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 LAND of RUBBER 
 
 AT THE 
 
 Third International Rubber and 
 
 Allied Trades Exhibition 
 
 New York 
 
 1912 
 
 WITH THE COMPLIMENTS OF 
 THE BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT 
 

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 From 
 
 DR. EUGENIO DAHNE 
 
 BRAZILIAN COMMISSIONER 
 1253 Jones Street 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, - CALIFORN 
 
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 LAND o/ RUBBER 
 
 AT THE 
 
 Third International Rubber and 
 
 Allied Trades Exhibition 
 
 New York 
 
 1912 
 
 with the compliments of 
 THE BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT 
 
to -vmu ^\^ 
 
 BRAZIL COURT ^gjf 
 
 Brazil occupies no less than ten thousand square feet of space 
 on the Balcony Floor. The Exhibit is specially comprehensive. 
 There is a fine archway to each entrance to the court domi- 
 nated by the arms of the Federal Government. An Information 
 Bureau is provided, at which all enquiries as to Brazilian rubber 
 will be answered. The walls are hung with statistics and maps 
 of the country. Close by are the offices of the Brazilian Com- 
 missioners and a refreshment kiosk, where the Federal Govern- 
 ment dispenses Brazilian coffee to visitors. One of the first 
 things to strike the eye is the huge recumbant figure of the 
 Rubber Colossus, overlooking the mighty Amazon and its in- 
 numerable tributaries, all of them highways of the rubber col- 
 lecting industry. From this point the visitor may, with the 
 assistance of a number of pictures, 22 feet by 12 feet, take a 
 bird's eye view tour up the Amazon. Alongside these pictures 
 is a unique collection from the different States of Brazil of rubber 
 and other products, the preponderance of the rubber industry 
 being illustrated by a fine pyramid of caoutchouc. Dotted here 
 and there are life-sized models of Brazilian workmen in their 
 native costumes. Arriving at the entrance to the Amazonas Sec- 
 tion we find Dr. Pinto actually engaged in the coagulation of 
 latex by his new smokeless process, which manufacturers have 
 admitted turns out excellent rubber and which has the great 
 advantage over the native system hitherto in vogue, of saving an 
 enormous amount of both time and labor, whilst giving splendid 
 results. A second series of pictures affords a vivid idea of the 
 salient features of the State of Amazonas. In this section we 
 have a mountain of rubber, and a ball which weighs 1,600 
 pounds. There is a fine picture of a native tapping a rubber 
 tree and numerous very beautiful photographs. That nothing 
 may be wanting to the completeness of the representation of 
 Brazil's great rubber industry a series of Moving Pictures is 
 shown in the Main Hall of the Exhibition, which visitors will 
 find particularly instructive after they have gone through the 
 Brazilian Section on the Balcony Floor. 
 
Q<Oir^ ^a^A& \]^Ajj& 
 
 MARECHAL HERMES DA FONSECA, 
 President of Brazil. 
 
 257229 
 
BRAZILIAN DELEGATION of the INTERNATIONAL 
 RUBBER EXHIBITION, NEW YORK 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF SERVICE 
 
 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT COMMISSIONERS 
 
 President 
 DR. CANDIDO MENDES DE ALMEIDA 
 
 Assistant 
 MAIRO BAPTISTA NUNES 
 Official representation, information and publicity 
 
 Vice-President 
 
 ADMIRAL JOSE CARLOS DE CARVALHO 
 
 Assistants , 
 
 DR. OSCAR SAYAO DE MORAES 
 
 ADALBERTO DE SOUSA ARANHA 
 
 Disposition of Exhibits, Decoration, Etc., 
 
 General Secretary 
 
 DR. EUGENIO DAHNE 
 
 Assistant Secretary 
 
 MR. DILLWYME M. HAZLETT 
 
 Accountant 
 
 MR. IVO GRACA CAMPOS 
 
 Reception of Exhibits, Correspondence, Purchasing, Accounts, Payments, Etc. 
 
 STATE COMMISSIONERS 
 
 State of Amazonas 
 DR. MANOEL LOBATO 
 
 Commercial Association of Amazonas 
 
 MR. A. W. STEADMAN, New York Commercial Co. 
 
 MR. J. LEW, Manaos 
 
 State of Para 
 
 Commercial Association of Para 
 
 MR. GEORGE E. PELL, General Rubber Co., New York 
 
 State of Bahia 
 J. DO ARGOLLO 
 
 State of Minas Geraes . 
 DR. I. SANTIAGO CARDWELL QUINN 
 
 Rubber Demonstration 
 DR. CARLOS CERQUEIRA PINTO 
 
 OFFICE HOURS— 9 to 12 A. M. and 2 to 5 P. M. 
 
 Committee Meeting of Delegation — Daily 3 to 4 P. M. 
 
 4 
 

 DR. PEDRO DE TOLEDO, 
 Minister of Agriculture of the Government of Brazil 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 Brazil, with its vast and immeasurable virgin forests in the 
 valley of the Amazon, undoubtedly the greatest in the world, 
 traversed by innumerable tributaries, many of which are larger 
 and deeper than many of the rivers in other countries, can be 
 considered the largest storehouse of native rubber of the best 
 quality, all ready to be extracted, coagulated and applied to all 
 kinds of industries. No other investment of capital can be as 
 remunerative as that invested in the extraction of the native rub- 
 ber from full grown trees, already existing in large quantities of 
 many millions, and in zones full of natural richness. 
 
 For the culture of rubber trees of the various species, the 
 whole northern and central portions of Brazil are well adapted, 
 and will give magnificent results in the near future. 
 
 Nature has prodigally provided easy means of communica- 
 tion by waterways broad and deep. The climate is equitable 
 without great variations of temperature, which gives perpetual 
 summer and produces large and nearly uninterrupted harvests of 
 agricultural products. 
 
 The difficulties which hinder the rapid development of the 
 extraction of rubber are the obstructions in rivers in certain 
 places, at certain seasons of the year when the water is low, and 
 the fact that the production of rubber is so remunerative that all 
 the vigorous men that are thus engaged do not care to engage 
 in any other industry. Thus it is that living in the rubber regions 
 is very expensive because everything must be brought there, 
 even implements and foodstuffs. 
 
 These difficulties, however, have been brought to the atten- 
 tion of the Federal Government of Brazil, and of the States, 
 and in consequence an important Congress was called and pre- 
 sided over by the Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Com- 
 merce. The Legislative power also passed special laws pro- 
 viding measures urgently needed to better the existing condi- 
 tions. These laws also provide for a department under the 
 
Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, to be called 
 "The Protection of Rubber," which has already been formed 
 and is at work. 
 
 Among the various and important provisions of the law, is 
 the establishment of various experimental stations for advancing 
 the cultivation of the four different kinds of rubber trees found 
 in Brazil, the Hevea braziliensis (seringa), castilloa (caucho), 
 manigoba, and mangabeira. These trees are all natives of Brazil 
 and can be cultivated from the upper regions of the Amazon to 
 the States of S. Paulo and Parana. That is, from the extreme 
 north to nearly the extreme south, one or other of these species 
 can be cultivated, according to the climate and character of the 
 soil in each region. 
 
 Various concessions and money premiums are offered to at- 
 tract capital and awaken activity in this industry. Certain ser- 
 vices, such as the establishment of hospitals, medical attention 
 and hygienic regulations are also provided by the Federal Gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 In the pages of this book will be found, fully treated, the 
 principal points of this important subject. From the statistical 
 tables published and from the exhibits displayed at the Interna- 
 tional Rubber Exposition in New York, it can readily be seen 
 that the rubber of Brazil is judged the best in the world, and that 
 its production although already enormous is destined to be 
 largely increased. 
 
 DR. CANDIDO MENDES DE ALMEIDA, 
 
 President Brazilian Commission. 
 
A MONOGRAPH UPON PARA RUBBER 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTES ABOUT PARA RUBBER 
 
 It is in our diaries of the voyage of the Genovese Columbus, 
 that among the important occurrences of that notable crossing 
 of the ocean, which gave him immortality, appeared the first 
 references, made by Herrera, to the quality of a certain gum 
 utilized by the aborigines. 
 
 In 1536 Gongalvo Fernandes d'Oviedo in his "Universal 
 History of the Indies," published in Madrid, also mentioned the 
 uses which the indigenous tribes of North America made of 
 rubber skins in their amusements. 
 
 The Jesuit Charlevoix also refers to it and more fully yet 
 does John Torquemada who in his "Indian Monarchy," ex- 
 presses himself thus : "There is a tree in this country (Mexico) 
 known to the natives as ulequahuitl, to whom it is of the greatest 
 value. This tree grows in the warm or torrid zone ; and pre- 
 sents itself of a medium height with rounded leaves of an ashy 
 color. It furnishes in abundance a species of glutinous white 
 liquid like milk, which makes it of great utility to them. 
 
 "The milk of the ulequahuitl is obtained by beating the tree 
 with a small hatchet. The liquid is then seen to ooze out from 
 the incision made like blood from a wound. The natives gather 
 it into dry hollow gourds of various sizes. It gradually takes 
 consistency in these receptacles, until it turns into a gummy 
 mass, from which it is easy to adapt it to any form which may 
 be required. 
 
 "Those who have no gourds, besmear their bodies with the 
 liquid substance, as it flows out from the tree ; which in drying 
 forms itself into a species of membrane, which is easily taken 
 off and whose thickness varies according to the coating spread 
 over the skin. Skins very much appreciated for their elasticity 
 are made with this ulli. The ulli solidified serves for shields, 
 which thus are proof against the sharpest-pointed arrows, owing 
 without doubt to the pliability of the material, which does not 
 affect its tenacity. 
 
 "Kings and nobles habitually use shoes made of ulli. The 
 Spaniards of Mexico, moreover, impregnate their capes with 
 ulli, so as to make them water-proof, because it is proved that 
 such substance resists water in a marvelous manner, but melts 
 before the action of the sun." 
 
COUNT CAND1DO MENDES DE ALMEIDA, 
 President of the Federal Government of Brazil Commission. 
 
In Mexico and Central America, the name of Ule still 
 denotes even to-day one of the rubber trees known as the 
 elastic Castille. 
 
 After the Spaniards, the French in 1736 occupied themselves 
 with that substance, whose interesting properties had not up 
 to that date come to deserve the attenion of the Europeans. 
 
 De la Condamine sent by the French Government to Peru, 
 in order to measure a degree of the terrestrial meridian, was 
 , the first to refer to the Hevea of the Guyana. In a note that 
 accompanied a small sample of resinous gum of a heavy dark 
 color, almost black, he said to the Academy of Sciences : "There 
 grows in the forests of the province of the Esmeraldas a tree 
 known to the natives by the name of Heve; a white resinous 
 liquid something like milk runs out from it after making an 
 incision ; this substance is collected in a leaf that is laid close 
 to the foot of the tree and afterwards is exposed to the sun, 
 when it gets black at first upon its surface and afterwards by 
 continuous exposure to the sun becomes black in all its mass. 
 Torches, which burn admirably well, are made from it. It is 
 known in Quito, that that tree grows also upon the banks of the 
 Amazon and that the Mainas call it cautchu. They make 
 earthen moulds in the form of bottles and cover them with that 
 material. Afterwards when the resin gets hard, they break the 
 mould and thereby obtain unbreakable water-jars much lighter 
 than glass bottles." 
 
 Later on he wrote : "many are the uses which the Omaguas 
 make of that resin in the central parts of South America, 
 especially among the Indians of Para where the Portuguese 
 gave to the tree that produces it, the name of Pauseringa, be- 
 cause from it 'seringas,' much in vogue among the Omaguas, 
 are manufactured ; these being little hollow balloons in the shape 
 of a pear, into which a tube is inserted. 
 
 "In Para it is moulded in still many different manners, they 
 make borracha, faces of animals, hollow or solid balls and also 
 apply it in the manufacture of boots which become quite water- 
 proof and when smoked acquire the appearance of leather." 
 
 Fresneau, a collaborator of de la Condamine, sought to 
 study the vegetable plants which produced that gum, obtaining 
 as a result that Aublet, a French botanist, proceeded to interest 
 himself in the question and completed de la Condamine's 
 studies, and then classifying the heve under the domination of 
 Hevea Guyanensis. 
 
 It was only in 1798 that the Ficus elastica, the first Asiatic 
 plant producer of rubber became known, and up till 1860 South 
 America, English India and Java were the only rubber-produc- 
 ing countries in the world. 
 
 10 
 
ADMIRAL JOSE CARLOS DE CARVALHO, 
 
 Vice-President of the Federal Government 
 of Brazil Commission. 
 
 11 
 
Much later than this — in 1885, Africa commenced to export 
 this article, an industry which reached its apogee after the 
 creation by Leopold II of the Independent State of the Congo. 
 
 In the meantime, in spite of the fact of some of the qualities 
 of rubber and even its applications being known in Europe 
 ever since the Sixteenth Century, it was only during the 
 Nineteenth Century, that this product conquered that position 
 as an article very much in evidence which it now occupies as an 
 indispensable material in modern industry or even still yet for 
 the necessities which civilization created. 
 
 Herissant and Macquer, in 1768, discovered the first dissolv- 
 ing processes; in 1770, Priestley vulgarized the property of the 
 "borracha" in wiping out lead-pencil tracings from which the 
 English name Rubber is derived ; Berniard, Fourcroy, Berthollet, 
 Grossart and others occupied themselves about this commodity, 
 with more or less success. Madier, in 1820, found out a me- 
 chanical means of cutting the rubber-blocks in order to obtain 
 elastic threads and three years afterwards, Macintosh discovered 
 that naptha dissolved rubber and thus made cloth impervious 
 to the action of water. 
 
 The adaption of rubber to industrial purposes such as the 
 /^nanufacture of shoes, physical and surgical appliances, elastic 
 cloths, railway-buffers, machine-springs, etc., was fairly in full 
 swing when the discovery of the vulcanizing of rubber by 
 Goodyear sprung up, an occurance which came to revolutionize 
 the insipient industry and enormously enlarge the scope of the 
 commercial application of that product, which thence forward 
 came to assume exceptional importance. The vulcanizing 
 method consists in the mixing of a certain quantity of rubber 
 with sulphur and in the exposure of that mixture to an elevated 
 temperature and to a high pressure during a certain space of time. 
 The rubber transforms itself considerably; the property of in- 
 definite hardness is lost, but presents greater resistency to the 
 forces of compression and lengthening-out, supports excessively 
 low temperature and becomes less sensible to the action of 
 ordinary dissolving ingredients. 
 
 In Brazil already existed up to 1840, a rudimentary industry 
 of shoe manufacturing and in the water-proofing of various 
 objects. The great demand for rubber caused by the develop- 
 ment of the industry in foreign countries and consequently 
 the very high profits that the extraction of rubber in the 
 Brazilian "seringaes" or native rubber-forests presented, de- 
 stroyed all that initiative and Brazil passed into the position 
 of a mere producer of the raw material. In order to appreciate 
 with what devotion the country lent itself to this occupation, 
 sufficient is it to contrast the 31 tons exported in 1827 with the 
 36,547 exported in 1911. 
 
 18 
 
DR. EUGENIO DAHNE, 
 
 General Secretary of the Federal Government 
 of Brazil Commission. 
 
 13 
 
RUBBER-PRODUCING PLANTS — BOTANICAL 
 DESCRIPTION— PRODUCTIVENESS- 
 REGIONS IN WHICH THEY EXIST 
 
 At the present moment, more than 300 species of rubber- 
 producing plants are known to exist, these being distributed 
 among the tropical regions of the world. Trees of large size, 
 climbing plants and flexible creepers containing the precious 
 latex in their branches, trunk and roots, those vegetable growths 
 from the double point view of quantity and quality of rubber 
 produce have not an equal importance. The species worthy of 
 mention belong to four great families : 
 
 1. — Euphorbiacan, Hevea, Micrandra, Manioh. 2. — Ulmacean, 
 Castilloa and Ficus. 3. — Apocynacean, Landolphia, Hancornia, 
 Kickxia Carpodium and Clitandra. 4. — Asclepiadaceas, Cal- 
 lotropia, Cynanchum. 
 
 The production of rubber in America is principally furnished 
 by the heveas, micandra, manioh, castilloa and hancornia; that 
 of Asia by the ficus ; and that of Africa by the landolphia, 
 clitandra and kickxia. 
 
 In the Amazonian region of Brazil, there exist about 21 
 species of heveas ; of these the principal is the hevea braziliensis, 
 which under the name of "the Para rubber-tree" deserves to be 
 classed in the front rank of all the other lactiferous plants in 
 the world. The hevea braziliensis furnishes the most highly 
 esteemed quality of rubber, and it is the value of that product 
 which determines the prices of all the other species of rubber 
 brought on to the market. 
 
 The heveas are powerful trees of from 20 to 30 metres high, 
 the trunk which is cylindric in form and of a light ashy color, 
 generally attains a diameter of from m 80 to l m 20; the branches 
 only commence to grow at about 15 metres from the ground. 
 The leaves fall in June, but are speedily substituted by others ; 
 it is during this period that the trees break into flower. 
 
 They grow in the valley of the Amazon, which within 
 Brazil embraces the State of the Amazonas, the federal ter- 
 ritory of Acre, almost all the State of Para, the North of Matto 
 Grosso and of Goyaz and a part of the South of Maranhao, or say 
 about 5,000,000 of square kilometres. 
 
 Their habitat as a general rule is a low and warm region 
 whose temperature varies between 25° and 30° ; without sudden 
 changes during the course of the year and they favor by prefer- 
 ence the watery soils, just swampy, damp and even marshy; 
 
 ' 14 
 
however, at the head-waters of some rivers, they also live and 
 develop themselves perfectly well in dry and elevated land. In 
 the Amazonic forests, the average proportion is of one hevea- 
 tree for 80 trees of other species. 
 
 The milky latex circulates from the root to the leaves, exist- 
 ing, however, in greater abundancy in the trunk, up to a height 
 of abor.' 2 metres from the ground. The heveas in Brazil are 
 generally known by the term "seringueiras" and the forests in 
 which they are found are denominated "seringaes." 
 
 The average production of a "seringueira" during the 
 harvest season, which extends over the space of 6 months, is 
 of 5 kilos of fine rubber and 750 grs. of sernamby. 
 
 The species most appreciated besides the hevea braziliensis, 
 are the hevea de terra firme, of which Dr. E. Ule treats in his 
 recent studies, and which are found on the~ frontiers of Matto 
 Grosso, the hevea do Rio Negro, called ''seringa verdadeira" 
 (the real seringa), the hevea benthamiana and the hevea dukei, 
 Hub, from the region of the Japura, all of them furnishing ex- 
 cellent products. 
 
 In the valley of the Amazon exist the micandras, belonging 
 to the same family and producing a rubber of a superior quality, 
 since it is sold under the name of Fine-Para. The production 
 of these trees goes to the market included in the category of 
 hevea, owing to its similarity to this latter. The micranda 
 syshenoide which is the most known species, is found on the 
 Lower Amazon, in the innumerable islands at the estuary of 
 the great Amazon River, in the valleys of the Madeira', the 
 Solimoes, the Japura and the Purus; the natives give it the 
 names of tapuru, curupita murupita and seringarana. They 
 are leafy trees whose trunk is of from m 80 to l m in diametre and 
 from 20 to 25 metres high. They grow as well in the low lying 
 marshy soil as in the elevated lands, whence comes their denomi- 
 nation of tapuru da vargem and tapuru de terra firme. The 
 tapuru is as lactescent or milky as the hevea and the latex 
 which it renders is equally rich, seeing that it gives 50 per cent, 
 of fine rubber. 
 
 The trees whose product, the caucho, occupies the second 
 place in the general exportation of rubber from Brazil although 
 as a matter of fact it only commenced to come into the Brazil- 
 ian markets in the year 1896, belong to the family of the 
 Ulmaceas. These are the Castillas which up till a short time 
 ago have been classed as of the same species as that which 
 grows in Mexico and Central America — the Castilla elastica, 
 but studies made by professor O. Warburg show that they are 
 distinct species which was thence forward denominated 
 Castilla Ulei, Warb. 
 
 15 
 
The "castilloa" is a tree of large proportions, reaching to 
 a height of from 12 to 18 metres; its trunk with a diametre of 
 from m 60 to m 90, is of an ashy gray color, smooth and spar- 
 ingly branched. The leaves are large, greater, indeed, on the 
 new plants than on the full grown trees and its fruit is of an 
 oily nature. 
 
 These trees grow in considerable quantities at the sources 
 or head-waters of the affluents of the Amazon on the latter's 
 right bank, such as the Jurua, the Purus, the Madeira, the 
 Tapajoz and the Xingu, and on its left bank in the valleys of 
 the Japura, the Iga, the Rio Negro and the Trombetas Rivers. 
 Abundant "cauchaes" or forests of cautchou trees exist also in 
 the region of the River Tocantins and of the Araguaya. 
 
 The "castilloa" is found therefore in the same regions as 
 those in which the "seringueiras" flourish ; it exacts a warm 
 climate, a clayey or clayey-silicious soil, but does not thrive in 
 swampy ground or such as is easily inundated during the 
 rainy season. 
 
 The latex is found as much in the bark as in the alburno 
 and each tree felled produces on an average about 50 litres of 
 latex or say from 18 to 20 kilos of rubber. 
 
 "Ceara" is the mundial denomination of another quality of 
 Brazilian rubber, the rubber of the Manicoba tree. The mani- 
 coba manihot glaziovii is a handsome tree 10 to 15 metres high, 
 and a native of the Northeastern region of Brazil. Its trunk 
 presents a diametre of from 20 to 50 centimetres and it possesses 
 few branches; its wood-fibres are weak and light. The cortex, 
 which possesses lactiferous vessels in abundance, is protected 
 by a silicose layer, easily removable. It is a plant of rapid 
 growth. 
 
 According to a classification made by Dr. Ule, there are 
 four species of manioh, the m. glaziovii, the m. piauhyensis, the 
 m. dichotoma and the m. heptaphylla, the which exist almost 
 throughout all Central Brazil, being specially abundant in 
 Ceara, Piauhy and Bahia. 
 
 Little exigent, it thrives in regions where the temperature 
 oscillates between 22° and 36°, on low-lying ground and it 
 develops itself well in lands of great altitude^ in which the 
 thermometric average temperature is about 15°, resisting even 
 the hoar-frost. 
 
 It is indifferent to this tree whether the climate be damp or 
 dry, as long as the soil is dry. 
 
 The species most appreciated are those from Piauhy and 
 the Jequie ("sertao or back-woods of Bahia). Those of Piauhy 
 present two varieties : the white and the black species, the white 
 being the most renowned. They are of small size, with abundant 
 
 16 
 
foliage and thick bark and darkish stem and give plenty of 
 the milky latex, the average being 1,200 grammes per tree. 
 Those of the Jequie, which grow between the rivers Paraguassu 
 to the north and of the Contas to the south, are a shrub-tree 
 whose trunk does not exceed 30 centimetres in diametre. The 
 bark is fine and of light clear color; it produces about 500 
 grammes of rubber. 
 
 The mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa) is a slender and 
 crooked shrub-tree, 3 to 4 metres high, and abounds on the 
 high-lying table-lands or plateaux in the interior of Brazil. 
 The trunk has a diameter of from m 30 to m 35 ; is scantily 
 leaved; the fruit is eatable and has a very agreeable taste. 
 
 A plant of an extraordinary resisting power, it defies the 
 inclemency of the climate, the absence of rains, the scarcity of 
 humidity and of nourishment from the soil. It predominates in 
 the catingas of the Northern States, in the carrascaes of Goyaz 
 and in the cerrados of S. Paulo, which means to say, that it is 
 found from Maranhao to S. Paulo, now in the Interior, as in the 
 mountain-range of the Mangabeiras between Maranhao and 
 Goyaz, in the central Chapada of Minas, in the Parecis of 
 Matto Grosso and in S. Paulo in the zone comprised between 
 the Paranapanema River and the Rio Grande, tributaries of the 
 Parana River, and again on the littoral, which is the case from 
 Bahia northwards as far as Ceara. 
 
 There are several different varieties of this plant, there being 
 no indications, however, tending to point out any one of these 
 preferable to another with regard to the question of its yield. 
 The latex is of a bluish tint, its richness in rubber varying 
 greatly. Each mangabeira supplies on an average one kilogram 
 of rubber. 
 
 Besides the plants mentioned, there are still many others 
 in Brazil which furnish rubber, but which continue to grow 
 without being taken advantage of, on account of the little profit 
 they give. 
 
 To speak only of those which exploited on a small scale 
 have yet supplied the Brazilian markets with an appreciable 
 product, we may yet mention the Massaranduba, Mimosups 
 elata, and Frei-Allem, gigantic trees found from the Amazon and 
 Para to Rio de Janeiro and Minas, abundant in the milky latex, 
 which being coagulated produces a rubber very similar to gutta- 
 percha, to which it serves as a substitute in, all the latter's most 
 important applications ; and the Sorva, Couma utilis, Muell. Arg., 
 which grow in Para and in the Amazon valley, the latex of 
 which, the leite de sorva, enters, with a small coefficient into the 
 production of rubber in these two States. 
 
 17 
 
IV— EXTRACTION OF RUBBER, METHODS 
 AND PROCESSES 
 
 The great organic and biologic differences which exist be- 
 tween rubber-trees, exact divers processes of preparation in 
 order to obtain a complete utilization of the productive capacity 
 of each. 
 
 It is, however, interesting before entering into a description 
 of the different processes adopted in Brazil, to here state what 
 the chemists think as to what rubber really is. 
 
 Rubber is a carburate of hydrogen which in the shape of 
 white globules more or less elongated, are found suspended in 
 the milky latex. The composition of those globules, although 
 even yet, badly defined, is represented by the formula (C 10 H 16 ) n . 
 Rubber is generally considered as a derivative of the Isoprina, 
 into which it transforms itself when submitted to the action of 
 dry heat, as Bouchardat demonstrated by his experiments in 
 1879. Treating the isoprina in a strong solution of chloridic 
 acid, an interesting body is obtained, which reminds one of 
 rubber on account of its elastic properties. Wallach, Tilden, 
 Weber, Harries and others gave themselves up to accurate 
 studies upon the composition of rubber ; neverthless, up till 
 to-day, however, no definite result has as yet been arrived at. 
 
 The latex, a thick liquid which has the appearance of animal 
 milk, circulates in special vessels, distributed diversely in the 
 organism of certain plants. 
 
 The following are the results of the analysis obtained from 
 the latex of the hevea braziliensis by Seelingmann, Scott and 
 Bamber: Seelingmann Scott Bamber 
 
 Water 55 a 56% 22-32% 55 15 - 55 56 % 
 
 Rubber 32% 37 - 13% 41 29 - 32 % 
 
 Proteine 2% to 3% 2 71 % 2 18 - 2 03 %' 
 
 Resin traces 3"% - 2 03 % 
 
 Ash 0*% - 0"%: 
 
 Sugar 4 17 % - 0"%' 
 
 Oily substances 9 7 % traces 
 
 Specific weight: Seelingmann, 1.019. Bamber: 1.018. 
 
 It is advisable to note, that the proportion of water may 
 vary a great deal, influenced sometimes by the season being 
 either wet or dry, and at other times by the weakness or vigor 
 of the tree at the occasion of its being tapped. 
 
 The quantities of proteine, resin and ash are dependent on 
 the chemical composition of the soil, those quantities affect the 
 
 18 
 
quality of the rubber, which is the more elastic, resistent and 
 durable the smaller the proportion of those elements. 
 
 In the coagulation of the latex, the resin incorporates itself 
 in the rubber, it becoming difficult to separate it, which, how- 
 ever, is necessary; the proteine or albuminous matter is the 
 cause of the developing of the bacteria which occasion the 
 putrefaction of the manufactured article. 
 
 The method employed in Brazil in the extraction of the latex 
 and in the preparation of rubber from the heveas trees, is the 
 same as that which was taught by the natives and it is a re- 
 markable thing, that due to the excellency of the product result- 
 ing therefrom, it is considered even to-day as the best system. 
 
 The great production of rubber in Brazil, is due to the ex- 
 ploitation of the natural seringaes. A "seringal" or, better said 
 "seringaes" in the plural sense, are the forests where the hevea 
 trees flourish among other numerous specimens of luxuriant 
 vegetation, and in those regions everybody, i. e., all the able- 
 bodied men, occupy themselves with the extraction of rubber 
 and are known as "seringueiros." 
 
 In order to exploit the "seringal," operations are commenced 
 by the construction on the bank of the river, at a place easy of 
 access for navigation, of a large rustic edifice with out-buildings 
 and various sheds. The general edifice serves as a dwelling- 
 place for the owner or his representative and includes a general 
 store or shop with a tavern which does business in selling all 
 the necessary articles required in or connected with the life 
 of exploiting the "seringal," a store-house for depositing the 
 rubber and an office or counting-house. The sheds are the 
 rudimentary habitation-huts of the "seringueiros" and are some- 
 times constructed in the interior of the forests, so as to facilitate 
 to a greater degree the work which they have in hand. 
 
 As soon as the forest is explored and the seringueiras dis- 
 covered, estrades are opened, these being winding roads cut in 
 the undergrowth and brush-wood with the "facao" (a species of 
 large pruning-knife) and these roads connect a 100 or 150 rub- 
 ber trees and they lead back to their original starting point. At 
 sunrise, that is to say, at 6 o'clock in the morning, the ser- 
 ingueiro armed with a "tergado" a sort of speer, a fowling-piece 
 or sporting-gun, a small axe or hatchet, a pail and a large num- 
 ber of "tigelinhas," commences his work. The hatchet is the 
 instrument employed for tapping the trees ; it takes the form 
 of a common pole-axe, being, however, generally of cast iron 
 and with the edge of the blade blunt rather than sharp, and 
 from 3 to 4 centimetres broad. The tigelinhas are small vessels 
 or cups of tin-plate with a capacity of about one hundred 
 grammes and of a conical shape cut off at the top. 
 
 19 
 
The seringueiro commences by striking the trees with the 
 hatchet, whose handle is about a metre long, which permits of 
 his making incisions at about from 3 to 3 l / 2 metres from the 
 ground. That operation has for its object to make the latex 
 ascend from the roots; the milk that oozes out is utilized as 
 "sernamby." Two days afterwards, the regular extraction com- 
 mences, a hatchet with a shorter handle being then used. 
 
 To bring this extraction about, "seringueiro" makes the 
 first incision at two metres from the ground, but those incisions 
 must not pierce the cambium and the wood and are as a general 
 rule made at an inclination of 25°. At the lower part of the 
 incisions made by the blows, the "tigelinhas" are fixed, whose 
 sharp and cutting corner penetrates easily into the bark of the 
 tree. The seringuerio operates thus upon all the trees of his 
 road, and this work which occupies him about from 2 to 3 hours 
 being completed, he takes the pail capable of holding 10 litres 
 and recommences his round, gathering into that receptacle the 
 milk contained in the tapping cups, which now empty are boxed 
 one into the other and deposited close to the trunk of each tree. 
 
 After that second round and in order that the milk shall not 
 become deteriorated, commences the most delicate operation, 
 that of the smoking process. 
 
 For that operation, the seringueiro is supplied with a 
 "boiao," a kind of earthen funnel-shaped chimney, a form 
 made like a spatula or putty-knife and a kind of basin "cuia," 
 like a dry gourd, made from the half of the fruit of the 
 cabaceiro (crescencia cuyete). 
 
 The fire made with blocks of urucury (Atalea speciosa 
 Martins) or with fire-wood of massaranduba, rich in oily sub- 
 stances, being kindled, the seringueiro places the "boiao" upon 
 it, the function of this latter being to canalize the smoke so that 
 it escapes at the top, which is open. 
 
 Through the loop of a cord hanging near to the "boiao" the 
 form is passed and sustained by the "seringueiro" who gives 
 it a gyratory movement ; with the "cuya" or gourd, he pours 
 the latex into the part scooped out of the spatula, which he 
 carries off immediately to the smoke. The latex thickens and 
 forming a thin skin upon the which another coating of latex is 
 poured out, which is also passed to the smoke. Those successive 
 and alternate operations form the skins, large balls of rubber, 
 weighing from 20 to 60 kilos, which are the type exported from . 
 Brazil. The smoke acting as a solidifyer and at the same time 
 a disinfectant by the presence of creosote, acetic acid, etc., kills 
 all the bacteria that produce putrefaction and hastens by its heat 
 the evaporation of the water. 
 
 The rubber thus formed is of a superior quality, but when, 
 
however, the curds still deposited in the basin, are incorporated 
 with it, the quality becomes damaged, being then quoted as 
 medium fine. The portion of milk which remains adhering to 
 the receptacle or which surrounds the boiao and which thickens 
 freely, is reunited into one single skin, and constitutes the 
 "sernamby." 
 
 On the following day the work recommences, the seringueiro 
 making new incisions about 7 centimetres below the first, and 
 continuing thus until he reaches the ground. 
 
 To that series of blows in the vertical sense, 35 on the 
 average, is given the name arreagao. In each seringueira 2 
 of these arreagoes can be made per year. 
 
 That process which with small variations is employed in all 
 Amazonia, produces, as is known, the best rubber in the world. 
 A seringal may contain in accordance with its size from 40 
 to 800 roads. Each seringueiro exploits 2 roads ; in which he 
 works alternatively. The daily gathering varies between 2 
 and 8 litres of milk, but an average of 5 litres can be taken 
 for a road which contains 120 seringueiras of 35 centimetres 
 diametre. As each arreagao has 35 incisions and the seringueiras 
 supporting 2 "arreagoes," we have thus for each road 70 days or 
 140 days for the 2 roads; 700 litres of milk produce 400 kilos 
 or in other words 1.666 grammes per tree. 
 
 There are "seringaes," however, in which that average is 
 considerably greater, a medium of 3 kilos per tree not being an 
 exaggeration in some rivers. 
 
 Contrary to the almost sedentary life of the seringueiros, the 
 extractors of the caucho (known as caucheiros) are of nomadic 
 habits, and this is so by reason of the barbarous process em- 
 ployed in the exploitation of those trees which is a ruinous one. 
 
 The extraction of the latex of the "castilloa" can be done in 
 the same way as that of the latex of the heveas; the caucheiros 
 allege, however, that the cupim introducing itself into the 
 wounds made by the incisions soon causes the death of the 
 plant. Thus they argue that if the tree is condemned, the best 
 way is to cut it down so as to obtain the greatest benefit possible 
 out of it, by the complete utilization of the latex which each 
 tree contains. That reasoning, however, has no foundation 
 in fact 
 
 The exploitation of the castilloa is done in the following 
 manner: the "caucheiro" penetrates into the forest and marks 
 each castilloa tree that he finds, with a cut from his knife, which 
 incisions correspond to a sign of possession for extraction later 
 on. Once he has discovered a certain number of these trees, he 
 constructs a temporary wooden hut for himself and then begins 
 
 21 
 
his work. In the first place he clears the brush-wood around 
 each tree and cleans away the undergrowth from the ground, he 
 then opens small cavities in the lower part of the trunk into 
 which he fixes the "porringers," small vessels made of tin, which 
 are to receive the latex. This done he strikes the tree with 
 oblique "entalhas" of from 1 to l l / 2 metres in length, canalizing 
 the latex which commences to run from the extensive wounds, by 
 means of mud gutters. At the end of 24 hours the little tin 
 vessels are full and their contents are then all poured into a pail, 
 the "caucheiro" commencing thereafter to cut down the tree, 
 so as to get the full benefit of the latex, existing in the superior 
 part of its trunk. The tree as a general rule is cut at a point 
 above that where the incisions were made, the tree thus re- 
 maining suspended above the ground at one end by the lower 
 part of the trunk, where it remains fixed and at the other 
 by its own branches. Along the whole length of the trunk at 
 about a distance of an arm's length from each other, new cir- 
 cular incisions are made and in corresponding cavities on the 
 ground are placed the receiving cups. The latex thus gathered 
 is collected into a pail. 
 
 The thickening is done with a solution of common soap 
 about 125 grammes to a pail of water, two pailfulls of that solu- 
 tion being necessary to thicken 30 litres of latex. They also 
 employ the juice of a liane called vetilla which by the description 
 given seems to belong to the convolvulas family — the Ipomea 
 patatas. 
 
 The thickening process takes place in rectangular holes of 
 1 metre long and half a metre broad, whose clayey sides are 
 well paved and into them the latex is poured, care being taken 
 that it is then covered up with palm leaves to prevent the entry 
 of rain water. They thus obtain the caucho planks (rubber in 
 cakes), which arrive in the market full of impurities, that de- 
 preciate its value very much and it is not at all a rare thing 
 that water exists in cavities in the interior of it, thereby in- 
 creasing the weight and making the transport dearer. 
 
 The portions of the latex which flow out along the length 
 of the trunk or fall into the cavities after that the cups have 
 been taken away, thicken itself freely and form the "sernamby" 
 of caucho, to-day much appreciated in the rubber markets, be- 
 cause of its being purer and not ofTering errors in weight. 
 
 Each adult tree furnishes on the average from 50 to 56 litres 
 of latex or in other words nearly 30 kilos of rubber. Each cake 
 of the size above mentioned weighs nearly 60 kilos ; it is thus 
 necessary to cut down three trees so as to obtain one cake. 
 
 The trees cut down sprout and commence to grow again, but 
 
 22 
 
eight years are necessary to elapse before they can be exploited 
 anew. 
 
 Xo accord has so far been established as to the best methods 
 of extraction to be employed for the different species of mani- 
 coba, nor as to the period most appropriate, the duration of the 
 tapping or the yield of the wild trees or planted trees of dif- 
 ferent ages. 
 
 The system adopted for the natural manigoba, consisting in 
 the tapping of the subterranean organs, has been applied to culti- 
 vated manigoba ; the incisions are made in a transversal sense 
 and have the form of a V with the angle more or less rounded. 
 
 The latex is gathered in the ground, at the bottom of a small 
 cavity, opened up on the occasion of the discovery of the parts 
 destined to be tapped ; as a rule the worker covers the bottom 
 of the cavity with a coat of clay in powder, in order to pre- 
 vent the penetration of the latex and its mixing with the sandy 
 soil ; the employment of tigelinhas is desirable or of pots of 
 glazed clay, refractory to rust. 
 
 The latex thickens during the day, forming a sort of flat 
 ball or biscuit of rubber, which goes on augmenting as the 
 tapping process is multiplied. At the end of a week the rubber 
 which has been obtained, is gathered together and washed in 
 cold water, with a view of eliminating the remains of the serum 
 and other impurities. This method, although primitive, permits 
 of the production of pure rubber. The trunks and branches 
 of the manigoba are also cut ; however, such system occasions 
 great inconvenience. The extensive flaws heal up with dif- 
 ficulty, as the bark of the tree is relatively thin the lactiferous 
 vessels are located in the deep layers ; it is not a rare thing 
 that the death of the tree is caused thereby or that the attack 
 of rodent insects or mushrooms is thereby facilitated. It may 
 be of importance to note, that the incisions made simultaneously 
 on the trunk, the branches and the underground parts, speedily 
 exhaust the manigobeiras ; and so the system of an alternate 
 cutting is preferable. 
 
 The tappings are practiced during the first six months of the 
 year and extend themselves over a period of from 50 to 60 days. 
 ( hving to the lack of data, the average yield of production, which 
 varies according to the age of the trees, cannot be determined, 
 however, the average production of the planted manigobas may 
 under reserve, be calculated to reach during the space of 60 days 
 120, 180, 240, and 300 grammes per tree of 2, 3, 4 and 5 years 
 respectively, in accordance with a calculation made by Dr. L. 
 Zehnter. 
 
 The actual cost price in the plantations does not exceed 1$500 
 per kilo, and might be reduced through an improvement in the 
 
 23 
 
systems employed ; the cost price of rubber from the native mani- 
 goba is higher, due to the dearness of labor and of freights. 
 
 There is so far no process which may be called the best for 
 extracting rubber from the mangabeira ; the process in use varies 
 with the region, all of them, however, leading to the complete 
 extinction of the plant. 
 
 Under the pretext of the cupim destroying the plant, attack- 
 ing the incisions that have been made, the latex is usually 
 extracted at a small height from the ground. In the "sertoes" 
 or wild woodlands of Bahia, Pernambuco and Parahyba, the 
 extraction is done by making a spiral cutting from the thickest 
 branches to the ground, where the cavity is made for receiving 
 the latex. 
 
 Nevertheless, the incisions with the cup attached is now 
 being employed, in the same manner as is customary with the 
 seringueira ; for that purpose, the exploiters make horizontal 
 incisions or in shape of a V, with a small instrument called an 
 alegre, penetrating the entire coating of the bark, in the full 
 length of the trunk, from the thickest branches down to the 
 base, about 45 centimetres distance one from another. 
 
 The latex is thickened, sometimes simply with water in the 
 proportion of 3 to 1, and at other times with chlorate of sodium 
 alone, or with a mixture of alum, as is customary in Bahia and 
 in S. Paulo, or now again by the action of alum-stone, double 
 sulphate of aluminium and of potassium as is done in Per- 
 nambuco, Parahyba, and Rio Grande do Norte. All those pro- 
 cesses present serious inconveniences, such as the entry of water 
 augmenting the weight, the baneful effects and dampness arising 
 from the use of a large proportion of salt, or the loss of elasticity 
 due to the last mentioned process, which turns the rubber cracky 
 and resinous. The smoking process seems in every way to 
 be advisable whenever the richness of the milky-latex in rub- 
 ber is perfectly comparable to that of the hevea. 
 
 Whilst it is affirmed that the production per tree is from 3 
 to 5 kilogrammes it is more prudent to calculate the average 
 capacity of each tree as at 1 kilogramme. 
 
 24 
 
THE ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION OF RUBBER 
 EXPLOITATION 
 
 The economic organization of the exploitation of rubber in 
 the Amazonic valley still remains in its rudimentary condition, 
 continuing almost exactly on the same lines as those adopted 
 when the production of this article — one of the principal sources 
 of the wealth of Brazil — first began to open up. 
 
 This unaltered condition of affairs in the modifying of the 
 economical processes, is the consequence of the continuance of 
 certain conditions such as the existence of vast regions still 
 entirely unexplored, the progressive penetration of the serifi- 
 gueiros guided by the course of the rivers into far away regions 
 where rapid means of communication are completely lacking, 
 the scarcity of labor, and the necessity of capital being embarked 
 in the extraction of rubber. 
 
 The regime of private property is still limited, and does not 
 extend beyond a few kilometres into the Interior, starting from 
 the banks of the rivers, since the greater part of the lands still 
 continue to be the property of the States either of Amazonas or 
 of Para, and — in the territory of the Acre — of the Federal 
 Government. 
 
 With the object of peopling the rubber-producing regions 
 endeavors are being made to facilitate the acquiring of prop- 
 erties by furnishing their owners with adequate guarantees of 
 protection, special Public Departments having already been 
 created in the State of Amazonas and Para devoted to the fiscali- 
 zation of the regime of lands; and the regime of lands in the 
 Acre Territory is about to be regulated at once by the Federal 
 Government in accordance with the determinations set forth in 
 the new economic measure known as the Rubber Defense Act. 
 
