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 Scollav Lvon 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
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 NATIVE ? F -f 
 
 AND 
 
 THEIR ALLIES 
 
 WITH 
 
 Synoptical Descriptions of tbe American 
 Pteridopbyta North of Mexico 
 
 LUCIEN MARCUS UNDERWOOD 
 
 l\ 
 
 FIFTH EDITION, REVISED 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 
 1896 
 

 
 u. 
 
 BIOLOGY 
 
 UBRARY 
 
 6 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1888, 
 
 BY 
 HENRY HOLT & CO, 
 
 V 
 
 DRDMMOND & NEU. 
 
 Electrotypers, 
 
 New York. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THE first edition of this manual was published in 1881 and 
 the second in 1882 ; the continued call for copies of the work is 
 the only apology for a new edition. During the past six years 
 the interest in ferns has largely increased, and has resulted not 
 only in a wider and more thorough study of known forms, but 
 in the less explored portion of our territory new species are con- 
 tinually being brought to light. Of the true ferns (forming the 
 order Filices) 140 species were described in the first edition and 
 145 in the second; in the present edition 156 species are re- 
 corded, while three species recognized in former editions have 
 been reduced to varieties. 
 
 The Fern Allies are here augmented by the addition of a 
 genus new to this country (Salmnta), and five species, two of 
 which are here described for the first time ; a reduction of three 
 species has resulted from a more extended study of large suites 
 of specimens, so that 68 species are here recorded. 
 
 While the general plan as developed in the former editions 
 has not been greatly modified, the details of the entire work have 
 been thoroughly revised in order that it may be in harmony 
 with the present aspect of structural and systematic study which 
 every year is adding to the sum of our knowledge. 
 
 The work is intended as an introduction to the study of ferns 
 and a manual for the easy determination of our species ; as such 
 it has aimed to be suggestive in methods of study ; to this end 
 the student is referred to the necessary literature, classified ac- 
 cording to subjects, at the close of each chapter. It is hoped 
 that the introduction of eight pages of references to the intro- 
 ductory literature of plants lower than the pteridophytes may 
 prove valuable to students who, like the writer, have been 
 obliged to grope in the dark with no kindly suggestion as to 
 what works were valuable for beginners. 
 
 (v) 
 
vi PREFACE. 
 
 Acknowledgments are here rendered to those who have aided 
 in the preparation of this edition. Especially we would men- 
 tion Dr. Sereno Watson, of the Botanic Gardens at Cambridge 
 for access to numerous specimens ; Professor Daniel C. Eaton, 
 of Yale, for elucidating the synonymy of Asptdium pattdum ; 
 and most of all, Mr. George E. Davenport for very many kindly 
 suggestions, specimens, and courtesies extending through a 
 series of years. 
 
 SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY, 
 Feb. 18, 1888. 
 
 PREFACE TO FIFTH EDITION. 
 
 IN the fourth edition (1893) numerous changes were made: 
 (i) by rewriting several of the chapters, (2) by the addition of 
 four species new to our flora, and (3) by the modification of 
 the nomenclature to conform with the " Rochester rules." The 
 further amendment of these rules at Madison, Wisconsin, 
 in August, 1893, renders necessary two or three additional 
 changes. It is also a pleasure to record two additional species 
 which have been found in the country since the fourth edition 
 was published, viz., Dryopteris simulata from New England, and 
 Equisetum Mexicanum from Southern California, the former 
 described by Mr. George E. Davenport, and the latter discov- 
 ered by Prof. A. J. McClatchie of Pasadena, California. The 
 total number described is, therefore, 230 ; of these 1 59 are ferns 
 and the remaining 71 are fern allies. In other respects the 
 present edition is essentially the same as the fourth. 
 
 AUBURN, ALABAMA, 
 Nov. 15, 1895. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 INTRODUCTION, , . . ix 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS, xii 
 
 CHAPTER I. Haunts and Habits of Ferns, I 
 
 II. The Organs of the Growing Fern, 8 
 
 III. Fructification in Ferns, 10 
 
 IV. Germination of Fern Spores, 19 
 
 V. Fern Structure 24 
 
 VI. The Fern Allies, 28 
 
 VII. Classification and Nomenclature, 41 
 
 VIII. The Fern's Place in Nature, 48 
 
 IX. Distribution in Time and Space, 62 
 
 X. Methods of Study, 70 
 
 OUR NATIVE PTERIDOPHYTA. 
 
 ORDER I. FILICES: 75 
 
 II. MARSILEACE/E, 125 
 
 III. SALVINIACE/E 127 
 
 IV. OPHIOGLOSSACE/E, 128 
 
 V. EQUISETACE^: 132 
 
 VI. LYCOPODIACE/E, '. . . 135 
 
 VII. SELAGINELLACE^E 140 
 
 VIII. ISOETACE^: 142 
 
 INDEX AND GLOSSARY, 149 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 IN the entire vegetable world there are probably no forms of 
 growth that attract more general notice than the Ferns. Deli- 
 cate in foliage, they are sought for cultivation in conservatories 
 and Wardian cases, and when dried and pressed add to the 
 culture of many a domestic circle by serving as household deco- 
 rations. They furnish to botanists a broad and inviting field 
 for investigation, and he who examines their more minute struc- 
 ture with the microscope will find deeper and still more myste- 
 rious relations than those revealed to the unaided eye. Ferns 
 thus appeal to the scientific element of man's nature as well as 
 to the aesthetic, and while they highly gratify the taste, they 
 furnish food for the intellect in a like degree. 
 
 The Fern allies have also played their appointed part in the 
 domestic and decorative economy of this and other generations. 
 The scouring-rushes served our ancestors for keeping white their 
 floors and wooden-ware in the days when carpets were a luxury. 
 The trailing stems of various species of Lycopodium have long 
 been valued for holiday decorations ; while their burning spores 
 have flashed in triumphal processions, and have added their 
 glow to the fervor of political campaigns. 
 
 In olden time the obscure fructification of the common brake 
 led to many superstitious ideas among the common people, and 
 the older poets have woven these popular notions into our litera- 
 ture. Butler tells in Hudibras of bugbears so often created by 
 mankind : 
 
 " That spring like fern, that infant weed, 
 Equivocally without seed, 
 And have no possible foundation 
 But merely in th' imagination." 
 
X IN TROD UCTION. 
 
 Shakespeare only reflects a prevalent belief of his time when 
 he says : 
 
 " We have the receipt of fern seed ; we walk invisible." 
 
 Others allude to the falling of the seed on the anniver- 
 sary night of the birth of John the Baptist. The old 
 simplers with their lively imagination were impressed by the 
 fancied resemblances of some parts of fern growth to various 
 organs of the human body, and introduced them into their 
 system of specifics. Traces of their influence still remain in 
 the names of some of our common ferns, as spleenwort and 
 maidenhair. 
 
 To form a correct understanding of ferns we must study the 
 ferns themselves as well as the text-book, as it is only by direct 
 contact with nature that we gain definite and satisfactory informa- 
 tion. The text-book is useful only in giving directions how to 
 investigate. To understand thoroughly an animal we must study 
 its habits in its native haunts. To know its structure and posi- 
 tion in the animal kingdom we must carefully dissect a large 
 number of specimens, and study the development of the individ- 
 ual from its beginning. In like manner, to understand fully a 
 fern we must search where nature has planted it, watch it as it un- 
 coils from the bud, matures, produces its fruit, and finally returns 
 to the earth ; examine it with needles and lenses, and discover 
 its minute structure and its life-history. These pages, which 
 aim to give an outline of the forms of fern growth, the methods 
 of fruiting, the germination or growth from the spore, and 
 finally the more minute structure of the entire plant, can only 
 be thoroughly understood by taking the ferns in hand and 
 studying them in connection with the text. For the first three 
 chapters and the determination of species a strong pocket lens 
 and a few needles mounted in handles for dissection will furnish 
 the necessary outfit. Chapters IV. and V. will require a com- 
 pound microscope with its appliances for successful investiga- 
 tion. Those unused to such an instrument will need special 
 directions in regard to the care of a microscope and the methods 
 of using it. Such directions will be found in the laboratory 
 guides recommended in Chapter X. The following will also be 
 useful and suggestive : 
 
INTRODUCTION. Xi 
 
 STOKES (A. C). Microscopy for Beginners. I2mo. New York, 
 
 1887. (Harper & Brothers.) 
 BAUSCH (Edward). Manipulation of the Microscope. I2mo. 
 
 Rochester, N. Y., 1885. (Bausch & Lomb Optical Co.) 
 
 A collection of the native ferns of the country is interesting 
 and attractive. Good specimens should include roots so as to 
 show as much as possible of the method of growth. They 
 should be mounted on standard herbarium paper sixteen and 
 one half by eleven and one half inches. 
 
 Let no one imagine that the study of ferns will be an easy 
 one. Patient application and careful observation are essential 
 to success, yet he who becomes once interested in the work 
 will find a subject that deepens in interest with every step, and 
 even becomes enchanting as he seeks to determine the mysteri- 
 ous processes of fern development and the marvels of fern 
 structure. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 ADANS M. Adanson. 
 
 AIT W. Aiton. 
 
 ANGS J. Angstroem. 
 
 BEAUV P. de Beauvais 
 
 BERNH .. J. J. Bernhardi. 
 
 BIGEL J. Bigelow. 
 
 BRACK W. D. Brackenridge. 
 
 A. BR , . . A. Braun. 
 
 R. BR R. Brown. 
 
 BONG Bongard. 
 
 BRONG A. Brongniart. 
 
 CAV A. J. Cavanilles. 
 
 CHAPM A. W. Chapman. 
 
 DAV G. E. Davenport. 
 
 DC A. P. DeCandolle. 
 
 DESK R. L. Desfontaines. 
 
 DESV N. A. Desvaux. 
 
 EHRH F. Ehrhart. 
 
 ENDL S. L. Endlicher 
 
 ENGELM G. Engelmann. 
 
 H.&A Hooker and Arnott. 
 
 H.&G Hooker and Greville. 
 
 HBK..Humboldt, Bonpland and Kunth. 
 
 HITCH E. Hitchcock. 
 
 HOFFM G. F. Hoffman. 
 
 HOOK W. J. Hooker. 
 
 HUDS W. Hudson. 
 
 HUMB Baron von Humboldt 
 
 Juss A. L. Jussieu 
 
 KAULF ... G. F. Kaulfuss. 
 
 KOCH W. D. Koch. 
 
 KUHL Kuhlewein. 
 
 L C. von Linne [Linnaeus]. 
 
 LAM J. B. de Lamarck. 
 
 L'HER C. L. L'Heritier. 
 
 LIEBM F. Liebmann. 
 
 LINDL J. Lindley. 
 
 LINN. F C. Linnaeus (son). 
 
 MART. & GALE... Martens and Galeotti. 
 
 METT G. Mettenius. 
 
 MICHX A. Michaux. 
 
 MUHL G. H. E. Muhlenberg. 
 
 NECK N. J. Necker. 
 
 NUTT T. Nuttall. 
 
 PLUM C. Plumier. 
 
 REICHENB H. G. L. Reichenbach. 
 
 RICH C. L. M. Richard. 
 
 SCHLEICH Schleicher. 
 
 SCHREB J. C. D. Schreber. 
 
 SM J. E. Smith. 
 
 J. SM J. Smith. 
 
 SPRENG K. Sprengel. 
 
 Swz O. Swartz. 
 
 THUNB C. P. Thunberg. 
 
 TOKR J. Torrey. 
 
 TUCKERM E. Tuckerman. 
 
 UNDE L. M. Underwood. 
 
 VAILI S. Vaillant. 
 
 VENT E. P. Ventenat. 
 
 WALL N. Wallich. 
 
 WALLR F. W. Wallroth. 
 
 WALT T. Walter. 
 
 WILLD K. L. Willdenow. 
 
 Gr Greek. 
 
 Lat Latin. 
 
 cm centimetre. 
 
 mm millimetre. 
 
 var variety. 
 
 feet. 
 
 ' inches. 
 
 "... .. lines. 
 
 (xii) 
 
OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 HAUNTS AND HABITS OF FERNS. 
 
 Our outward life requires them not, 
 
 Then wherefore had they birth ? 
 To minister delight to man, 
 
 To beautify the earth. 
 
 MARY HOWITT. 
 
 1. General Characters. Our native ferns comprise plants 
 varying in height from less than an inch to six or seven feet, or 
 even more. Some are stout and fleshy, others are delicate and 
 even filmy, but most are herbaceous, resembling ordinary 
 flowering plants in the texture of their foliage. While most 
 would be recognized as ferns by even a novice, a few differ so 
 widely from the ordinary typical forms that to an unskilled ob- 
 server they would scarcely be considered as bearing any resem- 
 blance to ferns whatever. The fronds of one of our Florida 
 species resemble narrow blades of grass, and the fertile spikes 
 of another from New Jersey might be mistaken for a diminutive 
 species of sedge. A third from Alabama would, perhaps, be 
 called a moss by the inexperienced, while the " Hartford fern," 
 found from New England to Kentucky, has a climbing stem and 
 broad palmate leaves. 
 
 When we add to these peculiar forms of our own country 
 those of foreign lands, and include the immense tree ferns of 
 tropical regions, we find our early conception of a fern inade- 
 quate to cover this diversity of forms. Without attempting an 
 accurate definition of a fern, let it be regarded for present pur- 
 i 
 
OUR 
 
 THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 poses as" \a" &bwgr!e&r plant,*- prbditemg spores instead of seeds, 
 possessing more or less woody tissue, and having its leaves 
 coiled in the bud from apex to base. After the necessary study 
 of the structure of some of our common ferns, we will be able 
 to comprehend the more technical definition found later in the 
 work. 
 
 2. Mode of Growth. Ferns vary greatly in their method 
 of growth, yet each species has a plan which, within certain 
 limits, is fixed and definite. Some, like the common brake, 
 have their fronds rising from more or less distant portions of 
 the creeping rootstock. Others, like Asplenium trichomanes, 
 are tufted, many fronds rising irregularly in a cluster ; while still 
 others, like the ostrich-fern (Onoclea) and many of the shield- 
 ferns (Dryopteris), grow in crowns or circles, the later fronds 
 continually rising within the older ones. In the grape-ferns 
 (Botrychiuni) the rootstocks usually produce a single frond each 
 season, the bud for the succeeding year growing within the base 
 of the common stalk. 
 
 3. In many there is a tendency to dimorphism, the fertile 
 or fruit-bearing fronds differing to a greater or less extent from 
 the sterile ones. In a few species, like the sensitive-fern and 
 the ostrich-fern (Onoclea), this is carried so far that the sterile 
 and fertile fronds bear no resemblance to each other, and in one 
 instance have been mistaken for different species, and so de- 
 scribed. Osmunda cmnamomea,. Woodwardia areolata, Pel- 
 Icea Stelleri, Cryptogramma, and Lomarza otter further exam pies 
 of this principle of growth. 
 
 4. Variation. The same species will often present wide 
 differences in the size of the fronds. This depends to some ex- 
 tent on the character of the soil and the ordinary climatic con- 
 ditions. For example, the lady-fern (Asplentum filtx-fcemina), 
 which in ordinary locations grows from two to four feet high, 
 in mountainous regions is sometimes reduced to from three to 
 six inches, when it forms the var. exile. In like manner the 
 marginal shield-fern (Dryopterts marginalts), usually two or 
 three feet high, is reduced to five inches when growing on rocky 
 cliffs, and yet regularly produces fruit.* 
 
 * Cf. Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, vi. 266 (Oct. 1878). 
 
HA UNTS AND HABITS OF FERNS. 3 
 
 5. In some cases there is a tendency to variation in size 
 that cannot be referred to soil or climatic influences. The com- 
 mon grape-fern (Botrychtum Vtrginianuni) will be found in 
 some localities to vary from six inches to two feet in height, all 
 well fruited and matured, and with the extreme sizes growing 
 within a pace of each other in the same soil and with the same 
 environment. The other species of the same genus present 
 similar variations, and judging from size and external appear- 
 ance alone, a regular gradation of forms might be arranged from 
 the most diminutive undivided forms of B. simplex to the larg- 
 est of B. Virginianum. 
 
 6. Another tendency to variation is noticed in the forking 
 of fronds either at the summit or at the ends of the branches. 
 The hart's-tongue (Scofapendrium) is frequently forked at the 
 summit, the walking-leaf (Camptosorus) less commonly, while 
 the same tendency is noticed in various compound forms, as 
 Asplenium angustifoltum, Cheilanthes lanosa, Gymnogramme 
 Ehrenbergiana, Dicksonia, Pellcea atropurpurea, and others. 
 Some of the species of Botrychium show the same tendency, 
 especially in their fertile segments. It is probable that all our 
 species will be found to fork under certain conditions. More 
 definite information is desirable with regard to many species 
 that show this tendency, as it doubtless involves the question 
 of ancestry of existing ferns. 
 
 7. In those species whose sterile and fertile fronds are un- 
 like, forms often appear that are intermediate between the ster- 
 ile and fertile fronds, and sometimes even form a graded series 
 from one to the other. This is especially true of the sensitive- 
 fern (Onocled) and the cinnamon-fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), 
 and has frequently been the source of so-called "varieties." 
 Whether this variation arises from some peculiarity of environ- 
 ment, or from some inherent tendency to reversion toward an 
 older form, will require more extended observation to deter- 
 mine. One of the varieties of Botrychinm ternatum seems to 
 have been founded on a condition which is intermediate in 
 structure between the sterile and fertile segments. 
 
 8. In a few forms there is an apparent mimicry, one species 
 imitating another in foliage or method of fruiting. In the cin- 
 namon-fern just aDuded to, which has a cinnamon-colored 
 
4 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 sterile frond totally unlike the fertile, sterile fronds will some- 
 times be found which are fertile at the apex the normal method 
 of fruiting in the royal flowering-fern (Osmunda regalis) ; and in 
 turn the royal flowering-fern is sometimes fertile in the middle, 
 in imitation of Osmunda Claytoniana. 
 
 9. Time of Fruiting. The time of maturing fruit is dif- 
 ferent among different species, and also varies with geographi- 
 cal location and proximity to tropical climates. In the Northern 
 States some species produce their fruit as early as May (Osmunda 
 cinnamomea), and others as late as September (Lygodtuni), 
 but the greater number are best studied in July and August. 
 In the Northeastern States, where the two species of Cystopterts 
 abound on limestone rocks, C. fragilis matures its spores and 
 withers in June or July, while C. bulbifera reaches its maturity 
 only in August or September. In semi-tropical climates, like 
 Southern California and the Gulf States, the time of fruiting is 
 often earlier, sometimes occurring in February or March. Some 
 fronds are killed by the early frosts, while others, like the Christ- 
 mas-fern, are evergreen, and may be gathered in midwinter. 
 
 10. Local Distribution. Ferns are largely dependent for 
 successful growth on the amount of warmth, moisture, and 
 shade to which they are subjected, and we would naturally ex- 
 pect to find them reaching a maximum in size and abundance in 
 warm swamps or shady marshes. While this is in general true, 
 we nevertheless find many species thriving only in rocky places, 
 thrusting their roots into the crevices of the rocks with little 
 earth for their nourishment, and many times exposed to the 
 scorching rays of the sun. Of necessity, such species are of 
 comparatively small size, and likely to be protected in some 
 way against the heat of the sun, and provided with means to 
 retain their moisture in times of drought. Others still are 
 found in wet, rocky ravines, often where moistened by the spray 
 of cascades or waterfalls, and consequently have no such pro- 
 vision against the heat of an extended summer. Certain others 
 thrive in open fields that are comparatively dry and unshaded. 
 One species of Southern Florida is aquatic, having the sterile 
 fronds floating in shallow water. A few species are epiphytic, 
 or grow on other plants, some being found on tree-trunks to 
 the height of 150 or 200 feet ! 
 
HAUNTS AND HABITS OF FERNS. 5 
 
 So, while moisture, warmth, and shade in abundance are the 
 climatic conditions essential to promote luxuriant fern growth, 
 it can and does continue when any or all these conditions are 
 reduced to a minimum. 
 
 1 1 . Ferns may then be sought in any of the following situa- 
 tions, and it will be seen that each situation has its charac- 
 teristic species : 
 
 A. Wet swamps or marshes with or without abundant shade. 
 
 B. Rich woods, more or less moist. 
 
 C. Uncultivated open places and dry hillsides. 
 
 D. Moist, rocky ravines or rocky places not subject to sum- 
 mer drought. 
 
 E. Exposed rocky cliffs. 
 
 F. Standing water. 
 
 G. Growing on other plants. (Epiphytic.) 
 
 1 2. In the first location mentioned above, we may find the 
 chain-ferns ( Woodivardia), many of the spleenworts (Aspleniuni), 
 a few of the shield-ferns (Dryopferis),\.\\zftowzr'mg-ierns(psmun- 
 da), as well as the genera Acrostichum, Onoclea, etc. These in- 
 clude some of our largest and coarsest ferns. A few more deli- 
 cate in structure are also found here, notably the dainty Phegop- 
 teris dryopteris. 
 
 \ 3. In the second we find a few spleenworts, most of the 
 shield-ferns, the beech-ferns (Phegopterts), most of the grape- 
 ferns (Botrychiuni), the maidenhair {Adiantum), the Dtcksonta, 
 and some others. In this situation we find the finest develop- 
 ment of foliage and the greatest artistic finish among all the ferns. 
 
 1 4. In uncultivated places and on rocky hillsides we often 
 find the common bracken or brake (Pterts aquilind), and the 
 lady-fern (Asplenium filix-fcemtnd), though these are by no 
 means confined to these locations, the latter growing quite fre- 
 quently in moist woods, and even in cold, wet swamps. Many 
 other ferns are found occasionally in openings of the forest or 
 recent clearings, where they maintain a sickly existence, some- 
 times for a series of years. In such locations ferns often be- 
 come contracted and abnormal in growth, and take on a faded 
 yellow hue from their exposure to the open sunshine. 
 
 1 5. In moist ravines and on rocky banks the bladder-ferns 
 (Cystopterts) may be found, with the peculiar walking-leaf 
 
O OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES 
 
 (Camptosorus), the rare hart's-tongue (Scolopendrtum)* and 
 many of the smaller spleenworts. The long, pendent fronds 
 of Cystopteris bulbifera add greatly to the beauty of our 
 natural ravines, and often serve to conceal the uncouth 
 rocks, or at least draw the attention to that which is more deli- 
 cate and artistic. On dripping rocks, or where the sides of 
 ravines are kept continually moist by the spray of waterfalls, 
 such delicate pellucid ferns as the filmy-fern (Trichomanes) and 
 Pellcea Stelleri may be sought. There seems to be a direct 
 connection between the environment and the texture of the 
 fern. The last two mentioned grow in very damp situations, 
 and are pellucid and almost membranous. Cystopteris in some- 
 what drier situations is thinly herbaceous, while Asplenium 
 trichomanes and Camptosorus, requiring less moisture, are more 
 firm, and form the transition to the next group. 
 
 1 6. On dry cliffs we may look for the various species of 
 Woodsia, the cloak-ferns (Nothclcend), the lip-ferns (Cheilanthes), 
 and the cliff-brakes (Pellcza). Many of these are firm and even 
 leathery in texture, and others are thickly covered on one or 
 both sides with tangled hair or scales, fitting them to survive 
 long periods of drought. 
 
 1 7. Only one of our native species is strictly aquatic, the 
 anomalous Ceratopteris thalictroidcs found in Southern Florida, 
 though Acrostichum aureum is often found with its rhizoma 
 rising from the water of salt marshes. Osmunda regalis is oc- 
 casionally found in standing water several inches deep, though 
 this is not usual. 
 
 1 8. Among the epiphytic ferns are several species of Poly- 
 podium, P. polypodioides, P. Scoulert, and P. aureum, the 
 last always being associated with the cabbage-palmetto (Sabal 
 palmetto). Vittaria, Tcenitis, and Nephrolepis are also of this 
 class, and are frequently pendent from the same plant, though 
 occasionally found on other tree-trunks. Ophioglossum pal- 
 matum, another peculiar tropical fern-ally, belongs to the same 
 
 * This rare fern seems to show a decided preference for limestone rocks, 
 and thus far has been found only above the geological formation known as 
 the Corniferous limestone. I believe a thorough search for this fern along 
 the outcrops of the formation in Central New York and elsewhere would show 
 a wider distribution than is at present attributed to this species. 
 
HAUNTS AND HABITS OF FERNS. J 
 
 list. Even in the streets of Southern cities, Polypodium poly- 
 podioides is often seen growing with various mosses well up 
 on the trunks of shade-trees. It is only in tropical regions, 
 however, that epiphytes are seen in profusion. 
 
 1 9. These principles of climatic distribution are necessarily 
 modified by the geographic range of species, which must be 
 considered in this connection. For example, Dryopteris spinu- 
 losa or its varieties form the leading foliage ferns of Northern 
 New England and New York, while Dicksonia, less common in 
 those localities, largely replaces them from Connecticut south- 
 ward. This subject will be more fully discussed in a later 
 chapter. 
 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 Most of the American literature bearing on this subject is in 
 the form of short notes which have appeared from time to time 
 in our two botanical monthlies;* a classified summary appears 
 below : 
 
 HABITS. Botanical Gazette, I, 2 ; II, 100 ; in, 82 ; IV, 140, 177, 
 232 ; v, 27, 30, 43, 48; vi, 161, 295 ; vii, 86. 
 
 DIMORPHISM. Torrey Bulletin, vm, 101, 109 ; IX, 6 ; xin, 62. 
 
 FORKING FRONDS. Botanical Gazette, \, 50; n, 80; 111,39; 
 vi, 220; vm, 242. Torrey Bulletin, vn, 26, 85; IX, 116, 129; 
 x, 4. 
 
 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE : 
 
 DAVENPORT (George E.). A Bit of Fern History. In 
 Botanical Gazette, VII, 60-64 (May, 1882). 
 
 CULTIVATION : 
 
 JACKSON (Robert T.). Cultivation of Native Ferns. In 
 Garden and Forest, I, 317, 318; 330, 331; 340-342; 352-354 
 (Aug.-Sept. 1888). 
 
 ROBINSON (John). Ferns in their Homes and Ours. I2mo, 
 illustrated. Salem, 1878. A valuable outline of fern cultiva- 
 tion, indispensable to those desiring to undertake the cultivation 
 of ferns either in conservatories or Wardian cases. 
 
 SMITH (John). Ferns, British and Foreign, 8vo. Lon- 
 don, 1879. 
 
 * The Botanical Gazette (Bloomington, Ind.) and the Bulletin of the 
 Torrey Botanical Club (Columbia College, New York). Students of ferns 
 should have these journals on file to enable them to appreciate the botanical 
 activity of the country. 
 
O OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE ORGANS OF THE GROWING FERN. 
 
 Pour bien savoir une chose, il faut en savoir les details. 
 
 LA ROCHEFOUCAULD. 
 
 20. EVERY one familiar with the forest and its products 
 must have seen the young ferns unrolling from the bud in spring 
 and early summer. It will be noticed that the fronds are coiled 
 from the apex to the base, and form crosiers, so called from their 
 resemblance to the head of a bishop's staff. This method of 
 vernation is called ctrcinate, and is rarely found except among 
 ferns. In the grape-ferns and adder-tongues the vernation is 
 straight or merely inclined, thus approximating that of ordinary 
 flowering plants. 
 
 2 1 . Rootstock. Ferns usually spring from an under- 
 ground stem called the rootstock. This may be simple or 
 branched, smooth or scaly, horizontal, oblique, or even vertical. 
 In some ferns it is fine and hairlike, while in others it is very 
 large and stout. In some cases the rootstock creeps at the sur- 
 face of the ground and even rises above it, as in the variety of 
 Dryopteris contermina which grows in Florida. In the tree 
 ferns of warmer climates it often forms a trunk fifty feet high, 
 bearing the fronds at the summit, when it takes the name of 
 caudex. 
 
 22. Frond. The aerial portion consists essentially of a 
 leaf-stalk and blade; the former is technically called the stipf, 
 and the latter the frond. Though these are usually distinct 
 from each other in appearance, the stipe is sometimes wanting, 
 and in others no distinction can be made between them. Both 
 stipe and frond, or either one, may be glabrous (smooth), pubes- 
 cent (softly hairy), hairy, woolly, or scaly ; when the scales are 
 small and somewhat appressed, the surface is said to be squa- 
 mous. The careful discrimination of these hairy or scaly 
 appendages becomes a matter of importance in distinguishing 
 many of the species of Gheilanthes. Jn a few of our native ferns 
 
THE ORGANS OF THE GROWING FERN. 9 
 
 the under surface is covered with a white or yellow powder 
 bearing some resemblance to flour or corn starch. For this 
 reason a surface of this character is ca\\cA farznac&ms. Such is 
 the California gold-fern or " golden back" (Gymnogramme trian- 
 gularis\ and several of the cloak-ferns (Notholcend), and such 
 are the various gold and silver ferns of conservatories, including 
 some of the richest and most beautiful in the world. 
 
 23. The frond may be simple, when it consists of a single 
 undivided leaf, as in Scolopendrium or Camptosorns ; or compound, 
 when it is divided into segments. The exquisite delicacy and 
 the extent to which this dividing is carried in some ferns deter- 
 mines largely their aesthetic value. 
 
 The continuation of the stipe through a simple frond is called 
 \\utmutuein; through a compound frond is called the rachis, 
 and is further distinguished as primary when the frond is much 
 compounded. A frond is entire when the margin forms an 
 unbroken line; when so cut as to form lobes extending half 
 way or more to the midvein it is called pinnatifid ; when these 
 incisions extend fully to the midvein the frond is said to be 
 simply pinnate, and the divisions are called pinna. When the 
 pinnae are cut into lobes the frond is bipinnatifid and the lobes 
 are called segments, and when these extend to the secondary 
 midveins it is bipinnate and the divisions are called pinnules. 
 The secondary midvein then becomes a secondary rachis. In 
 like manner we may have ferns that are tripinnatifid &n& tripin- 
 nate, quadripinnatifid and quadripinnate. The last lobes are 
 designated ultimate segments, and the last complete divisions 
 ultimate pinnules. All these various forms from entire to quad- 
 ripinnate are abundantly represented among our native ferns. 
 
 24. In some pinnate fronds, as in the oak-fern {Phcgopteris 
 dryopteris), the lower pair of pinnae is greatly enlarged and 
 more compound than those above, so that the stipe appears to 
 form three branches bearing similar and nearly equal portions. 
 Fronds of this character are usually triangular or pentagonal in 
 outline, and this method of branching is called ternate. It wil' 
 be readily seen that this is merely a modified form of the ordi- 
 nary pinnate frond. Throughout the domain of nature there is 
 infinite variety of form and structure, and at the same time unity 
 in plan and conformity to a few generalized types. 
 
10 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 25. Venation. The method of veining admits of great 
 variation, often serving to distinguish species, and more especi- 
 ally the sections of the various genera. In some ferns, like most 
 shield-ferns (Dryopteris), the veins are free that is, arising from 
 either side of the midvein they do not unite with any other vein. 
 In some of these the vein is simple (not branched), in others 
 variously forked. In many the veins repeatedly anastomose 
 or unite together, forming a series of network or areolce. This 
 may be somewhat irregular, as in Onoclea ; or forming a single 
 row of areolae next to the midvein and thence free to the margin, 
 as in Woodwardia Virgmica ; or forming many uniform areolae 
 by the parallel transverse veinlets connecting the distinct and 
 parallel primary veins, as in Polypodium phyllitidis. In case 
 the venation does not appear when examined by reflected light, 
 it may be brought out clearly by holding the frond between the 
 observer and the light, and then using a lens if necessary. A 
 few fleshy species require dissection to show the veins. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 FRUCTIFICATION IN FERNS. 
 
 " But on St. John's mysterious night, 
 
 Sacred to many a wizard spell, 
 The hour when first to human sight 
 Confest, the mystic fern -seed fell." 
 
 26. Spores and Sporangia. In the flowering plants 
 
 (SPERMAPHYTES) there is a 
 manifest sexual reproduction, 
 the ovules in the female organs 
 (pistils) being fertilized by the 
 pollen produced by the stamens, 
 thus giving rise to the embryo 
 
 ric. i. Enlarged section through a J 
 
 sorus of Polyfodium falcatum Kellogg, of the new plant. The Ferns, 
 showing the stalked sporangia. , , 
 
 on the contrary, produce no 
 
 flowers. Instead of seeds developed from fertilized ovules, 
 minute spores are produced asexual ly, from which new ferns are 
 developed by a peculiar process of germination very unlike that 
 
FRUCTIFICATION IN FERNS. I* 
 
 of flowering plants. These spores are collected in little sacs 
 known as sporangia or spore cases. The sporangia in the true 
 ferns (POLYPODIACE^E) are collected in little clusters on the 
 back of the frond, or are variously arranged in lines along the 
 veins or around the margins (Fig. i). These clusters of spo- 
 rangia are called sort, and may be naked, as in Polypodium, or 
 provided with a special covering known as the indusium, as in 
 Dryopteris (Fig. 8). The various forms of the 
 sori and indusia serve as the basis for classifica- 
 tion into genera and tribes, while each sub-order 
 has its peculiar form of sporangia. 
 
 27. In the POLYPODIACE^E the sporangia 
 are more or less completely surrounded with a 
 jointed vertical ring or annulus, and at maturity 
 burst open transversely by the straightening of 
 the annulus and discharge their copious spores 
 (Fig. 2). The clusters of sporangia are said to 
 be marginal, intramarginal, or dorsal, according 
 as they have their position at the margin or 
 
 more or less remote from it. Thev may be Fic.a. Sporan- 
 
 gium of Polypo- 
 
 roundish, oblong, or linear in shape, or arranged dium vnigare, L. t 
 in variously forking lines, or may even be spread spores^'Suich'en- 
 in a stratum over the entire under surface of the lar & ed - 
 frond. They are called indusiate or non-indusiate according as 
 they are covered or naked ; and the indusia may be inferior (at- 
 tached below the sorus), as in Woodsia (Fig. 9), or superior, as 
 \n Dryopteris ($\v. 8), or of various intermediate methods of at- 
 tachment. 
 
 28. In the other sub- 
 orders of FiLlCES the spo- 
 rangia are variously ar- 
 ranged. In the HYMENO- 
 PHYLLACE^E or filmy ferns 
 the flattened sporangia are 
 
 sessile along a filiform recep- T ,. FlG ' 3 1 , FlG- 4 * 
 
 Fig. 3. Enlarged sessile sporangium 
 tacle, and are Surrounded Of Trichomanes radicans Swz. 
 
 with a complete transverse 3Ifti*ESX3tf %&&. 
 
 annulus. At maturity they Much enlarged. 
 
 open vertically (Fig. 3). In the SCHIZ^EACE^E the sporangia 
 
12 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 are ovate, surrounded at the apex by a complete annulus, and 
 open by a longitudinal slit (Fig. 4). In the OSMUNDACE^E or 
 flowering ferns the sporangia are larger, globose, and naked, with 
 the mere trace of a transverse annulus, and open longitudinally. 
 The various methods of fructification can be best understood 
 by describing the peculiarities of the various genera in regular 
 succession and noting the variations occurring in the sections 
 or sub-genera. By this means we will arrive at a better under- 
 standing of the principles of fern classification as discussed in a 
 future chapter. As the subject of venation is closely connected 
 with that of fructification, it will be treated in the same connec- 
 tion. 
 
 29. Acrostichum. In this genus the sporangia are spread 
 in a stratum over the under surface of the upper pinnae in our 
 solitary species, but in some exotics they cover portions of the 
 upper surface as well. There is no indusium. 
 
 30. Polypodium (Fig. i). This genus contains the larg- 
 est number of existing ferns, and though all the species agree 
 in the roundish naked sori, the venation is widely different in 
 the various sections, which are chiefly formed on the character 
 of the veins. Four of the five sections are represented in our 
 nine species. 
 
 In EUPOLYPODIUM the veins are free, yet are occasionally 
 known to unite,* thus indicating a tendency to vary toward the 
 next section. The sori are generally found at the end of a free 
 veinlet. 
 
 In GONIOPHLEBIUM the veins unite near the margin, form- 
 ing large areolae, each containing a single free veinlet which 
 bears the sorus at its end. A tendency to variation is seen in 
 P. polypodioides, whose veins are free, as well as in /*. Caltfor- 
 nicum in which they are often partly free. 
 
 In PHLEBODIUM the veins form ample areolae in a row 
 next the midvein, and frequently in one or more secondary rows, 
 each bearing a single sorus at the junction of two or more vein- 
 lets. A large number, however, bear the sori at the end of a 
 single veinlet. From the fertile areolse to the margin the veins 
 anastomose more copiously. 
 
 * Catalogue of the Davenport Herbarium, p. 8. 
 
FRUCTIFICATION IN FERNS. 13 
 
 In CAMPYLONEURON the areolae, each usually bearing two 
 sori, are found between the parallel primary veins which extend 
 from the midrib to the margin. 
 
 31. Gymnogramme In this genus the sori follow the 
 course of the veins, and consequently vary with the venation, 
 being simple, forked, pinnated, or anastomose with each other. 
 The sori are non-indusiate. 
 
 32. Notholsena. In the cloak-ferns the sori are marginal, 
 and provided with no indusia. This genus is linked very closely 
 to Gymnogramme on one hand and to some species of Chei- 
 lanthes on the other. From the latter it is separable only by the 
 absence of the marginal indusium; the two are likely to be con- 
 founded by beginners. 
 
 33. Tsenitis has simple fronds, and the fructification in a 
 continuous sub-marginal line near the apex of the frond. 
 
 34. Vittaria. This peculiar genus occupies a somewhat in- 
 termediate position between the indusiate and non-indusiate 
 genera, and while usually associated with the latter has consid- 
 erable claim to be ranked with the former. The fronds are nar- 
 row and grass like, bearing the sporangia in an intramarginal 
 groove, often more or less covered by the inrolled edge of the 
 frond. The venation is very obscure. 
 
 35. Adiantum (Fig. 5). The maidenhairs have a peculiarly 
 smooth foliage, and usually possess no 
 
 midvein. The veins are usually flabellate, 
 and after forking one or more times bear 
 the sori at their extremities. The margin 
 of the frond is reflexed, thus forming an 
 indusium which bears the sporangia on its 
 under surface. F 'G. s--A segment of 
 
 Aatantum, snowing the 
 
 36. Pteris (rig. 6). In this genus, sori covered by indusia 
 
 which includes the common brake, the n -ro 
 
 otherwise free veins are united by a fili- Le Maout and Decaisne - 
 form receptacle which bears the sporangia. This continuous 
 marginal line of fructification is covered by a membranous in- 
 dusium formed of the margin of the frond. 
 
 37. Cheilanthes. The lip-ferns found within our limits 
 are unequally divided among four sections, all agreeing in bear- 
 
14 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 ing the sori at or near the ends of the veins, covered by an in- 
 dicium formed of the margin of the frond. 
 
 In ADIANTOPSIS the indusia 
 are distinct, and confined to a 
 single veinlet. One of our species 
 varies from the typical species of 
 this section, and has even been 
 assigned to a separate genus. 
 
 In EuCHEiLANTHEStheindu- 
 longifolia L. En- sia are more or less confluent but 
 
 larged segment of pinna, showing the . .. ,. 
 
 vein-like receptacle under the mtrgi- not Continuous, usually extending 
 
 nai indusium. over the ap i ces o f several veinlets. 
 
 In PHYSAPTERIS the ultimate segments are bead- like, and 
 the indusium is continuous all round the margin. 
 
 ALEURITOPTERIS has the fronds farinose below, and in- 
 cludes a single species somewhat doubtfully assigned to cur 
 limits. 
 
 38. Cryptogramma has dimorphous fronds, the margins 
 of the fertile being closely rolled toward the midvein, thus cov- 
 ering the confluent sori. At maturity these open flat in order 
 to discharge the spores. 
 
 39. Pellaea has representatives of three sections within 
 our limits, all agreeing in possessing intramarginal sori, which 
 finally became confluent and form a marginal line covered by 
 an indusium formed of the margin of the frond. 
 
 CHEILOPLECTON includes herbaceous species with visible 
 veins and broad indusia. 
 
 ALLOSORUS includes coriaceous species having wide 
 indusia, while PLATYLOMA includes species similar in texture, 
 but with extremely narrow indusia and broad segments. 
 
 40. Ceratopteris is an anomalous genus from southern 
 Florida, having a few sori arranged on two or three veins par- 
 allel to the midvein, and covered by the broadly reflexed margin 
 of the frond. 
 
 41. Lomaria (Fig. 7) stands intermediate between those 
 genera, in which there is an indusium formed of the revolute 
 margin of the frond and those in which the indusium is remote 
 from the margin. Our single species has dimorphous fronds, 
 free veins, and the fructification in a broad band next the mid- 
 
FRUCTIFICATION IN FERNS. 1 5 
 
 vein, covered by a continuous and distinctly intramarginal indu- 
 sium. This genus closely resembles the 
 next in general habit, and is sometimes 
 united with it. 
 
 42. Blechnum. In this genus the 
 sori are linear and near the midvein, and 
 are covered by a membranous indusium 
 which is fixed at its outer margin, burst- 
 ing at its inner margin when the spo- 
 rangia are mature. A single representa- 
 
 FIG. 7. Lomarza spicant 
 
 tlVC IS found Within OUr limits. Desv. Enlarged section of 
 
 ,, . the contracted fertile pinna, 
 
 43. Woodwardia. 1 hree Species showing intramarginal indu- 
 
 of chain-ferns occur within our limits, sium * 
 and each represents a distinct section based on the methods 
 of venation. All have oblong or linear sori more or less 
 sunken in the frond, covered by special lid-like indusia burst- 
 ing at their inner margins, and arranged in chainlike rows near 
 the midvein, thus giving the popular name to the genus. 
 
 EUWOODWARDIA has uniform fronds and veins forming at 
 least one series of areolae between the sori and the margin. 
 
 ANCHISTEA has also uniform fronds, but with free veins 
 from the sori to the margin while LORINSERIA has dimor- 
 phous fronds, and the veins everywhere uniting to form areolae, 
 as in the sensitive- fern (Onoclea sensibilis). 
 
 44. Asplenium. The numerous species of spleenvvorts 
 are closely related to each other in their methods of fructifica- 
 tion, but differ widely in the form, texture, and cutting of their 
 fronds. The sori are placed on the upper side of an oblique 
 vein (sometimes crossing it in ATHYRIUM), and covered by an 
 indusium of the same shape attached by its edge to the fruiting 
 vein and opening toward the midvein. In some species part 
 of the indusia are double. The veins are free in all our species. 
 In EUASPLENIUM the sori are straight or slightly curved ; in 
 ATHYRIUM they are often curved, even horseshoe shaped ; 
 and frequently cross to the outer side of the fruiting vein. 
 
 45. Scolopendrium bears the linear sori in pairs, one 
 from the upper side of a veinlet and its mate from the lower 
 side of the next. The indusia are attached by their edges to 
 the veins, and folding toward each other appear like a double 
 
l6 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 indusium covering a single sorus. The veins extend nearly at 
 right angles to the midvein, are free, and usually forked. 
 
 46. Camptosorus. The walking-leaf has oblong or linear 
 indusiate sori, which are irregularly scattered and borne partly 
 on veins parallel to the midvein, and partly on those that are 
 oblique. Those near the midvein are single, those toward the 
 margin are often approximate in pairs and often form crooked 
 lines. The veins are everywhere copiously reticulated. 
 
 47. Phegopteris. In this genus the sori are round and 
 naked as in Polypodium, with which this genus is sometimes 
 united. The sporangia spring from the back of the veins in- 
 stead of the apex, as in the latter genus, and the veins are free 
 except in the GONIOPTERIS, in which they are more or less 
 united. 
 
 48. Dryopteris is largely represented in our limits by two 
 well-marked sections, which are sometimes regarded as distinct 
 
 genera, and two others with characters scarcely 
 less distinct, containing each a single species 
 In all the sori are roundish, and borne on the 
 back of the veins or rarely at their apex. In 
 NEPHRODIUM the indusium is cordato-reni- 
 form or orbicular with a narrow sinus. This at 
 first covers the sorus and is attached by its mar. 
 gin, but later bursts away at the margin but re- 
 mains attached at the sinus. In some species 
 in this section the indusium becomes shrivelled 
 p. TT . before the fruit matures, and in this condition 
 
 r IG. 5. Under , 
 
 sideof a fertile seg- might be mistaken for a non-indusiate species 
 
 mem of Dryopteris /p.- a^ 
 filix - mas, with I* ' )- 
 
 fndisium!' Magn" In PLYSTICHUM the indusium is -orbicular 
 fied. (After Sachs.) and peltate, being fixed by the centre ; the veins 
 are free, as in NEPHRODIUM. 
 
 In CYRTOMIUM the indusium is the same as in POLYS- 
 TICHUM, but the veins tend to unite near the margin, while in 
 ASPIDIUM the veins anastomose copiously. 
 
 49. Nephrolepis has roundish sori borne at the apex of 
 the upper branch of a free vein, near the margin of the frond. 
 The indusia are usually reniform, fixed by the sinus or base, and 
 open toward the margins of the pinnae. 
 
 50. Cystopteris. The bladder-ferns take their popular 
 
FR UCTIFICA TION IN FERNS. 1 7 
 
 name from the delicate, hood-like indusium which is attached 
 by its broad base on the inner side of the roundish sorus and 
 partly under it. Later this is thrown back and withers away. 
 The veins are free, and the fronds have the aspect of species of 
 Dryopteris, but are usually more delicate in texture. 
 
 5 1 . Onoclea. This genus contains two quite dissimilar 
 species, which until recently have been separated into two 
 genera by American botanists. Both have dimorphous fronds, 
 the margin of the contracted fertile frond being strongly revo- 
 lute, and concealing the fruit. O. struthiopteris has necklace- 
 shaped pinnae, crowded confluent sori, and free and simple 
 veins. O. sensibilis has panicled berry-shaped pinnules and co- 
 piously anastomosing veins. 
 
