SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD *td v f&E PRESENT TIME. BY JOHN GILMAET SHEA, REVISED EDITION. NEW YORK: EDWARD DUNIGAN AND BROTHER, (JAMES B. KIRKER.) 599 BROADWAY. Entered according to Act of Congress, In the year 1S55, by JAMES B. KIRKER, la the Clerk s Office of the District Court of the United States, for tiw Southern District of New York. PREFACE. THE present more extended School History of the United States will, it is hoped, supply a long felt want, especially in Catholic establish ments. Leaving the track of the usual compen- diums, in which an undue influence is given to one section and one element in our country and nation, the author, who has devoted some years to the study of our national history, has endeav ored to give equal interest to all. Incidents bearing more especially on the Catholic Church, as possessing greater interest for those for whom the work is intended, are frequently introduced, though not where they possess no general in terest. As a teacher he has always found the ac counts of our early history very confused, and he now attempts to simplify it, by giving the separate colonial history only down to the period when the English government began to 4 PREFACE. take an active interest in the colonies : after that the history is pursued by reigns till tlte time of the Continental Congress. He now offers it to the various schools and institutions, trusting that thsy will find it both correct and teachable. JSrw YOUK, JiUv 22, 1666. ! s * UNITED STATES CHAPTER I. THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 1. AMERICA was, like the other quarters of the globe, settled by the descendants of Noah ; but owing to its distance from the other continents, all know ledge of it was soon lost in Europe and Asia, and none of the civilized nations of antiquity give us any mention of it. 2. The Irish, who were great navigators and sea* rovers, discovered Iceland soon after their conversion to Christianity, and founded settlements, which were, however, soon destroyed. In the ninth century several Norwegians visited the same island, and one named 1. What knowledge had the aucienls of America? 1* D HISTOE.Y OF THE UNITED STATES. Ingulph founded a colony, which soon became thriv ing and prosperous, so that in after years Iceland waa a centre of learning and religion in the north. Towards the close of the tenth century, an adven turer named Eric sailed from Iceland, and discovering Greenland, founded a colony there, which, after his conversion to Christianity, .began to rival Iceland. From these two colonies many voyages were made by adventurers, and by missionaries, along the northern coast of America, in all probability as far as Narra- gansett Bay. The destruction of the colony of Greenland, and the decline of Iceland, prevented any settlements in the newly-discovered territory; and as the know ledge of them was confined to Iceland, and the Scan davian Kingdoms, the navigators and learned men of southern Europe were entirely ignorant of the exist ence of a great continent beyond the Atlantic. 3. The discoveries of the Northmen had been long forgotten in their own land, and were never even dreamed of in the commercial countries on the Medi terranean, when the adventurous spirit of the time raised up one destined to reveal the long-hidden continent. This was Christopher Columbus, a Ge noese, who, after commanding many years in the Mediterranean, removed to Portugal, and acquired both renown and experience, by voyages on the ocean, His studies had convinced him of the spherical form of the earth, and consequently of the possi- 2. By whom was Iceland discovered? by whom colonized? What ther parts were settled and explored by the Northmen? 3. What was the result of Columbus studies ? What continent did he THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 7 bility of reaching Asia by sailing westward, while at the same time, the proofs of a continent beyond the Atlantic thrown up at times in the shape of trees and carved bits of wood, convinced him that the dis tance was not insuperable. Supposing this continent to be Asia, he at o not- resolved to seek a western passage to China, and pro posed a voyage of discovery to his native state, to Venice, France, England and Portugal, but every where without success. Thus disappointed, Columbus repaired in 1484 to Castile, and after urging the matter for eight years, succeeded in enlisting Queen Isabella in his plans. Her husband Ferdinand ap proved it, and they jointly appointed Columbus, hereditary Admiral and Viceroy of all the lands that he should discover. 4. At the expense of the Queen, three small ves sels were soon fitted out, and Columbus hoisting his flag on the St. Mary, sailed from Palos on the 3d of August, 1492, leaving behind him scarce one who believed his plan to be any thing but a dream. On the 9th of September he left Ferro, and steer ing out into the broad Atlantic, began in earnest his voyage over a sea where there was no chart to guide him. Amid the anxiety natural in such cir cumstances, a new motive of fear arose. Their only guide in that wilderness of waters, the hitherto faith ful compass, began to vary. Concealing his own anxiety, Columbus succeeded in dispelling the fears suppose it to bo? Who at last enabled him to sail on a voyage <>f ex ploration ? 4. When did Columbus sail, and from what port? What happened tc 8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. of the crew : birds and sea- treed seen from tijie to time, enabled him to keep their hopes alive ; but when after some weeks all such signs disappeared, a mutinous spirit began to display itself. Murmurs and threats against him were now frequent, but the commanding air-, the confident demeanor of Colum bus, bore down all opposition, and the vessels kept on their way. At this critical moment, green rushes, fruit, and other indications of land dispelled all fears. Land was near, and orders were given for a regular watch to catch the first glimpse of land, and the promise of a royal bounty, stimulated all to be on the alert. Just before midnight, Columbus, while standing on the bow of the St. Mary, saw a light pass rapidly in the darkness, and was thus himself the first to dis cover the land. 5. The morn revealed the new-found world. It was the 12th of October, 1492. Columbus, in a rich and splendid dress, followed by his crew, landed. Fall ing on their knees they kissed the earth, and planting a cross, unfurled the gorgeous standard of Spain before the wondering natives. Thus met for the first time the Spaniard and the Indian : each gazed in wonder on the other, and on the scene around him. The naked islander, with his copper complexion, rude arms, and rustic hovels, the rich verdure, the strange birds and plants, all filled the one with amazement, while the other gazed in wonder and awe on the vast the compass? What kept up the hope of the crew? When did Co lumbus discover land? 5. Ou what day did Columbus land? Describe tte ratives? What THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 9 bulk of the ships, the curious dress, and the stately ceremony of the strangers. The spot where Columbus landed, was the island called by the natives Ghianahani, but which he named San Salvador, in honor of our Saviour. And now full of hope, Columbus pursued his voyage of disco very; after touching at many small islands, he dis covered Cuba and Hayti, and having lost one vessel, left a colony on the latter island ; then on the 4th of January, sailed for Spain. Terrible storms almost hid for ever the discovery, for Columbus had well- nigh perished ; but after a voyage of two months he arrived at Lisbon. 6. He believed that he had reached the East Indies, and such was the news which now ran through Spain. His progress to Barcelona, where the court sat, was a triumph: there Ferdinand and Isabella rose from their thrones, to lead the Admiral to a seat prepared for him. This was his hour of triumph. His subsequent voyages and misfortunes do not enter into the plan of our history. He died, deprived of his honors and authority by a jealous court, and even by the world, for before he closed his eyes, the con tinent which he had discovered received the name of America, or Land of Henry, from Americus or Henry Vespucci, a literary man in the expedition of Ojeda, in 1499. Spain, by virtue of the discovery, claimed the was the land thus discovered? What other islands did he discover? Where did he leave some men to begin a colony ? <J. What was his reception on his return ? What was hi subsequent Oistory f What claim did Spain found on his discovery ? What other 10 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. whole newly- discovered continent ; but Portugal, France, and England, disregarded her pretensions, and sent out vessels to discover and explore. All these countries, as well as Holland and Sweden, founded colonies on different parts, most of which are now independent States. Of these, our own republic is by far the greatest and most extensive. The United States extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from the 25th to the 49th degrees of latitude at the widest point. This vast territory was not discovered at one time> nor colonized by one nation. Its basis is the union of several English colonies, to which many accessions have been since made. Leaving then aside the history of other parts, we begin the history of what now forms the United States. countries founded colonies? What have these becomes *tauii it tc greatest ? VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY ON OUR COAST ATTEMPTS AT CONQUEST MISSIONARY EFFORTS, 1. WHEN the success of Columbus had shown the various European courts their folly in rejecting his plans, they sought to share in its benefits. England was the first to follow Spain. On the fifth of March, 1496, Henry VII., by a royal patent empowered John Cabot, a Venetian merchant at Bristol, and his three sons, to sail in search of new lands. Cabot and his son Se bastian sailed the next year, and reached the American continent in latitude 56 North, and after coasting to Labrador returned, having been the first to reach the American continent. In the following year Sebastian sailed again by the way of Iceland, and reached the mainland about the 59th degree, and then coasted down to the neighborhood of Albemarle Sound, thus surveying a large portion of our coast, which Eng land claimed by virtue of his discovery. The king of Portugal next sent in the same di rection an expedition commanded by Graspar Cortereal, 1. What navigator was sent out by Henrj VII. of England? What d he explore ? Who was tent out by Portugal, and what did he explore? 12 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. who, in 1500, coasted six or seven hundred miles northward, till about the 50th degree, when he re turned with a cargo of slaves. The Spaniard Gomez next followed, and explored most of our southern coast. 2. The French were less prompt in the field, but it seems that as early as 1504, the Breton fishermen, who were soon after deriving wealth from their sure but laborious visits to the Banks of Newfoundland, visited and explored our northern shores. No regu lar expedition, however, was sent out till 1524, when Francis I. dispatched from Dieppe, John Verrazzani, a Florentine, in a single vessel, to explore the new found-land. He reached the coast of Carolina in safety, and proceeding north, examined the shores and harbors as far as Nova Scotia, and returned to France, in July, 1524. This voyage was not imme diately followed up; but in 1534, the same king sent out James Cartier to make further discoveries. With the blessings of the Church, he sailed from St. Malo in April, and reaching St. Catharine s in Newfound land, sailed around that island; gave name to Cha- leurs and Gaspe, and ascended the St. Lawrence, till he saw the shore on each side. In less than fiva months after his departure, he was again in the church of St. Malo. In the following year, he once more entered the St Lawrence, to which he gave its present name. He wintered at Quebec ; but ascended in boats to Montreal, where he found a large Indian town, called 2. Who were the first Frenph explorers? What did Vprrazzani dls- gover? T^hat parts were visited, by Cartjer? Whaf plftiius were set up HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 Hochelaga, and from its Iroquois inhabitants, gleaned tidings of the country south of the mountains which ne saw in the distance. Planting the arms of France on Isle Orleans, he returned home in the spring. These voyages gave four different nations claims to our coast, while at the same time the Spaniards were exploring the part lying on the Gulf of Mexico, as we shall see. England, France, Spain, Holland and Sweden established colonies in various parts of what is now our Republic ; most of which eventually centered in the hands of England, to form the United States. These colonies were not, however, founded, until after many fruitless attempts at colo nization and conquest, in which the blood of Euro peans and natives was lavishly poured out. 3. The first who undertook the conquest of any portion of our present territory, was Spain, which had already not only explored, but even subjugated much of the New World. The leader of this expe dition was John Ponce de Leon, a companion of Columbus, a brave but arbitrary chief. Already he had conquered Porto Rido, but being forced to sur render it to the family of Columbus, sallied forth in search of a new realm. Ponce with three armed vessels, sailed from Porto Rico in March, 1512, and after cruising through the Bahamas, came in sight of land, but merely 3oasted along till the 2d of April, when he anchored in 30 8 ; north, and landing, took possession in the fry various governments? What nations attempted to conquer or colon ize tlie country ? 3. Win first uinlc-rtiiok to conquer? Describe Ponce s expedi lion. What 14 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. name of his sovereign with the usual ceremonies, and called the country Florida, from the Spanish name of Palm Sunday, the day of debarcation. By some it is said that he sought a fountain of per petual youth ; for Florida is so healthy, that it was reputed to contain such a treasure, and even now in Cuba they say : " A Floridian never dies." Nine years later, the conquests of Cortez in Mexico, again aroused the ambition of Ponce, and collecting a considerable force, he resolved to subdue Florida. After a long, and dangerous passage, he landed in 1521, on the coast, but was instantly at tacked by the natives with such fury, that he was with great difficulty saved by his men. After severe loss, they succeeded in reaching their ships, bearing off their veteran commander mortally wounded. The vessels returned to Cuba, which Ponce only reached to breathe his last. The next attempt was made by Vasquez de Ayllon, whom a successful slaving trip to the River Combahee and the country of Chicora, had filled with hopes. He sailed in 1525, with a royal com mission to complete the conquest, but the loss of one of his vessels was followed by the massacre of the first party of two hundred Spaniards, whom he land ed. Justly punished by Heaven, he returned in shame and poverty to St. Domingo. 4. A third attempt was now made on a still name did he give to the country? When did he renew the attempt? With what result? When was the next attempt made, and by whom? What did he effect? 4* What grant did Naryaez obtain? Wljen and where did hp land? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 15 grander scale. Pamphilus de Narvaez having ob tained of the Emperor Charles V. a grant of all the country from the River Palmus to the ex tremity of Florida, sailed from Cuba in four ships, with a force of horse and foot, exceeding three hun dred men. On the 12th of April, 1526, he anchored in a bay in West Florida, and landing, took posses sion, as so many had already done. He than began his march inland against the supposed wealthy king dom of Apalache. His expedition is noted for its disasters. The town was taken, but proving a mere collection of hovels, Narvaez had to retreat. Sur rounded by hostile savages, he saw his ranks daily thin around him, but at last, in September, reached the Gulf of Mexico with a few survivors. Their ships had gone, and in attempting to reach Mexico in such wretched boats as they could make, all perished but three, who after a most eventful wandering, traversed nearly the whole continent, and reached their coun trymen in Sonora, on the Gulf of California. The fate of Narvaez himself, is unknown. Nowise discouraged by such disasters, the Spanish adventurers planned new expeditions; for gold found in small quantities on the coast, led to the belief that there were extensive mines in the interior. Gold was the only object of these adventurous men, who little thought that calm and patient industry was to make those almost unproductive lands more valuable and important than Mexico and Peru with all their mineral wealth. Whi-.t country did he subdue? What became of his expedition? What etill encouraged tidventurore ? 16 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 5. Ferdinand de Soto, Governor of Cuba, was now seized with the desire of conquest. His success in Pizarro s wars, in which he had played a conspi cuous part, drew to his standard adventurers from every part of Spain and Portugal. Crossing the Atlantic in a large fleet, he soon completed his pre parations, and in May, 1539, sailed from Havana, with an army of 900 foot and 300 cavaliers, all fully equipped and supplied with every requisite for a long and tedious expedition. Twelve priests accompanied him to convert and instruct the conquered nations, for none doubted of their success. De Soto landed at Espiritn Santo Bay, in spite of the opposition of the natives : then sending back all but four of his ships, he left a guard to secure these, and took up his line of march towards the north-east. The natives were almost uniformly hostile, and his march was a series of bloody skirmishes, crowned by the massacre of several thousand natives at Vita- cucho, a town near the head waters of the Chatta- hoochee, whose king had at first surrendered to De Soto, but subsequently attempted to cut him oi The tribe was almost annihilated. De Soto wintered in Apalache, and marching westward in the spring, found the gold of the rich provinces to be merely copper. Pearls, however, served for a time to keep alive his hopes, and some bushels were gathered from the natives. Despairing 5. Who next resolved to conquer Florida? When did he sail from Havana, and with what force? Where did he land? At what; place waa bf opposed by the natives? What was the result? Where was he again Mm At-.L and by whom HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 17 of success in that direction, he returned to the gulf, where his ships had discovered the beautiful bay of Pensacola. On his march he entered the territory of the gigantic chieftain, Tuscaloosa, who received him kindly, and invited him to his chief town, Ma- vila or Mobile. As De Soto entered, he was sud denly attacked, but soon by his superior skill, routed the natives with terrible slaughter. This battle was one of the bloodiest ever fought between the whites and Indians : and though the loss of the Spaniards was comparatively small, they saw all their baggage perish in the town, which had been fired during the engagement. V" 6. De Soto at last reached the gulf, with his army wasted by battle, and destitute of every necessary, but he would not abandon his enterprise or confess his failure. He again struck towards the north, and wintered in the Chickasaw country : but in March, 1541, was attacked at night by the natives, who fired the village and cut off eleven of the Spaniards, while the remainder beheld their live stock and last scanty baggage again destroyed by the flames. Still undismayed, De Soto advanced by constant battles to the banks of the Mississippi, to which he gave the name of the Bio Grande, and crossing it at the lowest Chickasaw bluff, ascended it for some time. Yfeary of this, he turned westward with his naked troops in search of gold Winter found him in the Washita country, and there he remained till spring. 6. Where did he next proceed? Who attacked his cmnp in March, 1641 y Where did he then proceed? What plan brought him back to the Mississippi river 1 What became of him ? Who led off his expedition to Mwdco ? 2* 18 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. During the winter lie resumed his original plan of founding a town, and resolved to build one with the remnant of his force at the mouth of the Mis sissippi ; but sinking under the weight of misfortune, he died in May, 1542, soon after reaching its banks. His body wrapped in his cloak, was sunk in the great -iver which he had discovered. Muscoso de Alvarado assumed the command, and re-crossing tho river mnuc a fruitless attempt to reach Mexico by land, but in November, 1542, was again on the Mississippi. Here, in the spring, by the help of some friendly chiefs, he built and fitted out some boats, by which he and the scanty Remnant of De Soto s gallant array, descended the river, and coasted along the shore of the gulf to Panuco, where they arrived in the fall of 1543. 7. This expedition had lasted four years, and was as fruitless as all that had preceded it ; while a cruelty to the natives which characterized it, almost closes our heart to all pity for its misfortunes. It was the last effort made to conquer any portion of the country by force of arms. It was now seen that the only inhab itants, were poor, half-naked savages, whom it was as difficult, as it was useless to subdue. The voyages of exploration and military expedi tions, all showed that America in this part was in habited by various tribes of savages, differing, it is true, in language, but closely resembling each other in color, customs, and mode of life. They were 7. What was the condition of all the natives seen in these expeditions ? In what did they differ from each other? Describe their dress, housed,, and agriculture. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 all of a copper color, generally tall and well-formed, with straight black hair. They subsisted by the chase, cultivating only maize, tobacco, and a few vegetables. They were ignorant of the use of iron, having only stone weapons and implements. Their houses were made of bark or logs, or were mere tents of mats or hides; and their dress consisted of skins. These tribes were constantly at war, and were very cruel to each other. 8. Another series of expeditions was occurring at this period, and to them the mind can turn with a pleasure so much the greater, as charity exceeds ambition, or virtue vice. Spain sent forth not only adventurers, whose hands were to be red with Indian blood, but also men guided solely by the counsels of the Gospel, who at the expense of their toil and blood, sought to gain the natives to the Christian faith. The expedition of Narvaez led to the first of these. Among the first who reached Sonora, was a negro named Stephen, who entered the service of the Franciscans. His description of the countries which he had traversed excited the zeal of those religious, and in 1539, Father Mark, of Nice, set out from St. Michael s, in Culiacan, with another friar and some Indians, all guided by Stephen. After a march of many hundred miles, over deserts and mountains, they approached Zuni, then called Cibola, and sent their guide with presents to the king, whose territo- 8. What other kind of expeditions were taking place? What led to these? What town was visited by Father Mark of Nice, and how? What is this country now called ? Describe the natives. 20 HISTORY OF THE UNITED (STATES. ries it was chiefly their design to visit. The king attacked the envoys, and killed several. Father Mark ventured within sight of the town, and re turned. His information was not much more than conjectural, but his account led to new explorations. The country thus visited by the Franciscan Mark of Nice, and now called New Mexico, was a country quite different from the more northern parts. It lay in the valley of the Bio Grande, and was inhabited by a settled race, who cultivated the ground, raising not only maize, pumpkins and other vegetables, but even cotton, which they wove into a coarse cloth. They also manufactured a rude pottery, and lived in houses built of stone, or of sun-dried bricks. In these houses too, the hand-mill, for grinding their corn, showed a degree of civilization much above the Indians of the north and east. 9. On Father Mark s report, Mendoza, the Vice roy of Mexico, sent out an expedition under Vasquez de Coronado, to explore the new region. Coronado set out in April, 1540, accompanied by five Francis cans, all eager to labor in the conversion of the natives. Cibola was soon taken, but proving to be merely a poor town of sun-burnt bricks, Coronado advancad towards the Rio Grande, in search of the kingdom of Quivira. The strong town of Tiguex re fused him entrance or a passage, but after a stubborn fight, was taken and sacked. Passing on he came at last to Quivira, which proved to be a place of no wealth : and merely the last town of the half-civilized 9. What expedition set out on his return ? What parts were discovered by it ? What two missionaries remained ? What was their faU HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 Indians, beyond whom lay the bison plains, the home of the wild tribes. Disgusted at the poverty of the country, Corc^ado prepared to return; but the missionaries who had been charmed by the gentle character of the peoDle, asked to remain ; and two, Father John de Padilla and Brother John of the Cross, were permitted to re main, and found missions at Quivira and Pecos, *he commander assigning to them a portion of his live stock, and one Portugese, with several converted In dians volunteering to join them. Coronado returned to Mexico 5 the missionaries began their labors, but were soon after killed by roving Indians in the midst of the duties which they had so heroically under taken. Simultaneously with Coronado s expedition a fleet was sent to explore the coast of California, and much of the Pacific shore of the Republic visited by the Spaniards. But though the territory now occupied by Cali fornia, Utah and New Mexico was thus explored, no settlement was attempted, nor did any new expedi tion enter it for many years. At last, in 1580, the zealous Franciscan, .Rodriguez, with two companions Lopez and Santa Maria, set out to convert New Mexico. They reached it alone, and soon made so many converts, that one of them, Father John de Santa Maria, returned to Mexico for assistance and supplies. On his way he was murdered, and his companions were soon after slain in the course of an Indian war. When did missionaries again enter the country, and what did they effect* 22 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 10. Previous to this, a still more thrilling and noble-hearted effort was made in Florida, by the Dominican Father, Louis Cancer, the friend of the great Las Casas. Mourning over the cruelty of his countrymen, he conceived the project of conquering Florida in the guise of peace, of showing to the natives by his example, that the conduct of those whom they had hitherto seen, was reprobated by the religion of the white man. His proposal found credit with Philip II. of Spain, who placed a ship at his disposal. On his return to Mexico, he was joined by three other Do minicans, and proceeded to the coast of Florida by the way of Havana, after publishing a royal decree which he had obtained, setting free all natives of Florida held in slavery. The missionaries went un armed, in an unarmed vessel, peaceful in guise and heart as became messengers of peace. Their destination was Appalachee Bay, but missing it they reached Tampa Bay, where one missionary, Father Tolosa, landed, intending to proceed by land. At Appalachee, Father Cancer resolved to begin hia mission, although his companion, Tolosa, did not ap pear, and it was reported that he had been murdered. The danger was great, but his zeal was greater, and when he landed on the 27th of June, 1549, he was instantly surrounded, scalped, and murdered. His death, so glorious to religion, defeated the Christian plan of a peaceful enterprise, and the vessel returned to Mexico. 