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RITCHIE'S 
 FIRST STEPS IN LATIN 
 
WORKS BY F. RITCHIE, M.A. 
 
 FABULiE FACILES. A First Latin 
 Reader. Edited by J. C. Kirtland, Jr. 
 Illustrated. Crown 8vo. 
 
 IMITATIVE EXERCISES IN EASY 
 LATIN PROSE. 12mo. 
 
 FIRST STEPS IN LATIN. Edited 
 by F. C. Staples, A.B. Crown 8vo. 
 
 SECOND STEPS IN LATIN. 
 
 Crown 8vo. 
 
 EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE 
 COMPOSITION. Crown 8vo. 
 
 EASY CONTINUOUS LATIN 
 PROSE. Crown 8vo. 
 
 New York : Longmans, Green, & Co. 
 
RITCHIE'S 
 
 FIRST STEPS IN LATIN 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 FREDERICK C. STAPLES, A. B. 
 
 INSTRUCTOR IN LATIN 
 THE FAY SCHOOL, SOUTHBOROUGH, MASS. 
 
 LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 
 
 91 AND 93 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 
 
 LONDON, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA 
 
 1909 
 
GIFT 
 
 Copyright^ 1909, 
 By Longmans, Green, and Co. 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A. 
 
PREFACE f/i/^^;^ 
 
 The present edition of Mr. Ritchie's "First Steps in 
 Latin " has for its objects first, the marking of all 
 long vowels; second, the rearrangement of the cases 
 in declension, following the order adopted in nearly all 
 American text-books and grammars ; and third, the sub- 
 stitution of ^-consonant for/. In cases where pupils have 
 been found prone to give a long-vowel sound to a short 
 vowel, the short mark has been written ; but for the most 
 part short vowels are unmarked. 
 
 Some slight changes have been made in the wording of 
 rules and explanations, and in the Appendix the Sumjhary 
 of Rules has been rewritten to conform with these chajiges. 
 No alteration has been made in the general plan of the 
 book. The subject of pronunciation, however, is of so 
 much importance that it has been incorporated at some 
 length in the text. 
 
 Such excellent results have attended the use of the book 
 in its earlier editions that even these slight changes have 
 been made with some hesitation ; but many requests 
 have been made for an edition revised along the lines indi- 
 cated above, and these must serve as my pretext. 
 
 It is hoped that, thus revised, the Series, which com- 
 prises " First Steps in Latin " and its sequel, '' Second 
 Steps in Latin," will meet with a wide acceptance in this 
 country, for, supplemented by Mr. Kirtland's edition of 
 Mr. Ritchie's "Fabulae Faciles," they make a thorough 
 and amply sufficient preparation for the reading of Caesar, 
 or other second-year work. 
 
 F. C. S. 
 
 219150 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Paob 
 
 Preliminary 
 
 DefinitioDS I 
 
 The Sentence ..#.... 2 
 
 Latin Nouns 4 
 
 Adjectives . 5 
 
 Latin Verbs 5 
 
 English Verbs o 8 
 
 Pronunciation 10 
 
 First Conjugation : A- Verbs. Active Voice 16 
 
 Nouns First Declension 24 
 
 Second Conjugation: E- Verbs. Active Voice 2G 
 
 Nouns Second Declension 30 
 
 Third Conjugation : Consonant Verbs. Active Voice 34 
 
 Adjectives 38 
 
 Fourth Conjugation : I- Verbs. Active Voice 42 
 
 Table of the Four Conjugations. Active Voice 46 
 
 Nouns Third Declension 48 
 
 The Verb Sum 54 
 
 First Conjugation : A-Verbs. Passive Voice 56 
 
 Adjectives of Third Declension 62 
 
 Second Conjugation : E- Verbs. Passive Voice 66 
 
 Nouns Fourth Declension 70 
 
 Third Conjugation : Consonant Verbs. Passive Voice 72 
 
 Nouns Fifth Declension 76 
 
 Fourth Conjugation : LVerbs. Passive Voice 78 
 
 Table of the Four Conjugations. Passive Voice 82 
 
 Comparison of Adjectives 84 
 
 Appendix 
 
 Nouns First Declension 91 
 
 Nouns Second Declension o 91 
 
 Nouns Third Declension 92 
 
 Nouns Fourth Declension 93 
 
viii CONTENTS 
 
 Appendix Continued Page 
 
 Nouns Fifth Declension 93 
 
 Adjectives of First and Second Declensions 93 
 
 Adjectives of Third Declension 94 
 
 Numerals 94 
 
 The Verb Su?n, ' I am ' 95 
 
 Verbs Active : Present Stem Tenses 96 
 
 Verbs Active : Perfect Stem Tenses 97 
 
 Verbs Passive : Present Stem Tenses 98 
 
 Verbs Passive : Supine Stem Tenses - 99 
 
 Summary of Rules 1^1 
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 Latin-English ^^^ 
 
 English-Latin ^^^ 
 
FIRST STEPS IN LATIN 
 
 DEFINITIONS 
 
 A Noun is the Name of a Person or Thing; as, 
 ' James/ * dog/ * book/ ' London/ 
 
 An Adjective is a word which describes a Person or 
 Thing ; as, little dog, red book, many books. 
 
 A Verb is a word which tells what a Person or Thing 
 does or has done to it ; as, ' sleep/ ' strike/ ' to be struck.' 
 
 (i.) Verbs are Intransitive when the action does not 
 pass beyond the doer ; as, I sleep, the boy rims, 
 snakes creep. 
 
 (ii.) Verbs are Transitive when the action passes 
 on to another Person or Thing. The word 
 denoting this Person or Thing is called the 
 Object; as, 'I strike the table.' Here 'table' 
 is the Object to the Verb ' strike.' 
 
 (iii.) Verbs are Copulative when they join together two 
 words, one of which names a thing and the 
 other describes it; as, *the water is deep.' 
 Here 'is' joins 'water' and 'deep/ and is a 
 Copulative Verb. The word that describes is 
 called the Complement; thus, 'deep' describes 
 'water/ and is the Complement. 
 
THE SENTENCE 
 
 THE SENTENCE 
 Every Sentence has two parts, namely 
 
 1. The Subject, i. e, the word denoting the Person or 
 
 Thing about which something is said. 
 
 2. The Predicatey i. e. the word or words denoting 
 
 that which is said about it. 
 
 Examples 
 
 Subject 
 
 Predicate 
 
 (i.) Birds 
 (ii.) We 
 (iii.) The man 
 
 fly. 
 
 eat bread, 
 is old. 
 
 [The Subject of a Sentence may be found by asking the 
 question Who ? or What ? with the Verb ; thus, 
 'Birds fly.' Who or what fly ? Ans, 'Birds.' The- 
 Predicate may be found by asking the question. 
 What about the Subject? thus, 'The man is old.' 
 What about the man ? Ans, He is old 'is old ' 
 is the Predicate.] 
 
 The Subject is always a Noun, or some word or words 
 used as Nouns. 
 
 The Predicate is always a Verb, or at least contains a 
 Verb ; but as Verbs are of three kinds the Predicate has 
 three forms. (See examples given above.) 
 
 (i.) When the Verb is Intransitive, the Subject and 
 Verb together make complete sense, and the 
 Predicate need contain nothino^ but the Verb. 
 
THE SENTENCE 
 
 8 
 
 (ii.) When the Verb is Transitive, an Object is 
 required to complete the Sentence, and the 
 Verb and Object together make up the Predi- 
 cate. 
 
 (iii.) When the Verb is Copulative, a Complement is 
 required to complete the Sentence, and the 
 Verb and Complement together make up the 
 Predicate. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCE 
 
 The following method of Analysis will be found useful 
 
 The Subject is marked S. 
 
 The Predicate is marked either 
 
 or 
 
 (i.) V. I., i. e. Verb Intransitive ; 
 
 (ii.) V. T. and 0., i. e. Verb Transitive and Object ; 
 
 (iii.) V. C. and C, i.e. Verb Copulative and Comple- 
 ment. 
 
 The examples given above will be analyzed thus - 
 
 Subject 
 
 Predicate 
 
 S. 
 
 V. T. 
 
 (i.) Birds 
 
 fly 
 
 s. 
 
 V. T. 
 
 0. 
 
 (ii.) We 
 
 eat 
 
 bread. 
 
 s. 
 
 V. c. 
 
 c. 
 
 (iii.) The man 
 
 is 
 
 old. 
 
LATIN NOUNS 
 
 LATIN NOUNS 
 
 Inflection. The form of a Latin Noun is altered by 
 Inflection, that is, by changing the ending of the word ; 
 thus, mensa, a table ; mensae, of a table. 
 
 Case. In this way six different forms of the same 
 Noun are obtained ; these are called the six Cases of the 
 Noun. The names of the Cases are 
 
 1. The Nominative ; the Subject of the sentence is in 
 
 the Nominative. 
 
 2. The Genitive ; answers the question ' whose ? ' 
 
 3. The Dative; answers the question 'to or for whom? ' 
 
 'to or for what ?' Case of Indirect Object. 
 
 4. The Accusative ; the Object of a Transitive Verb is 
 
 in the Accusative. 
 
 5. The Vocative; used in addressing Persons or 
 
 Things ; as, ' queen/ 
 
 6. The Ablative; answers the question 'by, with, or 
 
 from what ? ' 
 
 Number. Latin Nouns have Two Numbers, Singular 
 and Plural, and each Number has a distinct set of Six 
 
 Cases. 
 
 G-ender. There are Three Genders : Masculine, Femi- 
 nine, and Neuter. 
 
 Declension. A Noun is said to be ' declined ' when 
 its various Cases are shown in order. There are Five 
 Declensions of Latin Nouns, that is, there are Five 
 different sets of Inflections. The Declensions may be 
 
adjectivp:s 5 
 
 distinguished by the ending of the Genitive Case 
 Singular^ 
 
 Declension 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 
 
 Ending of Genitive ae i is us ei or 6i 
 
 ADJECTIVES 
 
 Adjectives are declined like Nouns as regards Number 
 and Case ; but besides this their terminations sometimes 
 indicate the Gender of the Noun to which the Adjective 
 belongs. Thus some Adjectives have in each Case a 
 separate form for each of the three Genders ; others have 
 in some Cases one form for Masculine and Feminine and 
 another for Neuter, and in some Cases only one form for 
 all three Genders. 
 
 LATIN VEEBS2 
 
 Voice. Verbs have Two Voices, namely 
 
 1. The Active Voice, when the person or thing 
 denoted by the Subject does something; as, 
 amo, I love. 
 
 1 The termination of the Genitive Singular is given as the distinguishing 
 mark of the Declensions, this being the method adopted in dictionaries. The 
 terms Stem and Character are purposeh' avoided. It is practically useless 
 (and to beginners very confusing) to be told that domino is the Stem of dominus. 
 The plan of cutting off -rum or -um from the Genitive Plural in order to find 
 the Character and so determine the Declension, presupposes that the pupil is 
 already able to decline the Noun. 
 
 2 On pages 8 and 9 the English Verb To teach is conjugated in Latin form, 
 i. e. the names of the Tenses are those used in conjugating a Latin Verb. It is 
 advisable that for practice other Verbs, and especially the Verbs love, advise, 
 rule, hear, should be conjugated in the same way. The Strong Verb teach is 
 given here in preference to the Verb love, because it has been found that con- 
 fusion arises from the similarity in sound of the various parts of the latter ; 
 e.g. loved and love. 
 
6 LATIN VERBS 
 
 2. The Passive Voice, when the person or thing 
 denoted by the Subject has something done to 
 it ; as, amor, / am loved, 
 
 [iV. B, Only Transitive Verbs have a complete Passive 
 Voice.] 
 
 Tense. Each Voice has Six Tenses 
 
 Present, Imperfect, and Future Simple, 
 
 Perfect and Aorist, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect. 
 
 [There is only one Form in Latin for both Perfect and 
 Aorist Tenses, but in English they are distinct. See 
 pages 8 and 9.] 
 
 Number. Each Tense has Two Numbers, namely 
 
 Singular and Plural. 
 
 < 
 Person. Each Number has Three Persons, namely 
 
 First, Second, and Third. 
 
 The Tense, Number, and Person of Latin Verbs are 
 indicated by various Endings, which are added to the 
 Stems.^ 
 
 In order to form the Tenses of a Latin Verb it is 
 necessary to know three Stems 
 
 1. The Present Stem 
 
 From this are formed the Present, Imperfect, 
 and Future Simple, both Active and Passive. 
 
 1 Distinction of Mood is intentionally omitted here, as beyond the scope of 
 the book. 
 
LATIN VERBS 7 
 
 2. The Perfect Stem 
 
 From this are formed the Perfect and Aorist, 
 Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Active. 
 
 3. The Supine Stem 
 
 From this are formed the Perfect and Aorist, 
 Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Passive. 
 
 Latin Verbs are divided into four classes, called Conju- 
 gations, according to the last letter of the Present Stem. 
 
 The First Conjugation has its Present Stem ending in A, 
 The Second Conjugation has its Present Stem ending in^. 
 The Third Conjugation has its Present Stem ending in 
 
 a Consonant or U. 
 The Fourth Conjugation has its Present Stem ending in /. 
 
 For some time, these Stems are given in the lessons. 
 Later they must be obtained from the * Principal Parts,' 
 given in the general vocabulary, where they are indicated 
 thus: 
 
 esent Stem 
 
 Perfect Stem 
 
 Supine Stem 
 
 vide-o 
 
 vid-i 
 
 visum (2) see above 
 
 mitt-o 
 
 mis-i 
 
 miss-um (3) '* " 
 
 move-o 
 
 mdv-i 
 
 mot-um (2) *' " 
 
 Since all the forms of a Latin verb are ' made ' on these 
 stems, and these are always found in the Principal Parts, 
 it is necessary to commit the latter to memory most 
 thoroughly. 
 
ENGLISH VERBS 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE 
 
 PKESENT TENSE 
 
 PEKFECT TENSE 
 
 Sing. 1. I teach. 
 
 2. Thou 1 teachest. 
 
 3. He, she, or it teaches. 
 Plur. 1. We teach. 
 
 2. Ye or you teach. 
 
 3. They teach. 
 
 or, 
 
 Sing. 1. I am teaching. 
 
 2. Thou art teaching. 
 
 3. He, she, or it is teaching. 
 Plur. 1. We are teaching. 
 
 2. Ye or you are teaching. 
 
 3. They are teaching. 
 
 or, 
 
 Sing. 1. I do teach. 
 
 2. Thou dost teach. 
 
 3. He, she, or it does teach. 
 Plur. 1. We do teach. 
 
 2. Ye or you do teach. 
 
 3. They do teach. 
 
 Sing. 1. I have taught. 
 
 2. Thou hast taught. 
 
 3. He, she, or it has taught. 
 Plur. 1. We have taught. 
 
 2. Ye or you have taught. 
 
 3. They have taught. 
 
 AORI^T TENSE 
 
 Sing. 1. I taught. 
 
 2. Thou taughtest. 
 
 3. He, she, or it taught. 
 Plur. 1. We taught. 
 
 2. Ye or you taught. 
 
 3. They taught. 
 
 or, 
 
 Sing. 1. I did teach. 
 
 2. Thou didst teach. 
 
 3. He, she,-xDr it did teach. 
 Plur. 1. We did teach. 
 
 2. Ye or you did teach. 
 
 3. They did teach. 
 
 IMPEKFECT TENSE 
 
 PLUPERFECT TENSE 
 
 Sing. 1 . I was teaching. 
 
 2. Thou wast teaching. 
 
 3. He, she, or it was teaching. 
 Plur. 1. We were teaching. 
 
 2. Ye or you were teaching. 
 
 3. They were teaching. 
 
 Sing. 1. I had taught. 
 
 2. Thou hadst taught. 
 
 3. He, she, or it had taught. 
 Plur. 1. We had taught. 
 
 2. Ye or you had taught. 
 
 3. They had taught. 
 
 PUTUBE SIMPLE TENSE 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT TENSE 
 
 Sing. 1. I shall or will teach. 
 
 2. Thou wilt teach. 
 
 3. He, she, or it will teach. 
 Plur. 1. We shall or will teach. 
 
 2. Ye or you will teach. 
 
 3. They will teach. 
 
 Sing. 1. I shall have taught. 
 
 2. Thou wilt have taught. 
 
 3. He will have taught. 
 Plur. 1. We shall have taught. 
 
 2. Ye or you will have taught. 
 
 3. They will have taught. 
 
 1 See observation p. 18. 
 
ENGLISH VERBS 
 PASSIVE VOICE 
 
 # 
 
 PRESENT TENSE 
 
 PERFECT TENSE 
 
 Sing. 1. I am being taught. 
 
 2. Thou art being taught. 
 
 3. He, she, or it is being 
 
 taught. 
 Plur. 1. We are being taught. 
 
 2. Ye or you are being 
 
 taught. 
 
 3. They are being taught. 
 
 or, 
 Sing. 1. I am taught. 
 
 2. Thou art taught. 
 
 3. He, she, or it is taught. 
 Plur. 1. We are taught. 
 
 2. Ye or you are taught. 
 
 3. They are taught. 
 
 Sing. 1. I have been taught. 
 
 2. Thou hast been taught. 
 
 3. He, she, or it has been 
 
 taught. 
 Plur. 1. We have been taught. 
 
 2. Ye or you have been 
 
 taught. 
 
 3. They have beeb taught. 
 
 AORIST TENSE 
 
 Sing. 1. I was taught. 
 
 2. Thou wast taught. 
 
 3. He, she, or it was taught. 
 Plur. 1 . We were taught. 
 
 2. Ye or you were taught. 
 
 3. They were taught. 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE 
 
 PLUPERFECT TENSE 
 
 Sing. 1. I was being taught. 
 
 2. Thou wast being taught. 
 
 3. He, she, or it was being 
 
 taught. 
 Plur. 1. We were being taught. 
 
 2. Ye or you were being 
 
 tauglit. 
 
 3. They were being taught. 
 
 Sing. 1. I had been taught. 
 
 2. Thou hadst been taught. 
 
 3. He, she, or it had been 
 
 taught. 
 Plur. 1. We had been taught. 
 
 2. Ye or you had been 
 
 taught. 
 
 3. They had been taught. 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT TENSE 
 
 FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE 
 
 Sing. 1. I shall have been taught. 
 
 2. Thou wilt have been 
 
 taught. 
 
 3, He, she, or it will have 
 
 been taught. 
 Plur. 1 . We shall have been taught. 
 
 2. Ye or you will have been 
 
 taught. 
 
 3. They will have been 
 
 taught. 
 
 Sing. 1. I shall be taught. 
 
 2. Thou wilt be taught. 
 
 3. He, she, or it will be 
 
 taught. 
 Plur. I. We shall be taught. 
 
 2. Ye or you will be taught. 
 
 3. They will be taught. 
 
10 PRONUNCIATION 
 
 PRONUNCIATION i 
 
 Correct pronunciation of Latin, or indeed of any lan- 
 guage, requires that each letter or combination of letters 
 shall receive its proper sound; that each word shall be 
 correctly divided into syllables; that each word shall 
 have its accent correctly placed. Therefore we need to 
 understand the matter of 
 
 A Sound 
 B Syllables 
 C Accent 
 
 A. SOUND 
 
 The Letters of the Alphabet. The Latin Alphabet 
 was much like our own ; but / and w were lacking, 
 and h, y, and z were not common. / served as both 
 Vowel and Consonant. Like our own the alphabet was 
 made up of (1) Vowels and (2) Consonants. 
 
 1. Vowels 
 
 These were a, e, i, o, u, (y). 
 
 Each of these had two sounds a long sound and a 
 short sound, which means that sometimes each was sounded 
 a long time in pronouncing, or was sounded for a shorter 
 time. In most text-books for beginners, the vowels are 
 marked with a small straight line (~) just above the letter 
 to show that it is to be held somewhat in pronouncing, and 
 
 1 The correct pronunciation of Latin is a matter requirinj;^ careful attention 
 on the part of both teacher and pupil ; and though the latter will gain much 
 from imitation, he should have as early as possible in his work the principles 
 that govern proper pronunciation at his command. With that end in view, 
 the following summary is added to the present edition, all former editions 
 having left the matter entirely to the teacher. 
 
PRONUNCIATION 11 
 
 with a little curved line (") just over the letter (or with 
 no mark whatever) to show that the vowel is to be sounded 
 but a short time, a means long-sounded a\ a or a means 
 short-sounded a, or simply long a and short a. 
 
 In this book a vowel with no mark is to be regarded 
 as short. 
 
 The Vowel Sounds 
 
 a like a in father a like first a in aha 
 
 e like e in fete e like e in met 
 
 i like i in police I like i in din 
 
 6 like in tone ' 6 like o in ^o^ 
 
 u like u in rWe u like u in ^^^^ 
 
 Diphthongs 
 
 ae oe au eu ui 
 
 If you will pronounce (using its Latin sound) each of the 
 two vowels in any one of the above groups in quick succes- 
 sion, you will see that they make practically one sound. 
 Now that is what a diphthong is two vowels pronounced 
 as one sound. 
 
 Pronounce 
 
 ae like ai in aisle au like oit in house 
 
 oe like oi in spoil eu like eiu in feiv 
 
 ui like oo-ee spoken quickly 
 
 2. Consonants 
 
 The Latin consonants were sounded almost as in 
 English. The following points of difference should be 
 carefully noted. 
 
 Pronounce 
 
 C (always hard) like h never as in cent, 
 
 g (always hard) like g in gate never as in gem, 
 
 i-consonant like y in yet. 
 
12 PRONUNCIATION 
 
 qu like kw. 
 
 s like s in since never like s in ease. 
 
 (Avoid the z sound of s in final es.) 
 t always like t in time never with the sh sound of t 
 
 in -tion English words. 
 V like English w. 
 
 In doubled consonants such as II, mm, nn, rr, tt, there 
 should be a sound for each of the two. 
 
 The few varia^ipns that remain may be pointed out by 
 the teacher as they occur. 
 
 B. SYLIiABLES 
 
 Latin words were not divided into syllables in just the 
 same way that we divide English words. For in Latin 
 a word has as many syllables as it has separate vowels 
 and diphthongs ; so that the word ndtio = nation, which 
 we would pronounce with two syllables, is in Latin a 
 three-syllable word ; thus, nd-ti-o. 
 
 It will be of help to know the meaning of the following 
 names, which are applied to words according to the number 
 of syllables they contain 
 
 A word of one syllable is called a Monosyllable, 
 A word of two syllables is called a Dissyllable. 
 A word of three syllables is called a Trisyllable. 
 
 We also speak of words as monosyllabic, dissyllabic, and 
 trisyllabic according as they have respectively one, two, or 
 three syllables. 
 
 Polysyllable and polysyllabic are sometimes applied to 
 words of three or more syllables. 
 
 Words having the same number of syllables are said to 
 be parisyllabic. 
 
 Words not having the same number of syllables are 
 said to be imparisyllabic.^ 
 
 1 Try to find where all these names originated. 
 
PRONUNCIATION 13 
 
 The following rules will guide you in dividing words 
 into syllables 
 
 1. A single consonant between two vowels, or between 
 a vowel and a diphthong, is put with the second ; thus, 
 amicus = a-m%-cus, aqua = a-qua,^ 
 
 2. If there are two or more consonants between two 
 vowels or diphthongs, use as many of the consonants with 
 the second as can be pronounced with it; t\\.Vi^y jpugnat = 
 jpug-nat ; carmen ^= car-men ; templum = tem-plum, 
 
 3. Doubled consonants are separated; thus, vellum = 
 vel-lum. 
 
 Length of Syllables 
 
 Syllables are long or short according as they require 
 a longer or shorter time in pronouncing, the difference 
 being much the same as in the case of the vowels. 
 
 A syllable containing a long vowel, or a diphthong, or 
 a short vowel followed by two consonants or by x or z, 
 is long. 
 
 Most other syllables are short. 
 
 C. ACCENT 
 
 If you will pronounce carefully, and rather slowly, any 
 English word of more than one syllable, you will notice 
 that some one of its syllables is dwelt on, and so made 
 more prominent than any other ; e. g., English, meaning, 
 pronounce, study, behavior. This prominence, or stress 
 of the voice, is called Accent. 
 
 English words may have the accent on any syllable. 
 There is hardly any rule governing the position of the 
 
 1 </ is always followed by u, and the two make practically one consonant 
 sound, su, gUy hu, and cu may be so combined. 
 
14 PRONUNCIATION 
 
 stress or accent. We consult the dictionary and that 
 directs us ; thus we are told to say in-ter-est-ing, in-t^r- 
 nal-ly, fun-da-m^n-tal, mis-un-der-stand. Here are four 
 words, each having four syllables, and in no two is the 
 stress put on the same syllable. 
 
 In accenting Latin words, we may say that only the 
 last three syllables of a word are to be considered ; and of 
 these, one (the very last) is never accented. For conven- 
 ience, these three syllables are named as follows 
 
 The Ultima} or last syllable. 
 
 The Penult, or that before the Ultima. 
 
 The Antepenult, or that before the Penult. 
 
 Rules of Accent 
 I. Words of Two Syllables 
 In words of two syllables accent the Penult. i 
 
 II. Words of More than Two Syllables 
 
 If the Penult is a long syllable, accent the Penult. 
 
 If the Penult is a short syllable, accent the Antepenult. 
 
 CAUTIONS 
 
 1. Never accent the last syllable of a Latin word. 
 
 Pupils often do this to emphasise the differing case 
 and personal endings. 
 
 2. Do not mistake the hyphens used in the paradigms 
 and exercises for syllable-division marks. 
 
 3. Do not mistake long marks (") for marks of accent. 
 Accent marks are not used in this book. 
 
 1 Try to find where all these names originated. 
 
PRONUNCIATION 
 
 15 
 
 4. Eemember that mucli of the Latin you are to read 
 later will have no marks of any kind ; that those used in 
 this book are for your guidance in acquiring a correct 
 pronunciation. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 Examples to illustrate these principles, and exercises 
 for drill, should be *given by the teacher to such extent 
 as he feels the class requires. 
 
 I. Separate into syllables and pronounce the following 
 
 vincetur 
 
 regione 
 
 capere 
 
 idem 
 
 vincitis 
 
 vocabimur 
 
 reges 
 
 mater 
 
 magistrum 
 
 huic 
 
 quae 
 
 manere 
 
 causa 
 
 utilis 
 
 patientis 
 
 doces 
 
 amicus 
 
 pater 
 
 more 
 
 equus 
 
 coepisti 
 
 sumus 
 
 iubeo 
 
 aedificaverunt 
 
 II. To be read in class 
 
 Brevi tempore ad flumen Tiberim venit. Tum tamen 
 nulla erat urbs in eo loco, Eoma enim nondum coiidita 
 erat. Hercules itinere fessus constituit ibi paucos dies 
 morari, ut se ex laboribus recrearet. Hand procul a 
 valle ubi boves pascebantur spelunca erat, in qua Cacus, 
 horribile mon strum, tum habitabat. Hic speciem terri- 
 bilem praebebat, non modo quod ingenti magnitudine 
 corporis erat, sed quod ignem ex ore exsplrabat. Cacus 
 au^em de adventu Herculis famam acceperat; noctu 
 igitur venit, et dum Hercules dormit, quattuor pulcher- 
 rimorum boum abripuit. Hos caudis in speluncam traxit, 
 ne Hercules e vestigiis cognoscere posset quo in loco 
 
 Celati essent. (From '' Fabulae Faciles.") 
 