 The proprietory question originated itself in the concession 
 of lands granted under certain conditions such as that of its 
 effective exploitation and cultivation, colonization, etc., and by 
 the legitimation of the possession. These last were established 
 in the following manner: 
 
 The explorer who penetrated into the forest in search of 
 seringaes, examined the banks of the river by which he went 
 up and when he verified the existence of a favorable zone, he 
 landed and after a careful exploration under the direction of 
 specialist-workmen called "matteiros" (foresters) he settled 
 down and gave himself up to the exploitation of the "seringal" he 
 selected. 
 
 25 
 
That occupation of virgin ground and its being made use of 
 constituted the act of possession, the first step towards acquir- 
 ing the property. In order to definitely assure the dominion of 
 the lands selected, it became necessary to obtain a title of owner- 
 ship from the Government of the State in which these lands 
 were located, this being drawn up only after that the respective 
 marking out and survey by an authorized engineer or sur- 
 veyor, the depositing of the respective plans, the verification 
 that no anterior rights or claims existed on the part of third 
 parties, as also the payment of the respective taxes being satis- 
 fied, which last averaged about 5$000 per hectare. 
 
 Only after that all these formalities had been complied with, 
 was the concession granted definitely, and the possession con- 
 sidered as complete. The title deeds of the property with the 
 respective specifications is registered in special blocks, which 
 will serve as proof in case of future dispute and will furnish 
 authentic documents in place of the property-titles that may 
 have been mislaid or lost. Once the concession legalized and 
 the possession marked out, the property rights are considered 
 irrefutable. 
 
 The dominion of the lands being assured, their usefulness 
 will depend upon the co-existence of two essential factors — 
 labor and capital. 
 
 In the regions of the Amazonian valley, sparingly peopled 
 by the want of direct immigration, the work is done by the 
 natives and principally by Cearenses, people from Ceara. 
 
 Under the general designation of Cearenses are comprised 
 the populations of the northeast of the country from Bahia to 
 Piauhy, a strong race endowed with rare energy. Having 
 immigrated from their native state fleeing from privations to 
 which the periodical dry seasons reduce them, they arrive com- 
 pletely without the means of subsistence, it being necessary for 
 the owners of the "seringas" who contract their services to take 
 measures for their transport, alimentation and maintenance in the 
 seringaes until with the delivery of the rubber collected, they 
 find themselves in a position to liquidate the debts that they 
 have contracted and the expenses that have been occasioned. 
 
 On the other hand in their turn the owners of seringaes not 
 disposing of capital are placed under the necessity of raising 
 loans with which to defray the exploitation of their lands. These 
 resources are furnished them by the traders, part in money and 
 part in merchandise, these traders being known as aviadores 
 whilst the proprietors are called patrons or aviados. 
 
 The extensive credits opened by the traders constitute acts of 
 confidence, being guaranteed more by the activity and initiative 
 of the proprietors of the seringaes, than by their respective 
 
 26 
 
properties ; the heavy burdens with which these loanings or 
 advances of money are weighed down, have their origin in the 
 risk which is run by advancing such capital, due to the diffi- 
 culties of collecting the debts contracted and the far distant 
 nature of the lands given in guarantee. It frequently happens 
 that the traders do not dispose of sufficient means for carrying 
 out all these lending operations in which case they fall back 
 upon the exporting houses, who advance them the necessary 
 money, against a contract to hand over the rubber at a certain 
 date and at prices previously fixed. 
 
 Thus is established a successive dependency of the seringueiro 
 on the owner of the property, this latter in his turn on the 
 merchant-trader and finally of the merchant-trader upon the 
 exporting house. 
 
 Thereafter it is seen how grievously the system of want of 
 capital acts on the whole system on the exportation of rubber 
 and the long series of intermediaries. 
 
 Let us see now what is the capital which the owner of the 
 seringal requires to possess for an exploitation of say 200 roads. 
 
 A seringal with 200 roads exacts altogether the work of 100 
 men, whose engagements in the region where they reside and 
 their transport as far as the "seringal" costs on an average 
 40 :000$000 and to each one of them is supplied a sum of 350$000 
 destined to defray the costs of purchase of the indispensable 
 material for making a commencement with the work of exploita- 
 tion ; out of an initial sum estimated at from 75 :000$000 to 
 80 :000$000 including casual expenses. 
 
 Arrived at their destination, the seringueiros, as they find 
 themselves completely without means, continue to be a burden 
 on the budget of their contractors during the period of the clear- 
 ing the forests of brush-wood and undergrowth, and the cutting 
 of roads, which are the preliminaries to the gathering in of the 
 rubber. Up till the date of the final delivery, which takes place 
 from 6 to 7 months afterwards, the proprietor expends nearly 
 100 :000$000 with the feeding and maintenance of the serin- 
 gueiros, which is but the preface to a total sum of 180 :000$000 
 inscribed on the books of the aviador or merchant-trader as 
 being the indebtedness of the owner of the seringal. 
 
 This latter in order to meet the charges of the up-keep of the 
 seringueiros, establishes "vendas" or selling-stores, by means of 
 which he supplies not only the goods of first necessity for con- 
 sumption, but also the tools, utensils and, indeed, everything 
 that is required for the proper exploitation of the "seringal." 
 
 These "vendas" or supply-stores are stocked by the mer- 
 chant-trader of Belem and Manaos, who send them periodically 
 in steamers or steam launches, the necessary merchandise. Ac- 
 
 27 
 
cording to the season of the year, the rainy or the dry season, 
 the greater or less the distance to be navigated, in short, in 
 accordance with the condition of navigability of the rivers, the 
 trips are made fortnightly, quarterly or perhaps only twice a 
 year. 
 
 The merchandise dispatched is debited to the owner of the 
 "seringa!" at the invoice price, augmented by the high expenses 
 for insurance, freight and a commission which varies from 
 20 to 30 per cent, according to the time-term stipulated for the 
 payment in cash or the delivery of the rubber. 
 
 The owner of the "seringal" in his turn re-sells in retail the 
 merchandise received, putting on a high profit to its original 
 price ; the seringueiros who already pay interest at the rate of 
 20 per cent upon the advance of the 350$000 which is made to 
 them at the time of their being contracted, are obliged to supply 
 their needs exclusively in the store of the proprietor of the 
 "seringal" and to hand him the rubber which they may have 
 gathered in payment thereof. 
 
 The initial supplying of the utensils amounting to 200$000 
 added to the cost of the journey which runs for account of the 
 seringueiro himself, absorb the 350$000 of the advance; and 
 his expenses, whilst the extraction of the rubber is proceed- 
 ing — which lasts for 6 or 7 months — totals up to about 
 1 :000$000, so that when he comes to hand over the rubber, he 
 is already responsible to the proprietor of the "seringal" for an 
 amount of about 350$000 including the payment for the renting 
 of the road explored. 
 
 His production being on an average of about 400 kilos (in 
 certain regions it is much greater), the worker finishes his en- 
 terprise with a very small profit and it is not a rare case that he 
 is not able to satisfy all his indebtedness, a circumstance, this 
 latter, which keeps him continually dependent upon the owner 
 of the "seringal." 
 
 On handing over the rubber, the conditions of payment are 
 adjusted and these are generally made in one of the two fal- 
 lowing ways : either the seringueiro sells the rubber directly to 
 the proprietor of the "seringal" at a reduction of one-third upon 
 the prices ruling in the markets of Belem or Manaos; or he en- 
 charges him to sell it in the referred-to market with a discount 
 of 35 kilos of rubber or with a discount of from 10 to 15 per cent, 
 of the net price of such sale, given in payment of the renting of 
 the road exploited. 
 
 This defective economic organization of the exploitation of 
 rubber has, as its consequence, the high costs of production 
 which to-day oscillate between 3$000 to 3$500 per kilo. This 
 
 28 
 
disadvantageous situation, however, is not a permanent one and 
 may be remedied. 
 
 We shall leave for a special chapter the explanation of the 
 means recently adopted for bettering the condition of the serin- 
 gueiros, augmenting their productive capacity and recompensing 
 them more justly for their work. 
 
 TRANSPORTS AND FREIGHTS 
 
 The problem of transports and freight continues to be one of 
 the most palpitating questions in Brazil, notwithstanding the 
 great progress in this particular made during the last 10 years. 
 
 The considerable increase in the mercantile marine and the 
 incessant construction of the numerous railroads of penetration, 
 have not been able to keep pace with the extraordinary develop- 
 ment of the country and its notable economic expansion, the 
 national commerce continuing to feel the want of further means 
 of transport and to suffer from the very high rates of freights. 
 
 In Amazonia, the difficulty of communication has become 
 still more felt because of the vast region and territories em- 
 braced in this great State, sparingly peopled and whose centres 
 of production are located so far distant from the exporting mar- 
 kets of Manaos and Belem de Para. 
 
 Watered in every direction by innumerable great rivers, 
 tributaries of the great river — the Amazon — the greatest in the 
 world, the Amazonic region still remains to a very great part 
 unexplored, inestimable riches susceptible of being extracted, 
 lying unutilized, in virtue of the deficiency in navigation ; in fact, 
 if the principal rivers are navigated regularly to some extent, 
 even though sparingly, others leading to immensely rich regions 
 are very rarely navigated by either ship or boats, which might 
 assure the transport of the products gathered. 
 
 Many and divers are the circumstances which concur towards 
 bringing about this state of affairs, but the most important in 
 resume is that of the want of capital for the construction of 
 ships and the establishment of regular lines of fluvial navigation 
 as also the obstacles offered either by the irregular courses of 
 some rivers obstructed by waterfalls, snoots and rapids, or simply 
 obstructed by the trunks of trees and other materials or by the 
 diminutive volume of water during the dry seasons which makes 
 impossible navigation of even ordinary draught. 
 
 One of the most interesting phases of the Amazonian problem 
 is, however, in the regulating and increasing of the navigation 
 of the rivers, with the object of assuring ample transport facilities 
 
 29 
 
and the approximation to the centres of production with the 
 consuming markets. The opening up of the ways of fluvial com- 
 munication is an essential condition to the progress of the 
 Amazonic region, by the lesser expenditure required by trans- 
 port upon water in comparison with land transportation which in 
 those regions would be particularly difficult and costly. 
 
 The steamers and boats which set out from Manaos or Belem 
 for the Interior, make the passage generally, over-charged with 
 merchandise which by reason of accumulation and its defective 
 packing suffers not rarely serious damages which has the result 
 of bringing about a notable increment in prices. As a general 
 rule the cargo being greater than the space requisite to its 
 accommodation, makes the navigation extremely difficult, the 
 steamers thus not being able to make head-way against the cur- 
 rent, which flows at the rate of from ,3 to 5 miles an hour, or 
 desiring to diminish the expense in the consumption of coal, 
 seek out the waters the less agitated and approach as much as 
 possible the banks of the river. 
 
 The want of minute 'hydrographic charts and the imprudence 
 of the captains, as also of the masters of steam launches and 
 other floating material, have, as a consequence, the bringing 
 about of frequent strandings, which even though they may not 
 cause damage to the cargo involve interruptions in the trip 
 sufficiently prejudicial. 
 
 The unloadings are made frequently on the banks of the 
 rivers under little favorable conditions, by reason of the want of 
 wharves ; are very slow and occasion besides lamentable delays, 
 very heavy expenses principally for the packages of great weight. 
 
 One of the causes which most determine the dearness of 
 transport in Amazonia, is the supply of combustibles to the 
 steamers, these latter taking in coal only at the port of departure 
 in Belem or Manaos, and this being consumed, purchase wood 
 fuel along the route just as they require it, and for a high price, 
 subjecting themselves thus to the delays incident to loading, at 
 times very great. Coal mines in the basin of the Caqueta have 
 been discovered, but so far it has not been possible to derive any 
 benefit from them, owing to the want of the necessary studies 
 and analysis, which only now the Federal Government is begin- 
 ning to have made. 
 
 For the betterment of this state of things the Federal Govern- 
 ment also pretends to contract with a large public company for 
 the establishment of coal depots and combustible oil, at the most 
 appropriate points of the rivers on which the greatest movement 
 takes place in the valley of the Amazon, so that the steamers 
 may be supplied for prices according to a tabular statement 
 previously approved for each year. 
 
 30 
 
The descent of the floating material by the rivers is much 
 less onerous, as the consumption of combustibles is thereby con- 
 siderably diminished, thanks to the current which gives an easy 
 impulsion to the floating material; the trips are notwithstanding 
 slow, much time being lost in picking up cargo, almost exclu- 
 sively rubber, on the banks of the rivers. 
 
 The irregularity in the navigation either due to the deficiency 
 of the floating material or by the natural obstacles that the 
 flooding of the rivers bring about, cause extensive prejudice, as 
 it obliges the large cargoes of merchandise upon whose price 
 high interest is collected and occasions them considerable loss 
 of goods deteriorated by their remaining for a long time in sheds 
 and by the damaging effect of heat and dampness. 
 
 From thence arises the lamentable dearness of life and the 
 bad alimentation, with their evil results on the health of the 
 inhabitants of those far-away-regions. 
 
 The retention in the seringaes of large stocks of rubber de- 
 prived of the means of transport must also not be forgotten and 
 its coming simultaneously on to the market at certain times, 
 being taken advantage of by speculators is an important cause 
 of the fall in prices which affects the interests of producres to 
 an appreciable degree. 
 
 Regularity and frequency in navigation, permitting successive 
 and regular supplies of rubber would diminish in notable pro- 
 portions the cost of production, since it would cheapen the cost 
 of labor and avoid the great oscillations usual in the prices. 
 
 In order to obtain that desideratum it is not sufficient to 
 create new lines of navigation nor to augment the number of 
 floating material or better their conditions, but it is necessary 
 to adopt certain complementary measures. Thus in the im- 
 possibility of preparing from the outset minute hydrographic 
 charts, a measure which would require great expenditure ; it were 
 advisable in order to make navigation more secure to indicate 
 by means of small light houses and illuminated buoys of acety- 
 line. the dangerous points which it is desirable to avoid. 
 
 In order to obviate the difficulties created by the formation 
 of sand banks, by the accumulation of trunks of trees, and of 
 obstacles of all kinds, it is necessary that attention be paid con- 
 stantly to the cleansing of the rivers and dragging them, in 
 cases where the obstructions cannot be removed by other means 
 and the construction of railways and wagon roads connecting 
 the navigable points. 
 
 It would be of the greatest utility to bring about the exten- 
 sion and opening up of telegraphic lines joining the producing 
 centres with the central markets, such measures would have 
 the most beneficient results as much for the owners of seringaes 
 
 31 
 
as for the shipowners, these latter being once aware of such 
 facilities would cause their ships to be directed to the points 
 where they were required to discharge merchandise or take in 
 rubber or vice-versa and thus avoid all uncertainty upon the 
 advantages to be reaped from those trips, because of the want 
 of knowledge of the cargoes that are being reserved for them, 
 and those who are in contact with them in the markets where 
 the product is sold may be advised as to the quotations and the 
 market prices of the merchandise so that they may take advan- 
 tage of the most favorable times for effecting their transactions. 
 
 The message presented by His Excellency Marchal Hermes 
 da Fonseca, President of the Republic of the United States of 
 Brazil on the third of May of this current year, made special 
 reference to the services of the radio-telegraph in the territory of 
 the Acre, expressing himself in the following terms : 
 
 "The three radio-telegraphic stations that have been con- 
 tracted for in December of 1910, are now in full working order, 
 those of the Rio Branco and Senna Madueira having been in- 
 augurated in September of 1911 and in February of this year 
 that of Cruzeiro de Sul, which besides speaking with those two 
 and therefore with Manaos, communicates also with Iquitos in 
 the Republic of Peru. 
 
 In order to complete this very useful improvement ordered to 
 be done in such a happy hour, there were also contracted for 
 two other stations, one of these being in Xapury and the other 
 in Taruaca, places having a great future before them and already 
 containing an appreciable population as well as a notable material 
 development. 
 
 With the installation of those two stations, the territory will 
 be perfectly well equipped in regard to the question of tele- 
 graphic communications. 
 
 As a consequence of the dearness and the difficulties in the 
 means of transport we get the excessive rises in freight, which 
 at times are equal to and are often greater than the value 
 of the merchandise transported ; the truth is that the crisis in 
 rubber made them suffer a certain fall and we no longer see such 
 a thing happen as that the shipowner pays for the price of his 
 steamers in two round trips. 
 
 The dominating principle is that of liberty of commerce. In 
 order to assure regular services on the principal rivers, the 
 Federal Government as well as the Governments of the States of 
 Amazonas and Para, subsidize certain companies whose tables of 
 freight charges are approved by the Public Powers. That these 
 are still very high is shown by the fact of competition which 
 in certain lines takes place between the subsidized companies 
 and private shipowners ; the latter, however, not being able to go 
 
 32 
 
beyond the tariff tables of the former, they nevertheless obtain 
 freights and passengers which proportion them high profits, 
 demonstrating thus that the tables of freight tariffs of the sub- 
 sidized companies are still a long way from the maximum of 
 reduction. 
 
 The Commercial, Industrial and Agricultural Congress which 
 took place in Manaos from the 22nd to 27th of February of 
 1910, considering this position, resolved to recommend to the 
 Public Powers the remodelling of the actual freight tariffs 
 principally in that part of them which relate to alimentary goods, 
 necessary to the sustaining of the extractors of rubber and in 
 the sense of their being substantially cheapened. 
 
 Even to-day one of the best businesses in the Amazonic 
 regions consists in chartering steamers for trafficking on the 
 rivers. 
 
 If the freight rates on the sections served by the subsidized 
 lines are high, greater still are these on the less favored sections 
 where the rapids of the rivers flowing among the seringaes, 
 make navigation difficult, because in these latter there being no 
 freight tables, they make the price according to their judgment, 
 such prices of transport being contracted directly according to 
 the circumstances of the occasion with the shipper, who has to 
 pay the price as the masters of the steamers are pleased or re- 
 solved to charge. 
 
 The owners of seringaes subject themselves to the heavy 
 burdens which they are bound to put up with, in the hope of 
 escaping the damage that the retention of their produce for 
 want of transport would cause them . 
 
 It is not only the fluvial navigation freights that are much 
 too burdensome, for the freights for ocean navigation are also 
 burdened with this grave defect and thus it is that despite the 
 fact of the distance which separate Brazil from New York and 
 from London, is only half that between the consuming mar- 
 kets and the east, the freights for the latter are incomparably 
 less. It behooves the Governments of countries producing 
 rubber in South America to come to an arrangement so as to 
 confer adequate premiums on the navigation companies to 
 Europe and to the United States, who cheapen their freights 
 and cut down in a satisfactory manner the duration of the 
 voyage. 
 
 33 
 
INTERNAL MARKETS FOR RUBBER— ORGAN- 
 IZATION AND WORKING— TYPES 
 AND QUOTATIONS 
 
 Located in the centre of the most important rubber produc- 
 ing region of the world, Belem and Manaos, the capitals of 
 the two great states of the north, are, in Brazil, the principal 
 markets of that product. Nearly 90 per cent, of the Brazilian 
 exportation proceeds from there, the 16,000 tons of rubber 
 which each of these markets export annually gives place to a 
 considerable mass of business. 
 
 If it be true that the commercial transactions gyrate around 
 equal quantities of rubber, Belem has the advantage over 
 Manaos, because it is the seat of a great part of the large ex- 
 porting houses that operate in the two capitals. Its geographical 
 situation which permits of more rapid communication with the 
 markets of the south, and with foreign ports, contributes also 
 towards its greater commercial importance. 
 
 The uses and customs are identical in the two markets. 
 Commerce obeys a rule above all unfavorable to the sellers who 
 cannot put a value on their merchandise but are forced before 
 all things to accept the price imposed by the buyers. That dis- 
 advantageous condition of dependency is the natural outcome of 
 the deficient economic organization in the exploitation of the 
 rubber industry in the valley of the Amazon. Reference has 
 already been made in another place to the burdensome com- 
 mercial relations between the seringueiros and the patrons or 
 proprietors of seringaes and between the same patrons and 
 the commercial traders. The same vices and defects are to 
 be found in the relations between the commercial traders and 
 the great exporting houses. Those latter, possessors of large 
 capital and united together in the common interests, dominate 
 the market, which, weakened by successive crises and always 
 in a precarious state cannot oppose them an efficacious re- 
 sistence. 
 
 That situation can only be modified in the case of the actual 
 economic and commercial methods, which place in the hands of 
 the merchant-trader all the responsibility of the conduction of 
 business in the place, without at the same time arming them 
 with the means of defence against unrestricted speculations. 
 
 The merchant-trader's houses are the intermediaries between 
 the seringueiros and the exporting houses. But, their principal 
 function is that of furnishing the seringueiro during the year 
 
 34 
 
all the goods necessary to sustain him and his employes as well 
 as supplying him with tools, utensils, wearing apparel and in 
 fact, everything that may be necessary to his life in the 
 seringaes. 
 
 This supplying is done on credit, that is to say, against the 
 remittance of rubber produced by the borrower and which is 
 sold on its arrival by the merchant-trader to the exporting 
 houses. 
 
 The merchant-trader thus requires large capital so as to meet 
 the engagements that he assumes in the market with the great 
 and numerous supplies, which he is obliged to make. 
 
 It is incumbent on him also to transport the same for which 
 he nearly always employs steamers of his own, in order to bring 
 the merchandise to its destination in far-away regions, bringing 
 back on the return trip the rubber collected by his aviados, i. e., 
 his borrowers of the seringaes. 
 
 The responsibilities assumed become due on the occasion of 
 the arrival of the cargoes of rubber. In fact, it is exactly at 
 this moment that the merchant-trader is most in need of 
 money, because besides the imperious duty of paying the 
 amount of his debts and the immediate necessity which he has of 
 furnishing new supplies to his clients the aviados, he has still 
 yet expenses to disburse with the repair and fitting out of the 
 steamers, which owing to the bad conditions in the navigation 
 of the rivers return nearly always in a damaged condition ; 
 balances to pay to the seringueiros whose debts were relatively 
 small or advances to make to those whose production was in- 
 ferior in value to the supply sent, but who required a new re- 
 source under the danger of otherwise not being able ever to 
 liquidate their debt. 
 
 Thus it is that the aviador or merchant-trader has no other 
 remedy, but to sell without delay the rubber which has been 
 consigned to him and that is the psychological moment for the 
 decided action of the buyers. 
 
 Reduced as to number, well informed about the business 
 and in the possession of daily and direct notices from the con- 
 suming markets, perfectly bound up to them by a question of 
 mutual interest, they decide to make the price for the merchan- 
 dise that is offered to them. It is not always that that price 
 corresponds in reality to those of the foreign market, but the 
 apprehension that seizes the merchant-trader that moved by their 
 interests the buyers may resolve to retire the offer, does not 
 permit him either to hesitate or resist. He hands over the mer- 
 chandise with a small profit and not uncommonly with a loss. 
 
 Treating of an article which up till to-day has been produced 
 in a quantity inferior to the necessity of the industry, whose 
 
 35 
 
price was kept up high, much above that which might be called 
 a remunerative price, that inversion of the law of economics is 
 a very curious one, because, in this case, it is not the producer 
 who imposes the price, but the buyer who does so. 
 
 The difficulties which the merchant-trader had to fight 
 against, have been increased lately with the advent of the 
 "regatoes," a species of barter-commission travelers on the rivers. 
 This trade is exercised by individuals acting for their own ac- 
 count or as agents of the merchants and who go up the rivers 
 with merchandise, doing business at sight in exchange for 
 money or rubber, diverting in this way a large part of the trans- 
 actions until now exercised through the inter-medium of the 
 merchant-traders. 
 
 The principal causes of the precarious position of the 
 "aviadores" or merchant-traders are the lack of adequate capital 
 and the want of banking facilities and other establishments of 
 credit which might come to their aid. 
 
 The export houses, however, operate with the greatest firm- 
 ness. They discount the drafts for the rubber bought, in the 
 agencies of the English banks, and with the product of this 
 operation pay the merchant-traders, and as these drafts are at 
 90 days sight, it is only after the rubber is sold in New York 
 or in Liverpool that they satisfy their indebtedness, thus traffick- 
 ing almost covered from any risk whatsoever. 
 
 The aviador or merchant-trader receives the rubber by the 
 weight which it shows at the moment of being unloaded; if the 
 trip is a long one the shortage in weight of the rubber may be 
 as much as 15 per cent. ; if, on the other hand, there has been 
 no time, owing to the shortness of the trip, for such a thing to 
 happen, it is certain that on its being magazined or stored-up, 
 it will continue to quebrar, i. e., diminish in weight. Thus, there- 
 fore, it is to the interest of all parties concerned to sell it and 
 export it as soon after its arrival as possible, which, however, 
 does not mean to say that the question of shortage is not an 
 element which comes into play in making the estimate of its 
 value. 
 
 The classifying of the rubber is done upon the occasion of 
 its sale, this being an operation which necessitates a long ex- 
 perience and practice in the knowledge of the article. 
 
 Two workmen with iron instruments which they call "gatos," 
 take hold of the skin (smoke-cured roll or ball) by the orifice 
 which is left in its shape on its being made, at the same time that 
 a third workman cuts it down the middle with a sharp instru- 
 ment called a "traqado." By this means it is easy to ascertain 
 if the manufacture of the internal coatings or layers has been 
 
 36 
 
done with the necessary care, and if the weight has been affected 
 by water, or by any other extraneous body. 
 
 If the rubber presents itself with an uniform aspect, per- 
 fectly smoked and sufficiently elastic, it is classed "fina." If, 
 however, any points present spongy parts proceeding from 
 coagulation of the latex anterior to the smoking process, it is 
 styled "entre-fina." To the agglomeration of residue which con- 
 geals freely, the name of "sernamby" is given. 
 
 There is still the "borracha fraca" little elastic, whose 
 mercantile value is put in the same category as "sernamby" and 
 which does not come from the latex of the hevea. 
 
 This work being finished, the rubber is bought in accordance 
 with the quotations of the day, based upon prices coming from 
 England and from the United States, but -as has already been 
 explained, this quotation is not always respected. 
 
 There is another anomaly to which it is advisable to refer: 
 whilst the "entre-fina" and the sernamby are quoted abroad at 
 least at 200 reis and 1$800 reis less than the "fina" the markets 
 of Belem and Manaos show a difference of 800 reis and 2$000. 
 
 There are other abuses which also take place in the classify- 
 ing of the rubber, which gives as a result that the buyers prefer 
 to do business upon inferior qualities, because these offer a 
 larger margin for profits. 
 
 The rubber is exported in American pineboxes which can 
 hold nearly 150 Kilos. The dearness of manual labor in the 
 Amazon territory makes it difficult to take advantage of the 
 innumerable species of timber-woods in which the valley of the 
 great river is so abundantly rich. 
 
 In the remaining markets of the country where the rubber is 
 negotiated, the price is regulated by the quotations in Para. 
 These local markets are of little importance and in nothing do 
 they distinguish themselves as to the relative transactions in 
 rubber, from the general mass of business. The class of aviadores 
 or merchant-trader does not exist. Each producer sends his 
 stock to his agent or representative or sells it to the first buyer. 
 The rubber is collected from either manigoba or mangabeira. 
 
 In the commerce of those products, the markets of Bahia and 
 Fortaleza stand out the most prominently, to which places a cer- 
 tain appreciable portion of cultivated plantation rubber converges 
 every year besides a great quantity of native rubber. 
 
 37 
 
ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL IMPORTANCE— 
 FEDERAL AND STATE REVENUE- 
 EXPORTATION TAX 
 
 The most superficial examination of the actual economic po- 
 sition of Brazil demonstrates at once and in an incisive manner 
 how important the rubber industry is to the national life of the 
 country. 
 
 Possessor of the innumerable riches distributed by the three 
 Kingdoms of Nature, it is almost exclusively due to the cultiva- 
 tion of coffee and to the extraction of rubber that Brazil owes 
 its extraordinary commercial development in these last twenty 
 years. 
 
 The great fortunes which the plantations of the famous red- 
 bean of the coffee-tree created in the South and the considerable 
 profits which the exploitation of the precious gum have pro- 
 duced in the North, were certainly the causes which most influ- 
 enced the development of the production to such an extraor- 
 dinary degree, relegating to a much lower schedule in the gen- 
 eral tabular statement of Brazilian exportation, all the products, 
 whose commerce although certainly remunerative, does not show 
 such certain and speedy results. 
 
 The general exportation of Brazilian merchandise was £63,- 
 724,440 in 1909, £63,091,547 in 1910 and £66,838,982 in 1911. To 
 these totals, coffee and rubber contributed during each of the 
 same three years £52,401,276, £51,342,278 and £55,458,221 re- 
 spectively — totals these, sufficient by themselves, to guarantee 
 with advantage the Brazilian international commercial equilib- 
 rium, when it is seen that in those said same years, the general 
 importation of merchandise amounted to £37,139,354, £47,871,974 
 and £52,798,016. 
 
 Rubber contributed to the general total of exportation with 
 29.70 per cent in 1909, 39.06 per cent in 1910 and 22.53 per cent 
 in 1911, or in other words an average of 30.43 per cent per an- 
 num. It is worthy of note, that the great difference which took 
 place in the above-mentioned percentages is explained in 
 the fluctutions in the prices of rubber, since the production not 
 only did not decrease, but, as a matter of fact, increased from 
 year to year. Therefore it is seen that nearly one-third of Bra- 
 zil's export trade is supplied by rubber, and it is nearly twenty 
 millions of pounds sterling that Brazil receives every year, and 
 which goes far to provide for the sustentation, not only of the 
 population of the Brazilian Northwest, comprised in the great 
 
 38 
 
States of Para, Amazons and Matto-Grosso and the Federal Ter- 
 ritory of the Acre, but for the prosperity of the North- 
 east States, which get the benefit of a good part of that sum 
 through the intermedium of their sons, who live by the exploi- 
 tation of the rubber ; the Southern States benefit in their turn by 
 the abundance of money in the North, that most secure guarantee 
 of their prosperity, since that being producers of cereals, xarque, 
 coffee, sugar, textile goods, hats and shoes, for a long time al- 
 ready they have constituted themselves the principal furnishers 
 of food-stuffs and wearing apparel to that region. Finally there 
 is still to be considered the benefit to be brought indirectly to 
 the whole country because that sum goes to increase the com- 
 merce of importation, thus powerfully augmenting the Federal 
 Customs Revenue. 
 
 The sum obtained by the States of the Amazons and Para and 
 by the Federal Territory of the Acre, is also considerable every 
 year by the tribute paid on the rubber going out. 
 
 This last Territory of the. Acre, since its incorporation with 
 Brazil by the Treaty of Petropolis concluded with Bolivia in 
 1903, cost the Union (including the expenses incident to the ac- 
 quisition of the Territory and other resulting compromises of the 
 said treaty, such as the arbitral Tribunal, loans to Bolivia, mark- 
 ing out of the frontier, construction of the Madeira-Marmore 
 Railroad and expenses for the mobilization of troops, etc.), 
 up till 1909 the sum of Rs. 62,595 :562$038 ; the revenue brought 
 in during the same period attained the sum of Rs. 58,052 :- 
 757$012, in 1910 moreover the tax upon the rubber produced 
 was Rs. 19,867 :529$159 and in 1911 Rs. 9,671 :711$068, or in 
 other words Rs. 29,539 :240$227 more, which should be carried 
 to the credit of that very rich region. The rubber of the Acre 
 is exported through the intermedium of the markets of Belem 
 and Manaos, the impost-tax of 20 per cent ad valorem being 
 collected on the occasion of its shipment. 
 
 The States of Amazonas and Para cannot dispense quickly 
 without very serious economic disturbance with the revenue 
 receivable from the tribute paid on the exportation of rubber. As 
 a matter of fact, the State of Amazonas collected the sum of Rs. 
 16,845 :585$063 in 1909, Rs. 18,069 :162$372 in 1910 and Rs. 12,- 
 901 :477$379 in 1911 ; the impost-tax upon rubber brought in those 
 same years respectively Rs. 13,316 :487$569, Rs. 14,836 :235$238 
 and Rs. 9,999 :031$526, which can also be reckoned by 79.04 per 
 cent, 82.11 per cent and 77.50 per cent. 
 
 The State of Amazonas taxes rubber produced in the State 
 itself, in 18 per cent ad valorem, and that coming from the Jav- 
 ary, the boundary river with Peru,' in 7 per cent. 
 
 39 
 
In its turn Para has had in the form of revenue collected in 
 those years, the amounts of Rs. 19,039 :709$531, Rs. 20,255:- 
 070$604 and Rs. 14,480 :716$176, the import-tax on rubber ren- 
 dering Rs. 14,602 :759$269, Rs. 14,701 :894$955 and Rr. 9,518:- 
 716$267, or 76.69 per cent, 72.58 per cent and 65.73 per cent. 
 
 The taxes charged by Para are 22 per cent ad valorem for 
 Rubber "fina," "entre-fina" and "sernamby," and 15 per cent for 
 whatever other kind. Besides those there is an additional tax 
 of 2.5 per cent in benefit of the Santa Casa de Misericordia 
 charged on the exportation taxes. 
 
 These figures seem to show the importance for those 
 States of questions concering the production and consump- 
 tion of the world's rubber, and with greater reason still for Brazil 
 as a whole. The ruin of one of the most promising regions on 
 the face of the globe, the profound depreciation of .Brazilian 
 finances and the dreaded commercial crisis with which the coun- 
 try would have to fight, would be the disastrous effect of the 
 indifference of the Federal and States Governments on such a 
 matter. But that, however, is not the attitude of those Govern- 
 ments ; they are decreeing various measures now in course of be- 
 ing carried out and which after minute studies were judged nec- 
 essary, so that Brazil might continue to maintain her proud po- 
 sition of importance for the precious "black gold" (rubber) in 
 the world's market. . 
 
 RUBBER-CONSUMING MARKETS — COMPETITION 
 OF OTHER RUBBER-PRODUCING COUNTRIES 
 
 New York, Liverpool, London, Hamburg, Antwerp and 
 Havre are at the present time, by their order of importance, the 
 principal world's markets for rubber. 
 
 New York, by virtue of the extraordinary development of 
 North American industries, which in a steadily increasing scale, 
 are co'nsuming constantly greater quantities of raw material, re- 
 ceives almost half of the rubber produced in all the world. 
 Nearly 60 per cent of the rubber negotiated in New York is 
 Brazilian. After this follow Central America and Mexico; but 
 as rubber proceeding from all parts appears in the New York 
 market it is evident that there is no specialty in this business. 
 
 Liverpool, perhaps due to the fact of its being the port to 
 which the lines of navigation that run to and from the Amazon 
 are directed, has become the European emporium for Brazilian 
 rubber. In fact, 40 per cent of the Brazilian production is di- 
 
 40 
 
rected towards that city. Liverpool also receives rubber of va- 
 rious qualities proceeding from the English and other European 
 possessions in equatorial Africa. 
 
 The increasing production of the Oriental plantations finds in 
 London one of its principal markets for the precious gum. Al- 
 though rubber proceeding from different parts appears in the 
 market, it may be affirmed without hesitation, that London is 
 the special centre for cultivated refined rubber (plantation) 
 which is easily explained by the fact that the owners of the ex- 
 tensive plantations in the Malay States are nearly all of them 
 London companies. 
 
 Occidental and Oriental Africa, principally German Colonies, 
 send to Hamburg the greater part of the rubber which is nego- 
 tiated on that market. Brazil enters with about 20 per cent of 
 the total amount of the business. 
 
 Antwerp owes its rubber trade to the creation of the Congo 
 Free State, whose production, now in decline, is practically all 
 directed to this city. It also receives rubber from Brazil, and 
 seeing that Belgian capital is employed in the Oriental planta- 
 tions its future is promising. 
 
 Havre, on the other hand, is of greater importance to Brazil ; 
 where 75 per cent of the transactions are in Brazilian rub- 
 ber. It also imports the Congo species, as also those of some 
 of the French Colonies in Africa. However, the great bulk of 
 the production of these latter colonies is directed to Bordeaux. 
 
 The methods of sale adopted in these markets, vary very 
 much. From the slow old-fashioned process of sale by private 
 treaty, to sales on time terms, passing through auctions and un- 
 derwritings, in short all the commonly known modes of negotiat- 
 ing are in use. 
 
 The most important market, that of New York, adheres to 
 the old-fashioned method of personal contracts for immediate de- 
 livery, which certainly serves better the interests of buyers, than 
 those of sellers; the agitation that was created round this ques- 
 tion with a view to reform the market, gave no result whatso- 
 ever. 
 
 Liverpool presents us the polymorphic type. Private sales, 
 and sales on a fixed day for delivery, or sales by auctions, all take 
 place, consulting thereby the preferences of both sellers and 
 buyers, and establishing the free course of the values. The same 
 happens in London, where, however, the Plantation companies 
 have initiated more advanced transactions, such as sales of crops 
 in anticipation. 
 
 Hamburg and Antwerp also practice sales by auction and on 
 
 41 
 
delivery. However, in this latter the method of underwriting is 
 that most in vogue and which among all the processes is the one 
 that consults most the interest of the seller. This is carried out 
 in the following manner : A broker advertises a certain quantity 
 of rubber for sale, the particulars of which he supplies (name of 
 seller, weight, quality, estimated price, etc.), about twenty days 
 beforehand. On the day appointed, he receives the offers of pur- 
 chase closed and sealed ; these are then opened in a public place 
 and the prices are inscribed on a schedule divided into columns, 
 each one headed with the name of the house offering. Once this 
 operation has finished, the rubber falls to the highest bidder. The 
 seller has, however, the right to withdraw the goods in case the 
 price that results does not satisfy him. 
 
 The Antwerp market adopted this system with the view to 
 competing against cognate markets. As the reducing of the ex- 
 penses on the product, which corresponded to fcs. 2.60 per 100 
 Kilos, the same being frs. 4.93 and frs. 7.30 in Hamburg and Liv- 
 erpool respectively, did not suffice, it endeavored to attract the 
 seller by offering the most advantageous prices, and it seems that 
 it has succeeded in its desideratum. 
 
 Havre followed its example and it is greatly to be desired that 
 all the rubber markets adopt the same system, not only for the 
 reasons set forth, but also because it is a safe precaution against 
 the manipulations of speculators. 
 
 Brazil has always maintained its predominating position in 
 the world's market for rubber, not only as the greatest producer, 
 but also as the producer of the best quality. 
 
 In 1827, the first year about which statistical data exist, 
 Brazil exported 31 tons of rubber; in 1837, 289 tons, or say an 
 increase of 932 per cent; in 1847, 624 tons, or 216 per cent more; 
 in 1857, 1,800 tons, which corresponds to an increase of 290 per 
 cent; in 1867, 5,826 tons, or 322 per cent more; 1877, 9,215 tons, 
 thus augmenting by 158 per cent; in 1887, 13,290 tons, or 144 
 per cent increase; in 1897, 21,256 tons, representing about 160 
 per cent more ; and, finally, in 1907, 36,490 tons, or approximately 
 an increase of 172 per cent. 
 
 Within the last decade, that is to say, from 1902 to 1911 (vide 
 statistical statements in fine), the exportation rose gradually to 
 28,631 tons in 1902 and to 39,026 tons in 1909, the maximum ever 
 reached so far, to descend immediately to 38,546 tons in 1910 and 
 36,547 tons in 1911. 
 
 Brazil has so far not had any serious competition to fear. It 
 is true that the other producing countries in Central America, 
 South Africa and Asia, send a considerable quantity of rubber 
 on to the market, but this does not affect the Brazilian trade, be- 
 cause, besides being practically all of it of an inferior quality, 
 
 42 
 
such extra supply is not sufficient to occasion the harmful effects 
 of an overproduction. It is curious to observe, that even within 
 the last decade, the production of those regions which in 1901 
 was 21,547 tons increased even so far as to surpass the produc- 
 tion of Brazil in the year of 1905, reaching then 35,428 tons; but 
 it diminished as rapidly as it had increased and in 1911 we see it 
 reduced to 23,747 tons. This decrease cannot be attributed to 
 the effects of competition, for instance to the plantations of the 
 Orient, whose production commenced to accentuate itself exactly 
 in the year of 1905 and henceforward. As a matter of fact, com- 
 petition should bring forth a fall in prices, but however, on the 
 contrary, such did not happen, the quotations reaching in the 
 years of 1909 and 1910 such extremes as had never been seen in 
 the rubber market.. It will be sufficient to point out, that the 
 refined rubber of Para, which is the Standard regulating type of 
 the market and whose average annual price has been 3, 4 and 
 even 5 shillings, went up in those years to 12s/6 per pound. 
 
 However, a new competitor did appear, which had to be taken 
 into consideration, and which induced the Government of 
 Brazil to adopt some measures tending to protect its great article 
 of export. The considerable and methodical plantations of the 
 hevea brasiliensis made in the peninsula of Malacca in Malasia 
 and on the island of Ceylon, commenced to produce rubber, 
 which it was predicted would within a few years, due to the 
 enormous quantity produced at a low figure, get the mastery of 
 the market. 
 
 These plantations, the initial experiments of which date from 
 the year of 1876, with 70,000 seeds sent from the Tapajoz 
 river, an affluent of the Amazon, by Wickham to the Royal Bo- 
 tanical Garden of Kew, have taken an enormous increment 
 since the year 1896, till to-day, due to the results obtained 
 which indicated beyond possible doubt the advantages of the 
 cultivation of hevea, this in view of the constantly increasing 
 price of the product and the new applications which day after 
 day the rubber industry has opened up. 
 
 The cultivated-plantation rubber, which appeared on the mar- 
 ket with 5 tons in 1901, was represented by 646 tons five years 
 later and at the end of another equal period, by 12,000 tons. 
 It is estimated that if nothing unforeseen happens to the con- 
 trary, its production in 1916 will be 70,000 tons, thus reaching 
 the quantity which is at the present moment consumed each 
 year by the necessities of the industry. 
 
 It is believed that by that time the inferior qualities furnished 
 by Africa, Central America and even by Brazil, will gradually 
 have disappeared from the market. In order to meet the con- 
 sumption which, if progression that hitherto has taken place, 
 
 43 
 
continues, will then be of 98,603 tons, the production of Brazil 
 and of the Orient together will surely render a quantity much su- 
 perior to that demand. 
 
 The average cost per Kilo of fine Para rubber in the valley 
 of the Amazon is from 3$000 to 3$500 ; in India of 2$650 ; how- 
 ever, this difference should disappear under the operation 
 of the Rubber Defence Act, which is inserted further on, 
 and the possible augmentation of the price in the Orient, 
 where manual labor will become dearer later on when all its 
 plantations are in full exploitation, and by the consequent scarc- 
 ity of labor, against which agriculturists are already commencing 
 to struggle. 
 
 The industrial element still continues to give preference to 
 the Brazilian rubber, this being better in quality, nerve and in 
 elasticity — properties these which may probably be attributed to 
 the process of curing, which is not employed in the Orient, or 
 possibly to the meteorologic and climate conditions, the geolog- 
 ical composition of the soil, etc. It is true that the quotation for 
 planted rubber has been superior to that of wild rubber, but it is 
 advisable not to forget, that while the former shrinks only 3 per 
 cent, and has a much better appearance, the latter loses 18 per 
 cent of its weight. The price difference is thus amply explained 
 and when accounts are made up it is still the fine quality from 
 Para that is the better quoted. 
 
 THE INDIA RUBBER PROBLEM— MEANS 
 SUGGESTED AND RESOLVED BY THE STATES 
 
 Threatened with losing the predominant position it has al- 
 ways occupied in the rubber market of the world, Brazil could 
 not, without committing an economical suicide, remain inactive. 
 