11. What did the Dominican Father Cancer attempt? What king aided bis plan ? When did uc la-id ? What became of bim ? CHAPTER III. INEFFECTUAL ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION. 1. Besides the Spanish attempts to conquer or con vert, one effort at colonization was made in 1559, in Western Florida and Alabama. In consequence of the massacre of the crews of several Spanish vessels which had been shipwrecked on the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, the government in that year sent Don Tristan de Luna, with 13 vessels and 1,500 men, attended by a large body of Dominicans, to found a colony and convert the natives, Tristan was wrecked himself, but collecting the gurvivors of his expedition, founded Santa Cruz in Pensacola Bay, and hearing nattering accounts of Coosa, proceeded to the Creek country with part of his force. Forming an alliance with the chief, he advanced with him against the Natchez Indians, and then returned to Santa Cruz. Here his men revolted, and as some had already returned to accuse De Luna, a new Governor, Villafane, soon arrived. Disap pointed at the state of affairs, that officer broke up 1. What was the first Spanish colonial effort? What town did DC tana found Whnt \vns the result of the colony? 24 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the colony and retired. De Luna tried for a time to restore it, but was compelled by the viceroy to re turn to Mexico. 2. While the soldiers and the priests of Spain were thus seeking to explore and occupy the country, the merchants of France entered the field, impelled by the success of the hardy fishermen of Brittany and Normandy. They formed a plan of colonization, but it soon fell through. A nobleman, Francis de la Roque, lord of Roberval, next undertook a colony ; having obtained a charter as Viceroy of Norimbega, he sent Cartier with five vessels to Canada, in 1541. Cartier built a fort at Quebec, and wintered there ; but in the spring the colonists were so discouraged, that they compelled him to return, so that Roberval, who soon after ar rived, had to begin all anew. He did not, however, despair, but after remaining a year returned to France for supplies. For several years he was prevented from revisiting his colony, and at last died on his way to it, in 1549. Thus ended, during the sixteenth century, the French attempt to colonize Canada. 3. Meanwhile great changes had taken place in Europe. Soon after the discovery of America, the religious dissensions, called the Reformation, broke out. Men in various countries, under the name of Reformers, began to preach new religions. Many, at their teaching, left the only Church then existing, 2. Who among the French first proposed colonizing? Who ob aineil a patent ? What now voyages were made ? What became of KobervaTi colony ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 25 and formed sects apart, under the general name of Protestants. In some countries they soon got the upper hand. They attempted to do so in France, but the Catholics warned by the result in England, Sweden and Germany, that their religious liberty was at stake, if the Protestants succeeded, resisted with all the energy of despair. The hope of sharing in the rich plunder afforded by the Catholic establishments, drew to the ranks of the Protestants, the lawless and desperate. A long and bloody struggle ensued : as the Catholics beheld their churches pillaged, their clergy and religious massacred, and all that was holy profaned, they re taliated, and a series of massacres ensued. 4. Amid this bloody struggle, Admiral Coligni, the great leader of the Huguenots, or French Protestants, began to look around for a place of retreat, in case they failed to secure the supreme power in France. America, by its distance, invited him to found a colony there : and he attempted one in Brazil, but failed. He then endeavored to establish one in Florida. Having, during a moment of peace, obtained the approbation of Charles IX., he sent out John Ribault with two small vessels, in February, 1562. The ex pedition was made up in part of a military force, but it avoided the track of the Spanish vessels, and at last reached the river May, now called St. Johns. Here Ribault landed, and kneeling to thank God 3. Wlmt was meanwhile taking place in Europe? What did the Protestants destroy ? What ensued ? A. What leader projected FrencL colonies? Where did he attempt 26 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. for his success, planted a column with the arms of France, amid a crowd of wondering but friendly natives. He next explored the coast as far north as Port Royal, and allured by its beauty, built a small fort near Beaufort, to which he gave the name of Charles- fort, in honor of the king. There he left thirty men under the command of Albert de la Pierria, and sailed back to France, which he found again the scene of war. Meanwhile the garrison of Charlesfort, instead of making any attempt to cultivate the ground, spent their days in idleness. Quarrels soon arose; their houses and all that they had were consumed by fire. The charity of the natives alone saved them from utter starvation. At last, after killing their commander, they put to sea under Nicholas Barre, and after being compelled to eat one of their number, were picked up by an English vessel in 1563. Undaunted by this failure, Coligni, as soon as another pause occurred ia the wars, despatched Rene Laudonniere to Florida. This expedition, in part fitted out by the king, sailed April 22, 1564, from Havre, and running through the Leeward Isles, entered the St. Johns, after a voyage of just two months. On landing Laudonniere was joyfully re ceived by Saturiona, the paracoussi or king, and led to Ribault s column. Laudonniere, charmed with the place and the people, allured too by a plate of silver, then, Who was sent to Florida, and in what year ? Where did Ribault build a fort and leave a garrison? What was its fate? Who was next sent out by Coligny ? What fort did Laudonaiere build ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 27 resolved to build a fort at the spot ; and fort Caroline was soon thrown up of wood and earth. 5. Instead of securing a permanent peace with all his neighbors, he entered into a treaty with Saturiona, to attack an inland king, who possessed rich mines of silver; but finding his treaty too perilous, took some prisoners from Saturiona by force, in order to gain the good will of the rich prince. Laudomiiere by this step made Saturiona his enemy : and by his strictness induced his own people to mutiny. He saved hit< life, only by granting passports to some of the mu tineers; and these, to the number of 66, set out in two barks to cruise as pirates against the Spaniards. This was the more dangerous, as it made the whole colony, in the eyes of the Spanish authorities, a nest of pirates; and, as almost all the corsairs of the time were Frenchmen, who assumed to be Pro testants, their cruelty to religious and priests, had made them still more hated by the Spaniards and Portugese. The party in question, captured several vessels, and took the Spanish governor of Jamaica ; but one of their barks was finally taken, though the other escaped and returned to Florida. While the storm was thus brewing which was to ruin them all, those who remained had made war on an Indian king in the interior, in order to obtain provisions : and failing in this, were about to forsake the country, when they were opportunely relieve! by Sir John Hawkins, who accidentally entered the harbor with his fleet. 5. What foolish step did h take? How did he offend his ally? Of at were his own men guilty ? Who saved them from starvation ? 28 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 6. Sooii after this, Ribault again appeared on the 29th of September, with seven ships. He had been sent out by the government to replace Laudonnie-re, who was summoned back to stand his trial on certain charges made against him. Friendly chiefs came to ^reet Ribault, and offered to lead him to a country rich in gold, perhaps only in order to free themselves from unwelcome guests. While all were elate with this new hope, five large Spanish vessels suddenly entered the river and an chored by the French. They were the ships of Me- lendez, sent from Spain to colonize Florida and root; out the French. As the piratical party had returned to Fort Caroline, the French, when the Spanish vessels entered, had their misgivings, and slipping their cables stood out to sea, pursued, but in vain, by Melendez : who finally made land at St. Augustine, while the French returned to their original port. There a stormy council was held. Laudonniere wished to fortify their position ; but was overruled by Ribault, who set out with almost the whole force to attack the Spaniards by sea, leaving Laudonniere with 85 men, women and children, in the fort. A terrible storm drove the French ships off, and dashed them to pieces at a moment when Melendez was in their power : and they were thus thrown helpless on the coast, having lost all but their lives. Meanwhile Melendez saved from their attack, and ignorant of their fate, fortified his position, and set 6. Who arrived in September with aid and as successor to Laudon niere ? What now alarmed the colony? What foolish step did Ribault take? What b<:lV,H him ? What step did the- Spanish General Meionde* HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 29 out by land to attack Fort Caroline. Led by a French prisoner, he traversed the morasses and forests for throe days, and reached the fort on the 21st of September, 1565. The haze of a rainy morning, enabled him to attain their very doors, before the sentinels were aware of his approach. The cry, " To arms ! " rang out too late. The Spaniards were al ready iii the place, slaughtering all before them. None escaped but Laudonniere, and a few who with him reached a small French vessel in the river, and sailed for France. In the fort, the women and chil dren alone were spared. Ribault and his party, in two separate divisions, soon after surrendered to Melendez without a blow, relying on ambiguous expressions, but were like those taken in arms at Fort Caroline, butchered in cold blood. More than 600 are said to have fallen in this massacre, which ranks Melendez with Cromwell and the many faithless butchers, whose names dis grace the annals of every country. Such was the result of all Coligui s projects of colonization. The Catholic De Gourgues, soon after avenged the mas sacre of Ribault ; but France made no other attempt to colonize Florida. 7. In the north, however, the Marquis de la Roche, having succeeded to Roberval s patent, attempted in 1598 to plant a colony on Sable Island, where he left 40 convicts. After exploring the coast for a time, he was driven out to sea by storms, and unable to reach take? When did he surprise the French fort ? What became of Ribrmlt and his force? What are wt to think of Ribault? Who avenged the oiassacre? O)ll o SO HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Sable Island, returned to France. There the state of the country prevented his aiding his poor colonists, who were preserved only by some cattle from a Span ish ship, which had multiplied in the island, until they were at last taken off. Such were the unsuccessful efforts of France, S. We now pass to the unsuccessful efforts made by England to plant settlements in North America. The discovery by Cabot had been followed only by the opening of English fisheries in Newfoundland, which were protected by parliament, as early as 1548. Mary s marriage with Philip, by making known the hardy spirit and dazzling success of Spanish ad venturers, raised up a like spirit in England; and England s present naval superiority is due in no small dogree to that temporary connection with Spain. la 1576, the hardy Frobisher, by an exploring voyage to the coast of Labrador, had drawn attention to that part of the continent, and a few years after, Sir Humphrey Gilbert obtained of Queen Elizabeth, a charter " for such remote heathen and barbarous lauds as he might discover." He accordingly sailed from England on the llth of June, 1583, with five vessels, and passing the great bank, anchored at St. John s, Newfoundland. Here he found a number of fishing vessels of various nations. He then took posses sion of the country, and was looking about for a site for his colony, when the loss of one ship and the disorderly conduct of his men, induced him to return, but he never reached England. 7. Who attempted a colony in the north ? 8. What patent did Gilbert obtain ? What did he effect? WLo next undertook a colony ? Whom did he send out in 1584? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 31 The celebrated Sir Walter Raleigh, a brother-in- law of Gilbert, had been interested in his colonial project, and now resolved on a new attempt. In April, 1584, he dispatched two vessels under Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow, to explore the coast fur ther south. On the feast of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin, they discovered the coast of what was soon called Virginia. They entered Ocracock inlet, and after taking possession of Wocoken Island, returned to give the Queen a most flattering descrip tion of the new land. 9. Resolving to plant a colony, Raleigh soon sent over more than a hundred settlers, in seven ships, under Ralph Lane as Governor. The ships com manded by Sir Richard Grenville were nearly lost off Cape Fear, which then received its name. The colonists lauded on Roanoke Island, and began a set tlement, in July, 1585, but were unfortunately at once embroiled with the natives, and even had the folly to burn an Indian town. On the departure of the fleet, the settlers were left completely at the mercy of the natives, who had formed a plot for their extermination, when the beleagured colonists des cried the white sails of an English ship. The pirate Brake was coasting along, and at their entreaty he took them all on board, and the place was abandoned m June, 1586. Grenville soon after arriving, looked in vain for the colonists ; then desirous of keeping up the estab lishment, left fifteen men, who met the fate intended 9. Wkere was a colony planted in 1585 What was the end of the co. )ny ? What subsequent attempts were made ? Where was a settlement 32 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. for their predecessors, for they were all massacred by the Indians. In 1587, a new party sailed for the Chesapeake, but landed at Roauoke, and commenced a new settle ment under White as their Governor. The next year a vessel sent by Raleigh to their relief, was taken by the French, and the Spanish armada pre vented his sending another before 1590 : then no traces of the colony could be found at Roanoke, though an inscription seemed to announce that they had retreated to some friendly Indians at Croatan. No effort was made to discover them at the time, and the survivors were in all probability adopted by the Indians. Another English settlement was hurriedly made> and as hurriedly abandoned, at Elizabeth Island, in Buzzard s Bay, by Bartholomew Grosnold, who sailed from Falmouth on the 26th of March, 1602, and was the first who steered directly across the Atlantic. He reached the coast of Massachusetts in May, named Cape Cod, Elizabeth Island and Buzzard s Bay. On one of the islands he built a fort and store-house, but the party refused to stay, and the place was aban doned. Thus far all English attempts to form permanent settlements on the coast were unsuccessful. Those in the south especially, those in the north, in a great measure, failed, from their gold hunting; when the only means of success lay in a careful preparation, prudence, and industry, particularly in the cultivation begun by Gosnold? What caused the failure of these English coloni*s? What was the only result of these attempts? HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 33 of the ground. This neglected, no settlement could be aught but precarious, and all consequently failed. No benefit had resulted from all the attempts, except a knowledge of the potato and of tobacco, both of which llaleigh introduced into Europe. CHAPTER IY. SUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS TO SETTLE. FLORIDA. 1. THE motive which impelled the expedition of Tristan de Luna, soon induced a more successful one. Just as Villafane abandoned Santa Cruz, the great India Fleet, from Mexico, commanded by Peter Melendez, was scattered by a storm, and one vessel, containing his only son and many relatives, disap peared. After his arrival in Spain, Melendez wished to return in search of his son, but was arrested on a charge made by some of his discontented officers. On his liberation he asked leave to proceed to Florida, and was permitted to do so, on condition of his set tling there. This he undertook, and as news of the French colony had arrived, he was Bordered to root it out. At last, in 1565, he sailed with 2,600 men, in 34 vessels, as Adelantado of Florida, to plant a colony and take possession of the country. His charter was ample, and so great his resources, that almost the entire armament was fitted out at his own expense. 1. What interested Melendez in Florida ? On what conditions was ho IK-.-:, i^*i;d to explore it ? Wheu did he sail, and with what armament ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 35 On the way his fleet was scattered by storms, some vessels put back, one was taken by the cruizjrs of Fort Caroline, and only five vessels, carrying 1,000 men, soldiers, farmers, mechanics and ecclesiastics, reached the St. John s and anchored beside the French vessels, as we have seen. Although inferior to tlie French in numbers, he pursued them, and failing to overtake them, descended as far as the St. Augustine, and lauded with all pomp and ceremony, on the 8th of September, 1565. On that day Melendez, amid the roar of artillery, and the sound of martial music, with his banner floating to the breeze, was met by the chaplain, who intoned the Te Deum. Advancing to the cross, he and his followers knelt and kissed it Then after the services of the Church, he took posses sion in the name of Catholicity and Spain. A slight fortification had already been thrown up, and all were soon busily employed in erecting the necessary build ings. "While these were going on, and after some of his vessels had departed, the French ships appeared before the place, but were, fortunately for him, unable to cross the bar, and sooa after driven off by a storm. 2. Melendez was now in a critical condition ; call ing a council of his officers, he resolved to attack the French fort by land, hoping to surprise it in tho absence of the fleet. Traversing the forests and mo rasses, Melendez at last, on the 20th of September, reached Fort Caroline, and by favor of a mist was at the very gates before he was discovered. The sentinel When did he land, and what city did he found? How did he escape a French attack ? 36 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. gave the alarm, but was cut down, and the Spaniards poured into the fort, cutting down all they met. Many were killed, many taken; the rest escaped to the woods, or the vessels in the river. Melendez now changed the name of the fort to San Mateo, and hav ing built a chapel, left a garrison there, and returned iu triumph to St. Augustine, which, by the unwearied exertions of his brother, had been put in a state of complete defence. Soon after this the French, under Bibault, who had been shipwrecked on the shore, surrendered to Melendez, in several divisions, relying on his com passion ; but that commander, with a cruelty seldom equalled, put them almost all to death, staining his reputation as founder of a colony with a deed of blood, and perhaps of treachery. Hearing soon after that some French were intrenched at Cape Cannaveral, he marched there and summoned them to surrender. They laid down their arms and escaped with life. 3. Melendez, now master of Florida, sailed to Havana, to learn tidings of his scattered fleet. As these arrived, he sent aid to his establishments in Florida, and setting out with several vessels, began to explore the coast, and seek his son. On his way he entered into friendly relations with the cruel and powerful chiefs of Is and Carlos, but found no traces of his son, the shipwrecked mariners having been generally put to death. Meanwhile San Mateo was burnt; a revolt took 2 What, plan did MuU:ndez now tiike ? What succoss had he? What tecame of liibault? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 37 place at St. Augustine, which was with difficulty sup pressed, and to crown their misfortunes, the Indians near the town, instigated by French fugitives, re fused to sell provisions, cut off 120 of the Spaniards, and at last by burning arrows set fire to the store house, by which the Spaniards lost a great quantity of munitions, clothes, with the standards of Melendez 4 Hearing of this, that unwearied commai der stopped the coast-survey, and returned to St. Augu,- tine in March ; but even his presence could not qucil the disturbance : the mutineers held out at San Mateo. and part of his force sailed off from St. Augustine against his will. Still with a small body of faithful adherents, he sailed to San Mateo, reduced all to submission, visited Guale and St. Helena, building fort St. Philip at the latter place, and leaving Stephen de Alas in command, with 110 men. Having thus explored the coast from the 25th to the 32d degree, and established his posts, he returned in May, to St. Augustine, to the joy of the people. Com ening his council, he resolved to remove the fort to th 3 entrance of the bar, and in ten days, the new fort tfas in a state of defence. His period of difficulty was now over* vessels arrivsd from Spain with reinforcements and provi sion?, both of which had been refused him by the Roy il officers in the West Indies. Having placed garrisons in his three forts, he explored the St. John s 8, What happened while Melendez was exploring the coast? Who at tacked the Spaniards ? 4. Who reduced tiie Insurgents ? What new fort (*ld he build ? did he attempt a mission ? 4 38 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. for a considerable distance, and sent a party with two Dominicans to begin a post in Chesapeake Bay, and another under Reyuoso, to build a fort at Carlos. Having thus founded his colony, and set faithful mis sionaries to gain and civilize the Indians, Meleudez sailed to Spain in 1567. 5. During his absence, a French fleet arrived off San Mateo, led by the Catholic nobleman, Dominic do Gourgues, a fiery Gascon, who had resolved to avenge the massacre of Ribault s men. He reached Florida in May, 1568, and being joined by an Indian chief, attacked a small Spanish fort north of the river, took it, and another on the south. Vil- laroel, the Governor of San Mateo, alarmed at their success, sent out a party of 60 men; but when these were cut to pieces, he abandoned his fort and fled, losing many in the woods. Gourgues thus master of the place, hung his pris oners on the surrounding trees, and distributing some of the booty to his savage allies, sailed off, having effaced crime by crime : a course which is never justifiable. Melendez returned in April, 1569, with several Jesuit missionaries, rebuilt San Mateo, and sent Fa ther Segura and his companions, with a converted chief, to the Chesapeake, to begin a mission there. On arriving in those parts, the chief apostatized and massacred all the missionaries, to the number of eight. Soon after this Meleudez returned to Spain, 5, W mt did Gonrtrues do in 1568? What became of the Spanish C -m- mander? What did Goursrues do with his prison. -r- v Whrtt wa^ Mi-Jen iez last act? What hecaine of Segura? When did .Melendez die ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 39 and having been appointed to lead the great Armada, died at Santander on the 17th of September, 1574, universally regarded as the ablest naval commander of his time. 6. The death of Melendez was a fatal blow to Florida. Destitute of his resources and enterprise, succeeding goverLors abandoned the more advanced posts to the north, and centred their forces chiefly at St. Augustine and San Mateo; as the English in 1583 attempted to colonize Carolina. Three years after, Drake, the English pirate, attacked the fort of St. Augustine, and soon took it, after which he marched on the town, and setting fire to it reduced it to ashes. The inhabitants who had retreated, soon returned, however, and once more began to rebuild their little town, which with help from Havana they soon accomplished. Soon after, zealous Franciscan missionaries con verted many of the Indians near the towns, and were in hopes of gaining all, when a young chief formed a conspiracy to cut them all off, and massacre the Span iards in Florida. In one day, in September I597 r five missionaries were killed ; but a chief who had re mained faithful, defeated the insurgents with great slaughter, and peace was again restored. New mis sionaries subsequently arrived, and eventually most of the Florida Indians became Christians. In 1638 the Apalaches declared \\ar, and being joined by many other tribes, placed the little colony 6. How did his death affect Florida? What did Drake do in 1586? What tragic occurrence took place in 1597 ? What Avar broke out in 1038 : 40 HISTORY OF THE UNITED 8TATAS. in great peril ; but were finally defeated, and com pelled in punishment to furnish a certain number of men annually, to labor on the fortifications and other public works. In consequence of this revolt, a post was begun among the Apalaches, and steps taken to convert them. 7. Some years later, the attempt of La Salle to colo nize Louisiana, alarmed the Spaniards, and at the same time the Yamassees joined the English and sacked the mission of St. Catharine s, after pillaging the ciiurch. The government now determined to prevent encroach ments, and after much discussion, began a settlement at P^nsacola Bay. Pensacola was accordingly founded by Pos, in 1693, amid great religious pomp; the set tlors chanting the Te Deum before a statue of the Blessed Virgin, patroness of the settlement. Don Andres de Arrioia, who came out as Governor in 1696, soon made Pensacola one of the strongest places on the gulf. Such was the position of the Spanish colony of Florida at the beginning of the 1 8th century. It consisted of the towns of St. Augustine and Pensa cola, with forts in various places, and numerous vil lages of converted Indians, and missionary stations scattered over the country. The land is not fertile, and this prevented colonists from nocking into the country, but sugar and cotton were raised to a consid erable extent. The subsequent history of the colony, being blended with that of the neighboring French and English cobnies, we leave it for a time. 7. What new town was founded in 1693? by whom? What induced the Spaniards to found it? What was the state of the Spanish colony at the beginning of the eighteenth century ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 4l CANADA AND ACADIA. 