 
 Accordingly I find one erected to his memory, neatly painted, 
 gilt and adorned with arms (in the middle of two others) in the 
 burial place of this family, between the " south chancel and north 
 chancel, representing, under an arch of elegant workmanship, em- 
 bellished with roses, lozenges, &:c. of different colours, the pro- 
 portions of a knight in armour, with his lady, in the habit of the 
 times, lying on their backs, and their hands elevated ; over them 
 the atchievement of the arms of the family ; and at their feet, 
 against the wall, is an inscription, shewing his marriage and 
 issue. 
 
 He died November 8th, 158(5, having married Katherine, 
 daughter of Sir Thomas Kitson, of Hengrave in Suffolk, Kniglit, 
 by whom he had issue j first. Sir John Spencer, Knight j second, 
 Thomas Spencer, of Claredon in Warwickshire, Esq. ; third. Sir 
 William Spencer, of Yarnton, com, Oxford, Knight 3 fourth, 
 Richard Spencer, of Oifley in Hertfordshire, Esq. ; fifth, Edward 
 Spencer, who died without issue; sixth, Margaret, married to 
 Giles Allington, of Horseheath in Cambridgeshire, Esq. and after- 
 wards to Edward Eldrington, Esq. ; seventh, Elizabeth, " married 
 to George Lord Hunsdon ; eighth, Katherine, Vv'ife of Sir Thomas 
 Leigh, of Stoneley in Warwickshire, Knight ; ninth, Mary, mar- 
 ried to Sir Edward Aston, of Tixhall in Statibrdshire, Knight; 
 tenth, Anne, " wife of William Lord Monteagle, who had no 
 issue by herj and afterwards married to Henry Lord Compton ; 
 and lastly to Robert Sackville, son and heir of Thomas Lord 
 Buckhurst, lord treasurer; eleventh, Alice, i^ married to Ferdi- 
 nando, Earl of Derby, and then to Sir Thomas Egerton, Knight, 
 lord keeper of the great seal. 
 
 Lady Strange. TodJ's Life of Spencer, Ixxv, Ixxvi. " The nobility of the 
 Spencers," says Gibbon, " has been illuitrated and enriched by the trophies 
 of Marlborough ; but I exhort them to consider the Fuiry Qi<ccn, as the most 
 precious jewel of their coronet '' Gibbon's life. 
 m Lx Autog- 
 " Sec Todd's Spenser, i- Ixxv. S!;c was a learned lady. 
 
 " Spencer dedicated to her, liis " Mother Hubi)ard's Tale." Ibid. 
 Ixxx. 
 
 '' For her Milton wrote his Arcades She lies buried under a superb 
 irionumCi-.t at Harefield in Middlercx, of wliich tee an en^'vavi.ig in Lysons's
 
 388 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Thomas Spencer, the second son, mentioned in the preceding 
 monumental inscription, built a fine house on his estate of Cla- 
 verdon (or Claredon) and for his hospitality was the mirror of the 
 country. i He died the 8th day of November, 1580, and lies 
 buried in Claverdon church, where is a stately monument erected 
 to his memory. By his wife Mary, daughter of John Cheek, 
 Esq. he had Alice, his only child and heir, who was married to 
 Sir Thomas Lucy, of Charlcote in Warwickshire, Knight. 
 
 The third son. Sir William, of Yarnton, in com. Oxon. re- 
 ceived the honour of knighthood from Queen Elizabeth, 1592, 
 and died December 18th, l60g, leaving by his wife Margaret, 
 daughter of Francis Bowyer, of Middlesex, Esq. who died June 
 IQlh, l608, two sons, and five daughters. Sir Thomas, his eldest 
 son, was made a Baronet, June 29th, 161I, and was famous for 
 his hospitality, and charity to the poor. He married Margaret, 
 daughter of Richard Brainthwait, serjeant at law, who re-married 
 Richard Butler, Viscount Mountgarret, and died l655. He died 
 1622, leaving, first. Sir William ; second, George; third, Eliza- 
 beth, wife of Sir William Russel, of Strensham in Worcester- 
 shire, fourth, Katherine, wife of Sir Henry Montague, after- 
 wards Earl of Manchester J fifth, Mary, wife of Sir Maximilian 
 Dalyson, of Haling in Kent, Knight; sixth, Alice, wife of Sir 
 Thomas Colvile, of Newton in Cambridgeshire, Knight ; seventh, 
 Margaret, wife of Sir John Woodward, of Evesham in Worces- 
 tershire, Knight; Sir William Spencer, eldest son, married 
 Constance, daughter of Sir Thomas Lucy, of Charlecote, in War- 
 wickshire, Knight, (who re-married Sir Edward Smith, Knight), 
 and had issue Alice, wife of Francis Keyt, of Mecleton in Glou- 
 cestershire, Esq.; find Sir Thomas, his only son, who married 
 Jane, daughter of Sir John Garrard, of Lamer in Hertfordshire, 
 Bart, and had nine children, of which five died in his lifetime; 
 viz. Thomas, Thomas, Jane, and Margaret, all ijifants; and 
 William, who lived to the age of twenty-six years, and died un- 
 married, September 13th, 1083. Four survived him, all daughters 
 and coheirs ; first, Jane, married to Robert Spencer, Lord Vis- 
 count Tyveot, of Scotland ; second, Constance, wife of George 
 
 Middlesex, p 108. She died 1637, having had by Ferdinando, Earl of Derby, 
 three daughters his coheirs, Lady Anne, wife of Grey Brydges, Lord Chandos; 
 Lady Frances, wife of John Egerton, Earl of Bridgewater ; and Lady Eli- 
 zubcth, wife of Henry Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon- 
 
 1 Dugdale's Antiquities of Warwickshire, p. 497, 498.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH; 38y 
 
 Marwood, Esq. only son of Sir Henry Marwood, of Busby in 
 Cleaveland, Yorkshire, Bart. ; third, Elizabeth, wife of Sir Samuel 
 Gerrard, of Brafferton in Yorkshire, Knight, re-married to Francis 
 Basset, of Cornwall, Esq. ; and Katharine, married to John 
 Dormer, of Ascot in Oxfordshire, Esq. and afterwards to George 
 Mordaunt, Viscount Avalon. Sir Thomas died April 30th, 1712, 
 aged seventy-four. ' 
 
 Sir Richard Spencer, of Offley in Hertfordshire, Knight, 
 fourth son, married Helen, daughter and coheir of Sir John 
 Brocket, of Brocket Hall, Knight, by Helen his wife, daughter 
 and coheir of Sir Robert Lytton, of Knebworth-place in Hert- 
 fordshire, Knight; and from this Sir Richard Spencer the Baro- 
 nets of his name, in that county, were descended, but now ex- 
 tinct. 
 
 Sir John Spencer (eldest son and heir of Sir John) was * 
 knighted in J 588, the memorable year of the Spanish invasion. 
 He died on January Qth, 15gg, and a fine*^ tomb is erected at 
 Brington in memory of him, curiously embellished with painting 
 and gilding I the figures of him and his lady lying in the same 
 manner as his father and mother; and over them an arch (curiously 
 adorned with roses) supported by eight pillars, viz. two at each 
 corner, four of which are pyramidical, and painted, the other four 
 black marble, and of the Corinthian order. At the head against 
 the north wall, is an inscription, shewing his marriage, issue, 
 and death. 
 
 He married Mary, sole daughter and heir of Sir Robert 
 Catelin, lord chief justice of the King's Bench, "^ by whom he had 
 only Sir Robert. He died January gth, I5gg. 
 
 Sir Robert Spencer, i-irst Lord Spencer, his only son, 
 was Sherift''^ of Northamptonshire in the 43d of Elizabeth, before 
 which time he had received the honour of knighthood 5 and, 
 when King James ascended the Throne, was reputed to have by 
 him the most moneys of any person in the kingdom 3 which, 
 together with his great estate, noble descent, and many excellent 
 accomplishments, rendered him so conspicuous, that he was pro- 
 moted, by letters patent, ' bearing date July 21st, l6'03, to the 
 
 CoUins's Baronetage, 1 7io, vol i. p 3o5'335- 
 s Catal MS. Milit. t Ex Autog. 
 
 She secondly married Sir Robert Fowler, Knight, and died January 5th, 
 1619. 
 /fuller's Worthies, prad. > Lloyd's Memoirs of the Loyalists, p. 431- 
 z Pat Jac I p 14
 
 390 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 dignity of a Baron of this realm, by the title of Lord Spencer, 
 of Wormleighton, the ceremony of his "* creation being performed 
 at Hampton Court. Soon after which, the learned Camden, 
 writing his Britannia, makes this honourable mention of him, 
 viz. ^ " Althorp, the seat of the noted family of Spencer, knights, 
 allied to very many houses of great worth and honour, out of 
 which Sir Robert Spencer, the fifth knight in a continued succes- 
 sion, a worthy encourager of virtue and learning, was by his 
 roost serene Majesty, King James, lately advanced to the honour 
 of Baron Spencer of Wormleighton." 
 
 And another*^ author, who wrote in those times, gives this 
 account of him : " Spencer (like the old Roman chosen dictator 
 from his farm) made the country a virtuous court, where his fields 
 and flocks brought him more calm and happy contentment than 
 the various and mutable dispensations of a court can contribute : 
 and when he was called to the senate, was more vigilant to keep 
 the people's liberties from being a prey to the encroaching power 
 of monarchy, than his harmless and tender lambs from foxes and 
 ravenous creatures." 
 
 This Lord Spencer, in l603 (by commission bearing date at 
 Woodstock, on September 18th,) was appointed ambassador to the 
 present ^ Frederick, Duke of Wirtemberg, with the habit and en- 
 signs of the most noble order of the garter. He was received 
 with the highest respect and honour by the Duke, who had made 
 great preparations for his reception. His highness sent for his 
 three sons, with their tutors, from the castle of Tubing (where 
 they followed their studies) to be present at the installation ; like- 
 wise ordered the vice-president and twelve assistants of his ducal 
 consistory, with all the principal and most noble persons of his 
 court, to attend ; appointing an English lord, with the Lord Ben- 
 jamin Buningkshausin, one of his privy-council, to be principal 
 contrivers, directors, and managers of all things that should 
 belong to the setting forth the solemnity. 
 
 The state and magnificence of this investiture is set forth by 
 Mr. Ashmolej who observes, that the Lord Ambassador Spencer 
 (who represented the Sovereign) and the elect Duke, were so 
 richly attired, glittering with gold and jewels, that they attracted 
 the admiration of all the spectators. 
 
 * Camden's Annals of King James. 
 h Britan. in com. Northamp. 
 c Wilson's Life of King James, in History of England, vol- ii. 
 d Ashmole's Order of the Garter, p 411, &c
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 391 
 
 The Dake omitted nothing that might tend to the satisfaction 
 of the lord ambassador and his train. He shewed them the prin- 
 cipal places of his dukedom, as Waltebuch, the university of 
 Tubing, &c. entertained them with comedies, music, and other 
 diversions ; and on their return to England, he accompanied the 
 Lord Spencer as far as Asperg, taking leave of him with the 
 greatest demonstrations and expressions of affection and esteem. 
 On his arrival in England, he was received, by his Prince, with 
 particular marks of distinction, for his noble carriage and beha- 
 viour in his embassy. 
 
 I do not find that he bore any employment at court; but he 
 constantly attended his duty in parliament, and on all proper oc- 
 casions, appeared a loyal subject to the King, as well as a good 
 patriot and a maintainer of the liberty of the subject. H^e had ex- 
 cellent parts, which were improved and cultivated by a close ap- 
 plication to the service of his country, and knowledge of men and 
 business, whereby he grew into the esteem of the greatest men of 
 that age. His quick apprehension and readiness of thought was 
 very remarkable, as will hereafter appear ; and in the debates in 
 parliament, as few spoke better, so none had a more favourable 
 attention ; on which account he was nominated in most com- 
 mittees on public affairs and conferences with the commons, as 
 appears by the '^ journals of the house of lords. 
 
 Our historian informs us, that some debates arising in the 
 parliament, A.D. 1621, relating to the King's power and prero- 
 gative, this Lord Spencer stood up boldly for the public liberty 
 (with the Earls of Oxford, Southampton, Essex, and Warwick) ; 
 and speaking sometl)ing in the house of the actions of their great 
 ancestors, Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, Earl Marshal of 
 England, a great stickler for the prerogative, displeased with the 
 arguments used, replied, " My Lord, when these things were 
 doing, your ancestors were keeping slieep" (alluding to the nu- 
 merous flocks kept by his grandfather s) : to which the Lord 
 Spencer, with a spirit and quickness of thouglit peculiar to hini, 
 immediately answered, " Wl.en my ancestors were keeping sheep 
 (as you say) your ancestors were plotting treason." Tins caused 
 such a heat, that Arundel, as the aggressor, was sent to the Tower, 
 
 ' Journal Procerum in Biol. Mcdii Templi- 
 t Echaici's Hist- of England, vol i. p 955- 
 g And surely, as it strikes the prcbcnt Compiler, sneering at his pedigree 
 a most illiberal burst of temper. Lord A'undcl was, in truth, a very proud 
 aixl insole;it man
 
 S92 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 but soon after acknowledging his fault, and offering to make his 
 submission, was discharged. 
 
 In the same ' year, he, with thirty-two other lords, petitioned 
 the King, " for that many of his subjects of the realm of England 
 bad been honoured with titles and dignities in Scotland and Ire- 
 land, by which all the nobility in this realm, either in themselves, 
 their children, or both, find they are prejudiced j they therefore 
 pray they may challenge and preserve their birthrights, and that 
 no more notice may be taken of those titles than the law of the 
 land doth ; and that they may be excused, if in civil courtesy they 
 give them not the respect or place as to noblemen strangers, 
 seeing that they being their countrymen, born and inheritanced 
 under the same laws, their families and abode among them, have 
 yet procured their translation into foreign names, only to their 
 injuiy." ' But this their petition the King took ill, and ^ repri- 
 manded the Lord Spencer, as being a chief promoter of it. 
 
 In the parliament following, that met at Westminster, on 
 February ICjth, l623 4, he only staid a few days, obtaining ' leave 
 (on March 1st) of the house to be absent) but in the succeeding 
 parliaments, to the time of his death, he was in most committees 
 on public affairs, a constant maintainer and promoter of the ma- 
 nufactories, trade, and liberties of the realm, an opposer of all 
 arbitrary grants, monopolies, or other indirect practices ; and, 
 finally, was seasoned with a just tincture of all private and public 
 virtues. He lived a widower thirty years (his lady dying August 
 17th, 15Q7, in childbed), and departing this life on October 25th, 
 1627, was buried in great splendor with his ancestors and lady at 
 Brington, under a noble '" monument at the head of his grand- 
 father, under a like arch equally adorned, but supported by four 
 pillars of the Corinthian order. The figures of him and his lady 
 are likewise in the same posture, he in armour, with a helmet on 
 his head ; she in the dress of the times, veiled to the knees. At 
 their feet, under the arch, on a black marble tablet, is the me- 
 morial of his marriage and issue, in gold letters : by which it ap- 
 pears that he married Margaret, daughter and coheir of Sir 
 Francis Willoughby, of Wollaton in Nottinghamshire, Knight, by 
 whom he had issue four sons and three daughters ; viz. first. 
 
 h Wilson's Life of King James, aforesaid. 
 
 ' See Memoirs of James's Peers, p- 129, 130- 
 
 '' Camden's Annals, iu Hiit of England, p. 658. 
 
 1 Journal Procer. prasd- " Ex Autog
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. S93 
 
 John Spencer, Esq. who died at Blois in France without issue ; * 
 second, William Lord Spencer, who married Lady Penelope, eldest 
 daughter of Henry Earl of Southampton ; third, Richard Spencer, 
 Esq. ; fourth, Edward Spencer, of Boston in Middlesex, Knight," 
 who married Dame Mary, p widow of Sir William Reade, of Os- 
 terley in the same county. Knight ; fifth, Mary, married to Sir 
 Anderson, of Penly in Hertfordshire, Knight ; ^ sixth, Elizabeth, 
 married to Sir George Fane, of Buston in Kent, Knight, " who 
 died without issue; seventh, Margaret, who died unmarried.' 
 His Lordship died October 25th, 1627 ; and Margaret, his wife, 
 August 17 th, 1597. 
 
 In the inscription, notice is taken of the deaths or marriages 
 of all the children of Robert Lord Spencer, except Richard, the 
 third son, who was of Orpington in Kent, and married Mary, 
 daughter to Sir Edwyn Sandys, of Northbourn-place in the said 
 county, Knight. He died November 1st, 1661, aged sixty-eight, 
 she October 26th, 1675, in the sixty-ninth year of her age, and 
 are both buried at Orpington, as are likewise Richard their fourth 
 son 3 also two of their daughters and coheirs, viz, Margaret, wife 
 of John Venables of Agdon in Cheshire, Esq. who died March 
 9th, }675-6, and Mary, wife of William Gee, of Bishops Burton 
 in Yorkshire, Esq. who died November 15th, 1/02 ; and whose 
 descendant of the same name still possesses Orpington. 
 
 William second Lord Spenceu, aforesaid, was Knight of 
 the * Bath, at the creation of Prince Charles, on November 4th, 
 1616 ; and was elected, all the while he was a commoner, one of 
 the knights of the " shire for the county of Northampton, in three 
 several parliaments in the reign of James L and in two others 
 called in the first year of the reign of Charles I. He inherited 
 his father's excellent conduct, as well as his honour and estate, as 
 we are fully informed from the inscription on his monument. 
 He died in the forty-fifth year of his age on December igth, and 
 was buried at'' Brington, the 27th of the same month, 1636. 
 Penelope, his Lady (eldest daughter of Henry Wriothesley, Earl 
 
 " He died August 6th, 1610, aged 19, and is buried at Wormleighton. 
 He died without issue February 11th, t6<;5, aged 61. buried at Brington. 
 
 p She was daughter of John Goldsmith, of Wclbyin Suffolk. 
 
 w She died July 10th, 1 658, and was buried at Tring in Hertfordshire. 
 
 She died in i6i8, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 s She died December 6th, 1636, and is buried at Brington. 
 
 ' Catal Nobil. &c. per T- W. London, 8vo 1642. 
 
 " MS. B. Willis, prced. " Reg. Ecel. paroch. Brington.
 
 394 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 of Southampton) whom he left with child, remained a widow one 
 and thirty years (having sepulture at Brington, on July l6th^ 
 1667) leaving a very shining character, for her constancy of mind, 
 prudent conduct, unaffected piety, and love to her deceased Lord 3 
 for whom she erected a noble and stately "^ monument of black 
 and white marble, now remaining at Brington, the figures of a 
 Baron and Baroness, in their robes of state, lying on a black 
 marble tomb, their hands lifted up in a praying posture ; and over 
 them an arch of black and white marble, supported by eight 
 black marble pillars of the Corinthian order, with white capitals. " 
 
 He had by this Lady six sons and seven daughters. 
 
 Of his sons, Henry succeeded in the honour and estate. 
 
 Robert, second son, ^ baptized on February 2d, l628, was 
 created a peer of Scotland, by the title of Viscount Teviot, A. D. 
 16S6, by King James VII. and having married Jane, daughter of 
 Sir Thomas Spencer, of Yarnton in com. Oxon. Bart, died with- 
 out issue. 
 
 William, third son, was seated at Ashton Hall in com. Lan- 
 caster, and died without issue, by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of 
 Button Gerrard Lord Gerrard. 
 
 Richard, fourth son, baptized on October 3d, 1631, depart- 
 ing this life unmarried, was buried at Brington, on February 1 ith, 
 1653. 
 
 Thomas and John, the fifth and sixth sons, died young. 
 
 Of the daughters, Elizabeth, born on February l6th, 1617, 
 was married at Brington, on December 4th, 1634, to John Craven, 
 Esq, who was created Lord Craven, of Ryton in com. Salop ; and 
 after his decease, to Henry Howard, tliird son to Thomas Earl of 
 Berkshire ; and lastly, to William Lord Crofts. 
 
 Mary was baptized on February 20th, 1621, died on July 12lh, 
 1622, and was burled at Brington, 
 
 Anne was married to Sir Robert Townshend, second son of 
 Sir Roger Townshend, ancestor to the Marquis Townshend. 
 
 Katherine was baptized on October l/th, 1624, and died un- 
 married. 
 
 Alice, baptized on December 29th, l625, was wedded to 
 Henry Moor, Earl of Drogheda, of the kingdom of Ireland. 
 
 Margaret, baptized on July J 9th, 1627, was the third wife of 
 Anthony Ashley Cooper, first Earl of Shaftesbury. 
 
 t Ex Autog. 
 
 " The inscription may be found in Bridges, &c. 
 
 " Reg. Ecc!. Brington, pracd.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 395 
 
 Rachel, born after her father's decease, was baptized on July 
 19th, 1637, and died young. 
 
 A curious antiquary hath evidently made out, tliat the said 
 Lady Penelope (their mother) eldest daughter of Henry Wrio- 
 thesley. Earl of Southampton, was in sundry v/ays extracted y 
 from the Kings of England, Scotland, France, Hierusalem, Spain, 
 Portugal, and Navarre. 
 
 Henry, third Lord Spencer, and first Earl of Sun- 
 derland, the eldest son of the said Lady Penelope, and William 
 Lord Spencer, was born"^ at Althorp, and christened on No- 
 vember 23d, 1620. He had from his youth a ^ forward inclina- 
 tion to learning, and being under an austere tutor, the quickness 
 of his apprehension, and solid judgment, far above his years, led 
 him to the exercise of all generous recreations. He had his uni- 
 versity education^ at Magdalen College, in Oxford, before he was 
 sixteen years of age; and in lOsO, King Charles and his Queen 
 honouring the university with their presence, it was his Majesty's 
 pleasure there should be creations in several faculties. Where- 
 upon the secretary of state having delivered to the chancellor 
 the names of those nominated by his Majesty, a convocation was 
 celebrated on August 31st, and the degree of master of arts was 
 conferred on the Lord Spencer. 
 
 At nineteen years of age, the Earl of Southampton, his guar- 
 dian, and the Lady Penelope, his mother, contracted with Robert 
 Earl of Leicester, ^ for the marriage of his daughter, the Lady 
 Dorothy Sidney, with his Lordship, who being in his minority, 
 he, with his mother, the Lady Penelope, petitioned his Majesty, 
 to give special directions for his letters of privy seal, ordering his 
 judges of the court of Common Pleas, to admit the Lord Spencer, 
 by his guardian, to suffer a common recovery of his manors and 
 lands, that he might be enabled to settle a jointure on the said 
 Lady Dorothy, '' And the King was graciously pleased to give 
 directions accordingly. 
 
 The marriage was consummated at Penshurst, on July 20th, 
 1639, as Robert Earl of Leicester writes in his journal (now re- 
 maining there) and that in Augus: following, he returned to his 
 
 y So are great numbers of the nobility ! 
 
 ^ Ex Regist. Eccl. de Brington, in com. Northanip. 
 
 a Lloyd's Memoirs of the Loyalists, p 4.? ' 
 
 I, Wood's Fasti Oxonienses, vol i. p- 886, 887. 
 
 '^ Ex Autog apud Penshurst. " Ibid.
 
 3p6 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 embassy in France, and his wife followed him thither, with his 
 new son-in-law, and his daughter, his wife, who arrived, before 
 Michaelmas, at his house in Paris : whence they all returned to 
 England in October, 16-11. 
 
 She was a Lady of uncommon beauty, virtue, and merit, with 
 all accomplishments ; and, under the name of Sacharissa, is highly 
 celebrated by the famous Waller in his poems. The Lord, her 
 husband, had also an excellent understanding, joined to a fine 
 person, and was distinguished for his early judgment of men and 
 affairs J and an entire love was between them, manifested by 
 letters in the evidence room at Penshurst, the residence of the 
 Jate Earls of Leicester. 
 
 He took his seat in the house of peers, A. D. l641, imme- 
 diately after his return from beyond the seas j and his eminent 
 abilities made him courted by all parties to be in their interests. 
 But his natural love of the liberties of his country, which his an- 
 cestors had asserted, soon determined him to fall in with them, 
 who were then thought to be detecting the indirect practices of 
 those counsellors that had violated the laws, wherein he so far 
 concurred, as to be ^ nominated by them their Lord Lieutenant 
 for the county of Northampton. Yet he had an unquestioned 
 duty to the crown, and reverence for the government, both in 
 church and state ; for when he saw they were throwing off all 
 obligations to conscience, and the laws of the land, he courage- 
 ously declared in parliament ^ (the last words he spoke there), 
 " That they might have been satisfied long before, if they had not 
 asked things that deny themselves; and if some men had not 
 shuffled demands in'o their propositions, on purpose that they 
 might have no satisfaction." 
 
 Being determined to follow his Majesty, and pursue his mea- 
 sures, as far as he found them consistent with the rights of his 
 country, he, though very young, prudently made a disposition of 
 his estate, before he set out for his seat at Althorp with his 
 Lady and family, having then a son and a daughter, Robert and 
 Dorothy. 
 
 Lloyd, who has given some confused account of his Lordship, 
 relates, s " That he brought 1 5,000 Z. and 1,200 men to his Ma- 
 jesty's relief, and to the Earl of Northampton his countryman's 
 
 Clarendon's Hist, of the Rebellion, vol. i p. 652. 
 ' Lloyd's Memoirs, p 4Ji- s Ibid- p, 432
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGET. 397 
 
 assistance, adding his council, and personal service." It is certaia 
 he followed his Majesty to York, and from thence to Notting- 
 ham, where his standard was erected, on August 22d, l642. From 
 thence he marched with the King to Shrewsbury,' where he 
 wrote the following most remarkable letter, the greatest part of 
 it in cypher, and decyphered by his Lady, bearing date at Shrews- 
 bury, September 21st, 1642. 
 
 " My Dearest Hart, 
 
 " The King's condition is much improved of late ; his 
 force increaseth daily, which increaseth the insolency of the pa- 
 pists. How much 1 am unsatisfied with the proceedings here, I 
 have at large expressed in several letters. Neither is there wanting 
 handsome occasion to retire, were it not for gaining honour. For 
 let occasion be never so handsome, unless a man resolve to fight 
 on the parliament's side, which, for my part, I had rather be 
 hanged, for it will be said a man is afraid to fight. If there could 
 be an expedient found to salve the punctilio of honour, I would 
 not continue here an hour. The discontent that I, and many 
 other honest men, receive daily, is beyond expression. People 
 are much divided ; the King is of late very much averse to peace, 
 by the persuasions of 202 and 111. It is likewise conceived, 
 that the King has taken a resolution not to do any thing in that 
 way before the Queen comes 5 for people advising the King to 
 agree with the parliament, was the occasion of the Queen's re- 
 turn. Till that time no advice will be received ; nevertheless 
 the honest men will take all occasions to procure an accommo- 
 dation; which the King, when he sent the late messages, did 
 heartily desire j and would still make off^ers, but for 202 and 111, 
 and the expectation of the Queen, and fear of the papists, who 
 threaten people of 342. I fear the papists' threats have a much 
 greater influence upon 83 (King) than upon 343. What the 
 King's intentions are to those that I converse with, are altogether 
 unknown 5 some say, he will hazard a battle very quickly ; others 
 say, he thinks of wintering; which, as it is suspected, so if it 
 were generally believed, 117 (Sunderland) and many others, 
 would make no scruple to retire ; for I think it is as far from gallant, 
 either to starve with the King, or do worse, as to avoid fighting. 
 It is said the King goes on Friday towards Chester, for a day or 
 two, leaving his forces here; which are 6,000 foot, 1,500 dra- 
 
 i Sidney Memorials, vol. ii, ]) 657.
 
 398 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 goons, and above 2,000 horse. There are 4,000 foot more raised, 
 they say, 2,000 by my Lord Strange, 1,000 by Sir Thomas Salis- 
 bury, and 1,200 by Sir Edward Stradling; all which will be here 
 within a few days. This is a lightening before death, 
 
 " I am yours, &c. 
 
 " Spencer." 
 
 The Earl of Clarendon relates, ' that some carriage horses and 
 waggons, which were prepared for the service in Ireland, and lay 
 at Chester to be transported with the Earl of Leicester, Lieute- 
 nant of that kingdom, were brought to Shrewsbury by his Ma- 
 jesty's order, which increased the necessity the King was in for 
 money 5 and that the papists were treated with for a supply, 
 which they complied with : whereupon the King with his army ^ 
 marched from Shrewsbury, on October 12th, and from thence to 
 Birmingham, where the Lord Spencer wrote another letter to his 
 Lady, on the I4tli, and sent it by a servant to her at Althorpj^ 
 acquainting her, " that he believed he should not have time nor 
 opportunity so send more than another letter to her, before he 
 came to London, which would be as soon as so great an army 
 could march so many miles. And that not only 243 (papists) 
 but most men believed, the King's army would make its way 
 there, though Lord Essex's army was five times as many as they 
 were. And that the King was so awed by 243, that he dares not 
 propose peace, or accept it. But if that be offered by the parlia- 
 ment, he and others would speak their opinion, though concern- 
 ing the late treaty, they were threatened by 2-f3. That he had 
 above an hour's discourse with the King about the treaty, which 
 he would be glad she knew, but it was too long with cyphers, 
 and unfit without ; else he had no commerce with his Majesty, 
 since they came from Nottingham : thanks her for her care in 
 supplying him with money j and that he gave six score pounds 
 for a horse ; an argument he might want the sooner, but if he 
 had been in danger of that, he would have ventured his body upon 
 a worse horse. If he durst write freely of all things, she should 
 have more from him, for he could truly say of his writing in 
 characters, as a great man of this kingdom said of his speaking; 
 " that he never knew what he meant to speak, before he spake, 
 or what he had said, after he had spoken, &:c." 
 
 ' Hist of Rebell. 8vo. vol iii. p. 35, 56. k Ibid, p 41. 
 
 ' Sidney State Papers, ut antea, p. 667, 663-
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 399 
 
 The King, by quick marches, having seldom rested a day in 
 any place, came, on October 22, to Edgecote, a village in Nor- 
 thamptonshire, within four miles of Banbury; and the next day 
 was the battle of Kineton, or Edgehill, from the King's rendez- 
 vous on it, so famous in history; and the Lord Spencer, with other 
 noblemen, as volunteers, charged in the King's guards of horse. 
 Lord Clarendon has observed," "At the entrance into the field, 
 the King's guards of horse, either provoked by some unseasonable 
 scoffs among the soldiery, or out of desire of glory, besought the 
 King, 'That he would give them leave to be absent that day from 
 his person, and to charge in the front among the horse, the which 
 his Majesty consented to.' They also desired Prince Rupert, ' to 
 give them that honour which belonged to them;' who accordingly 
 assigned them the first place; which may well be reckoned among 
 the oversights of that day; though they performed their parts 
 with admirable courage." For Prince Rupert having routed the 
 enemy's horse, pursued them so far, that whilst most thought the 
 victory unquestionable, the King was in danger of the same fate 
 which Henry the Hid had at the battle of Lewes against his 
 Barons; when his son, the Prince, having routed the horse, fol- 
 lowed the cftase so far, that before his return to the field, his 
 father was taken prisoner." 
 
 Whitelqck, in his account of that battle, given by the Parlia- 
 ment generals, recites,? " The greatest body of the King's horse 
 was in his right wing, commanded by Prince Rupert, who furi- 
 ously charged the left wing of the Parliament's horse, whom he 
 routed, and pursued to Kineton with great slaughter. Both armies, 
 horse and foot, performed their parts with great valour and bra- 
 very, till night parted the fight." On both sides were lost be- 
 tween 5,000 and 0,000 men; but Lord Clarendon relates, " That 
 on Wednesday morning, when the King drew his army to a ren- 
 dezvous, he found his numbers greater than he expecteJ; for very 
 many of the common soldiers, who out of cold and hunger had 
 been missing, then joined him, so that there were not lost above 
 300 men." 
 
 Tlie Lord Spencer marched with his Majesty to Oxford, and. 
 though he had not, nor would accept of, any command in the 
 army; yet attending on the King's person, without any other 
 obligation than honour, he alwajs engaged with the most for- 
 
 "' Clarendon, p. 4.^ " Ihid p. 44, 45. <> Ibid, p 48. 
 
 p Menio;i;i!s, p Oi.
 
 40J PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 ward, in every action, or siege, where his Majesty was present. 
 His Lordship was also intimate with Prince Rupert, and was with 
 him at the taking of Bristol j having a little before for his approved 
 loyalty, and others his great merits, beeni advanced to tlie degree 
 and dignity of an Earl, by the title of Earl of Sunderland, by 
 letters patent, bearing date at Oxford, on June 8, 1^3; at which 
 time of his creation/ he was said to be allied to all the nobility 
 then at court, except Duke Hamilton. 
 
 By a letter to his lady, dated at Oxford, on August Q, at sun- 
 set, 1643, his Lordship informs her, " That the King's sudden 
 resolution of going before Gloucester, had extremely disappointed 
 him 5 for when he went from Bristol, on Monday morning, he 
 resolved to be at Oxford the Qih of August j upon which his Lord- 
 ship, and two or three gentlemen, agreed to meet his Majesty 
 there, and to take Bath in their way, which they did accordingly; 
 whereby they missed his Majesty, being gone that morning towards 
 Gloucester, and would be before it the next morning, where he 
 intended to wait on him. That the King's going to Gloucester 
 was, in the opinion of most, very unadvised. The Queen unsa- 
 tisfied in it; so is all the people of quality. You will receive two 
 other letters from me by this messenger, one of which I wrote 
 before my going hence, the other at Bristol," &c. 
 
 In another letter to her ladyship, dated from the camp before 
 Gloucester, on August 25, he thus expresses himself: 
 
 " MY DEAREST HART, 
 
 *' Just as I was going out of the trenches, on Wednes- 
 day, I received your letter of the 20th of this instant, which gave 
 me so much satisfaction, that it put all the inconveniences of this 
 siege out of my thoughts. At that instant, if I had followed my 
 own inclinations, I had returned an answer to yours; writing to 
 you, and hearing from you, being the most pleasant entertain- 
 ment I am capable of receiving in any place; but especially here, 
 where, but when I am in the trenches (which place is seldom 
 without my company) I am more solitary than ever I was in my 
 life: this country being very full of private cottages, in one of 
 which I am quartered, where my Lord Falkland did me the honour 
 to sup. Mr. Chillingworth' is here with me at Sir Nicholas Scl- 
 win's, who has been this wtek at Oxford; our little engineer comes 
 
 ^ Pat 19 Car. I. " Lloyd's Memcirs, piaed, 
 
 5 A famous divine.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 401 
 
 not hither so much out of kindness to me, as for his own con- 
 veniencyj my quarters being three or four miles nearer the leaguer 
 than ray Lord of Devonshire's, with whom he staid till he was 
 commanded to make ready his engines with all possible speed. It 
 is not to be imagined, with what diligence and satisfaction (I mean 
 to myself) he executes this command; for my part I think it not 
 unwisely done of him to change his profession; and I think you 
 would have been of my mind, if you had heard him dispute last 
 night with my Lord Falkland, in favour of Socinianism; wherein 
 he was, by his Lordship, so often confounded, that really it ap- 
 pears, he has much more reason for his engines, than for his opi- 
 nions. I put off my writing till last night, out of hopes that 
 somewhat here would have happened worthy of your knowledge; 
 and you see what good company made me defer it last night, at 
 vv'hich time I was newly come from our leaguer, whither I thought 
 to have gone this morning; but J have got such a kind of small 
 boil, in such a place, that I cannot ride without pain, so I cannot 
 Mith modesty make a more particular description. I find that 
 we had only an alarum, which they gave to hinder our working, 
 not daring to sally any more, being so well beaten the last time: 
 our galley will be finisht within this day or two, and then we shall 
 soon dispatch our mine, and them wdth it. ]>.Iany of the soldiers 
 are confident, that we shall have the town within this four days, 
 which I extremely long for; not that I am weary of this siege, for 
 really, though we suffer many inconveniences, yet I am not ill 
 pleased with this variety, so directly opposite, as the being in the 
 rrenches with so much good company, together with the noise and 
 tintamarre of guns and drums, with the horrid spectacles, and 
 liideous cries, of dead and hurt men, is to the solitariness of my 
 quarter: which often brings into my thoughts, how infinitely 
 more happy I should esteem myself, quietly to enjoy your com- 
 pany at Althorp, than to be troubled with the noises, and engaged 
 in the factions of the court, M-hich I shall ever endeavour to avoid, 
 &c.' When we were at Bristol, Sir William was there, but I 
 hear he is now lately gone to Hereford, for which I envy him, 
 and all others, that can go to their own houses; but I hope ere 
 long you will let me have your company, the thought of which is 
 to me most pleasant, and passionately desired by yours, &c." 
 In another letter from Oxford, September lO", 10"43, but four 
 
 ' This is a most beautiful and interesting letter, and does the writer high 
 honour. 
 
 vol.. 1. 2d
 
 402 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 days before the fight at Newberry, where he was slain> his Lord- 
 ship gives his Lady this account : 
 
 " Since I wrote to you last from Sulbey, we had some hope* 
 of fighting with my Lord of Essex's army, having certain intel- 
 ligence of his being in a field convenient enough, called Ripple 
 Field, towards which we advanced with all possible speed; upon 
 which he retired with his army to Tewxbury, where, by the ad- 
 vantage of the bridge, he was able to make good his quarter with 
 500 men against 20,000. So that though we were so near as to 
 have been with him in two hours, his quarter being so strong, it 
 was resolved on Thursday, as he would not fight with us, we 
 should endeavour to force him to it, by cutting off his provisionsj 
 for which purpose the best way was, for the body of our army to 
 go back to Evesham, and for our horse to distress him. Upon 
 Xvhich, I and others resolved to come for a few days to Oxford, 
 where we arrived late on Thursday night, there being no proba- 
 bility of fighting very suddenly. As soon as I came, I went to 
 your father's, where I found Alibone, with whose face I was 
 better pleased, than with any of the ladies here. This expression 
 is so much a bolder thing than charging Lord Essex, that should 
 this letter miscarry, and come to the knowledge of our dames, I 
 should, by having my eyes scratcht out, be cleared from coming 
 away from the army for fear; where, if I had stayed, its odds if 
 I had lost more than one. Last night very good news came to 
 court, that we yesterday morning fell upon a horse quarter of the 
 enemy's, and cut off a regiment. And my Lord of Newcastle 
 hath killed and taken prisoners two whole regiments of horse and 
 foot, that issued out of Hull; which place he hath hopes to take. 
 By the same messenger last night, the King sent the Queen word, 
 he would come hither on Monday or Tuesday; upon one of which 
 days, if he alters his resolutions, I shall not fail to return to the 
 army. I am afraid our setting down before Gloucester, has hin-i 
 dered us from making an end of the war this year, which nothing 
 could keep us from doing if we had a month's more time, which 
 we lost there, for we never were in a more prosperous condition : 
 and yet the divisions do not at all diminish, especially between 
 142 and 412, by which we receive prejudice. I never saw 83 
 [King] use any body with more neglect than 100 [Earl of Hol- 
 land] and we say he is not used much better by the Queen. Mrs. 
 Jermyn met my Lord Jermyn (who, notwithstanding your intel- 
 ligence, is but a Baron) with whom I came to Woodstock, who 
 told me she would write to you, which I hope she hath done; for
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 403 
 
 stiKe I came here, I have seen no creature but your father and my 
 uncle; so that I am altogether ignorant of the intrigues of this 
 place. Before I go hence I hope some body will come from youj 
 however, before I go hence, I shall have a letter for you. I take 
 the best care 1 can about my ceconomical affairs. I am afraid I 
 shall not be able to get you a better house, every body thinking 
 me mad for speaking about it. Pray bless Poppet for me," and 
 tell her I would have writ to her, but that, upon mature delibera- 
 tion, I found it uncivil to return an answer to a lady, in another 
 character than her own, which I am not yet learned enough to do. 
 I cannot, by walking about my chamber, call any thing more to 
 mind to set down here; and really I have made you no small com- 
 pliment in writing thus much, for I have so great a cold, that I 
 do nothing but sneeze, and my eyes do nothing but water, all the 
 while I am in this posture of holding down my head. I beseech 
 you present his service to ray Lady, who is most passionately and 
 perfectly Yours, 
 
 Oxford, Sept. i6, 1643. Sunderland." 
 
 The aforesaid letters^ are inserted, as they set forth some 
 particulars of those times not so well known ; and as they shew 
 his Lordship was a person of observation and address, as also a 
 very affectionate and tender husband. And his sentiments were 
 so just, that the Earl of Clarendon, Whitelock, and others, agree 
 with his Lordship, that the undertaking of the siege of Gloucester 
 was the ruin of the King's army, which might have marched to 
 London without opposition. 
 
 The march of the Earl of Essex for the relief of Gloucester, 
 and the means that contributed to it, are at large related by the 
 Earl of Clarendon, who, throughout his history, is not particular 
 in reciting the days of many remarkable actions. But y-Whitelock 
 tells us, that on the third and fourth of September, the King drew 
 off his carriages, and removed the siege. His Majesty, on Sep- 
 tember 5, went over Severn towards Bristol j and Lord Essex the 
 day following entered Gloucester. It is needless to recount the 
 movements of both armies, till the battle of Newberry, which fell 
 out* on September 20, and lasted from about six in the morning, 
 
 " His daughter, after Marchioness of Halifax. 
 " Collins, or his editor, had no occasion to make an apology for these 
 letters. If he had inserted an hundred such, no reader of taste would have 
 complained. 
 
 , Memorials, p 69 i Ibid. p. 70
 
 404 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 till ten or eleven at night. It is observed by the same author, 
 who had his intelligence from the account sent by the Earl of 
 Essex,* "That the Parliament soldiers bad the pillage of the dead 
 bodies, and that both parties fought with great manhood and ani- 
 mosity, especially the King's horse, who yet were worsted, and 
 the Earls of Sunderland, and of Carnarvon, who commanded part 
 of them, were slain in the fight." The Earl of Clarendon'' gives 
 this account: " The King's horse, with a kind of contempt of the 
 enemy, charged with wonderful boldness, upon all grounds of 
 inequality, and were so far too hard for the troops of the other 
 side, that they routed them in most places, till they had left the 
 greatest part of their foot without any guard at all of horse. But 
 then the foot behaved themselves admirably on the enemies part, 
 and gave their scattered horse time to rally, and were ready to 
 assist and secure them on all occasions." "^ Here fell (says the 
 noble <= author) the Earl of Sunderland, a lord of great fortune, 
 tender years (being not above three and twenty years of age) and 
 an early judgment 3 who, having no command in the array, at- 
 tended upon the King's person, under the obligation of honour; 
 and putting himself that day in the King's troop a volunteer, be- 
 fore they came to charge, was taken away by a cannon bullet :" 
 which however, as Lloyd relates, ^ did not wholly take his life 
 away; " but through the chinks of a wounded body, expressed 
 those holy thoughts, that went as harbingers of his soul to bea- 
 ten." His Lordship's body was carried to Brington in Northamp- 
 tonshire, and there buried. 
 
 On September 28, 1643,^ a black box and'a des.k, of the Earl 
 of Sunderland, were opened at the Earl of Leicester's lodgings, 
 in Queen's college in Oxford, in the presence of the Earl of Lei- 
 cester, Mr. John Harvey, Mr. William Ailsbury, Dr. Henry Ham- 
 mond, Mr. Crook, and Mr. Smith, and two of Lord Sunderland's 
 chief servants, Wingfield Catlin, and Hugh Pennant. At which 
 time Hugh Pennant had delivered to him four pounds, to redeem 
 the Earl's watch, taken from him after his death in battle. 
 
 Robert Earl of Leicester, his Lordship's father-in-law, bemoans 
 his death, in a very remarkable letter, he wrote to his daughter, 
 dated at Oxford, on October 10, 1643, and published amoqg tlie 
 Sidney Memorials, vol. ii. p. 271> 2/2 , He therein tells her Lady- 
 Ship, " I know it is to no purpose to advise you not to grieve ; 
 
 Memorials, p. 70. >> Hist, of Rebel. 8vo. vol. iii. p. 347. 
 
 Ibid p. 349. d Memoirs of Loyalists, p. 4J2. 
 
 ' Ex Autog. apud Penshurst.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 405 
 
 that is not my infentionj for such a loss as yours cannot be re- 
 ceived indifferently by a nature so tender and so sensible as yours j 
 but though your affection to him whom you loved so dearly, and 
 your reason in vahiing his merit (neither of which you could do 
 too much) did expose you to the danger of that sorrow which now 
 oppresseth you; yet if you consult with that affection, and with 
 reason, you will see cause to moderate that sorrow; for your affec- 
 tion to that worthy person may tell you, that even to it you cannot 
 justify yourself, if you lament his being raised to a degree of hap- 
 piness, far beyond any that he could enjoy upon the earth, &c, 
 and your reason will assure you, that besides the vanity of bemoan- 
 ing that which hath no remedy, you ofiend him whom you loved, 
 if you hurt that person whom he loved ; remember how appre- 
 hensive he was of your dangers, and how sorry for any thing that 
 troubled you, &c. I know you lived happily, and so as no body 
 but yourself could measure the contentment of it. I rejoiced at 
 it, and did thank God for making me one of the means to procure 
 it for you, &c." 
 
 Lloyd gives this further account, ^ that " he was virtuous, be- 
 cause it became him ; was above vice, as well as without itj a 
 good patriot, promoting trade, manufactures, and the privileges of 
 his country; a good neighbour, beloved of all ; a discreet landlord, 
 a noble housekeeper; a friend to the learned; and an exemplary 
 master of a family," From the amiable, and deserved character, 
 so justly attributed to his Lordship, it may be reckoned, consider- 
 ing the few years he lived, that his death was a great loss to his 
 country. s 
 
 He left his lady great with child, who was delivered of a 
 daughter, named Penelope, '' but it died soon after its birth, I 
 have before mentioned, that he had a son Robert, and a daughter 
 Dorothy, on whom he settled 10,000/. on her marriage. Siie 
 was, in 1656, married to Sir George Savile, Baronet, afterwards 
 created Marquis of Hahfax, He,' with the Lady Dorothy, his 
 wife, gave a general release, dated on January 2, \Q5C>7 , to Robert 
 Earl of Leicester, Dorothy Countess Dowager of Sunderland, and 
 other trustees, for the said 10,000/. Which Dorothy Countess 
 of Sunderland, lived to a very great age, and was buried by her 
 Lord at Brington, on Feb. 25, l6S3-4. She was but 23 years of 
 
 f Memoirs, ut antea. 
 B I think I have seen a most beautiful portrait of this admirable and 
 heroic nobleman at Penshurst, that storehouse of historical and poetical ideas- 
 " Ex Scrip apud Penshurst. ' Ibid.
 
 405 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 age, '' when she had the hard fortune to lose her beloved Lord,- 
 and entertained no thoughts of marriage for a considerable time, 
 living retired, a rare example of all christian virtues ; her house 
 (as Lloyd ' observes) being a sanctuary to the loyal sufferers, and 
 learned clergymen, till finding the heavy load of house-keeping 
 too troublesome, she thereupon went to her father at Penshurst, 
 and with his consent took to her second husband, ^ on July 8th, 
 1652, Robert Smythe, of Sutton at Hone and Bounds in Kent, 
 'Esq. son and heir of Sir John Smythe, Knight, (by Isabella, his 
 wife, daughter of Robert Rich, first Earl of Warwick) son and 
 heir of Sir Thomas Smythe, uncle of Thomas Smythe, created 
 Lord Viscount Strangford, who had to wife Barbara, daughter of 
 Piobert Sidney, the first Earl of Leicester. The Countess of 
 Sunderland also sumved her second husband, by whom she had 
 issue, Robert Smythe, Esq. governor of Dover Castle in the reign 
 of Charles II. whose son Henry was father of Sir Sidney Stafford 
 Smythe, late lord chief baroa of his Majesty's Court of Ex-, 
 chequer. 
 
 Robert, second Earl of Sunderland, only son and heir 
 of the last lord, was from his youth of a manly disposition. Dr. 
 Pierce, who was his tutor, gave him this character : " " his 
 choice endowments of nature, having been happily seasoned and 
 crowned with grace, gave him at once such a willingness and 
 aptness to be taught, that reconciled his greatest pains with eas5 
 and pleasure ; and made the education of his dear lord, not so 
 much his employment, as his recreation and reward." 
 
 On his return into England, after his travels, his bright parts 
 and abilities made him soon distinguished, and rendered him uni- 
 versally beloved and esteemed. And his Majesty, King Charles, 
 observing his noble and polite behaviour, appointed him his am- 
 bassador extraordinary to the court of Spain, in 1671. The Earl 
 of Arlington, secretary of state, writes to Sir William Godolphin, 
 envoy in Spain, from Eusion Hall, on October gth, 1671: "we 
 have here my Lord Sunderland, whose preparations are making- 
 at London, with all possible speed, for his embassy into Spain, 
 whither he goes under the character of his Majesty's extraordinary 
 ambassador." 
 
 His Lordship i' set out for Dover, on November 22d, and by 
 
 ^ Ex Scrip, apud Penshurst. 1 Memoirs, p-433- 
 
 " Ex Regist. Ecclcs. dc Penshurst. " Lloyd's Memoirs, ut antca, 
 
 o A'.lington's Letters, vol. ii. p. 355. 
 Bishop Kennct's Life of King Chirljs 1 1, in Hist of Eng- vol. iii. p. 509.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 407 
 
 letter from Madrid, dated January 24th, (O. S.) 1671-2, informs 
 the Earl of Arlington, 1 " that he arrived there the 9th of Ja- 
 nuary, N. S, and, with Sir William Godolphin, had their first 
 audiences of their Catholic Majesties the iSth^ and, on the.22d, 
 bad their first conferences with the Conde de Peneranda." 
 
 It appears from his Lordship's and Sir William Godolphin's 
 letters that he left his Countess, and the main part of his family, 
 in England, till he saw whether his negotiations would succeed. 
 And by letter from Madrid, on February 28th, O. S. 16/1-2, to 
 the Earl of Arlington, concludes, " ' that in the humour they are 
 here of supporting the Dutch, I believe nothing we can offer, 
 will be at all valued by them ; and if the King should think of 
 making no new propositions, it would be a very unseasonable 
 time for my wife to begin a journey in. Therefore I beg the 
 favour you will please to direct her." 
 
 The Earl of Sunderland, after leaving Madrid, resided some 
 time at Paris, as ambassador extraordinary to the French King. 
 And Sir William Godolphin, in his letter on December 7th, 
 1672, complaining of exhausting his private fortune, says,' " I 
 cannot but believe tliat my case is singular, and that my Lord 
 Sunderland is better supplied at Paris ; if not, he needeth it less. 
 That the ambassadors, in the courts of Vienna, Paris, and Madrid, 
 had lOOZ. per week 3 from which rule they had been pleased to 
 depart in my case only, as if my estate were so much greater, than 
 either Mr. Montague's, or my Lord Sunderland's." And com- 
 plaining further of his w^ant of equipage, and not making his 
 public entry, he recites, ^ " my Lord Sunderland is gone, and 
 free from the ways which this court taketh of revenge, though he 
 suffered sufficiently when he was here, most of the grandees re- 
 flising to p;)y the visits he gave them, pretending they could not 
 visit him as ambassador, till he had made his public entry." 
 
 In 1673, the Swedes offering their mediation for a general 
 peace, '^ his Majesty appointed the Earl of Sunderland, Sir Lionel 
 Jenkins, and Sir Joseph Williamson, his plenipotentiaries for the 
 treaty; which was of short continuance, for the Emperor seizing 
 the Elector of Cologne's plenipotentiary, the French looked on it 
 as such a violation of the passports, that they set it up fof a preli- 
 minary, before they would enter on the treaty. 
 
 <i Letters and Negotiations in Spain, vol. ii. p 134, 135 
 
 r Letters, &c ut antea, p- 165. 
 
 Ibid. p. 173- * Ibid. p. 174. 
 
 Bishop Burnet's History of bis own time, 8vo. vol. i. p. 3^4.
 
 4m PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 His Lordship continued abroad till the beginning of the year 
 1674, being followed by Sir Lionel Jenkins, and Sir Joseph 
 Williamson, the other plenipotentiaries at Cologne, " who arrived 
 from thence at Whitehall, on May 10th, 1674. And this account 
 was published in the Gazette. >' " Windsor, May 'i/ih, 16/4, 
 This day Robert Earl of Sunderland was, by his Majesty's 
 favour, admitted into the privy-council ; and having taken the 
 usual oaths, took his place at the board." 
 
 His Lordship continued in England, till July, iGyS, when he 
 was again sent ambassador extraordinary to the French King, ^ on 
 Mr. Montague's coming into England, without his Majesty's 
 leave ; ^ which occasioned his cabinet to be searched, ^ on some 
 private intelligence concerning him, given to the King by Olive- 
 cransthe Swedish secretary. There being a close friendship between 
 the Earl of Danby, lord treasurer, and his Lordship, his first letter 
 was addressed to him from Paris, on August 2d, (O. S.) 1678. 
 He therein informs him, = " the courier, your Lordship dispatched 
 from London the 28th of July, arrived here on Wednesday morn- 
 ing. The same day I went to St, Germains, where I represented 
 to his most Christian Majesty, how impossible it was for the King, 
 my master, to accept of any expedient for the peace, without the 
 absolute restitution of the towns so long in question, &c." 
 
 There are other letters to the Earl of Sunderland from the 
 Earl of Danby, which shew the artifices of the French, in pre- 
 vailing on the States General to sign a separate peace, and the 
 King's resentment of it. 
 
 His Lordship in answer, from Paris, on August 22d, 1678, 
 plainly shews his opinion of the French, and their shuffling deal- 
 ing with us, and his assiduity in his negotiations. "^ 
 
 The last letter I find of his Lordship's, during his abode in 
 France, is to the lord treasurer, dated on October 8th, O. S. 
 1678, ^ wherein he acquaints him; " That he had with all the 
 care imaginable let the French King know, that it is impossible 
 for his Majesty to make the declaration, which is so much de- 
 
 Pointer's Chron. vol i. p 246. 
 y History of England, vol. iii. p. 3S9. 
 2 Burnet, vol. i. p. 422. 
 Letters to and from the Earl of Danby, p 106. 
 '' See an account of this transaction in Burnet, and article Leeds in thi 
 Voluir.e. 
 
 ' Letters to and from the Earl of Danby, p. 2S9. 
 << Ibid, p. 298,299. ^ Ibid- p. 203,204.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 409 
 
 sired here; and how much he is courted to enter into the con- 
 trary alliance, and have made the propositions your Lordship's 
 letters directed me to do. To which I can obtain no answer, but 
 that the chief thing towards procuring the satisfaction of Sweden, 
 is the King's declaring himself for it, &c. I said all that was 
 possible to let him understand, that very advantageous proposi- 
 tions were made to the King : that the power of the Prince of 
 Orange was as considerable as ever : that the business of Sweden 
 could never be accommodated, if the King should join with the 
 confederates : and several things to fortify all that, which I am 
 confident he sees very plainly, and desires extremely to secure the 
 friendship of our master, &c. After this I told him, that I had 
 asked leave to go into England for a short time, which I hoped to 
 obtain. He said, he should not be sorry that I made such a 
 journey, because he hoped it would contribute to the establishing 
 a correspondence, that might be of advantage to my master and 
 to him. This being the state of affairs here, I beg of your Lord- 
 ship to ask leave of the King that I may go into England for a 
 month, or less, as he shall think fit. I am sure it cannot preju- 
 dice his business, and I hope it may be some advantage to it ; for 
 cne cannot write a great many little things, which are often im- 
 portant to the greatest, &c." 
 