 The time having come when native rubber would enter into 
 competition with planted rubber, Brazil had to defend its inter- 
 ests by becoming equipped for the struggle, making the cost of its 
 product cheaper in order to ensure its occupying an advan- 
 tageous position in the market. 
 
 Many are the causes which at present contribute to the high 
 cost of Brazilian rubber, but they may be united into three 
 groups, as follows: 1st, expensive labour; 2nd, heavy transport 
 tariffs ; and 3rd, excessive export taxes. 
 
 The expensive labour is due to the scantiness of population 
 in the Amazon valley, the want of foreign immigration to com- 
 pensate it, and the high cost of food supplies. 
 
 The rubber-producing trees (seringaes) of the Amazon are ex- 
 
 44 
 
ploited by the natives, whose number is but small, and by the 
 immigrants from the eastern States who, fleeing from the 
 droughts which periodically befall those States and attracted by 
 the liberal profits offered by the extraction of rjubber, go there 
 in thousands every year. This current of immigration is, how- 
 ever, insufficient; a proper remedy for such a state of things 
 would perhaps be foreign labour which still keeps back from the 
 North because it only knows it through garbled information. 
 The bad food and the indifference for all that concerns health 
 conditions, contribute every year to the invaliding of a con- 
 siderable number of men. 
 
 The extraction of India rubber being the occupation which 
 pays best in the Amazon Valley, the pastoral industry, cattle- 
 breeding and farming are altogether despised, so that all the arti- 
 cles of subsistence needed by the population, either come from the 
 South of Brazil, burdened by cost of a long transport, or from 
 abroad overloaded with high Brazilian Customs duties. 
 
 The heavy transport tariffs are due to the numerous difficulties 
 of all sorts that thwart navigation in the affluents and sub-afflu- 
 ents of the Amazon river and to the greediness of ship-owners, 
 encouraged by the absence of competition. On the other hand, 
 the existence of a complete river system has made the Brazilian 
 Governments disregard the necessity of establishing railways 
 which, by shortening distances, might bind the different affluents 
 of the great river to each other. 
 
 Finally, the excessive taxation imposed by the States of Ama- 
 zonas and Para on its almost only product of exportation is a 
 consequence of the special conditions of life in that Brazilian re- 
 gion, which conditions we have just described. The Governmen- 
 tal and administrative system requires large sums for its main- 
 tenance, is unable to avail itself of any other sources of income 
 because they hardly exist. The legislator has had to go on tax- 
 ing the great product more and more. 
 
 In order to cheapen the product, besides removing the causes 
 which have just been shown, two other far-reaching measures 
 have been suggested; the adoption of a process for coagulation 
 of the latex which might decrease the production of inferior rub- 
 bers, and planting on a big scale. 
 
 At the present moment the exportation of rubber from the 
 Amazon is composed of 50 per cent of rubber "fina," 10 per cent 
 of "entre-fine," 25 per cent of "sernamby," and 15 per cent of 
 "caucho." Now, any process that can do away with or might 
 at least diminish the percentage of entrefina and sernamby would 
 be a means of cheapening the rubber of finer quality (fina). To 
 apply the same activity to produce 70 or 75 Kilos of "fina" in- 
 stead of 50 fina, 10 entrefina and 15 sernamby, is the same in 
 
 45 
 
reality as obtaining the first quality at a very much lower price. 
 Such is the desideratum of the process of Dr. Carlos de Cer- 
 queira Pinto, a Brazilian doctor who has lived for a great num- 
 ber of years among the rubber districts where he has made 
 a most accurate study of the subject. The results hitherto at- 
 tained are very satisfactory, the Government of Brazil having 
 aided the inventor with a view to spreading his invention once 
 its advantages have been definitely proven. 
 
 At the same time, the process of extracting the rubber from 
 trees disseminated in the interior of the forests at a considerable 
 distance one tree from the other, is against all principles of econ- 
 omy. The planting on a large scale, on the margin of the 
 Amazon river, or of its big affluents, but in places of easy 
 access, is an essential measure, especially seeing that the 
 Government aims at maintaining for Brazil in future, the promi- 
 nent position it now occupies in the trade. Therefore, whilst 
 considering all the complex elements of the question thoroughly, 
 a study had to be made of all the solutions presented. We shall 
 now see what procedure was followed: 
 
 In August, 1909, a Congress of seringueiros (rubber gath- 
 erers), assembled in Acre with a view to studying and discuss- 
 ing the situation of the rubber trade. In a message addressed 
 to the President of the Republic at the closing of the proceedings, 
 the members of the Congress suggested, as chief measures, easy 
 communications, roads, railway lines, subventioned lines of 
 steamers, colonization promoted by the Government and a re- 
 duction in the export duty. 
 
 Later on, in the same year, the Para Government enacted 
 Laws Nos. 1,100 and 1,109 of the 5th and 6th of November, both 
 of which have great bearing on the solution of this most im- 
 portant problem. 
 
 The first of said laws gives authority, in article 1st, to the 
 State Government, to enter into agreements with one or more 
 native or foreign companies, in regard to the plantation and ex- 
 ploitation of the seringueira (hevea brasiliensis) against the 
 concession of the following favors : 
 
 a. The concession of vacant lands up to twenty thousand 
 hectares with proper demarkations for the Company's plantings. 
 
 b. Reduction in the export duty of planted rubber to the ex- 
 tent of 50 per cent in the first 10 years as from the date of the 
 first exportation ; of 40 per cent in the second decade ; of 30 per 
 cent thenceforward until completion of twenty years. 
 
 c. Reduction of 30 per cent in the tariffs of the Braganga 
 railway and in the freights of the line of steamers subventioned 
 by the State, during a term of twenty years, for planted rubber 
 produced by the Company. 
 
 46 
 
d. Transport free of charge by the Braganca railway and 
 steamers under the States' subsidy of all machinery and plant 
 belonging to the Company and intended for the installation of 
 its establishments; and of whatever colonists the Company may 
 place in its premises as well as of seeds, manure plants and 
 cattle. 
 
 e. An advance, by way of guaranteed interest, of 5 per cent 
 per annum on the capital issued by the company holding the 
 concession to the extent of one-half of the paid up capital. 
 
 Special paragraph. — This guarantee, whatsoever be the Com- 
 pany's capital, shall not be paid on a sum exceeding £400,000 
 Sterling over and above £800,000 Sterling, or its equivalent in 
 paper money. 
 
 The advances, by way of guaranteed interest, thus conceded, 
 will be discontinued once the Company's profits attain 6 per 
 cent, and on exceeding 7 per cent the Company will start amor- 
 tizing the sums loaned by the State to the extent of 5 per cent, 
 on the total sum advanced. 
 
 The concession of lands available will be made by way of 
 emphyteusis for 99 years. 
 
 The Statutes will have to be approved by the Government, 
 who will name one of the Company's Directors and retain cer- 
 tain rights with a view to the due enforcement of the contract. 
 
 Article Second of the Law describes the Company's obliga- 
 tions, which are as follows: 
 
 First. To plant at least twenty thousand rubber trees per 
 year. 
 
 Second. To carry out instructions from the Agriculture De- 
 partment of the State in the planting. 
 
 Third. To maintain a rural elementary school, with accom- 
 modation for the shelter of at least twenty destitute children, 
 and a field of practical tuition of mechanical agriculture, experi- 
 mental cultivation of tropical plants, experiments in manure, etc. 
 
 Fourth. Accessory planting of rice, maize, haricot beans, 
 etc., improving the quality of same by mechanical means. 
 
 Fifth. Furnish accurate yearly statistics of the number of 
 plantations made, their state and the general production of rub- 
 ber and other articles. 
 
 Sixth. Use on the bags, boxes and other receptacles con- 
 taining the goods produced, a trade-mark duly registered at the 
 Board of Trade as prescribed by law. 
 
 Seventh. Allow the Government to control all the work 
 carried out by the Company in such manner as the Government 
 may think fit. 
 
 Complimentary to the former, the Law of November 6th 
 concedes prizes and other favors to the agriculturists of the 
 
 47 
 
State, who, by themselves or associations formed by them, should 
 fulfil the conditions set forth in same. 
 
 The prizes are of five hundred mil reis for each plot of five 
 hundred rubber trees properly planted ; the favors consist of 
 the distribution free of charge of chemical manure, seeds, plants, 
 instructions and agricultural monographs, gratuitous tuition to 
 all the laborer-planters, transport free by the Braganga Railway 
 and steamers subsidized by the State, reduction of export duties, 
 etc. 
 
 Lastly, Law No. 1,115, of the 8th November, 1909, affords 
 protection to the rubber trees that are actually yielding, with a 
 view to improving their production. 
 
 Article First authorizes the Government of the State to fur- 
 ther the defence of the rubber industry as regards the latex and 
 preparation of rubber, in order to prevent the destruction of the 
 trees existing in the State, punishment being dealt to whomso- 
 ever manufactures the product by subversive means. 
 
 Article second provides a prize of 50 contos of reis paper 
 money at most, to be awarded at the Government's discretion, 
 to the discoverer or inventor of some process of manufacturing 
 or preparing rubber, which may afford undeniable advantages as 
 regards its manufacture and reduces the inferior classes to a 
 single standard of rubber "fina," ensuring a high price for the 
 article. 
 
 The State of Amazonas also, as per Law No. 675 of May 20, 
 1911, authorizes the Executive Power to concede any advisable 
 favors to individuals or undertakings that may bind themselves 
 to put up in Manaos factories for refinement of rubber by means 
 of new and improved methods, so as to obtain a standard class 
 of rubber for exportation. 
 
 The Commercial, Industrial and Agricultural Congress held 
 at Manaos in February, 1910, resolved in its final conclusions 
 to recommend to the Brazilian Government and the immediate 
 neighboring Republics, the reforming of their freights, especially 
 as regards the food supplies ; grant favors to navigation ; free 
 rivers from obstructions ; construct railways ; create colonial 
 centres; admit of the pressing and absolute necessity to plant 
 rubber trees in the Amazon valley and open new fields of planta- 
 tion; suggests the establishment of permanent exhibitions of a 
 highly educational character; advises the rubber extractors not 
 to give up the process of curing by smoke and condemns entirely 
 the use of acids or alum in the coagulation, and calls attention to 
 the question of the commercial classes of rubber which should 
 be properly defined. Going into details it requests numerous 
 favors for the agriculturists that may go in for planting hevea 
 rubber trees, cacao and cereals, cotton and other products, and 
 
 48 
 
that prizes be granted to cattle breeders, experimental fields be 
 opened, as also laboratories of analysis and a service be estab- 
 lished for dealing with the yellow fever and paludinous fevers, etc. 
 
 Such an important matter could not be solved by half- 
 measures ; it was necessary and even indispensable to adopt a 
 plan embracing all the solutions suggested and proclaimed as 
 being elements of success, thus obtaining a united plan entailing 
 some complexity in its execution, it is true, yet clear and simple 
 in its combined purposes. 
 
 And this desideratum was achieved by the Feredal Law No. 
 2,543 A of the fifth of January, 1912. 
 
 MEASURES ADOPTED ,BY THE FEDERAL GOV- 
 
 ERNMENT— RIO DE JANEIRO CONGRESS OF 
 
 RUBBER— REGULATIONS OF THE NEW 
 
 RUBBER DEFENSE ACT 
 
 For a long time back the attention of the Brizilian Govern- 
 ment has been drawn to the necessity of adopting a plan of de- 
 fence for India rubber, which might solve in a practical and 
 decisive manner the so-long-debated "problem of the North." 
 
 In August, 1911, the Minister of Agriculture, after a close 
 study, made with the aid of specialists and persons having 
 full knowledge of that region of the country, drew up a project 
 in the above sense and, recognizing the necessity of still hearing 
 those who are most directly interested in the matter, convened a 
 meeting of representatives of the State Governments, Com- 
 mercial Associations and other Institutions which might lead to 
 a perfect understanding of what was most advisable to do. 
 
 The first meeting was held on August 14, and the Govern- 
 ment's plan was hailed with great applause, the same being 
 approved, with slight alterations, in the last session which took 
 place on the twenty-second of the same month. 
 
 By Message of September 14, 1911, Marshal Hermes da 
 Fonseca, President of the Republic, sent to the National Con- 
 gress for approval, the plan duly elaborated ; after being care- 
 fully studied by Congress it was approved and converted into 
 Law, under No. 2,543 A and was sanctioned on January 5, 1912. 
 
 On April 17, 1912, Decree No. 9,521 was enacted with the 
 Regulation for carrying out the measures and services provided 
 for in the law of January. 
 
 The measures and services prescribed by Law No. 2,543 A 
 
 49 
 
of January, 19i2, for the economic defence of rubber, regulated 
 by Decree No. 9,521 of April 17, 1912, are as follows : 
 
 I. To encourage the rubber extractor and the culivator of 
 the principal rubber-producing trees. 
 
 II. To form industries for the refinement and manufacture 
 of rubber articles. 
 
 III. To aid immigrants, both from the country and those 
 who have recently arrived from abroad, and the workmen 
 already established in the Amazon valley. 
 
 IV. To render transport easy and decrease the cost in the 
 Amazon valley. 
 
 V. To install productive centres of food supplies in the 
 Amazon valley. 
 
 VI. To hold three-yearly exhibitions in Rio de Janeiro, com- 
 prehending all that relates to the rubber industry of the country. 
 
 The measures contained in the law in regard to making agree- 
 ments with the States which produce rubber "seringa," with a 
 view to decreasing the export duties and protecting the rubber 
 trade, will be dealt with separately, and with regard to the defi- 
 nition and legalization of freeholds in the Federal Territory in 
 Acre and the revision and consolidation of regulations concern- 
 ing the coasting service of steamers (included in No. IV) special 
 By-Laws will be drawn up which shall be published in due 
 course. 
 
 The measures in reference to the first group and whose object 
 is to encourage the extracting industry and plantation of the 
 principal rubber producing trees are: First, reduction of the 
 cost of tools and materials employed in the rubber trade ; second, 
 granting of prizes in money to the planters of the principal rub- 
 ber trees ; third, installation of experimental stations for the culti- 
 vation of rubber. 
 
 For the reduction in the cost of utensils and materials, free 
 entrance is granted with exemption from any import duties, as 
 well as to everything intended for the cultivation of the 
 seringueira, caucho, manigoba and mangabeira and the gather- 
 ing-in and improving of rubber extracted from those trees; 
 whether as regards the extracting industry or the plantation 
 work. 
 
 These pecuniary premiums for encouraging the industry, will 
 be conceded to all those who plant entirely anew, or who devote 
 themselves to replanting; in the first case and for every group 
 of 12 hectares, the premiums will be Rs.2 :500$000 when the 
 planting is of "seringueira" ; Rs. 1 :500$000 when it treats of 
 "caucho" or "manigoba"; and 900$000 when it is mangabeira; in 
 
 50 
 
the second case and for every group of 25 hectares the premiums 
 will be 2:000$000, 1 :000$000 and 720$000 respectively. The 
 minimum number of trees for the new plantations will be 250 
 per hectare for the seringueira and caucho, and 400 for the mani- 
 goba and mangabeira ; in the case of re-planting, the distance to 
 keep between the trees should be from 6 metres to 6m50 for 
 the first mentioned case and 5 metres for the second. In order 
 to obtain the payment of the premium, it is requisite that the 
 trees be well cared for, and that not more than 15 per cent, are 
 damaged or useless. 
 
 The subsidiary cultivation of alimentitious plants or of those 
 useful for industrial purposes, will secure an annual gratuity 
 corresponding to 5 per cent, of the value of the principal 
 premium. 
 
 For the cultivation of the seringueira, experimental stations 
 will be localized in the Territory of the Acre, and in the States 
 of Matto Grosso, Amazonas, Para, Maranhao, Piauhy and Bahia 
 and for the growing of the manigoba conjointly with that of the 
 mangabeira in the States of Piauhy, Ceara Pernambuco, Bahia, 
 Minas Geraes, S. Paulo, Goyaz, Parana and Matto Grosso. 
 
 Each station will have an area of from 80 to 100 hectares, the 
 land selected having to be suited to the climatic and agro- 
 logical conditions exacted by the nature or quality of the plant to 
 be cultivated. 
 
 Besides the grounds for experimental cultivation, each 
 station will possess laboratories of vegetable physiology for the 
 testing of seeds and phytopathology, of agricultural entomology ; 
 of agricultural vegetable chemistry and bromotology and of 
 micropiology and technology ; an agricultural and woodlands 
 museum ; a gallery of machines and a meteorological post. 
 Thus it will be properly equipped in order to serve those 
 who may consult it upon any matter whatsoever, within 
 the scope of its competency, carry out the analysis of manures 
 and other chemical fertilizers, plants and waters, distribute 
 plants and selected seeds, s tudy the diseases common to 
 growing plants and the means of combatting them, making com- 
 monly known by means of the publication of an official bulletin 
 which will be distributed gratuitously to all interested parties, 
 the results obtained relative to the most practical and economical 
 means of carrying out the cultivation of rubber, the best means 
 of bettering its condition, its preservation, the packing of the 
 products, etc. 
 
 In order to stimulate the creation in Brazil of the industries 
 for refining and manufacturing all kinds of articles made of 
 rubber, monetary premiums will be instituted as well as exemp- 
 
 51 
 
tion from taxes, the right of disappropriation for private in- 
 dividuals, that may be necessary for the installation and mount- 
 ing of factories and the preference of the Government will be 
 granted for such articles, which each factory produces, when 
 supplies are made to the army and to the navy, as well as to 
 other public departments. 
 
 The premiums will be as high as 400 :000$000 for the first 
 tactory tor the refining ot seringa rubber that may be established 
 in each of the cities of Belem and Manaos ; up to 100 :000$000 for 
 the first rubber-refining factory of "manigoba" and of manga- 
 beira, which may be installed in each one of the States of Piauhy, 
 Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Geraes 
 and Sao Paulo ; and finally of 500 :000$000 for the first factory of 
 rubber-made articles, which is inaugurated in Manaos, Belem, 
 Recife, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 The exemption from import duties embraces the rights of 
 importation for the materials, machinery, utensils and the neces- 
 sary tools for the construction and mounting of the factory and 
 the chemical substances, textile articles and divers materials, 
 combustibles and lubricants indispensable for the up-keep and 
 working of the factory during the time-term of 25 years; and 
 immunity from the State and Municipal taxes for the time term 
 of the contract by reason of the factory being considered a 
 Federal Service. 
 
 The premium in cash shall only be considered when the 
 capital of the factory is equivalent to 4 times its value. The 
 payment of such premium will be effected immediately after the 
 inauguration of the factory. 
 
 The problem of assisting immigrants both national and 
 foreign, who may have just arrived and the laborers established 
 in the valley of the Amazon, is met by the installation of emi- 
 grant-hotels in Belem, in Manaos and in the Territory of the 
 Acre, by the construction of hospitals in the Interior and by the 
 creation of agricultural colonies adjacent to such hospitals. 
 
 The hotels for the reception of immigrants shall follow the 
 rule and be guided in their installation by that of the Ilha das 
 Flores in Rio de Janeiro, that latter being considered a Model 
 Institution, at the same time the modifications exacted by the 
 conditions of each particular case, that of Belem having sufficient 
 capacity to accommodate 1.500 immigrants; that of Manaos 
 1,200 and that of Acre 800. Close to each of these immigrant- 
 quarters, a store-house will be erected which shall contain all 
 kinds of special tools and utensils employed in the India rubber 
 industry, the which will be sold to the immigrants, who desire 
 to buy them at strictly cost price. 
 
 The families of both national and foreign immigrants who do 
 
 52 
 
not expressly declare that they prefer another destination will 
 be sent to the National Fazendas (ranches) of the Rio Branco, 
 where they will be located and distributed among the different 
 colonial centres in the different colonies. 
 
 The hospitals in the Interior are created with a view of pro- 
 viding the inhabitants of the Amazon valley with a centre to 
 which they may have recourse and where they may be treated, 
 acquire medicine and protect themselves against contagious dis- 
 eases. The points selected for these are Boa Vista of the Rio 
 Branco, S. Gabriel on the Rio Negro, Teffe or Fonte Boa on the 
 river Solimoes, Sao Felippe on the river Jurua, Bocca do Acre on 
 the Rio Purus, at the confluence of the river Arinos with the 
 Juruena, in the Alto Tapajoz, Conceigao of the river Araguaya, 
 and Montenegro on the Amapa. 
 
 Each hospital will have accommodation for 100 sick people 
 and will be divided into 5 pavillions, one of these latter being 
 constructed with all the requisites necessary for the isolation of 
 infectious diseases; there will also be a disinfecting house, a 
 laboratory for chemical and microbiologic diagnosis, rooms for 
 surgical operations and for autopsies, consulting rooms and 
 pharmacy. 
 
 There will also be a service of propaganda of the habits and 
 hygienic measures necessary for the laborers who work and live 
 in the Amazonian valley. 
 
 Adjoining each hospital, agricultural centres will be founded 
 wherein to localize 100 families at the least, these agricultural 
 centres will have for their object the production of the 
 alimenticiary products necessary for the supply of the said 
 hospitals, the cultivation and extensive breeding of the plants 
 and animals consumed as food by the neighboring population 
 located all around, and the constitution of fixed centres of popu- 
 lation which shall help towards the increased peopling of the 
 region. The Government will assist the emigrants in the 
 acquiring of lands and shall furnish them with food stuffs at a 
 low price and their maintenance during the initial period. 
 
 Amongst the improvements and means tending to facilitate 
 transport and diminish its cost in the valley of the Amazon, the 
 construction of systems of railways and the betterment of the 
 navigability of the rivers most peopled, is of great importance. 
 
 The network of iron roads will be of two different categories : 
 systems of great lines forming an integral part of the general 
 Federal system of railroads and a network of economic narrow- 
 gauged railways having the character simply of penetration lines. 
 
 Belonging to the first of these categories the following net- 
 
 53 
 
works will be commenced at once, and constructed within the 
 shortest space of time possible : 1° starting from Belem de Para 
 and joining onto the general railway system in Pirapora, Minas 
 Geraes and in Coroata, in Maranhao, with the necessary branches 
 to connect the initial or terminal point of navigation on the 
 rivers Araguaya, Tocantins, Parnahyba and S. Francisco; 2° 
 starting point from the Madeira e Marmore Railway in the 
 proximity of the mouth of the Abuna, passing by the town of 
 Rio Branco and by the most appropriate point between Senna 
 Madueira and Catay and terminating in the town of Thauma- 
 turgo, with branch line right up to the frontier of Peru, along the 
 valley of the river Purus. 
 
 The construction and renting out of these railways will be 
 done in competition by Public Tender. 
 
 The concession for the railways of the second category shall 
 only be made to those who undertake to colonize and ex- 
 ploit in proportion as that may be justified, the respective 
 marginal lands, i. e., the land lying along each side of such said 
 lines. The Government will concede a subsidy of 25 :000$000 
 per kilometre constructed ; the technical conditions are : a line of 
 the Decauville portatil, the weight of the rails being 50 kilos per 
 metre, with a gauge of 0.60 between the rails and the minimum 
 radius of the curve 40 meters inclination 0.10 and weight of the 
 locomotives in full working order, 18 to 20 tons. 
 
 By way of experiment the Governments will bring about at 
 once, the construction of 2 economic railway systems, 1° starting 
 from Antiga Sauzel on the left bank of the river Xingu and going 
 up the valley as far as the river Careahy, with a branch leading 
 to the river Tapajoz, whose valley it will follow until the river 
 S. Manoel and with other sub-branches ; 2° starting from the con- 
 fluent of the Rio Negro with the Rio Branco and following the 
 valleys of Seruiny and the Caratimani passing over the water- 
 shed and going on until it terminates in the Alto Uraricoera, 
 with 2 branches, the one for the Alto Paduary and the other for 
 the town of Boa Vista. 
 
 The necessary improvements to be made towards effecting 
 the navigability of the rivers at all seasons of the year, by 
 steamers drawing up to 3 feet of water, of the Rio Negro, be- 
 tween S. Isabel and Cucuhy, on the Rio Branco from its mouth 
 as far as S. Joaquim ; of the river Purus between Hiutanaha and 
 Senna Madureira, and of the river Acre from its mouth as far 
 as Riosinho de Pedras, will be contracted for by public-tender 
 or by some public company which can prove itself sufficiently 
 capable for the carrying out of the same. The maximum time- 
 term for the termination of the improvements will be 7 years. 
 
 As supplementary measures, the exemption from taxes is 
 
 54 
 
conceded to the floating material of whatever kind destined to 
 fluvial navigation in the valley of the Amazon and floating 
 depots for the supply of coal and oil-fuel will be established 
 at different points of the river Amazon, its affluents and sub- 
 affluents. 
 
 The establishment of these depots and the business of sup- 
 plying the combustibles will be done by signed contract, with 
 the Minister of Agriculture, after the competition by public- 
 tender, the concessioner enjoys besides other favors, exemption 
 from import-duties for the floating material and for the com- 
 bustible material imported as also full exemption from all State 
 and Municipal taxes by reason of the object of his contract being 
 considered a federal public service. 
 
 The creation of centres for producing food-stuffs in the valley 
 of the Amazon being held as an element of the greatest urgency 
 towards the successful issue of the plan elaborated, is assured 
 by the following series of administrative measures : 1°, the rent- 
 ing out of the 2 national ranches on the Rio Branco, that of S. 
 Bento and that of S. Marcus, to a public Company or under-tak- 
 ing which agrees to open up, and practice cattle-breeding 
 of different kinds on a large scale and the cultivation of cereals 
 commonly used as aliments, the establishment of a curing estab- 
 lishment for preparing dry meat, known as xharque and a factory 
 of alimenticiary conserved goods, a dairy establishment, a rice- 
 mill and 2 mandioca grinding-mills. The company in question 
 will take charge of and localize the emigrants who desire to 
 be placed upon the lands belonging to the said ranches in accord- 
 ance with the Federal laws regulating such matters. 
 
 The favors of exemption from duties for the imported material 
 necessary to the mounting of the fazenda or ranch and the in- 
 stallation of the mills and factories will be conceded, as also 
 for the stud-cattle and seeds imported and for the chemical 
 manures and all materials necessary for the factories and for 
 the cultivation during the whole of the time of the contract. 
 They shall also enjoy the right to disappropriate for public 
 utility and shall have preference for the contract to carry out 
 the necessary works and improvements in the navigation of the 
 Rio Branco. 
 
 The colonization of the lands of the "fazenda" of Sao Marcus 
 situated between the rivers Mahu, Takutu, Surumu and Cotingo 
 on the frontier of British Guyana, will be made directly by the 
 Ministry of Agriculture. 2° Premiums and favors will be con- 
 
 55 
 
ceded to whomsoever may found great ranches for cattle 
 breeding and for great agricultural purposes in territory of the 
 Acre (between Rio Branco and Xapury), in the State of Ama- 
 zonas (in the region of the Autaz), in the State of Para (in 
 the Island of Marajo), or in other more convenient point of the 
 lower Amazon. 
 
 These premiums are of 30 :000$000 per group of 1,000 hectares 
 of artificial pastures, planted and fenced round, of 100 :000$000 
 per group of 1,000 hectares of lands effectively cultivated with 
 rice, black haricot beans, Indian-corn and mandioca, and 100 :- 
 000$000 per group of 500 tons of manufactured goods, of dairy 
 produce and of preserved meat and xarque, which may have been 
 produced within a time-space of 5 years. 
 
 The favors are those of exemption from import duties for 
 everything whatsoever that may be necessary to the proper in- 
 stallation and maintenance of the fazenda or ranch during 
 5 years. 3° Concession of favors to a fishing company or under- 
 taking, that shall be established either in Belem or in Manaos, 
 for exercising that industry and all subsidiary industries con- 
 nected therewith on a large scale on the rivers of Amazonia, 
 The favors consist of the entry free from import duties for all 
 the material belonging to the company as also for all the fittings 
 of steamers and other floating material and factories that may 
 be necessary during the first 15 years, encouragement premiums 
 of 10 :000$000 during 5 consecutive years in the event of the pro- 
 duction of fish either preserved or salted being maintained at 
 a figure above 100 tons ; the right of disappropriation for public 
 utility of the lands or buildings that may be necessary for the 
 undertaking, the exemption from state and municipal taxes. 
 
 Recognizing the utility of periodical expositions which are 
 held as centres of special studies, producing practical results by 
 the sum of knowledge which may be derived from them, 3 yearly 
 expositions shall be held in Rio de Janeiro, which shall embrace 
 all and everything which has relation to the rubber-industry. 
 
 56 
 
OP THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 °* 
 
 THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE WORK^THE 
 EXPOSITION OF RUBBER IN RIO DE 
 JANEIRO IN THE MONTH OF 
 MAY, 1913 
 
 The Superintendence Department of the Rubber-Defence, a 
 provisional Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry 
 and Commerce on which is incumbent the direction and fiscaliz- 
 ing of all the services comprised under the Law No. 2543 of the 
 fifth of January of 1912, has already initiated its works, under- 
 taking the execution of the following measures. 
 
 1. Resolution to hold a National Rubber Exhibition in Rio 
 de Janeiro, opening on the thirteenth of May of 1913. 
 
 2. Installation of experimental stations, 7 centres for the 
 cultivation of the seringueira (Acre, Amazonas, Para, Maranhao, 
 Piauhy, Bahia and Matto Grosso), and 6 for the cultivation of 
 manicoba and mangabeira (Piauhy, Ceara, Pernambuco, Bahia, 
 Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo). 
 
 3. Studies in the valley of the Amazon, in the basins of the 
 rivers Negro, Solimoes, Jurua, Purus, Tapajoz and Araguaya, 
 and in the territory of Amapa for the establishment of interior 
 hospitals surrounded by small agricultural colonies. 
 
 4. Preliminary services for the construction of 4 of those 
 hospitals situated respectively in Teffe or Fonte Boa on the river 
 Solimoes in S. Felippe on the river Jurua, in Bocca do Acre and 
 in Montenegro of the Amapa. 
 
 5. Drawing up of the plan and inventory of the cattle and 
 buildings in the part to rent out of the National fazendas of the 
 Rio Branco; idem of the part to be colonized by the Govern- 
 ment and projects of the colonial centres model farm for 
 cattle-breeding, horse and mule-raising, radiographic stations, 
 etc. 
 
 6. Laying of a Decauville line of railway along the rapids 
 of the Rio Branco, in order to secure prompt communication 
 with the national ranches, which are to be let out. 
 
 7. Construction by contract or by administration of 3 
 dwelling quarters for immigrants in the Acre, in Manaos and 
 in Belem. 
 
 The rubber exposition which is to take place in Rio de 
 Janeiro, 1 every 3 years, will have for its object to show the 
 triennial balance of rubber in its various modalities, comparing 
 it with the situation of the same industry in other countries. 
 
 The first exhibition will be inaugurated on the thirteenth of 
 May of the coming year and will be divided into four sections; 
 
 57 
 
l°The cultivation ; 2°extraction ; 3° improvement ; 4° manufacture 
 of articles. 
 
 The sections will be divided into groups and classes com- 
 prising the native or cultivated plants, machinery, utensils, 
 processes, commercial types, studies and statistics. 
 
 Encouragement premiums will be conferred for the best pro- 
 cesses of cultivation, extraction and preparing and for the 
 objects best manufactured, whether of raw material constituting 
 trade types for exportation or as manufactured articles. 
 
 The sale of machinery, utensils and rubber articles and prod- 
 ucts of all kinds will be provided for against payment of a small 
 percentage, fixed by the organizing commission. 
 
 Foreign products may be admitted to the exhibition, but 
 without having the right to a premium. They will enjoy full 
 custom-house freedom from import-duty, but should they be 
 sold they shall pay the respective import-duty on the occasion 
 of their being handed over to the buyers. The re-exportation of 
 the products not sold will run for account of the exhibitor. 
 
 Lectures upon the rubber-industry will be given during the 
 Exhibition-Congress. 
 
 The Commission which will carry out the Exposition of the 
 thirteenth of May, is constituted by their Excellencies Senhores 
 Drs. Pedro de Toledo, Minister of Agriculture, Industry and 
 Commerce, Raymondo Pereira da Silva, Superintendent of the 
 Rubber-Defence Department, Miguel Calmon du Pin e Almeida, 
 Representative of the National Agricultural Society, Jorge 
 Street, President of the Centro Industrial of Brazil, Julho 
 Furtado, Inspector of Forests, Gardens, Tree-planting, Hunt- 
 ing and Fishing of the Federal District. Representative of the 
 Municipal Prefecture and Candido Mendes de Almeida, Director 
 of the Commercial Museum of Rio de Janeiro, Secretary General. 
 
 The site chosen for the exposition is in the Quinta de Boa 
 Vista, perhaps the most beautiful park of Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 The preparatory works, such as the ground-leveling, laying- 
 out of gardens, adoption of pavillions already existing, etc., 
 is now already in full course of being carried out. 
 
 The opportuneness of this event, the interest evinced in it 
 by the South and North and the United forces of the Institu- 
 tions that form the organizing commission, will secure a very 
 considerable number of exhibitors. 
 
 The month of May, one of the pleasantest months as regards 
 temperature in Rio de Janeiro, is the season chosen by those 
 who desire to visit the beautiful capital and thus the gathering 
 of visitors to the exhibition will certainly be notable. 
 
 Thus appears certain the most brilliant success for the Rub- 
 ber Exhibition of Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 58 
 
RUBBER EXPORTERS 
 
 ESTADO DO AMAZONAS— MANAOS 
 
 A. Santos Cardoso 
 Ahlers & Co. 
 Armazens Andresen 
 Albert H. Alden, Limited 
 Barbosa Tocantins 
 De Lagotellerie & Co. 
 E. Kingdon & Co. 
 Gruner & Co. 
 Gordon & Co. 
 
 J. G. Araujo 
 J. H. Barros 
 Leite & Co. 
 Mesquita & Co. 
 R. Suarez & Co. 
 Semper & Co. 
 Scholtz Hartze & Co. 
 Theodor Levy & Co. 
 
 ESTADO DO PARA 
 
 A. Meirelles & Co. 
 
 A. de la Reviere & Co. 
 
 Alves Braga & Co. 
 
 Adelbert H. Alden, Ltd. 
 
 A. A. Antunes & Co. 
 
 Barboza & Tocantins 
 
 Braga Sobrinho & Co. 
 
 Coutinho & Co. 
 
 Candido Jose Rodrigues 
 
 De Lagotellerie & Co. 
 
 E. Pinto Alves & Co. 
 
 Gumer & Co. 
 
 Gordon & Co. 
 
 Guilherme Augusto de Mendonca 
 
 I. Serfaty & Co. 
 
 Jeronymo C. Botelho 
 
 Jose Furtado de Mendonca 
 
 J. Marques Braga 
 
 Leite & Co. 
 
 Mello & Co. 
 
 Pereira Bessa & Co. 
 
 Pires Teixeira & Co. 
 
 Pinho & Costa 
 
 Pereira Lemos & Co. 
 
 Raymundo Vieira Lima 
 
 Rocha Silva & Co. 
 
 R. Ahlers & Co. 
 
 R. Suarez & Co. 
 
 Santos Amaral & Co. 
 
 Cunock Schrader & Co. 
 
 D. Costa & Co. 
 
 H. A. Astlett & Co. 
 
 J. Marques 
 
 Neale & Staats 
 
 Sluglehurst Brocklehurst & Co. 
 
 Boulevard da Republica 34 
 Boulevard da Republica 3S 
 Rua da Industria 27 e 29 
 Rua 13 de Maio 21 e 23 
 Caixa do Correio 353 
 
 Rua Senador Manoel Barata 
 Boulevard da Republica 24 
 
 Rua da Industria 43 
 
 Travessa Campos Salles 
 
 Boulevard da Republica "37 
 Rua 15 de Novembro 30 
 Travessa Marquez de Pombal 8 
 
 Rua 13 de Maio 46 
 
 Rua da Industria 59 
 
 Boulevard da Republica 36 
 Boulevard da Republica 25 
 Praca Visconde Rio Branco 20 
 Boulevard da Republica 7 
 Praca Visconde do Rio Branco 
 Rua da Industria 5 
 
 59 
 
ESTADO DA BAHIA— S. SALVADOR 
 
 Ulmann & Co. 
 
 F. Benn & Co. 
 
 F. Steverson & Co. 
 
 Hesse & Co. 
 
 Hirsch, Hes & Co. 
 
 L. Costa & Co. 
 
 Ottens & Co. 
 
 Rosbach Brazil Company 
 
 S. S. Schindler 
 
 Rua das Princezas 12 
 
 Caes do Ouro 27 
 Caixa do Correio 133 
 
 Rua Corpo Santo 
 
 ESTADO DO MARANHAO— S. LUIZ 
 
 Jorge & Santos 
 Joaquim Julio Correia & Co. 
 Francisco Freitas & Co. 
 Oliveira Neves & Co. 
 Currha Santos & Co. 
 
 Rua da Estrella 25 
 
 Rua Portugal 28 
 
 ESTADO DE MATTO GROSSO— CUYABA 
 
 Almeida & Co. 
 Alexandre Ador & Co. 
 Figueiredo & Oliveira 
 Lucas Borges & Co. 
 Orlando Irmaos & Co. 
 Ponce Azevedo & Co. 
 
 CORUMBA. 
 
 Yosetti & Co. 
 Pereira Sobrinho & Co. 
 Wanderley Bais & Co. 
 Pasques Fillio & Co. 
 
 S. LUIZ DE CACERES 
 
 Benedicto R. Villas Boas 
 
 Joao Campos Vidal 
 
 Jose Dulce & Co. 
 
 Manoel Pedroso da Silva Bouden 
 
 GO 
 
MINISTERIUM OF AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY 
 AND COMMERCE 
 
 BRAZIL 
 
 FEDERAL LAW AND REGULATIONS 
 
 COVERING THE PROTECTION AND 
 DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUBBER 
 INDUSTRY IN BRAZIL 
 
 Decree No. 2.542A of January 5, 1912 and 
 Decree No. 9,521 of April 17, 1912 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE BRAZILIAN COMMISSIONER 
 
 THIRD INTERNATIONAL RUBBER AND ALLIED TRADES EXHIBITION 
 
 NEW YORK. 1912 
 
 61 
 
HEVEA BRASILIENSIS. 
 62 
 

 ACT OF CONGRESS 
 
 Decree No. 2542A of January 5, 1912 
 
 Establishing measures destined to facilitate and develop the 
 culture of rubber, Caucho, Manitoba and Mangabeira, and the 
 gathering and treatment of the rubber extracted from these trees, 
 and authorizing the executive power not only to open the credits 
 necessary to carry out these measures, but also to contract such 
 loans as may be necessary for that purpose. 
 
 The President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil : 
 Hereby makes known that the National Congress decreed 
 and I hereby sanction the following resolution: 
 
 Art. 1. — All utensils and materials destined for the culture 
 of rubber (seringueira), Caucho, Manitoba and Mangebeira 
 and for the collecting or treatment of rubber extracted from these 
 trees, whether for the purpose of extracting or experimenting, 
 shall be admitted free of all custom house duties, including fees. 
 
 Only Section. — This exemption will have to be requisitioned 
 of the inspectors at custom houses, who will grant it without 
 delay after verifying the right of those seeking this favor. 
 
 Art. 2. — Premiums will be granted to those who start regular 
 and entirely new plantations of Seringueira, Caucho, Manitoba or 
 Mangabeira, or replant old forests of Seringueira, Caucho, Mani- 
 toba or Mangabeira, as soon as the plantation has taken place, 
 and will be paid on the following conditions: 
 
 (a) For groups of 12 hectares (about 30 acres) of new culture, 
 2,500 milreis if seringueira; 1,500 milreis if caucho or manicoba; 
 900 milreis if mangabeira. 
 
 (b) For groups of 25 hectares, the replanting of native serin- 
 gueira, caucho, manigoba or mangabeira, 2,000 milreis ; for the 
 first, 1,000 milreis; for the second and third, and 720 milreis for 
 the fourth kind. 
 
 Section 1. These premiums will be payable one year before 
 the first gathering, when it is shown that the ground is entirely 
 cultivated and the trees well cared for. 
 
 Sec. 2. An increase of 5 per cent will be given annually in 
 addition to the premium offered planters of seringa rubber (to 
 count from the beginning of the planting), who prove that they 
 have cultivated between the rows in all the ground planted, 
 plants of alimentation or of industrial use. 
 
 Art. 3. The Government will establish, at a selected con- 
 venient point* an experimental station, or field for demonstrating 
 
 63 ' 
 
the culture of seringueira in the Territory of Acre, in each of the 
 States of Matto Grosso, Amazonas, Para, Maranhao, Piauhy and 
 Bahia, and for the culture of manigoba jointly with mangabeira, 
 in each of the States of Piauhy, Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, 
 or Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo, Goyaz, Parana 
 and Matto Grosso. 
 
 These stations will furnish gratuitously, selected seed to all 
 those interested, also instructions as to the most practical and 
 economic methods of culture and will supply information con- 
 cerning general results, which will be verified at the end of each 
 year. 
 
 Art. 4. — In addition to the indirect favors which are men- 
 tioned in Art. 1 and others which may seem reasonable and neces- 
 sary, the Government will grant the right of premiums of en- 
 couragement, up to the sum of 400,000 milreis to the first plant 
 established for refining the seringa rubber, that reduces the dif- 
 ferent qualities to a uniform type and superior to that exported 
 and which may be established in each of the cities of Belem 
 (Para), and Manaos; up to 100,000 milreis to the first refining 
 plant of manigoba and mangabeira rubber, that accomplishes 
 the same purpose and is established in each of the States of 
 Piauhy, Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas 
 Geraes and Sao Paulo; and up to 500,000 milreis to the first fac- 
 tory of rubber articles which shall be established in Manaos, 
 Belem (para), Recife (Pernambuco), Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, 
 
 Only Section. — In order to have the right to the benefit of 
 the above article it is necessary for the factory to have actually 
 employed a capital four times as great as the value of the 
 premium. 
 
 Art. 5. — The Government will put up three buildings to house 
 immigrants, to be of sufficient capacity and internally arranged, 
 the same as those on Flores Island. In Belem, Manaos, at an 
 appropriate place in the Territory of Acre, and also at places in 
 the Valley of the Amazon, where they are considered to be the 
 most necessary, hospitals are to be erected, surrounded by small 
 agricultural colonies where the sick can be received for treatment, 
 be vaccinated gratuitously, and where medicines of the first 
 quality are kept for sale, especially sulphate of quinine. Pamph- 
 lets containing suggestions about hygiene, prevention of the 
 diseases of that region and the practical remedies to use in the 
 absence of a physician, will be distributed freely. 
 
 The superintendence of these stations will be maintained by 
 the Federal Government, but the hospitals will be entrusted to 
 professionals of recognized ability, under a subvention or other 
 favors, which the Government considers reasonable and rules 
 will be enforced which will secure their proper regulation. 
 
 64 
 
"SERINGUEIRA" HEVEA BRASILIENSIS. 
 
 MULL, ARC (11). 
 