 52. Woodsia (Fig. 9) lias round- 
 ish sori borne on the back of the 
 veins, with the indusia attached be- 
 neath the sporangia and flat and open, 
 or early bursting at the top into ir- 
 regular laciniae or lobes. In Eu- 
 WOODSIA the indusia are flat and open FIG ^Woodsia obtusa 
 from an early stage, with their cleft ^uie^hSg venaS and' 
 and ciliate margins concealed under inferior indusia. 
 the sori. In HYPOPELTIS the indusium is more conspicuous 
 and encloses the sporangium at first, but soon bursts at the top, 
 forming several jagged lobes. 
 
 53. Dicksonia. In this genus the small globular sorus is 
 borne in an elevated, globular receptacle, and enclosed in an in- 
 ferior, membranous, cup-shaped indusium. The veins are al- 
 ways free. 
 
 54-. Trichomanes (Fig. 10) has 
 sessile sporangia borne on a filiform 
 receptacle at the summit of a vein. 
 The indusia are tubular or funnel- 
 shaped, with an expanded and often 
 somewhat two-lipped mouth. 
 
 55. Lygodium. In our species 
 of climbing-fern the fructification is FlG - . Trichomanes radi- 
 
 cans Swz. Enlarged section, 
 
 borne on contracted, forked pinnules showing method of fructifica- 
 occupying the upper portion of the 
 
 frond. The ovoid sporangia are solitary or occasionally in 
 2 
 
1 8 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 pairs, and are borne in the axils of the large, imbricated, scale- 
 like indusia which are fixed by their bases to short, oblique 
 veinlets. 
 
 56. Anemia. In this genus the two lowest branches of 
 the frond bear panicles of fruit at the end of very long stalks. 
 The ovate sporangia are sessile in two rows along 
 the branchlets of the panicle, without^, special 
 covering of any kind. In the section represented 
 by our species the veins are free. 
 
 57. Schizaea. In this genus the large ovoid 
 sporangia are sessile in double rows along the 
 single vein of the narrow fertile divisions. In 
 our species the pairs of fertile pinnae form a dis- 
 tichous spike (Fig. u). 
 
 58. Osmunda has the large globose spo- 
 rangia, short-stalked, and borne on the con- 
 tracted fertile portions of the frond. In the cin- 
 namon-fern (O. cinnamomea) the fertile fronds 
 are entirely distinct from the sterile, yet mani- 
 festing a tendency to variation in the uar. fron- 
 dosa. In the interrupted flowering-fern (p. 
 Claytontana) the fructification is confined to a 
 few of the middle pinnae of the frond. In the 
 royal flowering- fern (O. regalis) the fructifica- 
 tion is borne at the apex of the fronds. 
 
 59. Spores. The spores of ferns constitute 
 the fruit proper. A spore consists of two* dis- 
 tinct closed sacs and the cell contents, all of 
 which differ from each other not only in struc- 
 ture, but also in chemical composition. The 
 
 FIG ii Sckizcea ou ^ er ^ a y er (exospore) consists chiefly of cellu- 
 fiusiiia Pursh. lose ; the inner layer (endospore) contains some 
 
 Entire plant, nat- 
 ural size. albuminous matter in addition, while the cell 
 
 contents consist chiefly of a thin, colorless, jelly-like substance 
 known as protoplasm, with grains of chlorophyll (the green 
 
 * Campbell has recently demonstrated the existence of a third (middle) 
 layer, which is not readily apparent until after germination. Cf. Memoirs 
 Boston Soc. Nat. History, iv, 17 et seq. (April, 1887). 
 
GERMINATION OF FERN SPORES. 1 9 
 
 coloring matter of plants), starch, and oil. The exospore may 
 be smooth or roughened by points, granules, warts, or prickles. 
 The shape varies with different species, yet all are rounded, and 
 most are oblong or at least longer than broad. All are micro- 
 scopic, and many are of such a shape that they do not appear 
 uniform owing to the various directions from which we view 
 them. 
 
 6O. The number of spores produced by a single fern is in- 
 credible. Lindley calculated that a single frond of Scolopen- 
 drtum produced about 80 sori, with an average of 4500 sporan- 
 gia in each sorus, and each sporangium containing 50 spores, 
 making a total of 18,000,000 spores. The copious green spores 
 of Osmunda ctnnamomea, or the pale-yellow, powdery spores of 
 a well-developed specimen of Botrychium Virginianum, must 
 far exceed this computation. By drying either of these species 
 under pressure between sheets of paper great quantities of the 
 spores may be obtained for examination. Specimens for this 
 purpose should be selected just before the sporangia reach 
 their maturity. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 GERMINATION OF FERN SPORES. 
 
 Alle Glieder bilden sich aus nach ew'gen Gesetzen, 
 
 Und die seltenste Form bewahrt im Geheimniss das Urbild. 
 
 -GOETHE. 
 
 61 . THE germination of the fern spores usually takes place 
 a considerable time after they are discharged from the sporangia, 
 but in Osmunda, which develops its fruit early in the season, 
 they commence their growth only a few days after dissemination. 
 
 62. Thalloid Phase. In germination the exospore splits 
 along the side, and the protruding endospore, sometimes with 
 its divisions already formed by septa or partitions, forms, not 
 a fern, but a thalloid structure resembling one of the lower 
 
20 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 liverworts called the prothallium. Different ferns vary in the 
 method of forming this prothallium, some producing it im- 
 
 mediately at the spore and others 
 after the formation of a thread- 
 like growth known as the pro- 
 embryo. The prothallium is en- 
 tirely composed of cellular tissue, 
 and in the true ferns (POLYPO- 
 DIACE^E) is broadly cordate or reni- 
 form in shape, and bears large 
 numbers of root-hairs from the 
 under part of its posterior portion 
 (Figs. 12, 13). 
 
 The prothallium varies in size 
 from less than one tenth of an 
 inch up to one third of an inch 
 stages of growth. (After Moore.) j n ks wides t part. On the under 
 
 surface of the prothallium two sorts of organs are produced 
 analogous to the stamens and pistils of the SPERMAPHYTES, 
 respectively known as antheridta and archegonia. The position 
 of these organs on the prothallium varies in different sub-orders. 
 In some species, notably the ostrich-fern, the two kinds of sex- 
 ual organs are produced on separate prothallia, so that the plant 
 becomes dioecious instead of monoecious. Analogous cases are 
 familiar to all among flowering plants like the willows, poplars, 
 and box elders (dioecious), and begonias and melons (monoe- 
 cious). 
 
 63. Antheridia. These are small masses of tissue developed 
 in the same manner as the root-hairs, consisting of a single 
 layer of cells forming the wall, and containing a number of 
 spirally coiled threads, usually with a number of cilia on their 
 anterior coils. At maturity the antheridium swells by the ab- 
 sorption of water and finally bursts its wall, discharging these 
 coiled filaments, which possess the power of locomotion, and for 
 this reason are called antherozoids. These antherozoids often 
 drag with them a little vesicle which seems to play no part in 
 the process of reproduction (Fig. 14). 
 
 64. Archegonia. The archegonium (sometimes called 
 pistillidium) is also a rounded mass of tissue usually less prom- 
 
GERMINATION OF FERN SPORES. 
 
 21 
 
 inent than the antheridia, consisting of an external layer of 
 cells and a large central cell, which soon divides into two. The 
 lower portion, at first the larger, develops into a roundish cell, 
 which is analogous to the ovule of flowering plants, and is called 
 the oosphere. The upper portion of the central cell develops 
 between those composing the neck of the archegonium into a 
 canal filled with a sort of mucilage; this finally swells up, forces 
 the cells of the neck apart, and is expelled to aid in attracting 
 
 FIG. 14. Antheridium of Adiantum FIG. 15. Young archegonium of Pteris 
 capillus-veneris L., showing the es- serrulata. Linn, f., showing oosphere, 
 caping antherozoids. (After Sachs.) neck, and canal-cell. (After Sachs.) 
 
 and retaining the antherozoids at the neck of the archegonium. 
 The oosphere is thus left exposed (Fig. 1 5). 
 
 65. Fertilization. The antherozoids, analogous to the 
 oollen of flowers, when discharged from the antheridium swim 
 in the moisture always present on the under surface of the 
 prothallium, swarm in large numbers around the neck of the 
 archegonium, and are retained by the mucilage. Some finally 
 force their way into the canal of the neck, a few reaching the 
 oosphere and disappearing within its substance. There is thus 
 a true sexual generation among ferns, and the formerly appro- 
 priate term Cryptogamta (hidden marriage) loses its application 
 under the untiring scrutiny of the microscopist. After fertili- 
 zation the neck of the archegonium closes, and the fertilized 
 
22 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 oosphere, now called the oospore, increases in size, and finally 
 
 develops into a true fern. 
 
 66. Pteridoid Phase. After the oo- 
 sphere has been fertilized it commences its 
 growth by the ordinary processes of cell 
 multiplication, and for a time remains with- 
 in the walls of the archegonium, which 
 continue to grow, until finally the interior 
 growth breaks through the walls, differen- 
 tiated into its first root and leaf. The young 
 fern draws its nourishment from the pro- 
 thallium for a time, but soon develops 
 root-hairs, which, extending into the soil, 
 maintain thereby an existence independent 
 of the prothallium. The latter growth hav- 
 FIG. 16 Adiantum ing accomplished its work, withers away 
 
 F| - > 6 - The first arts of the root ' stem 
 
 seen from below; pp. anc i frond are very small and comparatively 
 
 prothallium: b. first leaf; 
 
 h, root-hairs of prothai- simple in structure, but those formed later 
 se U cond W Vo^ts. firs Ufter are successively larger, and not only bear 
 
 Sachs.) 
 
 a closer resemblance to the mature form 
 
 of the species, but also develop increased complexity of struc- 
 ture. " The fern continues to gain strength, not by subsequent 
 increase of size of the embryonic structures, but by each succes- 
 sive part attaining a more considerable size and development 
 than the preceding ones, until at length a kind of stationary 
 condition is arrived at, in which the newly formed organs are 
 nearly similar to the preceding ones." 
 
 67. The complete life-history of a fern illustrates a principle 
 common among the lower forms of'animal life known as "alter- 
 nation of generations." Instead of the direct production of a 
 mature sexual plant, as among the higher forms of vegetation, 
 there is the production of a sexual growth resembling a lower 
 form of vegetation, which in turn is followed by the growth of 
 a mature plant producing its fruit without the assistance of sex- 
 ual organs. 
 
 68. Recapitulation. To review the life-history of a fern 
 we find the following processes ; 
 
GERMINATION OF FERN SPORES. 2$ 
 
 A. Production of the spores asexually by the mature plant. 
 
 (FRUCTIFICATION.) 
 
 B. Growth of the prothallium from the spore with or with- 
 out the development of a pro-embryo. (THALLOID PHASE.)* 
 
 C. Production of sexual organs, archegonia (female) and 
 antheridia (male), on the under surface of the prothallium, or 
 on separate prothallia. 
 
 D. Fecundation of the oosphere developed in the arche- 
 gonium by the antherozoids developed in the antheridium. 
 ( FERTI LIZ ATION.) 
 
 E. Growth of the mature fern in successive stages from 
 the oospore. (PTERIDOID PHASE.)* 
 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 BESSEY (Charles E.). Botany, pp. 361-388. New York, 
 1881. (Henry Holt & Co.) 
 
 GOEBEL (K.). Outlines of Classification and Special Mor- 
 phology of Plants, pp 189-298. (English Translation.) Ox- 
 ford, 1887. (Macmillan & Co.) 
 
 CAMPBELL (Douglas H.). Fern Notes. In Tor rey Bulletin, 
 x, 118, 119. (Nov. 1883.) 
 
 The Development of the Prothallia in Ferns. In Botan- 
 ical Gazette, x, 355-360, with Plate IX. (Oct. 1885.) 
 
 The Structure and Development of the Mosses and 
 
 Ferns. 8vo. London and New Y"rk, 1895. (Macmillan & Co.) 
 This also contains an extensive Bibliography of the entire subject. 
 
 * The terms " Thalloid Phase" and " Pteridoid Phase" in place of the 
 older terms " sexual generation" and "asexual generation" were first sug- 
 gested in the first edition of this work (1881). The older terms, although in 
 common use .by botanical writers, are decidedly unfortunate and misleading. 
 A generation is properly the production of offspring resembling the parent, 
 or the offspring thus produced, which the prothallium is not and the mature 
 fern is not. The generation proper must then be considered as including the 
 entire life-history of a fern, of which the prothallium and mature fern are suc- 
 cessive phases. The terms "sexual " and "asexual" as used in this connec- 
 tion are likewise misleading, as they might apply as well to the origin as to 
 the producing power of the so-called " generation." The prothallium is asex- 
 ual in origin, but develops sexual organs ; the mature fern, on the other hand, 
 produces no sexual organs, but is itself the product of bisexuality. The same 
 criticism applies with equal force to the expression " alternation of genera- 
 tions," used alike by botanists and zoologists. 
 
24 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 CAMPBELL (Douglas H.). On the Development of the 
 Anthcridium in Ferns. In Torrey Bulletin, xm, 49-52, with 
 Plate LIV. (Apr. 1886.) 
 
 The Development of the Ostrich fern. /;/ Memoirs 
 
 Boston Society of Natural History, iv, 17-52, with Plates iv- 
 vn. (Apr. 1887.) 
 
 On the Prothallium and Embryo of Osmunda Clay- 
 toniana L. and O. cinnamomea L. In Annals of Botany, vi, 
 49-94, pi. lll-vi (1892). 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 FERN STRUCTURE. 
 
 Be it ours to meditate, 
 
 And to the beautiful order of thy works 
 Learn to conform the order of our lives. 
 
 BRYANT. 
 
 69. Tissues. The life-history of every plant commences 
 in a single cell, and all the complications of vegetable growth 
 depend on two simple processes, viz., the enlargement of indi- 
 vidual cells to their full size, and their multiplication by divi- 
 sion. The lowest forms of vegetable life consist of a single 
 cell, either globular or elongate. Those of a somewhat higher 
 grade consist of a single row of cells, or at most a single layer; 
 while still higher forms of growth consist of m:-isses of cells 
 variously grouped together and specialized by differentiation 
 from the typical form and character. 
 
 70. Cells become specialized or set apart to fulfil a certain 
 function in the economy of plant growth in many ways. Some 
 are lengthened for giving strength to stems or leaves; some 
 have their walls thickened to give rigidity or hardness where 
 protection is needed from injury to more delicate structures 
 within ; and some are variously adapted for containing and dis- 
 tributing the secretions or other fluids connected with the cir- 
 culatory system of plant life. Seven distinct varieties of tissues 
 are recognized by structural botanists, yet some of these are 
 connected with each other by various gradations. 
 
FERN STRUCTURE. 2$ 
 
 71. Tissue Systems. The earliest tendency to differen- 
 tiation of cells is seen in the arrangement of the outer row of 
 cells to form a boundary wall. In higher forms of growth the 
 interior cells tend to form one or more series of string-like rows 
 surrounded by the normal cellular tissue. We thus reach the 
 basis of the classification of vegetable tissues into three groups : 
 (a) Epidermal Syste.n. (b) Ftbro vascular System. (c) Fun- 
 damental System (Fig. 17). The first and third are common 
 to both ferns and mosses. The second is first seen in the ferns 
 and their allies, where it is a character so constant that it serves 
 as the basis for separating the so-called " vascular" cryptogams 
 from other flowerless plants. These three forms of tissue may 
 be seen by examining a thin cross-section of the stipe of a living 
 fern with the microscope. Longitudinal sections will show still 
 further the character of the tissues composing the fibro-vascular 
 bundle. 
 
 72. Roots. Roots are constantly produced as the root- 
 stock advances, and consist for the most part of little fibrils 
 which are naked for a short distance from the apex in order 
 that they may freely absorb moisture from the earth. The epi- 
 dermis is also thin, and usually consists of a single layer of small 
 cells. It differs from that of the rest of the plant in having no 
 stomata (77). As the apex continues to grow, the epidermis of 
 the part behind becomes harder, and frequently develops hairs, 
 or more frequently irregular scales. 
 
 73. Stipe. The stipe is made up of the three forms of 
 tissue (Fig. 17), and usually con- 
 tains several bundles of vascular 
 
 tissue. In the dried stipe these 
 can be easily seen, by scraping off 
 the external covering of the stem. 
 These bundles of fibres give sta- 
 bility to the fern, and are con- 
 tinued through the rachises and 
 veins, thus forming the frame- 
 
 FIG. 17. Cross-section of stipe of 
 
 Work for the Softer portions of Cystopteris fra^ilis Bernh., showing 
 , , , ~, . two bundles of fibro-vascular tissue. 
 
 the frond. Tne stipes are some- 
 times smooth and polished, sometimes hairy or beset with 
 stalked glands, and sometimes densely clothed, especially near 
 the base, with chaffy scales. 
 
26 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 74. Frond. In the H YMENOPHYLLACE^E the frond con- 
 sists of a single layer of cells. This condition is also found in 
 the leaves developed along the axis of growth among the 
 mosses to which this sub-order is related in some of its forms. 
 In all other rerns there are several layers of cells variously 
 compacted together, and forming all the varieties of texture 
 membranous, herbaceous, coriaceous and fleshy. The epi- 
 dermis is usually easily separable from the underlying tissue, 
 when its peculiar markings can be studied. 
 
 75. From the epidermis a great variety of appendages are 
 developed which are all modifications of hairs, and are all in- 
 cluded under the term trichomes, however different in appear- 
 ance or distinct in function. These are not confined to the 
 frond, but develop here their greatest variation. They are fre- 
 quently found on the roots, the rootstock, and the stipe, under 
 the form of root-hairs or scales of various forms. Scales are 
 especially abundant in certain forms of Dryopteris, as well as in 
 Scolopendrium, Cheilanthes, and other genera. 
 
 76. Trichomes. On the fronds the trichomes may be de- 
 veloped as simple unarticulated or articulated hairs, consisting 
 of one or two cell3 at most. They may appear as stalked 
 glands like those that arise from the stipe of Cheilanthes 
 Coopera or the margin of t e indusium of Dryopteris spinulosa, 
 var, intermedia ; or they may be developed into scales of in- 
 tricate cellular structure like those on the under surface of cer- 
 tain forms of Cheilanthes, particularly C. Fendleri and C. Cleve- 
 landii. Among the FILICES the sporangia are specialized, tri- 
 chomes developed in clusters (sort) along the veins, or spread 
 over the entire surface of the frond, or even arranged in spikes 
 or panicles. The epidermis also develops an excrescence 
 known as the indusium, which consists of a single layer of cells, 
 and is variously arranged as indicated in Chapter III. In some 
 cases a false indusium is provided, which is not a growth from 
 the epidermis, and may consist of several layers of cells. 
 
 77. Stomata. If the epidermis covering the under surface 
 of a fern be examined under a high magnifying power, peculiar 
 structures will be seen in the form of semi-elliptical or crescent- 
 shaped cells connected at their apices and separated between. 
 These are the guard-cells of stomata which control the open- 
 
FERN STRUCTURE. 2? 
 
 ings to the air-chambers of the plant. The two elliptical cells 
 form the mouth of the passage and expand when moist, allow- 
 ing the atmospheric gases and watery vapor to escape or enter 
 but close the entrance by contraction in time of drought. The 
 stomata are not confined to the fronds, but are found to a 
 greater or less extent on all aerial portions of ferns and higher 
 plants, as well as on subterranean stems. 
 
 78. Asexual Reproduction. Besides the ordinary meth- 
 ods of sexual reproduction discussed in Chapter IV., most ferns 
 are propagated by growth of the rootstock under ground, giving 
 rise to a succession of fronds each season. In addition to this, 
 which is common to all perennial plants, there are some meth- 
 ods of reproduction that deserve attention. The first is by 
 
 79. Buds and Bulblets. In a few species of conservatory 
 ferns adventitious buds are produced on the surfaces of the 
 fronds. These soon develop into young ferns, and it is not un- 
 common to see a large number in vari- 
 ous stages of growth rising from a sin- 
 gle frond. This peculiarity is common 
 
 among several species of Asplenium, 
 especially A. furcatum Thunb., and 
 will be sometimes found to occur among 
 some of our native species. Bulblets are 
 found in the axils of the upper pinnae of 
 Cystopteris bulbifera, which often fall to 
 the ground and develop into new plants 
 after a manner analogous to the devel- 
 opment of the axillary buds of the tiger- 
 lily. 
 
 SO. Another method is seen in the 
 walking-leaf (Camptosorus rhisophyllus), 
 in which the long, attenuated, simple 
 fronds bend over and take root in the 
 adjoining soil in a manner quite analo- ?\G \% Camptosorus rhi- 
 
 zophyllus Link., reduced, 
 
 <;ous to the propagation of strawberries showing peculiar method of 
 by runners (Fig. 18). The same method propd ^ atlon - 
 of rooting at the apex has also been noticed in Asplenium 
 pinnatifidum, A. platy neuron, and P/ifgopteris reptans. 
 
28 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 LITERATURE.* 
 
 BESSEY. Botany. (See p. 23.) 
 
 GOEBEL. Outlines of Classification. (See p. 23.) 
 
 DE BARY (A.). Comparative Anatomy of Phanerogams 
 and Ferns. 8vo. Oxford, 1884. (Macmillan & Co.) 
 
 CAMPBELL (Douglas H.). A Third Coat in the Spores of the 
 Genus Onoclea. In Torrey Bulletin, XI I, 8, 9 (Jan. 1885). 
 
 SCHRENK (Joseph). The Dehiscence of Fern Sporangia. 
 In Torrey Bulletin, XIII, 68, 69 (1886). 
 
 LYON (Florence May). Dehiscence of the Sporangium of 
 Adiantum pedatum. In Torrey Bulletin, XIV, 180-183 (Sept. 
 1887). 
 
 ATKINSON (George F.). The Study of the Biology of Ferns 
 by the Collodion Method. 8vo. New York, 1894. (Macmillan 
 &Co.) 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE FERN ALLIES. 
 
 Beneath my feet 
 The ground-pine curled its pretty wreath. EMERSON. 
 
 A. THE GRAPE-FERNS AND ADDER-TONGUES. 
 
 81 . General Characters. These peculiar plants, former- 
 ly united with the order FILICES, are now regarded as consti- 
 tuting a distinct botanical order. They include mostly small, 
 fleshy, terrestrial plants, and, like ferns, may usually be found 
 in swamps or rich, moist woods. As already noticed (5), there 
 is a marked tendency to variation in the same species, and 
 numerous varieties have been established from the various 
 forms. 
 
 82. The sterile and fertile portions of the plant are borne 
 on a common stalk, and either portion may be sessile, long 
 
 * See other references at close of Chapter X. 
 
THE FERN ALLIES 
 
 or short stalked, in the various species. In Ophioglossum 
 the sterile portion is simple, and 
 in all our species except the anoma- 
 lous O. palmatum appears like a sin- 
 gle leaf borne on the common stalk. 
 In Botrychium (Fig. 19) the sterile 
 segment (except in some forms of 
 B. simplex) is somewhat pinnately or 
 ternately divided, and in the larger 
 forms of B. Virginianum is broad- 
 ly ternate, with the divisions even 
 tri quadripinnatifid. The veins are 
 free in the latter genus, but anas- 
 tomose in the former. This charac- 
 ter, however, is frequently obscured 
 by the fleshy texture of the plant. 
 
 83. Vernation. As has been 
 before stated, ferns are rolled in the 
 bud from the apex downward (cir- 
 cinate), distinguishing them from 
 the higher forms of vegetation. 
 Among the OPHIOGLOSSACE^E, how- 
 ever, the vernation is either straight, 
 inclined at the apex of one or both 
 segments, or else the fertile seg- 
 ments are folded on the main stalk, 
 making the vernation wholly in- 
 clined. Until recently there has been 
 much difficulty in distinguishing the 
 smaller species of Botrychium, and 
 some forms seem to connect the 
 smaller ones with the reduced forms 
 of B. ternatum and B. Virgini- 
 an um, 
 
 Mr. Davenport has investigated the bud characters of these 
 intimately related species, and has made their identification a 
 matter of comparatively easy investigation. The buds may be 
 found enclosed in the base of the common stalk (except in B. 
 Virginianum, where they are placed in an upright cavity at one 
 
 FIG. 19. Plant of Botrychium 
 lunaria, natural size. 
 
30 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 side), and may be examined with a strong lens. The three di- 
 visions are summed up as follows : 
 
 "I. Vernation wholly straight. B. simplex Hitch. (Fig. 31). 
 
 II. Vernation partly inclined in one or both portions. B. 
 lunar ta Swz. (Fig. 32), B. boreale Milde, B. matricartcpfoliitin 
 
 A. Br. (Fig. 33), and B. ternatum Swz. (Fig. 34). 
 
 III. Vernation wholly inclined, in the fertile frond recurved. 
 
 B. lanceolatum Angs. (Fig. 35), and B. Virginianum Swz." 
 The special characters of each species will be found under 
 
 the descriptions of the Botrychia later in this work. The cuts 
 will be valuable for reference, and will enable even beginners to 
 identify the species of this complicated genus with compara- 
 tively little difficulty. 
 
 84. Fructification. In this order of 
 plants the fructification consists of sporangia, 
 which, unlike those of the true ferns, are not 
 reticulated, possess no trace of a ring, open by 
 a transverse slit, and are variously spiked and 
 panicled (Fig. 20). In the adder-tongues 
 (Ophioglossu)ii) the sporangia are large, and 
 cohere in two ranks along the margins of a 
 single spike, opening transversely to discharge 
 their copious sulphur-yellow spores. In the 
 grape -ferns (Botrychiuni) the sporangia are 
 FIG. 20. Enlarged globular and arranged in double rows along 
 r/ gia tefS2Sm the narrow segments, more or less in panicles. 
 Swz. j n both genera the sporangia are not developed 
 
 from the epidermal cells, but arise from a transformation of the 
 interior tissue of the leaf. This, with other characters as clear- 
 ly defined, serves to separate these anomalous plants from the 
 order FILICES. 
 
 85. Germination. Among the OPHIOGLOSSACE^E. so far 
 as known, the prothallia are destitute of chlorophyll, develop 
 under ground, and are monoecious. In Botrychium lunaria 
 the prothallium is an ovoid mass of cellular tissue, light brown 
 without and yellowish white within. It produces a number of 
 antheridia and archegonia on the upper surface as well as the 
 lower, differing in a few minor points from the true ferns in the 
 method of their development. 
 
THE FERN ALLIES. 3 1 
 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 HOOKER (W. J.) and BAKER (J. G.). Synopsis Filicum, pp. 
 444-448. 
 
 MILDE (J.)- Botrychiorum Monographia. In Verhandl. der 
 k.k. zool. bot. Gesellschaft,w\\\, 507-516 (1868); XIX, 55-19, 
 Tafel vii, vin (1869); xx, 999-1002 (1870). 
 
 DAVENPORT (George E.). Notes on Botrychium simplex. 
 4to, paper, with plates (1877). 
 
 Vernation in Botrychia. In Torrey Bulletin, VI, 193- 
 199, plate (1878); vii, 115,116 (1880); vin, loo, 101 (1881). Cf. 
 also XII, 22, 23. 
 
 CAMPBELL (Douglas H.). The Development of the Root in 
 Botrychium ternatum. In Botanical Gazette, XI, 49~53> w i tn 
 plate (March, 1886). 
 
 A Method of Spore Germination. In Botanical Ga- 
 zette, x, 428 (1885). 
 
 GILBERT (Benjamin D.). Notes on Botrychia. In Torrey 
 Bulletin, xi, 75, 76 Quly, 1884). Cf. XII, 22, 23. 
 
 PRANTL (K.). Beitrage zur Systematik der Ophioglosseen. 
 Injahrb. des Kon. Bot. Garten {Berlin), III, 297-350 (1884). 
 
 B. THE HORSE-TAILS. 
 
 86. General Characters. The horse-tails or scouring- 
 rushes belonging to the genus Equisetum are perennial, rush- 
 like plants, that may be found in damp, gravelly, or loamy soil, 
 some species even growing in shallow water. Our native species 
 vary in height from a few inches up to eleven feet, as seen 
 in some of the larger forms of E. robustum. In some species 
 only the root is perennial, the stems which are sent up for 
 producing fruit dying down to the ground every year. In others 
 the stems are evergreen, continuing through the winter. Some 
 species, like the common horse-tail (E. arvense), are dimorph- 
 ous, the fertile stems being simple and destitute of green color- 
 ing matter (chlorophyll), while the sterile stems are green 
 and copiously branched, The fertile stems of some other spe- 
 cies, as E. silvaticum, which are simple at first, after maturing 
 their fruit produce branches and resemble the ordinary sterile 
 stems (Figs. 21, 22). 
 
32 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 87. The furrowed stems are hollow, except in E. scirpoides, 
 and in addition to the large central cavity there is a series of 
 smaller air-cavities opposite the furrows known as the vallecular 
 canals, the furrows themselves being called valleculcz and the 
 ridges carince. Opposite the carinae there are still smaller cavi- 
 ties known as carinal canals. The carinae vary in number from 
 
 FIGS. 21, 22. Equisetunt silvaticum L., showing sterile and fertile stems. 
 (From Thome.) 
 
 five to fifty in different species. The stems are also jointed, and 
 at each node some species produce a whorl of branches which 
 may be simple or compound. Some species, however, like the 
 common scouring-rush (E. hiemale), produce simple stems. 
 
 88. The leaves are produced also at the nodes, and by the 
 union of their margins form a short sheath which ends in a row 
 
THE FERN ALLIES. 33 
 
 of teeth. These teeth may be deciduous or persistent, and their 
 number, varying from three upwards, indicates the number of 
 leaves forming the united whorl. 
 
 89. Stomata (77) are distributed along the valleculae either 
 irregularly or disposed in ranges on either side of the valleculae. 
 The epidermis frequently contains much silica, and the rough- 
 ened tubercles of some species give the surface a harsh feeling. 
 
 90. Fructification. The fructification in Equtsetum is 
 arranged in cone-like spikes borne at the apex of the fertile 
 stems. These spikes are composed of successive closely-placed 
 whorls of shield-shaped, stalked scales or modified leaves, each 
 of which bears from five to ten one-celled sporangia on its under 
 side. The sporangia open along the inner side to discharge 
 their numerous spores, whose outer coat is spirally split into 
 two bands, forming the so-called elaters. The elaters when dry 
 are spread out at right angles to each other in the form of a 
 cross, and probably assist in scattering the spores ; when moist 
 they rapidly absorb water, and become closely coiled around the 
 spore.* 
 
 91. Germination. The spores of Equisetum retaining 
 their powers of germination only a few days, soon develop 
 branched and irregularly lobed prothallia, which are provided 
 with chlorophyll. These are usually dioecious, the male being 
 smaller, and producing antheridia at the end or margin of the 
 larger lobes. The antherozotds are large, and provided with a 
 peculiar appendage known as the "float." The female prothal 
 1'um may reach one half inch in length, and develops archegonia 
 on the anterior margin of the fleshy lobes. The process of 
 fertilization is similar to that of ferns. 
 
 * An interesting illustration of this can be seen by placing a mass of fresh 
 spores on a slide uncovered, and examining it with a low power. By breath- 
 ing on the slide the elaters coil closely about the spore ; as soon as the moist- 
 ure evaporates they uncoil, and in their activity jostle each other in great 
 
34 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 BAKER (J. G.). Fern Allies, pp. 1-6 (1887). 
 
 BRAUN (Alexander). A Monography of the North American 
 Species of the Genus Equisetum. With additions by George 
 Engelmann, M.D. In Sillimarfs Journal, XLVI, 81-91 (1843). 
 Describes the then known North American species of Eqiiisetutn. 
 
 CAMPBELL (Douglas H.). The Development of the Male 
 Prothallium of the Field Horse-tail. In American Naturalist, 
 xvi, i-io (Jan. 1883). 
 
 MILDE (J.). Monographia Equisetorum. 4to, pp. 607, with 
 35 plates. Dresden (1865). 
 
 NEWCOMBE (F. C.). Spore dissemination in Equisetum. 
 In Botanical Gazette, xiu, 173-178 (1888). 
 
 C. THE CLUB-MOSSES. 
 
 92. General Characters. The club-mosses are chiefly 
 small perennial plants usually growing in dry or moist woods, 
 
 or even on exposed rocks 
 with little soil for nourish- 
 ment. Most of the species 
 are somewhat moss-like in 
 habit, as might be suspected 
 from the popular names 
 given to these plants, the 
 genus Lycopodium taking 
 the name of club-moss and 
 Selaginella that of rock- 
 moss. Various species of 
 Lycopodium are also known 
 as ground-pine, ground-fir, 
 ground-cedar, running-pine, 
 etc., from more or less 
 marked resemblances (Fig. 
 23). In the curious Sela- 
 ginella lepidophylla from 
 
 r 10.23 Portion of Lycopodium clavatum L. . . , , 
 
 j^ natural size. (After Prami.) Arizona the branches of the 
 
 closely coiled central stem roll up when dry into a nest-like 
 ball, and when moistened expand so as to appear flat or saucer- 
 
THE FERN ALLIES. 
 
 35 
 
 shaped. As the plant retains this power indefinitely, it has 
 sometimes been called " the Resurrection-plant." 
 
 93. The stems are usually creeping, yet in some species 
 show a tendency to become erect, and most species send up 
 erect branches which bear the fruit. Most species bear roots 
 at irregular intervals along the under side of the creeping stems, 
 but our solitary species of Psilotum is rootless, bearing only 
 underground shoots which perform the functions of roots. The 
 leaves are small and unbranched, in some instances resembling 
 appressed scales, in others resembling the acicular leaves of 
 Conifers, and are arranged in four, eight, or many ranks. In 
 some species the leaves are of one kind, while in others two or 
 even more forms may occur on the same plant. In Psilotum 
 the leaves are all rudimentary. 
 
 94. Fructification. The fructification of the club-mosses 
 is chiefly borne on upright branches in solitary or clustered 
 (2-5) spikes, which are formed of numerous scales or scale- like 
 leaves, eacli bearing a single large sporangium in its axil. The 
 sporangia open transversely, and are 
 
 one-celled, except in Psilotum, where 
 they are three-celled. In a few species 
 of Lycopodium the sporangia are borne 
 near the summit of the fertile stems 
 in the axils of ordinary leaves. The 
 usual shape of the fruit-bearing scales 
 is represented in Figs. 24-26. 
 
 95. The spores of Lycopodhun 
 and Psilotum are of one kind (Fig. 24), 
 but in Selaginella two kinds of spo- 
 rangia are developed the microspo- 
 rangia, producing numerous micro- 
 spores (Fig. 25) not unlike the spores 
 of Lycopodium; and the macrospo- 
 rangia, producing usually four macro- 
 
 Spores (Fig. 26), SO Called from their bearing a sporangium in iisaxil. 
 
 . & FIGS. 25. 20. Scales from fer- 
 
 larger Size. This Character of Sela- tile spike of Selmfinrlla rupes- 
 
 77 L- L_ i -11 tris Spring, disclosing two sorts 
 
 gtnella, which it shares with the quill- of spores. (After Sprague.) 
 worts and pepperworts soon to be described, serves as the 
 basis for the division of the fern allies into two groups : the 
 
36 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 isosporous, producing spores of one kind ; and the heterosporous, 
 producing spores of more than one kinds* 
 
 96. Germination. The germination of Lycopodium is 
 only partially known, as the prothallia have been seen in only 
 three species, and in these they have not been carried through 
 all the stages of development. That of L. annotmum is a yel- 
 lowish-white mass of tissue with a few small root-hairs.t The 
 antheridia and archegonia are developed from the upper side 
 of the prothallium. In L. cernuum, TreubJ found the pro- 
 thallia much smaller (one twelfth of an inch long), vertical in 
 growth, yellowish below and bright green above. The anthe- 
 ridia and archegonia are found round the summit of the cylin- 
 dric prothallium. 
 
 97. The germination of Selaginella is better known. The 
 contents of the ripened microspores are transformed into a 
 mass of tissue consisting of a few cells, one of which remains 
 sterile and is considered a rudimentary prothallium, while the 
 others give rise to antherozoids, and are consequently considered 
 as a rudimentary antheridium. The macrospores, on the other 
 hand, produce a many-celled prothallium, which develop a few 
 root hairs and numerous archegonia, which after fertilization 
 give rise to a new plant. Two plants are sometimes produced 
 on the same prothallium. 
 
 98. The microspores are thus seen to be male and the 
 macrospores female, showing a clearer differentiation of sex 
 in the products of the mature plant than appears in any other 
 group of the fern allies already studied. This may be consid- 
 ered a foreshadowing of the completely differentiated sexual 
 organs which occur in the flowering plants. In the method of 
 formation of the embryo the Selaginella also differs from all 
 other plants of this group, and approaches the flowering plants. 
 
 * This division, though used by some of the best botanists, is at best an 
 artificial classification, as it separates genera otherwise closely allied to each 
 other. 
 
 t Cf. J. Fankhauser, Botanische Zeitung, 1873, pp. 1-6; Bruchmann, 
 Botanisches Centralblatt, xxi (1885). 
 
 \ Cf. Treub, Ann. d. Jard. Bot. d. Buitenzorg, IV (1884), 
 
THE FERN ALLIES. 
 
 37 
 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 BAKER (John G.). Fern Allies, pp. 7-123. London, 1887. 
 (George Bell & Sons.) 
 
 SPRING (A.). Monographic de la Famille des Lycopodia- 
 cees. In Me" moires de I' Academic Roy ale de BeJgique, XV, i-no 
 (1842); xxiv, 1-358(1849). 
 
 D. THE QUILLWORTS. 
 
 99. General Characters. The quillworts, so named 
 from the appearance of the 
 leaves, are principally incon- 
 spicuous aquatic plants of a 
 grass-like or rush-like aspect 
 (Fig. 27). Some species are 
 always submerged often in 
 several feet of water ; others 
 grow in marshy soil or in the 
 shallow margins of ponds or 
 streams, where they become ap- 
 parently terrestrial in time of 
 low water; while others still are 
 found between high and low 
 water marks, where they will be 
 covered by water at high tide. 
 The leaves are awl-shaped or 
 linear, and are attached to a 
 short fleshy trunk. They vary 
 in number from ten to one hun- 
 dred in each plant, and in length 
 from two to twenty inches in 
 various species. On account of 
 their resemblance to the im- 
 mature forms of rushes and 
 other aquatic vegetation of a 
 
 higher order, they have been very sparingly collected. Many 
 questions of distribution, habits, and life-history may be studied 
 by even amateur botanists in various sections of the country. 
 
 FIG. 27. Isoetes lactistris L., natural 
 size. (Redrawn from Sprague.) 
 
OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 larged. (After Sprague.) 
 
 In this way valuable additions to science may be contributed 
 by those whose labor misdirected might be wasted. 
 
 1 0O. Fructification. The sporangia of the quillworts, 
 like those of the club-mosses, are sessile iti the base of the 
 leaves. The leaf base, sometimes called the sheath, is some- 
 what triangular from the broad insertion, convex behind and 
 concave in front, where there is a 
 large depression known as \hzfovea, 
 which contains the sporangium. 
 The margin of the fovea rises in the 
 form of a delicate membrane called 
 the velum, which in many species 
 lies above the sporangium and en- 
 closes it. The sporangia of the outer 
 en- leaves contain large spherical ma- 
 crospores ; those of the inner con- 
 tain numerous oblong, triangular microspores. The size and 
 marking of the spores form important characters in distin- 
 guishing species. 
 
 1 O 1 . Germination. The microspore after remaining dor- 
 mant through the winter forms a few-celled structure which 
 produces the antherozoids, which are long and slender, and 
 provided with a tuft of cilia at eacli end. The macrospore 
 produces a prothallium much as in Selaginella (97) ; from this 
 the germ of the mature plant arises after fertilization by the 
 antherozoids. 
 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 BAKER (J. G.). Fern Allies, pp. 123-134 (1887). 
 
 BRAUN (Alexander). On the North American Species of 
 Isoetes and Marsilea. Communicated by Dr. G. Engelmann. 
 In Stllitnan's Journal, Second Series, in. 52-56 (1847). 
 
 CAMPBELL (D. H.). Contributions to the life-history of 
 Isoetes. In Annals of Botany, V, 231-258, pi. xv-xvn (1891). 
 
 ENGELMANN (George). Isoetes of Northern United States. 
 In Grays Manual, Fifth Edition (1868). 
 
 - The Species of Isoetes of the Indian Territory. In Bo- 
 tanical Gazette, III, I, 2 (Jan. 1878). 
 
 - The genus Isoetes in North America. In Trans. St. 
 
THE FERN ALLIES. 
 
 39 
 
 Louts Acad. Set., IV, 358-390 (1882). A valuable monograph of 
 this most difficult genus of the fern allies. 
 
 UNDERWOOD (L. M.). The distribution of Isoetes. In 
 Botanical Gazette, XI II, 89-94 (1888). 
 
 See also notes in Botanical Gazette, vi, 228. 
 
 E. THE WATER FERNS. 
 
 102. General Characters. This group includes plants 
 of very diverse characters. Some, like Marsilea, root in mud 
 and produce quadrifoliate leaves. Others, like Ptlularia, re- 
 semble the sterile forms of Eleocharis, or other sedges. Others, 
 like Azolla or Salvinia, float on the surface of water, sending 
 numerous roots into the water. Marsilea and Pilularia have a 
 circinate vernation like the ferns. 
 
 103. Fructification. The fruit of Marsilea consists of a 
 hollow-stalked receptacle known as 
 
 the sporocarp, which is oblong or 
 rarely globose, and bears the spo- 
 rangia in sori on the inner walls of 
 its two valves. The spores are of 
 two kinds, as in all rhizocarps. The 
 numerous microspores are con- 
 tained in microsporangia, while the 
 macrospores are solitary in the few 
 macrosporangia. 
 
 1 04. The sporocarp of Pilu- 
 Iraia is globose, containing from 
 two to four cells, which produce 
 microsporangia in the upper portion 
 and macrosporangia below ; the 
 microspores are numerous, while a 
 single macrospore is found in each 
 sporangium. 
 
 1 O5. In Azolla the sporocarps 
 are of two kinds, borne in the axils 
 of the leaves ; the larger are glo- 
 bose, and contain numerous microspores, which are aggregated 
 in masses; the smaller are ovoid, and contain a single macro- 
 spore, 
 
 FIG. 30. Salvinia natans 
 Hoffm.. natural size. (Re- 
 drawn from Thome.) 
 
40 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 \ O6. Salvmia (Fig. 30), recently discovered in Missouri, 
 has the sporocarps borne in clusters on short branches of the 
 floating stem, one or two of each cluster bearing ten or more 
 macrosporangia, each of which contains a single macrospore, 
 the remainder bearing numerous globose microsporangia with 
 numerous microspores. 
 
 1O7. Germination. In Marsilea the antherozoids are 
 produced in a rudimentary prothallium which develops from the 
 microspore and are corkscrew-shaped, consisting of several 
 coils. The prothallium, developed from the apex of the ma- 
 crospore is a hemispherical mass of tissue, and contains a sin- 
 gle archegonium. Much is yet to be learned of the habits and 
 life-history of our native species. 
 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 ANDREWS (W. M.). Apical growth in roots of Marsilia 
 quadrifolia and Equisetum arvense. In Botanical Gazette, XV, 
 174-177 (1890). 
 
 BAKER (J. G.). Fern Allies, pp. 134-149 (1887). 
 
 BRAUN (Alexander). On the North American species of 
 Isoetes and Marsilia. In Silltman's Journal, Second Series, 
 in, 52-56 (1847). 
 
 Ueber Marsilia und Pilnlaria. In Monatsb. der Konigl. 
 
 Akad. der Wissenschaft, 1863, 413-436; 1870, 653-753; 1872, 
 635-679. 
 
 CAMPBELL (D. H.). The systematic position of the Rhizo- 
 carpese. In Torrey Bulletin, XV, 258-262 (1888). 
 
 The development of Pilularia globulifera L. In An- 
 nals of Botany, in. 233-264, pi. xin-xv (1888). 
 
 On the Prothallium and Embryo of Marsilia vestita. 
 
 In Proc. Cat. Acad. Science, III, 183-205, pi. Ill, IV (1892). 
 
 Some notes on Azolla. In Zoe t in, 34-343 (1893). 
 - The development of the Sporocarp of Pilularia Ameri- 
 cana A. Br. In Torrey Bulletin, XX, 141-148, pi. CXLVI (1893). 
 ENGELMANN (George). New Species of Marsilia. In Silli- 
 mans Journal, Second Series, VI (1848). 
 
 STRASBURGER(L.). Ueber Azolla. 8vo, 7 plates. Jena (1873). 
 UNDERWOOD (L. M.) and COOK (O. F.). Notes on the 
 American Species of Marsilia* In Torrey Bulletin, XIV, 89-94 
 (May, 1887). 
 
CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE. 
 
 The education of a naturalist now consists chiefly in learning how to compare. 
 
 AGASSIZ. 
 
 1 O8. Nomenclature. Before the time of Linnaeus, the 
 method of naming plants and animals was a subject of much 
 embarrassment to science, and gave rise to endless confusion. 
 This great author, justly called the " Father of Botany," intro- 
 duced a new system of nomenclature that gave an impetus to 
 the study of nature. His system has since been in constant use, 
 and has made possible the greater accuracy and definiteness in 
 the descriptions of subsequent naturalists. He also introduced 
 a system of classification which, though artificial and since 
 abandoned, paved the way to the more natural system since 
 adopted. He arranged the various plants and animals known 
 to him in a few groups according to some particular plan of 
 structure, divided these into still smaller groups, and so on to 
 the lowest divisions, genera and species. To these divisions 
 special names were assigned, thus giving to each organism a 
 double name, the first generic, which may be likened to our fam- 
 ily name, the other specific, corresponding to our baptismal 
 name. Thus the " golden-back" of California bears the name 
 Gymnogramme triangularis given it by Kaulfuss. The first it 
 bears in common with other species from this and other coun- 
 tries which possess a like fructification. The latter is peculiar to 
 this species, which has a somewhat triangular frond. 
 
 1 O9. Generic Names. These may be derived from some 
 characteristic of growth or structure (Cryptogramme. Cheilan- 
 thes, Schizcea}, in honor of some botanist or distinguished patron 
 of science (Dicksonia, Woodsia), or occasionally from some 
 mythological or symbolical character (Osmunda). 
 