 Whilst his Lordship remained at the court of France, it was 
 the critical time of tiie treaties at Nimeguen, which ended in a 
 separate peace betwixt France and Holland j and at last with 
 Spain also. Whereby his negociations required great assiduity ; 
 and he acquitted himself to the satisfaction of his own Sovereign, 
 as well as to the King of France; insomuch, as Sir William 
 Temple recites, " he was sent for over from the Hague to come 
 into the place of secretary of state s in Mr. Coventry's room, and 
 to enter on it about the same time with Lord Snndeiland, who 
 was, on February Qth, 16/8-9, brought into the place of Sir 
 Joseph Williamson, who had, on November 18th, 16/8, been 
 committed to the Tower by the house of commons, for signing 
 commissions to popish officers, and warrants for dispensations to 
 them to continue in their commands, and to be passed in muster 
 without taking the oaths of allegiance, &c. according to a late act. 
 As Lord Sunderland came then to be at the head of the admi- 
 nistration, I shall briefly recite Sir William Temple's observations 
 
 < Memoirs, part ii. p. 385, 387- Burnet, vol. i- p. 454- 
 
 i> Hisi;- t)t tag. vol iii. p 354-
 
 410. ' TEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 on that critical time. ' " On his arrival in England, the latter, 
 end of February, he found the King had dissolved the parliament 
 that had sat eighteen years, and a new one called ; and that to 
 make way for a calm session, the Duke of York embarked, the 
 day after his arrival at London, for Holland ; Lord Shaftesbury, 
 Lord Essex, and Lord Halifax, had struck up with the Duke of 
 Monmouth, resolving to make use of his credit with the King, 
 and support it by theirs in the parliament. He found the lord 
 treasurer (Earl of Danby) and lordchamberlain (Earl of Arlington) 
 two most admirable emblems of the true, and so much admired, 
 felicity of ministers of state. The last grown out of all confidence 
 and credit with the King ; and thereby forced to support himself 
 by intrigues with the most discontented against lord treasurer's 
 ministry, whose greatness he so much envied ; and who was in 
 much worse condition himself, though not so sensible of it ; for 
 he had been very ill with the late parliament, on account of trans- 
 actions with France, which though he had not approved, yet he 
 durst not defend himself from the imputation, for fear of expos- 
 ing his master. He was in danger of being pursued by his ene- 
 mies in parliament for having made the peace, and endeavoured 
 to stifle the popish plot, and yet sat very loose with the King, 
 who told Sir William several reasons of that change, whereof 
 one was, his bringing the business of the plot into parliament, 
 against his absolute command. And to complete the envied state 
 of this chief minister, the Duchess of Portsmouth, and Earl of 
 Sunderland, were joined with the Duke of Monmomh, and Earl 
 of Shaftesbury, in the design of his ruin." 
 
 On February 22d, the King acquainted the parliament ^ with 
 the removal of the Earl of Danby from the office of lord trea- 
 surer. He was put out to make way for the Earl of Essex, who 
 was brought into the treasury by the Duke of Monmouth, and 
 the Earl of Sunderland, ' as recited by Sir William Temple : and 
 that Lord Sunderland, in compliance, was resolved to bring Lord 
 Shaftesbviry again into court, being his near relation (his wife, 
 then living, being his father's sister) and was in confidence with 
 the Duke of Monmouth, and Lord Essex. Sir William Temple 
 did not join with them, though he kept a good understanding 
 with the Earl of Sunderland ; and refused to be secretary of state 
 (so that Sir Lionel Jenkins succeeded Mr. Coventry) though oftea 
 
 i Memoirs, part. ii. p 388, et seq. 
 * Pointer's Chrcn Hist vol. i. p. 256. ' Memoirs, part iii p. la.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 411 
 
 and earnestly urged to it by Lord Sunderland, "' as himself relates. 
 Sir William projected the King's establishing a new council, of 
 such a constitution as might gain credit with the parliament, and 
 thereby give ease and quiet both to the King aiui his people. 
 " And his Majesty coming to a resolution, first to communicate 
 it to three or four, he could most rely on, in point of judgment, 
 secrecy, and affection to his service, ordered Sir William Templa 
 to communicate the whole scheme to the Lord Chancellor Finch, 
 Lord Sunderland, and Lord Essex ; but one after another j and 
 with charge from him of the last secrecy ; and bring him word of 
 their opinions on it, and, if they concurred with his, to appoint 
 them to attend his Majesty the next morning. When they were 
 acquainted with it, they all received it with equal amazement and 
 pleasure: and Lord Sunderland approved it as much as any. 
 The day after they attended his Majesty, and had a very long 
 audience, upon which no difficulty arose, but two that were 
 wholly personal. Sir William had proposed Lord Halifax to be 
 one of the council, and thought his Majesty had been contented 
 with it 5 but at this meeting he raised new difficulties, and ap- 
 peared a great while invincible in them, though all joined in de- 
 fence of him : and at last told the King, they would fall on their 
 knees to gain a point, they all thought so necessary for his service. 
 And then his Majesty consented. The other was concerning 
 Lord Shaftesbury, whom the King had not thought on b.^forc ; 
 but after Lord Halifax had passed, the King said theie was 
 another, who, if he was left out, might do as much mischief as 
 any, and named Lord Shaftesbury j to which the three lords 
 agreed J and concluded farther, that he would never be content 
 with a counsellor's place among thirty, and therefore proposed 
 to add one to the number, and make him lord president. Sir 
 William desired his Majesty to remember, that he had no part in 
 Lord Shaftesbury's coming into bis council or his affairs, and that 
 his Majesty and the lords had resolved it without him, and was 
 still absolutely against it. The King laughed, and turned his 
 anger into a jest, and went on with the constitution intended." 
 And at Whitehall, on April 21st, 1679/' they met his Majesty 
 in council ; who the same day told his two houses, that he had 
 established a new privy-council; and had made choice of such 
 persons, as were worthy and able to advise himj and was re- 
 
 " Memoirs, part iii p 17, i8, 19, 20 to 63. 
 AppemlLx to Temple's Memoirs, part iii. p i.
 
 413 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 solved, in all his weighty and important affairs, to be advised by 
 them. " And it was received with general applause in the 
 country, with bonfires in the city, and the same in Ireland : in 
 Holland the actions of the East India Company rose upon it very 
 much, &c." 
 
 Lord Sunderland (as said before) was desirous of having Sir 
 William Temple secretary of state in Mr. Coventry's place ; but 
 the ill opinion Sir William had of the Earl of Shaftesbury's being 
 employed, made him decline it : p yet, on his Lordship's desiring, 
 by Mr. Sidney, that they three might join together in perfect 
 confidence, and distinct from any others, in the course of the 
 King's affairs, he was willing to embrace it. " This confidence 
 (says he) had not run on above a fortnight, when Lord Sunder- 
 land asked me if I were willing Lord Essex should be received in 
 it, which I consented to, though with intimation to Lord Sunder- 
 land of the opinion I had (for some time of late) of Lord Essex. 
 So we met for a while once a day by turns, at each of our houses, 
 and consulted upon the chief affairs that were then on the anvil, 
 and how they might be best prepared for the parliament or the 
 council. But matters growing very untoward, by the practices of 
 Lord Shaftesbury and Duke of Monmouth, and the ill humour of 
 the house of commons about the business of religion ; I proposed 
 to Lords Sunderland and Essex to receive Lord Halifax into all 
 our consultations, who was unsatisfied by observing where the 
 King's confidence was; and by being admitted, would both enter 
 him into credit with the King, and give us more ease in the 
 course of his affairs. Lord Essex received the overture with his 
 usual dryness : Lord Sunderland opposed it a good deal, and said, 
 I should not find Lord Halifax the person I took him for; but 
 one that could draw with nobody, and still climbing up to the top 
 himself. However, I continued resolute in pressing it, and at 
 length it was concluded ; and we fell all four together into tlie 
 usual meetings and consultations. 
 
 " The chief matters before the King, at that time, were, first 
 the satisfaction of his people, by falling into measures with the 
 parliament, that might enable him to look abroad in such a figure 
 as became the crown of England ; and was necessary for pre- 
 venting a new invasion of France, upon Flanders or Holland, 
 which looked very desperate. The second was on instances made 
 from the States, about a new guarantee to be given upon the late 
 
 Memoirs, prasd. p. 22, 23. p Ibid. p. 28, 29, 30, 31, ct seq-
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 413 
 
 general peace by his Majesty j particularly to Spain in the.busi- 
 ness of Flanders. The third was giving some ease to Scotland, 
 where the humours began to swell, and we conceived could be 
 done no way so easily as by the removal of the Duke of Lauderdale, 
 too much hated both here and there, to be fit for the temper his 
 Majesty seemed resolved to use in his affairs. For this last, wc 
 could not on any terms obtain it of the King, by all the argu- 
 ments used (jointly and severally) by us all four : the King say- 
 ing none of us knew Scotland so well as himself, 
 
 " For the second, we easily agreed on the measures that 
 seemed necessary, for the satisfaction of the States, and the safety 
 of Flanders 5 being all four of the committee, where all foreign 
 affairs were consulted, &c. For the first, which was the most 
 important, M-e found it more perplexed than v/e could imagine. 
 Both houses of parliament seemed to have no eyes, but for the 
 dangers of popery, on the Duke of York's succession to the 
 crown; which humour was blown up by all the arts and intrigue* 
 of the Duke of Monmouth and Lord Shaftesbury. The King 
 .seemed willing to secure them against those fears, without chang- 
 ing the laws in point of succession. The council thereupon, with 
 great earnestness and endeavour, agreed on heads to be offered 
 the parliament; commonly enough known ; which were agreed to 
 by all the council, except Lord Shaftesbury, and I (Sir William 
 Temple) on different grounds. Lord Shaftesbury's was plain, 
 ' That there could be no security against the Duke, if once in 
 possession of the crown.' And being well infused by his and the 
 Duke of Monmouth's friends in the house of commons, occasioned 
 their sullen rejecting all expedients offered them by the King. 
 During all these transactions (saith Sir William Temple) 1 Lord 
 Sunderland, Lord Essex, Lord Halifax, and I, continued our 
 constant meetings and consultations, and with so much union, 
 and so disinterested endeavours, for the general good of his Ma- 
 jesty's service, and the kingdom's, that I could not but say to 
 them at the end of one of our meetings, that we four were either 
 the four honestest men in England, or the greatest knaves ; for 
 M'-e made one another at least believe, that we were the honestest 
 men in the world. 
 
 " But after the houses of parliament rejected (he expedients 
 offered by the King and council. Lord Sliaftesbury fuiding him- 
 self neither in confidence with the King, nor credit in the council, 
 
 , Memoirs, part i'u. p 37 tt suq.
 
 4lf4' PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 inflamed the house of commons to that degree, as made the lorda 
 (before mentioned) cast about which way to lay the storm. At 
 length Lord Sunderland' told me, that Lord Essex and Loid 
 Halifax were of opinion, that it was necessary to take in the 
 Duke of Monmouth, and Lord Shaftesbury, into the first digestion 
 of affairs, considering the influence they had on the house ; and 
 for this end to agree with them in the banishment of the Duke, 
 either for a certain term, or during the King's life ; and desired 
 to know whether I would fall into it with them, and join in bring- 
 ing it about with the King. I told Lord Sunderland, positively 
 I would not : &c. This was peremptory, and so it ended : the 
 three lords fell into meetings and consultations with the Duke of 
 Monmouth, and Lord Shaftesbury." 
 
 The Earl of Sunderland being so much concerned in all coun- 
 cils, this brief abstract, from Sir William Temple, could not pro- 
 perly be omitted, as it shews his Lordship's disposition and en- 
 deavours, both for the King's ease and quiet, as well as the satis- 
 faction of his people. But such was that conjunction, as Sir 
 William Temple' observes^ that it lasted little more than a fort- 
 night, the Duke of Monmouth and Lord Shaftesbury endeavour- 
 ing to be at the head of all afi'airs, by prevailing on the house of 
 commons to bring the King into necessities of yielding all points 
 to them. So that the three Lords agreed on proroguing the par- 
 liament, as the only remedy left in the present distemper ; and 
 communicating their thoughts to Sir William I'emple, he was of 
 the same opinion ; and they were to propose it to the King and 
 council. And in this resolution (says Sir William) we parted, 
 and appointed to meet again two days after, for the fixing it with 
 his Majesty. And going into the country, and returning the 
 third morning early, he found Lord Sunderland had called or sent 
 several times to his house the night before, and left word he must 
 needs speak with him. As soon as he came to town, he sent im- 
 mediately to Whitehall, but found his Lordship was gone with 
 the King to the house of peers. Whereupon he went to Lord 
 Essex, as nearest him, and asked whether any thing new had 
 happened; who told him, that the King had found there were 
 remonstrances ready prepared in the house of commons to inflame 
 the city and nation, on the points of plot and popery; and that 
 
 " Burnet says, " Sunderland at first declared for limitations, and against the 
 exclubira " vol. l p 4.56 
 
 ' Memoirs, part iii. p. 40, 41, et seq.
 
 DUK E OF MARLBOROUGH. 415 
 
 iheir three Lordships having upon it consulted with his Majesty, 
 he had resolved the parliament should be prorogued that morning, 
 upon tlie King's coming to the house; and that it could not be 
 allowed time, by a debate of council. Accordingly the parlia- 
 ment was prorogued, with great resentment of both houses, and 
 uch rage of Lord Shaftesbuiy, that he said on it aloud in the 
 house, he would have the heads of those who were the advisers of 
 the prorogation. 
 
 On stories being raised of Sir William Temple' being a mart 
 of arbitrary principles. Lord Sunderland, on the knowledge 
 thereof, " " thought that he, who had such a part in the King' 
 affairs, ought to stand as well as he could with the house of com- 
 mons (where endeavoHVS being made for impeaching him there, 
 for making the general pence) pressed him tosufJer several things 
 be had formerly written, and of which copies had run, to be then 
 printed (as they were) under the title oi Miscellanea. He thought 
 (says Sir William) by that piiblication, men would see I was not 
 a man of the dangerous principles pretended ; and I might assure 
 the world, of being author of no books that had not my name. 
 Lord Halifax, commending them to me in general, told me as a 
 friend, that I should take heed of carrying too far the principle of 
 paternal dominion (which was deduced in the Essay of Govern- 
 ment) for fear of destroying the rights of the people. So tender 
 was every body of those points at that time." 
 
 After the Earls of Sunderland, Essex, and Halifax, '^ h:?d no 
 commerce with the Duke of Monmouth and Lord Shaftesbury, 
 Sir William Temple came again to their meetings and consulta- 
 tions, wherein they were unanimous, as he observes, " and con- 
 sidered how to make way for a better tempered session of parlia- 
 ment, after the short prorogation made. They also concluded 
 measures with Holland in all points, to the satisfaction of their 
 ambassador; and thought of such acts of council, as might ex- 
 press his Majesty's care for suppressing popery, even in the in- 
 tervals of parliament." 
 
 There had been a perpetual appearance of ill humour, at 
 
 ' Memoirs, part iii. p. 44.. Ibid, p-46- 
 
 X Burnet says, " they were called Tke Trlunmerate. Lord Essex applied 
 himself to the business of the treasury, to the regulating the King's cxpence, 
 and the improvement of the revenue. Lord Halifax studied to manage the 
 King's spirit, and to gain an ascendant there by a lively and libertine conver- 
 sation. Lord Sunderland managed foreign affairs, and had the greatest credit 
 With the Duchess of Portsmouth." Eurnet, vol i p 4'.<i.
 
 416 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 council, between Lord Shaftesbury and Lord Halifax, which often 
 broke into spightful repartees between them ; y and the Duke of 
 Monmouth had broken all measures with Lord Essex. And the 
 term of the proiogation of parliament being near, all agreed the 
 session could not conveniently begin before October, and a day 
 was appointed to consider of it in council. " The Duke of Mon- 
 mouth (says Sir William'^) was greater than ever: Lord Shaftes- 
 bury reckoned on being so too, at the meeting of the parliament, 
 and at the cost of those he took to be the auihors of the proroga- 
 tion : Lords Essex and Halifax looked upon themselves as most 
 in danger, and aimed at by Lord Shaftesbury's threats, and out of 
 all measures with the Duke of Monmouth. This induced a con- 
 sultation among us, whether considering the distempers of the 
 present parliament, the best course were not to dissolve it, and 
 have another called in October j wherein the thr^e lords and I 
 agreed j and the King was perfectly of the same mind. So his 
 Majesty ordered the Chancellor to draw up a proclamation for 
 dissolving the parliament, dated July 12, 16/9) ^nd calling another 
 to assemble in October following." Which parliament was pro- 
 rogued to January 20, ^ at which time the King made a short 
 speech to the tvi o houses, and then commanded the Lord Chan- 
 cellor to prorogue them to the 15th of April next, 1680. 
 
 It is related by Bishop Burnet,'' that about this time the 
 Prince of Orange had projected an alliance with France; and that 
 the Earl of Sunderland entered into a particular confidence with 
 the Prince, which he managed by his uncle, Mr. Sidney [after- 
 wards Earl of Romney] who was sent Envoy to Holland. 
 
 Sir William Temple recites, '^ " Lord Sunderland was struck 
 with the boldness of the Lords' presentment [of the Duke] in 
 Westminster-hall, and the consequence of such men being so, 
 desperately engaged in an attempt they were like to be seconded 
 by the humour of the nation, on the alarms of poperyj which 
 made him conclude the King would not be able to support- the 
 Duke any longer, but be forced to separate his interest from him 
 And he believed the King was of the same mind. Mr. Godolphin 
 fell into the same thoughts with Lord Sunderland, both of the 
 thing itself, and of the King's mind in it: so as upon the debate 
 in Council, concerning the Duke's stay, or going back into Scot- 
 land before the Parliament met, they joined absolutely in the 
 
 y Memoirs, part iii. p 51. ' Ibid, p 55, &c. 
 
 History of England, vol- iii- p. 365- 
 ''Hist of his own time, Svo vol ii P-n-v <: Memoirs, p. 114, 115 > 116.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 4J7 
 
 reasons and advices of his going away: and though the rest of the 
 Council were generally of the contrary opinion, yet the King con- 
 cluded thereon against the Duke's will and his friends." 
 
 The Duke went away, '^ and the Parliament met on October 
 21, 1(380. "The Dutchess of Portsmouth declared openly for 
 the exclusion of the Duke ; ^ and so did Lord Sunderland, and 
 Mr. Godolphin. Lord Sunderland assured all people, that the 
 King was resolved to settle matters with his Parliament on any 
 terms, since the interest of England, and the affairs of Europe, 
 made a league against France indispensably necessary at that time; 
 which could not be done without a good understanding at home. 
 Lord Halifax assured me [Bishop Burnet] that any limitations 
 whatsoever, leaving the title of King to the Duke, might be ob- 
 tained of his Majesty. But that he was positive and fixed against 
 the exclusion, which was in a great measure imputed to his ma- 
 nagement, and that he wrought the King up to it," 
 
 The bill passed the House of Commons, and was brought up 
 to the Lords. ^ The Earls of Essex and Shaftesbury argued most 
 for it, and the Earl of Halifax against it ; and in conclusion it 
 was thrown out upon the first reading, the whole bench of Bi- 
 shops being against it. The Commons, inflamed at the fate of 
 their bill, addressed the King to reuiove Lord Halifax from his 
 Councils and presence for everi The King was resolved and de- 
 clared against the bill, which induced several to form expedients, 
 whereof one was drawn by Bishop Burnet, to be managed chiefly 
 by Littleton, then in commission of the Admiralty, "That there 
 should be a Protector declared, with whom Regal Power should 
 be lodged, and the Prince of Orange to be named." Lord Halifax 
 and Seymour liked it ; " but," says the Bishop, " I wondered to 
 find Lord Sunderland did not go into it." 
 
 Sir William Temple recites, e "The King's quarrels to Lord 
 Sunderland were chiefly two; first his voting in the Lords House 
 for the bill of exclusion, not only agjinst the King's mind, but his 
 express command. And I remember, when 1 spokr to liim of 
 it, as what the King must resent, and what I was confident he 
 would be steady in, he told me it was too l;ite, for his honour was 
 engaged, and he could not break it. The other was a memorial 
 sent over by Mr. Sidney, the King's Envoy at the Hague, and 
 given him by Pensioner Fagel, representing the sad consequences 
 
 ' Hist of England, p. 371- ' ^*"'^''"l' ^'^""Cf' V''^^ P- '"^ 
 
 f Ibid p 118, 119. * Vide I'.is Mcuioiii, from [) 140 to h* 
 
 vol., I. 2 li
 
 419 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 abroad of his Majesty's not agreeing with his Parliaments ; th* 
 danger of his Allies, and of the Protestant religion ; and there- 
 upon, seeming to wish that the King would not break with them, 
 though it were even upon the point of the bill of exclusion. This 
 was believed to be directed and advised by Lord Sunderland to 
 Mr. Sidney, his uncle, as a matter that would be of weight to 
 induce the King to pass the bill ; and was laid before the foreign 
 Committee. But Lord Sunderland protested to me (says Sir Wil- 
 liam Temple) that he knew nothing of it, till he received a copy 
 from Mr. Sidney, who sent the original to the other Secretary. I 
 thought he could not understand the King so ill, as to believe that 
 would be a motive to him to pass the bill, or that it could have 
 any other effect than to anger him at the Dutch, for meddling in 
 a matter that was domestic, not only to the nation, but to tl*^ 
 Crown. Besides, I observed the style to be of one that under- 
 stood little of our constitution, by several expressions, whereof 
 one was, ' why the King should not prevent such consequences, 
 when he might do it by a stroke with a pen}' which shewed the 
 author thought our acts of parliament had been passed by only 
 the King's signing them. And the whole cast of it made me be- 
 lieve it certainly came from Pensioner Fagel. However, the 
 King, as well as some of the Committee, believed this was of 
 Lord Sunderland's forge ; and that many of the heats in the 
 House of Commons had been encouraged and raised to sucli 
 height, by his seeming to favour them, which they might think 
 he would not do, unless he believed the King would at length 
 comply wiih them." 
 
 Sir William Temple also relates, " That during the session, 
 there was an outrageous quarrel between Lord Sunderland and 
 Lord Halifax, [vv'ho married his sister] not only on their dividing 
 in businesses of the Parliament and Council, but likewise on Lord 
 Sunderland's entering into new commerce and measures with Lord 
 Shafte-.bnry; as Lord Halifax told him. But Lord Sunderland 
 to d him another reason of their quarrel, which he said broke out 
 the same night a debate arose at Council, concerning the address 
 of the House of Commons against Lord Halifax, wherein Lord 
 Sunderland had been of opinion, the King should not yield to it : 
 but after Council, Lord Halifax went to Lord Sunderland's lodg- 
 ings, where tlicy ffH into discourse of what had passed ; and Lord 
 Sunderland told him, that though he had given his opinion in 
 Council, a!% he thought became him ; yet if such an address should 
 ever be made against himself, he would certainly desire leave of
 
 DIJKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 41$ 
 
 Hie King to retire, as it would be for his service. Upon which 
 Lord Halifax fell into such a passion, that he went out of the 
 room, and from that time they hardly lived in any common 
 civility where they met. The refiners (saith Sir William) thought 
 Lord Halifax, who saw himself topped by Lord Sunderland's cre- 
 dit and station at Court, resolved to fall in with the King, on the 
 point then in debate about the bill of exclusion, wherein he found 
 the King steady, and that Lord Sunderland would lose himself j 
 so that falling into confidence with the King upon such a turn, 
 he should be alone chief in the ministry without a competitor. 
 At least the reasoners on this matter could find no other ground 
 for such a change in Lord Halifax's course, after what he had so 
 long steered, and so lately in being the chief promoter of the 
 Duke's being sent away to Scotland, just before the meeting of 
 the Parliament. These were the reasons, that Lord Sunderland's 
 and Lord Essex's names, and mine, were struck out of the Coun- 
 cil." And on February 2, lOSO-l,'* Edward, Earl of Conway, 
 was sworn Secretary of State in his Lordship's place. The King 
 had dissolved the Parliament, on January 18, and ordered the Lord 
 Chancellor (Heneage, Lord Finch of Daventry, afterwards Earl 
 of Nottingham) to issue writs for the calling of a new Parliament 
 to be holden at Oxford, on March 21 following. 
 
 Thereupon the heads of the University of Cambridge sent to 
 Sir William Temple, ' to know whether he would stand again for 
 their election ; who g,oing to the King to know his pleasure, what 
 answer to return, his Majesty said, " as things stood, he thought 
 it as well for him to let it alone j" which he said he would do. 
 " When I left the King (says Sir William) I went to Lord Sun- 
 derland, and told him what had passed j who took this as the first 
 certain sign of his Majesty's having fixed his resolution, and left 
 off all thoughts of agreeing with his parliaments, and of his having 
 taken his measures another way, for the supply of his treasures in 
 the ill condition they were in; and that if there were any thoughts 
 of agreeing with the next parliament, the King he was sure would 
 have been glad to have had me in the house. He said upon it in 
 some passion, that he now gave all for gone, and that he must 
 confess I knew (he King belter than he had done." 
 
 The meeting of the parliament at Oxford being contrary ^ to 
 the views of the anti-courtiers, the Duke of Monmouth, the Earl 
 
 " History of England, vol. iii p 380, 381. 
 * Vide Memoirs, p 236, 237, 238- * i^^'st' ^ E"K P 3^3' iH-
 
 420 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 of Shaftesbury, with several other lords, petitioned the King, that 
 he would be graciously pleased to order it to sit at Westminster j 
 and Lord Essex delivered the petition ; but Lord Sunderland re- 
 fused to sign it, and his Majesty persisted in his resolution of 
 holding the parliament at Oxford. It accordingly convened there, 
 on March 21 ; but the lords and commons disagreeing on the im- 
 peachment of Edward Fitzharris, and the bill for excluding the 
 Duke of York from his succession to the Crown being read, in the 
 house of commons, the first time, on the 28th, and ordered a 
 second reading, the King, on notice thereof, coming that day to 
 the house of peers, dissolved the assembly, and immediately set 
 out for Windsor, to prevent being insulted by the armed multi- 
 tude which the discontented members had brought with them. 
 In order to satisfy the people concerning the dissolution of this 
 and the preceding parliament, his Majesty, on April 8 that year 
 (l6Sl), published a declaration, in which he enumerated several 
 reasons, viz. their entire neglect of the public, and falling Into 
 factions; their issuing arbitrary orders for taking his loyal, subjects 
 into custody, for matters that had no relation to privilege of par- 
 liament 3 their declaring many eminent persons enemies to the 
 King and kingdom, without any order or process of law, without 
 any hearing of their defence, or any proofs so much as offered j 
 their resolves against any person that should lend him money, or 
 buy any tally of anticipation, thereby endeavouring to reduce him 
 to a more helpless condition than the meanest of his subjects ; 
 their taking upon them to suspend the laws and acts of parha- 
 ment, by voting against the prosecution of dissenters. This decla- 
 ration was ordered to be read in all churches and chapels : and 
 addresses of congratulation, from all ranks of people throughout 
 the kingdom, were presented to his Majesty for his deliverance 
 from the designs of his enemies, with promises to stand by him 
 with their lives and fortunes in preservation of his royal person, 
 and in defence of his government in church and state. 
 
 King Charles II. after that called no parliament ; and in order 
 to strengthen his administration, re-admilted the Earl of Sunder- 
 land into the privy-council, on September 20, l682 ; and, on 
 January 31 ensuing, constituted him principal secretary of state, 
 in the place of the Earl of Conway, who had succeeded his Lord- 
 ship, as before related. 
 
 " The Earl of Sunderland," says Burnet, " had been disgraced 
 after the exclusion parliaments, as they were now called, were 
 dissolved: but the King had so entire a confidence in him, and
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 421 
 
 Lady Portsmouth was so much in his interests, that upon great 
 submissions made to the Duke, he was again restored to be secre- 
 tary this winter: Lord Hyde was the person that disposed the 
 Duke to it : upon that Lord Halifax and he fell to be in ill terms ; 
 for he hated Lord Sunderland beyond expression, though he had 
 married his sister. From Lord Sunderland's returning to his post, 
 all men concluded, that his declaring as he did for the exclusion, 
 was certainly done by rhe direction of the King, who naturally 
 loved craft and a double game, that so he might have proper in- 
 struments to work, by which way soever he had turned himself 
 in that affair. And that his Majesty was the more desirous to 
 have his Lordship again near hin), that he might have somebody 
 about him who understood foreign all'airs. Jenkins understood 
 nothing; but had so much credit with the high-church party, 
 that he was of great use to the court. Lord Conway was so very 
 ignorant of foreign affairs, that his province being the north, 
 when one of the foreign ministers talked to him of the circles of 
 Germany, it amazed him: he could not imagine what circles had 
 to do with affairs of state." 
 
 The Earl of Sunderland, on his re-admission, was tender of 
 opposing the measures of the Duke of York, who' was restored 
 by the King to his p:ace in the council, and to his offices of 
 profit and honour, without any scruple that it was against the law 
 to hold them. Yet Bishop Burn'^t recites,'" "That the King 
 growing uneasy with the Earl of Rochester in the year 1684, he 
 was glad to send him from the court, and consented to the Duke's 
 reque.-it of making him Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. On which 
 Lord Sunderland represented to the King, that though it had 
 been customary for the Lords Lieutenants to be generals of the 
 army, as well as governors of the kingdom, it was too much in 
 one person, as thereby the giving commissions brought the army 
 into their dcpendance; and therefore he ])roposed there should be 
 a general of the army independent on the Lord Lieutenant, and 
 who should be a check upon liim. He moreover told the King, 
 That if he thought it was a good maxim for the government of 
 Ireland, he ought to begin it when a creature of his own was sent 
 thither, who had not such a right to dispute points of that kind 
 with him, as antient noblemen might pretend to: and such was 
 the Earl of Sunderland's ascendancy, that his Majc:.ty agreed to 
 the proposal." 
 
 ' Hist of Engiaml, p. 415. "' Hist of his own Time, vol.i p 601.
 
 422 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 The bishop also relates," That Lord Sunderland, not long 
 before the King died, formed a new scheme, that very probably 
 would have for ever broken the King and the Duke. Yet how it 
 was laid, was so great a secret he could never penetrate into it. 
 But it was laid at Lady Portsmouth's, and Lord Godolphin was 
 also in it. The Duke of Monmouth came over secretly j and 
 though the King did not see him, yet he went back very well 
 pleased with his journey; but he never told his reason to any, 
 that he knew of. Mr. May, of the privy-purse, told the bishop, 
 a design would break out, with which he himself would be well 
 pleased. " And told him, he knew by the King's way, things 
 were not yet quite ripe, nor he thoroughly fixed on the design. 
 That with which they were to begin was, the sending the Duke 
 to Scotland. And it was generally believed (says the Bishop) 
 that if the two brothers should be once parted, they would never 
 meet again. The King spoke to the Duke concerning his going 
 to Scotland; and he answered, that there was no occasion for it: 
 upon which the King replied, that either he must go, or that he 
 himself would go thither. His Majesty was observed (says the 
 Bishop) to be colder and more reserved to the Duke than ordinary. 
 But what was under all this, was still a deep secret. * He had, 
 for these last three years, directed all our councils, with so abso- 
 lute an authority, that the King seemed to have left the govern- 
 ment wholly in his hands : yet it is related by all our historians, 
 that had the King lived a few months longer, the Duke would 
 have been sent from court." 
 
 On the demise of King Charles II. the Earl of Sunderland was 
 one of the privy-council, that signed the order for proclaiming 
 the Duke of York King of England, by the name of James 11. 
 and employments ending witli the life of the late King, his suc- 
 cessor, by proclamation, '' signified his pleasure, that all men 
 should continue in their places till his further order. Bishop Bur- 
 net recites, *' That the Earl of Sunderland was looked on as a 
 man lost at court ; and so was Lord Godolphin. But the Earl of 
 Rochester, upon his advancement, became so violent and bois- 
 terous, that the whole court joined to support the Earl of Sunder- 
 land, as a proper balance to the other. And the Queen was made 
 to consider the Earl of Rochester as a person that would be in 
 the interests of the King's daughters ; so she saw it was necessary 
 
 > Hist of his own Time, vol. i. p 604. ' Ibid, p 60^. 
 
 f Hist- of England, vol. i p 420 'i Hist of his own Time, vol j. p. 621.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH, 42i 
 
 to have one in a high post, who should depend wholly on her, and 
 the Earl of Sunderland was the only person capable." 
 
 His Lordship was one ^ of the Commissioners appointed to hear 
 and determine the claims concerning services to be performed at 
 the King's coronation. 
 
 On December 4, l685, the King* in council declared the Earl 
 of Sunderland (principal secretary of state) lord president of the 
 council, and his Lordship took his place at the board the same 
 day. " The King," says Burnet, " after he had declared that he 
 would be served by none but those who would vote for the rejjeal 
 of the Tests, called for the Marquis of Halifax, and asked him 
 how he would vote in that matter. He very frankly answered, he 
 would never consent to it : he thought the keeping up of thofcC 
 laws was necessary, even for the King's service, since the nation 
 trusted so much to them, that the public quiet was chiefly pre- 
 served by that means. Upon this the King tc^ld him, that though 
 he would never forget past services, yet since he could not be pre- 
 vailed on in that particular, he was resolved to have all of a piece. 
 So he was turned out ; and the Earl of Sunderland was made 
 lord president, and continued still secretary of state." ' 
 
 By those titles of lord president of the council, and principal 
 secretary of stale, he*^ was, A. D. ]686, in the commission of 
 ecclesiastical aflliirs. But his Lordship, in that commission, was 
 seldom at their meetings, and did all in his power to soften any 
 rigorous proceedings. He declares in his letter, on March 23, 
 ItiSp, ^ " I can most truly saj", and it is well known, that for a 
 good while I defended Magdalen College, purely by care and 
 industry; and have hundreds of times begged of the King, never 
 to grant mandates, or to change any thing in the regular course of 
 ecclesiastical affairs ; which he often thought reasonable, and 
 afterwards, by perpetual importunities, was prevailed on against 
 his own sense. Which was the very case of Magdalen College j 
 as also of some others." 
 
 At a chapter of the Garter, held on April 25, Ui&j, his Lord- 
 ship was elected a knight companion of that most noble order ; 
 and personally installed at Windsor, on May 23 following ; being 
 placed tlie twentieth knight in succession, in the sixteenth stall iu 
 the chapel of St, George at Windsor. ' 
 
 History of King James's Coronation. 
 History of England, praed. p 440 ' Burnet, vol i. p. 6.-4. 
 
 History of England, piae.l p 4)1 " ^^^^ P S'* 
 
 i I'Dtc'sHisi and Aiitiq of Windsor, p 302.
 
 424 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 On July 2 the same year, the King dissolved his parliament, 
 finding they could not be brought to a compliance, in taking off 
 the penal laws and tests. ^ The Earl of Sunderland gites this 
 account thereof, in his letter of March 23, 1689: "The great 
 trial was to take off the penal laws and the tests; so many having 
 promised their concurrence towards it, that his Majesty thought 
 it feasible) but he soon found it was not to be done by that par- 
 liament, which made all the catholicks desire it might be dissolved j 
 which I was so much against, that they complained of me to the 
 King, as a man who ruinetl all his designs, by opposing the only 
 thing that could carry them on. Yet I hindered the dissolution 
 several weeks," &c. And as to Ireland, which was then undcj* 
 Tyrconnel's violent government, his Lordship could not prevent 
 it) for in his said letter he thus expresses liimself : ^ 
 
 " Lord Tyrconnel was so absolute in Ireland, that I never had 
 the credit to make an ensign, or keep one in, nor to preserve 
 some of my friends, for whom I was much concerned, from the 
 last oppression and injustice j but yet with care and diligence, 
 being upon the place, and he absent, I diverted the calling a par- 
 liament there, which was designed to alter the acts of settlement. 
 Chief Justice Nugent, and Baron Rice, were sent over with the 
 draught of an act for that purpose, and were there furnished with 
 all the pressing arguments that could be thought on to persuade 
 the King, and I was offered forty thousand pounds for my concur- 
 rence : which I told to the King, and shewed him, at the same 
 time, the injustice of what was proposed to him, and the preju- 
 dice it would be to that countr}', with so good success, as he re- 
 solved not to think of it that year, and perhaps never. This 1 was 
 helped in by some friends 5 particularly my Lord Godolphin, who 
 knows it to be true, and so do the judges before named, and 
 several others." As to his Lordship's having any hand in ad-" 
 vising the reading of the King's declaration, in the churches, of 
 his dispensing power, for refusing of which seven bishops were 
 tried, he gives this account : 
 
 " In the midst of preparations for a new parliament, and 
 whilst the corporations were regulating, the King thought fit to 
 order his declarations to be read in all churches; of which, I most 
 solemnly protest, 1 never heard one word till the King directed 
 it in council," And giving an account of what drew on the peti- 
 tion of the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the other Lords the 
 
 z History of England, p 495. ^ Ibid. p. 499-
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 425 
 
 Bishops, and their prosecution, his Lordship says, " That he was 
 so openly against it, that by arguing continually to shew the in- 
 justice and impradence of it, I brought the fury of the Roman 
 Catholicks upon me to such a degree, that I was just sinking, and 
 I wish I had then sunk : but whatever I did foolishly to preserve 
 myself, I continued still to be the object of their hatred ; and I 
 resolved to serve the public as well as I could : which I am sure 
 most of the considerable protestants then at court can testify." 
 
 When the French King advertised King James of the Prince 
 of Orange's intended descent in England, and offered the assistance 
 of his forces, his Lordship advised the King not to accept of them. 
 And on that event. Bishop Burnet '' has given this account : " The 
 King of France, when he gave advertisements of the preparations 
 in Holland, offered King James such a force as he should call for; 
 twelve or fifteen thousand were named, or as many more as he 
 should desire. It was proposed they should land at Portsmouth, 
 and should have that place to keep the communication with France 
 open, and in their hands. All the priests were for this, and most 
 of the popish lords. The Earl of Sunderland was the only man 
 in credit that opposed it. He said, the offer of an army of 
 40,000 men might be a real strength ; but then it would depend 
 on the orders that came from France. They might perhaps (with 
 other succours) master England; but they would become the 
 King's masters at the same time : so that he must govern under 
 such orders as they should give; and thus he would quickly be- 
 come only Viceroy to the King of France. Any army less than 
 that would lose his Majesty the affections of his people, aud 
 drive his own army to desertion, if not to mutiny." The Earl of 
 Sunderland, in his own vindication, says, " French ships were 
 offered to join with our fleet, and they were refused. Since the 
 noise of the Prince's design, more ships were offered, and it was 
 agreed how they should be commanded, if ever desired. I 
 opposed to death the accepting of them, as well as any assistance 
 of men : and can say most truly, that I was the principal mean* 
 of hindering both, by the help of some lords, with -.vhom I con- 
 sulted every day, and they with me; to prevent wlip.t we thought 
 would be of great prejudice, if not ruinous to the nation." 
 
 When King James was convinced of the intended invasion of 
 the Prince of Orange, he began to think of reconciling tlie hearts 
 of his people to him. 
 
 k History of his own Time, vol i. p 767-
 
 426 PEERAGE OF EM GLAND. 
 
 " These advices were suggested by the Earl of Sunderlancf, 
 who saw the King was running violently to his own ruin. So, 
 as soon as the Queen admitted men to audiences, he had some 
 very long ones of her. He represented to her_, that the state of 
 her affairs was quite changed by her having a son. There was 
 no need of driving things fast, now they had a succession sure : 
 time would bring all about, if matters were but softly managed. 
 He told her it would become her to set up for the author of 
 gentle counsels, that she might by another administration lay the 
 flame that was now kindled. By this she would gain the hearts 
 of the nation, both to herself and to her son. She might be de- 
 clared Regent in case the King should die before her son came to 
 be of age. He found these advices begun to be hearkened to. 
 But that he might have tlie more credit in pressing them, he, 
 who had but too slight notions of religion, resolved to declare 
 himself a papist. And then, he being in the same interest with 
 her, and most violently hated for tliis ill step he had made, he 
 gained such an ascendant over her spirit, that things were like to 
 be put in another management. He made the step to popery all 
 of the sudden, without any previous instruction or conference : 
 so that the change he made, looked too like a man, who, having 
 no religion, took up one rather for to serve a turn, than that he 
 was truly changed from one religion to another. He has been 
 since accused, as if he had done all this to gain the more credit, 
 that so he might the more effectually ruin the King. There was 
 a suspicion of another nature, that stuck with some in England, 
 who thought that Mr. Sidney, who had the secret of all the cor- 
 respondence that passed between the Prince and his party in Eng- 
 land, being in particular friendship with the Earl of Sunderland, 
 the Earl had got into that secret : and they fancied he would get 
 into the Prince's confidence by Sidney's means. So 1 was writ 
 to, and desired to put it home to the Prince, whether he was in 
 any confidence or correspondence with the Earl of Sunderland, 
 or not ? For, till they were satisfied in that matter, they would 
 not go on 5 since they believed he would betray all when things 
 were ripe for it ; and that many were engaged in the design. 
 The Prince upon that did say very positively, that he was in no 
 sort of correspondence with him. His counsels lay then another 
 way; and if time had been given him to follow the scheme then 
 laid down by him, things might have turned fatally; and the na- 
 tion might have been so laid asleep with new promises, and a 
 different conduct, that in a slow method tliey might have gained
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 447 
 
 that, which they were so near losing by the violent proceediuo-s 
 in which they had gone so far." 
 
 To this purpose^ the King declared in council, on August 24th, 
 1688, that a parliament should meet on November 27th: and to 
 reconcile the Archbishop of Canterbury, and other bishops, to the 
 King, his Lordship wrote the following letter to the Archbishop 
 of '^ Canterbury. 
 
 "^My Lord, 
 " The King thinking it requisite to speak witli your Grace, 
 and several others of the bishops, who are within a conver;ient 
 distance of this place ; his Majesty commands me to acquaint 
 you, that he would have you attend him upon Friday next, at ten 
 in the morning, 
 
 *' My Lord, 
 
 ** I am your most faithful, &:c. 
 
 * SUNDBKLAND P." 
 Whitehall, Sept. 24th, 16S8. 
 
 And to give satisfaction to the nation, this was published in 
 tlie Gazette: " Whitehall, September 30th. Several of my 
 lords the bishops having attended the King on Friday last, his 
 Majesty vvas pleased, among other gracious expressions, to let 
 them know, ' That h;^ would signify his pleasure for taking ofif 
 the suspension of the Loid Bishop of London, which is done ac- 
 cordingly.' Lord Sunderland, in his letter, gives the following 
 account of that and other salutary measures from his Lordship's 
 advice : " upon the first thouglit of the Prince of Orange's coming, 
 I laid hold of the opportunity to press the King to io several 
 things^ which I would have had done sooner ; the chief of which 
 were, to restore Magdalen College, and all other ecclesiastical 
 preferments, that had been diverted from what thty were intended 
 for : to take off my Lord Bishop of London's suspension : to put 
 the counties into the same hands they were in some time before : 
 to annul the ecclei,iastical court : and to restore entirely all the 
 corporations of England. These llii;igs wore done eflectuaily, by 
 the help of some about the King ; and it was then thought I had 
 destroyed myself, by enraging again the whole Roman Catholic 
 party to such a height as had not been seen ; they dispersed libels 
 
 < IlHtory of riig'?.nfl, p ^(g- 
 Bishop of Rotlicti.r'i Letter to ihc Earl of Dorset, p, 21.
 
 428 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 of me every day j told the King that I betrayed him ; that I 
 ruined him, by persuading him to make such shameful conde- 
 scensions : but most of a\\, by hindering the securing the chief of 
 the disaffected nobility and gentry, which was proposed as a 
 certain way to break all the Prince's measures : and by advising 
 his Majesty to call a free parliamentj and to depend upon that, 
 rather than upon foreign assistance." e 
 
 Bishop Burnet ^ agrees in the same relation. " In England, 
 the covirt saw now it was in vain to dissemble, or disguise their 
 fears any more. The Earl of Melfort^ and all the papists, pro- 
 posed the seizing on all suspected persons, and sending them to 
 Portsmouth. The Earl of Sunderland,^ opposed this vehemently. 
 He said, ' It would not be possible to seize on many at the same 
 time ; and the seizing on a few would alarm nil the rest : it would 
 drive them in to the Prince, and furnish them with a pretence 
 for it : he proposed rather that the King would do such popular 
 things, as might give some content, and lay that fermentation 
 with which the nation was then distracted : this was at that time 
 complied with : but all the popi-.h party continued upon this to 
 charge Lord Sunderland as one in the King's councils, only to 
 betray th6m ; that had before diverted the offer of assistance from 
 France, and now the securing those, whovi^ere most likely to join 
 and assist the Prince of Orange. By their importunities, the 
 King was at last prevailed on, that he turned him out of all his 
 places." 
 
 Kis Lordship closes his letter in his own vindication, whilst 
 he was employed under King James, as follows : 
 
 " At last accusations of high treason were brought against 
 me, which, with some other reasons relating to affairs abroad, 
 drew the King's displeasure upon me ; so as to turn me out of 
 all without any consideration : and yet I thought I escaped well, 
 expecting nothing less than the loss of my head ; as Lord Mid- 
 dleton can tell, and I believe none about the court thought other- 
 wise : nor had it been otherwise, if my disgrace had been de- 
 ferred a day longer, all things being prepared for it. I was put 
 out the 27th of October ; the Roman Catholics having been two 
 months working up the King to it, without intermission, besides 
 the several attacks they had made on me before ; and the un- 
 usual assistance they obtained to do what they thought necessary 
 for the carrying on their affairs 5 of which they never had greater 
 
 * Hist, of England, p. 520. * Hist, of his own Time, p 5x2.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 429 
 
 Lope than at that time, as may be remembered by any who were 
 then in London, &c," 
 
 Immediately after his Lordship's dismission from King James'* 
 service, he thought the situation he was in required his with- 
 drawing out of the kingdom for his own safety ; so that about the 
 time of the landing of the Prince of Orange in England, his 
 Lordship landed in Holland ; where he wrote the letter so often 
 quoted, discovering the designs of the Romish party, and others, 
 for the subverting of the protestant religion, and the laws of the 
 kingdom, licensed on March 23d, 1689. And there he resided 
 till after the settlement of the crown on King William and Queen 
 Mary ; but so prejudiced were many against his Lordship, that 
 he was s excepted out of the act of indemnity and free pardon, 
 which King William signed on May 23d, 1690. And in 1692, 
 when King James formed a scheme for a descent into England, 
 and was come to La Hogue to embark, he sent over a formal de- 
 claration, '' wherein the Earl of Sunderland was, with other noble- 
 men, excepted from the offer of pardon. 
 
 However, about that time. King William, who knew the 
 great abilities of the Earl of Sunderland, consulted with him on 
 the measures necessary to be taken in his government. And 
 before his Majesty went abroad, in the beginning of the year 
 16^3, having made some alterations in his offices, by giving the 
 great seal to Sir John Soraers, making Sir John Trenchard secre- 
 tary of state, and Mr. Montague (afterwards Earl of Halifax) 
 Chancellor of the Exchequer ; it is ascribed by Bishop Burnet, ' 
 to the great credit the Earl of Sunderland had gained with the 
 King, who had now got into his confidence, and declared openly 
 for the Whigs. These advancements (says the Bishop) had a 
 great effect on the whole party 3 and brought them to a much 
 better opinion of the King. But as the employing of them had a 
 very good effect in the King's affairs, so a party came to be 
 formed, that studied to cross and defeat every thing laid by 
 Seymour and Musgrave. 
 
 And when the King returned to England, in November fol- 
 lowing, the Bishop further relates, ^ " that he saw the necessity 
 of changing both his measures and his ministry j he expressed 
 his dislike of the whole conduct of the sea, and named Russell for 
 
 8 Bishop Kcnncfs Life of King William, in ili:.t. of England, vol. iii. 
 
 P 397' 
 
 h Ibid, p 63g. ' Hist, of his own Time, vol. ii. p. 108. 
 
 Ibid p. 123, 24-
 
 430 PBERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 the command of the fleet next year. He dismissed the Earl of 
 Nottingham, and brought the Earl of Shrewsbury again into the 
 ministrj', making him secretary of state, to the general satisfac- 
 tion of the Whigs. But the person, that had the King's confidence 
 to the highest degi-ee, was the Earl of Sunderland, who by his 
 long experience, and his knowledge of men and things, had gained 
 an ascendant over him, and had more credit with him, than any 
 Englishman ever had. He had brought the King to his change 
 of councils, by the prospect he gave him of the ill condition his 
 affairs were in, if he did not entirely both trust and satisfy those, 
 "who, in the present conjuncture, were the only party, that both 
 could and would support him. It Avas said, that the true secret 
 of this change of measures was, that the Tories signified to the 
 King plainly, that they could carry on the war no longer, and 
 that he must accept of such a peace as could be had. This was 
 the most pernicious thing that could be thought on, and most 
 contrary to the King's notions and designs ; so the "Whigs were 
 now in favour again, and every thing was done to put them in 
 good humour." 
 
 In 1695, the King made a progress Into the North, and staid 
 some days with the Earl of Sunderland at Althorp, which was 
 (says Bishop Burnet) ' the first public mark of the high favour he 
 was in. The Bishop afterwards gives some account of his Lord- 
 ship's endeavours for reconciling the Whigs and Tories in sup- 
 port of his Majesty's government ; but they proved ineffectual, 
 on a difference between Queen Mary and her sister, the Princess 
 Anne of Denmark. The Duchess of Marlborough sives the fol- 
 lowing account of his Lordship's interest with King William, and 
 of his good disposition to the Princess : " On " the death of the 
 Queen, the Princess, by advice of Lord Sunderland, wrote a letter 
 to the King, expressing her great affliction in the loss of the 
 Queen, &c. and her earnest desire to wait upon his Majesty, &c. 
 Quickly " after this letter, the Princess, with the King's consent, 
 and at a time when he appointed, waited on him at Kensington, 
 and was received with extraordinary civility. The person who 
 -wholly managed the affair between the King and Princess, was 
 my Lord Sunderland. He had, upon all occasions relating to 
 her, shewed himself a man of sense and breeding j and before 
 
 'Hist, of his own Time, vol. ii p 227. 
 "^ The conduct of the Dowager Duche s of Marlborough, p. ic8. 
 
 " Jbid p liO, III.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 431 
 
 there was any thought of the Queen's dying, had designed tb use 
 his utmost endeavours to make up the breach j in which however, 
 I am persuaded, he could not have succeeded during the Queen's 
 life. Her death made it easy to him to bring the King to a re- 
 concilement j and he also persuaded his Majesty to give the 
 Princess St. James's house. And some other favours were 
 granted to her Royal Highness, at his Lordship's request. When 
 the Duke of Gloucester was arrived at the age to be put into 
 men's hands, and his Highness's family was settled, the King (in- 
 fluenced in this particular by my Lord Sunderland) sent the 
 Princess word, that though he intended to put in all the pre- 
 ceptors, he would leave it to her, to chuse the rest of the servants, 
 except one, who was to be deputy governor, and gentleman of 
 the Duke's bedchamber. This message was so humane, and of 
 so oLflferent an air from any thing the Princess had been used to, 
 that it gave her an extreme pleasure." 
 
 " In \GQ5, he svipported the motion for the council of trade, 
 in opposition to the court, which many wondered at," says 
 Burnet. " But he was afraid of the violence of the republican 
 party, and would not venture on provoking them." p He also the 
 next year supported the fund upon the land bank j and when the 
 error appeared, his excuse was, that he thought it would engage 
 the lories in interest to support the government."'! 
 
 In 1697, the King more publicly expressed his favour to his 
 Lordship, by appointing him, on April 19th, Lord Chamberlain, 
 in place of the Earl of Dorset ; and three days after his Lordship 
 was sworn at Kensington of the privy-council, and t(X)k his place 
 at the board accordingly. Also the same day, his Majesty, in 
 council at Kensington, declared his Lordship one of the lords 
 justices of England for the administration of the government 
 during his absence. And on June 4th following, his Lordshij), 
 as Lord Chamberlain, sent an order to prevent the prophaneness 
 and immorality of the stage. 
 
 The major part of the house of commons, after the peace of 
 Ryswick, in 1G97, were jealous of a standing army, and disliked 
 tli^' K info's offering his opinion in the point. The managers lor 
 the court in the house of commons had no orders (says Bishop' 
 Burnet') to name any number of men to be kept up, so the/ 
 
 The conduct of the Dowaper Duchess of Marlborough, p. i\(^, iiy 
 1' Jiurixt, vol ii l'- 163 i lljitl p- :' 
 
 ' lb'. J i> ioy.
 
 432 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 came to a resolution of disbanding all the forces raised since 1080, 
 which reduced them to 7^000 men to be kept in pay in England. 
 " The court was struck with this, and then tried to raise the 
 number to 15,000 horse and foot. If this had been proposed in 
 time, it would probably have been carried j but the King was so 
 long on the reserve, that when he thought fit to speak out his 
 mind, he found it was too late. This gave the King the greatest 
 distate of any thing that had befallen him in his whole reign. 
 During these debates, ' the Earl of Sunderland had argued with 
 many on the necessity of keeping a greater force ; and he was 
 charged (says the Bishop) as the author of the counsel of keeping 
 on foot a standing army, so he was often named in the house of 
 commons with severe reflections. The Tories pressed hard upon 
 him, and the Whigs were so jealous of him, that he, apprehend- 
 ing that while the former would attack him, the others would 
 defend him faintly, resolved to prevent a public affront, and to 
 retire from the court, and from business ; not only against the 
 entreaties of his friends, but even the King's earnest desire that he 
 would continue about him. Indeed (says the Bishop) upon this 
 occasion his Majesty expressed such a concern and value for him, 
 that the jealousies were increased by the confidenee the court 
 saw the King had in him. During the time of his credit, things 
 had been carried on with more spirit and better success than 
 before : he had gained such an ascendant over the King, that he 
 brought him to agree to some things, that few expected he would 
 have yielded to : he managed the public affairs, in both houses, 
 with so much steadiness, and so good a conduct, that he had pro- 
 cured to himself a greater measure of esteem, than he had in any_ 
 of the former parts of liis life : and the feebleness, and dis- 
 jointed state we fell into after he withdrew, contributed not a 
 little to establish the character, which his administration had 
 gained him." 
 
 The Bishop mentions not the time of his Lordship's resigna- 
 tion, but the Gazette, No. 3353, gives the following account of 
 it: '^ Kensington, December 26th, 1697. The Right Honour- 
 able the Earl of Sunderland having desired his Majesty's leave to 
 resign the office of lord chamberlain of his household ; his Lord- 
 ship accordingly delivered up the white staff this evening." 
 
 King William was so dissatisfied with the disbanding of the 
 forces, especially with being obliged to send home his Dutch 
 
 ' Burnet, vol ii. p loS-
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 43$ 
 
 guards, that, on February ist following, when he passed the bill, 
 he made a memorable speech, which did variously affect the 
 commons, who returned no address of thanks 5 but it was not ad- 
 vised by the Earl of Sunderland ; for his Lordship, after his resig- 
 nation, went directly to his seat at Althorp, and there spen.t the 
 remainder of his life, without coming to council, or troubling 
 himself with public affairs. 
 
 Burnet ' sums up his character in the following words : " Lord 
 Sunderland was a man of a clear and ready 'apprehension, and a 
 quick decision in business. He had too much heat both of imagi- 
 nation and passion, and was apt to speak very freely both of 
 persons and things. His own notions were always good, but he 
 was a man of great expence. And in order to the supporting 
 himself, he went into the prevailing counsels at court : and he 
 changed sides often with little regard either to religion, or the in- 
 terest of his country. He raised many enemies to himself by the 
 contempt with which he treated those who differed from him. 
 He had indeed the superior genius to all the men of business that 
 I have yet known. And he had the dexterity of insinuating him- 
 self so entirely into the greatest degree of confidence with three 
 succeeding princes, who set up on very different interests, that 
 he came by this to lose himself so much, that even those, who 
 esteemed his parts, depended little on his firmness." " 
 
 His Lordship married the Lady Anne Digby, second and 
 youngest daughter to '' George, second Earl of Bristol, Knight of 
 the Garter (by Anne his wife, daughter of Francis Russell, Earl of 
 Bedford,) and sister, and at length heir, to John Digby, Earl of 
 Bristol, who died in 1698, without issue. She was a Lady dis- 
 tinguished for her refined sense, subtle wit, admirable address, 
 and every shining quality. His Lordship had issue by her three 
 sons, and four daughters : 
 
 ' Burnet, voli. p. 354. 
 
 " It is impossible to contemplate a character of such uncommon flexibi- 
 lity of principles with tolerable satisfaction- If we attribute Lord Sunderland's 
 conduct to love of power, or love of money, or both, we can find no excuse for 
 it. Abilities thus abused by a man, who possessed rank and fortune, and 
 every requisite to make liim independent, excite the indignation of every vir- 
 tuous bosom. He retired at last to Althorp ! But not till the game of public 
 life was up ; and his perpetual tergiversation had blunted all the arts of in- 
 trigue ; and his just fear of punishment for his demerits made the road of 
 ambition too dangerous any longer to be trod by him ! Regret probably in> 
 bittered the short lemaindcr of his days: for what consolation could such 
 man carry witli him into the pure and virtuous shades of a country life ? 
 X Ex Stemmate dc Famil Digby. 
 