16 
 
 A-VERBS 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION: A-VERBS 
 
 Verbs whose Present Stem ends in a belong to the 
 First Conjugation. 
 
 Example Ama-re, to love. Pres. Stem Ama-. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 The Present Tense is formed by adding Personal End- 
 ings to the Present Stem, ama-. 
 
 
 Formation 
 
 Example 
 
 English 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 Present Stem + o * 
 
 '^ + s 
 " + 1 
 
 " " + mus 
 " + tis 
 " + nt 
 
 am-6 
 ama-s 
 ama-t 
 
 ama-mus 
 
 ama-tis 
 
 ama-nt 
 
 I love. Obs. 1. 
 Thou loves t. 
 He loves. 
 
 We love. 
 You love. 
 They love. 
 
 * [In the First Person Singular, by adding o to ama- we get ama-o, but 
 this is contracted to am-o ; hence the a at the end of the Stem is not seen. 
 A vowel which results from contraction is long.] 
 
 Ohs. 1. Note shortening of final vowel of Present Stem, and where. 
 
 Obs. 2. Remember that the Present Tense has three forms in English 
 
 Am5 = / lovey 
 Amas = Thou lovest, 
 Amat = He loves. 
 
 I am loving. 
 Thou art loving, 
 He is loving, 
 
 I do love, 
 Thou dost love, 
 He does love, etc. 
 
 06s. 3. No separate Latin word is required for *I/ 'thou/ 'he/ etc.; 
 thus, amat, he loves. Here ' he/ which is the Subject of the sentence, is 
 said to be contained in the Verb, and 'amat' is a complete sentence in 
 one word. 
 
A-VERBS 
 
 17 
 
 VOCABULAKY 
 
 ^-Verbs conjugated like amo 
 
 
 Canto, I sing, 
 
 Present Stem, canta-. 
 
 
 Pugno, IJight, 
 
 
 " pugna-. 
 
 
 Salto, I dance, 
 
 
 salta-. 
 
 
 Voc5, / call^ 
 
 
 *' voca-. 
 
 
 
 Non = not. 
 
 
 
 
 EXERCISE 
 
 I 
 
 1. 
 
 Canta-t. 
 
 11. 
 
 Non salt-o. 
 
 2. 
 
 Pugna-s. 
 
 12. 
 
 Non voca-s. 
 
 3. 
 
 Salta-mus. 
 
 13. 
 
 Canta-s. 
 
 4. 
 
 Voca-nt. 
 
 14. 
 
 Pugna-tis. 
 
 5. 
 
 Canta-tis. 
 
 15. 
 
 Non voca-t. 
 
 6. 
 
 Pugna-t. 
 
 16. 
 
 Canta-mus. 
 
 7. 
 
 Salta-tis. 
 
 17. 
 
 Non pugna-nt. 
 
 8. 
 
 Voca-mus. 
 
 18. 
 
 Non voc-o. 
 
 9. 
 
 Canta-nt. 
 
 19. 
 
 Non voca-tis. 
 
 .0. 
 
 Pugna-mus. 
 
 20. 
 
 Salta-nt. 
 
 1. 
 
 They sing. 
 
 11. 
 
 He does not dance. 
 
 2. 
 
 We fight. 
 
 12. 
 
 I am calling. 
 
 3. 
 
 You dance. 
 
 13. 
 
 You are not singing. 
 
 4. 
 
 He calls. 
 
 14. 
 
 They fight. 
 
 5. 
 
 Thou singest. 
 
 15. 
 
 Thou dost call. 
 
 6. 
 
 I do not fight. 
 
 16. 
 
 He is fighting. 
 
 7. 
 
 He is dancing. 
 
 17. 
 
 Thou dance St. 
 
 8. 
 
 They are calhng. 18. 
 
 We do not call. 
 
 9. 
 
 We do not sin| 
 
 ^. 19. 
 
 They dance. 
 
 0. 
 
 You are fighting. 20. 
 
 He does not fight. 
 
18 
 
 A-VERBS 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION : A-VERBS continued 
 Ama-re, to love. Pres. Stem Ama-. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE 
 Imperfect and Future Simple Tenses 
 
 Both these Tenses are formed, like the Present, by 
 adding Personal Endings to the Present Stem, ama-. 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 Present Stem -}- bam 
 " + bas 
 " + bat 
 
 " + bamus 
 ' + batis 
 " + bant 
 
 ama-bam 
 ama-bas 
 ama-bat 
 
 ama-bamus 
 
 ama-batis 
 
 ama-bant 
 
 / was loving. 
 Thou wast loving. 
 He was loving. 
 
 We were loving. 
 You were loving. 
 They were loving. 
 
 FUTURE SIMPLE 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 Present Stem + bo * 
 " + bis 
 " + bit 
 
 '* + bimus 
 " + bitis 
 " -f bunt 
 
 ama-bo * 
 
 ama-bis 
 
 ama-bit 
 
 ama-bimus 
 
 ama-bitis 
 
 ama-bunt 
 
 / shall {or will) love. 
 Thou wilt love. 
 He will love. 
 
 We shall {or will) love. 
 You will love. 
 They will love. 
 
 * What two vowels are contracted to form the o ? 
 
 06s. In addressing one person * you ' is now more commonly used 
 than * thou/ therefore both the Second Person Singular and the Second 
 Person Plural may be translated 'you'; thus, amas, you love, and 
 amatis, you love, but ' amas ' is addressed to one person, * amatis * to 
 more than one. 
 
A-VERBS 
 
 19 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 
 Laudu, I praise. 
 
 
 Present Stem, lauda-. 
 
 
 Rogo, / ash. 
 
 
 " roga-. 
 
 
 EXERCISE II 
 
 1. 
 
 Salta-bat. 
 
 11. 
 
 Salta-bam. 
 
 2. 
 
 Voca-mus. 
 
 12. 
 
 Voca-bamus. 
 
 3. 
 
 Pugna-bit. 
 
 13. 
 
 Roga-bitis. " 
 
 4. 
 
 Eoga-bis. 
 
 14. 
 
 Salta-t. 
 
 5. 
 
 Lauda-s. 
 
 15. 
 
 Voca-s. 
 
 6. 
 
 Canta-bitis. 
 
 16. 
 
 Lauda-nt. 
 
 7. 
 
 Yoca-bant. 
 
 17. 
 
 Lauda-bat. 
 
 8. 
 
 Pugna-bunt. 
 
 18. 
 
 Pugna-bant. 
 
 9. 
 
 Voca-bas. 
 
 19. 
 
 Canta-nt. 
 
 0. 
 
 Pugna-tis. 
 
 20. 
 
 Voca-bis. 
 
 1. 
 
 We shall fight. 
 
 11. 
 
 They were asking. 
 
 2. 
 
 He was calling. 
 
 12. 
 
 You (sing.) will praise. 
 
 3. 
 
 They will praise. 
 
 13. 
 
 He was not calling. 
 
 4. 
 
 Thou dost fight. 
 
 14 
 
 He is praising. 
 
 5. 
 
 I shall ask. 
 
 15. 
 
 You (sing.) were fightin: 
 
 6. 
 
 They were dancing. 
 
 16. 
 
 We do not dance. 
 
 7. 
 
 We are calling. 
 
 17. 
 
 You (pi.) were calling. 
 
 8. 
 
 He calls. 
 
 18. 
 
 We were praising. 
 
 9. 
 
 They will call. 
 
 19. 
 
 You (pi.) will sing. 
 
 0. 
 
 He does not fight. 
 
 20. 
 
 He is dancing. 
 
20 
 
 A-VERBS 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION: A-Y EBBS continued 
 Ama-re, to love 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE 
 The Perfect and Aorist Tense 
 
 This Tense is formed by adding the Personal Endings ^ 
 to the Perfect Stem, amav-. 
 
 The Perfect Stem of any regular Verb of the First 
 Conjugation is found by adding v to the Present Stem ; 
 thus 
 
 Present Stem, ama-, 
 " pugna-, 
 
 " lauda-, 
 
 Perfect Stem, amav-, 
 " piignav-. 
 
 " laudav-. 
 
 
 Formation 
 
 Example 
 
 English 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 Pf.Stem + i 
 
 amav-i 
 
 Perfect 
 
 Aorist 
 
 I have loved. 
 
 / loved.^ 
 
 2. 
 
 + isti 
 
 amav-isti 
 
 Thou hast loved. 
 
 Thou lovedst. 
 
 3. 
 
 '* +it 
 
 amav-it 
 
 He has loved. 
 
 He loved. 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 " + imus 
 
 amav-imus 
 
 We have loved. 
 
 We loved. 
 
 2. 
 
 " +i9tis 
 
 amav-istis 
 
 You have loved. 
 
 You loved. 
 
 3. 
 
 '' + erunt 
 . or -{-ere 
 
 amav-erunt 
 or amav-ere 
 
 They have loved. 
 
 They loved. 
 
 Remember there is only one form in Latin for both Perfect and Aorist ; 
 thus, 'amavi' means both / have loved and / loved or did love. 
 
 1 These Pers. Ends, are peculiar to this Tense, i. e. are not used elsewhere. 
 
 2 Or, / did love, etc. 
 
A-YERBS 
 
 21 
 
 EXERCISE III 
 
 1. Rogav-it. 
 
 2. Salta-bat. 
 
 3. Pugnav-imus. 
 
 4. Non roga-nt. 
 
 5. Voca-bit. ^ 
 
 6. Salta-t. 
 
 7. Laudav-erunt. 
 
 8. Yocav-isti. 
 
 9. Pugna-bimus. 
 
 10. Laudav-it. 
 
 11. Yoca-bat. 
 
 12. Salta-bit. 
 
 13. Non lauda-mus. 
 
 14. Saltav-istis. 
 
 15. Cantav-erunt. 
 
 16. Non laudav-i. 
 
 17. Yoca-t. 
 
 18. Yocav-it. 
 
 19. Non salta-t. 
 
 20. Cantav-isti. 
 
 21. Roga-batis. 
 
 22. Laudav-imus. 
 
 23. Salta-bitis. 
 
 24. Pugnav-istis. 
 
 J. We have praised. 
 
 2. They danced. 
 
 3. He did not fight. 
 
 4. You (sing.) were calling. 
 
 5. He sings. 
 
 6. He will dance. 
 
 7. They have asked. 
 
 8. We did not praise. 
 
 9. You will ask. 
 
 10. They fought. 
 
 11. They did not dance. 
 
 12. We were calling. 
 
 13. They do not praise. 
 
 14. Thou hast not called. 
 
 15. We are dancing. 
 
 16. I was calling. 
 
 17. They are dancing. 
 
 18. We will ask. 
 
 19. He has praised. 
 
 20. You have asked. 
 
 21. You will call. 
 
 22. We have fought. 
 
 23. You are calling. 
 
 24. I did not praise. 
 
22 
 
 A-VERBS 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION: A-YEUBS continued 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE 
 
 The Pluperfect and the Future Perfect Tenses 
 
 Both these Tenses are formed, like the Perfect and 
 Aorist, by adding Personal Endings to the Perfect Stem, 
 amav-. 
 
 PLUPEKFECT 
 
 Formation 
 
 Example 
 
 English 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 Pf. Stem + eram 
 + eras 
 + erat 
 
 + eranius 
 + eratis 
 + erant 
 
 amav-eram 
 amav-eras 
 amav erat 
 
 amav-eramus 
 
 amav-eratis 
 
 amav-erant 
 
 / had loved. 
 Thou hadst loved. 
 He had loved. 
 
 We had loved. 
 Yon had loved. 
 They had loved. 
 
 FUTUKE PERFECT 
 
 Siug 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 Pf. Stem + ero 
 + eris 
 + erit 
 
 + erimus 
 + eritis 
 + erint 
 
 amav-ero 
 amav-eris 
 amav-erit 
 
 amav-erimus 
 
 amav-eritis 
 
 amav-erint 
 
 I shall have loved. 
 Thou ivilt have loved. 
 He will have loved. 
 
 We shall have loved. 
 You will have loved. 
 They will have loved. 
 
 In the sentence amat = he loves, the Subject is contained in the Verb, 
 but the Subject may also be a separate word ; thus, Puella amat, the girl 
 loves. 
 
 Obs. The Verb must aj^ree in Person with its Subject; thus, puella, 
 the Subject, is of the Third Person, therefore the Verb amat is also of the 
 Third Person. See Rule p. 24. 
 
A-VERBS 
 
 23 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Volo, I fly, 
 Vulnero, / woundy 
 
 Present Stem, vola-. 
 
 " vulnera-. 
 
 Hasta, a spear. 
 Puella, a girl. 
 Regina, a queen. 
 
 EXERCISE IV 
 
 1. Vocav-erat. 
 
 2. Pugnav-erit. 
 
 3. Hasta vola-bat. 
 
 4. Pugna-bit. 
 
 5. Vocav-erimus. 
 
 6. Yulnera-mus. 
 
 7. Rogav-eris. 
 
 8. Saltav-eras. 
 
 9. Puella lauda-t. 
 10. Vocav-erunt. 
 
 11. Non salta-bimus. 
 
 12. Rogav-eratis. 
 
 13. Puella saltav-erat. 
 
 14. Vulnerav-erunt. 
 
 15. Yulnera-bunt. 
 
 16. Laudav-erit. 
 
 17. Yulnera-tis. 
 
 18. Cantav-erant. 
 
 19. Yocav-erint. 
 
 20. Pugnav-erunt. 
 
 1. They had called. 
 
 2. He will have asked. 
 
 3. We have fought. 
 
 4. Ye were dancing. 
 
 5. The girl will praise. 
 
 6. We sang. 
 
 7. They will have sung. 
 
 8. You (pi.) did not praise. 
 
 9. The spear flies. 
 10. We had wounded. 
 
 11. They did not fight. 
 
 12. You (sing.) had praised. 
 
 13. The queen will ask. 
 
 14. We shall have fought. 
 
 15. He had sung. 
 
 16. The spear will wound. 
 
 17. They do not fight. 
 
 18. We were calling. 
 
 19. The girl had danced. 
 
 20. Thou wilt have fought. 
 
24 
 
 NOUNS 
 
 NOUNS 
 
 FIRST DECLENSION 
 
 Nouns whose Genitive Singular ends in ae belong to 
 the First Declension. The Nominative ends in a. 
 The Cases are formed as follows 
 
 SiNOULAR 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Mens-a 
 
 a table (/.) 
 
 Mens-ae 
 
 tables. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Mens-ae 
 
 of a table. 
 
 Mens-arum 
 
 of tables. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Mens-ae 
 
 to or for a table. 
 
 Me US-is 
 
 to or for tables. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Mens- am 
 
 a table. 
 
 Mens-as 
 
 tables. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Mens-a 
 
 table. 
 
 Mens-ae 
 
 tables. 
 
 Ahl. 
 
 Mens-a 
 
 by J with, or from 
 a table. 
 
 Mens-is 
 
 by, with, or from 
 tables. 
 
 Most Nouns of the Eirst Declension are of the Feminine Gender. 
 
 Rule The Subject of the Sentence is in the Nominative 
 Case. 
 
 Observe that if the Subject is Singular, the Verb must be Singular 
 " *' " " * Plural, " '' " " Plural. 
 
 Thus, in the sentence The girls love, the Subject, girls, is Plural, there- 
 fore the Verb must also be Plural, and the Latin will be ' Puellae amant.' 
 Thus we derive (see bottom p. 22) : 
 
 KuLE The Verb agrees with its Subject in Number and 
 Person. 
 
 Kemember that every sentence having a noun for its subject will have 
 its verb in the 3d Person, 
 
NOUNS 
 
 25 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Decline 
 
 Epistola, -ae, f ., a letter. 
 
 Sagitta, -ae, f., an arrow. 
 
 EXERCISE V 
 
 Point out the Subject and Predicate in each Sentence. 
 
 1. Hastae vulnera-nt. 11. 
 
 2. Eegina lauda-bat. 12. 
 
 3. Non pugnav-eramus. 13. 
 
 4. Puellae salta-bunt. 14. 
 
 5. Vocav-erunt. 15. 
 
 6. Kegina cantav-erit. 16. 
 
 7. Puellae voca-bant. 17. 
 
 8. Non ama-tis. 18. 
 
 9. Keginae laudav-erant. 19. 
 10. Sagittae vulnerav-erunt. 20. 
 
 Epistola lauda-bit. 
 Cantav-eramus. 
 Laudav-istis. 
 Non pugna-batis. 
 Keginae salta-nt. 
 Puella vocav-erit. 
 Puellae vocav-erant. 
 Hastae vulnera-bunt. 
 Non saltav-isti. 
 Vocav-erint. 
 
 1. The girls do not call. 
 
 2. The queen will fight. 
 
 3. The spears wounded. 
 
 4. You did not dance. 
 
 5. I had not fought. 
 
 6. The queens praised. 
 
 7. The girls were dancing. 
 
 8. The spears will fly. 
 
 9. We had sung. 
 10. Thou didst fight. 
 
 11. The arrows were flying. 
 
 12. The queen had praised. 
 
 13. We shall have sung. 
 
 14. Ye were asking. 
 
 15. The queen does not dance. 
 
 16. They had fought. 
 
 1 7. We do not praise. 
 
 18. The girl has not sung. 
 
 19. They have asked. 
 
 20. We are not praising. 
 
26 
 
 E- VERBS 
 
 SECOND CONJUOATION: E- VERBS 
 
 Verbs whose Present Stem ends in e belong to the 
 Second Conjugation. 
 
 Example Mone-ke, to advise. 
 
 Present Stem, mone-, Perfect Stem, monii-. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE 
 
 Tenses formed from the Present Stem Mone- 
 
 [The Personal Endings are the same as in the First Conjugation.] 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 
 Formation 
 
 Example 
 
 English 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 2 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Pres. Stem + o 
 
 " +s 
 " +t 
 " " + mus 
 " + tis 
 " +nt 
 
 mone-6, p. 1 6, 06s. 1. 
 
 mone-s 
 
 mone-t 
 
 mone-mus 
 
 mone-tis 
 
 mone-nt 
 
 I advise, p. 16, 06s. 1. 
 
 Thou advisest. 
 
 He advises. 
 
 We advise. 
 
 You advise. 
 
 The}! advise. 
 
 IMPEBFECT 
 
 Sing. I. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur.l. 
 
 2. 
 
 3, 
 
 Pres. Stem + bam 
 " +bas 
 " +bat 
 " ** +bamus 
 " 4- batis 
 '* +bant 
 
 mone-bam 
 
 mone-bas 
 
 mone-bat 
 
 mone-bamus 
 
 mone-batis 
 
 mone-bant 
 
 I was advising. 
 Thou wast advising. 
 He was advising. 
 We were advising. 
 You were advising. 
 They were advising. 
 
 FUTURE SIMPLE 
 
 Sing.l. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur.l. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Pres. Stem + bo 
 '' +bis 
 " +bit 
 " + bimus 
 " + bitis 
 " + bunt 
 
 mone-bo 
 
 mone-bis 
 
 mone-bit 
 
 mone-bimus 
 
 mone-bitis 
 
 mone-bunt 
 
 I shall (or will) \ 
 Thou wilt 
 He will 
 
 We shall (or will) 
 You will 
 They will ' 
 
 
 Rule The Object of a Transitive Verb is in the Accusa- 
 tive Case. See page 3. 
 
 Thus Subject Transitive Verb Object 
 
 The queen loves the girl, 
 
 Reglna (Nom.) amat puellam (A ecus.) 
 
E-VERBS 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 27 
 
 Verbs of Second Conjugation like moneo 
 
 Doce-o, / teach, 
 Tene-6, / hold, 
 Time-6, 1 fear, 
 
 Present Stem, doce-. 
 " tene-. 
 
 " time-. 
 
 EXERCISE VI 
 
 Point out the Subject and 
 
 1. Doce-mus puellam.^ 
 
 2. Tene-bant hastas. 
 
 3. Tene-t hastam. 
 
 4. Time-bunt reginam. 
 
 5. Puellae non time-nt. 
 
 6. Regina saltav-erat. 
 
 7. Tene-bam epistolam. 
 
 8. Hastae vulnera-nt. 
 
 9. Non time-bo hastas. 
 10. Doce-tis puellas. 
 
 1. We fear the queen. 
 
 2. Ye teach the girls. 
 
 3. The girl will fear. 
 
 4. They hold a spear. 
 
 5. Ye were not teaching. 
 
 6. Thou dost fear. 
 
 7. We had not danced. 
 
 8. He praised the letter. 
 
 9. I will teach the girl. 
 10. He is not fighting. 
 
 Object (where there is one). 
 
 11. Non pugnav-isti. 
 
 12. Yoca-t reginam. 
 
 13. Hasta volav-erit. 
 
 14. Lauda-mus puellam. 
 
 15. Tene-batis hastas. 
 
 16. Non doce-bitis. 
 
 17. Tene-t epistolam. 
 
 18. Time-bat hastam. 
 
 19. Keginae time-nt. 
 
 20. Non pugnav-eramus. 
 
 11. They were holding letters. 
 
 12. You will fear the spear. 
 
 13. Thou didst not call. 
 
 14. Spears had wounded. 
 
 15. They will teach girls. 
 
 16. The girls were fearing. 
 
 17. You will not have fought. 
 
 18. Thou teachest the queen. 
 
 19. They fear the spears. 
 
 20. He called the girl. 
 
 1 The correct Latin order is not alluded to till a later exercise; it can, of 
 course, be insisted on from the first in the English-Latin exercise. Until the 
 correct order is used in the Exercises, require the pupil to rearrange each 
 eentence that contains an object. 
 
28 
 
 E-VERBS 
 
 SECOND CONJUGATION: :E-YEB,BS continued 
 
 MoNE-RE, to advise 
 
 Present Stem, mone-, Perfect Stem, monu-. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE 
 Tenses formed from the Perfect Stem Monu- 
 
 The Perfect Stem of any regular Verb of the Second 
 Conjugation is found by changing the last letter of the 
 Present Stem from e into u. Thus 
 
 Present Stem, mone-, Perfect Stem, monu-. 
 
 ** " doce-, " * docu-. 
 
 [The Personal Endings are the same as in the First Conjugation.] 
 
 PERFECT AND AORIST 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Pf. Stem-f i 
 " + isti 
 " -fit 
 " +iinus 
 " -f istis 
 " + erunt 
 or + ere 
 
 monu-i 
 
 monu-isti 
 
 monu-it 
 
 monu-imus 
 
 monu-istis 
 
 monu-erunt 
 
 or monu-ere 
 
 Perfect 
 
 / have 
 Thou hast 
 He has 
 We have 
 You have 
 They have. 
 
 Aorist 
 
 / advised. 
 Thou advisedst 
 He advised. 
 We advised'. 
 You advised. 
 They advised. 
 
 PLUPERFECT 
 
 Sing. 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 Plur. 1 
 2. 
 3 
 
 Pf . Stem -h eram 
 *' -j- eras 
 " -f erat 
 " +eramus 
 *' + eratis 
 " -h erant 
 
 monu-eram 
 
 monu-eras 
 
 monu-erat 
 
 monu-eramus 
 
 monu-eratis 
 
 monu-erant 
 
 / had advised. 
 Thou hadst advised. 
 He had advised. 
 We had advised. 
 You had advised. 
 They had advised. 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT 
 
 Sing. 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 Plur. 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 Pf. 
 
 Stem + ero 
 " + eris 
 " f erit 
 " + erimus 
 " -f eritis 
 " + erint 
 
 monu-ero 
 
 monu-eris 
 
 monu-erit 
 
 monu-erimus 
 
 nionu-eritis 
 
 monu-erint 
 
 / shall have advised. 
 Thou wilt have advised. 
 He will have advised. 
 We shall have advised. 
 You will have advised. 
 They will have advised. 
 
E-VERBS 
 
 29 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Aqua, -ae, f., water. Ira, -ae, f., anger. 
 
 EXERCISE VII 
 
 Point out the Subject and Object. 
 
 1. Tenu-i hastam. 
 
 2. Docu-eras puellas. 
 
 3. Eeglna timu-erit. 
 
 4. Tenu-imus sagittas. 
 
 5. Timu-eratis aquam. 
 
 6. Lauda-bitis epistolas. 
 
 7. Puellae saltav-erunt. 
 
 8. Eegina time-t hastam. 
 
 9. Laudav-erant puellam. 
 10. Puellae timu-erunt. 
 
 11. Non time-o iram. 
 
 12. Docu-isti puellam. 
 
 13. Regina monu-erit. 
 
 14. Sagittae vola-bunt. 
 
 15. Tene-tis sagittas. 
 
 16. Non monu-istis. 
 
 17. Timu-erant hastas. 
 
 18. Docu-eris reginam. 
 
 19. Puellae canta-bant. 
 
 20. Timu-erint reginam. 
 
 1. We held spears. 
 
 2. You do not fear anger. 
 
 3. The girl had not taught. 
 
 4. Thou didst teach the girl. 
 
 5. We praised the letter. 
 
 6. I did not fear the arrow. 
 
 7. We do not praise the girl. 
 
 8. We shall not fight. 
 
 9. He was teaching the girl. 
 
 10. They had held the arrows. 
 
 11. The queen will have ad- 
 
 vised. 
 
 12. You are not praising. 
 
 13. They fear the water. 
 
 14. The girls had not fought. 
 
 15. I did not praise the girl. 
 
 16. The queen has not 
 
 feared. 
 
 17. The arrow has wounded. 
 
 18. The spears did not 
 
 wound. 
 
 19. Thou hadst taught the 
 
 queen. 
 
 20. Thou art holdino^ a letter. 
 
30 
 
 NOUNS 
 
 NOUNS 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION 
 
 Nouns whose Genitive Singular ends in ^ belong to the 
 Second Declension. 
 
 The Nominative ends in Us or er, if the Noun is Mas- 
 culine or Feminine. Feminine nouns in this Declension 
 are rather few. 
 
 The Nominative ends in um, if the Noun is Neuter. 
 Masculine 
 
 SlNGULAB 
 
 Plubal^ 
 
 Nom. 
 
 D6min-U8 
 
 a lord (ni.). 
 
 Domin-i 
 
 lords. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Domin-i 
 
 of a lord. 
 
 Dominorum 
 
 of lords. 
 
 Dai. 
 
 Domin-o 
 
 to or for a lord. 
 
 Domin-is 
 
 to or for lords. 
 
 Ace, 
 
 Domin-um 
 
 a lord. 
 
 Domin-os 
 
 lords. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Domin-e 
 
 lord. 
 
 Domin-i 
 
 lords. 
 
 Ahl. 
 
 I>omin-6 
 
 by, with, or from 
 a lord.^ 
 
 Domin-is 
 
 by, withy or from 
 ' lords.T^ 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Magister 
 
 a master (m.). 
 
 Magistr-i 
 
 masters. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Magistr-i 
 
 of a master. 
 