 65 
 
Art. 6. — For the purpose of facilitating transportation and 
 reducing - its cost in the valley of the Amazon, the Government 
 will cause to be made, as soon as possible, the following im- 
 provements : 
 
 1. The construction by the Government of narrow gauge 
 railroads along the Rivers Xingu, Tapajos and others in Para, 
 Matto Grosso, and of the Rio Negro and Rio Branco and others 
 in Amazonas, through the valleys through which they flow, in 
 accordance with the authorization of Congress, Law No. 1,126, 
 December 13, 1903, at the price fixed per kilometer, according 
 to the difficulties of the region, at the discretion of the Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 In case the State of Para and Amazonas should contract for 
 the construction of some of these railroads, the Federal Govern- 
 ment for the more rapid completion of the work will concede 
 an increase of 15 contos per kilometer. 
 
 2. The construction of a railroad, which, parting at a conveni- 
 ent point of the Madeira-Marmore Railroad, near the mouth of 
 the River Abuna, passes by the village Rio Branco, and at a 
 point between Senna Madureira and Caty, and terminates in the 
 village Thaumaturgo, with a branch to the frontier of Peru, by 
 the valley of the Purus River. 
 
 The construction of this road shall be in accordance with 
 the provisions of Law No. 1,126, of December 13, 1903. As 
 soon as the first section of the trunk line is inaugurated to the 
 village of Rio Branco, the Government will install a custom house 
 at Porto Velho on the Madeira River and announce this port 
 open to commerce with friendly nations. 
 
 3. Construction of a railroad starting at the port of Belem of 
 Para and joining the net work of railroads of Central Brazil at 
 Pirapora, in the State of Minas Geraes, and of Northern Brazil 
 at Coroata, in the State of Maranhao, with the necessary branch 
 lines to join the initial points or terminals of navigation on the 
 Rivers Araguaya, Tocantins, Parnahyba and S. Francisco. The 
 railroad shall be built according to the provisions of Law No. 
 1,126, December 13, 1903, and shall be leased by public competi- 
 tion. 
 
 4. The execution of the works necessary for the effective 
 navigation, at any season of the year, of steamers drawing three 
 feet of water ; on the Rio Negro, between Santa Isabel and 
 Cucuhy ; on the Rio Branco, from its mouth to Fort S. Joaquim ; 
 on the River Purus, from Hyutanahan to Senna Madureira; on 
 the River Acre from its mouth to Riosinho das Pedras. 
 
 The Government may contract for the execution of these 
 works by public competition, or independent of competition, with 
 one or more individuals or firms offering sufficient guaranty, 
 
 66 
 
applying the provisions established by the decree, No. 6,368, Feb- 
 ruary 14, 1907, or others, which will not impose greater burdens, 
 and which may be more economic. 
 
 Art. 7. — For the same purpose as mentioned in the previous 
 article, all vessels of any kind destined for river navigation, are 
 declared exempt from all custom house duties, including fees, 
 revision, rates. 
 
 Art. 8. — The Government will grant the same exemption in 
 addition to the indirect favors found convenient, to the contractor 
 who will bind himself at a public competition, to establish coal 
 depots at points in the valley of the Amazon previously indicated, 
 and to supply steamers and launches with fuel at prices approved 
 by the Government. 
 
 Art. 9. — The Government will promote and~aid the production 
 of food stuffs in the valley of the Amazon through the following 
 measures, or others which may be found convenient and promise 
 satisfactory results. 
 
 1. The leasing of two of the National Reservations on the Rio 
 Branco, at a public auction or private competition to a reliable 
 concern, which binds itself to develop on a large scale, the breed- 
 ing of cattle of improved types, the production of cereals, and 
 other foodstuffs, to establish packing houses, dairies, rice-shelling 
 mills, flour and mandiok mills, etc. 
 
 2. Direct colonization, through the Federal Government, on 
 lands still belonging to the Union, on the S. Marcos Reservation, 
 situated between the Rivers Mahu, Tacutu, Surumu and Cotingo, 
 with native families of farmers and stock-farmers, with a view 
 of developing and increasing the production of foodstuffs, as well 
 as horses and mules. 
 
 3. Concession to concerns which propose to establish large 
 plantations or colonies under the above mentioned conditions, 
 one in the Territory of Acre (between the Rio Branco and Xar- 
 pury), one in the State of Amazonas (in the region of the Autaz 
 River), and one in the State of Para (on the island of Marajo 
 or other point more convenient on the lower Amazon), granting 
 them the following favors : 
 
 (a) Exemption from all import duties, including fees, for all 
 material imported, necessary for establishing the plantation, in- 
 cluding buildings, corrals, pastures, fences, watering places, agri- 
 cultural implements and machines for the cultivation, harvesting 
 and treatment of cereals, the installation of factories treating 
 dairy produce and packing houses, as well as cattle and seed 
 which may be imported during the first five years after the plan- 
 tation is started. 
 
 (b) Premiums of 30,000 milreis for lots of 1,000 hectares of 
 cultivated pasture, planted and conveniently fenced, and of 100,- 
 
 67 
 
000 milreis for lots of 1,000 hectares of improved land for farm- 
 ing and actually planted with rice, beans, corn or mandioca. 
 
 (c) A premium of 100,000 milreis for lots of 500 tons of pro- 
 ducts made from milk, packed meats and dried beef, which were 
 produced within five years. 
 
 4. Exemption from all import duties, including that of fees, 
 for the vessels, instruments, machinery, drugs and ingredients 
 necessary for the installation and working, for a period of 15 
 years, of a fishing enterprise, including the salting and preserving 
 of fish, that may be established on the Amazon rivers, and the 
 concession of a premium of 10 :000$ for five consecutive years, 
 when the production of salted and preserved fish shall be above 
 100 tons annually. 
 
 Art. 10. — The Government shall proceed to the discrimination, 
 and consequent acknowledgment of the owners of the lands in 
 the Territory of Acre, for the confirmation of their respective 
 property titles. 
 
 Section 1. — In the verification the following should be con- 
 sidered as much as possible : 
 
 (a) The titles granted by the Governors of the States of the 
 Amazon, of Bolivia and the former independent State of Acre 
 before the treaty of Petropolis. 
 
 (b) The mild and pacific possessions acquired by first occu- 
 pation, or from the first occupant, which shall be found in active 
 exploration, or with its beginnings and habitual residence of the 
 possessor, or his representatives. 
 
 Sec. 2. — The maximum area of each lot shall be 10 kilometers 
 square. 
 
 Sec. 3. — The Government will review the arrangements of 
 Law, No. 601, September 18, 1850, and Decree No. 1,318, January 
 30, 1854, expediting a new regulation of lands, with the modifi- 
 cations of the present law and those which appear more conven- 
 ient to the actual situation of the Federal territories. 
 
 Art. II. — Every three years, the Government shall promote 
 the realization, in Rio de Janeiro, of an exposition embracing all 
 that pertains to the national rubber industry, and on these occa- 
 sions it will grant premiums of encouragement, totaling an 
 amount equal to that which shall be authorized by law of the 
 budget in force, for the best processes of culture and treatment, 
 and to the producers of the best manufactured articles. 
 
 Art. 12. — The Executive Power is authorized to enter into an 
 agreement with the States of Para, Amazonas and Matto Grosso, 
 for the purpose of obtaining an annual reduction of 10 per cent, 
 until the maximum limit of 50 per cent, of the actual value of the 
 export duties placed by the States upon the seringa rubber pro- 
 duced in their territories, and the exemption from any export 
 duty, for the space of 25 years, to begin from the date of this law, 
 
 68 
 
upon rubber of the same quality and derivation which may be 
 gathered from cultivated seringaes. 
 
 At the time the agreement is effected, the executive power 
 shall issue a decree making such reduction which the States may 
 make in the export duty collected on the rubber of the Federal 
 Territory of Acre and conceding an equal exemption upon culti- 
 vated rubber. 
 
 Art. 13. — In addition the Government is authorized to enter 
 into an agreement with the above mentioned States for the pur- 
 pose of establishing, in relation to the rubber of the Territory 
 of Acre, the measures of protection and defense, which they 
 have adopted in relation to the production, or other measures 
 which may be thought better, and having the power to issue the 
 decrees necessary for this purpose. 
 
 Art. 14. — For the entire execution of this law and the realiza- 
 tion of the measures decreed, the executive power, shall issue, 
 as quickly as possible, the necessary regulations ; it shall open 
 each year the credits that may be necessary, rendering an account 
 to the Legislative power the year following, of the amounts ex- 
 pended, of the work done, of the results obtained and making the 
 operations of credit which such services and measures demand. 
 
 Art. 15. — All laws contrary to this are revoked. 
 
 Rio de Janeiro, January 5, 1912, 91st year of Independence 
 and the 24th year of the Republic. 
 
 HERMES R. da FONSECA, 
 PEDRO de TOLEDO. 
 
 Order according to Federal Law, number 2,543A, Jan. 5, 1912 
 Decree number 9,521, April 17, 1912 
 
 Art. 1. The measures and services created by law number 
 2,543A, Jan. 5 of the present year, for the economic defense of 
 rubber, has in view : 
 
 1. The encouragement of the extractive and cultivating in- 
 dustry of the principal trees producing rubber. 
 
 2. The creation of the refining and manufacturing industry 
 of rubber articles. 
 
 3. Assistance to immigrants, native and foreign, recently ar- 
 rived, and to the laborers already established in the valley of 
 the Amazon. 
 
 4. To facilitate transportation and decrease its cost in the 
 valley of the Amazon. 
 
 5. To create central producers of alimentary foodstuffs in 
 the valley of the Amazon. 
 
 6. To discriminate and legalize the possessors of lands in 
 the Federal Territory of Acre. 
 
 7. To hold triennial expositions in Rio- de Janeiro, embrac- 
 
 69 
 
ing everything that relates the national rubber industry. 
 
 8. To authorize agreements with the States producing ser- 
 inga rubber, for decreasing the duties of exportation and for the 
 protection and aid of the rubber commerce. 
 
 Sole Paragraph. It shall be the object of each of these meas- 
 ures and means referred to in number 8 and of the special rules, 
 that they shall publish at opportune times, as well as those re- 
 ferred to in number 6 and that part of number 4 which speaks 
 of the revision and consolidation of the regulations of the coast- 
 wise merchant marine. 
 
 TITLE I 
 
 The means of encouragement of the extractive and cultivating 
 industry of the principal rubber producing trees 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 The reduction of the cost of implements and materials employed 
 in the development of the rubber industry 
 
 Art. 2. The implements and regular materials in the list an- 
 nexed to this regulation, are free of all import duties, including 
 the fees when employed for the cultivation of seringueira, 
 caucho, manicoba and mangabeira and the improved collection 
 of the extracted rubber, from these trees, whether it treats of 
 the development purely extractive, or of the development of cul- 
 tivation. 
 
 Sole Paragraph. Materials and machinery which shall be dis- 
 covered or invented during the time this regulation is in force, 
 which have special application to the rubber industry, shall en- 
 joy the same exemption from import duties. 
 
 Art. 3. The exemption shall be quickly granted by the cus- 
 tom house inspectors, from whom the claimants should require 
 it, uniting all, or only those necessary as the case may be, the 
 following documents : 
 
 1. The last receipt of the duty of declarations of the Munic- 
 ipality or Mayor to whose jurisdiction it pertains, by which is 
 proven that the claimant is developing on his own or rented 
 property, the extractive or cultivating rubber industry, or that 
 he is a merchant established with a house prepared for goods 
 for rubber gatherers, when it treats of regular objects of the 
 first group. 
 
 2. Attested by the Municipality or Mayor to whose juris- 
 diction he belongs, that the claimant possesses proper land and 
 that he is about to effectively undertake the culture of some of 
 the trees above mentioned and treatment of their rubber or an 
 authentic copy of the concession for this purpose, which he may 
 
 70 
 
Mr *- Clk' 
 
 CASTILLOA ELASTICA. 
 71 
 
have obtained from the Minister of Agriculture, in case he treats 
 of regular objects of the second, third or fourth group. 
 
 3. A detailed statement of the kind and quality of objects 
 or material which it is necessary to import, or has been im- 
 ported, which it is necessary to despatch. 
 
 Sole Paragraph. The importer shall become responsible, dur- 
 ing this period, to the exchequer for any errors that may have 
 bee: made. 
 
 Art. 4. The product, drug or object that may be similar to 
 thai produced in this country, will not be exempt from import 
 ddtivs, when the cost in this market in which he would have 
 to buy it was equal to that of the imported merchandise, less 
 the value of the import duty which he would have to pay in the 
 custom houses. 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 The money premiums offered to those who cultivate the principal 
 rubber producing trees 
 
 Art. 5. To every one who makes an entirely new culture of 
 Seringueira, caucho, manigoba or mangabeira, or replants ser- 
 ingaes, manigobaes, couchaes or native mangabaes, shall be 
 given, in the first case and for groups of 12 hectares, premiums 
 of 2,500 milreis, when it is Seringueira; 1,500 milreis when 
 caucho or manigoba, and 900 milreis when mangabeira — and in 
 the second case and for groups of 25 hectares, 2,000 milreis 
 when it is seringueiras, 1,000 milreis when couchaes or mani- 
 gobas and 720 milreis when mangabaes, when the following con- 
 ditions are observed: 
 
 1. Sending beforehand to the Minister of Agriculture a plan 
 of the property in which he expects to make the culture, indicat- 
 ing the area, water courses navigable for steamers, launches or 
 only canoes, and of the means of access from headquarters to 
 the port (fluvial or maritime) or the nearest station on the rail- 
 road, mentioning these respective distances in case the property 
 is situated in the interior. The plan shall be accompanied by a 
 descriptive memorandum, containing as much detailed descrip- 
 tion as possible as to the nature of the soil and its adaptation to 
 what shall be principally cultivated, and to those which may 
 advantageously be subsidiary; the production of rubber for the 
 last three years in case it treats of the property in development, 
 and about the conditions of healthfulness. 
 
 2. It shall declare whether it is new culture or replanting 
 that is proposed to be done and in the second case the number 
 of trees in development the property has already. 
 
 3. When the cultivation is of Seringueiras one must declare 
 
 72 
 
whether he expects to make parallel cultivations or not, speci- 
 fying which and whether they occupy the land planted to rub- 
 ber, or land separate. 
 
 4. To communicate to official charged with the fiscalization 
 the beginning and ending of the planting, with the necessary 
 antecedence, the year in which the first harvest will be gathered, 
 facilitating the examination of the property at any time, and as 
 many times as desired. 
 
 Art. 6. The least number of trees per hectare for new cul- 
 ture shall be 250 for seringueira and caucho, and 400 for mani- 
 goba and mangabeira. In the event of replanting, when pos- 
 sible, the distance between the trees should be 6 to 6.50 metres 
 for seringueiras and caucho, and 5 metres for manigoba and 
 mangabeira. 
 
 Art. 7. To those who cultivate with seringueiras plants of 
 alimentation or industrial utility, in all the land improved, or 
 in other land equal to one-third of the dimensions of the first, 
 there will be conferred annually, from the beginning of the cul- 
 tivation to the year of the first rubber harvest, a supplementary 
 premium corresponding in value to 5 per cent of the principal 
 premium. 
 
 Art. 8. Premiums will not be paid for principal or subsidiary 
 cultures which in the final inspections for the first and the an- 
 nual inspections for the others, the trees show poor treatment 
 or they contain an amount exceeding 15 per cent of flaws. 
 
 Art. 9. The premiums shall be paid directly by the Dele- 
 gacia Fiscal of the State where the property is situated, in the 
 preceding the first harvest of rubber, through the demand of 
 the claimant, with certificate from the Government inspector, 
 declaring that all the conditions required in this regulation were 
 faithfully complied with. 
 
 Sole Paragraph. The inspector who makes out the certificate 
 shall immediately notify the Minister and will be held responsi- 
 ble at all times for the value of the premium paid, in case his in- 
 formation should be found false in whole or in part. 
 
 Art. 10. At sight of the documents spoken of in Art. 5, and 
 after examining them, the claimant shall be entered ex-efficio in 
 the general register of farmers, existing in the General Directory 
 of Agriculture with the advantages and guarantees it offers him. 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 The Experimental Stations for the culture of rubber 
 
 Art. 11. The experimental stations for the culture of serin- 
 gueira in the Territory of Acre and the States of Matto-Grosso, 
 Amazonas, Para, Maranhao, Piauhy and Bahia, and for the culture 
 
 73 
 
of manicpba jointly with that of mangabeira, in the States of 
 Piauhy, Ceara, Parnambuco, Bahia, Minas Geraes, S. Paulo, 
 Goyaz, Parana and Matto Grosso, have in view with the experi- 
 mental study of all the factors relating to the regional culture of 
 each of these trees, for the purpose of furnishing the cultivators 
 with precise data for the adoption of methods and processes, 
 which will make possible the economic and perfect production 
 of their respective rubber. 
 
 Art. 12. The experimental stations shall be established on 
 lands that possess the following requisites : 
 
 1. Climatic situation and agricultural conditions required by 
 the nature or quality of the plant to be cultivated. 
 
 2. The physical constitution and natural chemical composi- 
 tion which will permit conjunctly and parallel the culture of the 
 principal food stuffs or plants of industrial utility. 
 
 3. Localization at points easily accessible by good roads so 
 that they can be visited and verified, as well in the fields as in 
 the books of registry of the farmers and agricultural accounts 
 of the practical results and economies of the different services 
 and operations. The existence of permanent water courses, or 
 dams with sufficient capacity to guarantee irrigation when neces- 
 sary, and also other agricultural services. 
 
 Art. 13. The total area of each experimental station shall 
 be from 80 to 100 hectares, so that there can be made at the 
 same time in distinct partial areas the culture of the portions 
 destined for experiments relative to each kind of tree and a 
 demonstration of the normal systematic development of the re- 
 spective culture, for comparison of the products and their 
 revenue. 
 
 Art. 14. In the area reserved for demonstration, there shall 
 be included those which will serve as examples, being the first 
 cultivated between the processes that shall have proven the most 
 advantageous and which are sought to be introduced, and lastly 
 of those generally adopted in that region. 
 
 Art. 15. In each station there shall be reserved the land 
 necessary for the establishment of a nursery of fruit trees and 
 the production of selected seeds of alimentary plants or those 
 of industrial utility, whose culture along with the principal 
 plant shall be considered advantageous. 
 
 Art. 16. Every experimental station shall have the follow- 
 ing installations : 
 
 1. A physiological vegetable laboratory, the proving of seeds 
 and phytopathology. 
 
 2. Laboratory of agricultural entomology. 
 
 3. Laboratory of argicultural, vegetable and bromatological 
 chemistry. 
 
 74 
 
FUMIGATING CAOUTCHOUC. 
 
 75 
 
4. Laboratory of mircobiological and technical agriculture. 
 
 5. An agricultural and floral museum. 
 
 6. A corridor for machines. 
 
 7. A meteorological station. 
 
 Sole Paragraph. A station that may be established in a 
 region where there already exists a federal institution of similar 
 kind, pertaining to agriculture in general, the installations above 
 mentioned shall be reduced to numbers 5, 6, and 7 and shall be 
 provided with a small laboratory for the mechanical analysis of 
 the soil, and utensils and instruments necessary for the proving 
 of seeds of useful vegetables, so that a choice or selection may be 
 made and their identity, purity, quality and germanating energy 
 may be verified, including in these experiments those which 
 refer to plants that are injurious. 
 
 Art. 17. To accomplish the ends proposed, the experimental 
 stations ought to: 
 
 1. Attend the consultations that may be held upon any agri L 
 cultural question in their line. 
 
 2. Execute gratuitously analysis of fertilizers, spices, plants 
 and water, when required by the nearest federal institute, when 
 it does not possess the necessary laboratories. 
 
 3. Distribute selected plants and seeds. 
 
 4. Study the diseases common to the plants cultivated and 
 the means of combating them, and explaining these things to 
 those interested. 
 
 5. To publish yearly and distribute free of charge a bulletin 
 devoted to the relation of the works done and the useful knowl- 
 edge acquired relative to agricultural and rural industrial sub- 
 jects, and especially the results obtained as to the most practical 
 and economic method of cultivating the trees that produce rub- 
 ber, and the most profitable subsidiary plants, as well as the best 
 methods of the treatment, conservation and packing of the 
 products. 
 
 Art. 18. There shall be admitted to the experimental 
 stations, persons who wish to gain a practical knowledge in any 
 of the sections, at the discretion of the Director, who shall fix 
 the number of students in agreement with the chief of the re- 
 spective section. 
 
 Sole Paragraph. On equal terms, apprentices between 15 
 and 18 years of age, shall be admitted, the numbers to be 
 determined by the respective Director, with the approval of the 
 Minister, who shall have daily tasks corresponding to their 
 capacity and aptitude. The Director in the name of the Minister 
 shall give a certificate, on which shall be indicated the work that 
 has been done, to all those who have completed their appren- 
 ticeship. 
 
Art. 19. The plan of each station shall be organized to meet 
 the peculiar necessities of the zone in which it may be estab- 
 lished, conserving, however, the principal fundamentals already 
 set forth. 
 
 Art. 20. The position of Director shall be held by a person 
 who is a specialist in any one of the technical sections, and at the 
 same time shall be its chief, an indispensable condition being that 
 in addition to his technical knowledge he shall have had a prac- 
 tical apprenticeship. 
 
 Art. 21. The technical positions may be filled, by contract, 
 by native or foreign professors of established ability. 
 
 Art. 22. To each of the stations there shall be sent a special 
 regulation determining for them their proportions according to 
 the necessities of the case, fixing the term~and salaries of their 
 respective personnel and providing for the special necessities 
 to come. 
 
 TITLE II 
 
 The creation of the Refining and Manufacturing Rubber 
 Industries 
 
 ONLY CHAPTER 
 
 Art. 23. The first factory for the refining of seringa rubber 
 that shall be established in each of the cities of Belem (Para) 
 and Manaos, and of manigoba and mangabeira rubber which 
 shall be established in the States of Piauhy, Ceara, Rio Grande 
 do Norte, Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Geraes and S. Paulo, as 
 well as the first factory of rubber articles which shall be estab- 
 lished in Manaos, in Belem, in Recife (Pernambuco) in Bahia, 
 and in Rio de Janeiro, there shall be conceded the following 
 premiums and favors : 
 
 (a) Up to 400,000 milreis in money to the plants for the re- 
 fining of seringa rubber; 
 
 Up to 100,000 milreis in money to the plants for the refin- 
 ing of manigoba and mangabeira rubber ; 
 
 Up to 500,000 milreis in money for plants for manufacturing 
 rubber articles. 
 
 (b) Exemption from import duties, including fees in the 
 manner and by the processes described in Articles 3 and 91 
 combined, as the case may require, for all material, machines, 
 utensils and hardware necessary for the construction and com- 
 plete equipment of the factory, as well as all chemical sub- 
 stances, cloth and different materials, combustibles and lubri- 
 cants necessary for the working and maintenance of the factory, 
 during a period of 25 years. 
 
 77 
 
(c) The right of appropriation for public use, according to 
 the legislation in force, of the lands and improvements belong- 
 ing to individuals that may be judged appropriate and necessary 
 for the equipment of the factory and its dependencies. 
 
 (d) A preference given by the Government for the purchase 
 of the products used in the service of the Army and Navy and 
 the federal public departments, which shall be manufactured by 
 the factories, when they can compete in quality with similar 
 foreign articles — the contract for furnishing the same, adjudi- 
 cated every 3 years with each factory, for those of their products 
 which were classified in the first place in the expositions men- 
 tioned in Article 95. 
 
 (e) Exemption from all State and Municipal duties for the 
 same time as in letter b, because the factory is considered to be 
 of service to the Government. 
 
 Art. 24. In order to claim these favors any company or 
 organization that expects to erect one or more factories, should 
 conform to the following formalities and conditions : 
 
 1. Present to the Minister of Agriculture a previous request 
 accompained by the following documents : 
 
 (a) General and detailed plan of the factories ; 
 
 (b) An estimate of the expenses for the first establishment ; 
 
 (c) A descriptive memorandum in which the capacity of 
 production of the factory is declared the principal articles in- 
 tended to be manufactured, the lowest price for which it is pro- 
 posed to wash and refine rubber, which should be reduced, for 
 each quality, to one type and superior for exportation, in gen- 
 eral giving the Government all the information that will help 
 it to form a correct opinion as to the nature and importance 
 of the projected establishment; 
 
 (d) Certificates and references which will prove the com- 
 plete professional and financial ability of the suitor. 
 
 2. To obligate himself in the contract made with the 
 Minister of Agriculture, the clause of reversion at the end of 
 the combined term. 
 
 3. To allow the official appointed by the Government for 
 the fiscalization, to visit the works during the period of construc- 
 tion, for the purpose of verifying the actual amount of expenses 
 incurred for the first establishment and determining the value 
 of the pecuniary premium, which shall be in any of the three 
 cases, equal to a fourth part of the expense, not exceeding the 
 limits fixed in letter a of Article 23, as well as to visit the estab- 
 lishment when he desires after it begins work, in order that he 
 may be sure, that the materials imported free of duty are effec- 
 tively and exclusively used in the products of the factory. 
 
 78 
 
4. To send annually to the Minister, through the said fiscal 
 a prepared statement in which shall be specified: 
 
 (a) The amount and quality and the place where produced 
 of the rubber used as raw material; 
 
 (b) The kind and quantity and value of the products of the 
 factory used at home and exported ; 
 
 (c) The number of employes, native and foreign, effectively 
 in service during the year, with specification of their respective 
 classes. 
 
 Art. 25. The premium in money shall be paid, as soon as 
 the factory is inaugurated, at the National Treasury or at the 
 Delegacia Fiscal of the State in which it is situated, when autho- 
 rized by the Minister of Agriculture. 
 
 TITLE III 
 
 Assistance to immigrants, native or recently arrived foreigners 
 and laborers already established in the valley of the Amazon. 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 The Lodges for immigrants in Belem, Manaos and the Territory 
 
 of Acre 
 
 Art. 26. The lodges for immigrants in Belem, Manaos and 
 the Territory of Acre, shall be establishments installed and 
 maintained at the expense of the Union, intended to entertain 
 immigrants, native and foreign, who arrive at those ports volun- 
 tarily or with their passage paid by the Union or by the States. 
 
 Art. 27. The lodges at Belem shall have the capacity of 
 caring for at least 1,500, that at Manaos 1,200 and that at Acre 
 800 immigrants. 
 
 Art. 28. The plan of the respective buildings and the dif- 
 ferent installations of the lodges shall conform rigorously to 
 the conditions required by the climate of that region and fitted 
 for the special necessities of service for which they are intended. 
 
 Art. 29. The construction shall be made by a public bidding. 
 
 Sole Paragraph. If the first public bidding is not satisfac- 
 tory, the Government can order the projected lodge built by the 
 Administration. 
 
 Art. 30. Annexed to each lodge there shall be an appro- 
 priate building, in which there shall be a special receiver of cus- 
 toms for the implements of workmen employed in agricultural 
 and extractive industries, and indispensable for the carrying on 
 
 79 
 
of their work these implements to be sold strictly at cost price 
 to those immigrants who desire to buy for their personal use. 
 
 To those native immigrants who during the times of drought 
 in the States of the northwest and going from there, may arrive 
 at the lodges without resources, shall be furnished free, by 
 authority of the Minister, with the implements indispensable 
 for work. 
 
 Art. 31. The families of native and foreign immigrants ar- 
 riving at the lodges of Belem and Manaos, who do not expressly 
 declare they prefer another destination, shall be transported at 
 the expense of the Union or the lesee to the national plantations 
 of Rio Branco, where according to their aptitude and ability, 
 they shall be settled in colonies, founded by this one or that one. 
 
 Art. 32. At the inauguration of each lodge, there shall be 
 applied, with the modifications required by the special conditions 
 of each case, the regulations of the lodge on the island of Flores. 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 Hospitals in the Interior 
 
 Art. 33. For the purpose of reducing the distances and the 
 time of the journey for the inhabitants of the interior in the 
 valley of the Amazon, who must find a centre of supplies where 
 they can be treated when sick, or provide excellent medicines 
 for their domestic ills; of proportioning to all who may desire 
 means of immuning themselves against contagious diseases, 
 and of creating a propoganda service of the hygienic habits and 
 practices necessary for everyone who must live and work in the 
 Amazon regions, there shall be built a hospital surrounded by a 
 small agricultural colony in Boa Vista do Rio Branco ; S. Gabriel 
 do Rio Negro; Teffe or Fonte Boa on the River Solimoes; S. 
 Fillippe, on the River Jurua ; Bocca do Acre, on the River Purus ; 
 at the confluence of the Rivers Arinos and Juruena; on the Alto 
 Tapajoz; Conceicjio on the River Araguaya and Montenegro 
 on the Ampa. 
 
 Art. 34. The hospitals shall be built in places that have the 
 following requisites : 
 
 1. To have a plain of low elevation, conveniently ventilated 
 for the construction of the hospital buildings socalled and its 
 dependencies, and houses of residence for the personnel. 
 
 2. Existence around or close to the plain of dry lands, pro- 
 vided with good and abundant water, which serve for agricul- 
 ture and cattle raising and of sufficient area for the founding 
 of an agricultural community of at least 100 families. 
 
 3. Facility for the establishment of rapid communication 
 with a fluvial j>ort, or one that must serve them. 
 
 80 
 
Art. 35. Each hospital shall have a capacity for 100 sick 
 persons. 
 
 Art. 36 Each hospital shall possess the following in- 
 stallations: 
 
 (a) Five separate pavilions, each for 20 sick, each sick per- 
 son having 5 cubic metres and an area of 12 square metres. 
 
 One of the pavilions should be installed with the necessary- 
 requisites for the isolation of infectious diseases; for this purpose 
 it should be divided into rooms for isolation, independent and 
 easily disinfected, with the proper sanitary apparatus. 
 
 All the hospital buildings should have the windows protected 
 by wire screening whose openings should never exceed V/z 
 millimeter and the doors provided with : 
 
 (b) A disinfectory provided with an 'apparatus to disin- 
 fect in boiling lye and a stove for sterilization by the combined 
 action of heat, vacuum and formal. Annexed to the disinfectory 
 shall be the laundry. 
 
 (c) A laboratory for the diagnostic clinics and microbiology. 
 
 (d) Surgicial operating room. 
 
 (e) Clinic consulting room. 
 
 (f) Room for autopsies. 
 
 (g) Pharmacy. 
 
 (h) Sanitary installation, in which should terminate all the 
 drainage pipes of the hospital, destined for the bacteriological 
 treatment of the water used, which not until after this operation 
 must be allowed to flow into the natural river courses. 
 
 (i) Dependencies for the administration and quarters of the 
 personnel. 
 
 Art. 37. In each hospital there shall be made in the respec- 
 tive pharmaceutical laboratory a preliminary study of all the 
 remedies used by the people of that region to determine which 
 are prejudicial and which inoffensive. The respective Director 
 shall show the people in printed circulars, frequently and pro- 
 fusely distributed that their use is improper. Those which are 
 found efficacious and susceptible of improvement, shall be sent 
 for more complete studies in the chemical laboratories and 
 federal pharmacies, letting the people know the results obtained. 
 
 Art. 38. When the installation of each hospital is complete, a 
 contract shall be made, by public bidding, or independent of it, 
 as the Government may think best, with some professional of 
 recognized ability, the direction and maintenance of the respec- 
 tive services, the contract including the following obligations : 
 
 1. The reservation of one hour daily in the medical con- 
 sultation room, where the sick known to be without means may 
 freely receive examination and be furnished with the necessary 
 medicines. 
 
 81 
 
2. The maintenance of a bureau for vaccination against 
 smallpox and other contageous diseases by means considered 
 efficacious, and to attend gratuitously to all who may wish it. 
 
 3. To submit for the approval of the Government the 
 regimen internal of the establishment and a table of prices for 
 the treatment of the sick, which should be revised every 3 years. 
 
 4. To expose for sale in the pharmacy only medicines of 
 the best quality, especially sulphate of quinine and such other 
 preparations, under penalty of having destroyed all drugs known 
 to be impure in addition to the fine to suit the case that may be 
 fixed in the contract. 
 
 5. To give a bond in money, or policies of the public 
 federal debt that will guarantee the good conservation of the 
 establishment during the time of the contract. 
 
 6. To distribute abundantly every' six months leaflets con- 
 taining advice about hygiene prevention of the sicknesses of 
 that region, showing in clear language, within the reach of all, 
 those that are improper and the danger in the use of alcoholic 
 drinks, and teaching what measures to take and the common 
 remedies which should be applied in different cases when there 
 is no physician to be had. 
 
 7. To be subject to the inspection of the Government which 
 should be very minute and severe as to the condition of cleanli- 
 ness and conservation of the establishment, the quality of the 
 medicines employed and sold to the public and the care with 
 which the sick are treated. 
 
 Art. 39. The hospitals and all their dependencies and 
 sections are not subject to any duties to the state or munici- 
 pality, being the property of the Union and doing a federal pub- 
 lic service. 
 
 Art. 40. To each hospital there shall be given an annual 
 pecuniary subvention, proportioned to the services to which it 
 will have to attend, until the income of the establishment and 
 all its dependencies derive a profit of 10 per cent, during 3 con- 
 secutive years on the respective capital invested, which amount 
 shall be acknowledged and previously approved by the Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 The agricultural nucleuses adjacent to the hospitals 
 
 Art. 41. The agricultural nucleuses adjacent to the interior 
 hospital shall be founded by the Union for the following pur- 
 poses : 
 
 1. The production of foodstuffs necessary for the support of 
 the said hospitals. 
 
2. The intensive culture and breeding of the plants and 
 animals of alimentation generally consumed by the neighboring 
 population. 
 
 3. The constituting of fixed centres of population economi- 
 cally equipped, which will serve as a point of parting for colonies 
 of greater importance, capable of gradually attending to the 
 necessities that the growing population of that region may be 
 creating. 
 
 Art. 42. The preliminary studies, the plan, the preparatory 
 work and the different installations necessary for the founding 
 of each nucleus as well as the colonization of the lots, and their 
 administration in general, shall be done in accordance with dis- 
 positions of decree number 9,081, Nov. 3, and number 9,214, 
 Dec. 15, 1911, observing the following alterations: 
 
 1. The selling price of rural and urban lots shall be cal- 
 culated on the prices established in the land laws of the States 
 of Para and Amazonas, as a base, applicable to the nucleuses 
 situated respectively in each state : 
 
 2. In failure of remunerating work, or when there is in- 
 sufficient, the judge of the administration, to maintain numerous 
 families, shall furnish them food, charging the same to the 
 heads of the families, calculating this furnishing at the rate of 
 from 2 milreis to 3 milreis daily at the highest, for adults and 
 those over 7 years of age, and one half this for those between 
 the age of 7 to 3 years. 
 
 Art. 43. The indians and native workers localized in the 
 agricultural nucleuses shall participate in the advantages and 
 obligations contained in decree number 9,214, Dec. 15, 1911. 
 
 Art. 44. Having finished the preparatory work for each 
 nucleus, the lots first colonized shall be those devoted to the 
 production of the foods necessary for the support of the hospital 
 which is in their neighborhood, so that it can count on, from 
 the time of its inauguration, a regular and sufficient supply of 
 these commodities. 
 
 S3 
 
TITLE IV 
 
 Improvements and measures tending to facilitate transportation 
 and decrease its cost in the valley of the Amazon 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 Lines of railroad transportation 
 
 Art. 45. There shall be constructed in the valley of the 
 Amazon lines of railroad transportation of two classes : 
 
 1. Large lines of transportation, making an integral part 
 of the general line of Federal railroads, with identical character- 
 istics and comprising the same principles. 
 
 2. Economic lines of transportation, of reduced gauge, pro- 
 visionally established for easy ways of penetration, whatever 
 may be their development, sufficient to facilitate access to and 
 permit the exploration of the virgen seringas and the good lands 
 for cultivation situated on the upper banks of the Rivers Xingu, 
 Tapajoz, Branco, Negro, and others situated in the States of 
 Para, Matto-Grosso and Amazonas. 
 
 Art. 40. Those lines belonging to the first class shall be 
 immediately begun and constructed as quickly as possible, the 
 following: 
 
 1. Parting from the Port of Belem (Para) and joining the 
 general line of railroad in Pirapora, in the State of Minas 
 Geraes and in Coroata, in the State of Maranbao, with the 
 necessary branches to unite the initial points or terminals of 
 navigation on the Rivers Arguaya, Tocantins, Parnaluyba, and 
 S. Francisco. 
 
 2. Beginning at a convenient point chosen on the Madeira- 
 Marmore railroad, near the mouth of the River Abuna, passing 
 by the Villa Rio Branco, and the point most appropriate be- 
 tween Senna Medureira and Catay and terminating in Villa 
 Thaumaturgo, with a branch to the frontier of Peru by the 
 valley of the River Purus. 
 
 Art. 47. The rules for the construction of these lines is 
 prescribed by law, number 1,126, Dec. 15, 1903, and both shall 
 be let at public bidding. 
 
 Art. 48. The Minister of Transportation is to command the 
 studies to be made, to contract for the construction and in- 
 spect the traffic of these roads, but he will furnish the Minister 
 of Agriculture a copy of the plans relative to the route and give 
 descriptive memoranda of the project, and when drawing up the 
 papers for the bidding, shall include the clauses which he shall 
 judge necessary and opportune for the colonization of the bor- 
 dering lands and the development of the industries of the zone 
 
 84 
 
tributary to the line as well as to attend to the eventual neces- 
 sities of the commerce. 
 
 Art. 49. The construction and the concession for construc- 
 tion of the roads of the second class may be made by the Union 
 or by the States interested. 
 
 Art. 50. The Minister of Agriculture is the proper person 
 to construct or permit the construction of those Government 
 resolves to carry into effect at the account of the Union, as well 
 as to authorize the payment of the subvention of 15,000 mibreis 
 per kilometer to those which were contracted for by the States. 
 
 Art. 51. The technical conditions of the railroads of which 
 Art. 45. treats in the second part, are the following: 
 
 A portable line of the Decauville type. _ 
 
 Weight of the rails, 15 kilos per metre. 
 
 Gauge 0,60 cm between the rails, least radius of curvature 
 40 M. O. 
 
 Greatest incline OmOlO. 
 
 Weight of locomotives 18 to 20 tons. 
 
 Art. 52. The concessions for these roads shall be let at a 
 public bidding according to the rule established in law number 
 1 ,126 of 1903, or independently of bidding with a person or cor- 
 poration sufficiently able with the help of the payment of the 
 maximum subvention of 25 contos per kilometer, according to 
 the difficulties of the land it passes through, paid by sections of 
 not less than 30 kilometers, completely ready and furnished with 
 the necessary rolling stock, within 90 days of the date of the 
 respective inaugurations. 
 
 Art. 53. The concession for these railroads cannot be given 
 to those who agree to build then simply as transportation en- 
 terprises, but only to those who will obligate themselves to 
 colonize and explore, in proportion as they may be justified, the 
 respective marginal lands. 
 
 It is an essential condition for the validity of the conces- 
 sion, that the contractor presents to the Minister of Agriculture 
 within the maximum term of one year, proof that he has dis- 
 posed of the lands for colonization, and a descriptive memo- 
 randum of the character and extent of the industries he intends 
 to develop. 
 
 Art. 54. Those railroads of this type which in the future 
 may be joined to any general line of transportation, shall be 
 obliged as soon as its gross earnings amount to 10,000 mibreis 
 per kilometer, to make its gauge conform to the same, and from 
 then for all purposes becoming a part of the general federal 
 transportation system. 
 
 Independently of being joined to any railroad in general, 
 these economical railroads shall pass to the jurisdiction of the 
 
 85 
 
Minister of Transportation and Public Works and shall be 
 obliged to enlarge their gauge to 1 meter, without other favors 
 from the Government, there not being a supplementary term 
 of the contract, if it is wanting for its termination in less than 
 60 years, when the gross receipts have reached 15,000 mibreis 
 per kilometer during 3 successive years. Before this the rail- 
 road may pass to the Minister of Tranportation and the gauge 
 be widened, on his own account, when he shall think it to his 
 interest, or by a new contract, when the Government thinks it 
 necessary to have it done for the necessities of the administra- 
 tion or the defense of the country. 
 
 Art. 55. In addition to the subvention per kilometer, there 
 shall be given to these railroads all the indirect favors received 
 by the other railroads of the country. 
 
 Art. 56. The maximum term for a concession shall be 90 
 years, at the end of which the railroad will revert to the control 
 of the Union. 
 
 Art. 57. Under the right of experiment, the Government 
 shall promote at once the following lines of economical rail- 
 roads : 
 
 1. Parting from "Autiga Souzel," or other point more con- 
 venient on the left bank of the Xingu and ascending the left 
 side of the valley to the margin of the River Cariahy, with a 
 branch which parting at a convenient point, shall go to the 
 Tapajoz and ascend the right hand side of the valley until it 
 reaches the S. Manoel which may appear advantageous, ascend- 
 ing the secondary valley and continuing to the dividing of the 
 waters of the two principal rivers. 
 
 2. Parting from the confluence of the River Negro with the 
 Branco and by the valley of the River Seruiny, gaining the right 
 side of the valley by the Caratimani river and continuing to the 
 upper Uraricaera, with a branch parting at a convenient point 
 at the request of the upper Paduiry and a branch in the direc- 
 tion of the Villa Boa Vista. 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 Improvements for the navigation of the Rivers Branco, Negro, 
 
 Purus and Acre 
 
 Art. 58. The improvements necessary for effective naviga- 
 tion at any season of the year, for steamers drawing 3 feet, on 
 the River Negro, between Santa Izabel and Cucuhy, on the 
 River Branco, from its mouth to Sao Joaquin, on the River 
 Purus, between Hyutanha and Senna Madureira, and on the 
 River Acre, from its mouth to Riosinho de Pedros, shall be con- 
 tracted for by public bidding, or independently of bidding, with 
 
 86 
 
corporations sufficiently able, under the rule established by 
 decree, number 6,368, Feb. 14, 1907 or others which may not 
 be more onerous and may permit the assurance of the opening 
 of navigation more rapidly on the sections of the rivers to be 
 improved. 
 
 Art. 59. In none of the contracts shall a longer term than 
 7 years be granted the contracting party, to count from the date 
 of its signing, so that safe and free passage is given steamers 
 drawing 3 feet in the entire distance of the contract. 
 
 Art. 60. The improvements in the Rio Branco, shall com- 
 mence with the destruction and regulating of the Cujubim 
 rapid, so that from now on navigation is assured during the 
 Winter to Villa Boa Vista. 
 
 Art. 61. The studies, plans, constructions, inspection and 
 direct conservation of these works are under the supervision of 
 the Minister of Transportation ; but before the respective con- 
 tract is signed, copies of the plans and descriptive memorandum 
 referring to the project shall be furnished the Minister of Agri- 
 culture, so that he may be heard upon the opportunity and the 
 order in which these works shall be executed, in the interest of 
 the economic development of the region, and that they may be 
 conveniently attended by those casually interested in the coloni- 
 zation and development of the industries along the banks of the 
 rivers, or in commerce in general. 
 
 In case it is found that the destruction and regulation of the 
 Culubim rapid cannot be done during one season of low water 
 in the river, the Minister of Agriculture, by agreement with the 
 State of Amazonas, can order to be constructed a Decauville 
 line of the type described in articles 45, second part and 51, 
 in the belt line constructed by that State along waterfalls, so 
 that the leasing and colonization of the national plantations of 
 Rio Branco is no longer delayed. 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 Complementary measures 
 
 Art. 62. All vessels of every kind intended for the fluvial 
 navigation in the valley of the Amazon are free of all import 
 duties, including the fees. This exemption shall be given by the 
 custom houses of Belem (Para) and Manaos, through a requi- 
 sition to the Minister of Agriculture, which the importer shall 
 have asked for, declaring in his request the number, class and 
 tonnage, the draft and the cost and the purpose of each vessel. 
 