 1 1 O. Specific Names. These are usually adjective ele- 
 ments either Latin or Latinized, and must agree in gender with 
 
42 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 the generic name, according to the rules of Latin syntax. Errors 
 in agreement have frequently been made by botanists who were 
 not versed in the classics, and it is unfortunate that errors of 
 this character as well as gross errors in the orthography of gen- 
 eric names have found their way into accepted text-books of 
 botany.* Specific names frequently indicate something regard- 
 ing habit or mode of growth (bulbifera,gracilis, atropurpurea), 
 or may indicate the locality in which the organism was first dis- 
 covered (Califqrnica, Ilvensis). A few take their name from 
 their discovery in which case the name is Latinized and takes a 
 genitive endmg (Bootttt, Lemmoni}, or else an adjective form 
 (Goldieanum, Clintonianuvi) . 
 
 111. The advantage of this binary nomenclature is at once 
 evident when we consider the immense number of ferns 
 alone, to say nothing of the remainder of the vegetable world 
 and the hosts of the animal creation. By this means organisms 
 of complex structure can be definitely characterized with com- 
 paratively few words, and the scientific name once established, 
 is recognized among scientists of all nations and languages. 
 
 1 1 2. Among some there is a tendency to regard scientific 
 names with disfavor, on the ground that they are long and dif- 
 ficult. But what shall we say of Geranium, or Gladiolus, or 
 Fuchsia, or Phlox Drummondii, or a hundred others familiar to 
 every lover of flowers ? Are these less difficult than Adiantum, 
 Notholcena, Woodsia, or Pellcea Breweri"? A little reflection will 
 convince a person of sense that such a criticism is unjust. 
 
 1 1 3. A worse tendency is perhaps that which prompts the 
 introduction of " popular names" for ferns : occasionally a name 
 of this kind is highly appropriate, and deserves wide-spread 
 adoption, as in the case of "Christmas-fern" for Dryopteris 
 acrostichoides, suggested by Mr. Robinson; the greater part, 
 however, have no merit, and when such monstrosities appear 
 as " Leather-leaf Polypody" for Polypodtum Scouleri, " Mr. 
 Goldie's Shield-fern" for Dryopteris Goldieana, nomenclature 
 is made cumbrous instead of simple. 
 
 1 l 4. There are liabilities to error and confusion even in 
 the Linnaean system of nomenclature, as various authors have 
 
 * Cistopteris for Cystopteris is an example. 
 
CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE. 43 
 
 often assigned the same name to several species. For example, 
 the name Cheilanthes vestita was given by Bracken ridge to C. 
 gracillima. Hooker assigned the same name (in part) to C. 
 gracilis, while Swartz assigned the same to the fern described 
 in this volume under the name of C. lanosa. It becomes neces- 
 sary, therefore, in referring to a species to indicate the author 
 of the specific name thus Cheilanthes vestita Swz. 
 
 1 1 5. Synonymy. It may also be remarked in this con- 
 nection that different authors have described the same fern 
 under widely different generic and specific names, owing (i) to 
 the different conceptions that have prevailed at different times as 
 to what constituted generic characters, and (2) to ignorance of 
 what others had already written on species, redescribed as new. 
 For example, the delicate Woodsia Ilvensis of Robert Brown was 
 described as Acrostichum Ilvense by Linnaeus, Polypodium II- 
 vense by Swartz, Nephrodium rufidulum by Michaux, Aspidium 
 ritfidulum by Willdenow, and Woodsia rufidula by Beck. Many 
 other species have been as variously classified. The oppor- 
 tunities for errors of this character are much less now than for- 
 merly, yet redescription is not unknown in our day. 
 
 1 1 6. Species. Goethe tells us that nature knows only in- 
 dividuals, and that species exist only in the school-books. From 
 this extreme there has been every grade of opinion respecting 
 species to the one which regards species as invariable, actual 
 existences, types originally ordained and summoned to existence 
 by the Creator. Linnaeus, for example, defined species in these 
 words : " Species tot sunt diverse?, quot diversas formas ab initio 
 creavit infinitum ens." * Various definitions have been given to 
 species, but none accord with the actual practice of systematists, 
 who seem inclined to make a species what they choose ; and 
 indeed the existence of various connecting forms between 
 many species distinct under normal conditions makes the prac- 
 tical definition of the term almost an impossibility. We may, 
 however, for practical purposes, regard as a species an assem- 
 blage of individuals not differing essentially from each other, 
 and capable of producing like individuals by the ordinary pro- 
 cesses of reproduction. A recent writer defines species as " the 
 
 * There are as many different species as the Infinite Being created in the 
 beginning. 
 
44 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 present aspect of a line of organic development, destined to 
 become something else in the future, as it was something else 
 in the past," a definition in accord with the now universally 
 accepted biological doctrine respecting the origin of species. 
 Species among ferns are founded chiefly on differences in the 
 cutting of the fronds and their method of venation. 
 
 1 1 7. Varieties. Many forms differing only slightly from 
 the ordinary specific types, and yet capable of transmitting their 
 variations from generation to generation, are regarded as vari- 
 eties. It was the opinion of a prominent botanist, that all 
 so-called varieties among the lower plants " were purely the 
 result of the accident of environment, and never of cross-fertili- 
 zation." Since a species which varies in some minor particular 
 is likely to revert to the ordinary form as soon as the normal 
 conditions of soil, moisture, or environment are restored, there 
 is no scientific foundation for the multiplication of varieties to 
 serve as rubbish in works on systematic botany. There is a 
 tendency on the part of a few authors to multiply varieties in- 
 definitely, and of a single species as many as sixty-five varieties 
 have been described. The mania for naming new varieties is 
 quite universal, but is usually transient, and seldom affects one 
 a second time ; with some, however, it becomes chronic, when 
 more vigorous treatment is necessary. In the systematic por- 
 tion of this volume varieties that are deemed worthy to stand 
 as such are printed in the same bold-face type as the species. 
 Others less marked are noted in italics under the descriptions 
 of species. A true variety is doubtless the early stage of a 
 species in process of separation from its parent form. 
 
 1 1 8. Genera. The genera of ferns are founded mostly on 
 the arrangement of the sporangia on the veins, as well as the 
 character, shape, and position of the indusia. The generic 
 limits, however, are largely matters of opinion, and vary among 
 different authorities. 
 
 1 1 9. Tribes. Genera are collected into tribes, according 
 as they agree in the position and arrangement of the sporangia 
 in clusters or sori, or resemble each other in mode or habit of 
 growth. 
 
 1 2O. Sub-Orders. Tribes are grouped into sub-orders 
 according as they agree in the characters of the sporangium, its 
 
CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE. 45 
 
 shape, method of discharging its spores, and the existence, char- 
 acter, or absence of a ring. The true ferns contain with us 
 three well-marked sub-orders; the Gleicheniacece are mainly 
 tropical ferns. 
 
 121. Orders. Ferns were formerly classed in a single 
 order, but in accordance with later researches they are sepa- 
 rated into three distinct orders, FiLiCES, MARATTIACE/E, and 
 OPHIOGLOSSACE^E, which are distinguished by the method in 
 which the sporangia are developed, by the character of their 
 spore development, and by other minor characteristics. Two 
 of the orders are well represented in our flora; the MARAT- 
 TlACEvE are mostly confined to tropical regions. The horse- 
 tails (Equisetuni) form a distinct order, the EQUISETACE^E. The 
 club-mosses of the genera Lycopodium and Psilotum, with two 
 genera not found in America, form the order LYCOPODIACE^E. 
 Selaginella and Isoetes each form an order which takes its name 
 from the single genus. Marsilia and Pilularta form the MAR- 
 SI LIACE/E, while Azolla and Salvim'a form the order SALVINI- 
 
 ACE.E. 
 
 1 22. Principle of Classification. The true idea of clas- 
 sification is the grouping together of objects according to essen- 
 tial and fundamental resemblances. Every system is more or 
 less artificial, yet there is a continual approach toward the true 
 natural system, which is the ultimatum of scientific classifica- 
 tion. The study of life-histories will continually clear up points 
 of relationship before unknown, and it will be long before the 
 classification will become fixed and constant. Every new study 
 contributes to this end. 
 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 The references to original writings would include all the 
 botanists who have named or classified ferns since the time of 
 Linnaeus (1707-1778). Among the more prominent of these we 
 may mention Swartz (1760-1818), Willdenow (1765-1812), Presl 
 (1791-1849), Mettenius (1823-1866), Hooker (1785-1865), Fee 
 (1789-1874), Milde (1824-1871), Al. Braun (1805-1875), and J. G. 
 Baker ( - ). The following work gives a good review 
 of the various systems : 
 
 SMITH (John). Historia Filicum. London, 1875. (Mac- 
 millan & Co.) 
 
46 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 The American literature bearing on the subject is as follows : 
 BECK (Lewis C.)- Synoptical tables of the Ferns and Mosses 
 
 of the United States. In Sillimari s Journal, IV (1829). 
 
 DAVENPORT (George E.). Aspidium spinulosum (Swz.) and 
 
 its varieties. In American Naturalist, XI I, 707-717 (1878). 
 
 New species of Ferns. In Bulletin of the Torrey Bot. 
 Club, VI, 190, 191 (1877) ; vn, 50, 51 (1880); VIII, 61, 62 (1881); 
 x, 61, 62 (1883). 
 
 Fern notes. In Bulletin of the Torrey Bot. Club, vn, 85, 
 
 86 (1880) ; vni, 88, 89 (1881); ix, 20-23. 68 6 9 99-101 (1882) ; 
 X, 4-7 (1883); xii, 21-24 (1885); xm, 81, 82, 129-135 (1886); 
 XV, 225-229 (1888). 
 
 EATON (Daniel C.). Ferns of the Mexican Boundary. In 
 Mexican Boundary Survey (1857). 
 
 - Ferns of the Southern States. In Chapman : Flora of 
 the Southern States (1860). 
 
 Ferns of the Northern United States. In Gray : Man- 
 ual of Botany, 6th edition ( 1 890). 
 
 Notes on some of the plants in the herbaria of Linne 
 and Michaux. In Canadian Naturalist (1870). 
 
 - New and little known Ferns of the United States. In 
 Bulletin of the Torrey Bot. Club, iv, n, 12, 18, 19 (1873) ; vi, 33 
 (1875), 71,72 (1876), 263-265 (1878), 306, 307,360,361 (1879); 
 VII, 62-64 (1880) ; VIII, 4, 5, 99, 100 (1881) ; ix, 49, 50 (1882) ; X, 
 26-29, IOI I02 ('883). 
 
 Ferns of North America. Illustrated with colored 
 
 plates by J. H. Emerton and C. E. Faxon. 
 
 Ferns of the Southwest. In Wheeler: Report of the 
 U. S. Geog; and Geol. Surveys west of the IQO//I meridian, VI 
 
 (1877). 
 
 - Vascular Acrogens of California. In Watson : Botany 
 of Calif or nia, II (1880). 
 
 GRAY (Asa). On the discovery of two species of Tricho- 
 manes in the State of Alabama. In Sillimans Journal, 2d sen, 
 XV (1853). 
 
 KUNZE (G.). Notes on some Ferns of the United States. 
 In Silliman s Joitrnal, 2d ser., vi. 80-89 (1848). 
 
 LAWSON (George). The Fern Flora of Canada. (1889.) 
 
CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE. 47 
 
 WILLIAMSON (John). Ferns of Kentucky. 12010. (1878.) 
 Fern Etchings. I2mo. (1879.) 
 
 The literature relating to exotic species is very extensive 
 Some of the more important works are the following: : 
 
 BAKER (J. G.). A summary of the new Ferns which have 
 been discovered or described since 1874. (1892.) 
 
 FEE (F. L. A.). Memoires sur la Famille des Fougeres. 
 4to. (1844-1873.) 289 plates. 
 
 HOOKER (W. J.). Genera Filicum. 410. (1842.) 120 col- 
 ored plates. 
 
 Species Filicum. 5 vols. 8vo. (1846-1864). 304 col- 
 ored plates. 
 
 HOOKER (W. J.) and BAKER (J. G.). Synopsis Filicum. 2d 
 ed., 8vo. (1874.) Contains descriptions of all the ferns of the 
 world recognized at Kew to the date of publication. 
 
 HOOKER (\V. J.) and GREVILLE (R. K.). Icones Filicum. 
 2 vols. folio. (1831.) 240 colored plates. 
 
48 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 THE FERN'S PLACE IN NATURE. 
 
 1 23. THE popular conception as to what constitutes a plant 
 needs to be considerably enlarged and otherwise modified, for 
 as soon as we commence to look about us after our eyes have 
 been really opened, we find a vast array of forms varying in size 
 and complexity of structure from the simple cells of the yeast- 
 plant that we use in bread-making to the highly organized tree 
 of the forest, and including such diverse forms of growth as the 
 green scums that accumulate on ponds in summer, the gray 
 lichens covering rocks and trees, the puff-balls and mushrooms 
 that seemingly develop in a single night, the mosses, ferns and 
 flowers in all their variety and beauty. Where in all this array 
 of plants do our ferns stand, and what relations do they sustain 
 to other plants ? In answering this question we will have to 
 give some account cf the various groups of plants, pointing out 
 their structural peculiarities and noting here and there in their 
 appropriate place in the system such forms as are likely to be 
 popularly recognized. 
 
 1 24. Aside from the plants producing flowers, the ferns 
 and the mosses,* all of which are widely known and generally 
 
 * It should be noted that even this name is often misapplied. The lichens, 
 which are in no way related to the true mosses, are sometimes popularly called 
 "gray mosses." In " Evangeline" where Longfellow speaks of the trees 
 " bearded with moss " he evidently alludes to the lichen, Usnea barbata ; the 
 " hanging moss" of the Pacific coast is also a lichen, Ramaiina reticulata, 
 which has a much more appropriate name in "lace-lichen." The "hang- 
 ing moss " of the Gulf States, on the contrary, is a flowering plant whose near- 
 est allies are in the pineapple family. Another flowering plant, Euphorbia 
 cyparissias, is often called " graveyard moss " in the Northern States. This 
 loose and confusing use of language is to be deplored, and those who know 
 better should assist in relegating these incorrect usages to a merited oblivion. 
 
THE FERN'S PLACE IN NATURE. 49 
 
 recognized, we find two types of plants of lower grade which 
 stand out prominently to even the unpracticed eye. Of these 
 the first are mostly green,* and though variously known and 
 named may be called collectively alga. Like the higher plants, 
 these low forms maintain an independent existence, drawing 
 their nourishment directly from the air and water. Of the 
 second group we may find examples in the mildew that spreads 
 its white cobwebby film over the leaves of the lilac, the willow 
 and other plants ; or in the rust, red or black, that injures our 
 fields of standing grain ; or in the black smut that often re- 
 places the ears of corn and greatly disfigures the plant. Other 
 examples may be seen in the shelving masses that protrude 
 from old stumps or logs, or in the bright scarlet cups that ap- 
 pear on the ground in rich woods in earliest spring. Whatever 
 the color of these forms of plant growth, they may be charac- 
 terized as not green. They represent a group of plants that 
 require nourishment from some source besides air and water; 
 some are parasitic drawing nourishment from living plants or 
 animals, while others are saprophytic living on decaying or- 
 ganic matter. Though widely differing in character, we may 
 call them all fungi. In addition to these forms are the lichens 
 which are intimately related to some of the groups of fungi 
 and cannot be considered as forming a definite group by them- 
 selves. 
 
 1 25. Looking over this array of forms we find that with all 
 their diversity they may be arranged somewhat naturally in 
 four groups as follows, commencing with the highest : 
 I. SPERMAPHYTES. (Seed-bearing plants.) 
 II. PTERIDOPHYTES. (Ferns and their allies.) 
 
 III. BRYOPHYTES. (Mosses and Liverworts.) 
 
 IV. THALLOPHYTES. (Algae, Lichens and Fungi.) 
 
 It will be observed that the last three are all spore producers 
 instead of seed producers like the flowering plants of the first 
 
 * Observant visitors at the seaside are familiar with the brown, purple and 
 bright red "sea-weeds" that belong here but have their fundamental green 
 color masked by other coloring matters. These are sometimes called "sea 
 mosses," which is another unfortunate and confusing use of a term which 
 ought to be confined to its particular group. 
 
50 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 group; that the second like the first contains plants with a 
 highly organized structure; that the third is like the first two 
 in including plants with a distinct leafy axis, but differs in pos- 
 sessing a less complicated structure ; while the last differs from 
 all the others in having no distinction of stem and leaves. To 
 bring out these and other characters more fully, and at the 
 same time to indicate some hints of the leading subdivisions of 
 these great groups of plants, will necessitate a more technical 
 and tabular arrangement. 
 
 1 26. The Thallophytes include the lower forms of vege- 
 tation whose plant-body varies from a unicellular condition, 
 through filamentous forms to a more or less highly differ- 
 entiated thallus. While some forms, especially among the 
 higher algae, assume the habit of a leafy-stemmed plant, none 
 attain to a true differentiation into stem and leaves. The 
 thallophytes are most simply divided on a purely physiological 
 basis into two main groups * : 
 
 1. AlgcE which develop chlorophyll. 
 
 2. Fungi which are parasitic or saprophy tic colorless plants. 
 127. The ALG^E comprise the following groups : 
 
 1. CYANOPHYCE^:. (Blue-green algae, nostocs, etc.) 
 
 2. DIATOMACE/E. (Diatoms, secreting a siliceous covering.) 
 
 3. CHLOROPHYCE/E.I (Green algae.) Consisting of four 
 
 well-marked groups : 
 
 (a) Protococcoidece. (Green slimes, volvox, water-net.) 
 
 (b) Conjugate. (Desmids, Spirogyra, etc.) 
 
 (c) Siphonece. (Bladder-plants, green felts, etc.) 
 
 (d) Confervoidece. (Sea-lettuce, water flannel, etc.) 
 
 * The sexual system of classification frequently adopted in this country can- 
 not be maintained among the fungi, and even among the algae is at points 
 very unsatisfactory. Moreover it groups together forms that have no near 
 relation to each other and cannot be regarded as a natural system. It is 
 further to be doubted if the group commonly known as Protophytes can be 
 maintained on any rational grounds. 
 
 t The Chlorophyceae include by far the greater part of the fresh-water 
 algae, though quite a number of the group are marine. The brown and red 
 algae of the two following groups make up the most conspicuous marine 
 forms, 
 
THE FERN'S PLACE IN NATURE. 5 I 
 
 4. PH/EOPHYCE^. (Rock-weeds, devil's-aprons, Sargas 
 
 sum, and other marine forms ; brown algae.) 
 
 5. RHODOPHYCE^E. (Red and purple algae; mostly marine.) 
 
 6. CHARACE^E. (Stoneworts of fresh waters.) 
 
 1 28. The FUNGI may be divided into four main groups : 
 
 1. MYXOMYCETES. (Slime-moulds.)* 
 
 2. SCHIZOMYCETES. (Bacteria.) 
 
 3. PHYCOMYCETES. (The lower or algal Fungi.) 
 
 4. EUMYCETES. (The higher or spore-fruit Fungi.) 
 
 1 29. The PHYCOMYCETES are represented by the following 
 groups : 
 
 1. Chytridiacece. (Of simple structure, parasitic on algae, 
 
 etc.) 
 
 2. Mucorince. (Black moulds.) 
 
 3. Entomophthorince. (Fly-fungus, and others parasitic on 
 
 insects.) 
 
 4. Saprolegntacece. (Water-moulds, some forms parasitic 
 
 on fish.) 
 
 5. Peronosporacece. (Downy mildews, white rust, potato- 
 
 rot, etc.) 
 
 1 3O. The EUMYCETES include two types, the first known 
 as Bastdiomycetes bearing the spores on enlarged cells known 
 as basidia, and the second known as Ascomycetes, from the fact 
 that the spores are borne in sacs (known as asci). Of the fol- 
 lowing groups the first five are Basidiomycetes and the last six 
 are Ascomycetes : 
 
 1. Ustilaginece. (Smuts of grain, corn, etc.) 
 
 2. Uredinea. (Rusts, cluster-cups, cedar-apples.) 
 
 3. TremellinecE.\ (Gelatinous fungi.) 
 
 4. Hyuienomycetes. (Mushrooms, toadstools, bracket- 
 
 fungi, etc.) 
 
 * The Myxomycetes in their vegetative stages are unlike all other plants, 
 consisting of naked masses of protoplasm and are capable of an apparent 
 creeping motion. In their fruiting condition they show a superficial resem- 
 blance to some of the Gastromycetes with which they were formerly associated. 
 Their true position in the world of life is not yet settled, some removing them 
 entirely from the vegetable kingdom. 
 
 t This is really a composite group consisting of at least three orders. In 
 this limited outline only the more common and conspicuous groups are noted. 
 
52 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 5. Gastromycetes. (Puff-balls, earth-stars, bird's-nest fungi, 
 
 stink-horns.) 
 
 6. Saccharomycetes. (Yeast-plant.) 
 
 7. Gymnoascece. (Leaf-curl of peach, plum-pockets, etc.) 
 
 8. Tuber acece. (Truffles.) 
 
 9. Pyrenomycetes. (Black fungi, ergot, powdery mildews.) 
 
 10. Lichenes* (Lichens.) 
 
 11. Discomycetes. (Morels, cup-fungi, etc.) 
 
 131. Besides the above there are a large number of fungi 
 that are mould-like or are parasitic on leaves, forming "leaf- 
 spots." These are called Fungi iwperfecti, because of the fact 
 that some of them are known to be the early stages of certain 
 ascomycetous fungi. The mould-like forms are known as 
 Hypkimycetes. 
 
 132. The BRYOPHYTES include forms whose plant-body 
 varies from a thallus to a distinct leafy axis, containing only 
 a rudimentary fibro-vascular system, if any; their life-history 
 involves two alternating phases : (i) A highly organized sexual 
 phase producing antherids and archegones ; and (2) A sporo- 
 gonial phase living parasitically on the first and producing 
 spores asexually. This division contains three well-marked 
 classes : 
 
 1. HepaticcB. (Liverworts.) 
 
 2. Sphagnacece. (Peat-mosses.) 
 
 3. Musci. (True mosses.) 
 
 133. The PTERIDOPHYTES have a well-developed fibro- 
 vascular system of highly-developed tissues distributed through 
 a leafy axis. Their life-history also involves two phases : (i) A 
 thalloid phase (prothallus) producing antherids and arche- 
 gones,! and (2) A highly-developed asexual phase producing 
 spores by cell-division. 
 
 (The subdivisions of this group are more fully arranged in 
 another portion of this work : see pp. 75-148.) 
 
 * The lichens may be placed here provisionally. Their relations to the 
 other groups of fungi have not yet been fully determined. 
 
 f From this character the Bryophytes and Pteridophytes are sometimes 
 called Archegoniata, to which group some also add the Gymnosperms, 
 
THE FERN'S PLACE IN NATURE. 53 
 
 1 34. The SPERMAPHYTES include the highest of the plant- 
 world. In this group the plant-body, except in rare cases 
 (Lemna, Podostemon, etc.) is a well-developed leafy axis contain- 
 ing highly differentiated tissues of every kind; the sexual re- 
 production consists of the union of pollen-grains (male ele- 
 ment) with the embryo-sac (female element), resulting in the 
 formation of an embryo which, with its coverings, constitutes 
 the seed.* This group contains two well-marked classes t'. 
 i GymnospermcB. (Cone-bearing trees, Cycads, etc.) 
 2. Angiospermce. (All other seed-bearing plants.) 
 
 135. It will thus be seen that the Ferns and their allies 
 occupy a high place in the plant-world, standing just below the 
 seed-bearing plants. This position they maintain not only 
 from their complexity of structure but from their evident 
 graded relation to some of the lower forms of spermaphytes, 
 especially to some that are now extinct. 
 
 1 36. To make the relations of the various groups of pteri- 
 dophytes to each other and to the lower forms of plant-life 
 more apparent than can be done in a lineal classification, we 
 present the following outline of a possible genealogical tree : 
 
 * It will be readily seen that this process is only a slight modification of 
 what appears in the development of the higher forms of Pteridophytes like 
 Selaginella. The prothallium, which in ferns is a marked feature, becomes 
 reduced in Selaginella, and disappears except in rudiment in the Sperma- 
 phytes. 
 
 t The above is in accordance with the older botanical systems. The com- 
 parative and morphological study of the higher plants is leading us on to a 
 more natural system of classification than that which is given in the ordinary 
 Manuals of Botany. The day of artificial groups like the " Apetalous division 
 of Exogens" is long since passed. This is not the place to discuss these 
 changes, but this note is given merely to call attention to the progress in a 
 field where many have been led to believe there was no further progress 
 possible. Among the many transitional systems the following ought to 
 be accessible in almost any good library: Engler-Prantl : Naturlichen 
 Pflanzenfamilien, n, pp. 1-5, and Macmillan : The Metaspermae of the 
 Minnesota Valley, pp. 18-29. 
 
54 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 GYMNO8PERM/C 
 
 SELAGINELLACE/e 
 
 I80ETACE/C 
 
 POUYPODIACE/E 
 
 8PHAGNACE/E 
 
 PHYCOMYCETES 
 
 RROTOCOCCOIDE* 
 
 PROVISIONAL PEDIGREE OF THP READING GROUPS OF PLANTS. 
 
THE FERN'S PLACE IN NATURE. 55 
 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 BOWER (F. O.). The comparative study of the Meristem of 
 Ferns as a phylogenetic study. In Annals of Botany, Hi, 305- 
 322, pi. xx-xxiv (1889). 
 
 Is the Eusporangiate or the Leptosporangiate the more 
 
 primitive type in the Ferns ? In Annals of Botany, V, 109-134, 
 pi. vii (1891). 
 
 CAMPBELL (Douglas H.). On the affinities of the Filicineae. 
 In Botanical Gazette, XV, 1-7 (1890). 
 
 A study of the apical growth of the prothallium of Ferns 
 with reference to their relationships. In Bulletin of the Torrey 
 Botanical Club, xvni, 73-80 (1891). 
 
 On the relationships of the Archegoniata. In Botanical 
 
 Gazette, XVI, 323-333 (1891). 
 
 1 37. Since many students have no accessible list of the 
 leading literature of the lower plants, and available manuals for 
 their study for the most part have not been written, it may not 
 be considered amiss to indicate some of the leading systematic 
 literature relating to their study. It is not to the credit of 
 American botany that we are obliged to this day to refer to 
 European manuals as the best media for information concern- 
 ing the lower plants of this country. It is to be hoped that a 
 stimulus will be given to the study of the lower plants in all 
 parts of the country. The literature will be arranged in con- 
 formity with the classification above given. 
 
 1 . ALOE. 
 
 FARLOW (W. G.). Marine Algae of New England. Report 
 of U. S. Fish Comm. (1879). 
 
 KlRCHNER (Oskar). Algen, in Cohn : Kryptogamenflora 
 von Schlesien. 
 
 WILLE (N.). Algen, in Engler-Prantl : Die naturlichen 
 Pflanzcnfamilien. Contains valuable synopses of genera. 
 
 WOLLE (F.). Fresh-water Algae of the United States. 2 
 vols. (1887.) 
 
 HARVEY (W. H.). Nereis Boreali-Americana. 3 parts, 410. 
 
56 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 (1851, 1853, 1857.) This and the next are expensive works with 
 colored plates relating chiefly to marine forms. 
 
 HARVEY (W. H.). Phycologia Britannica. 4 vols. (1871). 
 
 DE TONI (J. B.). Sylloge Algarum omnium hucusque cog- 
 nitarum. (1889.) This work covers the algae of the world, 
 giving compiled descriptions in Latin. Volume I (Chlorophy- 
 ceae, pp. 12, cxxxix, 1315) only has appeared. 
 
 Diatomaceae. 
 
 SMITH (H. L.). Conspectus of the Families and Genera of 
 the Diatomaceae. The Lens, i, 1-19, 72-93 (1872). 
 
 WOLLE (F.). The Diatomaceae of the United States. 
 (1891.) 
 
 VAN HEURCK (H.). Synopsis des Diatomees de Belgique. 
 (1880.) 
 
 Desmidiaceae. 
 
 WOLLE (F.). Desmids of the United States. (1884; 2d 
 edition 1892.) 
 
 STOKES (A. C). Key to the Desmidiese. Amer. Monthly 
 Micros. Journal, VII, 109-114, 125-131, 144-148, 163-169 (1886). 
 An analytic key to the above work. 
 
 Characese. 
 
 ALLEN (T. F.). Characeae of America, Part I (1888); 
 Part II (1893). 
 
 HALSTED (B. D.). Classification and Description of the 
 American Species of Characeae. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 
 XX, 169-190 (1879). 
 
 2. FUNGI. 
 
 For the structure and biology of this group the following 
 are useful : 
 
 DE BARY (A.). Comparative Morphology and Biology of 
 the Fungi, Mycetozoa, and Bacteria. (English translation.) 
 (1887.) 
 
 ZOPF (W.). Die Pilze. (1890.) Especially full on the physi- 
 ology of the Fungi. 
 
THE FERN'S PLACE IN NATURE. $7 
 
 BREFELD (O.). Untersuchungen aus dem Gesammtgebiete 
 der Mykologie. Hefte vii, vin. IX, X (1888-1891). The most 
 elaborate morphological work on the subject. 
 
 For the systematic study of the Fungi no single work is avail- 
 able for American students. The scattered literature is very 
 abundant, and the more available portions are classified below. 
 Among the European manuals the following is the most ex- 
 tensive and useful : 
 
 WINTER (G.) etal. Die Pilze, in Rabenhorst : Kryptogamen- 
 flora von Deidschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz. Three 
 volumes are completed and the fourth is nearly so. 
 
 Myxomycetes. 
 
 McBRiDE (T. H.). The Myxomycetes of eastern Iowa. 
 Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ., n, 99-162 (1892). 
 
 COOKE (M. C). Myxomycetes of Great Britain. (1877.) 
 
 The Myxomycetes of the United States. Annals N. Y. 
 
 Lyceum Nat. Hist., XI, 378-409 (1877). An incomplete but 
 serviceable list. 
 
 BERLESE (A. N.). Myxomyceteae, in Saccardo : Sylloge 
 Fungorum, vii, 323-450; X, 83-99. 
 
 MASSEE (Geo.). A Monograph of the Myxogastres. (1892.) 
 To be used with caution ; cf. criticisms in Bulletin Torrey Bot. 
 Club, xx, 73-82 (1893). 
 
 Schizomycetes. 
 
 GROVE (W. B.). A Synopsis of the Bacteria and Yeast 
 Fungi. I2mo. (1884.) 
 
 SACCARDO (P. A.). Sylloge Fungorum, vni, 923-1087. 
 
 THAXTER (Roland). On the Myxobacteriaceae, a new 
 order of Schizomycetes. Bot. Gazette, xvil, 389-406 (1892) ; 
 xvill, 29, 30 (1893). 
 
 Phycomycetes. 
 
 FISCHER (A.). Phycomycetes, in Winter: Die Pilzt 
 Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz (1892). 
 
 FARLOW (W. G.). Enumeration of the Peronosporeae oi 
 the United States. Bot. Gazette, vin, 305-315, 327-337 (1883) ; 
 Additions, IX, 37-40 (1884). 
 
58 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 FARLOW (W. G.). The Synchitria of the United States. 
 Bot. Gazette, X, 235-245 (1885). 
 
 THAXTER (Roland). The Entomophthoreae of the United 
 States. Metn. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iv, 133-201, pi. 14-21 
 (1888). 
 
 BERLESE (A. N.) et DE TONI (J. B.). Phycomyceteae, in 
 Saccardo: Sylloge Fungorum, vn, 181-322; ix, 335-363. 
 
 Ustilagineae. 
 
 DE TONI (J. B.). Ustilagineae, in Saccardo: Sylloge Fun- 
 gorum, VII, 449-527; IX, 282-291. 
 
 SETCHELL (W. A.). An Examination of the Species of the 
 Genus Doassansia. Annals of Botany, vi, 1-48 (1892). 
 
 Uredinege. 
 
 BURRILL (T. J.). Parasitic Fungi of Illinois, Part I. Bull. 
 Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist., II, 141-255 (1885). 
 
 PLOWRIGHT (C. B.). A Monograph of the British Uredi- 
 neae and Ustilagineae. (1889). 
 
 DfiTONi (J. B.). Uredineae, in Saccardo: Sylloge Fungorum, 
 VII, 528-822; IX, 291-334. 
 
 Tremellineae. 
 
 SACCARDO (P. A.). Sylloge Fungorum, vi, 760-815; IX, 
 257, 261. 
 
 Hymenomycetes. 
 
 FRIES (Elias). Hymenomycetes Europaei (1874). 
 
 SACCARDO (P. A.). Sylloge Fungorum, v ; vi ; ix, i 261. 
 
 PECK (Charles H.). Boleti of the United States. Bull. 
 N. Y. State Mus., n, 73-166 (1889). 
 
 MASSEE (George). A Monograph of the Thelephoreae. 
 Jour. Linn. Soc., XXV, 107-155 (1889); xxvil, 95-205 (1890). 
 
 The following of more limited range are useful : 
 
 PECK (Charles H.). Reports of State Botanist. Report of 
 Regents of the State Museum of Natural History (New York), 
 XXII-XLIV. Contain many synopses especially of the 
 Agaricini. 
 
 MORGAN (A. P.). The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Val- 
 
THE FERN'S PLACE IN NATURE. $9 
 
 ley. Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 54-81,97-117, 173- 
 199; vii, 5-10; vm, 91-111, 168-174; IX, 1-8; X, 7-18, 
 188-202; xi, 86-95 (1883-1887). 
 
 The following more expensive illustrated works treat of the 
 Agaricini : 
 
 FRIES (Elias). Icones Selectae Hymenomycetum. Parts 1 
 and II. Folio. (1867-1884.) Contains two hundred colored 
 plates. 
 
 COOKE (M. C). Illustrations of British Fungi. 8 vols. 
 8vo. (1881-1887.) Illustrates over 1200 species, many of which 
 are common to Europe and America. 
 
 Gastromycetes. 
 
 MORGAN (A. P.). North America Fungi Gastromycetes. 
 Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., XI, 141-149 ; xn, 8-22, 163- 
 172; xni, 5-21 ; XIV, 141-148 (1889-92). 
 
 MASSEE (George). British Gastromycetes. Annals of 
 Botany, IV, 1-94 (1889). 
 
 FISCHER (E.) et DE TONI (J. B.). Gasteromyceteae, in 
 Saccardo : Sylloge Fungorum, vii, 1-180, 469-492; IX, 262-281. 
 
 PECK (Charles H.). United States species of Lycoperdon. 
 Trans. Albany Inst., IX, 285-318 (1-35) (1879). 
 
 MORGAN (A. P.). The North American Geasters. Amer. 
 Nat., xvni, 963-970 (1884). Reprinted without the illustrations 
 in Jour. Mycol., I, 11-13 ( l88 5) 
 
 TRELEASE (William). The Morels and Puff-balls of Madi- 
 son. Trans. Wis. Acad. Science, vii, 105-120 (1889). 
 
 Gymnoasceae. 
 
 ROBINSON (B. L.). Notes on the Genus Taphrina. Annals 
 of Botany, I, 163-176 (1887). 
 
 SACCARDO (P. A.). Sylloge Fungorum, vm, 811-825. 
 
 Tuberaceae. 
 
 TULASNE (L. R. et C.). Fungi Hypogaei (1862). 
 SACCARDO (P. A.). Sylloge Fungorum, vm, 863-907 ; X, 
 80-83. 
 
60 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 Pyrenomycetes. 
 
 EURRILL (T. J.) and EARLE (F. S.). Parasitic Fungi of 
 Illinois. Part II. Bull. Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist., II, 387- 
 432 (1887). 
 
 BESSEY (C. E.). The Erysiphei. -]th Bien. Report Iowa 
 Agric. Coll. (1877). 
 
 ELLIS (J. B.) and EVERHART (B. M.). The North American 
 Pyrenomycetes (1892). 
 
 SACCARDO (P. A.). Sylloge Fungorum, I ; II ; Additamenta; 
 ix, 364-1129. 
 
 TULASNE (L. R. et C.). Selecta Fungorum Carpologia. 
 3 vols. 4to. (1861, 1863, 1865.) 
 
 Lichenes. 
 
 WlLLEY (H.). An Introduction to the Study of the 
 Lichens. (1887.) 
 
 TUCKERMAN (E.). Genera Lichenum. (1872.) 
 
 A Synopsis of the North American Lichens. Parts I 
 
 and II. (1882, 1890.) 
 
 Discomycetes. 
 
 COOKE (M. C..). Mycographia, seu Icones Fungorum. 
 Vol. I, Discomycetes. 4to. (1879.) 
 
 PHILLIPS (William). A manual of the British Discomy- 
 cetes. (1887.) 
 
 REHM (H.). Discomycetes, in Winter : Die Pihe Deutsch- 
 lands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz. III. Abtheilung. 
 
 SACCARDO (P. A.). Sylloge Fungorum, vni, 1-842 ; x, 1-79, 
 
 Fungi Imperfect!. 
 
 ELLIS (J. B.) and EVERHART (B. M.). Enumeration of the 
 North American Cercosporeae. Jour. MycoL, I, 17-24, 33-40, 
 49-56, 61-67 (1885). Additions, ibid., II, I, 2 ; in, 13-21 ; iv, 
 2-7. 
 
 North American species of Ramularia. Jour. Mycol. 
 
 I, 73-83 (1885). Additions, ibid., iv, i, 2. 
 
 The North American species of Gloeosporium. Jour. 
 
 MycoL, I, 109-119 (1885). Additions, ibid., in, 21. 
 
 North American species of Cylindrosporium. Jour 
 
 MycoL, I, 126-128 (1885). Additions, ibid., in, 21, 22. 
 
THE FERN'S PLACE IN NATURE. 6 1 
 
 MARTIN (George). The Phyllostictas of North America. 
 Jour. My col. , II, 13-20, 25-27 (1886). 
 
 Enumeration and Description of the Septorias of North 
 America. Jour. Mycol., Ill, 37-41. 49~53> 61-69, 73-82, 85-94 
 (1887). 
 
 SACCARDO (P. A.). Sylloge Fungorum, in; iv ; Addi- 
 tamenta ; X, 100-739. 
 
 Hepaticse. 
 
 UNDERWOOD (L. M.). Hepaticae, in Gray : Manual of 
 Botany, 6//i edition. 
 
 Descriptive Catalogue of the North American Hepaticae, 
 north of Mexico. Bull. Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist., n, 1-133 
 (1884). 
 
 Sphagnaceae. 
 
 WARNSTORF (O. Contributions to the knowledge of the 
 North American Sphagna. Bot. Gazette, XV, 127-140, 189-198, 
 217-227, 242-255 (1890). 
 
 BRAITHWAITE (R.). The Sphagnaceae or Peat Mosses of 
 Europe and North America. (1880.) 
 
 Musci. 
 
 BARNES (Charles R.). Artificial Keys to the Genera and 
 Species of Mosses. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Science, VI II, 
 11-81, 163-166 (1890). 
 
 LESQUEREUX (Leo) and JAMES (T. P.). Manual of the 
 Mosses of North America. (1884.) 
 
 For any really satisfactory work in this group of plants the 
 following more expensive publications are essential : 
 
 SULLIVANT (W. S.). Icones Muscorum and Supplement. 
 2 vols. (1864, 1874). 
 
 BRAITHWAITE (R.)- British Moss Flora. In course of 
 publication in parts. 
 
 BRUCH (Ph ), SCHIMPER (W. P.), et GUMBEL (Th.). Bry- 
 ologia Europaea. 6 vols. 4to. (1835-1855.) Suppl. (1864-66.) 
 
 138. The literature of the Pteridophytes has been given 
 elsewhere in this volume, and that of the Spermaphytes is 
 better known and need not be mentioned here. 
 
62 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES, 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 DISTRIBUTION IN TIME AND SPACE. 
 
 139. Geographic Distribution. Ferns are found in all 
 parts of the world. The number of described species is not 
 certainly known, and the uncertainty is largely increased for 
 the reason that our best systematists do not agree as to what 
 constitutes a species. Baker, whose authority is generally 
 recognized in England and America, places the estimate at 
 about 3000 species. Added to these are 565 fern allies as recog- 
 nized by the same author. 
 
 From what has been said respecting the climatic conditions 
 of fern growth we would naturally expect to find them most 
 abundant in countries where warmth and moisture predomi- 
 nate. These conditions seem most completely met on tropical 
 islands or in tropical continental areas with insular climates. 
 The little island of Mauritius, having an area of 676 square 
 miles, or less than one third the area of Delaware, has 235 na- 
 tive species, while Java, little larger than New York, has 460. 
 Brazil furnishes 387, and the Isthmus of Panama 117. Com- 
 paring these with colder climates, we find 67 in all Europe, and 
 only 26 grow within the borders of the arctic zone. 
 
 " Our Native Ferns," as described later in this volume, in- 
 cluding those species that are classed in the order FILICES, 
 number 158 species. Adding to these the 11 species of the 
 order OPHIOGLOSSACE^E, which have frequently been enumer- 
 ated with the ferns, we have a total of 169 species. The remain- 
 ing fern allies number 59, making a grand total of 228. 
 
 1 4O. Divisions of our Flora. It has been found con- 
 venient to divide the surface of the earth into faunas and floras, 
 limited by the natural distribution of the various species of 
 animals and plants. These limits are by no means sharply 
 defined, for wherever the limit is made some species will pass 
 
DISTRIBUTION IN TIME AND SPACE. 63 
 
 beyond it ; yet the majority found on one side are different 
 from the majority of those on the other. North America (ex- 
 cluding Mexico) forms the Nearctic realm or fauna (Regnum 
 Nearcticum\ and the same boundaries may be used in the limi- 
 tation of our fern flora, although some species from tropical 
 regions invade our borders in Florida, Texas, and Arizona. 
 Leaving out of question the species that are widely distributed 
 over the greater part of our country, many of which are cos- 
 mopolitan species, we may divide the Nearctic realm into five 
 provinces, each of which possesses many species peculiar to itself. 
 141. The provinces* are as follows : 
 
 I. BOREAL : inhabiting (with a few exceptions) the northern 
 portion of the United States, extending through Canada and 
 British America, some species even reaching Labrador, Green- 
 land, and Alaska, and nearly all represented also in the north- 
 ern portions of the Old World. 
 
 II. MEDIAL: extending throughout the mountain and hilly 
 region of the States east of the Mississippi, westward to the 
 mountains, and northward into Canada, and in a few instances 
 also inhabiting the Old World. 
 
 III. OCCIDENTAL : extending along the western border of 
 the continent from British Columbia to California, in a few 
 cases appearing also in the Rocky Mountain region. 
 
 IV. SONORAN : inhabiting the central mountain regions of 
 Western Texas, Arizona, and Colorado, many of the species ex- 
 tending thence into Mexico, and some even to South America. 
 
 V. AUSTRAL : inhabiting the border of the Gulf of Mexico, 
 many of the species extending into the West Indies and Tropi- 
 cal America. 
 
 1 42. The following lists will indicate the relations of our 
 native species, though several species exceed the bounds here 
 indicated, and occur within the borders of other provinces. 
 
 * This division is a slight modification of one proposed by John H. Red- 
 jield in 1875. Cf. Bulletin Torrey Botanical C/ud t vi, 1-7. 
 
64 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND TUElR ALLIES. 
 
 BOREAL. 
 (Those marked * are known only from Alaska.) 
 
 Cheilanthes argentea.* Local. 
 Cryptogramma acrostichoides. 
 Pellaea Stelleri. 
 Asplenium viride. 
 Dryopteris lonchitis. 
 
 aculeata, var. Braunii. 
 
 oreopteris. 
 
 fragrans. 
 
 filix-mas. 
 
 spinulosa. 
 
 Boottii. 
 Cystopteris montana. 
 
 Woodsia alpina. 
 glabella. 
 
 Botrychium lunaria. Rare and local. 
 
 boreale.* Local. 
 Equisetum pratense. 
 
 palustre. 
 
 litorale. Rare. 
 
 variegatum. 
 Lycopodium annotinum. 
 
 alpinum. 
 
 sabinaefolium. 
 Selaginella selaginoides. 
 
 MEDIAL. 
 
 Adiantum pedatum. 
 Cheilanthes lanosa. 
 Pellaea atropurpurea. 
 Woodwardia Virginica. 
 
 areolata. 
 Asplenium pinnatifidum. 
 
 ebenoides. 
 
 platyneuron. 
 
 angustifolium. 
 
 ruta-muraria. 
 
 montanum. 
 
 fontanum. 
 
 Bradleyi. 
 
 thelypteroides. 
 
 Scolopendrium scolopendrium. Rare. 
 Camptosorus rhizophyllus. 
 Phegopteris phegopteris. 
 
 hexagon optera. 
 
 dryopteris. 
 Dryopteris acrostichoides. 
 
 Noveboracensis. 
 
 thelypteris. 
 
 cristata. 
 
 var. Clintoniana. 
 
 Goldieana. 
 
 marginalis. 
 
 Dryopteris spinulosa, var. interme- 
 dia. 
 
 var. dilatata. 
 Cystopteris bulbifera. 
 Onoclea sensibilis. 
 
 struthiopteris. 
 Woodsia Ilvensis. 
 
 obtusa. 
 
 Dicksonia punctilobula. 
 Lygodium palmatum. Rare. 
 Schizaea pusilla. Local. 
 Osmunda regalis. 
 
 Clay ton iana. 
 
 cinnamomea. 
 
 Marsilea quadrifolia. Local. 
 Salvinia natans. Local. 
 Botrychium simplex. 
 
 matricariaefolium. 
 
 lanceolatum. 
 Equisetum silvaticum. 
 
 fluviatile. 
 
 scirpoides. 
 Lycopodium selago. 
 
 lucidulum. 
 
 inundatum. 
 
DISTRIBUTION IN TIME AND SPACE. 
 
 Lycopodium obscurum. 
 clavatum. 
 complanatura. 
 Selaginella apus. 
 Isoetes lacustris. 
 
 Tuckermani. Local, 
 echinospora, var. Braunii. 
 
 var. robusta. Local, 
 var. Boottii. 
 
 Isoetes echinospora, var. muricata. 
 