 Magistrorum 
 
 of masters. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Magistr-6 
 
 to or for a master. 
 
 Magistr-is 
 
 to or for masters. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 M agist r-um 
 
 a master. 
 
 Magistr-6s 
 
 masters. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Magister 
 
 master. 
 
 Magistr-i 
 
 masters. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Magistr-o 
 
 by, with, or from 
 a master.'^ 
 
 Magistr-is 
 
 by, with, or from 
 masters.^ 
 
 The Case-endiugs of domimis and magister are exactly alike except in 
 the Nominative and Vocative Singular. 
 
 Observe that in declining magister the e is dropped in all Cases except 
 Nominative and Vocative Singular. 
 
 1 A Preposition is required to give this meaning to the Ablative of dominua 
 and magister, or of any word which is the name of a person. 
 
NOUNS 
 
 31 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Like Dominus. Like Magister. 
 
 Serv-us, -i, m., a slave. 
 Amic-us, -i, m., a friend. 
 
 Liber, libri, m., a hook. 
 
 EXERCISE VIII 
 
 Point out the Subject and Object. 
 
 1. Magister lauda-t s^rvum. 11. Servitime-nt dominum. 
 
 2. Puellae tene-bant libros. 12. Regina lauda-t librum. 
 
 3. Regina amav-it amicum. 13. Hastavulnera-bitservum. 
 
 4. Nontimu-erunt dominum. 14. Puella timu-it aquam. 
 
 5. Amici voca-bunt servos. 15. Non tene-bimus hastas. 
 
 6. Servi non pugnav-erant. 
 
 7. Eegina tenu-erit hastam. 
 
 8. Lauda-bamus amicos. 
 
 9. Hastae vulnerav-erunt. 
 10. Docu-erimus puellas. 
 
 1. The slaves feared the 
 
 queen. 
 
 2. The friend will hold 
 
 spears. 
 
 3. The girl fears the slaves. 
 
 4. I did not praise the girl. 
 
 5. The master had taught. 
 
 6. We will praise the book. 
 
 7. You (sing.) do not fear 
 
 water. 
 
 8. I had called a slave. 
 
 9. The girls love the 
 
 queen. 
 10. They will not have 
 fought. 
 
 1 6. Magister doce-t puellas. 
 
 17. Ama-batis magistros. 
 
 18. Servi tene-bunt sagittas. 
 
 19. Yulnerav-isti reginam. 
 
 20. Non laudav-istis libros. 
 
 11. The spear wounded the 
 
 girl. 
 
 12. You were holding the 
 
 book. 
 
 13. The girls have not sung. 
 
 14. Thou hast called the 
 
 slaves. 
 
 15. The queen loves the 
 
 friends. 
 
 16. We fear the master. 
 
 17. You had held the spear. 
 
 18. We did not call the girl. 
 
 19. We were teaching the 
 
 slaves. 
 
 20. They praised the letters. 
 
32 
 
 NOUNS 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION con^me(/ 
 Masculine 
 
 A few words ending in er do not drop the e in declen- 
 sion, as magister does. 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Norn. 
 
 Puer 
 
 a hoy (m). 
 
 Puer-1 
 
 boys. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Puer-T 
 
 of a boy. 
 
 Puerorum 
 
 of boys. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Puer-6 
 
 to or for a hoy. 
 
 Puer-is 
 
 to or for boys. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Puer-um 
 
 a hoi/. 
 
 Pueros 
 
 boys. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Puer 
 
 boy. 
 
 Pueri 
 
 boys. 
 
 Ahl. 
 
 Puer-6 
 
 by, with, or from 
 a boy.^ 
 
 Puer-is 
 
 by, with, or from 
 boys. 1 
 
 Neuter 
 
 The Nominative Singular of Neuter Nouns of the Second 
 Declension ends in um. 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nam. 
 
 Bell-um 
 
 war {n.). 
 
 Bell-a 
 
 wars. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Bell-i 
 
 of war. 
 
 Bell-6rum 
 
 of wars. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Bell-6 
 
 to or for war. 
 
 Bell-is 
 
 to or for wars. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Bell-um 
 
 war. 
 
 Bell-a 
 
 wars. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Bell-um 
 
 war. 
 
 Bell-a 
 
 wars. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Bell-6 
 
 by, with, or from 
 war. 
 
 Bell-is 
 
 by, withf or from 
 wars. 
 
 Tn all the Declensions the Nominative, Vocative, and Accusative of 
 Neuter Nouns are alike, and the Nominative, Vocative, and Accusative 
 Plural end in a. 
 
 1 A Preposition is required. See p. 30. 
 
NOUNS 
 
 33 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 D5n-um, -i, n., a gift. 
 
 Terre-o, I frighten. 
 
 Tel-um, -i, n., a dart. 
 Present Stem, terre-. 
 
 EXERCISE IX 
 
 [N. B. In Latin the Object is generally placed before its Verb.] 
 
 1. Tela non terre-nt. 11. 
 
 2. Puer dona lauda-t. 12. 
 
 3. Voca-bas pueros. 13. 
 
 4. Tene-bimus tela. 14. 
 
 5. Puella librum tenu-it. 15. 
 
 6. Laudav-istis araicos. 16. 
 
 7. Hasta servum vulnera-t. 17. 
 
 8. Eegina non saltav-erit. 18. 
 
 9. Puellae aquam time-nt. 19. 
 10. Servi puerum ama-bant. 20. 
 
 Pueri tela tene-bunt. 
 Hastas non timu-imus. 
 Keginae vocav-erant. 
 Amav-imus reginam. 
 Puer servos voca-bat. 
 Magister pueros docu-it. 
 Sagittae vulnera-bunt. 
 Dominus servum lauda-t. 
 Tenu-eratis epistolas. 
 Puellae saltav-erunt. 
 
 1. The boys loved books. 11. 
 
 2. We did not fear war. 12. 
 
 3. The queen was calling. 13. 
 
 4. Ye have taught boys. 14. 
 
 5. 1 will praise the gifts. 15. 
 
 6. The slaves feared water. 16. 
 
 7. Boys will hold arrows. 17. 
 
 8. Thedartswoundtheboys. 18. 
 
 9. The girls are not dancing. 19. 
 10. We do not fear boys. 20. 
 
 You (s.) will have sung. 
 The girl held letters. 
 Masters will teach boys. 
 Slaves fear darts. 
 We had called the girl. 
 They praised the gifts. 
 The queen will not fight. 
 You (pi.) were not singing. 
 They frightened the girl. 
 The slaves had fought. 
 
U CONSONANT VERBS 
 
 THIRD CONJUGATION: CONSONANT VERBS 
 
 Verbs whose Present Stem ends in a Consonant ^ belong 
 to the Third Conjugation. 
 
 Example Reg-ere, to rule 
 
 Present Stem, r6g-, Perfect Stem, rex- 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE 
 Tenses formed from the Present Stem MeG- 
 
 PKESENT 
 
 
 Formation 
 
 Example 
 
 English 
 
 Sing.l. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Present Stem + o 
 
 " +is 
 
 '* " +it 
 
 " +imus 
 " + itis 
 " funt 
 
 reg-o 
 
 reg-is 
 
 reg-it 
 
 reg-imus 
 
 reg-itis 
 
 reg-unt 
 
 / rule. 
 Thou rulest. 
 He rules. 
 We rule. 
 You rule. 
 They rule. 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 Sing.l. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur.l. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Present Stem + ebam 
 " + ebas 
 " +ebat 
 
 " " + ebamus 
 " + ebatis 
 
 " " + ebant 
 
 reg-ebam 
 
 reg-ebas 
 
 reg-ebat 
 
 reg-ebamus 
 
 reg-ebatis 
 
 reg-ebant 
 
 I was ruling. 
 Thou wast ruling. 
 He was ruling. 
 We were ruling. 
 You were ruling. 
 They were ruling. 
 
 FUTURE SIMPLE 
 
 Sing.l. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur.l. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Present Stem + am 
 - +es 
 " +et 
 " " + emus 
 " +etis 
 " -fent 
 
 reg-am 
 
 reg-es 
 
 reg-et 
 
 reg-emus 
 
 reg-etis 
 
 reg-ent 
 
 I shall [or will) ^ 
 
 Thou wilt 
 
 He will 
 
 Weshall(orwill) 
 
 You will 
 
 They will J 
 
 i- 
 
 The Engl.-Lat. sentences of the following Exercises may be analyzed 
 according to the method described on page 3. When the Subject is con- 
 tained in the Verb, S. should be placed over the termination, thus 
 
 V. I. s. s. V. I. 
 
 Salta-mus = We dance. 
 
 ^ Or in u. 
 
CONSONANT VERBS 
 
 35 
 
 Duc-o, / lead, 
 Mitt-o, / send, 
 Scrib-o, / writCf 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Verbs of Third Conjugation 
 
 Present Steniy duc- 
 " mitt- 
 
 " scrib- 
 
 Perfect Stem^ dux-. 
 " mis-. 
 
 " scrips- 
 
 EXEHCISE X 
 
 S. V. T. O. 
 
 1. Puer scrib-ebat librum. 
 
 2. Mitt-ent servos. 
 
 3. Puer aquam time-t. 
 
 4. Puerum non mitt-unt. 
 
 5. Libros scrib-ebat. 
 
 6. Epistolam scrlb-etis. 
 
 7. Docu-erunt pueros. 
 
 8. Puer dona mitt-et. 
 
 9. Puella librum scrib-it. 
 10. Non mitt-itis servum. 
 
 11. Duc-ebat puellas. 
 
 12. Servus puerum duc-et. 
 
 13. Amici dona mitt-unt. 
 
 14. Laudav-eramus libros. 
 
 15. Duc-ebatis puellas. 
 
 16. Vulnerav-isti magistrum 
 
 17. Reginas docu-eramus. 
 
 18. Timu-erunt sagittas. 
 
 19. Servi tela mitt-ent. 
 
 20. Pueri servos voca-nt. 
 
 Analyse the following Sentences - 
 
 1. We will send a slave. 
 
 2. The queen writes books. 
 
 3. You (s.) were leading a 
 
 boy. 
 
 4. Friends will send gifts. 
 
 5. We write letters. 
 
 6. The boys were writing. 
 
 7. The girls loved books. 
 
 8. We had taught boys. 
 
 9. You (pi.) send arrows. 
 10. They had called a slave. 
 
 11. The girls will dance. 
 
 12. The queen held a spear. 
 
 13. They will send letters. 
 
 14. We are leading boys. 
 
 15. We will write books. 
 
 16. The master taught girls. 
 
 17. We will praise the queen. 
 
 18. You (pi.) had held letters. 
 
 19. The girl will send gifts. 
 
 20. Friends write letters. 
 
Se CONSONANT VERBS 
 
 THIRD CONJUGATION: CONSONANT YEUBS continued 
 
 Reg-ere, to rule 
 Present Stem, rSg-, Perfect Stem, rex-. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE 
 Tenses formed from the Perfect Stem Bex- 
 The Perf. Stem of Verbs of the Third Conjugation can- 
 not be found from the Pres. Stem; it must be looked up. 
 
 [The Personal Endings are the same as in the First and Second 
 Conjugations.] 
 
 PERFECT AND AORIST 
 
 
 Formation 
 
 Examplb 
 
 English 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 Pf. Stem + i 
 
 rex-1 
 
 Perfect 
 
 Aorist 
 
 / have ^ 
 
 
 I ruled. 
 
 2. 
 
 " " +isti 
 
 rex-isti 
 
 Thou hast 
 
 
 Thou didst rule. 
 
 3. 
 
 " " 4 it 
 
 rex-it 
 
 He has 
 
 2 
 
 He rided. 
 
 Plur.l. 
 
 " " + imus 
 
 rex-imus 
 
 We have 
 
 
 We ruled. 
 
 2. 
 
 '' " + istis 
 
 rex-istis 
 
 You have 
 
 
 You ruled. 
 
 3. 
 
 " " + erunt 
 
 rex-erunt 
 
 They have) 
 
 
 They ruled. 
 
 
 or + ere 
 
 or rex-ere| 
 
 
 
 PLUPERFECT 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 Perf. Stem + eram 
 
 rex-eram 
 
 I had ruled. 
 
 2. 
 
 " " + eras 
 
 rex-eras 
 
 Thou hadst ruled. 
 
 3. 
 
 " + erat 
 
 rex-erat 
 
 He had ruled. 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 " ** + eramus 
 
 rex-eramus 
 
 We had ruled. 
 
 2. 
 
 " " + eratis 
 
 rex-eratis 
 
 You had ruled. 
 
 3. 
 
 " " + erant 
 
 rex-erant 
 
 They had ruled. 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 Perf. Stem + ero 
 
 rex-ero 
 
 I shall have rtded. 
 
 2. 
 
 " + eris 
 
 rex-eris 
 
 Thou wilt have ruled. 
 
 3. 
 
 " + erit 
 
 rex-erit 
 
 He will have ruled. 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 " *' + erimus 
 
 rex-erimus 
 
 We shall have ruled. 
 
 2. 
 
 " + eritis 
 
 rex-eritis 
 
 You will have ruled. 
 
 3. 
 
 " + erint 
 
 rex-erint 
 
 They will have ruled. 
 
 Obs. When the Subject consists of two or more Nouns joined by 
 
 * and,* the Verb must be Plural ; thus, Puer et puella canta-nt, the boy and 
 the girl sing. When the Object consists of two or more Nouns joined by 
 
 * and,' both must be in the Accus. ; thus, Amo puerum et puellam, / love 
 the boy and the girl. 
 
CONSONANT VERBS 37 
 
 VOCABUIiABY 
 
 Fili-us, -1, m., a son. lulia, -ae, f., Julia, 
 
 Nunti-us, 1, m., a messenger. Et, and. 
 
 EXERCISE XI 
 
 S. O. V. T. 
 
 1. Regina nuntios non mis-erat. 
 
 2. Pueri epistolas scrips-erunt. 
 
 3. Servus puerum et puellam dux-erit. 
 
 4. Puer et puella donum mis-erant. 
 
 5. Libros et epistolas scrips-eramus. 
 
 6. Magister filium et puellam docu-it. 
 
 7. Eegina et lulia dona mitt-ent. 
 
 8. Hastam et sagittas tene-bamus. 
 
 9. Puer et servus aquam time-nt. 
 
 10. Tela et sagittam timu-istis. 
 
 11. Servos et nuntios vocav-eratis. 
 
 12. Regina et lulia epistolas scrib-ent. 
 
 1. The boys and the girls wrote letters. 
 
 2. We had sent a slave and a messenger. 
 
 3. The queen will have sent arrows and spears. 
 
 4. The slaves had led the boy and the girl. 
 
 5. We have written letters and books. 
 
 6. You will send slaves and messengers. 
 
 7. The girl and the boy were calling the queen. 
 
 8. The spears wounded the queen and the slave. 
 
 9. You had sent books and gifts. 
 
 iOr Julia and the girls will have sung. 
 
 11. The boys are holding darts and arrows. 
 
 12. We fear the master and the queen. 
 
ADJECTIVES 
 
 ADJECTIVES 
 
 Adjectives are words which qualify Nouns, and as 
 Nouns are of various Genders, Adjectives are declined in 
 different forms according to the Gender. 
 
 Adjectives of Three Terminations are those which have 
 one form for the Masculine Gender, another for the Femi- 
 nine, and a third for the Neuter. Thus 
 
 The Masculine is declined like a Masculine Noun of the Second 
 Declension. 
 
 The Feminine is declined like a Feminine Noun of the First Declension. 
 The Neuter is declined like a Neuter Noun of the Second Declension. 
 
 Bu^\]S=good 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Bon-US 
 
 bon-S 
 
 bon-um 
 
 Bon-i 
 
 bon-ae 
 
 bon-S 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Bon-i 
 
 bon-ae 
 
 bon-i 
 
 Bon-6rum 
 
 bon-arum 
 
 bon-6rum 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Bon-6 
 
 bon-ae 
 
 bon-6 
 
 Bon-is 
 
 bon-is 
 
 bon-is 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Bon-um 
 
 bon-am 
 
 bon-um 
 
 Bon-OS 
 
 bon-as 
 
 bon-S 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Bon-e 
 
 bon-S 
 
 bon-um 
 
 Bon-i 
 
 bon-ae 
 
 bon-S: 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Bon-6 
 
 bon-a 
 
 bon-6 
 
 Bon-is 
 
 bon-is 
 
 bon-is 
 
 Bonus is declined in the Masculine like dominus, in the Feminine like 
 mensa^ and in the Neuter like belium. 
 
 Rule An Adjective agrees with its Noun in Gender, 
 Number, and Case; thus, Regina bona, a good queen. Re<jina is 
 Feminine Nominative Singular, therefore bona must also be Feminine 
 Nominative Singular to agree with reyina. 
 
ADJECTIVES 39 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Magn-us, -a, -um, great. Me-us, -a, -um, my, mine. 
 
 LoDg-us, -a, -uiil^ long. Tu-us, -a, -um, your {thy, thine). 
 
 Parv-us, -a, -um, small, little. Mult-us, -a, -um, much, many. 
 
 EXERCISE XII 
 
 [N. B. lu Latin the Adjective generally stands after the Noun which it 
 qualifies. In translating from Latin, place the Adjective before the 
 Noun, and be careful to use good English always.] 
 
 1. Servi mei scrib-ent. 7. Libros longos scrib-is. 
 
 2. Hasta longa terre-bat. 8. Puellam parvam time-t. 
 
 3. Kegina bona lauda-t. 9. Librum parvum tene-tis. 
 
 4. Filius parvus mis-erat. 10. Dona magna mitt-es. 
 
 5. Hastas longas time-o. 11. Sagittas tuas time-mus. 
 
 6. Pueros meos laudav-it. 12. Servum tuum vocav-isti. 
 
 13. Filius tuus servum meum doce-bat. 
 
 14. Eegina magna libros tuos laudav-it. 
 
 15. Nuntius epistolas meas tenu-it. 
 
 16. Dona multa et epistolas longas mis-imus. 
 
 17. Amici tui f ilium meum docu-erant. 
 
 18. Libros magnos et epistolas longas scrips-isti. 
 
 1. Your son has written a long letter. 
 
 2. My slaves had led the little girls. 
 
 3. We shall have sent great books. 
 
 4. You were holding arrows and long spears. 
 
 5. The queen praised my gifts and your letters. 
 
 6. The little girls do not fear the water. 
 
 7. We have sent many slaves and messengers. 
 
 8. The good queen will praise the little boys. 
 
 9. The long spear has not wounded my slave. 
 
 10. Your books will teach the boys and girls. 
 
 11. The master was teaching many boys. 
 
 12. We have written a great book and many letters. 
 
40 
 
 ADJECTIVES 
 
 ADJECTIVES continued 
 
 Besides Adjectives in -us, -a, -um, there are others of 
 Three Terminations in -er, -a, -um, 
 
 NJfGER = hlacJc 
 
 
 SiNGULAB 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Niger 
 
 nigr-a 
 
 nigr-um 
 
 Nigr-1 
 
 nigr-ae 
 
 nigr-a 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Nigr-i 
 
 nigr-ae 
 
 nigr-i 
 
 Nigr-orum 
 
 nigr-arum 
 
 nigr-orum 
 
 Dot. 
 
 Nigr-6 
 
 nigr-ae 
 
 Digr-o 
 
 Nigr-is 
 
 nigr-is 
 
 nigr-is 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Nigrum 
 
 nigr-am 
 
 nigr-um 
 
 Nigr-6s 
 
 nigr-as 
 
 nigr-a 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Niger 
 
 nigr-a 
 
 nigr-um 
 
 Nigr-i 
 
 nigr-ae 
 
 nigr-a 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Nigr-6 
 
 nigr-a 
 
 mgr-o 
 
 Nigr-is 
 
 mgr-is 
 
 nigr-is 
 
 TENEK = i^e7lC^er 
 
 
 SlKGULAB 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fein. Neut. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Nom, 
 
 Tener 
 
 tener-a tener-um 
 
 Tener-1 
 
 tener-ae 
 
 tener-a 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Tener-i 
 
 tener-ae tener-i 
 
 Tener-6rum tener-arum tener-6rum 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Tener-6 
 
 tener-ae tener-6 
 
 Tener-is 
 
 tener-is 
 
 tener-is 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Tener-um tener-am tener-um 
 
 Tener-6s 
 
 tener-as 
 
 tener-a 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Tener 
 
 tener-a tener-um 
 
 Tener-i 
 
 tener-ae 
 
 tener-a 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Tener-6 
 
 tener-a tener-6 
 
 Teuer-is 
 
 tener-is 
 
 tener-is 
 
 Niger is declined in the Masculine like magister, and drops the e. 
 
 Tener " *' puer, and keeps the e. 
 
 Both are declined in the Feminine like mensa, and in the Neuter like 
 bellum. 
 
 N. B. Tuus = your, when speaking to one person. 
 
 Vester = your, " more than one person. 
 
 Always use ' tuus ' for your^ unless it is clear that more than one person 
 is being addressed. 
 
ADJECTIVES 41 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Like Niger. Like Tener. 
 
 Pulcher, -chra, -cbrum, beautiful. Miser, -a, -um, wretched. 
 
 Vester, -tra, -trum, your. 
 Noster, -tra, -trum, our. 
 
 EXERCISE XIII 
 s. o. V. T. 
 
 1. Pueri parvi servos nigros time-bant. 
 
 2. Servi nostri hastas multas tenu-erunt. 
 
 3. Kegina nostra pueros bonos lauda-bit. 
 
 4. Puellae pulchrae amicum vestrum dux-eriint. 
 
 5. Pueros parvos et puellas teneras non time-mus. 
 
 6. Eiliufa meum et servos vestros docu-i. 
 
 7. Tela niulta et hastas longas mis-isti. 
 
 8. Puella pulchra servum miserum duc-ebat. 
 
 9. Filii nostri dona tua lauda-bunt. 
 
 10. Amici vestri epistolas multas mitt-ent. 
 
 11. Magna dona et libros mnltos mis-eratis. 
 
 12. Pueri parvi epistolas parvas scrib-unt. 
 
 1. Our sons were calling your slaves. 
 
 2. The black slaves feared the long spears. 
 
 3. We praised the beautiful girl and the little boy. 
 
 4. You (sing.) will teach your son and our slaves. 
 
 5. The good queen had sent many messengers. 
 
 6. Our friends write many books and long letters. 
 
 7. We shall have called our slaves. 
 
 8. Our spears wounded the wretched queen. 
 
 9. You (pi.) will have praised our friends. 
 
 10. The little boys will praise the beautiful gifts. 
 
 11. You (sing.) had sent your son and my friend. 
 
 12. The tender boys and the slaves did not fight. 
 
42 
 
 I-VERBS 
 
 FOURTH CONJUGATION: I-VERBS 
 
 Verbs whose Present Stem ends in ^ belong to the 
 Fourth Conjugation. 
 
 Example Audi-re, to hear 
 
 Present Stem, audi-, Perfect Stem, audiv-. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE 
 Tenses formed from the Present Stem audi- 
 
 PBESENT 
 
 Sinj^. 1 
 
 Plur 
 
 Formation 
 
 Pres. Stem + o 
 
 " + s 
 
 + t 
 
 -f mus 
 -ftis 
 -hunt 
 
 audi-6 p,16,06s.l 
 
 audi-s 
 
 audi-t 
 
 audi-mus 
 
 audi-tis 
 
 audi-unt 
 
 English 
 
 / hear. 
 
 Thoit hearest. 
 He hears. 
 We hear. 
 You hear. 
 They hear. 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 Sing. 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 riur. 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 Pres. Stem + ebam 
 " " -f ebas 
 " + ebat 
 " " -f ebamus 
 " ** + ebatis 
 '* " -f ebant 
 
 audi-ebam 
 
 audi-ebas 
 
 audi-ebat 
 
 audi-ebanius 
 
 audi-ebatis 
 
 audi-ebant 
 
 I ivas hearing. 
 Thou wast hearing. 
 He was hearing. 
 We were hearing. 
 You were hearing. 
 Theij were hearing. 
 
 FUTURE SIMPLE 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 Pres. Ste 
 
 2. 
 
 (( i( 
 
 3. 
 
 U It 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 it tt 
 
 2. 
 
 {( 
 
 3. 
 
 
 -hes 
 -f et 
 -hemus 
 -1-etis 
 -fent 
 
 audi-am 
 
 audi-es 
 
 audi-et 
 
 audi-emus 
 
 audi-etis 
 
 audi-ent 
 
 I shall {or will) 
 Thou wilt 
 He will 
 
 We shall {or will) 
 You will 
 They will 
 
 Observe that in the Imperfect and Future the Personal Endings are 
 the same as those of the Third Conjugation, but in the Present they 
 are slightly different. 
 
I-VERBS 43 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Verbs of the Fourth Conjugation like audio 
 
 Erudi-d, I instruct. Funi-o, I punish. 
 
 Impedi-o, / hinder. Mur-us, -i, m., a wall. 
 
 EXERCISE XIV 
 8. o. V. T. 
 
 1. Amicus bonus f ilium meum erudi-t. 
 
 2. Muri magni nuntios nostros impedi-ebant. 
 
 3. Magister noster pueros non puni-et. 
 
 4. Servos nostros et f ilium tuum erudi-mus. 
 
 5. Regina pulchra servum miserum non puni-t. 
 
 6. Murus magnus et aqua nuntium impedi-ent. .., 
 
 7. Tela multa et hastam longam tenuristis. 
 
 8. Amici nostri libros multos scrips-erunt. ' 
 
 9. Puella pulchra magna dona laudav-erit. 
 
 10. Magister bonus filios tuos puni-ebat. 
 
 11. Sagittas et hastas longas timu-imus. ^ 
 
 12. Puellas teneras et pueros parvos erudi-tis. 
 
 1. The long spears were hindering the little boys. 
 
 2. Good masters will instruct our sons. 
 
 3. The great queen does not punish the slaves. 
 4 You do not instruct the boys and girls. 
 
 5. The great wall hinders our messengers. 
 
 6. Many arrows had wounded the wretched queen. 
 
 7. Our friends will praise our letters. 
 
 8. The tender girls did not fear the darts. 
 
 9. Our letters will instruct the little girl. 
 
 10. We shall have sent books and many gifts. 
 
 11. The beautiful girls were holding the books. 
 
 12. I shall punish my son and your slaves. 
 
44 
 
 I-VERBS 
 
 FOURTH CONJUGATION: I-YETIBS ^ continued 
 
 AuDi-RE, to hear 
 Present Stem^ audi-, Perfect Stem, audiv-. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE 
 
 Tenses formed from the Perfect Stem audTV- 
 
 The Perfect Stem of a regular Verb of the Fourth 
 Conjugation may be found by adding v to the Present 
 Stem; thus 
 
 Present Stem, audi-, Perfect Stem, audiv-. 
 
 [The Personal Endings are the same in all Conjugations.] 
 