 Art. 63. The vessel imported under this favor, if sold out- 
 side the valley of the Amazon, or even within it, to a foreign 
 
 87 
 
country, shall pay the proper duties according to the law of the 
 budget in force in the year of its importation. 
 
 Art. 64. Deposits of coal shall be established for supplying 
 the steamers which navigate the Amazon rivers, and for others 
 who care to use them, in the following places, or in others which 
 be shown to be more convenient: Belem (Para), Cameta, Breves, 
 Chaves, Mazagao, Gurupa, Souzel, Prainha, Sautarem, Ponta 
 Nova Brasileira, Obidos, Parintius, Itacoatiara, Manaos, 
 Carvoeiro, Moreira, Santa Izabel do Rio Negro, Carmo do Rio 
 Branco, Caracarahy, Boca do Canuma, Baetas, Boca do Rio 
 Machado, Boca do Purus, Campina, Nova Olinda, Canutama, 
 Cachoeira de Hyutanahan, Boca do Pauhiny, Boca do Acre, 
 Rio Branco, Seuna Madureira, Coary, Teffe, Boca do Jurua, 
 Juruapeca, Mearary, Boca do Tarauaca, Cruzeiro do Sul, Boca do 
 Jutahy, S. Paulo de Olivenga, Benjamin Constant and Santo 
 Antonio de Maripi. 
 
 Art. 65. There shall be floating deposits, so that they can 
 be moved from one place to another, as the giowth of navigation 
 in this or that place may require ; they shall have sufficient 
 capacity for the movement of steamers at the station they are 
 serving and passes modern apparatus for discharging the coal, 
 which will reduce to a minimum the raising of dust, and load 
 the steamers as quickly as possible. 
 
 Art. 66. At points where it may be thought necessary, the 
 deposits shall be provided with tanks for fuel oil, which can be 
 placed on the platform with coal, or on separate floating 
 platforms. 
 
 Art. 67. The establishment of the deposits and the business 
 of furnishing fuel to the steamers, shall be by contract after a 
 public bidding and signed by the Minister of Agriculture. 
 
 Art. 68. The floating material for the depositories and 
 the fuel imported shall be free of all import duties, including 
 the fees. 
 
 The fees in the custom houses shall be ordered through a 
 requisition from the Minister of Agriculture, from whom the 
 contracting party shall ask it, for each shipment, with the nec- 
 essary data. 
 
 Art. 69. The fuel imported by the corporation can only be 
 sold for river navigation service. 
 
 Art. 70. The maximum prices at which the party can sell 
 fuel to steamers, shall be according to tables approved annually 
 by the Minister. These may be altered during the year, when 
 so necessary in the opinion of the Government. 
 
 Art. 71. The contracting party shall not be subject to pay- 
 ment of any state or municipal duties, because the object is the 
 public federal service. 
 
 88 
 
Art. 72. In places where the party has and the Government 
 has not deposits of fuel, to him shall be given the preference for 
 furnishing the quantity necessary for the national vessels of war, 
 at the prices received when supplying the vessels of individuals. 
 
 Art. 73. In extraordinary circumstances and at the requi- 
 sition of the Government, the contracting party shall place at 
 its disposition all the deposits of fuel on hand, being afterwards 
 indemnified for a part or all of the fuel delivered, and after- 
 wards another payment of the value of the deposits unused, 
 corresponding to the profits lost during the time of the interrup- 
 tion of his business, calculated on an equal period of the preced- 
 ing year. 
 
 Art. 74. The bidding for the contract shall be upon the 
 terms for the installation of the depositories", their reversion to 
 the Union and the selling price of fuel for the first year. 
 
 TITLE V 
 
 The creation of centres producing foodstuffs in the valley 
 of the Amazon 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 The leasing of the national plantations of Rio Branco 
 
 Art. 75. The Minister of Agriculture can contract for the 
 leasing of the two national plantations S. Bento and S. Marcos, 
 except the part situated between the Rivers Mahu, Takutu, 
 Surumu and Cotingo, by public bidding, or independent of it, 
 with a corporation or party sufficiently able, observing the fol- 
 lowing dispositions which shall be explained and assured in the 
 clauses of the detailed contracts. 
 
 1. The party will be obliged to : 
 
 (a) Develop and practice on a large scale, by the best and 
 most modern methods the breeding of cattle of different kinds 
 and the cultivation of the usual alimentary cereals ; 
 
 (b) Establish a packing house for the preparation of dried 
 beef and a factory for the canning of alimental animal and 
 vegetable products. 
 
 (c) Equip a factory for milk products, in which in addition 
 to making cheese and butter, milk shall be prepared by the 
 Pasteur system or some other that may be better, in condition 
 to be supplied to the seringaes and estates of the interior. 
 
 (d) Equip a central mill for the treatment of rice and other 
 cereals and two improved factories for mandioca flour, as soon 
 as the number of colonies localized can produce a sufficient 
 supply of raw material for such establishment. 
 
 89 
 
(e) Receive and localize the immigrants who may desire to 
 settle on the lands of the plantation, in accordance with the dis- 
 positions of this regulation and with the decrees number 9,081, 
 Nov. 3, 1911, referring to the peopling of the soil, and number 
 9,214, Dec. 15, 1911, referring to the protection of the Indians 
 and localization of native laborers, in the parts that may be 
 proper. 
 
 (f) Present to the Minister for approval the plans and 
 descriptive memorandum, with as much detail as possible, of 
 the agricultural nucleus which he shall be obliged to establish 
 and all the installations referring to the factories and services 
 necessary for the complete equipment of the plantations, within 
 the maximum space of 2 years, to count from the signing of the 
 contract. 
 
 (g) Be subject to inspection by -the Government for the 
 faithful execution of the contract, on the terms therein 
 established. 
 
 Art. 76. To the party or corporation the following favors 
 will be granted : 
 
 (a) Exemption from all import duties, including fees, in 
 the form and by the process referred to in article 91, for all the 
 imported material necessary to complete the equipment of the 
 plantations, including houses, barns, pastures, fences, reservoirs, 
 implements and machines for the culture, harvesting and treat- 
 ing the cereals, installation of mills and factories, improved 
 cattle, seeds of alimentary and industrial plants, as well as for 
 the materials and chemicals necessary to maintain the factories 
 and husbandry, during the time of his contract. 
 
 (b) Right of condemnation for public use, of the property 
 or improvements of individuals, which may be necessary, in the 
 opinion of the Government for any of the services of the 
 enterprise. 
 
 (c) All the favors specified in articles 131 and 132 of decree 
 number 9,081, Nov. 3, 1911, native and foreign colonies being 
 made equal. 
 
 (d) Preference for the contract of the works necessary for 
 the improvement of the navigation of the Rio Branco, if the 
 price is considered acceptable by the Government and the time 
 for the completion of the work not more than 6 years. 
 
 Art. 77. The term of the lease in the contract shall be 60 
 years, at the end of which all the cattle for breeding and all 
 the improvements then possessed by the lessee shall revert to the 
 dominion of the Union. 
 
 Art. 78. Within the term of 1 year, to date from the signing 
 of the contract, the Government will give to lessee a copy of the 
 plans of the plantations, in which shall be marked the water 
 
 90 
 
courses with a specification of those navigable, the zone of 
 forest and plain and the situations of the occupants who may 
 be found. 
 
 Art. 79. The plantations shall be turned over as soon as 
 an inventory of the improvements, and the number of cattle of 
 each kind then on the plantation can be made. 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 The colonization of the plantation of S. Marcos situated between 
 the Rivers Mahu, Takutu, Surumu and Cotingo 
 
 Art. 80. The colonization of the lands of S. Marcos' planta- 
 tion, situated between the Rivers Mahu, Takutu Surumu and 
 Cotingo, on the frontier of British Guiana shall be done directly 
 by the Minister of Agriculture, who shall order, without delay, 
 to prepare a plan with the necessary details, and afterwards 
 carry them out as they may be necessary : 
 
 (a) A town of the aborigines ; 
 
 (b) An agricultural centre ; 
 
 (c) A colonial nucleus; 
 
 (d) An ambulant course of agriculture; 
 
 (e) An agricultural apprenticeship; 
 
 (f) A school of practical agriculture ; 
 
 (g) An experimental station. 
 
 Art. 81. The colonization of the lands whether in the agri- 
 cultural centre, or colonial nucleus, shall be made so that each 
 lot occupied by a foreign colonist corresponds to at least two 
 occupied by families of native colonists, which preferably shall 
 be chosen from those who arrive at the lodges of Belem and 
 Manaos, proceeding from the states of the northwest. 
 
 Art. 82. Gradually and opportunely there shall be installed 
 in the colony lands, mills and factories, having in view the im- 
 provement and production on a large scale of cereals and other 
 alimentary foods. 
 
 Art. 83. In an appropriate locality there shall be established 
 a model plantation for the breeding of cattle, horses and mules, 
 in which there shall be made a comparative study of the native 
 and foreign breeds, which best resist the climate of that region, 
 to verify which may be most advantageously improved by the 
 method of selection, crossing and formation of perfect types. 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 The premiums and favors to those who intend to found large 
 plantations of agriculture and cattle raising 
 
 Art. 84. To large plantations of agriculture and cattle rais- 
 ing that may be founded, one in the Territory of Acre (between 
 
 91 
 
the Rio Branco and Xapury) one in the State of Amazonas (in 
 the region of the River Autaz), and one in the State of Para 
 (on the island of Marajo, or other point more convenient on 
 the lower Amazon), the federal Government will grant the fol- 
 lowing favors : 
 
 (a) Exemption from import duties, including the fees, in 
 the form and by the process described, in article 91, for all the 
 imported material necessary to complete the equipment of the 
 plantation, including houses, barns, pastures, fences, reservoirs, 
 implements and machines, for the culture, harvesting and trea- 
 ment of cereals, and installation of factories for milk products, 
 the preservation of meat, as well as for cattle and seed which 
 are imported, within the first 5 years after the installation of the 
 plantation; 
 
 (b) Premiums of 30,000 mibreis for groups of a thousand 
 hectores of pastures artificially planted and conveniently fenced 
 and of 100,000 hectores and of 100,000 mibreis for groups of a 
 thousand hectores of land improved for agriculture, and actually 
 cultivated with rice, beans, corn and mandicaco ; 
 
 (c) Premium of 100,000 milreis paid for groups of 500 
 tons of foodstuffs manufactured from milk, and canned or packed 
 meat, which may be produced in 5 years. 
 
 Art. 85. The claimant of a right to these premiums must 
 make a previous contract with the Minister of Agriculture, in 
 which he obligates himself to : 
 
 1. Present within one year a plan of the plantation, in which 
 should be mentioned the river port that would serve him, the 
 courses of the rivers which wash it, with a specification of these 
 navigable for steamers, launches or only for canoes, the zones 
 of forest and plain, accompained by the plan of installation to 
 be made, a descriptive memorandum of the services, and in- 
 dustries that he intends to develop and a detailed relatorio, in- 
 dicating the quality, the quantity and cost of the materials 
 necessary to import for the first year's work. 
 
 2. Allow the plantation and all its dependencies to be visited 
 by the official charged with the inspection, when he is perform- 
 ing his duties, to verify the proper use of the objects and ma- 
 terials imported exempt from duties, the area, the state and 
 kind of culture and the quantity, class and quality of the goods 
 manufactured and destined for foodstuffs. 
 
 Art. 86. The premiums shall be paid at the National 
 Treasury or at the Delegacias Fiscaes in Belem and Manaos, by 
 a requisition from the Minister of Agriculture, which the claim- 
 ant must ask, attaching to his request the certificate of the 
 Government inspector that all the dispositions of this regulation 
 have been faithfully fulfilled, and a statistical table of the work- 
 
 92 
 
ers employed during the year in each industry and the amount 
 of the annual crop, with the specification of the quantity of 
 each kind. 
 
 Art. 87. The contractor can colonize the lands of the planta- 
 tion under the order established in Chapter XII of the regulation 
 under the decree, number 9,081, Nov. 3, 1911; the national 
 colonists coming from the states of the northwest are made 
 equal to foreign colonists, for the purpose of the premiums of 
 which articles 132 and 133 treat in the above mentioned 
 regulation. 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 Favors to a fishing corporation 
 
 Art. 88. The Minister of Agriculture shall contract with 
 some person, syndicate or company, offering guarantees of 
 sufficient ability, for the establishment of a fishing enterprise, 
 which with headquarters in Belem (Para) or Manaos, that can 
 be conveniently equipped as quickly as possible, to begin this 
 and its allied industries, on a large scale in the Amazon rivers. 
 
 Art. 89. The following favors shall be given the enterprise : 
 
 (a) Exemption from all import duties, including fees, for 
 the vessels, instruments and other maritime material; for all the 
 material necessary for the installation, complete equipping and 
 establishment of the enterprise on conditions which would en- 
 able it to be a going industry in all its phases, as well as the 
 drugs, ingredients, cans and boxes, or materials to make them, 
 and in general for all that it may be necessary to import from 
 abroad, indispensable to the maintenance of its vessels and fac- 
 tories, during a term of 15 years, to count from the date of its 
 operations ; 
 
 (b) Premium of animation m money to the amount of 
 10,000 mibreis during 5 consecutive years, when the production 
 of preserved and salted fish shall be annually more than 100 tons ; 
 
 (c) The right of condemnation for public use, of the lands 
 and improvements belonging to individuals, judged appropriate 
 and indispensable for the installation of any of the establish- 
 ments that it is necessary to build on land ; 
 
 (d) Exemption from all state and municipal imports because 
 the object of the contract is for the federal public service. 
 
 Art. 90. All the property of the enterprise shall revert to the 
 Union, at the end of the term for which the contract was granted. 
 
 Art. 91. The exemptions from duties shall be given by the 
 custom houses in Belem and Manaos, by a requisition from the 
 Minister of Agriculture, from whom it shall be requested, attach- 
 
 93 
 
ing to the request a memorandum of the objects with specifica 
 tion of the qualities, quantities and ends for which they are 
 needed, and what are imported for the services of the first estab- 
 lishment, and after this what must be imported for its mainte- 
 nance. 
 
 Art. 92. The enterprise shall be subject to inspection by the 
 Government as to the safety of the steamers, and processes em- 
 ployed in fishing - , the faithful use of the objects imported, the 
 manufacture of preserving, in which substances hurtful to the 
 public health shall not be employed, nor in the annual produc- 
 tion of preserved or salted fish for the purpose of obtaining the 
 premiums in money. 
 
 Art. 93. Specimens of fish not well known, the party shall 
 send one properly preserved to the Minister of Agriculture, ac- 
 companied by a small relatorio describing the place and condi- 
 tions under which it was caught and noting anything particular 
 that might be interesting in studying it. 
 
 Art. 94. Every commander or master of the vessels of the 
 enterprise, shall make a written communication to the directors 
 for them to bring to the knowledge of the Government, the places 
 where there is tlie existence of any obstacle to navigation, indicat- 
 ing the position in a good sketch of that stretch of the river, 
 describing its nature and the route to be followed to avoid it. 
 These communications shall be transmitted to the Minister of 
 Transportation in order that he may place a signal on the ob- 
 stacle, and as soon as possible remove it. 
 
 TITLE VI 
 
 The Triennial Expositions Embracing All That Relates to the 
 National Rubber Industry 
 
 Art. 95. The Rubber Expositions shall be held in Rio de 
 Janeiro every three years, the first being on May 13, 1913 ; its 
 object shall be to give the sum of the triennial movement of the 
 national rubber industry in its various modifications, compared 
 with the industry in other countries. 
 
 Art. 96. The triennial expositions shall include the rubber 
 industry in all its branches and shall include the following classi- 
 fications : 
 
 1. The Culture. 
 
 2. The Extraction. 
 
 3. The Improvement. 
 
 4. The Manufacture of Articles. 
 
 The classes shall be subdivided into groups including native 
 
 94 
 
and cultivated plants, machinery, utensils, processes, commercial 
 type, studies and statistics. 
 
 Art. 97. Premiums of encouragement shall be given for the 
 best processes of culture, extraction and treatment, and to the 
 best manufactured products, whether as raw material, constitut- 
 ing commercial types for exportation, or as to manufacture. 
 
 Art. 98. The Government shall opportunely request the Na- 
 tional Congress for the necessary enactments to make these prem- 
 iums effective. 
 
 Art. 99. The rubber expositions shall be true expositions held 
 in relation to the machinery and utensils and products of rubber 
 of all kinds, but the sale sought to be registered in a special 
 book, by the payment of a fixed percentage to the organizing 
 commission which shall apply this income -to the interests of 
 these same expositions. 
 
 Art. 100. Foreign products can be admitted to these rubber 
 expositions, for the purpose of permitting comparison and per- 
 fecting the national industry but shall receive no premium. 
 
 Section 1. Foreign products destined for the rubber exposi- 
 tions shall be free of all custom house duties, as established in 
 Law No. 2,544, January 4, 1912, Article 89, No. 6, but if they are 
 sold, shall pay their respective import duties when given to the 
 buyers. 
 
 Sec. 2. Foreign products not sold shall be re-exported for the 
 account of the respective expositors. 
 
 Art. 101. The transportation of the national products destined 
 for the rubber expositions shall be gratuitous. 
 
 Art. 102. For these expositions there shall be prepared 
 bound statistics and relatorios especially relative to the former 
 period and as regards the rubber industry in Brazil, compared 
 with the world movement. 
 
 Art. 103. During the expositions there shall be held: 
 
 1. National congresses specializing upon the rubber industry. 
 
 2. Lectures upon subjects previously chosen and illustrated 
 with stereopticon slides. 
 
 For the carrying out of what is ordered in this article, the 
 organizing commission shall provide for the respective programs 
 and other measures for its entire success. 
 
 Art. 104. From all the principle products exhibited some 
 specimens shall be selected to constitute a permanent exhibit, 
 which shall remain exhibited in the Commercial Museum of Rio 
 de Janeiro, and in whose care shall also remain some reserves 
 to be sent to similar Museums in Brazil and in foreign lands. 
 
 95 
 
TITLE VII 
 
 The Direction and Inspection of the Service 
 
 Art. 105. The direction and inspection of all the service for 
 the economic defense of rubber, shall be in charge of a provisory 
 department of the Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Com- 
 merce, entitled "Superintendency of the Protection of Rubber." 
 
 Art. 106. The superintendency is charged with : 
 
 1. To receive, to record, to prepare, and to inform the manu- 
 scripts which depend upon the despatch of the Minister. 
 
 2. To see to the effective and integral execution of measures 
 of an administrative character foreseen in the Regulation. 
 
 3. The study, planning, calculating and execution of the work 
 that must be done by the administration. 
 
 4. The study, planning, calculating, and execution of the 
 work that must be done by contract. 
 
 5. The closing, with the approval of the Minister, of the 
 contracts and the decrees relative to the concurrence of the 
 States and Municipalities for the works and measures which 
 they resolved to aid. 
 
 Section 1. Each service that has been definitely installed 
 and is in normal working condition, shall be given over to a 
 section of the Ministry of Agriculture with which it harmonizes 
 and incorporated or subordinated. 
 
 Sec. 2. For the measure that is being executed as ordered 
 in Sec. 1, the Government shall provide that the proper lawful 
 budgets shall be apportioned of the means necessary for the 
 maintenance, conservation and development of new settlements. 
 
 Art. 107. The Superintendency of the "Protection of Rubber" 
 shall be constituted of: 
 
 A central section working in the Federal Capital. 
 
 A district section with headquarters in the national planta- 
 tions of Rio Branco. 
 
 Partial commissions for services that may be indispensable. 
 
 Districts of inspection embracing one or more States, in con- 
 formity with the number and importance of the services under 
 way. 
 
 Art. 108. The central section shall be composed of a super- 
 intendent, a secretary, a constructing engineer, an agricultural 
 engineer, an engineer of the second class, two draughtsmen, two 
 typewriters, a bookkeeper, two clerks, a messenger and two 
 servants. 
 
 The district section shall be composed of a chief engineer, an 
 engineer of the first class, engineers of the second class, agricul- 
 
 96 
 
tural engineers, conductors of the first and second class, a 
 draughtsman, a bookkeeper, a paymaster, a customs officer, tech- 
 nical assistants, journalists and a physician. 
 
 The partial commissions shall be composed of a chief engi- 
 neer, the technical and administrative personal necessary, in 
 conformity with the work to be done, and a physician. 
 
 The districts for inspection shall consist of a chief engineer, 
 an engineer of the second class, an agriculturist and assistants 
 to the number necessary and sufficient. 
 
 The staff of the employes shall not be fixed, but vary accord- 
 ing to the development of the work, and will correspond well 
 with the distribution of the respective work and the special in- 
 structions opportunely executed. 
 
 Art. 109. The services relative to the triennial rubber exposi- 
 tions, shall be directed by a special commission presided over by 
 the minister and composed of the superintendent, who shall take 
 the place of the minister in his absence, and of the members of 
 the Permanent Commission of Expositions, created by Article 
 89 of Law Mo. 2,544, January 4, 1912. 
 
 Art. 110. All the personnel of the superintendency shall be 
 considered in commission and dismissed when the work is fin- 
 ished for which it was formed. 
 
 Art. 111. There shall be appointed: by decree of the Presi- 
 dent of the Republic, the superintendent; by preferment of the 
 Minister, the chief engineers, the secretary of the central sec- 
 tion, the engineer of the first class and the paymaster of the 
 district section ; by the Superintendent, the engineers of the 
 second class, the agriculturists, the physicians, the draughtsmen, 
 the typewriters, the clerks and the customs officials ; by the chief 
 engineers, the personnel who work under their direction. 
 
 Art. 112. The salaries of the employes shall be those fixed in 
 the annexed table. 
 
 For the employes in the services which were incident to the 
 order in the first section of Article 106, the salaries are fixed 
 in accord with tables for similar service already existing in the 
 Minister's department, increased from fifty to eighty per cent 
 for those who shall be situated in the valley of the Amazon, 
 while the high cost of living shall continue in that respective 
 place. 
 
 Art. 103. For services which shall be thought advantageous, 
 and when they have good reputations, the Government may em- 
 ploy professional specialists, natives or foreigners, paying them 
 annual salaries not greater than those in the table or a lump 
 sum for the service rendered, as may be advisable in each case. 
 
 Art. 114. To provide for the increase in the work of the Di- 
 rector General of Accounts, in consequence of the services men- 
 
 97 
 
tioned in this regulation, there shall be added to the same Di- 
 rectorship, employees of the Treasury and other departments of 
 recognized ability and the typewriters in commission accepted, 
 under the proposal of the Director General; working overtime, 
 whenever necessary, in accordance with Articles 68 and 71 of 
 the Decree, No. 8,889, of August 11, 1911, the work of counting, 
 examining, inspecting and recording the expenses, distribution 
 of credits, advances, and other things of an urgent nature. 
 
 The expenses resulting from the order in this article shall 
 be met by the credits which were opened in accordance with 
 Article 14 of Law No. 2,543A, of January 5, 1912. It pertains 
 to the Minister to fix the gratuities of the typewriters and the 
 employes of the Department of Finance to which this same article 
 refers. 
 
 98 
 
TABLE OF THE SALARIES OF THE PERSONNEL 
 
 OF THE SUPERINTENDENCY "PROTECTION 
 
 OF RUBBER" 
 
 Monthly 
 
 Classes Salaries 
 
 Superintendent 5,000$000 
 
 Chief Engineer of the Section Rio Branco 2,700$000 
 
 Physician 2,500$000 
 
 Constructing Engineer 1,500$000 
 
 Chief Engineer of the Partial Commission 1,250$000 
 
 Chief Engineer of the District of Inspection 1,250$000 
 
 Engineer of the first class of the Section Rio Branco. 1,250$000 
 
 Agricultural Engineer 7 1,000$000 
 
 Engineer of the second class 1,000$000 
 
 Secretary to the Superintendent 1,000$000 
 
 Paymaster of the Section Rio Branco 1,000$000 
 
 Conductor of the first class 750$000 
 
 Customs Official of the Section Rio Branco 750$000 
 
 Conductor of the second class 600$000 
 
 Draughtsman 600$000 
 
 Bookkeeper 500$000 
 
 Technical Aid 450$000 
 
 Clerk 350$000 
 
 Typewriter 350$000 
 
 Messenger 200$000 
 
 Servant 150$000 
 
 The personnel in service in the Valley of the Amazon, with per- 
 haps the exception of the Chief Engineer of the Rio Branco 
 section, shall receive an increase over the salaries mentioned in 
 the table, varying from fifty to eighty per cent, according to the 
 judgment of the Superintendent because of the high cost of living 
 in their respective places. 
 
 A third part of the annual salary shall be considered the 
 gratuity of the office. 
 
 To the technical personnel, to the paymaster, and to the 
 physicians shall be adjudicated by the Superintendent a daily 
 allowance of from 5$000 to 30$000. 
 
 Rio de Janeiro, April 17, 1912. 
 
 PEDRO DE TOLEDO. 
 
 List of utensils and materials exempt from importation duties, 
 to which Article 2 of Decree No. 9,521 of April 17, 1912, refers : 
 
 99 
 
FIRST GROUP 
 
 Implements and Utensils for the Rubber Gatherer 
 
 Axes. 
 
 Hatchets. 
 
 Knives and special apparatus 
 
 for the incision of trees. 
 Buckets, pails, basins of tin, 
 
 zinc or other material. 
 
 Pitchers for smoking. 
 
 Machines destined for the 
 coagulation of the milk. 
 
 Cylinders for pressing. 
 
 Colanders and their appurten- 
 ances. 
 
 SECOND GROUP 
 
 Implements and Material for Cultivation 
 
 Electric detoners and their ac 
 
 cessories. 
 Dynamite. 
 Mining powder and other ex 
 
 plosives. 
 Caps and fuses. 
 Decauville lines. 
 
 Mono rails. 
 
 Aerial transporters 
 
 accessories. 
 Locomotives and 
 
 th 
 
 eir 
 
 stationary 
 
 engines. 
 Chemical drugs, disinfectants 
 and insecticides. 
 
 THIRD GROUP 
 
 Materials and Utensils Intended for the Culture of Trees and 
 Treatment of Rubber, including: 
 
 Materials for the necessary installations for the mounting 
 of factories, construction of buildings, huts and houses of work- 
 men, box factory and factory for rubber articles. 
 
 FOURTH GROUP 
 
 Chemical Substances, Raw Material, Thin Cloth and Othe: 
 
 Objects Used in the Treatment of and Manufacture 
 
 of Rubber Articles 
 
 a. Coagulants : 
 Acetic Acid. 
 Fluoric Acid. 
 Formic Acid. 
 Sulphuric Acid. 
 Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 b. Dissolvents: 
 Aceton. 
 Ethylic Alcohol. 
 
 Methylic Alcohol (C. FI 
 
 Benzine. 
 
 Benzol. 
 
 Borax or 
 
 Borate of Sodium. 
 
 (Na 2 B. 4 O t 10 H 2 O). 
 
 Chloruret of Carbon. 
 
 Chloroform. 
 
 Ether. 
 
 4 O), 
 
 100 
 
Essence of Therebentine. 
 Methylbenzol or Tolnol 
 
 (C H 8 ). 
 Solvent Naphtha. 
 Oil of Camphor (essence). 
 Oil of Dippel. 
 Parafin Oil. 
 Sulphuret of Carbon. 
 Tetrachloruret of Carbon. 
 
 c. Deodorizers and Disinfec- 
 
 tants : 
 
 Camphin or Camphene. 
 
 Animal Charcoal. 
 
 Porcupine Grape Yellow. 
 
 Anilines and their derivatives. 
 
 Arsenites and their derivatives. 
 
 Aureoline. 
 
 Cobalt Blue. 
 
 Methylen Blue. 
 
 Bistre. 
 
 Fixed White (Salts of Baryum, 
 
 etc.). 
 Creosote. 
 Cresolin. 
 
 Essence of Lavender. 
 Essence of Lemon. 
 Essence of Peppermint. 
 Essence of Menthol (C 10 H* 
 
 O). 
 Essence of Eucalyptus. 
 Essence of Florence Lily. 
 Essence of Mustard. 
 Essence of Moss. 
 Essence of Rosemary. 
 Essence of Tomilho. 
 Essence of Thymol. 
 Farmol, Formaldehyde or 
 
 Formalin. 
 Nitrobenzol. 
 
 d. Coloring Materials: 
 
 Cassel's Yellow. 
 Dyck 
 
 
 Van 
 
 Brown. 
 Yellow Brilliantine. 
 
 and Bismarck 
 
 Bronze and its derivates. 
 
 Orange Bleu. 
 
 Brooksite (Mixture of rosin 
 and oils). 
 
 Bukaramuguiana. 
 
 Pattison White. 
 
 Paris White. 
 
 Wax for cables (wax, asphalt 
 and rosin). 
 
 Cachou. 
 
 Rosin Colors. 
 
 Massicot. 
 
 Minio. 
 
 Murexide (purple). 
 
 Paris Black. 
 
 Lamp Black. 
 
 Ivory Black. 
 
 Uranium Black. 
 
 Vine Black. 
 
 Nigramine. 
 
 Ochre of all colors. 
 
 Orange Neutral. 
 
 Salts of Mercury. 
 
 Sulfapone. 
 
 Terre d'Ombre. 
 
 Falladium Red. 
 
 Vermillion (sulphuret of mer- 
 cury) . 
 
 e. Hydrocarburets, Heavy 
 Bodies and Oils: 
 
 Stearic Acid. 
 Fish Oil. 
 
 Fichetelito (C 18 H 22 ). 
 Vegetable Fibre. 
 Glycerin. 
 Heptana. 
 
 Idrialine (C 30 H 54 O 2 ). 
 Lanoline. 
 Linoxine. 
 Marito Lard. 
 Naphtaline. 
 
 Arachyde Oil (Amendoim). 
 Cole Seed Oil. 
 
 Wood Oil, Chinese and Jap- 
 anese. 
 Cotton Seed Oil. 
 
 101 
 
Layos Oil. 
 
 Banba Oil. 
 
 Oil of Wool (fat of wool from 
 sheep). 
 
 Linseed Oil. 
 
 Corn Oil. 
 
 Cod Liver Oil. 
 
 Nut Oil. 
 
 Olive Oil. 
 
 Palm Oil (Attalea Excelsis, 
 Bertholetin Excelsis, Maxi- 
 miliana regia). 
 
 Pine Oil. 
 
 Ricine Oil. 
 
 Soja Oil. 
 
 Calves' Foot Oil. 
 
 Tung Oil. 
 
 Vulcanized Oils. 
 
 Nitrated Oils. 
 
 Parafin. 
 
 Pentan. 
 
 Petroleum and all its deriva- 
 tives. 
 
 Stearine. 
 
 Vaseline. 
 
 f. Resin, Resinous Gums and 
 Lacs: 
 
 Yellow Amber. 
 Ambroid. 
 Natural Balsam. 
 Canada Balsam. 
 Chypre Balsam. 
 Sulphur Balsam. 
 Peru Balsam. 
 Therebentin Balsam. 
 Talu Balsam. 
 Benjoim. 
 Colophane. 
 Copal. 
 
 Banana Gum. 
 Lac Gum. 
 Kauri Gum. 
 Lacs separate. 
 
 Enamel Lacs and all their de- 
 rivatives. 
 
 Rhus Lacs. 
 
 Mastick. 
 
 Rosin Oil. 
 
 Ammonia Rosin. 
 
 Bourgogue Rosin. 
 
 Damar Rosin. 
 
 Elemi Rosin. 
 
 Hymenea Courbaril. 
 
 Rosin (Copal). 
 
 Jalap Rosin. 
 
 Myrrh Rosin. 
 
 Xanthorea Rosin. 
 
 Sandarac. 
 
 Storax. 
 
 Therebentine. 
 
 Venice Therebentine and its 
 derivatives. 
 
 g. Agents of Vulcanization: 
 
 Metallic Antimony and its de- 
 rivatives. 
 
 Bromurets and all their deri- 
 vatives. 
 
 Calcium and its derivatives. 
 
 Caustic Lime. 
 
 Chlorine (CI.) and all its de- 
 rivatives. 
 
 Lead and all its derivatives. 
 
 Sulphur and all its derivatives. 
 
 Iodine and all its derivatives. 
 
 Sodium and its derivatives. 
 
 Zinc and its derivatives. 
 
 h. Fibres and Cloth: 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 Brass. 
 
 Cabo Asbestos. 
 
 Maselig Asbestos. 
 
 Hemp. 
 
 Banana Hemp. 
 
 India Hemp. 
 
 Sisel Hemp. 
 
 Madrasta Hemp. 
 
 Manila Hemp. 
 
 Fibres of all kinds of vegetable 
 
 or animal origin. 
 Vulcanized Fibres. 
 
 102 
 
Raphia Fabrics. 
 
 
 Gelatine. 
 
 
 
 Lace. 
 
 
 Gilsonite. 
 
 
 
 Flax Thread. 
 
 
 Hermetine. 
 
 
 
 Jute. 
 
 
 Karphite. 
 
 
 
 Wool. 
 
 
 Lava. 
 
 
 
 Flax. 
 
 
 Ledererite. 
 
 
 
 Luffa. 
 
 
 Lithine. 
 
 
 
 Japan Lacs. 
 
 
 Lithocarbon. 
 
 
 
 Nanking. 
 
 
 Manjak. 
 
 
 
 Cotton Cloth. 
 
 
 Marloid. 
 
 
 
 Asbestos Cloth. 
 
 
 Mica. 
 
 
 
 Linen Cloth. 
 
 
 Mecanite. 
 
 
 
 Paper Mache. 
 
 
 Oil of Tar. 
 
 
 
 Parameta. 
 
 
 Okonite. 
 
 
 
 Rami. 
 
 
 Ouralite. 
 
 
 
 Silk Cloth, animal and vege- 
 
 Ozocerite. 
 
 
 
 table. 
 
 
 Ozotere. 
 
 
 
 Taffetas. 
 
 
 Vegetable. 
 
 
 
 Zaputtine and its derivatives. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j. Divers Materials: 
 
 
 i. Isolated Materials : 
 
 Citric acid (C 6 H 8 
 
 °\ 
 
 
 Asbestos and all its derivatives. 
 
 Azotic acid (H. N. 
 
 O 8 ). 
 
 
 Alexite. 
 
 
 Salicylic acid. 
 
 
 
 Algina. 
 
 
 Sehacic acid. 
 
 
 
 Amiante. 
 
 
 Oxalic acid (C 2 H 2 
 
 o 4 ). 
 
 
 Asphalt. 
 
 
 Oleic acid (C 16 H 84 
 
 O 2 ). 
 
 
 Astrictum. 
 
 
 Tartaric acid. 
 
 
 
 Russian. 
 
 
 Agalmatolite. 
 
 
 
 Birch. 
 
 
 Areometers. 
 
 
 
 Animal and Vegetable Tar of 
 
 Alkalies. 
 
 
 
 lignite, hulha 
 
 and all their 
 
 Ammonia. 
 
 
 
 derivatives. 
 
 
 Salts of Ammonia. 
 
 
 
 Bitite. 
 
 
 Aluminum and its 
 
 derivatives. 
 
 
 Bitumen. 
 
 
 Alum. 
 
 
 
 Colorifugos and 
 
 all its deriva- 
 
 Starch. 
 
 
 
 tives. 
 
 
 Auhydrite. 
 
 
 
 Cerasine. 
 
 
 Autibenzine Pirine, 
 
 
 
 Cork. 
 
 
 Astraline. 
 
 
 
 Cellulose and all 
 
 its deriva- 
 
 Atmold. 
 
 
 
 tives. 
 
 
 Whale Oil. 
 
 
 
 Esbetine. 
 
 
 Balenite. 
 
 • 
 
 
 Eshalite. 
 
 
 Balons. 
 
 
 
 Fermantine. 
 
 
 Salts of Baryum. 
 
 
 
 Fassilite. 
 
 
 Materials for bleaching. 
 
 
 Fucasine. 
 
 
 Bolus. 
 
 
 
 Gasoline. 
 
 
 Camptulikon. 
 
 
 
 103 
 
Afridi Wax. 
 
 Japan Wax. 
 
 Caruabuba Wax. 
 
 Carbarundum. 
 
 Materials for 
 
 Beech Creosote. 
 
 Chlorydrate of Quinine. 
 
 Cyanuret of Potassium. 
 
 Caseina. 
 
 Ceramyl. 
 
 Vegetable Coal. 
 
 Coal Dust. 
 
 Horn. 
 
 Mineral and Vegetable Waxs. 
 
 Fish Glue. 
 
 Coralline. 
 
 Caokaline. 
 
 Leather. 
 
 Copper and its derivatives. 
 
 Dextrina (C 2 A 20 O 10 ). 
 
 Dextrose. 
 
 Diamond. 
 
 Dichlorhydine. 
 
 Dielectrics. 
 
 Dielectrine. 
 
 Eburine. 
 
 Sponges. 
 
 Tin and its derivatives. 
 
 Eternite. 
 
 Flour. 
 
 Potato Sediment. 
 
 Felds Pathe. 
 
 Fibroleum. 
 
 Metallic Wires. 
 
 Sheets of Tin. 
 
 Lasts. 
 
 Fuller. 
 
 Fustian. 
 
 Galalithe. 
 
 Gas. 
 
 Gaze. 
 
 Fish Glue. 
 
 Glucose. 
 
 Glutin. 
 
 Graphite. 
 
 Mineral Oils. 
 
 Gypsum. 
 
 Hemalite. 
 
 Hatschetine. 
 
 Hydrofugine. 
 
 Koalin. 
 
 Kisselguhr. 
 
 Compound Kirrage. 
 
 Lactoleum. 
 
 Lederine. 
 
 Limeite. 
 
 Lactoite. 
 
 Lactites. 
 
 Material for Polishing. 
 
 Magnalium. 
 
 Magnesium and its compounds. 
 
 Magnesia. 
 
 Magnesia Calcinated . 
 
 Marble Dust. 
 
 Morocoline. 
 
 Nickel. 
 
 Salt of Nipa. 
 
 Nitronaphtaline. 
 
 Orgahdim. 
 
 Bones. 
 
 Pagodite. 
 
 Pantasote. 
 
 Petrifite. 
 
 Earth of Pipe. 
 
 Pumice Stone. 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 Plombago. 
 
 Pluviosine. 
 
 Salts of Potassium 
 
 Poudre Rouge. 
 
 Anti-ronille. 
 
 Sand. 
 
 Salitre (Nitrate of Potash 
 
 K. N. O 3 ). 
 Soap. 
 Sawdust. 
 
 Silicates of Aluminum. 
 Bronze Silicium. 
 Hides. 
 Luberine. 
 Luberite. 
 
 Metallic Sulphuret. 
 Isinglass. 
 Tannico. 
 
 104 
 
Metallic Cloth. Vulcoleina. 
 
 Turfa. Wallasine. 
 
 Tripoli. Waterproof Varnish. 
 
 Trichopiese. Whaleboline. 
 
 I lulha Varnish. Xylolithe. 
 
 Wood Vinegar. 
 
 Rio de Janeiro, April 17, 1912. 
 
 PEDRO DE TOLEDO, 
 
 Minister of Agriculture. 
 
 105 
 
GEORGE E. PELL, ESQ. 
 Commissioner for the Commercial Association of Para 
 
 106 
 
PARA 
 
 FURTHER DETAILS RELATING 
 TO PARA HAVE NOT COME 
 TO HAND UP TO THE TIME 
 OF GOING TO PRESS 
 
 107 
 
COMMERCIAL ASSOCIATION, PARA (BRAZIL) 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF EXHIBITS. 
 
 501 Biscuits 
 
 81 Biscuits 
 
 111 Biscuits 
 
 235 Biscuits 
 
 145 Biscuits 
 
 44 Biscuits 
 10 Biscuits 
 
 10 Biscuits 
 
 Quality. 
 
 Fine Island Rubber, 
 
 Fine Island Rubber, Cajary, 
 
 Fine Island Rubber, Anapu, 
 
 Fine Island Rubber, Cavianna, 
 
 Fine Low Xingu, 
 
 Weight, 
 net 1,037 ks. 
 net 804 ks. 
 
 net 756 ks. 
 
 net 1,116 ks. 
 
 net 979 ks. 
 
 sticks Fine Itaituba (Tap), 
 Fine High Xingu, 
 
 net 937 ks 
 net 696 ks. 
 
 5 Biscuits I on 
 34 Biscuits S 
 
 63 Biscuits 
 
 sticks Fine Itaituba (Tapajos) Cachoeira, net 1,025 ks. 
 
 110 Biscuits 
 
 20 Balls 
 30 Balls 
 
 20 Balls 
 
 2 Bags — 1 Bag 
 
 1 Bag 
 
 2 Boxes — 4 & 5 
 1 Case— No. 3 
 
 1 Box 
 
 1 Box 
 
 Weak Fine Rubber, net 650 ks. 
 
 Island Coarse Rubber, net 1,000 ks. 
 
 Cameta Coarse, net 1,515 ks. 
 
 Coarse Itaituba (Tapajos), • net 302 ks. 
 
 Weak Coarse, net 254 ks. 
 
 Tiras (Strips), net 119 ks. 
 
 Toe. Caucho Ball, net 911 ks. 
 
 Tap. Caucho Ball, Cachoeira, net 1,061 ks. 
 
 High Xingu Caucho Ball, net 1,044 ks. 
 
 Inaja Palm Nuts 
 
 Urucuri Palm Nuts 
 
 Tin Cups, etc., for collecting Latex 
 Natural Woods — 2 blocks of wood and shav- 
 ings, used for curing rubber 
 Machadinhos (Hatchets), collecting and curing 
 
 utensils 
 Wooden Stand used for curing large biscuits 
 
 of rubber. 
 
 108 
 
 Procedence. 
 
 From the Islands. 
 
 From River Cajary, 
 & partly islands. 
 
 From River Anapu 
 & partly islands. 
 
 From Island of 
 Cavianna. 
 
 From Lower 
 reaches of River 
 Xingu (This par- 
 cel contains two 
 lots, dry and 
 fresh, should be 
 separated and 
 marked "Dry" 
 and "New"). 
 
 From Lower 
 reaches of River 
 Tapajos. 
 
 From Higher 
 reaches of River 
 Xingu, above rap- 
 ids. 
 
 From Higher 
 reaches of River 
 Tapajos, above 
 rapids, and state 
 of Matto-Grosso. 
 
 From Lower 
 Amazon. 
 
 From Islands and 
 affluents of Lower 
 Amazon. 
 
 From River Cameta 
 and partly Isl- 
 ands. 
 
 From River Tapa- 
 jos. 
 
 From Lower 
 Amazon. 
 
 From River Tapa- 
 jos. 
 
 From River To- 
 cantins & Rio 
 Fresco. 
 
 From Higher 
 reaches of River 
 Tapajos, above 
 rapids, and State 
 of Matto-Grosso. 
 
 From Higher 
 reaches of River 
 Xingu. 
 
 Used for curing 
 
 Fine Rubber. 
 
 Used for curing 
 
 Fine Rubber. 
 