8. We have just traced the separate history of the Spanish colony of Florida down to the close of the seventeenth century. We now turn to the north ern part, and see the French succeed in laying the foundation of a permanent colony, which in its greatest power extended from the Kennebec and the mouth of the St. Lawrence to Lake Superior, and thence south to the Gulf of Mexico. It thus in cluded much of the present territory of the United States. The patent granted to Roberval, passed through many hands, and in 1603 was vested in Peter du Guast, Sieur de Monts, as Lieutenant- General and Vice- Admiral of all the country between the 40th and 46th degrees of North latitude. Sailing in March, 1604, with two vessels, he landed on Boone Island, at the mouth of the St. Croix, where he cleared the ground and began a settlement ; but finding the posi tion unsuitable, removed in the spring across the Bay of Fuiicly, and founded Port Royal, now called An napolis : his colony assumed the name of Acadia. The chief object of this French settlement was trade, and Be Monts transferred Port Koyal to Pot- rincourt, but was soon compelled by government to commence a new settlement on the St. Lawronce. To effect this he sent out, in 1608, Samuel Cham- pi am, a navigator who had been for several year? con- 8 Who next succeeded in founding a colony ? What was Its greatest extent? Who founded Port Royal? Who was sent to found a new set- dement t 4* 42 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. neeted with Canada, and had explored the coast from Cape Malabar, to which he gave its name, to the mouth of the St. Lawrence, and who had ascended that river above Montreal. 9. Champlain landed on the 3d of July, 1608, and throwing up some sheds, began to clear the ground and lay out the town of Quebec, the second French post in the land, long the centre of their power in the north and west, and the residence of the Viceroys and Governors of New France, as this colony was termed. The two French colonies thus formed were in a manner cut off from each other. Acadia, as claimed by the French, comprehended what is now called Maine, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. This territory was soon granted out to various proprietors, and little colo nies formed along the coast. Among these was one formed on Mount Desert Island by some Jesuit mis sionaries, who, after being cruelly treated at Port Royal, resolved to begin a missionary settlement, under the protection of the Marchioness of Guer- cheville. They began their colony in 1613, but it was attacked by Argal from Virginia, who killed one of the missionaries, and carried off the rest with all their settlers. The English soon after took Port Royal, but the country remained French, and was occupied by its colonists and fishing companies, while missionaries converted the Indians from the Kennebec to Gaspe, and made them a powerful barrier against the English. 9. When did Champlain f nind Quebec? What missionary settlement was formed, and what .vas its history ? Who soon took Port Royal ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 43 The state of Maine was a contested territory and the adverse claims to it led to great disputes and bloody wars, in which Acadia repeatedly changed hands, as we shall hereafter see, 10. Champlain, the Father of Canada, at once sought the friendship of the Indians, and for ever attached to France the Montagnais and Algonquins on the St. Lawrence, and the Hurons on Lake Huron, the three great tribes that occupied Canada, These were all at war with the Iroquois or Five Nations, in what is now New York, and Champlain with his In dian allies invaded the territory of the Iroquois, and defeated them on the shores of Lake George, in 1609. For several years Champlain was untiring in his en deavors for Canada*, making several visits to France, engaging noblemen to favor, and merchants to aid the colony. He was not unmindful of the interests of reli gion, and in 1615, brought out some Recollect Fathers, to minister to the whites, and convert the Indians, One of them, Father Le Caron, immediately set out for the Huron country, and Champlain followed to join a new Huron army against the Iroquois, The expe dition set out, entered western -New York, and attempt ed to take an Iroquois fort, but was defeated and com pelled to retire, Champlaia himself being wounded. 11, Canada now passed through several hands in France, without gaining any thing in point of numbers or wealth, except in the arrival of the Jesuit mission aries prepared to found establishments and carry on 10. What tribes became allies of Cbamplain? On what nation <U<! he make war? Where was the first battle fought ? Whom did he bring out iu i(M5? What new expedition did Champlaii? attempt? 44 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. missions without being a charge to the colony. Amid all the changes, Chainplain maintained his command, and gradually won respect. The Iroquois for a time remained at peace; but having, in 1628, murdered a French envoy, Champlain was preparing to chastise them, when a new enemy appeared. An English fleet commanded by a French refugee, named David Kertk, entered the St. Lawrence, and summoned Champlain to surrender. The French at first defied him, but as they were cut off from supplies and provisions, they surrendered in July, 1629, Champlain, the missiona ries, and many of the settlers being carried off. The two nations soon, however, regulated all differences, and by a treaty signed the 29th of March, 1632, Eng land restored Canada to France. On this, Champlain was again sent out as Governor ; missionaries, traders, and settlers followed, and the colony was renewed on its former basis. 12. By degrees new settlements were formed. Three Rivers was founded by Champlain in 1634, to give a more convenient trading-post to the Huron flotilla, which came down every year to sell furs to the settlers, In December of the following year, 1635, the Jesuits by the aid of the Marquis de Gamache, founded the college of Quebec, the oldest university north of Mexico, and of which the University Laval may be considered the continuation. Champlain had now founded a colony, and explored It. What retailed the progress of the colony ? What threatened war in 1629? What new enemy appeared? When did Quebec surrender, and to whom? ^ en was Canada restored, and who was made governor? 12. What new settlement was founded in 1634? What collfcg* soon HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 45 the country of the Great Lakes; he saw two thriving French posts iii the wilderness, missionaries converting the natives, the education of the people cared for, and died amid the universal regret of the French and In dians in Canada, on the 25th of December, 1635, leaving a name unsullied and unimpeached. He was a skilful navigator, a brave commander, a prudent Governor, and, above all, a pious man. Soon after the death of Champlain, the Iroquois again made war on the Hurons, and prevented a pro jected post in the country of that people. The mis sionaries continued their labors there, amid every dan ger, and Ursuline and hospital nuns arrived at Quebec to open schools and hospitals ; so that when peace was made for a time in 1640, every hope of a rapid in crease was entertained. Yet the colony, neglected by the trading company, would have failed but for the exertions of the missionaries and the interest which they excited. 13. In 1642, Montreal was founded by a pious association formed in France, of which Mr. Olier was the soul This new post became the bulwark of Canada, for war immediately broke out, and the Iroquois attacked the French as well as the Hurons. They surprised a flotilla from Quebec, and carried off captive to the Mohawk the celebrated Jesuit mission ary, Father Isaac Jogues, and two other Frenchmen, waa wore subjected to every torture, until he at last escaped by the help of the Dutch. after? When did Champlain dks? What was his character? What broke out soon after? Who arrived in the colony? What alone upheld the colony ? *3. What led to the founding of Mo itreal ? What Huron missionary 46 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. To defend the colony, Montmagny, the Governor, raised fort Richelieu at the mouth of the Sore], and gallantly repulsed the Mohawks who attacked it, al though the Indians were well supplied with fire-arnis purchased of the Dutch. They continued the war in small parties, attacking the French and their allies in most cases with great success, and carrying off many prisoners to torture. After this the Mohawks proposed peace, and a treaty was finally made at Three Rivers, in July, 1645, by which the Indians promised to lay down the hatchet ; but the Mohawks soon after killed Father Jogues, who went as a missionary among them, and renewed the war. 14. This new war proved fatal to the Hurons, who were almost entirely destroyed, and were compelled to fly from their country, after seeing their faithful mis sionaries killed among them. In the colony the war was almost as disastrous ; the French posts were blockaded, the Governor of Three Rivers was killed, a priest carried off from Que bec, and men durst not leave their forts to reap the harvests. The Governor attempted to secure the aid of New England, but failing in this, joyfully accepted the proposals of peace, made by the Iroquois, in 1653. French missionaries immediately proceeded to Onondaga, and a colony was begun in 1656, on the was taken, and by whom / What fort was built ? How did the war end ? What renewed the war ? 14. What was the result of this new war? What wns iw effect in the cftlony? When was peace restored? Where was r> Jiew settlement be gun ? When did it end ? Why was it abandwned ? HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 47 northern shore of the lake, which lasted till March 1658. At this time the French, discovering a plot formed by the Indians to massacre them, secretly escaped, and returned to Montreal, with the mission aries who had been instructing the Onondagas, Cayu- gas and Senecas. 15. The old desolating war was again renewed, and lasted with little interruption for many years. During it, in 1660 the Seneschal de Lausun and two eminent clergymen were killed, and numbers of the colonists cut oiF in battle, or by ambuscades. The colony would have been ruined, had they not had a firm friend in Giirakontie, an Onondaga chief, who saved the French prisoners, and for a time obtained peace in 1661. Daring this interval the missionaries, with their usual enterprise, extended their labors. Father Le Moyne began a mission at Onondaga, Father Menard another on Lake Superior, where he perished of want, and Father Dablon endeavored to reach Hudson s Bay. The war was not the only misery of Canada. The colony was still in the hands of a commercial company, but when that body surrendered their charter, in 1662, a new era commenced. The king sent out troops, settlers, and supplies; and appointed Mr. De Mesy, Governor. That officer immediately organized a reg ular colonial Government, consisting of the Gover nor, and a council composed of the Bishop, the inten- dants of Justice, Police, Finances and Marine, and four councillors. 15. Who obtair>ed a truce ? What did the missionaries accomplish in this interval of peace ? What benelcial change was made in 1662 ? Who formed, the council ? 48 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 16. In 1665, the Marquis de Tracy was appointed Viceroy, Courcelle Governor, and Talon Intendant. They were all able men, and brought effective aid to the settlement. A number of hardy and industrious settlers, with a large supply of live stock were brought over, and at the same time a regiment of troops arri ved, to carry on the Iroquois war. Three forts were immediately built on the Sorel River, and the enemy began to retire. The Western cantons sued for peace, the Mohawks and Oneidas held out. Courcelle march ed in the depth of winter wuh 500 men in snow-shoes^ against the Mohawks, but found only a deserted vil lage, after his long and painful march. It was hoped that this would bring them to terms, but they still defied the French. The next year Tracy, with 1,200 French and 100 Indians, marched in person against the Mohawks, but met no enemy. The villages were deserted, so that the French, after carrying off the immense stores of Indian corn which the Indians had laid up, fired the towns and returned. The Mohawks were now hum bled and sued for peace. This was granted the more readily, as they asked for missionaries. Father Fre- min and other zealous men at once repaired to the va rious tribes in New York, and soon made numerous converts, obtaining a public renunciation of idolatry in some cantons. Still the debauchery of the uncon verted caused many of the new Christians to remove noon after to Canada. As the missionaries had grounds 16. What aid did Tracy bring ont? Who marohed ngainst the Mo hawks ? With what success ? What was Tracy s expedition ? What was its result? Who began missions ? To what did these lead ? HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 49 at Laprairie, the Catholic Indians of New York set tled there, and soon formed a new Iroquois tribe, commonly called the Caughnawagas. Their village was long one of the bulwarks of Canada. 17. These were not the only missions, which the peace enabled the Jesuits to carry out. The territo ry bordering on Lake Michigan and Lake Superior was explored by Allouez, Dablon and Marquette, the latter of whom after preaching to bands of the Illi nois, set out in 1 673, to explore the great river of the west, and found a mission in their country. He sailed down the Mississippi to the mouth of the Ar kansas, and thus gave France a claim to the great west. On his return, he founded a mission in Illi nois, and revisiting it the next year, died on the shore of Lake Michigan. In 1670, Talon returned to Canada as Intendant, and brought out 500 families as emigrants, but not, unfortunately, well selected ; hence the moral tone of the colony was injured, and vice began to prevail. Courcelle s term of office was soon to expire; but he concluded a new peace in 1670, between the Iroquois and Ottawas, restored tranquillity to all the Indian country, which the small-pox rendered complete ; for the Indians in the colony were almost entirely de stroyed, and the Iroquois greatly reduced by that scourge of the Jndians. 18. The celebrated Gpunt Frontenac arrived as governor, in 1672, an4 acting pn a plan of De Cour- 17. What other parts were explored and evangelized ? Who first sailed down the Mississippi? In what year did many emigrants arrival How many ? What swept off vast numbers of Indians ? 50 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. celle s, founded Fort Frontenac, where Kingston now is, and aided La Salle, an adventurer, to explore the west. That enterprising man built a vessel at Niaga ra, and sailed through Lakes Erie, St. Claire, Huron, to Mackinaw. He also explored the Mississippi to its mouth, and built a fort in Illinois. He returned to France to obtain authority and means to found a colo ny ?t the mouth of the Mississippi, and sailed with several vessels in 1684; he arrived off the coast of Teyas, and here the naval commander disembarked him and sailed off. La Salle s storeship was lost, and after struggling with his difficulties till spring, he set out by land to find the Mississippi and reach the Illi nois ; but his men revolted and killed him on the way. Those whom he left in Texas were massacred by the Indians, or taken by the Spaniards, who immediately occupied all Texas, establishing missions in various parts. 19. Frontenac had been superseded by De la Barre, who in 1684 invaded New York to punish the Senecas, but returned after effecting a hollow peace. His successor, Denonville, entrapped some Iroquoia chiefs, whom he sent to France, and rekindled the war, the first result of which was the ruin of the Iro- quois missions. Bent on carrying on the war, he too marched against the Senecas ; but though he defeated them in a skirmish and burnt their towns, he could IS. What did La Salle build? What lakes did he sail through ? What river did he t xplore ? Where did he build a fort ? Wh&t did he next at- tempt ? Wh it became of him ? 19. What did PC la Barre do? What treachery did DenQiiville com mit ? What va the rei} ]lt of the war ? ^Vho was sent out as governor * HISTORY OP THE UNITED STA1 E8. 51 not reduce them. They ravaged the colony, so that at last he was compelled to abandon Fort Frontonac, and ask for the return of the chiefs whom he had seized. The government on this restored Frontenac, who arrived once more in 1689. VIRGINIA. 20. The success of the Spaniards and French led to new English efforts. Associations were formed for colonizing America, and in 1606, James I. chartered the Plymouth and the London companies, and granted them extensive territories in America. The Ply mouth company, of which Lord Popham was the leading spirit, received a grant of all between the 41st and 45th degrees ; but after a vain attempt to settle at the mouth of the Kennebec, abandoned the country. The London Company received all between the 34th and 38th degrees, and made better preparations. Three vessels were sent out in 1606, under Christo pher Newport, and missing Roanoke, reached the Chesapeake in April, 1607. Naming Capes Charles and Henry, they entered the James River, and land ing, founded the city of Jamestown. This colony consisted of 105 persons, chiefly adventurers, unfit for a new settlement ; they were to be governed by a coun cil of seven appointed by a supreme council in Eng land, who were in turn nominated by the king. Of the council in Virginia, the chief were Gosnold, and Smith, the father of the colony. 20. "What two companies were chartered by James I. ? What <lid tho Plymouth company obtain, and what did they effect? Who was sent out by jtfjp kpndpn cpmpany ? When was Jamestown founded ? Of whul did the colony consist ? How was it to be governed * 52 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 21. Leaving Wingfield, the first governor, to or ganize the colony, Smith began to explore tht country, making peace with Powhatan, chief of all the Virgin ian tribes. The colony meanwhile by sickness, indo lence and misgovernment, was reduced to the brink of ruin ; but on Smith s taking the command in Novem ber, rapidly improved : for he restored order, enforced obedience and industry, and collected abundant sup plies of provisions from the natives. While Virginia was thus advancing, it was suddenly alarmed by a new danger. The gallant Smith, while exploring the Chickahominy, was surprised by the Indians, and after beholding his comrades slain, was led off as a prisoner through their numerous towns to the capital of Pow hatan. Here he was condemned to death, and was about to be executed, when Pocahontas, the daughter of the Indian king, interceded for him and obtained his release. Her kindness did not end here ; she had Smith conducted by an escort to Jamestown, and ever after remained a firm friend to the English. 22. Sickness had meanwhile reduced the colony to less than forty, and the survivors resolved to leave the fatal country. Smith, however, assumed the com mand, and compelled all to remain till Captain New port again arrived, bringing new settlers with supplies. These new-comers were chiefly gold-seekers, and in stead of cultivating the ground, all turned to digging, washing, and shipping what they supposed to be gold dust. 21. What di< I Smith do? What was the state of the colony during his ar^Ticr ? Whit did he do on his retur^ ? Whtvt hm^Wttd to MTU, oon au.-r . HISTORY OP THE UNITED 8TATF8. 53 After exploring the Chesapeake Bay, Smith waa formally made President of the Council in September, 1608, and compelling all to work, soon placed the colonv in a position of comparative safety : although but little was done in the way of cultivation. Virginia had suffered from misgovernment ; the London Company now solicited a new charter from the king, granting them all the coast two hundred miles north and south of James River, and authoriz ing them to appoint a Governor, who was to reside in Virginia. This charter was granted by the king, June 2, 1609, and Lord Delaware was appointed as governor. 23. The scheme of colonization now made rapid progress. Five hundred emigrants were immediately sent out in Newport s vessels, with Sir Thomas Gates, deputy governor, authorized to administer the gov ernment till Delaware s arrival. Unfortunately, a storm scattered the vessels, the emigrants reached Virginia, while Gates was driven to Bermuda. The arrival of the emigrants, with the news of the new appointments, caused great trouble, which Smith suppressed ; he compelled the new comers to submit to his regulations, and maintaining order awaited the arrival of Gates. Unfortunately, an explosion of gun powder wounded him so severely, that he was com pelled to sail for England, there being no competent surgeon in the colony. Leaving George Percy as 22. What did he do on his return to Jamestown ? Who was appointed governor nnder a new charter ? 23. Who led out new emigrants? What accident happened? Whtt compelled Smith to return to England T 5* 54 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. President of the Council, Smith bade adieru to Vir ginia. 24. Percy was unable to maintain the discipline enforced by Smith ; the colonists again relapsed into idleness and insubordination ; the Indians refused all supplies, and begun to cut off the stragglers near the town, and small parties in search of food. Famine reigned in Jamestown, and out of nearly five hun dred left by Smith, only sixty were living at the end of six months, and these more like spectres than men, with no prospect but death. At this juncture Sir Thomas Gates arrived in vessels that he had built at Bermuda, and disheart ened at the fate of the numbers who had sailed with him from England, took off the survivors, and aban doning Jamestown, sailed down the river : at the mouth, however, they found Lord Delaware, with em igrants and supplies, and all returned to Jamestown, Under the mild, but firm rule of Lord Delaware, the colony again began to prosper, and a religious tone began to pervade the people; but his health failed, and he was soon compelled to return to England, leaving the government in the hands of Percy. In the following year, 1611, Sir Thomas Dale arrived with liberal supplies, and assuming the government established martial law. Seeing the resources of the country, he urged the colonization so earnestly that Gates again came out with three hundred colonists, amply supplied with cattle and other necessaries. 24. What was the state of the colony after his departure? What pre vented the total abandonment of the colony ? What two governors re tored the colony ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 55 25. The English colony of Virginia was now per manently established. Jamestown was no longer a mere garrison; each settler received an allowance of land in fee, and a new settlement was begun in 1611, at Henrico ; and the absolute power of the council in England was limited. An outrage perpetrated by Argal, nearly involved the colonists in an Indian war ; for he, by treachery, carried off as a prisoner the lovely Pocahontas, who had saved Capt. Smith, and on many occasions shown herself the friend of the whites. Pocahontas was instructed in the doctrines of Christianity by John Rolfe, who soon after, with her father s consent, married her, and thus laid the foun dation of a permanent peace under which the Indians gradually dwindled away. So strong did the colony now become, that in the following year, 1614, Argal attacked the French in Maine and Nova Scotia, and piratically destroyed their settlements. 26. Under Deputy-Governor Yeardley, the Vir ginians in 1615 commenced the cultivation of tobacco, which immediately became the staple of the colony, its currency, and source of wealth ; but when Argal succeeded him, avarice and tyranny checked industry and emigration. This led to the recall of Argal, and restoration of Yeardley as Captain-General, who in June, 1619, called the first Assembly, and founded the legislative freedom of Virginia. Emigration increased under the care of Sandys, the treasurer of the company, who sent out 1261 25. What n jw settlement was formed ? What outrage did Argal per- ft rate ? What became of Pocahontas ? What was Argal s next exploit ? 26. What cultivation begtn in 1615? What was Argal s administr*. 56 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. persons in one year, among them nearly a hundred virtuous girls, who soon found husbands able and will ing to pay the expenses of their passage. The importation of negro slaves, in 1620, also facilitated the cultivation of the ground, and the hopes of the large cotton crops, led to increased set tlements. 27. While Virginia was thus on the way of pros perity, Opechancanough, who had succeeded his bro ther Powhatan and witnessed the decline of his race, formed a plot to exterminate the whites, and on the 22d of March, 1622, suddenly attacked all the settle ments on James River. Jamestown and the posts near it had been warned in time, by an Indian con vert; in the other villages 347 persons were cut off. An Indian war ensued, in which the natives were grad ually swept away. In June, 1624, the king dissolved the company, and Virginia became a royal colony, still reserving its Assembly ; and when a few years later, Governor Har vey was suspected of plotting against their liberties, and favoring Maryland, he was forced for a time to leave the country. Sir William Berkeley is noted as an able governor, who restored peace and harmony, and so won Virginia to the royal cause, that it was tho last English possession that submitted to Parliament after the death of Charles I. Then, by a treaty, its independence was virtually acknowledged ; the Virgin- tlon? When did the first assembly meet ? Who augmented the emig.a- tion ? To what extent ? When did slavery con mence ? 27. When did an Indten war break out? Wlo began it* How many were cut off? What <uu -iie king do in 1024? What did Sir William Berkeley do? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 57 ians elected a new governor in 1652, and exercised the same privilege during the whole period of the Protectorate, while at the same time they claimed and enjoyed perfect commercial freedom. NEW NETHERLAND AND NEW SWEDEN, NOW NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, AND DELAWARE. 28. The Hudson River and the country around it were discovered and named in 1609, by Henry Hudson, an Englishman in the Dutch service, who in a little craft called the Half- Moon, was seeking a northwest passage to India. During the month of September, he explored the river as far as Albany, and returned to Holland. When Hudson had given a description of the coun try, its rich and fertile soil, its abundance of wild beasts, from which a great trade in furs could be car ried on, vessels were despatched, and a few settlers, under Hendrick Corstiaeneen, left on Manhattan Island, as early as 1613; a fort was built there in the following year, and in 1615, a second, called Fort Orange, was erected by Elkins on an island near Al bany. A lucrative trade grew up with the Indians, all of whom were friendly to the new comers. 