 Local. 
 
 saccharata. Local, 
 riparia. 
 Engelmanni. 
 var. gracilis. 
 var. valida. 
 melanopoda. 
 Butleri. Rare. 
 
 
 OCCIDENTAL. 
 
 (Species marked * are confined to California ; those marked t are found only in 
 j)*frtt jt\i<- ' r~c-l^*s. Oregon.) 
 
 Phegopteris alpestris. 
 Dryopteris munita. 
 
 mohrioides.* 
 
 aculeata.* 
 
 var. Californica*.* 
 var. angularis.* 
 
 Nevadensis.* 
 
 rigida, var. arguta. 
 Woodsia scopulina. 
 
 Oregana. 
 
 Azolla filiculoides. 
 Marsilea vestita. 
 Pilularia Americana. 
 Equisetum telmateia. 
 
 robustum. 
 Selaginella Oregana. 
 
 Douglasii. 
 Isoetes pygmaea.* 
 
 Bolanderi. 
 
 Howellii.t 
 
 nuda.t 
 
 Nuttallii. 
 
 Suksdorfii. 
 
 maritima. 
 
 Polypodium falcatum. 
 
 Californicum.* 
 
 Scouleri. 
 
 Gymnogramme triangularis. 
 Notholaena Newberryi. 
 
 cretacea.*_ 
 
 tenera. 
 Adiantum emarginatum. 
 Pteris aquilina, var. lanuginosa, 
 Cheilanthes Californica.* 
 
 viscida.* 
 
 Cooperae.* 
 
 gracillima. 
 
 Parishii.* 
 
 fibrillosa.* 
 
 Clevelandii.* 
 Pellaea Breweri. 
 
 andromedasfolia.* 
 
 brachyptera. 
 
 ornithopus.* 
 
 densa. 
 
 Bridges!!.* 
 Lomaria spicant. 
 Woodwardia radicans. 
 
 SONORAN. 
 
 (Species marked * are found in our region only in Arizona ; those marked t are 
 
 Texan ) 
 
 Polypodium thysanolepis.* 
 Gymnogramme Ehrenbergiana. 
 Notholaena sinuata. 
 
 ferruginea. 
 
 Parryi. 
 
 Notholaena Aschenborniana.* 
 Candida. 
 Hooker i. 
 Schaffneri.f 
 
66 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 Notholaena Grayi. 
 
 Lemmoni.* 
 
 nivea. 
 
 Fendleri. 
 
 Adiantum tricholepis.f 
 Cheilanthes Pringlei.* 
 
 Wrightii. 
 
 leucopoda.f 
 
 lendigera.* 
 
 gracilis. 
 
 tomentosa. 
 
 Fendleri. 
 
 myriophylla. 
 
 Lindheimeri. 
 Pellaea aspera. 
 
 pulchella. 
 
 Pellaea ternifolia.f 
 
 Wrightjana. 
 
 flexuosa. 
 
 intermedia. 
 Asplenium monanthemum.* 
 
 septentrionale. 
 
 Glenniei.* 
 Dryopteris juglandifolia. 
 
 Mexicana. 
 Woodsia Mexicana. 
 Anemia Mexicana. t 
 
 Marsilea macropoda. 
 
 uncinata. 
 
 vestita, var. tenuifolia.f 
 Selaginella lepidophylla. 
 
 Pringlei. 
 
 AUSTRAL. 
 (Species marked * are found in our region only in Florida.) 
 
 Acrostichum aureum.* 
 Polypodium plumula.* 
 
 pectinatum.* 
 
 polypodioides. 
 
 aureum.* 
 
 phyllitidis.* 
 
 Swartzii.* 
 
 Taenitis lanceolata.* 
 Vittaria lineata.* 
 Adiantum capillus-veneris. 
 
 tenerum.* 
 Pteris longifolia.* 
 
 serrulata. 
 
 aquilina, var. caudata. 
 Cheilanthes microphylla. 
 
 Alabamensis. 
 
 Ceratopteris thalictroides.* 
 Blechnum serrulatum.* 
 Asplenium serratum.* 
 
 parvulum. 
 
 dentatum. 
 
 firmum. 
 
 cicutarium.* 
 
 rhizophyllum,var. myriophyllum* 
 var. Biscaynianum* 
 Phegopteris tetragona.* Rare. 
 
 Phegopteris reptans.* Rare. 
 Dryopteris trifoliata. Rare. 
 
 contermina, var. strigosa.* 
 
 patens. 
 
 unita, var. glabra.* 
 
 Floridana.* 
 Nephrolepis exaltata.* 
 
 acuta.* Rare. 
 Trichomanes Petersii. Local. 
 
 radicans. 
 Anemia adiantifolia.* 
 
 Ophioglossum crotalophoroides. 
 
 nudicaule. 
 
 palmatum.* 
 Equisetum laevigatum. 
 Lycopodium inundatum, var. pinra 
 turn.* 
 
 alopecuroides. 
 
 cernuum. Rare. 
 
 Carolinianum. 
 Psilotum nudum. Rare. 
 Selaginella Ludoviciana. Rare. 
 
 rupestris, var. tortipila. Rare. 
 Isoetes melanospora. Local. 
 
 flaccida.* 
 
 var. Chapmani.* 
 
DISTRIBUTION IN TIME AND SPACE. 67 
 
 COSMOPOLITAN SPECIES. 
 
 Polypodium vulgare. 
 Pteris aquilina. 
 Asplenium trichomanes. 
 
 filix-foemina. 
 Cystopteris fragilis. 
 
 Ophioglorsum vulgatum. 
 Botrychium Virginianum. 
 
 ternatum. 
 Equiseturn arvense. 
 
 hiemale. 
 Selaginella rupestris. 
 
 Azolla Caroliniana. 
 
 143. Local Lists. The number of species found in a sin- 
 gle locality is usually limited, yet in certain favored locations 
 there is a marked diversity. As an instance, in one of the 
 habitats of the rare hart's-tongue * the writer has collected 
 twenty-seven species illustrating fourteen genera within the 
 radius of a thousand feet. Such localities, however, are com- 
 paratively rare, and must include wide diversity of soil and 
 shade within very narrow limits. 
 
 Onondaga County, New York, possesses perhaps as many 
 ferns as any county in the entire country, including 41 species. 
 32 are catalogued from Essex County, Massachusetts. Several 
 State lists more or less complete have been compiled, and are 
 noticed in the literature below. Carefully prepared lists from 
 all the States and Territories would be a valuable addition 
 to our knowledge of geographic distribution. 
 
 144. Geologic Distribution. It is well known that the 
 plants and animals now existing on the earth are not the same 
 in kind as those of former ages. Geologists have carefully 
 studied the stony heart of nature, and have drawn therefrom 
 the story of the development of land and sea, and the succes- 
 sive populations that from time to time have held possession 
 of our globe. Plants furnishing the natural food for animals 
 must have preceded animal life, yet in the earliest geologic 
 ages the remains of animals are far more numerous. The 
 abundance of the deposits of graphite and iron-ore in the earli- 
 est or Archaean rocks indicates the existence of extensive plant 
 growth, but the remains are so transformed as to mak-2 it im- 
 possible to determine the character of this primeval vegetation. 
 
 1 45. In the succeeding Silurian age the fossil remains in- 
 dicate the existence of algae or sea-weeds in abundance, and a 
 
 * " Green Pond," one mile east of Jamesville, Onondaga County, New 
 York. 
 
 5 
 
68 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 single small species of ground pine attests the existence of some 
 of the higher Cryptogamia ; no ferns, however, have been 
 found in America older than the Devonian. Over fifty species 
 of Devonian ferns have been described from the American 
 rocks chiefly, by Principal J. W. Dawson of Montreal. 
 
 1 46. It is in the coal measures, however, that ferns and 
 other Cryptogamia are found in the greatest abundance and 
 profusion. Their delicate foliage is impressed on the various 
 rock strata above the beds of coal, and so perfectly are they 
 preserved that not only the methods of fructification but even 
 the microscopic spores have been detected ! In the coal meas- 
 ures of the United States and Canada (counting from the base 
 of the Catskill), 381 species of ferns have been described, 
 chiefly by Prof. Leo Lesquereux. The most abundant Ameri- 
 can genera are Neuropteris 45 species, Pecopteris 50 species, 
 Sphenopteris 31 species, Pseudopecopteris 25 species, and Rha- 
 cophyllum 24 species. 
 
 The frontispiece gives an ideal representation of the vegeta- 
 tion of the Carboniferous age. The luxuriant tree-ferns, the 
 Lepidodendrids, ancient representatives of the diminutive club- 
 mosses or ground-pines, the Catamites, allies of the modern 
 scouring-rushes, and other forms no less wonderful, are seen in 
 their profusion. 
 
 147. In the later geologic ages, Mesozoic and Tertiary, 
 ferns are found preserved in the rocks, with the leaves of many 
 trees and shrubs of existing genera. The indications are that 
 Terns formed a far smaller part of the vegetation of these later 
 ages than in the preceding Carboniferous, and even approxi- 
 mated to that of the present. Six Cretaceous and twenty-four 
 Tertiary species have been catalogued,* including species in 
 the existing genera Lygodium, P fen's, Woodwardia,Dryopterts, 
 Gymnogramme, etc., as well as some related to genera abundant 
 in earlier formations. No living species is found fossil, unless 
 Dr. Newberry's variety of Onoclea sensibilis becomes estab- 
 lished.! In the course of geologic history, however, we can 
 
 * Tenth report, Hayden Geological Survey of the Territories. Washing- 
 ton, 1878. 
 
 t Prof. Lesquereux writes me: "Though analogous by the nervation, I 
 doubt the identity on account of the coriaceous character of that fossil fern, 
 
DISTRIBUTION IN TIME AND SPACE. 69 
 
 trace a gradual approximation to the modern types from the 
 generalized forms of Devonian and Carboniferous times. 
 
 148. Fern Allies. Ophioglossum dates back to the Ter- 
 tiary period with one species. The order EQUISETACE^E have 
 existed since the coal period and the genus Equisetum since the 
 Triassic. The order CALAMARIACE^E, which combined charac- 
 ters of modern Equiseta and Conifers, came into existence in the 
 Devonian, but became extinct before the close of the Permian. 
 Illustrations of Calamites can be seen at the left-hand corner of 
 the frontispiece, also under the tree-fern in the centre. The 
 club- mosses proper have been in existence since the Devonian, 
 and the genus Lycopodtum since the Carboniferous. Selaginella 
 has never been found fossil, but its near relatives belonging to 
 the extinct orders LEPIDODENDRACE^E and SIGILLARIACE^E 
 were very abundant in the Palaeozoic era, particularly during 
 the Carboniferous, where they formed the largest part of the 
 forest vegetation, reaching in some instances a height of sev- 
 enty to one hundred feet. The former possessed characters 
 connecting modern club-mosses with Conifers, while the latter 
 seem to connect the club-mosses with the Cycads. Restora- 
 tions of Lepidodendron may be seen on the left-hand side of the 
 frontispiece, and of Sigillaria on the right. Isoetes dates back 
 to the Miocene (Tertiary) and Marsilia and Pilularia to the 
 same period. 
 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 Besides the works referred to below, many State floras will 
 give additional information respecting lucal distribution. 
 Among the more important of these are those of New Jersey 
 (Britton), Ohio (Beardslee), North Carolina (Curtiss), Wiscon- 
 sin (Lapham), Vermont (Perkins}, New Hampshire (Flint), 
 Pacific Coast (Lemmori), Illinois (Patterson), New York (Torrey), 
 Michigan (Wheeler and Smith), Indiana (Coulter and Barnes), 
 Iowa (Arthur), Minnesota (Uphani), Missouri (Tracy). 
 
 BURGESS (T. W. J.). Recent Additions to Canadian Filici- 
 neae. In Transactions Royal Society of Canada (1886). 
 
 which I have not seen in any variety of O. sensibilis now living." Principal 
 Dawson, however, writes: " The Onoclea sensibilis of the Laramie is truly 
 that species, and I have found with it in our Manitoba formations another 
 modern fern, Davallia tenuifolia." 
 
70 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 DAVENPORT (George E.). Catalogue of the " Davenport 
 Herbarium" of North American Ferns. Salem (1879). Sup- 
 plement (1883). 
 
 Some Comparative Tables showing the Distribution of 
 
 Ferns in the United States of North America. In Proceedings 
 American Philosophical Society, 1883, 605-612. 
 
 MACOUN (John) and BURGESS (T. W. J.). Canadian Filici- 
 neae. In Transactions Royal Society of Canada (1884). 
 
 REDFIELD (John H.). Geographical Distribution of the 
 Ferns of North America. In Torrey Bulletin, vi, 1-7 (1875). 
 
 Minor notes on distribution will also be found in the follow- 
 ing journals : 
 
 Botanical Gazette, I, n, 22, 27; II, 55, 62; HI, 82; IV, 128, 
 I39 i/7 232; v, 15, 39; VI, 195, 220, 248; vii, 76,96, 160; x, 
 370; XII, 63, 67. 181 ; XII, 117. 
 
 Torrey Bulletin, II, 24, 28 ; III, 2, 33 ; IV, 2, 17, 42 ; V, 38, 39 ; 
 vi, 8, 175, 177, 199, 206, 221, 234, 291, 345, 347 ; vn, 16, 80, 89, 94, 
 
 06, 118; vin, 47, 93, 105, 127, 144; IX, 55, 71, 128; x, 32,40; xi, 
 
 7, 67 ; XIV, 97, 149. 
 
 Other notes still will be found in Mr. Davenport's series of 
 " Fern Notes" and Prof. Eaton's series of " New and Rare Ferns 
 of the United States," together with much of the remaining 
 descriptive literature noted in Chapter VIII. on the Ferns and 
 their allies. The literature on fossil ferns is very extensive. A 
 valuable work on the coal flora will be found in the Reports 
 P and PP of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 METHODS OF STUDY. 
 
 The great benefit which a scientific education bestows, whether as training 
 or as knowledge, is dependent upon the extent to which the student . . . 
 learns the habit of appealing directly to Nature. HUXLEY. 
 
 149. Determination of Species. The first thing to learn 
 about a plant or animal is not its name, but its structural 
 characteristics, knowing which the name can be readily deter- 
 
METHODS OF STUDY. /I 
 
 mined. Having provided ourselves with a strong lens, two or 
 more needles mounted in wooden handles for dissecting pur- 
 poses, and a few well-fruited ferns taken with the roots, we are 
 prepared to commence our study. In investigating any plant 
 we should be systematic and accurate in our observations, and 
 no subject will develop order and accuracy of description or 
 enlarge our powers of observation as will the subject of botany 
 rigidly pursued. In order to fix the characters of the fern in 
 question, it is well to note them down in some systematic order, 
 and the preparation of blanks like the following is suggested 
 for the purpose : 
 
 Synoptical characters of 
 
 
 
 ROOT. 
 
 
 ROOTSTOCK. 
 
 
 STIPE. 
 
 
 FROND. 
 
 
 VEINS. 
 
 
 SORI. 
 
 
 SPORANGIA. 
 
 
 SPORES. 
 
 
 The characters thus commence with the lowest parts and 
 continually advance upwards to completion. 
 
 1 5O. Taking now a common fern, we will notice its charac- 
 teristics. Suppose it to be the one commonly called " Maiden- 
 hair" in the Northern States. We take the parts in order and 
 give them a searching examination : the character of the root; 
 the direction of growth, position and appearance of the root- 
 stock ; the appearance, color, and method of growth of the 
 
72 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIE*. 
 
 stipe ; the method of cutting of the frond and the character ot 
 its surface; the method of veining; the position of the fruit 
 clusters on the frond and veins, and the peculiar form of the 
 indusium, if present. The sporangia and spores are best 
 studied with a microscope, yet the shape of the sporangia and 
 the character of the ring can be determined with a strong lens. 
 151. The characters of the Maidenhair can be summed up 
 as follows : 
 
 Synoptical characters of 
 ADIANTUM PEDATUM L. 
 
 ROOT. 
 
 Many delicate fibres, somewhat matted. 
 
 ROOTSTOCK. 
 
 Scaly, somewhat creeping. 
 
 STIPE. 
 
 Separate, slender, polished, black, forked at base of 
 frond, forming two recurved rachises. 
 
 FROND. 
 
 Roundish in outline, formed of several pinnae, which 
 branch from the recurved rachises; pinnules unequal sided, 
 oblong or deltoid ; upper margins irregularly lobed ; sur- 
 faces smooth. 
 
 VEINS. 
 
 Free, several times forked. 
 
 SORI. 
 
 Borne at the end of the veins on the under side of the re- 
 flexed margins of the lobes, which form somewhat kidney- 
 shaped membranous indusia. 
 
 SPORANGIA. 
 
 Globose, with a nearly complete vertical ring. 
 
 SPORES. 
 
 Minute, of one kind. 
 
 1 52. We are now prepared to determine the specific name, 
 and for this purpose will turn to the "ARTIFICIAL SYNOPSIS OF 
 ORDERS" (p. 75), where we read the statements under A, with 
 the first of which our plant agrees ; then to B as directed, where 
 we find it agrees with the third statement ; then to C, where we 
 determine the Order to which our plant belongs. After having 
 determined the plant to be a member of the order FILICES, we 
 proceed to the "ARTIFICIAL SYNOPSIS OF GENERA" (p. 8o\ 
 Reading the two statements under A we find our plant agrees 
 with the first, bearing the sporangia at the margin of a leafy 
 frond, so we proceed to B as indicated at the right-hand mar- 
 
METHODS OF STUDY. 73 
 
 gin. There being an indusium present, we are directed to C, 
 where we find four statements. Our fern agrees with the 
 second, as the indusium is formed of a reflexed portion of the 
 frond. Passing to D we find it agreeing with the first state- 
 ment. Passing to E, the statement, " Sporangia at the ends of 
 the veins, borne on a reflexed portion of the margin of the 
 frond," answers our purpose, and the marginal reference indi- 
 cates the gSnus Adiantum. Under this genus (p. 89) we find 
 two statements designated by .,., and ** ; the latter referring to 
 the " dichotomously forked " fronds, answers our purpose, and 
 we find our fern to be number 5, Adiantum pcdatum L., the 
 scientific name of the Maidenhair, which we can now place in 
 our description. Were we in Florida or any of the Southern 
 States, instead of A.pedatum we would probably have found 
 the Venus' Hair (A. capillus-veneris}, or in California the Cali- 
 fornian Maidenhair (A. emarginatunt), either of which would 
 agree with the common Eastern species in all respects save the 
 method of branching of the frond and the shape of the pinnules. 
 In like manner we can trace any of our native species to their 
 scientific names, by carefully noting their structure and methods 
 of fruiting. 
 
 1 53. In a few ferns it will be necessary to exercise great 
 care in the examination of the indusia. In the genera Cystop- 
 teris, Dicksonia, and Woodsia, and in a few species of Dryopteris, 
 the indusia wither away after fruiting, so that one is likely to 
 classify them under the non-indusiate genera if he carelessly 
 examines them in this condition. In such cases a large number 
 of sori should be carefully examined, and the least trace of an in- 
 dusium should be noted. Five sixths of our genera, including 
 four-fifths of our species, are indusiate. 
 
 154. Fern Allies. In determining the species of the fern 
 allies the method of procedure is quite similar to that indicated 
 above for the Maidenhair, in each case referring the plant to its 
 proper order. The specimens must be in fruit, and in the case 
 of Eqiiisetum must include both sterile and fertile shoots. As 
 the species of Isoetes differ mainly in the size, character, and 
 markings of the spores, they will require a microscope with 
 micrometers for successful determination, though some can be 
 identified with a lens if the life habits are also known. 
 
74 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 1 55. Histology. We have now gained a slight knowledge 
 of the more apparent characters of the fern as viewed from 
 without, and have been formally introduced to the species in 
 hand by name. With some the study might seem to be at an 
 end, but in fact it has only fairly begun. The minute structure, 
 the development and the life-history of our fern, is yet unknown, 
 leaving the most important features yet to be ascertained. 
 Classification as it now exists is only a temporary arrangement, 
 for the true relations of our species can never be fully deter- 
 mined until their minute anatomy and life-histories have been 
 thoroughly studied and compared. The minute anatomy has 
 been carefully studied in only a few of our native ferns, and fewer 
 still have been watched through the phases of their life-history. 
 Less still is known of the species of fern allies. There is no 
 fear of exhausting the subject, and even amateur botanists with 
 the most limited facilities can do something in original inves- 
 tigation. 
 
 1 56. Guides to Study. It is impossible within the limits 
 of a manual of this character to do more than suggest guides 
 for study, yet no guide can be followed blindly to the exclusion 
 of native common-sense. For the study of anatomy the works 
 already mentioned under Chapter V. will serve for reference, 
 while the following laboratory guides, each containing an out- 
 line for the study of a single fern, will be found valuable: 
 
 ARTHUR (J. C.), BARNES (C. R.) and COULTER (J. M.). Hand- 
 book of Plant Dissection. New York (1886). (Henry Holt & 
 Co.). For Adiantum pedatuin. 
 
 BOWER (F. O.) and VINES (S. H.). A Course of Practical In- 
 struction in Botany, Part I. London (1885). (Macmillan & Co.) 
 For Aspidium fill x -mas and fern allies. 
 
 SEDGWICK (W. T.) and WILSON (E. B.). General Biology. 
 Part I. New York (1886). (Henry Holt & Co.). For Pteris 
 aquilina. 
 
 \ 57. For the study of life-histories the recent paper by Dr. 
 Campbell on Onoclea struthiopterts can well serve as a model. 
 (Cf. Literature under Chapter VI.) The study of fern structure 
 and fern development will grow in interest at every step, and 
 will result in contributions of value to the knowledge of our 
 native ferns and their allies. 
 
OUR NATIVE PTERIDOPHYTES. 
 
 PTERIDOPHYTA Cohn. 
 
 Vascular acrogens containing woody tissue in the stems. 
 Antheridia or archegonia or both formed on a prothallus which 
 is developed from the spore on germination, and upon which 
 the asexual plant is produced. Includes eight living and three 
 extinct orders, all represented in North America. 
 
 ARTIFICIAL SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS. 
 
 . j Isosporous, i.e., spores of one kind B 
 
 t Heterosporous, i.e., spores of two kinds, D 
 
 f Plant rush-like, . . . Order V. EQUISETACE^, p. 132 
 
 B -j Plant moss-like, . . Order VI. LYCOPODIACELE, p. 135 
 [Plant fern-like, C 
 
 Vernation erect or inclined ; sporangia not reticulate, 
 in spikes or panicles, opening by a transverse slit. 
 
 Order IV. OPHIOGLOSSACE^E, p. 128 
 Vernation circinate ; sporangia reticulate, provided 
 with a ring, usually borne on the back or margin of 
 a frond sometimes in spikes or panicles, 
 
 Order I. FlLICES, p. 75 
 
 f Terrestrial, moss-like plants, 
 
 j Order VII. SELAGINELLACE^E, p. 140 
 
 I Aquatic, rooting in mud -;... 
 
 [Aquatic, floating, . .Order III. SALVINIACE^E, p. 127 
 f Leaves awl-shaped, tubular, containing the sporangia 
 
 in their axils, . . . Order VIII. ISOETACE^E, p. 142 
 E \ Leaves quadrifoliate or filiform ; sporangia enclosed 
 in sporocarps borne on separate peduncles, . . . 
 
 Order II. MARSILIACE^E, p. 125 
 
 ORDER I. FlLICES Juss. 
 
 Plant body consisting of fronds usually raised on stipes ris- 
 ing from a prostrate, ascending, or erect rootstock, circinate in 
 vernation. Sporangia modified trichomes of the leaves, reticu- 
 
76 OUR NATIVE PTERIDOPHYTA. 
 
 late, one-celled, encircled by a more or less complete, jointed 
 elastic ring, collected in clusters of various forms on the under 
 surface of the frond, with or without an indusium or covering ; 
 or panicled, or spiked and naked ; or borne on receptacles of 
 various kinds. Spores of various forms, minute. Prothallium 
 above ground, green, monoecious or dioecious. Contains six 
 well-marked sub-orders, four of which are represented with us. 
 Genera, seventy,* of which we have representatives of thirty. 
 
 SUB-ORDER I.-POLYPODIACE>E Presl. 
 
 Sporangia pedicelled, surrounded more or less completely by 
 a jointed, vertical, and elastic ring, bursting transversely. Sori 
 dorsal or marginal, borne on a leafy frond, with or without 
 indusia. 
 
 TRIBE I. ACROSTICHES. Sporangia spread in a stra- 
 tum over the under surface, or rarely over both surfaces of the 
 frond. Indusia wanting. 
 
 I. Acrostichum L. Sori covering the entire surface of 
 the upper pinnae. 
 
 TRIBE II. POLYPODIES. Sori dorsal, borne at or near 
 the ends of the veinlets, without indusia. 
 
 II. Polypodium L. Possessing characters of the tribe. 
 TRIBE III. GRAMMITIDES. Sori dorsal, variously 
 
 arising from the veins, usually linear. Indusia wanting. 
 
 III. Gymnogramme Desv. Sori oblong or linear, follow- 
 ing the course of the veinlets. 
 
 IV. Notholaena R. Br. Sori on the veins or near their 
 extremities, roundish or oblong, soon confluent into a narrow 
 marginal band. 
 
 V. Tsenitis Swz. Sori linear, central, or submarginal. 
 TRIBE IV. VITTARIES. Sporangia borne in a continu- 
 ous marginal or intra- marginal furrow. 
 
 VI. Vittaria Sm. Fronds simple, linear, grass-like. 
 TRIBE V. PTERIDES. Sori marginal or intra-marginal, 
 
 provided with an indusium formed of the reflexed margin of 
 the frond, and opening inwardly. 
 
 * This number is based on Hooker's classification. Other authors, narrow- 
 ing the limits of generic characters, recognize a greater number. Smith, for 
 example, publishes 220 and Presl 230, yet the tendency among most botanists 
 is to restrict the number. 
 
FILICES. 77 
 
 * Sporangia borne on a reflex ed portion of the margin of the 
 frond. 
 
 VII. Adiantum L. Sori usually numerous and distinct. 
 Midrib of the pinnules near the lower margin or wanting. 
 
 ** Sporangia borne on a continuous vein-like receptacle which 
 connects the apices of the veins. 
 
 VIII. Pteris L. Sori continuous. Indusium delicate, 
 whitish. Midribs of pinnules central. 
 
 *** Sporangia at or near the ends of unconnected veins, borne 
 on the under surface of the frond. 
 
 IX. Cheilanthes S\vz. Sori minute, at the ends of the 
 veins. Indusium continuous or interrupted. 
 
 X. Cryptogram ma R. Br. Sporangia on the back or 
 near the ends of the veins forming oblong or roundish sori, 
 which are at length confluent and cover the back of the pin- 
 nules. Sterile and fertile fronds unlike, smooth. 
 
 XI. Pellsea Link. Sori on the upper part of the veins, 
 distinct, or mostly forming a marginal band of sporangia. 
 Sterile and fertile fronds usually similar, smooth. 
 
 TRIBE VI. CERATOPTERIDE^). Sori on two or three 
 longitudinal veins which are nearly parallel with the edge of the 
 frond. Habits aquatic. 
 
 XII. Ceratopteris Brong. The only genus ; having the 
 characters of the tribe. 
 
 TRIBE VII. BLECHNE;E. Sori dorsal, linear or oblong, 
 borne on transverse veins, parallel to the midrib. Indusium 
 fixed at its outer margin, opening at the inner. 
 * Veins free. 
 
 XIII. Lomaria Willd. Sori in a continuous band next 
 the midrib. Indusium elongate, formed of the recurved and 
 altered margin of the pinnae, or else sub-marginal. Fronds of 
 two sorts, elongate, pinnate. 
 
 XIV. Blechnum L. Sori linear, elongate, continuous 
 near the midrib. Indusium continuous. Fronds pinnate. 
 
 ** Veins more or less reticulate. 
 
 XV. Woodwardia Sm. Sori linear or oblong, forming 
 chain-like rows. Indusia separate. 
 
 TRIBE VIII. ASPLENI E/E. Sori dorsal, linear or oblong, 
 
78 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES 
 
 oblique to the midrib, or rarely sub-parallel with it. Indusium 
 fixed by one margin to the veinlet, opening at the other, some- 
 times double. 
 
 * Veins free. 
 
 XVI. Asplenium L. Sori on the upper side of a fertile 
 veinlet, rarely on both sides. 
 
 XVII. Scolopendrium Sm. Sori linear, confluent in 
 pairs, which appear like a single sorus with the double indusium 
 opening in the middle. 
 
 ** Veins reticulate. 
 
 XVIII. Camptosorus Link. Sori oblong or linear, 
 borne partly on veins parallel to the midrib, partly on veins 
 oblique to the midrib. 
 
 TRIBE IX. ASPIDIE*-E. Sori dorsal, round or roundish, 
 on the back or rarely on the apex of a vein. Indusium usually 
 membranous, rarely wanting. 
 
 * Without indusia. 
 
 XIX. Phegopteris Fee. Sori round, rather small, borne 
 on the back of the free veins. 
 
 ** With indusia. 
 Mndusia superior. 
 
 XX. Dryopteris Adans. Indusium orbicular and fixed by 
 the centre, or reniform and fixed by the sinus, opening all 
 round the margin. Sori mostly on the back of the veins. 
 
 XXI. Nephrolepis Schott. Indusium reniform, fixed at 
 the sinus or at the arcuate base, opening toward the margin of 
 the frond. Sori at the end of free veins. 
 
 ft Indusia fixed by a broad base partly under the sorus. 
 
 XXII. Cystopteris Bernh. Indusium convex, usually 
 reflexed as the sporangia ripen. Texture delicate. 
 
 ttt Indusia obscure. Fertile frond much contracted, "very un- 
 like the sterile. 
 
 XXIII. Onoclea L. Sori dorsal on the veins of the con- 
 tracted pinnae, concealed by their revolute margins. 
 
 tttt Indusia inferior* 
 
FILICES. 79 
 
 XXIV. Woodsia R. Br. Indusium roundish or stellate, 
 delicate, cleft into irregular lobes. 
 
 TRIBE X. DICKSONIEJE. Sori roundish or transversely 
 elongate, borne at the ends of the veins or on marginal cross- 
 veinlets, with an indusium attached at the base or base and 
 sides and opening toward the margin of the segment. 
 
 XXV. Dicksonia L'Her. Sori marginal, small, the indu- 
 sium cup-shaped, somewhat two-valved, the under portion con- 
 fluent with a lobule of the frond. 
 
 SUB-ORDER II.-HYMENOPHYLLACEJE Endl. 
 
 Sporangia borne on an elongate, often filiform, receptacle, 
 surrounded by a complete transverse ring, opening vertically. 
 Sori terminal or marginal from the apex of a vein. Indusium 
 inferior, usually of the same texture as the frond. Fronds deli- 
 cately membranous and pellucid. 
 
 XXVI. Trichomanes Sm. Indusia tubular, cup-shaped, 
 or funnel-shaped, sometimes two-lipped. 
 
 SUB-ORDER III.-SCHIZJEACEJE Presl. 
 
 Sporangia ovate, sessile, arranged in spikes or panicles, hav- 
 ing a complete, transverse, articulated ring at the apex, and 
 opening by a longitudinal slit. 
 
 * Stems scandent. 
 
 XXVII. Lygodium Swz. Sporangia borne in a double row 
 on narrow fertile segments, each on a separate veinlet and pro- 
 vided with a special indusium. 
 
 ** Stems not scandent. 
 
 XXVIII. Anemia S\vz. Sporangia naked, attached by 
 their bases to the narrow divisions of the panicled fertile seg- 
 ments of the frond. 
 
 XXIX. Schizaea Sm. Sporangia naked, fixed in a double 
 row to the midrib of the narrow fertile segments. Sterile 
 fronds simple or dichotomously forked. 
 
 SUB-ORDER IV.-OSMUNDACEJE R. Br. 
 
 Sporangia naked, globose, mostly pedicelled, with no ring or 
 
8O OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 mere traces of one around the apex, opening into two halves by 
 a longitudinal slit. 
 
 XXX. Osmunda L. Fertile pinnae or fronds much con- 
 tracted, bearing the large and abundant sporangia on the mar- 
 gins of the narrow segments. 
 
 ARTIFICIAL SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 
 
 Sporangia collected in sori and borne on the back or margin of a 
 
 j leafy frond B 
 
 1 Sporangia in spikes or panicles not on the leafy portion of the 
 
 [ frond U 
 
 ( Sori covered with indusia O 
 
 ( Sori naked P 
 
 {Fertile frond closely rolled together, entirely unlike the sterile, its 
 segments berry-like or necklace-like . .XXIII. ONOCLEA, p. 119 
 Sori marginal, covered with a reflexed portion of the frond . D 
 I Sori marginal or terminal, borne on an elongate receptacle, 
 
 XXVI. TRICHOMANES, p. 122 
 I Sori dorsal or marginal, provided with special indusia ... H 
 
 {Terrestrial, growing mostly in rocky places E 
 Aquatic, sterile fronds floating on the water, 
 XII. CERATOPTERIS, p. 101 
 f Sporangia at the ends of the veins, borne on a reflexed portion of the 
 
 margin of the frond VII. ADIANTUM, p. 89 
 
 E I Sporangia borne on a continuous, marginal, vein-like receptacle con- 
 necting the apices of the veins VIII. PTERIS, p. 90 
 
 Sporangia at or near the ends of unconnected veins, borne on the 
 
 I under surface of the frond J? 
 
 i Fronds conspicuously dimorphous ; stipes light-colored, 
 
 X. CRYPTOGRAMMA, p. 97 
 
 ' Fronds nearly uniform ; stipes usually dark G 
 
 f Sori on the upper part of the veins, mostly forming a continuous mar- 
 ginal band ; indusium membranous, continuous round the segment, 
 Q. XI. PELL^EA, p. 97 
 
 1 Sori minute, at the ends of the veins ; indusium interrupted, or if con- 
 tinuous, the ultimate segments usually small and bead-like ; fronds 
 <- mostly chaffy, woolly, or farinose, . . IX. CHEILANTHES, p. 91 
 ( Sori roundish ; indusia not more than twice as long as broad . I 
 
 I Sori linear or oblong ; indusia more than twice as long as broad L 
 
 ; Indusium superior, attached by the centre or sinus J 
 Indusium convex, fixed by a broad base partly under the sorus, 
 XXII. CYSTOPTERIS, p. 118 
 I Indusium inferior K 
 
FILICES. 8 1 
 
 Sori mostly on the back of the veins ; indusium orbicular or reniform, 
 opening all round the margin . . . XX. DRYOFTERIS, p. no 
 J \ Sori at the end of a free vein ; indusium reniform, opening toward 
 the margin of the frond ; fronds simply pinnate, the pinnae articu- 
 lated to the rachis XXI. NEPHROLEPIS, p. 117 
 
 Indusium roundish or stellate, delicate . . XXIV. WOODSIA, p. 119 
 Indusium cup-shaped, somewhat two-valved, 
 
 XXV. DICKSOXIA, p. 121 
 
 Sori all parallel to the midribs or rachises M 
 
 i Sori all oblique to the midribs O 
 
 Sori partly oblique and partly parallel to the midrib ; frond simple, 
 
 I tapering to a point XVIII. CAMPTOSORUS, p. 108 
 
 j Veins free N 
 
 ( Veins reticulate XV. WOODWARDIA, p. 102 
 
 Indusium near the margin ; fertile frond much contracted, 
 
 XIII. LOMARIA, p. 101 
 
 ' Indusium remote from the margin ; fronds nearly uniform, 
 
 XIV. BLECHNUM, p. 102 
 Sori on the upper side of a veinlet, rarely on both sides, 
 
 XVI. ASPLENIUM, p. 103 
 
 Sori confluent in pairs, with an apparently double indusium open- 
 ing in the middle XVII. SCOLOPENDRIUM, p. 107 
 
 f Sori spread in a stratum on the under surface of the frond, 
 
 I. ACROSTICHUM, p. 82 
 
 I Sori roundish, or not more than twice as long as broad ... Q 
 [ Sori usually linear, always more than twice as long as broad . R 
 
 {Stipes articulated to the rootstock ; fronds (in our species) entire or 
 simply pinnate II. POLYPODIUM, p. 82 
 Stipes not articulated to the rootstock; fronds (in our species) 
 bi tripinnatifid or ternate XIX. PHEGOPTERIS, p. 108 
 
 i Fronds simple & 
 
 Fronds pinnate to quadripinnate T 
 
 Fronds very narrow, grass-like ; veins indistinct, free, 
 
 S -{ VI. VlTTARIA, p. 89 
 
 Fronds broader ; veins anastomosing .... V. T^ENITIS, p. 88 
 f Sori marginal, more or less confluent in a marginal band, 
 
 IV. NOTHOL-iENA, p. 85 
 
 Sori following the veinlets, simple, forked, pinnate, or variously 
 
 anastomosing III. GYMNOGRAMME, p. 84 
 
 \ Sporangia ovate, with transverse ring at apex V 
 
 ' Sporangia globose without a ring .... XXX. OsMUXDA, p. 124 
 r ( Stems scandent, pinnas palmate . . . XXVII. LYGODIUM, p. 122 
 
 ' Stems not scandent "W 
 
 w \ Sporangia in close distichous spikes . . XXIX. SCHIZJEA, p. 123 
 < Sporangia in copiously branching panicles, XXVIII. ANEMIA, p. 123 
 6 
 
82 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 I. ACROSTICHUM L. 
 
 Sporangia spread over the whole surface of the frond or upper 
 pinnae, or occasionally over both surfaces. Venation and cut- 
 ting various (in our species simply pinnate). Name from Gr. 
 axpoS, the summit, and crrz^oS, a row. A tropical genus con- 
 taining over 170 species. 
 
 CHRYSODIUM. 
 
 1. A. aureum L. Stipes i 2 long, tufted, strong, erect, 
 glossy; fronds 2 6 long, i 2 broad, upper pinnae fertile, 
 slightly smaller than the barren ones ; texture coriaceous ; 
 areolae small, copious, without free veinlets. Florida. X* 
 
 II. POLYPODIUM L. 
 
 Sori round, naked, dorsal, in one or more rows each side of 
 midrib, or irregularly scattered. Stipes articulated to root- 
 stock. Name from Gr. itoXvS, many, and TtovS, 7ro5oS, foot, allud- 
 ing to the branching rootstock. The largest, most cosmopolitan 
 genus of ferns, containing 350 or more species. 
 
 I. EUPOLYPODIUM. Veins free ; fronds (in our species) 
 pinnate. 
 
 * Sori large. 
 
 1. P. vulgare L. Stipes 2' 4' long, firm, erect; fronds 4' 
 10' long, i' 3' broad, cut nearly or quite to the rachis into entire 
 or slightly toothed, usually blunt pinnae; veins once or twice 
 forked. Larger fronds with their pinnae sharply serrated and 
 long-pointed form the var. occidental Hook. New England 
 westward to Oregon and southward to Alabama. 
 
 2. P. falcatum Kellogg. Stipes 5' 8' long, stramineous ; 
 fronds 12' 15' long, 4' 8' broad; pinnae numerous, tapering to 
 a slender point, sharply serrate; sori nearest the midrib; veins 
 with 2 4 veinlets. (P.glycyrrhiza D. C. Eaton.) California to 
 British Columbia. 
 
 ** Sort smaller, often minute. 
 
 3. P. plumula H. B. K. Stipes i' 4' long, black, slender; 
 fronds narrowly lanceolate, 9' 18' long, i' 2' broad; pinnae nu- 
 merous, narrow, entire, blunt, lower gradually reduced ; surfaces 
 naked except the black wiry rachis; veinlets forked, obscure. 
 Florida. 
 
FILICES. 83 
 
 4. P. pectinatum L. Stipes rigid 2' 6' long; fronds el- 
 liptical-lanceolate, i c 2^ long, 2' 6' broad, cut to the rachis 
 into horizontal, entire or toothed pinnae, the lower ones much 
 reduced ; rachis naked or finely villose ; veinlets pellucid, once 
 or twice forked ; sori in long rows, of medium size. Florida. 
 
 2. GONIOPHLEBIUM Blume. Veins forming ample regular 
 areola (almost imperceptible in No. 5), each with a single distinct 
 free included veinlet, bearing a sorus at its terminus. 
 
 - * Under surface squamous. 
 
 5. P. polypodioides (L.) Hitch. Rootstock creeping, cov- 
 ered with small brown scales; stipes i' 4' long, erect, densely 
 scaly; fronds 2' 6' long, i' 1' broad, cut to the rachis into 
 entire pinnae; texture coriaceous; sori small; veins indistinct. 
 (P. incanum Swz.) Virginia to Illinois, and southward. 
 
 6. P. thysanolepis A. Br. Rootstock slender, firm, densely 
 covered with minute lanceolate scales ; stipes 3' 12' long, erect, 
 scaly ; fronds ovate, 3' 9' long, 2' 3' broad ; pinnae distant, as- 
 cending, blunt, dilated at base (except the lowest), thick, sub- 
 coriaceous, covered below with cil'iate scales with brown centre 
 and broad scarious border ; areolae and sori in a single series. 
 Huachuca Mountains, Arizona (Lemmoti], Mexico. 
 
 ** Under surface mostly smooth, 
 c, J s 
 
 7. P. Californicum Kaulf. Rootstock creeping, chaffy; 
 stipes 2' 6' long, stramineous when dry, naked ; fronds ovate 
 to oblong-lanceolate, 4' 9' long, i' 5' broad, cut nearly or quite 
 to midrib into finely-toothed pinnae; texture papyraceo-herba- 
 ceous; sori large; veinlets 4 6 to each vein. (Including/*, in- 
 termedium H. & A.) California. 
 
 8. P. Scouleri H. & G. Rootstock stout, creeping, scaly ; 
 stipes 2 4' long, erect, naked ; fronds thick, 3' 12' long, 2' 6' 
 broad, cut down to rachis into from 5 29 close, blunt pinnae; 
 texture coriaceous, fleshy when recent; sori very large ; veinlets 
 regularly anastomosing forming a single series of large areolae. 
 (P. carnosum Kellogg, P. pachyphyllum D. C. Eaton.) Cali- 
 fornia and northward. 
 
 3. PHLEBODIUM R. Br. Veins forming ample areolce, each 
 with two or more distinct, free, included veinlets bearing sori on 
 their united points. 
 
84 OU'R NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 9. P. aureum L. Rootstock stout, densely seal}'; stipes 
 i 2 long, castaneous, naked ; fronds 3 5 long, 9' 18' broad, 
 cut nearly to the rachis into broad entire or slightly undulate 
 pinnae ; areolae copious. Florida. 
 
 4. CAMPYLONEURON Presl. Primary veins distinct from 
 midrib to the edge, connected by parallel transverse veinlets ; 
 areolcE similar, containing two or more sori. 
 
 10. P. phyllitidis L. Rootstock stout, scaly; stipes short 
 or none; fronds simple, i 3 long, i' 4' broad, the poini 
 acute, lower part gradually narrowed ; texture rigid, coriaceous ; 
 areolse in rows of 6 12 from midrib to edge. Florida. 
 
 5. PHYMATODES Presl. Areolcefine, copious, irregular, the 
 free veinlets spreading in various directions ; sori various in posi- 
 tion. 
 
 11. P. Swartzii Baker. Rootstock wide creeping, slender, 
 covered with linear ferruginous scales ; stipes ' i' long, slender, 
 naked; frond simple, 2' 4' long, V |' broad, narrowed gradu- 
 ally toward both ends, the edge entire, undulate, or slightly 
 lobed ; sori uniserial on free veinlets. (P. serpens Swz.) Key 
 Largo, Florida (Curtiss). 
 
 III. GYMNOGRAMME Desv. 
 
 Sori oblong or linear, following the course of the veinlets and 
 like them, simple, forked, pinnate, or variously anastomosing, 
 without indusia. Name from Gr. yvfj.vo$, naked, and ypd/ujua, 
 line. Includes about 100 species, mostly tropical. 
 
 i. EUGYMNOGRAMME. Veins free, under surface not fari- 
 nose. 
 
 1. G. Ehrenbergiana Klotzsch. Rootstock creeping ; stipes 
 grayish, puberulent, 3' 6' long; fronds 5-angled, i' 3' each 
 way, hispid above, tomentose beneath, pinnate ; lower pinnae 
 much the largest, unequally triangular, pinnate; upper pinnae 
 lobed or crenate. (G.pedata of check-lists not of Kaulf., G. podo- 
 phylla Hook, in part, G. hispida Mett. and former edition.) 
 Texas to Arizona. 
 
 2. CEROPTERIS Link. Fronds farinose below. 
 
 2. G. triangularis Kaulf. (GOLD-FERN, GOLDEN-BACK.) 
 Stipes densely tufted, slender, blackish-brown, polished, 6' 12' 
 long; fronds 2' 5' each way, deltoid, pinnate; lower pinnae 
 
FILICES. 85 
 
 much the largest, triangular, bipinnatifid ; upper pinnae more or 
 less pinnately lobed ; lower surface coated with yellow or white 
 powder, finally more or less obscured by the fruit. Arizona, 
 California, and northward. 
 
 IV. NOTHOL^ENA R. Br. CLOAK-FERN. 
 
 Sori marginal, at first roundish or oblong, soon confluent 
 into a narrow band, without indusium, but sometimes covered 
 at first by the inflexed edge of the frond. Veins free. Name 
 from Lat. nofhus, spurious, and lana, a cloak, alluding to the 
 rudimentary indusia. Includes 37 species. 
 
 i. EuNOTHOlwENA. Fronds not farinose beneath, scaly, 
 hairy, or tomentose. 
 
 * Fronds simply pinnate. 
 
 1. N. sinuata (Swz.) Kaulf. Rootstock short, very chaffy; 
 stipes 2' 4' long, erect; fronds 6' 2 long, i' 2' broad; pinnae 
 numerous, short-stalked, roundish or ovate, entire to pinnately 
 lobed, lower surface densely scaly. Texas to Arizona. 
 