 PERFECT AND AORIST 
 
 
 Formation 
 
 Example 
 
 English 
 
 Sing. I. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Pf.Stem + i 
 " -fisti 
 " +it 
 " -f imus 
 " -histis 
 " -f erunt 
 or -h ere 
 
 audiv-1 
 
 audiv-isti 
 
 audiv-it 
 
 audiv-imus 
 
 audiv-istis 
 
 audiv-erunt 
 
 or audiv-ere 
 
 Perfect 
 
 Aorist 
 
 / have \ 
 Thou hast 
 He has 
 We have 
 You have 
 They have. 
 
 .r 
 
 2. 
 
 / heard. 
 
 Thou didst hear. 
 He heard. 
 We heard. 
 You heard. 
 They heard. 
 
 PLUPERFECT 
 
 Sing.l. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Pf. Stem -f eram 
 " -f eras 
 " -f erat 
 " + eramus 
 " -f eratis 
 -f erant 
 
 audiv-eram 
 
 audiv-eras 
 
 audiv-erat 
 
 audiv-eramus 
 
 audiv-eratis 
 
 audiv-erant 
 
 I had heard. 
 Thou hadst heard. 
 He had heard. 
 We had heard. 
 You had heard. 
 They had heard. 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT 
 
 Sing.l. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Pf . Stem + ero 
 + eris 
 + erit 
 " -f erimus 
 *' + eritis 
 -f erint 
 
 audiv-ero 
 
 audiv-eris 
 
 audiv-erit 
 
 audiv-erimus 
 
 audiv-eritis 
 
 audiv-erint 
 
 I shall have heard. 
 Thou wilt have heard. 
 He will have heard. 
 We shall have heard. 
 You will have heard. 
 They will have heard. 
 
 KuLB The Genitive Case is used to denote Possession. 
 
 It shows to whom a thing belongs; thus, Pueri liber, the boy's book, or, the 
 book of the boy. 
 
I-VEEBS 45 
 
 VOCABTJIiARY 
 
 Claud-o, / shut (3), Present Stem, claud- Perfect Stem, claus- 
 
 Frang-o, / break (3), " frang- " freg-. 
 
 Port-a, -ae, f., a gate. 
 Oppid-um, -i, n., a town. 
 
 I / EXERCISE XV 
 
 1. Eeglnae filius pugna-t. 6. Oppidi portam claud-es. 
 
 2. Servi amicus time-t. 7. Pueri hastas freg-i. 
 
 3. Pueri librum tene-s. 8. Eeginarum iram time-o. 
 
 4. Puellae dona laud-o. 9. Magistri f Ilium due-it - 
 
 5. Servorum tela vola-nt. 10. Magistri pueros doce-nt. 
 
 11. Kegina nostra servos vestros puniv-erit. 
 
 12. Magistri boni pueros multos erudiv-erant^ 
 
 13. Sagittae multae et hastae impediv-erunt. 
 
 14. Amicus tuus dona multa mitt-et. 
 
 15. Servus niger oppidi portas claus-erit. 
 
 16. Eeginae filios et servos erudiv-isti. 
 
 17. Hastas longas et sagittas freg-eramus. 
 
 18. Muri magni nuntium tuum impediv-erant. 
 
 1. We will shut the great gate of the town. 
 
 2. The sons of the queen had broken many arrows. 
 
 3. The wall of the town will have hindered our mes- 
 
 senger. 
 
 4. You have praised the gifts of the girls. 
 
 5. Our friends were writing a great book. 
 
 6. The black slave was leading the little girl. 
 
 7. You have not shut the gate of the town. 
 
 8. The slaves held many arrows and spears. 
 
 9. We will instruct the little son of the slave. 
 
 10. The queen's friends had sent the messengers. 
 
 11. We do not fear the slaves' arrows. 
 
 12. You have broken the gates and the great wall. 
 
46 
 
 THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS 
 
 TABLE OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS 
 ACTIVE VOICE 
 
 1 
 
 Amo^ 
 Moiie-o 
 Reg-o 
 Audi-o 
 
 
 ama-s 
 mone-s 
 Teg-is 
 audi-s 
 
 ama-t2 ama-mus ama-tis 
 mone-t mone-mus mone-tis 
 reg-it reg-imus reg-/tis 
 audi-t audi-mus audi-tis 
 
 ama-nt. 
 mone-nt. 
 reg-wnt. 
 audi-unt. 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 Ama- 
 Mone- 
 Reg- 
 Audi- 
 
 ! 
 1 
 
 bam 
 ebam 
 
 bas bat bamus batis 
 ebas ebat ebamus ebatis 
 
 bant, 
 ebant. 
 
 t 
 
 Ama- 
 Mone- 
 Reg- 
 
 Audi- 
 
 1 
 
 b5 
 am 
 
 bis bit biraus bitis 
 es et emus etis 
 
 bunt, 
 ent. 
 
 
 Amav- 
 Monu- 
 Rex- 
 Audiv- 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 isti it imus istis 
 
 erunt or 
 ere 
 
 li 
 
 Amav- 
 Monii- 
 Rex- 
 Audiv- 
 
 - 
 
 eram 
 
 eras erat eram us eratis 
 
 erant. 
 
 1 
 
 Amav- 
 Monu- 
 Rex- 
 Audiv- 
 
 1 
 
 ero 
 
 eris erit erimus eritis 
 
 erint 
 
 English 
 
 Present. / love, am loving, do love, etc. 
 
 Imperfect. 1 was loving, etc. 
 
 Future Simple. / shall or will love, etc. 
 
 Perfect. I have loved, etc. 
 
 Aorist. / loved or did love, etc. 
 
 Pluperfect. / had loved. 
 
 Future Perfect. I shall or will have4oved. 
 
 1 The First Person Singular Present is amo for amao. 
 
 2 See p. 16, Obs. 1. 
 
THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS 
 
 47 
 
 BECAPITULATOKY 
 
 Active Voice, Four Conjugations 
 
 1. Erudiv-erant. 
 
 2. Pugna-s. 
 
 3. Scrips-erint. 
 
 4. Doce-s. 
 
 5. Mls-erunt. 
 
 6. Viilnera-t. 
 
 7. Eoga-bo. 
 
 8. Impedi-es. 
 
 9. Tenu-erat. 
 
 10. Vola-bant. 
 
 11. Timu-imus. 
 
 12. Salta-bis. 
 
 13. Dux-erimus. 
 
 14. Claus-eris. 
 
 15. Yocav-eras. 
 
 16. Mitt-unt. 
 
 17. Terre-tis. 
 
 18. Freg-istl. 
 
 19. Docu-eritis. 
 
 20. Vulnera-tis. 
 
 21. Frang-itis. 
 
 22. Erudi-emus. 
 
 23. Vocav-istis 
 
 24. Canta-banius. 
 
 25. Tene-nt. 
 
 26. Claud-ebatis. 
 
 27. Scrib-etis. 
 
 28. Mis-imus. 
 
 29. Lauda-bit. 
 
 30. Tenu-erain. 
 
 31. Terre-mus. 
 
 32. Scrib-am. 
 
 33. Claus-it. 
 
 34. Terru-ero. 
 
 35. Erudi-tis. 
 
 36. Puni-ent. 
 
 1. Thou callest. 
 
 2. We shall hold. 
 
 3. You were leading. 
 
 4. They will have sent. 
 
 5. I had feared. 
 
 6. Ye are teaching. 
 
 7. They punish. 
 
 8. We do not ask. 
 
 9. I will shut. 
 
 10. Thou didst send. 
 
 11. Ye had led. 
 
 12. Thou wilt have held. 
 
 13. We are writing. 
 
 14. Ye hinder. 
 
 15. We have broken. 
 
 16. Thou fearest. 
 
 17. Ye did not fear. 
 
 18. We taught. 
 19.' I shall send. 
 
 20. Thou dost punish. 
 
 21. He wounds. 
 
 22. Ye were praising. 
 
 23. Thou wilt hinder. 
 
 24. Thou dost lead. 
 
48 
 
 NOUNS 
 
 NOUNS 
 THIRD DECLENSION 
 
 Nouns whose Genitive Singular ends in ^s belong to 
 the Third Declension. The Nominative ending is various, 
 and Nouns of all three Genders belong to the Third 
 Declension. 
 
 The Third Declension has two divisions 
 
 1. Nouns which increase; that is, which have more 
 
 syllables in the Genitive Singular than in the 
 Nominative Singular.^ 
 
 2. Nouns which do not increase; that is, which have 
 
 the same number of syllables in the Genitive 
 Singular as in the Nominative Singular/^ 
 
 I. INCREASING NOUNS 
 
 Masculine and Feminine 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Norn. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 liidex 
 
 I u die-is 
 
 liidic-i 
 
 liidic-em 
 
 liidex 
 
 liidic-e 
 
 a judge (m.) 
 of a judge, 
 to or for a judge, 
 a judge. 
 judge, 
 by, with, or from 
 a judge. ^ 
 
 liidic-es 
 
 liidic-um 
 
 liidic-ibus 
 
 liidic-es 
 
 liidic-es 
 
 liidic-ibus 
 
 judges, 
 of judges, 
 to or for judges, 
 judges. 
 judges, 
 by, with, or from 
 judges.^ 
 
 Norn. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Virgo 
 
 Virgin-is 
 
 Virgin-i 
 
 Virgin-em 
 
 Virgo 
 
 Virgin-e 
 
 a virgin (/.) 
 of a virgin, 
 to or for a virgin, 
 a virgin. 
 virgin, 
 by, with, or from 
 a virgin.^ 
 
 Virgin-es 
 
 Virgin-um 
 
 Virgin-ibus 
 
 Virgin-es 
 
 Virgin-es 
 
 Virgin-ibus 
 
 virgins, 
 of virgins, 
 to or for virgins, 
 virgins. 
 virgins, 
 by, with, or from 
 virgins.^ 
 
 Observe that the Nominative and Vocative Singular is index, but 
 that air the other cases are formed by adding certain endings to the stem 
 iudic-; this stem is found by taking away -is from the Genitive Singular. 
 
 1 These are called Imparisyllabic. 2 These are called Parisyllabic. 
 
 8 Require a Preposition for this meaning. 
 
NOUNS 49 
 
 VOCABULAIIY 
 
 Words of the Third Declension 
 Decline 
 
 Rex, regis, m., a king. Miles, milit-is, m., a soldier. 
 
 Vox, voc-is, f., a voice. Leo, leou-is, m., a lion, 
 
 EXERCISE XVI 
 
 1. ludic-es scrib-ebanj}. 7. Vox reg-is terre-t. 
 
 2. Mllit-em timu-imus. 8. Puer leon-em time-t. 
 
 3. Eeg-es pugnav-erunt. 9. Milit-es pugnav-erant. 
 
 4. Keg-is voc-em audi-o. 10. Eeg-um filios doce-s. 
 
 5. Leon-es time-bis. 11. Virgin-em lauda-bas. 
 
 6. Eeg-em vocav-isti. 12. ludic-es puni-ent. 
 
 13. Milit-es voc-em reg-is non audiv-erunt. 
 
 14. Pueri parvi leon-em vulnerav-erant. 
 
 15. Milit-um hastas longas freg-imus. 
 
 16. Eeg-is amici nuntios multos mis-erant. 
 
 17. Puella tenera leon-is voc-em time-bat. 
 
 18. Vox tua pueros parvos terru-it. 
 
 1. The soldiers will fight. 6. The judges punish. 
 
 2. The kings had praised. 7. I praised the virgin. 
 
 3. We heard a voice. 8. I call the king's slaves. 
 
 4. You feared the lions. 9. The judge's son sings. 
 
 5. Thou lovest the king. 10. You taught kings. 
 
 11. The sons of the king had written many letters. 
 
 12. The judges punished the slaves and the soldiers. 
 
 13. The boys' spears had wounded the lion. 
 
 14. Your voice will frighten the little girls. 
 
 15. The soldiers did not fear the spears of the slaves. 
 
 16. We do not hear the voice of the virgins. 
 
 17. The king and the queen will praise the soldiers. 
 
50 
 
 NOUNS 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION -confrnwecf 
 
 I. INCREASING NOUNS 
 
 Np]UTER 
 
 Eemember that all Neuter Nouns have Nominative, 
 Vocative, and Accusative alike, and that in the Plural the 
 Nominative, Vocative, and Accusative end in d. 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nom. 
 
 N5men 
 
 a name {n.). 
 
 Nomin-a 
 
 names. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 N6min-is 
 
 of a name. 
 
 Nomin-um 
 
 of names. 
 
 Out. 
 
 Nomin-i 
 
 to or for a name. 
 
 Nomin-ibus 
 
 to or for names. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Nomen 
 
 a name. 
 
 N6min-a 
 
 names. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 No men 
 
 name. 
 
 N6min-a 
 
 names. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Nomin-e 
 
 b'/, with, or from 
 a name. 
 
 Nomin-ibus 
 
 by, with, or from 
 names. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Opus 
 
 work (n.) 
 
 Oper-a 
 
 works. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Op6r-is 
 
 of work. 
 
 Oper-um 
 
 of works. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Oper-i 
 
 to or for work. 
 
 Oper-ibus 
 
 to or for works. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Opus 
 
 work. 
 
 Oper-a 
 
 works. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Opus 
 
 work. 
 
 Oper-a 
 
 works. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Oper-e 
 
 by, with, or from 
 work. 
 
 Oper-ibus 
 
 by, with, or from 
 works. 
 
 Obs. In making an Adjective like bonus or niger agree with a Noun 
 of the Third Declension, remember that the Adjective is declined like tlie 
 Second or First Declension while the Noun is of the Third Declension, 
 therefore the endings of the Adjective will not always be the same as those 
 of the Noun ; thus, Reges boni, good kings. 
 
 Decline together Rex mdgnus vox tua onus parvum. 
 
 Obs. Rules for gender and certain other features of Third Declension 
 Nouns are deferred for later study. 
 
NOUNS 61 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Neuter words of the Third Declension 
 Decline 
 
 Carmen, carmin-is, n., a song. Onus, on6r-is, n., a burden. 
 
 Flumen, flumin-is, a river. 
 
 EXERCISE XVII 
 S. o. V. T. 
 
 1. Puellae pulchrae carmin-a multa canta-bant. 
 
 2. Flumen magnum milit-es nostros terre-bit. 
 
 3. Eeg-is servi onus magnum timu-erunt. 
 
 4. ludic-es boni milit-em miserum puni-ent. 
 
 5. Milit-es nostri portas magnas claus-erunt. 
 
 6. Eeg-em magnum et reginam ama-bimus. 
 
 7. riumina magna nuntios meos impediv-erant. 
 
 8. Virgin-es pulchrae carmen longum canta-nt. 
 
 9. ludic-is boni voc-em audi-emus. 
 
 10. Milit-um multorum hastas freg-eratis. 
 
 11. Virgo tenera onus magnum tene-bat. 
 12.' Servi nostri onera magna porta-bant. 
 
 1. The great kings punished the wretched slaves. 
 
 2. We heard the voices of many soldiers. 
 
 3. Your voice will frighten the son of the queen. 
 
 4. The king and the queen praised the good judge. 
 
 5. You heard the songs of the beautiful girls. 
 
 6. Many soldiers were holding arrows and spears. 
 
 7. The great river will hinder our slaves. 
 
 8. We had led the little son of the great king. 
 
 9. The son of the good judge writes many books. 
 
 10. The slaves had shut the great gates of our town. 
 
 11. The good king praised the song of the girls. 
 
 12. The little boys feared the voice of the great lion. 
 
52 NOUNS 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION cowa'nwe^f 
 
 II. NOT-INCREASING NOUNS 
 
 Nouns that do not increase (see p. 48) form their 
 Genitive Plural in -ium instead of -um} In all the other 
 Cases the endings are the same as those of Increasing 
 Nouns. 
 
 Feminine 
 
 SlNQULAB 
 
 Plueal 
 
 i 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Ov-is 
 
 a sheep (/.). 
 
 Ov-es 
 
 sheep. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Ov-is 
 
 of a sheep. 
 
 Ov-ium 
 
 of sheep. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ov-i 
 
 to 07^ for a sheep. 
 
 Ov-ibus 
 
 to or for sheep. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Ov-em 
 
 a sheep. 
 
 Ov-es 
 
 sheep. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Ov-is 
 
 sheep. 
 
 Ov-es 
 
 sheep. 
 
 Ahl. 
 
 Ov-e 
 
 hi/, with, or from 
 a sheep. 
 
 Ov-ibus 
 
 by, with, or from 
 sheep. 
 
 In many parisyllabic Masculine and Feminine Nouns the Accusative 
 Case Plural has also the ending -Is. Compare this with the Genitive 
 Singular ending -is. 
 
 Neuter 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Mar-e 
 
 the sea (n.). 
 
 Mar-ia 
 
 seas. 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Mar-is 
 
 of the sea. 
 
 Mar-i am 
 
 of seas. 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Mar-T 
 
 to or for the sea. 
 
 Mar-ibus 
 
 to or for seas. 
 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Mar-e 
 
 the sea. 
 
 Mar-ia 
 
 seas. 
 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Mar-e 
 
 sea. 
 
 Mar-ia 
 
 seas. 
 
 
 Ahl. 
 
 Mar-i 2 
 
 hi/, with, or from 
 the sea. 
 
 Mar-ibus 
 
 by, with, or 
 seas. 
 
 from 
 
 Decline together Avis parva, mare mdynum. 
 
 1 The rule is here given absolutely, to avoid confusion. Wherever in the 
 following exercises exceptional Nouns have been used, the Genitive Plural has 
 been avoided. 
 
 2 All Neuter Nouns of the Third Declension with Nominative Case ending 
 in e, al, ar, have I (not e) in Ablative. 
 
NOUNS 53 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Words of the Third Declension, Genitive Plural -ium 
 
 Av-is, -is, f., a bird. Host-is, -is, m., an enemy}- 
 
 Nav-is, -is, f., a ship, 
 
 Vinc-o, / conquer (3), Present Stem, vine-. Perfect Stein, vie-. 
 
 EXERCISE XVIII 
 
 S. O. V. T. 
 
 1. Kegis milites hastes multos vic-erunt. 
 
 2. Keglna nostra navem magnam mitt-et. 
 
 3. Oves tenerae leonem magnum time-bant. 
 
 4. Hostium sagittae regem vestrum vulnera-nt. 
 
 5. Avis parva vocem tuam timu-erat. 
 
 6. Avium par varum carmina audiv-imus. 
 
 7. Naves niagnas et milites multos due-is. 
 
 8. Kegis fllius hostium tela non timu-it. 
 
 9. Mare magnum puellas multas terre-t. 
 
 10. Militum tela muros nostros non frang-ent. 
 
 11. Epistolas longas et libros multos scrips-i. 
 
 12. Keginae filius aves teneras voca-bat. 
 
 1. The queen's ships will frighten our enemies. 
 
 2. The girls heard the voice of the little birds. 
 
 3. We do not fear the great ship of our enemies. 
 
 4. The darts of the soldiers wounded many slaves. 
 
 5. Our enemies will not conquer the king's soldiers. 
 
 6. The little boy was holding a beautiful bird. 
 
 7. Your arrows have wounded the tender sheep. 
 
 8. We praise the voices of the beautiful virgins. 
 
 9. You had broken the spears of many soldiers. 
 
 10. The ships of the enemy frightened our slaves. 
 
 11. You have not shut the great gates of your town. 
 
 12. The sons of the judges do not fear the great sea, 
 
 1 Hostis may, of course, be Feminine. 
 
54 
 
 THE VERB '^SUM" 
 
 THE VERB "SUM" 
 
 Present Stem, 6s-, Perfect Stem, fu-. 
 
 The Verb sum belongs to none of the Four Conjuga- 
 tions, and is irregular in Present Stem Tenses. 
 
 [Be especially careful of Pronunciation.] 
 
 Present 
 
 Perfect and Aorist 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 sum, / am. 
 es. Thou art. 
 est, He is. 
 sumus. We are. 
 estis. You are. 
 sunt, They are. 
 
 fu-i I have been. I was. 
 fu-isti. Thou hast been. Thou wast. 
 fu-it, He has been. He was. 
 fu-imus, We have been. We were. 
 fu-istis, You have been. You were. 
 fu-erunt, They have been. They were, 
 or fu-ere 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 eram, / ivas. 
 eras. Thou wast. 
 erat, He was. 
 eramus, We were. 
 eratis, You were. 
 erant. They were. 
 
 fu-eram, / had been. 
 f u-er5s, Thou hadst been. 
 fu-erat, He had been. 
 fu-eramus, We had been, 
 fu-eratis. You had been. 
 fu-erant, They had been. 
 
 Future 
 
 Future Perfect 
 
 Sing, 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 ero, / shall be. 
 eris, Thou wilt be. 
 erit He will be. 
 erimus, We shall be. 
 eritis. You will be. 
 erunt, They will be. 
 
 fu-ero, / shall have been. 
 fu-eris. Thou wilt have been. 
 fu-erit, He will have been. 
 fu-erimus, We shall have been. 
 fu-eritis. You will have been. 
 fu-erint, Tliey will have been. 
 
 The Verb sum is a Copulative Verb, that is, it joins the Subject to 
 another word which may be a Noun or an Adjective, and is called the 
 Complement. A Noun Complement is often called a Predicate Nominative. 
 An Adjective Complement is often called a Predicate Adjective. See 
 pages 1 and 3. 
 
 Rule The Complement agrees with the Subject. 
 s. v.c. c. 
 
 Regina est bona = the queen is good. 
 
 Here bona is a Predicate Adjective, and is Nominative Case Singular and 
 Feminine Gender, to agree with rer/lna. 
 
 [In the Analysis V. C. = Verb Copulative, C. = Complement.] 
 
THE VERB ''SUM' 
 
 55 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Dur-us, -a -um, hard, 
 Timid-US, -a, -um, timid. 
 DeDS-us, -a, -um, thick. 
 
 Alt-US, -a, -um, high, deep. 
 Aeger, -gra, -grum, sick. 
 
 EXERCISE XIX 
 
 s. v.c. c. 
 
 1. Puella est pulchra. 
 
 2. Aves erant pulchrae. 
 
 3. Servus erit nuntius. 
 
 4. Rex fu-it timidus. 
 
 5. Telum fu-erat durum. 
 
 6. Avis fu-erit parva. 
 
 7. Reges sunt magni. 
 
 8. Muri erunt alti. 
 
 9. Oves fu-erunt parvae. 
 
 19. Filius servi tui est nuntius noster. 
 
 20. Milites reginae nostrae sunt multi. 
 
 21. Portae oppidi vestri erant magnae. 
 
 s. v.c. c. 
 
 10. Filius erat bonus. 
 
 11. Portae fu-erint densae. 
 
 12. Hostes fu-erant multi. 
 
 13. Amici sunius. 
 
 14. Milites estis. 
 
 15. Miseri eritis. 
 
 16. Aegri fu-istis. 
 
 17. Servus eris. 
 
 18. Regina fu-eras. 
 
 1. The king was sick. 
 
 2. The boys were small. 
 
 3. The ships are great. 
 
 4. The gifts will be many. 
 
 5. Your son is a slave. 
 
 6. We had been friends. 
 
 7. You will have been sick. 
 
 8. We are not soldiers. 
 
 9. The ships were black. 
 
 10. You have been a king. 
 
 11. The letter will be long. 
 
 12. We are the king's sons. 
 
 13. The friends of the queen are the enemies of the king. 
 
 14. The gates of the great town will be high. 
 
 15. The spears of our soldiers were hard. 
 
 16. The sons of the good judges have been soldiers. 
 
 17. The enemies of your king were many. 
 
 18. The son of your friend had been our slave 
 
56 
 
 A-VERBS 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION: A-VBRBS 
 
 Ama-re, to love 
 
 Pres. Stem, ama-, Per/. Stem, amav-, Suj). Stem, amat-. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE 
 
 Tenses formed from Present Stem Ama- 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 
 Formation 
 
 Example 
 
 English 
 
 Sing 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Pres. Stem + or 
 " -hris 
 " +tur 
 " " +mur 
 " " + mini 
 " " +ntur 
 
 am-or i 
 
 ama-ris 
 
 ama-tur 
 
 ama-mur 
 
 ama-mini 
 
 ama-ntur 
 
 I am loved. 
 Thou art loved. 
 He is loved. 
 We are loved. 
 You are loved. 
 They are loved. 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Pres. Stem -h bar 
 " +baris 
 " +batur 
 " +bamur 
 " " +bamini 
 '* " +bantur 
 
 ama-bar 
 
 ama-baris 
 
 ama-batur 
 
 ama-bamur 
 
 ama-bamini 
 
 ama-bantur 
 
 I was being loved. 
 Thou wast being loved. 
 He was being loved. 
 We were being loved. 
 You were being loved. 
 They were being loved. 
 
 FUTURE SIMPLE 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Pres. Stem + bor 
 " " +bgris 
 
 " +bitur 
 " " 4-bimur 
 
 " +bimini 
 " *' H-buntur 
 
 ama-bor 
 
 ama-bgris 
 
 ama-bitur 
 
 ama-bimur 
 
 ama-bimini 
 
 ama-buntur 
 
 I shall be loved. 
 Thou wilt be loved. 
 He will be loved. 
 We shall be loved. 
 You will be loved. 
 They will be loved. 
 
 '^ [Each of the above Tenses has another form for the Second Person 
 Singular, viz. Pres. amd-re, Iraperf. amd-bdre, Fut. amd-b^re.] 
 
 ^^ B. Only Transitive Verbs have a complete Passive Voice, but 
 wEen turned into the Passive Voice they become Intransitive, and 
 cannot therefore have an Object. 
 
 1 Am-or is for ama-or, just as the Active am~d is for ama-o. 
 
A-VERBS 57 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Porto, I carry (1). Culp5, I blame (1). 
 
 Monstro, / show, point out (1). Turr-is, -is, f., a tower. 
 
 EXERCISE XX 
 
 1. 
 
 Lauda-bitur. 
 
 7. 
 
 Vulnera-bamim. 
 
 2. 
 
 Culpa-bamur. 
 
 8. 
 
 Aqua porta-bitur. 
 
 3. 
 
 Onus porta-tur. 
 
 9. 
 
 Non culpa-mur. 
 
 4. 
 
 Puerl culpa-ntuE. 
 
 10. 
 
 Vulnera-bimini. 
 
 5. 
 
 Non voca-beris. 
 
 11. 
 
 Rex monstra-batufi 
 
 6. Monstra-bimtur. 12. Voca-baQs. 
 
 13. Filii tui!e| amicus noster lauda-buntur. 
 
 14. Turres altae oppidi nostri monstra-ntur. 
 
 15. Milites multi hastas et sagittas freg-erant. 
 
 16. Naves regis nostri hostem timidum terre-bunt. 
 
 17. ludic-is filius et servus mens culpa-bantur. 
 
 18. Puellae timidae leonem magnum timu-erunt. 
 
 [Remember that The Active Voice is used wlien the person denoted by 
 
 the Subject does something ; 
 The Passive Voice is used when the person denoted by the Subject 
 
 has something done to it. 
 Thus, The hoy calls (Active) ; the boy is called (Passive).] 
 