The 
 
 AMAZONAS 
 
 Section 
 
 
 109 
 
AMAZON STATE IS THE LARGEST ONE 
 
 IN BRAZIL 
 
 Area in square kilometers, 1,894,724. 
 
 Population, 600,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Capital, Manaos ; 60,000 inhabitants, 32 m , 40 m height from sea- 
 level. 
 
 It exports rubber and woods for construction and for other 
 works, Para nuts, Guarana and some other products. 
 
 Beans, corn, rice and almost every kind of cereals grow there 
 beautifully. 
 
 It is put in communication with Europe by one English and 
 two German Steamship Companies, and by cable and wireless 
 telegraphy. These companies have improved their steamers, 
 which go to Europe. To the United, States it is served only by 
 the English company, every ten days. They are cargo boats. 
 
 Principal cities : Stacoatiara, Manicore, Humaythe, TefTe, 
 Parintins and Labrea. 
 
 Medium temperature, 27° 2' centigrade. 
 
 Rains — Evaporation in mm., 1592,0. Height, 1525,3 (in 202 
 days). 
 
 Wind — Velocity in one second, l m , 60. Direction, east. 
 
 EXPORTS OF RUBBER FROM STATE OF AMAZONAS 
 SINCE 1827 UP TO 1907 
 
 Years. Kilograms. 
 
 1837 802,410 
 
 1847 4,286,570 
 
 1857 7,134,195 
 
 1867 2,969,070 
 
 1877 17,403,574 
 
 1887 43,454,671 
 
 1897 106,424,423 
 
 1907 120,434,947 
 
 From 1827 to 1852 the exports belong to Para and Amazonas 
 together. 
 
 110 
 
COLONEL ANTONIO CLEMENTE 
 RIBEIRO BITTENCOURT 
 
 Governor of the State of the Amazonas, Brazil 
 
 111 
 
>i 
 
DR. MANOEL LOBATO 
 
 Commissioner for the State of the Amazonas, Brazil, also of 
 Matto Grosso and the Federal Territory of Acre 
 
 113 
 
RUBBER IN THE STATE OF AMAZONAS 
 
 General Ideas about the State. Progress in the Means of Trans- 
 portation. Climatological Conditions. 
 
 The State of the Amazonas is the largest one in the Brazilian 
 Republic. Notwithstanding its well-known natural resources that 
 are not limited, according to many persons, to the precious milk 
 of the rubber tree — that wonderful tree of fortune — which is dis- 
 puted by various producing centers, its vast territory is yet far 
 from being completely and properly populated. 
 
 The emigration currents towards that section have started 
 lately, so that the population of hardly over two hundred thou- 
 sand souls a few years ago, to-day is over six hundred thousand 
 inhabitants, without any exaggeration. 
 
 As such changes are taking place the conditions of life arc 
 being altered every day. It is true that there still prevails in 
 the books of gay tourists who consider humbug as a condition 
 of inexhaustible success, the impression that the native indians 
 travel about half nude and armed with arches and arrows, chasing 
 the lost Europeans through such outlandish regions of the world. 
 
 The remark, however, is not based on real facts. The native 
 Indians are not now to be found in very accessible places. The 
 foreigner who lands in the Amazonas capital, for instance, may 
 be sure that his habits and his civilization will not cause any 
 fright. 
 
 It is difficult to find among the natives who possess some 
 education and means one who has not been through several 
 European countries, especially France; so that as soon as the 
 visitor lands he notices an atmosphere of modern improvements 
 and all the novelty and gay spirit of Parisian life; the latesi 
 fashions are found at once in Manaos. 
 
 The progress of that beautiful princess of the Rio Negro 
 (Black River) is most remarkable, because it is at the most only 
 twenty years. Until the proclamation of the Republic in Brazil, 
 Manaos amounted to almost nothing. From 1889 to this date 
 began its stupendous development, counting already over 60,000 
 inhabitants. 
 
 To-day it has comfortable homes, good and solid buildings 
 of artistic architecture. Its port is perfectly fitted to receive 
 the visits of the large transatlantic steamers, which places it 
 
 114 
 
A. W. STEDMAN, ESQ. 
 
 Commissioner for the Commercial Association of the State of 
 
 Manaos, Matto Grosso, and the Federal Territory 
 
 of Acre, Brazil 
 
 115 
 
in communication with the leading European ports. The navi- 
 gation line for the United States, served by an English company, 
 is not yet of the required progress to insure all the necessary 
 comfort to the passengers who venture to undertake the long 
 trip. Furthermore, it is served by steamers that do not possess 
 the modern requirements of speed, which at present is of first 
 interest not only for the passengers who look for a pleasure 
 resort as well as for the intercourse of commercial relations with 
 the world's markets. That is the reason why the interchange 
 between Amazonas and New York has been rather slow, which 
 interchange could be of greater magnitude than it is to-day if 
 there was a more intimate knowledge between the parties. 
 
 I would not want to end this information about the capital 
 of the State of Amazonas without quoting some paragraphs 
 from the excellent work, "The Rubber Country of the Amazon," 
 written by Mr. Henry C. Pearson, Editor of the "India Rubbei 
 World" : 
 
 "When one considers that this city is a thousand miles from 
 the seacoast, in the heart of a vast tropical jungle, with wild 
 Indians within a hundred miles of it, its presence seems incred- 
 ible. In a way, it is as modern as New York or Chicago. The 
 latest Parisian fashions are there, and almost anything that 
 civilized man desires is obtainable. Prices are high, to be sure, 
 because both luxuries and necessities are imported and subject 
 to a duty of 100 per cent. But when something besides rubber 
 is produced by the magnificently fertile lands that surround it, 
 Manaos will be one of the great and beautiful cities of the world 
 and living as reasonable as anywhere." 
 
 That progress, although it has been made principally in 
 Manaos, in some form is also affecting the interior of the State. 
 The river navigation is made quicker than before and on elegant 
 and up-to-date steamers, which navigate throughout all the tribu- 
 taries of the Amazon River. 
 
 Furthermore, the Madeira-Mamore railroad has produced a 
 great improvement in the transportation facilities adopted in the 
 State for the quick delivery of merchandise in the interior. 
 
 The most distant points of the territory are now connected 
 by wireless telegraphy. The news of the world can be trans- 
 mitted daily to the capital of the State by means of double river 
 cable and by wireless telegraphy of the Marconi system. 
 
 The climatic conditions are not so terrible as pictured in 
 the minds of the outside people, who do not know the real facts 
 and the true geographic situation of the State. 
 
 Mr. A. R. Wallace, in his "Narrative of Travels on the Ama- 
 
 116 
 
, _ 
 
 CAOUTCHOUC PROCESS No. 1. 
 The Men Set to Work Bleeding the Base of the Castilloa. 
 
 117 
 
zon and Rio Negro," and Captain Maury, in his book "The 
 Amazon and the Atlantic Coast of South America," show them- 
 selves so enthusiastic over the climate of Amazonas and recom- 
 mend it "as one of the healthiest and mildest in the world." That 
 easy enthusiasm is not so good for us as the competent French 
 engineer, Mr. Paul Le Cointe's opinion, after many years in the 
 northern part of Brazil. Thus he expresses himself: 
 
 "The Amazonia, an immense tableland slightly concave, situ- 
 ated entirely in the tropics, crossed by rivers of colossal dimen- 
 sions, with lakes and swamps, the remains of the original water 
 basin, badly separated by modern alluvium land, covered with 
 impenetrable forests from which emerge here and there some 
 plains, ought to, have a specially hot, damp and unhealthy 
 climate. 
 
 "That is the reputation which it has enjoyed for a long time 
 and which has frightened away the European immigration ; but 
 it is not deserved in such an absolute manner; as a hot country 
 is perhaps on the contrary the less deadly for the settler as 
 well as for the traveler." 
 
 THE AMAZON AS RUBBER PRODUCER 
 
 It is indeed very difficult if not absolutely impossible to limit 
 the rubber producing region of Amazonas. In almost the whole 
 of the vast territory of that State there are found rubber trees 
 and where they do not grow, they certainly can be successfully 
 planted. Over large tracts of lands on the banks of rivers not 
 navigable, there are extensive rubber forests not explored on 
 account of lack of population. 
 
 That exuberance of the Amazonian flora, that arrangement of 
 nature to furnish resources to the rubber extractor for many 
 years, kept him away from any other occupation except that of 
 raising the arm and wounding the tree of fortune in order to 
 obtain prosperity. There was no necessity of planting that which 
 the open road of the forest presents at each step ; also why 
 worry with a view to obtaining any other process of securing 
 the "hevea brasiliensis" when its milk in the primitive state is 
 obtained at the lowest price of exploitation and cultivation, pre- 
 serving all the excellent qualities of the rubber? 
 
 The presence of competitors in the world's market, more 
 than the damage caused to the health by the smoking process 
 of coagulation, is the reason to establish new exploitation. The 
 rubber plantation is now being conducted perhaps without obey- 
 ing the scientific criterion, but more in the shape of facilitating 
 the gathering of the latex. 
 
 118 
 
One hears a good deal about high prices in the Amazonas, 
 and careless observers state in opposition to that the cheapness 
 of life in the Asiatic Islands and other points of the world, i 
 do not think that a thoughtful person without any interest in 
 connection with enterprises and plantations elsewhere in the 
 world, would be able to use such an assertion, which is so 
 unjust. 
 
 The French engineer, Mr. Paul Le Cointe, who is an expert 
 in the matter, writes the following: 
 
 "For the work to be executed, the number of workmen re- 
 quired is much less where the production of those men is high, 
 hence to calculate the price of hand work, the individual produc- 
 tion is the factor that may become more important than the pay 
 to the men who work by the day. 
 
 "In the Far East, the workmen are paid from Fr. 75 to Fr. 
 1.25, equal to 14 cents to 23 cents, approximately, including feed- 
 ing. In the Amazonas, the pay per day amounts to Frs. 4.75, 
 or that is, almost 91 cents for all the work, which is three to four 
 times more." 
 
 Let us examine the cost in Asia and in the Amazonas for 
 the different work required by the cultivation of the rubber 
 trees. 
 
 According to Mr. Stanley Arden, it is about 38 cents for 
 each kilogram of rubber in the plantation (the data that I am 
 presenting in connection with this matter is from the book of 
 Mr. Le Cointe, entitled "Le Caoutchouc Amazonien et son Con- 
 current Asiatique"). 
 
 Mr. Lamy Torrilhon speaks about the Kuala Lampur Rub- 
 ber Company (Malay), which had in 1909, 404,012 rubber trees 
 from one to six years old. Calculating the price of cultivation of 
 that rubber at Fr. 4 per kilogram or approximately 76 cents, 
 Mr. Stanley Arden also calculated that the cost of a hectar of 
 plantation before reaching the period of exploitation (the sixth 
 year, according to him) was only Fr. 816, or more or less $157, 
 including the salaries and establishment of European employees, 
 an?d Mr. M. G. Vernet, of the Pasteur Institute of Nha-Trang, 
 calculated Fr. 3,000, about $580. 
 
 Mr. Le Cointe further states that Mr. Stanley Arden in his 
 calculations of expense seems to presume the plantation in lands 
 not thickly wooded, because he counts for the burning and clear- 
 ing of the land, hardly one-third the cost of felling the trees, 
 when in the forest it is about the same. Of course, lands not 
 properly protected and in the virgin state in the tropical coun- 
 tries, are less fertile than those covered with thick forests, fur- 
 
 120 
 
thermore the lands that have been devoted to a prolonged culti- 
 vation of plants, like coffee, tea, etc., are to a large extent ex- 
 hausted, and if rubber trees were attempted to be planted there, 
 the result would be that it would largely lose the advantages by 
 having to fell new trees. 
 
 Mr. Le Cointe also speaks of about 225 trees per kilogram, 
 when practically that number can be doubled ; besides this the 
 calculation made by the same author of about $18 for the clear- 
 ing of the hectar, at the rate of $14 per day for each workman 
 shows that the price for that work in almost clean land will take 
 sixty-two days, whereas in the Amazonas we only count on 
 twenty-six days for each clearing of a hectar in a virgin forest. 
 
 This argument, it seems to me, shows that there is a purpose 
 to bring up a cheapness which is more apparent than real, with 
 the determination of recommending the Asiatic plantations to 
 the detriment of the Amazonas rubber plantations. 
 
 This plan of attack is not the most correct one. We have 
 the advantage of having workmen who easily adapt themselves 
 to the producing land, and with the measures of protection that 
 the Government is going to guarantee to the rubber planters, 
 the life of the contractor is going to become easier. 
 
 The tree which is planted in its own region, is less subject 
 to ravages, being less persecuted by the destroying parasites, is 
 not violently fell by hard winds. 
 
 As every day increases the number of industries which re- 
 quires rubber as a raw material, it is therefore necessary to 
 exploit it in different centers, counting even with possible dis- 
 aster, but nowhere in the world, in accordance with the most 
 reliable statistics, is there more favorable land for the planting 
 of rubber trees than in the various territories of the Amazonas. 
 That territory has been placed by nature to be the emporium of 
 that industry, and counts with all the means to preserve that 
 privilege, and for the guarantee of the planter as soon as the 
 rubber tree develops itself, it has other resinous trees suitable for 
 construction, and excellent fibres which can be sold at a profit. 
 The Brazilian walnut is so abundant there that it is a second 
 source of income in the State of Amazonas. 
 
 THE PRODUCTION OF RUBBER 
 
 Only during the first six months of this year, notwithstanding 
 that the time for the full crop was not as yet due, from Manaos 
 there were exported to the United States 2,328,389 kilograms of 
 fine rubber, 602,180 medium quality, sernamby 991,088, caucho 
 
 122 
 
H 
 
 K « 
 
 « I 
 
 2 - 
 
 si? 
 
 M o 
 PQ 
 
 ^ § 
 , >> 
 
 fe cti 
 
 o| 
 o £ 
 
 s ^ 
 
 w > 
 
 H a; 
 % S3 
 
 H 
 
798,024; to Europe, first quality 2,449,776, medium quality 407,- 
 278, sernamby 507,860, caucho 1,368,489; from Itacoatiara, first 
 quality 37,240, medium 3,858, sernamby 26,237, caucho 11,405, 
 that is for the Amazonas a total of 9,531,824 kilograms, almost 
 half of the export of 22,902,401 kilograms made in that period 
 for that State, besides that of Para and Iquitos. The production 
 of Amazonas in 1910 was 10,466,231 kilograms; in 1911, 10,122,- 
 242 ; this year, it is expected that there will be an increase of 
 more than 15 per cent of the production of last year. 
 
 This is due only to the active work of a few thousand work- 
 men. What would be the colossal production of that territory, 
 when the work of the men will be facilitated by a rational dis- 
 tribution of rubber trees! 
 
 Reflecting upon that, I am reminded of the words of Dr. 
 T. Huber: 
 
 "A regular planting industry will have a marked and salutary 
 influence upon the extraction of wild rubber and the management 
 of wild rubber forests." 
 
 Furthermore, I have the full conviction that the future of 
 that industry competently managed will offer in Amazonas, and 
 in order to be more exact, in Brazil, more guarantees of success 
 than in any other region in the world. 
 
 M. LOBATO. 
 
 124 
 
BRAZIL 
 
 The States of Amazonas and Matto-Grosso, and the 
 Acre Territory 
 
 The Commercial Association of Amazonas exhibits samples 
 of rubber from the States of Amazonas and Matto-Grosso, and 
 from the Acre Territory, having been authorized by the respec- 
 tive Governments for this purpose. 
 
 1. STATE OF AMAZONAS 
 
 The main stream of the River Amazon flows through the 
 entire territory of this State, and within its boundaries is joined 
 by many tributaries. 
 
 The boundary with the State of Para is formed by the same 
 river, and that with Matto-Grosso and the Republic of Bolivia by 
 the Upper Madeira River. The River Javary, a tributary of the 
 Solimoes (or Upper Amazon), forms the boundary with Peru, as 
 does the Upper Rio Negro (the waters of which connect with 
 the Orinoco through the Cassiquari Canal), with Venezuela. 
 Before the formation of the Federal Acre Territory, the upper 
 reaches of the Rivers Acre, Purus, and Jurua also constituted 
 the frontiers of the State of Amazonas with Peru and Bolivia. 
 
 The capital of the State, Manaos, is situated in the bay of the 
 Rio Negro, three days distant by steamer from the capital of 
 the adjoining State, Para. The nearest European port, Lisbon, 
 can be reached in thirteen days, and New York in eighteen days. 
 
 Manaos is the turning-point for ocean going steamers from 
 the United States of America, and Europe, as well as from the 
 South of Brazil. 
 
 The companies engaged in the transatlantic service are : 
 
 The Booth Steamship Co., Ltd. (British), with four sailings 
 each way to and from Liverpool per month, calling at Itacoatiara, 
 Para, Madeira, Lisbon, Leixoes (Oporto), Vigo and Cherbourg, 
 and three sailings to and from New York per month, calling at 
 Para and Barbadoes. 
 
 The Hamburg- Amerika Line and Hamburg-Sudamerikanische 
 Dampfschiffahrts-Gesellschaft (German), with two sailings per 
 month to and from Hamburg, calling at Para, Madeira, Lisbon, 
 Leixoes (Oporto), Havre and Antwerp. The Booth Steamship 
 Co., Ltd., also runs two lines, one from Liverpool and the other 
 from New York, as far as Iquitos, the capital and principal port 
 of the Loreto province of Peru. Maritime communication with 
 Southern Brazil is maintained by the "Lloyd Brazileiro" and the 
 
 126 
 
 
i 
 
 AOM.NhSTRACAO DO 
 0" IDUAROO GONQAlVtS RIBCII 
 
 JMHAD5 
 
 i«»i».jl».».- atal 
 
 MAP OF MANAOS 
 
 127 
 
"Cia. de Commercio e Navegacao," the former having six steam- 
 ers per month, and the latter three. The voyage from Manaos to 
 Rio de Janeiro occupies from 14 to 16 days. 
 
 The river navigation is controlled by the Amazon River Navi- 
 gation Co. (1911), Ltd., and numerous private steamers, which 
 form a flotilla only to be compared with that of the River Missis- 
 sippi. A new company "A Companhia Navegacao do Amazonas" 
 is about to commence operations. All these steamers call at 
 Manaos, or have their headquarters there. 
 
 Telegraphic communication is as follows: By means of the 
 Amazon Telegraph Co., Ltd., in combination with the Western 
 Telegraph Co. to and from all parts of the world. 
 
 Wireless Telegraphy (Marconi and Telefunken systems), is 
 already making considerable headway. The Marconi station 
 at Manaos, in the hands of the Madeira Mamore Railway Co., 
 receives and transmits messages to and from Porto Velho, on 
 the Madeira River, the starting point and headquarters of the 
 railroad, as well as to and from the Telefunken stations at Senna 
 Madureira, Empreza and Cruzeiro do Sul (the capital towns of 
 the three divisions of the Acre Territory). 
 
 These last stations are not yet open for use by the public, 
 and other intermediate stations are still in course of construction. 
 
 Manaos has also a station of the Amazon Wireless Telegraph 
 & Telephone Co., Ltd., which transmits messages to Para, and 
 has lately been in regular communication with the station in 
 Iquitos belonging to the Peruvian Government. By this route 
 it is possible to send messages to Lima, the capital of Peru, on 
 the Pacific Coast. However, the Company mentioned has so 
 far not succeeded in obtaining the official permission of the 
 Brazilian Government to operate in Brazil. 
 
 Manaos has a permanent population of upwards of 70,000 
 inhabitants. Its houses and public buildings conform to modern 
 architectural ideas, and some of its buildings, such as the State 
 Theatre, the Public Library, the Palace of Justice and the "Ben- 
 jamin Constant" Orphan Asylum are magnificent. 
 
 The streets, squares and avenues are well lighted by electric- 
 ity and the town possesses an excellent electric tramway system. 
 The drainage scheme is almost completed, and the water supply 
 is very satisfactory. The port works are in the hands of the 
 Manaos Harbor, Ltd. There are some excellent hotels, and a 
 splendid telephone service. 
 
 The following banks carry on operations in Manaos : 
 
 The London & Brazilian Bank, Ltd., and The London & 
 River Plate Bank, Ltd. (British), agencies. 
 
 Banco do Brazil (Brazilian), agency. 
 
 Banco Amazonense (Brazilian), Head Office. 
 
 128 
 

 A "SERINGUEIRO"' TAPPING A RUBBER TREE. 
 129 
 
Banking Firms: Zarges Ohliger & Co. (German). 
 Life, Fire & Marine Insurance Companies: 
 
 Northern Insurance Co. (British), agency. 
 
 Royal Insurance Co. (British), agency. 
 
 "Mannheim" Insurance Co. (German), agency. 
 
 Lloyd Amazonense (Brazilian), head office. 
 
 And agencies of the following Brazilian companies : Garantia 
 da Amazonia, Seguradora Paraense, Allianca da Bahia, Com- 
 mercial Paraense, Lloyd Paraense, Allianca, Paraense. 
 
 Rubber is the chief industry of the State, being its principal 
 product and source of income. The predominance of this industry 
 dates from 1863, and within a few years it superseded entirely 
 the planting of rice, coffee, cocoa, sugar cane, beans and maize. 
 
 Up to 1870 rubber was generally exported in the form of 
 roughly made shoes, hats and caps, as well as in sacks and in 
 bulk, the greater part of it going to New York, via Para. Later, 
 the present system of biscuits or balls, cut and packed in cases, 
 came into use. 
 
 Considerable business has always been done in Amazon with 
 the United States of America, although formerly the proportion 
 shipped to America was greater than at present, as it was only 
 in later years that the heavy competition by London and Liver- 
 pool came into being. 
 
 The production of the various rivers during 1911 was : 
 
 River Solimoes 865,000 kilos 
 
 Purus 3,019,000 
 
 Acre 371,000 
 
 Jurua 2,055,000 
 
 Madeira 1,370,000 
 
 Tavary 1,420,000 
 
 Japura 70,000 
 
 Jutahy 287,000 
 
 Negro 679,000 
 
 Branco 33,000 
 
 Lower Amazon 194,000 
 
 The rubber exporting houses are : 
 
 Zarges Ohliger & Co. (German). 
 Adelbert H. Alden, Ltd. (American). 
 Ahlers & Co. (German). 
 General Rubber Co. of Brazil (American). 
 De Lagotellerie & Co. (French). 
 
 no 
 
'DEFUMADOR," OR SMOKING-HUT. 
 
 
 131 
 
STATE OF AMAZON EXHIBIT INCLUDES: 
 
 Pyramid of 50 tons rubber. 
 Models of River Steamers. 
 Rubber Milk. 
 Photographs and Maps. 
 Rubber Toys, etc., made by natives. 
 Basins, Pails, etc. 
 
 Large Rubber Tree Stump and several Young Rubber Trees, 
 Exhibited by Messrs. Asenei & Co., River Madeira. 
 
 Rubber Milk. 
 
 Nuts and Appliances for Smoking Rubber. 
 
 Exhibited by Sno. Raymundo Monteiro da Costa 
 
 COMPARATIVE RUBBER 'STATISTICS 
 
 Comparative Rates of Fine Para. 
 Liv 
 s. 
 
 1894 2 
 
 1895 3 
 
 1896 3 
 
 1897 3 
 
 1898 3 
 
 1899 3 
 
 1900 3 
 
 1901 3 
 
 1902 2 
 
 1903 3 
 
 1904 3 
 
 1905 4 
 
 1906 4 
 
 1907 2 
 
 1908 2 
 
 1909 4 
 
 1910 4 
 
 1911 3 
 
 Liverpool. 
 
 
 New York. 
 
 d. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 
 9 to 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 $0.64^ 
 
 to 
 
 $0.73 
 
 0% to 
 
 3 
 
 4% 
 
 .70 
 
 to 
 
 &V/2 
 
 0}/ 2 to 
 
 3 
 
 m 
 
 .71 
 
 to 
 
 .85 
 
 5 to 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 .1^/2 
 
 to 
 
 .89 
 
 iy 2 to 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 .82 
 
 to 
 
 1.06 
 
 10 to 
 
 4 
 
 nVA 
 
 .91 
 
 to 
 
 1.10 
 
 sy 2 to 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 .83 
 
 to 
 
 1.1154 
 
 4 to 
 
 3 
 
 iiy 2 
 
 .76 
 
 to 
 
 .95 
 
 10 to 
 
 3 
 
 W2 
 
 .66 
 
 to 
 
 .92 
 
 6% to 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 .78 
 
 to 
 
 1.13 
 
 10% to 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 .89 
 
 to 
 
 1.32 
 
 1054 to 
 
 5 
 
 8% 
 
 1.13 
 
 to 
 
 1.35 
 
 llV 2 to 
 
 5 
 
 5/2 
 
 1.16 
 
 to 
 
 1.28 
 
 11% to 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 .69 
 
 to 
 
 1.24 
 
 954 to 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 .65 
 
 to 
 
 1.30 
 
 10 to 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 1.13 
 
 to 
 
 2.15 
 
 10 to 
 
 12 
 
 454 
 
 1.16 
 
 to 
 
 2.90 
 
 10 to 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 .90 
 
 to 
 
 1.67 
 
FEDERAL TERRITORY 
 OF ACRE 
 
THE ACRE 
 
 THE FLUVIAL REGION THAT IS RICHEST IN 
 
 RUBBER 
 
 As far as the wealth of rubber obtained from natural sources 
 is concerned, Brazil ranks first among all the world's rubber 
 producing countries. While the East Indian section, with its 
 plantation grown product, has already outstripped her in the 
 quantity of its annual plantation output, the superior excellence 
 of genuine Para rubber has not been attained. The "fine rubber" 
 that comes from the inundated region of the lower river country 
 is best known. In the upper districts of various southern afflu- 
 ents, fine rubber trees grow, but no longer in-the lowlands that 
 have long been subject to inundation, they occur rather in forests 
 that are overflowed seldom, if at all, that even extend over the 
 hilly districts. The method of collection and the entire opera- 
 tion of rubber production varies in many respects from the 
 more familiar methods of the* inundated districts. This applies 
 particularly to Acre, with its characteristic and peculiar river 
 section. 
 
 To explore this section, from economic and scientific points 
 of view, I undertook a journey last year, 1911, at the instance 
 of the Associacao Commercial. 
 
 The results of this journey will be embodied in a detail report, 
 it is at present proposed to make only a brief summary to sup- 
 plement the pictures shown in the exhibition. 
 
 Our better knowledge of Acre dates back barely a quarter of 
 a century. At that period uncertainty prevailed as to which of 
 the countries adjoining Acre, Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, were the 
 owners of the territory. In more recent times these conditions 
 have been adjusted, the greater part having been awarded to 
 Brazil, while Bolivia received a portion of the left bank of the 
 upper Acre. The boundary between Bolivia and Peru is as yet 
 undecided. The latter country includes the uppermost left bank 
 of the source section which contains but few fine rubber trees. 
 
 The Acre is a right affluent of the larger tributaries of 
 the Purus, entering above the mouth of the Rio Negro and com- 
 ing from the Southwest, and flows, like these, through the 
 boundless forest tracts of the Amazon River country. It rises 
 in elevated ground, East of the Andes, in a still partly explored 
 
 135 
 
DR. CARLOS DE CERQUEIRA PINTO, 
 Inventor of a Smokeless Process for Curing Rubber. 
 
 136 
 
territory, very difficult of access, at about the eleventh 
 degree of southern latitude and 70^ longitude and flows at 
 first eastward, to the Bolivian boundary at 69°. From this point, 
 the Acre flows first Northeast, with a constantly increasing 
 northerly inclination, until it enters the Central Purus at 8 2-3 
 South latitude and 67^ longitude. The small steamers run 
 from this point to the junction with the Amazon and on to 
 Manaos in six to eight days. 
 
 In November more than 40 large and small steamers are 
 despatched from Para and Manaos. They carry supplies for the 
 rubber district and load, for the return trip, fine rubber and 
 other caoutchouc varieties. Such steamers have, as a rule, a 
 cargo capacity of 100 to 300 tons. The largest, taking as much 
 as 500 tons, are at most 50 to 60 meters in length. 
 
 The journey from Manaos to the Purus, is usually accomp- 
 lished in one day. The Purus is a stately river, which, in its 
 lower reaches often attains a breadth of 1,000 meters and al- 
 though it gradually narrows, it always retains, until its con- 
 fluence with the Acre, a breadth of several hundred meters. 
 
 The trip to that point takes, as a rule, 12 to 16 days and ex- 
 cept for the last stretch of about three days, is open all the year. 
 Here is the place called Cochoeiras, where there are rapids, 
 which during the dry season of about four months, obstruct steam 
 navigation on the Puriis. The Acre, on the other hand, has a 
 narrow but deep bed, is rarely over 100 meters wide and often 
 contracts to 50 to 60 meters. In the dense forests, there may 
 be seen, from time to time, clearings on the banks with the 
 Baracaos that are the stations for the fine rubber business. Also 
 occasional larger places of residence, villages and little towns, 
 where longer stops are often made, are encountered. 
 
 We first pass Antimary, at the mouth of a river similarly 
 named. Then we soon reach Porto de Acre, a large residential 
 place, where the steamers must have their papers passed and 
 pay duties. 
 
 This is the beginning of the Federal territory, which is sepa- 
 rate from the State of Amazonas and is subject to the central 
 government in Rio de Janeiro. Hardly a day's journey up stream 
 lies the little town of Empreza, with its picturesque houses em- 
 bowered in foliage. It is the most important place on the lower 
 Acre and the second largest residential town in Acre Territory. 
 
 About three days' journey up the river the town of Hapury 
 is reached, which contains several thousand inhabitants and 
 enjoys a considerable trade. It is the largest and most important 
 town in the entire Acre territory. 
 
 When at times in the river's narrow water course there are 
 a dozen large steamers lying and a lively business intercourse 
 
 138 
 

is everywhere in progress, the scene, in the depth of the pri- 
 meval forest, creates quite an imposing impression. Hapury is 
 considered already in the district of Alta Acre and from this 
 point, the difficulty of navigation increases, the breadth and 
 volume of water of the river alike decreasing. Very rapidly 
 during long, rainless periods, the river water level lowers and 
 the further progress of the steamers becomes impossible. They 
 must anchor at a convenient place and wait until the river rises 
 again. In lower Acre, where water is more plentiful, such in- 
 terruptions are less frequent, but in upper Acre they are the rule. 
 The farther the river is ascended the more frequent are these 
 compulsory stoppages, often lasting eight to fourteen days. High- 
 water in the river often lasts but a few days, so that the steam- 
 ers must stop again. Then too, the many windings of the river 
 make navigation exceedingly difficult. On the upper Acre travel 
 is by day only, boats laying to at night. 
 
 Following the course of the river, 85 kilometers above Ha- 
 pury, Igarape de Bahia is reached, on the Bolivian border and 
 then the little town of Cobija. It is situated on the right bank 
 and belongs to Bolivia, whereas on the left bank, Brazilian terri- 
 tory continues. The steamers here are subject to the Bolivian 
 customs regulations and must pay duty on all goods destined 
 for Bolivia. 
 
 A large number of the steamers that start from Manaos, go 
 only as far as this or as Hapury, only a few venture to penetrate 
 further and are not deterred by the great loss of time. 
 
 Above Cobija are some of the most productive rubber sec- 
 tions where there are goods to discharge and rubber to be loaded. 
 A few steamers follow the Bolivian border up to the terminal 
 station, Tacna. Here, as a small affluent from the right, the 
 Taverija flows into the Acre, forming at the same time the 
 boundary between Bolivia and Peru. 
 
 Bolivia maintains here a small military post, whereas there 
 is only a commissioner for Peru. If the steamer has met with 
 favorable conditions, the trip from Manaos may have been made 
 in a month ; ordinarily, however, it takes two or three months. 
 The return trip is made much faster, some steamers, that do 
 not stop, make Manaos from upper Acre in fourteen days. 
 
 Above Tacna there are but two rubber forest districts or 
 seringaes as they are termed, the Seringal Auristella on the 
 Peruvian side and the Seringal St. Francisco on the Brazilian 
 side. The latter is a very productive and still young rubber 
 forest, farther up the river the fine rubber trees suddenly cease 
 and their output is no longer remunerative. 
 
 The climate, like that of the Amazon country, is humid and 
 hot, with a rainy and a dry season. The southerly situation, 
 
 140 
 
RUBBER TREE AT HAPURY. 
 141 
 
however, causes a somewhat more marked difference between 
 the two seasons. In April, the rains become less frequent and 
 then, until October, there are no or but very few heavy precipi- 
 tations ; some times the fallen leaves on the ground in the woods 
 are dried out and even the dew is absent. There then occur, 
 however, especially in the months of June, July and August, 
 steady cold spells, when the thermometer, in the morning, sinks 
 to 8° C. and often does not go above 12° C. during the day. 
 These so-called Friazens last several days and are recurrent, but 
 cease in September. Thunder storms and violent rain storms 
 begin in October, so that in November the rivers are usually 
 navigable again. In December the first steamships arrive. In 
 January and February a rainless period is frequent, which is 
 followed, in March and April again, by a rainy spell. Many 
 steamers undertake, usually at this time, their second voyage 
 and if they have good fortune they make three trips to upper 
 Acre. 
 
 The copious precipitation, the heat and the fertile soil have 
 produced in Acre a luxuriant primeval forest, which is higher 
 and more densely overgrown than that of the lower river courses 
 of the Amazon country. Trees of 40 to 50 meters in height 
 are not infrequent, they form a forest of varied composition. 
 There may be found here representatives of the most diverse 
 plant families ; some of which, in the cool season, lose their 
 foliage. The forest is densely overgrown with plants, shoots 
 and shrubs. Where a thorny growth, Tapoea and other under- 
 brush gets the upper hand, a machete or axe is necessary in 
 forcing a path through the virgin forest. 
 
 Various kinds of trees are used by the natives for building 
 houses, fashioning canoes and other purposes. For export, how- 
 ever, neither these useful woods nor many other products of 
 the forest, have attained any importance. The fruit of the cacao 
 tree and Para nuts, rot on the ground, transportation to Manaos 
 being too costly. The caoutchouc products are, however, present 
 in such abundance and possess such great value, that their ac- 
 quisition and transportation recompenses every effort and have 
 been the cause of the development in these distant primeval 
 forests of a busy life. 
 
 The water in the deeply hollowed bed of the Acre, swells 
 in flood time and submerges the land on the adjacent shores 
 and some sand banks, but for the most part does not penetrate 
 into the forest or only for a short period. The flooded forests of 
 the lower water courses, often miles in extent, are lacking and 
 the fine rubber trees grown on land free from inundation, often 
 reaches up into the hills in the hilly or mountainous district. 
 
 The fine rubber tree belongs to the Hevea brasiliensis, Mull. 
 
 142 
 
Arg. or to their near families. It is higher and more vigorous 
 than the trees in the inundated districts and has somewhat larger 
 and longer seeds. Trees of more than 40 meters in height and 
 up to five meters in circumference, are not rare. Whether the 
 Acre fine rubber tree is a special species or a variety of Hevea 
 Braziliensis, can be determined only by a very painstaking in- 
 vestigation. In yield of rubber and quality of product, the Acre 
 tree surpasses that of the inundated districts. 
 
 Of other Hevea varieties Hevea cuneata Hub. the Seringa 
 vermelha, occurs but rarely, also sapium tapuru, Ule, is found 
 but rarely. Castilloa Ulei, Warb., the "caucho" of the Peru- 
 vians, is quite plentiful and is generally utilized, its exploitation 
 being regarded sometimes as more profitable than the fine rub- 
 ber. Just as in the Amazon country, under the title "caout- 
 chouc," the product of castilloa is mainly understood, so, in 
 Acre, for the yield of the Hevea, the name "fine rubber" is used. 
 
 At present, there are on the Acre no unowned, unused lands, 
 but some of the seringaes in operation are capable of further 
 development. In lower Acre there are many seringaes that are 
 badly exhausted and furnish but a small yield. The rubber col- 
 lectors too, who, as is well-known, cut down the Castilloa trees, 
 are compelled to go further into upper Acre all the time to find 
 profitable work. 
 
 Acre territory is regarded as the most productive fine rubber 
 section, especially on its borders ; on the little river Hapury and 
 towards the Taurumano, which belongs to the water-shed of the 
 Madeira, the output is said to be exceedingly rich. In propor- 
 tion to their longitudinal extent, the extent of the woods belong- 
 ing to Acre, in breadth, is comparatively small, for in a one or 
 two days' journey, it is possible to reach the district of another 
 river. The rubber forest properties are consequently all meas- 
 ured from the river and include usually, a territory of several 
 hundred square kilometers, often in fact, equal to small princi- 
 palities. Many owners have also several seringaes, often in 
 Bolivia and Brazil simultaneously. 
 
 In such a^ seringal on the river bank, the dwelling with ware- 
 house accommodations and sales-place, is erected, known as the 
 Baracao in contradistinction to the small Baraken of the work 
 people. 
 
 About the Baracao the forest is usually cleared to afford land 
 for planting and pasture for the cattle. 
 
 The management of the seringal and its entire business, pro- 
 ceeds from the Baracao. According to the extent of the seringal, 
 from twenty to several hundred work people are employed on it. 
 Through the entire forest, paths, known as estradas, are laid out, 
 from which all obstructive brush and hanging creepers, are cut 
 
 144 
 
away with the machete. These estradas, where possible, are laid 
 out in loops, so that they lead back to the starting point and are 
 so planned as to include from 100 to 150 fine rubber trees. 
 
 Every seringueiro is alloted two or three estradas to work. 
 These seringueiros live in the interior of the forest in special 
 baraken, either with their families, or usually several together. 
 The different baraken are connected by broader roads that can 
 be traversed by mules. 
 
 In May or June, after the estradas have previously been put 
 in order, the gathering of fine rubber commences. The serin- 
 gueiro proceeds in the early morning into the forest, taps the 
 trees in the customary manner with the little axe Maschadi, at- 
 taches the tin cups and afterwards collects the accumulated 
 milk. It is afternoon when he reaches home with the milk he 
 has collected in a rubber bag or in tin cans, to be smoked. In a 
 little hut, roofed with palm-straw, the smoking is proceeded with. 
 Pieces of wood that give a copious smoke are burned and over 
 the fire is placed a tin cylinder, known as a Boiao. The serin- 
 gueiro first collects, in the middle of a round, strong stick, some 
 coagulated rubber milk and pours the still fluid milk, which he 
 has in a large tin dish, over this place, turning the stick so that 
 the smoke can impregnate the coagulating caoutchouc. He con- 
 tinues this operation until the milk in the tin pan is all used up. 
 
 By this means, a rubber ball is produced which is enlarged 
 in the succeeding days until it weighs about 50 kilos. The stick 
 is then withdrawn and the ball, stored with others, until the 
 mule train comes for it. A mule can carry on each side of him 
 50 kilos without over-exerting himself. 
 
 If, however, the weight of the ball exceeds sixty kilos, the 
 mules are overloaded and the seringueiro who made the balls 
 pays a fine. Where the dwelling place of the seringueiro is near 
 a river and the fine rubber can be transported by canoe, larger 
 balls, that often weigh more than 100 kilos are made. 
 
 This gathering and preparation of the fine rubber differs 
 materially from that practiced on the lower water courses where 
 the. .milk is smoked with much greater care, on the shovel shaped 
 mould and the balls, as a rule, weigh but 10 to 30 kilos. On the 
 Acre, the seringueiro will gather in a day 15 to 25 liters of milk, 
 which will yield 7 to 12 kilos of dry rubber, whereas in the 
 inundated section he will be able to gather but one-half or one- 
 third as much. Of course the seringueiro can smoke the milk 
 much more carefully and take certain precautions, as for in- 
 stance, that the rubber-milk is never heated. On the Acre on 
 the other hand, the milk is warmed as a rule, because otherwise 
 the large mass is difficult to manage. There is no question but 
 that in this manner the quality of the rubber, which is prepared 
 
 146 
 
from the best material and certainly would yield the best product, 
 suffers. Nevertheless the rubber 'balls from Acre, prepared in 
 the primitive manner, furnish a good and much sought for rubber. 
 The tapping of the trees also is often effected with less care, 
 small steel axes being used that make wounds that are too deep 
 and as a result, the seringaes in the Acre are exhausted more 
 quickly than those in the inundated district. 
 
 From the baracaos the stations on the banks of the river, 
 small mule trains proceed to the interior to bring in the rubber 
 balls, which are laid in rows, usually in the open air, so that they 
 will be thoroughly dried before loading them on the steamer. By 
 the same mules, food and supplies are sent to the seringueiros 
 in the forest. When the rubber gathering ceases in December 
 or January, the seringueiro has other important work to do. 
 Roads must be opened and repaired, clearings made in the forest, 
 huts erected, wood cut and finally the paths set in order for the 
 approaching harvest. During the rainy season, the steamer brings 
 new supplies and food, which the seringueiro must buy at the 
 Baracao. 
 
 Concerning the duties the seringueiro has to perform, there 
 are special regulations, which prevail in most seringae and of 
 which written or printed copies are often furnished. 
 
 To each seringueiro is allotted two or three estradas, each 
 with 120 to 200 trees. For this he pays 15 per cent of his gather- 
 ing of fine rubber to the owner of the forest and an additional 
 10 per cent if he uses the mules for transportation. The remain- 
 ing rubber belongs to the seringueiro in so far as he does not 
 have to pay it for goods purchased. As a rule, the owner pur- 
 chases a portion of the product on the spot at a price that is, of 
 course, somewhat lower than is paid in Manaos, the remaining 
 portion is shipped, for account of the seringueiro, to Para and 
 Manaos, and he receives the full market price for it, of course, 
 after deducting freight and duties. The balance is placed to the 
 credit of the seringueiro and paid to the firm representing the 
 owner in Manaos or Para. Certain items, for instance, the price 
 of Sernamby, consisting of residual scraps of rubber, the serin- 
 gueiro also receives in Acre. In some cases payments are made 
 in rubber products, a form of payment quite common in other 
 transactions. 
 
 On the upper Acre, a seringueiro will usually collect in a 
 day as much milk as will yield from 6 to 15 kilos of fine rubber. 
 Two liters of this milk yield a kilo of dry rubber, whereas with 
 Manihot Glaziovi, 3 liters are required for this. Exceptional 
 cases occur where the seringueiro furnishes milk for 20 to 25 
 kilos of fine rubber in one day. Daily collections of more than 
 40 liters, however, a single worker can hardly control and he 
 
 148 
 
RUBBER TREE OF NEARLY FIVE METERS 
 IN CIRCUMFERENCE M±Ll ^ Kb 
 
 149 
 
must then have an assistant for carrying- and smoking. The 
 yearly production of a seringueiro amounts, in the better rubber 
 forest properties, to upwards of 1,000 kilos of dry rubber. 
 
 Some owners offer a reward, such as for instance, a gold 
 watch, for the most industrious and luckiest seringueiro. On 
 the Seringal S. Francisco, for the crop year 1911-1912, a serin- 
 gueiro won the gold watch who had collected 2,500 kilos. The 
 annual highest yield of caoutchouc from the Castilloa was only 
 1,700 kilos, for the forest there in regard to Castilloa is already 
 very much exhausted. Otherwise the yields of this rubber are 
 more variable and higher than those of fine rubber. 
 
 If the price of rubber rules high, a seringueiro has quite a 
 considerable income and with a little frugality can acquire a 
 property. 
 