 TOL, I. '^ y
 
 434 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Firstj Robert Lord Spencer, born l664, who was. In August, 
 1687, y sent to Italy, envoy extraordinary to his highness the 
 Duke of Modena, to make the compliments of condolence, in 
 their Majesties' names, on the death of the Duchess of Modena, 
 the Queen's mother j and, on his return, * died at Paris, on Sep 
 tenobcr 5th, 1688, 
 
 Second, Charles, third Earl of Sunderland ; and, third, Henry, 
 who died within an hour after he was baptised. 
 
 Lady Anne, eldest daugliter, born on June 24th, I666, at 
 Chiswick in Middlesex, was the first wife of James, Earl of 
 Arran, of the kingdom of Scotland, afterwards Duke Hamilton, 
 and Duke of Brandon -, and died in 169O. 
 
 Lady Elizabeth was married,* on October 30th, 1 684, to 
 Donagh Maccarty, Earl of Clancarty, of the kingdom of Ire- 
 land. J 
 
 Lady Isabella died unmarried, in l684 ; and Lady Mary died 
 aged five years. 
 
 His Lordship departed this life, at his seat at Althorp, on Sep- 
 tember 28th, 1702, ^ and, on October 7th following, was buried 
 with his ancestors at Brington, ^ leafing his Lady surviving, who 
 died on April l6th, 1715, ** and on the 2Sth of the same month 
 was buried by him. He was succeeded in honour and estate by 
 Charles his only son and heir. 
 
 Which Charles, third Earl of Sunderland, as soon as 
 be came of age, was chosen ^ for two several boroughs, Heydon 
 in Yorkshire, and Tiverton in com. Devon, in that parliament 
 called in 1695, and taking his seat for the latter, was afterwards 
 elected for the same to four succeeding parliaments, whilst he was 
 a commoner. 
 
 In the beginning of the year 1705,' his Lordship attended 
 Queen Anne, and her royal consort, to Newmarket: and her 
 Majesty, with the Prince, appointing the l6th of April for visiting 
 the University of Cambridge, the Earl of Sunderland, with 
 leveral other noblemen then present, had the degree of doctors in 
 law conferred on them. 
 
 T Hist of England, vol- iii p 496. 
 
 * Ex Collect T. Miller, MS. a Ibid. 
 
 i> Ex Regist. Eccl de Brington- 
 
 Sec Park's R- and N- A vol iv- p 5 where is a portrait of him. 
 
 " Ex Regist. Eccl de Brington- 
 
 ' Willis's Xotitia Pari, vol ii p 386. 
 
 ' Ann^s of Queen Anne, year 4tfa p ii-
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 43S 
 
 On June 26th, the same year, e his Lordship embarked at 
 Greenwich for Holland, being appointed her Majesty's envoy ex- 
 traordinary and plenipotentiary, to make the compliments of con- 
 dolence on the death of the Emperor Leopold, as also of congra- 
 tulation to his successor the Emperor Joseph j and to endeavour, 
 by the Queen's mediation, to compose the differences between his 
 Imperial Majesty and his subjects in Hungary. 
 
 His Lordship, after taking a view of the army, and conferring 
 with the Duke of Marlborough, '' arrived at Vienna, on August 
 26th, N. S. And when the compliments of condolence and con- 
 gratulation were over, his Lordship, with the Dutch plenipoten- 
 tiaries, had conferences with the imperial ministers, and the 
 Hungarian deputies, to remove several difficulties that retarded 
 the negotiation of peace between them, till October 26th, when 
 they set out for Tyrnau, the place appointed for the treaty ; and 
 were received there with all the demonstrations of joy, and marks 
 of respect, by Count Berezini, and the chief of the Hungarians. 
 The imperial court had appointed Presburg for the place of treaty, 
 and with difficulty they brought both parties to agree, that the 
 imperial commissioners should continue at Presburg, and the 
 Hungarians at Tyrnau ; and that a place, within an equal distance 
 of those towns, should be for their meeting together. After 
 several conferences, his Lordship, with Mr. Stepney the British 
 envoy, set out from Tyrnau, for Presburg, where they conferred 
 with the imperial commissioners, on a proposal for a cessation of 
 arms ; and his Lordship after set out with Mr. Stepney for Vienna, 
 to attend the Duke of Marlborough's arrival, leaving the Dutch 
 ministers to carry on the mediation. His Grace came to Vienna 
 on November 12th; audi on the ipth the Earl of Sunderland 
 had his audiences of leave of the Emperor and Empress ; also the 
 next day of the Empress Dowager, and the 7\.rch Duchesses. His 
 Imperial Majesty presented his Lordship with his picture set with 
 diamonds; and the Duke of Marlborough at that time had a 
 grant, from the Emperor, of the Igrdship of Mindelheim in Suabia, 
 which was erected into a principality. 
 
 His Grace, accompanied by the I^arl of Sunderland, proceeded 
 to the court of Berlin ; their Imperial and Prussian Majcstiea 
 having given orders, in their respective dominions, that they 
 should bs accommodated suitably to their high rank in their 
 
 Annals of Queen Anne, year 4.th, p.ai- 
 ' Annals, pised. p- 94- ' ^^'^'^' P- 9^-
 
 436 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 journey. The Duke went the night of their arrival to court, and 
 had a conference with the King of Prussia. The next day he 
 presented the Earl of Sunderland to his Majesty, the Prince Royal, 
 and the King's two brothers, who received his Lordship with all 
 imaginable marks of esteem. They afterwards supped with his 
 Majesty, the Prince Royal, and the King's brothers ; and also 
 dined with them the next day at the great chamberlain's. His 
 Grace renewed the treaty, for 8,000 men to be employed in 
 Italy 5 and adjusting some difficulties, set out with the Earl of 
 Sunderland from Berlin, on December 3d, N. S. in the evening. 
 The King of Prussia presented his Grace with a sword, enriched 
 with diamonds 5 and the Earl of Sunderland with a diamond ring 
 of great A'alue. 
 
 On their arrival at Hanover, they waited on his electoral 
 Highness (afterwards King George I.) the Electress Dowager, 
 &c. J and were received with marks of distinction, due to their 
 quality, and extraordinary merits. They presented his Grace 
 with a fine calash, and six horses ; and the Earl of Sunderland 
 with a set of horses. 
 
 From Hanover they proceeded to the Hague, and after his 
 Grace had settled several important affairs with the States Ge- 
 neral, he embarked ^ with the Earl of Sunderland at the Brill, 
 and arrived at St. Janrfes's on Decemht-r 30th. His Grace, on the 
 meeting of the parliament, had the thanks of both houses, for his 
 great services in the last campaign, and for his prudent negotiations 
 with her Majesty's allies; as he had also, at the end of every 
 campaign, during his command, for every signal success. 
 
 The campaign that year was attended with various fortune ; 
 the brave Prince Eugene, with an army almost wholly unpro- 
 vided of cloaths, arms, ammunition, or provisions, had kept the 
 French army, under the Duke of Vendosme, from compassing 
 their great designs. Therefore the Duke of Marlborough, and 
 the Earl of Sunderland, when at Vienna, being sensible of his 
 services and wants, had convinced his Imperial Majesty of the 
 necessity of supplying him with forces and money: so that, on 
 their return, the imperial ministers in England presented a me- 
 morial to the Queen, desiring a loan of 250,000/. sterling, for 
 supply of the army in Italy, on security of all his lands, rents and 
 revenues whatsoever, within the province of Silesia ; as also the 
 lecurity of the states of that province. Whereupon her Majesty, 
 
 k Annals prsed. p 316.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 437 
 
 by her letters patent, bearing date February 26th, 1705-6, the 
 4th year of her reign, ' recommended to her loving subjects the 
 speedy making of the said loan, as a matter acceptable, &c. and 
 of the greatest advantage to the war in genera]. Accordingly 
 books being opened at Mercers chapel, on March ^th, for taking 
 subscriptions tovv^ards lending the said 250,000/. at eight per 
 cent, pursuant to the said letters patent, his Royal Highness Prince 
 George sent his subscription of 20,000/. the Duke of Marlbo- 
 rough, 10,000/. the Earl of Godolplun, Lord High Treasurer, 
 5,000/. the Earl of Sunderland, 2,500/. &c. whereby, in hve days, 
 the whole subscription was fully completed. 
 
 On April 10th, 1706, his Lordship was appointed one of 
 the English commissioners for treating on an union with Scot- 
 land : who, on their meeting, agreed to appoint a committee of 
 eleven on each side, and of them, any six to have power to adjust 
 the several points in debate ; and his Lordship, at a meeting of 
 the English commissioners, " on May 1st, was nominated one of 
 the committee of eleven before mentioned, with power to adjourn 
 themselves. He also" set his hand and seal to the articles agreed 
 on by the commissioners of both kingdoms, for the union, on 
 July 22d, 1706. On December 3d, the same year, his Lordship p 
 was sworn of her Majesty's most honourable privy-council, and 
 one of her principal secretaries of state, in the room of Sir Charles 
 Hedges. 
 
 " The leaders of the Whigs," says Coxe,. " perceiving that 
 the Queen favoured the Tories, forced Charles Earl of Sunder- 
 land, into the office of secretary of state, in the place of Sir 
 Charles Hedges, in direct opposition to the avowed wish of the 
 Queen, and in contradiction to the secret inclinations both of 
 Godolphin and Marlborough." i 
 
 In 17O8, a new privy-council being settled, according to axi 
 act passed for rendering the union of the two kingdoms more 
 entire and complete, his Lordship, ' on May 10th, was sworn 
 thereof 5 and in 170.g-]0, at the trial oi'Dr. Henry SacLeverel, he 
 was ^ one of the sixty-nine peers, that pronounced him guilty, 
 when hfty-nine voted him not guilly. 
 
 Dr. Sacheverel had so favourable a sentence, as to be at liberty 
 
 1 Annals, ut antca, p. 126, iz-j. Annals, year 5th, p iz 
 
 Ibid p ao. " AprtT.dix in An.nals, year <;ih, p 25- 
 
 , Annah, p 49.. - Cox./.-, Sir R. Walpclc, vol. i. p 23- 
 
 'pointer'* Chroii.Iiist vol ii P S<)2> 5';3 . Ibid. p. ('jo.
 
 438 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 to sojourn where he pleased j and his itinerant processions, through 
 several parts of the kingdom, causing riots and disorders, the Earl 
 of Bradford, Lord Lieutenant of Shropshire, laid before the Earl 
 of Sunderland a representation of several gentlemen of the said 
 county, concerning the tumults, seditions, &c. on that occasion. 
 
 His Lordship laying it before the Queen and council, he was 
 ordered to return an answer j and, in consequence thereof, on 
 April lOth, 1710, wrote to the Earl of Bradford, " that her Ma- 
 jesty expressed her dislike to those riotous and seditious proceed- 
 ings, ,&c. by which the public peace is broken : and that it was 
 her Majesty's pleasure, that his Lordship, and that gentlemen of 
 the county, should effectually prosecute the offenders, with the 
 utmost severity of the law." Which letter of the Earl of Brad- 
 ford's, with his representation, and the answer thereto, being pub- 
 lished in the Gazette, * it gave such offence to the high-church 
 party, that they used all endeavours to get his Lordship removed 
 from his place of secretary of state. 
 
 The Dowager Duchess of Marlborough, in the account of her 
 own conduct, " gives the following relation of their inveteracy . 
 " About the beginning of June, the design of turning out Lord 
 Sunderland began to be talked of. Lord Marlborough was now 
 abroad, at the head of the army. As soon as the news reached 
 him, he wrote a very moving letter to the Queen, representing 
 the very ill consequences it would necessarily have upon all affairs 
 abroad, to have his son-in-law, against whose fidelity nothing 
 could be objected, and in whom the allies had so entire a confi- 
 dence, turned out of her service in the middle of a campaign : 
 and begging it, as a reward of all his past services, that she would 
 at least delay her resolution, till the campaign was ended. I wa 
 likewise (says the Duchess) urged by some friends, to try to say 
 something to divert, if possible, such a stroke j because it was 
 given out, that the Queen would do this chiefly on my account, 
 that I might feel the effects of her displeasure, in so sensible and 
 tender a point. No consideration, proper to myself, could have 
 induced me to trouble the Queen again, after our last conver- 
 sation : but I was overcome by the consideration of Lord Marl- 
 borough, Lord Sunderland, and the public interest, and wrote in 
 tlie best manner I could to the Queen, June 7th, 171O3 begging, 
 for Lord Marlborough's sake, that she would not give him such a 
 blow, of which 1 dreaded the consequence j putting her in mind 
 
 ' Annals year 9th, p. 187, 188, iS9- Page 253, 154
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 4l^ 
 
 of her letter about the Duke upon the victory at Blenheim, &c.** 
 Her Grace likewise wrote ^ a second letter to her Majesty, con- 
 cluding, " that she begged it on her knees, &c." And gives' 
 tliis further account : " whether my interfering in this matter, 
 hastened the execution of the design, I cannot say. Certain it is, 
 that it did not retard it, for Lord Sunderland was presently after 
 dismissed from his office. On which occasion several great men, 
 who wished well to their country, and who feared Lord Marl- 
 borough might in disgust quit the ser\Mce, wrote him a joint 
 letter, &c." Which letter runs thus : 
 
 " Mt Lord, June I4tb, 1710. 
 
 " We should not have given your Grace the trouble of tliis 
 joint letter, but for the great concern and uneasiness in which vire 
 find you, on account of my Lord Sunderland, by your letter of 
 the 20th to my Lord Treasurer, which he has communicated to 
 us. That letter, as moving and as reasonable as it was, has not 
 hindered the seals from being taken tliis morning from my Lord 
 Sunderland, No wonder then if die utmost endeavours which 
 could be used to prevent it, and the strong arguments which have 
 been made of the ill consequences that must attend such steps, 
 both at home and abroad, have met with little success. We find 
 ourselves so much aflfticted with this misfortune, that we cannot 
 but be extremely sensible of tlie great mortification this must give 
 you at this critical juncture, when you are every moment hazard- 
 ing your life in the service of your country ; and whilst the fate 
 of Europe depends, in so great a degree, on your conduct, and 
 good success : but we are also as fully convinced, that it is im- 
 possible for your Grace to quit the service at this time, -without 
 the utmost hazard to the whole alliance. And we must therefore 
 conjure you, by the glory yon have already obtained, by the many 
 services you have done your Queen and country, by the expectation 
 you have justly raised in all Europe, and by all that is dear and 
 tender to you at home, whose chief dependance is upon your suc- 
 cess, that you would not leave tliis great work unfinished, but 
 continue at the head of the array. This we look upon as the most 
 necessary step that can be taken to prevent the dissolution of this 
 parliament. Your Grace's compliance with this our earnest re- 
 quest, would be the greutc:,t obligation to us, and all that wish 
 
 X Vide her Conduct, p. 255, 256. 
 1 Hid. p. 257. * Ibid, p 257, 358, 259.
 
 440 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 well to our country. And you may depend upon it, the contrary 
 will be the greatest satisfaction to your enemies. We are^, my 
 Lord, your Grace's most humble and obedient servant, 
 
 " Cowper, C. Devonshire, Godolphin, Orford, Somers, 
 " Halifax, Newcastle, H. Boyle." 
 
 The removal of the Earl of Sunderland had an immediate 
 effect on the funds and the public credit at home 5 whereby it 
 gave an alarm to all the courts in the grand alliance. But being 
 charged with no error or blemish on his character, that his re- 
 moval might not appear too ungracious, her Majesty, as a testi- 
 mony of h^r satisfaction with his services, was pleased to send 
 notice to his Lordship, * " that she designed to grant him 3000/. 
 per annum, to be settled upon him for life." On which his Lord- 
 ship, with a generosity and integrity hardly paralleled, answered, 
 " he was glad her Majesty was satisfied he had done his duty ; 
 but if he could not have the honour to serve his country, he would 
 not plunder it." To recount by what means the ministry was 
 totally changed, is no part of what I am treating. 
 
 Four days after King George I. made his entry into the city 
 of London, he thought proper to make some removes among the 
 great officers, that were in the last ministry of Queen Anne ; and 
 was pleased to appoint the Earl of Sunderland Lord Lieutenant of 
 Ireland, in ^ the room of the Duke of Shrewsbury, on September 
 24th, 1714. On the 27th of the same month, his Majesty dis- 
 solving his privy council, and appointing a new one to meet on 
 October Jst, his Lordship"^ was then sworn thereof, and took his 
 place at the board. The year after, his Lordship was much 
 indisposed in his health, which not permitting his going over into 
 Ireland, '^ he resigned the governments thereof, on August 23d, 
 1715. 
 
 Five days after .his resignation, he*^ was constituted lord privy 
 seal ; and on February 10th, 1715-16, had ^ a grant of the office 
 of joint vice treasvirer of Ireland, with Henry Earl of Rochester. 
 On April 15th, 1716, his s Lady (daughter of the Duke of 
 Marlborough) deceased, which was a sensible grief to his Lord- 
 ship. 
 
 In May, 17 16, he was elected one of the governors of the 
 
 * Annals, ut antea, p 230. 
 
 '' Pointer's Chron. Hist part iii. p- 777- 
 
 ^ Ibid p. 779 'I Ibid p 850- Ibid. p. 851. 
 
 ' Ibid, p 895. s Ibid, p 91a
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 441 
 
 Charter House, a trast to which none of late have been chosen, 
 but of the prime nobility, and chief officers of state. Also, on 
 July 6th the same year, he was constituted sole vice treasurer of 
 Ireland ; and in September attended the King to Hanover, com- 
 missioners being appointed for executing the office of lord privy- 
 seal during his Lordship's absence. 
 
 " The principal person," says Coxe, " who fomented the 
 disunion in the cabinet, was Charles Earl of Sunderland, whose 
 father, Robert^ is so notorious in the annals of this country, fof 
 his great abilities and consummate treachery. He had married 
 Anne, second daughter of the Duke of Marlborough, and had 
 served under his father-in-law, both in a military and diplomatic 
 capacity. The origin of the misunderstanding between him and 
 Townshend, may be dated from the death of Queen Anne. At 
 that period, Sunderland, as the great leader of the Whigs, and in 
 consideration of his services to the Hanover family, was led to 
 expect that he should be placed at the head of the administration> 
 and become the person, under whose auspices the new cabinet 
 was to be formed. Bothmar had reprc sented him as a man who 
 had always shewn more attachment to the King than any other. 
 He had first recommended Sunderland to be Lord Lieutenant of 
 Ireland, and Townshend to be secretary of state ; but on Sunder- 
 land's expressing his desiie to have that office, Bothmar proposed 
 that Townshend should be provided in another place. This ar- 
 rangement was first suggested on th^ 13th of August, yet on the 
 31st of the same month, Bothmar expressed his wishes to Robe- 
 thon, that it might be given to Townshend, although Sunderland 
 had asked for it. In fact, the King was at this period influenced 
 by Bothmar, Bothmar was wholly governed by Townshend, and 
 the new administration was principally settled by him. Although 
 Sunderland was received with singular attention by the King on 
 his arrival, yet it is remarkable, that his name does not appear 
 among the lords justices added in the list communicated by 
 Bothmar to the seven great officers of tlie realm. The aspiring 
 Sundeiland, under whom Townshend had hitherto acted a sub- 
 ordinate part, could not brook this preference; though he did 
 not openly shew his disgust, yet he scarcely took any active part 
 in defending the measures of goveriunent. He who was beiorc 
 accustomed to make a eonsiucuous figure in every d( bate, seems 
 to have remained almost uniformly silent j and from the acces- 
 sion of George the First, till the beginning of 1/17, !>"' ame 
 seldom occurs in the proceedings of the house of lords. He had
 
 443 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 been nominated Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, which he considered 
 a species of banishment, and as a place far below his expectations. 
 Soon after the death of the Marquis of Wharton, he was appointed 
 privy seal. But his promotion to this high office did not remove 
 his disgust. '' 
 
 Having resigned the office of lord privy seal ' to the Duke of 
 Kingston, his Majesty was pleased, on April 12thj 1717> to ap- 
 point his Lordship one of his principal secretaries of state ; ^ and 
 on the l6th he was sworn in council, and took his place at the 
 board accordingly. 
 
 On March l6th, 1717-18, the King was pleased to declare 
 his Lordship lord president of the privy-council, and thereupon he 
 took his place at the board accordingly. On March 2 1st follow- 
 ing, his Majesty appointed him first commissioner of the treasury. 
 His Lordship was then known to be the first in the King's favour 
 and confidence, and so continued to the time of his decease. 
 
 At this time he projected the famous peerage bill. His views 
 were to restrain the power of the Prince of Wales, when he came 
 to tiie throne, whom he had offended beyond all hopes of for- 
 giveness, and to extend and perpetuate his own influence by the 
 creation of many new peers. The bill was extremely unpopular, 
 and though it passed the lords, was rejected in the commons by 
 the influence and eloquence of Walpole. ' 
 
 On resigning his place of lord president of the privy-council, 
 on February 6th, 1/1 8-1 9, his Lordship the same day was ap- 
 pointed, by his Majesty, groom of the stole, and first gentleman 
 of his bedchamber. Moreover the King, on May 9th, ]71p, de- 
 claring, in council, his intentions of leaving tlie kingdom for a 
 short time, he was nominated, by his Majesty, one of the lords 
 justices, in whose hands he thought fit to entrust the government 
 during bis absence. 
 
 At this time Sunderland felt himself involved in great diffi- 
 culties, and overtures were made to Walpole and Townshend ; in 
 consequence of which a partial coalition took place. ^ 
 
 There was then a war with Spain, and the late Duke of Or- 
 
 h Cox's Memoirs of Sir Robert Walpole, vol. i. p 80. 
 : Coxe says, that on this resignation he was made treasurer of Ireland 
 for life Ibid. 107. 
 
 k The intrigues by which, in conjunction with the Hanoverian junto, he 
 got this office away from Lord Townshend are fully detailed by Coxe, vol i. 
 p 96,104.. On that occasion Walpole also resigned. 
 
 1 Ccxe, vol. i p. 119. Ibid p 131.
 
 DUKE OF MALRBOROUGH. 443 
 
 mond was spirited up to make an attempt to land in England or 
 Ireland ; and was in the fleet fitted out by the Spaniards for that 
 purpose, which sailed from Cadiz on February 23, O. S. but were 
 so entirely dispersed by a storm, on March 18, about 50 leagues 
 to the west of Cape Finisterre, as put an end to their designs of 
 an invasion. However, some of the lords of Scotland, who had 
 been attainted, and were to act in concert with the Duke, landed 
 in the Highlands with a few Spaniards, and gave some trouble; 
 though they, with their party, were defeated at Glenshiel, on 
 June 10; but the Marquis of TuUibardine, the Earl of Marishal, 
 with his brother James (the renowned Marshal Keith) the Earl 
 of Seaforth, Loid George Murray, &c. who had come over from 
 Spaift, got safe to the continent, after skulking some time in Scot- 
 land, When that affair was over, his Lordship, about the end of 
 October, set out for Hanover, to wait on his Majesty, by whom 
 he was most graciously received at his arrival tliere. 
 
 At a chapter of the Garter, held at St. James's on Nov. 30 
 following, he was elected into that most noble order; and installed 
 on May 24, 1/20. 
 
 On June 11, 1/20, he was again declared one of the Lords 
 Justices, for the administration of government during the King's 
 absence that year; but in ihe beginning of September, his Lord- 
 ship set out from his house in Piccadilly for Hanover, where he 
 was received by his Majesty with great marks of distinction. In 
 1721 he was involved in the disgrace of the South Sea scheme; 
 but was acquitted by the exertions of Walpole, 
 
 His Lordship continued at the head of affairs till April 1731^ 
 when his Lordship resigned his employments, " The death of 
 Earl Stanhope, and the'accusation of Sunderland, opened the way 
 to the re-establishment of Townshend and Walpole in theix 
 former places : for although Sunderland had been acquitted by a 
 considerable majority, yc^t the public opinion was too unfavour- 
 able for him to be continued in the office of first lord of the trea- 
 sury. The ncgociation for settling the new administration had 
 been intrusted, by Devonshire and Townshend, to the manage- 
 ment of Walpole; and it was not without great difficulty, that 
 Sunderland, who maintained the most unbounded influence over 
 the Sovereign, had been induced, or rather compelled, to consent 
 to the proposed arrangement, and particularly to relinquish the 
 disposal of the secret-service money; but he at length acceded. 
 
 Coxe, p. 153.
 
 444 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Townshend had been previously appointed secretary of state on 
 the death of Stanhope. Methuen was made comptroller of the 
 household ; Walpole first lord of the treasury, and chancellor of 
 the exchequer; and a new board, consisting of his confidential 
 friends, was nominated at his discretion." p 
 
 He continued in favour with his Sovereign till the day of his 
 death, on April 19, 1722, and was buried among his ancestors at 
 Brinton. 
 
 " Although Sunderland," says Coxe, " had resigned all his 
 oiSicial employments, yet he still retained his influence at court> 
 and never heartily coalesced with the new ministers. He had 
 obtained the appointment of Lord Carteret to be secretary of state 
 in the place of Craggs, who died on the l6th of February 5 'and 
 the presidentship of the council for Lord Carleton, in preference 
 to the Dnke of Devonshire, who was supported by all the in- 
 fluence of Townshend and Walpole, He fomented a division in 
 the cabinet, and carried several points in opposition to the other 
 members. The conduct of Sunderland at this period, is involved 
 in so much mysterj-, as to leave his character open to every sus- 
 picion. It is impossible to ascertain to what fatal purposes ho 
 meant to employ his ascendancy over his Sovereign, or to what 
 extremes he might have been driven by his disgust against the 
 Prince of Wales. He intrigued with the Tories, and made over- 
 tures to Bishop Atterbury. He proposed, at a time when the 
 ferment occasioned by the South Sea scheme was at its extreme 
 height, to dissolve the parliament; and induced the King to 
 sanction his views, by persuading him that there was not money 
 enough in the treasury to secure the return of a Whig majority, 
 and that the Tories, under his influence, would screen the pro- 
 jectors of the South Sea scheme, and suppress all inquiry on the 
 subject. But this dangerous and insidious proposal was overruled 
 by the sagacity and intrepidity of Walpole, who represented the 
 extreme danger and impolicy of the measure, and took on himself 
 the charge of finding the sums necessary to support the Whig 
 majority. Sunderland did not dare to avow any intimate con- 
 nexion with, or preference of the Tories, and was obliged to yield 
 to these arguments and assurances ; but the Pretender and the 
 Jacobites, certainly, at this time, entertained the most sanguine 
 hopes. Sunderland became a great favourite with them and the 
 Tories J his health was constantly drank by them, and they af- 
 
 , Coxe, p. 159.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 445 
 
 fected to be secure of attaining, by bis means, the accomplish- 
 ment of their wishes. Not all the services which Walpole had 
 performed to his King, to his country, not even his merit in 
 screening Sunderland from the rage of the house of commons, 
 could expiate the crime of having superseded that ambitious and 
 domineering minister at the head of the trcasur}', who dreaded 
 his abilities and popularity, and who saw in him a rival not un- 
 likely to supplant him in the confidence and favour of the sove- 
 reign. Sunderland, jealous of his growing power, determined 
 either to remove him from his situation in the house of commons, 
 or again to obtain his dismission. Under the semblance of favour, 
 he requested the King to create him postmaster-general for life; 
 a lucrative office, which if he had received would have incapaci- 
 tated him from a seat in parliament, and if he refused, would 
 subject him to the resentment of his sovereign. Contrary, how- 
 ever, to his expectations, George inquired if Walpole had desired 
 it, or was acquainted with it : Sunderland replied in the negative: 
 " then," returned the King, " do not make him the offer. I 
 parted with him once against my inclination, and I will never 
 part with him again as long as he is willing to serve me." This 
 unexpected demur suspended the designs of Sunderland; and his 
 death, which happened on the IQth of April 1722, prevented his 
 attempts to remove Walpole, which, considering his influence 
 and ascendancy, might have been finally successful.'' 
 
 His Lordship was distinguished by his encouragement of learn- 
 ing, and learned men ; and very much enlarged the library of his 
 family, by purchasing all valuable books that were ''published. 
 It has been argued that, " his integrity in the public service cannot 
 more evidently appear, than by his not making any addition to his 
 estate, though he was prime minister for several years." 
 
 His Lordship first married, on January 12, l6g4-5, Lady 
 Arabella, youngest daughter and coheir of Henry Cavendish, 
 Duke of Newcastle, and by her Ladyship, who departed this life, 
 June 4, 1698, had an only daughter. Lady Frances, married to 
 Henry Howard, son and heir to Charles Earl of Carlisle, and died 
 July 27, 1742. 
 
 His Lordship by his second Lady, Anne, second daughter and 
 
 1 Coxe's Memoirs of Sir Robert \Vali)ole, vol. i p 16^ 66. 
 ' I believe the Sunderland library is now at lilcnliciin but he has beca 
 imitated by his great grandson, the [present Earl Spencer, who is supposed t 
 possess thc'iichc^it coUeciiou; i)ai;icularly of cajly printed works, iii EnsUnd.
 
 446 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 coheir of John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, had issue four 
 sons, and two daughters, 
 
 1 . Robert Lord Spencer, bora on December 2, 1700, and died 
 on Sept. 12, the year following. 
 
 2, Robert Lord Spencer, afterwards Earl of Sunderland, who, 
 after a polite education, set out ojq his travels, and landing with 
 King George I. at Helvoetsluys, on May 12, 1719, continued 
 beyond the seas, till May 18, after the death of his father. His 
 Lordship, afterwards going again beyond the seas, was seized at 
 Paris with a fever, which after eleven days illness put a period to 
 his life, in the twenty-eighth year of his age, on November 27, 
 172^5 and his corpse being brought over to England, was interred 
 among his ancestors at Brinton. Dying unmarried, his honours 
 and estate devolved on his next brother, Charles, late Earl of 
 Sunderland, Duke of Marlborough, ice. But before I treat of his 
 Grace, I shall proceed to give an account of his younger brother 
 and sisters ; and of his father's third marriage. 
 
 The Honourable John Spencer, the fourth son of the Earl of 
 Sunderland, born on May 13, 17O8, shall be treated of fully under 
 the title of Earl Spencer. 
 
 Lady Anne Spencer, eldest daughter of the Earl of Sunder- 
 land, by his second marriage was married to William Viscount 
 Bateman, of the kingdom of Ireland, and of Shobdon-Court in 
 Heretordshire. Her Ladyship died February I9, 1769, and wa 
 interred at Great Yeldham, in Essex. 
 
 Lady Diana Spencer, second and youngest daughter, was mar- 
 ried to his Grace, John Duke of Bedford, but died on September 
 27, 1735, leaving no issue. 
 
 The third wife of the Earl of Sunderland, which he married 
 on December 5, 1717>' "^^"^s Judith,* daughter and coheir of Ben- 
 jamin Tichborne, Esq. brother to Henry Tichborne, Lord Farrand 
 of the kingdom of Ireland, grandson of Sir Henry Tichborne, Knt. 
 one of the Lords Justices of Ireland, temp. Carol. I. fourth son of 
 Sir Benjamin Tichborne, of lichborne in com. Southampton, Knt. 
 and Bart. By that Lady (who secondly married Sir Robert Sut- 
 ton, ' of Broughton in com, Lincoln, Knight of the Bath) he left 
 
 Ex. Collect Rob. Dale, Richmond Fecial. 
 
 Her sister married Daniel Pulteney, a statesman of some eminence, 
 grandfather of the present Countess of Bath. 
 
 " Father of the late Sir Richard Sutton, Bart, and of Miss Isabella Sut- 
 ton, on whom Mrs Eliz- Carter wrote a beautiful elejy, which is printed 
 among her Poems-
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 447 
 
 issue one son, born on October 5th, 1718, named William, who 
 died under inoculation for the small pox, on April 21st, 1722, 
 and was buried at the same time with his father at Brington ; also 
 a daughter. Lady Margaret ; and a posthumous son, baptized on 
 October 19th, 1722, named George; but they both died in their 
 infancies ; and their mother died in M:;y, IJ-ig. 
 
 Charles, fourth Earl of Sunderland, &c. the third but 
 eldest surviving son, before mentioned, at the death of William 
 Marquis of Blandford, only son and heir of Francis Earl of Godol- 
 phin, and his wife Henrietta, Dutchess of Marlborough, on 
 August 2-ith, 1731, succeeded to the title of Marquis ot Blandford; 
 also to an annual rent charge of 8OOOA per ann. pursuant to the 
 will of his Grace, John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, and 
 at the decease of Henrietta, Duchess of Marlborough, on Oc- 
 tober 24th, 1733, succeeded to the title of Duke of Marlborough, 
 &c. as heir to the I,ady Anne Churchill, his mother, second 
 daughter and coheir to the said John Duke of Marlborough. 
 
 His Grace inclining to a martial life, his Majesty was pleased, 
 on March 30th, 1 738, to constitute him colonel of the thirty- 
 eighth regiment of foot 3 and on September 10th, 1739,'' colonel 
 of the first regiment dragoons. 
 
 On January 26th, 1738 9, his Grace was appointed Lord 
 Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the counties of Oxford and 
 Buckingham ; also soon after made one of the lords of his Ma- 
 jesty's bedchamber; and on May 6th, 1740, constituted captain 
 and colonel of the second troop of his Majesty's horse-guards. 
 
 At a chapter of the most noble order of the garter, held at the 
 palace of St. Jaines, on March 20th, 17^1-2, his Grace, having 
 been first knighted by his Majesty, was elected one of the knights 
 companions of that most noble order; and, on April 21st follow- 
 ing, was installed at Windsor. 
 
 On February 20th, 174l-2,his Majesty conferred on his Grace 
 the second regiment of foot guards; and, on February 26th the 
 year after, his Grace was promoted to the rank of brigadier-ge- 
 neral of his Majesty's forces. 
 
 In 1743, when the late King put himself at the head of the 
 
 army, his Grace went over with his Majesty, and had the com- 
 
 'raand of the brigade of foot guards, which remarkably distin- 
 
 gui, ' -'^ ' asdvcs at the batile of Dettlngeu, on June ^f, 
 
 174... 
 
 " .Miliaii'i .lucccoiiun of Colonels.
 
 448 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND 
 
 On October 25th, 1744, his Grace resigned his regiment of 
 foot guards, having that year, on the decease of Sarah Duchess of 
 Marlborough, succeeded to the Duke of Marlboroughs estate. 
 
 On the breaking out of the rebellion, in 1745, his Grace was 
 constituted major-general of his Majesty's forces ; and on Sep- 
 tember 15th, J 747, lieutenant-general of the forces. 
 
 In 1749, he was declared lord steward of the King's house- 
 hold; an(i thereupon, by his Majesty's command, being sworn of 
 the privy-council, took his place at that board as lord steward of 
 the household, on June 12th, that year. On April I/th, 1750, 
 his Majesty in council declaring his intention of leaving the king- 
 dom for a short time, was pleased to appoint his Grace one of the 
 lords justices, for the administration of the government during his 
 absence. And on July 12th following, his Grace, with the Duke 
 of Richmond, and the Duke of Portland, by commission from his 
 Majesty, installed his Royal Highness Gteorge Prince of Wales, a 
 Knight of the most noble order of the Garter. At the decease of 
 the Duke of Richmond soon after, his Grace was chosen to suc- 
 ceed him, as one of the governors of the Charter House, on Sep- 
 tember 27th the same year. 
 
 On March 30th, 1752, when his Majesty declared his re- 
 solution of visiting his dominions in Germany, he was again 
 nominated one of the lords justices during his Majesty's ab- 
 sence. 
 
 His Grace, with the Duke of Cumberland, and the great 
 officers of state, were commissioners for opening the session of 
 parliament at Westminster, on May 31st, 1754 3 also in another 
 commission for putting an end to the session, on June 5th, fol- 
 lowing, when they prorogued it to Thursday August 8th. 
 
 His Majesty was pleased, on January 7th, 1755, to grant to 
 his Grace the office of keeper of his Majesty's privy- seal. On 
 December 23d following, his Grace resigned that office, and was 
 constituted master-general of the ordnance. 
 
 On April 26"th, 1755, his Grace was again appointed one of 
 the lords justices for the administration of the government, during 
 his Majesty's absence. 
 
 The late King having, in 1758, resolved on an expedition 
 against the French in their own territories, his Grace was con- 
 stituted commander in chief of the land forces destined for that 
 ser\icr; J and sailing from St. Helen's, on June 1st, with the fleet 
 under Cdrnmodore Lord Viscount Howe, arrived on the 5th, in 
 the bay of Cancalle in Brittany, where the debarkation of the troopj
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 44g 
 
 wag completed on the 7th; when the Duke published a mani- 
 festo, acquainting the inhabitants of Britany, that the descent on 
 their coasts was not made with an intention to make war on 
 them, unless found in arms ; and assuring them, that all, who re- 
 mained peaceable at home, should be unmolested, and might 
 follow their usual occupations ; and that, excepting the customs 
 and taxes which they paid to the King, nothing would be required 
 of them, either in money or merchandizes, but what was abso- 
 lutely necessary for the subsistence of the array ; and that for all 
 the provisions they should bring in, they should be paid ready 
 money. His Grace, at the same time, notified, that if, on the 
 contrary, the inhabitants should remove their eflfects and abandon 
 their dwellings, they should be treated as enemies, and their 
 towns, houses, &c. destroyed by fire and sword. The Duke, at 
 landing the troops, gave strict orders against plundering : but 
 notwithstanding, the first night did not pass without some scenes 
 of horror and inhumanity. However, a stop was soon put to 
 such acts, by the offenders being brought to immediate justice : 
 and it redounds very much to his Grace's honour, that no descent 
 was ever attended with less licentiousness in the invaders, or with 
 less injury to the poor inhabitants of the country invaded, than 
 in this where he commanded. His Grace, having, on the 7th, 
 conducted the main body of the army to Parame, little more than 
 a mile from St. Malo, ordered them to pitch their tents there, 
 and in the evening detached a party to reconnoitre that city, in 
 the harbour of which they burnt most of the naval stores, one 
 man of war of fifty guns, one of thirty-six, all the privateers, 
 some of which were of thirty, and several of twenty and eighteen 
 guns, and in the whole upwards of one hundred ships, notwith- 
 standing they were under the cannon of the town. The Duke, 
 finding it impracticable to attack St. Malo, with any prospect of 
 success, and being credibly informed that an army, greatly supe- 
 rior in number to that under his command, was marching against 
 him, decamped with his forces on the 10th, and rclmbarked on 
 the 12th, having destroyed the naval magazines and ships at St. 
 Malo, the chief objects of the enterprize. After he put to sea, he 
 attempted to land at Havre de Grace and Cherbourg, but being 
 prevented by unfavourable winds, he returned to St. Helen's, on 
 July 1st; and waiting on his Majesty at Kensington, on the 4th, 
 was most graciously received. 
 
 On July 25th, that same year, his Grace was appointed com- 
 
 VOL, I. 3 G
 
 450 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 mander In chief of all the British forces intended to serve in Ger- 
 many under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick ; and, on August 
 2C)th following, constituted general over all and singular the foo-t 
 forces employed, or to be employed, in his Majesty's service : but 
 his Grace did not long enjoy those places; for he died of a fever, 
 on October 20th, 1/58, at Munster in Westphalia, from whence 
 his corpse was brought to England, and buried at Woodstock. 
 
 His Grace, on May 23d, 1732, was married to Elizabeth, 
 daughter of Thomas Lord Trevor, and by her Grace, who died 
 October 7th, 1761, had issue, 
 
 First, George, the present Duke of Marlborough. 
 Second, Lord Charles Spencer, born on March 31st, 17-10^ 
 who was, at the general election in 1761, returned one of the 
 knights for the county of Oxford, as he has been to every parlia- 
 ment to 179O3 and again in 179'J- On January 29th, 1/63, his 
 Lordship was declared superintendant of the King's gardens in 
 England, and out ranger of Windsor forest; and resigning those 
 offices, was appointed comptroller of his Majesty's household, and 
 sworn of the privy-council, on April 20th following. In Sep- 
 tember that year, he was elected Verdurer of Whichwood forest 
 in Oxfordshire : but in August 17^5, he laid down the post of 
 comptroller of the household. On February 13th, 1770j he was 
 appointed one of the lords commissioners for executing the office 
 of lord high admiral of Great Britain ; and December 7, 1779) ap- 
 pointed treasurer of his Majesty's chamber. In 1782, he was ap- 
 pointed one of the vice treasurers of Ireland ; and in 1801, joint 
 postmaster general, when he vacated his seat for Oxfordshire; and 
 the jNIarquis of Blandford was chosen in his room. His Lordship, 
 on October 2d, 1762, married Mary, only daughter of Vere 
 Beauclerck, Lord Vere of Hanworth, by whom he had issue a 
 daughter Elizabeth, who died an infant ; and two sons, first, 
 John, born December 21st, 1767, married, February 5th, 179O, 
 his first cousin Elizabeth, daughter of the present Duke of Marl- 
 borough, by whom he has issue. He was elected member of 
 parliament for Wilton, 1801 ; and again, 1802 ; and vacated his 
 Stat May 12th, 1804, on being appointed receiver general of the 
 county of Oxford ; second, William Robert, appointed in 1797, 
 one of the commissioners of stamp duties, which he still re* 
 tains, y 
 
 y He is distinguiiihed for his literary talents and poetical genuJs.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 451 
 
 Third, Lord Robert Spencer, born on May 8th, 1747. In 
 1768, elected member of parliament for "Woodstock; and in 
 1770^ appointed a commissioner of trade and plantations; and 
 having vacated his seat in January 17/1^ was chosen for the city 
 of Oxford, to which he was re-elected in 177^, 1780, and 1784. 
 In 1790, and 179S, he was elected for Wareham. In 1782, he 
 was made one of the vice treasurers of Ireland. 
 
 Fourth, Lady Diana, born on March 24th, 1734, and married, 
 on September gth, 17-57j to Frederic Viscount Bolingbroke and 
 St. John, which marriage being dissolved by act of parliament, 
 on March 10th, 1768, her Ladyship, two days after, was married 
 to the Honourable Topham Beauclerk, only son of the late 
 Lord Sidney Beauclerk, fifth son of Charles, first Duke of St. 
 Albans, by whom she was left a widow, March 11th, 178O, with 
 two daughters and a son ; of whom Elizabeth married, April 8th, 
 1787, George Augustus, the present Earl of Pembroke, and died 
 March 25th, 1793 ; and Charles George Beauclerk, the son, 
 married, April 29th, 1799, Charlotte, daughter of William 
 Ogilvie, Esq. by the Duchess Dowager of Leinster. 
 
 Fifth, Lady Elizabeth, born on December 29th, 1737, and 
 wedded on March 12th, 1756, to Henry Earl of Pembroke, by 
 whom she is mother of the present Earl of Pembroke, 
 
 George, third Duke of Marlborough, was born on 
 January 26th, 1738-9 ; and, upon returning from his travels, 
 was made a captain in the twentieth regiment of foot, but after- 
 wards resigned. In April, 176O, his Grace was appointed Lord 
 Lieutei;ant and Custos Rotulorum of Oxfordshire, and continued 
 in those offices by his present Majesty, at whose coronation, he 
 carried the scepter with the cross. On November 22d, 1762, 
 being then lord chamberlain of the houshold, his Grace was 
 sworn of the privy-council j and upon his resigning the cham- 
 berlain's key, was on April 22d, 1763, appointed lord privy-seal, 
 but in August, 1765, quitted that place. In 1768, he was chosen 
 one of the elder brethren of the Trinity House. At a chapter of 
 the most noble order of the Garter, held at St. James's, December 
 12th, 1768, his Grace was elected one of the knights companions 
 of that order, and was installed at Windsor July 25th, 1771. 
 His Grace is also one of the governors of the Charter House ; 
 president of the Radclitic Infirmary near Oxford ; high steward 
 of the corporation of Woodstock, and LL. D. ; and Lord Licute- 
 nant of Oxfordshire.
 
 4^52 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND, 
 
 His Grace, on August 23d, 1762, wedded Lady Caroline 
 Russell, daughter of John Duke of Bedford, by whom he has 
 issue, George, Marquis of Blandford, born March 3d, 1/66; of 
 whom under the title of Lord Spencer of Wormleighton Lord 
 Henry John, born December 20th, \'J^0, elected member of par- 
 liament for Woodstock I790j secretary of legation at the Hngne; 
 made envoy extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the court of 
 Stockholm, July 13th, 1793; in March 1795, made envoy ex- 
 traordinary at the court of Berlin, where he died July 3d same 
 year; third. Lord Francis Almeric, born December 26th, 1779 > 
 elected member of parliament for Oxfordshire I8O6, and again 
 1807; married, November 25th, 1800, Lady Frances Fitzroy, 
 iifth daughter of the Duke of Grafton, and has a son born Oc- 
 tober 13th, lb02; fourth, Lady Caroline, born October 27th, 
 1763, married, March lOtb, 1792, Henry Viscount Clifden, of 
 Ireland, (now Lord Mendip") and has issue; fifth. Lady Eliza- 
 beth, born Dec. 20, 1/64, married her cousin John Spencer, Esq, 
 and has issue; sixth, Lady Charlotte, born October 18th, 'I769, 
 married, April l6th, i797j ^he Reverend Edward Nares, Vicar of 
 Biddenden, Kent, son of Judge Nares, and died January 10th, 
 1802, leaving issue ; seventh. Lady Anne, born Nov. 5th, 1 773, 
 married, December 10th, 1796, the Honourable Cropley Ashley, 
 brother to the Earl of Shaflsbury, and has issue; eighth. Lady 
 Amelia Sophia, born September 8th, 1785. 
 
 His Grace has for many years passed much of his time in a 
 studious and learned retirement. 
 
 Titles. George Spencer, Duke of Marlborough, Marquis of 
 Blandford, Earl of Sunderland, and of Marlborough, Baron Spencer 
 of Wormleighton, and Baron Churchill of Sandridge. 
 
 Creations. Baron Churchill of Sandridge, in com, Hertford, 
 May 14th, l685, 1 Jac. IL Baron Spencer of Wormleighton, in 
 com, Warwick, July 21st, l603, 1 Jac. I. Earl of Marlborough, 
 in com, Wilts, April gth, 16S9, 1 William and Mary ; Earl of 
 Sunderland, June 8th, l643, I9 Car. L and Marquis of Bland- 
 ford, in com. Dorset, and Duke of Marlborough aforesaid, De- 
 cember 14th, 1702, 1 Anne. 
 
 Arms. Quarterly, first and fourth quarterly. Argent and 
 Gules, in the second and third a fret. Or; over all, on a bend. 
 Sable, three Escalops of the first ; for Spencer. Second and 
 third. Sable, a lion rampant, Argent ; on a canton, of the last, a 
 cross. Gules; for Churchill.
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 453 
 
 Crest. In a ducal coronet, Or, a gryphon's head between 
 two wings erect. Argent, gorged with two plain collars. Gules. 
 
 Supporters. The dexter, a gryphon party per fess, Argent 
 and Or; sinister, a Wyvern, Argent, their wings expanded, each 
 collared and chained. Sable ; and each collar charged with three 
 escalops. Argent. 
 
 Motto. Dieu defend le droit. 
 
 Chief Seats. At Blenheim, near Woodstock, and at Blandford 
 Lodge, near Charlbury, Oxfordshire.
 
 464 
 
 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 MANNERS, DUKE OF RUTLAND. 
 
 The nobility of this family, in right of the heiress of Roos, whom 
 they married in the reign of Henry VI. is as old as the con- 
 quest. 
 
 With regard to their descent m the male line, it is the opinion 
 of the famous * Camden, and other antiquaries, that this family 
 had denomination from a place of their own name, ^ and in all 
 probability from the village of Manor, near <^ Lanchester, in the 
 bishopric of Durham ; it being evident, that the ancestors of his 
 Grace the Duke of Rutland were of great note, for many ages 
 past, in the northern parts of this realm. 
 
 '' Though none of this family arrived to the dignity of peer- 
 age, until the reign of King Heniy VIII." says Dugdale, " yet 
 were they persons of great note in Northumberland for many 
 ages before : for in 25 Henry II. Henry de Maners paid Ixxx 
 marks'* for livery of his father's lands in that county."* 
 
 But this Henry is not mentioned in the following pedigree. 
 
 The first of this noble family, that occurs, is ^ Sir Robert dc 
 Manners, Lord of the manor of Ethale (now Etall), in Northum- 
 berland, father of Giles de Manners, whose son Robebt was 
 father of another Giles, who had a son. Sir Robert de Man- 
 ners, who married Philippa, daughter of Sir Bartholomew de 
 
 * Remains, p 122. 
 
 ^ It is somewhere mentioned in the Percy pedigree that they took their 
 
 name De Maneriis. as stewards of the manors of that great family. But this 
 
 might be said to gratity the Percy claims of superiority. 
 
 ' Index Villaris, p.231. 
 
 " Rot Pip 25 Hen II. Northumb. e Dugd Bar. vol- ii. p. 296 
 
 *' Mr. Edmondson's Baronagium Genealogicum. 
 
 B x Lib MS. Gene^log iu Bib. Laiobetb) P' ii2> 113-
 
 DUKE OF RUTLAND. 455 
 
 Mont Boucher, Knight, and had issue Sir Robert de Manners, 
 his son and heir, who had to'> wife Hawise, daughter of Robert 
 de Muschamp, Baron of Waldye, and by her was father of Eu- 
 stace de Manners, who married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Hugh 
 Proffia, Knight ; their son and heir was Sir Robert de Manners, 
 Knight, who in the reign of Henry III. was a witness to the' 
 charter of Alexander, King of Scots, to Sir William Swinburne ; 
 and in 5 Edward I. was'' summoned to meet the King at Wor- 
 cester, on the Octaves of St. John Baptist, with horse and arms to 
 go against Llewelien, Prince of Wales, and his adherents, accord- 
 ing to the service he owed for two knights fees in the county of 
 Northumberland ; but being infirm. Sir Robert Talebois served 
 for him. This Sir Robert Manners' espoused Agnes, daughter 
 cf Sir David Coupland, Knight, and had issue another Sir Robert 
 Manners, who was not knighted before 12/8, 6 Edward I. for in 
 that year the King directing his pra;cipe (dated at V^^estrainstcr, 
 June 26lb) to the sheriff of Northumberland, to constrain all 
 persons in that county, who held 20/. per annum, or a knight's 
 fee of that value, in chief, to take upon them the order of knight- 
 liood at Christmas, he was then returned among others who had 
 not been knighted. 
 
 He married "' Helen, daughter of Alan or Adam de Heton, 
 and by her had four sons, Robert de Manners of Barrington, in 
 Northomberland, who died without issue ; William de Manners, 
 who then became heir; Sir John de Manners, and Adam de 
 Manners, who both deceased without progeny. William de 
 Manners, above mentioned, married Ellen or Jennetta, daughter 
 of David Baxter ot Derby, and departed this life, A. D. 1349, 
 leaving a son. Sir Robert de" Manners. 
 
 Which Sir Robert de Manners, in I7 Edward II. was return- 
 ed into chancery among the principal persons of the county of 
 Northumberland, who were certiiied to bear arms by descent 
 from their ancestors. And in 1 Edward III. signalized himself 
 in the defence of Norham Castle, whereof he was governor ; of 
 which Mr. Barnes, in his history of Edward III. page 5, gives 
 this account: " The Scots, encouraged by former successes, and 
 despising King Edward's youth, on the very night of that day 
 
 " MS. Baronaf;c by Sir H. St CJeorKc Knt. 
 
 i Inter Cart D Will- Swiiibuin, Bart. 
 
 k MS ill Bibl Anstis, Ai. Notat B. 5. p. 102. 
 
 Cciieal. in MS pracd. >" MS. Baron, praeJict. 
 
 " Mr Edmondson's Baror.-igiitm piwdict.
 
 45fl PEEtlAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 whereon King Edward was crowned, intended to take Norham 
 Castle, between the marches of England and Scotland, by sur- 
 prize J and so well they managed their design, that about sisfteen 
 of them had already mounted the walls. But the captain, Sia 
 Robert Manners, being warned of the matter before hand, by 
 one of his garrison, who was a Scotsman, had so well provided to 
 receive them, that of those who had mounted, he took five or six, 
 and put the rest to the sword, their companions below upon this 
 disappointment retiring." 
 
 In 2 Edward III. he was " constituted one of the conservators 
 of the truce made with the Scots, for all hostilities to cease in the 
 county of Northumberland from January 25th, till Midlent 
 . Sunday, with power to punish all infringers of the same. 
 
 In 8 Edward III. the King appointed him to take seisin of 
 the county of Selkirk, and of the King's forest of Selkirk and 
 Etrick 5 and grants him the p custody of the premises, and of the 
 sheriffdom of Selkirk, and wardenship of the forest of Selkirk and 
 Etrick. And the year following, for his services against the 
 Scots, he had a i grant of two parts of tlie town of Paxton, which 
 came to the King by tlie forfeiture of Alexander de Chesholme, 
 and a third part of the royalty of Bradewater near Tweed. 
 
 In 14 Edward III. he ^ served in parliament for the county of 
 Northumberland ; and he with Lord Thomas Grey, of Werk, 
 were commanders of those forces which encountered and defeated 
 the Earls of March and Sutherland ; who, taking the advantage 
 of King Edward's being at the siege of Tourna)-^, destroyed the 
 country almost as far as Durham. 
 
 In IJ Edward III. the King' grants licence to his beloved 
 and faithful subject, Robert de Manners, to strengthen and era- 
 battle his dwelling house at Ethale, in Northumberland, with a 
 wall made of stone and lime, and to hold the same to him and 
 his heirs for ever. And on April 3d that year, in consideration 
 of " his fidelity, probity, and circumspection, was commissioned 
 with others, to treat with David de Bruce and his adherents about 
 a peace. On May 20th, next year, he was nominated in another 
 commission for preserving the truce with that ^ prince ; and on 
 Deceinber 1st, that year, 1342, he was, with others, empowered 
 to punish violators of the truce. 
 
 Rymer's Feed torn iv. p. 335. p Ibid p 617- 
 
 . Esc 9 Ed. III. n 66 r Prynn's 4 Part of brief Regist. p. 179. 
 
 Barnes's Hist, of Ed III. p. 199- ' Pat 15 Ed III. p.' i. m 15. 
 
 >' Rymer's Feed torn. iv. p. 305, 306. Ibid. torn. v. p 367, 396.
 
 ^ DUKE OF RUTLAND. 457 
 
 In 17 Edward III, y being governor of Norham Castle in the 
 county of Northumberland, the King orders the sheriff of Berwick 
 upon Tweed to enter on the lands of such persons in those parts, 
 who were not resident there for the defence of the kingdom ; 
 but, that Sir Robert de Manners, having been in the castle of 
 Norham a considerable time, for the safeguard of the same, and 
 the parts adjacent to Scotland, should be exempted from any 
 seizures of his lauds. The same year ^ this Sir Robert de Man- 
 ners was appointed one of the guardians of the marches in Nor-i 
 thumberland, and other parts of Scotland, to the East, with 
 power to redress such grievances as had happened contrary to the 
 truces agreed on with Scotland. In 1346, when King David, by 
 the solicitation of Philip VI. the French King, had broke the 
 truce, whilst King Edward was besieging Calais, and with a great 
 army had wasted the county of Northumberland, and come as 
 far as Durham, Sir Robert de Manners was among those nobles 
 and others who raised forces to resist him, and on October 17th, 
 gave him that great" overthrow at Nevil's Cross near that city, 
 called by our historians the battle of Durham, wherein King 
 David himself was taken prisoner 5 and Sir Robert de Manners 
 had no small share in the honour of it : for the same year the 
 King signified his commands to him, that for the avoiding the 
 escape of prisoners taken in that battle, and elsewhere in the 
 North, his '' pleasure was, that they should be carried to the 
 Tower of London ; and therefore orders him to deliver to the 
 constable of the said Tower, before the feast of the Epiphany, 
 William Baily, and all such prisoners as were in his custody. 
 
 He^ died on Monday the eve of Michaelmas day, in 1355, 
 leaving John de Manners, his son and heir, a year and three 
 weeks old. Aliva (or Joane) his wife,*^ daughter and heir of 
 Sir Henry Strother, of Newton Glendall, Knighf, survived him; 
 it being found, by inquisition taken at Newcastle upon Tyne, in 
 the county of Northumberland, on Thursday before St. Bartholo- 
 mew's day, anno 1358, that the said Robert* was seised of a full- 
 ing-mill, and one carrucate of land in Ethalc, the which he 
 granted fifteen days before his decease to John de Wyrkfall, 
 vicar of Neuton, for ever j to the intent he settle the same on the 
 
 y Rot. Scot. 17 Ed. Ill- m 5. ^ Rymcr's Foecl. torn, v p. 367. 396 
 
 > Barnes's Ed III. p. 381, 38i. " Rymcr's Eoed.tom. v. p J33. 534- 
 
 ^ Esc 29 Ed. 1 1 1, n. 26. "Ex Stem- praed. 
 