 1. We are blamed. 7. The voice is praised. 
 
 2. You were being praised. 8. The boy is calling. 
 
 3. They will be carried. 9. The girls are called. 
 
 4. Thou art not fearing. 10. You will be blamed. 
 
 5. We were singing. 11. Thou art singing. 
 
 6. He was being blamed. 12. We were being called. 
 
 13. The great burdens of our slaves were being carried. 
 
 14. The voice of the beautiful virgin will be praised. 
 
 15. The timid soldiers of the king are not praised. 
 
 16. The gates and the towers of the town will be shown. 
 
 17. You are blaming the friends of the good judges. 
 
 18. The letters and books of your friend will be shown. 
 
58 A-VERBS 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION : A-VERBS continued 
 
 Ama-re, to love 
 
 Pres. Stem, ama-, Per/. Stem, amav-, Sup. Stem, amat-. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE 
 
 Tenses formed from Supine Stem Amat- 
 
 These Tenses are made up of the Participle amdt-us and 
 Tenses of sum. 
 
 The Supine Stem of a regular Verb of thj First Conju- 
 gation is found by adding t to the Present Stem. 
 
 PERFECT AND AORIST 
 
 
 FOEMATION 
 
 Example 
 
 English 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 Sup. St. + US sum 
 
 amat-us sum 
 
 Perfect 
 
 Aorist 
 
 7 have been 
 
 
 / was ^ 
 
 
 2. 
 
 *' + us es 
 
 amat-us es 
 
 Thou hast been 
 
 
 Thou wast 
 
 
 3. 
 
 " + us est 
 
 amat-us est 
 
 He has been 
 
 o 
 
 He was 
 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 " + i sumus 
 
 am at-i sumus 
 
 We have been 
 
 a- 
 
 We were 
 
 r ^ 
 .^ 
 
 2. 
 
 " +iestis 
 
 amat-i estis 
 
 You have been 
 
 
 You were 
 
 
 3. 
 
 " +isunt 
 
 amat-i sunt 
 
 They have been^ 
 
 
 They were^ 
 
 
 The Participle used in forming the Tenses of the Supine System has 
 three Terminations for the three Genders, like an Adjective ending in 
 -MS, -a, -um, and it must, like an Adjective, agree in Gender and Number 
 with the Subject of the Verb ; thus 
 
 j Masculine, Puer amat-us est = the boy was loved. 
 Sing. J Feminine, Virg5 amat-a est = the virgin was loved. 
 
 \^Neuter, Nomen amat-um est = the name was loved. 
 
 I Masculine, Pueri amat-i sunt = the boys were loved. 
 Plur. J Feminine, Virgines amat-ae sunt = the virgins were loved. 
 ^Neuter, Nomina amat-S, sunt = the names were loved. 
 
A-VERBS 59 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 Lex, leg-is, f., a law. Lapis, lapid-is, m., a stone, 
 
 EXERCISE XXI 
 
 V. p. s. s. V. p. 
 
 1. Laudat-1 estis. 6. Virgo vocat-a est. 
 
 2. Naves monstrat-ae sunt. 7. Milites sunt timidi. 
 
 3. Onus portat-um est. 8. Vulnerat-us sum. 
 
 4. Eeges culpat-i sigit. 9. Oppidum est magnum. 
 
 5. Yulnerat-i siimus. 10. Kegis filii estis. 
 
 11. Leges bonae regum nostrorum laudat-ae sunt. 
 
 12. Portae altae oppidi magni monstrat-ae sunt. 
 
 13. Eeginae filius parvus vulnerat-us est. 
 
 14. Opus puellarum pulchrarum laudat-um est. 
 
 15. Flumina multa hostem nostrum impedi-ent. 
 
 16. Milites multos et naves magnas mis-isti. 
 
 17. Carmina virginis pulchrae laudat-a sunt. 
 
 18. Milites multi et rex magnus vulnerat-i sunt. 
 
 [N. B. 'I was loved ' is the Aorist Passive. 
 
 * I was being loved ' is the Imperfect Passive. 
 
 * I was loving ' is the Imperfect Active.] 
 
 1. You were called. 6. We were being called. 
 
 2. We were blamed. 7. Boys were fighting. 
 
 3. The work was praised. 8. Kings were wounded. 
 
 4. The girl has been called. 9. The voice was praised. 
 
 5. The girls were beautiful. 10. Spears were carried. 
 
 11. The song of the beautiful virgins was praised 
 
 12. The great ships of our kings were shown. 
 
 13. The soldiers of the good queen have been wounded. 
 
 14. The messengers of the judges will be blamed. 
 
 15. The great stones of the walls were being shown. 
 
 16. We do not fear the ships and soldiers of the enemy. 
 
 17. You have written many letters and many books. 
 
 18. The gifts of the little boys were praised. 
 
60 
 
 A-VERBS 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION: A-YEUBS continued 
 
 Ama-ke, to looe 
 
 Pies. Stem, ama-, Perf. Stem, amav-, Sup. Stem, amat-. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE 
 
 Tenses formed from the Supine Stem Amat- 
 
 PLUPERFECT 
 
 
 Formation 
 
 Example 
 
 English 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Sup. St.-f us eram 
 " +US eras 
 " -f- us erat 
 ** + i eramus 
 " 4- i eratis 
 ** -fi erant 
 
 amat-us eram 
 amat-us eras 
 amat-us erat 
 amat-i eramus 
 amat-i eratis 
 amat-i erant 
 
 / had been loved. 
 Thou hadst been loved. 
 He had been loved. 
 We had been loved. 
 You had been loved. 
 They had been loved. 
 
 j:, FUTURE P^IRFECT 
 
 Sing.l. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 riur.l. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Sup. St. + us ero 
 " + us eris 
 " -f us erit 
 " + i erimus 
 " + i eritis 
 " -f i erunt 
 
 amat-us ero 
 amat-us eris 
 amat-us erit 
 amat-i erimus 
 amat-i eritis 
 amat-i erunt 
 
 I shall have been loved. 
 Thou wilt have been loved. 
 He will have been loved. 
 We shall have been loved. 
 You will have been loved. 
 They will have been loved. 
 
 Ablatives of Instrument and of Agent. 
 
 The Thing with which an act is done is called the Instrument or 
 Means, and is put in the Ablative Case ; tims, in Vulneratus est sagittis 
 = he was wounded with (or by) arrows, sagittis is Ablative of Instru- 
 ment or Means. 
 
 The Person by whom an act is done is called the Agent, and when the 
 verb is Passive, the Agent is put in the Ablative Case with the Preposi- 
 tion a or ab; thus, in Vulneratus est a milite = ^e was ivounded by a 
 soldier, nnlite is Ablative of Agent. 
 
 Rule Instrument or Means is expressed by the Ablative 
 without a Preposition. 
 
 Rule Personal Agent with a Passive Verb is expressed by 
 the Ablative with the Preposition * a ' or * ab.' 
 
 Thus, ' By ' or * with ' a Thing := Ablative only. 
 
 ' By ' a Person or Animal Ablative with ' a ' or ' ab.* 
 
A-VERBS 61 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Oppugno, I attack (1). Aedifico, I build (1). 
 
 EXERCISE XXII 
 
 [N.B. d and ab both mean *by/ but a is used before consonants, 
 ab before vowels and h.] 
 
 1. Virgines pulch^ae a rege magno laudat-ae sunt. 
 
 2. Milites multi sagittis vestris vulnerat-i eraiit. 
 
 3. Onera inulta a servis miserls portat-a eruiit. 
 
 4. Flumen altura a militibus moiistrat-um erat. 
 
 5. Hastis et sagittis hostium vulnerat-i eramus. 
 
 6. Ab araicTs reginae bonae culpat-us eris. 
 
 7. Milites portas lapide magno freg-erunt. 
 
 8. Leonem magnum sagittis multis vulnera-bamus. 
 
 9. Eegina nostra a militibus ainat-a erat. 
 
 10. Avis tenera a puero lapide vulnerat-a est. 
 
 11. Carmina multa a puellis pulchris canta-ntur. 
 
 12. Virgines timidae aquam fluminis timu-erunt. 
 
 1. The good boys will be praised by the masters. 
 
 2. The king has been wounded by the arrows of the slaves. 
 
 3. Your books had been praised by the judges' friends. 
 4 The tender girl had been wounded by a great stone. 
 
 5. Many rivers will have been pointed out by the boys. 
 
 6. We have been blamed by the king and by the queen. 
 
 7. You will have been called by our friends. 
 
 8. We will break the gates of the town with our spears. 
 
 9. You have frightened the timid girls with your voice. 
 
 10. Many towns were attacked by the soldiers. 
 
 11. We were building a high wall with great stones. 
 
 12. The judges have written great books and many letters. 
 
62 
 
 ADJECTIVES 
 
 ADJECTIVES OP THIRD DECLENSION 
 
 Besides the Adjectives in 
 
 -us, -a, um, I ^^.^^ ^^j^^^ 
 -er, -a, -um, J 
 
 the First and Second Declensions, there are others which 
 follow the Third Declension of Nouns. 
 
 The Adjectives declined below have one form for the 
 Masculine and Feminine Gender and another for the Neuter 
 in Nominative, Vocative, and Accusative ; in the other 
 Cases they have the same form for all Genders. 
 
 Melior = letter 
 
 
 SiNGULAB 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Masc. Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Masc. Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Norn. 
 
 Melior 
 
 melius 
 
 Melior-es 
 
 melior-a 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Melior-is 
 
 melior-is 
 
 Melior-um 
 
 melior-um 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Melior-i 
 
 melior-i 
 
 Melior-ibus 
 
 melior-ibus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Melior-em 
 
 melius 
 
 Melior-es 
 
 melior-a 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Melior 
 
 melius 
 
 Melior-es 
 
 melior-a 
 
 AbL 
 
 Melior-e o?- T 
 
 melior-e or i 
 
 Melior-ibus 
 
 melior-ibus 
 
 Observe that the Ablative Singular ends in I or e. 
 
 Tristis = sad 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Mas. Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Masc. Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Norn. 
 
 Trist-is 
 
 trist-e 
 
 Trist-es 
 
 trist-ia 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Trist-is 
 
 trist-is 
 
 Trist-ium 
 
 trist-ium 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Trist-i 
 
 trist-i 
 
 Trist-ibus 
 
 trist-ibus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Trist-em 
 
 trist-e 
 
 Trist-es 
 
 trist-ia 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Trist-i^ ; 
 
 trist-e 
 
 Trist-es 
 
 trist-ia 
 
 Ahl. 
 
 Trist-i 
 
 trist-i 
 
 Trist-ibus 
 
 trist-ibus 
 
 Observe that the Ablative Singular ends in I, not e. 
 
 Decline together Donum melius hasta gravis servus fortis onus 
 [leve ftiius melior telum grave. " ' 
 
ADJECTIVES 63 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Decline like trlstis 
 
 Fortis, brave. Gravis, heavy. 
 
 Brevis, short. Dulcis, sweet. 
 
 EXERCISE XXIII 
 
 1. Eex est fortis. 6. Vox fuit dulcis. 
 
 2. Onus erat grave. 7. Carminum dulcium. 
 
 3. Carmina sunt dulcia. 8. Sagittis brevibus. 
 
 4. Hasta erit brevis. 9. A forti milite. 
 
 5. Pueri erant fortes. 10. Opus erat melius. 
 
 11. Kegis filii carmen dulce canta-bant. 
 
 12. Onera gravia a servis miseris portat-a sunt. 
 
 13. Eegina nostra a militibus fortibus amat-a erat. 
 
 14. Epistolae puerorum parvorum sunt breves. 
 
 15. Militum fortium hastas graves time-mus. 
 
 16. Avium parvarum vocem dulcem laudav-isti. 
 
 17. Amici nostri dona meliora mitt-ent. 
 
 18. ludicis filius sagitta brevi vulnerat-us est. 
 
 1. The song was short. 6. By brave boys. 
 
 2. The girls are brave. 7. Of a sweet song. 
 
 3. The books were heavy. 8. Short letters. 
 
 4. Of brave soldiers. 9. A better gift. 
 
 5. By a short spear. 10. Of better spears. 
 
 11. The sweet voices of the girls will lead our friends. 
 
 12. V^e were wounded by the heavy spears of the soldiers. 
 
 13. The heavy books were carried by the little boys. 
 
 14. The short song had been praised by the king. 
 
 15. The arrows of the brave soldiers are short. 
 
 16. The heavy stones will hinder the king's messengers. 
 
 17. Better ships will be built by the brave queen. 
 
 18. The wretched slaves will fear the heavy burdens. 
 
64 
 
 ADJECTIVES 
 
 ADJECTIVES OF THIRD DECLENSION con^nue^f 
 
 The Adjectives declined below have in the Accusative 
 Singular, and Nominative, Vocative, and Accusative 
 Plural, one form for Masculine and Feminine and another 
 for the Xeuter, but in all the other Cases they have the 
 same form for all three Genders. 
 
 Felix happy 
 
 
 SiNGULAB 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Masc. Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Masc. Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Felix 
 
 felix 
 
 Felic-es 
 
 felic-ia 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Felic-is 
 
 felic-is 
 
 Felic-ium 
 
 felic-ium 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Felic-i 
 
 felic-i 
 
 Felic-ibus 
 
 felic-ibus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Felic-em 
 
 felix 
 
 Felic-es 
 
 felic-ia 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Felix 
 
 felix 
 
 Felic-es 
 
 felic-ia 
 
 Abl. 
 
 L . 
 
 Felic-i or -e 
 
 felic-i or -e 
 
 Felic-ibus 
 
 felic-ibus 
 
 In GENS = vast 
 
 
 SiNGULAE 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Masc. Fern. Neut. 
 
 Masc. Fein. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Ingens ingeiis 
 
 Ingent-es 
 
 ingent-ia 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Ingent-is iiigent-is 
 
 Ingent-ium 
 
 ingent-ium 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ingent-i ingent-i 
 
 lugent-ibus 
 
 ingent-ibus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Ingent-em iugens 
 
 Ingent-es 
 
 ingent-ia 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Ingens ingens 
 
 Ingent-es 
 
 ingent-ia 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Ingent-i or e ingent-T or e 
 
 Ingent-ibus 
 
 ingent-ibus 
 
 Decline together Puella felix mare imjens magister sapiens telum 
 velox servus auddx donum ingens. 
 
 Ohs. A noun is sometimes qualified by another Noun which agrees 
 with it in Case, and is said to be in Apposition. 
 
 Romulus rex piignavit = Romulus the king has fought. 
 Timemus Komulum regem = we fear Romulus the king. 
 Filius Romuli regis = the son of Romulus the king. 
 
 Rule An Appositive agrees in Case "with the Noun which 
 it modifies. 
 
ADJECTIVES 65 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Decline 
 
 Like FeJlx. Like Ingens. 
 
 Vel5x, veloc-is, swift. Sapiens, sapient-is, wise. 
 
 Audax, audac-is, hold. 
 
 Cai-us, -i, Caesar, -is, Lentul-us, -T (names of men). 
 
 EXERCISE XXIV 
 
 1. Eeges sapientes bella longa non ama-nt. 
 
 2. Lentulus, amicus noster, puerum audacem puni-et. 
 
 3. Nuntii veloces libros, dona tua, porta-bant. 
 
 4. Servi sapientes a Caio magistro laudat-i sunt. 
 
 5. Libros et epistolas, Caesaris opera, lauda-mus. 
 
 6. Naves multae a regina sapiente aedifica-tae sunt. 
 
 7. Caius, index bonus, sagitta brevi vulnerat-us est. 
 
 8. Opera servorum audacium a rege culpat-a sunt. 
 
 9. Magistri sapientes pueros multos erudiv-erunt. 
 
 10. Hastas veloces et lapides graves time-mus. 
 
 11. Caius et Caesar, amici nostri, sagittis vulnerat-i eranto 
 
 12. Lentulus, regis filius, libros multos scrips-it. 
 
 1. The bold slaves broke the heavy gates of the town. 
 
 2. Caius, your friend, has been praised by the judge. 
 
 3. Vast walls were being built by slaves of the queen. 
 
 4. The books of Caius, the judge, were praised by the king. 
 
 5. We feared the swift arrows and the heavy spears. 
 
 6. The voices of the wise judges were being heard. 
 
 7. Lentulus and Caesar, our friends, had been called. 
 
 8. The towns had been attacked by the bold slaves. 
 
 9. Caius, our slave, has been wounded by a heavy stone. 
 
 10. A sweet song was sung by Julia, a happy girl. 
 
 11. The bold lion had terrified the tender sheep. 
 
 12. The son of the wise master had led the brave soldiers. 
 
66 
 
 E-VERBS 
 
 SECOND CONJUGATION: B- VERBS 
 
 MONE-RE, to advise 
 Pres. Stem, mone-, Per/. Stem, monti-, Sup. Stem, monit-. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE 
 
 Tenses formed from Present .Stem Mone- 
 
 [The Personal Endings are the same as those of the First Conjugation.] 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 
 FOKMATION 
 
 Example 
 
 English 
 
 Sing. I. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Pres. St. + or 
 " +ris 
 " +tur 
 " +inur 
 " +mini 
 " +ntur 
 
 mone-or 
 
 mone-ris 
 
 mone-tur 
 
 mone-mur 
 
 mone-mini 
 
 mone-ntur 
 
 I am (being) advised. 
 Thou art advised. 
 He is advised. 
 We are advised. 
 You are advised. 
 They are advised. 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Pres. St. + bar 
 '' +baris 
 " +batur 
 " +bamur 
 " +bamini 
 " +bantur 
 
 mone-bar 
 
 mone-baris 
 
 mone-batur 
 
 mone-bamur 
 
 mone-bamini 
 
 mone-bantur 
 
 I was being advised. 
 Thou wast being advised. 
 He was being advised. 
 We were being advised. 
 You were being advised. 
 They were being advised. 
 
 FUTURE SIMPLE 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Pres. St.+bor 
 *' +bgris 
 " +bitur 
 " +biinur 
 " +bimini 
 " +buntur 
 
 mone-bor 
 
 mone-bSris 
 
 mone-bitur 
 
 mone-bimur 
 
 mone-bimini 
 
 mone-buntur 
 
 I shall be advised. 
 Thou wilt be advised. 
 He will be advised. 
 We shall be advised. 
 You will be advised. 
 They will be advised. 
 
 [Each of the above Tenses has another form for the Second Person 
 Singular, viz. Pres. mom-re^ Imperf. mone-bdre, \it. mone-b^re.] 
 
E-VEKBS 67 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Sor-or, -oris, f., a sister. Rom-a, -ae, f., Rome, 
 
 Urbs, urb-is, f., a city. Gall-us, -i, a Gaul. 
 
 Verb-um, -i, n., a word. 
 
 EXERCISE XXV 
 
 1. lulia, soror mea, a servo nigro terre-bitur. 
 
 2. Leones magnrab ovibus teneris time-ntur. 
 
 3. Eoma urbs magna ab hostibus oppugnat-a erat. 
 
 4. Pueri multi a Caio aiiiico tuo doce-iitur. 
 
 5. ludicis boni verba sapientia aiidiv-imus. 
 
 6. Milites fortes hostium sagittis non terre-buntur. 
 
 7. Eomulus, rex sapiens, portas urbis claus-erit. 
 
 8. Aves timidae puerorum vocibus terre-bantur. 
 
 9. Carmen dulce a lulia, sorore tua, cantat-um est. 
 
 10. Hostes audaces portas urbis nostrae freg-erant. 
 
 11. Epistolae Lentuli, amici nostri, laudat-ae sunt. 
 
 12. Onera gravia a servis miseris time-bantur. 
 
 1. Caius, the son of our friend, will lead the soldiers. 
 
 2. The boys were being taught by Lentulus, a wise master. 
 
 3. We do not fear Caius, the son of a wise king. 
 
 4. Ye were wounded by the heavy spears of the soldiers. 
 
 5. Julia, the sister of Caius, your friend, is beautiful. 
 
 6. The little birds are frightened by our voices. 
 
 7. The bold enemy (pi.) will not attack the great city. 
 
 8. Your letters will have been praised by the wise queen. 
 
 9. You were being taught by Caius, the son of our friend. 
 
 10. The anger of the judges will be feared by your slaves. 
 
 11. The gates of the city were pointed out by the enemy. 
 
 12. The short spears of the enemy (pi.) wounded many 
 
 soldiers. 
 
68 
 
 E-VERBS 
 
 SECOND CONJUGATION: E-VE^UBS continued 
 
 MoNE-RE, to advise 
 
 Pres. Stem, mone-, Per/. Stem, monii-, Sup. Stem, monit-. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE 
 Tenses formed from the Supine Stem Monit-^ 
 
 PERFECT AND AORIST 
 
 
 Formation 
 
 Example 
 
 English 
 
 Sing.l. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Sup. St.-f us sum 
 " -fuses 
 " -f us est 
 " -f i sumus 
 " -f i estis 
 " +isunt 
 
 monit-us sum 
 monit-us es 
 monit-us est 
 monit-i sumus 
 monit-i estis 
 mouit-i sunt 
 
 Perfect 
 
 Aorist 
 
 / have been \ 
 Thou hast been 
 He has been 
 We have been 
 You have been 
 They have been . 
 
 
 / was \ 
 Thou ivast 
 He was 
 We were 
 You were 
 They were. 
 
 
 PLUPERFECT 
 
 Sing.l. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. I. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Sup. St. -f us eram 
 " + us eras 
 " + us erat 
 " + i eramus 
 " -fi eratis 
 " -h i erant 
 
 monit-us eram 
 monit-us eras 
 monit-us erat 
 monit-i eramus 
 monit-i eratis 
 monit-i erant 
 
 I had been advised. 
 Thou hadst been advised. 
 He had been advised. 
 We had been advised. 
 You had been advised. 
 They had been advised. 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT 
 
 Sing.l. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Sup. St. + us ero 
 " -f us eris 
 " -f us erit 
 " -f i erimus 
 " +i eritis 
 " -f i erunt 
 
 monit-us ero 
 monit-us eris 
 monit-us erit 
 monit-i erimus 
 monit-i eritis 
 monit-i erunt 
 
 I shall have been advised. 
 Thou wilt have been advised. 
 He will have been advised. 
 We shall have been advised. 
 You will have been advised. 
 They will have been advised. 
 
 Obs. When an Adjective qualifies two or more Nouns of different 
 Genders the Adjective agrees v^^ith the Masculine rather than with tlie 
 Feminine : Puer et puella sunt pulchri=:<Ae boy and the girl are beautiful. 
 
 The same applies to the Participle used in the Supine Stem Tenses of 
 the Passive Voice. 
 
 Puer et puella laudati sunt = Me boy and the girl were praised. 
 
 1 Supine Stems of Verbs of Second Conjugation are rarely regular, and 
 should be looked up. 
 
E-VERBS 69 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Doce-o, I teach (2), Perfect Stem, docti-, Supine Stem, doct-. 
 
 Vide-o, /see (2), " vid-, " vis-. 
 
 Move-o, / moL'e (2), " mov-, *' mot-. 
 
 Omnis (Adjective like tristis)^ all. 
 
 EXERCISE XXVI 
 
 1. Rex et regina ab omnibus militibus vis-i sunt. 
 
 2. Filius tuus eb soror mea a magistro bono doct-i erunt. 
 
 3. riumina magna et muri alti regem impedi-ent. 
 4 Murus et porta oppidi nostri sunt alti. 
 
 5. Romam urbem nostram et Romulum regem ama-mus. 
 
 6. Verba sapientia iudicum bonorum non audiv-istl. 
 
 7. Aves multae puerorum sagittis vulnerat-ae sunt. 
 
 8. Onus magnum a servis timidis non mot-um erit. 
 
 9. Roma, urbs nostra, a Romulo rege aedificat-a est. 
 
 10. Virgines pulchrae carmina dulcia canta-bant. 
 
 11. Caius, amicus tuus, et lulia, soror mea, aegri fu-erunt. 
 
 12. Libri tui ab omnibus amicis nostris laudat-i erant. 
 
 1. The wall and the gate were built by Caius, your friend. 
 
 2. The boy and the girl had been taught by the son of 
 
 the judge. [friend. 
 
 3. We have seen Julia, your sister, and Lentulus, our 
 
 4. Books and letters were praised by the wise king. 
 
 5. Heavy stones had been moved by the great river. 
 
 6. We shall have been seen by the Gauls, our enemies. 
 
 7. You were frightened by the voices of the messengers. 
 
 8. The bold slaves had broken the gates of the city. 
 
 9. Rome, our city, will be attacked by all the soldiers. 
 
 10. The girls' sweet song will be praised by the queen. 
 
 11. We shall be. wounded by the heavy spears of the 
 
 enemy (pi.)- 
 
 12. We were fearing the deep river and the vast sea. 
 
70 
 
 NOUNS 
 
 FOURTH DECLENSION 
 
 Nouns whose Genitive Singular ends in -us belong to 
 the Fourth Declension. 
 
 The Nominative ends in -us if the Noun is Masculine 
 (or Feminine). 
 
 The Nominative ends in -u if the Noun is Neuter. 
 
 Masculine 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nojn. 
 
 Grad-iis 
 
 a step (m.). 
 
 Grad-us 
 
 steps. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Grad-us 
 
 of a step. 
 
 Grad-ayim 
 
 of steps. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Grad-ui 
 
 to or for a step. 
 
 Grad-ibus 
 
 to or for steps. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Grad-um 
 
 a step. 
 
 Grad-us 
 
 steps. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Grad-us 
 
 step. 
 
 Grad-us 
 
 steps. 
 
 A hi. 
 
 Grad^ 
 
 by, with, or from 
 a step. 
 
 Grad-ibus 
 
 bij, with, or from 
 steps. 
 
 Neuter 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Gen-u 
 
 a knee (n.). 
 
 Gen-ua 
 
 knees. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Gen-US 
 
 of a knee. 
 
 Gen-uum 
 
 of knees. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Gen-u 
 
 to or for a knee. 
 
 Gen-ibus 
 
 to or for knees. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Gen-u 
 
 a knee. 
 
 Gen-ua 
 
 knees. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Gen-u 
 
 knee. 
 
 Gen-ua 
 
 knees 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Gen-u 
 
 hij, with, or from 
 a knee. 
 
 Gen-ibus 
 
 by, with, or from 
 knees. 
 
 [The Dat. Sing, has also the ending u for Masculine and Feminine Nouns. 
 The ending of the Dat. and Abl. Plur. is sometimes written -ubus.^ 
 
 Carefully distinguish the Fourth from tlie Second Declension 
 A Noun with Nominative in -ws and Genitive in -l is of the Second. 
 A Noun witli Nominative in -us and Genitive in -m is.of the Fourth. 
 Obs. When an Adjective describes * man/ ' woman,' or 'thing,' the 
 Noun is o'ften omitted in Latin, and the Adjectiv-e shows by its Gender 
 whether * man/ ' woman/ or ' thing ' is meant. Thus 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 Masculine, Bonus = a good man. Boni = good men. 
 
 Feminine, Bon^= a good woman. Bonae = good women. 
 
 Neuter, Bonum = a good thing. Bona = good things. 
 
 An Adjective so employed is said to be used Substantively. 
 
NOUNS 71 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Decline 
 
 Like Gradus. 
 Arc-US, -us, m., a how. Imperat-or, -oris, m., a general. 
 