 2. N. ferruginea (Desv.) Hook. Rootstock creeping, with 
 dark rigid scales ; stipes tufted, 2' 4' long, wiry, blackish, woolly 
 at first; fronds 8 12' long, ' i' broad, narrowly lanceolate; 
 pinnae numerous, ovate, pinnatifid, hairy above, densely tomen- 
 tose beneath, the wool at first whitish, but becoming ferruginous. 
 (N. rufa Presl.) Texas to Arizona. 
 
 ** Fronds bi quadripinnate. 
 t Fronds silky-hairy above. 
 
 3. N. Parry i D. C. Eaton. Rootstock short, scaly; stipes 
 2' 4' long, dark brown, pubescent with whitish jointed hairs; 
 fronds 2' 4' long, oblong-lanceolate, tripinnate, lower pinnae 
 distinct ; segments crowded, roundish-obovate, one line broad, 
 densely covered above with entangled white hairs, beneath with 
 a heavier pale-brown tomentum. Utah, California, Arizona. 
 
 4. N. Newberryi D.C.Eaton. (COTTON-FERN.) Rootstock 
 with very narrow dark bristly scales ; stipes tufted, 3' 5' long, 
 blackish-brown, woolly when young, with pale-ferruginous to- 
 mentum ; fronds 3' 5' long, lanceolate-oblong, covered most 
 densely beneath with fine whitish hairs, tri quadripinnate; 
 ultimate segments roundish-obovate, " |-" broad. California. 
 
 tf Fronds slightly hispid above. 
 
86 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 5. N. Aschenborniana Klotzsch. Rootstock short, 
 creeping; stipes tufted, 2'- 3' long, wiry, ebeneous, densely 
 scaly ; fronds 4' 10' long, 2' 3' broad, oblong-lanceolate, tri- 
 pinnatifid ; pinnae lanceolate, cut into linear-oblong, crenate or 
 pinnatifid pinnules; upper surface pale-green, the lower densely 
 matted with linear, ciliate, bright ferruginous scales, beneath 
 which it is subfarinose ; sori black. Huachuca Mts., Arizona 
 (Lemmon), Texas (Drummond), Mexico. 
 
 2. CINCINALIS Desv. Fronds farinose, with white or yel- 
 low powder (in one species naked). 
 
 * Fronds farinose below. 
 t Fronds deltoid or pentagonal, barely bipinnate. 
 
 6. N. Candida (M. et G.) Hook. Rootstock creeping, with 
 rigid, nearly black scales; stipes tufted 3' 6' long, wiry, black 
 and shining; fronds rather shorter than stipe, deltoid-ovate, 
 pinnate; lowest pinnae with the lowest inferior pinnules elon- 
 gate and again pinnatifid, the three or four succeeding pairs lan- 
 ceolate, pinnatifid into oblong segments, the uppermost pinnae 
 like the segments of the lower ; upper surface green ; lower sur- 
 face whitish farinose ; margin slightly re volute. (N. sulphurea 
 J. Sm., N.pulveracea Kunze.) Southwestern Texas (Reverchon); 
 New Mexico ( Wrigkf). 
 
 7. N. cretacea Liebm. Rootstock short, oblique, the scales 
 rigid, lanceolate, with a narrow membranous margin ; stipes 
 2' 7' long, brownish, wiry, scaly when young; fronds i' 2' 
 long, broadly deltoid-ovate to pentagonal, tri quadripinnati- 
 fid at base, gradually simpler above ; ultimate segments oblong 
 or triangular-oblong, numerous, crowded ; upper surface more or 
 less covered with deciduous glands; lower surface copiously 
 farinose with yellow or whitish powder except on the promi- 
 nent dark-brown rachises; margins more or less recurved, not 
 covering the sporangia; spores globose, black. (N. California 
 D. C. Eaton.) San Diego County, California (Cleveland, Parish); 
 Arizona (Parry, Lemmori). 
 
 8. N. Hooker! D. C. Eaton. Rootstock short, densely 
 covered with rigid lanceolate dark-brown scales; stipes tufted, 
 4' 8' long, reddish-brown, wiry, shining ; fronds 2' 3' each 
 way, nearly pentagonal, composed of three divisions ; the mid- 
 
FILICES. 87 
 
 die one slightly stalked, pinnaiifid into a few toothed segments, 
 the second pair larger than the first ; side divisions bearing a 
 single large pinnatifid basal segment on the lower side, and 
 above it smaller ones like those of the upper side ; lower surface 
 covered with pale, yellow powder. Texas to Arizona. 
 
 ft Fronds lanceolate or linear -oblong, bipinnate or tripinnattjid. 
 
 9. N. Grayi Dav. Stipes tufted, I ' 4' long, chestnut-brown, 
 with nearly black, rigid scales below, paler deciduous scales 
 above ; fronds 2' 6' long, ' 1' wide, the upper surface spar- 
 ingly, the lower thickly, covered with white powder; pinnae 
 short-stalked, unequally triangular-ovate, deeply pinnatifid or 
 divided into one or two pairs of oblong pinnatifid, obtuse pin- 
 nules, the remaining portion obliquely pinnatifid with alternate 
 segments; sori brown. Southeastern Arizona to Texas. 
 
 10. N. Schaffneri (Fourn.) Unde. Rootstock short, stout, 
 with black pectinate scales; stipes i' 2' long, brownish-black, 
 with narrow, rigid scales; fronds lanceolate, 5' 8' long, bi 
 tripinnatifid, the pinnules numerous, narrow, with narrow dark 
 scales underneath ; sori continuous, brown or black. (A r .A\'al- 
 leyi Seaton, Aleuritopteris Schaffneri Fourn.) Western Texas 
 (Nealley). 
 
 n. N. Lemmoni D. C. Eaton. Rootstock short, scaly, with 
 narrow, rigid, dark-brown chaff; stalks reddish-brown, 4' 6' 
 long, chaffy only at base with wider scarious-margined scales; 
 fronds 6' 9' long, i' 1' wide, with numerous deltoid or ovate 
 pinnae, the lowest a little shorter than the middle ones; upper 
 surface smooth, the lower with white or yellowish powder; sori 
 in a narrow submarginal line. Arizona. 
 
 ttt Fronds deltoid-ovate, tri qtiadripinnate at base. 
 
 12. N. nivea Desv. Rootstock short, chaffy, with narrow 
 scales; stipes tufted, 4' 6' long, wiry, black and polished; 
 
88 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 fronds 3' 6' long, 1^2' broad, ovate, lanceolate, triangular- 
 ovate or deltoid, tripinnate ; primary pinnae mostly opposite, 
 the rachises nearly straight ; pinnules long-stalked ; segments 
 roundish, nearly as broad as long, terminal ones larger, entire 
 or 3-lobed ; upper surfaces green, smooth, lower densely coated 
 with pure white powder; sori brown, often descending the free 
 veins half-way to the midvein. Arizona, New Mexico. 
 
 Var. dealbata (Pursh) Dav. Segments more numerous, 
 longer than broad, terminal ones rarely lobed. (N. dealbata 
 Kunze and former editions. Cheilanthes dealbata Pursh.) Up- 
 per Missouri to New Mexico and Arizona. 
 
 13. N. Fendleri Kunze. Stipes densely tufted, dark- 
 brown, 3' 5' long ; rachis and all its branches zigzag and 
 flexuous; fronds broadly deltoid-ovate, 3' 5' each way, quad- 
 ripinnate below, gradually simpler above ; pinnae alternate ; 
 ultimate pinnules oval or elliptical, simple or 3-lobed. Colo- 
 rado, New Mexico, Arizona. 
 
 ** Fronds naked below. 
 
 14. N. tenera Gillies. Stipes tufted, brownish, smooth 
 and shining ; fronds 3' 4' long, ovate-pyramidal, bi tripinnate ; 
 pinnae mostly opposite, distant, the lower ones somewhat tri- 
 angular; ultimate pinnules ovate, often sub-cordate, obtuse, 
 smooth, and naked on both surfaces ; possibly only a form of 
 N. ntvea. Southern Utah, California. 
 
 V. TJENITIS Swz. 
 
 Sori linear, but the line sometimes interrupted, central or 
 sub-marginal. Veins reticulate. Name from Lat. tcem'a, a 
 band. Includes five species, all tropical. 
 
 I. T. lanceolata (L.)R. Br. Rootstock creeping; stipes i' 
 2' long; fronds simple, 6' 13' long, ' f broad, tapering both 
 ways, the edge entire or sometimes crisped, midrib prominent ; 
 veins immersed, the exterior free and clubbed at t icir apices ; 
 sori ante-marginal, in a continuous line near the apex. (Lingua 
 cervtna Plum., P fen's lanceolata L , Pteropsts lanceolata Desv., 
 Neurodium lanceolatum Fee.) Old Rhodes Key, Florida (Cur- 
 tiss}. 
 
FILICES. 89 
 
 VI. VITTARIA Sm. GRASS FERN. 
 
 Sori linear, continuous, in two-lipped marginal grooves or in 
 slightly intramarginal lines, with the unaltered edge of the frond 
 produced beyond and often rolled over them, but without spe- 
 cial indusia. Fronds narrow, grass-like. Veins free. Name 
 from Lat. vitta, a fillet or head-band. A tropical genus con- 
 taining 13 species. 
 
 TVENIOPSIS J. Sm. 
 
 1. V. lineata(L.) Sm. Fronds 6' i8'long, i" 5"broad, nar- 
 rowed gradually downward to a stout compressed stem, the edge 
 often reflexed ; sori in a broad intramarginal line in a slight 
 furrow, the edge of the frond at first wrapped over it. (V. an- 
 gusttfrons Michx.) Florida. 
 
 VII. ADIANTUM L. MAIDENHAIR. 
 
 Sori marginal, short, covered by a reflexed portion of ;he 
 more or less altered margin of the frond, which bears the spo- 
 rangia on its under side from the approximated tips of free, 
 forking veins. Name from Gr. a, without, and Siaivoo, to wet, 
 alluding to the smooth foliage. Includes over 80 species, 
 mostly from Tropical America. 
 
 EUADIANTUM. 
 
 * Fronds at least bipinnate, pinnules flabellate or cuneate. 
 
 t Fronds smooth. 
 
 >- ~ i. A. capillus-veneris L. (VENUS' HAIR.) Stipes nearly 
 black, polished, very slender; fronds ovate-lanceolate, delicate, 
 bipinnate, the upper half or third simply pinnate ; pinnules and 
 upper pinnae wedge-obovate or rhomboid, rather long-stalked, 
 the upper margin rounded and more or less incised, crenate, 
 or acutely dentato-serrate, except where the margin is recurved 
 to form the lunulate separated indusia. Virginia, Kentucky, 
 and Florida to Utah and California. 
 
 2. A. tenerum Swz. Stipes i high, erect, glossy; fronds 
 i 3 long, 9' 1 8' broad, deltoid, tri quadripinnate ; pinnules 
 articulated to their petioles, falling off at maturity, cuneate, the 
 upper edge rounded or somewhat angular, broadly, often rather 
 deeply lobed ; sori numerous, roundish, or transversely oblong. 
 Florida. 
 
QO OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 3. A. emarginatum Hook. Stipes rather stout, nearly 
 black, polished ; fronds ovate or deltoid-pyramidal, bi tripin- 
 nate ; pinnules and upper pinnae ample, smooth, or nearly so, 
 rounded or even reniform, upper margin rounded, slightly in- 
 cised ; sori 2 5, transversely linear-oblong, subcontinuous. (A. 
 tenerum Torr.) California and northward. 
 
 ft Fronds pilose, with whitish hairs. 
 
 4. A. tricholepis Fee. Stipes smooth, polished, deep 
 black ; fronds oval ; pinnules roundish, moderately long-stalked ; 
 sori few (3 7), of unequal size ; indusia very velvety. (A. 
 dilatatum Nutt.) Western Texas. 
 
 ** Fronds dichotomously forked, with numerous pinna spring- 
 ing from the upper side of the two branches. 
 
 5. A. pedatum L. Stipes 9' 15' long, dark chestnut- 
 brown, glabrous ; fronds nearly circular in outline ; central pin- 
 nae 6' 9' long, i' 2' broad; pinnules triangular-oblong, short- 
 stalked; sori roundish or transversely oblong. North Carolina 
 to California and northward. 
 
 Var. rangiferinum Burgess. Pinnules longer-stalked and 
 deeply cleft into narrow-toothed lobes on the upper side. Mount 
 Findlayson, British Columbia. 
 
 VIII. PTERIS L. BRAKE. 
 
 Sori marginal, linear, continuous, occupying a slender fili- 
 form receptacle which connects the tips of the free veins. In- 
 dusium membranous, formed of the reflexed margin of the 
 frond. Name from Gr. itrepiS, a fern, from Jtrepov, a wing, al- 
 luding to the prevalence of pinnate fronds. A cosmopolitan 
 genus containing 103 species. 
 
 i. EUPTERIS. Veins free, stipes tufted, indusium single. 
 * Lower pinna linear, undivided. 
 
 i. P. longifolia L. Stipes 6' 12' long, clothed more or 
 less below with pale-brown scales; fronds i 2 long, 4' 9' 
 broad, oblong-lanceolate ; pinnae sessile, 2" 5" broad, linear, 
 entire ; veins close and fine, usually once branched ; indusium 
 yellowish brcwn. Florida. 
 
FILICES. 91 
 
 ** Lower ptnnce forked or slightly pinnate below. 
 
 2. P. Cretica L. Stipes 6' 12' long, erect, stramineous 
 or pale-brown; fronds 6' 12' long, 4' 8' broad, lateral pinnae 
 usually in 2 6 opposite sessile pairs, the sterile ones considera- 
 bly the broadest and spinulose-serrate, the lower pairs often 
 cleft nearly to the base, into two or three linear pinnules ; veins 
 fine, parallel, simple or once forked ; indusium pale. Florida. 
 
 3. P. serrulata Linn. f. Stipes 6' 9' long, naked, pale 
 or brownish ; fronds 9' 18' long, 6' 9' broad, ovate, bipinna- 
 tifid, the main rachis margined with a wing which is i" 2" 
 broad at the top and grows narrower downwards ; pinnae in six 
 or more distinct opposite pairs, upper ones simple, the lower 
 ones with several long linear pinnules on each side, the edge of 
 the barren ones spinulose-serrate ; veins simple or once forked. 
 Alabama (Mo/ir), Macon, Georgia (Farnell}. 
 
 2. P/ESIA St. Hilaire. Veins free, roof stock creeping, stipes 
 sub-distant, indusium more or less double. 
 
 4. P. aquilina L. Rootstock stout, wide-creeping, subter- 
 ranean ; stipes i 2 high, erect, stramineous or brownish; 
 fronds 2 4 long, i 3 wide, ternate, the three branches each 
 bipinnate ; upper pinnules undivided, the lower more or less 
 pinnatifid. North America everywhere. 
 
 Var. caudata (L.) Hook. Pinnules sometimes linear and 
 entire, or with less crowded segments than the type and the 
 terminal lobe linear and entire. (P. caudata L.) New Jersey 
 to Florida and Texas. 
 
 Var. lanuginosa (Bory) Hook. Fronds silky-pubescent, 
 tomentose, especially on the under surface ; otherwise as in 
 the typical form. (P. lanuginosa Bory.) Utah, California and 
 northward. 
 
 IX. CHEILANTHES Swz. LlP-FERN. 
 
 Sori terminal or nearly so on the veins, at first small and 
 roundish, afterwards more or less confluent. Indusium formed 
 of the reflexed margin of the frond, roundish and distinct, or 
 more or less confluent. Veins free. Name from Gr. ^ei/lo?, a 
 lip, and avQoS, flower, alluding to the lip-like indusia. A 
 genus of 65 species of tropical and temperate zones. 
 
92 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 i. ADIANTOPSIS Fee. Indusia distinct, roundish, confined 
 to the apex of a single veinlet. 
 
 ^ i. C. Californica (Nutt.) Mett. Rootstock short, creeping, 
 
 chaffy; stipes densely tufted, dark-brown, glossy, 4' 8' long; 
 fronds 4' or less each way, broadly deltoid-ovate, smooth on 
 both surfaces, quadripinnatifid ; lower pinnae largest, triangular; 
 upper ones gradually smaller and simpler; ultimate segments 
 lanceolate, acute, incised or serrate ; indusia membranous. 
 (Aspidotis Californica Nutt., Hypolepis Californica Hook.) Ca- 
 lifornia. 
 
 2. C. Pringlei Dav. Rootstock slender, creeping, clothed 
 with linear- lanceolate scales; stipes i|' 4V long, reddish or 
 chestnut brown, scaly at base and sparingly above ; fronds i' 
 2^' long, nearly as broad, triangular or ovate-deltoid, bi tripin- 
 nately divided into 5 7 pairs of pinnae, opposite and spreading 
 in the smaller sterile fronds, alternate and erecto-patent in the 
 larger fertile fronds, naked, dark-green; pinnse f 1' long, the 
 lower unequally deltoid or ovate, bipinnate, the uppermost ob- 
 long, pinnate or deeply pinnatifid; pinnules ovate or oblong, 
 pinnately divided or cleft into obliq ic segments, which are again 
 deeply cleft into cuneate, strap-shaped divisions, those of the 
 largest segments again deeply cut into narrow, obtuse, cuneate 
 lobes, the recurved tips in fertile fronds forming distinct her- 
 baceous involucres with entire or slightly crenulate margins ; 
 sori one to each ultimate lobe on the apex of a free veinlet. 
 South-eastern Arizona (Pringle). 
 
 2. EUCHEILANTHES. Indusia more or less confluent, usu- 
 ally extending over the apices of several veinlets, but not continu- 
 ous all round the segments ; segments mostly flat, not bead-like. 
 
 * Segments of the frond smooth. 
 t Pinncsfew, not more than 5 6 pairs. 
 
 */> * 3. C. Wrightii Hook. Stipes castaneous, slightly chaffy 
 at base, i' 2' long; fronds 2' 3' long, ovate-oblong, tripinnat- 
 ifid, segments more or less incised ; indusium sub-continuous 
 or interrupted, similar to frond in texture. Western Texas to 
 Arizona. 
 
 ft Pinna; numerous. 
 
 7- 4- C. microphylla Swz. Rootstock short, creeping; 
 
F1LICES. 93 
 
 stipes dark-brown, glossy, rusty pubescent on the upper side, 
 
 4' 6' long ; fronds 4' 10' long, ovate-lanceolate, bi tripinnate ; 
 
 pinnae lanceolate, the lowest ones usually largest and more del- 
 toid ; pinnules oblong or deltoid-ovate, deeply incised or pin- 
 nate; indusium similar in texture to frond, interrupted or sub- 
 continuous. Florida, New Mexico. 
 
 5. C. Alabamensis (Buckl.) Kunze. Rootstock creeping, 
 with slender brown scales ; stipes black with scanty ferruginous 
 wool ; fronds 2' 10' long, narrowly lanceolate, bipinnate ; pinnae 
 close, ovate-lanceolate, the lowest ones not enlarged, usually 
 smaller than those above ; pinnules mostly acute, often auricu- 
 late on the upper side at the base ; indusia pale, membra- 
 nous, interrupted only by the incising of the pinnules. (Pe/l&a 
 Alabamensis Baker, P fen's Alabamensis Buckley.) Virginia, 
 Alabama, Tennessee to Texas and Arizona (Lemmori). 
 
 ** Segments of the frond glandular viscid. 
 
 6. C. viscida.Dav. Stipes 3' 5' long, wiry, blackish, chaffy 
 at the base with narrow ferruginous scales ; fronds 3' 5' long, 
 f i' broad, narrowly oblong, pinnate, with 46 distant 
 pairs of nearly sessile, deltoid, bipinnatifid pinnae; segments 
 toothed, minutely glandular and everywhere viscid; teeth of 
 segment recurved, forming indusia. California. 
 
 *** Fronds somewhat hairy and glandular, not tomentose. 
 \ Fronds deltoid-(n>ate; stipes stramineous. 
 
 7. C. leucopoda Link. Stipes 3' 10' long, stout, chaffy at 
 base; fronds 2' 7' long, deltoid-ovate, quadripinnate at base, 
 gradually simpler above, everywhere glandtilar-puberulent ; 
 lowest pair of pinnae unequally deltoid-ovate, upper ones ob- 
 long; pinnules short-stalked; ultimate pinnules divided into 
 minute rounded lobules, strongly revolute when fertile. Texas. 
 
 ft Fronds ovate-lanceolate ; stipes brownish. 
 
 8. C. lanosa (Michx.) Watt. Stipes tufted, 24' long, 
 chestnut brown; fronds 4' 9' long, i' 2' broad, tripinnatifid ; 
 pinnae somewhat distant, lanceolate-deltoid ; segments more or 
 less thickly covered with acute hairs; sori copious; indusia 
 formed of the ends of roundish or oblong lobes. (Nephrodium 
 lanosum Michx. C. vest it a Swz.) New York to Kansas and Georgia. 
 
 J*j 9. C. Cooperae D. C. Eaton. Stipes densely tufted, fragile, 
 
94 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 hairy with straightish nearly white articulated hairs, which are 
 usually tipped with a glandular and viscid enlargement; fronds 
 3' g' long, bipinnate, the pinnae rather distant, oblong-ovate ; 
 pinnules roundish-ovate, crenate and incised, the ends of the 
 'obules forming herbaceous indusia. California. 
 
 3. PHYSAPTE'RIS Presl. Ultimate segments minute, bead- 
 like ; indusium usually continuous all round the margin ; fronds 
 (in our species) bi quadripinnate, the lower surf ace scaly or tomen- 
 tose or both. 
 
 * Fronds hairy or tomentose beneath, not scaly. 
 t Upper surface naked or nearly so. 
 
 10. C. gracillima D. C. Eaton. (LACE-FERN.) Stipes 
 densely tufted, 2' 6' long, dark-brown ; fronds f 4' long, nar- 
 rowly ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate; pinnae numerous, crowded, 
 pinnately divided into about nine oblong-oval pinnules, at first 
 slightly webby above, soon smooth, heavily covered beneath 
 with pale-ferruginous matted wool ; indusia yellowish-brown, 
 formed of the continuously curved margin. (C. vestita Brack.) 
 California, Oregon, British Columbia, Idaho. 
 
 n. C. lendigera (Cav.) Swz. Rootstock creeping, covered 
 with narrow scales ; stipes rather distant, 4' 8 long, at first 
 loosely tomentose, at length nearly smooth ; fronds 4' 8' long, 
 ovate-oblong, tri quadripinnate ; ultimate pinnules small, 
 cuneate-obovate, pouch-like from the recurved margins, green 
 above, hairy below. Huachuca Mts., Arizona {Lemmori). 
 \\ Upper surface decidedly pubescent. 
 \ Stipes tomentose or smooth. 
 
 12. C. gracilis (Fee) Mett. Stipes densely tufted, slender, 
 at first clothed with woolly hairs, at length nearly smooth ; 
 fronds 2' 4' long, ovate-lanceolate, tripinnate or tripinnatifid, 
 rarely bipinnate; pinnae deltoid below, oblong-ovate above, the 
 lowest distant; ultimate pinnules minute, the terminal one 
 slightly largest, crowded ; upper surface scantily tomentose, the 
 lower densely matted with whitish-brown, woolly hairs; indu- 
 sia narrow, formed of the unchanged margin. (C.lanosa Eaton, 
 C. vestita Hook. p. p., C. lanuginosa Nntt, Myriopteris gracilis 
 Fee.) Illinois to Texas, Arizona, and British America. 
 
 13. C. tomentosa Link. Stipes tufted, 4' 6' long, rather 
 
FILICES. 95 
 
 stout, covered with pale-brown tomentum ; fronds 8' 15' long, 
 oblong-lanceolate, everywhere but especially beneath tomentose 
 with slender, brownish-white, obscurely articulated hairs, tri- 
 pinnate ; pinnae and pinnules ovate-oblong ; ultimate pinnules 
 y |" long, the terminal ones twice as large; indusium pale, 
 membranous, continuous. (C. Bradburii Hook.) Virginia to 
 Missouri, Texas, and Arizona. 
 
 \\ Stipe and rachises covered with very narrow scales. 
 Var. Eatoni Dav. Differs from the type mainly in having 
 the rachises scaly ; characters scarcely sufficient to keep it dis- 
 tinct. (C. Eatoni Baker and former editions.) Arizona. 
 
 14. C. f ibrillosa Da*', Plant 3' 6' high ; rootstock forming 
 dense, entangled clumps of short rhizomes, clothed with dark 
 linear-lanceolate scales, passing gradually into lighter-brown 
 scales, mixed with coarse fibres and tomentum at the base of 
 the stipes ; stipes 2' 3' long, chestnut-brown, terete, at first 
 tomentose with fibrous scales and wool, becoming smooth with 
 age; fronds 2' 3' long, f iV wide, tripinnate, loosely covered 
 with deciduous tomentum, that along the rachises beneath per- 
 sistent, tawny, mixed with coarse fibres. (C. lamiginosa, var. 
 fibrillosa Dav.) San Jacinto Mountains, California {Parish}. 
 
 15. C. Parishii Dav. Rootstock creeping, short, clothed 
 with deep-brown linear-lanceolate scales, with darker nearly 
 black mid-nerves ; stipes 2' 3' long, approximate, light to dark- 
 brown, clothed at base with scales similar to those on the root- 
 stock, passing gradually into broader pale brown or nearly white 
 nerveless scales, with more or less deciduous, slender, pale scales 
 and chaff above; fronds 3' 4' long, i' 1' broad, oblong- 
 lanceolate, tri quadripinnate, with both surfaces scantily 
 clothed with a coarse tomentum ; pinnae alternate, oblong-ovate, 
 obtuse, the lowermost somewhat distant; segments roundish, 
 the terminal ones largest and three-lobed ; indusia very narrow, 
 only partially enclosing the sori. San Diego Co., California 
 (Parish). 
 
 ** Fronds covered beneath with imbricated scales, not tomentose. 
 
 16. C. Fendleri Hook. Stipes 2' 5' long, chaffy with 
 minute slender scales ; fronds 3' 4' long, ovate-lanceolate, 
 tripinnate; scales of primary rachis like those of stipe, those of 
 
96 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 secondary and ultimate rachises larger, broadly-ovate, entire or 
 nearly so, usually edged with white, imbricate and overlapping 
 the (J" -" broad) sub-globose ultimate segments; these are 
 naked above, and commonly bear at their centre a single broad 
 scale; indusium formed of the much incurved margin. Texas 
 and Colorado to California. 
 
 17. C. Clevelandii D. C. Eaton. Stipes scattered, 2' 6' 
 long, dark-brown, scaly when young, but at length nearly smooth ; 
 fronds 4' 6' long, ovate-lanceolate, tripinnate, smooth above, 
 deep fulvous-brown below from the dense covering of closely 
 imbricate, ciliate scales growing on the ultimate segments as 
 well as on the rachises; segments nearly round, ^" J" broad, 
 the terminal ones larger, margin narrowly incurved. Califor- 
 nia. 
 
 *** Under surface both tomentose and scaly. 
 
 18. C. myriophylla Desv. Rootstock very short, scaly; 
 stipes tufted, 2' 6' high, castaneous, covered with pale-brown 
 scales and woolly hairs intermixed ; fronds 3' 8' long, oblong- 
 lanceolate, tri quadripinnatifid, smooth or pilose above, be- 
 neath matted-tomentose and densely clothed with pale-brown, 
 narrowly ovate-lanceolate, ciliate scales, those of the ultimate 
 segments with long, tortuous cilia; pinnae deltoid-ovate, nar- 
 rower upwards; ultimate segments minute, |" broad, crowded, 
 innumerable, the margin unchanged, much incurved. Very 
 variable. (C. elegans Desv., C. villosa Dav.) Texas to Arizona. 
 
 19. C. Lindheimeri Hook. Rootstock long, slender, chaf- 
 fy ; stipes scattered, 4' 7' high, blackish-brown, at first cov- 
 ered with scales and woolly hairs; fronds 3' 8' long, ovate- 
 lanceoUite, tri quadripinnate ; ultimate segments " long, 
 crowded ; upper surface white tomentose, lower surface very 
 chaffy, those of the midribs ciliate at base, those of the segments 
 more and more ciliate, passing into entangled tomentum. West- 
 ern Texas to Arizona. 
 
 4. ALEURITOPTERIS Fee. Indusia more or less confluent ; 
 fronds farinose below. 
 
 20. C. argentea (Gmel.) Kunze. Stipes tufted, 3' 6' long,, 
 castaneous; fronds 3' 4' long, 2' broad, deltoid, bi tripinnati- 
 fid ; lower pinnae much the largest, cut nearly to the rachis; 
 rachis polished like the stipe ; upper surface naked, lower thick- 
 
FILICES. 97 
 
 ly covered with white powder; son numerous, very small. 
 Alaska. 
 
 X. CRYPTOGRAM MA R. Br. ROCK BRAKE. 
 
 Sporangia on the back or near the ends of the free veins, 
 forming oblong or roundish sori, which are at length confluent, 
 and cover the back of the pinnules. Indusium continuous, 
 formed of the membranous, somewhat altered margin of the 
 pinnule, at first reflexed along the two sides and meeting at the 
 midrib, at length opening out flat. Name from Gr. Kpvitro*, 
 concealed, and ypdf.if.ia, line, alluding to the concealed fructifi- 
 cation. A boreal genus of two species. 
 
 i. C. acrostichoides R. Br. Stipes densely tufted, stra- 
 mineous; fronds dimorphous, sterile ones on shorter stalks, 
 tri quadripinnatifid, with toothed or incised segments; fertile 
 ones long-stalked, less compound, with narrowly elliptical or 
 oblong-linear pod-like segments. (C. crispa, forma Americana 
 Hook., Allosorus acrostichoides Spreng.) Lake Superior, Colo- 
 rado to California and northward. 
 
 XI. PELL>EA Link. CLIFF-BRAKE. 
 
 Sori intramarginal, terminal on the veins, at first dot-like or 
 decurrent on the veins, at length confluent laterally, forming a 
 marginal line. Indusium commonly broad and membranous, 
 formed of the reflexed margin of the fertile segment. Name 
 from Gr. are/l/los, dusky, alluding to the dark-colored stipes. In- 
 cludes 55 species. 
 
 i. CHEILOPLECTON Fee, Baker. Texture herbaceous or sub- 
 coriaceous, veins clearly ^>isible, indusium broad, in most of the 
 species rolled over the sorus till maturity. 
 
 1. P. Breweri D. C. Eaton. Stipes densely tufted, cov- 
 ered with narrow, crisped, fulvous chaff; fronds 2' 6' long, 
 simply pinnate, the pinnae short-stalked, 6 8 pairs, membra- 
 nous, mostly 2-parted, the upper segment larger; segments ob- 
 tuse, in the fertile frond narrower; indusium continuous, pale; 
 veins repeatedly forked. Colorado to California and southward. 
 
 2. P. Stelleri (Gm.) Beddome. Stipes scattered, 2' 3' long, 
 stramineous or pale-brown; fronds 2' 4' long, i' 2' broad, 
 ovate, bi tripinnatifid ; pinnae lanceolate-deltoid, cut to the 
 
98 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 rachis into a few broad, blunt, slightly-lobed pinnules; texture 
 thinly herbaceous, flaccid ; indusium broad, continuous, mem- 
 branous ; veins of the fertile fronds mostly only once forked. 
 {Allosorus crispus, var. Stelleri Milde, A. gracilis Presl, Pier is 
 gracilis Michx., P. Stelleri Gmelin.) Labrador to Pennsylvania, 
 Illinois, Colorado, and northward. 
 
 2. ALLOSORUS Baker. Texture coriaceous, the veins not 
 Perceptible ; indusium broad, conspicuous. 
 
 * Pinnules or segments obtuse or barely acute. 
 t Fronds pinnate or bipinnate. 
 
 3. P. atropurpurea (L.) Link. Stipes tufted, 2' 6' long, 
 dark-purple; fronds 4' 12' long, 2' 6' broad, lanceolate or 
 ovate-lanceolate, simply pinnate or bipinnate below; pinnules 
 and upper pinnse i' 2' long, J' broad or less, nearly sessile, 
 smooth; indusium formed of the slightly altered incurved edge 
 of the pinnules. {Allosorus atropurpureus Kunze, Pteris atro- 
 purpurea L., Platyloma atropurpurea J. Sm.) Arizona, New 
 Mexico, Texas to Vermont and northward. 
 
 4. P. aspera (Hook.) Baker. Stipes slender, 2' 3' long, 
 with scurfy pubescence , fronds 4' 6' long, oblong-lanceolate, 
 bipinnate ; pinnae and pinnules deltoid-lanceolate or oblong, 
 pinnules next to main rachis often lobed ; all of them rough on. 
 both surfaces with short harsh hairs. (Cheilanthes aspera Hook.) 
 Western Texas and New Mexico. 
 
 ft Fronds bi quadripinnate, ultimate segments oval or cordate. 
 
 5. P. andromedaefolia (Kaulf.) Fee. Stipes scattered, pale- 
 brown, 2' 12' long; fronds 6' 12' long, 3' 6' broad, ovate, 
 bi quadripinnate, usually tripinnate ; pinnae rather distant, 
 spreading ; ultimate pinnules 2" 5" long, oval, slightly cordate, 
 coriaceous, the margin of the fertile ones sometimes revolute to 
 the midrib; veins numerous, parallel. {Allosorus andromedce- 
 folius Kaulf., Pteris andromed&folia Kaulf.) California. 
 
 6. P. pulchella (M. et G.) Fee. Stipes tufted, 3' 8' long, 
 chaffy at base, nearly black; fronds 3' 9' long, i' 5' broad, 
 triangular-ovate, quadripinnate below, gradually simpler above ; 
 lower pinnae deltoid, narrowly triangular above; ultimate pin- 
 nules numerous, i" 3" long, oval or often cordate-ovate, 
 stalked, coriaceous, smooth, the edges often much reflexed. 
 
FILICES. 99 
 
 (Allosorus pulchellus Mart, and Gale.) Western Texas and 
 New Mexico. 
 
 ttt Fronds tri quadripinnatifid ; segments linear-oblong / 
 secondary rachises margined. 
 
 7. P. marginata (Hook.) Baker. Stipes, 3' 9' long, casta- 
 neous, shining, slightly fibrillose at the base ; fronds 4' 6' long, 
 nearly as broad, deltoid; the lower pinnae much the largest; 
 indusium broad, continuous, the margins slightly erose ; texture 
 chartaceous. (Cheilanthesmarginata Hook.) Huachuca Mts., 
 Arizona (Lemmon'). 
 
 ** Pinnules mucronulate or decidedly acute. 
 t Fronds narrowly linear in outline, usually bipinnate. 
 
 8. P. ternifolia (Cav.) Link. Stipes tufted, nearly black, 
 2' 6' long, fronds 4' 10' long, narrowly linear; pinnae usually 
 9 15 pairs, all but the uppermost trifoliate; segments com- 
 monly linear, slightly mucronate, coriaceous, sessile or the 
 middle one indistinctly stalked, the edges much inflexed in fer- 
 tile fronds ; indusium broad. (Ptert's ternifolia Cav.) Western 
 Texas. 
 
 9. P. brachyptera (Moore) Baker. Stipes 2' 8' long, pur- 
 plish-brown ; fronds 3' 8' long, narrow in outline from the as- 
 cending secondary rachises, bipinnate; pinnules crowded, 2"- 
 5 long, oblong-linear, simple or trifoliate, acute or mucronulate ; 
 margins inflexed to the midrib in fertile fronds. (P. ornithopus, 
 var. brachyptera D. C. Eaton, Platyloma be Hum et P. brachypte- 
 rum Moore.) California. 
 
 ft Fronds broader, lanceolate to ovate, bi tripinnate. 
 
 10. P. ornithopus Hook. Stipes tufted, 3' 8' long, 
 rather stout, dark-brown; fronds very rigid, 3' 12' long, 2' 3' 
 broad, broadly deltoid-lanceolate, bi tripinnate ; primary pin- 
 nae spreading or obliquely ascending, linear, bearing 416 pairs 
 of trifoliate (varying from simple to 5 7 foliate) mucronulate 
 pinnules, I-J-" 2" long ; margins inflexed to midrib in fertile 
 fronds. (Allosorus mucronatus D. C. Eaton.) California. 
 
 11. P. Wrightiana Hook. Rootstock short, thick, densely 
 chaffy; stipes crowded, purplish-brown, 4' 6' long; fronds 
 j 10' long, i' 3' broad, lanceolate to deltoid, trifoliate at apex, 
 
IOO OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 bipinnate below; pinnae short with I 2 pairs of long narrow 
 pinnules besides the terminal one; mucro short, with margin 
 broad and cartilaginous ; margins of fertile fronds inflexed to 
 the midrib. Very variable; forms with fronds decreasing to 
 simp'y pinnate at the apex, and longer but less broadly winged 
 mucro form var. longimucronata Dav. (P. longimucronata 
 Hook.); forms with pinnules densely crowded are var. compacts* 
 Dav. Colorado and Texas to California. 
 
 "i . 12. P. densa (Brack.) Hook. Rootstock slender, chaffy 
 
 with blackish scales; stipes densely tufted, wiry, very slender, 
 castaneous, 3' 9' long; fronds ovate or triangular- oblong, 
 i' 3' long, densely tripinnate; segments 3" 6" long, linear, 
 nearly sessile, sharp pointed or mucronate, in the fertile fronds 
 entire, with the margin narrowly recurved ; in the rare sterile 
 fronds sharply serrate, especially toward the apices. (Onych- 
 ium densum Brack.) Utah (Jones), and Wyoming to California, 
 Oregon, and northward ; Mt. Albert, Gaspe, Quebec (Allen). 
 
 3. PLATYLOMA J. Sm., Baker. Texture coriaceous, the veins 
 usually hidden, the ultimate segments broad and flat, the indusium 
 so narrow as to be soon hidden by the fruit. 
 
 ^13. P. Bridgesii Hook. Stipes 2' 6' long, tufted, castane- 
 ous ; fronds 4' 6' long, i' or more broad, simply pinnate ; pinnse 
 5 1 8 pairs, mainly opposite, nearly sessile, glaucous green, 
 coriaceous, rounded or cordate at the base; indusium narrow, 
 formed of the whitish margin of the pinna, soon flattened out 
 exposing the broad sorus. California. 
 
 14. P. flexuosa (Kaulf.) Link. Rootstock creeping, slender ; 
 stipes reddish, passing into a more or less flexuous or zigzag 
 rachis ; fronds 6' 30' long, ovate-oblong, bi tripinnate ; second- 
 ary and tertiary rachises usually deflected and zigzag/ rusty 
 puberulent or nearly smooth ; pinnae mostly alternate ; ultimate 
 pinnules 5" 10" long, roundish-ovate, or sub-cordate, smooth; 
 margins at first reflexed, soon flattened out. (Allosorus flexu- 
 osus Kaulf.) Western Texas to California. 
 
 o O 15. p. intermedia Mett. Rootstock long, wide creeping, 
 slender, chaffy ; stipes scattered, 4' 6' long, pinkish-stramine- 
 ous, smooth ; fronds 5' 10' long, 3' 8' wide, ovate-bipinnate ; 
 pinnae nearly opposite, remote ; pinnules 2 6 pairs, petiolate, 
 sub-coriaceous, oval or cordate-ovate ; veins obscure ; ra- 
 
FILICES. '-' : ' J r Jj ' Jj ' ' 101 
 
 chises often pubescent. Huachuck'Mbantarns, Soutfr Arizona: 
 (Lemmori, Texas (Nealley). 
 
 XII. CERATOPTERIS Brong. FLOATING-FERN. 
 
 Sori placed on two or three veins which run down the frond 
 longitudinally, nearly parallel with both the edge and midrib. 
 Sporangia scattered on the receptacles, sessile, sub-globose, 
 with a complete, partial, or obsolete ring. Indusia formed of 
 the reflexed margins of the frond, those of opposite sides meet- 
 ing at the midrib. Name from Gr. nepers, horn, and TtrepiS, a 
 fern. Contains a single tropical species. 
 
 I. C. thalictroides (L.) Brong. Stipes tufted, inflated, 
 filled with large air cells; fronds succulent in texture, the sterile 
 ones floating in quiet water, simple or slightly divided when 
 young, bi tripinnate when mature; fertile ones bi tripinnate; 
 ultimate segments pod like. Southern Florida. 
 
 XIII. LOMARIA Willd. 
 
 Sori in a continuous band next the midrib of the contracted 
 pinnae of the fertile frond, covered till mature by an elongate 
 indusium, either formed of the recurved and altered margin of 
 the pinna or sub-marginal and parallel to the margin. Veins of 
 sterile frond oblique to the midrib, simple or forked and free. 
 Fronds mostly elongate, of two kinds, the sterile foliaceous, 
 the fertile commonly much contracted. Name from Gr. A.O//O-, a 
 fringe. Principally south temperate, containing 45 species. 
 
 EULOMARIA. 
 
 i. L. spicant (L.) Desv. (DEER-FERN.) Rootstock short 
 very chaffy ; fronds tufted, erect, sterile ones nearly sessile, 
 narrowly linear-lanceolate, 8' 24' long, i' 3' wide, tapering to 
 both ends, cut to the rachis into oblong or oblong-linear closely 
 set segments, the lower ones gradually diminishing to minute 
 auricles; fertile fronds sometimes three feet high, long-stalked, 
 pinnate ; pinnae somewhat fewer and more distant, longer and 
 much narrower than in the sterile frond ; indusia distinctly in- 
 tramarginal. (Osmunda sptcant L., Blechnurn (boreale Swz.) . 
 California, Oregon, and northward. 
 
iO2 ' bra frA T'I^E FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 XIV. BLECHNUM L. 
 
 Sori linear, continuous or nearly so, parallel with the midrib 
 and usually contiguous to it. Indusium membranous, distinct 
 from the edge of the frond. Veins usually free. Name from 
 Gr. fikexvor, an old name for some kind of fern. A tropical and 
 south temperate genus, containing 19 species. 
 
 EUBLECHNUM. 
 
 i. B. serrulatum Richard. Stipes 6' 12' long, stout, 
 erect, nearly naked; fronds oblong-lanceolate, i 1 long, 
 3' 6' broad, with 12 24 pairs of distinct linear-oblong pinnae, 
 the margins finely incised ; texture coriaceous ; veins very fine 
 and close; fertile pinnae narrower. {Blechnum angustifolium 
 Willd.) Florida. 
 
 XV. WOODWARDIA Sm. CHAIN-FERN. 
 
 Sori oblong or linear, sunk in cavities in the frond, arranged 
 in a chain-like row parallel to the midribs of the pinnae and 
 pinnules and near them. Indusium sub-coriaceous, fixed by its 
 outer margin to the fruitful veinletand covering the cavity like 
 a lid. Veins more or less reticulate. Named for Thomas J. 
 Woodward, an English botanist. Contains six species, mostly 
 north temperate. 
 
 i. EUWOODWARDIA. Fronds uniform, the veins forming 
 at least one series of areola between the sort and margins. 
 
 1. W. radicans (L.) Sm. Caudex stout, erect, rising a little 
 above the ground; stipes stout, 8' 12' long; fronds 3 5 
 long, sub-coriaceous, pinnate; the pinnae 8' 15' long, 2' 4' 
 broad, oblique to the rachis, pinnatifid nearly to the midrib; 
 segments spinulose-serrate ; veinlets forming a single row of 
 oblong sorus-bearing areolae next the midvein, besides a few 
 oblique empty areolae outside the fruiting ones, thence free to 
 the margin. California, Arizona. 
 
 2. ANCHISTEA Presl. Fronds uniform* the veins free be- 
 tween the sori and the margins. 
 
 2. W. Virginica (L.) Sm. Stipes stout, 12' iS' long ; fronds 
 oblong-lanceolate, 12' 18' long, 6' 9 broad; pinnae linear- 
 lanceolate, 4' 6' long, f i' broad, cut nearly to the rachis 
 into linear-oblong lobes. ( W. Banisteriana Michx., Blechnum 
 
F1LICES. 103 
 
 CaroItnianumViiAt., B. Virginicum L., Doodia Virginica Presl.) 
 Canada and Florida westward to Michigan and Arkansas. 
 
 3. LORINSERIA Presl. Fronds dimorphous, veins every- 
 where forming areolte. 
 
 3. W. areolata (L.) Moore. Sterile frond with slender 
 stipes, 9' 12' long, 6' 8' broad, dtltoid-ovate, with numerous 
 oblong-lanceolate sinuate pinnae ; rachis broadly winged ; fertile 
 frond with an elongate, castaneous stem ; pinnae 3' 4' long, nar- 
 rowly linear. ( W. onocleoides Willd., IV. angustifolia Sm. , Acro- 
 stichum areolatum L.) Maine to Florida, Michigan, Arkansas. 
 
 XVI. ASPLENIUM L. SPLEENWORT. 
 
 Sori oblong or linear, oblique, separate ; indusium straight 
 or rarely curved, opening toward the midrib when single, some- 
 times double. Veins free in all our species. Name from Gr. a, 
 without, and ovr/l?/*' , spleen. A cosmopolitan genus contain- 
 ing nearly 350 species. 
 
 I. EUASPLENIUM. Veins free, simple or branched ; indu- 
 sium straight or slightly curved, attached to the upper side of a 
 vein. 
 
 * Fronds simple. 
 
 1. A. serratum L. Fronds growing in a crown from a 
 short, stout, erect rootstock, i 2^ long, 2' 4' broad, simple, 
 spatulate or linear-oblanceolate, the margin crenulate or irreg- 
 ularly but finely serrate, sub-coriaceous; midrib prominent, 
 keeled and often blackish purple beneath ; veins closely placed, 
 free, once forked ; sori elongate, following the veins of the 
 upper half of the frond from near the midrib half-way to 
 the margin ; indusia single, the free edge entire.' Florida. 
 
 ** Fronds pinnatifid or pinnate below, tapering to a point. 
 
 2. A. pinnatifidum Nutt. Stipes tufted, 2' 4' long ; 
 fronds 3' 6' long, i' i^' broad, lanceolate, pinnatifid, or pin- 
 nate below, tapering to a slender prolongation above; lobes 
 roundish-ovate, or the lowest pair acuminate ; sori numerous. 
 Pennsylvania to Illinois, Kentucky, and Alabama. 
 