 Esc. 32 Ed. Ill n- 44.
 
 A5S PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 said Robert and Aliva, and the heirs of the said Robert : but the 
 said Sir Robert died before the said settlement could be perfected, 
 viz. Monday before Michaelmas day, 2Q Edward III. whereupon 
 the said John continued in possession six weeks after his decease, 
 and then enfeoffed the said Aliva therein for her life, with re- 
 mainder to the right heirs of the said Robert. They also found, 
 that the premises were held in chief of the King, by the service 
 of a fourth part of a knight's fee, the mill yearly worth 40* and 
 the land 13*. 4d. and that it was not to the prejudice of the King, 
 if he granted the same to the said Aliva for life. 
 
 Which Aliva died on August 3d, in 36 Edward HI. as ap- 
 pears ^ by inquisition taken at Berwick, July 3d, 37 Edward III. 
 whereby the jury found that she held no lands within the King's 
 dominions in Scotland, but that she held for life, as the inheri- 
 tance of the heir of the said Robert de Manners (under age, and 
 in the wardship of the King) a third part of the manor of Paxton 
 in the county of Berwick, and a third part of the fishery in Tweed 
 water (belonging to the said manor) of the prior of Durham : 
 that the said third part of the lands used to be worth yearly live 
 marks, though then worth no more than forty shillings : that the 
 third part of the fishery in time of peace was worth twenty marks 
 yearly, though then no more tlian 10/. That John de Manners^ 
 son of the said Robert and Aliva, was eight years of age, and that 
 John del More, of More, Lane, late the husband of the said Aliva, 
 received the issues and profits of the third part of the lands and 
 fishery of the aforesaid manor. 
 
 Also, bys inquisition taken at Alnwyk, Sunday before St. 
 Luke's day, anno 36 Edward III. the jury found, that the said 
 Aliva held for life (as the inheritance of the heir of the said 
 Robert) one carrucate of land in the said town, as her dower, as 
 also a third part of the manor of Ethale, whereunto belonged a 
 capital messuage, then in ruins (being probably demolished by 
 the Scots) three husband lauds in the hands of tenants at will, 
 paying yearly 40*. and three husband lands lying waste (as un- 
 tenanted) the herbage whereof was worth 13*. 4d. per annum. 
 The rents of the cottagers were yearly worth Qs. a third part of 
 a water mill annually worth 20*. And the premises are held of 
 the King in chief by Knight's service. Also, that she held in 
 dower 4*. per annum issuing out of a husband-land in Cossay. 
 
 Which John, son and heir of the said Sir Robert Manners, 
 
 f Esc. t7 Ed HI n ti8 Ibid
 
 DUKE OF RUTLAND. 459 
 
 had also the honour of knighthood conferred on him, and both he 
 and his wife were dead before the 4th year of Henry IV. for iu 
 the same year it was found, by *' inquisition, taken April 26th, 
 1403;, at Newcastle upon Tyne, that Alice, who was wife of Sir 
 John Manners, Knight, held at her death two parts of l6s. rent, 
 issuing out of a tenement belonging to the prior ofTynmouth, 
 in the said town of Newcastle 3 and that Richard de Goldesbo- 
 rough. Knight, and Joan his wife, held the other third part as 
 her dower, with remainder to the said Alice, who died on St. 
 Stephen's day last, and that William de Whytchestre was her son 
 and heir, and above thirty 3ears old. And by another' inquisi- 
 tion taken at Newcastle, on the feast of the purification of the 
 Virgin Mary, in 4 Henry IV. the jury found, that AHce, who 
 was the wife of Sir John Manners, Knight, died seised of two 
 parts of the manors of Seton de-la-Vale, Chollerton, and North 
 Dissington, and two parts of a fourth of the manor of Hertlaw, 
 and also of a fourth part of the said manor, likewise of the rever- 
 sion of a third part of the said manors of Seton de-la -Vale, Chol- 
 lerton, and North Dissington, and of a third ot a fourth part of 
 Stertlawe manor, with divers other lands, which Joan, the wife 
 of Sir Henry de-la-Vale, Knight, held in dower, tlie remainder 
 whereof was in William de Whytchestre of Whytchestre, son and 
 heir of the said Alice. 
 
 Whereby it appears, that slie was the widow of William 
 Whytchestre, and afterwards wife to Sir John de Manners, who 
 had issue by her John his son and heir, Robert de Manners of 
 Barrington, John de Manners, and Gilbert de Manners, 
 
 Which John was constituted'' sheriff of the county of Nor- 
 thumberland in 1413, and in the reign of Henry VI. he, and 
 John his son, were accused of the death of William Heron, Esq. 
 and Robert Atkinson, and prosecuted for the same by Sir Robert 
 Umphreville, Knight, and Isabel, then the widow of William 
 Heron j so that an award was made, bearing date September 28th, 
 1430, by John, then prior of Durham, and Thomas, prior of 
 Tinmouth, to whom it was referred (by the persons in each part 
 concerned) that the said John de Manners, and John his second 
 son, should cause 500 masses to be sung for the hcaltli of the soul 
 of the same William Heron, within one year tlien next ensuing, 
 and pay unto Sir Robert Umphreville and Isabel, to the use of 
 
 h Esc 4 Hen IV n 27 ' Ibid- 
 
 ^ Rot Pip I Hen V m 3
 
 460 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 her the said Isabel, and her children by the said William Heron, 
 200 marks. 
 
 This Sir John Manners received the honour of knighthood 
 before the 12th year of Henry VI. when on a complaint of the 
 commons in parliament of the violation of tlie laws of the king- 
 dom,, ' he was among the principal knights of the county of 
 Northumberland, who swore to maintain the King's laws for 
 themselves and retainers, and were returned into Chancery. And 
 with him was also returned Robert de Manners, Esq. his son and 
 heir. He departed this life on September 6th, 1438, the afore- 
 said Robert de Manners, his son and heir, being at that time thirty 
 years old and more, as the " inquisition shews, taken after his 
 death at Whityncham in the county of Northumberland, when 
 thejur}^ found that Sir John Manners, Knight, died seised of the 
 manor and town of Ethale in the said county, wherein there was 
 a capital messuage demolished, and nothing worth, and the lands 
 much impoverished by the invasions of the Scots. 
 
 This Sir John Manners " was buried in the church of the 
 Augusline friers in London. He married Anne, daughter of Sir 
 John Middleton, Knight, and had issue by her, beside the said 
 Robert, John de Manners, Esq. second son, before mentioned, 
 who was buried in the p body of the collegiate church of St. Mary 
 at Warwick, under a stone inlaid with brass, representing him 
 standing in armour on a lion procumbent, and round the verge of 
 the said stone and at his feet, are these inscriptions cut in brass, 
 in characters of the time. 
 
 Hie Jacet Johannes Maners, Armiger, quondam Serviens No- 
 lilissimi Comitis Wdrwici, iff Salusherie, Domini Ricardi Nevylle, 
 tsf Anne de Bella campo zixoris ejusdem comitis predicti, qui oliit, 
 .... die mensis Junij Anno Domini mcccc lxxxxii. cii^us anime 
 propitietur Deus. Amen. 
 
 At his feet. 
 For the love of God and in the Day of Charitie 
 Pray for the Soule of John Maners now endid this lyff. 
 Which lieth berid under this Ston her as ze may see. 
 Whom Jhu Crist brynge to Hevyn into everlasting lyfFe, 
 Whei'e is everlasting blysse and never schale be no stryffe. 
 Who prayeth for his Soule God of his Grace them send 
 Hevyn blysse to be their med at their last end. 
 
 1 Fuller's Worthies, p 42, 510. "> Esc A. 17 Hen- VI. n. 28. 
 
 Stow's Survey of London, Edit. An. 1683, p 186. 
 
 Mr. Edmondson's Baronagiumprscd. p Dug. Antiq. of Warw. p- 348-
 
 DUKE OF RUTLAND. 46 1 
 
 Sir Robert, the eldest son and heir, was sheriff of North- 
 umberland ; and, in consideration of his special services performed 
 in the marches towards Scotland, had, in 17 Henry VI. ai joint 
 grant with Sir Henry de Percie, Knight, of all the goods and 
 chattels of Sir Robert Ogle, Knight, who was then outlawed. 
 And the year following, he was, with Humphry Stafford, Duke 
 of Bucks, John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, and others, conser- 
 vators of the truce then made with the Scots 5 as ^ also in 29 
 Henry VI. for that truce, agreed on between the Kings of 
 England and Scotland, to last from August 15th, 1451, to August 
 15th, 1454. 
 
 This Sir Robert married Joane daughter of Sir Robert Ogle, * 
 and by her was father of another Sir Robert Manners, who, in 
 31 Henry VI. " was also one of the conservators for a new truce, 
 agreed on to commence from May 21st, 1453, to the same day 
 in the year 145/, In 33 Henry VI. he was '^ sheriff of the 
 county of Northumberland, and in 58 Henry VI. J' one of the 
 knights of the shire returned for the said county, to the parlia- 
 ment then held. In the same year he was one of the conser- 
 vators of the truce, concluded with the Scots, to continue for 
 three years from July 6th, 1460. 
 
 In 146 1, the first year of Edward IV. in consideration of his 
 true and faithful service done to the King himself, as well as to 
 his father,^ he had a grant for life of twenty marks per annum, 
 issuing out of the manors of Locre, Newcham, Newslede, Shen- 
 how, and Elyngham, in the county of Northumberland ; which 
 manors came to the King by the forfeitures of Henry, late Earl 
 of Northumberland. In the ^ 3d and '' 4th years of Edward IV. 
 he was sheriff of the county of Northumberland, (before which 
 time he had received the honour of knighthood.) Which "^ office, 
 UDtil the reign of Edward VI. was of great power and trust, the 
 sheriffs never accounting to the King in his exchequer, but re- 
 ceived the issues and profits to their own use, with all debts, fines, 
 and amerciaments, witliin the said county, nud all emolumcnt:> 
 accruing from alienations, intrusions, ward.^, marriages, reliefs^ 
 
 f Rot Pat A. z-j Hen VI p i m ii 
 
 Rymer's Feed, torn xi p :;53- ' ^''<' P ^9^ 
 
 ' Mr. Edinondson's Baronagium pracd " Ibid, p 334 
 
 " R. Fin. 33 Hen VI m 22. / Prynn's B;ev Pari vol. i. p. 66 
 
 ^ R. Claus. A. I Ed. IV m 12 ' R lin A. .:; Ed. IV. m. 2. 
 
 '' Fullcr\s \Vo;;h:.o., p i;i ' lb'"! P-3U-
 
 462 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 &c. which was chiefly to encourage them to be on their guard 
 against the Scots. 
 
 In the said 4th year of Edward IV. he was in such favour with 
 Richard Nevile, Earl of Warwick and Salisbury (the greatest 
 Peer in England, and surnamed the King Maker) that in** con- 
 sideration of his services done, and to be done, he granted him an 
 annuity of twenty marks out of the revenues of his lordship of 
 Barnard Castle, during his life ; and the next year was consti- 
 tuted deputy to Richard, Duke of Gloucester (then admiral of 
 England, Ireland, and Aquitain) for all the sea coasts in the 
 bishoprick of Durham, from the mouth of Tese, to that of Twede : 
 and was again sheriff of the county of Northumberland, in the ^ 
 3d year of Richard III. 5 He married Eleanor, eldest sister and 
 coheir of Edmund, Lord Roos, who died October 13th, 150S, at 
 Enfield in Middlesex, and daughter of Thomas, Lord Roos, by 
 Philippa his v/ife, eldest daughter of John Lord Tiptoft, and 
 Lord Powys, sister to John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester, and 
 Knight of the Garter, and coheir to her nephew Edward Earl of 
 Worcester ; whereby he greatly increased his estate, and, among 
 other possessions, had the antient seat of Belvoir Castle, in 
 Lincolnshire, built by Robert de Todenei, a noble Norman, on a 
 stately'^ ascent, overlooking the beautiful valle)' adjacent (thence 
 by him called Belvoir, from the fair view of the country there- 
 abouts) and became the chief seat of that great barony, bestowed 
 on him by William the Conqueror. W^hich seat and barony, in 
 the reign of Henry III. devolved on Robert de Roos, a great 
 Baron, by marriage with Isabel, daughter and heir of William de 
 Albini, the fourth of that name; descended from the said Robert 
 de Tcdenci : and i'rom the Lord Roos it came to Sir Robert Man- 
 ners, by his marriage with the eldest daughter and heir of that 
 noble family, as is before related. And he was also possessed of 
 Helmcsley (alias Hamlakc) castle in Yorkshire, and Orston 
 castle in the county of Nottingham, with divers other manors and 
 lands belonging to the said Lord Roos, who was lineally descended 
 from William, Lord Roos, of Hamlake, who died in 10 Edward II. 
 
 i Ex Autog olim apud Haddon. Ibid. 
 
 f Fuller's Worthies, p 314. 
 
 In the Percy article, it is said, upon the authority of the Sion cvidcnccj, 
 
 that in 1480 he had the office of Master Forester to the Earl of Northumbcr- 
 
 Jand, ** an ofSce," there stated to have been " of great dignity.'' 
 
 ** Leland's Itin. voli fol 114.
 
 DUKE OF RUTLAND. 463. 
 
 xnd was one of the competitors for the kingdom of Scotland, 
 being great grandson of Robert, Lord Roos, and Isabel his wife, 
 natural daughter of William, King of Scotland : bat a more par- 
 ticular account of the great families of Albini and Roos, is reserved 
 for the article of Baroness Roos. ^ 
 
 The said Sir Robert Manners had issue t^^o sons, ' George, 
 and Edward Manners ; and three daughters, Elizabeth, married 
 to Sir ^ William Fairfax, of Steeton Castle in com. Ebor. Knight, 
 a justice of the Common Pleas, son to Sir Guy Fairfax, a justice 
 of the Court of King's Bench, from whom the Lord Fairfax of 
 Cameron in Scotland is descended ; Dorothy, married to Thomas 
 Fairfax, son of Sir William ; and Cecily, wedded to Thomas 
 Fairfax, Esq. a serjeant at law, brother of the said Sir William. 
 
 Which George Manners had the title of Lord Roos, in 
 148/, ' after the decease of his mother, who was also lineal heir 
 to the baronies of Vaux, Trusbut, and Belvoir. In 1497, he 
 was in that expedition into Scotland, when Aiton, between Ber- 
 wick and Dunbar, was taken j and, for his conduct and bravery, 
 knighted by the Earl of Surry, general of the army. 
 
 In 14 Henry VII. the King having called together the three 
 states of the kingdom for their assent to the '^ peace made witli 
 France, at Estaples near Boulogne, November 3d, l-igi, this Sir 
 George Manners, with Thomas Lumley, Esq. were the two spe- 
 cially deputed by the lords and commons of the diocese of Dur- 
 ham, to meet the King on that arduous aftliir, and they gave their 
 assent thereto. In 5 Henry VIII. on that expedition made by the 
 King himself into France, he was, in consideration of his loyalty, 
 care, and industry, commissioned with Thomas, Marquis of 
 Dorset, Thomas, Earl of Arundel, and others, to review the forces 
 that were going under the command of the said Marquis of 
 Dorset. Before the end of which year, being with King Henry 
 VIII. at the siege of p Therouene and Tournay, ho there fell sick 
 and died. His last testament bears date three days before his 
 
 h See also Dr. Thoroton's Nottingliams^iire, folio 115, and Wright's An- 
 tiquities of Rutlandshire, folio 8,. and Nichols's Leicestershire, vol. i p 22. 
 ' Mon. Ang. vol i p. 719. " Leland's Collect, vol i p 911. 
 
 ' By what right could this be, as his uncle Edmund Roos, Lord Roos, 
 
 did not die till 1508 ? 
 
 n E. MS in Bibl Cotton Claudius, c 2. 
 
 Rymcr'sFced torn, xii p 7'o> 7i- Ibid torn xiii. p.364. 
 
 p Weevcr's Funeral Monum. p. 428.
 
 464 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 death,. viz. October 30th, 1513, wherein he orders i his body to 
 be buried next unto the place where lie shall happen to die, or 
 elsewhere, at the direction of his executors, who were Anne, his 
 Lady, and Sir Thomas Lovel, Knight. He bequeaths to each of 
 his daughters, unmarried, 300 marks, to be paid at the time of 
 their marriage, or within four years after, if the husband be not 
 twenty-one years of age, or at such time as the husband came of 
 age. He requires his feoffees to suffer his executors to receive 
 the profits of his lordships, manors, lands, and tenements, called 
 Helmesley, Storthwaite, Haugh, Cowhouse in Grane, Harom, 
 Ravinsthorp, Boltby, and Turneham Halle, in the county of 
 York, except in Storthwaite, which is appointed part of his wife's 
 jointure. Also, that the feoffees in his lands, &c. which Sir 
 Robert Manners his father held, and took the profits (except the 
 manor of Barington, in the county of Northumberland) make a 
 grant of 20Z. isuing thereout yearly, to each of his younger sons 
 for life, with a clause of distress. And that his son Thomas 
 Manners, and Elizabeth his wife, daughter of Sir Robert LoveJ, 
 Knight, and the heirs of their bodies, take the profits of the 
 manors, lands, and tenements, called Pokley, Bindlowe, Howsom, 
 Oswoldkyrk, and Ampleford, in the county of York j and that 
 they stand seised of the same, to the use of the said Thomas 
 Manners and Elizabeth his wife, and the heirs of their bodies. 
 
 He married Anne, sole daughter and heir of Sir Thomas St, 
 Leger, Knight, by Anne, his wife, daughter to Richard Duke of 
 York, and sister to Edward IV, which last Anne was first mar- 
 ried to Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, by whom she had no 
 issue. " Which Sir Thomas St. Leger founded a chantry in the 
 north cross isle of the royal chapel of St. George in Windsor 
 Castle, * wherein he and the Duchess his wife lie buried. Also in 
 the said chantry lieth intombed this George Manners, Lord 
 Roos, and Anne his Lady, with this inscription cut in black letters 
 in brass, round the verge thereof, as here exhibited. 
 
 Here lyethe buried George Maners Knyght Lorde Roos who 
 decesed the xxvii days of Octobre in the yere of our Lorde God 
 MFC XI] I. and Ladye Anne his wyfe, daughter of Anne Duchess 
 of Exetur, susicr unto King Edward the four the and of Thomas 
 
 1 Fettyplace, Qu. 24. in Cur Puerog, Archiep, Cantuar, 
 ' Sandtord's Geiieal Hist of the Kings of England, p. 395. 
 ' See an engraving of their figures in brass, as ihey exist in the Rutland 
 thapel there, i:i Nichols's Leicestershire, vol. i p. 41.
 
 DUKE OF RUTLAND. 4Q? 
 
 SentJynger, Knyght. The wyche Anne decessed the xxi day of 
 Apryl in the yere of our Lord God, MFCXXVI. Ori whose 
 soulls God have mercy. Amen. * 
 
 They had issue " five sons, Thomas, Sir Oliver, Anthony, Sir 
 Richard, and John, as also six daughters 3 Anne, wife of Sir 
 Henry Capel, of Raynes in Essex, Knight j Eleanor, married to 
 John Bourchier, Earl of Bath ; Elizabeth, to Thomas, Lord Sands 
 of the Vyne; Catherine, to Sir Robert Constable, of Everingham, 
 in the county of York, Knight 5 Margaret, first married to Sir 
 Henry Strangeways, and secondly, to Robert Heneage, Esq. 
 auditor of the duchy of Lancaster 5 and Cecily, who died un- 
 mairied. 
 
 Oliver '^ was knighted by Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, 
 at Roy in France, having been at the taking of the towns of Bray 
 and Montdedier. 
 
 But of the said younger sons. Sir Richard Manners, Knight, 
 who in 1547 liad a grant of several manors and lands in the 
 counties of Leicester, Salop, Stafford, and Worcester, only left 
 issue, having married first Margaret, daughter of Sir Robert 
 Dimock, of Scrivelsby in com. Line. Knight, and widow of 
 Richard Vernon, of Nether Haddon, in the county of Derby, 
 Esq. by whom she had issue Sir George Vernon, whose sole 
 daughter and heir, Dorothy, was wife to Sir John Manners, lineal 
 ancestor to his Grace the present Duke of Rutland ; but the 
 said Margaret died 1550, and was buried at St. Catherine Cree 
 church, London, y without issue by the said Sir Richard Manners, 
 
 who married, secondly, widow of Sir William^ Coffyn, 
 
 younger brother to Richatd Coffyn, of Portledge in Devon, and 
 by her was father of John Manners, Esq. 
 
 The eldest son Thomas Manners, Lord Roos, and fikst 
 Earl op Rutland, in June 1520, 12 Henry VIII. waited on 
 the King and Queen at iheir meeting Francis L the French 
 King, ' and his consort, in the vale between Ardres and Guisnes ; 
 and had in his retinue two chaplains, two gentlemen, eighteen 
 servants, and twelve horses. 
 
 In 14 Henrj' VIII. he ^ was constituted Warden of the East 
 Marches towards Scotland; and in 16 Henry VIIT.^' had special 
 
 t A print of this monument is in Nicliols's Leicestershire, ut supr. 
 
 Wecver's Fun. Monuments, p. 428 ' Stow';. Annals, p 521 
 
 5. Strypc, B. iii p 5 
 
 t MS in Bibl Joli Anstis, Arm. not B 5 p 380 
 
 . Ex Autog apucl Bclvoir. " Pat. :6 Hen. VIII p. i- 
 
 VOL. I. 2 u
 
 4I5G PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 livery of all the manors, castles, and lands, descended to him 
 from the Lady Eleanor, his grandmother, sister and coheir to 
 Edmund, Lood Roos ; and also from Isabel, tlie other sister and 
 coheir to the said Edmund. 
 
 The year following, on April 23d, at a chapter of the garter*^ 
 held at Greenwich, being then Lord Roos, he was elected a knight 
 of that most noble order,- but the King, after breaking up of 
 that chapter, being certified that the said Lord Roos had never 
 been knighted, whereas the statutes of the most noble order re- 
 quire, that whoever is a companion in it should (at least) be a 
 Knight Batchelor, he immediately called them back to the 
 chapter, declaring the election of Lord Roos to be void, for the 
 cause aforesaid, and ordered the badges of the most noble order to 
 be taken from him. And they being on that declaration taken 
 from him, his Majesty did (as the register sets forth) with his 
 drawn sword create him a knight ; and proceeding immediately 
 with the companions to a new election, the Lord Roos was pre- 
 sently again unanimously elected a companion of the order, and 
 declared so by the King> who commanding it, all the badges 
 were restored to him, by the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, and 
 he was placed in the stall appointed him, by the Lords Fitzwalier 
 and Bergaveny. The same") ear the King, at his royal palace of 
 Bridewell, creating divers nobles, this Thomas, Lord Roos, was 
 then, in consideration of his high descent,*^ advanced to the dig- 
 nity of Earl of Rutland, by letters patent bearing date June 
 18th, 1/ Henry VIII. a title which none but the royal family had 
 ever born. And by reason of his descent from the sister of Ed- 
 ward IV. had an augmentation to his ancient arms j Or, two 
 Bars, Axure, and a Chief, Gules (as they appear on his father's 
 tomb in St. George's chapel) ; which Chief was augmented to 
 quarterly, Azure and Gules, and in the first quarter, two Flower 
 de Luces, Or ; in the second, a Lion passant, guardant. Or; the 
 third as the second, the fourth as the first. And seven days after 
 his creation, viz. June 25th, he was installed one of the knio^hts 
 companions of the most noble order of the garter. 
 
 la 21 Henry VII I. he had summons ^ to parliament as Earl of 
 Rutland, and on July 13th, 1530, the year following, was one of 
 the great men who s subscribed that declaration, then sent to 
 
 c Anstis's Regist. of the Garter, vol i p 369. 
 
 * Stow's Annals, p 526. >= Sandford, psaed p 39$. 
 
 ^ Rymer's Feed, torn xiv, p. 302, Sec. 
 
 e Herb Uhf of Ken VI 11- p. 306.
 
 DUKE OF RUTLAND. 467 
 
 Pope Clement VII. whereby he had intimation, that unless he 
 did comply with King Henry in that affair of his divorce from 
 Queen Catherine, his supremacy in England would be much en- 
 dangered. And when the parliament met again after Easter, in 
 23 Henry VIII. he was '' one of the lords, who, by the King's ap- 
 pointment, with the lord chancellor, declared to the commons, 
 " how that the marches between England and Scotland were 
 very little inhabited on the English side, but on the Scottish side 
 were much peopled, dwelling even on the border ; by reason 
 whereof they invaded England divers time's, to his subjects' great 
 hurt 5 wherefore the King intended to make dwellin'3 houses 
 there, and divers new piles and stops, to hinder the Scotch inva- 
 sions : but as this could not be done without great costs, they 
 prayed the commons to grant the King some reasonable aid 
 towards it." 
 
 In October 1532, 24 Henry VIII. he' was at the interview 
 between King Henry VIII. and Francis I. the French King, at 
 Sandingfield, from whence they rode to Boulogne, and thence to 
 Calais. In 25 Henry VIII. '^ he attended in his barge Queen Anne 
 ^mother of Queen Elizabeth) on her coming from Greenwich to 
 her coronation, June 1st, and was one of her judges in 1536. In 
 which year, 28 Henry VIII. on that insurrection in Lincolnshire, 
 under Dr. Makerel, prior of Barlings, occasioned by the dissolu- 
 tion of the lesser monasteries, and certain injunctions in matters 
 of religion, he ' received command to require them, by proclama- 
 tion, on peril of their lives, to return to their due obedience 3 and 
 raising a great power, he was very instrumental in quelling that 
 rebellion. And soon afier, on that insurrection in Yorkshire, 
 called " The Pilgrimage of Grace," he '" otl'cred his service in 
 order to the suppressing thereof, which he performed. 
 
 In 1539, 31 Henry VIII. he " was appointed by the King, 
 lord chamberlain to Queen Anne of Cleves, and sent from Green- 
 wich to attend her before her marriage. In 32 Henry VII,I. he 
 was " constituted Chief Justice in Eyre of all the King's forests 
 beyond Trent. And in 33 Henry VIII. in consideration of his 
 services,? had a grant of the manor of Muston in the county of 
 Leicester, part of the possessions of the dissolved priory of Osul- 
 
 h Hall's Chron, fol. zoi ' Stowc's Ann. p. 560 
 
 " Hall's Ch.on.fol. 213. 1 Herb. Ili.t, of Hen V 1 1 1- p 411 
 '" Ibid. 1)413- ' -flail, p ij8 
 
 P.it.3i Hen. VIII. p J- p IM. 33 Hen VII I. p. z.
 
 46s PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 veston in that county; likewise of the manors of Waltham and 
 Ci'oxton in the same county j as also of the manors of Upwell, 
 Outvvell, Elme, and Eranithe, in the counties of Norfolk and 
 SafTolk, part of the possessions of the late dissolved monastery of 
 Nun Eaton in the county of Warwick, Also of the manor of 
 Braunston inthe county of Northampton, part of the possessions 
 of the abbey of LilshuU in the county of Salop, and the manors of 
 Bellesdale and Helmesley, with the rectory of the church at 
 Helmesley, part of thft possessions of the late dissolved monastery 
 of Kirkham in the county of York, with divers lands in Brandes- 
 dale in the said county of York, sometime belonging to the 
 abbey of Rievaulx. 
 
 In l.'i42, being constituted 1 warden cf the Marches, he ac- 
 companied ^ the Duke of Norfolk (then general of an army con- 
 sisting of twenty thousand men) in his invasion of Scotland, Oc- 
 tober 21st, where they staid eight days expecting the enemy, and 
 at their return burnt twenty towns and villages. 
 
 His last will bears date August l6th, 1543. He bequeaths 
 to Oliver Manners, one of his younger sons, his manor of How- 
 some, with the appurtenances. To John Manners, one of hij 
 younger sons, his manor of Thornton in Craven^ with the ap- 
 purtenances in Thornton in Craven, Earesby, and Kelbroke, in 
 the county of York. To Roger Manners, his son, tlie manor of 
 Linton upon Ouse, with the appurtenances in Linton, and Yolton, 
 in com. Ebor. To Thomas Manners, his son, his manor of 
 Turnham hall, and Cliff, in the parish of Hemmyngburg, with 
 the appurtenances. To his three daughters, Elizabeth, Frances, 
 and Catherine, 6o/. per aim each, until they be married, and 
 toward their marriage 1000/. each. He settles on his eldest son 
 Henry, Lord Roos, and Margaret his wife, the manor of Melton 
 Ross, in com. Line, and all his lands in Melton Ross, Beckby, 
 Kernyngton, Barnaby, Ulceby, Wrawby, Glamford Bruggs, 
 Elsham, and Wotton ; the manor of Orston, and the Sooke, and 
 all the land?, &c. in Orston, Streton, Kneton, Scarrington, Car- 
 colston, Thurvertcn, Staunton, and Dalington, in the county of 
 Nottingham, as her jointure : and constitutes his executors, 
 Eleanor, Countess of Rutland, his wife. Sir Richard Manners, 
 Knight, his brother. Sir John Chaworth, Knight, Augustine 
 Porter, Henry Digby, and Robert Thurston, Esqrs. ^ 
 
 q Pat 34Hen. VIII. p i. r Herb ut antea, p- 483 
 
 s See a fuller extract containing a more ample enumeration of his pos- 
 sessions in Nichols, u: sup. vol i p. 43.
 
 DUKE OF RUTLAND. 46g 
 
 He died on September 20th, 1 543, and was buried in the 
 chancel of the church at Botsford (near Bclvoir Castle) in com, 
 Leic, where a monument-is erected lo his memory. ' 
 
 He had to his first wife, Elizabeth, daiighter of Sir Robert 
 Lovel, Knight, by whom he had no issue. But by Eleanor before 
 mentioned, daughter of Sir William Paston, of Paston in Norfolk, 
 Knight, (which Lady died 1551, and is buried at St. Leonard, 
 Shoreditch, London'^) he had issue five sons, and six daughters. 
 
 Henry, his successor. 
 
 Sir John, second son, ancestor to his Grace the present Duke 
 of Rutland, of whom I shall hereafter treat. 
 
 Roger, third son, seated at L^ffington, '^ in com. Line, one of 
 the esquires for the body to the Queens, Mavy and Elizabeth, 
 and dying in 158/, was buried in the church of Uffington. v He 
 gave four scholarships to Corpus Christi College in Cambridge, 
 and was a great benefactor to the chapel. 
 
 Thomas, fourth son, ^ who after many valiant services per- 
 formed by him for his Prince and country, both in Ireland and 
 Scotland, where he was knighted, and witnessed by sundry great 
 wounds he therein received, died about the age of fifty, in June, 
 loC^l, and was buried at St. Leonard's, Shoreditch, London, He * 
 married Theodocia, daughter of Sir Thomas Newion, Knight, 
 and kft issue Charles his son and heir, and two d.iughters, Anne, 
 wife of William Vavasor, of Haslewood in Yorkshire, Esq father, 
 by her, of Sir Thomas Vavasor the first Bai t. of that family : " 
 also Elumor, wife to Thonjas Poutrell, of West Hallam in Derby- 
 shire, Esq. without issue. 
 
 Oliver, fifth son, '^ died in his younger years, anno 1563, about 
 the age of twenty, yet not before good proof made of his valour 
 and forwardness in the seivice of Newhaven against the French, 
 where he caught the plague, of which he died shortly aftar j and 
 was also buried in Shoreditch church, ' near his mother Eleanor, 
 Countess of Rutland, who died anno 1551, as the inscription on 
 a monument there erected to their memory, shewed. 
 
 t See an account of it in Nichols, p. roi- 
 " Stow's Survey of London, p. 471, anil Nichols, p. 44. 
 X In 1576 he obtained so much of the lands of Patshull, com. North, 
 ampton, as had not been before granted. Nichols, p 44- 
 
 y Sec his epitaph, ibid. ^ E Collect. Tho. Meiler. 
 
 Stow, ut supra. " Nichols, p. 45. 
 
 ' Rymer, torn. xv. p 96. 
 * It seems by the inscription *t Uffuigton, tliai hedied there. Nichols, p 44
 
 470 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 The- SIX daughters of the said Thomas, Earl of Rutland, were, 
 Gertrude, married to George lalbot, Earl of Shrewsbury ; Anne, 
 to Sir Henry Nevil, Earl of Weptmorlanu ; Frances, to Henry 
 Nevil, Lord Abergavenny; Catherine, to Sir Henry Capel, of 
 Raynes in Essex, Knight, ancestor by her (who died on March 
 Qth, 1572) to the present Earl of Essex; Elizabeth, to Sir John 
 Savage, of Rock Savage, Knight, from whom the late Earls Rivers 
 descenJed ; and Isabel, who died young. 
 
 Henry, second Eakl of Rutland, the eldest son, in 1546, 
 was one of the English Noblemen^ who weie present when 
 Francis I. tlie French King, took an oath to observe the articles 
 of peace concluded on the confines of Ardres and Gnisnes, June 
 7th, .between his commissioners and the commissioners of the 
 King of England. In 1547, he with 3000 men, took and sacked 
 Haddington in Scotland. *' In 2 Edward VI. he was constable of 
 the Castle of Noitingham, and chief justice of Shirewood forest ; 
 and the yeai after constituted warden of the East and Middle 
 Marches toward.s Scotland. And the council not thinking it ne- 
 cessar)' to keep the town of Haddington in Scotland, as the gar- 
 rison could not be victualled but with a great power to conduct 
 the carriages in safety (the enemy being ready to distress them 
 on any opportunity) the Earl of Rutland wass ordered thither to 
 see the fortitications razed, and to conduct the men and ordnance 
 into England. Whereupon he marched with three thousand 
 Almains, and as many Borderers, in September 1549, ^nd not 
 only executed his commission, by destroying the town and bring- 
 ing away the artillery, but made wide waste in his passage by 
 ruin and spoil, returning to Berwick without any encounter. In 
 1551, lie '' accompanied the Marquis of Northampton into France, 
 on a solemn embassy to Henry II. and to present him with the 
 ensigns of the most noble Order of the Garter, In 6 Edward VI. 
 he was at a muster in Hyde Park before the King, at the head of 
 an hundred men of arms in yeliow and blue, his standard a pea- 
 cock and pencils. 
 
 On the accession of Queen Mary, being suspected of having 
 favoured the Lady Jane Grey, he was committed to the Fleet, 
 but soon after discharged ; and was one of the lords who attended 
 on Philip, Prince of Spain, at his landing at Southampton, July 
 I9tli, 1554, in order to his nuptials with the Queen, which v.-ere 
 
 ^ Ex Auiog apud Bclvoir. '' Nichols, p. 45. 
 
 s Hcywanl's Life of Edw. VI. > jbid.
 
 DUKE OF RUTLAND. 4;i 
 
 celebrated at Winchester on the 25th. In 1555 he completed 
 the noble design, which had been far advanced by his father, of 
 rebuilding the family mansion at Belvoir, and making a nobler 
 structure, than ever it had been before. ' In 3 and 4 of Phil, and 
 Mar. he was ^ made captain general of all the forces then de- 
 signed to pass the seas,- and also of the whole fleet : but at the 
 siege of St, Quintin in Picardy, served only as general of the 
 horse. 
 
 When Queen Elizabeth came to the crown, she ' constituted 
 him Lieutenant for the counties of Nottingham and Rutland ; 
 and on April 23d, 155g, being elected a Knight of the most noble 
 Order of the Garter, he "' was installed at Windsor, on June 3d 
 following. And in the 3d of Queen Elizabeth, being president of 
 the North, he" was commissioned with the Archbishop of York, 
 the Bishop of Durham, and others, in confidence of their ap- 
 proved piety, wisdom, and prudence, to examine such persons as 
 did not conform to the religion established, and to administer to 
 them the oath appointed to be taken by act of parliament, in the 
 first year of her reign. 
 
 By his last will and testament, bearing date July 5th, 1560, 
 he bequeathed his body to be buried in the parish church of Bots- 
 ford, if he should die within the realm 3 and appointed that a 
 tomb suitable to his estate should be made there. He bequeathed 
 to his daughter Elizabeth a thousand pounds for her portion, and 
 30Z. per annum for her maintenance until her marriage, or age 
 of twenty-one years. To John, his second son, he gave his manor 
 and rectory of Helmesley, sometime belonging to the monastery 
 of Kirkham, as also his manors of Roos, and Holderness, and 
 fee farm of 40 1. per annum, issuing out of the city of York, 
 during his life. To Edward Lord Roos, his eldest son and heir, 
 all his armour, ammunition, and weapons : and ordered that all hts 
 goods, chattels, jewels, plate, and household stuff, which could be 
 left unsold, to be divided betwixt his wife and tlie said Edward 
 his son, when he diould arrive at the age of twenty-one years : 
 and by a schedule annexed, increased the portion of his daughter 
 Elizabeth, five hundred marks, if she should marry with the con- 
 sent of his wife, and George, Earl of Shrewsbury his brother-in- 
 law, and of his brother John Manners, or any two of them. 
 
 > Nichols, p 45. " Ex Aiitog.apiid Bclvoir. 
 
 , Hollingshed, p i";.?.?- '" E" Collect. Tlio. Mell 
 
 Rymcr's Feel, torn xiii, 611. Ex Autog apud Fdvoir.
 
 472 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 whereof his wife to be one. He also gave 200/. to be distributed' 
 among his household servants, as his wife should judge conve- 
 nient: and dying I' on September l/ih, l653, lieth buried at 
 Uotsford. 
 
 He married two wives, '^ first, Margaret, daughter to Ralph 
 Nevil, fourth Eail of Westmorland, who died 1559, and was 
 buried at St. Leonard's, Shoreditch, London, ' by whom he had 
 issue two sons, Edward, and John, successively Earls of Rutland, 
 also a daughter, viz. Elizabeth, married* to Sir William Courtnay, 
 of Pouderham Castle, in com. Devon. His second wife was' 
 Bridget, daughter of John, Lord Hussey, of Sleford, in com. 
 Line, widow of Sir Richard Morrison, of Cashiobury, in com. 
 Hertf. Knight, who surviving without any issue by him, was 
 afterwards married to Francis, Earl of Bedford, and dying on 
 January 12th, l600, aet. /b, was buried at Watford in Hertford- 
 shire. 
 
 Edward, third Earl of Rutland, his eldest son, was in 
 several eminent employments, which are thus set forth in the in- 
 scription on his monument at Botsford, where he lies buried. In 
 ann. 1569, H Elizabeth, he was sent into the north parts, the 
 Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland being then in re- 
 bellion, and made lieutenant to Thomas Ratcliffe, Earl of Sussex 
 (then lord general of her Majesty's army) also colonel of the foot, 
 and one of the council in that service, being then but twenty 
 years of age, and in ward to her Majesty. In the year 1570, he 
 travelled into France. In the year 1582, he was made lieutenant 
 of the county of Lincoln. In the year 1584, Knight of the 
 Garter. And on July pth, 1586, as chief commissioner for her 
 Majesty, concluded a league of stricter amity with the Scottish 
 King's commissioners at Berwick upon Tweed.' Camden, in his 
 Irotory of Queen of Elizabeth, Book iii. p. 127, relates, that the 
 Queen designed to make him Lord Chancellor on the death of 
 Chancellor Bromley, but that he died six days after him, being a 
 profound lawyer, and a man accomplished with all polite learning. 
 He died at his house at Ivy Bridge, in the Strand, London, on 
 April 1-ith, 1587, in the thirtieth year of his age, ^ leaving issue 
 
 p I nscrip Tumuli- i Oct 21, Stiype, and Nichols. 
 
 . " Chauncey's and Salmon's Histories of Hertfordshire, and the epitaph 
 is in Nichols, p. 46. 
 
 ' Iiolinshed, vol. iii. p i5j_ 
 t See an abstract of his will in Nichols, p. 46,47. Ex Registr- Spencer, 
 qu. 79 in Cur. Prerog. Sec also his epitaph in Nichols, p loi-
 
 DUKE OF RUTLAND. 4f$ 
 
 by Isabel-his wife, daughter of Sir Thomas Holcroft, of the Vale 
 Royal Abbey in Cheshire, Knight, one sole daughter Elizabeth, 
 who at the age of thirteen became Baroness Roos, and married 
 Sir William Cecil, Knight of the Garter (commonly called Lord 
 Burghley) son and heir apparent to Thomas, Earl of Exeter, by 
 whom he had issue William Cecil, who had the title of Lord 
 Roos^ and died in Italy, June 27th, 1618, without issue j for his 
 mother dying at the house of her grandfather Sir Thomas Hol- 
 croft, in Tower street, London, on April 11th, 15QI, ann. 33 Eli- 
 zabeth, was buried on May ipth following, in St. Nicholas chapel, 
 Westminster Abbey 3 he being at that time but one year old, was, 
 at her funeral, after the service of the church, proclaimed by the 
 title of Lord Roos, of Hamlake, Truslut, and Belvoir, against 
 Francis Manners Earl of Rutland ; but on his death without 
 issue the said barony of Roos reverted to the Earls of Rutland. 
 
 To this Earl Edward succeeded Johv, fourth Earl of Rut- 
 land, his brother and heir male. In the reign of Queen Eliza- 
 beth, he was " made constable of Nottingham castle, and ^ lieute- 
 nant of Nottinghamshire. By his last will, >' made when sick, 
 February 23d, 1587, he orders his body to be buried in the parish 
 church of Botsford, in com. Leices. under such tomb as his ex- 
 ecutors shall think fit to erect j who were the Countess his be- 
 loved wife, Roger, Lord Roos, his son and heir apparent, his 
 loving uncles John Manners, and Roger Manners, one of the 
 Esquires for the Queen's body, his loving brother Sir Franci? 
 Rode?, one of her justices of the common pleas, and his loving 
 cousin Sir George Chaworth, Knight, and supervisors, the Lord 
 Burghley, high treasurer of England, and the Earl of Leicester, 
 lord high steward of her Majesty's household. 
 
 And '' dying February I following, was buried at Botsford, * 
 leaving issue by Elizabeth his wife, daughter to Francis Charlton, 
 of Apeley castle, in com. Salop, Esq. Roger his son and heir, 
 Francis and Sir George, successively Earls Rutland ; and Sir 
 Oliver ISIanners, knighted at Belvoir castle, April 23d, 1603, by 
 James I who was entertained there on his first coming from Scot- 
 land. His daughters were Bridget, married to Robert Tyrwhitt, ^ 
 of Ketleby, in com. Line. Esq. Frances, to William, Lord Wil- 
 
 " Ex Autog apud Belvoir. * Ibid. 
 
 y Ex Regist. Rutland. Qu r in Cur. Prcrog. Cant. 
 Inscript. Tumuli ' Sec his epitaph in Nichols, p 101. 
 
 Sec her Epitaph in Topographer, vol i- p. 113-
 
 474. PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 loughby of Parham ; whose son Francis Lord Willoughby of 
 Parham, died 1666, leaving Elizabeth his coheir, married to 
 Roger Jones Viscount Ranelagh, whose coheir, married Thomas 
 Earl Coningsby, whose coheir. Lady Frances, married Sir Charles 
 Hanbury Williams, K. B. whose coheir married the Hon. Captain 
 Robert Boyle Walsingham, whose sole heir Elizabeth, wife of 
 Lord He;iry Fitzgerald, was confirmed Baroness Rocs, I8O6; 
 Elizabeth, to Emanuel Scropp, F^arl of Sunderland, but died 
 without issue 5 and Mary, who died unmarried. 
 
 Of which RoOER, fifth Earl of Rutland, it is evident, 
 from the epitaph<= on his tomb at Botsford, that in anno 1595, 
 37 Elizabeth, he began his first travels into divers parts beyond 
 the seas, as France, Italy, the Grisons, and the Low Countries, 
 where he continued three years : that he went voluntarily the 
 island voyage, and was colonel of foot in the Irish wars, in 1598 : 
 that he was Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire, in the first year of 
 James I. that the same year he went ambassador to Denmark, to 
 the christening that King's first son, and with the Order of the 
 Garter to the King himself. 
 
 To which I shall add, that in 42 Elizabeth, he was made"! 
 constable of Nottingham castle, and'^ chief justice of the forest of 
 Shirewoodj and for his valour in the island voyage, had the 
 honour of knighthood conferred on him by the Earl of Essex ; 
 with whom he contracted such a friendship, that he engaged 
 with the Earl in his insurrection, and thereupon was * committed 
 to the Tower ; but by the favour of the Queen was not brought 
 to his trial, though both he and the Earl of Southampton were 
 imprisoned till the accession of James I. who in l603, the first 
 year of his reign, made s him steward of the manor and soke of 
 Grantham, besides the employments conferred on him, as before 
 related. He was also '^ constituted, in 6 Jac. I. chief justice of 
 Shirewood forest. 
 
 This Roger married Elizabeth, daughter and heir to the 
 famous Sir Philip Sidney ; but died without issue, June 26th, 
 ]6l2; his wife survived him only two months, ' leaving Francis 
 his brother and heir. 
 
 The memorable actions of which Francis, sixth Eakl of 
 
 Nichols, p. 102. <' Pat. 42 Eliz. p. 24. 
 
 * Ex Aiitog apud Belvoir. ' Camden's Annals. 
 
 E Ex Aiitog apud Belvoir. Ibid. 
 
 ' Mem. of James's Peers, p. 278.
 
 DUKE OF RUTLAND. 475 
 
 Rutland, are thus set forth on his monument at Botsford>' At 
 ten years of age, ann. 1598, he began to travel in France, Lorrain, 
 and divers parts of Italy, where he was honourably received by 
 the Princes themselves, and nobly entertained in their courts. In 
 his return through Germany he had the like honour done him by 
 Ferdinand, Arch Duke of Austria, at Gratz ; and by the Em- 
 peror Matthias, in his court at Vienna ; by Count Swartzem- 
 bourg, lieutenant of Javarin in Hungary j by Count Rossem- 
 bourgh,at Prague in Bohemia ; by the Marquis of Brandenburgh, 
 the Dukes of Saxony, and other German Princes in the court of 
 Berlin. In l603, he was made Knight of the Bath, at the coro- 
 nation of James I, in l6l2, lieutenant of Lincolnshire, and justice 
 in Eyre of all the King's forests and chases on the North of 
 Trent. In 16] 6, Knight of the most noble Order of the Garter j 
 being the same year one of the lords who attended King James, 
 by his Majesty's special appointment, in his journey to Scotland j 
 and in 1623, had the command of his Majesty's great ships and 
 pinnaces, to bring Prince Charles out of Spain ; which service he 
 happily performed. 
 
 To which I shall add, that succeeding his brother as Earl of 
 Rutland, and as the title of Lord Roos, then claimed, and actually 
 enjoyed, by William Cecil, could not justly be made use of by 
 himself, as heir male, by reason the said William Cecil was son 
 and heir of Elizabeth, sole daughter and heir to Edward, late 
 Earl of Rutland, who had that title by right of descent from 
 Eleanor his grandmother, sister and heir to Edmund, Lord Roos, 
 he procured a special patent, bearing date July 22d, 14 Jac. 
 whereby, he then possessing the land and barony of Hamlake, it 
 was declared that he should be accepted, and called Lord Roos, 
 OF Hamlake J and that his son and heir should also enjoy the 
 same name and title. And dying at Bishop's Stortford, in com. 
 Hertf on December 17th, anno l632, was buried at Botsford : 
 having maitied two wives, viz. Frances, daughter and coheir to 
 Sir Henry Kncvet, of Charleton in com, Wilts, Knight, widow of 
 Sir William Bevill, of Kilkhampton, in com. Cornub. Knight, by 
 whom he had issue an only daughter and heir, Catherine, first 
 married to George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham ; and, secondly, 
 to Randulph Macdonald, Earl (afterwards Marquis) of Antrim ir 
 Ireland. 
 
 " Nichols, p. icz ' Pat 14 Jac. I. p. 13.
 
 476 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 His second wife was"" Cecily, daughter to Sir James Tufton 
 of Hothfield, in com. Cantij, Knight and Baronet, sister to 
 Nicholas, Earl of Thanet, and widow of Sir Edward Hungerford, 
 of Farley castle, in Wiltshire, Knight. Which Lady was " buried 
 in St. Nicholas's chapel in Westminster abbey, September 11th, 
 1653 J and he had by her two sons, Henry and Francis, who 
 both died in their childhood, the latter on March 7th, 1619, and 
 was buried in Westminster ahhey. 
 
 To Earl Francis succeeded Sir George Manners, Knight, 
 SEVENTH Earl of Rutland, his brother and heir male, knighted 
 in Ireland, in I5gg, by Robert, Earl of Essex, for his valiant be- 
 haviour against the rebels. He married p Frances, daughter of 
 Sir Edward Gary of Aldenhara, in com. Hertf. Knight, sister to 
 Henry.. Viscount Falkland, and widow of Ralph Baesh of Stan- 
 stead Abbat, in com. Hertf. Esq. and departing this life at his 
 house in the Savoy, London, 29 Martij, anno l641, without issue, 
 was buried at Botsford 1 with his ancestors j whereby the Earl- 
 dom of Rutland, and his other titles, devolved on John Manners 
 of Nether Haddon, in com. Derb. Esq. son and heir to Sir George 
 Manners, Knight, son and heir of Sir John Manners, second son 
 of Thomas, the first Earl of Rutland. 
 
 Which Sir John Manners married Dorothy, second daughter 
 and coheir to Sir George Vernon of Nether Haddon, in the 
 county of Derby, who died in g Elizabeth, seized of thirty Lord- 
 ships and manors ; and, for his magnificence and hospitality, was 
 called King of the Peak 
 
 The said Sir John Manners was knighted at Worksop, in 
 Nottinghamshire, on April 20th, l603, when he waited on 
 James L on his arrival from Scotland. He departed this life at 
 Nether Haddon, on June 4:h, lOU,'' was buried at Bakewell in 
 
 Di J 8 in Offic Arm fol 36, a. Ex Regist Eccles- 
 
 o From the elFects, as was supposed at the time, of witchcraft; in conse- 
 ijuence Margaret and Philippe Flower were executed, Maich i ith, 1619. See 
 tlie particulars in Nichols, p 49 
 
 I' J 8 in Oftic Arm fol 75, a- < See his epitaph, Nichos, p- 102. 
 
 r A most curious and venerable old manbion still remaining in the poj- 
 sessicn of the Duke of Rutland, but uninhabited. 
 
 ' Anuprig'it alabaster monument with figures and shields of arms, in 
 the quire or sitle ayle, in Bakewell church, in Derby : 
 
 ' Here lyetii John Manners, of Haddon, Knight, second son to Thomas 
 Earl of Rutlai;-::, v.ho died the 4th of June, i6ii And Dorothy, his wife, 
 one of the daughters and heirs of Sir George Vernon, of Haddon, Knight,
 
 DUKE OF RUTLAND. 47; 
 
 Derbyshire, near his Lady, who died before him, on June 24th, 
 ]584. * They had issue three sons and a daughter. Sir George 
 Manners, born anno 15/3 j John, born anno 15/6, and died 
 1590 J " and Sir Roger Manners, of Whitwell, in com. Derb. 
 who was knighted at Theobalds, June 2d, l6l5, and dying un- 
 married at Nether Haddon, anno 1 650, was buried at WhitweU. 
 The daughter was Grace, married to Sir Francis Fortescue, of 
 Salden, in com. Bucks, Knight of the Bath. 
 
 Sir George Manners, the eldest son, was married on April 2d, 
 1594, to Grace, * second daughter of Sir Henry Pierpont, y Knight, 
 and sister to Robert, Earl of Kingston, by whom he had issue 
 John, his son and heir, who was eleven years old at the visitation 
 of Derbyshire anno 16II, and succeeded to the earldom of Rut- 
 land 3 Henry, born May 14th, 1606, died at Haddon, l6l8 ; 
 Roger, born December 30th, I6O9, died at' London 1627, and 
 was buried in the chapel of Lincoln's-Inn ; Elizabeth, married 
 April 14th, 1616, to Robert Sutton, of Averham, in com. Not. 
 afterwards Lord Lexington j Eleanor, married on October 8d, 
 1622, to Lewis Watson, Lord Rockingham, and died October 
 7th, 1679; Frances, to Nicholas Saunderson, Viscount Castleton 
 in Ireland 3 Dorothy, born March igth, 16O8, and married to 
 Sir Thomas Lake, of Cannons in Slanmore, in com. Middlesex, 
 Knight ; and Mary, born January 1st, l6i2, wedded to Sir Sack- 
 ville Crow, of Llanhern, in com. Caermarthen, Bart. 
 
 The said Sir George Manners was knighted at Belvoir castle, 
 April 23d, l603, by James I. on his first entrance inro the king- 
 dom from Scotland j and departing this life at Ayleston in Leices- 
 
 who departed this life the 24th day of June, in the twenty-sixth year of the 
 reign of Queen Elizabeth, 1584. See vol iii. Antiq. Repertory. 
 
 t Inscription on monument in third vol. of the Antiq. Repertory 
 
 " In Bakewell church com- Derby, in the quire or side aylc, is a small 
 monument with this inscription : 
 
 " Here lieth buried John Manners, gentleman, third son of Sir John Man- 
 ners, Knight, who died the xvith day of July, in the year of our Lord God 
 1590, being of the age of fourteen years." Antiq Repertory. 
 
 ^ The monumental inscription of this Sir George Manners, is printed in 
 the third vol of the Antiq- Repertory, where Grace is called the second 
 daughter. 
 
 y In GofF's Notes, a Funeral Book, is a sketch in a lozenge of the arms 
 with twenty quarterings, impaling the arms of Pierepoint with eighteen 
 quarterings for the Lady Manners, who died at her lodgings n Fleet-street, 
 
 in February 1650, and buried at i" Derhy-iiiie; she was the daughter 
 
 of Pierepoint.
 
 4/8 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 tershire, on April 23d, 1623, was buried near his father at Bake- 
 well, and succeeded in his estate by John his eldest son. 
 
 Which John, eighth Earl of Rutland, born at Ayleston, 
 on June 10th, J 604, was sheriff of Derbyshire;^ in g and 1 1 
 Car. I. and one^ of the knights for that county in 15 Car. I. 
 On the death of George, Earl of Rutland, in 1641, he succeeded 
 him in that honour : he was married, in 1628, at Barnwell 
 castle in Northamptonshire, to Frances, daughter of Edward, 
 Lord Montagu of Boughton, and by her had four sons, whereof 
 George, Edward, and Roger, dying young, were buried at Bake- 
 well j so that John, the third son, only survived him. He Lad 
 also seven daughters ; Lady Frances, born at Nether Haddon, 
 married to John Cecil, Earl of Exeter; Lady Grace, born at 
 Haddon, wedded to Patricius, Viscount Chaworth of Ardmagh in 
 Ireland, and secondly, to Sir William Langhorn, of Charleton 
 in Kent, Bart. ; and dying in the sixty-ninth year of her age, 
 February 15th, 1699, was buried at Charleton, where a monu- 
 ment is erected to her memory, on which is the following in- 
 scription. 
 
 To the pious memory of the Right Honourable the Lady Grace, 
 Viscountess of Ardmagh, second daughter of the Right Honourable 
 John Ear/ of Rutland, and in second marriage wife of Sir William 
 Langhorn, Bart, who exchanged this life for a letter the 15th of 
 4|||, in the 60lh year of her age. Her mortal remains are here 
 deposited, in hopes of a lle%sed resurrection, whose admirable en- 
 dowments, conspicuous virtues, nobleness of mind, conjugal affec- 
 tion, sincere and exemplary piety, were illustrious instances that 
 the wise King required no impracticable accomplishments in his 
 perfect matron. 
 
 Lady Margaret, born at London, married to James Cecil, 
 Earl of Salisbury 5 Lady Dorothy, born at Belvoir, married to 
 Anthony, Lord Ashle)^, son and heir of Anthony, Earl of Shaftes- 
 bury ; Lady Elizabeth, born at London, married to James Lord 
 Annesley (son and heir of Arthur) Earl of Anglesey ; Lady Anne, 
 born at London, married to Scroop, Lord Viscount How 3 and 
 Lady Mar}', who died at twelve years of age, anno l667. 
 
 This noble Earl, in the course of our unhappy civil wars, had 
 the good conduct to disengage himself from the extravagancies of 
 those times, though he sat in the house of pers at Westminster. 
 