 Exercit-us, -us, m., an army. Rot-a, -ae, f., a wheel. 
 Curr-us, -us, m., a chariot. 
 Man-us, -us, f., a hand. 
 
 EXERCISE XXVII 
 
 1. Milites nostri arctis magnos manibus tene-bant. 
 
 2. Manus tenera sororis tuae vulnerat-a erat. 
 
 3. Curriis hostium ab omnibus militibus vis-i erunt. 
 
 4. Omnes boni Romulum regem nostrum ama-bunt. 
 
 5. Fllius amici tui a multis culpat-us erat. 
 
 6. Exercitus Gallorum hostium nostrorum vid-imus. 
 
 7. Fortium opera et sapientium verba lauda-tis. 
 
 8. Multi sagittas et arcus magnos portav-erunt. 
 
 9. Caesar imperator exercitus nostri hostem non time-t. 
 
 10. Puerorum audacium sagittas manu mea freg-eram. 
 
 11. Magnum exercitum et multos currus mis-istis. 
 
 12. Fortes et sapientes ab omnibus lauda-buntur. 
 
 1. The vast armies of the Gauls were seen by our (men). 
 
 2. All your works have been praised by the wise (men). 
 
 3. The friends of Caius the wise judge wrote many (things). 
 
 4. We will shut the gates of the city with our (own) hands. 
 
 5. You did not see the bows and arrows of the enemy (pL). 
 
 6. Many will blame Caesar, the general of your army. 
 
 7. The brave fear not the armies and the chariots of kings. 
 
 8. Rome, the city of brave men, will be attacked by Gauls. 
 
 9. The heavy burden was moved by the hand of a girl. 
 
 10. The king and the queen were loved by all good men. 
 
 11. The great stones will break the wheels of the chariots. 
 
 12. The rivers hindered the armies of the brave Gauls. 
 
72 CONSONANT VERBS 
 
 THIRD CONJUGATION: CONSONANT VERBS 
 Example Reg-ere, to rule 
 
 Pres. Stem, rSg-, 
 
 Sup. Stem, rect-. 
 
 Per/. Stem, rex-, 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE 
 
 Tenses formed from the Pres. Stem Eeg- 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 
 Formation 
 
 Example 
 
 English 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Pres. St. + or 
 
 '' " +itur 
 " ' +imur 
 " " +iinini 
 " " +untur 
 
 reg-or 
 
 reg-6ris ^ 
 
 reg-itur 
 
 reg-imur 
 
 reg-imini 
 
 reg-untur 
 
 / am [being) ruled. 
 Thoii art ruled. 
 He is ruled. 
 We are ruled. 
 You are ruled. 
 They are 7'uled. 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 Sing. I. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Pres St. + bar 
 *' " +ebaris 
 " +ebatur 
 " " H-ebamur 
 ' " +ebamini 
 " " +ebantur 
 
 reg-ebar 
 
 reg-ebaris 2 
 
 reg-ebatur 
 
 reg-ebamur 
 
 reg-ebamini 
 
 reg-ebantur 
 
 I was being ruled. 
 Thou wast being ruled. 
 He was being ruled. 
 We were being ruled. 
 You were being ruled. 
 They were being ruled. 
 
 FUTURE SIMPLE 
 
 Sing. I. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Pres. St. + ar 
 " " -heris 
 " '^ 4-etur 
 *' " +emur 
 " " -femini 
 *' -f entur 
 
 reg-ar 
 
 reg-eris ^ 
 
 reg-etur 
 
 reg-emur 
 
 reg-emini 
 
 reg-entur 
 
 I shall be ruled. 
 Thou wilt be ruled. 
 He will be ruled. 
 We shall be ruled. 
 You will be ruled. 
 They will be ruled. 
 
 ^ or reg-Sre. 
 
 or reg-ebare. 
 
 or reg-ere. 
 
 06s. * With/ when it means ' together with ' or * in company with/ is 
 translated by * cum ' followed by the Ablative ; as in the following : 
 Mitt5 servum cum puero = / send a slave with the boy. 
 
 Rule Accompaniment is expressed by the Ablative "with 
 the preposition * cum.' 
 
 Carefully distinguish this from the Ablative of Instrument, which shows 
 with what or by what an action is done. See page 60. 
 Puer vulneratus est sagittis = the boy was wounded with arrows. 
 
CONSONANT VERBS 73 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Occid-6, I hill (3), Perfect Stem, occid-, Supine Stem, occis-. 
 
 Ger-6, / carry on (3), " gess-, " gest-. 
 
 Fluct-us, -us, m., a wave. 
 Vent-US, -1, rn., wind. 
 N.B. reg-^ris (short e) is Second Person Singular Present; 
 regeris (long e) is Second Person Singular Future. 
 
 EXERCISE XXVIII 
 
 1. A Gallis vinc-emur. 5. Cum multis mitt-emur. 
 
 2. Cum nuntio mitt-eris. 6. Bella ger-ebantur. 
 
 3. Non duc-ebamini. 7. A Caesare duc-ebamur. 
 
 4. Tells occid-eris. 8. Omnes vinc-entur. 
 9. Multa sapientia a Lentulo amico tuo scrib-untur. 
 
 10. Imperatorem cum omnibus amicis occid-emus. 
 
 11. Naves multae fluctibus et vento frang-untur. 
 
 12. Mtirum ingentem lapidibus magnis aedifica-bamus. 
 
 13. Filii nostri cum nun tils velocibus mitt-entur. 
 
 14. Multi fortes a Gallis hostibus nostris occid-ebantur. 
 
 15. Yirginis pulchrae carmina dulcia audiv-imus. 
 
 16. Libri magni a Caio, itidice sapiente, scrib-untur. 
 
 1. Vast armies were being led by the brave general. 
 
 2. You will be slain by the heavy spear of the Gaul. 
 
 3. Many gifts will be sent by Julia your sister. 
 
 4. We will send a swift messenger with your slave. 
 
 5. Our king with (his) son will be slain by the enemy. 
 
 6. The gate of the city is being broken with a vast stone. 
 
 7. The Gauls with a vast army will attack our city. 
 
 8. Brave (men) are not frightened by waves and wind. 
 
 9. The wheels of our chariots will be broken by the stones. 
 
 10. We shall be led by Caesar, a brave general. 
 
 11. Your work has been praised by all good men. 
 
 12. The wise praise the good laws of Komulus our king. 
 
74 
 
 CONSONANT \rp:RBS 
 
 THIRD CONJUGATION: CONSONANT YEHBS continued 
 
 Example Reg-ere, to rule 
 
 Pres. Stem, r6g-, P^ff- Stem, rex-, Sup. Stem, rect-. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE 
 
 Tenses formed from the Supine Stem Rect- 
 
 PERFECT AND AORIST 
 
 Formation 
 
 Example 
 
 English 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Sup. Stem -f us sum 
 " -fuses 
 " -f us est 
 
 " " +i sumus 
 " -f i estis 
 
 " " +i sunt 
 
 rect-us sum 
 rect-us es 
 rect-us est 
 rect-i sumus 
 rect-i estis 
 rect-i sunt 
 
 Perfect 
 
 Aorist 
 
 / have been 
 Thou hast been 
 He has been 
 We have been 
 You have been 
 They have been) 
 
 
 / was 
 Thou wast 
 He was 
 We were 
 You were 
 They were. 
 
 1 
 
 PLUPERFECT 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Sup. 
 
 Stem + us eram 
 " 4- us eras 
 " +US erat 
 ** +i eramus 
 " -l-i eratis 
 " +i erant 
 
 rect-us eram 
 rect-us eras 
 rect-us erat 
 rect-i eramus 
 rect-i eratis 
 rect-i erant 
 
 I had been ruled. 
 Thou hadst been ruled. 
 He had been ruled. 
 We had been ruled. 
 You had been ruled. 
 They had been ruled. 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Sup. Stem + US ero 
 
 " " -f us eris 
 
 " " -fus erit 
 
 '' " 4-i erimus 
 
 " +i eritis 
 
 " -f i erunt 
 
 rect-us ero 
 rect-us eris 
 rect-us erit 
 rect-i erimus 
 rect-i eritis 
 rect-i erunt 
 
 I shall have been ruled. 
 Thou wilt have been ruled. 
 He will have been ruled. 
 We shall have been nded. 
 You will have been ruled. 
 They will have been ruled. 
 
 * To ' AS Indirect Object 
 *To* (or 'for') is the sign of the Dative Case. With such verbs as 
 do = / give, narro = / tell, mon-stro = / show, etc., the Dative indicates 
 * to whom ' (or * to what ') something is given, told, shown, etc. So used, 
 it is called the Dative of Indirect Object. (See Ex. XXIX, 9.) 
 
 Rule The Indirect Object is put in the Dative Case. 
 
CONSONANT VERBS 75 
 
 * To ' Meaning ' Motion Towards ' 
 When, however, motion towards a person, place, or thing is implied, 
 * to ' is translated by the Preposition ' ad' or * in ^ with the Accusative Case. 
 Thus Ad urbem missus est = he was sent to the city. 
 In urbem missus est = Ae was sent into the city. 
 
 Rule Motion towards a Person, Place, or Thing is ex- 
 pressed by the Accusative with the Preposition ' ad ' or ' in/ 
 
 (With town names and a few other words the Preposition is omitted.) 
 
 EXERCISE XXIX 
 
 [In this and the following Exercises words introduced for the first 
 time are given only in the Vocabulary at the end.] 
 
 1. Eex Gallorum cum exercitii ad urbem contend-it. 
 
 2. Multae naves fiuctibus et vento fract-ae erant. 
 
 3. Nuntii veloces ad exercitum nostrum miss-i sunt. 
 
 4. Urbis portae a servis timidis claus-ae erunt. 
 
 5. Hastae et sagittae fuerunt utiles militibus. 
 
 6. Libros Lentuli, amici tui, regi monstrav-imus. 
 
 7. Eex et regina omnibus bonis carl fu-erunt. 
 
 8. Carmina avium parvarum sunt dulcia omnibus. 
 
 9. Urbis turres et portas imperatori monstra-bimus. 
 
 10. Cum multis Gallis in urbem vestram duct-i sumus. 
 
 11. Liber tuus Lentulo iudicis filio utilis erit. 
 
 V 
 
 1. The name of our general is dear to all the soldiers. 
 
 2. All the slaves have been sent to the great city. 
 
 3. The wall of the temple was broken by the waves. 
 
 4. Our armies had been conquered by the Gauls, our 
 
 enemies. 
 
 5. The words of the judges will be declared to the king. 
 
 6. The messengers had been sent to the city of the queen. 
 
 7. We were marching with a great army to the river. 
 
 8. Many brave men were slain by the darts of the enemy. 
 
 9. The ships of the enemy were useful to our queen. 
 
 10. The chariot's wheels had been broken by the stones. 
 
 11. The letters and books were shown to all the boys. 
 
76 NOUNS 
 
 FIFTH DECLENSION 
 Nouns whose Genitive Singular ends in -el are of tlie 
 Fifth Declension. The Nominative Singular ends in -es, 
 and the Gender is Feminine (except dies, usually Masc). 
 
 SmOULAB 
 
 Plueal 
 
 No7n. 
 
 Di-es 
 
 a day (m., f.). 
 
 Di-es 
 
 days. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Di-ei 
 
 of a day. 
 
 Di-erum 
 
 of days. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Di-ei 
 
 to or for a day. 
 
 Di-ebus 
 
 to or for days. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Diem 
 
 a day. 
 
 Di-es 
 
 days. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Di-es 
 
 day. 
 
 Di-es 
 
 days. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Di-e 
 
 by, with, or from 
 a day. 
 
 Di-ebus 
 
 by, with, or from 
 days. 
 
 Obs. The ending of the Genitive and Dative Singular is 6i not ei 
 when a consonant precedes it. Thus, spes, sp6i = hope. 
 
 Case-Endings of the Five Declensions 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Masc. Fern. Neut. 
 
 Masc. Fern 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Masc. Fern 
 
 . Neut. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 -a 
 
 -us -er -um 
 
 various 
 
 various 
 
 -lis 
 
 -u 
 
 -es 
 
 Gen. 
 
 -ae 
 
 -T -1 
 
 -is 
 
 -is 
 
 -us 
 
 -lis 
 
 -ei 
 
 Dat. 
 
 -ae 
 
 -o -o 
 
 -i 
 
 -i 
 
 -ui -u 
 
 -u 
 
 -ei 
 
 Ace. 
 
 -am 
 
 -um -um 
 
 -em 
 
 = A^ow. 
 
 -um 
 
 -ii 
 
 -em 
 
 Foe. 
 
 -a 
 
 -e -er -um 
 
 = Nom. 
 
 = Nom. 
 
 -lis 
 
 -ii 
 
 -es 
 
 Abl. 
 
 -a , 
 
 -6 -o 
 
 -e (i) 
 
 -e(i) 
 
 -ii 
 
 -ii 
 
 -e 
 
 Nom. 
 
 -ae 
 
 -1 -a 
 
 -es 
 
 -a 
 
 -lis 
 
 -ua 
 
 -es 
 
 Gen. 
 
 -arum 
 
 -orum -drum 
 
 j -um 
 I -ium 
 
 1 -um 
 I -ium 
 
 -uum 
 
 -uum 
 
 -^;rum 
 
 Dat. 
 
 -is 
 
 -is -is 
 
 -ibus 
 
 -ibus 
 
 -ibus 
 
 -ibus 
 
 -bus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 -4s 
 
 -OS -a 
 
 -es 
 
 -a 
 
 -lis 
 
 -ua 
 
 '-es 
 
 Voe. 
 
 -ae 
 
 -1 -a 
 
 -es 
 
 -a 
 
 -iis 
 
 -ua 
 
 -es 
 
 Abl. 
 
 -is 
 
 -is -is 
 
 -ibus 
 
 -ibus 
 
 -ibus 
 
 -ibus 
 
 -ebus 
 
 ' In ' AND * Into ' 
 The Latin word in has two meanings 
 
 In with Accus. means * into ' or * to/ and shows motion towards a 
 
 place (see, however, p. 75). 
 In with the Ablative means *in,* and shows position in a place. 
 Thus, In urbem = into the city ; in urbe = in the city. 
 Rule Place * -where ' or ' in -which * is expressed by the 
 Ablative Case "with the Preposition 'in.* 
 
 (Town names and a few other words require a different Case to express 
 'place where ' and * place in which.') 
 
NOUNS 77 
 
 EXERCISE XXX 
 
 1. Caesar cum magno exercitu in Italiam contend-ebat. 
 
 2. Eex et regina in urbe nostra occisi erant. 
 
 3. Currus nostros et naves amico tuo monstra-bamus. 
 
 4. lulia soror tua ab omnibus bonis laudat-a erit. 
 
 5. Captivl miseri ab imperatore in urbem duct-i sunt. 
 
 6. Cum Lentulo, iudicis filio, in Italiam mitt-eris. 
 
 7. Milites multi sagittis et hastis vulnerat-i erant. 
 
 8. Italia, patria nostra, omnibus fortibus cara est. 
 
 9. Servus niger in curru cum imperatore sede-bat. 
 
 10. Nuntios multos ad iudicem bonum mis-istis. 
 
 11. Milites fortes a Gallis hostibus nostris non vinc-entur. 
 
 12. Dulcia sunt omnibus sapientibus puellarum carmina. 
 
 1. We have not seen Lentulus, the friend of your son. 
 
 2. We will march with Caesar, our general, into Italy. 
 
 3. All things will be declared to the judge by the slaves. 
 
 4. Many were slain in the town by the arrows of the 
 
 Gauls. 
 
 5. Julia, your sister, is dear to all (her) friends. 
 
 6. The slaves were carrying a heavy burden into the town. 
 
 7. The armies of our enemies will march into Italy. 
 
 8. We were showing our books to Lentulus, your son. 
 
 9. Caesar, our general, has carried on many great wars. 
 
 10. The queen will sit with the king in a beautiful chariot. 
 
 11. The words of the general were declared to all the 
 
 soldiers. 
 
 12. The timid sheep are frightened by the voices of the 
 
 boys. 
 
78 
 
 I-VERBS 
 
 FOURTH CONJUGATION: I-VERBS 
 
 Audi-re, to hear 
 Pres. Steniy audi-, Per/. Stem, audiv-, Sup. Stenif audit-. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE 
 Tenses formed from the Present Stem Audi- 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 Sing. 1 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Formation 
 
 Pres. Stem + or 
 *' + ris 
 + tur 
 " f mur 
 
 " + mini 
 " + untur 
 
 EXAMPLB 
 
 audi-or 
 
 audl-ris 
 
 audi-tur 
 
 audi-mur 
 
 audi-mini 
 
 audi-untur 
 
 English 
 
 I am {being) heard. 
 Thou art heard. 
 He is heard. 
 We are heard. 
 You are heard. 
 They are heard. 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 Slug. 1 
 2 
 3, 
 
 Plur. 1 
 2 
 3, 
 
 Pres. Stem + ebar 
 " 4- ebaris 
 " + ebatur 
 " + ebamur 
 " + ebamini 
 " + ebantur 
 
 audi-ebar 
 
 audi-ebaris 
 
 audi-ebatur 
 
 audi-ebamur 
 
 audi-ebamini 
 
 audi-ebantur 
 
 I was being 
 Thou wast being I 
 He was being 
 We were being 
 You were being 
 They were being ^ 
 
 FUTURE SIMPLE 
 
 Sing. 1 
 2 
 3. 
 
 Plur. 1 
 2 
 3, 
 
 Pres. Stem + ar 
 " + eris 
 
 " + etur 
 " + emur 
 " + emini 
 " + entur 
 
 audi-ar 
 
 audi-eris 
 
 audi-etur 
 
 audi-emur 
 
 audi-emini 
 
 audi-entur 
 
 / shall be heard. 
 Thou wilt be heard. 
 He will be heard. 
 We shall be heard. 
 You will be heard. 
 They will be heard. 
 
 [The Second Person Singular of each of the above Tenses has a second 
 form, viz. Pres. aud-ire, Imperf. audi-ebdre, Put. audi-ere.] 
 
 Rule Time 'when' is expressed by the Ablative. 
 Rule Time 'how long' is expressed by the Accusative. 
 
 Primo anno occisus est = he was killed in the first year (when). 
 Multys annos manebit = he will remain many years (how long). 
 
I-VERBS 79 
 
 EXERCISE XXXI 
 
 The Latin word e or ex means 'from' or 'out of,' and takes an Ablative; 
 as Ex Italia = out of Italy. 
 
 1. Proximo anno omnes urbes a militibus muni-ebantur. 
 
 2. A Lentulo, itidrce sapiente, puni-eris. 
 
 3. Naves nostrae fluctibus et vento impedi-untur. 
 
 4. Captivi dies niultos in oppido mane-bunt. 
 
 5. Primo die nuntios ex urbe mis-imus. 
 
 6. Verba tua regi et reginae nuntia-buntur. 
 
 7. Pueri ignavi a magistro nostro puni-untur. 
 
 8. Galli cum exercitu magno ad urbem contend-ent. 
 
 9. Libros multos et epistolas manu mea scrips-i. 
 
 10. Hastae et sagittae militi forti utiles erunt. 
 
 11. Gallorum imperator anno secundo occis-us erat. 
 
 12. Carmen puellarum ab omnibus laudat-um erit. 
 
 1. We were being instructed by Lentulus, a wise master. 
 
 2. You will be hindered by the river and by the walls. 
 
 3. The city is being fortified by Caesar, the general. 
 
 4. The next day the slaves were sent out of the town. 
 
 5. Many captives were being led into Italy by our (men). 
 
 6. The son of the general was wounded with a short spear. 
 
 7. We have been sent with the swift messenger to the 
 
 king. 
 
 8. The words of the wise are praised by all good (men). . 
 
 9. We do not fear the armies of the Gauls, our enemies. 
 
 10. The voice of the general will be heard by all the soldiers. 
 
 11. The gate of the city will be guarded by a brave man. 
 
 12. The citizens remained many hours in the temple of 
 
 Diana. 
 
80 
 
 I-VERBS 
 
 FOURTH CONJUGATION: I-VEUBS continued 
 
 Exam/ple Audi-re, to hear 
 
 Pres. Stem, audi-, Per/. Stem, audiv-, Sup. Stem, audit-. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE 
 Tenses formed from the Supine Stem Audit- 
 
 The Supine Stem of a Eegular Verb of the Fourth Con- 
 jugation is found by adding t to the Present Stem. 
 
 PERFECT AND AORIST 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 Formation 
 
 Sup, St. 4- us sum 
 " " +US es 
 " " +US est 
 *' " +i sumus 
 " " + i estis 
 " " +i sunt 
 
 audit-US sum 
 audit-US es 
 audit-US est 
 audit-i sumus 
 audit-i estis 
 audit-i sunt 
 
 English 
 
 Perfect 
 
 
 I have been -s 
 
 
 Thou hast been 
 
 
 He has been 
 
 5s~ 
 
 We have been 
 
 > 5 
 
 You have been 
 
 
 They have been J 
 
 
 Aorist 
 
 / was 
 Thou wast 
 He was 
 We were 
 You wtre 
 They were 
 
 PLUPERFECT 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Sup. St. + US eram 
 " ' " -f US eras 
 " " + us erat 
 " " + i eramus 
 " " + i eratis 
 " " + i erant 
 
 audit-US eram 
 audit-US eras 
 audit-US erat 
 audit-i eramus 
 audit-i eratis 
 audit-i erant 
 
 I had been heard. 
 Thou hadst been heard. 
 He had been heard. 
 We had been heard. 
 You had been heard. 
 They had been heard. 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 Sup. St. -}- us ero 
 *' " +US eris 
 *' " 4- us erit 
 '* " -f-i erimus 
 " " +i eritis 
 " '' 4-i erunt 
 
 audit-US ero 
 audit-US eris 
 audit-US erit 
 audit-i erimus 
 audit-i eritis 
 audit-i erunt 
 
 / shall have been heard. 
 Thou wilt have been heard. 
 He will have been heard. 
 We shall have been heard. 
 You will have been heard. 
 They will have been heard. 
 
 A Sentence containing an Active Transitive Verb with an Object can 
 be turned into a Sentence containing a Passive Verb with an Ablative of 
 Agent (or Instrument), or vice versa. See page 83. 
 
I-VERBS 81 
 
 EXERCISE XXXII 
 
 1. Proximo die omnes naves nostrae fiuctibus fract-ae 
 
 sunt. 
 
 2. Onus magnum et grave multas horas porta-bamus. 
 
 3. Urbis portae ab imperatore prima hora claud-entur. 
 
 4. ludicum filii cum nostris Mils erudlt-i sunt. 
 
 5. Multos dies in Italia cum amicls mans-imus. 
 
 6. Secunda hora nuntium velocem ex urbe mitt-emus. 
 
 7. Proximo anno magnum exercitum in Italiam dux-i. 
 
 8. Voces puellarum in vestris templis audit-ae erunt. 
 
 9. Multos dies in nave cum militibus mane-bis. 
 
 10. Anno secundo Galll omnes a nostris victi sunt. 
 
 11. Cara est civibus omnibus Italia patria nostra. 
 
 12. Exercitus nostri ab imperatore forti duc-ebantur. 
 
 1. On the next day a voice was heard in the temples. 
 
 2. For many days the captives remained in the city. 
 
 3. All the cities of Italy had been fortified by our men. 
 
 4. The messenger was sent out of the city at the first 
 
 hour. 
 
 5. The next year many brave (men) were slain by the 
 
 enemies. 
 
 6. The great rivers will hinder the armies of the Gauls. 
 
 7. On the second day the town will be attacked by the 
 
 king. 
 
 8. The messengers had declared your words to the judge. 
 
 9. You were seen by Caius our slave and by many citizens. 
 
 10. We feared the darts of the enemy and the waves of 
 
 the sea. 
 
 11. For many hours we sat with the captives in the temple. 
 
 12. At the first hour the ships were seen by our messengers. 
 
 F 
 
82 
 
 THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS 
 
 TABLE OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS 
 PASSIVE VOICE. For Table of Active Voice, see p. 46. 
 
 1. 
 
 Am-or 1 
 Mone-or 
 Reg-or 
 Audi-or 
 
 Singular 
 
 2. 3. 
 
 ama-ris ama-tur 
 moue-ris mone-tur 
 reg-eris reg-itur 
 audi-ris audi-tur 
 
 Plueal 
 1. 2. 3. 
 
 ama-mur ama-mini ama-ntur 
 
 mone-mur mone-mini mone-ntur 
 
 reg-imur 
 audi-mur 
 
 reg-imini 
 audi-mini 
 
 reg-wntur 
 audi-untur 
 
 Ama- 
 Mone 
 Reg- 
 Aud 
 
 .-I 
 
 baris batur 
 
 ebar ebaris ebatur 
 
 bamur bamini bantur 
 ebamur ebamiui ebantur 
 
 Ama- 
 Mone 
 Reg- 
 Audi 
 
 [bor 
 ?ar 
 
 beris bitur 
 
 bimur bimini buntur 
 emur emini entur 
 
 P4 
 
 Amat- 
 Monit- I us 
 Rect- 1 sum 
 Audit- 
 
 US 
 
 es 
 
 US 
 
 est 
 
 sumus estis 
 
 Amat- 
 
 Monit- i^us us us 
 
 Rect- ( erara eras erat 
 
 Audit- 
 
 eramus eratis 
 
 sunt 
 
 erant 
 
 Amat- 
 Monit- I us 
 Rect- j ero 
 Audit- 
 
 US 
 eris 
 
 erit 
 
 enmus eritis 
 
 1 
 erunt 
 
 English 
 
 Present / am being loved, or am loved, etc. 
 
 Imperfect I was being loved, etc. 
 
 Future Simple / shall or will be loved, etc, 
 i Perfect / have been loved, etc. 
 I Aorist / was loved, etc. 
 
 Pluperfect / had been loved, etc. 
 
 Future Perfect / shall or will have been loved, etc. 
 
 1 The First Person Singular Present is amor for amaor. 
 
THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS 
 
 83 
 
 RECAPITULATORY 
 
 Active and 
 
 1. Vide-bar. 
 
 2. Culpa-beris. 
 
 3. Duc-eris. 
 
 4. Puni-untur. 
 
 5. Vinc-etur. 
 
 6. Terre-tur. 
 
 7. Move-mur. 
 
 8. Monstra-ntur. 
 
 9. Yinc-ar. 
 
 Passive Voices, Tour 
 
 10. Vocat-a erit. 
 
 11. Sede-bas. 
 
 12. Muni-emus. 
 
 13. Custodi-tis. 
 
 14. Yoca-bimur. 
 
 15. Doct-i erant. 
 
 16. Terre-ris. 
 
 17. Aedifica-tis. 
 
 18. Miss-a est. 
 
 Conjugations 
 
 19. Puni-entur. 
 
 20. Mane-bunt. 
 
 21. Duc-iminl. 
 
 22. Doce-tis. 
 
 23. Y.inc-ebaris. 
 
 24. Monstrav-isti. 
 
 25. Yocat-us es. 
 
 26. Puni-eminl. 
 
 27. Move-ris. 
 
 1. We are conquering. 
 
 2. Ye were seen. 
 
 3. She has been taught. 
 
 4. We are being led. 
 
 5. Thou wilt write. 
 
 6. We shall be sent. 
 
 7. They were punished 
 
 8. I was being called. 
 
 9. Thou wilt be blamed. 
 
 10. We are instructed. 
 
 11. He is being praised. 
 
 12. They are building. 
 
 13. They did not fear. 
 
 14. Thou art not seen. 
 
 15. She had been sent. 
 
 16. I shall have written. 
 
 Formula for Inversion of Sentences 
 
 The Subject of the Active Sentence becomes the Ablative of Agent 
 (or Instrument) in the Passive Sentence. The Object of the Active 
 Sentence becomes the Subject of the Passive Sentence. 
 