 If, on the other hand, the price of rubber drops below five 
 milreis, the seringueiro has trouble to make both ends meet 
 with his income and easily gets into debt. The supplies that he 
 must purchase from the proprietor or his representative (lessee) 
 are very expensive. The customs duties, the long haul and 
 consequently high freight, the risk, the different losses, which 
 the proprietor suffers through debtor workmen, and the occasional 
 high price of fine rubber, which forces all prices upward, makes 
 everything in upper Acre very dear. 
 
 The prices of some of the most necessary supplies and goods 
 are about as follows. 
 
 1 kilo mandioka flour, % l / 2 milreis. 
 
 1 kilo coffee, 4 milreis. 
 
 1 kilo sugar, 3 milreis. 
 
 1 kilo beans, 3 milreis. 
 
 1 kilo rice, % T / 2 milreis. 
 
 1 kilo dried meat, 5 milreis. 
 
 1 kilo fresh meat, 4 milreis. 
 
 1 chicken, 30 milreis. 
 
 1 dozen eggs, 10 milreis. 
 
 1 bottle brandy, 8 milreis. 
 
 1 meter goods, 3 to 6 milreis. 
 
 1 woolen quilt, 120 to 140 milreis. 
 
 1 pair boots, 40 to 60 milreis. 
 
 1 cake washing soap, 3^ milreis. 
 
 1 piece fine soap, 5 milreis. 
 
 1 machete, 14 to 22 milreis. 
 
 1 package matches, 3 milreis. 
 
 1 carbine, 200 milreis. 
 
 1 kilo powder, 28 milreis. 
 
 I kilo shot, 4 milreis. 
 
 150 
 
1 pound sterling is now worth about 15 milreis, so that four 
 shillings (about one dollar U. S.)=3 milreis. 
 
 On the lower Acre, goods are much cheaper and they fall 
 still lower down to Manaos, where many articles only cost one- 
 third or one-fourth as much, or even less, but Manaos is never- 
 theless an expensive city. 
 
 The large profits which fine rubber often yields, make all 
 labor very dear. For this reason agriculture has developed but 
 slowly and most food supplies must therefore be imported. 
 Nevertheless cattle raising is constantly growing, stock being 
 brought in from Bolivia. Bananas, the tubers of the sweet man- 
 diola, beans and some vegetables are extensively grown, especi- 
 ally by Peruvians and Bolivians. Often the seringueiro will 
 plant some bananas and cultivate a small patch of cleared land, 
 but this is not favorably regarded by the proprietor. In some 
 seringaes, even the marriage of the seringueiros is opposed; 
 everything is directed towards obtaining the largest possible 
 quantity of fine rubber. 
 
 Although the Acre is not very full of fish, fishing, in the dry 
 season, is attended with some success, which particularly benefits 
 dwellers on the banks of the river. Hunting also, in some 
 sections, furnishes residents with fresh meat. As animals of the 
 chase may be enumerated, monkeys, Taca, Aguti, wild swine, 
 small varieties of deer, sloths, tapirs, various wood fowl and 
 ducks. 
 
 Very different from the arrangements customary, as a rule, in 
 the Acre, are the conditions in the Bolivian rubber districts, 
 which for the most part are owned by a single proprietor, N. 
 Suarez y Hermanos. He is said to produce 1,500 tons of fine 
 rubber per year, and could produce more than four times the 
 quantity if the entire forest concession, which is probably as 
 large as South Germany was all put in operation. One portion 
 of this rubber forest is situated on the Acre, but the greater part 
 includes the Southwestern tributaries of the Rio Madeira. In 
 the properties on the Acre, the working methods are adapted to 
 Brazilian customs, especially where Brazilian seringueiros are 
 employed. 
 
 While in the Seringaes, trade is conducted mostly through 
 the Baracoes, there are in some places, notably in Cobija, Ha- 
 pury and Empreza, various business houses, through which the 
 owners of seringaes, captains of ships and other persons, can 
 supply their wants, for before the steamer returns, there is often 
 a scarcity in some products. 
 
 The retail trade is mainly in the hands of so-called Turks, 
 various Orientals, from Syria, Arabia, Tunis and Morocco. They 
 have large boats, propelled by poles and oars and which contain 
 
 152 
 
the goods in a covered space. These Turks travel as pedlars 
 for years about on the rivers, selling their goods for money or 
 rubber. This commerce is designated Regatao and is not favored 
 by proprietors, who sometimes forbid stopping in their territory. 
 The seringueiro can not only buy cheaper of them, but can dis- 
 pose of caoutchouc surreptitiously. 
 
 Those who encounter favorable conditions on the Acre, who 
 are diligent and economical, can, by working in the rubber in- 
 dustry, or in any other field of activity, soon acquire a property. 
 The majority, however, squander their earnings on trips to 
 Manaos, Para or Ceara, or suffer from sickness. 
 
 Although hygienic conditions on the Acre have improved with 
 the times and there are numerous healthy localities, malaria 
 still prevails there a great deal, and other diseases, notably beri- 
 beri, are often fatally prevalent. Many privations, caused by 
 the difficulties of travel, and a certain amount of luxury, made 
 possible by the large earnings, often contrast with one another. 
 
 From Acre, during the year, about 5,000 tons of fine rubber, 
 inclusive of other rubber products, are exported, of which cer- 
 tainly a portion comes from the adjacent territory. 
 
 This quantity, according to the price of rubber, will represent 
 a value of 20,000 to 75,000 contos of reis, about $5,000,000 to 
 $15,000,000. These are figures that play a part in the total output 
 of rubber, the importance of which is increased by its quality. 
 
 3, THE ACRE TERRITORY. 
 
 Previous to the Treaty of Petropolis, in 1903, between Brazil 
 and Bolivia, the Acre Territory formed part of the State of 
 Amazonas, one portion being, in fact, still in dispute. By virtue 
 of this treaty the Acre Territory became Brazilian, Brazil in 
 exchange paying £2,000,000 to Bolivia, an indemnity to an Ameri- 
 can syndicate, and undertaking to construct the Madeira Mamore 
 Railway. 
 
 The Congress then empowered the Federal authorities to ad- 
 minister the Territory until the question should be finally settled. 
 The administration is much the same as that of the other 
 States. Recent laws have tended to decentralize the administra- 
 tion, the latest being one giving municipal independence. The 
 three provinces of the Territory are : 
 
 Upper Purus (capital Senna Madureira). 
 
 Upper Jurua (capital Cruzeiro do Sul), and 
 
 Upper Acre (capital Empreza). 
 
 154 
 
TRANSPORT OF RUBBER BISCUITS. 
 
 155 
 
The only product and export is rubber, the proportions during 
 1911 being: 
 
 Upper Purus 4,042,000 kilos 
 
 Upper Jurua 3,008,000 kilos 
 
 Upper Acre 3,526,000 kilos 
 
 One of the most serious questions has been that relating to 
 the ownership of land. The Federal Congress is prepared to 
 solve this problem satisfactorily, by recognizing bona-fide hold- 
 ings dating from before the Treaty of Petropolis, giving prefer- 
 ence to property deeds granted by the State of Amazonas, next 
 to those given by the Republic of Bolivia during its brief occupa- 
 tion, and then to any possession obtained in good faith during 
 the whole interregnum, up to the date of the last law passed. 
 
 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 For the protection of Brazilian rubber, and in order to facili- 
 tate and develop its culture, as well as its final handling, a Fede- 
 ral law was passed on January 5th of the current year. (No. 
 2513 A.) 
 
 Its principal measures are especially concerned with Amazon 
 rubber and the country in which it is produced, viz. : the States 
 of Amazonas and Matto-Grosso and the Acre Territory. The 
 scheme embraces the construction of railways and roads, the 
 clearing of rivers, reduction of import duties and of dues on river 
 navigation, the establishing of coal depots, living accommodation 
 for laborers, centres for the production of foodstuff, model cattle 
 farms, prizes to rubber planters and exemption from import 
 duties on. all material for rubber working. 
 
 Besides the Madeira Mamore Railway, which benefits prin- 
 cipally the Madeira River district of Matto-Grosso, and a further 
 branch of the same railway, now in course of construction, and 
 which is intended to open up the Bolivian district of the Beni 
 River, the Brazilian Government will construct another railroad 
 (in the route of which the Commercial Association has suggested 
 some alterations) to commence from Manaos and to work through 
 the region of the Rio Branco, to link up with the English railroad 
 already constructed in British Guiana up to the Brazilian bound- 
 ary. This railway will open up to the State of Amazonas a huge 
 tract of country admirably suited to agriculture of all kinds, and 
 to colonization by Europeans. 
 
 The Association Commercial will also propose the construc- 
 tion of a further railroad to communicate by means of branch 
 lines with the various provinces of the Acre Territory, in order 
 to bring the product of that region to the lower Purus River, at 
 a point which will admit of free access to steamers of deep draft 
 to and from Manaos. 
 
 156 
 
DR. CERQUEIRA PINTO'S PROCESS 
 EXTRA FINE PARA 
 
 This rubber was cured for export in the rubber estate 'TRA- 
 CEMA," in the Federal Acre, Amazonia, Brazil, by Dr. Cerqueira 
 Pinto's process of smokeless coagulation. (See The India Rubber 
 World, August 1, 1909, page 396, and copy of the same journal 
 of 1st September, the same year, page 435.) 
 
 The enclosed sample contains 68 kilos and belongs to the lot 
 of 5.000 kilos (11.025 lbs.) that Dr. Cerqueira Pinto holds to be 
 sold in New York. 
 
 Dr. Cerqueira Pinto's process is one of coagulation of the 
 latex of the "Hevea Brasiliensis" by an ingredient patented by 
 the Brazilian Government — "LACTINA" — absolutely free of any 
 acid. 
 
 The latex after the coagulation is pressed through a cylinder 
 in order to dry out. 
 
 This rubber was tested and classified as of STANDARD type 
 by the Government of the United States of America. 
 
 It oflers the resistance of 2,010 pounds per square inch accord- 
 ing to the experiments made by The Manhattan Rubber Com- 
 pany in July, 1909. This rubber means a saving to the manu- 
 facturer of at least 20 per cent, in the opinion of the Favorite 
 Rubber Mfg. Co. of New Jersey and of 25 per cent, as per the 
 analysis made in London. 
 
 The author of this process calls the Jury's attention to his 
 rubbers and is willing to furnish with the sufficient quantity in 
 order to prove to the entire satisfaction of his assertions. It 
 vulcanizes as well by acid as by vapor. Dr. Cerqueira Pinto will 
 prepare, during the Exposition, in September, before the public 
 and the manufacturers, his rubbers with both Hevea and Castilloa 
 latexes, yield of the trees in October, 1911, in the Federal Acre, 
 Brazil. He shall present as well a large quantity of similar rub- 
 bers cured by the author on different occasions. They are true 
 rubbers of commerce cured for export. They are clothed by a 
 vegetal varnish, soluble in water, which is also a discovery of 
 Dr. Cerqueira Pinto, to prevent the mould. 
 CASTILLOA OR CAUCHO. 
 
 Prepared by the process of Dr. Carlos de Cerqueira Pinto. 
 (See the India Rubber World of September 1st, 1909, page 435). 
 
 The included sample weighs 68 kilos. The author holds 1,400 
 pounds of this quality to be sold in New York market. 
 
 The article was cured by rubber laborers of the estate "Ira- 
 cema" in the Federal Acre, Amazonia, Brazil, during the months 
 of July to December, 1911. They are rubbers of commerce and 
 cured for export. 
 
 158 
 
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THE STATE 
 
 OF 
 
 MATTO GROSSO 
 
 
 165 
 
THE STATE OF MATTO GROSSO IN THE THIRD 
 
 INTERNATIONAL RUBBER EXPOSITION 
 
 IN NEW YORK, 1912 
 
 BY 
 
 LEOPOLDO DE MATTOS 
 
 Dr. Joaquim Augusto da Costa Marques, President of the State 
 of Matto Grosso, 1911-1915 
 
 The State of Matto Grosso, Brazil, at the Third International' 
 Rubber Exposition in New York, 1912 
 
 Of the twenty states composing the Republic of the United States 
 of Brazil, Matto Grosso is second to the largest in its territorial 
 extension. It is situated south of the States Amazon and Para, 
 having on the East the States of Goyaz, S. Paulo and Parana, 
 on the South the Republic of Paraguay, and on the West Bolivia. 
 
 It embraces on the map that portion of the earth's surface 
 which extends, approximately from the fourth degree South of 
 the Equator to the Tropic of Capricorn. Its immense area is 
 about 50,175 square leagues, or according to Mr. Candido Mendes 
 it has an area of 1,379,651 square meters. Its population is 
 actually about 350,000, not including a considerable number of 
 uncivilized Indians, whose improvement is carried steadily for- 
 ward by the united efforts of the State and Federal Governments. 
 
 Without mentioning its capital, the principal cities of the 
 State are Corumba, S. Luiz de Caceres, Miranda, Nioae, Focoue, 
 Santa Aunade Paranabyba, Diamantina, Rosario, Livramento, 
 and the new and recentlv incorporated municipality, S. Antonio 
 de Rio Madeira. Its capital, Cuyaba, is situated on the left bank 
 of the river of the same name, 288 meters above sea level, and 
 owes its origin to the Paulistas, who formed colonies in the 
 western part of Brazil during the first part of the Eighteenth 
 Century. 
 
 In 1719 Paschoal Moreira Cabral ascending the River Coxipe 
 Mirim, founded on the left bank of this stream a village which 
 
 167 
 
was called Forquilha, but to-day is the city of Cuyaba, where 
 in those early days a rich gold mine was discovered. In those 
 days, according to Elyses Reelus, the vast region of Matto 
 Grosso, was hardly anything except a narrow, ordinary zone, 
 nothing more than an immense solitude of undefined limits and 
 unknown, but given over to Indians and wild beasts. It was 
 joined to the rest of Brazil by the lonely paths of hunters, and by 
 channels of the rivers that had their origin there. Really in 
 those days communication with the remainder of Brazil was as 
 difficult as with Matto Grosso. It is within the memory of many 
 and known to those who read the history of Brazil, that it was 
 impossible for the troops who were enrolled and equipped in the 
 coast provinces, to go directly to the aid of their compatriots in 
 Matto Grosso, when the Brazilian people had to respond to the 
 declaration of war by Paraguay. 
 
 With the thousands of obstructions in their path, a portion 
 of the army composed of 3,000 men, which left Rio de Janeiro 
 in April, 1865, and which could only be organized in Uberaba, 
 in the upper basin of Parana, was reduced to about 700, when it 
 arrived at that safe and impregnable place. 
 
 The war with Paraguay being ended, there is no doubt that 
 the victory gained by Brazil opened wide the ports of Matto 
 Grosso, for the natural declivity of the soil, the course of the 
 streams, with the free river navigation, guaranteed by her tri- 
 umph, established a regular line of packets between Rio de 
 Janeiro, Corumba and Cuyaba, by way of the River La Plata, 
 passing by Montevideo, Buenos Ayres and Assumption. 
 
 The fluvial ways of the Guapore, Madeira and Amazon 
 were constantly used in the Eighteenth Century, after the ex- 
 ploration made by Manoel de Lima in 1742. Navigation by 
 the Guapore river to the Madeira, in short to S. Antonio, which 
 is the initial point of navigation on this last mentioned river, is 
 long and full of difficulties. Withal, Matto Grosso is gradually 
 approaching the coasts of Brazil by means of railroads, such as 
 the Northwestern Road, which will shortly unite it with Rio de 
 Janeiro, and the railroad, already projected, which, parting from 
 S. Luiz de Caceres, will reach the old city of Matto Grosso, 
 where the Gaupore begins to be navigable, to Guajara-Mirim, the 
 terminal point of the great Madeira-Marmore Railway. 
 
 In a short time, as can readily be seen, these roads will be a 
 reality, the navigable rivers being united by the stretches of rail- 
 roads between them. The Paranapanema and the Ivahy in the 
 States of Parana and S. Paulo, continue on the one side of the 
 Parana River, ascending the Ivanhema, and the Brilhante, as 
 far as the neighboring mountains of Miranda, in the meridional 
 part of Matto Grosso. 
 
 168 
 
The magnificent regions of Matto Grosso promise in the 
 near future, to be great centers of population and consequently 
 a future focus of civilization by probable fusion of the different 
 elements of immigration, which will certainly come together 
 there in the flight of time, and the increased facilities in the way 
 of transportation. Somewhere it has been said, that colonization 
 without doubt will come from the South, from Paraguay and 
 Argentina ; but at the present time, with the completion of the 
 Madeira-Marmore Railway, undoubtedly colonization will also 
 come from the North, communication being facilitated by the 
 Amazon River, the Madeira being one of its tributaries, on the 
 right bank of which is situated Porto Velho, the initial point of the 
 Madeira-Marmore Railway. These effects are already commenc- 
 ing to produce results as may be seen from founding of a new 
 municipality and district of Matto Grosso, called the municipality 
 of St. Antonio of the River Madeira, reached by the above- 
 mentioned railway and to which region we will devote a special 
 chapter later on. 
 
 Already one sees the farthest northern side of Matto Grosso 
 filling with people, while the southenr side really contains the 
 greater number of inhabitants. 
 
 Matto Grosso is one of the regions of least roughness on the 
 continent of South America. There are no elevations of the 
 land which constitute real mountains. 
 
 The elevated lands have their points of culmination in the 
 western bases of the Mantiqueira, the Aymores, and the Espin- 
 hago, and continue, gradually lowering from this side to the 
 West of Goyaz, and on the other side are the elevated lands at 
 the base of the Andes, which incline to the East with its sup- 
 ports. Elysee Reclus says that an intermediary plain, separating 
 the two geographical districts, goes winding in the form of a 
 valley, that in other ages certainly was a maritime strait separat- 
 ing the two islands — Western Brazil and the Andes. 
 
 To-day rivers run in the depression where formerly there 
 was a sea and the plain is actually full of alluvial soil. The true 
 center of South America is between the two cities of Cuyaba and 
 Corumba. 
 
 To those who do not know the region, the slopes of the hills 
 are mistaken for mountains and geographical maps show a chain 
 of mountains more or less continuous, between the basins of the 
 Tapajoz and the Madeira, between the head waters of the same 
 Tapajoz and Paraguay and finally between the Tapajoz and the 
 Araguaya. Nevertheless this semi-circular plain exists only in 
 fragments, because the elevations which are found in the plains 
 of the upper Paraguay and its tributaries are only a high, level 
 ground of horizontal sections or slight elevations and worn away 
 by the rivers which flow into the great Amazon, 
 
 170 
 
REMOVING THE BALL OF RUBBER AFTER IT HAS 
 BEEN SMOKED. 
 
 171 
 
They are rather tablelands than mountains, for they do not 
 reach an elevation, except in some parts of the tableland, of more 
 than 100 meters, while the mean elevation of a range of moun- 
 tains is 500 meters. 
 
 This geographic district in the State of Matto Grosso is in- 
 differently called the cordillara of Parecys, but does not present a 
 mountainous aspect except on the South side. On this scarred 
 side, the rock is cut into peaks, or cut away into obelisks. On 
 the other side towards the Tapajoz and Xingu, a long range ex- 
 tends and gradually declines into the plains of the State of 
 Amazonas. D'Orbiguy found in the high northern part of Matto 
 Grosso, the existence of beds pertaining to the carboniferous age 
 and corresponding to rocks of the same nature which on the 
 opposite side of that region are found in the Bolivian bases of 
 the Sierra of Santa Cruz. After this Hart and Derby verified 
 the fact that the southern parts of the Araxa, which are the 
 elevated borders of the tableland, date probably from paleozoic 
 epochs, and there are found the carboniferous, devonian and 
 silurian beds. Fossil beds found by the Geologist Smith below 
 the hillocks of the plains, 50 kilometers east of Cuyaba, place 
 these facts beyond doubt. More to the North is the zone of 
 the rocky places, which in links cut the Madeira, Tapajoz, Xingu, 
 Tocatius and their tributaries, the walls denuded by erosion, are 
 all of the crystalline formation, granite, gueis, porphory and 
 quartzite. The elevations that unroll in the direction of the 
 South, between the sources of the Paraguay and Araguaya, fol- 
 lowing between the Paraguay and the Parana, do not present the 
 same characteristics as the tablelands of the North. The high 
 parts of Western Matto Grosso were separated from the East 
 and West sides and devastated by lateral excavations, take in 
 certain places the aspects of true mountain chains, and for this 
 reason they are named, from the North to the South, the Sierras 
 of S. Jeronimo, Maracaju and Anhauhaly. 
 
 Eruptive rocks, called basaltic in this country, probably por- 
 phyritic rend the beds of sandstone, of which the mountains are 
 composed and appear to form by their disintegration "red lands," 
 similar to those which give the farmers of S. Paulo their abun- 
 dant harvests of coffee. 
 
 In a sort of circle limited by a semicircle of elevations iso- 
 lated masses have been lifted up, rocks whose outlines, seen 
 from a distance, have a perfect regularity. The hills proper, for 
 the greater part, have geometrical forms, which it should be 
 said, great forces have crumbled, leaving smooth walls like the 
 sides of pyramids. The tops of the tablelands, as well as summits, 
 have been maimed by a force certainly corresponding to 
 the other summits, which now may be seen as part of the same 
 
 172 
 
COLLECTING THE LATEX. 
 173 
 
prairie. According to Taunay, who traveled over the country, 
 these masses of sandstone in horizontal beds regularly placed 
 one above another, are formed of marshy sediment deposited 
 by the sea of fresh water, which in former times covered this 
 region. 
 
 The ruins of these hills and slopes contributed also to change 
 the physiognomy of the landscape. These excoriations were 
 picked up and dragged by the rivers, to form new beds and 
 soil, and much rock disappeared below the continued crumbling 
 of the mountains. Others show nothing except their summits 
 above the land of recent formation. Masses that held them, to 
 the tablelands and the chains of the interior are separated from 
 them, because their bases are buried and they emerge abruptly 
 from the soil. These distinctive peaks to which the name of 
 itambea has been given, raise their heads above a sea of trees, 
 like some great buildings erected by the hand of man. To the 
 East, the southern part of Matto Grosso, they range themselves 
 in files and group themselves in archipelagoes, each time becom- 
 ing higher and more numerous. The part that goes towards the 
 West are solitary peaks on the circle of the horizon and may be 
 seen along the banks of the River Paraguay, and even on the 
 other side of the same. 
 
 The Upper Guarpore, Itenez of the Bolivians, although situ- 
 ated in the immense basin of the Amazon as a tributary to the 
 Madeira River by the Marmore, belongs to the State of Matto 
 Grosso, for the city of this name was founded on its banks and 
 nearly the whole population of the state accumulated in this de- 
 pression, through whose western half the river finds its way. Its 
 principal source is very obscure. It rises in a. grotto along the 
 the border of the Araxa, and takes first a southerly course, parallel 
 to other rivers which descend towards Paraguay. On leaving 
 the last hills it curves to the West, and afterwards to the North- 
 west, where already enlarged by numerous tributaries it crosses 
 the plain, where there is found the city named at its founding 
 Villa Bella and to-day called Matto Grosso. 
 
 The Paraguay is one of the most known rivers of South 
 America, as a way of navigation, as Elysee Reclus affirms. Few 
 rivers have such a slight declination in proportion to their length. 
 Oastelnaw says that it rises at an altitude of 305 meters, in 
 places where tranquil waters glide slowly to the sea, the altitude 
 of the land being scarcely 200 meters. At a point 4,000 kilo- 
 meters from the sea, the declination is scarcely 5 centimeters. 
 Therefore, steamers of light draft can freelv ascend to the con- 
 fines of Brazil, far to the North of the two Republics of Argen- 
 tine and Paraguay and arrive at the base of the tableland by 
 the principal river and its tributaries, Jauru, Sepotuba, Cuyaba, 
 
 174 
 
 

S. Lourengo and Taquary. The Paraguay presents another not- 
 able phenomenon, which is the crossing its sources with those of 
 the tributaries of the Amazon. 
 
 The River Jauru approaches the Guapore so closely that it 
 would be easy to make a canal from the waters of this western 
 river to a tributary of the Jauru. Another tributary of the Para- 
 guay, the Aguapehy, is only separated from the Alegre River, 
 which flows by the old city of Villa Bella, to-day called Matto 
 Grosso, by a low and narrow isthmus, which according to 
 Leverger measures 5,280 meters. During 1772, and even later, 
 it was proposed to cut a canal at different places in this isthmus, 
 but the work was never done because of the little commerce of 
 that locality. Certainly, railroads, in the near future, will supply 
 the absence of a canal and will join Montevideo to Para, passing 
 through the larger part of the State of Matto Grosso, and by a 
 continental navigable water way of 8,300 kilometers, as Bar- 
 tholomo Bossi says. 
 
 The Paraguay River has as its principal tributaries the S. 
 Lourengo, enlarged by the waters of the Cuyaba, the Taquary, 
 the Mondego, and the Apa, the last marking the boundary be- 
 tween Brazil and the Republic of Paraguay. At the time of 
 the floods, its level, and that of its tributaries, rises 10 to 11 
 meters and overflows to the right and the left, forming a tem- 
 porary sea, which extends to great distances, being lost to sight 
 and continuing in lakes. The first Spanish explorers gave it the 
 name of Lake Xarayes, in its lower section, where it receives 
 the nearly dormant waters of its principal tributaries. This lake is 
 about 600 kilometers in length from North to South, between 
 the mouths of Jauru and the hills of "Fecho-dos-Morros," and in 
 certain places reaches a width of 250 kilometers. 
 
 It is not permanent, as you already know, but at certain 
 seasons of the year there are overflows, which the Indians called 
 bays and rightly, for here there were bays of an ancient sea, 
 which to-day are nearly dry, and most of these lakes are in con- 
 stant communication with the Paraguay River, either by under- 
 ground openings, or by long canals. These latter are called 
 the lakes of Uberaba, Gaiaba, Mandiore, Caceres, etc. Some of 
 these lakes contain only fresh water from the overflowing rivers, 
 while others being ancient cavities are now filled with salt water, 
 and have in their depths beds of salt, which give to the liquid a 
 soapy characteristic. It is singular that this contrast by nature 
 of fresh and salt water is also found in the lands of the vast 
 plains, and thus it is, that these extensive fields, covered by a 
 rich alluvial soil, bear heavy forests. Here the agriculturist can 
 certainly obtain marvelous harvests. It is certainly true that 
 these fields of Matto Grosso will serve for agriculture as well as 
 pastoral industry. 
 
 176 
 
The height of the lands, formed in the center of this vast 
 valley, hinders the tributary from remaining in a regular channel, 
 and the waters escaping from both sides ramify in a labyrinth of 
 rivers and false rivers. The lateral branches follow in the zones 
 of the lakes, to the confluence of the Taquary and Miranda 
 Rivers, which descend from the mountains on the East. These 
 receive in the upper region, a tributary called the Coxim, which 
 travelers consider one of the most picturesque rivers of Brazil. 
 It is curious to see, in some places, the waters of the Coxim 
 crowded between perpendicular walls 50 meters in height and 
 the small vessels floating on their bosom at the bottom of an 
 opening not more than 10 or 12 meters in width. 
 
 THE CLIMATE 
 
 The climate of Matto Grosso is relatively warm in the lower 
 parts and those overflowed by the high waters of the Paraguay 
 and other rivers. In the region of the tablelands the climate 
 is cool and healthy. The movement of the air columns is de- 
 termined by the open passage way between the Andes moun- 
 tains and the highlands of Brazil, as well as in the center of the 
 South American continent, and are held by it. The warm winds, 
 coming from the region of the Amazon, are succeeded in the 
 Winter time by the winds which blow from the cool pampas. 
 In the high parts of the circle of hills and mountains which sur- 
 round the tablelands of Matto Grosso, the cold goes below- the 
 freezing point. The copious rains brought by the cooling winds 
 refresh the central tablelands of Brazil and then dash themselves 
 against the sides of the Andes. They fall with great regularity 
 in the Summer and are frequently accompanied by thunder- 
 storms. According to observations taken by some, the annual 
 fall of water is 3 meters, and in Cuyaba about 135 days of the 
 ordinary year are rainy ones. 
 
 ITS SITUATION 
 
 The State of Matto Grosso, from its geographical situation 
 in the Continent of South America, placed at the point of separa- 
 tion of the two great basins of Brazil, contains at the same time 
 the flowers and faunae of the Amazon and Plata regions. Never- 
 theless, the tropical flora predominates with its infinite variety 
 of vegetable forms in all the forest regions, that is to say, along 
 the banks of the rivers, and among the famous species found 
 along the shores of the River-Sea, there are few which are not 
 found in the region of the Upper Cuapore, and specimens of 
 which may not be seen. 
 
 177 
 
In no other parts, like here, will the development of Cipo's 
 palm be found. In 1875, a boundary commission discovered 
 one of these palms Urumbamba (Calamus procumbeus) or Des 
 Moncus rudentum de Martins, of more than 20 meters in length, 
 with hardly the thickness of a centimeter. The cotton tree, to- 
 bacco, ipecac, there called "poya," grow spontaneously on the 
 plains and in the forests. The last grows abundantly in the 
 forests of the Upper Jauru and the neighboring rivers. Mate, 
 the most notable product of the tablelands of the South, and 
 which has made some regions rich, as the State of Parana, grows 
 here spontaneously between the Rivers Miranda and Apa, with- 
 out speaking of the seringa, which is found in immense and thick 
 forests in a district that extends from Cuyaba to Madeira and 
 which will be the special subject of this leaflet. 
 
 The woods for building are very abundant and of a great 
 variety, such as Brazil wood, Jacaranda, Peroba, Canella, Cedro, 
 Jequitiba, Massaran-duba, Arco, Ferro, Setim and Vinhatico. 
 
 Among the animals are found deer, tapir, panther, and also 
 a large number of small animals usually found in tropical regions. 
 The fowls and birds along the streams and the songsters in the 
 forests are, because of their variety, almost innumerable. The 
 ostrich is found in the region of the pampas and on the margins 
 of the upper Paraguay. There are many varieties of fish in 
 the large and small rivers. 
 
 In the mineral kingdom, the State of Matto Grosso has 
 numerous mines of gold, silver, platinum, copper, tin, mercury, 
 coal, iron, precious stones, diamonds, etc. There are already 
 four English companies developing gold mines. There is also 
 granite, crystal, malacacheta, limestone, sal-geunna, etc. Finally, 
 in the region of the Araxa, there are sulphur mineral springs. 
 
 In Matto Grosso are found the largest cattle ranches, not only 
 as to their territorial extent, but also as to the number of horses 
 and cattle, some of them numbering 100,000 head. The number 
 of cattle is calculated to be 2,000,500,000 head. Although the 
 transportation of cattle from Matto Grosso to Rio de Janeiro 
 is difficult, it is generally done by a road running West to 
 Uberaba, where they pass the Winter season of two or three 
 months and being recuperated are sent by railroad to Rio de 
 Janeiro. Hence it is easy to see that with the completion of the 
 Northwestern Railway of Brazil, the problem of transportation 
 to the coast will be solved. Also with the completion of the 
 Madeira-Marmore Railway the navigable rivers of Matto Grosso, 
 will in short time, be linked with the port of Para. Before long 
 another railway will extend from S. Luiz de Caceres, the ancient 
 city of Matto Grosso, where the River Guapore commences to 
 be navigable to Guajara-Mirim, the terminal point of the Ma- 
 
 178 
 
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deira-Marmore Railway. This will solve the problem of the 
 transportation of cattle to the States of Amazonas, Para, etc. 
 
 From this brief exposition one concludes that the State of 
 Matto Grosso is very rich in cattle and gold, diamonds and coffee, 
 tobacco and mate, rubber and ipecac, and all other products 
 of the tropical and temperate zone. Without doubt it will come 
 to be one of the largest and richest empires of the world. 
 
 Endowed with a warm climate in the North, it has in other 
 regions a temperate and even cold climate. The tablelands 
 contain a rare accumulation of wealth, yet little explored. Natur- 
 ally people, in their activities and progressive conflict for a liveli- 
 hood, will come here from all parts of the world. By their intelli- 
 gence and endeavors they will make that part of Brazil an in- 
 dustrial, commercial and maritime mart. Here from the fusion 
 of the different races, a great civilization will arise, and man- 
 kind will progress onward and upward to the final conquest of 
 the land. 
 
 RUBBER 
 
 The rubber sent to this Exposition, comes from the vast 
 regions served by the Rivers Machados, or Dgy-Parana, Jamary, 
 Jacy-Parana, Mutum-Parana, Paca-Nova and Guapore and their 
 tributaries, which in turn are tributaries of the great Madeira 
 River, on whose right bank is situated the new municipality St. 
 Antonio do Rio Madeira, installed July 2, 1912. 
 
 The new municipality has the following limits : Starting at 
 the falls of St. Antonio do Rio Madeira, on parallel 8° 48', the 
 River Madeira above ; the River Madeira above to the mouth 
 of the Guarope on parallel of 12°, and on this parallel to its inter- 
 section with the River Camarare; on this river below to its con- 
 fluence with the Juruema ; on this river below to the point where 
 it unites with the Arinos; on the parallel at this point which 
 passes to its intersection with S. Manuel River; it follows this 
 river down to its confluence with the Tapajoz; and from this 
 point back to St. Antonio Falls, along the line that divides 
 Matto Grosso from the Amazonas. All this immense territory 
 of the new municipality is traversed on the North by the 
 Madeira-Marmore Railway, which was completed and opened 
 for traffic, September 7, 1912. It starts at Porto Velho and 
 terminates at Guaraja-Mirim, a distance of 390 kilometers. 
 
 The Madeira-Marmore Railroad, in addition to the stations 
 already opened in Porto Velho, Candelaria, St. Antonio, Jacy- 
 Parana, Abuna, Villa Murtinho, and Guarjara-Mirim has 46 places 
 of stopping, which corresponds to the number of camps. 
 
 Among the ways of communication that St. Antonio do Rio 
 
 180 
 
Madeira, the new municipality, has with the neighboring States 
 of Amazonas and Para, as well as with the capital and other 
 cities of Matto Grosso, we would mention the telegraph line 
 which the Federal Government is constructing along with its 
 public road ways. There are two gangs of engineers and work- 
 men engaged in the construction of the telegraph line. One 
 started at St. Antonio in the North, and the other at Diamantina 
 in the South. Leaving St. Antonio the telegraph line follows 
 parallel 8° 48' until it comes to the River Jamary, a distance of 
 about 60 kilometers. Arriving there its course is changed to the 
 headwaters of the Dgy-Parana River, to a place called Urupa. 
 Here it will meet and be joined to the line coming from the 
 South. On June 3, 1912, at the very headwaters of the Dgy- 
 Parana River, the telegraph station of Jose Bonifacio was opened, 
 by the gang from the South, while those from the North had, 
 previous to this, opened the stations of St. Antoino do Rio 
 Madeira and Jamary. This notable undertaking is under the 
 efficient and extraordinary devotion of the Colonel of Engineers 
 of the Brazilian army, Candido Roudon, who has a record for 
 the construction of telegraph lines in Brazil and South America. 
 
 Within a year, more or less, the telegraph line will follow 
 along a roadway 40 meters wide, and about 200 leagues in length, 
 extending from Cuyaba to St. Antonio on the Madeira River. 
 This immense roadway of communication cutting all this vast 
 interior, rich in rubber and gold, will have a telegraph station 
 every 10 leagues. In Porto Velho, the initial point of the Ma- 
 deira-Marmore Railway, there is already working a wireless 
 telegraph station of the Marconi system. There is daily com- 
 munication with Manaos. Also with Iquitos and with the Federal 
 department at Acre, Purus and Jurua. 
 
 Transportation from Manaos to St. Antonio on the Madeira 
 River is made in good condition and comfortable vessels. Dur- 
 ing the time of low water, that is during the dry season of the 
 great Amazon and its tributaries, only vessels of 500 tons can 
 ascend to those places from Manaos. In the time of high waters, 
 when the valley of the entire Amazon is overflowed, the trans- 
 Atlantic steamers of 7,000 to 9,000 tons, ascend in four days 
 from Manaos. This has been done in the transportation of 
 materials for the construction of the Madeira-Marmore Railway. 
 The vessels easily approached and made fast to the two wharves 
 made of wood, one of which is in front of the offices at Porto 
 Velho and the other at Candelaria. The Government of the 
 Republic, however, has determined to build of stone and lime 
 the wharves between Porto Velho and St. Antonio on the River 
 Madeira. 
 
 The small steamers which navigate during the dry season, 
 
 181 
 
I 
 
 have accommodations for first and third class passengers, are 
 lighted by electricity, have an artificial ice plant and make the 
 voyage from Manaos to Porto Velho and St. Antonio in about 
 five days, at the average speed of ten miles an hour, calling at 
 the small Amazonian ports and cities situated on the banks of 
 the Madeira River. In descending the river both the large and 
 small steamers make the voyage in from three to four days. 
 
 The rubber from St. Antonio on the Madeira River is of the 
 same physical and chemical constituents as all the rubber of the 
 Amazon Valley. This is worth remembering, when we think 
 of this new municipality in the State of Matto Grosso, being 
 the frontier of the States of Amazonas and Para. 
 
 In the Manaos market, where the rubber comes by way of 
 the Madeira River, and in that of Para, which it reaches by way 
 of River Tapajoz, it is always quoted at the same price and 
 under the same conditions as those produced in the regions of 
 the Amazon proper. 
 
 The production has been increasing annually since 1906 and 
 is actually about 2,000,000 of kilos annually. This will cer- 
 tainly increase to an amount that cannot be foretold, with the 
 completion of the Madeira-Marmore Railway, the wagon road 
 and telegraph line and the constant improvements in navigation. 
 During the first six months of the current year, the produc- 
 tion of rubber was greater than for the same length of time in 
 any year since 1907, as can be verified from the report annexed. 
 In those regions, between Cuyaba and the new municipality, 
 there exist rubber (seringa) forests capable of producing in one 
 year, more than 40,000,000 of kilos of rubber. 
 
 To attain this ideal, it is only necessary that the captains of 
 industry should join in the development of extraction. This 
 fountain shoots forth from the earth spontaneously without the 
 necessity of cultivation. To encourage and stimulate those who 
 wish to employ there, their endeavors and capital, the law of the 
 State of Matto Grosso offers special favors. These are offered 
 to those who wish to develop the vast forests of rubber existing, 
 as well as to those who wish to plant and cultivate the Sypho- 
 nia elastica. 
 
 Speaking of the Rubber Exposition soon to be held in New 
 York, it is proper to call attention to the well-known fact that 
 already the capitalists of North America have begun the develop- 
 ment of that region. 
 
 The large capitalist, Percival Farquhar, of North America, 
 has already incorporated two rubber companies, the Muller and 
 Guapore, under the social terms of July, for the purpose not 
 only of developing the extraction industry of the hevea brazil- 
 iensis, but also for the different branches of agriculture necessary 
 for the making of sugar, cotton cloth, etc. 
 
 183 
 
Actually the extraction of rubber in the vast seringaes of 
 the municipality of St. Antonio of the River Madeira employ 
 about 5,000 workmen. This number will constantly increase, as 
 the said municipality becomes the center of the currents of com- 
 merce, industry and agriculture, from Matto Grosso and the 
 Republic of Bolivia. 
 
 This is easy to imagine, when we see that the Madeira-Mar- 
 more Railway will place it in communication to the South with 
 S. Luiz de Caceres, by means of the River Guapore, and by the 
 railway, which, from S. Luiz de Caceres will extend to the ancient 
 city of Matto Grosso, thus joining the basin of the Plata — by 
 means of the Paraguay River, to the basin of the River Amazon. 
 And to the West the same Madeira-Marmore Railway, reaching 
 to Ribeira-Alta, will bind the vast and rich regions of the Boli- 
 vian Republic to the basin of the Amazon, by means of the Ma- 
 deira River. Presently the chief engineer and director of the 
 Madeira-Marmore Railway, Mr. H. Dose, will leave for that 
 region, to begin the construction of the branch Guajara Mirim — 
 Matto Grosso, to Ribeira Alta, Bolivia, which will be finished 
 within a year and a half, and be about 100 meters long. 
 
 In addition to this with the prompt construction within a year 
 of the wagon — telegraphic line — roadway from Cuyaba to St. 
 Antonio on the Madeira River, we can easily conclude, that the 
 municipality of St. Antonio on the Madeira River, will indeed 
 become the converging point of these great and strong currents 
 of development of progress and of civilization. 
 
 In conclusion it should not be forgotten that this territory 
 herein described serves not only for the production of rubber, 
 which there, as in the whole valley of the Amazon, is native 
 and grows according to the laws of nature. It also should be 
 mentioned that cacao and cotton are native, while there can 
 be planted and cultivated, sugar cane, coffee, vanilla, corn, beans, 
 rice, tobacco, potatoes, brazil nut, etc. The Madeira-Marmore 
 Railway Company has the concession of a vast amount of land 
 along its line, which it proposes to plant in cacao, sugar cane, 
 etc., thus improving these lands. 
 
 From this description, in which we have endeavored to set 
 forth only the truth, giving the facts concerning the region in 
 question, it can be concluded that the new municipality of St. 
 Antonio on the River Madeira, which actually exports to the mar- 
 kets of the world, via Para and Manaos, about 2,000,000 kilos 
 of rubber, will in a few years, with immigration and from other 
 causes, export from 10 to 15,000,000 kilos. 
 
 The author of this article asks indulgence for any shortcom- 
 ings it may contain, as it was written in the spare moments 
 he could find, while laboriously collecting the samples of rubber 
 
 184 
 
and putting them on board the steamer at Manaos for New York. 
 The samples of rubber from the State of Matto Grosso, which 
 are seen in this International Rubber Exposition, have been ex- 
 hibited by order of the Government and at the expense of the 
 Commercial Association of the Amazonas. 
 
 STATE OF MATTO GROSSO 
 
 Inspection Department of the North 
 
 Table showing the production of rubber in the valleys of the 
 Madeira and upper Tapajoz, for the years 1907-1912, in compari- 
 son with the first six months of 1912 : 
 
 Origin 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 
 
 Machado and Jamary.. 1,092,454 1,252,194 910,982 1,295,605 1,317,917 1,315,995 
 
 lacy-Parana, Upper Ma- 
 deira and More 98,464 152,713 150,759 142,458 201,562 259,612 
 
 Upper Tapajoz 156,034 167,841 107,458 73,688 113.453 
 
 1,190,918 1,560,941 1,229,582 1,545,521 1,593,167 1,689,060 
 
 I Sli 
 
TAPPING THE RUBBER TREE. 
 187 
 
1. STATE OF MATTO-GROSSO 
 
 The capital, Cuyaba, and the principal port, Curumba, belong 
 to the hydrographical- system of the Paraguay River. 
 
 The boundaries of this State, formed by the Amazon River, 
 embrace the upper basin of the Madeira River, which as the result 
 of an agreement with the State of Amazonas appertains to Matto- 
 Grosso, whereas it previously belonged to the former State. 
 
 This territory constitutes the judicial and administrative prov- 
 ince of Santo Antonio do Madeira. 
 
 The executive and fiscal administration is entrusted to a Fis- 
 cal Delegate in Manaos. The collection of duties is attended to 
 by the State Customs of Amazonas. 
 