29. In 1621, .the Dutch West India Company, newly incorporated, was invested with the power of colonizing America, and took immediate steps to ad vance the settlement. The country from the Dela ware to the Connecticut was gradually explored, and 28. Who discovered the Hudson River? In what year? Where were settlements begun ? What grew up ? /9. Wh-vt company obtained the c mtry? Where did they bull! 58 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. in 1623, Cornelius May founded Fort Nassau, oil th banks of the former river. By this time the colony had acquired form, especi ally on Manhattan and Long Islands where some Wal loons had settled, and Peter Minuits was appointed, in 1626, the first governor or director. The greatest step to colonization was the charter of privileges adopted in 1629, by which any one leading out a col ony of fifty souls, obtained a large grant of land, over which he was to have great feudal rights, as Patroon. Under this clause attempts at settlement were made in various parts, even as far down as the present State rtf Delaware, and as far east as Hartford. The Dutch had been on friendly terms with the Indians, the more so, as the colony was rather com mercial than agricultural, and they sought to draw the furs to Manhattan. The Indians on the North River were Algonquius of various tribes, the Mohe- gans being the most powerful ; the Indians on the Mohawk, and to the west, were the Iroquois or Five Nations, of whom the most warlike were the Mo hawks, the enemies of the Mohegans. In 1625, however, Daniel Krieckebeeck, comman der at Fort Orange, had joined the Mohegans against the Mohawks, but his party was surprised, himself slain, and the rest cut off or dispersed. Fortunately for the colony, the Mohawks did not resent this inter- ference, and peace was again restored. .1 fort in 1623? Who was the first governor? What was the charter of privileges? What Indians occupied the Hudson? What Indians lay on the Mohawk nud west of it? What Patch commander Joined the Moho- gaup? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 59 30. The colony of New Netherlands was not, how ever, destined to enjoy repose. Some of the new vil lages were cut off by the Indians, the English began to encroach on the Connecticut and Delaware, and even claimed Long Island, while in 1638, a Swedish colony sent out by Chancellor Oxernstiern under Mi- nuits, once governor of New Netherland, entered the Delaware and founded Fort Christiana, capital of New Sweden, near the present city of Wilmington^" In 1641, the Indian aggressions were so frequent that the colonists, contrary to the commands of Gover nor Kieft, began an indiscriminate war of retaliation, in which the Indians were destroyed in great num bers, chiefly on Staten Island, Hoboken, Hempstead, Stamford and Esopus, now Kingston, Governor Kieft soon after commended himself to posterity by his kindness to the French missionaries, two of whom, Father Jogues and Bressani, taken cap tive by the Mohawks, he ransomed and sent home to Europe, after supplying all their wants. Kieft on his recall, in 1647, left the Indian war unsettled, and it was not until 1663, that Stuyvesant finally obtained peace by the reduction of the Esopus Indians, These Indian wars were cruelly carried on, and many thou sand Indians perished. 3 1, The Swedes, as we have seen, had settled on the Delaware in despite of the Dutch, and in 1654, under Risingh, surprised Fort Casimir, a Dutch post 30. When and by whom was New Sweden settled ? What \v;is the first p1ac built? What Irdian hostilities took place in New Netiifrh.nd ~: What generous act did Kieft perform ? Who succeeded Kioft? In what year f W iat war did be terminate? 60 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. on the site of Newcastle. On this, the West India Company ordered Stuyvesant to root out the Swedes, and he accordingly, in September, 1655, sailed with a force of 600 men to the Delaware, and reduced all the Swedish posts to the Dutch power. During his absence the Indians again made war, and besieging New Amsterdam with a fleet of sixty- four canoes, ravaged the adjacent territory ; but he soon compelled them to retire, and for many years the colony enjoyed great calm. In 1663, however, the Esopus Indians again burst on the village at mid day, and killed 29 of the inhabitants, wounding more, and carrying off many prisoners. War ensued, and the Indians were finally reduced. 32. Meanwhile the people, of whom a consider able part were fugitives from New England intole rance, began to complain of Stuyvesant s govern ment, and claimecl a representative assembly, such as their English neighbors had. It was granted, but too late. In 1664, Richard Nicols appeared off the harbor, as the delegate of James, Duke of York, to whom Charles II. king of England had conveyed the colony. Stuyvesant endeavored to resist, but unsupported by the people, capitulated on the 8th of September, 1664, and the English flag was raised. New Netherland was now divided, the part be tween the Delaware and the ocean was named New Jersey, and granted to Sir George Carteret ; the rest 81. What colony did Stuyvesant now reduce ? What occurred during bis absence ? What Indians renewed the war ? 82. What did the settlers claim? Who appeared In 1664? On what pretext did they claim the country ? How was the country now divided f To wboiu was Jfew Jeraay granted ? To wkicfc did Pel*w*-e lldof I HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 67 took the name of New York, a name which was also given to New Amsterdam, while Fort Orange assum ed the name of Albany. Delaware, however, remained a part of New York. NEW ENGLAND. 33. The colonies which we have already men tioned, were founded solely for commercial purposes, or as speculations of the proprietors, while those of New England, Maryland, Pennsylvania, of which we are now to speak, were in a great measure founded to afford a refuge from religious persecution in England." To understand this, we must recur to the period of the Reformation. Henry VIII. claimed for him self the spiritual supremacy previously attributed to the Pope, and separated England from the Holy See. Although hostile to Luther, he gre atly weakened the Catholic party by suppressing the monasteries, by put ting to death many eminent men, and by conferring high offices on concealed Lutherans. On his death, the latter, led by Somerset and Cranmer, availed themselves of the minority of the young king to abolish the Catholic religion, and found a new creed enforcing adherence by severe penalties. This Somerset church was displeasing, not only to the Catholics, but also to many of the ultra Protestants. After a few years it was overset by Mary, who restored Catholicity, and checked the progress of the Reformers. 88. What colonies were founded to escape persecution ? What position did Henry VIII. occupy as regards the Reformation? Who founded a aew creed in England ? What party grew np in opposition to it ondr 6 62 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 34. Elizabeth, who succeeded Mary, restored the Somerset religion, but soon found that a strong Cal- vinist party had grown up, bitterly opposed to the Church of England, and seeking to abolish the bish ops, and all ceremonies in religious worship. These Elizabeth resolved to crush, and she passed new and severe laws of uniformity, punishing not only the Catholics, but also the Separatists, as the new party were called : and her successor, James, pursued the same course, putting many Catholics to death, and harassing the Separatists. The Catholics submitted to these invasions on their rights, and to the loss of their church property, but the Separatists could not brook the tyranny of the government. In 1600, a large number retired to Holland, but after some years stay finding it impossi ble to coalesce with the Dutch, they resolved to emi grate to America ; and applying to the London Com pany for a patent, obtained one in 1619 suited to their wishes ; and prepared to embark for the most northerly part of Virginia, having obtained means from some London merchants at exorbitant rates. 35. They left Delft Haven in, August, 1620, for England, and being joined by some others, sailed from Plymouth to the number of 100, in a small vessel, called the Mayflower, and after a long and dangerous voyage, arrived off Cape Cod on the 19th of Novem ber. After exploring the coast for a time, they land- 34. What did the Calvinists seek ? What did Elizabeth do ? How dM the Catholics act? How did the Separatists act? Where did they then resolve to emigrate? 36. When Ud the first party set sail, and in what vessel? Where did HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 63 ed on the 21st of December, in a harbor to which they gave the name of Plymouth ; and the rock on which they disembarked is still held in reverence by the people of New England as a precious relic. This little colony had now to prepare habitations in a wild country in mid- winter ; their sufferings were consequently great, and before spring forty-six died But the survivors persevered, and were soon organi zed for self-government. As they had been driven beyond the limits of the Virginia Company, their charter was useless, and before landing they proceed ed to elect as governor, John Carver, and drew up a plan of government. The country in which they were, really belonged to the company of the West of England, or Plymouth Company; that body, however, after an ineffectual a f !empt to found a colony on the Kennebec under Popham, in 1607, abandoned all attempts at coloniza tion, and merely sent vessels to trade, one of which was commanded by the celebrated Captain John Smith. In 1614, the founder of Virginia -explored all the coast, and named the country New England. This company finally dissolved, and in 1620, the very year that the Pilgrims set sail, King James in corporated a new company, called the Council of Plymouth, consisting of 40 members, and granted to them all the territory between the 40th and 4 8th de grees of latitude, with the fisheries, and a heavj duty on the tonnage. they land? What steps did they take in the spring? Who was chosen governor? What efforts had the Plymouth company made to settle? What new company was incorporated in 1620? with what territory? 64 HISTORST OF THE UNITED STATES. 36. The Pilgrims at Plymouth were thus uncon- gcieusly under the authority of the Council of Ply mouth. They were, however, rendering their little colony secure by friendly intercourse with the natives, all branches of the great Algoaquin race, having con- eluded peace with their firm friend, Massasoit, Sachem )f the Wampanoags, and by his influence awed into submission Canonicus, chief of the Narragansetts. The Council of Plymouth was not unmindful of the Pilgrims; it granted them a charter, in 1621, and issued many grants to various parties, none of which led to any definite result. Meanwhile, small settle ments began to be formed at various points along the coast, which were long in a weak condition. 37. In 1624 the Puritans of England resolved to imitate the Separatists, and under the influence of the Rev. Mr. White, a number came over and settled at Cape Ann : but as the new post did not prosper, White organized a company, obtained a grant of the Council, and in 1628 sent over a second companny, under the iharge of John Eudicott, who settled at Salem with the remaining colonists of Cape Ann. By their in fluence at court, they obtained of the king, in 1629, a charter, incorporating them as the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New Eng- land. This company, possessing alike enthusiasm and means, soon sent over, under Endicott as governor, numerous settlers, and while Plymouth advanced slow 86. With whom did tlie colonists form alliances? When did they oh tain a charter ? 87. What did the Purit&ns do in 1624? Where did a second company HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 65 ly, Salem received such large accessions, that a j/art of the new comers founded Charlestown, in 1629, Dorchester, Roxbury, Cambridge, Watertown, and last of all Boston in the following year. This colo ny entered into close alliance with Plymouth, and adopting the church system of the Separatists, abolish ed the Church of England, and sent home to England two incorrigible settlers who attempted to adhere to the established church. In 1 630, nearly a thousand emigrants came out in fifteen ships, and among themiuost of the members of the company, with Winthrop their governor, who now transferred their sittings to America. The various towns formed themselves into little republics, and meeting in General Court at Boston, conferred the power of legislation on the governor and his assist ants, authorizing the latter to elect the governor. They next carried out the separation from the English Church, and began to discipline the militia. Soon after they were building ships, trading along the coast, and opening commercial intercourse with the Dutch a Manhattan, and their own countrymen in Virginia. 38. In 1634, deputies from the eight principal towns met as the first representative court, and passed several important acts. Their position, however, be came precarious, for though a large number of emi grants came over to escape from the measures of Laud, news arrived that a Governor-General of New nettld? When were they incorporated, and under what name? What new towns were soon formed? How did they tct in religious matters? What happened in 1630 ? What steps did the col my now take ? 8& When did the irst representative court met? What alarmed 66 HISTORY ar THE UNITED STATES. England had Veen appointed, and that the English government had resolved to restore the system of Eng lish law. On this, the General Court resolved to resist; fortifications were erected and magazines prepared. In the following year, Newburyport, Ipswich, Marblehead and Concord were begun, and the colonies attempted to drive the French from the Penobscot, but failed from a want of co-operation between Ply mouth and Massachusetts. This year was also noted for the excrnniiiuni cation and banishment of Roger William, who had denied the power of the General Court in matters ecclesiastical, and lastly for the colo nization of Connecticut, begun by Ludlow at Hart ford, and by Winthrop at Saybrook. 39. Early in 1636, Williams, after a weary win tering in the woods, began under the protection of Massasoit, a plantation at Seekonk, but pursued by the government of Plymouth, proceeded to the head of Narragansett Bay, and obtaining a grant of land from Canonicus, head Sachem of the Narragansetts, founded Providence, now the capital of Rhode Island. In the same spring, Hooker and others joined the al most disheartened settlers at Hartford, and planted other towns in Connecticut. About this time some whites were cut off on Block Island, and in Connecticut, by the Indians, and the colonists determined to make a war of extermination on the natives; Endicott led a force into Connec- thein ? What steps dirt the colony take to resist ? What were the chief events of the year 1685 ? 89. Where dirt Williams begin a settlement? Win-re dirt he next pro- Oeed? What was his new settlement called? What led to he Pequod war ? What did Endiex>tt do ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Oi ticut in August, 1636, and burned two Pequod towns, after cutting off many of the Indians. 40. The natives now flew to arms, beleaguered Fort Saybrook, and ravaged the new settlements. They even formed a plan for a general union of the Indians against the whites, and would have gained Cauonicus, Sachem of the Narragansetts, but for the mediation of Roger Williams. Massachusetts had thus involved the settlements on the Connecticut in war, but instead of aiding them> now turned her whole attention to religious disputes. Mrs. Hutchinson, a religious enthusiast, had denied the necessity of good works, or the observation of the law to obtain salvation, and argued against the power of the colonial government to interfere in religious matters. 41. The people of Connecticut left to themselves, raised a force of ninety men, which under John Mason, accompanied by Uncas and sixty Mohegans . et out to invade the Pequod territory. Descending the Con necticut River to its mouth, they were joined by Cap tain Underhill from Massachusetts, with twenty men, and sailed to Narragansett Bay. Here their force was further increased by the coming of Miantouomoh, and nearly 200 Narragansetts. The Pequods lay east of the River Thames, and Mason now marched west, and after two days, came early in the morning of the 26th of May, 1637, to 40. How did the natives act? What saved the colony ? In what was Massachusetts now involved? 41. How did the people of Connecticut act? Who commanded the tr< ops ? Vhat chiefs joined them ? Where did the Pequods lie ? When 68 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Fort Mystic, before the Indians were stirring. Taken by surprise, the Pequods fought till their fort was en tered and their cabins in flames, but in attempting to escape they were almost all cut to pieces by the Eng lish, who had completely surrounded the fort. The Pequods lost several hundred, and on!/ seven escaped, while the English loss was comparatively trifling. Mason now resolved to retreat, as his men were exhausted, and another Pequod fort was in the neigh borhood. Just as he reached the coast, he was over taken by Sassacus and his warriors, and another fight ensued, in which the Indians were repulsed. In the following month a second force under Stoughton, from Massachusetts, entered the Pequod territory, took two forts, and captured or destroyed almost all the tribe. Sassacus, the chief, fled to the Mohawks, but was there murdered, and his scalp sent to Boston. 42. The Pequod war being thus ended, Massachu setts again began its religious investigations. Mrs. Hutchinson was condemned and banished, with many of her adherents. This led to new settlements. Hutchin son and Coddington removed to Rhode Island. Wheel wright founded Exeter in New Hampshire; others settled at Portsmouth, while Davenport and Eaton, just arrived from England, proceeded to Long Island Sound, and founded New Haven, in 1638. The settlements in New England now formed seven distinct colonies; and in May, 1643, Connecticut, did Mason roach the town ? What was the result of the battle ? Where did Sassacus overtake him? Who next invaded the Pequod country? What became of Sassacus ? 42. What was the result of the religious discussions in Massachusetts? What new settlements were founded ? Who settled Rhode Island ? New HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 69 New Haven and Plymouth, entered into a confederacy with the General Court of Massachusetts, styled " The United Colonies of New England." The ob ject of this union was their mutual defence and pro tection : by its terms the general affairs of the colonies were to be managed by two commissioners from each colony, who met alternately at the different capitals. Maine, in which some settlements had been made, and which was claimed by Gorges, was not admitted on the score of religion, and for the same reason Prov idence and Rhode Island were excluded, as there Roger Williams now openly avowed the doctrines of the Baptists. Anxious to protect his colony, Williams sailed to England to obtain a charter, the more neces sary, as Massachusetts had just by force carried off Gorton, another dissenter, and convicted him at Boston. 43. These colonies thus united, resembled each other in all their general features. The power was in the hands of the clergy, who controlling church mem bership, controlled the elections, none but church mem bers being allowed to vote. They finally, in synod, framed their own special confession of faith, and made it the law of the land. No other religion was tolera ted, and in defiance of their charter and of the lawa of England, they punished as heretics members of the Church of England, and as seditious persons all who even petitioned for liberty of worship. Roger Williams had, as we have already seen, pro- Hampshire ? Portsmouth ? New Haven ? How many distinct colonies now existed? What was formed in 1643? Who composed this union? U w was it governed ? Why were Maine and Rhode Island excluded ? 4& Who possessed the chief power in the colonies ? Who alone wcr 70 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ceeded to England, and there, principally by his zeal for the conversion of the Indians, obtained, in 1644, a charter for his colony of Providence Plantations, with which he returned, and soon restored peace to that little territory, although his intolerant neighbors still put forward their claims. The colony of Massachusetts had, in 1638, found- ed Harvard College ? the oldest literary institution be tween Quebec and Mexico, and in 1649, perfected its laws for general education. Of the Indians they made no account, and far from endeavoring to convert and civilize them, gave little encouragement to the zealous men who, like Eliot, devoted themselves to this great work. Encouraged by a more Christian feeling in their countrymen, the French missionaries had preached the gospel to the tribes as far west as Lake Superior, before those of Massachusetts heard the Saviour s name. 44. The triumph of the Parliament in England, gave the Puritans of New England full power to carry out their principles, and well satisfied with their position, they refused all the invitations which Crom well gave them to settle in the West Indies. During this period, Massachusetts and Connecticut both adopted stringent codes of laws ; and the United Col onies opened negotiations with Canada, which led, however, to no result. allowed- to vote ? What were their ideas of toleration ? How did Williams act to escape their encroachments? What did Massachusetts do for education ? What, did it do for the Indians ? What contrast exists on this point ? 44. What invitation did Cromwell extend to the New Englanders? \V steps dU Massachusetts aud Plymouth take in. Make 2 What did HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 71 At this time the country between the Piscataqua and Kennebec was divided into two parts, Maine and Ligonia, claimed by different proprietors ; but as these patentees were dead or unrepresented, Massachusetts in 1651, and the following year, seized it all and extend ed her code and religious system to the whole territo ry. Plymouth at the same time possessed a small tract east of the Kennebec, where she founded Cous- siiioc, now Augusta. Not satisfied with this enlargement of her territory, Massachusetts next attempted to reduce Providence and Rhode Island, carried off many of the Baptist settlers by force, and punished them for nonconformity to the laws of Massachusetts by flogging and other tortures : the Commissioners of the United Colonies did not however countenance Massachusetts, and the Union was well nigh dissolved. 45. In 1653, however, rumors spread that the Dutch at New York were inciting the Indians to war ; on this envoys were sent to ask an explanation from Stuyvesant, and these listening to various parties on Long Island, returned and advised war. The Com missioners of the colonies met, and by a vote of 6 to 2, resolved on a war against the Dutch. At this juncture, however, the general Court of Massachu setts interfered and protested against the war. Connecticut being most exposed, applied to Crom- they introduce ? What other colonies did Massachusetts invade? What was the result? 45. What rumors were raised in 1653? What dk the commissioners do? How did Massachusetts nullify the act? To whom did Cromwell then apply ? What prevented hostilities ? What was done by Cromwell** expediti >a ? 72 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. well for aid, and an armament was sent, but before its arrival, peace was declared between England and Holland, and the danger ceased. The expedition, how ever, seized Acadia, which Cromwell subsequently granted back to De la Tour. 46. In 1656 some Quakers landed in Massachu setts 5 a new theological fever broke out. Laws were immediately passed, punishing by fine those who brought over any Quakers, and ordering all Quakers to be flogged, and their books burnt. Still more strin gent laws were passed in the following year in Massa chusetts, Plymouth, New Haven and Connecticut, and as these failed, a terrible law in 1658, punished all returning Quakers with death, and four of these poor people were actually hanged. Alarmed now them selves, the Massachusetts General Court adopted milder laws, the more necessary as the house of Stuart had been restored in England. MARYLAND. 47. The oppressed condition of the English Cath olics in the seventeenth century, has been already mentioned. No persecution recorded in history, equals that of the English government against its Catholic subjects in length of time, multiplicity of penal laws, or severity in enforcing them. The Separatists emigra ted, but the Catholics, impoverished and plundered, clung with unabated attachment to the land of their ruined monasteries, and desecrated churches. 46. What excited a now theological fever in 1656? What laws wer* passed ? What was the nature of the laws of 165S How many Quakeri were hanged ? What induced a change of the laws * 47. What can you say of the persecution of the Catholics la England f HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 73 In 1624, however, George Calvert, Lord Balti more, who had just embraced the Catholic religion, resolved to found a colony in America, where Catholics might enjoy their religion in peace. Failing in an effort to colonize Newfoundland, arid repulsed from Virginia, he solicited of the king a patent for a tract on the Potomac. The charter, drawn by Lord Baltimore himself, ranks him among the wisest and best of lawgivers. It protected the liberties of the colonists, granted them a legislature, exempted them for ever from English taxation, and established an equality of religious rights. For his colony, the laws against emigration, and the laws grant ing a monopoly in the fisheries, were repealed. Before this patent passed the great seal however, Lord Baltimore died, leaving his rights and his zeal to his son Cecil, to whom the charter was issued. 48. Two hundred persecuted Catholics, with two Jesuit Fathers as chaplains, sailed, under Leonard Cal vert, in two small vessels, the Ark and Dove, in Novem ber 1633. After a long and stormy passage, they reach- "d the Chesapeake in March. Having examined the ground, they landed on the 25th, the feast of the An nunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and took pos session of Maryland. A cross was planted with reli gious ceremonies, by the pious pilgrims, and a fort raised on St. Clement s Island, after which Calvert with a missionary visited the neighboring tribes, and made an alliance with the Piscataways. Who projected a Catholic settlement in America? What was his first choice? Why did Virginia refuse him permission to enter ? What patent did he solicit ? To whom was It granted ? 