 S. V. T. O. 
 
 Magister laudat puerum. 
 
 s. V. p. AB. A. 
 
 Puer laudatur a magistro. 
 
 It will be found useful to practise this inversion by turning sentences 
 from Active to Passive and from Passive to Active in any Exercise from 
 No. VIII. 
 
84 
 
 ADJECTIVES 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 
 
 Adjectives have three degrees of Comparison, viz. . 
 
 Positive Comparative 
 
 Dur-us, hard, 
 
 dur-ior, harder. 
 
 Superlative 
 
 ,_ . . ( hardest. 
 
 dur-issimus, < , , 
 
 ' { very hard. 
 
 Rule for forming Degrees of Comparison" 
 
 The Comparative is formed from the Genitive Singular 
 of the Positive by taking away the Genitive ending -l or 
 -is, and adding -ior in its place ; 
 
 Thus, durus, Genitive dar-%, Comparative dur-ior. 
 
 The Superlative is formed by taking away the Genitive 
 Ending and adding -issimus in its place ; 
 
 Thus, durus, Genitive dur-l. Superlative dur-^ss^mus. 
 
 Declension of Comparative and Superlative Degrees 
 
 All Comparatives are declined like melior, melius, p. 62. 
 All Superlatives " " " bonus, bona, bonum. 
 
 Positive 
 Car-US, dear, 
 Long-US, long, 
 Trist-is, sad, 
 Dulc-is, sweet, 
 Felix, happy, 
 Ingens, vast. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 Comparative 
 car-ior, -ius, 
 long-ior, -ius, 
 trist-ior, -ius, 
 dulc-ior, -ius, 
 felic-ior, -ius, 
 ingent-ior, -ius, 
 
 Superlative 
 car-issimus, -a, -um. 
 long-issimus, -a, -um. 
 trist-issimus, -a, -um. 
 dulc-issimus, -a, -um. 
 felic-issimus, -a, -um. 
 ingent-issimus, -a, -um. 
 
 Rule Two Nouns joined by *quam' (than) must be in the 
 same Case ; thus, Servus est felicior quam rex = the slave is happier than 
 the king. Here both slave and kiiig are in the Nominative. 
 
 Obs. In making a Comparison between two nouns, *quam ' (than) may 
 be omitted ; but the second of the two nouns must then be put in the 
 Ablative Case. Thus, Servus est felicior rege = The slave is happier than 
 the king. 
 
ADJECTIVES 85 
 
 EXERCISE XXXIII 
 
 1. Amicus mens est omnium iudicum sapientissimus. 
 
 2. Sagittae nostrae breviores sunt quam hasta tua. 
 
 3. Proximo die nuntium velocissimum ex urbe mis-i. 
 4 Carmina dulcissima puellarum non audiv-istis. 
 
 5. Servi miserl onus gravissimum portav-erant. 
 
 6. Fortissimi militum nostrorum a Gallis occis-i erant. 
 
 7. Lentull iudicis sapientissimi verba lauda-bamus. 
 
 8. Templum Dianae altius est quam murus noster. 
 
 9. Multos annos in urbe iucundissima mans-imus. 
 
 10. Nostri libri utiliores sunt quam vestri (libri). 
 
 11. Caium occidisti, omnium civium fortissimum. 
 
 12. Audaciorem imperatorem Caesare non vidi. 
 
 1. A sweeter song. 7. By a very bold man. 
 
 2. The heaviest burden. 8. By a heavier stone. 
 
 3. Very brave (men). 9. With dearest friends. 
 
 4. More beautiful girls. 10. Sweeter songs. 
 
 5. Of a shorter letter. 11. A wiser word. 
 
 6. Of longer spears. 12. Of heavier darts. 
 
 13. The spears of the Gauls are longer than ours {i^e. our 
 
 spears). 
 
 14. We will send Caius the boldest of all the citizens. 
 
 15. The songs of little birds are sweeter than your voice. 
 
 16. I hear the voice of Lentulus, a very brave soldier. 
 
 17. To a wise man books are more useful than spears. 
 
 18. We have not seen a more beautiful land than Italy. 
 
86 
 
 ADJECTIVES 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 
 
 Adjectives ending in -er 
 
 Adjectives in -er (like niger and tener) form their Com- 
 parative according to the rule already given (p. 84), but 
 their Superlative is formed by adding -rimus to the Mas- 
 culine Nominative Singular. 
 
 Niger, black, 
 Tener, tender, 
 Pulcher, beautiful, 
 
 Com-parative 
 
 nigr-ior, -ius, 
 tener-ior, -ius, 
 pulchr-ior, -ius, 
 
 Superlative 
 
 niger-rimus, -a, -um. 
 tener-rimus, -a, -um. 
 pulcher-rimus, -a, -um. 
 
 Six Adjectives form Superlative in -lImus 
 
 Positive 
 
 Facil-is, easy, 
 Difficil-is, difficult, 
 Simil-is, like, 
 Dissimil-is, unlike, 
 Gracil-is, slender, 
 Humil-is, low, 
 
 Comparative 
 
 facil-ior, -ius, 
 difficil-ior, -ius, 
 simil-ior, -ius, 
 dissimil-ior, -ius, 
 gracil-ior, -ius, 
 humil-ior, -ius. 
 
 Superlative 
 
 facil-limus, -a, -um. 
 difficil-limus, -a, -um. 
 simil-limus, -a, -um. 
 dissimil-limus, -a, -um. 
 gracil-limus, -a, -um. 
 humil-limus, -a, -um. 
 
 Positive 
 
 Bonus, good. 
 Mains, bad, 
 Magnus, great, 
 Parvus, small, 
 
 { much, ) 
 ' ] many, ] 
 
 Multus, 
 
 Irregular 
 
 Comparative 
 
 meli-or, -us, 
 pei-or, -us, 
 mai-or, -us, 
 min-or, -us, 
 plus (neut.), 1 
 
 Superlative 
 
 optimus, -a, -um. 
 pessimus, -a, -um. 
 maximus, -a, -um. 
 minimus, -a, -um. 
 plurimus, -a, -um. 
 
 1 The Declension oiplus is irregular. 
 
ADJECTIVES 87 
 
 EXERCISE XXXIV 
 
 1. Patres nostri urbem pulcherrimam aedificav-erunt. 
 
 2. Optimum donum a Lentulo amico meo miss-um est. 
 
 3. Virgines pulcherrimae carmen melius canta-bant. 
 
 4. Koma, urbs maxima, a Gallis oppugnat-a erit. 
 
 5. Naves minores fluctibus et vento frang-entur. 
 
 6. Caium, civem pessimum, ex Italia mis-eramus. 
 
 7. Verba iudicis optimi ab omnibus lauda-buntur. 
 
 8. Imperatoris filius est omnium puerorum minimus. 
 
 9. Verba amici tui peiora fu-erunt quam facta. 
 
 10. Servi miserrimi opus difficillimum time-bant. 
 
 11. Maxima opera militibus nostris sunt facillima. 
 
 12. PlurimI captivi ab hostibus nostris occid-ebantur. 
 
 1. We have seen Eome, the largest city of Italy. 
 
 2. Very many brave (men) were slain by the Gauls. 
 
 3. We will show the best books to Julia, your sister. 
 
 4. Caesar, with a very large army, is marching into Italy. 
 
 5. The boldest soldiers feared the chariots of the enemy. 
 
 6. You have never seen a larger river than the Ehine. 
 
 7. The books were written by Caius, a very bad judge. 
 
 8. A very great forest will hinder Caesar's army. 
 
 9. The best citizens are praised by Romulus, the king. 
 
 10. The deeds of many (men) are better than (their) words. 
 
 11. We will remain many days in a very beautiful city. 
 
 12. The worst citizens will be punished by the judges. 
 
88 EXERCISES 
 
 In this and in the following exercise the vowel-markings have been 
 omitted purposely. The pupil may be required to supply them. 
 
 EXERCISE XXXV 
 
 1. Dona multa a lulia sorore tua mitt-en tur. 
 
 2. Rex noster cum filio suo ab hostibus occis-us est. 
 
 3. Urbis portae lapide ingenti frang-ebantur. 
 
 4. Nuntii veloces in urbem reginae miss-i erant. 
 
 5. Hostium naves imperatori nostro utiles erunt. 
 
 6. A Caio, magistro sapientissimo, non culpa-beris. 
 
 7. Lentulo, amico tuo, libros nostros monstra-bimus. 
 
 8. Imperatoris verba militibus omnibus nuntia-ntur. 
 
 9. Non vid-imus puellam pulchriorem quam luliam. 
 
 10. Proximo anno multi a Gallis occis-i sunt. 
 
 11. Multos dies in Italia cum Lentulo mans-imus. 
 
 12. Exercitus nostri silvis maximis impedit-i sunt. 
 
 1. Our walls are higher than the temple of Diana.^ 
 
 2. On the next day many very brave (men) were slain. 
 
 3. The words of the wise are praised by all good (men). 
 
 4. The gates of the city were shut at the second hour. 
 
 5. The Gauls, our enemies, were marching into Italy. 
 
 6. We will announce your words to Caesar, the general. 
 
 7. All these books were written by a very wise (man). 
 
 8. We will march with your soldiers into Italy. 
 
 9. The boys and the girls will have been praised by all. 
 
 10. The king and the queen are dear to all the citizens. 
 
 11. Many ships will be sent by the brave general. 
 
 12. You have heard the very sweet song of the girls. 
 
 1 Two ways. 
 
EXERCISES 89 
 
 EXERCISE XXXVI 
 
 1. Eoma, urbs pulcherrima, a Gallis oppugnat-a erat. 
 
 2. Dulcis est vox tua : dulcius est avium carmen. 
 
 3. Hostium naves maiores erant quam nostrae (naves). 
 
 4. Optimi milites ab imperatore forti lauda-bantur. 
 
 5. Cains amicus tuns plurimos libros scrips-it. 
 
 6. Lentnli filius omnium iudicum est sapientissimus. 
 
 7. Servos et cives pessimos ex urbe mis-eramus. 
 
 8. Hastas et sagittas plurimas manibus freg-imus. 
 
 9. Urbes omnes ab imperatoribus nostris muni-untur. 
 
 10. Servi miseri onus gravissimum porta-bant. 
 
 11. Cives omnes iudicis sapientis verba lauda-nt. 
 
 12. Currus et naves hostium non time-bimus. 
 
 1. The wall is high: the temple of Diana is higher. 
 
 2. We will send a swifter messenger than your slave. 
 
 3. The armies of the Gauls are larger than our (armies).^ 
 
 4. The name of the queen is dear to many brave (men); 
 
 5. Your words are wise : your books will be very useful. 
 
 6. She was wounded with a heavy spear by the slave. 
 
 7. We will not march with your general into Italy. 
 
 8. On the next day we sent a swift messenger to the city. 
 
 9. Many captives are being led by Caesar into the town, 
 
 10. A slave was sitting in the generaFs chariot. 
 
 11. The judge's sons were blamed by all wise men. 
 
 12. The captives will remain many years in the town, 
 
 1 Two ways. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 NOUNS 
 FIRST DECLENSION. Gen. Sing. -ae 
 
 Singular 
 Nom. Mens-a, a table (/.). 
 Gen. Mens-ae, of a table. 
 Dat. Mens-ae, to or for a table. 
 Ace. Mens-am, a table. ' 
 Voc. Mens-a, table. 
 Abl, Mens-a, by, with, or from a tab 
 
 Plural 
 
 Mens-ae, tables. 
 
 Mens-arum, of tables. 
 
 Mens-is, to or for tables. 
 
 Mens-as, tables. 
 
 Mens-ae, O tables. 
 
 Mens-is, by, with, or from tables. 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION. Gen. Sing, -l 
 
 a. Masculine 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nam. 
 
 Domin-us, a lord (m.). 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Domin-i, lords. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Domin-i 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Domin-orum 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Domin-6 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Domin-is 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Domin-um 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Domin-os 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Domin-e 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Domin-i 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Domin-o 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Domin-is 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Magister, a master (m.). 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Magistr-i, masters. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Magistr-i 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Magistr-orum 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Magistr-o 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Magistr-is 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Magistr-um 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Magistr-os 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Magister 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Magistr-i 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Magistr-6 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Magistr-is 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Puer, aboy (m.). 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Puer-i, boys. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Puer-i 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Puer-orum 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Puer-o 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Puer-is 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Puer-um 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Pner-os 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Puer 
 
 Voe. 
 
 Puer-i 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Puer-o 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Puer-is 
 
 b. Neuter 
 
 Singular 
 
 Nom. Bell-um, war (n.). 
 
 Gen. Bell-i 
 
 Dat. Bell-6 
 
 Aec. Bell-um 
 
 Voc. Bell-um 
 
 Abl. BeU-o 
 
 Plural 
 Nom. Bell-a, wars. 
 Gen. Bell-orum 
 Dat. Bell-is 
 Ace. Bell-a 
 Voc. Bell-a 
 Abl. BeU-is 
 
92 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION. Gen. Sing, -is 
 INCREASING NOUNS. Gen. Plur. -urn 
 
 a. Masculine and Feminine 
 
 ludex (m.) = judge 
 
 Virgo (/.) = virgin 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nom 
 
 Judex 
 
 ludic-es 
 
 Nom. Virgd 
 
 Virgin-es 
 
 Gen. 
 
 ludic-is 
 
 ludic-um 
 
 Gen. Virgin-is 
 
 Virgin-um 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ludic-i 
 
 ludic-ibus 
 
 Dat. Virgin-i 
 
 Virgiu-ibus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 ludic-em 
 
 ludic-es 
 
 Ace. Virgin-em 
 
 Virgin-es 
 
 Voc. 
 
 ludex 
 
 ludic-es 
 
 Voc. Virgo 
 
 Virgin-es 
 
 Abl. 
 
 ludic-e 
 
 ludic-ibus 
 
 Abl. Virgin -e 
 
 Virgin-ibus 
 
 
 
 b. Neuter 
 
 
 
 Nomen (n.) = 
 
 = Name 
 
 Opus (n.) = 
 
 = work 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Nomen 
 
 Nomin-a 
 
 Nom. Opus 
 
 Oper-a 
 
 Gen. 
 
 N6min-is 
 
 Nomin-um 
 
 Gen. Oper-is 
 
 Oper-um 
 
 Dat. 
 
 N6min-i 
 
 Nomin-ibus 
 
 Dat. Oper-i 
 
 Oper-i bus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Nomen 
 
 Nomin-a 
 
 Ace. Opus 
 
 Oper-a 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Nomen 
 
 Nomin-a 
 
 Voc. Opus 
 
 Oper-a 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Nomin-e 
 
 N5min-ibus 
 
 Abl. Oper-e 
 
 Oper-i bus 
 
 NOT-INCREASING NOUNS. Gen. Plur. -ium 
 
 a. Masculine and Feminine 
 
 
 h. 
 
 Neuter 
 
 Ovis 
 
 (/.) = 
 
 = sheep 
 
 
 Mare (.] 
 
 = sea 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nom. Ov-is 
 
 
 Ov-es 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Mar-e 
 
 
 Mar-ia 
 
 Gen. Ov-is 
 
 
 Ov-ium 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Mar-is 
 
 
 Mar-ium 
 
 Dat. Ov-i 
 
 
 Ov-ibus 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Mar-i 
 
 
 Mar-ibus 
 
 Ace. Ov-em 
 
 
 Ov-es 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Mar-e 
 
 
 Mar-ia 
 
 Voc. Ov-is 
 
 
 Ov-es 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Mar-e 
 
 
 Mar-ia 
 
 AbL Ov-e 
 
 
 Ov-ibus 
 
 AbL 
 
 Mar-i 
 
 
 Mar-ibus 
 
ADJECTIVES 
 
 93 
 
 FOURTH DECLENSION. Gen. Sing, -uj 
 
 
 a. Masculine and 
 
 
 h. 
 
 Neuter 
 
 
 Feminine 
 
 (few) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gradus (m. 
 
 ) = step 
 
 
 Genu 
 
 (n.) = knee 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Grad-us 
 
 Grad-us 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Gen-u 
 
 Gen-ua 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Grad-us 
 
 Grad-uum 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Gen-US 
 
 Gen-uum 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Grad-ui (u) 
 
 Grad-ibus 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Gen-u 
 
 Gen-ibus (ubus) 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Grad-um 
 
 Grad-us 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Gen-u 
 
 Gen-ua 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Grad-us 
 
 Qrad-us 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Gen-u 
 
 Gen-ua 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Grad-u 
 
 Grad-ibus 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Gen-u 
 
 Gen-ibus (ubus) 
 
 FIFTH DECLENSION. Gen. Sing, -ei 
 
 Mostly Feminine 
 
 Dies {m.,f.) = dai/ 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 Nom. Di-es Di-es 
 
 Gen. Di-ei Di-erum 
 
 Dat. Di-ei Di-ebus 
 
 Ace. Di-era Di-es 
 
 Voe. Di-es Di-es 
 
 Abl. Di-e Di-ebus 
 
 Res {/.) = thing, matter 
 
 SiJ 
 
 7GULAR 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nom 
 
 Res 
 
 Res 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Rei 
 
 Rerum 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Rei 
 
 Rebus 
 
 Aec. 
 
 Rem 
 
 Res 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Res 
 
 Res 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Re 
 
 Rebus 
 
 ADJECTIVES OP FIRST AND SECOND 
 DECLENSIONS 
 
 Masc. 
 Nom. Bon-US 
 Gen. Bon-i 
 Bon-o 
 Bon-um 
 Bon-e 
 Bon-o 
 
 Dat. 
 Ace. 
 Voc. 
 Abl. 
 
 Singular 
 Fern, 
 bon-a 
 bon-ae 
 bon-ae 
 bon-am 
 bon-a 
 bon-a 
 
 Neut. 
 bon-um 
 bon-i 
 bon-6 
 bon-um 
 bon-um 
 bon-6 
 
 Nom. Niger 
 Gen. Nigr-i 
 Dat. Nigr-o 
 Ace. Nigr-um 
 Voc. Niger 
 Abl. Nigr-o 
 
 nigr-a nigr-um 
 
 nigr-ae nigr-i 
 
 nigr-ae nigr-6 
 
 nigr-am nigr-um 
 
 nigr-a nigr-um 
 
 nigr-a nigr-6 
 
 Nom. Tener tener-a tener-um 
 
 Gen. Tener-i tener-ae tener-i 
 
 Dat. Tener-6 tener-ae tener-6 
 
 Ace. Tener-um tener-am tener-um 
 
 Voc. Tener tener-a tener-um 
 
 Abl. Tener-6 tener-a tener-6 
 
 Masc. 
 Bon-i 
 Bon-6rum 
 Bon-is 
 Bon-6s 
 Bon-i 
 Bon-is 
 
 Plural 
 
 Fern, 
 bon-ae 
 bon-arum 
 bon-is 
 bon-as 
 bon-ae 
 bon-is 
 
 Neut. 
 bon-a 
 bon-6rum 
 bon-is 
 bon-a 
 bon-a 
 bonis 
 
 Nigr-i nigr-ae nigr-a 
 
 Nigr-6rum nigr-arum nigr-6rum 
 
 Nigr-is nigr-is nigr-is 
 
 Nigr-6s nigr-as nigr-a 
 
 Nigr-i nigr-ae nigr-a 
 
 Nigr-is nigr-is nigr-is 
 
 Tener-i tener-ae tener-a 
 
 Tener-6rum tener-arum tener-6rum 
 
 Tener-is tener-is tener-is 
 
 Tener-6s tener-as tener-a 
 
 Tener-i tener-ae tener-a 
 
 Tener-is tener-is tener-is 
 
94 
 
 NUMERALS 
 
 ADJECTIVES OP THIRD DECLENSION 
 
 Singular Singular 
 
 
 Masc. Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Masc. Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Nom 
 
 . Melior 
 
 Melius, better 
 
 Nom 
 
 Trist-is 
 
 Trist-e, sad 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Melior-is 
 
 Melior-is 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Trist-is 
 
 Trist-is 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Melior-i 
 
 Melior-i 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Trist-i 
 
 Trist-i 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Melior-em 
 
 Melius 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Trist-em 
 
 Trist-e 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Melior 
 
 Melius 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Trist-is 
 
 Trist-e 
 
 Abl. 
 
 MeliOr-e or -i 
 
 Melior-e or -i 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Trist-i 
 
 TrisM 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Plurai 
 
 
 
 Masc. Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 
 Masc. Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Nom 
 
 Melior-es 
 
 Melior-a 
 
 Nojn 
 
 Trist-es 
 
 Trist-ia 
 
 Gen, 
 
 Melior-um 
 
 Melior-um 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Trist-ium 
 
 Trist-ium 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Melior-i bus 
 
 Melior-ibus 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Trist-i bus 
 
 Trist-ibus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Melior-es 
 
 Melior-a 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Trist-es 
 
 Trist-ia 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Melior-es 
 
 Melior-a 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Trist-es 
 
 Trist-ia 
 
 Abl 
 
 Melior-ibus 
 
 Melior-ibus 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Trist-i bus 
 
 Trist-ibus 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 Masc. Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 
 Masc. Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Nom 
 
 Felix 
 
 Felix, happy 
 
 Nojn 
 
 Ingeus, 
 
 Ingens, huge 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Felic-is 
 
 Felic-is 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Ingeiit-is 
 
 Ingent-is 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Felic-i 
 
 Felic-i 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ingent-i 
 
 Ingent-i 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Felic-em 
 
 Felix 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Ingeut-em 
 
 Ingens 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Felix 
 
 Felix 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Ingeus 
 
 Ingens 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Felic-i or -e 
 
 Felic-i or -e 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Ingent-i or -e 
 
 Ingent-i or -e 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Masc. Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 
 Masc. Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Nom 
 
 Felic-es 
 
 Felic-ia 
 
 Nom 
 
 . Ingent-es 
 
 Ingent-ia 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Felic-ium 
 
 Felic-ium 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Ingent-ium 
 
 Ingent-ium 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Felic-ibus 
 
 Felic-ibus 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ingent-ibus 
 
 Ingent-ibus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Felic-es 
 
 Felic-ia 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Ingeut-es 
 
 Ingent-ia 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Felic-es 
 
 Felic-ia 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Ingent-es 
 
 Ingent-ia 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Felic-ibus 
 
 Felic-ibus 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Ingent-ibus 
 
 Ingent-ibus 
 
 NUMERALS (up to 20) 
 
 I. unus. 
 II. duo. 
 
 III. tres. 
 
 IV. quattuor. 
 V. quinque. 
 
 VI. sex. 
 
 7. VII. septem. 
 
 8. VIII. octO. 
 
 9. IX. novem. 
 10. X. decern. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 3. 
 4. 
 5. 
 6. 
 
 11. 
 
 XI. 
 
 undecim. 
 
 12. 
 
 XII. 
 
 duodecim. 
 
 13. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 tredecim. 
 
 14. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 quattuordecim 
 
 15. 
 
 XV. 
 
 quindecim. 
 
 16. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 sedecim. 
 
 17. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 septendecim. 
 
 18. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 duodeviginti. 
 
 19. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 undeviginti. 
 
 20. 
 
 XX. 
 
 viginti. 
 
VERBS 
 
 95 
 
 THE VERB SUM. 'I Am' 
 
 Present Stem ES- 
 
 
 Present 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 Future Simple 
 
 
 I am. 
 
 I was. 
 
 I shall be. 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 Sum 
 
 eram 
 
 ero 
 
 2. 
 
 es 
 
 eras 
 
 eris 
 
 3. 
 
 es-t 
 
 erat 
 
 erit 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 sumus 
 
 eramus 
 
 erimus 
 
 2. 
 
 es-tis 
 
 eratis 
 
 eritis 
 
 3. 
 
 sunt 
 
 erant 
 
 erunt 
 
 Perfect Stem Fu- 
 
 
 Perfect and Aorist 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 Future Perfect 
 
 
 I have been. I was. 
 
 / had been. 
 
 / shall have been. 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 Fu-i 
 
 fu-eram 
 
 fu-ero 
 
 2. 
 
 fu-isti 
 
 fu-eras 
 
 fu-eris 
 
 3. 
 
 fu-it 
 
 fu-erat 
 
 fu-erit 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 fu-imus 
 
 fu-erarnus 
 
 fu-erimus 
 
 2. 
 
 fu-istis 
 
 fu-eratis 
 
 fu-eritis 
 
 3. 
 
 f u-erunt oi^ -ere 
 
 fu-erant 
 
 f u-erint 
 
96 
 
 VERBS 
 
 ACTIVE 
 Present Stem Tenses 
 
 
 
 Present 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 Future Simple 
 
 
 
 / /oi-e, am loving, 
 
 
 
 .2 
 
 
 do hue. 
 
 / was loving. 
 
 I shall love. 
 
 ?n 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 A mo 
 
 ama-bani 
 
 ama-bo 
 
 be 
 
 2. 
 
 ama-s 
 
 ama-bas 
 
 ama-bis 
 
 o 
 
 3. 
 
 ama-t 
 
 ama-bat 
 
 ama-bit 
 
 O 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 ama-mus 
 
 ama-bamus 
 
 ama-bimus 
 
 -^ 
 J 
 
 2. 
 
 ama-tis 
 
 ania-batis 
 
 ama-bitis 
 
 PJM 
 
 3. 
 
 ama-nt 
 
 ama-bant 
 
 ama-bunt 
 
 a 
 
 
 / advise, am adcis- 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 ing, do advise. 
 
 / was advising. 
 
 / shall advise. 
 
 
 SiDg. 1. 
 
 Mone-6 
 
 mone-bam 
 
 mone-bo 
 
 '? 
 
 2. 
 
 mone-s 
 
 mone-bas 
 
 inone-bis 
 
 6 
 
 3. 
 
 mone-t 
 
 mone-bat 
 
 mone-bit 
 
 P 
 o 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 mone-mus 
 
 mone-bamus 
 
 mone-bimus 
 
 2. 
 
 mone-tis 
 
 mone-batis 
 
 mone-bitis 
 
 .0) 
 
 3. 
 
 mone-nt 
 
 mone-bant 
 
 moue-bunt 
 
 
 
 / rule, am ruling, 
 
 
 
 d 
 .2 
 
 
 do rule. 
 
 / was ruling. 
 