 07 3. A. ebenoides R. R. Scott. Fronds 4' 9' long, broadly 
 lanceolate, pinnatifid, pinnate below ; apex prolonged and 
 slender; divisions lanceolate from a broad ba.se, the lower ones 
 
IO4 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 shorter; stipes black and polished, as is the lower part of the 
 midrib, especially beneath. Schuylkill River, above Manayunk, 
 Pennsylvania (Scott) ; Havana, Alabama (Miss Tutwiler) ; 
 Canaan, Connecticut (Adam} ; near Poughkeepsie, New York 
 (Lowri), Jackson County, Illinois (Patterson). 
 
 *** fronds once pinnate. 
 f Pinna: f f ' long, mostly blunt. 
 | Rachis chestnut-brown or blackish. 
 
 4. A. platyneuron (L.) Oakes. Stipes 3' 6' long, chest- 
 nut brown, nearly naked ; fronds 8' 16' long, linear-lanceolate ; 
 pinnae 2040, lanceolate, subfalcate, or the lower oblong, \' i 
 long, the dilated base auricled on the upper or both sides ; 
 sori often 10 12 on each side. (A. ebeneum Ait., Poly podium 
 platyneuron L.) Florida and Kentucky northward to Canada. 
 
 5. A. parvulum Mart. & Gale. Fronds tufted, erect, 
 rigid, 4' 10' long, narrowly linear-lanceolate ; stipe and rachis 
 black and shining; pinnae numerous, oblong, obtuse, entire or 
 crenulate, auricled on the upper side, nearly sessile ; middle 
 pinnae longest, the lower gradually shorter and deflexed ; sori 
 short, abundant. (A. ebeneum var. minus, Hook., A. resiliens 
 Kunze.) Virginia, South Carolina, and Florida to Arkansas and 
 New Mexico. 
 
 6. A. trichomanes L. Stipes densely tufted, purple- 
 brown, shining ; fronds 3' 8' long, ' or more broad, linear ; 
 pinnae 15 30 pairs, nearly opposite, roundish-oblong or oval, 
 the two sides unequal, obliquely wedge-truncate at the base, at- 
 tached by a narrow point, the edge slightly crenate, the mid- 
 vein forking and evanescent; sori 3 6 on each side of the mid- 
 rib. (A. melanocaulon Willd.) Eastern United States to the 
 Pacific coast. 
 
 Var. incisum Moore. Fronds larger, often f-' or more 
 broad, pinnae more or less deeply incised. California, Vermont. 
 
 7. A. monanthemum L. Stipes densely tufted, 3' 6' 
 long, chestnut-brown ; fronds 6' 12' long, narrow, with 2040 
 pinnae on each side ; pinnae crenate above, abruptly narrowed 
 at base, often auricled, the lower much reduced; texture sub- 
 coriaceous ; veins flabellate; sori i 2, linear-oblong, parallel 
 
 ?/. i4/^^^*^t Z<> Bt/w. 7Z, O. 
 / 
 
FILICES. 105 
 
 with lower edge of pinnae. Huachuca Mountains, Arizona 
 (Lemiiio)i). 
 
 \\ Rachis green. 
 
 3b - 8. A. viride Huds. Stipes densely tufted, 2' 4' long, 
 naked, the lower part chestnut-brown ; fronds 2' 6' long, f 
 broad, with 1220 pinnae on each side, which are ovate or 
 rhomboidal in outline, the upper edge narrowed suddenly at 
 the base, the lower obliquely truncate, the outer part deeply 
 crenate ; rachis naked ; sori copious. Vermont,. Canada, and 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 9. A. dentatum L. Stipes tufted, 2' 6' long, naked, 
 ebeneous below; fertile fronds 2' 3' long, i' broad, with 68 
 pairs of stalked, oblong-rhomboidal pinnae, the lower side trun- 
 cate with a curve, the outer edge irregularly crenate ; sterile 
 fronds smaller on shorter stipes ; rachis naked ; sori copious in 
 parallel rows. Florida, South Carolina. 
 
 ft Pinna only 2 5, linear -cuneate. 
 
 10. A. septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. Stipes dense, tufted, 
 3' 6' long, slender, naked, ebeneous toward the base; fronds 
 irregularly forking, consisting of two to five narrowly linear 
 rather rigid segments, which are entire or more frequently cleft 
 at the end into a few long narrow teeth ; sori elongate, placed 
 near the margin, usually facing each other in pairs, commonly 
 only two or three to each segment. Ben Moore, New Mexico 
 (Bigelffw) ; Middle Mountains, Colorado, Arizona. 
 
 ftt Pinna numerous, linear or linear-oblong, acute or acuminate. 
 n. A. angustifolium Michx. Stipes i or more long, 
 brownish, slightly scaly below ; fronds i^ 2 long, 4' 6' 
 broad, lanceolate-oblong, flaccid ; pinnae 2030 pairs, linear, 
 lanceolate, acuminate, entire or crenulate, those of the fertile 
 frond narrower; texture thinly herbaceous; sori linear, 20 40 
 each side of the midvein. New England to Kentucky and Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 O- 12. A. firmum Kunze. Stipes 4' 8' long, erect, grayish, 
 naked; fronds 6 12' long, 3' 4' broad ; pinnae 12 20 pairs, 
 oblong-lanceolate, the point bluntish, the margin inciso-cre- 
 nate, the upper one narrowed suddenly at the base, the lower 
 
T06 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES 
 
 one obliquely truncate ; sori short, falling short of both mid- 
 vein and margin. Florida, Arizona. 
 
 **** Fronds bi tripinnatifid. 
 \ Texture somewhat coriaceous. 
 
 13. A. ruta-muraria L. Stipes tufted, 24 long, naked ; 
 fronds ovate-deltoid, i' 2' long, bi tripinnate below, simply 
 pinnate above ; the divisions rhombic-wedge shaped, toothed or 
 incised at the apex; veins flabellate ; sori few, elongate, soon 
 confluent. Vermont to Michigan and Kentucky. 
 
 14. A. montanum Willd. Stipes tufted, 2' 3' long, 
 naked; fronds 2' 5' long, ovate-lanceolate, pinnate; pinnae 
 3 7 parted below, incised or toothed above ; veins obscure ; 
 sori short, the basal ones sometimes double. Lantern Hill, 
 Connecticut, and Ulster County, New York, to Georgia, Ken- 
 tucky, and Arkansas ; Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio (Kirby). 
 
 15. A. Glenniei Baker. Stipes densely tufted, |' i' long, 
 castaneous ; fronds 3' 4' long, bipinnate; pinnae 20 25 pairs, 
 lanceolate, the lower gradually reduced ; pinnules 5 6 pairs, 
 toothed or externally sub-entire. Huachuca Mountains, Arizona 
 (Lemmon). 
 
 16. A. fontanum (L.) Bernh. Stipes i' 3' long, slightly 
 scaly at base ; fronds 3' 6' long, V i' wide, tapering both ways 
 from above the middle; pinnae 10 15 pairs, their segments 
 deeply dentate with spinulose teeth ; sori one or two to each 
 segment. Lycoming County, Pa. (McMinn), Springfield, Ohio 
 Spence). 
 
 ft Textiire thinly herbaceous or membranous. 
 
 17. A. Bradley! D. C. Eaton. Stipes tufted, 2' 3' long, 
 ebeneous, as is also the lower half of rachis ; fronds 3' 7' long, 
 pinnatifid; pinnae 8 12 pairs, the lowest not reduced, the 
 largest pinnatifid with oblong lobes toothed at the tip; sari 
 short. Ulster County, N. Y., Lancaster, Pa., Kentucky, Ten- 
 nessee, and Arkansas. 
 
 18. A. rhizophyllum Kunzc, var. myriophyllum Mett. 
 Stipes tufted, 2' 6' long; fronds 3' 10' long, lanceolate, bi 
 tripinnate ; segments entire or 2 3-lobed, bearing a single vein 
 and sorus. Forms with fronds narrowly linear, f i' wide, and 
 
FILICES. 
 
 widely ascending, 7 8-lobed pinnae, are var. Biscaynianum 
 D. C. Eaton. Florida. 
 
 19. A. cicutarium Swz. Stipes tufted, 4' 8' long, green- 
 ish, naked; fronds 6' 15' long, 4' 6' broad, with 1015 hori- 
 zontal pinnae on each side, the lower ones 2' 3' long, i' broad, 
 cut down to the rachis into linear or oblong segments, which 
 are once or twice cleft at the apex; rachis compressed and 
 often winged ; sori principally in two rows. Florida. 
 
 2. ATHYRIUM Roth. Veins free ; sort more or less curved, 
 sometimes horseshoe-shaped, often crossing to the outer or lower 
 side of the fruiting veinlet. ^ ^^La<rC*U* 
 
 20. A. thelypteroides Michx. Stipes long, erect, stra- 
 mineous; fronds i 2 long, 6' 12' broad, bipinnatifid ; pinnae 
 linear-lanceolate ; segments crowded, oblong, minutely toothed ; 
 sor i 5 6 pairs to each segment, slightly curved, the lower ones 
 often double. New England to Kentucky and Illinois. 
 
 21. A. filix-fcemina (L.) Bernh. (LADY-FERN.) Stipes 
 tufted, 6' 12' long, stramineous or brownish; fronds delicate, 
 i^ 3 long, broadly oblong-ovate, bipinnate ; pinnae 4' 8' long, 
 lanceolate; pinnules oblong-lanceolate, pointed, more or less 
 pinnately incised or serrate, distinct or confluent on the second- 
 ary rachises by a very narrow and inconspicuous margin ; sori 
 short; indusium straight or variously curved. Small starved 
 specimens growing in mountainous places form the var. exile 
 D. C. Eaton, often fruiting when 3' 6' high. Narrow forms 
 with the pinnae obliquely ascending are var. Michauxii Mett. 
 (var. angustum D. C. Eaton), and other forms equally unim- 
 portant, form the remaining sixty-three varieties that have been 
 described of this species. (^Aspidium filix-fcemina Swz., Nephro- 
 dium asplenoides Michx.) Eastern United States to Utah, Ne- 
 vada, California, and Arizona. 
 
 XVII. SCOLOPENDRIUM Sm. HART'S-TONGUE. 
 
 Sori linear, elongate, almost at right angles to the midvein, 
 contiguous by twos, one on the upper side of one veinlet, and 
 the next on the lower side of the next superior veinlet, thus 
 appearing to have a double indusium opening along the middle. 
 Name from Gr. CTK >A<>7rei'8pa, a centipede, alluding to the posi- 
 tion of the sori. Includes five species. 
 
IO8 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 i. S. scolopendrium (L.) Karst. Stipes 2' 6' long, fibril- 
 lose below ; fronds oblong-lanceolate from an auricled heart- 
 shaped base, entire or undulate, fi 8' long, i' 2' wide, bright 
 green. (S. mdgare Smith, Asplenium scolopendrium L.) Chit- 
 tenango Falls and Jamesville, New York; Woodstock, New 
 Brunswick (Suttori), Owen Sound, Canada (Mrs. Roy) .Tennessee. 
 
 XVIII. CAMPTOSORUS Link. WALKING LEAF. 
 
 Sori oblong or linear, irregularly scattered on either side of 
 the reticulate veins of the simple frond, those next the midrib 
 single, the outer ones inclined to approximate in pairs, or to 
 become confluent at their ends, thus forming cropked lines. 
 Name from Gr. KajAitroS, curved, and CTOJ/JO?, a heap. Includes 
 only two species. 
 
 i. C. rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Fronds evergreen, tufted, 
 spreading or procumbent, 4' 9' long, lanceolate from an auricled, 
 heart-shaped or often hastate base, tapering above into a slender 
 prolongation which often roots at the apex. Var. intermedius 
 Arthur is an interesting form, differing mainly fsom the typical 
 forms in having the base acute, without proper auricles and 
 with a single fibro- vascular bundle in the stipe. (Antigramma 
 rhizophylla J. Sm., Scolopendrium rhizophyllum Hook., Asple- 
 nium rhizophyllum L.) New England to Wisconsin and south- 
 ward ; the variety in Iowa. 
 
 XIX. PHEGOPTERIS Fee. BEECH-FERN. 
 Sori small, round, naked, borne on the back of the veins 
 below the apex. Stipe continuous with the rootstock. Veins 
 free or reticulate. Name from Gr. 4>riyo$, a beech-tree, and 
 icrepis, a fern. Includes 95 species. 
 
 i. EUPHEGOPTERIS. Veins free. 
 
 * Fronds triangular, bipinnatifid; pinna sessile, adnate to a 
 winged rachis. 
 
 I. P. phegopteris (L.) Unde. Stipes 6' 9' long; fronds 
 longer than broad, 4' 9' long, 4' 6' broad, hairy on the veins 
 especially beneath ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, the lowest pair de- 
 flexed and standing forward ; segments oblong, obtuse, entire, 
 the basal ones decurrent and adnate to the main rachis ; sori near 
 margin. (P. polypodioides Fee, Polypodium phegopteris L., P. 
 connectile Michx.) New England to Virginia and westward. 
 
FILICES. 
 
 2. P. hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fee. Stipes stramineous, 
 naked; fronds as broad as long or nearly so, 7' 12' long, 
 slightly pubescent, and often finely glandular beneath ; upper 
 pinnae oblong, obtuse, toothed or entire, the very large, lowest 
 pinnae elongate and pinnately lobed ; sori near the margin or 
 some between the sinus and the midrib. (Polypodium hexagon- 
 optcrum Michx.) Canada to Illinois, Kentucky, and Florida. 
 
 ** Fronds oblong-lanceolate, tripinnatifid ; rachis wingless* 
 
 3. P. alpestris (Hoppe) Mett. Rootstock short, erect or 
 oblique ; stipes 4' 10' long, with a few brown spreading scales 
 near the base ; fronds i 2 long, pinnae deltoid-lanceolate, the 
 lower ones distant and decreasing moderately ; pinnules oblong- 
 lanceolate, incised and toothed ; sori small, rounded, sub- 
 marginal. {Polypodium alpestre Hoppe, Aspidiicm atyestre 
 Swz.) California and northward ; Idaho (Sandberg}. 
 
 *** Pronds ternate, the three divisions petioled ; rachis wingless. 
 
 //A^. 4. P. dryopteris (L.) Fee. (OAK-FERN.) Rootstock slender, 
 creeping; fronds broadly triangular, 4' 8' wide; the three 
 primary divisions i 2-pinnate ; segments oblong, obtuse, entire 
 or toothed ; sori near the margin. {Polypodium dryopteris L., 
 Nephrodium dryopteris Michx.) Northeastern United States to 
 Virginia, and westward to Oregon and Alaska. 
 
 //J"% Var. Robertiantaaa (Hoffm.) Dav. Stipes 6' 10' long, 
 stramineous, glandular; fronds 6' 8' long, 5' 7' wide, deltoid- 
 ovate in outline, bipinnate, lowest pair of pinnae far the largest, 
 pinnatifid or again pinnate ; upper pinnae smaller, pinnatifid, 
 lobed, or entire ; sori copious, forming submarginal rows around 
 the segments. (P. calcarea Fee.) Minnesota (Cathcart\ Deco- 
 rah, Iowa (Hohvay), Northeast Territory (Macoun\ Idaho. 
 
 2. GONIOPTERIS Presl. Veins pinnate, the lower veinlets 
 of contiguous groups uniting. 
 
 5. P. tetragona (Swz.) Fee. Rootstock creeping ; stipes 
 6' 18' long, naked or slightly villose ; fronds i 2 long, 
 6' 12' broad ; pinnae numerous, spreading 3' 6' long, the lowest 
 narrowed at the base and sometimes stalked, deeply pinnatifid ; 
 texture thinly herbaceous; rachis and under surface finely 
 pubescent ; sori in rows near the midrib. Marion County, 
 Florida (Reynolds). ^ 
 
HO OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 6. P. reptans $Swz.) Eaton. Rootstock short, creeping; 
 stipes 3' 10' long, clustered, gray-stamineous, slender, naked ; 
 fronds 4' 12' long, membranous, softly hairy with branched or 
 stellate hairs, oblong-lanceolate, pinnate with nearly or quite 
 sessile, oblong, crenately pinnatifid pinnae, the apex pinnatifid, 
 often elongate and rooting; veins pinnate, simple, the basal 
 veinlets often anastomosing; sori on the middle of the veinlets, 
 rather small, sometimes with a minute rudimentary indusium. 
 (Polypodium reptans Swz., Aspidium reptans Mett.) On cal- 
 careous rocks, on left bank of Withlacoochee River, 15 miles 
 N.E. from Brooksville, Florida (J. Donnell Smith). 
 
 XX. DRYOPTERIS Adans. SHIELD-FERN. 
 
 Sori round, borne on the back or rarely at the apex of the 
 veins. Indusium flat or flattish, orbicular and peltate at the 
 centre, or cordato-reniform and fixed either centrally or at the 
 sinus. Stipe continuous with the rootstock. Name from 
 Gr. Spv<s, oak, and TtrepiS, a fern. {Aspidium Swz. and former 
 editions.) A cosmopolitan genus containing 350 species. 
 
 I. ASPIDIUM. Veins anastomosing copiously. 
 
 1. D. trifoliata (L.) Ktze. Stipes tufted, i or more long, 
 brownish, scaly at base; fronds 12' 18' long, 6' 12' broad, 
 with a large ovate-acuminate terminal pinna narrowed or forked 
 at the base, and one or two lateral ones on each side, the lowest 
 mostly forked ; primary veins distinct to the margin ; arenlae 
 fine, copious, with free included veinlets ; sori in rows near the 
 main veins ; indusia orbicular, peltate. Florida, Western 
 Texas. 
 
 2. CYRTOMIUM Presl. Indusium peltate ; fronds simply 
 pinnate with broad pinna ; veinlets usually tiniting slightly near 
 the margin. 
 
 2. D. juglandifolia (HBK)Ktze. Stipes tufted, clothed be- 
 low with large scales ; fronds 6' 2 long, coriaceous ; pinnae 
 2 12 pairs, short-stalked, ovate-oblong or broadly lanceolate, the 
 terminal one distinct, and in small fronds the largest, appressed- 
 serrulate, smooth on both surfaces ; veins pinnate, the veinlets 
 few, free or uniting near the margin ; sori scattered in several 
 irregular rows. Western Texas, Arizona. 
 
 3 3. POLYSTICHUM Roth. Jndusiuw rhr'<:ular and entire, 
 
FILICES. 1 1 1 
 
 peltate, fixed by the depressed centre ; pinnce and pinmiles usually 
 auricled on the upper side at base, mucronately serrate ; veins free. 
 
 * Fronds simply pinnate. 
 t Fronds long-stalked, lanceolate. 
 
 3. D. acrostichoides (Michx.) Ktze. (CHRISTMAS-FERN.) 
 Stipes 6' 8' long, clothed below with pale-brown lanceolate 
 scales ; fronds i 2 high, 3' 5' broad ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, 
 somewhat falcate, half-halberd-shaped at the base, serrulate 
 with appressed bristly teeth ; the fertile ones contracted and 
 smaller, bearing contiguous sori near the middle, soon covering 
 the entire surface. A form with cut-lobed, often strongly fal- 
 cate pinnae, set obliquely to the rachis, and with the tips of 
 nearly all bearing sori, is the -var. tncisum Gray. (Nephr odium 
 acrostichoides Michx.) New England to Florida, Mississippi, 
 and northward. 
 
 4. D. munita (Kaulf.) Ktze. Stipes 4' 12' long, chaffy, the 
 rachis with brown scales; fronds growing in a crown, i 4 
 long, tapering slightly toward the base; pinnae numerous, 
 linear-acuminate, 3' 4' long, very sharply and often doubly 
 serrate, with appressed needle like points; sori numerous, 
 forming a single row each side of the midrib half-way to the 
 margin. California and northward. 
 
 ft Fronds scarcely stalked, linear-lanceolate. 
 
 5. D. lonchitis (L.) Ktze. (HOLLY-FERN.) Fronds 9' 20' 
 long, rigid ; pinnae i' or more long, broadly lanceolate-falcate or 
 the lowest triangular, strongly auricled on the upper side, the 
 lower obliquely truncate, densely spinulose-toothed ; sori con- 
 tiguous and near the margin. Canada and Wisconsin to Utah 
 (Jones), Castle Lake, Siskiyou County, California (Pringle], Mt. 
 Peddo, Washington (Suksdorf), and northward. 
 
 ** Fronds bipinnate or nearly so. 
 
 6. D. mohrioides (Bory) Ktze. Stipes 2' 6' long, more 
 or less densely clothed with lanceolate dark-brown scales ; fronds 
 6' 12' long, 2' 3' broad, with numerous dense, often imbri- 
 cated, lanceolate pinnae, which are cut below into slightly 
 toothed oblong rhomboidal pinnules; teeth blunt or mucro- 
 nate ; texture coriaceous; both surfaces naked; rachis stout 
 
112 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 compressed, scaly ; veins close, immersed ; sori copious. Cali- 
 fornia to Washington. 
 
 7. D. aculeata (L.) Ktze. Rootstock stout ; stipes vari- 
 able in length, very chaffy with large and small scales inter- 
 mixed as in the rachis; fronds i 2 long, growing in a crown, 
 oblong-lanceolate, pinnate ; pinnae closely placed, lanceolate 
 from a broad base, mostly curved upwards, incisely pinnatifid or 
 again pinnate ; segments or pinnules of variable shape, oval- 
 rhomboidal, or unequally triangular-ovate and auriculate on the 
 upper side of the slightly stalked base, the teeth aculeate in 
 various degrees ; under surface more or less chaffy-fibrillose ; 
 sori in two rows, on the segments nearer the mid vein than the 
 edge. California, Mt. Peddo, Washington (Suksdorf}. 
 
 Var. Californica (Eat.) Unde. Fronds elongate, narrow, 
 tapering slightly at the base; pinnae but slightly incised above 
 the middle, more and more deeply cleft toward the rachis, the 
 lower superior segment largest, but scarcely distinct as a pin- 
 nule, and not at all auricled. (A. Californicum D. C. Eaton.) 
 California. 
 
 Var. angularis (Willd.) Unde. Fronds lanceolate, scarcely 
 or not at all narrowed at the base, fully bipinnate ; pinnules dis- 
 tinctly short-stalked, mostly auricled and slightly incised ; the 
 basal one largest and again pinnatifid; under surface chaffy- 
 fibrillose. (A. angulare Willd.) California. 
 
 Var. Braunii (Spenner) Unde. Fronds lanceolate; pinnae 
 numerous, oblong-lanceolate, the lower gradually reduced in 
 size and obtuse; pinnules ovate or oblong, truncate and almost 
 rectangular at the base, sharply toothed, beset with long soft 
 hairs as well as chaffy ones. {A. Braunii Spenner.) Maine to 
 New York and northward. 
 
 4. NEPHRODIUM Rich. Indusmm cordato-reniform or 
 orbicular 'with a narrow sinus ; veins free. 
 
 * Texture thin-membranous, veins simple or once forked, 
 fronds bipinnatifid. 
 
 * Fronds thin-membranous ; veins simple or once forked. 
 
 \ Lowest pinnce gradiially reduced to mere lobes. 
 \ Fronds in a crown from a stout, creeping rootstock. 
 
 8. D. montana (Vogl.) Ktze. Rootstock oblique, scaly 
 stipes short, scaly below; fronds i^ 2 long, broadly lanceo- 
 late, tapering below, glandular; pinnae 2' 3' long, deeply pin- 
 
FILICES. 113 
 
 natifid, the lower slightly more distant ; sori medium size, 
 nearly marginal ; indusia more or less toothed at the margin. 
 (Polypodium montanum Vogl., P. oreopteris Ehrh.) British 
 Columbia (Macoun), Unalaska (Turner). 
 
 9. D. NevadensfK (Eat.) Unde. Rootstock creeping, 
 densely covered with the persistent bases of former stalks; 
 stipes short, scaly below ; fronds i 3 long, lanceolate, with 
 pinnae linear-lanceolate from a broad base, and crow Jed seg- 
 ments slightly hairy on the veins and with minute resinous 
 particles ; sori small, nearer the margin than the vein ; indusium 
 minute, furnished with a few dark-colored marginal glands and 
 with jointed hairs on the upper surface. California. 
 
 \ \ Rootstocks stout, erect, forming a short caudex ; fronds in a 
 crown. 
 
 10. D. contermina (Desv.) Ktze., var. strigosa (Fee) 
 Unde. Rootstock often extending a foot above the ground; 
 stipes very stout, narrowly wing-margined near the base ; fronds 
 i 4 long, lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, much narrowed at 
 the base ; pinnae sessile, narrowly lanceolate from a broader 
 base, deeply pinnatifid, the under surface dotted with resinous 
 globules; veins simple; sori near the margin with minute 
 glandular somewhat pilose indusia. Fort Meade, Florida. 
 
 \\\ Rootstocks slender, creeping ; fronds scattered. 
 
 11. D. Noveboracense (L.) Gray. Rootstocks wide creep- 
 ing; fronds i 2 long, 4' 6' broad, tapering both ways from 
 the middle ; pinnae lanceolate, sessile, ciliate, and finely pubes- 
 cent beneath ; veins simple or those of the basal lobes forked ; 
 sori near the margin ; indusium minute, gland-bearing. {Poly- 
 podium Noveboracense L., Aspidium thelypteroides Swz.) North 
 Carolina to Arkansas and northward. 
 
 ft Lower pinna little smaller than those above. 
 \ Veins forked. 
 
 12. D. thslypteris (L.) Gray. Rootstock creeping; fronds 
 lanceolate, scarcely narrower at the base, i 2 long, 4' 6' 
 wide, membranous ; pinnae lanceolate, with obtuse segments 
 which often appear acute from the strongly revolute margin ; 
 veins regularly once or twice forked; sori crowded, 10 12 to 
 
114 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 each segment ; indusium slightly glandular or glabrous. (Poly- 
 podium thelypteris L.) New Brunswick to Manitoba south to 
 Texas and Florida. 
 
 \\ Veins simple. 
 
 i2a. D. simulata Dav. Rootstock slender, brownish ; fronds 
 S'_ 20' long, 2' 7' wide, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to an 
 acuminate apex; pinnae 12 20 pairs, lanceolate, the segments 
 obtuse, entire, slightly revolute in the fertile frond, finely 
 pubescent, especially near the midribs; sori rather large, some- 
 what distant, 4 10 to each segment; indusia finely glandular 
 at the margins. New Hampshire, Massachusetts. 
 
 13. D. patens (Swz.) Ktze. Rootstock stout, bearing sev- 
 eral fronds at the growing end ; fronds 2 3 long, 4' 10' 
 broad, ovate-oblong, softly pubescent beneath; pinnae closely 
 placed, linear-acuminate, lowest pair somewhat deflexed, all cut 
 three fourths of the way to the midrib; segments numerous, 
 acutish, basal ones longest ; veinlets evident, lowest ones of ad- 
 joining segments often uniting; sori near the margin; indusia 
 very pubescent. (A. molle Kunze.) Florida to California. 
 
 ** Texture firmer or sub-coriaceous, veins forking freely . 
 t Fronds pinnate ; pinna cut into spreading triangular lobes ; 
 sori confluent. 
 
 14. D. unita (L.) Ktze., var. glabra (Mett.) Unde. Stipes 
 i long, brownish, naked ; fronds i or more long, 5' 8' broad ; 
 pinnae narrow, cut from one third to half-way down into sharp, 
 pointed lobes; lower pinnae not reduced; veins pinnate in the 
 broad lobes with 6 8 veinlets on each side, the lower ones of 
 contiguous groups united ; sori near the ends of the veins prin- 
 cipally in the lobes. Florida. 
 
 ft Fronds bipinnatifid or bipinnate ; indusia rather large ; 
 segments not spinulose. 
 
 \ Fronds small, narrowly lanceolate. 
 
 15. D. fragrans (L.) Schott. Fronds 4' 12' high, glandu- 
 lar-aromatic ; pinnae linear-oblong, pinnately parted; segments 
 toothed or nearly entire, nearly covered beneath with the very 
 large thin imbricate indusia, which are orbicular with a narrow 
 sinus, the margin ragged and sparingly glariduliferous, (Ne- 
 
FILICES. 1 1 5 
 
 phrodium fragrans Rich.) New England, New York to Wis- 
 consin, and northward. 
 
 \\ Fronds larger, mostly 2 4 high. 
 
 A. Fronds bipinnatifid or nearly twice pinnate ; indusia 
 large, thinnish and flat, 
 
 16. D. Floridana (Hook.) Ktze. Stipes 6' 10' long, spar- 
 ingly clothed with ovate scales; fronds lanceolate, 18 20' 
 long, 5' 8' broad; fertile pinnae confined to the upper half of 
 the frond, narrowly lanceolate, cut down to the narrowly 
 winged secondary rachises into oblong, distinct pinnules; the 
 sterile pinnae broader, shorter, and sub-deltoid below, less 
 deeply cut. (Aspidhim Floridanum D. C. Eaton, Nephro- 
 dium Floridanum Hook.) Florida. 
 
 17. D. cristata (L.) Gray. Fronds linear or lanceolate in 
 outline, i 2 long; pinnae short, 2' 3' long, triangular-ob- 
 long or the lowest nearly triangular, deeply pinnatifid ; seg- 
 ments 6 10 pairs, finely serrate or cut-toothed ; sori as near 
 the midvein as the margin; indusia smooth, naked. (A. Lan- 
 castriense Spreng., Nephrodium cristatum Michx., Lastrea cris- 
 tata Presl.) Canada to Arkansas. 
 
 Var. Clintoniana(Eat.)Unde. Fronds much larger, 2^ 4 
 long ; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, broadest at base, 4' 6' long, 
 i' 2' broad, deeply pinnatifid; segments 8 16 pairs, crowded 
 or distant, linear-oblong, obscurely serrate; veins pinnately 
 forking, bearing the sori near the midvein. New England, 
 New York, and westward. 
 
 / H-O^ 18. D. Goldieana (Hook.) Gray. Fronds broad, 2 4 
 long; pinnae 6' 9' long, broadest in the middle, pinnately 
 parted ; the segments about 20 pairs, oblong-linear, sub-falcate, 
 serrate with appressed teeth ; veins bearing the sori very near 
 the midvein ; indusia very large, orbicular with a narrow sinus. 
 {Nephrodium Goldieanum Hook., Lastrea Goldieana J. Sm.) 
 Canada to Kentucky. 
 
 B. Fronds mostly bipinnate ; indusia convex, without mar- 
 ginal glands. 
 
 19. D. filix-mas (L.) Schott. (MALE-FERN.) Rootstock 
 stout; fronds in a crown, i 3 high, broadly oblong lanceo- 
 late, slightly narrowed toward the base, bipinnatifid or bipin- 
 
Il6 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 nate ; pinnules oblong, smooth, polished beneath, the larger 
 ones pinnately incised ; sori large, near the midvein, commonly 
 on the lower half or two thirds of the segment; indusia firm, 
 smooth; rachis more or less chaffy. (Nephrodium filix-mas 
 Rich., Lastrea filix-mas Presl.) Canada to Colorado, Arizona, 
 California, and Oregon. 
 
 /^/X. 20. D. marginalis (L.) Gray. Fronds nearly coriaceous 
 
 in texture, 6' 2 long, ovate-oblong ; pinnae lanceolate, broadest 
 just above the base; pinnules oblong or oblong-falcate, entire 
 or crenately toothed ; sori close to the margin. (Polypodium 
 marginale L., Nephrodium marginale Michx., Lastrea margi- 
 nalis J. Sm.) Northern United States and Canada. 
 ttt Fronds bipinnate or tripinnatifid ; segments spinulose toothed. 
 
 21. D. rigida (Hoffm.) Unde., var. arguta (Kaulf.) Unde. 
 Rootstock short, stout ; fronds in a crown on chaffy stalks, half- 
 evergreen, smooth above, paler and more or less glandular be- 
 neath, i 3 high, ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, 
 bipinnate; pinnae broadly oblong-lanceolate, the lowest ones 
 broadest, scarcely shorter than the middle ones ; pinnules ob- 
 long, incised or doubly serrate with spinulose teeth; indusia 
 firm, convex, the edge bearing short-stalked glands. (A. argu- 
 
 f turn Kaulf.) California, Oregon, British Columbia. 
 
 22. D. spinulosa (L.) Ktze. Stipes with a few, pale, de- 
 ciduous scales; fronds ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate, the pinnae 
 oblique to the rachis, elongate-triangular, the lower pairs 
 broadly triangular; pinnules oblique to the midrib, connected 
 by a very narrow wing, oblong, incised, or pinnatifid with lobes 
 spinulose toothed ; indusia smooth without marginal glands. 
 (Nephrodium spinulosum Desv., Lastrea spinulosa Presl.) 
 Canada and Northern United States. 
 
 ///vT~- Var. intermedia (Willd.) Unde. Scales of the stipes brown 
 with a darker centre; fronds oblong-ovate, bi tripinnate ; 
 pinnae spreading, oblong-lanceolate, the lowest unequally tri- 
 angular-ovate ; pinnules crowded, pinnately divided ; margin 
 of indusium denticulate and beset with stalked glands. (A. in- 
 termediuni Willd., A. Americanum Dav.) Canada to Tennes- 
 see. 
 
 /+($ - Var. dilatata (Hoffm.) Unde. Scales of stipes large, 
 
FILICES. II/ 
 
 brown with a darker centre ; fronds broadly ovate or triangular- 
 ovate, oftenest tripinnate ; pinnules lance-oblong, the lowest 
 often much elongated ; indusia smooth and naked. (A. dila- 
 tatum Swz., A. campylopterum Kunze., Nephrodium dilatatum 
 Desv., Lastrea dilatata J. Sm.) A dwarf form is var. dume- 
 torum. Canada and New England to Oregon. 
 
 2 3- D - Boottii (Tuck.) Unde. Scales of stipes pale brown ; 
 fronds elongate oblong or elongate lanceolate in outline; pin- 
 nules broadly oblong, very obtuse, the lower pinnatifid, the 
 upper and smaller merely serrate ; indusia minutely glandular. 
 (A. spinulosum, var. Boottii Gray.) New England, New York, 
 and northward. 
 
 - 24. D. patula CSwz.) Unde. Stipes 8' 12' long, stra- 
 mineous, scaly at base; fronds pale green, i 2 long, 6' 12' 
 broad, ovate-lanceolate; pinnae lanceolate or the lower sub- 
 deltoid ; rachis and both surfaces naked ; sori in rows midway 
 between edge and midrib; indusium conspicuous, naked. (Ne- 
 phrodium patulum Baker, N. Mexicanum Hook. Distributed 
 by Lemmon as A. Karwinskyanum.} Huachuca Mountains, 
 Arizona (Lemmon). 
 
 XXI. NEPHROLEPIS Schott. 
 
 Sori round, arising from the apex of the upper branch of a 
 vein, usually near the margin. Indusia reniform or roundish. 
 Veins all free, the fronds simply pinnate, the pinnae articulated 
 at the base, and bearing white cretaceous dots on the upper 
 surface. Name from Gr. ye0p&?s, a kidney, and AeTfz's, a scale. 
 A tropical and sub-tropical genus containing seven species. 
 
 1. N. exaltata (L.) Schott. Stipes 4' 6' long, naked or 
 slightly scaly; fronds i 6 long, 3'- -6' broad; pinnae close, 
 lanceolate, the edge entire or slightly crenate, the upper side 
 auricled at the base, the lower rounded ; rachis nearly naked ; 
 sori sub-marginal; indusia firm, distinctly reniform. Florida; 
 frequent in cultivation. 
 
 2. N. acuta (Swz.) Presl. Stipes 4' 8' long, naked or 
 slightly scaly; fronds 2 4 long, 8' 12' broad; pinnae 4' 8' 
 long, ^' i' broad, acute, entire or slightly crenate, the upper 
 side auricled, the lower rounded at base; rachis and both sides 
 nearly naked ; sori submarginal ; indusia suborbicular, subpel- 
 
Il8 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES 
 
 tate. South bank of Miami River, Florida. March, 1887 
 (H olden). 
 
 XXII. CYSTOPTERIS Bernh. BLADDER-FERN. 
 
 Sori roundish, borne on the back of the veins. Indusium 
 delicate, hood-like, or arched, attached by a broad base on the 
 inner side partly under the sorus, early opening, free at the other 
 side, and thrown back or withering away. Veins free. Name 
 from Gr. taverns, a bladder, and jcrepis, a fern, alluding to the in- 
 flated indusia. Found in the temperate zones of both hemis- 
 pheres ; contains five species. 
 
 * Fronds ovate-lanceolate, bi tripinnate. 
 
 i. C. bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Stipes 4' 6' long ; fronds lan- 
 ceolate, elongate, i 2 long, bi tripinnatifid, pinnae lanceo- 
 late-oblong; pinnules crowded, toothed or pinnatifid; rachis 
 wingless, often bearing bulblets underneath ; indusia short, 
 truncate on the free side. (Aspidium bulbtferum Swz., Ne- 
 phrodium bulbtferum Michx.) New England to Virginia and 
 North Carolina. 
 
 /vT 2. 2. C. fragrilis (L.) Bernh. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, 4' 8' 
 long, i' 2\' broad, bi tripinnate; pinnae and pinnules lanceo- 
 late or ovate in outline, decurrent along the margined or winged 
 rachis ; indusia tapering or acute at the free end. Narrower, 
 less divided specimens, barely bipinnate with obtuse and bluntly 
 toothed pinnules form the var. dentata Hook. Like many 
 other so-called varieties it passes insensibly into the typical 
 form. (Aspidium tenue Swz.) New England to Arizona, Cali- 
 fornia, and northward. 
 
 ** Fronds deltoid-ovate, tri quadripinnate. 
 
 0"~ 3 - 3' C. montana (Lam.) Bernh. Rootstock slender, creeping; 
 stipes 6' 9' long, slender; fronds about 6' each way; lowest 
 pinnae deltoid-lanceolate, much larger than those above, their 
 inferior pinnules i' i^'long; segments cut to the rachis into 
 oblong lobes, deeply and sharply toothed; sori numerous. 
 Colorado (Brandcgee), north shore of Lake Superior, Labrador 
 (Butler\ Mt, Albert, Gaspe, Quebec, and northward to Alaska. 
 
FILICES. H9 
 
 XXIII. ONOCLEA L. 
 
 Sori round, borne on the back of the veins of the contracted 
 fertile frond, and quite concealed by their revolute margins. 
 Indusium very thin membranous, hemispheric or hood-like, 
 fixed at the inferior side of the sorus. Fronds conspicuously 
 d imorphous. Name from Gr. orot, a vessel, and xheiei v, to close, 
 alluding to the fertile fronds. A cold temperate genus contain- 
 ing three species. 
 
 i. EUONOCLEA. Veins of sterile frond copiously anasto- 
 mosing. 
 
 /\j"V_ i. O. sensibilis L. (SENSITIVE-FERN.) Fertile fronds bi- 
 pinnate, much contracted ; pinnules short, usually rolled up and 
 converted into berry-shaped closed involucres, and forming a 
 one-sided panicle; sterile fronds broadly triangular, deeply pin- 
 natifid into lanceolate-oblong pinnae, which are entire, undulate, 
 or the lowest pair sinuate pinnatifid ; veins copiously anasto- 
 mosing. In var. obttisilobata Torr. the sterile fronds are again 
 pinnatifid, more or less contracted and revolute, and bear a few 
 sori. New England to Florida and Kansas. 
 
 2. STRUTHIOPTERIS Willd. Veins all free. 
 
 2. O. struthiopteris(L.)Hoffm. (OSTRICH FERN.) Fertile 
 fronds i J^ long, simply pinnate with necklace-shaped pinnae 
 formed of the strongly revolute margins ; sterile fronds 2 6 
 long, growing in a crown, broadly lanceolate, bipinnatifid, the 
 lowest pinnae gradually much shorter; veins pinnate, free and 
 simple; sori crowded and confluent. Sterile fronds are some- 
 times partially contracted and bear sori analogous to var. 
 obtusilobata above. (O. Germanica Willd., O. nodulosa Michx., 
 Struthiopteris Pennsylvania Willd., S. Germanica Willd., 
 Osmunda Struthiopteris L.) New England to Illinois. 
 
 XXIV. WOODSIA R. Br. 
 
 Sori round, borne on the back of simply forked free veins. 
 Indusium inferior, thin and often evanescent, either small and 
 open, or early bursting at the top into irregular pieces or lobes. 
 Named for Joseph Woods, an English botanist. A genus of 
 high temperate or boreal latitudes including 15 species. 
 
 i. Eu WOODSIA. Indifuum minute or evanescent, open and 
 
I2O OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 fiat from an early stage, concealed under the sorus, its margin 
 cleft into slender hairs or cilia. 
 
 * Stipes obscurely jointed near the base ; cilia of the indusiwn 
 long, inflexed over the sporangia. 
 
 t Fronds thickly clothed underneath with rusty bristle-like 
 chaff. 
 
 1. W. Ilvensis (L.). R- Br. Fronds broadly lanceolate, 
 smoothish above, pinnate; pinnae crowded, sessile, pinnately- 
 parted, the crowded segments oblong, obscurely crenate; sori 
 near the margin, somewhat confluent when old. (W. ritfidula 
 Beck., Acrostichum Ilvense L , Polypodium Ilvense Swz.. Ne- 
 phrodium rufidulum Michx., Aspidium rufidulum Willd.) Vir- 
 ginia to Kentucky, westward and northward. 
 
 ft Fronds glabrous or nearly so. 
 
 2. W.,alpina (Bolt.) S. F. Gray. Stipes and rachis often 
 slightly hairy ; fronds linear-lanceolate, pinnate; pinnae corda- 
 to-ovate, pinnatifid with few (5 7) broadly obovate entire lobes. 
 Vermont, New York, and northwestward. ( W. hyperborea R. Br.) 
 
 y \f~$- _ 3. W. glabella R. Br. Smooth and naked throughout; 
 fronds linear, tapering slightly below, 2' 5' high, pinnate; 
 pinnae deltoid or ovate, the lower rather remote, cut into 3 7 
 rounded or subcuneate entire lobes. Vermont, New York, and 
 northward. 
 
 ** Stipes not jointed ; cilia of the indusium very short, hid- 
 den by the sporangia. 
 
 4. W. scopulina D. C. Eaton. Rootstock short, creep- 
 ing, very chaffy ; stipes 2' 4' long, puberulent like the rachis 
 and under surface of the frond with minute flattened hairs and 
 stalked glands ; fronds lanceolate, 4' 8' long, pinnate; pinnae 
 numerous, oblong-ovate, pinnatifid with 10 16 short ovate or 
 oblong toothed divisions ; indusia very delicate, deeply cleft 
 into laciniae which terminate in short hairs. Colorado, Ari- 
 zona, California, Oregon, and northward. 
 
 5. W. Oregana D. C. Eaton. Stipes and fronds smooth ; 
 fertile fronds taller than the sterile ones; pinnae triangular-ob- 
 long, pinnatifid ; segments oblong or ovate, toothed or crenate; 
 teeth often reflexed and covering the submarginal sori ; indusia 
 
FILICES. I2l 
 
 very minute, divided almost to the centre into a few beaded 
 hairs. Arizona, Utah, Colorado, Oregon, and northward. 
 
 - 6. W. Mexicana Fee. Stipes 2' 3' long, smoothish or 
 with a few scattered scales ; fronds 3' 9' long, lanceolate ; 
 pinnae sub-opposite, triangular-lanceolate, pinnately divided 
 into finely-toothed segments, the teeth in young fronds ending 
 in delicate, semi-transparent, ciliated tips ; sori near the mar- 
 gin, broad, confluent ; receptacles dot-like, scales of indusium 
 four, laciniate, narrow, dividing at the end into articulated 
 hairs ; sporangia nearly sessile. Arizona, New Mexico. 
 
 2. HVPOPELTIS Torr. Indusium conspicuous, at first en- 
 closing the sporangium, but early opening at the top and splitting 
 into several spreading jagged lobes. 
 
 - 7. W. obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Stipes 3' 6' long; fronds 
 broadly lanceolate, minutely glandular-hairy, 6' 12' high, 
 nearly bipinnate ; pinnae rather remote, triangular-ovate or ob- 
 long, pinnately parted ; segments oblong, obtuse, crenately 
 toothed, the lower ones pinnatifid ; veins forked. ( W. Perrin- 
 iana H. & G., Aspidium obtusum Willd., Cheilanthes crenata 
 Kunze, Hypopeltis obtusa Torr.) Smaller and more glandular 
 forms are var. glandulosa Eaton ( W. Plummerce Lemmon). 
 New England to Kentucky, Kansas, and Arizona. 
 
 XXV. DICKSONIA L'Her. 
 
 Sori small, globular, marginal or intra-marginal. Sporangia 
 borne in an elevated, globular receptacle, enclosed in a mem- 
 branous, cup-shaped indusium, which is open at the top, and 
 on the outer side partly adherent to a reflexed toothlet of the 
 frond. Named for James Dickson, an English botanist, 1738- 
 1822. Includes about 50 species, more than half of which are 
 arborescent. 
 
 SITOLOBIUM J. Sm. 
 
 i. D. punctilobula (Michx.) Gray. Rootstock slender, 
 creeping, naked; stipes stout, chaffless ; fronds i 2| long, 
 5' 9' broad, ovate-lanceolate and pointed, usually tripinnatifid ; 
 pinnae lanceolate, pointed ; pinnules cut into oblong and ob- 
 tuse cut-toothed lobes ; rachis and under surface minutely 
 glandular and hairy; sori minute, each on a recurved toothlet, 
 usually one at the upper margin of each lobe. (D. punctiloba 
 
122 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 Hook., D. pilosiusciila Willd. Nephrodium punctilobulum 
 Michx., Aspidium punctilobulum Torr.) Canada to Tennessee. 
 
 XXVI. TRICHOMANES Sm. FILMY-FERN. 
 
 Sori marginal, terminating a vein, more or less sunken in 
 the frond. Sporangia sessile on the lower part of a cylindrical, 
 filiform, often elongated receptacle. Indusia tubular or funnel- 
 shaped, entire or two-lipped at the mouth. Fronds delicate, 
 pellucid. Name from Gr. rpixojiayes, the name of some fern, 
 from Tpix, hair, and juairojuai, producing frenzy, alluding to 
 some supposed property. A tropical and temperate genus con- 
 taining nearly 100 species. 
 