48. When did Lord Baltimore send out settlers ? Under whom ? How 74 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. On the 27th of March, they proceeded to the shore, and began the foundation of the city of St. Mary s, the capital of the province. Purchasing the ground of the natives, they transformed an Indian bark hut into a chapel, and began to raise houses and sow their fields. Suddenly, however, a danger arose. Claiborne of Virginia attempted to excite an Indian war, and the settlers were compelled to desist from their labors, and build a block-house for defence. They did not, however, escape the malignity of Claiborne, who, on being foiled in this attempt, fitted out a vessel to cruise against the settlers ; but his vessel was taken, and he himself compelled to fly to Virginia. Claimed as a rebel by Calvert, he was sent to England for trial. The Governor of Maryland having thus re stored peace, convened an Assembly of the colonists, as by the charter legislative powers were vested in them. 49. In 1637, Kent Island, Claiborne s seat, sub mitted to Calvert, and a new Assembly convened in the following year, fully organized the internal govern ment of the colony. Lord Baltimore at first claimed the right of originating all acts, but as the colonists disputed it, he finally yielded all but the veto power. The missionaries had now established regular mis sions among the Piscataways and Patuxents, convert ing many of both tribes, among others, Chilomacon, king of the Piscataways, who was solemnly baptized many ? In what vessels! When and where did they land? With whom did they make peace? What city did they found? Who disturbed tho peace of the colony? What was his second effort? What became of him ? What did the governor do? 49. When did Kent Island submit? What did the assembly demand? V?kat were the Catholic missionaries doing? "What success had they If HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 75 in presence of the governor on the 5th of July, 1 640 As these conquests of the missionaries extended, they surrounded ^the colony with a rampart of friend ly, Christian Indians. The only enemies were the Susquehannas, a power ful tribe on the river of that name, the fame of whoso valor had spread to Canada. They now began to attack the Marylanders and their Indian allies, but were soon repulsed by the vigor of the governor. Soon after, some Puritans driven from Virginia were received into the colony, and in return fomented a new rebellion under Ingle and Claiborne, in 1643, during the governor s absence, relying on the success of their party in England. Governor Calvert returned in the following year, and attempted to reduce the rebels, but was defeated and put to flight. Claiborne and Ingle acting in the name of Parliament, now took the supreme control into their own hands, arrested the missionaries, and sent them in chains to England, banished those most faithful to Lord Baltimore, and reduced many others to poverty. 50. In 1646, however, Calvert raised a force in Virginia, crossed the Potomac, defeated the rebels, ind restored the former liberal government. This was his last act, for he died on the 9th of June, 1647, having with the greatest self-devotion striven for four teen years to establish a refuge for the oppressed in the western world. How did they protect the colony ? What tribe made war ? Who repulsed them? Who were received into the colony? Of what ingratitude were they guilty ? Who finally succeeded? What did they do? 60. What was Cal vert s last act? What wis his character? What 76 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Under Grovernor Stone, whose administration began in 1648, was passed the celebrated act of toleration, guaranteeing to all freedom from any vexation on ac count of religion, and punishing the^ase of any con temptuous name of a sect or party. The Puritans had, however, now greatly increased in numbers by immigration, and on the death of Charles I., Claiborne and Bennett, two commissioners eent by Parliament to reduce Virginia and Barbadoes, entered Maryland, overpowered the governor, who finally submitted, and after restoring to Claiborne all his original claim, retired to Virginia. 51. Governor Stone in 1654, restored the proprie tary government, but the Puritans soon overcame him, and calling an Assembly deprived Catholics of all civil rights. In the following year, Stone, by Lord Balti more s orders, raised a force to subdue the Puritans, but after a long and desperate engagement at Provi dence, in which many of his followers were killed, and himself taken prisoner, Stone was completely over thrown on the 25th of March, 1655. This victory the Puritans followed up by the cold-blooded murder of many of their prisoners. Cromwell, however, disavowed the acts of the Pu ritans, and reinstated Lord Baltimore, whom the Pu ritans at once requested to renew his act for liberty of conscience, which they had repealed. Fendall was celebrated act was passed in 1648? What did Claiborne and Bennett do n the <ieath of Charles I ? 51. Who attempted to restore the government? What laws were pawod by Claiborne s party ? In what battle was Stone entirely defeated ? How did the Puritans follow up their victory ? How did Cromwell act ? V hat HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 77 now appointed gsvernor by Lord Baltimore, but he did not finally establish order till 1658 ; soon after he himself rebelled, threw off the authority of Lord Baltimore, and endeavored to republicanize Maryland. Charles, however, was now king, and Philip Calvert came out as governor. did the Puritans then beg for ? Who was next appointed governor f What did he attempt? 4- THE ENGLISH COLONIES UNDER THE REIGN OF CHARLES II. 1. Charles II. was restored in 1660, and soon showed more attention than his predecessors to Ameri can affairs. He began a system of policy intended to establish the royal power in the colonies. During his reign New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylva nia and Carolina were added to the number of Eng lish colonies, and all made proprietary governments. Connecticut and Rhode Island, indeed, received a charter, but Massachusetts and New Hampshire were reduced into royal provinces. 2. The accession of Charles II. alarmed the New England colonies, and they at once sent out a very submissive address : but their actions were quite at variance with their words. Although several of the regicides were notoriously in the colonies, they pre tended to believe that they were in the Dutch colony on the Hudson, and called on Governor Stuyvesant 1. When was Charles II. restored? What did he attempt? What now colonies were founded in this reign ? Which received charters? 2. How did New England act on Charles II. a accession ? Of what hy pocrisy were they guilty? What did Charles require? What coiouiea HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 79 to surrender them, Charles was not, however, to be blinded by their flattery, or deceived by their cunning ; he required the repeal of all laws inconsistent with those of England or with his authority, the toleration of the Church of England, and the extension of the franchise to persons who were not members of the Puritan churches. While Massachusetts was thus resisting Charles, Winthrop of Connecticut, and Clarke of Rhode Isl and, secured the royal favor in England, Winthrop, a man of courtly, polished manners, obtained in April 1662, a very liberal charter for Connecticut, in which New Haven was included, and in July 1663, Clarke obtained a similar one for Rhode Island and Provi dence Plantations, which were now united. Both these charters gave the colonists full powers to choose their own magistrates, make laws and direct their in ternal affairs, unrestrained by Parliament. Indeed, these charters were so liberal, that that of Rhode Island was continued in force long after the establish ment of the Republic, 3, In 1664, Charles made a grant to his brother James, Duke of York, of all the country between the rivers Pernaquid and St, Croix in the present State of Maine, and also the territory between the Connecticut and Delaware. This last portion included the Dutch colony of New Netherland, and in the account of the cted more wisely? Wliat did the Oonuecticat charter embrace? What two colonies were united in the new government of Rhode Island ? What shows the liberality of their charter ? 8. What grant did Charles II. make to his brother James ? Who wore sent out to take possession ? What other duties were they charged with * 80 HISTORY OP THE UNITED 8-TATES. Dutch colony we have stated how the Duke took pos session, and changed the name to New York. Nichols, Carr and Cartwright, the commissioners sent out to take possession of the Duke s grant, were also empowered by the king to establish his authority, and settle disputes in New England. In pursuance of this power they arranged several questions of title, and attempted to obtain a submission from Massachu setts. They were, however, opposed and compelled to desist. In Maine they restored a proprietary govern ment, which Massachusetts immediately set aside by force of arms. 4. While the government of Massachusetts was thus defying the power of the king, Plymouth involved all the New England colonies in an Indian war. Po- metacon, or King Philip, head chief of the Wampa- noags, after being disarmed in 1670, was accused of plotting against the state in 1675. Indignant at this, some of his tribe, according to their ideas of Indian justice, killed the Indian accuser. The Plymouth au thorities then tried three of the Indians for murder, and on very slight evidence put them to death. The Wampanoags resolved to retaliate. In June, 1675. they attacked Swansey and killed several of the inhabi tants, thus beginning a bloody war. Plymouth now too late saw her error and prepared for a long struggle; a force was raised, which reinforced by some companies from Massachusetts, marched to How did Massachusetts receive them ? What did they restore in Maine ? How did Massachusetts overthrow it ? 4. In what did Plymouth now involve New England f What were tb wronjja of Potaetacon ? What did bis Indians do ? When did the WM HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 81 Mount Hope, but finding Philip s town deserted, com pelled the Narragausetts to promise fidelity. Soon after, tidings came that Philip was encamped in a swamp at Pocasset, and this they immediately sur rounded : but the Indian chief and most of his follow ers escaped to the Nipmucs, whom they roused to war. 5. The Nipmucs began by attacking Mendon and Brookfield, the latter of which was totally destroyed. The Connecticut River Indians next took the field, destroyed Deerfield and Northfield, besides cutting off several parties of troops sent against them. The In dians on the Merrimac, and the Abnakis or Taranteens in Maine, burst on the border settlements, ravaging, buriiing, and destroying. Thus injustice to the In dians involved all New England in a fearful war, during which the sky was constantly reddened by the glare of burning villages. The colonies revived the old union. Commission ers met, and they resolved to crush the Narragansetts, who though still at peace, would, they feared, soon join Philip. In December, 1675, their combined force en tered the country of the Narragansetts, and guided by an Indian deserter, advanced to a fort in the pre sent town of Kingston. The Narragansetts were not unprepared : they poured on their assailants a deadly volley, and for two hours kept them at bay, nor were they defeated till their cabins were in flames, and two ln Ctn, and where ? Where did the New Engenders now endeavor to take I liilip? What tribe did he rouse to war ? 5. What towns did the Nipmucs attack? Who next joined Philip? \Vhat was their success? What other tribes now bt gan hostilities? What tiari provoked this war? What did the colonies now revive? What tribe did tfay resolve to crush ? When and where did they attack them ? How 82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. hundred and thirty-six of the New Englanders had fallen. The surviving Narragausetts thus cruelly treated after every eifort at peace, now ravaged the colonies. Lancaster, Medfield, Weymouth, Warwick, Marlborough, Rehoboth and Providence were all more or less destroyed : and parties of troops were again and again cut off. 6. The war was terrible on both sides. The colo nies were overrun, but the Indians, unable to plant, were perishing with hunger. Canonchet, the nephew of Miantonimoh, was taken while in search of seed corn, and shot in 1676. Philip, who had fled towards the Mohawks, now returned to his old haunts, and aided by Witamo, squaw sachem of Pocasset, and Punham of Shawomet, renewed the war. But the colonists were now successful; Punham was killed, Witamo drowned, and Philip s wife and child taken. He himself escaped with difficulty, and after skulking from haunt to haunt, was killed by one of his own men in August, 1676. Thus ended a war of one year s duration, in which one third of the colony was destroyed ; and on the other hand, two entire nations were annihilated. In this struggle the whites were as ferocious and as treacherous as their red neighbors could have been. Many Indians were killed after a promise of life, and several hundred Abnakis in Maine were treacherously did the Narragansetts resist ? How many of the English fell ? What town did the Narragansetts now ravage ? 6. How did the Indians fare ? Where was Canonchet slain ? Where was Philip ? Who were his chief allies ? What became of them all ? What was the colonies 1 loss in the war ? How had the English acted t Where were they guilty of great treachery t HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 83 seized after the peace, and sold as slaves, by Wal- droii, wlio at a late day made fearful atonement for his crime. 7. Maine, west of the Kennebec, had been seized by Massachusetts, but was now awarded by a deci sion of the courts of law to Gorges, who, however, sold his rights to Massachusetts ; the portion between the Kennebec and Penobscot was part of New York, and Governor Andross restored peace and tran quillity there in 1677. In 1678, the king made New Hampshire a royal province, and restored Mason, the old patentee, to his rights. Massachusetts thus shorn of her territory, still re sisted the English laws of trade, and refused to con cede toleration, to extend the elective franchise, or to issue writs in the king s name. Charles, however, resolved to reduce the colonists to submission, to maintain his rights as sovereign, and to check their intolerant and tyrannical acts. Finding them still obstinate, he ordered legal proceedings to be begun for setting aside their violated charter * and the courts, in spite of all efforts made by the colony to bribe the king, finally, in 1684, pronounced the charter void, and Massachusetts became a royal province. 8. The Duke of York, brother of Charles II., ha\- ing bought up all the claims of Lord Stirling to the portion colonized by the Dutch, obtained on the 12th of March, 1664, a royal charter for the territory be- 7. To whose hands did Maine now pass? To whom did he sell it? "Who owned another portion? What governor restored order there? What took place in New Hampshire ? What did Massachusetts still refus* to do? How did Charles act ? What was the result of the proceedings? g. On what was the titl? of the Duke of York based? Of what twg 84 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. tween the Connecticut and the Delaware, under the name of New York, and also of another territory in Maine, between the St. Croix and Pemaquid. To take possession of his new grant, he sent out, as we have seen, four ships and five hundred soldiers under Richard Nichols, Sir George Cartwright, and Robert Carr. These, aided by Winthrop of Connecticut, sailed to New Amsterdam, and compelled Stuyvesant to sur render, September 8th, 1664. Cartwright then pro ceeded to Fort Orange, and Carr to the Delaware, and both reduced the remaining Dutch posts, as well as the Dutch settlers west of the Delaware. Soon after his grant, and previous to the reduction of the Dutch, the Duke of York granted to Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley what is still called New Jersey, to commemorate Carteret s defence of the Isle of Jersey. The new proprietors issued plans of settlement, and invited emigrants, the first party of whom came out in 1665, under Philip Carte- ret, and founded Elizabethtown. Emigrants soon flocked in from New England and Long Island, and for a time the colony increased rapidly, till 1670, when domestic troubles and dissensions broke out. This division of the colony was not known in New York, till Carteret s arrival, and caused much discon tent. The commissioners had settled a boundary with Connecticut, thus reducing New York greatly in limits. The Dutch part on the west side of the Delaware was, parts did his grant consist? Whom did he send out? When did the Dutch surrender ? What part did James assign ? To whom? "Who was Bent out as governor? Whence did settlers come? What part still re. wained attached to New York ? What city was incorporated I HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 85 nowever, still a part of New York, and Newcastle was incorporated by Governor Lovelace, in 1672. 9. New York was now governed by a code called the Duke s laws, promulgated by Nichols in 1665; but when Lovelace in 1667, attempted to levy taxes by his own authority, the English on Long Island resisted. While New York and New Jersey were thus in a ferment, the Dutch, then at war with England, sent a fleet to the mouth of the Hudson in 1673, and Manning, the commander of the fort at New York during the absence of Governor Lovelace, surrendered. The Dutch restored the old laws, erected the colo ny west of the Delaware into three judicatories, after wards called counties, and were preparing to confirm the province on a new basis, when peace was made, and New York restored to England. 10. On the restoration of New York, the Duke took out a new grant, and despatched Edmund An- dross as governor, in 1674. He organized Sagada- hoc in Maine, restored the Duke s laws in New York, and established a settled government, although great opposition was made to the levying of taxes in the Duke s name, and frequent petitions for a legislature were made. Andross, however, continued in office till 1680. New Jersey had, meanwhile, undergone many changes. Berkeley sold his share to Fenwick and Bil- 9. How was New York governed ? Where was resistance made ? What topped all discussions? How was the country restored? 10. Whom did James send out as governor ? What were his chief acts ? fo -vhom wa$ New Jersey granted * How was it divided ? What 86 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. lings, two Quakers, the former of whom in Juh 1675, founded Salem on the Delaware. In the following year the colony was divided into East and West Jer sey, by a line from Little Egg Harbor to the north west corner of the state. On this division, many Quakers nocked into West Jersey. Andross, claiming a paramount sovereignty in the Duke, attempted to extend his jurisdiction to New Jersey, and imprisoned Governor Carteret, who re sisted him ; the matter was finally decided against the Duke ; but Sir George Carteret had become weary of his province, and sold it to a number of Quakers, of whom William Penn was the chief one. They ob tained a new grant from the Duke, and appointed Barclay governor for life ; but he never came out, and the colony was administered by deputy governors, one of whom, Gawin Lawrie, a Scotch Quaker, founded Perth Amboy, in 1684. 11. On the recall of Andross in 1680, Colonel Thomas Dongan, an Irishman and a Catholic, was sent out as Governor of New York, with instructions to call an Assembly, which he did, on his arrival in 1683. The Assembly met on the 17th of October, and passed a charter of liberties, which guaranteed civil and religious freedom. Dongaii is remarkable as one of the ablest colonial governors ever intrusted with power in America, He was a man of enlarged views, and marked ability. He first marked out the now flocked into Jersey ? What led to troubles? To whom did Car teret sell ? Who was elected governor? 11. Who was next made governor of New York? What wan his firet act? Wh<vtipayb.e said of this assembly? What was the character ol Dongan ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 87 great lakes as a suitaoie boundary for England, and sought to keep the French from all the territory south of that line, by establishing a close union with the Indian tribes 12. William Penn, the son of a celebrated English admiral, had, as we have already seen, taken an active part in colonizing New Jersey. Having a large claim against the government for his father s services, he so licited in payment a grant in America, and obtained a charter for Pennsylvania, similar to Baltimore s, but reserving to the crown a veto, and to Parliament a right to levy duties and taxes. As Penn was a Qua ker, arid proposed to send out settlers of his own creed, it was also provided that the Church of England should always be tolerated. Pennsylvania, as thus granted, comprised all be tween the 40th and 43d degree, and extending back five degrees of longitude from Delaware River. Be sides this, he purchased of the Duke of York, New castle, and the counties on the Delaware, down to Henlopen, which the Duke claimed by right of con quest. In 1682, Penn sailed with a hundred emi grants, preceded and followed in that year by no less than 23 vessels. By the month of December, an As sembly convoked at Chester organized the govern ment. German Quakers soon founded Germantown, and the new colony began to fill up with unexampled rapidity. A check, however, was given by a dispute 12. Who was William Penn? Why did he ask a grant of lands? What was the extent of Pennsylvania? What else did he purchase? When did the first settlers cono? Who settled Germantown? With whom did a dispute arise ? 88 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. with Lord Baltimore, as to the boundaries of their respective grants, and especially with regard to the three counties on the Delaware. 13. When Charles II. was restored in 1660, Sir William Berkeley was Governor of Virginia, and though elected by the burgesses, immediately issued writs in the name of the king, who was acknowledged without dispute ; but the loyalty of the colony won no favor from the careless monarch. His partisans in Virginia secured the chief power, and made the legislature a permanent body, irresponsible to the peo ple ; while the Parliament in England passed a navi gation act crippling the commerce of the colony. In 1669, Lord Culpepper received of the king a grant of a large tract on the Potomac, and in 1673, Charles granted to him the whole colony of Virginia for 31 years. The people prepared to remonstrate and resist, while the Assembly solicited the reappointment of Berkeley as governor for life ; but a new element was about to embarrass still more the affairs of the colony. 14. The Susquehannas or Andastes, conquered after a long and stubborn war by the Senecas, aban doned their ancient abodes and retreated into Mary land and Virginia. Some lawless acts, perpetrated, it would seem, by their enemies the Senecas, drew on them the suspicion of the colonies, and troops were raised to attack them. A party of Virginians and 13. Who was governor of Virginia at the r-storation? How did the king act towards Virginia ? To whom did he grant it ? What did th# people prepare to do ? t, W l at tribe now fled into Maryland ? Qf what were they accused HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 89 Marylanders, led by Colonel Washington, seized five chiefs who came to answer the charge, and put them to death. Berkeley the governor, attempted to restrain the people, and make peace with the Susquehannas, who, too weak to renew war, were inclined to make terms ; the people, however, instigated by designing men, re solved on an Indian war, and a party of 500, led by Nathaniel Bacon, marched against the Indians and ravaged their villages. He was proclaimed a rebel by Berkeley, but an insurrection compelled the governor to dissolve the old Assembly and call a new one, which met on the 5th of June, 1674, and renewed many former privileges. The elective franchise was restored in church and state, and the levying of taxes regulated. To counterbalance these proper concessions, war was, however, resolved upon, and Bacon appointed com- mander-in-chief. This Berkeley refused to approve, and yielded only to force, when surrounded by Bacon and his armed satellites. v 15. He soon repented of his weakness, and while Bacon was hunting the unfortunate Indians like wolves, Berkeley again proclaimed him a rebel. Both parties now prepared for war ; rival Assemblies were held ; Jamestown, the capital, was burnt by the insurgents ; but in the midst of their success, Bacon sickened and died. This was a fatal check to them : for his party. Of what cruelty were the colonists guilty ? Who attempted to save the Susquehannas? Who led the people to revolt? What did Berkeley grant? What acts were passed at the new assembly? Who resisted the bill for a war ? 15. What rash step did Berkeley take ? What town was burnt ? What 1 JO HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. destitute of a leader of his talents, were soon routed and dispersed. Berkeley abused his triumph by his cruelty, and in a short time no less than twenty of the insurgent leaders were condemned and exe cuted. In England Sir William Berkeley s course was con demned 5 a commission was sent out to examine his conduct, but he was so overcome by the censure, that he died soon after his arrival in London. Lord Cul- pepper was immediately appointed by Charles II governor for life, and arriving in 1680, called an As sembly. Here the acts of Bacon s adherents were pardoned, but most of the concessions made by Berke ley were repealed, and the colonists for 4 years were entirely at the mercy of the unprincipled and avari cious nobleman. At last in, 1684, the king cancelled his grant and resumed Virginia as a royal province. 16. A few scattered settlements had been made south of Virginia, and the proverbial riches of that territory induced the project of colonizing it. Accord ingly, in 1663, Charles II. granted to Lords Claren don, Shaftesbury, Albemarle, Craven and Berkeley, with three others, all the territory between Albemarle Sound and the St. John s, and soon after enlarged the grant so as to reach to 36 33 7 of North latitude. In this territory there was a small settlement of Virginians near Albemarle Sound, and another of New Englanders on Cape Fear River. These were joined alone checked the insurgents ? What was Berkeley s conduct now I How was his course viewed in England? Who was the next governor? What was his course ? When did Charles resume the colony ? 16 To whom did Charles grant Carolina? With what limits ? What HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 91 in 1666, by a colony from Barbadoes, under Sir John Yeamans, who was also appointed governor, and founded the lumber trade of the country. William Sayle, the first proprietary governor sent out in 1670, founded old Charleston, which teu years after was removed to its present site, and idpidly increased. These settlements were to be governed by a char ter drawn up by John Locke, an English philosopher, but the people revolted, and for a considerable time elected their own rulers, without any regard to the rights or claims of the proprietors. Btnall settlement existed ? Who joined them ? Who was sent out by th proprietors ? What town did he found ? What form f gov*. ament WM prepared ? What form did they seek to adopt? CHAPTER VI. THE ENGLISH COLONIES UNDER JAMES II., WILLIAM HI. AND ANNE. JAMES IL, 1685-1688. 