 2 Fuller's Worthies in com Derb. E Collect B. Willis, Arm.
 
 DUKE OF RUTLAND. 479 
 
 He was in the list of those nominated and recommended by the 
 house of commons to the King, on February 12th, l642, as fit to 
 be intrusted with the militia of the kingdom, wherein they de- 
 sired the concurrence of the house of peers. He was likewise 
 nominated, in 1643, to go on an embassy to the Scots, to desire 
 they would advance with an army for the relief of the parliament j 
 but, as Lord Clarendon relates, the Earl of Rutland thought it so 
 desperate a cure, that pretending an indisposition of health, he 
 procured a release. And soon after being appointed, with the 
 Earl of Bolingbroke and others, commissioners for executing the 
 office of Lord Chancellor of England, he was, as the before 
 mentioned noble author writes, so modest, as to think himself 
 not sufficiently qualified for such a trust ; and therefore excused 
 himself in point of conscience. In 1646, it was voted ^ by the 
 lords and commons, that the Earl of Rutland should be chief 
 justice in Eyre of all his Majesty's forests and chases beyond 
 Trent. In 1647, when the treaty in the Isle of Wight was set on 
 foot, for an accommodation between the King and the parliament, 
 for the settlement of the nation, he*^ was by the house of lords 
 appointed one of the commissioners for that end. But the army 
 resolving to change the whole frame of the government, this 
 treaty had no effect ; and the abominable murder of the King 
 soon after following (wherein, to the honour of the peers, none of 
 them were concerned) the Earl of Rutland lived retired until the 
 restoration of monarchy and episcopacy. In 1649, '' the parliament 
 ordered his castle of Belvoir to be demolished, and that the 
 damage he thereby sustained, ^ should be referred to the council 
 of state; but what reparation they made him, I don't find: for 
 the question being put, whether they should pay him 1500/. in 
 consideration thereof, it passed in the negative. His Lordship, in 
 the reign of Charles II. was true to the establishment in church 
 and state, and lived in great honour and esteem for the most part 
 at his country seats, and was, on February I4th, 1666, appointed 
 Lord Lieutenant of the county of Leicester. In 1G68, he com- 
 pletely repaired and restored Belvoir castle ' He departed this 
 life at Haddon, on September 29th, 1679, and was buried at 
 Botsford, near his Lady, who died on May 19th, I671. 
 
 b Whitlock's Memoirs, p. 233. c Ibid, p zSj- 
 
 ri See a fuli detail of occurrences at Belvoir Castle at this period in 
 Nichols, p 51. 58 
 
 >= WJiitlocVs Memoirs, p 386, and igz. f Nichols, p. Jy
 
 48a PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 JoftU, NINTH Earl and first Duke of Rutland, his onl/ 
 surviving son, born at Boughton in Northamptonshire, May 2$th, 
 1638, was elected one of the knights for the county of Leicester, 
 in that parliament after the restoration of Charles IL under the 
 title of John Lord Roos. He was on July 7th, \G77> constituted 
 Lord Lieutenant of the county of Leicester, which county he re- 
 presented until he was called up to the house of peers by writ of 
 summons to parliament, April 29th, 1679, 31 Car. IL by the 
 title of Baron Manners of Haddon, in com. Derb, and was intro- 
 duced May 2d following. And on the decease of his father in Sep- 
 tember ensuing, became Earl of Rutland. In the year \653, he 
 married the Lady Anne, eldest daughter and coheir of Henry 
 Pierpont, Marquis of Dorchester, by whom he had a daughter, 
 the Lady Frances, who died an infant, February 7th, 1659, and 
 was buried in the church of St. Martin, near Stamford. After 
 which his Lordship travelling beyond the seas, had cause at his 
 return to live in separation from his Lady j and anno 1666, was 
 from her lawfully divorced, by sentence of the court Christian : 
 also, anno 1668, w^as divorced s from her by act of parliament, ^ 
 and the children which she bore disabled by that act from inherit- 
 ing any lands or honours from the said John, or John Earl of 
 Rutland, his father j and his Lordship enabled to marry again ; 
 and that the children by such other nuptials should inherit. 
 Bishop Burnet relates, in his History of his own Times, that " an 
 accident happened at that time, that made the discoursing of 
 those matters the common subject of conversation. The Lord 
 Roos, afterwards Earl of Rutland, brought proofs of adultery 
 against his wife, and obtained a sentence of divorce in the spiri- 
 tual court: which amounting only to a separation from bed and 
 board, he moved for a bill dissolving the bond, and enabling him 
 to marry another wife. The Duke and all his party apprehended 
 the consequences of a parliamentary divorce : so they opposed 
 this with great heat, and almost all the bishops were of that side : 
 only Cosins and Wilkins, the bishops of Durham and Chester, 
 were for it. And the King was as earnest in the setting it on as 
 the Duke was in opposing it. The zeal which the two brothers 
 expressed on that occasion, made all people conclude that they 
 had a particular concern in the matters. The bill passed : and 
 
 t The Marquis of Dorchester printed several speeches and letters on th 
 subject- See a curious letter in answer by Lord Roos in Nichols, p. 59) 60 
 *- Par. Regist.
 
 DUKE OF RUTLAND. 481 
 
 upon that precedent some moved the King, thit he would order 
 a bill to be brought in to divorce him from the Queen. This 
 went so far, that a day was agreed on for making the motion in 
 the house of commons, as Mr. May' of the privy purse told rae ; 
 (who had the greatest and the longest share in the King's secret 
 Confidence of any man in that time ; for it was never broke off, 
 though often shaken, he being in his notions against every thing 
 that the king was for, both France, popery, and arbitrary govern- 
 ment j but a particular sympathy of temper, and his serving the 
 King in his vices, created a confidence much envied, and often 
 attempted to be broke, but never with any success beyond a short 
 coldness :) but he added, when he told me of this design, that 
 three days before the motion was to be made, the King called for 
 him, and told him, that matter must be let alone, for it would 
 not do. This disturbed hira much ; for he had engaged himself 
 far in laying the thing, and in managing those who were to un- 
 dertake the debate." ^ 
 
 His Lordship married, secondly, in 1671, at Ampthill in Bed- 
 fordshire, the Lady Diana Bruce, eldest daughter of Robert, Earl 
 of Aylesbury, and widow of Sir Thomas Shirley, of Stanton 
 Harold, in com. Leic. Baronet, by whom he had a son, Robert, 
 born at Belvoir, July 15th, 1672, and dying the same day, was 
 buried at Botsford, with his mother, who deceased in child bed 
 of him. He thirdly, on January 8th, 16/3, was married at 
 Exton, in com. Rutland, to Catherine, daughter of Baptist Noel, 
 Viscount Campden j and by her, who died January 24th, 1732-3, 
 had two sons, and two daughters, the Lady Catherine, born May 
 jpth, 1675, and in September 1692, married to John, Lord 
 Gowerj and Dorothy, born September 13th, 168I, espoused to 
 Baptist Noel, Earl of Gainsborough, and died January 29th, 1722. 
 The sons were John Lord Roos, born September I6th, 1676, his 
 successor, and the Lord Thomas Baptist Manners, who was born 
 on February 12th, 1678, died on June 29th, 1705, unmarried, and 
 was buried at Botsford. ' 
 
 This noble peer, as he was master of a great fortune, kept up 
 the old English hospitality, at his castle of Belvoir, affecting a 
 rural life, and for many years before his death never came to 
 London. Also when he married his eldest son to a daughter of 
 the Lord Russel, there was an article in the settlement, that she 
 should forfeit some part of her jointure, if ever she lived in town 
 
 I Baptist May. " Burnet's Hi.t. O. T. vol. i p. 262. 
 
 1 MS. Peter Lc Neve Norroy 
 VOL. I. 2 I
 
 482 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 without his consent: yet on experience of her admirable temper, 
 and exemplary behaviour, as well as the excellent judgment of 
 his son, he afterwards permitted them to live where they thought 
 convenient. 
 
 But though his Lordship declined appearing at court, yet her 
 Majesty Queen Anne, in consideration of his great merits, and 
 the services of his ancestors to the nation, was pleased to advance 
 him to the titles of Marquis of Granly, and Duke of Rutland, 
 by letters patent, bearing date 29th Martij, 1703, 2 Queen 
 Anne. 
 
 His Grace died at Belvoir castle, aged seventy-two years, seven 
 months, and twelve days, on January 10th, 171O-II, and was 
 buried with his ancestors at Botsford ; and from the sermon at 
 his funeral, we have this character of him : " He was of unble- 
 mished morals, of a nature generous and noble, yet in all his be- 
 nevolence and hospitality, not the least appearance of vanity or 
 ostentation. He was loyal to his Sovereign ; a patriot of his 
 countrj' ; and not only a true lover of the established church, but 
 a liberal patron to its sons the clergy : he was constant and steady 
 in his temper, having a religious sense of his word and honour, 
 being not forward to promise, but certain to perform what he had 
 promised, which made his friendship valuable; he was not only 
 courteous and affable to all. men, but his justice, to those with 
 whom he was concerned, cannot be too much imitated and com- 
 mended. His hospitality and charity were also equally great, and 
 jiad an appearance of the old English ways and customs. To 
 conclude, he was a very courteous and obliging neighbour to all 
 the gentry round him, and by them equally honoured and re- 
 spected ; a kind and indulgent parent to his children, and grand- 
 children, whose good he always studied ; a generous and noble 
 master to his servants ; and among liis other virtues, ought not to 
 be forgot his singular humanity, and love of doing good, on the 
 meanest and most accidental occasions, even to the poor that sup- 
 plicated at his gate : before his death he enlarged the hospital 
 first founded by his ancestors, and endowed it for the maintenance 
 Qf more poor brethren, crowning his end with honour." " 
 
 *" Entitled, " The Hope of Christians, an argument of comfort for their 
 ^eath, a sermon preached at the funeral of John Duke of Rutland, by Henry 
 Felton, B. D of Queen's College, Oxford " Dr Felton was a celebrated 
 divine and critic, author of " The Dissertation on the Classics," and died 
 .1740. 
 
 " See a fuller extract in Nichols, p 61. (n-
 
 DUKE OF RUTLAND. 483 
 
 John, second Duke of Rutland, his eldest son, bearing 
 the title of Lord Rocs, was elected knight for the county of Derby 
 in 1700, and knight for the county of Leicester in the last parlia- 
 ment called by King William. In 1705 and 1708, he was chosen 
 a member for the town of Grantham, and for the county of Lei- 
 cester, in 1710^ and till he took his seat in the house of peers, on 
 the death of his father; when on November 14th, 17J2, he was 
 constituted Lord Lieutenant and Gustos Rotulorura of the county 
 of Rutland, 
 
 His Grace, on the accession of George L was constituted 
 Lord Lieutenant, and Gustos Rotulorum of Leicestershire; on 
 October l6th, at a chapter held at St, James's, was elected Knight 
 of the most noble Order of the Garter, and installed at Windsor," 
 December gth following, 1714, He married on August 17th, 
 l6c)3, to his first wife, Catherine, second daughter to William, 
 Lord Russell, the celebrated patriot who was beheaded in i688,p 
 and sister to Wriothesley, Duke of Bedford. By which Lady, 
 who died in childbed October 31st, 17115'^ and was buried at 
 Botsford on November 10th following, he had issue five sons and 
 four daughters. 
 
 First, John, third Duke of Rutland, 
 
 Second, Lord William. Manners, born November 13th, 16q7, 
 who was elected member of parliament for the county of Lei- 
 cester, in 1714, 1722, and 1727; and for Newark, in 1734, 1741, 
 and 1747. And on July 25th, 1727, was appointed one of the 
 gentlemen of his Majesty's bed chamber, having served him in 
 the same post when Prince of Wales, He was killed by a fall 
 from his horse April 23d, 177'-^- "" 
 
 Third, Lord Edward, born March 25th, l6gg, who died 
 young. 
 
 Fourth, Lord Thomas, who died on June Uth, 1723, in the 
 20th year of his age. 
 
 o Pole's Antiq of VVimisor p. 307. 
 
 ! Some interesting particulars on this subject arc preserved in the Letter* 
 of Rachel, Lady Russel- 
 
 1 The Rev. William Burscough, afterwards Bishop of Limerick, who 
 died 1755, aged eighty, preached her funeral sermon, in which he gave her a 
 high character. See extracts in Nichols, p 63- 
 
 ' He had several natural children, of whom John married Lady Louisa 
 ToUemache, and was father of Sir William Manners, Bart. Duchess of St. 
 Albans, Lady Heathcote, &c and Russel Manners was a general, &c.
 
 484 PEERx\GE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Fifth, Lord "Wriothesley, born October 15th, 1/11, died 
 young. 
 
 Lady Catherine, married on October 17th, 1726, to the Right 
 Honourable Henry Pelham, Esq. only brother to his Grace 
 Thomas Duke of Newcastle, and died his widow, and ranger of 
 Greenwich Park, February 18th, 1 780, leaving coheirs of whom 
 Katharine was wife of Henry Clinton Duke of Newcastle 5 and 
 Frances was mother of the late Lord Sondes. 
 
 Lady Rachel, who died of tlie small-pox, March 5th, 1720- 
 21. 
 
 Lady Frances, married in September, 1732, to Richard 
 Arundel, of Allerton Mauleverer, in Ebor. Esq. second son to John 
 Lord Arundel of Trerice, and died November 29th, 1769. 
 
 I ady Elizabeth, married to John Monckton, Viscount Gal- 
 way, of the kingdom of Ireland, and died March 22d, 1729 30. 
 
 His Grace, on January 1st, 1712-13, married, secondly, Lucy, 
 daughter of Bennet Lord Sherrard, Baron of Le Trim in Ireland, 
 and sister to Bennet Sherrard, first Earl of Harborough, and by 
 her, who died October 27th, 1751, aged sixty-six, and was buried 
 at Botsford, had issue six sons and t^vo daughters. 
 
 First, Lord Sherrard Manners, who was elected member for 
 Tavistock 1741, to the ninth parliament of Great Britain, and died 
 in January, 1741-2, unmarried. 
 
 Second, Lord George Manners, who died December l6th, 
 1721, aged seven years, and was buried in Henry Vllth's chapel 
 in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Third, Lord Robert Manners, Member in several parliaments 
 for Kingston-upon-HuU, of which town and its citadel he was 
 lieutenant governor. He died 31st May, 1782^ at his house in 
 Grosvenor square. 
 
 On December 15th, 1747> he was appointed aid-de-camp to 
 his Majesty ; also was lieutenant governor of Hull, and colonel 
 of a regiment of foot. In October 1750, he was constituted 
 colonel of the forty-fourth regiment of foot ; on March 26th, 
 1751, removed to the command of the thirty-sixth regiment of foot, 
 and on September 6th, 1765, he was appointed colonel of the 
 third regiment of dragoons. On February 15th, \757, appointed 
 a major general J on August 25th, 1759, promoted to the rank 
 of lieutenant general; and May 25th, 177^, advanced to that of 
 general. His Lordship, on January 1st, 1756, wedded Miss 
 Mary Digges, of Roeharopton in Surry, and by her had three
 
 DUKE OF RUTLAND, 485 
 
 sons, Robert, a lieutenant general in the army, colonel of the 
 thirtieth regiment of foot, member of parliament for Great Bedwin 
 1784, and for the town of Cambridge, 17gO, 17Q6, 1802, 1806, 
 1807 ; John James, and George : also two daughters, Mary, born 
 
 November 20th, 1756, and married January 31st,, 1771, to 
 
 Nesbitt, Esq. and Lucy, born January 2d, 1758. 
 
 Fourth, Lord Charles Manners (twin with Lord Henry), con- 
 stituted colonel of the fifty-sixth regiment of foot, on December 
 27th, 1755, and made major general, September 15th, 17595 in 
 which station he died, December 7th, 1761. 
 
 Fifth, Lord Henry Manners, who died in November 1745. 
 
 Sixth, Jjord James. 
 
 Seventh, Lady Carolina, married September l6th, 1734, to 
 Henry Harpur, Esq. eldest son and heir to Sir John Harpur, 
 Bart, secondly, on July 18th, 1753, to Sir Robert Burdet, Bart, 
 and died November 10th, 1769. 
 
 Eighth, Lady Lucy, married in October 1742, to William 
 Graliam, Earl of Bclford in England, and Duke of Montrose in 
 Scotland, and died June 18th, 1788. 
 
 His Grace died of the small-pox, in the forty-fifth year of his 
 age, on February 22d, 1720-21, and was buried with his an- 
 cestors at Botsford. To whom succeeded his eldest son and 
 heir, 
 
 John, THE eleventh Earl and third Duke of Rutland, 
 born October, 21st, l6g6, took the oaths on May 7th, 1721, before 
 his Majesty, as Lord Lieutenant of the county of Leicester. On 
 November 10th, 1722, he was elected a Knight of the most noble 
 Order of the Garter, and installed at Windsor, on November 13th 
 following. On July 17 th, 1727, he was sworn of the privy- 
 council to his late Majesty ; also, at the same time, made chan- 
 cellor of the duchy of Lancaster, On September 30th following, 
 he was appointed Lord Lieutenant and Gustos Rotulorum for the 
 county of Leicester J and on October Uth ensuing, at his Ma- 
 jesty's coronation, carried the scepter with the cross. His Grace, 
 in 1736, resigned the chancellorship of the duchy of Lancaster, 
 and was in no other place, till his Majesty was pleased to con- 
 stitute him lord steward of his household, January 14th, 1755 j 
 and his Majesty, April 26th following, declaring his intentions of 
 leaving the kingdom for a short time, nominated his Grace one 
 of the lords justices for the administration of the government. At 
 the funeral of Frederic Prince of Wales, April 13th, 1751, his 
 Grace and the then Duke of Devonshire, were supporters to the
 
 486 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Duke of Somerset, chief mourner : and on January 23d, 1750, he 
 was elected a governor of the Charter House in room of the said 
 Duke of Devonshire. On the accession of his present Majesty, 
 October 25th, l/OO, his Grace was continued a privy counsellor. 
 Lord Lieutenant and Gustos Rotulorum of the county of Leicester, 
 and in the office of steward of the household, until he resigned it 
 on being made master of the horse, which he resigned in October 
 . 1766; at the coronation of their Majesties, September 22d, 1761, 
 his Grace carried the Scepter with the cross before the Queen. 
 He was also one of the governors of the Charter House, His 
 Grace died May 29th, 1779, aet. eighty-three, and was buried at 
 Botiesford. 
 
 His Grace, on August 27th, 1717, married Bridget, only 
 daughter and heir to Robert Sutton, Lord Lexington, and by her 
 (who died June l6th, 1734, in the thirty-fifth year of her age) 
 he had issue five sons and six daughters) of which the following 
 lived to maturity. 
 
 First, John, Marquis of Granby, born January 2d, 1720-21, 
 who was elected member for Grantham in three parliaments, 
 and- in those following of 1754, 1761, and 1768, for Cambridge- 
 shire. In the rebellion in 1745, his Lordship raised a regiment 
 of foot for his Majesty's service; and March 4th, 1755, was pro- 
 moted to the rank of major general of his Majesty's forces. In 
 May 1758, his Lordship was appointed colonel of the royal regi- 
 ment of horse guards, and promoted to the rank of lieutenant 
 general on February 5th, I759. On August 25th ensuing, he 
 was constituted commander in chief of all his Majesty's forces, 
 then serving in Germany in bis Majesty's army, assembled or to 
 be assembled there, under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. As 
 his Lordship's martial achievements, before and after his being in- 
 vested with that command (which continued till the war was 
 concluded by the late peace) would far exceed the limits of this 
 work, and will be recorded to posterity in the annals of Europe ; 
 let it be sufficient to observe, that he not only shared the fatigues 
 and dangers of the troops under his command ; but moreover, 
 when the British forces were but in very indifferent quarters 
 (which was not owing to any defect in his Lordship's conduct) he 
 procured provisions and necessaries for the private soldiers at his 
 own expence, his table being at the same time open to the officers. 
 On September 15th, 1759, he was appointed lieutenant genera 
 of the ordnance ; and Prince Ferdinand being elected a Knight 
 of the Garter, his Lordship was nominated first plenipotentiary .
 
 DUKE OF RUTLAND. 48; 
 
 for investing his serene highness with the ensigns of the order j 
 which he performed in October that year, with all the magnifi- 
 cence that a camp would admit of, and entertained the new 
 knight and his retinue, with a sumptuous dinneri His Lordship 
 was declared a privy counsellor on May 2d, 1760 j and resigning 
 the office of lieutenant general of the ordnance, was on May 14th, 
 1763, constituted master general of that department. On Feb. 
 2 1 St, 1764, he was declared Lord Lieutenant and Gustos Rotu- 
 lorum of Derbyshire. On August 13th, 1766, his Lordship was 
 constituted commander in chief of his Majesty's land forces in 
 Great Britain 5 but on January 1770, he resigned his employ- 
 ments, and died at Scarborough universally lamented, October 
 19th, 1770^ and was buried at Bottesford, with his ancestors. 
 He married, September 3d, 1750, the Lady Frances Seymour, 
 eldest daughter of Charles Duke of Somerset, by his second wife, 
 the Lady Charlotte Finch : and by her, who died January 
 25th, 1760, he had John, Lord Roos, born August 27th, 1751, 
 and died June 3d, 176O; Charles, late Duke of Rutland, born 
 March 15th, 1754 j another son born May 1st, I779j Lady 
 Frances, born March 24th, 1753, and married July pth, 1772, 
 to the Right Honourable George Earl of Tyrconnell, from whom 
 being divorced by act of parliament in 1777, she remarried 
 on October 28th following, to Philip second son to David Lord 
 Newark, and died 1792j Lady Catherine, born March 28tb, 
 1755, and died January 4th, 1757 3 Lord Robert, born February 
 6th, 1758, died of the wounds he received in an engagement, 
 September 1st, 178I, in the West Indies, on board his Majesty's 
 ship the Resolution, of which he was captain, the 23d of January, 
 1732 ; and by own desire was buried in the sea the day following. 
 A monument, by Nollekens, has been ordered at the national ex- 
 pence, for him. Captain Blair, and Captain Bayne, of which see 
 an engraving in Nichols, p. 65. And Lady Caroline, who died 
 an infant, in January 1757- 
 
 Second, Lord Robert Sutton, to whom Lord Lexington left 
 his estate, born February 21st, 1721-2, was one of the lords of the 
 bed-chamber to his Roj-al Highness the late Prince of Wales (in 
 which quality he assisted at his funeral procession on April 1 3th, 
 1751) and, on April 20th, 1754, appointed master of his Ma- 
 jesty's harriers and fox hounds, which he soon afterwards re- 
 signed. In the ninth parliament of Great Britain, he was elected 
 knight for the county of Nottingham, which he continued to
 
 488 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 represent till his death, November 19th, 1/62, when he wa$ 
 colonel of the regiment 6f royal foresters. > 
 
 Third, Lord George, born March 8th, 1722-3, baptised April ' 
 10th, following, his Majesty King George the first, and his 
 Royal Highness the Prince of Wales (afterwards King George 
 the Second) being his godfathers, member for Grantham in several 
 parliaments, and after the death of his brother Lord Robert, took 
 the surname of Sutton, first married, in December 1749> Diana, 
 daughter of Thomas Chaplin, of Blankney, in com. Line. Esq. by 
 whom he had seven sons, and six daughters ; first, George, born 
 August 1st, 1751, M. P. for Newark, 1/74, and for Grantham 
 from 1730, to 1802 ; he died 1804 without issue. Second, John, 
 born July 12th, 1752, married, April 1778, Miss Manners, by 
 whom he has a son and a daughter : he is in possession of the 
 Lexingtoii estate. He had formerly a company in the foot 
 guards, and was member of parliament for Newark, on the death 
 of his father 1783, and again 1784. Third, Robert, born January 
 5th, 1754. Fourth, Charles Manners Sutton, D. D. born Feb. 
 I4th, 1755; Dean of Peterborough 179I ; Bishop of Norwich 
 17923 Archbishop of Canterbury 1804 j married Mary daughter 
 of Thomas Thoroton,Esq, by whom he has had, first, Mary, born 
 March 2d, 1779} second, Charles, born January 29th, 1780; third, 
 Henry, born January 31st, 178I j fourth, Diana, born February 
 15th, 1782; fifth, Francis, born February 5th, 1783, a captain 
 in the second regiment of foot guards ; sixth, Louisa, born August 
 17th, 1785; seventh, Charlotte, born Dec. 4th, 1786"; eighth, 
 Frances, born December 21st, 1787; ninth, Anna Maria, born 
 October 30th, 179O; tenth, Isabella, born December 5th, 179] ; 
 eleventh, Catharine, born July 8th, 1 794 ; twelfth, Rachel, born 
 October 6'th, 1795; thirteenth, Caroline, born May 12th, 1797. 
 Fifth, Thomas, born Febixiary 24th, 1756, appointed solicitor 
 general 1802 ; a baron of the exchequer 1805 ; appointed lord 
 chancellor of Ireland, and created Lord Manners 1807; mar- 
 ried Miss Copley, sister of Sir Lionel Copley. Sixth, William, 
 died an infant. Seventh, Francis, lieutenant in the eighty-sixth 
 foot, died at Tobago 178I. Eighth, Diana, married, April 21st, 
 1778, Francis Dickens, Esq. late member for Northamptonshire. 
 Ninth, Harriet, died an infant. Tenth, Louisa Bridget, born 176] , 
 married Edward Lockwood Perceval, Esq. Eleventh, Charlotte, 
 married, 1789, Thomas Lockwood, Esq. Twelfth, Mary. Thir- 
 teenth, Harriot. This Lady dying, April 23d, 1767, his Lord-
 
 DUKE OF RUTLAND. 489 
 
 ship married, secondly, Mary, daughter of ... . Pearte, by whom 
 he had a daughter, born August 4th, 1771. His Lordship died 
 January 7, 1783. 
 
 His Grace was succeeded, 1779^ as fourth Duke of Rut- 
 land, by his grandson Charles Marquis of Granby, born March 
 15th, 1754, member of parliament for the University of Cam- 
 bridge 1774, elected K. G. 1782, appointed lord lieutenant of 
 Ireland February 24th, 1784, in which office he died October 
 24th, 1 787, aet. thirty-four, having married, December 26th, 1775, 
 Lady Mary Isabella, only surviving daughter of Charles Noel 
 Somerset, fourth Duke of Beaufort, by whom, now living, he 
 had, first, John Henry, present Duke ; second, Lord Charles So- 
 merset Manners, born October 24th, 178O, member of parliament 
 for Cambridgeshire, and captain in the tenth dragoons ; third. 
 Lord Robert Manners, born December 21st, I78I, member of 
 parliament for Leicestershire, and captain in the tenth dragoons ; 
 fourth, Isabella, born September 28th, 1776^ married Richard 
 Norman, Esq; fifth, Catharine Mary, born June 17lh, 1800, 
 married Cecil Forester, of Ross Hall, Shropshire, Esq. member 
 of parhament for Wenlock, 1796, 1802, I8OO, I8O7 3 sixth, 
 William, born Mary 1st, 1783, died April 22d, 1793. 
 
 His Grace was succeeded by his eldest son John Henry, 
 iiFTH AND PRESENT DuKE OF RuTLAND, bom January 4th, 1778, 
 married April 22d, 1 799, Lady Elizabeth Howard, daughter of 
 Frederic, Earl of Carlisle, K. G. and has had issue Lady Caroline, 
 born May 25th, 1800, died December 1804 3 Lady Elizabeth, 
 born January 1802; and a son. Marquis of Granby, who died at 
 a few days old, I8O7. He was elected K. G. 1803. 
 
 Titles. John Manners, Duke of Rutland, Marquis of Granby, 
 Earl of Rutland, and Baron Manners of Haddon. 
 
 Creations. Earl of Rutland, June i8th, 1525, 17 Henry 
 VIII. Baron Manners, of Haddon, in com. Derby, by writ of 
 summons to parliament, April 29th, iG^Q, 31 Car. II, Marquis 
 of Granby, in com. Nottingham, and Duke of Rutland, March 
 29th, 1703, 2 Queen Anne. 
 
 Arms. Or, two bars, Azure, a chief, quarterly, of the second 
 and gules, the first and fourth charged with two Fleurs de LiSj of 
 the first, and the second and third with a lion passant guardant of 
 the same ; which chief was antiently gules, and the charge 
 thereon is an honorary augmentation, shewing his descent from 
 the blood royal of Edward IV.
 
 490 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Crest. On a chapeau, Gules, turned up ermine, a peacock in 
 pride, proper. 
 
 Supporters. Two unicorns, argent, their horns, manes, tufts, 
 and hoofs, Or. 
 
 Motto. Pour y Parvenir. 
 
 Chief Seats. At Belvoir Castle, in the county of Lincoln, of 
 which see a particular account in Nichols's Leicestershire, vol. i. 
 p. 69 ; and Haddon Hall, Derbyshire, a curious old mansion, de- 
 scribed minutely by King, in his Dissertation on Aniient Castles.
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 491 
 
 HAMILTON, DUKE OF BRANDON. 
 
 The Hamiltons are by the male line descended from the great 
 House of Douglas. I shall therefore first give an account of that 
 illustrious family from Crawfurd's Peerage of Scotland. 
 
 Douglas Family. 
 
 " This family is a very great and ancient one in Lanarkshire, of 
 which there is a particular history wrote by a very learned pen, 
 who equalizes them to any of the ancient Roman families, and 
 gives them the preference to all other in Europe, those of crowned 
 heads excepted. 1 bey have been particularly famous for great 
 generals, there having been more of this name, than any other 
 that is to be met with in historyj neither was it (heir native 
 country alone that was indebted to their valour, but they signa- 
 lized themselves in most places of Europe, and particularly in 
 France, where they have had great commands and titles, as Duke 
 ofTurrin, Count de Longoviile, &c. In short, this family ex- 
 ceeded all the rest in the kingdom, for the number of nobility 
 and gentry of their own name, according to those old lines. 
 
 So many so good as of the Douglasses have been. 
 
 Of one sirname was ne'er in Scotland seen. 
 The origin of this illustrious house is derived from one Sholto, 
 who in the reign of Solvalhius King of Scotland, anno Christi 
 770, having been the principal man that routed Donald Bane and 
 his forces, who invaded the country, and being a Dou-glass, or a 
 black pale man, as these words signify (says my author) both in 
 old British and Irish, the King royally rewarded his services, and 
 made him a grant of large possessions in the county of Lanrrk
 
 492 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 which either he or his successors called Douglass, and from thence 
 took the sirnanie of the family. This Sholto was the father of 
 Hugh, of whom there is nothing memorable. He was succeeded 
 in his inheritance by his eldest son Hugh II. whose younger 
 brother William, being sent by Achaius King of Scotland, pur- 
 suant to his league with Charlemaign, with 4000 choice men into 
 Italy against the Lombards, he performed many glorious actions, 
 and became the root of the family of Scoti at Placentia. 
 
 But to leave the family of the Scoti in Italy, William is sup- 
 posed to be the son of Hugh Lord of Douglass, and the father of 
 John, who was the father of William, the next lord of the family, 
 who is witness among others , to the charter of King William, 
 whereby he confirmed the lands of Dalgarnac given by Adgerlhe 
 son of Dovenald, to the church of the holy cross at Edinburgh, 
 in the former part of that reign : he left issue two sons, Archi- 
 bald, who succeeded in the lordship, and Bricius, first prior of 
 Lismahagoe, afterwards bishop of Murray. * 
 
 Archibald, first of th^ name, married one of the coheirs of the 
 Barony of Crawfurd of the same sirname, '' and was succeeded by- 
 William III. the father of Sir Hugh de Douglass, who lived in the 
 time of Alexander III. and did signalize himself at the battle of 
 the Largs, where the Scots obtained a glorious victory over the 
 Norwegians, anno 1263. He married Marjory, daughter of Alex- 
 ander, and sister to Hugh Lord of Abernethy ; ^ but having no 
 children by her, at least that survived him, his brother William, 
 for distinction called the Hardy, succeeded him. In the time 
 of the war with England, upon all occasions he distinguished 
 himself in the service of his country. In 12Q5, he was chosen 
 governor of Berwick, then in the hands of the Scots, which he 
 defended with great riesolution and courage ; but afterwards fall- 
 ing into the enemies hand, he died there prisoner, anno 1303, <* 
 leaving issue by ... . his wife, daughter of Keith of that Ilk, 
 James Lord of Douglass, and Hugh : also by Margaret, daughter 
 to Ferrars Earl of Derby, of the kingdom of England, ^Archibald, 
 Lord of Galloway, of whom the family descended, and John, pro- 
 genitor to the Earl of Morton. 
 
 Chartulary of the Episcopal See of Murray, and the Chronicle of 
 VIelross. 
 
 b Simson's Essay on the Family of Douglass- 
 Charta penes Ducem de Douglass. " Mr Hume. 
 
 . , * Mr. Simson-
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON". 493> 
 
 Which James Lord Douglass, commonly called the Good Sir 
 James, laid the foundation of the grandeur of the house of Dou- 
 glass : he was famous all the world over for his valour and glo- 
 rious actions in the service of his country, for which bis memory 
 will still be honoured : he entered early into the service of King 
 Robert Bruce, and in 1313 ^ he assaulted and took the castle of 
 Roxburgh from the English, and the next year he commanded 
 the left wing of the Scots army, at the famous battle of Bannock- 
 burn, where he behaved so well, as to merit the honour of knight- 
 hood in the field, s after which, he was constituted warden of the 
 Marches towards England,*" and entering Cumberland, wasted 
 that county. In consideration of his good services before that 
 time performed, he had a grant of the castle, village, and forest 
 of Jedworth, ' then erected into a free forestr)', " Cum indicta- 
 raentis latrociniorum et ministrationem earundem in omnibus 
 terris suis infra regnum nostrum ; et si aliquis de hominibus suis 
 per justitiarios nostros fuerint judicati, volumusquod dictus Jaco- 
 bus, haeredes sui, et eorum ministri habeant liberam earundem 
 ministrationem cum omnibus libertatibus, commoditatibus ad 
 predicta indictamenta pertinen. in feudo et hsereditatc perpetuo, 
 salvo tantum communi auxilio pro defensione regni nostri con- 
 tingenti :" and the seisin is declared to be the giving him the 
 King's ring with the emerald stone. 
 
 An author reckons this illustrious person to have been in fifty* 
 seven battles and rencounters against the English, thirteen times 
 victorious against the Saracens, and other infidels, thrice as often 
 as he had been years in action, which were about twenty-four, 
 from King Robert Bruce's coronation, 1306, to the time of his 
 death, in 1330, which happened fighting against the Saracens, 
 the enemies of our faith. Now though what is above recorded 
 of this noble Lord were alone sufficient to preserve his memory, 
 yet cannot I omit adding this epitaph which Mr. Hume gives 
 him, ^ 
 
 Quicquid sors potuit mortali in pectore ferre, 
 Vel facere, hoc didici perficere, atque pati. 
 
 Prima ubi luctando vici, sors affuit ausis 
 
 Omnibus : et quid non pro patria ausus eram? 
 
 f Abercrombie's Martial Achievements, 
 e Barber's Life of King Robert I. " Abercromby. 
 
 i Charta penes ducem de Douglass, datj 6 May 1319, alia data apvid 
 Berwick. 8 Nov 1329
 
 494 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Hosti terror ego : nuUus me lerruit hostis : 
 
 Consiliis junxi robora dura meis. 
 Praelia quot numerat, titulos, actosq ; triumphos 
 
 Brucius, hinc totidem pene trophaea mihi. 
 Qua jam signa feram ? major quaerendus et orbls, 
 
 Atque hostis ; famam non capit iste meam. 
 Arma Saraceno objeci prope littora Calpes 
 
 Herculeae, hie tellus me male fausta tegit. ' 
 
 Heiculea Graecis memoretur gloria ludis, 
 
 Fallor an Herculea stant potiora mea. 
 
 Sir James was succeeded by his brother Hugh, but an un- 
 active man, of whom there is little on record, having no issue of 
 his own body. In 13'13, he resigned the lordship of Douglass, in 
 favour of Sir William his nephew (son of Archibald Lord of 
 Galloway, who was slain at the battle of Halydonhill, so fatal to 
 the Scots, anno 1333,) whereupon he obtained from King David 
 Bruce a charter, " De omnibus terris reditus et possessiones per 
 totum regnum Scoliae, de quibus (juondam Jacobus Dominus dc 
 Douglass avunculus suns et Archibaldus pater suus obierunt ves- 
 titi, cum regalitate et libera "warena, integre et honorifice, una cum 
 ducatahominum Vicecomitalum de Roxburgh et Selkrig." In the 
 year 1340, he was warden of the East Marches toward England, 
 and accompanying King David to the Battle of Durham, he was 
 taken prisoner with his sovereign, "^ but was soon afterward re- 
 leased. In 1357> lie was one of the commissioners on the part of 
 Scotland, authorized to treat with the English about the redemp- 
 tion of the King, ' and among other nobles bound to Edward III. 
 for a hundred thousand pound sterling ransom, in which deed he 
 is designed Willielmus Dominus de Douglass miles. Much about 
 Ihe same time he was dignified with the honour of Earl of 
 Douglass 5 for I find him intituled Willielmus comes de Douglass, 
 ^'hen he is joined in commission with divers lords to treat with 
 English commissioners about King David's inlargement. "' This 
 Earl was deeply engaged on the Erench side, in the memorable 
 battle of Poictiers (where John King of France was taken prisoner 
 by the Black Prince) and very narrowly escaped, being then am- 
 b.'ssador from King Robert II. to the French court, where the 
 ancient alliance betwixt the two crowns was renewed and con- 
 
 it Hume. 1 Ryn-.er's Fcedera Anglia? 
 
 Rymer.
 
 I DUKE OF BRANDON. Ags 
 
 firmed. As for his works of piety, I have only discovered, that 
 he gave in pure alms to the abbey of Melross, and the monks 
 serving, and perpetually to serve God there, the patronage of the 
 church of Cavers, with its tithes, for celebrating divine service 
 there, according to the tenor of a special ordination by him made, 
 , viz. for certain priests, who were to perform that service for the 
 good estate of his sovereign Lord King David, and of himself, 
 during his life, and for the health of his soul, and his ancestors 
 and successors after his departure hence ; and which donation the 
 gaid King ratified in the 30th of his reign. 
 
 He married, first, Margaret, daughter of Donald, sister, and 
 at length sole heir of Thomas Earl of Mar, ^' by whom he had 
 James his son and heir, and Isabel, a daughter, after the death of 
 her brother Countess of Mar, who became first the wife of Sir 
 Malcolm Drummond of Cargill, who in right of her was entituled 
 Lord Mar, and thereafter pf- Sir Alexander Stuart, Knight, in 
 whose favour she resigned the said Earldom^ anno 140 i, " Causa," 
 says she, " matrimonii contract! inter dominum Alexandrum 
 Senescal et nos dictam Isabellam," '' which honour he enjoyed till 
 his death. 
 
 This Earl William's second marriage (having divorced his 
 former wife) was with Margaret, daughter of Patrick Earl of 
 March, '^ by whom he had Archibald Lord Galloway, afterwards 
 Earl of Douglass: and his third and last was Margaret, daughter 
 and heir of Thomas Stuart Earl of Angus, by whom he had 
 George Douglass, first Earl of Angus of that name. He departed 
 
 " Here I take the liberty to difT^r from Mr. Hume, who says, this Earl's 
 first marriage, was with the Earl of March's daughter, and that he had by her 
 James Earl of Douglass, hilled at Otterbuin, which is a mistaice, for I have 
 seen a mortification by Margaret Countess of Douglass and Mar, to the cliurch 
 of St. Mary of Garrioch, for thesoul of William Earl of Douglass, her hus- 
 band, and James Earl of Douglass her son and heir : also there is a confirma- 
 tion by the same Earl James to the monks of Melross of the church of Cavers, 
 wherein he is designed Comes de Douglass et Mar: moreover, it is to be 
 considered, that upon the decease of Earl James, Isabel his sister, of the 
 whole blood, succeeded him in the honour of Mar, when the Earldom of 
 Douglass devolved upon Archibald their brother of the half blood- 
 " Charta penes Ducem de Douglass- 
 P Charta in Rotulis Roberti 1 1 1- 
 1 This is with greater probability, than that he was brother by the same 
 mother to James Earl of Douglass, killed at Ofterburn ; for when he suc- 
 ceeded to the honour and estate of Douglass, he made no claim to Mar, which 
 descended to Isabel, Earl James's sister, as is above narrated.
 
 496 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 this life in 1384, and was interred in the abbey church of Mel- 
 ross, according to Mr. Winton, whose words are these. 
 
 To Douglasdale as I heard say. 
 And sickness took him by the way. 
 And there he dyed in short space. 
 
 To Melrose then they took his body. 
 And there it buryit right honourably. 
 
 This Earl was succeeded by James his son, between whom ' 
 and Sir Henry Percy there were glorious feats of arms performed 
 in honour of their country. He was killed at the battle of Otter- 
 burn, 31st of July 1388, fought betwixt him and Sir Henry 
 Hotspur, son to the Earl of Northumberland, an encounterj says 
 one, managed with that unparalleled courage on both sides, that 
 it was hardly to be matched in history, and was the occasion of 
 an old rhime, of which this is a part. 
 
 It fell about the Lammas tide. 
 When yeoman win the hay. 
 The doughtie Douglass gan to ride 
 In England to take a prey. 
 
 Mr. John Johnston, our famous poet, has endeavoured on his 
 part, to perpetuate his memory by the following elegy : 
 
 Quaeritis 6 quid agam ? en animara jam ago : fata meorum 
 Hac sequor. Innumero hue vulnere facta via est. 
 
 Nesciat hoc hostis : sequitor quam quisq ; secat spem, 
 Atque aliquis nostri funeris ulter ades. 
 
 Finiit, et subito redivivo funere surgens 
 Mars novus intonuit, victor et ultor obit. 
 
 This heroic Earl was married with the Lady Isabel Stuart, 
 daughter to King Robert II. " but dying without lawful issue, he 
 was succeeded in the Earldom by 
 
 Archibald Lord Galloway, his brother, commonly called Archi- 
 bald the Grim. In 1381, he was sent ambassador to France, 
 which negotiation he managed with success and honour. This 
 Earl added to his ancient patrimonial inheritance the lordship of 
 Bothwel, in Vicecomitatu Lanerici, by marriage of Elizabeth, 
 
 ' History of the Royal Family of Stuart, anno 1710.
 
 bUKE OF BRANDON. 4^7 
 
 only daughter and sole beir of Thomas Murray, Lord of Bothwell, 
 and thereupon had an augmentation to his ancient armS) viz. 
 Azure, three moUets within a double tressure. Or. He founded 
 the collegiate church of Bothwell, establishing maintenance for a 
 provost and eight prebends, out of the lands of Osbairnstoun and 
 Nether Urd, >X'ho were continually to perform the offices of the 
 church for the soul of him and his successors, of the date 10th 
 October 1398, ' and departing this life in the month of February 
 1400, ' he was interred at Bothwell church, without any epitaph 
 on his monument, leaving issue by the said Elizabeth his wife, 
 Archibald his successor, and a daughter Marjory, married to 
 David Prince of Scotland, elder brother to King James I. 
 
 Which Archibald was a nobleman of great valour, and much 
 addicted to arms. In 1401, he had a command in the South 
 against the English^ ravaged the country as far as Newcastle, 
 carried off the stores, and then returned home without any manner 
 of loss. 
 
 This Earl was in such esteem for his conduct, valour, and 
 other bright qualities, that he was made captain general of all the 
 forces then designed to be transported into France, in behalf of 
 the French against the English, where he did such signal service 
 to that crown, that King Charles VII. invested him in the Duchy 
 of Turrin, and to his heirs male for ever, and made him Marshal 
 of France : " he had the chief command in the battle of Vernoil, 
 where he lost his life, August 7th, 1425, and was interred in St. 
 Gratian's church in Tours. 
 
 This Earl had issue by his wife Margaret, daughter of King 
 Robert 111. 
 
 Archibald, who succeeded him. 
 
 James, Lord Abercorn. 
 
 Margaret, married to William Earl of Orkney. 
 
 Elizabeth, to John Stuart Earl of Buchan, constable of France, 
 and chamberlain of Scotland. 
 
 Helen, to Alexander Lauder of Hatton. 
 
 Mary, to Sir Simon Glenddining of that Ilk. * 
 
 Archibald, next Earl of Douglass, his son, was a person of 
 great accomplishments either for peace or war : I find him in 
 1424, appointed to go upon a solemn embassy into England to 
 treat upon the redem^jtion of King James I. Henry, bishop of 
 
 Spotiswood's Fractiqties. ' Siinson. " Hume 
 
 J* Simson
 
 ips PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Aberdeen, and Sir William Hay of Erroll, were appointed to ac- 
 company him, and to be his colleagues : the first mention of his 
 martial actions is in 1420, the first of the government of Murdack 
 Duke of Albany, when he, with his brother-in-law, John Earl of 
 Buchan, were sent into France with 7000 auxiliaries, wherewith 
 they performed many signal services against the English : he 
 gave way to fate on the 25th June 1438, and was burled in the 
 church of Douglass, with this epitaph on his monument. 
 
 Hie jacet Dominus Archibalds Douglass Dux Turroniee, 
 Comes de Douglass et Longovi/le, Dominus Gallovidice, et Annan- 
 dice, locum tcncns Regis Scotice, obiit 26" Junii, anno Dam. 
 Millesimo quadringentesimo Trigesimo octavo. 
 
 This Earl had no issue by his first wife Matilda, y daughter 
 of David Earl of Crawfurd : but Eupham Graham, ^ daughter of 
 Patrick Earl of Strathern, his second wife, bore him two sons, viz. 
 William, who succeeded him ; second, David, and Margaret a 
 daughter, first Countess of Douglass, and thereafter the wife of 
 John Stuart, Earl of Athole, uterine brother to King James 11. 
 
 To Archibald Earl of Douglass succeeded William his son, a 
 youth of great expectation, of an high spirit and a sweet dispo- 
 * sition J but the vanity of his followers, and his own want of expe- 
 jrience, led him into several misdemeanors, and being on his 
 journey to a designed parliament, he was met, and sumptuously 
 entertained by William Lord Crichton, then chancellor, who 
 minded him of the greatness and merit of the family, and his 
 own duty to the crown j the Earl in return acknowledged his 
 fault lay in his youth and ignorance, blamed his evil counsellors, 
 chided his dependents, promised obedience for the future, and 
 gave all the marks of a sincere and generous resolution : but after 
 all this, he was invited to the castle of Edinburgh, and being set 
 at the King's table, was suddenly removed, and instantly mur- 
 dered, in the sixteenth year of his age, together with his younger 
 brother David, and Sir Malcolm Fleeming of Cumbernald, his 
 friend, anno 1441. 
 
 To William last mentioned, succeeded James Lord Abercom, 
 his uncle, for distinction called the gross Earl, of whom I find 
 nothing remarkable, save that he was warden of the Marches 
 toward England, in the reign of King James II. He married 
 Beatrix Sinclair, daughter to the Earl of Orkney, who bore him 
 six sons, viz. William, who succeeded him. James Douglass, 
 
 r Simsoii. Ibid.
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 499 
 
 JCnight, who took to wife Mary, one of the two daughters and 
 coheirs of James Dunbar Earl of Murray, in right of whom he 
 came to possess that honour. Sir Hugh Douglass, fourth son, 
 was Earl of Ormond. John Lord Balveny, and Henry the 
 youngest ; also four daughters. 
 
 First, Margaret, married to James Earl of Morton, and had 
 issue. 
 
 Second, Beatrix, to the Lord Aubignie. 
 
 Third, Janet, to Robert Lord Fleeming, ancestor to the Earli 
 of Wigton. 
 
 Fourth, Elizabeth, to Wallace of Craigie in Vicecomitatu de 
 Aire. * 
 
 This Earl died the 24th of March 1443, and was interred at 
 Douglass church : upon his tomb ye may read this epitaph, 
 
 Hicjacet magnus et potens Princeps Jacobus Comes de DoU' 
 glass, Dominus Annandia et Gallovidi^, Liddalice, et Jedlurg/t 
 forcstice, et Dominus de Balvenia magnus IVardanus Regni Scolice 
 versus Angliam, iSjC. qui obiit vicesimo quarto die mensis Martii, 
 Anno Domini millesimo quadringentesimo quadragesimo tertio. 
 
 William, son and heir of the former Earl, being unwilling that 
 so great an inheritance as the Earldom' of Douglass was, should 
 be divided, married Margaret, daughter of Archibald, and sister 
 and heir to William Earl of Douglass his cousin, " a marriage," 
 says one, " made him as much hated by his friends, as feared by 
 his enemies." This Earl prosecuted revenge on Chancellor 
 Crichton, as the author of his cousin's death with more violence 
 than success : his affectation of a mighty pomp and splendour, 
 procured him envy 5 his contempt of the courtiers begot hatred, 
 and incurred him their displeasure. They improved his failings, 
 magnified his designs, and plotted his ruinj his power and haughty 
 conduct rendered him suspected to his sovereign King James II. 
 whose hand and dagger put a period to his life in Stirling castle, 
 the 13th of February 1452. 
 
 James succeeded to William his brother in the Earldom ; he 
 took up arms against his Prince ; and coming to a battle, he was 
 entirely routed by the Earl of Angus, the King's lieutenant, anno 
 1455. Retiring then to the court of England, he was entertained 
 by King Edward, who made him one of the Knights of the most 
 noble order of the Garter j but invading the kingdom again with 
 the Duke of Albany, assisted from England, anno ^483, he was 
 
 Simaon.
 
 500 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 taken prisoner, and confined in the abby of Licdores, where he 
 took upon him religious orders, and cotitinued in devotion till his 
 life's end, which happened to fall out on 15th of April 1488. He 
 was interred before the high altar, under a marble stone, to which 
 was affixed a tablet of brass ^ containing this inscription. 
 Hie Rcquiescunt 
 
 Ossa Jacobi /quondam Comitis de Douglass, inclyti hujus Mo- 
 nasterii Monachi, qui post vuria vitce discrimina oliit in summa 
 pace quindecimo die Jprilis, anno Domini millesimo quadringente- 
 simo octogcsimo octavo. 
 
 This Earl is thus characterized by a good historian, <^ who 
 says, " he was a nobleman of a majestic presence, valiant, learned, 
 and wise, but of a resolute and precise temper, yet somewhat over 
 distrustful of his own power, and other performances, and if he 
 had been either a more resolute adventurer, or a more complying 
 and submissive subject, he might have made peace on his own 
 terms." I shall conclude with Mr. Hume's epitaph on him, as 
 follows. 
 
 Quid rides rasumque caput, cellaeque recessum ? 
 
 Quodque cucullatis fratribus annumeror ? 
 Si fortuna volvente vices fiet modo princeps 
 
 Plebeius j monachus saepe monarcha fuit. 
 
 Englished, 
 Why do you laugh to see my shaven crown ? 
 My cell, my cloister, and my hooded gown ? 
 This is the power of that sovereign Queen, 
 By whom mocks, monarchs, monarchs monks have been. 
 
 This principal branch of the illustrious family of Douglass, 
 thus expiring, I shall at present confine my memoirs to the house 
 of Angus, the next great family of the name, who, though infe- 
 rior to that of the old Earls of Douglass, yet exceeded most others 
 for royalties, greatness, number of vassals, and military glory. 
 They had many privileges inherent in their family, as, that the 
 Earls of Angus should have the first place and vote in parliament 
 or council, that he should carry the crown in riding of parlia- 
 ments, to be the King's hereditary lieutenant, and to have the 
 leading of the van of the army in the day of battle ; all which 
 
 Sir James Balfour's Peerage of Scotland MS penes me. 
 ' Mr Simson.
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. ' 501 
 
 were confirmed by King James VI. to William Earl of An<ms 
 anno 15Q1. 
 
 George Douglass, first Earl of Angus, was only son of William 
 first Earl of Douglass, by Margaret his third wife, daughter and 
 heir of Thomas Stuart Earl of Angus : he was invested in this 
 honour upon his mother's resignation by a charter, of which this 
 is a part, 
 
 " Robertus Dei gratia Rex Scotorum, &c, sciatis nos dedisse 
 et hac Charta confirmasse Georgio Douglas totam et integrum 
 Comitatum Angusie, cum Dominio de Abernethy jacent. in Vice- 
 comitatu de Perth et Berwick, ethercdibus masculis corporis dicti 
 Georgii ; quibus deficientibus Alexandro Hamilton militi et Eli- 
 zabethae Stuart sponsas suae sorori dicte Comitisse Angusie &c. 
 Test. Waltero Episcopo sancte Andreae, Joanne Episcopo Dun- 
 kelden. Cancellario, Joanne Comite de Carrick Senescalio 
 Scotiae primogenito nostro, Roberto Comite ue Fife et Montieth 
 Custode Scotiae, filio nostro. Apud Edinburg decimo die Aprilis, 
 anno Regni nostri decimo nono, anno Dom. 1389." 
 
 This George, in the year 13^7, married the Lady Mary Stuart, 
 daughter to King Robert III, <^ by whom he had William his 
 successor. Sir George Douglass, Knight, and a daughter Elizabeth, 
 married to Sir William Hay of Lockhart, "^ ancestor to the present 
 Marquiss ofTwedale. All that I have found in history of this 
 Earl, is, that he accompanied the Earl of Douglass to the battle of 
 Homildon, where he was taken prisoner, and there falling sick, 
 he died anno 1402, his Lady re-marrying with Sir James Kennedy, 
 Knight; after that she became the wife of Sir William Graham 
 of Kincardin, whom surviving also, she was a fourth time married 
 to Sir William Edmiston of Duntreath.*' 
 
 William, second Earl of Angus, in the year 1423, was sent to 
 England one of the hostages for the ransom of King James I. his 
 uncle, s at the solemnity of whose coronation he had the honour 
 of knighthood conferred on him, an honour much more valued in 
 ancient times than we have since found it to be : and in the year 
 1-124, he was one of the peers that sat upon the trial of Murdock 
 
 i The original contract extant in the writes of the family of Douglass. 
 
 Charta penes Marchioncm de Twedal ad annum I40<> 
 f Charta Jacob! 11- Willielmo Edmiston de Colodin militi et Marix Co- 
 m!t:s>ac Angusias sponsae suae amitae nostraa de terris de Duntrcatli, anno 
 1452, penes Dominum Duntreath. 
 
 t Rymer's Foedera Anglix.
 
 502 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Duke of Albany, '' and the 29th of the said reign he was appointed 
 warden of the middle Marches toward England, and the next 
 year after, had a special grant of all the manors, castles, and 
 lands descended to him from his ancestors, in as ample manner 
 as they held the same. 
 
 In 1436, the English making several incursions upon the 
 borders, under the command of the valiant Percy, he was sent 
 against them, where he destroyed several towns upon the Marches, 
 and routed them at Piperdeen. He departing this life the follow- 
 ing year 1437, ' left issue by Elizabeth his wife, daughter of Sir 
 William Hay of Locherret, '' my Lord Twedale's ancestor, James, 
 who succeeded in the honour, 
 
 "Which James, in the second of James II. was one of the 
 conservators of the peace with England, ' a truce being then 
 concluded betwixt the two realms. He married the Lady Jean 
 Stuart, daughter to King James I. but dying without issue, he was 
 succeeded both in his honour and estate by 
 
 Sir George Douglass, his uncle, a man of great parts, and 
 much esteemed for wisdom, loyalty, and valour. The first 
 notice of him, is in the year 1449, that he was one of the commis- 
 sioners on the part of Scotland, who met with several English 
 Lords at Berwick, and there concluded a league of stricter amity, 
 as they termed it, betwixt both nations ; and soon after he was 
 constituted warden of the East and Middle Marches. " In 1457, 
 the 20th of James II. he was sent against the Earl of Douglass, 
 then in rebellion, which he successfully quelled ; in consideration 
 of which special service so performed by him, he had a grant of 
 the lordship and barony of Douglass. Finally, he indents with 
 Henry VI. of England, then dispossessed of the crown by Edward 
 Duke of York, that for the Earl's assistance towards his restora- 
 tion, he obliges himself in verba principis, that he shall erect to 
 his Lordship and his heirs, as much land betwixt Humber and 
 Trent as shall amount to two thousand merks sterling a year ; 
 and at the same time by a bold entei-prise, he relieved Monsieur 
 Brisack and the French troops under his command, then besieged 
 in the castle of Alnwick, in the sight of the English army, and 
 
 h History of the Royal Family put forth in 17 10. ' Simson. 
 
 ^ Dispensation by William Bishop of Glasgow, for William Douglass 
 Earl of Angus, to marry Margaret, daughter of Sir William Hay of Locherret, 
 in the year 1425, in the writes of the family of Yester. 
 