 EUTRICHOMANES. 
 
 1. T. Petersii Gray. Stipes i" 2" long; fronds 3" 10" 
 long, i" 2" broad, oblong-lanceolate or obovate, entire or vari- 
 ously pinnatifid, the younger ones with a few black hairs along 
 the margins; indusium solitary, terminal, funnel-shaped, the 
 mouth expanded and slightly two-lipped, the receptacle in- 
 cluded. Winston County, Alabama (Peters). 
 
 2. T. radicans Swz. Rootstock wiry, tomentose ; stipes 
 ascending, i' 3' long, naked or nearly so, usually broadly 
 winged; fronds 2' 8' long, i' 1' wide, lanceolate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, bipinnatifid ; pinnae ovate, obtuse, the upper side of 
 the base parallel and appressed to the winged rachis, the lower 
 side cuneate ; divisions toothed or divided into linear lobes ; 
 indusia terminal on short lobes, tubular or funnel-shaped, the 
 mouth slightly two-lipped; receptacle exserted little or very- 
 much. (T. speciosum Willd.) Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky. 
 
 XXVII. LYGODIUM Swz. CLIMBING-FERN. 
 
 Sporangia ovoid, solitary or occasionally in pairs, in the 
 axils of large imbricated scale-like indusia, which are fixed by 
 their broad bases to short oblique veinlets. Fronds scandent, 
 twining, bearing stalked and variously lobed divisions in pairs. 
 Veins mostly free. Name from Gr. Xvywdiy;, flexible, alluding to 
 the scandent stems. Includes 16 species. 
 
 EULYGODIUM. 
 
 / o - I. L- palmatum (Bernh.) Swz. Stipes slender, twin- 
 ing; fronds i - 3 long, the short alternate branches or peti- 
 
FILICES. 123 
 
 oles 2-forked, each fork bearing a round-cordate palmately 
 4 7 lobed pinnule; fertile pinnules above, contracted, several 
 times forked, forming a terminal panicle ; surfaces naked ; text- 
 ure thinly herbaceous. (Hydroglossum palmatum Willd.) Mas- 
 sachusetts and New York to Kentucky and Florida. 
 
 XXVIII. ANEMIA Swz. 
 
 Sporangia ovate, sessile, placed in two rows on the back of 
 the very narrow branch lets of the two long-stalked, panicled, 
 lower branches of a pinnately divided frond, the fertile branches 
 in a few species entirely distinct from the sterile frond. Veins 
 free or anastomosing. Name from Gr. aye^cov t naked. A 
 small genus chiefly from tropical America, containing 27 species. 
 
 EUANEMIA. 
 
 1. A. adiantifolia (L.) Swz. Rootstock creeping ; stipes 
 i^ long, firm, naked ; fronds sparingly pubescent, the two 
 lower branches elongate, pinnately decompound, fertile ; ster- 
 ile portion deltoid-ovate, bi tripinnate ; ultimate segments ob- 
 ovate or cuneate, entire or lobed, striate above with numerous 
 flabellate veins. Florida. 
 
 2. A. Mexicana Klotzsch. Rootstock creeping, covered 
 with narrow blackish chaff; stipes slender, scattered, 6' 12' 
 long; the two lower branches of the frond fertile, long-stalked, 
 glandular, bipinnate with densely clustered fructification ; the 
 rest of the frond like the sterile ones, deltoid-ovate, simply pin- 
 nate ; pinnae about six pairs and a rather large terminal one, 
 short-stalked, ovate-lanceolate, subcoriaceous, smooth and 
 somewhat glossy; midrib distinct, veins free, oblique, parallel, 
 closely placed, once or twice forked. Western Texas. 
 
 XXIX. SCHIZJEA Sm. 
 
 Sporangia large, ovoid, striate rayed at the apex, naked, ver- 
 tically sessile in a double row along the single vein of the nar- 
 row divisions of the fertile appendages to the slender and sim- 
 ply linear, fan-shaped, or dichotomously many-cleft fronds. 
 Name from Gr. o-^eiv, to split, alluding to the forked sterile 
 fronds of foreign species. Includes 16 species. 
 
 EUSCHIZ/EA. 
 
 i. S. pusilla Pursh. Sterile fronds linear, very slender, 
 flattened and tortuous; fertile ones equally slender, 3' 4' high, 
 
124 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 and bearing at top the fertile appendage consisting of about hve 
 pairs of crowded pinnae, forming a distichous spike. New jer- 
 sey; Grand Lake, Nova Scotia (Miss Knight); Newfoundland 
 (De la Pylaie). 
 
 XXX. OSMUNDA L. FLOWERING-PERN. 
 Fertile fronds or fertile portions very much contracted, 
 bearing short-pedicelled, naked sporangia on the margin of the 
 rachis-like divisions. Sporangia large, globular, opening by a 
 longitudinal cleft into two halves, bearing near the apex a few 
 parallel striae, the rudiment of a transverse ring. Spores green. 
 Named for Osmunder, a Saxon name for the divinity Thor. A 
 genus containing six species mostly north temperate. 
 * Fronds bipinnate, fertile at the apex. 
 
 1. O. regalis L. Stipes tufted, i \\ long, erect, naked; 
 fronds 2 4 long, ior more broad ; sterile pinnae 6' 12' long, 
 2 4' broad ; pinnules oblong-ovate to lance-oblong, sessile or 
 slightly stalked ; the fertile pinnules cylindrical, panicled ; tex- 
 ture subcoriaceous ; rachis and both sides naked. (O. specta- 
 bilis Willd., O. glaucescens Link.) Canada to Florida and Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 ** Sterile fronds bipt/inatifid. 
 
 2. O. Claytoniana L. Stipes tufted, i or more long, 
 clothed with loose woolly tomentum when young, naked when 
 mature; fronds i 2 long, 8' 12' broad; pinnae oblong-lan- 
 ceolate with oblong, obtuse divisions; 2 5 pairs of central 
 pinnae fertile fertile pinnules dense, cylindrical ; texture her- 
 baceous. (O. interrupta Michx.) Canada to Kentucky, and 
 northward. 
 
 7X - 3- O. cinnamomea L. (ClNNAMON-FERN.) Stipes dense- 
 ly tufted, i or more long, the sterile and fertile fronds dis- 
 tinct, clothed when young with ferruginous tomentum ; sterile 
 fronds smooth when mature, the pinnae bearing a tuft of tomen- 
 tum at the base beneath, lanceolate, cut into broadly oblong, 
 obtuse divisions ; fertile fronds contracted, bipinnate, with cin- 
 namon-colored sporangia. In var. frondosa Gray, some of the 
 fronds are sterile below, and sparsely fertile at the summit. 
 (O. Claytoniana Conrad.) New England and Wisconsin to 
 Florida. 
 
 '/ 
 
MARSILEACE&. *2$ 
 
 ORDER II. MARSILEACE^E R. Br. 
 
 Perennial plants rooted in mud, with a slender creeping 
 rootstock and either filiform or 4-parted, long-petioled leaves. 
 Fructification consisting of sporocarps borne on peduncles, 
 which rise from the rootstock near the leaf-stalk or consolidated 
 with it and containing both macrospores and microspores. Con- 
 sisting of two genera both found in this country. 
 
 I. Marsilea L. Sporocarps ovoid ; leaves quad ri foliate. 
 
 II. Pilularia L. Sporocarps globose; leaves filiform. 
 
 I. MARSILEA L. 
 
 Sporocarps ovoid or bean-shaped, composed of two vertical 
 valves having several transverse compartments or sori in each 
 valve, the sori composed of both macrosporangia and micro- 
 sporangia. Sporocarps also provided with a ring which at the 
 opening of the valves swells and tears the sori from their posi- 
 tion. Leaves quadrifoliate on slender petioles ; the sporocarps 
 peduncled and rising from the petiole or from the rootstock at 
 the base of the petiole. Named for Aloysius Marsili, an early 
 Italian naturalist. Contains about 40 species, four occurring 
 within our limits. 
 
 * Sporocarps 2 6 on each pedimcle. 
 
 i. M. quadrifolia L. Plant usually slender, 5 12 cm. 
 high ; leaflets variable, 4 14 mm. wide, 5 15 mm. long, mar- 
 gins entire, smooth, or rarely with scattered hairs when young: 
 sporocarps 2 (rarely 3) on a branching peduncle, which is usu- 
 ally attached to the stipe near its base, but sometimes as much 
 as 2 cm. above ; young sporocarp with short yellowish-brown 
 hairs, later becoming naked and dark purple ; lower tooth ob- 
 tuse, upper small, acute or obtuse; sori, 8 or 9 in each valve. 
 Bantam Lake, Litchfield County, Connecticut (Dr. T. F. Allen), 
 from whence it has been cultivated in several localities. 
 - 2 - M. macropoda Engelm. Plant robust, 10 25 cm. 
 high ; leaflets large, 2 5 cm. long, 2 cm. wide or less, usually 
 undulate, clothed with white hairs on both sides when young, 
 becoming smoother with age ; sporocarps 2 6. on erect branch- 
 ing peduncles, ascending, densely villose, 6 8 mm. long, 5-6 
 mm. wide ; raphe short, the lower tooth obtuse, the upper in- 
 
120 OUR NATIVE PERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 conspicuous or wanting ; sori, 10 in each valve. (M. macropus 
 A. Br.) Texas, New Mexico. 
 
 ** Sporocarps i (rarely 2) on each peduncle. 
 3. M. uncinata A. Br. Plant 620 cm. high; leaflets 
 nearly smooth, entire, 10 16 mm. long ; sporocarps 6 mm. wide, 
 8 mm. long ; peduncles 15 30 mm. long, 2 4 times the length 
 of the sporocarps ; raphe long, terminating in two approximate 
 teeth, the upper longer and mostly uncinately curved; sori, 
 13 14 in each valve. Western Louisiana (Hale), Dallas. 
 Texas (Reverchon}. 
 
 L2L*/ _ 4. M. vestita Hook. & Grev. Plant 3 6 cm. high; leaf- 
 lets entire or slightly toothed ; sporocarps 4 7 mm. long, 3 5 
 mm. wide; raphe short, lower tooth short and blunt, the upper 
 acute, a little longer, sometimes curved ; paleae varying from 
 soft, dense and spreading to short and appressed, in mucronata 
 forms, where it is sometimes wanting; sori, 6 11 in each valve, 
 a very variable species. (Includes M. mucronata A. Br.) Ar- 
 kansas (Nuttall), Kansas ( Watson}, Texas, Arizona (Lemmori), 
 California, Nevada ( Watson}, Oregon (Hall), Washington, Mon- 
 tana Watson), Dakota (Nicollet), Florida (Underwood}. 
 
 Var. tenuifolia (Engelm.) Unde. & Cook. Plant slender, 
 5 15 cm. high; leaflets narrow (2 4 mm. wide), more or less 
 falcate, the apex often somewhat truncate and unequally 
 toothed, villose with appressed hairs ; sporocarps single, 5 8 
 mm. long, 4 5 mm. wide, the teeth divergent, subequal ; sori, 
 9 ii in each valve. (M. tenuifolia Engelm. and former 
 edition.) Pierdenales, Texas (Lindheimer), Western Texas 
 (Wright). 
 
 'ii. PILULARIA L. PILLWORT. 
 
 Sporocarps globose, longitudinally 2 4 celled, dehiscent from 
 the apex; cells with parietal cushions bearing in the upper por- 
 tion microsporangia and below these numerous rnacrosporangia 
 contain ing solitary macrospores. Leaves filiform from a slender 
 creeping rootstock, the sporocarps subsessile or peduncled or 
 in the axils of the leaves. Named from Lat. pilula, a pellet. 
 Includes six species widely distributed. 
 
 . i. P. Americana A. Br. Leaves setiform, I'long; sporo- 
 carps i" in diameter, attached by the side to a short, descend- 
 
SA L VINIA C/T^. 1 2 7 
 
 ing peduncle, 3 4-celled ; macrospores 1317 in each cell, 
 not constricted in the middle. Santa Barbara, California 
 (Mrs. Cooper), Arkansas (Nuttall), Oregon (Leiberg). 
 
 ORDER III. SALVINIACE^E. 
 
 Floating plants with a more or less elongate and sometimes 
 branching axis bearing apparently distichous leaves. Sporo- 
 carps soft, thin-walled, two or more on a common stalk, i-celled, 
 with a central, often branched receptacle which bears macro- 
 sporangia containing a single macrospore, or microsporangia 
 containing numerous microspores. Consists of the two follow- 
 ing genera. 
 
 I. Salvinia Schreb. Leaves 6" 9" long, with a distinct 
 midrib. 
 
 II. Azolla Lam. Leaves minute, numerous, closely imbri- 
 cate, deeply lobed. 
 
 I. SALVINIA Schreb. 
 
 Floating annuals with slender stems bearing small two- 
 ranked leaves. Sporocarps arranged in clusters, globose, mem- 
 branous, i 2 of each cluster containing 10 or more macro- 
 sporangia, the others containing numerous smaller microspo- 
 rangia. Named for Salvini, a Florentine professor. Contains 
 thirteen species, one of which is found with us. 
 
 i. S. natans Hoffm. Leaves oblong, horizontal, rounded 
 or slightly cordate at base, i' i' long, bright green above, the 
 under surface matted with brown, pellucid hairs; sporocarps 
 4 8 in a cluster. (Marsz'lia natans L.) Bois Brule Bottoms, 
 Perry County, Missouri (Demetrto.} Reported by Pursh from 
 Central New York ; the exact station unknown. 
 
 II. AZOLLA Lam. 
 
 Small, moss-like plants with pinnately branched stems cov- 
 ered with minute, imbricate, 2-lobed leaves, and emitting rootlets 
 beneath. Sporocarps of two kinds, borne in the axils of the 
 leaves. Smaller sporocarps ovoid, containing a single macro- 
 spore at the base. Larger sporocarps globose, producing from 
 the base many pedicelled sporangia, containing several masses 
 
Z 2L G * 
 
 ' 
 
 128 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 of microspores. Named from Gr. a^eiv, to dry, and oX.Xv/nai, 
 to destroy. Includes five species. 
 
 1. A. Caroliniana Willd. Plants ' i' long, reddish or 
 greenish; cuticle of rnacrospores finely granulate ; masses of mi- 
 crospores with rigid septate processes. New York to Florida, 
 Arizona and Oregon. 
 
 2. A. filiculoides Lam. Fronds i' 2' long, often erect- 
 crowded; cuticle of macrospores with large discoid tubercles; 
 masses of microspores with rigid processes without septa. La 
 Honda, California, and possibly widely distributed in that state. 
 
 ORDER IV. OPHIOGLOSSACE^E Lindl. 
 
 Plant-body consisting of stem and leaf, usually from a fleshy, 
 sometimes bulbous root, straight or inclined in vernation. 
 Sporangia formed of the interior tissue of the frond, spiked or 
 panicled, naked, not reticulated, destitute of a ring, opening by 
 a transverse slit into two valves discharging copious sulphur- 
 colored spores. Prothallium (so far as known) subterranean. 
 not green, monoecious. Contains three genera. 
 
 I. Ophiog-lossum L. Sporangia cohering in one or more 
 simple spikes. Veins reticulate. 
 
 II. Botrychium Swz. Sporangia in pinnate or compound 
 spikes or panicles. Veins free. 
 
 I. OPHIOGLOSSUM L. ADDER-TONGUE. 
 
 Sporangia large, coriaceous, connate, coherent in two ranks 
 on the edges of a simple spike. Veins anastomosing. Spores 
 copious, sulphur-yellow. Name from Gr. ofitS, a serpent, and 
 y\.naro-a, a tongue. Includes ten species, four in our limits. 
 
 . i. EUOPHIOGLOSSUM. Fertile spike single, arising from the 
 base of the sterile segment. 
 
 * Sterile portion near the middle of the stalk. 
 
 1. O. vulgatum L. Rootstock short, oblique ; stalk 6' 12' 
 high, the sterile segment ovate or elliptical-oblong, i^' 4' long, 
 somewhat fleshy, somewhat narrowed at the base, sessile; fer- 
 tile spike i' or more long. (O. Engelmanni Prantl.) Maine to 
 Kentucky, Tennessee, Texas and Arizona to Alaska. 
 
 ** Sterile portion near the base of the stalks. 
 
 2. O. crotalophoroides Walt. Rootstock tuberous, 3" 5" 
 
OPHIOGLOSSACEJL. 1 29 
 
 thick; stalk 3' 6' high, the sterile segment $ i' long, ovate, 
 slightly petioled, the veins somewhat indistinct ; fertile spike 
 short and thick, 3" 6" long. (O. bulbosum Michx., O. vulgatum, 
 var. crotalophor aides D. C. Eaton.) Florida to Texas. 
 
 3. O. nudicaule Linn. f. Rootstock slightly tuberous; 
 stalk i' 4' high, the sterile segment i' 1' long, ovate or ob- 
 long, the veins indistinct ; fertile spike linear-acuminate, 6" 
 long, the peduncle very slender. (O. ellipticum H. and G., O. 
 Californicum Prantl, O. vulgatum, var. nudicaule D. C. Eaton.) 
 Georgia and Florida to Southern California. 
 
 2. CHEIROGLOSSA Presl. Fertile spikes several, arising 
 from the base of the sterile segment. 
 
 / jb 4. O. palmatum Plumier. Rootstock fleshy, tuberous, 
 covered with fine wool-like chaff; plant fleshy, 6' 2 high, the 
 sterile segment cuneate at the base, 2 6 lobed or rarely entire, 
 the lobes elongate and tapering; fertile spikes i 8 or more, 
 borne on the sides of the stipe just below the sterile segment or 
 on its margin. Florida. 
 
 II. BOTRYCHIUM Swz. GRAPE-FERN. 
 
 Rootstock very short, erect, with clustered fleshy roots, the 
 bud for the next year's growth usually imbedded in the base of 
 the stipe. Sterile segment of frond pinnately or ternately di- 
 vided or compound. Fertile segment i 3 pinnate with double 
 rows of sessile, naked sporangia. Veins free. Spores copious, 
 sulphur-yellow. Name from Gr. ftorpvs, a bunch of grapes, 
 alluding to the clustered sporangia. Contains ten species, of 
 which seven are found in our limits. 
 
 i. Eu BOTRYCHIUM. Bud enclosed in the base of the stalk. 
 * Vernation wholly straight. 
 
 i. B. simplex Hitch. Plant 2' f high, 
 fleshy ; sterile segment stalked, varying in inser- 
 tion from near the rootstock to two thirds the 
 height of the stem, ovate, obovate or oblong, 
 entire, incised, or pinnately parted into i 3 
 pairs of roundish or semi-lunate lobes; fertile 
 spike long-stalked, simple or i 2 pinnate; FIG. 31. Verna- 
 
 , . . . tion of B. simile* 
 
 spores the largest of the genus, closely cov- Hitchcock. (After 
 ered with small points ; bud smooth ; apex of Daven P rt -) 
 both sterile and fertile segments erect. (Fig. 31.) Specimens 
 9 
 
I3O OUR NATIVE FEKNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 with the sterile segment composed of two or three pinnately 
 incised divisions form the var. composition Lasch. New Eng- 
 land, New York and northward, the variety in Wyoming and 
 California; Maryland (J. B. Egerton}. 
 
 ** Vernation partly inclined in one or both portions. 
 t Buds smooth ; sterile segments sessile or short-stalked; plant 
 vnall, fruiting in early summer. 
 
 2. B. lunaria (L.) Swz. (MOONWORT.) Plant 5' 8' high 
 fleshy ; sterile segment nearly sessile, borne'near 
 the middle of the stalk, oblong, simply pinnate 
 with 515 lunate or fan-shaped lobes which are 
 crenate, incised, or entire, close and overlapping, 
 or distant ; fertile segment bi tripinnate, pan- 
 icled, about the height of the sterile. Apex 
 only of sterile segment bent over and outside of 
 the nearly straight fertile segment in vernation ; 
 divisions of sterile frond arranged nearly perpen- 
 dicularly. (Fig. 32.) Connecticut, New York, 
 Lake Superior, Colorado, and British Columbia. 
 3. B. boreale (Fries) Milde. Plant 2|' 7', 
 smooth, fleshy ; sterile segment placed above the 
 middle, sessile, cordate, ovate or deltoid, pin- 
 FIG. 32. Verna- nately parted, acute ; lowest segment spreading 
 
 \\v\\oiB.lunaria , 
 
 Swz. (After Dav- from a narrower base, ovate or cordate-ovate, 
 enport.) acute, all entire, or here and there flabellately 
 
 incised with acute lobes, or pinnately parted ; secondary seg- 
 ments from a narrowed base, ovate, acute, serrate, the upper 
 spreading, quickly decreasing, finally elliptical, acute; fertile 
 segment bi tripinnate, panieled. Apex of sterile segment 
 bent over inside of the nearly erect fertile one in vernation ; 
 divisions of the sterile segment arranged on an angle. Una- 
 laska. 
 
 4. B, matricarisefolium A. Br. Plant 2' 12' high, usually 
 fleshy ; sterile segment placed above the middle, short-stalked 
 or sessile, ovate or oblong, pinnately parted into ovate-oblong, 
 obtuse, rounded, entire, incised, pinnatifid, or pi nnatdy parted 
 segments, the narrow divisions linear; fertile segment i 3 pin- 
 nate, panicled, often very much branched; spores thickly cov- 
 ered with large rounded warts. Apex of both segments turned 
 
OPHIO GL SSA CE^. 
 
 down in vernation ; sterile segment clasping the fertile with its 
 apex overlapping the whole. (Fig. 33.) (B.neglec- 
 tum Wood.) New England, New York, Ohio, and 
 Mt. Peddo, Washington (Suksdorf). 
 
 ft Buds pilose ; sterile segments usually long- 
 stalked ; plant larger, frttiting in autuwn. 
 
 5- B. ternatum (Thunb.)Swz. Frond fleshy, 
 common stalk very short ; sterile segment 
 broadly pentagonal or triangular, ternate; the 
 three primary divisions also stalked, as broad 
 as long, pinnately decompound ; ultimate divi- 
 sions varying from round-reniform to triangu- 
 lar-lanceolate, entire or variously toothed and 
 incised ; fertile segment long-stalked, bi quad- 
 ripinnate. Apex of both segments bent down, 
 with a slight curve inward in vernation. (Fig. 
 34.) (B. australe R. Br.. B. lunar ioides Swz., 
 B. fumarioides Willd., B. decompositum Ma~t. 
 and Gale., Osmunda ternata Thunb., Botrypus 
 lunar ioides Michx.) Very variable ; larger 
 forms (6' 17' high), with more compound fruc- 
 tification and with divisions of sterile segment ob- 
 
 long or lanceolate and obtuse or oblique at base, 
 are the var. obliquum Milde ; forms with divi- 
 sions of the sterile segment laciniately cut into 
 narrow teeth are var. dissectum Milde. New 
 England and Canada, westward to California, 
 Washington, British Columbia, and southward 
 to Florida. 
 
 * Vernation wholly inclined, in the fertile 
 
 segment recurved. 
 
 6. B. lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angs. Plant 
 39' high, fleshy; sterile segment closely 
 sessile at the top of a long common stalk, in 
 the smallest forms three-lobed, in larger ones 
 broadl > r trian gu'ar, twice pinnatifid, the divi- 
 sions lanceolate, entire or toothed, al' set at an 
 ob i ique angle . fertile segment short-stalked. 
 Slightly overtopping the sterile, bi tripinnate. Bud smooth; 
 
 FIG. 34. Vernation 
 (After Davenport.) 
 
132 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES, 
 
 the fertile segment recurved its whole length, the shorter sterile 
 segment reclined upon it. (Fig. 35.) New England to Lake 
 Superior and Colorado to Alaska. 
 
 2. OSMUNDOPTERIS Milde. Bud pilose, 
 enclosed in a smooth upright cavity at one side 
 of the lower part of the stalk. 
 
 7. B. Virginianum (L.) Swz. (RATTLE- 
 SNAKE-FERN.) Plant from a few inches to t\vo 
 feet high ; sterile segment sessile above the mid- 
 dle of the stalk, broadly triangular, thinly herba- 
 ceous, ternate; the short-stalked primary divL 
 sions once to twice pinnate, then once or twice 
 pinnatifid ; lobes oblong, cut-toothed toward 
 the apex; fertile segment long-stalked, bi tri- 
 pinnate. Bud pilose, enclosed in a smooth 
 FIG. 35. Vernation upright cavity at one side of the lower part of 
 Angl\AftT/Daven- the stalk ' fertile segment recurved its whole 
 P rt -) length, the longer sterile segment reclined upon 
 
 it. Reduced forms are B. gracile Pursh. (Botrypus Virginicus 
 Michx., Osmunda Vt'rgt'm'ana'L.} New Brunswick to Florida, 
 and westward to Arizona and the Pacific Coast. 
 
 ORDER V. EQUISETACE^E DC. 
 
 Plant-body rush-like, often branched, with jointed, usually 
 hollow stems rising from subterranean rootstocks, the sterile 
 leaves reduced to sheaths at the joints, the fertile forming a 
 short spike terminating the stem. Prothallium above ground, 
 green, variously lobed, usually dioecious. Represented at pres- 
 ent by only one genus. 
 
 I. EQUISETUM L. HORSE-TAIL. SCOURING-RUSH. 
 
 Perennial plants with extensively creeping rootstocks. Stems 
 simple or branched, furrowed lengthwise, hollow, and pro- 
 vided with an outer circle of smaller cavities opposite the fur- 
 rows as well as a second and smaller series opposite the ridges. 
 Sporangia adhering to the under side of the shield-shaped 
 scales of the spike, one-celled, opening down the inner side. 
 Spores furnished with two slender filaments attached by the 
 
EQUISETACE^E. 133 
 
 middle. Name from Lat. equus, horse, and seta, a bristle. 
 Contains about 25 species, widely distributed. 
 
 i. EUEQUISETUM. Stems annual, stomata scattered. 
 * Sterns of two kinds, the pale or brownish fertile stems appearing 
 
 earlier than the herbaceous sterile ones ; fruiting in spring. 
 t Fjrtile stems simple, soon withering. 
 
 1. E. arvense L. (HORSETAIL.) Sterile stems green, 
 rather slender, i 2 high, 6 19 furrowed ; branches numerous, 
 long, mostly simple, 4-angled, minutely roughened, lowest joint 
 commonly longer than the sheath of the stem ; fertile stems 
 4' 10' high, light brown, the loose scarious sheath mostly dis- 
 tant, whitish, ending in about 12 brown acuminate teeth ; spike 
 rarely over i' long. (E. boreale Bong.) Virginia to California 
 and northward to Greenland. 
 
 2. E. telmateia Ehrh. Sterile stems ivory white or greenish, 
 stout, 2 6 high, 20 40 furrowed ; branches very numerous, 
 erect-spreading, simple, 4 5 angled, the ridges rough and sul- 
 cate, the lowest joint shorter than the sheath of the stem ; fer- 
 tile stems 10' 15' high, white, many-furrowed, the loose brown- 
 ish sheaths elongate, deeply 20 30 toothed. (E. fluviatile 
 Sm., E. eburneum Schreb., E. maximum Auct. not of Lam.) 
 California, Oregon, and northward. 
 
 tt Fertile stems when older producing herbaceous branches, only 
 the naked apex withering. 
 
 3. E. pratense Ehrh. Sterile and finally the fertile stems 
 producing straight, simple branches ; sheaths of the stem with 
 about 1 1 short, ovate-lanceolate teeth, those of the branches 3- 
 toothed. (E. umbrosum Willd., E. triquetrum Bory.,^. Drum 
 mondii Hook.) Michigan, Wisconsin, and northward. 
 
 /"?_ 4. E. silvaticum-L. Sterile and fertile stems usually 12- 
 furrowed, producing compound branches, the branchlets curved 
 downward ; sheaths loose, those of the stem with 8 I4bluntish 
 teeth, those of the branches with 45, and of the branchlets 
 with 3 divergent teeth. Virginia to Michigan, and northward 
 to Labrador. 
 
 ** Stems of one kind, herbaceous ; branches simple or none ; 
 
 fruiting in summer. 
 \ Sheaths somewhat loose. 
 
134 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 5- E. palustre L. Stems slender, 10' 18' high, very deep- 
 ly 5 9 grooved, the grooves separated by narrow, wing like 
 ridges, rough ish ; sheaths with about 8 lance-awl-shaped, whit- 
 ish margined teeth; branches few in a whorl, with mostly 5 
 toothed sheaths. (E. pratense Reichenb.) Western New York 
 and Wisconsin to British Columbia and northward. 
 
 6. E. litorale Kuhl. Stems slightly roughened, 6 19 
 grooved, the carinse convex ; sheaths sensibly dilated above, the 
 uppermost bell-shaped; leaves convex, angled beneath, sepa- 
 rate at the commisural groove; teeth herbaceous, membranous 
 at the margin, narrow, lanceolate ; branches of two kinds, the 
 4-angled hollow, the 3-angled solid, first joint a little longer or 
 shorter than the sheath of the stem ; spores abortive, elaters 
 usually wanting. Bay of Quinte, Canada (Macoun}\ Vermont 
 (Prmgle}', Oswego River, New York ( Wibbe). 
 
 ft Sheaths appressed. 
 
 7. E. fluviatile L. Stems 2 3 high, slightly many-fur- 
 rowed, smooth, usually producing upright branches after fruc- 
 tification ; sheaths appressed, with about 18 dark-brown, short, 
 acute, rigid teeth ; air-cavities wanting under the grooves, small 
 under the ridges. Includes E. limosum L. (E. uliginosum 
 Muhl, E. heleocharis Ehrh.) Virginia to Washington Terri- 
 tory and northward. 
 
 2. HlPPOCH^TE. Stems perennial, evergreen; spikes tipped 
 with a rigid point ; stomata in regular rows ; frtiiting in 
 summer. 
 
 * Stems tall and stout, itsually many-grooved. 
 
 t Branches numerous, regularly whorled. 
 
 ^j t 8. E. ramosissimum Desf. Stem grooved, more or less 
 roughened, 6 26 furrowed ; ridges marked with bands; sheaths 
 dilated, teeth not grooved, leaving a triangular, rarely truncate 
 margin ; leaves 3 4 carinate ; branches usually copious and 
 whorled, 4 9 angled ; series of stomata in i 4 lines. British 
 Columbia (Lyall). 
 
 / tf 3 9. E. Mexicanum Milde. Stems rough, slender, inclined 
 
 or somewhat erect ; 20 24 furrowed, the ridges very narrow; 
 
 sheaths long, cylindric, truncate; teeth grooved; leaves flat; 
 
 branches more or less irregularly whorled, 6 9 angled ; stomata 
 
 1 
 
L YCOPODIA CE&. 1 3 if 
 
 in a single series. Southern California in open canons (J/<r- 
 Clatchie}. 
 
 ++ Branches rare except when the main stem is broken. 
 \ Stems rough, tuberculate. 
 
 ' 2- - io. E. robustum A. Br. Stems 3 11 high, sometimes 
 nearly i' thick, 2048 furrowed; ridges roughened with a 
 single series of tubercles; sheaths short, marked with black 
 girdles at base and at base of the caducous teeth ; ridges of 
 sheaths tricarinate. Ohio to California and northward. 
 /^x/_ n. E. hiemale L. (SCOURING-RUSH.) Stems i 4 high, 
 834 furrowed; ridges rough, with two indistinct lines of tu- 
 bercles ; sheaths rather long, marked with one or two black 
 girdles; ridges of the sheath obscurely quadricarinate. North 
 America generally. 
 
 J* Stems smoothish, scarcely tuber ctilate. 
 
 12. E. laevigatum A. Br. Stems i 5 high, pale green, 
 14 30 furrowed ; ridges almost smooth; sheaths elongate, en- 
 larged upward, marked with a black girdle at the base of the 
 mostly deciduous white-margined teeth, rarely with a second ; 
 ridges of sheath with central keel and rarely faint lateral ones. 
 North Carolina to California and Oregon. 
 
 ** Stems slender, tufted, 5 \Qgrooved. 
 
 /Jb 13. E. variegatum Schleich. Stems ascending, 6' 18' 
 long, usually simple from a branched base, 5 io furrowed ; 
 sheaths green, variegated with black above, the teeth 5 io, 
 tipped with a deciduous bristle ; central air-cavity small. Bel- 
 lows Falls, New Hampshire (Carey), Niagara Falls to Illinois 
 nnd northward to Greenland and Alaska. 
 
 14. E. scirpoides Michx. Stems filiform, very numerous, 
 3' 6' high, flexuous and curving, mostly 6-furrowed, with acute 
 ridges ; sheaths 3-toothed,-the bristle tips more persistent ; cen- 
 tral air-cavity wanting. New England to Pennsylvania, Illinois 
 and northward. 
 
 ORDER VI. LYCOPODIACE^E Lindl. 
 
 Moss-like, terrestrial plants with small, lanceolate or subu- 
 late, sometimes oblong or roundish, simple leaves, arranged in 
 
OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES, 
 
 two to many ranks on trailing or sometimes erect, usually 
 branching stems. Sporangia i 3 celled, solitary in the axils 
 or the leaves, or on their upper surface. Spores of one kind, 
 minute. Prothallia (so far as known) mostly subterranean, 
 with or without chlorophyll, monoecious. Contains four gen- 
 era, the following within our limits: 
 
 I. Lycopodium L. Leaves well developed, in 4 many 
 ranks. Sporangia i-celled. 
 
 II. Psilotum R. Br. Leaves minute, abortive. Sporangia 
 3-celled. 
 
 I. LYCOPODIUM L. CLUB-MOSS. 
 
 Perennial, terrestrial plants, with evergreen, one-nerved 
 leaves arranged in 4 16 ranks. Sporangia coriaceous, flattened, 
 reniform, one-celled, opening transversely, situated in the axils 
 of ordinary leaves, or with fruit-bearing leaves modified into 
 bracts which are arranged in spikes either sessile or peduncled. 
 Spores copious, minute, sulphur-colored, inflammable. Named 
 from Gr. XvKoS, wolf, and TTOVS, foot, without obvious applica- 
 tion. Contains nearly one hundred species. 
 
 i. PLANANTHUS Beauv. Sporangia borne in the axils of 
 leaves which are similar to those of the sterile and fertile stems. 
 
 * Sporangia usually wanting in axils of upper leaves ; leaves 
 dark-green, shining, about %-ranked. 
 
 1. L. selago L. Stems 3' 6' high, thick, rigid, erect, 2 
 3 times forked, forming a level-topped cluster; leaves elon- 
 gate-lanceolate, mucronulate, entire or spinulose-denticulate, 
 nerved above, convex below. {L. recurvum Kit., L. suberectum 
 Lowe, Plananthus selago Beauv.) Mountains of North Caro- 
 lina to New England and Michigan, and northward to Alaska 
 and Greenland. 
 
 2. L. lucidulum Michx. Stems ascending, thick, 23 
 times forked, the branches 6' 12' high; leaves widely spread- 
 ing or reflexed, flat, one-nerved, acute, minutely toothed. (L. 
 reflexum Swz., L. serratum Desv., Plananthus rejlexus Beauv.) 
 North Carolina and northward. 
 
 ** Sporangia only in axils of upper leaves which form spikes; 
 leaves many-ranked. 
 3. L. inundatum L. Sterile stems creeping, flaccid, fork- 
 
L Y CO PODIA CE&. \ 3 7 
 
 ing; fertile stems erect, simple, i' 4' high, bearing a short, 
 thick spike ; leaves lanceolate or lance-awl-shaped, acute, 
 entire, soft, spreading or curved upward on prostrate stems. 
 (L. palustre Lam., Plananthus inundatus Beauv.) Forms hav- 
 ing the fertile stems 5' 7' high, with more pointed, often tooth- 
 bearing leaves, are the var. Bigelovii Tuckerm. (L. Carolini- 
 anuin Bigel.) New England to Michigan and southward. 
 
 . Var. pinnatum Chapm. Stems pi nnately branched ; leaves 
 
 bristly-fringed below the middle, unequal, the upper and lower 
 shorter and somewhat appressed, the lateral widely spreading; 
 fertile stems i high, very leafy; spike thick, cylindtic, 2' 3' 
 long. Western Florida. 
 
 4- L. alopecuroides L. Stems stout, densely leafy through- 
 out; sterile branches flaccid, procumbent, creeping; fertile 
 branches rigid, erect, 6' 20 high, bearing a single spike ; leaves 
 narrowly linear-awl-shaped, spinulose-pointed, spreading, con- 
 spicuously bristle-toothed below the middle, nerved above, 
 those of the cylindric spike with long, setaceous tips. (L. 
 longipes H. & G., Plananthus alopecuroides Beauv.) New Jersey 
 to Florida and Mississippi. 
 
 2. EULYCOPODIUM. (LEPIDOTIS Beauv.) Sporangia 
 borne in the axils of yellowish, scale-like, imbricated, ovate or 
 cordate leaves which form a distinct spike ; leaves of sterile 
 branches very unlike those of the spikes. 
 
 * Stems leafy to base of spikes, or nearly so. 
 
 t Spikes nodding. 
 
 3 . 5- L. cernuum L. Stems erect, branching, the branches 
 similar; leaves crowded, awl-shaped, incurved, terete in the 
 middle, spreading, grooved below; bracts 8-ranked. (L.marz- 
 anum Willd., L. curvatum Blume., L. Boryanum Richard, L. 
 bryifolium Vent.) Florida, Southern Alabama. 
 
 ft Spikes erect, closely sessile. 
 
 _ 6. L. annotinum L. Stems much branched, prostrate, 
 creeping, i 4" long; the ascending branches similar, 5' 8' 
 high, sparingly forked ; leaves equal, spreading, five-ranked, 
 rigid, linear-lanceolate, minutely serrulate, nerved below; spike 
 oblong, cylindric, thick. (L. juniper if otium Lam., L. bryophyl- 
 lum Presl, Lepidotis annotina Beauv.) Mountain forms with 
 
138 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 shorter and more rigid, pointed leaves are var. pungens Desv. 
 (L. reclinatum Michx.) New England and New Jersey to Wash- 
 ington (State) and northward to Alaska and Greenland. 
 * 7- L - obscurum L. (GROUND-PINE.) Steins erect, 6' 9' 
 high, from a subterranean creeping rootstock, appearing flat 
 from the leaves of upper side being appressed ; leaves lanceolate- 
 linear, acute, entire; spikes 4 10 on each plant ; bracts many- 
 rowed. (Lepidotis dendroidea Beauv.) Forms with the stems 
 more tree-like, with spreading branches and leaves 4 6- ranked, 
 are the var. dendroideum (L. dendroideum Michx.). Mountains 
 of North Carolina to Canada, and northwestward to Indiana, 
 Michigan, and Western North America. 
 
 ^to 8. L. alpinum L. Stems elongate, creeping, with ascend- 
 ing densely clustered branches ; leaves 4- ranked, erect, imbri- 
 cated, adnate-decurrent, of two forms ; those of the lateral rows 
 lanceolate, falcate, acute, carinate, concave within ; those of the 
 intermediate rows scarcely one third smaller, lance-awl-shaped, 
 the upper and lower rows not different. (Possibly a form of 
 L. complanatum L.) Lake Superior to Rocky Mountains; Mt. 
 Peddo, Washington (Sufcsdorf), and Unalaska. 
 ttt Spikes erect, short-peduncled. 
 
 9. L. sabinsefolium Willd. (GROUND-FIR.) Stems elon- 
 gate, creeping, usually underground; branches erect, short, di- 
 chotomous, clustered ; leaves 4-rowed, small, appressed, lanceo- 
 late, mucronate, entire, apparently terete ; spikes cylindric, soli- 
 tary, with cordate acuminate bracts. {L. alpinum Michx., L. 
 armatum Desv.) New Jersey, New York, New England, and 
 northwestward. This is sometimes united with L. complaiiatum. 
 
 **Fertile branches with minute leaves, so that the spikes ap- 
 pear long-peduncled. 
 
 t Leaves uniform, many-ranked; stems terete. 
 
 - 10. L. clavatum L. (RUNNING-PINE.) Stems extensive- 
 ly creeping; branches similar, ascending, short and leafy, the 
 fertile terminated by a slender peduncle bearing I 4 linear, 
 cylindric spikes ; leaves much-crowded, linear-awl-shaped, tipped 
 like the bracts with a fine bristle. (L. officinale Neck., L vul- 
 gare Vaill., L. injlexum Swz., L. serpens Presl, Lepidotis inflexa 
 
L YCOPODIA CE&. 1 39 
 
 Beauv.) North Carolina to Canada and westward to Washing- 
 ton and Unalaska. 
 
 ft Leav:z of two forms, few ranked; stems flattened. 
 <~ ii. L. Carolinianum L. Sterile stems and their few short 
 branches entirely creeping; lateral leaves broadly lanceolate, 
 acute, and somewhat oblique, one-nerved, widely spreading in 
 2-ranks ; upper row of leaves shorter, appressed ; peduncle 
 simple, slender, 2' 4' high, clothed with small bract-like leaves, 
 bearing a single cylindric spike. {L. repens Swz., L. affine Bory., 
 Lepidolis repens Beauv.) New Jersey to Florida, Alabama, and 
 Louisiana. 
 
 _ 12. L. complanatum L. Stems extensively creeping, 
 with erect or ascending fan-like branches several times forked 
 above; branchlets crowded, flattened; leaves minute, imbri- 
 cate-ap pressed, 4-ranked; the lateral rows with somewhat 
 spreading tips; the intermediate smaller, narrower, and wholly 
 appressed ; peduncle slender, bearing 2 4 cylindric spikes. 
 (L. thyoides Humb. & Bon pi., L. tristachyon Pursh, L. anceps 
 Wallr., L.chauicEcypartssus A. Br. , Lepidotis lomplanata Beauv.) 
 North Carolina to New England, Michigan, and northward. 
 
 II. PSILOTUM R. Br. 
 
 Perennial plants, terrestrial or growing on trees. Stems di- 
 chotomously-branched with minute alternate leaves or appar- 
 ently leafless. Sporangia sessile, 3-celled, opening at the apex 
 into 2 3 valves. Spores farinaceous, oval or elongate-reniform, 
 Name from Gr. if>iX.oS, naked, alluding to the abortive leaves. 
 Contains four species, mostly tropical. 
 
 ^ i. P. nudum (L.) Griseb. Stems erect, 8' 10' high, trique- 
 trous at base, many times forked at apex; ultimate divisions tri- 
 quetrous-winged ; leaves remote, awl-shaped, less than i" long; 
 sporangia in spikes. (P. Floridanum Michx., P. triquetrum 
 Swz., BernJiardia dichotoma Willd., B. pedunculata Desv., Ly- 
 copodiuni nudum L.) South Florida; Bluffton, South Carolina 
 (Mellichamp). 
 
OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 ORDER VII. SELAGINELLACE.E. 
 
 Plant-body leafy, terrestrial, moss-like, with branching stems 
 and minute scale-like leaves. Sporangia one-celled, solitary, 
 axillary, some containing microspores, and others macrospores. 
 Contains a single genus largely tropical. 
 
 I. SELAGINELLA Beauv. 
 
 Fructification arranged in spikes. Sporangia minute, sub- 
 globose, opening transversely; some containing usually 4 glo- 
 bose macrospores, and others smaller, rilled with numerous 
 microspores. Leaves 4 many ranked. Name a diminutive of 
 Selago, an ancient name of some species of Lycopodium, which 
 this genus resembles. Contains about 335 species widely dis- 
 tributed ; seven are found within our limits. 
 
 i. EUSELAGINELLA. Stem leaves of one kind, many- 
 ranked ; bracts uniform. 
 
 * Stems prostrate or spreading, somewhat rigid. 
 i. S. rupestris (L.) Spring. Stems densely tufted, pros- 
 trate or ascending, much-branched, 2' 12' long; leaves ap- 
 pressed imbricate, linear or linear-lanceolate, convex and sulcate 
 dorsally, rigid, bristle-tipped, ciliate; spikes strongly quadran- 
 gular, 6" 12" long; sporangia of both sorts in the same axils; 
 macrosporangia abundant ; bracts ovate-lanceolate. (Lycopo- 
 dium rupestre L., L. bryopteris Wall.) New England to Flor- 
 ida, Texas, California, and northward. 
 
 Var. tortipila (A. Br.) Unde. Leaves sub-entire, gibbous 
 near the apex ; terminal bracts tipped with a long, twisted, white 
 awn ; macrospores loosely reticulate. Caesar's Head, South 
 Carol ina(/.Z?.5;/M); Negro Mountain, North Carol ina(rvy). 
 2. S. selaginoides(L.)Link. Sterile stems prostrate-creep- 
 ing, small and slender; fertile stems thicker, ascending, simple, 
 !' 3' h gh; leaves lanceolate, acute, spreading, sparsely spinu- 
 lose-ciliate ; bracts lax, ascending, lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- 
 late, strongly ciliate. (S. spinosa Beauv., Lycopodium selagi- 
 noides L., L. ciliatum Lam.) New Hampshire to Colorado and 
 northward to Greenland. 
 
 ** Stems pendent, flaccid. 
 3- S. Oregana D. C. Eaton. Stems i 6 long, pinnately 
 
SELAGINELLACE&. 14 1 
 
 much branched; leaves loosely imbricate, scarcely i" long, 
 linear-lanceolate, convex and grooved on the back, acute, 
 sparsely spinulose-denticulate, not bristle-tipped ; spikes quad- 
 rangular, very slender ; macrosporangia scarce. Port Orford, 
 Oregon (Kautz)', Tilamook Valley, Oregon (Howell); probably 
 in Northern California. 
 
 2. STACHYGYNANDRUM Baker. Stem leaves of two kinds, 
 spreading in two planes, those of the upper plane smaller and 
 more ascending ; bracts uniform. 
 * Main stems decumbent ; root fibres extending to upper nodes. 
 
 t Stems persistent ; leaves rigid, firm in texture. 
 4. S. Douglasii (H. & G.) Spring. Stems 3' 12' long; 
 branches 2' 6' long, bi tripinnately divided ; leaves of lower 
 plane i" long, obliquely oval, obtuse, faintly nerved; leaves of 
 upper plane half as long, oval, incurved, ending in a short 
 point, both sparingly ciliate at base; spikes 6" 12" long, quad- 
 rangular, terminal ; bracts deltoid-cuspidate, strongly imbri- 
 cate. (Lycopodium Douglasii H. & G., L. ovalifolium H. & G.) 
 Northern California to British Columbia. 
 
 ft Stems mostly annual, fugacious ; leaves mostly membranous, 
 flaccid. 
 