1. The death of Charles II. in 1685, raised James Duke of York to the throne, under the title of James II. He found his American colonies more in his pow er than any previous king had done, all being either royal provinces or held by proprietaries under royal charters. His reign was too short to accomplish any of his designs, but he evidently intended to blend the various and conflicting elements into one harmonious whole, under a single viceroy. James first sent out Dudley as governor, to Mas sachusetts, and when he had established the royal au thority there, and Connecticut and Rhode Island had thrown themselves on his mercy, he appointed Sir Ed mund Andross governor of all New England. The new governor arrived with two companies of soldiers in 1686, and at last overthrew the system of religious tyranny which had been coeval with the settlement of New England. 1. How did James find the American colonies ? What was his inten tion with regard to them ? Whom did he appoint governor of New Eng. laud ? What did Andross effect? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 93 2. New York, meanwhile, under the active and vigilant Dongan, was rapidly advancing in prosperity. That able governor, having resolved to secure the country south of the great lakes, sought to keep off the French traders, and to transfer the Indian missions from French to English priests. These attempts led to angry disputes with the Governor of Canada, who, in spite of Dongan s remonstrance, invaded New York and attacked the Senecas. Dongan stimulated the In dians to war, but on the complaint of the French king was ordered to desist, and was at last removed in 1688. The proprietors of New Jersey were accused of violating the acts of trade, and writs of quo warranto issued against them, upon which they yielded. New York and New Jersey were then also added to Ar dross s rule. Lord Baltimore in a similar manner had his Maryland charter attacked, but in the colonies themselves no important events occurred. WILLIAM III., 1688-1702. 3. While the colonies at the north were thus in a ferment, news suddenly arrived of the invasion of England by William of Orange, and of the flight of James. The people at Boston rose, and Andross, re tiring to a fort, surrendered after a short struggle, in April, 1689. The New England colonies on this all resumed their former governments, and elected their own chief magistrates, joyfully proclaiming William and Mary. 2. What was Dongan in New York projecting? How did Dongan act wrlth regard to the Iroquois ? What was the consequence ? Why were pro- aeetlings instituted asain.st New Jersey ? What other charter was revoked f 8. What news now arrvtxl? What was done at Boston? What did 94 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. In New York, Nicholson, the lieutenant-governor, with his council, favored the revolution ; but Leisler, a militia captain, on the pretext of a popish plot, seized the fort and the public money, and being cre ated by his partisans temporary governor, refused to acknowledge the authority of Nicholson. On this the lieutenant-governor returned to England, and the council under Bayard refusing to submit to Leisler, retired to Albany, in June 1689. In Maryland an adventurer of the name of Coode, just convicted of blasphemy, raised the cry of a popish plot, and forming a Protestant association, overthrew the government, deposed Lord Baltimore, and in Au gust assumed the direction of affairs. Pennsylvania was meanwhile disturbed by a colli sion between Penn and the colonists, which resulted in 1690, in the separation of the three counties on the Delaware. Setting up a separate government under Markham, they were at last acknowledged by Penn, and have ever since continued independent of Penn sylvania. 4. The English government had now changed, but though the colonies were safe from royal attempts, they were left exposed to the tyranny of Parliament, far more grasping and to be dreaded than any doubtful exercise of mere regal authority. This tyranny dates from what is styled the Revolution in England, and continued till it called forth the American Revolution. The accession of William, however, led to a war New England resume ? How did Leisler act at New York ? Who played a similar part in Maryland ? What troubles were going on In Pennsyl vania? In what did they result? 4. Wha/ new tyrann7 succeeded? How long did it last? To wnal HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 95 with France, and in this the American colonies became involved. France, anxious to avoid the horrors of an Indian war, had ofiered neutrality in America; but this was rejected, and New England and New York were eager for a struggle, in hopes of reducing Canada. 5. The Iroquois or Five Nations in New York, had already been supported by Dongan against the French, and were now stimulated and incited by both the Leisler and Bayard parties, who divided the colo ny. Nearly three months after Leisler had assumed the command, and on the 25th of August, 1689, a body of 1,500 Iroquois fell at midnight on the village of Lachine, in the island of Montreal, set fire to the town and massacred two hundred of the inhabitants, wreak ing their cruelty on women and children. After destroying Lachine, this Indian force rav aged much of the island, defeating the troops sent against them, and spreading terror on every side. Fort Frontenac on Lake Ontario, where Kingston now stands, was abandoned and blown up. At this moment, however, Frontenac was again sent out as governor, with instructions to invade New York, and punish it for its constant aid to the Iroquois. 6. About the same time the Abnakis, and other Indians of Maine who had been long burning for ven geance on the English, took the field. In June they captured York and massacred Waldron, who, after king Philip s war, had treacherously seized 200 of id William s Accession lead? Why did New England and New York favor war ? 5. What Indians had they excited to war? What massacre did thai Iroquois perpetrate? What fort did the French abandon? 6. What Indians took up the hatchet for the French t What caused 96 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. their tribe to sell as slaves. In August the Penob- scots invested Fort Pemquid, and after a siege of a few days compelled the garrison to capitulate. They then ravaged all the recent English settlements, and re turned in triumph to their towns. As war had now begun in earnest, both sides made preparations for invasion. Frontenac, whose design was to seize Albany, and descend the river to New York, sent out a war party of French and Indians against Schenectady, which was taken by surprise at night in February 1690, and utterly destroyed. Sixty of the inhabitants were killed, and 27 carried off as prisoners. Another French and Indian party destroyed Sal mon Falls in New Hampshire, and a third forced Oasco to surrender. 7. The English colonies were now filled with alarm and bitterly regretted the rejection of the offered neu trality. Influenced by religious hatred, they had hoped to crush the Canadians, and they now began to tremble for their own liberties. They were not, how ever, daunted : after passing penal laws against the Catholics, they resolved to act vigorously. Leisler had already called an Assembly in New York, and pre pared to attack Canada ; but as Albany and the In dians refused to acknowledge him, nothing had been done. In April, 1690, however, delegates from all the Waldron s death ? What fort was taken ? What projects were novr formed by the English and French ? What was the first stroke ? When was Schenectady taken ? How many were killed ? What did another French party take ? T. What were raeaed in the colonies ? What was Leister doing? When HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 97 English colonies met at New York by Leisler s re quest, and drew up a plan for the complete conquest of Canada. A laud army was to penetrate from Al bany to Montreal, while a fleet from Boston was to invest Quebec. In pursuance of this plan, an army of Connecticut and New York troops, under Win- throp, advanced to Wood Creek and encamped. Hero supplies failed them, sickness broke out, and although Bchuyler with some Indians made a bold incursion into Laprairie, the whole expedition failed. 8. Sir William Phipps, who commanded the fleet, took Port Royal -and most of the posts in Acadia, and entering the St. Lawrence, appeared before Quebec. Frontenac had put Montreal in a state of defence, and now assured of its safety, returned a haughty answer to the summons of the New England admiral. Phipps landed some troops and attacked the town ; but the militia, under the aged Juchereau, repulsed the first column at Beauport, with the loss of 150 men. Phipps then cannonaded the town, but after suffering greatly from the French artillery, and failing in another attack on land, he resolved to raise the siege, and after ne gotiating an exchange cf prisoners, in October, 1690, sailed down the river with his shattered vessels and disheartened troops. The French exulted at this victory which had saved Canada : the king had a me dal struck, and the people of Quebec raised a church to Our Lady of Victory. did the convention meet? What plan was adopted ? How did the expe dition end ? What did Schuyler do ? 8. What did Phipps effect? What answer did Frontenac return to his Binnmons? Where did Phtpps land, and with what success? What did Phipps next attempt ? When did he finally raiso the eiege ? How did the 98 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. The failure of the expedition caused a cessation of hostilities, except in the east, where the French recovered Port Royal, and by their Indian allies kept the English frontier in a state of siege. 9. The English colonies were now occupied by internal affairs. Sloughter, appointed Governor of New York, arrived in March 1691, and because Leis- ler had not surrendered the fort to Captain Ingoldsby, who had first arrived and demanded it in his name, he had him arrested for high treason. He was tried, found guilty, and executed with his son-in-law, in May 1691. Thus perished one who had by fanaticism seized the supreme power, and crushed all who dared to dispute his authority. In 1692, Sir William Phipps was sent out to Boston as governor, with a new charter, which in cluded in Massachusetts, Plymouth, Maine and Saga- dahoc. This charter modified in a considerable de gree the former policy of the colony, and especially granted religious toleration to all but Roman Catho lics. It was accepted without difficulty, and Massa chusetts, which had hoped greater freedom under Wil liam, still remained a royal province, deprived of its former privileges. 1 0. During the war a general panic about witch craft had spread over New England, and many were now accused and brought to trial. As it arose at Sa lem, in 1692, in the house of the minister there, it is French celebrate their victory ? What did the French recover after this ? 9. Who now became governor of New York ? Of what was Leisler accused ? What became of him ? What new charter was issued in 1692 f What was included in Massachusetts ? What modification* did it make ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 99 generally called the Salem witchcraft. Every acci dent or disease was now attributed to this, and accu sation was speedily followed by condemnation, as the loosest testimony was taken, and in many cases the accused were forced by torture to confess themselves guilty. When, however, the pretended sufferers began to accuse persons of great respectability, and especially after the execution of the Rev. Mr. Burroughs, the people began to be alarmed. Twenty had been exe cuted, fifty-five more were under sentence, and at least a hundred and fifty in prison. Regarding all this as a series of judicial murders, the people petitioned against any further trials, and the mania generally subsided. 1 1. During the rest of King William s war, no important operation took place on the part of the English, although the French still vigorously carried it on by their war-parties, which destroyed Oyster River, Pemquid and Haverhill in New England, and the Mohawk villages in New York. Besides this, Frontenac, the Viceroy of Canada, led an army in person to Onondaga, and after ravaging the country of that tribe, and of the Oneidas, forced the Iroquoia to send ambassadors to Canada. At last the peace of Ryswick, in 1697, put an end to the war. The southern colonies were free from attack; but were destined to find that their rejoicings over the 10. What mania now arose ? Where ? How were convictions obtained What clergyman s death closed the excitement? How many perished? 11. What further operations did the French undertake? What expe dition did Frontenac lead in [ierson? What peace closed all hostilities? 100 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STA1US. accession of "William were delusive. That monarch, more arbitrary than his predecessor, deprived Perm of his province because he was a Quaker, and Lord Baltimore of his, because he was a Papist, and in both cases without even the form of a legal process. Copley, the royal governor of Maryland, called an Assembly in 1692, repealed all existing laws, enact ed a new code, disfranchised Catholics, established the Church of England, and taxed all for its support, thua completely overthrowing the edifice of toleration and equal rights erected by the Catholics. 12. Virginia was committed successively to Nich olson and Andross, both of whom were thus rewarded by William for their services to James in the north. Nicholson founded William and Mary s college in 1691, and passed a code of laws relating to slaves and their condition. Andross, who came out in 1691, first collected the colonial records, and established a post-office, a royal patent for which had been granted to Thomas Neale. During the reign of William, the Carolinas, after being torn by civil dissensions gradually took a settled form, and under the administration of the just and mild Archdale, South Carolina rapidly increased; fortunately too, Spain having been an ally of England in the war, no hostilities took place on the frontier. On the peace of Ryswick, England, burdened with debt, resolved to enforce the acts of trade, and What two proprietors did William deprive of their colonies? Why? How did Copley act in Maryland ? 12. Who were successively governors of Virginia? What did Ntchol- on do ? What were the important acts of Andross? What was the state of Carolina ? What act did England now strive to enforce ? What board HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 101 derive some aid from the colonies. To superintend them, a board called the Lords of Trade was created in 169U, and new acts o: Parliament passed confining colonial trade to England, excluding all foreign coun tries, among which Ireland and Scotland were included. The state of the colonies under William may be briefly stated. He established the royal power firmly, introduced the Admiralty Courts, enforced the acts of trade, endowed the Established Church of England, and involved the northern colonies in a bloody and expensive war. 13. While the English were thus extending their colonies to the south, the French of Canada were de scending the Mississippi. In 1699, Iberville, a gallant Canadian of the family Lemoyne, sailed with two frig ates and two tenders for the mouth of the Mississippi, having on board two hundred colonists. After ascend ing the river for a short distance, he began a settle ment in May, at Biloxi, in the present state of Missis sippi, and here erected a fort. The colony, however, did not prosper, and after a year or two was removed, in 1702, to Mobile and to Dauphin Island at the mouth of the Bay. At the same time missionaries from Canada took up their resi dence among the tribes on the river Mississippi, and although some were killed by the Indians, zealously continued their labors for the conversion and civiliza tion of the Indians. was created ? What new acts were passed ? What was the result of Wil liam s reign in the colonies ? 13. Where were the French extending? Who founded Louisiana? Where did he first settle? Where was it subsequently removed 5 What steps were taken to convert the Indians ? 9* 102 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ANNE, 1702-1714. 14. Almost immediately on her accession, Anne, involved in the war of the Spanish succession, was compelled to cope with both France and Spain. The American colonies, now completely encircled by the French and Spaniards, looked with alarm to the coming war. New York by the influence of Schuy- ler, obtained a neutrality with Canada, but New Eng land had to struggle with the French, and Carolina with the Spaniards. Immediately on the proclamation of war, Gover nor Moore of Carolina sailed to attack St. Augustine, and soon took the city, in September, 1702, but while assailing the fort was surprised by two men of war which entered the harbor ; in order to escape, he aban doned his vessels and stores, and retreated by land to Charleston, leaving his colony overburdened with debt. In the following year, however, he more suc cessfully attacked the Spanish missions on the Appa- lachicola, and killing several of the missionaries, and hundreds of their civilized converts, carried off an immense number as slaves. The Spaniards attempted to retaliate by an attack on Charleston, in 1706, but failed, and hostilities grad ually ceased. 15. In New England a party of colonists, forget ting the late war, attacked and plundered the young- 14. In what war was Anne involved? What did New York obtatn? What colonies were concerned in the war? What did Moore attempt? What more successful expedition did he carry on ? How did the Spaniards retaliate ? 15. How did New England excite an Indian war ? Who took Deer- HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 103 er Castine, thus rousing all the eastern Indians to war. After several minor attacks, a party of 350 Canadians aad Indians under Hertel de Rouville attacked Deer- field in March, 1704, and after burning the village and killing nearly fifty of the inhabitants, hurried off a hundred as prisoners. To retaliate, Church with some troops was sent against the French on the Penobscot, but no important blow was struck. This was followed up in 1707, by an expedition against Port Royal, which twice failed to take that place, but gratified its desire of revenge by ravaging all the farms of the French settlers. The Canadians were not idle: in 1708, de Rou ville again dashed into the heart of New England, burned Haverhill, carrying off many prisoners, and killing some fifty of the inhabitants. Roused now by these bold attacks, Massachusetts called for aid. Vetch, a Boston merchant, proposed to attack Canada by sea, and by a land army from New York. Troops assembled at Albany from New York, New Jersey \ and Connecticut; but as the vessels did not arrive from England the whole expedition failed. 16. In July, 1710, Vetch and Nicholson, with a fleet of twenty transports, sailed to Port Royal, and, taking it, treated the people with such want of hu manity, that they were soon themselves besieged in their new quarters. In the month of June, 1711, an English fleet arrived at Boston under Sir Hovedeu field? What was Church s expedition? What did they attempt next? What was Bouville s next exploit? What old plan was renewed? With what success ? 16. Who sailed to Port Eoyal ? How did they treat the people ? What 104 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Walker, to carry out the old plan of conquest. Again Nicholson assembled at Albany the troops of Con necticut, New Jersey and New York, with many of the Iroquois, who thus gave up their neutrality ; but again was the project destined to fail. The English fleet was wrecked in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, eight transports were dashed to pieces, and nearly a thou sand persons perished. On this the land army re tired, and the project again failed. "While the northern colonies were thus drained of men and means, the Tuscaroras made war on North Carolina, devastating the settlements, and sweeping all before them, till January, 1712, when, attacked by provincials and Indians from South Carolina, they asked for peace ; but, as the English soon violated its provisions, war was renewed, and the Tuscaroras, finally defeated and thinned down, emigrated to New York, and joined the Iroquois cantons. The peace of Utrecht in 1713 closed the inter-colonial war, and yielded Nova Scotia to England : but the Yamassees in South Carolina, who had just been useful allie against the Tuscaroras, now began a bloody w^r, -A were reduced by Governor Craven only by va, rations and expenditure. arrived in 1711 ? What became of the fleet ? What did the army lo ? What Indians made war in the south ? To what part did the Tuscaroraa retire? What treaty closed the war? What did it gain for England! What new Indian war began ? Who brought it to a close ? CHAPTER VII. REIGNS OF GEORGE I., GEORGE II., AND GEORGE III. GEORGE I, 1T14-1760. 1. The treaty of Utrecht left Maine, Nova Scotia and New York, in the hands of England; but the French immediately founded Natchez, in 1716, New Orleans in 1718, fortified Louisburg, on Cape Breton, in 1720, and raised a fort at Niagara in 1721; while their old allies and converts, the Abnakis, in Maine, where the zealous missionaries of Canada still la bored, vexed at the constant encroachment and in justice of the English settlers, showed signs of hos tility. Massachusetts, in spite of the efforts of Gov ernor Shute to obtain justice for these Indians, re solved on war, and, attributing all the discontent to Father Sebastian Rale, the Jesuit missionary at Nor- ridgewalk, twice sent expeditions to cut him off; and at last, after burning the town in August, 1724, suc ceeded in butchering him near his little chapel. The Indians, however, carried on the war with vigor, 1. What did the treaty of Utrecht leave in the hands of England f What new posts did the French raise in the ensuing years? What trib ho iv-ed signs of hostility ? How did Massachusetts act ? W horn did they at- teiia to cutoff? How did the Indians succeed ? When did they offer peace f 106 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. burned Brunswick, plundered the fisheries, and rav aged all the frontiers, until Fort Duminer, now Brat- tleboro, was erected to check them. In 1725 the In dians offered peace, which New England gladly ac cepted, having lost immensely by the war, and ob tained no striking advantage. 2. Most of the colonies were involved in disputes with their governors, chiefly arising from the refusal of the Assembly to fix a permanent salary ; but no change was made except in Maryland. The proprie tor had for 25 years been deprived of the administra tion of his province, for the sole reason that he was a Catholic; but his pliant son, having in 1715 ab jured the Catholic religion, was rewarded for his apos tasy by the restoration of his rights; but had just time to take possession when he died. In 1719, the disputes between the proprietaries and the colonists came to such a point, that the Assembly of South Carolina renounced all dependence on the proprietaries, and declared themselves a royal pro vince. North Carolina remained subject to the pro prietaries, and, under a separate Assembly, passed its first laws, thus preparing for a division of Carolina into two colonies. GEOBGE II., 1727-1760. 3. Florida remained in the same state, having made little or no progress : but the French had rapidly pushed on their colonization on the Lower Mississippi. 2. What troubles were taking place in the colonies? Why had th proprietor of Maryland been deprived of his colony? II QW did his son ;>h n?nit? What did the people of South Carojhia do ? How did Ktirtb Carolina preparo for a division 2 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 107 Indian wars, however, checked them, and left a wide territory between them and the English colonies. In 1729, the Natchez, roused by the tyranny of Chopart, the French commandant, massacred all the settlers at the neighboring town, and began a furious war, in which they sought to draw the other Indian tribes. The Yazoos, although they had just danced the calumet at New Orleans, massacred their mission ary and the French settlers, the Chickasaws sent out their war parties, and the whole colony was menaced with ruin. Perier, the governor, took the field with his allies the Choctaws, and totally defeated and dispersed the Natchez. Many were killed, many taken prisoners and sold; the remnant fled to the Chickasaws. The Mississippi Company, who had attempted the colonization on a gigantic scale, but had failed, after creating the most extraordinary speculations in France, now resigned the country to the king, and the Canadian Bienville, just appointed governor, re solved, in 1735, to punish the Chickasaws; in order to crush them he ordered the commandant of Illinois, D Artaguette, to attack them from the north while he assailed them in the south ; but he himself advanced in vain. D Artaguette and Vincennes attacked, and took several forts, but abandoned by the Indians, were defeated, and with several of their force taken, and as soon as Bienville retired, burnt at the stake. At the north the French pushed into Lake Cham- 8. What was the position of Florida? What checked Louisiana? What Indian war broke out in 1729? What massacre took place? Who joined the Natchez? What was the result of the war? What company ruled Louisiana? What war did Bienville begin ? What was the result! What post and mission wore founded in the the north ? 108 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. plain, and in 1731, erected a fort at Crown Point, destined to be the scene of many a bloody battle in ensuing wars ; and soon after one of their zealous mis sionaries founded a station at Ogdensburgh, to which he drew many of the Six Nations. 4. A new English colony now rose in the south. The enthusiast Oglethorpe, planning a colony for Protestant refugees, and insolvent debtors, obtained a grant of the territory between the Savannah and Alta- inaha, which was vested in a body of twenty-one Trustees, and took the name of Georgia. A liberal charter was drawn up, granting lands and religious toleration to all settlers except Roman Catholics; and in 1733, Oglethorpe arrived at Charleston with 135 emigrants, who immediately proceeded to Yama craw bluff and founded Savannah. The liberal conditions of the new colony drew set tlers from many parts. Some Tews were sent out by merchants of that faith in London. German Prot estants from Salzburgh founded Ebene^r, Scotch Highlanders settled New Inverness; other villages arose, and a strong fort called Frederica was built by Oglethorpe on St. Simon s Island. 5. This new colony was at once involved in war with Spain, into which England had foolishly rushed. Oglethorpe found the Carolinas eager for war, and in 1739, with the forces of Georgia and South Carolina, invaded Florida and took Fort Picolata : reinforced 4. What new English colony arose in the south ? Who planned it, and for whom? Who were excluded? When did Oglethorpe come out? What city did he found? Who swelled the colony? What new towns arose? 