 ' Mr. Rymer's Foedera Anglije. '" Mr- Hume. Ibitl,
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 503 
 
 brought them safe into Scotland, but after all his great and loyal 
 services, he gave way to fate, well advanced in age, November 
 14th, 1462, and was buried with his ancestors at Abernethy, 
 His wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Andrev/ Sibbald of 
 Balgony in Vicecomitatu de Fife, by whom he had Archibald 
 the next Earl, George Douglass of Bonjedward, and three 
 daughters, 
 
 Jean, married to William Lord Graham, p 
 
 Elizabeth, to Sir Robert Graham of Fintrie, and had issue. 
 
 Margaret, to Sir Duncan Carapbel of Glenurchie, ancestor to 
 the Earl of Breadalbin. 
 
 Archibald his son and heir succeeding, commonly designed 
 the Great Earl, he made a considerable figure in the reigns of 
 James III. and IV. In 1488, he was one of the associating Lords 
 who at Lawder Bridge, in presence of the King seized on Thomas 
 Homil and Robert Cochran, the mean favourites of that Prince, 
 andcaused them tobe executed as the authors of the mismanagement 
 of the public affairs, though I don't find he was in the Prince's 
 army at Bannockburn, where the unfortunate King lost his life. 
 In the 24th of James IV. anno I4g2, he was made warden of the 
 Marches, also one of the King's privy council, and the next year 
 constituted Lord High Chancellor of Scotland, then void by the 
 decease of Colin Earl of Argyle, from which he was removed in 
 1408, George Earl of Huntly being put in his stead. 
 
 His first wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Robert Lord Boyd, 
 Lord High Chamberlain of Scotland, by whom he had three 
 sons; 
 
 First, George, master of Angus, 
 
 Second, Sir William Douglass of Braidwood, who was killed 
 at Flowdon, of whom and his descendants more will be said after- 
 wards. 
 
 Third, Gavin Douglass, third son, devoting himself to the 
 service of the church, was put into orders about 14y3 : his first 
 preferment was to the rectory of Heriot, and then to the j)ro- 
 vostry of St. Giles, Edinburgh, in which station he continued till 
 the year 1515 j he was promoted to the episcopal see of Dunkeld, 
 then void by the death of Bishop Brown, where he exercised hia 
 episcopal function till death took him away, anno 1522.1 
 
 Simson's Notes on the family of Douglass, 
 p Charta Willielmi Domini Graham, et Jcaiiae Douglass, sponss suae 
 C orgio Graham eorum filio de tcrris de Calendar. 
 1 Vitse EpiscoporumDunkdden, MS pcucs mc This was thccclebratcd poet.
 
 504 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 His second wife was Catherine, daughter of Sir Williara 
 Stirling of Keir, in Vicecomitatu de Perth, '' who bore him a son, 
 Archibald Douglass of Kilspindy, ^ and three daughters : first, 
 Marjory, married to Cuthbert Earl of Gleneairn ; second, Eliza- 
 beth, to Robert Lord Lyle, justice general of Scotland, in the 
 reign of King James IV. ; third, Janet, to Robert Lord Herris, 
 ancestor to the Earls of Nithsdale. 
 
 But it is requisite here to observe, that George, master of 
 Angus, married Margaret, daughter of John, first Lord Drum- 
 mond : his children by her were three sons : 
 
 First, Archibald, who succeeded his grandfather ; 
 
 Second, Sir George Douglass, who by Elizabeth his wife, 
 daughter and sole heir of David Douglass of Pittendrich, ^ had 
 issue David, afterward Earl of Angus, James Earl of Morton, 
 regent of Scotland, in the minority of King James VL ; Elizabeth, 
 married to Sir John Carraichael of that Ilk, and Mary to Sir 
 George Auchinleck of Balmanno, " in Vicecomitatu de Pertli. 
 
 Third, William, prior of Coldingham, afterwards promoted to 
 be abbot of Holyrood House, anno 1522, upon the promotion of 
 George Crichton to the episcopal see of Dunkeld. 
 
 Also six daughters ; Elizabeth, married to John Lord Yester, 
 progenitor to the Marquis of Twedale j Janet, to John Lord 
 Glammis, ancestor to the Earl of Strathmore 5 Janet, to Sir 
 James Douglass of Drumlanrig, ancestor to the Duke of Querns- 
 bury ; Alison, married first to Robert Blackader of that Ilk, in 
 Vicecomitatu de Berwick, and secondly, to Sir David Hume of 
 Wedderburn, in dicto Vicecomitatu ; Margaret, to Robert Craw- 
 furd of Achinnairas, in Vicecomitatu de Renfrew. This George 
 behaving himself very gallantly at Flowdonfield, there lost his life, 
 with two hundred gentlemen of his name and family, 9th Sep- 
 tember 1513 ; which disaster so affected his aged father, that he 
 retired from the world to prepare himself for death, which he was 
 sensible was approaching, and it happened in the beginning of the 
 next year 1514. 
 
 To Archibald, the great Earl of Angus, succeeded Archibald 
 his grandson, a person of great accomplishments, either for peace 
 or war. This noble person in his youth travelled into France and 
 
 " Remarks upon the family of Angus, by David Simson. Ibid. 
 
 ' Chartain Rotulis Jacofei quinti ad annum 1535- 
 11 Manuscript History of the House of Angus, in the custody of Sir Robert 
 Douglass of Glenbervy, Bart.
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 505 
 
 other foreign parts, where he received great honours from the 
 Piinces themselves of these respective countries, particularly from 
 Henry II, of France, who made him a Knight of the most noble 
 order of St. Michael, About the lime of his return, anno 1515, 
 Scotland was then afflicted with the death of King James IV, 
 who left his son very young, and the regency to the Queen 
 mother, who for her better support married this Earl. 
 
 Upon the resignation of the government by the Duke of 
 Albany, he together with the Earls of Arran, Lennox, and Argyle, 
 by a special act, were made counsellors to the young King 
 James V. anno 1521, and the year after constituted Lord High 
 Chancellor of Scotland ; he held the office till the year 1528, at 
 which time, upon a disgust taken against him by the King, he 
 was removed and outlawed, whereupon he retired into England, 
 where he was nobly entertained by Henry VIII. and taken into 
 the number of his privy-council, where he sojourned fifteen years, 
 till the death of King James V. anno 1542. Then returning 
 home, he was parliamentarily restored to his estate and titles of 
 honour, and at the fatal battle of Pinkiefield he commanded tke 
 van guard of the army against the English, where he behaved very 
 worthily, and living peaceably the remainder of his days, he de- 
 parted this life at his castle of Tantallon, in the year 1557, ''g^d 
 sixty-four, and was interred at Abernethy. 
 
 This gallant Earl married thrice, his first wife being Margaret 
 Hepburn, daughter of Patrick Earl of Bothwell; by her he had no 
 children. Next, he had the honour to marry- Margaret of 
 England, widow of James IV, of Scotland, eldest daughter of 
 Henry VII. and sister to Henry VII L Kings of England, who 
 bore him one daughter, the Lady Margaret Douglass, married to 
 Matthew third Earl of Lennox, mother by him of Hcn)y Duke 
 of Albany, Lord Darnly, &c. father of James VI. first monarch of 
 Great Britain. His third wife was Margaret, daughter of John 
 I,ord Maxwell, by whom he had a son James, who died in his 
 childhood. To Archibald, Earl of Angus, succeeded 
 
 Sir David Douglass of Pittendrich, his nephew, who did not 
 live long to enjoy the honour: he departing this life in 1558, 
 leaving issue by Margaret his wife, daughter of Sir John Hamilton 
 of Clidesdale, brother to James Duke of Chatlerault, widow of 
 Sir John Johnston of that Ilk, a sou Archibald, who succeeded 
 to the honour ; also two daughters, 
 
 Margaret, married to Sir Walter Scot of Buclcngh, and after 
 his death to Francis Stuart Earl ui" Bothwell.
 
 S09 PEERAGE OF ENGLAKD. 
 
 Elizabeth, t6 John Lord Maxwell, afterward Earl of Morton. 
 
 Which Archibald, for his virtuous endowments, was sirnamed 
 the Good Earl. He married first, Margaret Erskine, daughter of 
 John Earl of Mar, Next, Margaret, daughter to the Earl of 
 Rothes, but by neither of these had he any issue ; thirdly, Jean, 
 daughter of John Lord Glammis, who bore him a daughter Eliza- 
 beth, who died a maid. 
 
 The first time I find this Earl in public business, is in 1573 ; 
 he was constituted sheriff of Berwick, and one of the wardens on 
 the borders^ which he exercised with an universal reputation for 
 five or six years, justice never being better administered. 
 
 Upon the fall of his uncle, the Earl of Morton, the King grew 
 jealous of him, whereupon he retired to England, where he was 
 bountifully entertained by Queen Elizabeth, and there he had op- 
 portunity to contract a friendship with the famous Sir Philip Sidney, 
 very much to their mutual satisfaction. But after some years, 
 upon better information, his Majesty not only restored him to his 
 former favour and familiarity, but appointed him lieutenant on 
 the borders, which he defended with great reputation for several 
 years j but at last being seized with a sickness, which was thought 
 to be sorcery, he languished under his distemper till about the end 
 of July 1588, at which time he gave way to fate, with the cha- 
 racter of being a good man in all respects, well versed in learning, 
 and though endowed with many excellent qualities^ his piety was 
 allowed to be the reigning virtue in him. He was interred at the 
 collegiate church of Abernethy ; upon him I find this epitaph, 
 
 Morte jacet saeva Angusius, spes ilia bonorum. 
 
 Terror malorum maximus : 
 Cui, laude et luctu meritis, pia turba parentat j 
 
 Patrem, Parentem ingeminans. 
 Par studium irapietas simulat : quem carperc livor 
 
 Vivum solebat, mortuum 
 Aut veris sequitur lacrymis, aut gaudia fictis 
 
 Celat pudenda j et laudibus 
 Saltern non ficiis os pene invita resolvit, 
 
 Seque arguit mendacii. 
 O laus ! O veri vis ! O victoria ! honosque 
 
 Cunctis triumphis clarior ! 
 
 I Englished, 
 
 Angus by cruel death lies here. 
 The good man's hope, the wicked's fear.
 
 DUKE OF BRA.NDON. 507 
 
 The praise and sorrow of the most 
 
 Rehgious, who, as having lost 
 
 A father, mourn, most men are known 
 
 To find a woe if they have none. 
 
 Envy, accustomed to wrong 
 
 His guiltless life, employs her tongue 
 
 Now a loud trumpet of his'fame. 
 
 And weeps, if not for grief, for shame, 
 
 Enforc'd to give herself the lie, 
 
 O power of truth ! O victory I 
 
 By which more honour is obtain'd. 
 
 Than is in greatest triumphs gain'd. 
 
 The male line of George, master of Angus, terminating in this 
 Earl, the honour and estate, by reason of the entail upon the 
 heirs male, devolved on Sir William Douglass of Glenbervy. 
 
 Glenbervy is a Barony in the shire of Kincardin, which was 
 the possession of the Melvils. As far back as the time of Alex- 
 ander II. Philip de Melvil, Knight, executed the office of sheriff 
 of Aberdeen, in the beginning of that reign. ^ In his line the 
 Barony continued till the 8th of James III. anno 1468, J' and then 
 determined in Elizabeth, daughter, and at length sole heir of 
 Alexander Melvil of Glenber\'y, married to Sir John Achinleck 
 of that Ilk, an ancient family in Airshire, " by whom he had 
 James, his son and heir, who marrying Giles, daughter of Sir 
 John Ross of Halkhead, Knight, ^ left a daughter Elizabeth, his 
 sole heir, whose ward and marriage falling to the King, James IV. 
 he assigned it to Sir William Douglass of Braidwood, Knight, 
 son to Archibald Earl of Angus, '' anno 14Q2 : whereupon there 
 happened a contest betwixt the said Elizabeth and James Achin- 
 leck of that Ilk, her cousin german, about the right of succession : 
 the matter at length, after long dispute, was referred by both 
 parties to certain noblemen, who determined the Barony of Glen- 
 bervy to the said Elizabeth, and Sir William Douglass her hus- 
 band, whereupon he took the coat of Achinleck, viz. a cross ini- 
 battled, sable, into his achievement. He was killed at the fatal 
 battle of flowdon, anno 1513, leaving issue by the said Eliza- 
 
 " Chartulary of Arbroth. 
 
 y Charta in Rotulis Jacobi III ad annum 1468. 
 
 i Charta in Rotulis dicti Regis, 
 
 Charta penes D'.tcem de Douglass. ^ Ibid.
 
 503 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 beth his wife, Archibald his son and heir, on whom King James 
 V. conferred the honour of knighthood. His first wife was 
 Agnes, daughter of William Earl Marishall, by whom he had 
 William his son and heir: also by his second marriage with 
 Mary, daughter of Sir Alexander Irvine of Drum, he had two 
 sons; 
 
 First, James, a clergyman, parson of the parish church of 
 Glenbervy, grandfather by Robert Douglass of Kilmonth, his 
 eldest son, of the right reverend Dr. Robert Douglass, Bishop of 
 Dumblain ; he was born anno 1626, and had his grammar educa- 
 tion in the country, from whence being sent to the university of 
 Aberdeen, he proceeded to the degree of master of arts ; continu- 
 ing to pursue his theological studies with great assiduity, he com- 
 menced preacher about the year 1650, but what was his first 
 ministerial charge before he was parson of Renfrew in the West, 
 docs not occur to me. From thence, after some years stay, he 
 was removed to the provostry of Bothwell, and not long after 
 that, to the deanery of Glasgow, and parsonage of Hamilton, 
 where he continued to exercise his ministerial function, till Dr. 
 Robert Lawry, who bad presided over the episcopal see of Brechin, 
 from theyear 16/1, to the year l6S2, departing this life, Mr. Dou- 
 glass was consecrated in his room, and on the 29lh of June l684, 
 translated to the see of Dumblain, where he continued in the ex- 
 ercise of his episcopal function till the year 1689, he was de- 
 prived of his bishopric ; after which time he made conscience, 
 to live peaceably under King William's government, and that of 
 Queen Anne, and arrived to the uncommon age of eighty-seven, 
 exercising himself daily in works of devotion and piety, patiently 
 waiting till the great change came of translating him frorii this 
 world, to the state of endless felicity in the other. ^ 
 
 Second, John Douglass, second son. 
 
 To Sir Archibald Douglass of Glenbervy, succeeded Sir 
 William, his son and heir, to whom the honour of Earl of Angus 
 devolved, anno 15S8. 
 
 This Earl, while a private gentleman, accompanied Queen 
 Mary in her northern expedition, anno 1562, and was active in 
 the fight at Coirichie, where Alexander, Earl of Huntly, was 
 slain. Upon the turn of the reformation, in the memorable year 
 
 ' Dcbrett's Peerage, iPoz, deduces the descent of Sylvester Douglas, 
 lately created Lord Glenbervic of Ireland, from this Robert Bishop of Dum- 
 blaine
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. " ^ 
 
 1560^ when both the doctrine of the church, and authority of the 
 Bishop of Rome was parliamentarily abolished ; he did eminently 
 signalize himself by his firm adherence to, and zealous profession 
 of the Protestant religion, of which he was a very great promoter, 
 and of consequence was a mighty supporter of King James VI's. 
 authority during the administration of the regents Murray, Len- 
 nox, Mar, and Morton ; which in that Prince's minority, very 
 much to his detriment, he maintained, assisting both with his 
 tnoney and counsel ; but having no opportunity of signalizing 
 himself by arms, we hear no more of moment concerning him, 
 till the time of his death, which happened April ]4th, 159I, 
 leaving a numerous family by Giles his wife, daughter of Sir 
 Robert Graham of Morphie, in Vicecomitatu de Kincardin. 
 
 First, William his successor in the honour. 
 
 Second, Sir Robert, who got his fathers paternal estate of 
 Glenbervy, and was created Baronet, by King Charles I. the 30th 
 of May 1625, being the sixth in number of precedency in that 
 honour. His wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Sir George Auchin- 
 leck of Ealmanno, by whom he had Sir William bis successor, 
 and Dr. George Douglass, rector of Stepney, ancestor to Sir 
 Alexander Douglass of Glenbervy, Bart, 
 
 Third Son, Gavin Douglass of Bridgeford. 
 
 Fourth, John Douglass of Barras. 
 
 IVIargaret, eldest daughter, married to John Forbes of Moni- 
 musk, in Vicecomitatu de Aberdeen ; Elizabeth, the second, to 
 Sir Alexander Gordon of Cluny ; Jean, the third, to James 
 Wishart of Pittarow, in Vicecomitatu de Kincardin j Sarah, 
 fourth and youngest, to Sir Alexander Strachan of Thorntoiin, 
 Bart. J and after his death, to Sir George Auchinleck of Bal- 
 manno. 
 
 William, his eldest son, succeeded in the honour, was a noble- 
 man well versed in the antiquities and history of his country, es- 
 pecially in that part relating to genealogies j and from the Scots 
 history, and the documents of his family, he wrote a chronicle of 
 the Douglasses, a much more elaborate work than that put out in 
 the year 1644, dedicated to the Marquis of Douglass. This Earl, 
 in the latter part of his life, made defection to the Romish faith, 
 which put him so much under the King's displeasure, that with 
 leave he retired into France, where he spun out his time in the 
 devotions of that church till his death, in the year 1616. Hi* 
 wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Lawrence Lord Oliphant, by 
 Margaret his wife, daughter of George Earl of Errol, by whom
 
 ^10 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 he had three sons, and two daughters": William Lord Angus, his 
 successor j Sir James Douglass, afterwards Lord Mordingtoun j 
 Sir Francis Douglass of Sandilands, Knight. 
 
 Mary, second wife of Alexander Earl of Linlithgow 5 Mar- 
 garet, to Sir Alexander Campbel of Calder, in Vicecomitatu Mo- 
 raviae, and had issue. 
 
 To this Earl succeeded William his son, who as he was master 
 of a most plentiful fortune, so he kept up the old Scots hospita- 
 lity and grandeur at his castle of Douglass, where he usually re-* 
 sided, having perhaps a more numerous family and attendance 
 than any nobleman in the kingdom. King Charles 1. constituted 
 him chief commander or lieutenant on the borders, ^ and created 
 him Marquis of Douglass on the i/th of June l633, the day im- 
 mediately preceding his Majesty's coronation. Upon the com- 
 mencing of the civil war, in that reign, I do not find this noble 
 lord engaged much on either side, but kept himself out of the 
 broils of these times, as much as any of his quality in the king* 
 dom, till the year 1645, perceiving the hard usage of the King, and 
 the miseries that threatened his native country, he took up arms 
 in defence of both, and joining his forces with those under the 
 command of the great Marquis of Montrose, his Majesty's captaia 
 general in Scotland, he accompanied him to the battle of 
 Philiphaugh, where he behaved himself with great valour and ad- 
 mirable courage. Upon the loss of the day, he had the misfortune 
 to be taken prisoner j and notwithstanding all the disadvantages 
 and dangers he lay under from the usurping powers of these 
 times, continued steady in his loyalty to his Prince, King Charles 
 II. though in exile, to the frequent hazard of his life, and de- 
 triment of his fortune, Oliver Cromwell imposing a considerable 
 fine upon him in the year l654. 
 
 His first marriage was with Margaret, daughter of Claude 
 Hamilton Lord Paisly, sister to James, first Earl of Abercorn, by 
 whom he had two sons and four daughters. 
 
 First, Archibald, Lord Angus, who upon the breaking out of 
 the civil war, in the reign of King Charles I. was on the parlia- 
 ment's side for some time ; but afterwards disliking the service, 
 and finding things carried on to extremities, he left them, and ap- 
 peared very forward to testify his loyalty to King Charles II. at 
 whose coronation, which was solemnized the first of January 
 1651, his Lordship was constituted Lord High Chamberlain for 
 
 * Mr, Simsfln.
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 5H 
 
 the day. He married, firsts Anne, daughter of Esme Stuart 
 Duke of Lennox, by whom he had James, who succeeded his 
 grandfather J secondly, Jean, daughter of David Earl ofWeems, 
 by whom he had Archibald Earl of Forfar, and Margaret, fourth 
 wife of Alexander Viscount of Kingstoun. This Lord died in the 
 prime of his age, anno 1655; his wife surviving him, re-married 
 with George Earl of Sutherland. 
 
 Second, James, the second son, whose genius leading him to 
 the wars, he went over to France, where he signalized himself in 
 the service of Lewis XIV. on every occasion that offered, and 
 more particularly at the siege of Doway, where he was killed, hU 
 death preventing his being honoured with a marshal's batton. 
 Besides these sons, he had also three daughters ; 
 
 Jean, married to William Lord Alexander, son and heir of 
 William first Earl of Stirling. 
 
 Margaret, to Sir John Hamilton, who was created Lord 
 Bargany by King Charles I. 
 
 Grisel, the third, to Sir William Carmichel. 
 
 His Lordship's second wife was Mary, daughter of George 
 Marquis of Huntly, by Henrietta his wife, daughter of Esme 
 Duke of Lennox, by whom he had William, created Earl of Sel- 
 kirk, 1646, and afterwards Duke of Hamilton in 1661, in conse- 
 quence of his marriage with Lady Anne, sole daughter and 
 heir of James Hamilton, first Duke of Hamilton, of which mar- 
 riage, and the issue, I shall treat presently. 
 
 Secondly, George, created Earl of Dunbarton by Charles II. 
 March pth, 1675 j who died at the court of St. Germaius 1692, 
 leaving George, second Earl of Dunbarton, a title now extinct. 
 
 Third, Colonel James Douglass, who died unmarried. Also 
 five daughters. 
 
 First, Henrietta, married to James Earl of Annandale. 
 
 Second, Catherine, married to Sir William Ruthven of Dou- 
 glass, com. Berwick. 
 
 Third, Isabel, wife of William Duke of Queensbuiy. 
 
 Fourth, Jean, married to James fourth Earl of Perth. 
 
 Fifth, Lucy, to Robert Earl of Nithsdale, and all had issue. 
 
 The Marquis died in the Spring of 1660. Of James, his grand- 
 son, who succeeded him, and died in ] 7OO, and of his issue, an 
 account will be given under the article of thp present Lord 
 Douglas.
 
 512 PEJERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Hamilton Family. 
 
 The following is principally from Crawfurd's Scotch Peerage. 
 
 " As this illustrious and most noble family is the first of the Peer- 
 age of Scotland, so it is one of the most considerable, whether we 
 respect the nobleness of its extraction, the miJtiplicity of its 
 branches, or the grandeur of its alliances j and though they are 
 not of so long a continuance in this realm, as some others men- 
 tioned in this work ; yet it is sufficient to say, that this noble 
 house has been established by an undeniable and uninterrupted 
 succession of full five hundred years, and had the honour to be 
 graced with the intail of the crown, and imperial dignity of this 
 realm, two hundred and sixty years ago, which was ratified in a 
 fall assembly of the three estates of parliament, to which all of 
 them set their seals. 
 
 I must acknowledge I have not had the honour to peruse the 
 more ancient writs of the family of Hamiltoun, wherefore I am 
 obliged to rely upon the account given me fi-om Mr. Hamilton of 
 Wishaw, an antiquary of no little fame, who says, " That Sir 
 Gilbert Hamilton, the first of this illustrious race who trans- 
 planted himself from the kingdom of England, was extracted 
 from the ancient Earls of Leicester, of whose grant his progenitor 
 had lands in that county, called Hamilton, from whence they 
 assumed a sirname, and that the occasion of his coming to Scot- 
 land is delivered by historians after this manner : Sir Gilbert (say 
 they) at the court of Edward H. chanced to talk with honour and 
 respect of the great merit of King Robert the Bruce, whereupon 
 one John del Spencer gave him a blow, which arrogant treatment 
 he resented o highly, that encountering him the next day, he 
 killed him ; and to avoid punishment, fled to Scotland, where he 
 was well received by King Robert : who to make amends for 
 what he had forfeited on his account at home, generously re- 
 warded him with the Barony of Gadzow, in the county of Lanark, 
 then an appendage of the crown.* He was a very brave man, 
 and to him are ascribed a vast many great exploits, particularly, 
 that he distinguished his valour and conduct in the decisive battle 
 of Bannockburn, (which happened on the 2/3th of July 1314), so 
 eminently, that he was knighted in the field, and got a gift of 
 divers lands. My former author further informs me, that he was 
 matched with a lady of the family of the Randolphs, raised in 
 that reign to the honour of Earl of Murray, by whom he had 
 two sons. Sir Walter his successor, and Sir John Hamilton of
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 513 
 
 Rossaven, Knight, of whom sprung the family of Prestoun in Vic. 
 de Edinburgh, and its branches. To Sir Gilbert's memory this 
 epitaph was composed by a famous author : 
 
 lure ego deserui patriam, veteresque penates, 
 
 Nempe fidem, jus, fas deserit ilia prius. 
 Jam nova jura libens inii sub rege benigno^ 
 
 Qui profugo patriam, qui potiora dedit. 
 Hinc res, atque decus, fortunaque laeta secuta est, 
 
 Hinc regum thalamis nobilitata donius. 
 Esto, solum verti, at patriam inveni, haec dcdit, auxit. 
 
 Quae modo perdideram : quae potui, ilia dedi. 
 
 Sir Walter, his son, was a man of great fame and character ; 
 he had several military commands in the service of Robert I, 
 which he performed with great diligence and success, in consi- 
 deration whereof, he had by that Prince's grant a charter of the 
 Barony of Cadzow> to be held in as ample manner as Sir Gilbert 
 his father held the same : also in the ninth of the same reign, to 
 reward his great merit and acceptable services, he had a grant of 
 the Barony of Machanshire in the county of Lanark, which for- 
 merly belonged to John Cumin, Knight. Further, in 132^^, th 
 King bestowed on him the lands of Kinneil, Larber, Briraage, 
 and Auldcathie, in the shire of Linlithgow ; and the very same 
 year the lands of Kirkinder and Kirkowen in the county of 
 Wigtoun, for good services done and to be done by him, as the 
 charter bears. Thus by his Prince's bounty and favour arriving to 
 great wealth and honour, he strengthened his family by a very 
 noble alliance, taking to wife Isabel, daughter of William Earl of 
 Ross, '^ and neice to the King by her mother, by whom he had 
 two sons who survived him. Sir David, and Sir John Hamilton, 
 from whom the families of Innerweek, BallincriefF, and the pre- 
 sent Earl of Haddingtoun are descended. 
 
 To Sir Walter Hamilton succeeded Sir David his son, who 
 served King David IL in his wars against the English. lie was 
 with the King at the unfortunate battle of Durj^am, anno 13-18, 
 where he was taken prisoner with his master, <" but paying a 
 ransom he was released. That he had great esteem from that 
 King, i? plain enough, for in the fortieth of his reign, he had a 
 special grant of all the lands which belonged either to Sir Gilbert 
 
 e Wishaw's Account of the Family of Hamilton- 
 f Mr. Rymcr"s FoecJc.a Ansliw 
 
 vor I '- L
 
 514 PEERA.GE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 his grandfather, or Sir Walter his father, in any part of the 
 realm ; s und at the same time the King was pleased to discharge 
 for ever to him and his heirs, a feu-duty that had been formerly 
 payable to the exchequer out of the Barony of Cadzow ; a sign 
 of the prevalency of his interest at that Prince's court, where men 
 of merit were only employed. In the 4th of King Robert II. anno 
 1373, he had summons to parliament, and appends his seal to the 
 act recognizing his Majesty's title to the crown, and in settling 
 the succession upon all the King's children lawfully begotten, 
 either by Elizabeth Mure his first wife, or Euphame Ross then 
 his Queen. ^ What is further remarkable of this Sir David is, 
 that according to the devotion of that age, when donatives to the 
 church could sanctify and merit for any person, he gave in pure 
 and perpetual alms to the cathedral church of Glasgow an an- 
 nuity often merks Stirling out of the Barony of Kinneil, for the 
 support of a qualified person to celebrate divine service at the altar 
 of the Blessed Virgin Mary, in the said church, pro salute animac 
 Roberti quondam Regis Scotiae, necnon pro prosperitate sere- 
 nissimi Principis Domini David Regis Scotise, ac etiam pro salute 
 animse suae, et animarum omnium antecessorum et successorum 
 suorum in perpetuum. My former worthy author "^ informs me, 
 that this Sir David dying in 1373, left issue by Margaret his wife, 
 daughter of Walter Lesly Lord of Ross, by Euphame, daughter 
 and heir of William Earl of Ross, David his successor, and Walter 
 progenitor of the branch of Camskeith, in Vic, de Air ' and its 
 cadets. 
 
 Which Sir David attained the honour of knighthood from 
 King Robert II. in the 7th of whose reign he had a grant of the 
 lands of Bothwell Mure, in the county of Lanark, "" and by other 
 acquisitions, he raised a great fortune. Marrying Janet, daughter 
 of Sir William Keith, marshal of Scotland, " by her he had five 
 sons and a daughter. 
 
 Sir John, who continued on the line of the family. 
 
 p The Charter is dated zyth September 1369. 
 h Acts of Parliament still extant in the records, where he is mentioned in 
 both 
 
 ' Chartulary of Glasgow in the hands of Alexander Bailiie, of Castle- 
 arry. 
 
 k Mr. William Hamilton of Wishaw. 
 ' From writs in my hands, I find that Hamilton of Camskeith is now, 
 1716, represented by Alexander Hamilton of Grange in Airshire 
 
 11 Wishaw's account of the Duke of Hamilton's family, MS- 
 " Penes Eundem
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 51^ 
 
 Sir William, the second son, was ancestor of the Hamtltons 
 of Bathgate, in Vic. de Linlithgow. 
 
 Sir Robert, the tiiird, from whom the family of Bruntwood 
 and Udstoun did descend, out of which branched the Hamillons 
 of Barncluth, the Lord Belhaven, Rosehall, Pencaitland, and 
 Wishaw. 
 
 George, the fourth son^ was author of the family of Boarland, 
 in Vic. de Air. 
 
 David, the fifth, who fixed his residence in the county of 
 Stirling, where he acquired a fair estate by the marrying one of 
 the coheirs of Galbreath, a great Baron in those parts, and became 
 the root of the Hamiltons of Bardowie, who still continue there. 
 
 Elizabeth^ only daughter, married to Sir Alexander Eraser, 
 Thane of Cowie and Dorcs. p 
 
 But to return to Sir John Hamilton Lord of Cadzow, who ap- 
 pears to have been of special account, but living in a time of no 
 great action under Robert IIL a 'peaceable Prince, I could not 
 procure any memoirs of bim proper to be inserted here. His 
 wife was Janet, daughter of Sir James Douglass of Dalkeith, 
 ancestor to the Earl of Morton. By her he had 
 
 Sir James his successor. 
 
 David, who first founded the family of Dalserf, in Vic. de 
 Lanark, of whom the Hamiltons of Blackburn, AUarshaw, Lady- 
 land, Green, and others derive themselves. 
 
 Thomas, of whom descended the house of Raploch, out of 
 which issued the Hamiltons of Torrence, Stanhouse, Woodhall, 
 Aikcnhead, Dechmont, Barns, and several flourishing branches in 
 the kingdom of Ireland, of which the Earl of Clanlrassil was the 
 head. 
 
 Having done with the younger brothers, I proceed with Sir 
 James Hamilton of Cadzow, the eldest son, who in 1411, with 
 David his brother, obtained letters of safe conduct from Henry 
 IV. to come into England, as far as the castle of Calthorp, in the 
 county of Lincoln, yet on what occasion is not said: ^ and twelve 
 
 o This from Wishaw's account of the family of Hamilton. Etiam Charta 
 penes Alexandrum Baillie de Casilecarry, ad annum 1407- 
 
 P Charter by Sir Alexander Frascr, Thane of Cowie and Dorcs, >Mth 
 consent of Elizabeth Hamilton his spouse, to Alexander Frascr h.s son, ot 
 the lands of Dorcs in the year 1400, and is presently n; my hands by th. 
 favour of Sir Peter Frascr of Dores 
 
 , Mr Kymcr's Fcedcra Angliae ad annum 1411.
 
 516 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 years after, when the sum of forty thousand pound Sterling was 
 agreed on as the ransom of King James I. he was sent into 
 England as one of the hostages for the payment thereof, i an 
 evidence he was then looked upon as one of the most considerable 
 Barons of Scotland. Soon after which. King James conferred on 
 him the honour of knighthood, and called him to his privy- 
 council. In the reign of King James II. when our constitution 
 of parliaments came to be modelled according to the frame they 
 are now in, this noble person was in the eighth of the same King, 
 anno 1445, entered among the lords of parliament, all his lands 
 being then erected into a lordship in all time coming, to be called 
 the lordship of Hamilton. '' 
 
 Also in 144p, he was joined in commission with John, bishop 
 of Glasgow; Andrew, abbot of Melross; Patrick Cockburn, pro- 
 vost of Edinburgh ; Peter Young, dean of Dunkeld, to treat with 
 the English touching a peace betwixt the two nations, which they 
 concluded. Upon the rebellion of the Earl of Douglass, he was 
 with the Earl of Angus sent to command against the rebels, by 
 whom they were entirely routed : in consideration of which 
 signal service, he was rewarded with the Baronies of Drumshar- 
 gard and Carmonock, with the heritable sheriffship of Lanarkshire, 
 then in the crown, by the forfeiture of the said James Earl of 
 Douglass. ^ This noble Lord founded, and amply endowed the 
 collegiate church of Hamilton in 1451, which was ratified and 
 approved by the Pope's Bull, which he went to Rome in person to 
 procure, being accompanied with James Lord Livingston, and 
 Gavin Hamilton, provost of the collegiate church of Bothwell, 
 
 '* Mr Rymer's Foedera Angliae ad annum 1443 
 " Charta penes D de Hamilton See a translation of this charter at length 
 in Pinkerton's Scotland, vol i p. 393. " The obscurity/' says Pinkerton, 
 " attending the reign of James II. the important service which the house of 
 Hamilton rendered to that Prince, its subsequent connection with the royal 
 family, and u^mbition latterly to reach the diadem itself, will apologise for its 
 insertion '' 
 
 " At the time of this erection,'* says Pinkerton," the house of Douglas 
 was in the plenitude of its power; and the Hamiltons having been ever at- 
 tached to that great family, the source of favour becomes evident ; nor is it 
 matter of surprise that Lord Hamilton at first followed Douglas, against his 
 Sovereign. After the fall of that house, and the marriage with the Prin- 
 cess, the Hamiltons were to become one of the most potent families in Scot- 
 land; and in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, that of Argyle couW 
 alone contest the superiority." 
 
 Rymer's Foedera. 
 t Charta penes D. dc Hamilton-
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 517 
 
 having got a safe conduct from Henry VI. to pass through 
 England." He was likewise a benefactor to the. University of 
 Glassgow, then founded by bishop Turnbull, by his charter of 
 mortification, bearing date the 14th of January 145Q, "^ which he 
 did not long survive, departing this mortal life in the year 1460, v 
 though I cannot meet with the day and month. His first wife 
 was Janet, daughter to Sir Alexander Livingston of Calendar ; * 
 by her he had 
 
 First, James, his successor Lord Hamilton. 
 
 Second, Andrew, first of the Hamiltons of Silver Town Hill, 
 in Vic. de Lanark. 
 
 Third, Gavin, provost of the collegiate church of Bothwell, 
 ancestor of the faaiily of Orbistoun, of whom also Haggs, Kil- 
 brachmont, Dalziel, Monkland, Bothwel Haugh, Parkhead, and 
 Bar. ^ 
 
 Fourth, Johxi Hamilion of Whisleberry, '' in Vic. de Lanark. 
 
 His second wife was Euphame, daughter of Patrick Graham 
 Earl of Strathern, Countess Dowager of Douglass, by w hom he 
 had a son and two daughters, 
 
 Sir John Hamilton of Shawfield, in Vic. de Lanark. 
 
 Mary, married to William Earl Marishal. 
 
 Elizabeth to David Earl of Crawfurd, afterwards Duke of 
 Alontrose. 
 
 James, Lord Hamilton, was succeeded by James his son, who 
 was constituted one of the lords of the privy-council, anno 1440j 
 in which station he continued, till from some mistake he entered 
 into that memorable league with the Earls of Douglass, Ross, 
 Crawfurd, Murry, and Orraond, wherein they solemnly swore 
 
 u Rymer's Foedera, 
 
 * Charta Mortificationis Jacobi Domini Hamilton Academla Glasgucn. 
 de quatuor aciis terras Montis Columbaium, ac etiam Tenemcntum in Magno 
 vico ex parte orientali loci Fratrum pra;dicatonim. The Reddendo is, Quod 
 omnes Magistri et Successores eorum singulis dicbus fine piantlii aut coeiiaf 
 cum universis studen. orabunt pro animabus Jacobi Domini Hamilton ct 
 Euphemiae sponsae suae, hereJum et successorum suorum in perpetuum. 1 be 
 Charter moreover has this clause, that he makes the donation above specified, 
 Ob salutem ammarum omnium, a quibus bona aliqua habui diicctc aut in- 
 directe, et hactenus restitutionem non feci. 
 
 y Wishaw's Notes on the family of Hamilton. ^- Ibid. 
 
 This Gavin Hamilton, provost of Both\%cll, I am told, was an aged 
 man before he entered into orders, and long before had been married and had 
 ciiildren,of vvhom came Orbistoun and its cadets. 
 
 ^ Dr. Baillic's Notes on the family of Hamilton.
 
 518 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 never to desert one another during their lives ; that injuries done 
 to any one of them, should be considered as done to them all j 
 that they should concur against whatsoever persons within or 
 without the realm, and spend their lives, goods, and fortunes, in 
 defence of each other. But when Sir James Hamilton discerned 
 their violent purposes against the King, he severed himself from 
 them, and returned to his duty, whereupon ensued the ruin of the 
 Earl of Douglass, who persisted in his rebellion. In the reign of 
 King James III. he was no less considered and valued than he had 
 been by the former Kingj for in 1471, when a treaty of peace 
 was set on foot with the English, he was one of those noble per- 
 sons who ^et the Lord Howard and other commissioners on the 
 part of the King of England, and treated of a league and amity 
 betwixt the two nations, Then-after on the 6"th of March 1472, 
 he was with William bishop of Aberdeen, David Earl of Crawr 
 furd, John Lord Darnly, and Archibald Whitelaw secretary of 
 state, by a commljsion uuder the great seal, appointed to treat 
 with the ambassadors of England upon a lasting peace betwixt 
 the two realms. His excellent qualities, and heroic virtues, 
 gained so much upon his sovereign K-ing James lil. that he was 
 pleased to bestow upon him his sister, the Lady Mary Countess of 
 ^rrao, '^ in inarriage, the grea'.est honour any subject was capable 
 
 c Here it will, I apprehend, be neither improper nor ungrateful to my 
 reader, to offer some considerations to obviate that assertion of George Bu- 
 chanan, and other historians who have copied and translated from him, who 
 insinuate, that the Lady Mary, the King's sister, was forced by her brother to 
 piarry Junies Lord Hamilton, when Thomas Boyd Earl of Arran, her hus- 
 band was alive : and this is generally believed by every body who reads 
 George Buchanan's History, and inquircano more about it, but depends on cur 
 affairs as wrote by him, who indeed, to do him justice, was a very learnei 
 ^nd polite person, and has wrote the History of Scotland not much inferior in 
 style to the best Roman authors I shall here ofier what I have observed in 
 relation to this affair. AH histories commend the Lady Mary's affection to 
 her husband, and tell us, that she could not be prevailed with to torsake or 
 desert him when he fell into disgrace, but transponed herself with him into 
 foreign parts to share with him in his misfortunej, and sojotirncd with him in 
 Denmark an,d Flanders for some time, till ahe understood from Scotland that 
 her presence and solicitation with her brother might prevail with him to sufler 
 my Lord Arran to return home to his native country, and accordingly she 
 came to Scotland : but) the King continuing inexorable, and the Lady detained 
 from going abroad, tlie poor unfortunate Earl of Arran soon after died of 
 grief at Antwerp : she continuing a widow till 1474, is t.'ien, I find, married 
 to James Lord Hamilton Moreover, I am told by Mr. Hamilton of VVishaw, 
 that the contract of marriage is still preserved among the archives of tli^
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 5\g 
 
 6f. With this most virtuous Lady he lived in all conjugal affec- 
 tion, till on the 6th of November 1479, he departed this lile/ leav- 
 ing issue James his successor, and a daughter Elizabeth, married 
 to Matthew Earl of Lennox, grandmother by him of Henry Lord 
 Darnly, Duke of Albany, father of King James VL first monarch 
 of Great Britain. Also, according to Pinkerton, a younger son. 
 Sir Patrick Hamilton, the most eminent of the Scotish knights, 
 who distinguished themselves at the tournaments at the marriage 
 of Margaret of England ; ^ and who was slain, 1520. <" 
 
 Which James being a nobleman endowed with all the great 
 qualities suitable to his high birth, began early to distinguish 
 himself in the public service in the reign of King James IV. ; 
 for whea he was very young, his Majesty called him to his privy- 
 
 family, but I have not seen it ; but there is a charter in my hands dated the 
 1 2th of July 14.74, to James Lord Hamilton and the Lady Mary Stewart, the 
 King's sister, of the lands of Kinneil, &c Moreover, 1 think the testimony 
 of Mr. John Ballenden, archdean of Murray, who was cotemporary with 
 the Lady, whom we find alive in 1515, and for ought I know lived much 
 longer, ought to be regarded- He at the command of King James V. translated 
 Hector Hoethius' History of Scotland into English, printed in the year 536, 
 under this title, "The History and Cronicles of Scotland completed, and 
 newly corrected and amended by the reverend and noble clerk, Mr. Hector 
 Boeis, Caivon of Aberdeen, translated by Mr- John Ballenden, archdean of 
 Murray andcanon of Ross-" And tlicre he says, book xii- cap 5, *' i'lu iir&t 
 daughter of King James IL was married to the Lord Boyd, of wliom w;;i 
 begotten a son, whilk was slain by the Lord Montgomery, and a ilaughter 
 married to the Earl of Casbils ; and after the death of the Lord Boyd, this 
 daughter of King James IL was married on the Lord Hamilton, and tiiat way 
 the house of Hamilton is decorit in the King's blood.'' I say, I think the 
 authority of this learned and ingenuous author should determine any man oi 
 judgment more than a posterior party-writer, such as every one knows George 
 Buchanan was, with all deference to his character otherways- For every body 
 anay perceive, who reads his book, that he takes all opportunities to blacken 
 and misrepresent this noble family, sometimes with veiy great inconsistency 
 with himself, as a judicious historian ; and if this be not sullicient to disprove 
 this i;art of Buchanan'5 history, take albo the testimony of a very ingenious 
 foreign historian Ralph Holin^hed ; who wrote a History of Scotland, wherein 
 he says, " that after the death of the Lord Boyd, the daufehter of King 
 James II was married to the Lord Hamilton " But how far will not an author 
 depart from truth, who is the devoted servant of any parly, as Buchanan was, 
 who wrote the latter pait of his history to sjrvc a particular turn, well enough 
 knov.'n ? 
 
 o Obituary of Glasf,'ow in the chartulary of that metropolitan sec, in the 
 hands of Alexander Baiilie of Castle Carrie, a gentleman well known in the 
 aiiti..ui:icsof his countiy, and who was at great pains to make considcrablf 
 collections very useful for illustrating tl-.e history of the kingdom, 
 e I'iiikeiton, vol ii- p 45- f "^'^
 
 620 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 council, and in 1503, sent him to England to conclnde his mar- 
 riage witii Margart^t, eldest daughter to Henry VII. Soon after 
 which, the said King being sensible of his great merit and emi- 
 nent services, was pleased to give him the baildoni, and create 
 biui Earl of Arran on the lOfh of August 151)6 ; where the re- 
 markable expressions used by liis Majcbty, as tlir just niotive of 
 bestowing the honour, are sutficienl to illustrate those of his pos? 
 terity, and are thus set forth in the. preamble ot his patent. 
 
 *' Sciatis nos, propter propinquitatem sanguinis inter nos et 
 dilectum consanguineum nostrum Jacobum Dominum Hamilton, 
 et pro suo gratuito servitio nobis impenso et impendendo, ac pro 
 suis magnis laboribus et expensis factis et sustentatis pro nostro et 
 Regni nostri honore, tempore contractus Matrimonii nostri in 
 facie Ecclesiae solemnizati apud nostrum Monasterium Sanctae 
 Crucis prope Edinburg. ac cum avisamento et consensu nostri 
 Concilii, ac trium nostri Regni statuum j pro tempore praedicto 
 mature avisatos et ex nostra expressa scientia ac proprio motu de- 
 disse, concessisse, et hac presenti charta nostra confirmasse eidem 
 Jacobo Domino Hamilton totum et integrum Comitatum de 
 Arran jacen. in Vicecomitatu de Bute, &c. s 
 
 8 Charter of erection of the Earldom of Arran in favour of James Lord 
 Hamilton, in the public register of charters- This may likeways serve to cor- 
 rect the mistake of those historians, who say, that when James Lord Hamilton 
 married the sister of King James III he got with her the Earldom of 
 Arran, which marriage 1 have made evident, was in !474 and yet this grant 
 of the Earldom of Arran was not to him, nor his son for twenty-nine years 
 after the marriage of his father and mother. From this we may remark how 
 George Buchanan, and other historians v/ho copy from him, are to be relied 
 on, who took materials and vouchers of their histories from other authors who 
 have wrote before them, and never looked into the national records, where 
 proper materials for a historian are to be found. For I cannot imagine that 
 Mr Buchanan ever gave himself the trouble to turn over one roll in the 
 public archives of the kingdom, otherwise he could not but have discovered 
 the error of Robert Ill's illegitimacy, and many other things relating both 
 to the royal family, as well as to this noble family I now write or : for since 
 the time of King Robert the Bruce, the records are pretty full, so that if dili- 
 gently perused, they would have rectified many very gross errors all our old 
 historiaiis have fallen into, whom Buchanan, as to the history, has followed 
 jexactly ; for he only turned their books into that ornate Latin style we now 
 read his history of Scotland in. For I cannot imagine Buchanan saw the re- 
 cords, otherwise he could not have been so wicked, or so' perverse an histo- 
 rian as to have concealed matters of fact so evident there, and of such im- 
 portance to the royal family, except ye suppose, (as indeed many doj that he 
 was well pleased to find that any before him had wrote of the illegftimacy of 
 King Robert III. and thereby to make it a precedent for the succession of 
 another bastard to the crown, who was his patron, in prejudice of the lawful
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 521 
 
 His Lordship being now higher in dignity, the year following 
 had the comnoand of the forces sent from Scotland to the assist- 
 ance of Christian II. of Denmark ; which service he happily per- 
 formed witli conduct, diligence, and fidelity. Having gone thus 
 successfully through this affair, his royal master again intrusted 
 him with the command of the four thousand men sent into France 
 to the assistance of Lewis XII. where he acquired immortal 
 honour : and when that service was over, he returned home ^ 
 richly rewarded by that Prince, besides a pension during life. 
 WhMe he stayed in France the death of King James IV. happened 
 in the unfortunate battle of Flowdon ; then he returned home to 
 settle the disturbed state of his native country, which ordinarily 
 falls out in all minorities, and stood fair to have been elected re- 
 gent to the young King. Many, says my author, gave their voices 
 for him, as being nearest in blood to the King, and a man affect- 
 ing peace more than others, and every way sufficient for such a 
 charge ; but he generously and justly yielded his pretensions to 
 his cousin german, John Duke of Albany, who was as near to the 
 King in the male, as his Lordship was in the female line. Upon 
 the Duke's promotion to the supreme government, his Lordship 
 was named captain of the castle of Edinburgh, ' provost of that 
 city, and long after, to the great offence of Angus, warden of the 
 Marches toward England, '' 
 
 heirs. And James Duke of Chatlerault being then the presumptive heir of the 
 crown failing of Queen Mary and her young son King James VI, I believe 
 Mr. Buchanan had a particular view to that in his malicious and false asper- 
 sions against that most noble and worthy lord and his family, both in his 
 history, and in another scurrilous pasquil he wrote, entituled, " An Admo- 
 nition to the ti-ue Lords," and which is the most false, and most scandalous 
 writing that ever flowed from the pen of any man of the least worth, which 
 shall be answered elsewhere, to the conviction of any who will allow them- 
 bdves to believe truth, all clearly made out from original writings, acciden- 
 tally come into my hands. 
 
 " Pinkerton says that in his passage back from Frarcc through England, 
 he was detained in Kent, by Vaughan, an officer of Henry, and detained a 
 priso.icr till near the end of the year. See Pink. Hist. vol. ii p. 6i. Th.$ 
 historian gives a melancholy tale of his employing the fleet under lus com- 
 mand to burn Carrickfergus in Ireland Ibid p. 90. 
 ' Drummond's History. 
 
 " " When Albany assumed the regency, the most powerful peers in Scot, 
 land were Angus, Huntley, Arran, Home, Argyle. and Lennox Angu, was 
 yer young and unexperienced ; Huntley continued to be regarded as the ch.ct 
 leader in'the north of Scotland, till his death in 1524? Arran, though pos- 
 sessed of larre estates and vassalage, and strengthened by his connection with 
 the royal biJod, was a nobleman of .ncan t.ilcnts; and Datrc consider^ llomt
 
 522 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Thus far from Craufurd : the remaindei* of this Peer's history 
 is derived from Pinkerton, 
 
 As early as 1-514, a deadly enmity broke out between Arran 
 and the Earl of Angus, who had married the Queen Dowager 
 Margaret. It proceeded to such a height that they collected 
 large bands of their followers, and ravaged each other's posses- 
 sions. ' The former soon afterwards laid an ambuscade to destroy 
 his mortal foe J but it failed. "" In 1515, Home being treacher- 
 ously trepanned by Albany, for being in arms against him, and 
 being committed to the custody of Arran, his brother-in-law, 
 Arran was persuaded to contrive his escape, and to accompany 
 him to England Albany, the regent, revenged Arran's defec- 
 tion, by seizing his castles ; but being met at that of Hamilton 
 by the mother of the rebel Earl, a venerable matron, the sacred 
 relique of a former age, being a daughter of James II. he received 
 her with much respect, and promised a free pardon, if her son 
 would return to his duty. Arran accordingly came to Edinburgh, 
 and resumed his allegiance to the regent; this Earl's character 
 resembling in weakness and irresolution, that of his son and suc- 
 cessor, the first regent during Mary's minority. " In 1519, being 
 lieutenant-general of the kingdom, and provost of Edinburgh, 
 there was a bloody fray in that city between his party and that of 
 Angus. In 1524, he joined himself to the supporters of Queen 
 Margaret,? and soon after solicited, perhaps with the Queen's 
 connivance, a continuance of the French alliance : i but was in 
 the same year employed to hold a conference with Norfolk on the 
 part of England. '' In the following year he was reconciled to 
 Angus, though it is said that Margaret wished to prolong their 
 dissention.' But this reconciliation was hollow, Arran remained 
 firmly attached to Margaret, and shared her resentment against 
 her brother Henry, whose confidence he had never won, and 
 whom he had irritated by his pride during his short-lived power. 
 Arran, though he had retired to his estates in the west, resolved to 
 have recourse to prevent the ratification of the treaty of peace 
 with England, in 1526. But James himself, accompanied by 
 
 in the same light, ami undervalues his power, though so much exalted by 
 some of our historians : his unresisted fail shews that what influence lie 
 ever possessed rested chiefly in the favour of his late sovereign *' Pinkerton, 
 vol. ii p 136 
 
 ' Pinkerton, vol- ii. p. 125. "> Ibid p 126- 
 
 n Ibid- p. 152. I) Ibid. p. 179. 1' Ibid p. 2^6. 
 
 1 Ibid. p. 244- ' Ibid p. 251. Ibid. p. 265.
 
 DUKE OF BRA.NDON. 523 
 
 Angus, Argyle, and Lennox, anct about 5000 men, advanced 
 against the rebels and defeated them. ' 
 
 In this year Margaret ruined her influence by her divorce 
 from Angus, and her marriage with her paramour Henry Stuart } 
 and Arran abandoned her desperate cause to join the chancellor, 
 his relation, and Angus; who carefully endeavoured to preserve 
 Lis attachment. Every thing now yielded to the power of the 
 Douglases ; and the young monarch became a cypher in their 
 hands. Lennox prepared for a decisive effort to redeem his sove- 
 reign. He raised a force of ten or twelve thousand men, and ad- 
 vanced to Stirling. Arran was sent to oppose him, with the hope 
 that as he was Lennox's uncle, he could detach him from the en- 
 terprizt; ; but this hope not only failed, but increased his rage. 
 Nothing was now left to be done but to fly to arms. When the 
 shout of Douglas! arose on the approach of Angus, the troops of 
 Lennox fled. On advancing into the field, Arran was found 
 weeping over the body of Lennox, his slaughtered kinsman, upon 
 which he had spread his scarlet cloak, and exclaiming with 
 anguish, *' the wisest, the best, the bravest man in Scotland has 
 fallen !" " Offices were now crowded upon the house of Douglas 5 
 and Arran advanced in years, and stung with repentance for tha 
 death of Lennox, left the court and abandoned the government 
 wholly to Angus. ^ He died in 1530, 
 
 His first wife was Beatrix, daughter of John Lord Drum- 
 mond,y by whom he had only one daughter Margaret, married to 
 Andrew Stewart Lord Evandale and Ochiltree, ^ and after her 
 death, Elizabeth, sister to Alexander Lord Hume, lord high chani- 
 berlain oi Scotland ; but being divorced from her, he was again 
 
 * Pink, vol ii. p 271- " Ibid, p 281. " Ibid p. zSj- 
 
 y Charta in Rotulis Jacobi IV. 
 
 ' My Lord Stratliailan's historical account of the family of Perth, pcnc. 
 Jo Drunimond, M. D. 
 
 " Tliis is fully made evident from the process of Divorce at the instar.ce 
 of the said James Earl of Arran, as it was led and deduced bctorc Mi. P;u:ick 
 Coventree, and other judges delegate for that Eiicct, in 1513, and is siill 
 preserved in the charter chest of the family, whereby it appears she had hccii 
 formerly married to Sir Thomas Hay who then was alive, nnd socouid not be 
 married to any other man. This, by the by, is sufficient to ccn.ct the lui.- 
 take of the author of a hi -tory of the church of .Scotlaad, called Knox's His- . 
 tory, who makes James Duke of Chutlerault born in unlawful wedlock, in 
 regard Klizabeth Hume his father's first wife was alive; but that author had 
 not access to sec or know of this divorce, otherwise I have more durity for 
 him than to think he would have transmitted a falsehood tc poitciity Th'.iS 
 I'ar C;:wru.J ; but sec Pinkcrton, vol. ii p i?')
 
 524 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 enabled to marry, so he next took to wife Janet, daughter of Sir 
 David Beaton of Crich in Vic. de Fife, comptroller in the reign of 
 King James IV, widow of Sir Robert Livingston of Easter Weems, 
 by whom he had, 
 
 James, Earl of Arran. 
 - Helen, married to Archibald Earl of Argyle. 
 
 Jane, to Alexander Earl of Glencairn. 
 
 This Earl was succeeded by 
 
 James his son. In 1536, when he was but a very young man, 
 he was one of the lords who attended King James V. by his 
 special appointment in his voyage to France, when he espoused 
 Magdalen, daughter to Francis I. ^ afterwards in 1539, when the 
 foresaid King had a Prince born to him by Mary of Lorrain his 
 next Queen, he had the honour to stand godfather to him. "= His 
 Lordship was very forward in offering the King his service 
 toward the suppressing the incursions of the English, under the 
 command of Sir Thomas Wharton, and had the command of that 
 body which was sent to defend the east border, where he soon 
 heard the mortifying news of the loss of the army at Solway, 
 which was not long after attended with the death of that monarch, 
 who yielded his last breath on the 14th of December 1542 : then 
 my Lord Arran was, by the unanimous consent "* of parliament 
 chosen protector to the young Queen Mary, and governor of 
 Scotland, which was ratified by an act of the three estates, in 
 which, " the lords spiritual and temporal, and commissioners of 
 burgs, declare James Earl of Arran Lord Hamilton, second person 
 of the realm, and nearest to succeed to the crown of^the same, 
 failing of our sovereign lady, and the bairns lawfully to be 
 begotten of her and none others ; and by reason thereof tutor 
 lawful to the Queen's grace and governor of the realm, and he to 
 use the said office in all things until the perfect age of our said 
 sovereign lady, and all the leiges of this realm, to answer and 
 obey the said Earl as tutor lawful to her grace, and governor fore- 
 said, in all things concerning the said office, conform to the act 
 made hereupon." ^ 
 
 ^ Drummond's History of King James V. c Ibid. 
 