 J2y7 5. S. apus (L.) Spring. Stems i' 4' long, slender, angled on 
 the face, prostrate, creeping, much-branched, flaccid ; leaves of 
 the lower plane spreading above, the lower reflexed, ovate, acute, 
 serrulate, not distinctly ciliate ; leaves of the upper plane ovate, 
 shortly cuspidate; spikes 3" 6" long; bracts ovate, acute, 
 membranous, strongly serrulate, acutely keeled in the upper 
 half. Canada and New England to Rocky Mountains, and 
 southward to Florida and Texas. 
 
 r - 6. S. Ludoviciana A. Br. Stems slender, copiously pin- 
 nate, flat both sides, 4' 6' long, lower branches slightly com- 
 pound ; leaves of lower plane rather distant except at tips of 
 branches, spreading, ovate-oblong, sub-acute, firmer in texture 
 than in preceding, serrulate, not distinctly ciliate ; leaves of 
 upper plane half as long, obliquely oblong, cuspidate; spikes 
 3'' 6" long ; bracts ovate-lanceoiate, strongly keeled. (S. 
 apus, var. denticulata Spring, where it may belong, the differ- 
 ences possibly due to climatic conditions.) Covington, Louisi- 
 
142 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 ana (Drummond}\ Aspalaga, Florida (Curtiss, No. 3799 in 
 part). 
 
 ** Stems densely tufted, rolling into a nest-like ball when dry ; 
 roots confined to base of stems. 
 
 ~- 7. S. lepidophylla Spring. Stems 2' 4' long, densely 
 Uifted, pinnately branched to the base, the pinnae ascending, 
 sub-flabel lately compound; leaves of the lower plane closely 
 imbricate, ascending, obliquely ovate, obtuse, thick, rigid, mi- 
 nutely ciliate, green above, paler below, becoming reddish-brown 
 in age ; leaves of upper plane nearly as long, obliquely ovate, 
 obtuse; spikes 3" 6" long, quadrangular; bracts deltoid, 
 acutely keeled. Texas to Arizona. 
 
 v 8. S. Pringlei Baker. Outer stems 3' 4' long, the inner 
 gradually shorter, flabellately branched, light green above, pale 
 below ; branchlets close, i" 2" wide ; leaves of the lower plane 
 crowded, oblong, about i' long, including the conspicuous horny 
 white awn ; leaves of upper plane slightly smaller, somewhat 
 oblique; spikes short with uniform bracts. Chenate Moun- 
 tains, Texas (Nealley). 
 
 S. pilifera A. Br. is reported by Mr. Baker from Texas, but 
 it has not been found there recently. 
 
 ORDER VIII. ISOETACE^E. 
 
 Plant-body consisting of a bilobed or trilobed trunk emitting 
 dense tufts of roots, and sending up a compact rosette of rush- 
 like leaves, submerged, amphibious or sometimes growing in 
 moist soil. Sporangia sessile in the axils of the leaves, some 
 containing macrospores and others microspores. Contains a 
 single genus widely distributed. 
 
 I. ISOETES L. QUILLWORT. 
 
 Stem or trunk a more or less depressed, fleshy corm, rooting 
 just above its bilobed or trilobed base, covered above with the 
 dilated and imbricated bases of the awl-shaped or linear leaves. 
 Sporangia large, orbicular or ovoid, plano-convex, very thin, 
 sessile in the axils of the leaves and united at the back with 
 their excavated bases ; those of the outer leaves filled with 
 spherical macrospores ; those of the inner leaves filled with 
 minute and powdery, grayish, obliquely oblong and triangular 
 
1 SORT ACE A. 143 
 
 r.iicrospores. Name from Gr. zero?, equal, and erof, year. Con- 
 tains about 50 species, of which sixteen are found within our 
 -limits. 
 
 NOTE. The measurements of the spores are given in millimetres; mm. = -03937 
 inch. 
 
 I. Submerged, rarely above water in driest seasons ; leaves 
 quadrangular without peripheral bast- bundles ; velum incom- 
 plete. 
 
 * Stomata absent. 
 
 &e * i. I. lacustris L. Leaves 10 25, stout, rather rigid, ob- 
 tusely quadrangular, acute but scarcely tapering, dark or olive- 
 green, 2' 6' long; sporangia orbicular broadly-elliptic, with a 
 narrow velum ; ligula triangular, short or somewhat elongate ; 
 macrospores 0.50 0.80 mm. in diameter, marked all over with 
 distinct or somewhat confluent crests; microspores smooth, 
 0.035 0.046 mm. long. Var. pauper cula Engelm. has fewer, 
 thinner and shorter leaves and smaller spores, the microspores 
 somewhat granulate, 0.026 0.036 mm. long. (/. macrospora 
 Durieu.) Catskill Mountains, New York (Schweinitz), Echo 
 Lake, New Hampshire (Tuckerman). Fresh Pond, near Cam- 
 bridge, Massachusetts (IV. Boott}, Uxbridge, Massachusetts 
 (Robbins), Brattleborough, Vermont (Frost), Lake Superior 
 (Porter}. The variety from Grand Lake, Middle Park, Colo- 
 rado (Engelmami) and Castle Lake near Mt. Shasta, California 
 (Pr ingle). 
 
 3 / 2. I. pygmaea Engelm. Leaves 5 10, stout, rigid, bright- 
 green, V i' long, abruptly tapering to a fine point, with very 
 short often almost square epidermal cells; sporangia orbicular 
 with a narrow velum; macrospores 0.36 0.50 mm. thick, 
 marked with minute, rather regular, distinct or'rarely confluent 
 warts; microspores brown, almost smooth, 0.024 0.029 mm. 
 long. Mono Pass, California (Bolander). 
 
 3- I- Tuckermani A. Br. Leaves 10 30, very slender, 
 tapering, olive-green. 23' long, the outer recurved ; sporangia 
 mostly oblong, white or rarely brown spotted, the upper third 
 covered by the velum; macrospores 0.44 0.56 mm. thick, the 
 upper segments marked with prominent, somewhat parallel and 
 branching ridges, the lower half reticulate ; microspores smooth 
 
144 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 or nearly so, 0.026 0.032 mm. long. Mystic River, Mystic, 
 Spy, and Horn Ponds, near Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 ** Stomata present. 
 
 Z J,J 4. I. echinospora Durieu, var. Braunii (Dur.) Engelm. 
 Leaves 13 15, erect or spreading, tapering, green or reddish- 
 green, 3' 6' long, generally with few stomata toward the tip 
 only; sporangia orbicular broadly-elliptic, spotted, \ to f 
 covered by the broad velum; macrospores 0.40 0.50 mm. thick, 
 covered with broad, retuse spinules, sometimes somewhat con- 
 fluent and then dentate and incised at the tip; microspores 
 0.0260.030 mm. long, smooth. (I. Braunii Durieu.) Nova 
 Scotia, New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
 Ontario, Michigan (Gtllmari), Head of Bear River, Utah ( Wat- 
 son), Greenland (Vahl~). 
 
 */* ^ Var. robusta Engelm. Stouter; leaves 25 70,5' 8' long, 
 with abundant stomata all over their surface ; velum covering 
 one half of the large, spotted sporangia ; macrospores 0.36 o. 55 
 mm. thick. Lake Champlain, north end of Isle La Motte (Prin- 
 
 2. ^ vT~ _ Var. Boottii (A. Br.) Engelm. Leaves 12 20, erect, bright- 
 green, 4' 5' long, with few stomata mostly near the tip; spo- 
 rangia nearly orbicular, pale-spotted, f or more covered by the 
 broad velum ; macrospores 0.39 0.50 mm. thick, with longer, 
 more slender and ddlicate, generally simple spinules; micro- 
 spores 0.026 0.030 mm. long. (/. Boot fit A. Br.) Round 
 Pond, Woburn, and in brook in Tofit Swamp, Lexington, 
 Massachusetts (Boott). 
 
 Var. muricata (Dur.) Engelm. Leaves 15 20, flaccid, 
 green, 6' 12' long, with very few stomata; sporangia broadly 
 oval, pale-spotted, about half covered by the velum ; macro- 
 spores 0.40 0.58 mm. thick, with shorter and more confluent, 
 sometimes almost crest-like spinules; microspores 0.028 0.032 
 mm. long, slightly rough on the edges. (/. murtcata Durieu.) 
 Woburn Creek and Abajona river near Boston, Massachusetts 
 (Boott). 
 
 ~7 5. I. Bolanderi Engelm. Leaves 5 25, erect, soft, bright- 
 / green, tapering to a fine point, 2' 4!' long, with thin walls and 
 generally few stomata; sporangia broadly oblong, mostly un- 
 spotted, with a narrow velum ; ligula triangular ; macrospores 
 
ISOETACE&. J 45 
 
 0.30 o 45 mm. thick, marked with minute low tubercles, rarely 
 confluent into wrinkles ; microspores deep-brown, 0.026-^0.031 
 mm. long, spinulose, rarely smooth. (/. Californica Engelm.) 
 Western Colorado (Brandegee), Utah, California, to Washing- 
 ton. 
 
 2. Amphibious, partially emerged ; stomata always present. 
 
 * Peripheral bast-bundles absent. 
 
 \ Velum partial. 
 
 6. I. saccharata Engelm. Trunk usually flat, depressed ; 
 leaves 10 20, awl-shaped, spreading, olive-green, 2' 3' long ; 
 sporangia oblong, spotted, with a narrow velum ; ligula trian- 
 gular ; macrospores 0.40 0.47 mm. thick, covered with very 
 minute, distinct warts, which are sometimes a little confluent; 
 microspores papillose, 0.024 0028 mm. long. Banks of 
 Wicomico river, below Salisbury, and of Nanticoke river, East- 
 ern Maryland (Canby). 
 
 7. I. riparia Engelm. Leaves 15 30, slender, rather rigid, 
 deep-green, 4' 8' long, with numerous stomata ; sporangia 
 mostly oblong, distinctly brown-spotted, \ or covered by the 
 velum; macrospores 0.45- -0.65 mm. thick, marked with isolated 
 or anastomosing, jagged crests; microspores more or less tuber- 
 culate, 0.028 0.032 mm. long. Banks of Delaware River from 
 Burlington to Wilmington, Delaware ; Oxbridge, Massachusetts 
 (Robbins)\ Brattleborough, Vermont (Frost) ; Maine (Chickering) ; 
 Crow River, Hastings County, Ontario (Macouri). 
 
 tt Velum complete. 
 
 8. I. melanospora Engelm. Trunk flat, only slightly 
 bilobed ; leaves 5 10, distichous, slender, tapering, light-green, 
 2' 1\' long; sporangia orbicular or almost obcordate, i" i" 
 long, entirely covered by the velum ; ligula short triangular, 
 obtuse ; macrospores 0.35 0.45 mm. long, roughened with 
 distinct or rarely somewhat confluent warts, dark-colored ; 
 microspores smooth ish or slightly papillose, 0.028 0.031 mm. 
 long. In shallow excavations in granite rock, Stone Mountain, 
 Georgia (Canby). 
 
 ** Peripheral bast-bundles present. 
 t Velum partial or entirely wanting. 
 
 / - 9- I. Engelmanni A. Br. Leaves 25100, light-green, 
 IP 
 
146 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 9' 20' or more long, with abundant stomata ; sporangia ob- 
 long linear-oblong, unspotted, with a narrow velum ; ligula 
 elongate from a triangular base ; macrospores 0.40 0.52 mm. 
 thick, delicately honeycomb-reticulated; microspores usually 
 smooth, 0.024 0.028 mm. long. Var. Georgiana Engelm. has 
 fewer leaves and larger (0.48 0.56 mm. thick) macrospores. 
 New England and New York, Missouri and Illinois ; the vari- 
 ety in Horseleg Creek, Floyd County, Georgia (Canby}. 
 
 Var. gracilis Engelm. Leaves 8 12, often submerged, 
 9' 12' long, the bast bundles often quite small or only two 
 present. New England ; Passaic River, New Jersey (Ennis). 
 
 Var. valida Engelm. Leaves 50 200, keeled on the upper 
 side, 1 8' 25' long; sporangia often linear-oblong 4" 9" long, 
 \ to f covered by the broad velum ; macrospores 0.32 0.48 mm. 
 thick ; microspores spinulose, 0.024 o'.o27 mm. long. Warrior's 
 Mark and Smithville, Pennsylvania (Porter} ; Wilmington, 
 Delaware (Canby). 
 
 10. I. Howellii Engelm. Leaves 1025, bright green, 
 5' 8' long, with thick dissepiments; sporangia oval, iV' 2^" 
 long, unspotted, \ to ^ covered by the velum ; ligula awl-shaped, 
 as long as the sporangium ; macrospores 0.43 0.48 mm. thick, 
 rough with prominent, rounded, single or sometimes confluent 
 tubercles, Dalles of the Columbia, Oregon (Howell). 
 ^ 11. I. nuda Engelm. Leaves 10 15, bright-green, 6' 9' 
 long; sporangia oval, light-brown, attached to the base of the 
 leaves by the median line only, the velum entirely wanting; 
 ligula somewhat triangular; macrospores 0.366 0.4 mm. thick, 
 slightly tuberculate, the tubercles somewhat confluent. Hood 
 River, Oregon (Howell). 
 
 tt Velum complete. 
 
 12. I. flaccida Shuttleworth. Leaves 1035, light-green, 
 15' 2 long, submerged, floating on the surface or wholly 
 emerged ; sporangia oval, 2" 3" long, entirely covered by the 
 velum; macrospores 0.30 0.42 mm. thick, covered with many 
 or rarely few, large flattish tubercles, distinct or confluent into 
 labyrinthiform wrinkles. Var. rigtda Engelm. is smaller, with 
 more slender, erect, dark-green leaves, 5' 6' long. Lake Im- 
 monia, near Tallahassee, Florida (Rugel}\ also near Manatee, 
 Florida (Garber). The variety at Lake Flirt, Florida (Garber). 
 
ISOETACE&. 147 
 
 Var. Chapmani Engelm. Leaves about 30, floating, 18' 
 long; sporangia orbicular; macrospores 0.44 0.55 mm. thick, 
 almost smooth on the upper side; microspores slightly papil- 
 lose, 0.027 0.030 mm. long. Near Mariana, Florida (Chap- 
 man) . 
 
 3. Terrestrial ; leaves nearly triangular, with abundant 
 stomata and peripheral bast-bundles, thick dissepiments and 
 small air-cavities. 
 
 * Trunk bilobed. 
 t Velum partial or almost wanting. 
 
 13. I. melanopoda J. Gay. Polygamous; trunk sub-glo- 
 bose, deeply bilobed; leaves 15 60, slender, stiff, erect, bright- 
 green, usually black at base, 5 10' or more long; sporangia 
 mostly oblong, 2" 5" long, spotted, with a narrow velum; 
 ligula triangular awl-shaped ; macrospores 0.25 0.40 mm. 
 thick, with depressed tubercles often confluent into worm-like 
 wrinkles, or almost smooth ; microspores spinulose, 0.023 0.028 
 mm. long. Var. pallida Engelm. is larger, with pale leaf-bases 
 and broader velum. Ringwood and Athens, Illinois (Hall} ; 
 Clinton, Iowa (Vasey) ; Limestone Gap, Indian Territory {But- 
 ler}. The variety at Houston, Texas (Hall). 
 
 14. i. maritima Unde. Monoecious; trunk small, only 
 slightly bilobed; leaves 8 15, rigid, green, i' 2' long, " f" 
 wide; sporangia oval, 2" long, ij" wide, brownish white, one 
 third to one half covered by the velum ; ligula small; macro- 
 spores 0.42 0.48 mm. thick, densely spinulose, the spines blunt, 
 rarely confluent; microspores smooth, white, 0.32 0.35 mm. 
 thick. In salt marsh, Alberni, Vancouver Island (Macouri). 
 
 15. I. Butleri Engelm. Dioecious; trunk sub-globose; 
 leaves 812, rigid, bright-green, 3' 7' long; sporangia usually 
 oblong, spotted, with a very narrow velum or none ; ligula awl- 
 shaped from a triangular base; macrospores 0.50 0.63 mm. 
 thick, marked with knobs or warts, distinct or sometimes con- 
 fluent; microspores papillose, dark-brown, 0.028 0.038 mm. 
 long. Var. immaculata Engelm. is larger, with unspotted 
 sporangia, and spinulose microspores, the macrospores 0.40 
 o 56 mm. In saline flats, near Limestone Gap, Indian Territory 
 
148 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
 (Butler}, near St. Louis, Missouri (Eggerf). The variety in 
 cedar barrens, near Nashville, Tennessee (Gattinger). 
 
 ft Velum complete. 
 
 16. I. Nuttallii A. Br. Trunk almost globose, slightly 
 grooved ; leaves 20 60, slender, bright-green, 3' 9' long, with 
 only three peripheral bast-bundles ; sporangia oblong or oval, 
 entirely covered by the velum ; macrospores variable, o. 25 o. 50 
 mm. thick, densely covered with minute but rounded warts, or 
 rarely al.most smooth; microspores papillose, brown, 0.025 
 0.028 mm. long. (/. opaca Nutt.) Oregon, Washington ; West- 
 ern Idaho (Geyer), Vancouver Island (Macouri). 
 
 ** Trunk trtlobed ; velum complete. 
 
 f tf~6 _ 17. I. Suksdorfil Baker. Leaves 12 20, firm, bright- 
 green, very slender, arcuate, deeply channelled along the face, 
 2' 3' long, less than " wide; sporangia orbicular, 2" long and 
 broad ; ligula deltoid ; macrospores grayish-white, faintly granu- 
 lated. W. Klickitat County, Washington (Suksdorf, No. 836), 
 California (Brandegee). 
 
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 Acrogenous (Gr. dicpov, the high- 
 est part, and yeWar, to produce), per- 
 taining to plants whose growth takes 
 place at the summit. Includes Ferns, 
 Mosses, etc. 
 
 Acrostichese, 76. 
 
 Ac rostichum, 89 ; also 5 , 6, 12, 76. 
 
 Aculeate (Lat. aculeus, diminutive 
 of acus, a needle), armed with 
 prickles. 
 
 Adder-tongue. Vide Ophio- 
 glossum. 
 
 Adiantum, 89 ; also 5, 13, 42, 73, 77. 
 
 Adnate (Lat. ad. to, nasci, to be 
 born), growing fast to some other por- 
 tion of the plant. 
 Algae, 49. -Literature of, 55. 
 Allosorus. Vide Crypto- 
 
 gramme. 
 
 Analogy (Gr. aW, according to; 
 
 ^o'-yos, ratio, proportion), similarity in 
 
 function; distinguished from homolo- 
 
 y, indicating similarity in structure. 
 
 Anastomose (Gr. dvwronovv, to 
 
 open into), forming a net- work ; said 
 
 of veins which unite with each other. 
 
 Anemia, 123 ; also 18, 79. 
 
 Annul us (Lat. a ring), the ring 
 
 partly or completely surrounding the 
 
 sporangium. 
 
 Antheridium (plu. antheridia) 
 <Lat. anthera, an anther, and Gr. 
 ei'Sos, form), the part containing the 
 male element. 20. 
 
 Antherozoid (Lat. anthera, an 
 anther; Gr. f<J i>, an animal, and ei'Sos, 
 form), the male element of crypto- 
 gams. 20. 
 
 Archegonium (plu. archegonia) 
 (Gr. O'PXJJ, beginning, and yovn, off- 
 spring), the part containing the fe- 
 male element. 20. 
 
 Arcuate (Lat. arcus^a. bow), curved 
 like a bow. 
 
 Areola (plu. areolte). (Lat. diminu- 
 tive of area t an open place), a space 
 enclosed by anastomosing veinlets. 
 
 Asexual Reproduction in 
 Ferns. 27. 
 
 Aspidieae, 78. 
 
 Aspidium. Vide Dryopteris, 
 16, 78. 
 
 Asplenieae, 78. 
 
 Asplenium, 103; also 2,3, 5,6,15 
 27, 78. 
 
 Auriculate (Lat. auricula, a little 
 ear), furnished with ear-like append- 
 ages. 
 
 Azolla, 127; also 39. 
 
 Beech-fern. Vide Phegop- 
 
 teris. 
 Bi (Lat. bis, twice), (as a prefix) two, 
 
 twice or doubly. 
 Bladder-fern. Vide Cystop- 
 
 teris. 
 
 Blechneae, 77. 
 Blechnum, 102 ; also 15, 77. 
 Botrychium, 129; also 2, 3, 5, 19, 
 
 29, 30. 
 Brake or Bracken. Vide 
 
 Pteris. 
 Bryophytes (Gr. ppvov, moss, and 
 
 <j>vrdv, plant), 52. 
 Buds, borne on ferns, 27. 
 BulbletS borne on ferns, 27. 
 
 Calamariaceae, 67. 
 
 CamptOSOrus, 108 ; also 3, 6, 9, 16, 
 
 27, 7 8. 
 
 Carboniferous Age, Pterido- 
 phytes of, 68. 
 
150 
 
 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 Carinate (Lat. carina, a keel), 
 keeled. 
 
 Carpophy ta (Gr. xapiro's, fruit, and 
 /uToV, plant). 
 
 Castaneous (Lat. castanea, a 
 chestnut), chestnut-colored. 
 
 Caudate (Lat. cauda, a tail), fur- 
 nished with a slender appendage re- 
 sembling a tail. 
 
 Caudex (Lat. a stem), the upright 
 rootstock forming the trunk of a tree- 
 fern, 8. 
 
 Cellulose (Lat. cellula, a little cell), 
 the substance composing the wall of 
 cells, containing the elements car- 
 bon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 
 
 Ceraceous (Lat. cera, wax), hav- 
 ing the nature of wax. 
 
 Ceratopterideae, 77. 
 
 Ceratopteris, 101 ; also 6, 14, 77. 
 
 Characeae, 51. Literature of, 56. 
 
 Chartaceous (Lat. charta, a leaf 
 of paper), having the texture of paper 
 or parchment. 
 
 Cheilanthes, 9* ; also 3 , 6, 8, 13, 
 
 26, 43, 77- 
 
 Chlorophyll (Gr. x* w P'i green, 
 and ff>v\\ov, leaf), the green grains 
 forming the coloring matter of plants. 
 
 Christmas-fern. Vide Dry- 
 opteris. 
 
 Ciliate (Lat. cilium, an eyelash), 
 having on the margin a fringe of 
 hairs resembling the fringing eye- 
 lashes. 
 
 Cinnamon-fern. Vide Os- 
 munda. 
 
 Giro in ate (Lat. circinus, a pair of 
 compasses), rolled inward from the 
 apex, 8. 
 
 Classification of the Vegetable 
 Kingdom, 48. Principle of, 45. 
 
 Cliff-brake. Vide Pellaea. 
 
 Climbing-fern. Vide Lygo- 
 dium. 
 
 Cloak-fern. Vide Notho- 
 lasna. 
 
 Club-moss. Vide Lycopo- 
 dium. 
 
 Confluent (Lat. con, together, and 
 Jluere, to flow), blended together. 
 
 Connate (Lat. con, together, and 
 nasci, to be born), united together 
 from the first. 
 
 Cordate (Lat. cor, the heart), heart- 
 shaped. 
 
 Coriaceous (Lat. corium, a hide), 
 leathery. 
 
 Cotton-fern. Vide Notho- 
 laena. 
 
 Crenate (Lat. crena, a notch), hav- 
 ing the margin scalloped with rounded 
 teeth. 
 
 Crenulate (Lat. crenula, a little 
 notch), scalloped with small rounded 
 teeth. 
 
 Cryptogamia (Gr. Kpvirro's, hid- 
 den, ya'/xos, marriage), flowerless 
 plants ; an obsolete term. 
 
 Cryptogramma, 97; also 2, 14, 77. 
 
 Cultivation, Literature of, 7. 
 
 Cuneate (Lat. cuneus, a wedge), 
 wedge-shaped. 
 
 Cystopteris, 118; also 4,5, 6, 16, 
 27, 78. 
 
 Decurrent (Lat. de, down, and 
 
 currere, to run), prolonged on the 
 
 rachis. 
 
 Deer-fern. Vide Lomaria. 
 Deltoid (Gr. Se'Ara, the letter D, and 
 
 ct'Jof, form), triangular, like the Greek 
 
 delta. 
 Dentate (Lat. dens, a tooth), 
 
 toothed. 
 
 Denticulate (Lat. denticulus, di- 
 minutive of dens t tooth), finely 
 
 toothed. 
 Desmidiacese, 50. Literature of, 
 
 56. 
 Determination of Species, 
 
 68. 
 Devonian Age, Pteridophytes of, 
 
 66. 
 Diatomaceae, 50. Literature of, 
 
 56. 
 
 Dichotomous (Gr. ^i\a.. asunder, 
 
 and reVreiv. to cut), two-forked. 
 Dicksonia, 121 ; also 3 , 5 , 7. 17. 79. 
 Dicksonieae, 79 
 Pimorphism, 3. Literature, of 7. 
 
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 Dimorphous (Gr. fit's, twice, and 
 
 ju.wp0j, shape, form), of two forms; 
 
 said of ferns whose fertile fronds are 
 
 unlike the sterile. 
 Dioecious (Gr. fit's, twice, and <HKOS, 
 
 house), bearing the male and female 
 
 organs on different plants. 
 Distichous (Gr. fit's, twice, and 
 
 ort'xos, a row), disposed in two rows 
 Distribution, Geographic, 62. 
 
 Geologic, 67. Local, 4. 
 Dryopteris, no; also 2, 5, 7, 8, 10, 
 
 u, 16, 26, 42,68, 73. 
 
 Ebeneous (Lat. ebenus, ebony), 
 black like ebony. 
 
 E later, the spirally coiled append- 
 ages of the spores of Equisetum. 
 
 Endospore (Gr. Iv&ov, within, and 
 o-jTopds, a seed), the inner wall of the 
 spore. 
 
 Epidermis (Gr. rt, upon, and 
 Se'p/ua, the skin), the external covering 
 of the plant. 
 
 Epiphytic (Gr. ri, upon, and 
 <vTOf, a plant), growing upon an- 
 other plant, but not nourished by it. 
 
 Equisetacese, 132; also 31 Lit- 
 erature of, 34. 
 
 Equisetum, 132 ; also 31, 33, 69. 
 
 Exospore (Gr. ew, outside, and 
 (rTropos, a seed), the external covering 
 of the spore. 
 
 Falcate (Lat..A/.r, a sickle), scythe- 
 shaped ; slightly curved upward. 
 
 Farinose (Lat. farina, ground 
 corn), covered with a white or yellow- 
 ish powder. 
 
 Fern Allies, 28 
 
 Fern Structure, Literatureof, 28 
 
 Ferns, Artificial Synopsis of genera 
 of, 80 Mode of growth. 2. Time of 
 fruiting. 4. Variation in. 2. 
 
 Ferruginous (Lat. ferrum, iron), 
 resembling iron rust. 
 
 Fertilization, 21. 
 
 Fibrillose (Lat. jilra, a thread), 
 formed of small fibres. 
 
 Filices, 75. 
 
 Filiform (Lat. filum, a thread, 
 forma, form), thread-like. 
 
 F la be Hate (Lat. flabellum, a fan), 
 fan-shaped; broad and rounded at 
 the summit and narrow at the base. 
 
 Flaccid (Lat. flaccus, flabby), soft 
 and weak. 
 
 Floating-fern. Vide Cera- 
 topteris. 
 
 Flowering-fern. Vide Os- 
 munda. 
 
 Foliaceous (Lat. folium, a leaf), 
 having the nature of a leaf. 
 
 Fovea (Lat. a small pit), the depres- 
 sion in the leaf of Isoetes containing 
 the sporangium. 
 
 Frond (Lat. front, a leafy bough), 
 that which answers to the leaf in 
 ferns, 8, 26. 
 
 Fructification of Ferns, 10; of 
 OPHIOGLOSSACE.*, 30 ; of Equisetum, 
 33; of Club mosses, 35; of Isoetes, 38; 
 of Marsilia, 39; of Pilularia, 39; 
 of Azolla, 39; of Salrinia, 40. 
 
 Fulvous (Lat. fulv us, reddish-yel- 
 low), tawny. 
 
 Fungi, 49. Literature cf, 56. 
 
 Gasteromycetes, 52- - Litera- 
 ture of, 59. 
 
 Genera, 44- 
 
 Generic Names, 41. 
 
 Geographic Distribution, 62. 
 Literature of, 69. 
 
 Geologic Distribution, 65. 
 
 Germination of Ferns, 19; of 
 OPHIOGLOSSACE^E, 30; of Equisetum, 
 33; of Club-mosses, 36; of Isoetes, 38; 
 of Marsilia, 40. Literature of, 23. 
 
 Glabrous (Lat. glaber, smooth) 
 smooth. 
 
 GlanduliferoUS (Lat. glandula, a 
 little kernel, and ferre, to bear), fur- 
 nished with glands 
 
 Glaucous (Gr. yAavKos, sea-green), 
 covered with a bloom like a plum. 
 
 Globose, spherical in form or nearly 
 so. 
 
 Goethe on species, 43. ' 
 
152 
 
 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 Cold -fern. Vide Gymno- 
 
 gramme. 
 Grammitideae,76. 
 Grape - fern. Vide Botry- 
 
 chium. 
 Ground -pine, Ground -fir, 
 
 etc. Vide Lycopodium. 
 Gymnogramme, 84; also 3, 9, 13, 
 
 41, 68, 76. 
 
 Hartford-fern. Vide Lygo- 
 dium. 
 
 Hart's-tongue. Vide Scolo- 
 pendrium. 
 
 Hastate (Lat. hasta, a spear), fur- 
 nished with spreading lobes on each 
 side at the base. 
 
 Helvellaceae, 52. Literature oi, 
 60. 
 
 HepatiCSB, 52. Literature of, 
 61. 
 
 Herbaceous (Lat. herba, an herb), 
 having the texture of common herb- 
 age. 
 
 Heterosporous (Gr. crepe?, other 
 and o-jropo?, a seed), producing two 
 kinds of spores, as in Selaginella, 
 Marsilia, etc. 
 
 Histology (Gr. toros, web, tissue, 
 and Aoyos, a discourse), the study of 
 the microscopic characters of the tis- 
 sues of plants and animals. 
 
 Holly-fern. Vide Dryopteris. 
 
 Horsetail. Vide Equisetum. 
 
 Hymenomycetes, 50. Litera- 
 ture of, 55. 
 
 Hymenophyllaceae, , 26, 79 . 
 
 Imbricate (Lat. imbrex, a r hollow 
 
 tile), breaking joints like slates or 
 
 shingles. 
 Indusium (plu. indusia) (Lat. in- 
 
 duere, to clothe), the membranous 
 
 covering of the sporangia in many 
 
 species of ferns. 
 Inferior, attached below; said of an 
 
 indusium below the sporangia as in 
 
 Woods ia. 
 
 Intramarginal (Lat. infra, with- 
 
 in, and margo, a border), near the 
 
 margin. 
 Involucre (Lat. involvere, to wrap 
 
 up), the indusium. 
 Isoetaceae, 142; also 37 . Litera- 
 
 ture of, 38. 
 
 Isoetes, 142; also 37 , 38, 69. 
 Isosporous (Gr. Z<ros, equal, and 
 
 o-Tropos, a seed), producing spores of 
 
 one kind. 
 
 Lace-fern. K/ 
 
 Lacinia (plu. laciniee) (Lat. the lap- 
 
 pet of a garment), a long narrow lobe. 
 Lady-fern. Vide Asplenium. 
 Lanceolate (Lat. lanceola, a little 
 
 spear), lance-shaped. 
 Lepidodendraceae, 69. 
 Lichenes, 52. Literature of, 60. 
 Ligula (Lat. a strap), a triangular of 
 
 somewhat elongate stipule-like or- 
 
 gan of the leaf in Isoetes, situated 
 
 above the sporangium. 
 Linear (Lat. linea, a line), long and 
 
 narrow. 
 Linnaeus, definition of species, 43. 
 
 System of, 47. 
 
 Lip-fern. Vide Cheilanthes. 
 Lobule (Lat. lobulus, diminutive of 
 
 lobus, a lobe), a small lobe. 
 Lomaria, 101; also 2, 14, 77. 
 Lunate (Lat. luna, the moon), cres- 
 
 cent-shaped. 
 Lunulate (Lat. lunula, diminutive 
 
 of luna, the moon), smaller than 
 
 lunate. 
 Lycopodiaceae, 135; also 34 . 
 
 Literature of, 37. 
 Lycopodium, 135; also 34, 35, 36, 
 
 6g. 
 
 Lygodium, 122; also 4, 17, 66, 79. 
 
 M 
 Macro- (Gr. M"cpos, long), (as a pre- 
 
 fix) large or long. 
 
 Maidenhair. Vide Adiantum. 
 Male-fern. /'/<& Aspidium. 
 Marattiaceae, 45. 
 Marsilea, 125 ; also 39 , 40 , 69. 
 Marsileaceae, 125; also 39. Liter- 
 
 ature of, 40. 
 
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 153 
 
 Mesozoic Age, Pteridophytes of, 
 
 66. 
 Micro (Gr. /uiKpos, small), (as a prefix) 
 
 small. 
 Midvein, the middle or main vein of 
 
 a frond, pinna, pinnule, or segment. 
 Mimicry, 3. 
 Monoecious (Gr. /mo^os, single, and 
 
 OIKOS. house), bearing the male and 
 
 ft-male organs on different parts of 
 
 ihe same plant. 
 Moonwort. Vide Botrychi- 
 
 um. 
 Mucronate (Lat. mucro, a sharp 
 
 point), having the mid vein prolonged 
 
 beyond the pinnule, forming a sharp 
 
 point. 
 Musci (mosses), 52. Literature of, 
 
 61. 
 Myxomycetes, 51. Literature 
 
 of, 57. 
 
 N 
 
 Nephrodium. V. Dryopteris. 
 Nephrolepis, 117; also -5, 16, 78. 
 Nomenclature, 4- 
 Notholaena, 85; also 6, 9, 13, 76. 
 
 Oak-fern. Vide Phegopteris. 
 Oblong, from two to four times as 
 
 long as broad. 
 Obovate (Lat. ob, reversed, and 
 
 oTTitn, an egg), inverted ovate. 
 Onoclea, 119; also 2, 3, 5, 10, 17, 66, 
 
 72. 7 8. 
 Oophyta (Gr. <iov, an egg (spore), 
 
 and (VTOI', plant). 
 Oosphere (Gr. <idv, an egg), the 
 
 female element of Pteridophytes. 
 Oospore (Gr. uov, an egg, and 
 
 o-TTopd?, a seed), the fertilized oo- 
 
 sphere. 
 Ophioglossaceae, 128; also 28. 
 
 Literature of, 31. 
 
 Ophioglossum, 128; also 6, 29, 30. 
 Orbicular (Lat. orbiculus, diminu- 
 tive of orbis, a circle), circular. 
 Orders, 45- 
 Osmunda, 124; also 2 . 3* 4* 5. 6 . l8 , 
 
 19, 80. 
 Osmundaceae, 12, 79. 
 
 Ostrich-fern. Vide Onoclea. 
 
 Ovate (Lat. ovum, an egg), having 
 the form of the longitudinal plane of 
 an egg with the base downward. 
 
 Ovoid (Lat. ovum, an egg, and Gr. 
 eZSos, form), having the form of an 
 egg. 
 
 P 
 
 Paleaceous (Lat. palea, chaff),' 
 clothed with chaffy hairs. 
 
 Palmate (Lat. palma, the hand), 
 with the divisions spreading from the 
 end of the stalk like the fingers of the 
 hand. 
 
 Panicle (Lat. panicula, a tuft on 
 plants), an open cluster, consisting of 
 more or less branching stems bearing 
 fruit. 
 
 Papillose (Lat. papilla^ a nipple), 
 bearing minute nipple-like projec- 
 tions. 
 
 Papyraceous (Lat. papyrus, paper 
 reed), having ihe texture of paper. 
 
 Pedicel (Lat. pediculus, diminutive 
 of pes, foot), the stalk of a sporan- 
 gium. 
 
 Pellaea, 97; also 2. 3, 6, 14, 77 . 
 
 Peltate (Lat. pelta, a small shield), 
 shield-shape; said of an indusium 
 borne on a stalk attached at its centre. 
 
 Pentagonal (Gr. TWTC, five, and 
 ywfia, angle), having five sides. 
 
 Perisporiaceae, 52- Literature 
 of, 60. 
 
 Peronosporeae, 51. Literature 
 of, 57- 
 
 Petiole (Lat. petielus, diminutive of 
 pes, foot), the stalk of a pinna or 
 pinnule. 
 
 Phegopteris, 108; also 5, 9, 16, 27, 
 78. 
 
 Pilose (Lat. pilus, hairy), covered 
 with soft hairs. 
 
 Pilularia, 126; also 39, 69. 
 
 Pinna (Lat. a feather), the primary 
 division of a compound frond. 
 
 Pinnate (Lat. pinna, a feather), hav- 
 ing the divisions of the frond ar- 
 ranged on the two sides of a common 
 rachis. 
 
 Pinnatifid (Lat. pinna, a feather 
 
154 
 
 GLOSSARY ANT) INDEX. 
 
 and findere, to cleave), having the 
 sides of the frond, pinna, or pinnule 
 cut half-way or more to the midvein. 
 
 Pinnule (Lat. pinnula, diminutive 
 of pinna, a feather), the secondary 
 division of a frond twice or more 
 compound. 
 
 Polypodiaceae, n, 76. 
 
 Polypodiese, 76. 
 
 Polypodium, 82; also 6, 7, 10, u. 
 
 12, 76. 
 
 Pro-embryo, the thread-like pro- 
 longation between the germinating 
 spore and the prothallium. 
 
 Prothallium (Lat. pro, previous 
 to, and thallus, a young shoot), the 
 sexual generation of a fern, 20. 
 
 Protophyta (Gr. 7rpa>Tos, first, sim- 
 plest, and </>VTOV, a plant), 50. 
 
 Psilotum, 139; also 35. 
 
 Pterideae, 76. 
 
 Pteridoid (Gr. irre'pis, fern, and 
 elfios, form), fern-like in appearance. 
 
 Pteridoid Phase, 22. 
 
 Pteridophytes (Gr. TTT>IS, fern, 
 and ^vTOf, a plant), 52, 75. 
 
 Pteris, 9; also 5, 13, 68, 77. 
 
 Pyrenomycetes, 52. Literature 
 of, 60. 
 
 Q 
 
 Quadri- (Lat. quattuor, four), (as at 
 prefix) four, fourfold. 
 
 Rachis (Gr. 'pagi* the spine), the 
 continuation of the stipe through a 
 compound frond. 
 
 Raphe (Gr. 'p a< Mt a seam or suture), 
 the ridge which connects the sporo- 
 carp with its stem in Marsilia. 
 
 Rattlesnake-fern. Vide Bo- 
 trychium. 
 
 Receptacle (Lat. recipere, to re- 
 ceive), the part to which the sporan- 
 gia are attached, especially in the 
 HYMENOPHYLLACE^:. 
 
 Reniform (Lat. renes, the kidneys), 
 kidney-shaped. 
 
 Resurrection - plant. Vide 
 Selaginella. 
 
 Re volute (Lat. revolvere, to roll 
 
 back), rolled backward; said of the 
 
 margin of fronds. 
 
 Rhizocarps. Vide Marsilia. 
 Rhomboidal (Gr.'pdM/Bos, a rhomb, 
 
 and eZSos, form), approaching a rhomb 
 
 in shape. 
 Rock-brake. Vide Crypto- 
 
 gramme. 
 Rock-moss. Vide Selagi- 
 
 nella. 
 Roots, 25. 
 Rootstock, an underground stem 
 
 8. 
 
 Salvinia, 127; also 39, 40. 
 Salviniaceae, 127; also 39. Litera- 
 ture of, 40. 
 Scandent (Lat. s.andere, to climb), 
 
 climbing. 
 
 Schizaea, 123; also n, 18, 79. 
 Schizaeaceae, n, 79. 
 Schizomycetes, 51. Literature 
 
 of. 57- 
 Scolopendrium, 107; also 3, 6, 15, 
 
 19, 26, 78. 
 Scouring- rush. Vide Equi- 
 
 setum. 
 Segment, one of the divisions of a 
 
 pinnatifid frond. 
 
 Selaginella, 140; also 34, 35, 36, 69. 
 Selaginellaceae, 140; also 34. 
 
 Literature of, 37 
 Sensitive-fern. Vide Ono- 
 
 clea. 
 Serrate (Lat. serra, a saw), having 
 
 the margin cut into teeth pointing 
 
 forward. 
 Sessile (Lat. sedere, to sit), without 
 
 a stalk or petiole. 
 Setiform (Lat. seta, a bristle, and 
 
 forma, form), bristle-like. 
 Shield-fern. V. Dryopteris. 
 Sigillariaceae, 6 7 . 
 Sinuate (Lat. sinus, a bending), 
 
 having the margin alternately bend- 
 ing inward and outward. 
 Sinus (Lat. a bending), a recess or 
 
 bay; the re-entering space between 
 
 two lobes. 
 
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 155 
 
 SorUS (plu. sari) (Gr. awpos, a heap 
 or cluster), the clusters of fruit in the 
 
 POLYPODIACE>E. 
 
 Spatulate (Lat. spatula, a little 
 
 spoon), shaped like a spatula. 
 Species, 43. How to determine, 68. 
 Specific Names, 41. 
 Spermaphytes (Gr. cnr^a, a 
 
 seed, and $\nov, a plant), 10, 20, 50. 
 
 Literature of, 59. 
 Spinulose (Lat. spina, a thorn), 
 
 thorny. 
 Spleenwort. Vide Aspleni- 
 
 um. 
 
 Sporangium (plu. sporangia) (Gr. 
 o-Tiopo?, a seed, and ayyo?, a vessel), 
 the case or capsule enclosing the 
 spores. 10. 
 
 Spore (Gr. <rirop6<;, a seed), the fruit 
 of the higher cryptogams, produced 
 asexually, 10, 18. 
 
 Sporocarp (Gr. CTTTOPOS, seed, and 
 Kapn-os, fruit), the fruit-bearing re- 
 ceptacle in Marsilia, etc. 
 
 Squamous (Lat. squama, a scale), 
 with appressed scales. 
 
 Stellate (Lat. stella, a star), star- 
 shaped. 
 
 Stipe (Lat. stipes, a stock), the stem 
 of a frond, 8, 25. 
 
 Stoma (plu. stomata) (Gr. a mouth), 
 the breathing pores of plants, 26, 33. 
 
 Stramineous (Lat. stramen* 
 straw), straw-colored. 
 
 Struthiopteris. Vide Ono- 
 clea. 
 
 Sub- (as a prefix), about, nearly, 
 somewhat. 
 
 Sub-Orders, 44- 
 
 Subulate (Lat. sulula, a shoe- 
 maker's awl), awl-shaped. 
 
 Superior, higher, applied to indusia 
 that are attached above the sorus as 
 
 in Dryo/'ttris. 
 
 Synonymy, 43- 
 
 Taenitis, 88; also 6, 13, 76. 
 
 Ternate (Lat. term', three each), ! 
 
 branching into three nearly equal di- j 
 
 Tertiary Age, Pteridophytes of, 
 66. 
 
 Thallophy tes (Gr. doXAo?, a young 
 shoot, and ^vrdf. a plant), a group of 
 plants including the lichens, fungi, 
 and algae, 50. 
 
 Thalloid (Gr. 0oAA6, a young shoot, 
 and elfios, form), having the form of a 
 thai 1 us. i.e., no leafy axis. 
 
 Thalloid Phase, 19. 
 
 Tissues, 24. 
 
 Tissue Systems, 25. 
 
 TomentOSe (Lat. tomentum, a 
 stuffing of wool), covered with mat- 
 ted woolly hairs. 
 
 Tomentum (Lat. a stuffing of 
 wool), the dense matted woolly hair 
 found on some ferns as many species 
 of Cheilanthes. 
 
 Tri- (Lat. iris, three), (as a prefix) 
 three, thrice. 
 
 Tribes, 44. 
 
 Trichomanes, 122; also 6, 11,17, 
 
 79- 
 Trichomes (Gr. 0ptf. hair), hairs, 
 
 variously modified as scales, indusia, 
 
 sporangia, etc., produced from the 
 
 epidermal cells, 26. 
 Triquetrous (Lat. triquetrui), 
 
 three-angled. 
 Truncate (Lat. truncare, to cut 
 
 short), cut off abruptly. 
 Tufted, growing in clusters. 
 
 U 
 Undulate (Lat. undula, a little 
 
 wave), wavy-margined. 
 Uredineae, 51. Literature of, 58. 
 
 Vallecuia (plu. vallecula), the 
 grooves on the stems of Equisetum. 
 
 Variation among species, 2. 
 
 Varieties, 44- 
 
 Vascular (Lat. vasculum, diminu- 
 tive of z-as, a vessel), containing ves- 
 sels, as ducts, etc. 
 
 Velum (Lat. a curtain), the membra- 
 nous margin of the fovea in Isoetes. 
 
 Venation (Lat. vena, a vein), the 
 veining of the frond. 10. 
 
5 6 
 
 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 Vernation (Lat. ver, spring), the 
 arrangement of the leaves or fronds 
 in the bud, 29. 
 
 Vittaria, 89; also 6, 13, 7 6. 
 
 Vittarieae, 76. 
 
 W 
 
 Wai king- leaf. Vide Camp- 
 tosorus. 
 
 Water-fern. Vide Marsilia. 
 Wood-fern. ^/rf^Dryopteris. 
 Woodsia, 119 ; also 6, ii, 17, 43, 79 . 
 
 Woodwardia, 102; also 2, 5, 10, 
 
 *5, 68, 77. 
 
 Zygrophyta (Gr. fryov, a yoke, and 
 , a plant). 
 
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