5. With whom was the colony at once nvlvcdt Who commenced HI8TORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 109 by troops from North Carolina, and by a body of Creeks, he advanced to St. Augustine, and laid siege to it. The Spanish garrison under Governor Mon- teauo was large, and the town well fortified, and Mou- teano having in a sortie nearly cut to pieces his best troops, Oglethorpe, after being deserted by his In dians and by the Carolina troops, retired to Savannah. The English colonies from New England to Geor gia were now called upon to aid Admiral Vernon s expedition against Carthagena, and many Americans perished in that ill-fated expedition. On its failure the Spaniards took courage, and Monteano having fit ted out an armament of 3,000 men at Havana to rav age Carolina, sailed to the coast. Here he wasted his time in ignorance of the proper point, and after attempting to take the strong place, Frederica, where he was checked in a skirmish and deceived by a spy of Oglethorpe s, sailed off without effecting any thing 6. During some years the northern colonies had enjoyed great peace, and had rapidly progressed in wealth and population. Religion again became a pub lic matter. From this epoch dates the system of re vivals and periodical religious excitement introduced by Whitefield, the associate of Wesley. New York in 1741, had also been the scene of a singular delu sion. Some fires, apparently accidental, led to the belief in a plot of the negro slaves to burn the city and massacre the people ; many were arrested and operations, and how ? What was the result ? For what expedition were the colonies now called on to contribute ? What did Monteano do on its failure? ft, VVho produced a religious excitement? What delusion took place JO i 10 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. tried, and as the frenzy increased, new features were added to the plot. At last a letter of Ogl thorns gave rise to a belief that it had been fomented by a Jesuit or priest in disguise. As there was at the time no Catholic priest in the colony, a poor non-juring schoolmaster suspected of being one, was tried, con demned and executed. The delusion did not end till many white persons were hanged, and a great number of slaves burnt at the stake. 7. The war in Europe now became general. France sided with Spain, and the northern colonies prepared for war. The French were, however, the first in the field in America. In May 1744, under Duviviur, they took Fort Canseau in Nova Scotia, and besieged An napolis, then called Port Royal. New England was alarmed; Governor Shirley of Massachusetts resolved to. attack Louisburg on Cape Breton, the stronghold of the French. Massachusetts and the other New England colonies soon raised their quotas of men; New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania sent their contingent in money, stores and ammunition. The expedition, headed by a chaplain bearing an axe to demolish the crucifixes in the churches, set sail un der Colonel William Pepperell, and late in April, 1745, began the siege of Louisburg. The French commandant after a gallant defence, in which he cut off a hundred and fifty of the assailants, finding that a vessel containing his reinforcements and supplies in New York ? What gave it a religious turn ? Who fell a victim to the popular prejudice? 1. "What change now took place in the war in Europe ? Who first took th* field in America? What were their operations? What expedition **> planuol bj Shirley? How was it headed? When did it sail, and HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Ill had been taken, surrendered on the 16th of Juno, after a siege of seven weeks. The French in Canada were not idle ; an expedi tion from Crown Point took Fort Hoosic, in August 1745, and another ravaged Saratoga, spreading terror to the lower counties on the Hudson. This led to another attempt against Canada, but as had so often happened, the army dispersed before reaching the first French post ; and a French fleet hovering off New England, spread terror there till it was dispersed by a storm. This ended the military operations of the war, which terminated by the peace of Aix-la Chapelle, October 8th, 1748. By the provisions of this treaty, Louisburg was restored to France, and the St. Mary s made the boundary between Georgia and Florida. 8. The interval of peace which folio wed was differ ently employed by the French and English. The latter widened still more the discontent between the colonists and the mother country, and by continuing the cruel oppressive laws against Catholicity, drove the Catholics of Maryland to form a plan of emigrat ing to the French colony of Louisiana. The French did not accept the Maryland Catholics, but restored their posts on the Mississippi, and to connect these with Canada, erected in 1753, Fort Presqu isle, at the site of the present town of Erie, and Fort Le Boeuf under whose command ? What resistance did the French make? Why did they surrender? When? What French expeditions retrieved this? What did the English colonies attempt? What alarmed them in turn? What closed the war ? What was restored ? What boundary fixed upon ? 8. How did the English government act towards the colonies? What did the Maryland Catholics attempt? What new forts weie raised by the 112 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. and Fort Venango on the Alleghany, thus entirely commanding the valley of the Ohio, which they claimed by right of discovery. The English had, in 1749, formed the "Ohio Company," to colonize the eastern bank of the Ohio Kiver, with a monopoly of the Indian trade. This led to a collision; the French seized an English trading fort at Piqua, and carried off the English traders. This aroused a strong feeling in Virginia, and Dinwid- lie, the governor, proceeded to the Alleghauy to hold a treaty with the Indians, and obtain their consent to the erection of an English fort at the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela, a point then sup posed to be in Virginia. 9. The adverse claims of England and France to this territory were based on different grounds ; and neither seemed to regard actual occupaucy as of much importance. France maintained that the party tak ing possession of the mouth of a river became owner of the whole valley watered by it ; and claimed the whole valley of the Mississippi, which it had in part colonized. England put forward her various charters, and also asserted that any spot to which their Indian allies had successfully penetrated by th^ir war parties was conquered territory, and set up a claim to Cai.ada itself; it was accordingly evident that another war would ensue. After plannin r his fort, Dinwiddie resolved to French? What Knglish company had been formed? What resulted from these adverse claims ? What did the French do at. I iqua * What did Din- widdie resolve to do? 9. What theory did the French set up? What did they claim under U? What did the English put forward? What did Dii-widdie do after HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 113 send to the nearest French post, and demand their rea sons for erecting forts on English territory. For this purpose he chose George Washington, a native of Virginia, a young surveyor, already full of promise. Proceeding in 1753, to Fort Le Boeuf, he was cor dially received by St. Pierre, the French commander, who, soldier-like, referred him to the Governor of Canada for explanations, and agreed to transmit Diu- widdie s letter. 1 Din widdie was meanwhile battling with his As sembly for a grant of money to raise his fort ; and when he at last succeeded, heard, to his chagrin, that the French had driven away the few soldiers whom he had sent to the spot, and had commenced a fort, which they named Fort Duquesne, in honor of the Gover nor of Canada. At this time, however, Colonel Fry was advancing slowly with a Virginia regiment, and on hearing of the conduct of the French, sent his Lieut. Colonel Washington in advance. On the 28th of May, 1 754, the latter fell in with a French party under Jumonville, and attacking them, killed the com mander and ten others. Thus was blood first shed, and war enkindled. Falling back, Washington threw up a small fort, to which he gave the name of Necessity, and as Col onel Fry had died, he assumed the command of the whole regiment, and awaited the arrival of troops from planning his fort? Who was his envoy? What was the result of Wash ington s mission ? 1U. What prevented Dinwiddie from pursuing his plan ? How did the French anticipate him* What fort did they raise? What English com mander was on his way to the spot? Whom did he send on? What oc curred on the 28th of May, 1754? What did Washington do after the 10* 114 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. New York and Carolina, whom Dinwiddie had ob tained. Reinforced by these, he advanced on Fort Duquesne; but hearing of the appioach of a large French force under De Villiers, he fell back to Fort Necessity, and closely invested here, agreed to a ca pitulation after one day s fighting. On the 4th of July, he and his troops marched out, and left the valley of the Ohio to France. 11. Dinwiddie had urged a united action of the colonies, and to effect this, a convention met at Alba ny to negotiate a peace with the Iroquois or Six Na tions, and then to draw up a plan for a general union. On the 4th of July a plan proposed by Dr. Franklin was adopted; but having been rejected by the colo nial Assemblies and disapproved by the king, it never took effect. Early in 1755, General Braddock arrived from Great Britain with two English regiments, and the title of comniander-in-chief. . Calling a convention of the colonial governors, he resolved to attack Fort Du quesne in person, while two other expeditions against Niagara and Crown Point were to be undertaken at New York. Prior to these, an expedition from New England set out against the Acadians. In June, 1755, Colonel Monckton suddenly attacked three little French forts in the Bay of Fundy, and after carrying these, resolved to execute a plan of infamy devised in skirmish ? What did he await ? What was his next step ? What was the r*sU of his expedition ? 11 What now met at Albany? Who proposed a plan of union ? What became of his proposition? Who arrived In 1755 with troops? "What did he call? What three expeditions did he undertake? What New Englaf 1 expedition first set out? What was ite success? What act of HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATE*. 115 New England, and sanctioned by every pretext of law \vliich bigotry could invent. Nova Scotia contained many French settlers called Neutrals, who had re mained under the British rule after the last war ; these were now suddenly seized to the number of 15,000, deprived of lands, flocks, and all other property, hur ried on board the fleet, and carried off. They were then landed in parties in various colonies, from Mas sachusetts to Carolina, without any regard to family ties, thrown on public charity as paupers, and in some colonies were not even permitted to have the services of a clergyman. The descendants of these victims of persecution are one of the elements of the Catholic population in the United States. 12, This crime was soon punished. Braddock was at this time advancing with a force of 2,000 men on Fort Duquesne ; and as from the difficulties of the road his progress was slow, he at last left his heavy baggage under Colonel Dunbar, and pushed forwards towards Fort Duquesne, until he arrived within nine or ten miles of it. His approach had alarmed the French ; their Indian allies refused to take the field, and it was only by the utmost eloquence and exhorta tion that Beaujeu induced a party under the Huron chief Anastase, to set out with him and a few French men, in order to ambuscade the English. It was too late : before he could reach the spot which his prac tised eye had selected for an ambuscade, he came upon infamy did they then perpetrate I 1 Who were the neutral French * What was now don with them ? 12. How far did Braddock advance? Wlmt was the position -of the French ? Who finally led out a party ? What was his intention * W uat was his ouly alterrwtho? How did the British van receive Ids charge? 116 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. the van of Braddock s army. Although his whole force consisted of but 200 Frenchmen and 600 Indians, Beaujeu resolved to fight, and from amid the bushes opened a sudden fire on the advancing English. The van fell back, and in vain attempted to form ; Brad- dock came up and endeavored to restore confidence, but was at last mortally wounded. The provincial troops accustomed to Indian fighting, alone held their ground, and under Washington saved the remnant of the English troops. In this fatal battle the English lost their general, most of their officers, and 700 men; while the French mourned only the loss of 30, among them, however, the gallant Beaujeu. 13. The expedition under Shirley, which was in tended to act against Niagara, never left Oswego, in consequence of various delays. The expedition against Crown Point led to greater results. General William Johnson was the commander ; but before he left Alba ny, G-eneral Lyman of Connecticut erected Fort Ed ward on the Hudson, which Johnson reached in Au gust. Taking command of the troops, he advanced to the southern shore of Lake George. The French government had sent out Baron Dies- kau as com mander-in- chief, with 4,000 regulars, to carry on the war with vigor. With the flower of his force Dieskau proceeded to Crown Point, and finding no signs of the English, resolved to attack Fort Ed- Who ral ied the troops ? What was the result ? Who maintained his ground and protected the retreat? What was the English loss? tha French loss ? 1-5. What did the Niagara expedition effect? Who commanded that against Crown Point ? What fort did they erect ? How far did they ad vance? Who headed the French forces? Against wuat fort did be HISTORY OF THE DN1TED STATES. 117 ward. Misled by his guides he lost so much tiint that by the request of his Indians, he turned towards Johnson s camp. The English general hearing of his approach, sent out a thousand Provincials under Wil liams, and and 200 Mohawks under Hendrick; but Dieskau perceiving their approach prepared an am buscade and cut the detachment to pieces, Williams and Hendrick being both among the dead. Johnson now began to form a breastwork of trees, and posting his cannon to advantage, awaited the assault of Dies kau ; the French general soon appeared, and led up his grenadiers to the attack, but being badly supported by his Provincials and Indians, was driven back, and at last on a sortie directed by Lyman, who in conse quence of a wound of Johnson s, took command, was badly wounded and saw his troops give way in disorder. The battle of Lake George resulted in a loss of about 300 on each side, Dieskau remaining a prisoner, and his army retreating to Crown Point. Johnson claimed the merit of this victory, and erected Fort William Henry on the site of his camp ; but as he had effected nothing he made no advance on Crown Point, and at last in December returned to Albany. His fame was at its height, and the government, for getting Lyman, rewarded him with a baronetcy. 14. A convention of governors met at Albany, in 1756, and again advised the three expeditions against the dangerous French; but while awaiting for the ar rival of Lord Loudon, the new commander-in-chief rtdvance? "What induced him to change his plan? What became of an English detachment sent out ? What was the result of Dieskau s attack u the fort J What <lid Johnson do after the battle ? 11R HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATPIS. allowed the season to pass without effecting any thing Montcalm, the new French commander-in-chief, waa more active while the English commanders were talk ing at Albany, he led an army of Regulars, Canadians and Indians, and composed in part of the Irish brigade, to Oswego, and in a few days took the two English forts with all the garrison, ammunition and supplies. Mercer, the commander, having fallen early in the siege, Littlehale, his successor, surrendered with 1,400 men, a large amount of military stores, and over 100 pieces of artillery. Montcalm then, to please the Onondagas, demolished the forts, and planting a cross retired. 15. In 1757, Lord Loudon resolved to attack Louisburg, and sailed with a considerable force to be siege it, but hearing that a large French fleet was off the coast, he returned to New York. There he heard of new disasters. Tn August, the ever active Mont calm finding no hostile expedition set on foot by the English, advanced against Fort William Henry with 9,000 men. For six days Colonel Munro, the English commander, held out in hopes of relief from Fort Ed ward, but finding that none would be sent, capitula ted on the 9th of August, on honorable terms. The Indians in the French service did not relish this, and as the English were marching out burst upon them and massacred many, in spite of the efforts of the French 14. What did the English do in 1T56 ? What fort did Montcalm take ? How many English surrendered here? 15. What did Loudon attempt in 1757? What fort did MontcaJm take in 1757 ? How long did Munro hold out? When did be surrender < (* what were the Indians guilty ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 119 officers, who endeavored in vain to restrain the sava* gus. Montcalm razed the fort, and having thus de molished two of the English frontier posts, retired. 16. The result of these two campaigns led to a change of ministry in England, and to new attempts IL America to retrieve the English name, arid with varied success. In May, Admiral Boscawen sailed to Louisburg with a land army under General Amherst. A siege was begun in form, and as the English bat teries soon destroyed the shipping and made breaches in the walls, the French commander accordingly, on the 26th of July, capitulated. To compensate for this loss the French were again victorious on Lake Champlain. On the 6th of July General Abercrombie landed with 15,000 men, and a heavy train of artillery, near Ticonderoga, and ad vanced on the fort. Montcalm sent out a party which suddenly attacked the English centre, killing their commander, Lord Howe, and forcing all to retirfe to tho landing-place. On the 8th, Abercrombie again led them to attack the bristling fort of the French, but after wasting the blood of his brave men in vain attempts to storm it, he drew off with a loss of 2,000 killed or wounded. 17. To redeem tliis loss Colonel Bradstreet led a small English force against Fort Frontenac, now called Kingston. Landing in August near the fort, ho began an unexpected attack, and on the 27th the 16. Who sailed against Louisburg? Who commanded the English troops? Whe.n did the French surrender? Who attacked Ticonderogn ? How did Montcalm resist ? What did Abercrombie then attempt ? What was his loss ? 17. What expedition did Bmdstreet undertake? With what result? 120 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. French surrendered with nine vessels, 60 cannon, and all the supplies for the western forts. A force of 9,000 men under General Forbes, left Philadelphia in July, to invest Fort Duquesne. On his way, his men under Major Grant were repulsed with the loss of 300 men, and he himself was on the point of retreating, when the French finding their fort un tenable, evacuated it on the 24th of November, 1758, and retired. Forbes then advanced, and planting the English flag, began to erect Fort Pitt. 18. Mr. Pitt, the English minister, now planned a decisive campaign against Canada. An expedition under General Wolfe was to sail up the St. Lawrence and attack Quebec. General Amherst, the coinmand- er-in-chief, was to take Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and advance on Montreal, while General Prideaux was to invest Niagara. Against these formidable at- tacjss, the French could make but little opposition; almost abandoned by the home government, Mont- calm had neither men, money nor supplies. In June a fleet of nearly fifty vessels, under Ad miral Saunders, conducted General Wolfe from Louis- burg to Isle Orleans, a few miles below Quebec. Montcalm commanded the city in person, and lay with part of his forces south of the city in a fortified camp. Wolfe after cannonading the town without effect, at tacked the camp on the 21st of July, but was repulsed Wli.tt expedition did Forbes lead? What repulse did he ex erienee? Why did tlie French retire ? What did Forbes begin ? IS. What plan did Pitt now adopt? In what position werp the French ? Where did Wolfe land ? When did he attack the French, and, with what success f HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 121 with the loss of nearly 500 men. Mortified &t this failure, he was about to renew the attack, but yielded to his council, who advised him to gain the heights above Quebec. 19. While Montcalm was fortifying his camp, Wolfe embarked, and passing the city landed, and in the night reached the heights of Abraham. Montcalm, thunderstruck at this step, resolved to hazard an open battle, and on the 13th of September, 1759, advanced to meet Wolfe. The Canadians and French began the battle, but the English reserved their fire till the main body of the French came up, when their terrible vol leys, and a headlong charge, broke the French line. Wolfe and Montcalm, opposed to each other on the French left, were both mortally wounded; but the English under Townshend pressed on, and the French, after losing 500 killed and 1,000 prisoners, dispersed in confusion. Wolfe, conveyed in a dying state to the rear, heard the shouts of victory, " They run ! " and learning that the French were in full flight, exclaimed I die content," and expired. Montcalm died soon after in the hospital of Que bec, consoled only by the thought that he did not live to see the flag of England floating over its walls. 20. Scarcely had this decisive battle been fought, when De Bougainville appeared at the head of the French reserve ; but finding Montcalm dying and his army dispersed, he collected the remnants of his force 19. What step did Wolfe then take? "What did Montcalm then do? On what day ? Describe the battle ? What were Wolfe s dying words? 20. Who now appeared ? What did he do on learning the fate of the ^7? When did Quebec surrender? On whftt terms? What befell U 29 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. and retired up the river. Quebec thus left to her fate, and destitute of provisions, surrendered on the 18th By the terms of the capitulation, the religion and pro perty of the inhabitants were guaranteed, and the sol diers were to be sent to France. General Prideaux had in July appeared before Niagara and begun the siege, but being accidentally killed, left Sir Wiliam Johnson in command. On the 24th of July, a force of 1,200 French and Indians un der Aubry, attempted to relieve the fort, but attacked by Johnson in front, and in flank by the English Indians, they gave way and were routed, many perish ing by the hand of the Indians in the woods. Fort Niagara, thus deprived of all hope, surrendered the next day. Amherst had in July with a force of 11,000 men landed before Ticonderoga. Bourlamaqui, the French commander, fell back to Crown Point, and then to Isle Aux Noix, conscious that no reinforcement could reach him, arid that he was alone unable to cope with Am- herst s force. Satisfied with this, Amherst sent a de tachment to destroy the Indian town of St. Francis, and returned to Crown Point. 21. In the spring of 1760, De Levi, the successor of Montcalm, attempted to retake Quebec, and drawing Murray out of the city defeated him at Sillery, killing or capturing 1,000 men and all his artillery. Murray fled into the city, and De Levi, flushed with success, be- Priileaux at Niagara? Who succeeded him? What French general at- taoked him, ami when? With what result? What became of Niagara* What advance did Amherst make? What did Bourhunaqui do? What w/vs Arnherst s only exploit? 21 Wha.tdid PC J,evj ittempt in 1760? What waa the result of tii HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 123 gan the siege, but was compelled in May to raise it by the appearance of an English fleet. Amherst had meanwhile descended from Oswego to Montreal, and had, on the 8th of September, 1760, re ceived the surrender of Canada from Vaudreuil, the last French governor. 22. The war being thus ended in the north, the English commander turned his attention to the south. Some acts of depredation had led to a general war with the Cherokees, and an expedition into their ter ritory under Colonel Montgomery had only served to exasperate them, and on his withdrawal they besieged Fort Loudon, which capitulated on the 7th of August, 1760. In the following year Colonel Grant led another expedition against them, and after ravaging their country, forced them to sue for peace. At the close of this war England became involved with Spain, and a British force occupied Havana in the Island of Cuba. All parties, however, now longed for peace; and on the 10th of February, 1763, a defi nitive treaty was signed at Paris, by which France sur rendered Canada, and all her territory east of the Mississippi, except the island of New Orleans. Spain by another treaty surrendered Florida to England, in exchange for Havana, and by a third she received from France, Louisiana, and all the French territory west battle of Sillery ? What saved Murray ? What did Amherst do mean while ? 22. What war now broke out in the south ? What sncce .. had the In- dians ? Who compelled them to sue for peace ? With what other country did England become involved ? What city did the English take? When was peace made? What did France cede to England ? to Spain? What :id Spain cede tp England ? 124 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. of the Mississippi. Thus ended, in 1763, the French domination in North America. GEORGE III., 1760 1774. 23. Just before the close of the late war, George III. had succeeded his grand-father on the throne, and by the treaty of Paris found himself ruler of half of North America, of all the eastern portion from the Gulf of Mexico to Hudson s Bay, with no competitor on that continent except the king of Spain. This vast territory, comprising colonies so recently at war with each other, would have needed time and prudence to coalesce into a perfect whole ; but there existed seeds of difficulty which soon rent it again into fragments. 24. The Indian tribes in the valley of the great lakes had beheld with regret the fall of the French power, ever more friendly and fatherly to them than that of the English : and when British garrisons occupied the posts in the west, the Indians showed them no wel come. Seeing their destruction at hand, the Senecas urged the Delawares and Shawnees to a general war. The Miamis, Wyandots, Illinois, Ottawas and Potta- watomies joined the league, and Pontiac, the Ottawa chief, became the master spirit. Resolving to begin the war, Pontiac on the Oth of May, 1763, laid siege to Detroit with a large force of confederate Indians; on the 16th a party of Huroiis and Ottawas entered Fort Sandusky, and putting the ^8 Who became king JITRT bffi iff \\)e e tw$e o$ thf TfflT? What were Ui Vitjs-ricrtir t>rrit m<*? Wlutt e.\v>tetf in tfresu HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 125 garrison and traders to the sword, carried off the coin- Oiander ; on the 25th, St. Josephs near Lake Michigan was similarly taken. Almost at the same time Fort Pitt was invested, Forts Miami and Ouiatenon taken, la June two parties of Indians assembled to play ball near Fort Mackinaw, and in a short time threw the ball near the fort. Unheeded by the soldiers, they rushed up and seizing the officers who stood there entered the fort, and killing seventeen took the rest prisoners. Fort Presqu isle soon fell, Fort Le Boeuf was taken, although the garrison escaped, but not one survived at Venango. The posts being thus swept away, the whole frontier was ravaged by destroying bands. 