 << At the instigation of those nobles who wished for a reformation of re- 
 ligion, says Robertson, and who dreaded the severity of his competitor Car- 
 dinal Beatoun 
 
 ' The original of this act is in the custody of the family of Hamilton, 
 bearing date 13th of March 1543. to which all the seals of the noblemen, pre- 
 lates and burroughs are appended, which I have seen, and from which I took 
 this note.
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 525 
 
 As soon as the Earl was in possession of the government he 
 sent the Earl of Glencairn, Sir George Douglas, William Hamil- 
 ton of Sanquhar, James Learmont of Balcomy, and Mr. Henry 
 Balnaves of Hall Hill, secretary of state, unto England, in order 
 to treat both about a peace, which was become necessary, by 
 reason of the King's death, and other concurring circumstances, 
 and a match betwixt the infant Queen and Edward Prince of 
 England. Accordingly a peace, or at least an abstinence, as it 
 was then termed, and a marriage betwixt the Queen and Prince 
 Edward were agreed to, and ratified by a great majority in the 
 parliament, which met at Edinburgh in August 1543. But Ro- 
 bertson says this compliance with the schemes of England dis- 
 gusted the nation. 
 
 Robertson gives the following character of him. 
 
 " He was in almost every thing the reverse of Cardinal Bea- 
 toun. He was neither infected with ambition, nor inclined to 
 cruelty. The love of ease extinguished the former j the softness 
 of his temper preserved him from the latter. Timidity and irre- 
 folution were his predominant failings 5 the one occasioned by his 
 natural constitution, and the other arising from a consciousness 
 that his abilities were not equal to his station. With these dispo- 
 sitions he might have enjoyed and adorned private lifej but his 
 public conduct was without courage or dignity, or consistence. 
 The perpetual slave of his own fears, and by consequence the per- 
 petual tool of those, who found their advantage in practising upon 
 them. But as no other person could be set in opposition to the 
 Cardinal, with any probability of success, the nation declared in 
 his favour with so general a consent, that the artifices of his rival 
 could not withstand his united strength." 
 
 The remaining history of this Peer's life is the history of Scot- 
 land during that period ; and as it has been ably detailed by 
 Robertson and other authors, who are in every one's hands, it 
 would be a waste of time as well as room to repeat it here. 
 
 I shall only observe, that by his mean concessions to the court 
 of France, he obtained the title oi Duke of Cliatelherault in that 
 kingdom, in 1549 j and that by the intrigues of the Queen 
 Dowager, Mary of Guise, he weakly resigned the regency to her 
 in 1551 } that in 1565, having joined Murray's faction, he was 
 driven into France j from whence he was sent back in 15<i9 to 
 strengthen the Queen's faction, and was made her lieutenant 
 general ; and after various other fluctuations, died at home Ja- 
 nuary 22d, 15/5.
 
 526 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 This noble Duke raarried Margaret, eldest daughter of Jame 
 Douglas Earl of Morton, by whom he had issue, 
 
 James Earl of Arran, his eldest son, a gentleman of the highest 
 expectations, who gave early proofs of inheriting all the virtues of 
 bis ancestors to an eminent degree, but he became defective in 
 his understanding, and thereupon retired from the world, dying 
 without succession, anno 1609. 
 
 Lord John, thereafter Marquis of Hamilton. 
 
 Lord Claud, progenitor to the Marquis of Abercorn. 
 
 Lord David, who died a young man. 
 
 Lady Margaret, married to Alexander Lord Gordon, son and 
 heir of George Earl of Huntly, saris issue, and after his death to 
 James Lord Fleming, ancestor to the Earl of Wigton. 
 
 Lady Anne to George Earl of Huntly, lord high chancellor of 
 Scotland, progenitor to the present Duke of Gordon. 
 
 Lady Jean, married to Hugh third Earl of Eglingtoun, but 
 had no succession. 
 
 His successor, as aforesaid, James Earl of Arran, his eldest 
 son, being non compos mentis, John, his next brother, repre- 
 sented the family. 
 
 This noble Lord was born in 1532, and had by the bounty 
 of King James V. the commendatory of Arbroath abbey, one of 
 the richest benefices in Scotland, bestowed on him, anno 1541,^ 
 by which tiile he was designed for some time after. We hear 
 not much of his conduct till the breaking out of the civil war in 
 Queen Mary's time, anno 1567, that he most faithfully adhered 
 to her Majesty's interest, and upon her imprisonment in the 
 castle of Lochlevin, his Lordship with several others entered into 
 an association, wherein they promise " To use their utmost en- 
 deavours by all reasonable means to procure her Majesty's free- 
 dom and liberty, upon such honest conditions as may stand with 
 her Majesty's honour, the commonweal of the whole realm, and 
 security of the whole nobility, who at present have her Majesty 
 in keeping. Whereby this our native realm may be governed, 
 ruled, and guided by her Majesty and her nobility, for the com- 
 mon quietness, the administration of justice, and weal of the 
 country. And in case the noblemen^ who have at present her 
 Majesty in their hands, refuse to set her at liberty upon such 
 
 f Charta in Bibllotheca Juridica MS. a Gulielino Wilson Clerico Sessionis 
 dcputato, Facultati Juridicae donata, eoderaque in Regni hujus AntiquitatibU* 
 haud parum vcrsato.
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 527 
 
 reasonable conditions, as said is, in that case, we shall employ oar- 
 selves, our kindred, friends, servants and partakers, our bodies 
 and lives to set her highness at liberty, as said is ; and also to con- 
 cur to the punishment of the murther of the King her Majesty'* 
 husband ; and for sure preservation of the person of the Prince, 
 as we shall answer to God, and on our own honours and credit ; 
 and to that effect shall concur every one with other at our utmost 
 power. And if any shall set opon us, or any of us, for the doing, 
 as aforesaid, in that case, we promise faithfully to espouse one 
 another's interest under pain of perjury and infamy, as we shall 
 answer to God." 
 
 My Lord Hamilton's roost loyal and firm adherence to the 
 crown was very dear to him, for the contrary faction who were 
 roasters of the young King, prosecuted him and his family with 
 the utmost severity, for no other reason but because they owned 
 Queen Mary's authority, and therefore in one of their parliaments 
 held in October 1579, both he and his brother Lord Claud were 
 forfeited. My Lord John, to avoid the storm that threatened him, 
 fled on foot in a seaman's habit into England, and from thence 
 made his escape into France^ where he was kindly entertained by 
 James Beaten Bishop of Glasgow, then ambassador at the French 
 court for Queen Mary ; here he had great great offers made him 
 by the house of Guise, if he would change his religion, and em- 
 brace popery ; but such was the goodness of God toward him, that 
 he persevered in his religion, which though it lost him the favour 
 of the French court, it preserved him the peace of his conscience, 
 which he ever afterward reckoned one of the most .signal favours 
 of heaven toward him. Notwithstanding the hard usage his 
 Lordship met with, he continued trae and faithful to the Queen 
 to the last, of which her Majesty was so sensible, that when that 
 severe and unparalleled sentence of death was passed on her in 
 England, she look a ring off her finger and gave it to one of her 
 servants, and ordered him to carry it to her cousin Ix)rd John 
 Hamilton, and tell him that, " that was all she had to witness 
 her great sen.se of his family's constant fidelity to her, and their 
 sufferings for her interest, and dt-sired it itjigiit be stiil kept in the 
 familv as a lasting evidence of her kindness fo it." f 
 
 This noble Lord in the course of his exile sojourned in divers 
 foreign parts, till some time after King J.nne. IV. came to manage 
 
 f This Ring is still pre erve 1 w th a due rcfard in ;hc faii.ily to this day, 
 andi have scon it in my Lady Dutiicss of Hamilton's custody.
 
 528 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 by his own councils, that he returned to Scotland, nnd on the 1st 
 of November 1585, together with several other Lords and Barons, 
 petitioned the King to redress certain grievances of the nation, * 
 representing to him in a humble manner, " that the hard han- 
 dling by .partial persons about his Majesty, had compelled them 
 upon plain necessity, and for their last refuge to take the boldness 
 to come into his presence in arms for the surety of their lives and 
 lands j" adding, " that they were ever humbly minded to serve 
 his Majesty, and obey him hereafter, as became dutiful and loyal 
 subjects." To which the King replied, " that though their en- 
 terprize was treasonable, yet in respect of their necessity, and in 
 hope of their good behaviour in time coming, he would remit the 
 crime." And further directing himself to my Lord Hamilton, he 
 said, " My Lord, I did never see you before, and must confess, 
 that of all this company you have been the most wronged, you 
 were a faithful servant to the Queen my mother in my minority, 
 and when I understood not, as I do now, the state of things, 
 hardly used." Hereupon a parliament was called, wherein the 
 act of forfeiture of the Hamiltons was repealed, and the family 
 again restored to all the titles of honour, estate, and precedency, 
 lost either by the attainder of himself, or of James Earl of Arran, 
 his brother ; and the same year his Lordship was sworn of the 
 privy-council, and constituted captain of his Majesty's castle of 
 Dumbarton. The King placing great confidence in the fidelity 
 of this Lord, was pleased in 1588 ' to give him a commission 
 under his privy seal to be ambassador extraordinar)' to accomplish 
 the marriage betwixt his Majesty and the Princess Anne of Den- 
 mark, and this with full consent of his privy-council ; but his 
 Lordship dechning that honour by reason of his age, and the King 
 himself going in person to Denmark, his Majesty named my 
 Lord Hamilton lieutenant of the South of Scotland, which great 
 trust he discharged fully to his Majesty's satisfaction, and the ex- 
 pectations he had conceived of him. The royal favour toward his 
 Lordship did not stop here, but the King, in memory of his long 
 and faithful services, was pleased to raise-him to the degree and 
 dignity of Marquis of Hamilton with great ceremony on the IQth 
 of April 1599, ^ continuing ever afterward without any the least 
 interruption in great esteem with that Prince, who gave him fre- 
 
 h Sir James Melvil's Memoirs- 
 
 Writes of the pvivy seal in the public records- 
 
 '^ Sir George Mackenzie's Heraldry.
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 529 
 
 quent visits at his palace of Hamilton, and treated him with the 
 same respect the Queen his mother had done the Duke of Chat- 
 tlerault, and called him always father. To conclude, this noble 
 person died in the highest favour with Prince and people, the 12th 
 of April 1604, ' and was interred among his ancestors in the col- 
 legiate church of Hamilton, leaving a son and a daughter behind 
 him by Margaret his wife, daughter of John Lord Glamis, ancestor 
 to the Earl of Strathmore, James his successor, and Margaret, 
 married to John Lord Maxwell, ancestor to the late Earls of 
 Nithsdale. 
 
 John Marquis of Hamilton was succeeded by James his son, 
 who was born in 1589. After his accession to the honour, he 
 was appointed one of the lords of his Majesty privy-council, and 
 afterwards preferred to be one of the gentlemen of the bed 
 chamber 3 and that he might the better support his character, his 
 Majesty was pleased to dissolve from the crown the abbey lands, 
 with the patronages and tithes of the monastery of Arbroath in 
 Forfarshire, and to erect them into a temporal lordship in favour 
 of my Lord Marquis, and that especially in consideration of his 
 father's faithfulness and sufferings for Queen Mary, by his 
 royal charter bearing date the 5th of May 1608." 
 
 Besides this vast augmentation of his fortune in lands, he like- 
 wise bore several great offices in that Prince's reign, as lord high 
 steward of his Majesty's household, and lord high commissioner 
 to the parlia^'nent which began on the 25th of July 1621," 
 wherein the five articles of Perth assembly were ratified, and 
 after having surmounted all the difficulties that occurred in that 
 ticklish juncture, '^ put a period to that session on the 27th day 
 of August ensuing. His Lordship highly meriting for his services 
 to the crown, his Majesty was pleased in recompence thereof, on 
 the '^th of June 1619, to create him a peer of England by the 
 honoi.r of Earl of Cameridgk (a title that had only been borne 
 by very illustrious persons, all of the royal family of England :) 
 and as a further instance of his royal favour, to admit his Lord- 
 ship into the mo^t noble order of the garter, and accordingly he 
 was installed at Windsor /th of July l623. From henceforth 
 living in the highest favour with his Prince, whose affection and 
 esteem he had a greater power over than any man of that time. 
 
 I Charta in Cancellaria, S D N. R. 
 m Charta in Rotulis Jacobi VI. ad annum 1608. 
 Mr. Calderwood's History ofthc Church of Scotland 
 TOL. I. '^ *'
 
 %. 
 
 630 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 says one, the Duke of Buckingham only excepted, he departed 
 this life at London in the prime of his age the 3d of March lb'25, 
 aged thirty-six years, to the great grief of the King, who prophe- 
 tically apprehended, that as the branches were now cut down, the 
 root would quickly follow ; for the Duke of Lennox died the 
 l6th of February preceding, and his Majesty's death happened 
 on the 27th of March ensuing. 
 
 He married Anne, daughter of James Earl of Glencairn, by 
 whom he had issue three sons and three daughters. 
 J^mes Duke of Hamilton. 
 William Duke of Hamilton, 
 Lord John Hamilton died young. 
 
 Lady Anne, married to Hugh Earl of Eglington, and had 
 issue. 
 
 Lady Margaret, to John Earl of Crawfurd, and had issue. 
 Lady Mary, to James Earl of Queensbury, but had no issue. 
 James Marquis of Hamilton, his son, was born on the 19th of 
 June 1606} he had his education in Scotland till, in the fourteenth 
 year of his age, he was sent for to court, and itsarried to the Lady 
 Mary Feilding, daughter of William Earl of Denbigh, by Susarma, 
 sister to George Duke of Buckingham. After which he went to 
 the University of Oxford, where he continued during the time it 
 was judged necessary his Lordship should follow his studies 
 there. 
 
 The next qualification for a young nobleman, was to ac- 
 complish himself with travelling into foreign countries, which he 
 did into France, Spain, and several other parts beyond sea, Dr. 
 James BaiUie of Carnbrew accompanying him as his governor^ who 
 faithfully discharged the trust reposed in him. 
 
 Upon King Charles's coming to the crown he was sworn of 
 his Majesty's most honourable privy-council in both kingdoms ; 
 and that he might have a nearer relation to the court, was con- 
 stituted gentleman of the bed chamber, and on the 18th of June 
 1628, preferred to be master of the horse, then void by the death 
 of the Duke of Buckingham, Neither are we to forget that his 
 Majesty was pleased to honour his Lordship with the dignity of 
 the most noble order of the garter, anno 1630, at the baptism of 
 King Charles II. where my Lord Marquis had the honour to re- 
 present the King of Bohemia as one of the godfathers at the 
 font, 
 
 Pr- Burnet's Memoirs of the Dukes of HamiltoiK
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 531 
 
 In 1629, his Majesty taking into his consideration the state of 
 the King of Bohemia his brother-in-law, was pleased from the 
 entire confidence he had in the Marquis to allow him to treat 
 with Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, for raising an army of 
 six thousand men to join that monarch in his expedition into 
 Germany, to be employed against the royalists, for the recovery of 
 the Palatinate. P And it is more remarkable, that this Lord 
 should be intrusted with so great a command, because he was but 
 then twenty three years of age j but that enterprize ending with- 
 out so much advantage as was expected from such an army to the 
 protestant cause, neither his absence, nor want of thorough suc- 
 cess in his negociation, diminished in the least his master's esteem 
 of him ; for upon his return to court, he was received with all the 
 respect that could be given a subject. 
 
 Upon the first insurrection in Scotland, annol638, occasioned 
 by the pressing of the Liturgy, he was sent down as his Majesty's 
 high commissioner to the general assembly of the church, with 
 instructions to compose and appease the disorders of the nation, 
 then in a great ferment ; but in that judicature my Lord Marquia 
 not being able to carry what the King designed, he according to 
 order dissolved the meeting, and inhibited them to sit any longer 
 under pain of rebellion, which was all his Lordship could do. 
 Next year he was intrusted with the command of the fleet sent 
 down to reduce the Covenanters to their duty to the King ; his 
 Majesty himself being at the head of six thousand land forces, 
 advanced as far as Berwick, but by the Marquis's mediation and 
 good ofRces with the King, a treaty was set on foot, and a pacifi- 
 cation ensued. 
 
 This Peer, like his great grandfather, makes such a particular 
 figure in the general histories of his time; and his actions are so 
 minutely detailed by Lord Clarendon, as well as in the large 
 volume of memoirs of him and his brother, written by Bishop 
 Burnet, that I must refer the reader to those works for a full ac- 
 count of him. Lord Clarendon indeed, who perhaps was a little 
 prejudiced against him, speaks very bitterly of him, as the follow- 
 ing extract will prove, 
 
 " The Marquis of Hamilton had more enemies and fewer 
 friends in town or country, than either Laud, Strafl'ord, or Cot- 
 tington. His interest in the King's affection was at least equal, 
 and thought to be superior to any man's ; and he had received as 
 
 * Dr. Burnet makei out this fully
 
 53.2 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 invidious instances and marlis of those affections. He had more 
 outfaced the law in bold projects and pressures upon the people, 
 than any other man durst have presumed to do, as especially in 
 the projects of wine and iron ; about the last of which, and the 
 most gross, he had a sharp contest with the Lord Coventry (who 
 was a good wresler too) and at last compelled him to let it pass 
 the seal : the entire profit of which always reverted to himself, 
 and such as were bis pensioners. He had been the sole manager 
 of the business of Scotland, till the pacification ; the readiest man, 
 though then absent, to advise the pacification ; and the most visible 
 author of the breach of it. Lastly, the discoveries between the Lord 
 Mackey and David Ramsey, by which the Marquis was accused of 
 designing to make himself King of Scotland, were fresh in many 
 men's memories, and the late passages in that kingdom had re- 
 vived it in others ; so that he might reasonably have expected as 
 ill a presage for himself from those fortune tellers, as the most 
 melancholic of the other : but as he had been always most careful 
 and solicitous for himself, so he was most likely to be apprehen- 
 sive on his own behalf, and to provide accordingly."'' On April 
 I2th, 1643, he was created Duke of Hamilton. 
 
 When it was agreed to, that an army should be raised for the 
 relief of his Majesty, his Grace was appointed gei^.eral, and it 
 having been levied with all the diligence imaginable, entered 
 England about the 8th of July 1648, consisting of twelve thousand 
 foot, and five thousand horse, and next day had the town of 
 Carlyle delivered to them from Sir PhiJip Musgrave, " and after 
 some days stay there, he marched to Kendal, and thence to Preston 
 in Lancashire, where he was so closely pursued by Cromwell's 
 horse, under Lambert, that on the 20th of August l648, his whole 
 army was routed, and his Grace put to the necessity of rendering 
 himself prisoner upon articles of capitulation at Exeter in Stafford- 
 shire, to the Lord Grey of Groby, ' from whence he was carried 
 to Ashby, where he continued, till, the beginning of December, he 
 was sent prisoner to Windsor, where he had the society of the 
 Earls of Norwich and Holland, and the Lord Capel, common 
 sufferers in the same cause with himself, where they were all kept 
 in close restraint till the murder of the King. The Duke then 
 
 1 History of the Rebellion, vol. i p. 152. 
 ' The Life of James Duke of Hamilton. 
 The capitulation is set down at length in Dr. Burnet's Memoirs of the 
 Dukes of Hamilton, and Peerage of England.
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 533 
 
 perceiving his own danger, attempted to make an escape, * in 
 which he had so well succeeded, that he was out of his enemies' 
 hands full three days ; but being impatient to be at a greater dis- 
 tance from them, he was apprehended as he was taking horse in 
 Southwark, and taken prisoner to the Tower, from whence he 
 was on the 6th of February l64g, brought before that monstrous 
 high court of justice, whose hands were still reeking in the 
 blood of their sovereign. Mr, Steel and Mr. Cook, council for 
 the parliament, exhibited a charge of high treason against him, 
 " that he the Earl of Cambridge had traitorously invaded the 
 nation in a hostile manner, and levied war to assist the King 
 against the kingdom and people of England, &c." In his defence 
 he used all the lawful mearft in the world, and insisted upon the 
 right and privilege of the kingdom of Scotland; that it had not the 
 least dependance upon the kingdom of England, but was entirely 
 governed by its own lawsj that he being a subject of that king- 
 dom, was bound to obey the commands thereof, and the parlia- 
 ment of that kingdom having thought it necessary to raise an 
 army for the relief of their King, and constituted him general of 
 that army, it was not lawful for him to refuse the command 
 thereof; and whatever misfortune he had undergone with it, he 
 could not be understood to be liable to any punishment but what 
 a prisoner of war was bound to undergo. He was told, that the 
 rights and laws of the kingdom of Scotland were not called in 
 question, nor could be violated by their proceedings against him, 
 who was a subject of England, against which he was charged 
 with rebellion and treason, that they did not proceed against him 
 as Duke Hamilton of Scotland, but as Earl of Cambridge of 
 England, and they would judge him as such. 
 
 His council, Mr. Hales, Mr. Chute, and Mr. Parsons, de- 
 fended him with great learning and judgment, as may be seen 
 in Bishop Burnet's Memoirs of his life at large ; but all arguments 
 in his favour signified nothing; he was borne down with the 
 torrent of the times, and together with the Earls of Holland and 
 Norwich, the Lord Capel, and Sir John Oven, had sentence of 
 death pronounced against them to lose their heads. To conclude 
 the fate of this great person, he was, on the 9th day of March 
 1649, brought to Westminster, the place appointed for his ex- 
 ecution, and ascending the scaffold with a composed and un- 
 daunted courage, he spoke of Ms devotion to the church of Scot- 
 
 ' Life of James Duke of Hamilton-
 
 534 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 land and the protestant religion established by law, and professed 
 in that church, of his loyalty to the King, whose restoration and 
 prosperity he heartily prayed for, and affection to the welfare and 
 happiness of the kingdom as matters unquestionable. After which, 
 with a marvellous tranquillity of mind, he delivered his head to 
 the block, which severed it from his body at one blow, which, 
 together with the body, was conveyed by sea into Scotland, and 
 buried in the church of Hamilton, according to his own order. 
 
 His Grace, by Mary his wife aforesaid, daughter of William 
 Earl of Denbigh, besides three sons and a daughter who died in 
 their childhood, had two daughters who survived him. Lady 
 Anne Duchess of Hamilton, and Lady Susanna, married to John 
 Earl of Cassilis. 
 
 James Duke of Hamilton being thus impiously cut off, leav- 
 ing no sons behind him, his estate and honour did descend to 
 William Earl of Lanerk, his brother j he was born mi the 14th of 
 December I616, " being deprived of his father in the ninth year 
 of his age : his mother, a lady among the most eminent in all 
 virtues, redoubled her care of his education in the schools and 
 university at home, and then his brother the Duke sent him 
 abroad ^ to qualify him by travel and otherways for the service 
 of his country, continuing beyond sea till his twenty-first year, Jf 
 anno 1637. His Majesty King Charles I, conceiving an extraor- 
 dinarily good opinion of him, was graciously pleased, as a distin- 
 guishing mark of his favour, by letters patent bearing date the 
 31st of March 1639, to honour him with the titles of Earl of 
 Lanerk, Lord Machanshire and Polmont ; ' and William Earl of 
 Stirling, secretary for Scotland, giving way to fate iu the begin- 
 ning of the year l640, ^ the King discerning my Lord Lanerk 
 adorned with all the qualifications he judged necessary for the 
 discharge of that employment, was pleased to promote him thereto, 
 an office his Lordship discharged with eminent sufficiency, and 
 the general applause of all men for some years after, though it it 
 remarkable he was but aged twenty-four years at his promotion. 
 
 The cruel and bloody civil war hastening on, my Lord Lanerk 
 used his utmost endeavours to allay the unhappy differences 
 
 u Life of William Duke of Hamilton. 
 . '^ Bishop Burnet's Memoirs of the Dukes of Hamilton. / Ibid- 
 
 * Diploma Gulielmi Comitis de Lanerk in Rotulis Car- I- ad annum 
 1639. 
 
 Lives of the Officers of State, MS- penes me.
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 535 
 
 which had arisen between his Majesty and his subjects of both 
 kingdoms, and bent all his thoughts to mediate a peace to the 
 honour and safety of the king, and tlie welfare and happiness of 
 the kingdom In the convention of estates which met on the 
 22d of June 1^43, '^ hfs Lordship acted with his usual zeal for 
 the public good ; but discerning that the royal party in that as- 
 sembly had not authority or power enouglj to cross any thing 
 that was done to the prejudice of the King, '^ and that a direct 
 protesiation against the convention in that conjuncture of time 
 was to destroy themselves to no purpose, his Lordship and other 
 loyai perrs did give in a declaration, and took instruments both in 
 the Kings na.-ne and their own, '^ which was all that could be 
 prudently done in that season ; soon after which my Lord Lanerk, 
 for reasons, and from motives that history is altogether silent in, 
 and which is not clear enough to this time, put the King's 
 signet, with which he was intrusted as secretary, to the procla- 
 mation for the general rendezvous of all men in the kingdom 
 from such an age to such an age, whereby the army was presently 
 formed, which afterwards joined with the parliament of England 
 against the King, the fatal consequences of which are so well 
 known, that ihey need not be told.*^ This action was not 
 thought capable of any excuse, and was afterwards very much 
 represented to his disadvantage, and was the first cause of the 
 King's jealousy, both of the Duke his brother, and his Lordship, 
 and thereby their sincerity and affection to his Majesty's service 
 came to be very much called in question ; but the Earl of Lanerk 
 presuming he had enough to excuse himself of any disloyalty, as 
 soon as the convention was over, went with his brother the Duke 
 to wait on the King at Oxford, ' being confident that when he 
 should be admitted to speak wiih his Majesty, he would give 
 him satisfation in that affair, s Upon their arrival there, both 
 the brothers were put under a confinement ; but the Earl per- 
 ceiving'' that they were not likely to obtain a trial for clearing 
 their innocence, and discovering the forgeries of their accusers, 
 and his Lordship fearing a long and cruel imprisonment, he made 
 his escape by means of Sir James Cunningham, and presently re- 
 paired to London. After some stay there, returning to Scotland^ 
 
 b The Bishop of Dunkeld's Memoirs of the Civil War. 
 
 Earl of Clarendon's History, and Bishop Burnet's Memoirs compared. 
 
 d Burnet's Memoirs. e Clarendon's History.' 
 
 f Guthrie's Memoirs. ^ Clarendon's History 
 
 b Burnet's Memoirs.
 
 536 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 he easilj found means to make his peace with the estates by 
 taking of the covenant, ' whereby he came to have a great influ- 
 ence on their counsels, and did tsot a little contribute to moderate 
 the fury of the leading men of that side, to hearken to proposi- 
 tions for peace and accommodation with the King. 
 
 After this we hear not much of the conduct of the Earl till 
 16463 when the king came to the Scots army at Newark, he was 
 with other two lords sent commissioner from the committee of 
 estates with an humble offer of their duty to his Majesty, and of 
 their sincere intentions to serve him, and withal to give him as- 
 surance that the preservation of his sacred person, and his just 
 power and greatness, was and should ever be dear to them. Here 
 my Lord Lanerk used all the persuasions, and all the importu- 
 nities he could with his Majesty, to give satisfaction to the desires 
 of his subjects, and as a preparation to this, that he would send 
 his positive orders to the Marquis of Montrose to lay down his 
 arras, extirpate prelacy out of England as he had done in Scot- 
 land, and to agree to such propositions as should be brought from 
 the two houses in England. The first proposal he graciously 
 condescended to ; to the next, he returned this answer, " That 
 when he was satisfied in his conscience of the lawfulness of what 
 they desired, then and never till then would he grant their de- 
 mands." As for the message from the English parliament, it was 
 so high, that his Majesty could not grant it, for my Lord Clarendon 
 says, " It contained such an eradication of the government of the 
 church and state, that the King told them, he knew not what 
 answer to make to them, till he should be informed what power 
 or authority they had left him and his heirs, when he had given 
 all to them which they desired," 
 
 On that ominous day, l6th of January 1647, when the great 
 transaction came to be debated in parliament about the disposing 
 of his Majesty's person, who was in the hands of the army, 
 whether they should leave him in England to the two houses, yea 
 or not, thus was the question stated, against giving up of the 
 King, my Lord Lanerk argued strenuously, and spoke against it, 
 as the most barefaced violation of their faith and allegiance to de- 
 liver up their native Prince, who had put himself into their hands 
 against his will and consent, into tlie custody of such as would 
 put his sacred person in imminent hazard ; but to the eternal in- 
 famy of the majority of that convention it was carried, to deliver 
 
 > Guthrie's Memoirs.
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 5Sf 
 
 up the King, whereat his Lordship was so perfectly overwhelmed 
 with the horror of so sinful and shameful a deed, that he ex- 
 pressed his dissent from it in so passionate a manner, that it would 
 be to do him wrong to omit to give it in his own words : " as God 
 shall have mercy on my soul," said he, " at the great day, I 
 would rather choose to have my head struck, off at the cross of 
 Edinburgh, than give my consent to this vote," and then adds, 
 " that this was the blackest day that ever Scotland saw." "^ 
 
 As the E.irl of Lanerk had from the very beginning of the 
 war been always disposed to peace, so shortly after this, by his 
 dexterity and influence, a treaty was set on foot betwixt the King 
 and the parliament of Scotland, his Lordship, with the Earls of 
 Lauderdale and Loudon being appointed commissioners for that 
 end, in pursuance of which laudable design they repaired to his 
 Majesty as soon as he was at the Isle of Wight, and undertook to 
 invade England with an army to restore him to his just rights j 
 and in order to this they proposed to him many conditions which 
 would be necessary for his Majesty to perform towards the nation, 
 without which it would not be easy to induce them to be so una- 
 nimous in an engagement for him, as was necessary for such an 
 enterprise. They required that the Prince of Wales should be 
 present with them, and march at the head of their army. That 
 such a number of Scotchmen should be always in the court, of 
 the bed chamber, and all other places about the persons of the 
 King, Prince, and Duke of York. That Berwick and Carlyle 
 should be put into their hands. They demanded moreover, that 
 as soon as his Majesty could with freedom, honour, and safety, be 
 present in a free parliament, to confirm the solemn league and 
 covenant by act of parliament, providing that none who was 
 unwilling should be constrained to take it. They likewise obliged 
 his Majesty to confirm presbyterian government in England for 
 three years, and after the expiration of that time, such a govern- 
 ment shall be determined by his Majesty and the two houses of 
 parliament as was most agreeable to the word of God. That an 
 
 '' Bishop Burnet's Memoirs. " I wish latest posterity may not forever have 
 cause to remark, with equal sorrow and regret, the same ominous day three- 
 score years, viz sixteenth of January one thousand seven hundred and seven* 
 on which the late treaty of union betwixt the two nations was ratified and 
 approven by act of parliament, whereby alas ! Scotland is now no more- Well 
 may Scotchmen, who think on the transactions of that day say with the poet, 
 * Quis taliafando temperet a lachrimis " Crawfurd. 
 ' Clarendon's History.
 
 538 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 effectual course shall be taken for the suppressing of all heresies, 
 and all principles and practices contrary to the principles of Chris- 
 tianity, This agreement his Majesty was pleased to sign the 26th 
 of December 1647, '" and to oblige himself on the word of a King 
 to perform his part of the treaty, as the commissioners also en- 
 gaged themselves, upon their honour, faith, and conscience, and 
 all that is dear to honest men, to endeavour to the utmost of their 
 power that the kingdom of Scotland should engage to perform 
 what was on its part to be performed. 
 
 Any body who reads this treaty, in which his Majesty's con- 
 cessions are so full, could scarcely have thought that any party 
 would not have been perfectly pleased with it, and so all would 
 indifferently concur in that dutiful, loyal, and generous design of 
 relieving the King, then made a close prisoner by Oliver Crom- 
 well and the officers of the army : but the rigid clergy and the 
 lords of that side, not only declared against the engagement as 
 unlawful and sinful, " and all the persons who advanced and pro- 
 moted it as deserters of the covenant, but also raised what force 
 they could in the western counties to oppose it, which at last came 
 to be formed into a kind of an army under the command of the 
 Earls of Eglintoun, Lowdoun, and some of the leading clergy, * 
 whom for respect to their character, as churchmen, I won't name. 
 Against this illegal insurrection, the committee of estates ordered 
 some troops to be levied, which the Earl of Lanerk was chosen to 
 command ; but his Lordship was so sincerely and thoroughly de- 
 voted to preserve the peace of his country, and to accommodate 
 matters calmly and without blood, that he brought the matter to 
 an agreement very much against his mind, and to his prejudice } 
 yet so violent and perfidious, beyond what can be imagined, were 
 these times, that though my Lord Lanerk complied with them in 
 their own terms, in whatever they demanded, yet knowing his 
 Lordship to be a thorough paced loyalist, and that his principles 
 were quite opposite to their designs, they resolved to be rid of 
 him at any rate : and therefore, without the least pretence of any 
 breach of any article of their treaty, they put him under a restraint, 
 resolving to send him to their brethren in England, who had by 
 this time barbarously murdered the King, to be punished as an 
 incendiary, that is, to have his head cut off; wherefore he thought 
 it his most advisable course to get out of the sight of the cala- 
 
 The Earl of Clareiidon in his History has the substance of the treaty- 
 Bishop Guthrie's Mcmoir. Ibid.
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 539 
 
 mity of his country, and to retire beyond sea, which he did into 
 Holland, with an offer of his service to King Charles II. " And 
 brought with him," says the Lord Clarendon, " a heart and affec- 
 tion clearer and less clogged with scruples and reservations for the 
 King's service, than any other of the nation had." When his 
 Lordship arrived at the Hague, he first came to know that he was 
 Duke of Hamilton by the slaughter of his brother) this sad news 
 afflicted him so much, that he kept his chamber for some days, 
 without so nnuch as waiting on the King, who sent a gracious 
 message to him to condole for the loss of his brother : and all the 
 lords, and other persons of quality about the King made their 
 visits of condolence to him with all civility. His Grace stayed in 
 the Netherlands till the King and commissioners from Scotland 
 had agreed to the terms on which they would make him their 
 King : my Lord Duke being very instrumental to prevail upon 
 his Majesty to submit to the most rigid terms the kirk required 
 of him. At the same time, in the end of \64Q, his Majesty was 
 pleased to acknowledge and recompense the Duke's loyalty and 
 merit, by bestowing the garter on him as a distinguishing mark 
 of his royal favour. He accompanied his Majesty to Scotland 
 anno l650, but his enemies would not permit him to come to 
 court ; so having given his Majesty the best advice he could, with 
 his leave, he retired to the isle of Arran, where he stayed till the 
 parliament met at Stirling in l65l ; then his Grace was suffered 
 to come to court, being welcomed by the King, and nearest in his 
 confidence. So soon as the army was raised for restoring the 
 King, my Lord Duke raised a troop of horse for his Majesty's 
 service on his own charge, with which he marched to the fatal 
 battle of Worcester the 3d of September \65l ; charging the 
 enemy very vigorously, he received a shot in his leg, whereby he 
 fell into the enemy's hands, and on the 1 1th of September died of 
 his wounds, and thereby prevented the being made a spectacle 
 as his brother had been, which the pride and animosity of his 
 enemies would no doubt have caused to be, having the same pre- 
 tence for it by his being a peer of England, as the other was. 
 The Earl of Clarendon having furnished me a character of this 
 noble Duke in his history of the civil war, I shall presume to in- 
 sert it in his words. " He was," says that noble Lord, " a man 
 not inferior in wisdom and parts of understanding to the wisest 
 men of the nation, of great honour, courage, and sincerity in his 
 nature, and, which was a rare virtue in the men of that time, was 
 itill the same man he pretended to be, and in truth was in all re-
 
 ^40 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 spects a very accomplished person, of an excellent judgment, and 
 clear and ready expression ; and though he had been driven into 
 several unwarrantable actions, he made it very evident he had 
 not been led by any inclination of his own, and passionately and 
 heartily run to all opportunities of redeeming it ; and in the very 
 article of his death he expressed a marvellous cheerfulness, that he 
 had the honour to lose his life in the King's service, and thereby 
 to wipe out the memory of his former transgressions, which he 
 always professed were odious to himself." 
 
 He married, in iGSJ, Elizabeth, daughter and coheir of James 
 Maxwell Earl of Dirletoun, by whom he had a son James, who 
 died an infant ; also four daughters. 
 
 Lady Anne, married to Robert, third Earl of Southesk, and 
 had issue. 
 
 Lady Elizabeth, to James Lord Kilmaurs, son to the Earl of 
 Glencairn, and again to Sir David Cunningham of Robertland, 
 sans issue. 
 
 Lady Mary, to Alexander Earl of Callendar, after his death 
 to Sir James Livingstoun of "West Quarter, and last of all to James 
 Earl of Finlater. 
 
 Lady Margaret to William Blair of that Ilk, in Vicecomet, de 
 Air, and had issue. 
 
 Upon the decease of William Duke of Hamilton, without 
 issue male of his own body, the estate and honour of the family, 
 did devolve on his niece the Lady Anne, eldest daughter of James 
 Duke of Hamilton, a lady, who for constancy of mind, evenness 
 of temper, solidity of judgment, and an unaffected piety, will 
 leave a shining character, as well as example to posterity, for her 
 conduct as a wife, a mother, a mistress, and in all other condi- 
 tions of life. Her Grace married William Douglas Earl of Sel- 
 kirk, eldest son of William the first Marquis of Douglas, by 
 Mary his second wife, daughter of George Marquis of Huntly, 
 who by the marriage articles yielded to change botli his surname, 
 ^nd the surname of all his children to Hamilton, whereupon he 
 yj-as by King Charles IL raised to the dignity of Duke of Hamilton 
 for his own lifetime, ' by letters patent, on the 20th of September 
 1660. 
 
 In 1666, he was appointed president of the Scotch convention, 
 but during the major part of that reign, remained in opposition, 
 disapproving of much of Lauderdale's conduct j notwithstanding 
 
 f Charta in Rotulis Car, II ad annum 1660-
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 541 
 
 he had the order of the garter conferred on him in l682. He 
 was more in favour with James II. but he concurred in the revo- 
 lution ; and was president of the Scotch convention, which placed 
 the crown on "William III. 
 
 He died at Holyrood house, April 18th, 1694, set. sixty. " At 
 this time," saya Burnet, " two great men died in Scotland ; the 
 Dukes of Hamilton and Queensbury : they were brothers-in\law, 
 and had been long great friends ; but they became irreconcilable 
 enemies. The first had more application, but the other had the 
 greater genius ; they were incompatible with each other j and 
 indeed with all other persons ; for both loved to be absolute and 
 to direct every thing." 1 
 
 Burnet had before given this character of him : " He was a 
 son of the Marquis of Douglas, made Earl of Selkirk, and had 
 married the heiress of the family of Hamilton, who by her father's 
 patent was Duchess of Hamilton : and when the heiress of a 
 title in Scotland marries one not equal to her in rank, it is ordi- 
 nary at her desire, to give her husband the title for life: so he 
 was made Duhe of Hamilton. He then passed for a soft man, 
 who minded nothing but the recovery of that family from the 
 great debts under which it was sinking, till it was raised up again 
 by his great management. After he had compassed that, he 
 became a more considerable man. He wanted all sort of polish- 
 ing : he was rough and sullen, but candid and sincere. His 
 temper was boisterous, neither fit to submit nor to govern. He 
 was mutinous when out of power, and imperious in it. He wrote 
 well, but spoke ill: for his judgment when calm was better than 
 his imagination. He made himself a great master in the know- 
 ledge of the laws, of the history, and of the families of Scotland ; 
 
 J " In 1671," says Burnet, " my acquaintance at Hamilton, and the 
 favour and friendship I met with, from the Duke and Duchess, made me 
 offer my service to them, in order to the search of many papers, that were 
 very carefully jireservedby them : for the Duchess's uncle had charged her to 
 keep them with the same care, as she kept the writings of her ettate; since 
 in these a full justification of her father's public actings, and of his own, 
 would be found, when she should put them into the hands of one that could 
 set them in order, and in a due light. She put them all in my hands, which 
 I acknowledge was a very great trust ; and I made no ill use of it- I found 
 there materials for a very large history. I writ it with great sincerity, and I 
 concealed none of their errors I did indeed conceal several things that related 
 to the King : I left out some passages, thut were in his letters ; in some of 
 which was too much weakness, and in others too much craft and anger- I 
 got through that work in a few months." Burnet's O. T. vol i p. 298.
 
 542 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 and seemed always to have a regard to justice, and the good of his 
 country : but a narrow and selfish temper brought such an habi- 
 tual meanness on him, that he was not capable of designing or 
 undertaking great things." ' 
 
 By Anne, his Duchess aforesaid, he had issue James, Earl of 
 Arran, who succeeded him ; Lord William, who died in France, 
 a bachelor ; Charles Earl of Selkirk ; John Earl of Rutherglen -, 
 George Earl of Orkney j Lord Basil, a gentleman of singular ac- 
 complishments, and of an affable and generous disposition, which 
 procured him a general esteem, and he had undoubtedly appeared 
 an ornament to his country, had not death prevented it in the 
 bloom of his life, anno 1701. He married Mary, only child and 
 beir of Sir David Dunbar, of Baldoon, in the county of Wigton, 
 or Galloway, in Scotland, Bart, and by her had two sons, and two 
 daughters, viz. Mary, wedded to John Murray, of Philiphaugh, 
 Esq. ; and Catharine, to Thomas Cochran, Earl of Dundonald. 
 Lord Basil's two sons were William, who died young, and Basil, 
 who married Isabella, daughter of colonel Alexander Mackenzie, 
 third son of Kenneth, Earl of Seaforth, and by her had Dunbar, 
 afterwards Earl of Selkirk, and who resumed the surname of 
 Douglas; Basil, who died young; Mary wedded, in 1/45, to 
 Ronald Macdonald, Esq. then the younger of Clanronald; and 
 Elizabeth, who died young. 
 
 Lord Archibald, the seventh and youngest son of William and 
 Anne, Duke and Duchess of Hamilton, was, on August Sth, 171O, 
 appointed captain general and governor in chief of the island of 
 Jamaica. On March 25th, 1740, he was appointed master of his 
 Majesty's royal hospital at Greenwich, and one of the commis- 
 sioners or governors thereof. Lord Archibald married Lady Jane, 
 daughter of James Hamilton, Earl of Abt-rcoin, and by her had 
 three sons, whereof Frederick was one of the chaplains in ordi- 
 nary to his Majesty; Archibald, who died 1744, in the seven- 
 teenth year of his age, is buried in Westminster abbey ; and Sir 
 William Hamilton, K. B. many years his Majesty's minister at 
 Naples, and well known for his taste in the arts, and his splendid 
 publications on Roman antiquities, who married, first, January 
 25th, 1758, Miss Barlow, of South Wales; and secondly, Mrs. 
 Emma Hart, who is now his widow. He died without issue, 
 April 6th, 1803, aet, seventy-four. And a daughter Elizabeth, 
 
 Burnet's OT vol i p. 103.
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 543 
 
 married to Francis Lord Brooke, afterwards Earl Brooke, and Earl 
 of Warwick, and mother of the present Earl. 
 
 William and Anne, Duke and Duchess of Hamilton, had also 
 three daughters. Lady Catherine, married to John Duke of Atholl j 
 Lady Susan, married first to John Cochran, Earl of Dundonald, 
 and afterwards to James Hay, Marquis of Twedale } and Lady 
 Margaret, married to James Maule, Earl of Panmure. 
 
 James, Earl of Arran, born April 11th, l6"58, who succeeded 
 his father in the dukedom, having, after his education in the uni- 
 versity of Glasgow, spent some time in travel, on his return, dis- 
 covered so much good sense, agreeable humour, and pleasant wit, 
 that he soon became distinguished by Charles II. who appointed 
 him one of the gentlemen of his bedchamber, and continued him 
 till his death. He also was appointed his Majesty's envoy extra- 
 ordinary to Lewis XIV. King of France, A. D. ]683, to congratu- 
 late him upon the birth of his grandson, Philip Duke of Anjou, 
 after King of Spain. He continued some time in France, and 
 served two campaigns under the King as aid-de-camp (the late 
 Dauphine of France, and he, being sworn aid-de-camps at the 
 same time) where he gained an universal good character. During 
 his abode in France, England was unfortunately deprived of their 
 Prince : but his successor James IL continued to have the same 
 regard for the Duke (then Earl of Arran) and named him his 
 envoy extraordinary to the court of France ; and after his return 
 to England, made him knight of the most noble and most ancient 
 order of the Thistle, or St. Andrew, in Scotland, master of the 
 wardrobe, and on July 25th, 1685, colonel of the royal (now first) 
 regiment of horse. He continued with that unfortunate Prince 
 to the last ; and though he highly disapproved of his administra- 
 tion, yet, en the revolution, he freely declared his opinion, that 
 the irregularities committed were not sufficient to dissolve his al- 
 legiance ; and therefore when he was called to a meeting of the 
 peers of Scotland, then in London, to concert measures in that ex- 
 traordinary juncture, he strenuously opposed the addressing the 
 Prince of Orange to take on him the government of the country, 
 delivering his opinion in the following words,* " I have all the 
 honour and deference for the Prince of Orange imaginable ; I 
 think him a brave Prince, and that we owe him great obligations 
 in contributing so much for our delivery from popery ; but while 
 
 ' Miscellany Cbllections of the year 1689
 
 544 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 I pay those praises, I cannot violate my duty to my master ; I 
 must distinguish between his popery and his person ; I dislike the 
 one, but have sworn and do owe allegiance to the other, which 
 makes it impossible for me to sign away that which I cannot for- 
 bear believing is the King my master's right j for his present ab- 
 sence frona us in France, can no more affect my duty than his 
 longer absence from us has done all this while ; and the Prince 
 desiring our advice, mine is, that we should move his Majesty to 
 return and call a free parliament for the securing of our religion 
 and property, which in my humble opinion, will at last be found 
 the best way to heal all our breaches :" and at the same time, 
 with several other lords, proposed the calling back King James, 
 and that a free parliament might redress the grievances of the 
 nation : and his notions in this great affair, with his obligations 
 to King James, had such an effect on him, that he retired from 
 public business for several years ; and being suspected of holding 
 correspondence with the court, after its removal to St. Germains, 
 was twice sent to the Tower, but discharged without any prose- 
 cution. In 1698, at the request of the nobility and gentry of 
 Scotland, who thought themselves much prejudiced by the treat- 
 ment they met with in relation to the settlement at Darien, he 
 was prevailed on to take the oaths to the government, and appear 
 in that affair. On August 20th, idgj, the Duchess, his mother, 
 made a surrender of her titles in his favour (he being then Earl 
 of Arran only) and a patent was signed, which bears date at Loe, 
 August lOth, 1698, creating him Duke of Hamilton, &c. with 
 precedency by his grandfather's creation, July 12th, l643, in the 
 same manner, as though he had succeeded thereto by his mother's 
 death. After the conclusion of the union,* which he vehemently 
 opposed, he continued in Scotland till the time of the intended 
 invasion of the Pretender, in 17O8, when, amongst many others 
 of the nobility of that nation, he was taken into custody of mes- 
 sengers, and brought to London, but was set at liberty on his 
 giving bail, which was soon after discharged j and he imme- 
 
 * Burnet says, *' The jealousy of the Presbyterians took such root in manyt 
 that no assurances that were offered could allay their fears : it was infused in 
 them chiefly by the old Duchess of Hamilton, who had great credit with them : 
 and it was suggested, that she and her son had particular views, as hoping, 
 that, if Scotland should continue a separated kingdom, the crown might come 
 into their family, they being next in blood, after King James's posterity." 
 Burnet's O. T vol ii. p. 459.
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 645 
 
 diately returned to Scotland, and by his interest, got himself, and 
 six more of his friends, elected peers to sit in the house of lords, 
 contrary to the united interest of the then ministry. On October 
 11th, 1710, he was made Lord Lieutenant of the county palatine 
 of Lancaster, Gustos Rotulorum for the said county, and ranger 
 of her Majesty's forests there, and admiral of the sea coasts ; and 
 December 13th, the same year, sworn one of her most honourable 
 privy-council. 
 
 The next year he was created a peer of Great Britain, by the 
 title of Duke of Brandon, in com. Suff. and Baron of Dutton, 
 in com. Gest. by letters patent, " bearing date September 10th ; 
 but his Grace's right thereby to a seat in the House of Peers was 
 not allowed, that assembly having resolved that no peer of Scot- 
 land was capable of being created a peer of Great Britain,'' 
 
 On the death of the Earl Rivers, in 1712, he was, August 
 29th, that year, constituted master general of the ordnance, and 
 soon after elected one of the knights companions of the most noble 
 order of the garter, and installed at Windsor October 26th, the 
 same year. And though his Grace met with considerable oppo- 
 sition, and had a precedent against him, yet he prevailed with the 
 Queen to allow him to keep both orders 3 her Majesty being so 
 well satisfied with the reasonableness of it, that she was pleased 
 to declare, she would wear both orders herself. In 1/13, he was 
 appointed ambassador extraordinary to the court of France ; but 
 before he could set out for that kingdom, he was in a duel with 
 Charles, Lord Mohun (whom he slew on the spot) unfortunately 
 killed, November 15th, not without suspicion of being stabbed 
 by Maccartney, Lord Mohun's second ; which occasioned a pro- 
 clamation to be issueJ, for the apprehending the said Maccartney, 
 and five hundred pounds were offered by the government for that 
 service, to which the Duchess promised a farther reward of three 
 hundred pounds. The peers of North Britain gave a public testi- 
 mony of their great regard to the memory of the Duke, by unit- 
 ing in an address to her Majesty, that she would please to write 
 to all the Kings and states in alliance with her, not to shelter the 
 infamous man who was suspected to have committed this ex- 
 ecrable fact, but to cause him to be apprehended, if he should re- 
 tire within their dominions, and to send him over to Great Britain 
 
 " The preamble to which may be seen in Crawford's Peerage of Scot- 
 land, fol. 216. 
 
 X See a full account of this dispute, in Burnet's O. T. vol ii. p. 587. 
 VOL. I. 2 N
 
 S4S PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 that he might come to public justice : but general Maccartney, 
 having taken refuge at Hanover, and taking his trial at the court 
 of King's Bench, June 13th, 1716, was acquitted of the murder, 
 and only found guilty of manslaughter, by direction of the court. 
 The occasion of the duel being, that his Grace and Lord Mohun, 
 having married two ladies who were near relations, boih nieces to 
 Charles, Earl of Macclesfield, and having been at law some time 
 for an estate, they met on the 13th of December, at Mr, Orlebar's 
 chambers in the Ilolls, where, upon the examination of Mr. 
 Whitworth, who had been steward to the Lady Gerrard and the 
 Macclesfield family, the Duke happening to say, " He had neither 
 truth nor justice in himj" Lord Mohun replied, " He had as 
 much truth as his Grace j" upon which, a challenge was carried 
 by lieutenant general Maccartney, y Lord Mohun's second, who, 
 according to the positive oath of colonel Hamilton, the Duke's 
 second, (and the general opinion,) wounded the Duke in the side 
 after Lord Mohun fell, which wound was supposed the immediate 
 cause of the Duke's death, ^ 
 
 " He was considered," says Burnet, "not only in Scotlantl, 
 but here in England, as the head of his party." He adds, "^ I 
 will give no character of him : I am sorry I cannot say so much 
 good of him, as I could wish, and I had too much kindness for 
 him to say any evil without necessity," 
 
 His Grace had to his first wife Lady Anne, daughter to Robert 
 Spencer, Earl of Sunderland, by whom he had two daughters. 
 Lady Anne, and Lady Mary, that died young j and this Lady 
 deceasing, at his Grace's house of Kinneil in Scotland, in 169O, 
 was buried at Hamilton. 
 
 He married to his second wife Elizabeth, daughter and sole 
 heir to Digby, Lord Gerrard of Bromley, with whom he had a 
 very considerable estate in Lancashire and Staffordshire. His 
 children by her were Lady Elizabeth, who died young 5 Lady 
 Catherine, who died that day seven-night the Duke her father 
 was killed 3 
 
 James, Duke of Hamilton and Brandon. 
 
 Lady Charlotte, who wedded Charles Edwin, Esq. and was 
 
 J See Lysons's Environs, vol. iv. p. 47 
 X General Macartney was employed by George I- on the breaking out of 
 the Preston Rebellion, in bringing over the 6000 Dutch forces ; and after- 
 wards surrendering himself and taking his trial at the bar of the King's Bench, 
 was found guilty of man-slaughter. He died in Kensington square, in July 
 1730-
 
 DUKE OF BRANDON. 547 
 
 one of the ladies of tlie bed chamber to the late Princess Dowager 
 of Wales, she died February 5th, 1777, aged seventy-four. 
 
 Lord William, who married in 1732, Anne,* daughter of 
 Francis Hawes, Esq. and dying without issue, at his house in 
 Pall Mall, July llth, 1734, was interred, with great solemnity, 
 in the burial place of his ancestors, at Hamilton ; his Lady sur- 
 viving, in May 1735, was married to William^ second Lord Vis- 
 count Vane. 
 
 Lady Susan, married, in 1 736, to Tracy Keck, of Great Tew 
 in Oxfordshire, Esq. 
 
 And Lord Anne (so named after Queen Anne) who by his 
 
 wife, Mary, daughter of Pownell, left a son. 
 
 Which James, third Duke of Hamilton, and second Duke 
 OF Bhandon, on September 24th, 1720, was appointed a knight 
 companion of the ancient order of St. Andrew or the Thistle, On 
 the accession of his late Majesty, I727, he was appointed one of 
 the gentlemen of his bed-chamber. 
 
 His Grace married to his first wife. Lady Anne, daughter to 
 John Cochrane, Earl of Dundonald in Scotland, and by her (who 
 died August 14th, 1724, in the eighteenth year of her age) had 
 a son 
 
 James, fourth Duke of Hamilton. 
 
 His Grace secondly married, in 1727. Elizabeth, daughter 
 and coheir of Thomas Strangeways, of Melbury-Sandford, in the 
 county of Dorset, Esq. ; but she died November 3d, 1729, with- 
 out issue, and is buried at Melbury, aforesaid. 
 
 His Grace thirdly married Elizabeth, daughter and heir of 
 Edward Spencer of Rendlesham, in Suffolk, Esq. by whom he 
 had two sons. 
 
 Lord Archibald, now Duke of Hamilton. 
 And Lord Spencer, lieutenant colonel in the foot guards, died 
 March 29th, 179I, aet. forty-nine, at Paris, unmarried. 
 
 Also a daughter. Lady Anne, married, in 176I. to John Chi- 
 chester, Earl, afterwards Marquis, of Donnegal in Ireland, mother 
 of the present Marquis. 
 
 His Grace departed this life in March 1742-3, and his widow, 
 on December 24th, 1751, was remarried to the Honourable Richard 
 Savage Nassau, second son of Frederic late Earl of Rochford ; 
 her Grace died March 9th, 1771- His Grace was suceeeded by 
 his eldest son, 
 
 a Of whom See Ferine Pickle.
 
 548 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 jAMs,THtKD DuKE OF Beandon, and fourth Duke ofHamiltoitf 
 &c. who married, February 14th, 1752, Elizabeth, second daughter 
 of John Gunning, Esq. by his wife Bridget, daughter of John, 
 Lord ViscoQnt Mayo, of Ireland, and sister to the Countess of 
 Coventry, by whom he had issue, 
 
 James George, fifth Duke of Hamiltofi. 
 
 Douglas, the late Duke of Hamilton. 
 
 And a daughter, Lady Elizabeth, born on January 26th, 1753"; 
 and married on June 12th, 1774, to Edward Smith Stanley, Lord 
 Strange, now Earl of Derby ; she died March 14th, 1797' 
 
 In March 1755, his Grace was elected a Knight companion 
 of the most ancient Order of the Thistle : and departed this life, 
 January ipth, 1758, in the thirty-fourth year of his age, at Great 
 Tew, in Oxfordshire ; leaving his Duchess a widow, who on 
 March 3d, 1759, took to her second husband general John Camp- 
 bell, afterwards Duke of Argyle : her Grace was lady of the bed 
 chamber to the Queen, and Baroness Hambleton in her own right, 
 and died December 20th, 1790. 
 