 The rubber producing rivers, with total production of Matto- 
 Grosso, are : 
 
 1908 1909 1910 1911 
 
 Kilos Kilos Kilos Kilos 
 
 Machado and Jamary. 1,253,000 911,000 1,296,000 1,318,000 
 Jacy. Parana, Upper Ma- 
 deira & Mamore. . . . 153,000 150,000 143,000 202,000 
 
 During the first half of the current year the production has 
 shown a considerable increase, this being largely due to the open- 
 ing and developing of the Madeira Mamore Railway, which passes 
 through the whole region of these rivers. 
 
 188 
 
WALKING THROUGH THE FOREST ESTATE OF 
 FIDEL BACA & CO., JACY PARANA RIVER. 
 
ESTADO DE MATTO-GROSSO NA 
 EXPOSICAO INTERNACIONAL DE 
 BORRACHA DE 1912 EM NEW- YORK 
 
 POR 
 
 LEOPOLDO DE MATTOS 
 
 NEW- YORK, 1912 
 
 DR. JOAQUIM AUGUSTO DA COSTA MARQUES 
 
 PRES1DENTE DO ESTADO DE MATTO-GROSSO 
 1911-1915 
 
O ESTADO DE MATTO-GROSSO NA 
 
 EXPOSICAO DE BORRACHA DE 
 
 1912 EM NEW- YORK 
 
 Dos vinte Estados que compoem a Republica dos Estados 
 Unidos do Brasil, Matto-Grosso esta collocado em segundo 
 piano, pela sua extensao territorial situado ao Sul dos Estados 
 do Amazonas e Para, tendo a Leste os Estados de Goyaz, S. 
 Paulo e Parana, ao Sul a Republica do Paraguay e a Oeste a 
 Republica da Bolivia. 
 
 Abrange no mappa uma porgao que vae approximadamente 
 desde o 14° grao ao Sul do Equador ate o Tropico do Capricornio. 
 Sua area immensa e de cerca de 50175 leguas quadradas, segundo 
 Candido Mendes, ou melhor, tern uma superficie de 1379651 kilo- 
 metro s quadrados. 
 
 Sua populacao e actualmente de cerca de 350,000 habitantes, 
 nao incluindo consideravel numero .de indios bravios, cuja 
 cathechese se procede com afinco, dia a dia, com o concurso simul- 
 taneo dos Governos Federal e Estadoal. 
 
 Sem contar a Capital, as cidades principaes do Estado sao 
 Corumba, S. Luiz de Caceres, Miranda, Nioac, Pocone, 
 Sant' Anna de Paranahyba, Diamantina, Rosario, Livramento e o 
 novo Municipio recentemente installado de Sto. Antonio do Rio 
 Madeira. 
 
 Cuyaba, sua capital, esta situada a margem esquerda do rio 
 do mesmo nome, a 288 metros acima do nivel do mar, e deve 
 as suas origens aos Paulistas que formaram as legendarias 
 bandeiras e que percorreram o Brasil Occidental no comego do 
 seculo XVIII. 
 
 Em 1719 Paschoal Moreira Cabral subindo o Rio Coxipo 
 Mirim, fundou a margem esquerda d'esta corrente uma povoagao 
 que denominou Forquilha, hoje a cidade de Cuyaba, onde 
 naquelles tempos se descobriu uma rica mina de ouro. 
 
 Em outros tempos, conforme Elysee Reclus, a vastissima 
 regiao de Matto-Grosso era apenas, salvo uma estreita zona 
 mediana, nao mais que uma immensa solidao de limites indecisos 
 e senao desconhecidos pelo menos ainda entregues aos indios e 
 as feras, a qual se ligava ao resto do Brasil por simples picadas 
 de cagadores e pelos cursos dos rios que ali nascem. Realmente 
 em outros tempos eram tamanhas as difficuldades de communi- 
 cagao do resto do paiz com Matto-Grosso, que ainda esta na 
 
 192 
 
A RUBBER GATHERER MAKING A RUBBER SACK RV 
 COVERING CANVAS WITH LIQUID RUBBER 
 
memoria de muitos e no conhecimento dos que leem as paginas 
 da Historia do Brasil, a impossibilidade que tiveram as tropas 
 reunidas nas provincias do littoral para irem soccorrer direc- 
 tamente seus compatriotas de Matto-Grosso, quando a nagao 
 brazileira teve de responder a declaragao de guerra do Paraguay. 
 
 Com os mil estorvos da travessia, o corpo de exercito composto 
 de 3000 homens que partiu em Abril de 1865 do Rio de Janeiro 
 e que so poude organisarse em Uberaba, na bacia superior 
 do Parana, estava reduzido apenas a 700 homens quando chegou 
 a ponto inatacavel e seguro. 
 
 Vencida, porem, a guerra com o Paraguay, nao ha nenhuma 
 duvida que a a victoria do Brasil escancarou-lhe as portas de 
 Matto-Grosso, pois que o declive natural do solo e o curso das 
 aguas com a liberdade da navegagao fluvial, garantida pelo tri- 
 umpho, estabeleceu um servigo regular de paquetes do Rio de 
 Janeiro a Corumba e Cuyaba, pela via do Rio da Prata, passando 
 por Montevideo, Buenos Ayres e Assumpgao. 
 
 O caminho fluvial do Guapore, Madeira e Amazonas foi muito 
 utilisado no seculo XV111, depois da exploragao feita por Manoel 
 de Lima em 17.42. A navegagao pelo Rio Guapore ate o Rio 
 Madeira, ate enfim Sto. Antonio, que e o ponto inicial da na- 
 vegagao d'este ultimo rio, e longa e cheia de fadiga. 
 
 Comtudo Matto-Grosso vae gradualmente se approximando 
 do litoral do Brasil por meio de estradas de ferro, taes como a 
 Noroeste do Brasil que ligal-o-a dentro em breve ao Rio de 
 Janeiro e a estrada de ferro ja projectada que partindo de S. 
 Luiz de Caceres ira ate a antiga cidade de Matto-Grosso, donde 
 o rio Guapore comega a ser navegavel ate Guajara-Mirim, ponto 
 terminal da grande via Madeira-Mamore Railway. 
 
 Dentro de pouco tempo, como se ve, as estradas mixtas serao 
 una reaiidade, comprehendendo rios navegaveis por vapores e 
 os trechos de communicagao entre estes rios. O Paranapanema 
 e o Ivahy, nos Estados do Parana e S. Paulo continuam para 
 outro lado do rio Parana subindo o Ivinhema e o Brilhante, ate 
 as visinhas montanhas de Miranda, na parte meridional de 
 Matto-Grosso. As magnificas regioes de Matto-Grosso pro- 
 mettem ser de futuro, e futuro ja bem proximo, um grande centro 
 de povoamento, e conseguintemente um futuro foco de civi- 
 lisagao, pela provavel fusao dos diversos elementos de im- 
 migragao que para alii certamente concorrorem com o correr 
 dos tempos e a facilidade que forem apresentando cada vez mais 
 os meios de communicagao. Algures se disse, que a colonisagao 
 far-se-ha sem duvida pelo Sul, pelo lado do Paraguay e da 
 Argentina ; mas nos dias que correm, com a presenga da Madeira 
 Mamore Railway, indubitavelmente a colonisagao darse-a 
 tambem pelo Norte, facilitada a communicagao pelo Rio 
 
 194 
 
Amazonas, de que e urn dos affluentes o Madeira, a margem 
 direita do qual esta Porto Velho, ponto inicial da mesma 
 Madeira Mamore Railway. E estes effeitos ja se comegam a 
 produzir com a fundagao de um novo Municipo e Comarca de 
 Matto-Grosso, que e o Municipio de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira, 
 cortado pela referida via ferrea e a cuja regiao dedicaremos 
 adiante um capitulo especial. 
 
 Ja vae portanto se enchendo de populagao a extremidade da 
 vertente septentrional do territorio de Matto-Grosso, postoque 
 a da vertente meridional e realmente a que contem maior numero 
 de habitantes. 
 
 Matto-Grosso e uma das regioes de menor relevo do conti- 
 nente da America do Sul ; alii nao se encontram elevagoes de 
 terreno que constituam verdadeiras montanhas. 
 
 As terras elevadas do Brasil tern os seus pontos de culminan- 
 cia nas cadeias orientaes da Mantiqueira, dos Aymores e de 
 Espinhago e vao-se abaixando proporcionalmente d'este lado 
 para o Oeste do Estado de Goyaz e do outrd lado sao as elevadas 
 massas da cadeia dos Andes que se inclinam para Leste com os 
 seus contrafortes. Diz Elysee Reclus, que separando os dois 
 systemas orographicos, vae serpeando em forma de valle uma 
 planicie intermediaria, que certamente foi outr'ora um estreito 
 maritimo separando as duas ilhas— Brasil Oriental e Andes. 
 
 Hoje correm aguas fluviaes na depressao por onde passaram 
 outr'ora as aguas marinhas e a planicie esta cheia actualmente de 
 suas alluvioes. O verdadeiro centro da America do Sul esta entre 
 as duas cidades de Cuyaba e Corumba. 
 
 Para os que desconhecem a regiao, as vertentes sao as vezes 
 confundidas com as serras, e em cartas geographicas se desenha 
 uma cadeia de montanhas mais ou menos continua, entre as 
 bacias do Tapajoz e do Madeira, entre as nascentes do mesmo 
 Tapajoz e do Paraguay em seguida, e finalmente entre ainda o Ta- 
 pajoz e o Araguaya. Comtudo este relevo semicircular nao existe 
 senao fragmentado, pois que as elevagoes que dominam as planicies 
 do alto Paraguay e seus affluentes sao na realidade um alto cha- 
 padao de extractos horisontaes ou mui ligeiramente inclinados e car- 
 comidos pelos rios que descem para o grande Amazonas. 
 
 Sao antes taboleiros que montanhas, ou ao menos estas nao se 
 elevam senao em alguns pontos do grande planalto, attingindo, 
 aqui e alem, uns mil metros de altura, emquanto a elevagao media 
 do proprio paredao e de quinhentos metros. 
 
 Assim, o conjuncto orographico do Estado de Matto-Grosso 
 chamado indifferentemente cordilheira dos Parecys, nao apresenta 
 aspecto montanhoso senao para o lado do Sul ; n'esta face escar- 
 pada, a rocha e talhada a pique ou recortada em agulhas, mas do 
 
 195 
 
outro lado para o Tapajoz e Xingu, uma encosta longa se estende 
 e vae morrer gradualmente nas planicies do Estado do Amazonas. 
 
 D'Orbigny reconheceu na eminencia da parte septentrional do 
 Estado de Matto-Grosso a existencia de camadas pertencentes a 
 edade carbonifera e correspondendo as rochas da mesma natureza, 
 que do lado opposto da regiao se apresenta nos contrafortes 
 bolivianos de Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Depois d'este, Hart e 
 Derby verificaram que as partes meridionaes do Araxa, que sao 
 as bordas elevadas do planalto, datam provavelmente das epochas 
 paleozoicas, e que alii estao representadas as camadas carboni- 
 feras devonianas e siluricas. Leitos fossiliferos encontrados pelo 
 geologo Smith abaixo das collinas da Chapada, 50 kilometros a 
 Leste de Cuyaba, puzeram fora de duvida estes factos. Mais ao 
 Norte, na zona de rochedos que em travess5es cortam o Madeira, 
 o Tapajoz, o Xingu, o Tocantins e seus affluentes, as paredes 
 desnudadas pela erosao sao todas de formagao crystallina: grani- 
 tos, gneis, porphiros e quartzitos. 
 
 As elevagoes que se desenvolvem na direcgao do Sul entre 
 as nascentes do Paraguay e as do Araguaya, em seguida entre o 
 Paraguay e o Parana, nao apresentam as rnesmas caracteristicas dcs 
 planaltos do Norte. As eminencias da parte Oriental do Estado de 
 Matto-Grosso foram esbarancadas dos dois lados a Leste e Oeste e 
 devastadas por estas excavagoes lateraes, tomam em certos pontos 
 o aspecto de verdadeiras cadeias de montanhas, e assim e que 
 desenham-se do Norte ao Sul as serras de S. Jeronymo, do Mara- 
 caju e Anhanbahy. 
 
 Rochas eruptivas, chamadas no paiz bassaltos, provavelmente 
 porphyricas, romperam as camadas de grez que compoem as mon- 
 tanhas e parece que formaram pela sua desaggregagao "terras 
 roxas," analogas as que dao aos fazendeiros de S. Paulo tao 
 copiosas colheitas de cafe. 
 
 Na especie de circo limitado pelo semi-circulo das elevagoes 
 levantam se massigos isolados, rochas, cujos extractos, visiveis 
 de longe, tern uma regularidade perfeita. Os proprios morros 
 tern pela maior parte formas geometricas : dir-se-ia que se 
 esboroaram vastos langos, deixando paredoes lisos, eguaes aos 
 flancos de uma pyramide. Os cumes horizontaes como se as 
 pontas tivessem sido decepadas por um instrumento cortante 
 correspondem a outros cumes, e ve se que outr'ora faziam parte 
 de um mesmo chapadao. Segundo Taunay, que percorreu o paiz, 
 estes massigos de grez, de camadas horizontaes e regularmente 
 superpostas, sao formados de sedimentos lacustres coados pelo 
 mar de agua doce que outr'ora cobriu a regiao. 
 
 As ruinas d'estes paredoes e das escarpas contribuiram tam- 
 bem para mudar a phisionomia da paysagem. Os escombros, 
 apanhados e arrastados pelos rios, foram revestir de camadas 
 
 196 
 
HUT OF RUBBER GATHERERS ON THE UPPER ACRE. 
 
 1©T 
 
novas o solo, e muitas saliencias de pedras desappareceram de- 
 baixo dos restos esmigalhados das montanhas e outras nao 
 mostram senao as pontas por cima doz terrenos de formacao mais 
 recente. Massicos que se prendiam aos planaltos e as cadeias do 
 interior estao agora separados d'ellas, porque suas bases se acham 
 soterradas e elles emergem abruptamente do solo. Estes picos 
 distinctos aos quaes se deu o nome de itambes, erigem seus cabe- 
 gos por cima dum mar de arvores comparaveis a gigantescos 
 edificios erguidos pela mao do homem. A Leste da parte meridio- 
 nal de Matto-Grosso, elles enfileiramse e agrupam-se em archi- 
 pelagos, depois cada vez mais altos e menos numerosos, a pro- 
 porcao que se caminha para Oeste, ou completamente solitarios 
 no circulo do horizonte, apparecem ate nas margens do rio Para- 
 guay e ainda do outro lado do mesmo. 
 
 O alto Guapore, Itenez dos Bolivianos, posto que compre- 
 hendido na bacia do immenso Amazonas, como affluente do 
 Madeira pelo Mamore, pertence especialmente ao Estado de 
 Matto-Grosso, pois que a cidade d'este nome foi fundada nas suas 
 margens e quasi toda a populagao de Estado se accumulou na 
 depressao, cuja metade occidental este rio percorre. Sua principal 
 nascente, muito ferruginosa, desponta n'uma grota junto a borda 
 do Araxa, e corre primeiro na direccao do Sul, parallellamente a 
 outros rios que descem para o Paraguay; mas ao deixar as ulti- 
 mas collinas o ribeirao curva-se para Oeste, depois para Noroeste 
 e ja engrossado por numerosos affluentes atravessa a planicie, 
 em que esta a cidade que se chamou na sua fundacao Villa-Bella 
 e hoje se denomina Matto-Grosso. 
 
 O Paraguay e um dos rios mais notaveis da Terra como via 
 de navegacao, segundo affirma Elysee Reclus; poucos tern um 
 declive mais suave e fraco proporcionalmente a sua extensao. 
 Affirma Castelnau que elle nasce na altitude de 305 metros; nos 
 lugares onde as aguas tranquillas deslizam lentamente para o mar, 
 a altitude dos campos e apenas de 200 metros, e a partir de um 
 ponto situado a quatro mil kilometros do mar, o declive e apenas 
 de cinco centimetros. D'este modo, vapores de pequeno calado 
 podem subir livremente ate os confins do Brasil, muito ao Norte 
 das duas Republicas da Argentina e Paraguay e chegar a base do 
 planalto pelo rio principal e pelos seus affluentes, Jauru, Sepo- 
 tuba, Cuyaba, S. Lourengo e Taquary. O Paraguay apresenta 
 ainda um phenomeno notavel, que e o do cruzamento de suas 
 nascentes com as dos affluentes do Rio Amazonas. 
 
 O Jauru approxima-se tanto do Guapore, que seria facil passar 
 por um canal as aguas do rio Occidental para um affluente do 
 Jauru. Outro tributario do Paraguay, o Aguapehy, so esta se- 
 parado do rio Alegre, que desce para a antiga cidade de Villa- 
 Bella, hoje Matto-Grosso, por um isthmo de pouca largura, de 
 
 •198 
 
fraco relevo, que segundo Leverger, mede 2400 bragas ou 5280 
 metros. No anno de 1772, e depois, tentou-se cavar urn canal em 
 pontos diversos do isthmo, masas obras nao chegaram a termo por 
 falta de commercio na localidade. Certamente estradas de ferro, 
 em mais ou menos dias, supprirao a ausencia do canal que ligaria 
 Montevideo ao Para, passando em grande parte do Estado _ de 
 Matto-Grosso, e por uma via continental navegavel de 8300 kilo- 
 metros, segundo refere Bartholomeu Bossi. 
 
 O rio Paraguay tern como affluentez principaes os rios S. 
 Lourengo, engrossado pelas aguas do Cuyaba, o Taquary, oMon- 
 dego e o Apa, limite este ultimo entre o Brasil e a Republica do 
 Paraguay. 
 
 Por occasiao das enchentes, seu nivel e o dos seus affluentes 
 eleva-se de dez e onze metros e derrama-se a esquerda e a direita, 
 formando um mar ephemero que se estende ao longe, a perder de 
 vista e se prolonga em banhados. Os primeiros viajantes.hespa- 
 nhoes deram o nome de lago Xarayes a baixada onde se espar- 
 ramam as aguas quasi dormentes dos bragos principaes do rio. 
 Este lago tern de extensao cerca de 600 kilometros de Sul a 
 Norte, entre as boccas do Jauru e as collinas do Fecho-dos- 
 Morros e em certos pontos chega a 250 de largura. 
 
 Elle nao e permanente, como se pensava outr'ora, mas em 
 qualquer epocha do anno ha trechos alagados que os indios deno- 
 minam bahias e com razao, pois que sao bahias de um antigo mar, 
 que hoje esta meio secco, e a maior parte de taes lagoas esta em 
 communicagao constante com o rio Paraguay, ora por furos 
 lateraes, ora por longos canaes, taes como os denominados lagos 
 de Uberaba, Gaiaba, Mandiore, Caceres, etc. D'entre estes lagos, 
 uns nao contem senao agua doce trazida pela innundagao fluvial, 
 emquanto outros, que sao antigas cavidades outr'ora occupadas 
 por agua do mar, conservam no fundo de seus leitos camadas 
 salinas, que dao ao liquido um sabor caracteristico. E' singular 
 que este contraste da natureza das aguas doces ou salinas tambem 
 se produza nos terrenos da vasta planicie, e assim e que campos 
 extensos, cobertos de ricas alluvioes, deram nascimento a mattas 
 cerradas, e o agricultor pode muito bem alii obter colheitas 
 maravilhosas. E' certamente por este motivo que os campos de 
 Matto-Grosso tanto se prestam a industria pastoril. 
 
 A horizontalidade do terreno, formada pelo centro da depres- 
 sao do immenso valle, impede que o confluente se conserve em 
 um leito regular, e as aguas escapando por ambos os lados rami- 
 ficam-se n'um labirintho do rios e falsos rios. Os ramos lateraes 
 seguem por entre as zonas dos banhados, ate a confluencia do rio 
 Taquary e do rio Miranda, que descem das montanhas de Leste, 
 recebendo o primeiro d'estes, na regiao superior, um affluente, o 
 Coxim, considerado pelos viajantes como um dos mais pitto- 
 
 199 
 
rescos rios do Brasil. E' curioso ver em alguns lugares o Coxim 
 estreitara-se entre paredoes a pique, de 50 metros de altura, e as 
 pequenas embarcacoes correrem sobre elle como no fundo de um 
 vallao que nao tem mais de 10 ou 12 metros de largura. 
 
 O clima de Matto-Grosso e relativamente quente nas regioes 
 baixas e alagadas pelas enchentes dos rios, taes como Paraguay ; 
 nas regioes dos planaltos o clima e salubre e frio. O movimento 
 das columnas de ar e determinada pela forma de corredor aberto 
 entre a cordilheira dos Andes e as terras altas do Brasil, bem no 
 centro do continente Sul Americano, e por elle sao arrastadas; 
 aos ventos tepidos proveniente da regiao da Amazonia, succedem 
 no inverno ventos que sopram do frio pampa. Nas alturas do 
 circo de chapadoes e montanhas que rodeiam a planicie do Estado 
 de Matto-Grosso, o frio desce abaixo do ponto de congelagao. As 
 copiosas chuvas trazidas pelo rebojo dos ventos que contornam o 
 planalto central do Brasil e vem esbarrar nos primeiros contra- 
 fortes dos Andes, cahem com muita regularidade no verao e sao 
 frequentemente acompanhadas de trovoadas. " 
 
 Consoante alguns observadores, a queda da agua annual e de 
 3 metros, e em Cuyaba contam-se mais ou menos 135 dias de 
 chuva por anno medio. 
 
 O Estado de Matto-Grosso, pela sua situagao geographica no 
 continente Sul Americano, collocado no ponto de separagao das 
 duas grandes bacias do Brasil, reune ao mesmo tempo as floras 
 e as faunas da regiao da Amazonia e das regioes Platinas. En- 
 tretanto, a flora tropical predomina com sua infinita variedade 
 de formas vegetaes em todas as regioes das florestas, isto e, a 
 beira dos rios, e entre as especies famosas habitantes das margens 
 do Rio Mar, poucas ha que nao estejam representadas na regiao 
 do alto Guapore, ou das quaes se nao encontrem congeneres. 
 
 Em nenhuma parte se desenvolve como alii as palmeiras Cipos, 
 e em 1875 uma commissao de limites descobriu uma d'estas pal- 
 meiras Urumbamba (Calamus procumbeus) ou Desmoncus 
 rudentum de Martius, com mais de 200 metros de comprimento e 
 apenas com a grossura de um centimetro ! O algodoeiro o tabacco, 
 a ipeccacuanha, chamada alii poaya nascm espontaneamente nas 
 planicies e nas florestas ; esta ultima sobretudo colhem-na nas 
 florestas do alto Jauru e dos rios visinhos. O mate, a mais notavel 
 das plantas da zona meridional e que faz a riqueza de algumas 
 regioes como do Estado do Parana, cresce alii espontaneamente 
 entre Miranda e o rio Apa, sem fallar propriamente da seringueira, 
 que e encontrada em immensas e cerradas florestas n'uma ex- 
 
 201 
 
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tensao comprehendida desde Cuyaba ate o Madeira, e a qual fara 
 o assumpto especial d'este ligeiro exposto. 
 
 As madeiras de construcgao sao abundantissimas e em grande 
 variedade, podendo-se citar o pao-brasil, o jacaranda, a peroba, a 
 canella, o cedro, o jequitiba, a massaranduba, o pao-d'arco, o pao- 
 ferro, o pao-setim, o vinhatico, etc. 
 
 Entre os animaes, encontram-se os veados, as antas e as ongas, 
 alem de urn grande numero de outros pequenos, proprios das re- 
 gioes tropicaes. As aves e os passaros, aves ribeirinhas e passaros 
 cantores das florestas, sao pela sua variedade quasi innumeros. A 
 avestruz vinda das regioes dos pampas chegou as planicies margi- 
 naes do alto Paraguay ; os peixes abundam n'uma riquissima e 
 magnifica variedade nos grandes e pequenos rios. 
 
 No reino mineral, o Estado de Matto-Grosso possue minas 
 numerosas de ouro, prata, platina, cobre, estanho, chumbo, mer- 
 curio, carvao de pedra, ferro, pedras, preciosas, diamantes, &c, 
 existindo ja quatro companhias inglezas na exploragao de minas 
 de ouro. Ha tambem granitos, crystal de rocha, malacacheta, 
 pedra calcaria, sal-gemma, &c. Finalmente nas regioes do Araxa, 
 ha fontes de aguas mineraes sulphurosas.. 
 
 O Estado de Matto-Grosse e a regiao do Brasil onde se encon- 
 tram as maiores fazendas de gado, nao so em extensao territorial, 
 como em numero de cabegas de gado vaccum e cavallar, havendo 
 algumas que contam cem mil cabegas. Calcula-se o numero de 
 cabegas de gado vaccum em Matto-Grosso em dois bilhoes e 
 quinhentas mil. 
 
 Nos dias que correm, ainda e urn pouco difficil o transporte de 
 gado de Matto-Grosso para o Rio de Janeiro, principalmente, e a 
 exportagao e feita pelo caminho de Oeste ate Uberaba, onde a 
 invernada se faz em dois ou trez mezes, ate que os animaes se 
 refagam e possam ser conduzidos em caminho de ferro ate o 
 littoral do Rio de Janeiro. Ve-se, entretanto que, com a terminagao 
 da via ferrea Noroeste do Brasil, o problema do transporte para o 
 littoral sera resolvi'do, assim como a Madeira Mamore Railway, 
 contando Matto-Grosso presentemente com rios navegaveis e dentro 
 de bem pouco tempo com a via ferrea de que ja fallamos, de S. Luiz 
 de Caeeres a antiga cidade de Matto-Grosso, donde comega a 
 ser navegavel o rio Guapore ate Guarjara-Mirim, ponto terminal 
 da Madeira Mamore Railway, resolvera tambem o problema da 
 exportagao de gado para os Estados do Amazonas, Para, &c. 
 
 D'este leve exposto conclue-se que o territorio do Estado de 
 Matto-Grosso e grandemente rico de gado e ouro, de diamante e 
 cafe, de tabaco e mate, de borracha e ipecacuanha e de todos os 
 productos dos tropicos e das zonas temperadas : — elle so bastaria 
 
 204 
 
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para constituir um dos mais vastos e mais opulentos imperios do 
 mundo ! 
 
 Dotado de um clima, se bem que quente ao Norte, porem 
 temperado e mesmo frio nas demais regioes, como a dos planaltos, 
 apresentando um accumulo de riquezas raro e ainda pouco ex- 
 plorado como esta, forgosamente para la o homem das diversas 
 partes da Terra, na sua constante actividade, na sua crescente lucta 
 pela vida, immigrara e concorrera com a intelligencia e com o 
 esforco do trabalho, para fazer d'aquella parte do Brasil um grande 
 emporio de industrias, commercio, navegagao, caminhos de ferro e 
 conseguintemente uma grande nascente de civilisagao, donde, pela 
 fusao das diversas ragas, o mesmo homem surgira sempre grande, 
 sempre vencedor no immenso concerto e na elevada harmonia da 
 Vida e da Terra! 
 
 A borracha que se ve n'esta Exposigao e extrahida e vinda toda 
 das vastas regioes cortadas pelos rios Machados, ou Dgy-Parana, 
 Jamary, Jacy-Parana, Mutum-Parana, Paca-Nova e Guapore com 
 seus affluentes, aquelles a seu turno affluentes do grande rio 
 Madeira, em cuja margem direita esta situado o novo Municipio 
 e Comarca de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira, installado em 2 de 
 Julho do anno corrente. 
 
 O novo Municipio tern os seguintes limites : partindo da 
 cachoeira de Sto. Antonio no rio Madeira, no parallelo de 8 48', 
 o rio Madeira acima; o rio Mamore acima ate a foz do Guapore 
 no parallelo de 12, este parallelo ate a sua intersecgao com o rio 
 Camarare; este rio abaixo ate a sua confluencia no Juruema; este 
 rio abaixo ate o ponto em que se reune ao Arinos; o parallelo que 
 n'este ponto passa ate a sua intersecgao com o rio S. Manuel; este 
 rio abaixo ate sua confluencia no Tapajoz; e d'este ponto ate en- 
 contrar a cachoeira de Sto. Antonio no Rio Madeira a linha que 
 extrema os territorios dos Estados de Matto-Grosso e do Amazonas. 
 
 Todo o immenso territorio do novo Municipio e cortado ao 
 Norte pela Madeira Mamore Railway, que conta 365 kilometros 
 de via ferrea ja construidos, partindo de Porto Velho no Estado 
 do Amazonas, distante 7 kilometros da sede propriamente do 
 Municipio, ate Guajara-Mirim. 
 
 A via ferrea Madeira Mamore, alem das estagoes ja construidas, 
 em Porto Velho, Candelaria, Sto. Antonio, Jacy-Parana, Abuna, 
 Villa Murtinho e Guajara-Mirim, tern 46 pontos de parada que 
 correspondem ao numero dos seus acampamentos. 
 
 Entre as vias de communicagao do novo Municipio de Sto. 
 Antonio do rio Madeira com os visinhos Estados do Amazonas e 
 Para e tambem com a capital e outras cidades do Estado de Matto- 
 Grosso, comecemos por dizer algo da linha telegraphica ora ainda 
 em construcgao por conta do Governo Federal e da respectiva 
 
 206 
 
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estrada de rodagem. Sao duas as turmas de engenheiros e 
 operarios que constroem a linha telegraphica, uma partida do 
 Norte — Sto. Antonio — e outra do Sul — Diamantina. Partindo de 
 Sto. Antonio, a linha telegraphica segue o parallelo 8 48' ate en- 
 contrar o rio Jamary, n'uma extensao de cerca de sessenta kilo- 
 metros ; ahi chegando desvia se para o rumo das cabeceiras do rio 
 Dgy-Parana, no lugar denominado Urupa, onde se deve encontrar 
 com a turma do Sul e onde a ligagao sera feita. A 3 de Junho de 
 1912 na mais alta cabeceira do rio Dgy-Parana, ja foi inaugurada a 
 estagao telegraphica de Jose Bonifacio, pela turma do Sul, emquanto 
 a do Norte tambem ja inaugurou em data anterior as estagoes de 
 Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira e Jamary. Este emprehendimento 
 notavel esta sob a intelligencia e extraordinaria dedicagao do snr. 
 Coronel de Engenheiros do Exercito Brazileiro, Candido Rondon, 
 que tern o record das construccoes de linhas telegraphicas no Brasil 
 e quiga na America do Sul. 
 
 Prompta dentro de um anno, mais ou menos, a linha telegraphica 
 marginara uma estrada de rodagem de 40 metros de largura, de 
 cerca de duzentas leguas de extensao a partir de Cuyaba ate Sto. 
 Antonio do rio Madeira. Esta immensa via de communicagao 
 cortando todo um vasto sertao sobretudo rico em borracha e ouro, 
 tera de dez em dez leguas uma estagao telegraphica. 
 
 Em Porto Velho, ponto inicial da Madeira Mamore Railway, 
 ha ja por sua vez funccionando uma poderosa estagao radiographica 1 
 do systema Marconi e que se communica diariamente com Manaos 
 e ja. se tern communicado mesmo com Iquitos e com os Depart- 
 amentos Federaes do Acre, do Purus e do Jurua. 
 
 Quanto a navegagao de Manaos ate Sto. Antonio do rio 
 Madeira, ella e feita em boas condigoes e em navios confortaveis. 
 Nas aguas baixas, isto e, nos tempos da secca do grande rio Ama- 
 zonas e seus affluentes, sobem de Manaos ate aquelles pontos os 
 navios de tonelagem ate 500, nos tempos de aguas altas, em que 
 o valle do Amazonas todo se alaga, navios transantlaticos de 7 
 mil a nove mil toneladas sobem de Manaos ate alii, em quatro dias 
 de viagem, como ja tern succedido no transporte de materiaes para 
 construcgao da Madeira Mamore Railway, acostando facilmente 
 em 2 caes feitos de madeira de lei, o primeiro construido em frente 
 as officinas de Porto Velho e o segundo em Candelaria. Por sua 
 vez o Governo da Republica esta resolvido a construir um caes 
 de pedra e cal entre Porto Velho e Sto. Antonio. 
 
 Os pequenos navios que navegam durante a secca dos rios, teem 
 accomodagoes para passageiros de l. a e 3. a classe, sao illuminados 
 a luz electrica, possuem fabricas de gelo e fazem bem a viagem de 
 Manaos a Porto Velho e Sto. Antonio em cerca de 5 dias, com uma 
 media de velocidade de 10 milhas por hora, fazendo escala por 
 pequenos portos e cidades amazonenses, situadas nas margens do 
 
 208 
 
« 
 
rio Madeira. Na descida tanto dos grandes transantlaticos como 
 dos pequenos navios de 500 toneladas, a viagem se faz mais rapi- 
 damente, em 3 e 4 dias. 
 
 A borracha de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira e da mesma 
 natureza phisica e chimica de toda borracha do valle do Amazonas, 
 e esta assergao salta a vista, quando nos lembramos que a parte 
 do Estado de Matto-Grosso occupada pelo novo Municipio e 
 justamente aquella limitrophe dos Estados do Amazonas e do Para. 
 
 Na parga de Manaos, para onde vem o producto pela via do rio 
 Madeira, e na de Belem do Para onde e enviada pela via do rio 
 Tapajoz, ella e sempre cotada pelos mesmos pregos e nas mesmas 
 condigoes das produzidas propriamente nas regioes da Amazonia. 
 
 A sua producgao, que vem num crescendo desde o anno de 1906, 
 e actualmente de cerca de 2 milhoes de kilos annuaes, que augmentara 
 certamente numa proporgao — impossivel desde ja de ser prevista — 
 com a presenga e o desenvolvimento da Madeira Mamore Railway, 
 da estrada de rodagem da linha telegraphica e os progressos cons- 
 tantes da navegagao. 
 
 No. lro. semestre do anno fluente a producgao da borracha foi 
 superior a de nao importa qual seja o anno desde 1907, conforme 
 se verifica do quadro estatistico annexe 
 
 N'aquellas regioes, comprehendidas desde Cuyaba ate a sede 
 do novo Municipio, existem seringaes capazes de produzir por si 
 sos dentro do periodo de um anno, mais de quarenta milhoes de 
 kilos de borracha. 
 
 Para attingir a este ideal, bastaria que os capitaes concorressem 
 para exploragao de uma industria extractiva, cuja fonte brota es- 
 pontaneamente da terra sem carencia de cultivo e para animar e 
 estimular aquelles que desejam ali empregar os seus esforgos e 
 capitaes, ahi esta a lei do Governo do Estado de Matto-Grosso, que 
 ofTerece favores especiaes aos que, alem propriamente da exploragao 
 dos vastos seringaes ja existentes, se quizerem dedicar ao plantio e 
 cultivo da mesma syphonia elastica. 
 
 Tratando-se uma exposigao de borracha em New- York, e 
 justo chamarmos a attengao dos que nos queiram ler para o facto 
 bem importante da concorrencia que ja comega dos capitaes norte- 
 americanos para a exploragao d'aquella regiao. 
 
 O grande capitalists Percival Farquhar, americano do Norte, ja 
 incorporou duas companhias sob as razoes sociaes de Julio Muller 
 Rubber, e Guapore Rubber, com o nm nao so de explorar a industria 
 extractiva de hevea brasiliensis, como tambem para os diversos 
 ramos de agricultura attinentes ao fabrico do assucar, dos tecidos 
 de algodao &c. &c. 
 
 210 
 
Actualmente a extracgao da borracha nos vastos seringaes do 
 Municipio de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira occupa cerca de cinco 
 mil trabalhadores, mas este numero augmentara cada vez mais, 
 positivamente, a proporgao que o referido Municipio se for tornando 
 o ponto de convergencia para onde affluirao as correntes com- 
 merciaes, industriaes e agricolas dos centros de Matto-Grosso e da 
 Republica da Bolivia. 
 
 Isto e facil de imaginar, quando vemos que a estrada de ferro 
 Madeira Mamore por sea em communicagao para o Sul com S. Luiz 
 de Caceres por meio do rio Guapore e da estrada de ferro que de S. 
 Luiz de Caceres ira ate a antiga cidade de Matto-Grosso, ligando 
 assim a bacia do Prata de intermedio o rio Paraguay — a bacia do rio 
 Amazonas, e para Leste, a mesma Maderia Mamore Railway levara 
 os seus trilhos ate Ribeira-Alta, ligando as vastas e riquissimas 
 regioes da Republica Boliviana tambem a bacia do Amazonas, de 
 intermedio o rio Maderia. Presentemente, parte para aquella regiao 
 o Engenheiro chefe e Director da Maderia Mamore Railway, Mr. H. 
 Dose, que vai dar comego a construcgao do referido ramal de Guajara 
 Mirim — Matto-Grosso — a Ribeira Alta-Bolivia — , que ficara con- 
 cluida dentro do praso de urn anno e meio e tera cerca de cem kilo- 
 metros de extensao. 
 
 Accrescendo a isto ainda a construcgao prompta, dentro de um 
 anno, da grande estrada de rodagem da linha telegraphica de 
 Cuyaba ate Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira, poderemos f acilmente ] 
 imaginar o que n'um futuro, que nada faz pensar sera muito remoto, 
 ira ser o novo Municipio de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira, como um 
 verdadeiro e incontestavel ponto de convergencia de tao fortes e 
 ricas correntes de desenvolvimento de progresso e de civilizagao. 
 
 Antes de terminar, nao devemos esquecer que o territorio 
 em questao nao se presta somente a producgao da gomma 
 elastica, que alias como em todo o valle do Amazonas e agreste e 
 nasce a lei da natureza. Convem dizer que alii, alem do cacao e do 
 algodao, que tambem sao agrestes, podem ser plantados e cultivados 
 a canna de assucar, o cafe, a baunilha, o milho, o feijao, o arroz, o 
 tabaco, a batata, a castanha, &c. 
 
 A propria Madeira Mamore Railway Co., concessionaria de 
 uma vasta faixa de terra a margem de sua linha ferrea, pensa em 
 fazer o plantio do cacao, da canna de assucar, &c, &c, aprovei- 
 tando os referidos terrenos. 
 
 De tudo o que fica exposto em linhas bem ligeiras e nas quaes 
 procuramos nos approximar sempre da verdade, dando noticias 
 sobre a regiao em questao, pode-se concluir facilmente que so o 
 novo Municipio de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira, que exporta 
 
 212 
 
actualmente para o commercio mundial, via Para e Manaos, cerca 
 de 2 milhoes de kilos de borracha, passara a exportar dentro de 
 poucos annos, sobretudo com a immigragao que todos os factores 
 nos levam esperar, de 10 a 15 milh5es. 
 
 O auctor d'este exposto pede indulgencia para as lacunas que 
 nelle forem encontradas : — foi escripto nos raros momentos livres 
 ao trabalho fatigante de organisar a exposigao das amQstras de 
 borracha ate o respectivo embarque em Manaos para New- York. 
 
 As amostras da borracha de Matto-Grosso que figuram no 
 recinto da Exposigao, sao expostas por ordem do Governo, pela 
 benemerita Associagao Commercial do Amazonas. 
 
 ESTADO DE MATTO GROSSO 
 
 DELEGACIA FISCAL DO NORTE 
 
 QUADRO DEMONSTRATIVO DA PRODUCQAO DA BORRACHA DOS VALLES 
 
 DO MADEIRA E ALTO TAPAJOZ NOS ANNOS de 1907 a 1912, EM COMPA 
 
 RAQAO COM A MESMA PRODUCQAO NO PRIMEIRO SEMESTRE DE 1912. 
 
 1912 
 Procedencia 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 so o lo. 
 
 semestre 
 
 Machado e Jamary 1.092454 1.252194 910982 1.295605 1.317917 1.315995 
 
 Jacy Parana Alto Ma- 
 deira e More 98464 152713 150759 142458 201562 259612 
 
 Alto Tapajoz 156034 167841 107458 73688 113453 
 
 1.190918 1.560941 1.229582 1.545521 1.593167 1.689060 
 
 214 
 
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STATE OF BAHIA 
 
 217 
 
EXHIBITS OF THE STATE OF BAHIA AT THE 
 
 INTERNATIONAL RUBBER EXHIBITION 
 
 IN NEW YORK, 1912 
 
 STATE OF BAHIA. 
 
 1 bale of 100 kilos of superior manigoba rubber. 
 
 1 bale of 100 kilos of first quality manigoba rubber. 
 
 1 bale of 100 kilos of second quality manigoba rubber. 
 
 1 bale of 50 kilos of superior mangabeira rubber. 
 
 1 bale of 50 kilos of first quality of mangabeira rubber. 
 
 1 package of 20 kilos of caucho rubber. 
 
 Various statistical tables, photographs, diagrams and a pano- 
 ramic view of the City of Bahia. 
 
 Books and pamphlets concerning the natural resources of the 
 state. 
 
 BY S. HESS & COMPANY. 
 
 Samples of the various kinds of native rubber of Bahia. 
 Two sacks of the seed of the manigoba rubber tree cultivated 
 in Bahia. 
 
 Specimens of the manigoba tree. 
 
 BY F. STEVENSON & COMPANY, LTD. 
 
 1 bale of 100 kilos of superior manigoba rubber from 
 JEQUIE. 
 
 BY M. ULMANN & COMPANY. 
 
 1 bale of 50 kilos of superior manigoba rubber. 
 1 bale of 50 kilos of first quality manigoba rubber. 
 1 bale of superior mangabeira rubber. 
 1 package of caucho rubber from the State of Bahia. 
 
 218 
 
BY VON DER LINDE & COMPANY. 
 
 Specimens of the various kinds of rubber, from the State of 
 Bahia, in a glass case. 
 
 BY MORAES & COMPANY. 
 
 1 bale of 100 kilos of superior manigoba rubber. 
 
 By JOSE C. DA COSTA SANTOS. 
 
 1 bale of superior manigoba rubber. 
 1 bale of first quality manigoba rubber. 
 1 bale of second quality manigoba rubber. 
 Specimens of the various kinds of rubber of Bahia. 
 
 STATE OF ALAGOAS. 
 
 Specimens of various kinds of rubber. 
 
 Specimens of the rubber grown in JARAGUA. 
 
 These specimens were sent by Mr. Americo Mello, represen- 
 tative of the Commercial Museum of Rio de Janeiro, in the State 
 of Alagoas. 
 
 STATE OF PERNAMBUCO. 
 
 Two large packages of the various kinds of rubber grown in 
 the State. These were sent by Dr. Antonio Valenca, represen- 
 tative of the Commercial Museum of Rio de Janeiro, in the State 
 of Pernambuco. 
 
 219 
 
STATE OF 
 MINAS GERAES 
 
 220 
 
STATE OF MINAS GERAES— PROVISIONAL NOTE 
 
 EXHIBITS 
 
 1. Wild Manisoba (Manihot) Rubber in the raw and cleaned 
 market condition. 
 
 2. Planted Manisoba Rubber, viz. : (a) Fine ; (b) Seconds ; 
 (c) Scrao. 
 
 3. Photographs taken on the San Francisco River, the rub- 
 ber region of the "Highlands of Brazil." 
 
 4. Photographs of Rubber Trees, viz. : (a) Manihot 
 Glaziovii; (b) Manihot Heptaphylla; (c) Manihot Piauhyensis. 
 
 5. Photographs of Bello Horisonte, capital of the State of 
 Minas Geraes, and of other localities of importance and general 
 interest. Maps of the State and Climatological Charts. 
 
 221 
 
BRAZIL DAY 
 
 Saturday, September 28 
 

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