 / shall rule 
 
 1 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 J{Qg-o 
 
 reg-ebam 
 
 reg-am 
 
 ^fl 
 
 2. 
 
 reg-is 
 
 reg-ebas 
 
 reg-es 
 
 
 
 3. 
 
 reg-it 
 
 reg-ebat 
 
 reg-et 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 regi-mus 
 
 reg-ebamus 
 
 reg-emus 
 
 .52 
 
 2. 
 
 reg-itis 
 
 reg-ebatis 
 
 reg-etis 
 
 H 
 
 3. 
 
 reg-unt 
 
 reg-ebant 
 
 reg-ent 
 
 a 
 
 
 I hear, am hear- 
 
 
 
 .2 
 
 
 ing, do hear. 
 
 / was hearing. 
 
 / shall hear. 
 
 1 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 Audi-o 
 
 audi-ebam 
 
 audi-am 
 
 s 
 
 2. 
 
 audi-s 
 
 audi-ebas 
 
 audi-es* 
 
 6 
 
 3. 
 
 audi-t 
 
 audi-ebat 
 
 audi-et 
 
 r^ 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 audi-mus 
 
 audi-ebamus 
 
 audi-emus 
 
 
 2. 
 
 audi-tis 
 
 audi-ebatis 
 
 audi-etis 
 
 pS 
 
 3. 
 
 audi-unt 
 
 audi-ebant 
 
 audi-ent 
 
VERBS 
 
 VOICE 
 
 Perfect Stem Tenses 
 
 97 
 
 
 Pkbtbct and Ao^t 
 
 Plupkbtbct 
 
 Future Pxrfkgt 
 
 
 / have loved. 
 I loved. 
 
 / had loved. 
 
 / shall have loved. 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 amav-i 
 
 amav-eram 
 
 amav-ero 
 
 2. 
 
 amav-isti ' 
 
 amav-eras 
 
 amav^ris 
 
 3. 
 
 amav-it 
 
 ^mav-erat 
 
 amav-erit 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 amav-imus 
 
 amav-e ramus 
 
 amav-erimus 
 
 2. 
 
 amav-istis 
 
 amav-eratis 
 
 amav-eritis 
 
 3. 
 
 amav-erunt or -ere 
 
 amav-eraut 
 
 amav-erint 
 
 
 / have advised. 
 I advised. 
 
 / had advised. 
 
 / shall have advised. 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 monu-i 
 
 monu-eram 
 
 monu-ero 
 
 2. 
 
 monu-isti 
 
 monu-eras 
 
 monu-eris 
 
 3. 
 
 monu-it 
 
 monu-erat 
 
 monu-firit 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 monu-imus 
 
 monu-eramus 
 
 monu-erimus 
 
 2. 
 
 monu-istis 
 
 monu-eratis 
 
 monu-eritis 
 
 3. 
 
 monu-erunt or -ere 
 
 monu-erant 
 
 monu-erint 
 
 
 I have ruled. 
 I ruled. 
 
 / had ruled. 
 
 1 shall have ruled. 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 rex-i 
 
 rex-eram 
 
 rex-er5 
 
 2. 
 
 rex-isti 
 
 rex-eras 
 
 rex-eris 
 
 3. 
 
 rex-it 
 
 rex-erat 
 
 rex-erit 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 rex-imus 
 
 rex-eramus 
 
 rex-erimus 
 
 2. 
 
 rex-istis 
 
 rex-eratis 
 
 rex-eritis 
 
 3. 
 
 rex-erunt or -ere 
 
 rex-erant 
 
 rex-erint 
 
 
 / have heard. 
 I heard. 
 
 I had heard. 
 
 / shall have heard. 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 audiv-i 
 
 audiv-isti 
 
 audiv-it 
 
 audiv-imus 
 
 audiv-istis 
 
 audiv-erunt or -ere 
 
 audiv-eram 
 
 audiv-eras 
 
 audiv-erat 
 
 audiv-eramus 
 
 audiv-eratis 
 
 audiv-erant 
 
 audiv-ero 
 
 audiv-eris 
 
 audiv-erit 
 
 audiv-erimus 
 
 audiv-eritis 
 
 audiv-erint 
 
98 
 
 VERBS 
 
 PASSIVE] 
 
 Present Stem Tenses 
 
 
 
 Present 
 
 Imperpbct 
 
 Future Simple 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 
 / am being loved. 
 
 / was being loved. 
 
 1 shall be loved. 
 
 'i 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 Amo-r 
 
 ama-bar 
 
 ama-bor 
 
 be 
 
 2 
 
 ama-ris or -re 
 
 ama-baris or -bare 
 
 aina-beris or -bere 
 
 G 
 
 3. 
 
 ama-tur 
 
 ama-batur 
 
 ama-bitur 
 
 6 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 ama-niur 
 
 ama-bamur 
 
 ama-bimur 
 
 t 
 
 2. 
 
 ama-mini 
 
 ama-bamini 
 
 ama-bimini 
 
 s 
 
 3. 
 
 ania-ntur 
 
 ama-bantur 
 
 ama-buntur 
 
 
 
 
 I am being advised. 
 
 / was being advised. 
 
 / shall be advised. 
 
 ) Sing. 1 
 
 Mone-or 
 
 mone-bar 
 
 mone-bor 
 
 p 
 'a* 
 
 2. 
 
 mone-ris or -re 
 
 inone-baris or -bare 
 
 mone-beris or -bere 
 
 8 
 
 3. 
 
 mone-tur 
 
 inoiie-batur 
 
 mone-bitur 
 
 x; 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 mone-mur 
 
 inone-bamur 
 
 mone-bimur 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 mone-mini 
 
 mone-bamini 
 
 mone-bimiui 
 
 eg 
 
 3. 
 
 mone-ntur 
 
 mone-bantiir 
 
 mone-buntur 
 
 
 
 I am being ruled. 
 
 / was being ruled. 
 
 / shall be ruled. 
 
 1) 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 Reg-or 
 
 reg-ebar 
 
 reg-ar 
 
 P 
 
 2. 
 
 reg-eris or -ere 
 
 reg-ebaris or- ebare 
 
 reg-eris or -ere 
 
 
 
 3. 
 
 reg-itur 
 
 reg-ebatur 
 
 reg-etur 
 
 .1 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 reg-imur 
 
 reg-ebamur 
 
 reg-emur 
 
 2. 
 
 reg-imjni 
 
 reg-ebamiui 
 
 reg-emini 
 
 ? 
 
 3. 
 
 reg-untur 
 
 reg-ebantur 
 
 reg-entur 
 
 d 
 
 o 
 
 '5 
 
 
 I am being heard. 
 
 / was being heard. 
 
 / shall be heard. 
 
 1 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 Audi-or 
 
 audi-ebar 
 
 audi-ar 
 
 a 
 
 2. 
 
 audi-ris or -re 
 
 audi-ebaris or -ebare 
 
 audi-eris or -ere 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 audi-tur 
 
 audi-ebatur 
 
 audi-etur 
 
 ^ 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 audi-mur 
 
 audi-ebamur 
 
 audi-emur 
 
 
 2. 
 
 audi-mini 
 
 audi-ebamini 
 
 audi-einini 
 
 ^ 
 
 3. 
 
 audi-untur 
 
 audi-ebantur 
 
 audi-entur 
 
VERBS 
 
 VOICE 
 
 Supine Stem Tenses 
 
 99 
 
 
 Perfect and Aoeist 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 Future Perfect 
 
 
 / have been, I was, 
 iored. 
 
 / had been loved. 
 
 / shall have been 
 loved. 
 
 Siug. 1. 
 
 amat-U3 sum 
 
 amat-us eram 
 
 amat-us ero 
 
 2. 
 
 amat-us es 
 
 amat-us eras 
 
 amat-us eris 
 
 3. 
 
 a mat-US est 
 
 amat-us erat 
 
 amat-us erit 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 aniat-i sumus 
 
 amat-i eramus 
 
 an)at-i erimus 
 
 2. 
 
 amat-i estis 
 
 amat-i erat is 
 
 amat-i eritis 
 
 3. 
 
 amat-i sunt 
 
 amat-i erant 
 
 amat-i erunt 
 
 
 / have been, I was, 
 advised. 
 
 / had been advised. 
 
 / shall have been 
 advised. 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 mon it-US sum 
 
 monit-us eram 
 
 monit-us ero 
 
 2. 
 
 monit-us es 
 
 monit-us eras 
 
 monit-us eris 
 
 3. 
 
 mon it-US est 
 
 monit-us erat 
 
 monit-us erit 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 monit-i sumus 
 
 monit-i eramus 
 
 monit-i erimus 
 
 2. 
 
 monit-i estis 
 
 monit-i eratis 
 
 monit-i eritis 
 
 3. 
 
 monit-i sunt 
 
 monit-i erant 
 
 monit-i erunt 
 
 
 / have been, J was, 
 ruled. 
 
 / had been ruled. 
 
 / shall have been 
 ruled. 
 
 Siug. 1. 
 
 rect-us sum 
 
 rect-us eram 
 
 rect-us ero 
 
 2. 
 
 rect-us es 
 
 rect-us eras 
 
 rect-us eris 
 
 3. 
 
 rect-us est 
 
 rect-us erat 
 
 rect-us erit 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 rect-i sumus 
 
 rect-i eramus 
 
 rect-i erimus 
 
 2. 
 
 rect-i estis 
 
 rect-i eratis 
 
 rect-i eritis 
 
 3. 
 
 rect-i sunt 
 
 rect-i erant 
 
 rect-I erunt 
 
 
 / have been, I was, 
 heard. 
 
 I had been heard. 
 
 / shall have been 
 heard. 
 
 Sing. 1. 
 
 audit-US sum 
 
 audit-us eram 
 
 audit-us ero 
 
 2. 
 
 audit-US es 
 
 audit-US eras 
 
 audit-US eris 
 
 3. 
 
 audit-US est 
 
 audit-US erat 
 
 audit-us erit 
 
 Plur. 1. 
 
 audit-i sumus 
 
 audit-i eramus 
 
 audit-i erimus 
 
 2. 
 
 audit-i estis 
 
 audit-i eratis 
 
 audit-i eritis 
 
 3. 
 
 audit-i sunt 
 
 audit-i erant 
 
 audit-i erunt 
 
SUMMARY OF RULES 
 
 1. The Subject of the Sentence is in the Nominative 
 Case (p. 24). 
 
 2. The Verb agrees with its Subject in Person and 
 Number (p. 24). 
 
 Obs. that when the Subject consists of two or more Nouns joined by 
 and,' the Verb must be Plural (p. 36). 
 
 3. The Object of a Transitive Verb is in the Accus- 
 ative Case (p. 26). 
 
 Obs. that all the members of a compound object are in the Accus- 
 ative Case. 
 
 4. An Adjective agrees with its Noun in Gender, 
 Number, and Case (p. 38). 
 
 Obs. 1. That it is not always true that the Adjective and Noun have 
 the same endings (p. 50). 
 
 Obs. 2. That when an Adjective modifies two or more Nouns of 
 different Genders the Adjective agrees with the Masculine rather than with the 
 Feminine (p. 68). 
 
 Obs. 3. The Substantive use of Adjectives (p. 70). 
 
 5. The Genitive Case is used to denote Possession 
 (p. 44). 
 
 6. The Complement with a Copulative Verb agrees 
 with the Subject (p. 54). 
 
 7. Instrument or Means is expressed by the Ablative 
 Case without a Preposition (p. 60). ... -^....^ 
 
 f ^^ Of THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 or 
 
102 SUMMARY OF RULES 
 
 8. Personal Agent with a Passive Verb is expressed by 
 the Ablative Case with the Preposition ' a* or ' ab ' (p. 60). 
 
 Obs. 1. That 'ab' is used before Vowels or Consonants, but *a' only 
 before Vowels and h (p. 61). 
 
 Obs. 2. That * by a Thing' is Ablative of Means and ' b}^ a Person ' is 
 Ablative of Agent when the Verb is Passive. 
 
 9. An Appositive agrees in Case with the Noun which 
 it modifies (p. 64). 
 
 Obs. Sometimes called a Noun in Apposition. 
 
 10. Accompaniment is expressed by the Ablative Case 
 with the Preposition ' cum ' (p. 72). 
 
 11. The Indirect Object of a Verb is put in the Dative 
 Case (p. 74). 
 
 Obs. This use of the Dative is common with Verbs meaning to give, 
 to tell, and to show. 
 
 12. Motion towards a Person, Place, or Thing is ex- 
 pressed by the Accusative Case with the Preposition * ad ' 
 or 4n ' (p. 74). 
 
 (With town-names and a few other words the Preposition is omitted.) 
 
 13. Place 'where' or 'in which' is expressed by the 
 Ablative Case with the Preposition ' in ' (p. 76). 
 
 (Town-names and a few other words require a different Case.) 
 
 14. Time 'when' is expressed by the Ablative Case 
 (p. 78). 
 
 15. Time 'how long' is expressed by the Accusative 
 Case (p. 78). 
 
 (Sometimes called Duration of Time.) 
 
 16. Two Nouns joined by 'quam' (than) must be in 
 the same Case (p. 84). 
 
 Obs.-^ln making a Comparison between two Nouns 'quam ' (than) may- 
 be omitted ; but the second of the two Nouns must then be put in the Ablative 
 Case. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 Nouns. The Nomhiative Singular, the Genitive Singular, and 
 the Gender are given. The Declension is known from the ending of 
 the Genitive. 
 
 Declensions 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 Genitives 
 
 -ae 
 
 i 
 
 -I 
 
 -us 
 
 -Ii 
 
 Adjectives. Adjectives like bonus, niger, or tener have the three termi- 
 nations of Nominative Singular given. Most other Adjectives are referred 
 to their types. 
 
 Verbs. The First Person Singular of the Present and the Con- 
 jugation of all Verbs are given. The Perfect and Supine are also given 
 when they are not regular, and the Present Stem of the First Conjugation 
 is given (in parentheses). The Stem is marked off from the termination 
 by a hyphen, thus : 
 
 Present Perfect Supine 
 
 Mitt-o, mis-i, miss-um 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH 
 
 aedifico (aedijicd-), (1), to build. 
 ae-ger, -gra, -grum, sick. 
 alt-US, -a, -Mm, high, deep. 
 amic-uSy -i, m. a friend. 
 ann-us, -i, m. a year. 
 aqu-a, -ae, f . water. 
 arc-uSj -us, m. a bow. 
 au-ddx, -ddcis, bold [Vikei felix) . 
 av-is, -is, f. a bird. 
 
 br^v-is, -e, short. 
 
 Caes-ar, -dris, m. Caesar (a name). 
 Cai-us, -I, m. Cains (a name). 
 canto (cantd-), fl), to sing. 
 raptiv-us, -i, m. a captive. 
 carmen, carmln-is, n. a song. 
 cdr-Hs, -a,-um,, dear. 
 civ-is, -is, m. a citizen. 
 
 claud-o, claus-if c/aus-nm, (3), to shut. 
 contend-o, contend-l, (3), to march. 
 culpo {culpa-), (1), to blame. 
 curr-us, -Us, m. a chariot. 
 custodi-o, (4), to guard. 
 
 Didn-a, -ae, f. Diana (a goddess). 
 
 ddce-o, ddcu-i, ddct-um, (2), to teach. 
 
 don-um, -i, n. a gift. 
 
 duc-o, dux-i, duct-um, (3), to lead. 
 
 dur-us, -a, -um, hard. 
 
 dulc-is, -e, sweet. 
 
 Spist6l-a, -ae, f. a letter. 
 
 erudi-o, erudi -i, erudit-um, (4), to 
 
 instruct. 
 ^t, and. 
 exercit'us, -Us, m. an army. 
 
104 
 
 VOCABL LARY LATIN-ENGLISH 
 
 fact-um, -I, n. a deed. 
 
 /i/f-ns, -t, m. a son. 
 
 Jiuinen,jfluinin-is, n. a river. 
 
 furUus, -us, m. a wave. 
 
 fort-is, brave (like tristis). 
 
 f ranged, freg-l, frdct-um, (3), to break. 
 
 Gall-US, -I. m. a Gaul. 
 
 g^r-d,gess-t, gest-um, (3), to carry on. 
 
 grac-is, heavy (like tristis). 
 
 hast-a, -ae, f. a spear. 
 host-is, -is, m. an enemy. 
 hoj'-a, -ae, f. an hour. 
 
 igndv-us, -a, -um, idle. 
 tmp^di-o, (4), to hinder. 
 impird-tor, -toris, m. a general. 
 ira, -ae, f . anger. 
 Itali-a, -ae, f. Italy. 
 
 iucund-us^ -a, -um, pleasant. 
 Ixdia, -ae, f. Julia. 
 
 lapis, lapid-is, m. a stone. 
 laudo {laudd-), (1), to praise. 
 Lentul-us, -i, Lentulus (a name). 
 led, leon-is, m. a lion, 
 lex, leg-is, f. a law. 
 liber, libr-i, m. a book. 
 long-US, -a, -um, long. 
 
 mdgn-us, -a, -um, great. 
 
 viane-o, mdns-i, mdns-um, (2), to 
 
 remain. 
 man-US, -us, f. a hand. 
 mSli-or, -oris, better (compar. bonus), 
 mens-a, -ae, f. a table. 
 me-us, -a, -um, my, mine. 
 miles, mllit-is, m. a soldier. 
 mis-er, -^ra, -Srum, wretched. 
 miit-o, mis-i, mias-um, (3), to send. 
 monstro (monstrd-), (1), to show. 
 mdve-o, mov-l, mot-um, (2), to move. 
 mult-usy -a, -um, much, many. 
 muni-o, (4), to fortify. 
 mur-us, -I, m. a wall. 
 
 ndv-is, -is, f. a ship. 
 
 nos-ter, -tra^ -trum, our, ours. 
 
 nunquam, never (adv.). 
 
 nuntio [nuntid-), (1), to announce, 
 
 declare. 
 nunti-us -i, m. a messenger. 
 
 occid-o, occid-i, occis-fim , (3), to kill, 
 
 slay. 
 dnus, onSt^is, n. a burden. 
 omn-is, all (like trisfs). 
 0}ipid-um, -I. n. a touii. 
 oppugno (opjmt/nd-), (Ij, to attack, 
 
 assault. 
 djms, opr-is, n. a work 
 
 parv-us, -a, -um, small, little. 
 
 pater, patr-is, m. father. 
 
 patri-a, -(le, f. country, fatherland. 
 
 port-a, -ae, f . a gate. 
 
 porto (porld-) (1), to carry. 
 
 prim-us, -a, -um, first. 
 
 proxim-us, -a, -um, next. 
 
 pnell-a, -ae, f. a girl. 
 
 pUgno {pugnd-), ( 1), to fight. 
 
 pnl-cher, -chra, -chriun, beautiful. 
 
 pdui-o, (4), to punish. 
 
 regin-a, -ae, f. a queen. 
 rex, reg-is, m a king. 
 rdgo [rogd), (1), to ask. 
 Rom-a, -ae; f Kome. 
 rot-a, -ae, f. a wheel. 
 
 sdgitt-a, -ae, i. an arrow. 
 sdlto (saltd-), (1), to dance. 
 sapi-ens, -entis (like ingens), wise. 
 scrib-d,scrlps-i, script-um, (3), to write. 
 sd'cund-us, -a, -um, second. 
 s^de-o, sed-i, sess-um, (2), to sit. 
 serv-us, -I, m, a slave. 
 silv-a, -ae, f. a wood, forest. 
 sdr-or, -oris, f. a sister. 
 
 tel-um, -I, n. a dart, Aveapon. 
 
 templ-um, -I, n. a temple. 
 
 tSne-o, (2), to hold. 
 
 terre-o, (2), to frighten. 
 
 time-o, (2), to fear. 
 
 timid-US, -a, -um, timid. 
 
 trist-is, sad, sorrowful. 
 
 turr-is, -is, f. a tower. 
 
 tu-us, -a, -um, thy, thine, your, yours. 
 
 urbs, urb-is, f. a city. 
 Hfil-is, useful (like tristis). 
 relax, veloc-is, swift {like /elix), 
 vent-US, -i, m. wind. 
 verb-um, -i, u. a word. 
 
VOCABULARY LATIN- ENGLISH 
 
 105 
 
 vtde-d, vid-i, vls-um, (2), to see. 
 innc-o, vic-i, vtcUum, (3), to coDquer. 
 vdco [vocd-)^ (1), to call. 
 
 vdlo {void-), (1), to fly. 
 
 vox, I'dc-ls, f. a voice. 
 
 vuln^ro (vulnerd-), (1), to wound. 
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN 
 
 all, omn-is (like tristls). 
 
 and, et. 
 
 anger, ir-a, -ae, f. 
 
 announce (to), nuntio (nuntid-), (1). 
 
 army, exercit-uSy -ms, m. 
 
 arrow, sagitt-a, -ae, f. 
 
 ask (to), rdyd {rogd-)^ (1). 
 
 attack (to), oppugno (oppugnd-), (1). 
 
 beautiful, pul-cher, -chra, -chrum. 
 
 better, mlior, melioris. 
 
 bird, du-is, -is, f. 
 
 blame (to), culpo [culpd-], (I). 
 
 bold, auddx, auddc-is (like felix). 
 
 book, liber, libr-i. 
 
 bow, arc-US, -us. 
 
 brave, yoj'^is (like trlstis). 
 
 break (to), frang-o, freg-i, frdct-um, 
 
 (3). 
 build (to), aedlfico {aedijicd-), (I). 
 burden, dnus, oni^r-is, n. 
 
 Caesar, Caesar, Caesar-is, m. 
 Caius, Cai-us, -I, m. 
 call (to), vScd {vocd-), (1). 
 captive, captw-us, -i, m. 
 carry (to), porta (porta-), (1). 
 carry on (to), g^r-o, gess-i, gest-um, 
 
 (3). 
 chariot, curr-us, -ds, m. 
 citizen, civ-is, -is, m. 
 city, urbs, urb-is, f. 
 conquer (to), vinc-o, vic-i, vlct-um, (3). 
 country, patri-a, -ae, f. 
 
 dance (to), salto (saltd-), (1). 
 
 dart, tel-um, -l, n. 
 
 dear, cdr-us, -a, -um. 
 
 declare (to), nuntid {nuntid-), (1). 
 
 deed, /acf -Mm, -i, n. 
 
 deep, alt-us, -a -um. 
 
 Diana, Didn-a, -ae, f. 
 
 enemy, host-is, -is, m. 
 
 father, pater, patr-is, m. 
 fear (to), tlme-o, (2). 
 
 fight {to), pugno {pugnd-), (1). 
 first, prim-us, -a, -um. 
 fly (to), vdlo {void-), (I), 
 forest, silv-n, -ae, f. 
 fortify (to), muni-o, (4). 
 friend, amic-us, -i, m. 
 frighten (to), terre-o, (2). 
 
 gate, port-a, -ae, f . 
 
 Gaul (a), Gall-US, -I, m. 
 
 general, imperdtor, imperdtdr-is, m. 
 
 gift, don-um, -i, n. 
 
 girl, puell-a, -ae, f . 
 
 great, mdgn-us, -a, -um. 
 
 guard, custodi-o, (4). 
 
 hand, man-us, -us, f. 
 hard, dur-us, -a,-um. 
 heavy, grav-is (like tristis). 
 high, alt-US, -a, -um. 
 hinder (to), impSdi-o, (4). 
 hold (to), /^/je-o, (2). 
 hour, hdr-a,-ae, f. 
 
 idle, igndu-us, -a, -um. 
 instruct (to), erudi-o, (4). 
 Italy", Ttdli-a, -ae, f. 
 
 Julia, luli-a, -ae. 
 
 kill (to), occid-o, occid-l, occis-um, (3). 
 king, rear, reg-is, m. 
 
 law, /er, /eig'-?**, f. 
 
 lead (to), duc-o, dux-l, duct-um, (3). 
 
 Lentulus, Lentul-us, -l, m. 
 
 letter, ^pistdl-a, -ae, f. 
 
 lion, /fo, leon-is, m, 
 
 little, parv-us, -a, -um. 
 
 long, long-US, -a, -um. 
 
 many, mult-us, -a, -um. 
 
 march (to), contend-o, contend-i, (3). 
 
 messenger, ndnti-us, -i, m. 
 
 move (to), mOve-o, mov-i, mot-am, (2). 
 
 my, mine, me-us, -a, -um. 
 
106 
 
 VOCABULARY ENGLISH -LATIN 
 
 never, nunquam (also numquam). 
 next, proxim-us, -a, -um, 
 
 our, noster, nostra ^ nostrum. 
 
 pleasant, iucund-usy -a, -urn. 
 praise (to), laudo {landd-), (1). 
 punish {to), puni-o, (4). 
 
 queen, regin-a, -ae, f. 
 
 remain (to), m&ne-o, nidns-i,mdns-um, 
 Rhine, Bhenus, -i, m. [ (2). 
 
 riyer, Jiu7nen,Jiumin-is, n. 
 Rome, Rom-a, -ae, f. 
 
 sad, tnstis. 
 sea, mar-By -is, n. 
 second, s^cund-us, -a, -um. 
 see (to), vide-o, vid-i, vis-um, (2). 
 send (to), mitt-o, mis-i, ?niss-um, (3). 
 ship, ndr-is, -is, f. 
 short, br^vis (like trlstis). 
 show (to), monstro {mdnstrd-)^ (1). 
 shut (to), claud-o, claus-l^ claus-um, 
 .(3). 
 
 sick, aeger, aegi'a, aegrum. 
 sing (to), canto (cantd-), (1). 
 sister, sdror, sordr-is,'i. 
 sit (to), s^de-o, sed-i, sess-um, (2). 
 slave, serv-us, -i, m. 
 slay (to), occid-o, occid-i, occis-um, 
 
 (3). 
 small, parv-us, -a, -uw. 
 soldier, miles, miltt-is, m. 
 son,Jlli-us, 1-, m. 
 song, carmen, carmin-is, n. 
 
 sorrowful, tristis. 
 spear, hast-a, -ae, f. 
 stone, lapis, lapid-is, m. 
 sweet, dulc-is (like tristis). 
 swift, ve/ox, veloc-is {Vikejelix). 
 
 table, mens-a, -ae, f. 
 
 teach (to) ddce-o, ddcu-i, ddct-um, (2). 
 
 temple, templ-um, -i, n. 
 
 tender, tener, -a, -um. 
 
 thy, thine, tu-us, -a, -um. 
 
 timid, tlinXd-us, -a, -um. 
 
 tower, turr-is, -is, i. 
 
 town, oppid-um, -i, n. 
 
 useful, ulll-is (like tristis), 
 
 voice, vox, voc-is, f. 
 
 wall, mur-us, -i, m. 
 water, dqu-a, -ae, f. 
 yf2i\Q,Jiuct-us, -us, m. 
 wheel, rdt-a, -ae, f. 
 wind, vent-US, -i, m. 
 wise, sapiens, sapient-is (like ingens). 
 wood (a), silv-a, -ae, f. 
 word, verb-um, -i, n. 
 work, dpus, opSr-is, n. 
 wound (to), vuhi^ro {vulnerd-), (1). 
 wretched, miser, misera, mtserum. 
 write (to), scrib-o, sciips-i, sciipt-um, 
 (3). 
 
 year, ann-us, -t, m. 
 
 your, tti-us, -a, -um (speaking to one 
 person) ; vester, vestra, vestrum 
 (speaking to more than one). 
 
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