 James George, Jifth Duke of Hamilton, and fourth Duke 
 OF Brandon, was born February 18th, 1755 ; and on the decease 
 of Archibald, Duke of Douglas, December 1st, 1761, succeeded 
 to the titles oi Marquis of Douglas, Earl of Angus, &c. but de- 
 parted this life on July 7th, 1769, ^ unmarried, and rs buried with 
 his ancestors in the chapel of Hamilton palace, being succeeded 
 in titles and estates by his only brother, 
 
 Douglas Hamilton, the fifth Duke of Brandon, and 
 sixth of Hamilton, &c. His Grace was born July 24 th, 17 b6, and 
 on November 25th, 1777. was appointed to the office of keeper 
 of his Majesty's palace of Linlithgow, and the castle of Blackness 
 in Scotland} on April 5th, 1778. his Grace was married by a 
 special licence, to Elizabeth, daughter of the late Peter Burrell, 
 Esq. who re-married, August 19th, 1 800, Henry, kte Marquis of 
 Exeter. He died without issue August 19th, 1799, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his uncle. 
 
 Lord Archibald Hamilton, seventh Duke of Hamilton, and 
 SIXTH Duke of Brandon, born July 1740, who married, May 
 25th, 1765, Lady Harriet Stewart, sister to John Earl of Gallo'- 
 way, by whom he has issue. 
 
 First, Alexander Marquis of Douglas, called up to the house 
 
 bin this year his claim to the Douglas estates was decided against him 
 on an appeal to the House of Lords. See title Douglas of Douglas in vol. viii.
 
 t)UKE OF BRANDON. 54g 
 
 tjf peers as Lord Button j born October 3d, 1767, married, 
 April 24th, 1810, Susan Eufemia, youngest daughter of William 
 Beckford, Eiq. of Fonthill, Wilts, by Lady Margaret, daughter of 
 Charles, fourth Earl of Aboyne. 
 
 Second, Lord Archibald, born March l6th, 1769, M. P. for 
 Lanarkshire. 
 
 Thirds Lady Charlotte, born 1772, married, June 24th, 1800, 
 Edward Adolphus, now Duke of Somerset. 
 
 Fourth, Lady Susan, born July 17/4, married, August 4th, 
 1803, Viscount Fincastle, now Earl of Dunmore. 
 
 Titles. Archibald Hamilton, Duke of Hamilton, and Duke 
 of Brandon, Marquis of Hamilton and Douglas, and Baron of 
 Dutton J and Duke of Chattelherault in France, being the tenth 
 of his family who has possessed that Duchy. 
 
 Creations. Baron of Dutton, in com. Cest. lOth September, 
 1711, 9 Queen Anne; Marquis of Hamilton, 19th April, 1599, 
 32 James VI. ; Marquis of Douglas, June 17th, l633 j Duke of 
 Hamilton, 12th April, l643, IQ Car. I. and again 10th August 
 169S, 11 Will. III. Duke of Brandon, in com. Suff. September 
 10th, J711, 9 Queen Anne; and Duke of Chattelherault, .... 
 1549, by Henry II. King of France. 
 
 Arms. Four grand quarters : first quarterly, first and fourth 
 Gules, three cinqfoils, pierced, ermine, for Hamilton; second and 
 third Argent, a ship with its sails furled up, Sable, for the Earl- 
 dom of Arran : second grand quarter. Argent, a human heart 
 crowned with an imperial crown, proper, and on a chief. Azure, 
 ihrce mullets. Argent, for Douglas : third grand quarter as the 
 second : and the fourth as the first. 
 
 Crest. Out of a ducal coronet. Or, an oak fructed proper, 
 having a frame saw transversely fixed in the body of it, of the 
 first. 
 
 Supporters. Two Antelopes, Argent, armed and gorged with 
 ducal coronets. Or; chains affixed to the coronets, and their 
 hoofs, of the second. 
 
 Motto. Through. 
 
 Chief Seats. At Hamilton, in the county of Lanark, and at 
 Kinniel, in the county of Stirling. 
 
 END OF VOL. I. 
 
 T. Bensley, Printer, 
 Bolt Court, Fleet Street, Loadon.
 
 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 
 
 DUKE OF CORNWALL. 
 
 Vol. I. p. 39. 
 
 On February 5th, 1811, the royal assent was given by a commh- 
 sion under the great seal to an act, appointing his Royal Highness 
 the Prince of Wales Regent {under temporary restrictions) of 
 tlie British empire. 
 
 The progress of this important step was as follows : 
 The British parliament, which lay under prorogation, had 
 met on November 1st, 1810j on which day a proclamation was 
 issued by the King in council, stating it to be his Majesty's plea- 
 sure, that it should be further prorogued. This proclamation, 
 which was not of itself sufficient for the prorogation of parlia- 
 ment, was to be followed of course, by the usual commission, 
 signed by the King, and read in the House of Lords by commis- 
 sioners appointed for that purpose. But the royal sign manual 
 was not to be obtained. The parental and tender heart of the 
 King was wrung with inexpressible grief and anguish, at the 
 protracted sufferings which terminated November 2d, in the death 
 of his youngest and favourite daughter, the Princess Amelia. His 
 whole soul was absorbed in the sufferings and fate of his amiable 
 daughter, who had always returned his parental affection with 
 exquisite sensibility and duty. He could not think or speak of 
 any thing else. The powers of his understanding were impaired 3 
 and the mental malady, under which he had laboured in 1 788, 
 returned. Committees were appointed by both houses of parlia- 
 ment for the examination of physicians, who were examined ac- 
 cordingly on the state of his Majesty's health. In this, and other 
 necessary points, they were guided in their proceedings by the 
 precedent of 1788. On December 20th, the House of Commons 
 passed a bill, appointing his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales 
 Regent of the kingdom under certain limitations, during the in- 
 disposition of his Majesty. On the 26th, the Lords acceded to 
 VOL. I. 20
 
 552 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 the resolution of the Commons. "* In the following month, the 
 mode of proceeding chalked out by this bill was argued with 
 much warmth by the opposition, who urged the mode of Address 
 in preference. 
 
 On this occasion the Speaker did himself honour by the fol- 
 lowing constitutional speech. 
 
 " The Speaker (Mr. Abbot) said, that after strong protesta- 
 tions made by gentlemen on this question, and which were so 
 disparaging to the character of the proceedings adopted by that 
 House, he confessed he could not prevail on himself to give a 
 silent vote on this question. In the earlier stages of these pro- 
 ceedings, he had abstained from offering himself to the notice of 
 the House, because he did not think he could have thrown any 
 new light on the subject, and therefore did not wish to enter ge- 
 nerally into the debate. But now the question was brought to 
 such a state that, from respect to the House, he felt it necessarj' to 
 give the opinions which occurred to him. First, he would take 
 notice of the assertion made at the lirst meeting of the House, 
 (hat it was not to be considered as a House of parliament, and that 
 it was a matter of doubt whether the meeting was legal. He 
 hoped an assertion of that kind would never be heard in that 
 House without due reprobation ; and he considered it as a most 
 mischievous thing to say, that its members were not the lawful 
 representatives of the people. It was most clear from the reason 
 of the thing, and the usages of the constitution, that where any 
 impediment arose in the exercise of the government, new and ex- 
 traordinary powers devolved upon the House of Commons: it 
 then became the right and the duty of the House to fill up the 
 
 , chasm in the constitution. The task was difBcult and hazardous; 
 but from the peculiar state of public affairs, duties and powers 
 devolved upon the House, which must remove every doubt as to 
 the legality of its proceedings. This course of proceeding was 
 fully justified by precedent. At the time of the Restoration, the 
 two Houses of Parliament, surrounded as they were by difBculties, 
 did for a time wield the sceptre of the absent monarch, for the pur- 
 pose of enabling that monarch to resume his throne. They passed 
 acts and caused money to be issued for the public service ; and 
 what they did then was afterwards confirmed by law. Similar 
 proceedings took place at the Revolution, when the two Houses 
 appointed a new king. He therefore felt convinced, that the pre- 
 
 Ann. Register, igxo. History, p. 267.
 
 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 553 
 
 sent proceedings were just and right ; and that no other could be 
 so effectual for the purposes the two Houses had in view. He 
 would now content himself with expressing his approbation of the 
 opinion given twenty-two years ago by the then Speaker of the 
 House. In the course of these debates, it was agreed on all hands, 
 that the Houses had the right of filling up any vacancy in the 
 throne. If the throne was full, the Houses could not proceed to 
 electa second king; but in a state of afi'airs like the present, 
 where in the vacancy there was a living monarch, it was the 
 right and duty of the House to provide in the manner recently 
 done, and not by Address. The House should take that course 
 which it must have done in the appointment of a regency while 
 the king was in perfect health; and on that ground he thought 
 the great seal might be used as an instrument obedient to the 
 will of Parliament, which had the right to command it when 
 there was no other power that could exercise it; for the great 
 senl was not merely an instrument for the use of the king, but 
 one that was to be used for the benefit of the people. He did 
 not think that the rash inconsiderate expi'essions of fiction, fraud, 
 and forgery, applied to this proceeding, had any foundation in 
 truth ; for in the body of the instrument, purporting to come from 
 the king, it Misstated to be by the advice of the privy-council ; it 
 was made out by responsible ministers, and confirmed and ordered 
 by Parliament. At all events, it was justified by the necessity of the 
 case. The House was now arming the Regent with a shield that 
 was impenetrable, and with a sword that was irresistible. It was 
 much better that an act should be done which would be contem- 
 poraneous, and have all the forms of solemnity, than any proceed- 
 ing by Address. For these reasons he would support the resolu- 
 tion, as a proceeding most beneficial to the country, and most 
 conducive to the security of the monarchy."'^ 
 
 On February 2d, 1811, the resolution authorizing certain 
 lords to apply the great seal to a commission for granting the 
 royal assent to the Regency Bill, passed the Lords; and en Fe- 
 bruary 4th, it passed the Commons. 
 
 On February 5th, the Lord Chancellor, Earls Camden and 
 Westmoreland, and the Duke of Montrose, took their seats in the 
 Lords as Commissioners; and the Commons being in attendance 
 at the bar, the Lord Chancellor said : 
 
 " My Lords and Gentlemen, in execution of the commission 
 
 ^' Gent. Mag. i8ii, Part I. p. 165.
 
 354 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 which has now been read to you, we are commanded by his Royal 
 Highness the Prince Regent to express in the strongest manner 
 how deeply he laments, not only in common with all his Majesty's 
 loyal subjects, but with a personal and filial affection, the great 
 national calamity which has been the occasion of imposing upon 
 his Royal Highness the duty of exercising in his Majesty's name 
 the Royal authority of this kingdom. In conveying to you the 
 sense, which his Royal Highness entertains of the great difficulties 
 attending the important trust which is reposed in him, his Royal 
 Highness commands us to assure you, that he looks with the 
 most perfect confidence to the wisdom and zeal of parliament, 
 and the attachment of a loyal and affectionate people, for the most 
 effectual assistance and support 3 and his Royal Highness will on 
 his part exert his utmost endeavours to direct the powers with 
 which he is invested to the advancement of the prosperity, wel- 
 fare, and security of his Majesty's dominions." 
 
 February 6th, 181 1, being the day appointed for swearing in 
 the Prince of Wales as Regent, about a quarter before two o'clock, 
 all the Dukes, and a very numerous assemblage of privy-coun- 
 sellors met at Carleton-House. The whole of the magnificent 
 suite of state apartments were opened, and the illustrious persons 
 were all ushered into the gold room (so called from the style of 
 the ornaments) ; almost every privy counsellor in town was pre- 
 sent, and they were above an hundred in number. A message 
 was brought from the Prince to the President of tlie Council, Earl 
 Camden, desiring his attendance on the Prince in an adjoining 
 room, according to the usual form, to communicate to him offici- 
 ally the return to the summons, &c. After his return, the Prince 
 approached in grand procession, preceded by the officers of his 
 council. They passed through the room where the privy coun- 
 sellors were assembled, through the circular drawing-room, into 
 the grand saloon (a beautiful room in scarlet drapery, embellished 
 with portraits of all the most distinguished admirals who have 
 fought the battles that have given us the dominion over the seas) : 
 and here the Prince seated himself at the top of the table, his 
 royal brothers and cousin sealing themselves on each hand accord- 
 ing to seniority, and all the officers of his household, not privy 
 counsellors, ranging themselves on each side of the entrance to 
 the saloon. The Prince then spoke to the following effect: 
 " My Lords, I understand that by the act passed by the Parlia- 
 ment appointing me Regent of the United Kingdom, in the name 
 and on behalf of his Majesty, I am required to take certain oaths.
 
 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 555 
 
 and to make the declaration prescribed." The Lord Privy Seal then 
 rose, made his reverence, approached the Regent, and read from 
 a parchment the oaths as follovi'Sj the Prince with an audible 
 voice pronounced after him : " I do sincerely promise and swear, 
 that I will faithfully execute the office of Regent of the United 
 Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, according to law, the power 
 and authority, vested in me by virtue of the said act ; and that I 
 will it) all things to the utmost of my power and ability consult 
 and maintain the safety, honour, and dignity of his Majesty and 
 the welfare of his people. So help me God." And the Prince 
 subscribed the two oaths. The Lord President then presented to 
 his Royal Highness the declaration, mentioned in an act made in 
 the thirtieth year of King Charles II. intituled, " An Act for the 
 more effectual preserving the King's person, by disabling papists 
 from sitting in either house of parliament ;" and which declaration 
 his Royal Highness audibly made, repeated, and subscribed. The 
 Lord President signed first, and every one of the privy counsellors 
 in succession signed the instrument as witnesses, and the same 
 were delivered into the hand of the keeper of the records. The 
 Lord President then approached the Regent, and had the honour 
 to kiss his hand. The Royal Dukes followed, and afterwards the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury ; and all the rest according to the order 
 in which they sat at the long table, advanced to the chair on both 
 sides. During the whole ceremony, his Royal Highness main- 
 tained the most dignified and graceful deportment j and there 
 was not the slightest indication of partiality of behaviour to one 
 set of men more than another. The ceremony being closed, a 
 short levee took place in the drawing room^ when his Royal High- 
 ness addressed himself to the circle j and afterwards he gave an 
 audience to Mr. Perceval, who had the honour of again kissing hig 
 hand as first Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Ex- 
 chequer."^ 
 
 In February, 1812, the temporary restrictions on the powers 
 of his Royal Highness the Prince Regent expired 3 on which oc- 
 casion additional acts regulating the household^ and making other 
 necessary arrangements, were passed. 
 
 P. 3g. Her Royal Highness the Princess Amelia died No- 
 vember 2d, 1810. " She was born August 7th, 1/83, and was 
 from early youth of a very tender constitution, being frequently 
 
 c Gent. Mag. p. 178, 179-
 
 556 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 attacked with severe indisposition. In her person she was tall 
 and slender, and her air was most graceful and prepossessing. 
 Illness had impressed its marks on her countenance and scattered 
 lilies over her cheeks. In her manners she was so mild, elegant,, 
 and amiable, as to win every heart. The frequency of her indis- 
 positions prevented her from studying as deeply as her eldest 
 sisters, yet, she cultivated the line arts with great success. In 
 music and painting she was a proficient. She met with few 
 rivals on the pianoforte, and displayed a classical taste, both in 
 her selection and execution of pictures, A model of filial piety j 
 her love for her father was revealed in all her actions, and was so 
 tenderly expressed a few days before her death, as to occasion the 
 unfortunate illness under which he still continues to labour. Dig- 
 nified, though condescending; benevolent without ostentation; 
 lively, though a prey to sickness, which usually quenches the 
 spirits as well as the health of youth, she was beloved by all those 
 who lived within the sphere of hearing of her virtues. Some 
 symptoms of the illness which terminated her existence, having 
 revealed themselves early, her Royal Highness tried the effects of 
 sea-bathing, and derived much benefit from that practice. Her 
 favourite amusement was that of riding, in which she was con- 
 spicuous for her elegance and skill. Exercise however, and all 
 the resources of the medical art, could not delay the fatal hour. 
 Her disorder began to gain ground in an alarming manner upwards 
 of two years ago; and when the first jubilee of his Majesty was 
 celebrated, she was lying on the bed of sickness, with but little 
 hopes of recovery. Towards the middle of last summer, how- 
 ever, she regained strength enough to sit up in her apartments, 
 and to take a short walk into the garden. About a month before 
 her decease, her Royal Highness was attacked with St. Anthony's 
 fire, which brought on a relapse, which afforded her an oppor- 
 tunity of displaying the noblest christian faith and fortitude, 
 during weeks of prolonged agony, uncheered by any ray of hope. 
 During the last few days, her strength had been rapidly wasting 
 away ; and she closed her eyes as in a kindly sleep. It would be 
 injustice to the memory of this excellent Princess, to ascribe all her 
 patience and fortitude to the natural frame of her mind, as the 
 habit of devotion to which she had been trained and bred by pa- 
 rental example, and the true principles of religion which regu- 
 lated the whole of her conduct, strengthened the amiable and 
 gentle qualities of her disposition, and made her submit with
 
 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 557 
 
 meek resignation to the divine will through the whole of the 
 severe probation which she was to endure in this life, to prepare 
 her for a better." ^ 
 
 DUKE OF YORK. P. 42. 
 
 In 1 8O9, his Royal Highness was accused of corruption in the 
 administration of his office as Commander in Chief, for which 
 purpose a motion was made in the House of Commons by Mr. 
 Wardle, on January 27th, " that a committee be appointed to in- 
 vestigate the conduct of the Commander in Chief with respect to 
 promotions," &c. 
 
 The Secretary at War expressed an unfeigned pleasure, that an 
 opportunity was afforded of instituting an effectual inquiry into 
 the grounds of the calumnies so industriously circulated against 
 this illustrious personage. 
 
 Sir Arthur Wellesley bore testimony to the discipline of the 
 army under his command, and for which the country was solely 
 indebted to his Royal Highness. 
 
 The Chancellor of the Exchequer said, that he could state, 
 upon the authority of the illustrious person himself, that the most 
 ready course of prosecuting the inquiry would be the most 
 agreeable to him J and that he deprecated nothing so much as a 
 course tliat would impede the final result. 
 
 The question that a committee of the whole house be ap- 
 pointed, was agreed to, nem con. And the house resolved itself 
 into a committee on February 1st, and began to hear evidence : 
 which was continued on February 3d, 6th, 10th, I3th, 14th, 15th, 
 16th, 17tb, and 22d5 and on March 8th, the order of the day 
 was moved for taking the evidence into consideration, which was 
 continued on March Qth, 10th, 13th. 14th, and 17th, when the 
 following motion of the Chancellor of the Exchequer was carried 
 by a majority of eighty-two. 
 
 " That this house having appointed a committee to investigate 
 the conduct of his Royal Highness the Duke of York, as Com- 
 mander in Chief; and having carefully considered the evidence, 
 which came before the said committee, and finding that personal 
 corruption, and connivance at corruption, have been imputed to 
 
 <i Otridge's Ann. Reg. Nov- 7, 1810, p. 406, 407.
 
 558 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 his Royal Highness, find it expedient to pronounce a distinct opi- 
 nion upon the said imputation, and are accordingly of opinion 
 that it is WHOLLY without foundation." 
 
 On March 20th, the subject being resunoed, the Chancellor 
 of the Exchequer stated, " that on the preceding Saturday, after 
 the decision of the house bad been known, his Royal Highness 
 the Duke of York, of his own immediate and spontaneous motive, 
 waited upon his Majesty and tendered to him his resignation of 
 the chief command of his Majesty's army ; and that his Majesty 
 had been graciously pleased to accept of that resignation. The 
 motives which evidently influenced the mind of his Royal High- 
 ness in taking that step appeared to him, the Chancellor of the 
 Exchequer, to be of a nature so honourable and proper, that he 
 was sure when he had stated them to the house, the house would 
 think of them as he did." The Right Hon. Gentleman then pro- 
 ceeded to read, from a paper he held in his hand, extracts, of 
 which the following is a copy, " The house having, after a most 
 attentive and laborious investigation of the merits of certain alle- 
 gations preferred against his Royal Highness, passed a resolution 
 of his innocence, he may now approach his Majesty ; and may 
 venture to tender to him his resignation of the chief command of 
 his Majesty's army, as his Royal Highness can no longer be sus- 
 pected of acting from any apprehension of the result, nor can be 
 accused of having shrunk from the full extent of an inquiry, 
 which, painful as it has been, he trusts shall appear, even to those 
 who have been disposed to condemn his conduct, to have been 
 met with that patience and firmness which can arise only from a 
 conscious feeling of innocence. The motive which influences 
 him arises from the truest sense of duty, and the warmest attach- 
 ment to his Majesty, from which he has never departed, and which 
 his Majesty has, if possible, confirmed by the afflsctionate and 
 paternal solicitude which he has shewn for the honour and wel- 
 fare of his Royal Highness upon this distressing occasion to him : 
 to him as a'most kind and indulgent father, as a generous Sove- 
 reign, his Royal Highness owes every thing; and his feelings 
 alone would have prompted him to forego all considerations of 
 personal interest in the determination he had taken. It would 
 not become him to say, that he should not quit with sincere re- 
 gret a situation in which his Majesty's confidence and partiality- 
 had placed him, and the duties of which it had been his most 
 anxious study and pride, during fourteen years, to discharge with
 
 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 55g 
 
 integrity and fidelity j whether he might be allowed to add, with 
 adx'antage to his Majesty's service, his Majesty was best able to 
 decide." ^ 
 
 Thus ended this extraordinary afFair, in which after so many 
 days and nights of anxious inquiry, his Royal Highness received a 
 clear, unqualified, and unconditional acquittal by the House of 
 Commons. Then it was, that with the spirit becoming his illus- 
 trious character, he seized the first moment to tender his resigna- 
 tion as Commander in Chief j an office, which by the acknow- 
 ledgment of all parties, he ably, faithfully, and diligently ad- 
 ministered for the benefit of the public during fourteen years. 
 
 On May 25th, 181 1, his Royal Highness was re-appointed 
 Commander in Chief, to the great joy of the army, and of all 
 those well affected persons, whose candid minds had enabled 
 them to appreciate the anxious care, impartiality, kindness, and 
 talent, with which his Royal Highness had performed the labo- 
 rious duties of that most important station. 
 
 DUKE OF CLARENCE -P. 43. 
 
 On December 24th, 181], his Royal Highness the Duke of 
 Clarence was appointed Admiral of the Fleet, in the room of 
 Sir Peter Parker, Bart, deceased. 
 
 DUKE OF CUMBERLAND. P. 45. 
 
 His Royal Highness is a General in the army. On May 3 1st, 
 1810, a most atrocious attempt to assassinate his Royal Highness 
 was made by one Sellis, a valet of his Royal Highness, who, 
 though he deeply wounded and maimed the Duke, did not suc- 
 ceed in taking away his life. The wretch returned back to his 
 room, and cut his own throat. A coroner's inquest was held on 
 the body of Sellis, who returned a verdict of felo de se. See 
 Otridgcs Ann. Reg. 1810, Chronicle, p. 26l. 
 
 DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE. P. Ay. 
 
 His Royal Highness is a General in the army. In April, 1811, 
 he was elected Chancellor of the University of St. Andrew's, vice 
 Lord MelvillC; deceased. 
 
 Gent Mag, iBog, p. 34c, 341.
 
 660 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 DUKE OF GLOUCESTER.P. 48. 
 
 His Royal Highness William Frederick, second and pre- 
 sent Duke of Gloucester, was raised to the rank of General 
 in the army, April 25th, 1808 j and was elected Chancellor of the 
 University of Cambridge, 1811, in the room of the Duke of 
 Grafton, deceased. 
 
 DUKE OF NORFOLK. P. 50. 
 
 P. 95. See the Memoir of the Earl of Surry by Mr. Alex- 
 ander Chalmers, prefixed to his Poems, in the late collection of 
 the English Poets, in which many events of this accomplished 
 nobleman's life are set in a new light. The public are anxiously 
 expecting Dr. Nott's long announced edition of the Earl's Sonnets 
 and Poems. 
 
 P. 127. The claim of Sir George Jerningham, Bart, to the 
 Barony of Stafford, is at present pending in the House of Lords. 
 See Vol. IX. 
 
 Charles, eleventh and present Duke of Norfolk, was 
 appointed Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the county 
 of Sussex, on the death of the Duke of Richmond, 180/. 
 
 DUKE OF SOMERSET. P. 144. 
 
 P. 202. His Grace the present Duke, has purchased the 
 magnificent seat and estate of Bulstrode in Bucks, of the Duke of 
 Portland. 
 
 DUKE OF RICHMOND. P. 203. 
 
 P. 210. The Honourable George Napier, husband of Lady 
 Sarah Lenox, died in October, 1803, leaving eleven children by 
 her, of whom two sons at least are in the army ; and Colonel 
 Napier has distinguished himself by his great bravery and numerous 
 wounds. At the battle of Corunna, January, I8O9, he was left 
 among the dead, and so by mistake returned. 
 
 P. 211. Charles, fourth and present Duke of Rich- 
 mond, was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, in the room of
 
 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. s6i 
 
 the Duke of Bedford, which high office he still holds. He has 
 also been honoured with the Order of the Garter. " 
 
 His Grace's issue are. 
 
 First, Lady Mary, born August 15th, 179O. 
 
 Second, Charles, Earl of Marsh and Darnley, born August 3d, 
 1791> appointed Captain in the ninety-secsnd Foot,. July 14th, 
 1812; and on the staff of the Earl of Wellington in Portugal. 
 
 Third, Lady Sarah, born August 22d, 1792. 
 
 Fourth, Lord John George, born October 3d, 1793. 
 
 Fifth, Lady Georgiana, born September 30th, 1795. 
 
 Sixth, Lord Henry Adam, born September 6th, 17Q7 ; a 
 midshipman on board his Majesty's ship Blake, fell from aloft 
 while assisting to furl the sails, in the harbour of Port Mahon, 
 Minorca, and was drowned, February 25th, 1812. He was 
 buried under one of the bastions of fort Philip the last of the 
 month, at the same time and in the same grave with Grey M. 
 Brydges, a midshipman of the Malta, who died of a fever at Port 
 Mahon the same day. 
 
 Seventh, Lady Jane, born Septenober 5th, 1798. 
 
 Eighth, Lord William Pitt, born September 20th, 1799, now 
 at Westminster school. 
 
 Ninth, Lord Frederick, born January 24th, 1801, also at 
 Westminster school. 
 
 Tenth, Lord Sussex, born July 1 1th, 1802. 
 
 Eleventh, Lord Arthur, born in October, 1 8O6. 
 
 Twelfth, Lady Louisa Madelina, born October 2d, 1603. 
 
 Thirteenth, Lady Charlotte, born December 4th, 1804. 
 
 Fourteenth, Lady Sophia Georgiana, born July 21st, I8O9. 
 
 FITZROY, DUKE OF GRAFTON. P. 213. 
 
 P. 220. AuGSTUs Henry, third Duke of Graftox, died 
 March 14th, 181 1, xt. 76. For one year, (1765) his Grace held 
 the office of Sf.cketary of State, and the next was appointed 
 FrRST Lord of the Treasury, which high station he held till 
 January 28th, 1770. It has been boasted, that the virulent letters 
 of Junius drove him from the helm. But this is probably giving 
 them too much weight. It is less unlikely, that they should have 
 given a tincture to the rest of his Grace's life. To their bitter 
 
 [ The sign manual to dispense with the statutes in regard to installation 
 ^Yas granted Marcli 31st, 1812.
 
 set PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 point and sarcasm, to their degrading taunts, and poisonous hatred, 
 no cultivated mind could be insensible. The Duke had com- 
 menced his political career under the auspices of Lord Chatham, 
 whom his acceptance of the premiership, and subsequent admi~ 
 nistration, turned into a warm enemy. Candour must admit, 
 that his Grace's talents and acquirements were far above the com- 
 mon ; and the remainder of his life was spent in a qualified and 
 lionourable retirement becoming his rank and functions j for, 
 while he much addicted himself to a country life amidst his books 
 and the sports of the field, surrounded by a numerous family, he 
 was not inattentive to public affairs, or his parliamentary duties 
 on great occasions, when he uniformly displayed those Whig 
 principles on which he had commenced his career. In religion 
 he was supposed to have inclined towards the Dissenters j and 
 was generally believed to have taken an active part about thirty 
 years back in some theological controversies of the day. He had 
 the honour to be celebrated by the muse of Gray in the beautiful 
 Ode on his installation to the Chancellorship of Cambridge; rind 
 in his latter days, Bloomfield, who sprung from the neighbour- 
 hood of Euston, was soothed by his kindness, and found a flatter- 
 ing access within his doors. In the poems of this delightful bard 
 of nature may be found many passages drawn from the scenery 
 of the Duke's property. The Duke is said to have been amiable 
 in private life, though somewhat reserved and haughty, of which 
 the appearance was increased by his saturnine countenance, s His 
 Lordship's issue by his first Lady, Anne Liddel, were. 
 
 First, Lady Georgiana, born May 8th, 17^7 > married, June 
 8th, 1778, the late Right Honourable John Smyth, Esq. of Heath 
 in Yorkshire; late Master of the Mint, and for many years 
 member of parliament for Pontefract; and died January 18th, 
 J799, leaving issue by him, who died February 12th, 181 1, John 
 Henry Smyth, Esq. elected member of parliament for the Univer- 
 sity of Cambridge, June, 1812, in the room of Sir Vicary Gibbs, 
 made a judge, whose wife, Caroline, died in Bruton-street, Lon- 
 don, May 29th, 1811. Her second son, John Smyth, Esq. late a 
 lieutenant colonel in the foot guards, married, in November, 1811, 
 Sarah, eldest daughter of Daniel Wilson, Esq. of Dallam Tower 
 com. Westmoreland. 
 
 Second, George Henry, Earl of Euston, present Duke. 
 
 g A long memoir of the Duke, a little tinctured by party views, is to be 
 found in the Monthly Magazine, 181 1.
 
 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 563 
 
 Third, a son, born January 20th, 1/61, died soon after. 
 
 Fourth, Lord Charles, born July I4th, 1764, appointed a 
 lieutenant-general in the army, January 1st, 1805} colonel of 
 the forty-eighth regiment of foot; and member of parliament for 
 St. Edmundsbury, in Suffolk, for which he has sat in several par- 
 liaments. He married, first. Miss Mundy, daughter of Edward 
 Miller Mundy, Esq. member of parliament for Derbyshire j 
 and by her, who died August 9th, 1797* had issue Charles Au- 
 gustus. He married, secondly, March 10th, 1799> Lady Frances 
 Stewart, eldest daughter of Robert, Earl of Londonderry. 
 
 His Grace's issue by bis second wife, Elizabeth Wrottesley, 
 were. 
 
 Fifth, Lord Henry, born April 19th, 1/70, in holy orders, 
 married, October 2d, ISOO, Caroline, youngest daughter of the 
 late Admiral Pigot, and has issue. 
 
 Sixth, Lord Augustus, in the royal navy, died 1799, 
 
 Seventh, Lord Frederick, born September l6th, 1774. 
 
 Eighth, Lady Elizabeth, born October 19th, 1775, married, 
 July 4th, ISn, the Honourable William Fitzroy, uncle to Lord 
 Southampton. 
 
 Ninth, Lady Louisa, born July 13th, 1777* died February 
 17th, 1806. 
 
 Tenth, Lady Augusta, born February 17th, 1779* married, 
 NovembLr 19th, 18U, the Rev. G. T. Tavell. 
 
 Eleventh, Lady Frances, born June 1st, 1780, married, No- 
 vember 25th, 1800, Lord Francis Almeric Spencer, youngest son 
 of the Duke of Marlborough. 
 
 Twelfth, Lord William, born June 1st, 1782, a captain in 
 \he royal navy, and member of parliament for Thetford. 
 
 Thirteenth, Lord John, born September 24th, 1785. 
 
 Fourteenth, Lady Caroline, born July 5th, 178I, died May 
 2Blh, 1803. 
 
 Fifteenth, Lady Harriet, born April 28th, 1784, died April 
 15th, J 804. 
 
 Sixteenth, Lady Isabella, born November 17th, 1786. 
 
 His Grace was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 George Henry, Fourth and present Duke of Graftoij, 
 who was born January 14th, 176O, and, till his accession to the 
 peerage, represented the University of Cambridge in several par- 
 liaments. In the administration of Mr. Pitt, whose friendship he 
 enjoyed, he held many high situations, as lord of the Admiralty, 
 Treasury, &c,
 
 564 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 His Grace married, November l6th, 1784, Lady (^harlotte 
 Maria, second daughter of James, second Earl Waldegrave, by- 
 Maria, Duchess of Gloucester ; and by her, who died February 
 1st, 1808, has had issue. 
 
 First, Henry, Earl of Euston, born February 10th, 1790, 
 a lieutenant in the seventh light dragoons, who married at Lis- 
 bon, on June 20th, 1812, the youngest daughter of Admiral 
 Berkeley. 
 
 Second, Lord Charles, born February 23d, 179^) 3" ensign in 
 the first regiment of foot guai'ds. 
 
 Third, Lord William, born January 20th, 1794, 
 
 Fourth, Lord Hugh George, born May 2gtb, 1795 ; died 
 April 20'th, 1797. 
 
 P'ifth and Sixth, Richard James, and Richard William, died 
 infants. 
 
 Seventh, Lady Maria Anne, born November 3d, 1785, mar- 
 ried Sir William Oglander, of Nunwell, in Hampshire, Bart. 
 
 Eighth, Lady Georgiana Laura, born January 15th, 178/. 
 
 Ninth, Lady Isabella Frances, born May Gth, 1792. 
 
 His Grace is hereditary ranger of Whittlebury Forest, and 
 hereditary receiver general of the profits of the seals in the courts 
 of King's Bench and Common Pleas; lord lieutenant, vice-ad- 
 miral, and custos rotulorum of Suffolk j and recorder of Thetford. 
 
 DUKE OF BEAUFORT. P. 222. 
 
 P. 242. Lord Charles Henry Somerset (the Duke's next bro- 
 ther) is joint paymaster of the forces. 
 
 Lord Arthur John Henry, sixth brother, married, June 23d, 
 1808, Elizabeth Boscawen, eldest daughter of George, late Vis- 
 count Falmouth, and has a son, born in March, I8O9. 
 
 P. 243. The issue of the present Duke are. 
 
 First, Henry, Marquis of Worcester, born February 5th, 
 1792, a lieutenant in the tenth regiment of light dragoons. 
 
 Second, Lord Granville Charles Henry, born Dec. 27th, 1 792. 
 
 Third, Lady Charlotte Sophia, born April 25th, 1795- 
 
 Fourth, Lady Elizabeth Susan, born June 23d, J 798. 
 
 Fifth, Lady Georgiana Augusta, born October 8th, 1800. 
 
 Sixth, Lord Edward Henry, born June 17tb, 1802. 
 
 Seventh, Lady Susan Caroline, born May 10th, 1804. 
 
 Eighth, Lady Louisa Elizabeth, born May lOtli, ISOO. 
 
 Ninth, A daughter, born in August, 1 808.
 
 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 565 
 
 Tenth, A daughter, born August 18th, 1811, 
 
 On June 4th, 1803, his Majesty, by letters patent, confirmed 
 
 to his Grace the Barony of Botetourt, with its due place and 
 
 precedence. 
 
 BEAUCLEKK, DUKE OF ST. ALBANS. P. 244. 
 
 P. 25} . Lord Amelius Beauclcrk was promoted in 1811 to the 
 rank of rear admiral. 
 
 DUKE OF BEDFORD. P. 262. 
 
 The present Duke's issue by his first wife, are, 
 
 First, Francis, Marquis of Tavistock, born May 13, 1788, 
 member of parliament for Peterborough ; married, August 8th, 
 1808, Lady Anna Maria Stanhope, daughter of Charles, Earl of 
 Harrington, by whom he has a son, born June 30th, I8O9. 
 
 Second, Lord George William, born May 8th, I7g0, a cap- 
 tain in the twenty-third dragoons. 
 
 Third, Lord John, born August 19th, 1792, 
 
 His Grace's issue by Georgiana, his present Duchess, are. 
 
 Fourth, Lord Wriothesley, born May 14th, 1804. 
 
 Fifth. Lord Edward, born April 24th, 1805. 
 
 Sixth, Lord Charles James Fox, born February lOth, I8O7. 
 
 Seventh, A son, born October 23d, 1808. 
 
 Eighth, A daughter, born June 23, 1810. 
 
 P. 296. L .rd William, his Grace's younger brother, is mem- 
 ber of parliament for Tavistock. Lady William, his wife, died 
 August 8th, 1808. 
 
 DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. P. 302. 
 
 P. 356. Lord Charles Cavendish, died April 28, 1783, set. 
 ninety, and was buried at Derby. 
 
 Feb. 24th, 1810, died at Clapham Common, the Hon. Henry 
 Cavendish , (son of Lord Charles Cavendish, who was brother to the 
 third duke,) one of the most eminent chemists and natural philo- 
 sophers of the age. He left funded property to the amount of one 
 million two hundred thousand pounds j of which are bequeathed 
 seven hundred thousand to Lord G. Cavendish, two hundred thou- 
 sand to the Earl of Besborough, and the remainder in legacies to 
 other branches of the Devonshire family. This gentleman, although
 
 S66 Peerage of England. 
 
 not much heard of in the comraon paths of life, was well known 
 and highly distinguished in the scientific world. He had studied 
 and rendered himself particularly conversant with every part of Sir 
 Isaac Newton's philosophy ; the principles of which he applied 
 near forty years ago to an investigation of the laws on which the 
 phaenomena of electricity depend. Pursuing the same science on 
 the occasion of Mr. Walsh's experiments with the torpedo, he gave 
 a satisfactory explanation of remarkable powers of the electrical 
 fishes J pointing out that distinction between common and animal 
 electricity, which has since been amply confinned by the brilliant 
 discoveries in galvanism. Having turned his attention very early 
 to pneumatic chemistry, he ascertained, in 176O, the extreme 
 levity of inflammable air, now called hydrogen gas. On this 
 discovery many curious experiments, and particularly that of 
 aerial navigation, have been founded. In the same paths of 
 science, he made the important discovery of the composition of 
 water by union of two airs j and that laid the foundation of the 
 modern system of chemistry, which rests principally on this fact 
 and that of the decomposition of water, announced soon after- 
 wards by Mons. Lavoisier. So many, and such great discove- 
 ries, spread his fame throughout Europe, and he was universally 
 considered as one of the first philosophers of the age. Among 
 the labours of his latter days, is the nice and difficult experiment 
 by which he determined the mean density of the earth ; an ele- 
 ment of consequence in delicate calculations of astronomy, as 
 well as in geological inquiries. Even in the last year of his life, 
 at the advanced age of seventy-seven, he prepared and described 
 improvements in the manner of dividing large astronomical in- 
 struments j which, though not yet executed, promise very great 
 advantages. These pursuits, together with reading of various 
 kinds, by which he acquired a deep insight into almost every 
 topic of knowledge, formed the whole occupation of his life, and 
 were, in fact, his sole amusement. The love of truth was suffi- 
 cient to fill his mind. From his attachment to such occupations, 
 and the constant resource he found in them, together with a shyness 
 and diffidence natural to his disposition, his habits had, from early 
 life, been secluded. His manners were mild, his mind firm, his 
 nature benevolent and complacent J he was liberal, without being 
 profuse, and charitable without ostentation. He possessed great 
 affluence, which was to him rather matter of embarrassment than 
 of gratification} but however regular about its improvement, he 
 was regular as to its management and direction. He was bora
 
 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA 567 
 
 October the lOtb, 1731 j and his remains were interred in the 
 fanjily vault in All Saints, Derby. 
 
 On Saiurday, March the I7tb, Mr. Professoi Davy, in his 
 lecture at the Royal Institution, introduced the following charac- 
 ter of Mr. Cavendish : 
 
 " About 1 766, Mr. Cavendish published his first papers on 
 the subject of air. He examined with more accurate instrunaents 
 than Black, the elastic fluids from the alkalies ; and he ascer- 
 tained that the same substance was perfected during the combus- 
 tion of charcoal. He perfected the pneumatic apparatus, and 
 soon discovered two new elastic fluids, inflammable ait, and 
 muriatic acid air. Mr. Davy said, in the next lecture, he 
 could exhibit some experiments of our illustrious countryman 
 of later date, and of still higher importance) but he could 
 not, on this occasion, pass by the circumstance of his recent 
 loss without a digression, which might enable him to offer a 
 feeble tribute of respect to the memory of so great a man : 
 of all the philosophers of the present age, Mr. Cavendish com- 
 bined, in the highest degree, a depth and extent of mathematical 
 knowledge, with delicacy and precision in the methods of expe- 
 rimental research. It might be said of him, what perhaps could 
 hardly be said of any other person, that whatever he has done, 
 has been perfect at the moment of its production. His processes 
 were all of a finished nature : executed by the hand of a master. 
 they required no correction ; and though many of them were 
 performed in the very infancy of chemical philosophy, yet their 
 accuracy and their beauty have remained unimpaired amidst the 
 progress of discovery ; and their merits have been illustrated by 
 discu>>sion, and exalted by time. In general, the most common 
 motives which induce men to study, are the love of distinction, 
 of glory, and the desire of power; and we liave no right to 
 object to motives of this kind: but it ought to be mentioned, in 
 estimating the character of Mr. Cavendish, that his grand stiinu- 
 lus to exertion was evidently the love of truth and of knowledge, 
 unambitious, unassuming, it was often with difficulty that he 
 was persuaded to bring forward his important discoveries He 
 disliked notoriety ; he was, as it were, fearful of the voice of 
 fame. His labours are recorded with the greatest simplicity, and 
 in the fewest possible words, without parade or apology ; and it 
 seemed as if in publication he was performing not whnt was a 
 duty to himself, but was a duty to the public. His life was de- 
 voted to science, and his social hours were passed amongst a few 
 VOL, I. 2 p
 
 568 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 of his friends, principally niembers of the Royal Society. He 
 was reserved to strangers? but where he was familiar, his con- 
 versaiion was lively, and full of varied information. Upon all 
 subjects of science he was luminous and profound, and in discus- 
 sion wonderfully acute. Even to the very last week of his life, 
 when he was nearly seventy-nine, he retained bis activity of 
 body, and all his energy and sagacity of intellect. He was 
 warmly interested in all new subjects of science ; and several 
 times in the course of last year witnessed, or assisted in some ex- 
 periments that were carried on in the laboratory of the Royal 
 Institution. Since the death of Newton (said Mr. Davy, if he 
 might be permitted to give an opinion) England has sustained no 
 scientific loss so great as that of Cavendish. But it is to be regret- 
 ted less, since, like his great predecessor, he died full of years and 
 of glory. His name will be an object of more veneration in 
 future ages than in the present moment; though it was unknown 
 in the busy scenes of life, or in the popular discussions of the 
 day, it will remain illustrious in the annals of science, which are 
 as unperishable as that nature to which they belong; it will be 
 an immortal honour to his house, to his age, and to his coun- 
 try." ^nn. Reg. 1811, p. 376, 377. 
 
 Mr. Frederick Cavendish, (younger as it seems) brother of 
 Henry, died at his residence at Market -Street, com. Hertford, 
 (or rather in that part of the place which is in the parish of 
 Studham, com. Bedford), where he had spent the last forty years 
 of his life. He was educated at Peter-house, Cambridge, where, 
 in 1752, he fell from an upper window into the area of the court, 
 and coming down on his head, received a most serious injury, the 
 effects of which were ever after discernible by a deep indentation 
 in his forehead: his life was for some time endangered, and his 
 health so much affected by this accident, that he could not return 
 to the university, and many of his succeeding years were spent 
 in retirement. Lady Anne, his mother, was in bad health on 
 her marriage, and went shortly after to Nice, for the benefit of 
 the waters. Henry was born at Nice; but his mother returning 
 to England, Frederick drew his first breath in the country of his 
 ancestors. He is supposed to have been born about 1731 ; and 
 if so, was more than eighty at his death. On the death of his 
 brother Henry, unmarried, a considerable real estate devolved on 
 him, which, on his own death, reverted to the Duke of Devon- 
 shire ; while his personal property descended to his maternal first 
 cousins, the Earls of Ashburnham and Bridgewater, and the
 
 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 56g 
 
 Honourable Francis Egerton, He died single. His person was 
 athletic and manly ; his countenance handsome; and he had, to 
 a late period of life, the appearance and manners of a high-bred 
 gentleman, though certainly of the old school. He was buried, 
 March pth, in the family vault at All Saints, Derby.! 
 
 P. 356. Lady Anne Cavendish died unmarried, August J 7th, 
 178O, aged seventy years. 
 
 P. 360. William Cavendish, eldest son of Lord George, M.P. 
 for Derby, and colonel of the Derbyshire militia, died January 
 15th, 1812, aged twenty-eight, by a fall from his curricle, in 
 Holker Park, Lancashire, returning from a shooting excursion^ 
 in company with a younger brother, and his late tutor. He 
 pitched on his head, and never spoke afterwards. He was a mild, 
 quiet, amiable, and accomplished man. He left several children. 
 
 George Henry Compton Cavendish, his next brother, M. P. 
 for Aylesbury, major of the seventh dragoons, was unfortunately 
 drowned off the Manacle Rocks, near Falmouth, on his return 
 from Portugal, in January, IS09. 
 
 Henry Frederick Compton Cavendish, third son of Lord 
 George, a captain in the 103d regiment, was married October 
 24th, 1811, to Sarah, daughter of the late William Fawkencr, 
 Esq. clerk of the privy council. 
 
 P. 360. William, fifth Dure of Devonshire, died at 
 Devonshire House, Piccadilly, of water in the chest, aged sixty- 
 three. He was born Dec. 24th, ]748j succeeded his father, 
 Oct. 2d, 1764; and married June 5th, 1 77^> Georgiana Spencer, 
 (who died in I8O6,) sister of the present Earl Spencer, and the 
 Countess of Besborough j by whom he had issue Georgiana, mar- 
 ried to Viscount Morpeth ; Henrietta, and William George, Mar- 
 quis of Hartington, lately come of age, who succeeds to the fa- 
 mily honours and possessions. 
 
 His Grace married secondly. Lady Elizabeth Forster, daughter 
 of the late Earl of Bristol, who survives him. 
 
 In public life his Grace was always a proud support to the 
 whig interest, and a firm adherer to the principles maintained by 
 Mr. Fox ; but his own habits were retired, and he is said to have 
 assisted rather by his fortune than his own personal exertions. 
 He rarely expressed his sentiments in Parliament, and was always 
 considered a steady adherer to the monarchial form of our con- 
 stitution. He was of a grave turn in private life, yet not insen- 
 
 i Gent. Mag. 1812, Part I. \>. 289-291.
 
 570 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 sible of humour, and of a very hospitable temper: he was fond 
 of society of men of wit and distinguished talents j and the 
 company whom he assembled at his magnificent seat at Chats- 
 w^orth, as well as at Chiswick, and in town, would have 
 been conspicuous in any age for parts and information. The 
 indisposition of this nobleman commenced about a fortnight pre- 
 vious to his dissolution : the first attacks were spasms in the 
 chest, succeeded by a difficulty of respiration, which continued 
 more or less violent until his death. During the last week he could 
 not rest in bed, and for five nights he sat up in a chair. The day 
 preceding his demise his Grace was considerably better;^ he was 
 able to walk in the front of his house, and afterwards made a 
 hearty dinner J but, onlhe2pth, there were indications of ex- 
 treme danger, when Sir Walter Farquhar and all the medical 
 men attended ; and about six o'clock at night, while the sur- 
 geon was preparing to open a vein, he fell back, and expired 
 without a groan, in the arms of the Duchess. His Grace dying 
 unexpectedly, the body was opened by Mr. Home, the surgeon, 
 and other medical gentlemen who attended him in his illness, and 
 upwards of three pints of water were found in his chest, which 
 caused his death. 
 
 His remains were removed on the 5th instant, to be interred 
 in the family vault, in All Saints, Derb)', attended to the stones 
 end by the twenty-one carriages belonging to his Grace's family 
 and friends, at the head of which was that of the Prince Regent, 
 by whom the loss of the Duke is much regretted, the warmest 
 fri(rndship having subsisted between them. 
 
 The following character of this nobleman is given in a respect- 
 able provincial journal: 
 
 " The late Duke of Devonshire was universally respected for 
 the simplicity of his manners, the liberality of his principles, and 
 the benevolence of his disposition ; he was known to deserve the 
 esteem of the rich, and the blessings of the poor; but the world 
 could not know bow well he deserved the admiration of the wit, 
 the scholar, and the poet. It has been repeated in all languages, 
 and believed in all countries, that nobility and opulence throw a 
 false light nnmd their possessors, which magnifies their merits 
 and diminishes thc-ir defects to common observation, but the ge- 
 neral admission of this theory often leads to a practical conclusion 
 ep.tirely opposite, particularly on the subject of intellectual endow- 
 ments. \\ hen a person of great rank and wealth is praised for 
 his learning, or for his genius, the hearers are instantly on their
 
 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 571 
 
 guard against the illusions of that false light, and at once ascribe 
 the panegyric to a dazzled judgment, or an interested motive. 
 The Duke of Devonshire, however, has been praised, be- 
 cause he was appreciated by authorities which none can 
 dispute. The vouchers of his extraordinary understanding are 
 amongst thos(; who riow stand the highest in public estima- 
 tion for taste, ability, and independence; and the remembered 
 opinions of the illustrious dead confirm the testimonial: it cannot 
 be supposed that a coronet or a crown, an estate or an empire, 
 could influence the literary suffrages of a Fox, a Burlce, or a Gib- 
 bon. To those who enjoyed the intimacy of the Duke of De- 
 vonshire, a single doubt of his mental superiority could never 
 occur: he had apprehension, judgment, and perspicuity, in their 
 very highest degrees: his ideas were uncommon, and often took 
 most unforseen directions ; but, as there was no obliquity in their 
 course, they were easily followed, even by slower capacities 3 we 
 can pursue with our eyes the flight of the eagle, though we have 
 no wings to imitate his velocity. It was impossible to meet with 
 a cleart^r mind, a mind more freed from every species of preju- 
 dice; he cnme armed at all points into the field of argument, 
 looked rouiid to the banners of truth, and to the side where they 
 vi-ere, or appeared to be, he alone gave his powerful co-operation. 
 Literature, ancient and modern, v/ere his favourite subject of dis- 
 cussion ; his memory was eminently retentive and exact. Com- 
 paratively with some other scholars, he had perhaps read little, 
 but he had * read well.' He was complete master of Virgil, 
 Horace, Juvenal, and Martial, both for construction and quota- 
 tion. His knowledge of Shakespeare was almost proverbial 
 amongst his associates ; to know Shakespeare as thoroughly as the 
 Duke of Devonshire was an admitted encomium. In one faculty 
 he was, probably, without a rival in poetical criticism. The 
 greatest masters of the lyre might have been elated by his ap- 
 plause, and benefited by his advice; no beauty, no blemish could 
 possibly escape him. He was himself a most elegant poet. Some 
 beautiluHints on the death of Lord Nelstm. are published in Mr. 
 Clarke's life of that hero, (see p. 161 ;) and his epitaph upon the 
 late p]arl Spencer is universally admired. His humour in conver- 
 sation was often original, and always inoflensive; his ' friendly 
 snt-er' disarmed an antagonist, but disarmed him without a wound. 
 It was to be lamented that timidity, or a sort of unambitious pas- 
 siveness, made him too often silent in general company: but even 
 then some share of shrewdness and intelligence would betray, to
 
 572 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 an accurate observer, how much remained concealed j some gold 
 dust on the surface indicated the mine which was within. In 
 feeling, gentleness, and all the noblest charities of our nature, 
 he was never surpased j perhaps he was never equalled in the 
 perfection of his temper. He was a happy man, as he lived in 
 the uncontrolled enjoyment of intellect and beneficence, the two 
 noblest sources of human pleasure ; and, with no fears of death, 
 he would hare wished for longer life, that he might have done 
 more good. Where he is now gone he has all to receive, and 
 nothing to give. Whatever affection and gratitude may engrave 
 upon his tomb, they will scarcely find a nobler eulogy than his 
 own upon Lord Spencer. 
 
 ' " All posterity should know 
 
 How pure a spirit warm'd the dust below !" 
 
 Leicester Journal. 
 The following is the substance of his Grace's will. All the 
 estates in Great Britain acquired by purchase, (except estates in 
 Cumberland) and paternal estates, to go according to settlement 
 made thereof, dated 17/3, All furniture, plate, pictures, curi- 
 osities, &c. to the Duke's son, the Marquis of Hartington, or to 
 such other persons, in case of his death during the testator's life, 
 as should succeed to said estates by virtue of said settlement. 
 Confirms settlement already made to the Duchess of Devonshire 
 of 4000/. per annum, bequeaths her 2000/. and all her para- 
 phernalia. Estates of the Duke's maternal grandfather, the Earl 
 of Burlington, devised by his will in 1/58, after the Duke's 
 death, to his sons in tail, with general remainders ; remainders to 
 his daughters, with cross remainders in tail. Bequeaths the in- 
 terest of 20,000/ to his daughter. Lady Georgiana Morpeth; and 
 after her death, the principal as she shall by will appoint, or to 
 her executor or administrator ; but in case of the Earl of Bur* 
 lington's estates devolving upon her, by virtue of his said devise, 
 the same is to cease, and said 20,000/. devolve to the said Mar- 
 quis of Hartington, by virtue of said settlement of 17/3. A simi- 
 lar bequest to his daughter. Lady Henrietta Elizabeth Cavendish j 
 10,000/. already settled upon her as a marriage portion, one year 
 after the Duke's death, with interest. Estates at Penrith, and 
 elsewhere in Cumberland, to be sold according to deed of sale^ 
 enrolled in Chancery, and the produce thereof subject to a mort- 
 gage debt thereon of 30,000/. to go to the Duke's heir in said 
 deed of settlement of 1773 as aforesaid, the Marquis of Harting- 
 ton, the present Duke, to whom also the residue of the Duke's
 
 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 57s 
 
 personal property is bequeathed. A proviso is made in the will 
 for payment of legacies, should any be left by codicils j but no 
 codicils were made. Lord Fitzwilliam, and the Duke's brother. 
 Lord George Henry Cavendish, were intrusted with the educa- 
 tion of the MarqHis of Hartington, in case of testator's death 
 during his minority. Proved the 15th instant by the present 
 Duke, the deceased's said brother, and John Heaton, of Old Bur- 
 lington-street, Esq. the executors. Effects above 250,0002, and 
 under 300,000/. Duty paid on the probate, 3000/." GentUman's 
 Magazine, Aug. 1811. p. 188. 
 
 His Grace was succeeded in his titles, and immense estates by 
 his only son, 
 
 William Spexccr, present and sixth Duke of Devon- 
 shire. 
 
 His Grace was born May 21st, l/pOj on August IQth, 1811, 
 he was appointed lord lieutenant of the county of Derby} and 
 high steward of Derby. 
 
 P. 361. The crest here given is that which the family uses; 
 but Mr. Naylor has assigned a stag on the wood-cut. 
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. P. 362. 
 
 P. 450. William Robert, second son of Lord Charles, is mar- 
 lied to a German lady of rank, and has issue. Lady Charles Spen- 
 cer died January 30th, IS 12. 
 
 P. 45 1. Lord Robert Spencer, married October 2d, 1811, Hen- 
 rietta, widow of the honourable Edward Bouverie, M. P. for 
 Northampton, daughter of Sir Everard Fawkener, K. B. 
 
 P. 452. Her Grace the Duchess of Marlborough died Novem- 
 ber 26th, 181 1. 
 
 Line 23, after " Honourable Cropley Ashley," add, " Now 
 Earl of Shaftesbury." 
 
 DUKE OF RUTLAND. 
 
 P. 483. Colonel Sutton, eldest surviving son of the late Lord 
 George, has several sons, Robert Frederick George, and 1 homas, 
 inc. of whom the second is in holy orders 5 and one is a master 
 and commander in the royal navy. Also a danghttr, Georgiana, 
 married to a second son of the first Sir Richard Sutton, Bart. 
 
 Charles Manners Sutton, Esq. eldest son of the Archbishop of
 
 5/4 PEERAGE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Canterbury, is M P. for Scarborough, a barrister at law, and has 
 for some time held the appointment of Judge Advocate. He 
 married July 8th, 181 1, Charlotte, daughter of John Dennison, 
 Esq. of Ossington, Notts, 
 
 Mary, eldest daughter of the Archbishop, married May IQth, 
 1806, the honourable and reverend Hugh Percy. 
 
 P. 489- Lord Charles Manners was, on August 1st, 1811, ap- 
 pointed lieutenant-colonel of the 23d dragoons. 
 
 Lord Piobert Manners was, on May 2, ISll, appointed lieute- 
 nant-colonel of the 2d regiment of foot. 
 
 T. n,:K<lry, Printfr,
 
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