25. Amherst, learning of these terrible checks, de spatched aid to Gladwyn, the commander at Detroit ; but Dalyell, the officer who led it, insisted on a sally, and was killed with most of his command in the bat tle of the Bloody Run, on the 31st of July. Bouquet was also sent to relieve Fort Pitt with two Highland regiments : on the 5th of August he was attacked by the Indians at Edgehill ; but after a desperate fight, in which his ability alone saved him, succeeded in sur rounding and utterly routing them. His loss was 115 in killed and wounded, one fourth of his force, but his victory was complete. The Senecas now took the field covertly, and cut 24. How did the western Indians view the triumph of England? Wh<v urged a general war ? Who joined the league ? Who became the lender ? What was his first step? What forts were surprised the same month* How was Mackinaw taken in July ? What other posts fell ? 23. What steps did Arnherst take? What was the battl*. of Bloodj Run ? of Edgehill ? Who intervened and arrested the war ? 11* 126 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. off a co.ivoy of provisions near Niagara. A furious war seemed inevitable, when the French officers in Illinois intervened, and by their letters, messages, and belts, induced the Indians to stop all hostilities, and Pontiac in November raised the siege of Detroit, and soon after entered into a general peace. 26. Canada was now to be formed into a separate government; and the British Government, either in- tiuenced by the Indian war or by policy, allowed the French entire religious freedom, and their ancient laws. They had never enjoyed a colonial assembly, and none was now given. This conduct of the govern ment exasperated the old colonies, who had entered on the war in hopes of destroying Catholicity in the north, and now they so firmly believed that the king sought to make Canada an instrument in depriving them of their cherished liberties, that Burke warned the administration that they perilled all their Ameri can possessions. While the English colonies were thus discontented, Louisiana, which had passed into the hands of Spain, resisted the first governor sent out, and under De la Freniere, the attorney-general, sought to establish a epublic similar to that of Switzerland. In 1769, how ever, O Reilly, a new Spanish governor, appeared with a large force, arrested the republican leaders, and executing several at a hasty court-martial, suppressed the first republican efforts in America. 27. The English colonies, provoked at the course pursued towards Canada, and stimulated by the ex- 26. What steps were taken for the government of Canada? What was granted to the French ? How di<l the older colonies like this? To whom HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 127 ample of Louisiana, became involved in disputes witL the home government. During the last war, the col onies had lost 30,000 men, and incurred a debt of $ i 6,000,000. England, which had carried on the war in almost every quarter of the globe, was so overwhelmed with debt that the ministry sought some mode of de riving a revenue from the colonies. Parliament had on several occasions exercised jurisdiction over the colonies, and passed, in 1765, an act requiring all in struments in writing, and all newspapers used in the colonies to be on stamped paper, which varied in price according to the value of the property in the transac tion. The news of the passage of the act was receiv ed in the colonies with indignation ; they had protest ed against it in vain, and now set it at defiance. Mobs destroyed the stamps and forced the stamp officers to resign. The colonial Assemblies protested against it; in Virginia Patrick Henry offered a resolution, declaring that the Assembly had the exclusive right of taxing the people, and asserting that the people were not bound to obey any law imposing a tax, unless made by their own representatives. In a violent debate, in which Henry exclaimed, " Caesar had his Brutus, Charles I. his Cromwell, and George III. " he was stopped by a cry of " Treason ! " but he added simply, " may profit by their example." Alarmed at his boldness, the Assembly ventured to pass his reso- bad Louisiana passed ? How did the colonists bear the change ? What lid they attempt ? Who crushed the first republican effort ? 27. What had the Knglish colonies lost in men and money? How did Parliament attempt to draw more from them ? What was the stamp act ! How was it r< jeived ? What was done in the Virginia Legislature ? What li.8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. lutions Massachusetts had similarly protested againai the act, and mindful of the old confederacy called for a meeting of delegates from the several colonies at New York in October. Accordingly on the 7th of Oc tober, 1765, twenty-eight delegates from nine colonies attended. Electing as their President, Timothy Rug- gles, of Massachusetts, they passed a Declaration of Rights and a statement of their grievances, and drew up a petition to the King and memorials to Parliament. 28. When the day arrived on which the act took effect, every thing was checked ; the law cqurts closed, marriages ceased, no man could sell land, or ship goods. Stamp paper, however, was not to be procured, for it had been destroyed, or was concealed. As a necessary consequence, the law became a nullity, and unstamped paper was used as before. Alarmed at this conduct, Parliament, in 1766, re pealed the obnoxious act, to the great joy of the Ameri cans, who testified it by erecting statues iu many places to the king and Lord Chatham. Although the Parliament had yielded, it reserved the right to tax the colonies; and in 1769 passed anew bill, laying a duty on tea and some other articles, and suspended the legislature of New York, till it would pass an act to furnish the king s troops with sup plies. This excited a new opposition in America ; the country teemed with political pamphlets, and Massa chusetts issued her famous Circular, calling on the col- were Henry s remarks? How did Massachusetts act? What did i 4 ; call? Where did this Congress meet, and when? "Who was chosen president ? 28. What was the effect of the act? What rendered it null What did Parliament do? What new bill was passed by Parliament? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 129 onies to band together in order to obtain a relief of their grievances. Called upon by the British Govern ment to rescind the resolution adopting the Circular, the legislature refused, and was dissolved. A sloop belonging to John Hancock, a leading patriot, was next seized in Boston, on a charge of smuggling ; but the excitement of the people was so great, that the custom-house officers fled to vessels lying iu tha harbor. 29. General Gage, in order to prevent similar scenes, summoned some troops from Halifax. The people, alarmed at this, required the governor to call an Assembly, and on his refusal a convention assem bled. But this the governor denounced as treasona ble. The troops soon arrived, and landed at Boston, to the number of 700, on the 1st of October, 1768 ; and as the selectmen refused to assign them quarters, were placed in the state-house. The acts of Massachusetts were regarded in England as rebellious, and Parliament not only a,p- proved the use of force, but advised that offenders should be sent over to England for trial. The colonial Assemblies, however, were not intimidated, and in Vir ginia, North Carolina, and Massachusetts, were dis solved by the governors. In March, 1770, the troops in Boston, who had been constantly insulted by the rabble, fired on the Wlmt legislature was suspended ? What did Massachusetts issue? How did Parliament retaliate . What followed the seizure of Haicock s vessel ? 29. What did General G;ige now do? When did the troops land* Where were they quartered? What were Parliament s nest acts? W T hat took place in March, 1770? What did the people compel Gage to do? W at was the result of ilu- trials? 130 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. mob, and killed three. The city immediately rose in arms, and compelled the government to remove the troops. The soldiers were arraigned and tried for murder, but being defended by John Adams and Josiah Qumcy, two eminent patriots, were acquitted. 30. While Boston was thus in a state of excite ment, Parliament repealed all duties except one on tea, and by a subsequent act, authorized the East India Company to export tea to America, without paying duty in England. The Americans, however, would not accept this. They refused to receive the tea ; and the vessels which came to New York and Philadel phia were compelled to return. At Charleston they were permitted to land, but all sales were prohibited. At Boston, Governor Hutchinson attempted to induce the people to submit, but while the controversy was going on, a party, disguised as Indians, rushed on board of the ship, and emptied the chests of tea into the harbor (Dec. 16, 1773). In punishment for this act, Parliament closed the port of Boston, revoked the char ter of Massachusetts, and ordered all murder trials of officers acting under authority to beheld in England, or in such colony as the governor chose. Besides these acts directly aimed at New England, the celebrated Quebec Act established the French law and the Catholic reli gion in Canada, Illinois, and the Northwest. 31. The old colonies were now alarmed. The last General Court of Massachusetts named deputies 80. How did Parliament proceed ? What did the Americans do ? What was done at New York, Philadelphia, Charleston ? What at Bos- ton ? How was Boston punished ? What was the Quebec act ? 81. When did a Continental Congress meet? How many delegates HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 131 For a continental Congress, which met at Philadelphia 011 the 5th of September, 1774. Twelve colonies were here represented by fifty-three delegates. Peyton Ran dolph, of Virginia, was elected President, and Charles Thompson, Secretary. The colonies here resolved to sustain Massachusetts, In a declaration of colonial rights, they claimed legislative independence, and the privilege of levying their own taxes, protested against standing armies, and denounced as passed in derogation of their rights, eleven acts of the actual reign, begin ning with the Sugar Act, and ending with the Quebec Act. It was also agreed to suspend all further inter course with Great Britain until redress was obtained. Gage, now Governor of Massachusetts, began to realize his position. He fortified Boston Neck, and seizing the ammunition and stores in Cambridge and Charlestown, prepared to stand a siege. The colonists of Massachusetts prepared for war, by calling a Pro vincial Congress, organizing an army of 12,000 men, and enlisting one fourth of the militia as minute men. Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, also called Provincial Congresses, and these bodies considered as the real Assemblies, were the only government hence forward recognized by the people ] and although for some time longer they professed allegiance to the King and Parliament, this may be considered the close of the reign of George III. in the colonies. The Revolu tion had begun. were present ? Who were chosen President and Secretary ? What reso luttons were passed? What did Gage do? What stores did h* seize? How did Massachusetts prepare for war? What other colonies called I r..- vinrial Concretes? I whom did the supreme pwver now rest? "\\uat niuv thi > considered as the *.]<>. of? CHAPTER VIII. THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 1774-17S8. 1. General Grage at Boston, still eager to crush opposition, secretly sent, out a detachment under Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn, on the night of the 18th of April, to seize some military stores at Con cord, a town sixteen miles from Boston. In spite of his precautions the news spread, the country took the alarm, and before sunrise a party of militia collected on the green in front of Lexington church, under Captain Parker. Major Pitcairn, riding up at the head of the British troops, bade them disperse, and on their refusal, ordered his men to fire. Eight of the minute men were killed, and the rest dispersed. The English then advanced and destroyed the stores, but the militia soon assembled in force, and advancing on a bridge occupied by the English, soon drove them from it in confusion. Colonel Smith now began a rapid retreat, pursued and harassed by the Americans, who would have taken all, had they not t. What step did Guge take? What did the militia do? How did Major Pitcairn act ? Wh&t did the English effect? Describe the subse quent events. What saved tho English? What was the English loss? Ut American ? HISTORY OF THE UffllED STATES. i33 found at Lexington a reinforcement of 900 inei un der Lord Percy. That officer received the fugj ives in a hollow square, and continued the retreat in good order to Boston. In this expedition the English lost in killed, wounded and prisoners, nearly three hun- dvod, the Americans eighty-five. 2. The whole country was now in arms, and aa news came of the fight at Lexington, the militia has tened in, and Gage soon found himself besieged by a large but irregular army of resolute men. The pro vincial Congress assumed the direction of affairs, or ganized the army, and provided for its supplies, and for fortifying the most important posts. In this posi tion G-age anxiously awaited the arrival of reinforce ments, in order to attack the Americans, and open a communication with the interior. As soon as the first blow was struck, several colo nies saw the importance of taking the English posts on Lake Champlain, and thus cutting off all inter course with Canada. In May, Connecticut and Ver mont volunteers under Colonels Ethan Allen and Ben edict Arnold surprised Ticonderoga, taking the com mander in bed, and almost at the same time Colonel Warner took Crown Point. Some recruits on their way to the American force also surprised the English garrison at Whitehall. Arnold, thus successful, sailed down the lake to St John s, which he took, but on the approach of a large English force, retired to Crown 2. How did Gasre soon find himself? Who assumed the direction of affairs? What did Gage look for? What project did the Americans no\v entertain ? Who commanded the forces ? What was the result of the e* p<iition ? How was this victory important? 134 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Point. This signal campaign gave the Americans the key of Canada, and prevented the English forces from co-operating with eacho ther. 3. In June, Grage, now reinforced by several regi ments under Howe, Clinton and Burgoyne, resolved to take the field. He issued a proclamation, offering pardon to all who would return to their allegiance, except John Hancock and Samuel Adams. The Americans were not, however, inattentive ; their army, under Major-generals Whitcombe and Warren, was now organized, and on the evening of the 16th of June, Colonel Prescott was sent to occupy Bunkef Hill ; by some mistake he proceeded to Breed s Hill, nearer Boston, and intrenched himself there. Grage perceiving the importance of this bold step, ordered the vessels in the harbor to cannonade the American works, and sent General Howe with 3,000 regulars to storm them. Crossing over in boats, Howe led his men up the hill in two solid columns, without a shot being fired on either side. When the British got within ten rods of the works, the Ameri cans poured in on them so deadly a volley, that the English troops fell back in disorder with severe loss. Howe rallied his troops, and setting fire to Charles- town, again advanced, but was again repulsed with loss. Gage now despatched General Clinton with fresh troops, and Howe advancing a third time reached the 8. When did Gage receive reinforcements, and what? What procla mation did he issue ? What had the Americans done meanwhile ? What tlid they do in the 16th of June? What did Gage do on seeing them on Breed s Hill? Wlo led up the English? Describe the battle of Bunker HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 13/5 American works, and planting some cannon at an un finished part, raked them. The American main body, who had expended their ammunition, now drew ofi ; Stark, on the left, having repulsed the British light infantry, and prevented an attack in flank. The British were left in possession of the hill, but durst not pur sue the Americans, for their loss in killed and wounded amounted to 1,000. The American loss did not ex ceed 450, but among the fallen was Major-general Warren, one of the ablest patriots of the colony. 4. Before this battle had been fought, the Continen tal Congress at Philadelphia had, on the 10th of May, issued addresses to the king, to the people of Great Britain, and to the people of Canada. Defining their po sition and intentions, they prepared for war, and com pleted the work of the Provincial Congresses, by or ganizing the army. George Washington was appointed commander-in-chief ; Ward, Lee, Putnam and Schuy- ler, major-generals. Washington was present as a member of the Congress, from the State of Virginia : he thanked them for the honor conferred upon him, and de claring that he would take nothing beyond his expen ses, at once prepared to assume the high and difficult post. Gathering the volunteers who joined him from Maryland, Virginia and Pennsylvania, Washington proceeded to the camp before Boston ; and on the 12th of June, fixing his head-quarters at Cambridge, posted the right wing at Roxbury, under General Ward, and Hill. Whom did Gage then send? "What was the result of the battle? What was the British loss ? What the American ? What General fell ? 4. What had Congress issued * What did they organize ? Who was appointed commander-in-chief r Who major-generals? How did Wash- 136 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, the left, at Prospect Hill, under General Lee. During the rest of the year, the siege continued, the American forces gradually increasing in numbers and discipline. In February, 1776, as Congress pressed for decisive action, Washington proposed an assault, but yielded to the advice of his officers, and resolved to fortify Dorchester Heights, and so command the city. During a severe cannonade on the city, a detachment of Amer ican troops occupied the heights on the 4th of March. Howe, now in command of the English forces, at tempted to assail this point, but was prevented by a storm, and doubtless aware, from the battle of Bun ker Hill, how difficult it would be to oust the Ameri cans, resolved to leave the city. By a tacit agree ment, both parties suspended fire; and on the 17th, Howe quietly evacuated Boston, and sailed to Hali fax, while Washington immediately entered the city. 5. Congress had in 1775, organized a second army in New York, made up in part of the troops of that province. This army was placed under the command of Schuyler, and directed to advance into Canada. In September, 1775, Schuyler attacked St. John s, but from the insubordination of his troops, had to fall back to Isle Aux Noix. Leaving General Montgom ery in command, he returned to Ticonderoga to hasten up the reinforcements, but being seized with a severe illness, could not rejoin the army. Montgomery again besieged St. John s, and having Ington not? To what place did he at once proceed? When did he join ( ,he army ? How did he dispose it? What did he propose in February ? What heights did he occupy ? What did Howe attempt ? What followed ? 5. What other army had Congress in the field? What did Schuylei HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 13? carried Fort Charnbly, obtained what he most needed, ammunition and artillery. St. John s, unable to hold out, surrendered on the 3d. of November, and Mont gomery garrisoning the post haotened to Montreal which capitulated on the 13th. He now proceeded with the residue of his force, only three hundred men, down the St. Lawrence towards Quebec, to meet another American army sent from Boston. This army, one thousand strong, had under General Arnold pen etrated by the Kennebec and Chaudiere Rivers to the St. Lawrence, after enduring the greatest hardships and famine. Unable to take Quebec, he retired to Pointe Aux Trembles to await Montgomery. The latter arrived on the 1st of December, and with the united forces, amounting to 900 men, they laid siege to Quebec. Failing to produce any effect on the works, Montgomery resolved to storm the town, and on the 31st of December, during a heavy fall of snow, ad vanced to the assault in four columns : two to make feigned attacks on the Upper Town, and two under himself and Arnold to attack the Lower Town o& different sides. Montgomery advanced by way of Cape Diamond, carried the first intrenchment, but at the second was met by a volley which killed him and several of his officers. On his fall his division retreated. Arnold had entered the town, but being severely wounded, was succeeded by Morgan, who, attack in September, 17~5? V> itl> what resit t? What forts did Mont gomery take! When did Montreal capitulate? What direction did !> then tak? What other army was marching to join him? Where did Arnold retire ? When did the armies unite? When did they assail ti city ? Describe- the battle. Who was killed ? Who wounded y 12* 138 HlfrTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. after a desperate struggle of several hours, finding himself surrounded, laid down his arms. 6. Arnold, on the death of the gallant Montgom ery, drew off the remnant of his force, and awaited reinforcements ; more came, sufficient to enable him to renew the attack, but in May, General Thomas, the new American general, retreated hastily before Carle- ton, now greatly elated by reinforcements from Eng land. At the Sorel River, sickness swept away most of the effective men, and when Carroll arid Franklin, the Commissioners of Congress, failed to induce the Canadians to join the American cause, the American comma iider losing all hope, fell back gradually, and at last on the 18th of June, entirely evacuated Canada. 7. The Southern coloaies had generally espoused the cause of Congress; Martin, royal Governor of North Carolina attempted, indeed, to quell all opposition, but his troops uader McDonald and McLeod were totally defeated at Moore s Creekbridge, near Wil mington, in February, 1776, nine hundred being taken prisoners. In May, Sir Henry Clinton- with part of the army from Boston, and Sir Peter Parker with new regiments from England, appeared before Charleston. The city had been fortified, and a fort of palmetto logs erected on Sullivan Island. This was attacked by the EiJglish commander on the 28th of June; but his troops could not reach the fort, three of his vessels 6. Who then successively took command ? When did Thomas retreat? What thinned his army* How did the Canadians receive the American envoys? \^ hen did i.he Americans quit Canada? 7. What did Martin in North Carolina attempt? Where were his troops repulsed V With what loss? Who attacked Charleston, and with what force ? Who defeated him, and with what loss? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 130 stranded, and the rest after losing 200 men, while can nonading the fort, drew off, leaving Colonel Moultrie in his little fort, completely victorious, his loss being only 10 killed and 22 wounded. 8. The Continental Congress finding that all their appeals to the king and people of England had proved ineffectual, and that immense preparations were making to crush the colonies, resolved to assert their independence. Hitherto they had merely required redress of their grievances, and the exercise of their rights as British subjects. In May, 1776, Congress advised the colonies to adopt such governments a might best conduce to the happiness and safety of the people ; and accordingly the several colonies, led by New Hampshire, adopted Constitutions and organized State Legislatures, similar to those ei joyed before the troubles, but making the governor and council elec tive. On the 7th of June, Richard Henry Lee, of Vir ginia, introduced a resolution declaring that " The United Colonies are, and ought to be, free and inde pendent states ; that they are absolved from all alle giance to the British crown; and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." A warm debate ensued, for many leading patriots were too deeply attached to the former government to ap prove of this irrevocable step ; but the resolution was S. Wha did Congress resolve to do? What had they hitherto ro quired? What, advice did Congress give the colonies? What state look the l-.-ad ? What resolution did Lee introduce, and when ? Who were ap pointed a committee ? 140 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. adopted, and a committee, consisting of Thomas Jeffer son, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sher man and Robert R. Livingston, appointed to draw up a declaration of independence. 9 The question was resumed on the 1st of July, and after much discussion the Declaration was adopt ed by a slight majority on the 4th; but once known, it was universally approved by the several states, and signed in August by all the delegates. From this day, the new era in American history, are dated all official papers of the government, and the anniversary is cel ebrated as the great national holiday. This Declaration of the Independence begins by asserting the equality of men, and the objects of gov ernment, and the danger of altering any established form. It then enumerates the acts of the King and Parliament of England, which had been passed in vio lation of their rights, and their useless protests against them; and appealing to the Supreme Judge of th6 world for the rectitude of their intentions, the signers, in the name and by the authority of the good people of the colonies, declare that the United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent stateSj absolved of all allegiance to the British crown. This declaration was engrossed and signed by the President, John Hancock, and fifty-five other members, all of whom pledged to its support, their lives, fortunes, and honor. 10. Howe, on retiring to Halifax, had resolved to 9. When was the question resumed ? When was the Declaration of Independence adopted ? What was its tenor ? By wl om was it signed ! What did they pledge? HISTORY OF THE UNITED SI ATE8. 141 attack New York, and sent Clinton there, but on his failure to surprise that city, ordered him to Charles ton, as we have seen, to be repulsed from the wooden walls of Fort Moultrie. Howe now resolved to proceed in person against New York, to which city Washing ton had marched from Boston with his army. On the 2d of July the British commander took possession of Staten Island, and a few days after was joined by tho discomfited Clinton, and by his brother, Admiral Howe, bringing fresh troops from Europe. His whole force uow amounted to 24,000 men. Washington, with all his exertions, had at his disposal about 27,000, many of whom were sick and unfit for service, others unprovided with arms, and all undisciplined : so that his effective troops did not exceed 17,000. These lay partly in New York city, but chiefly on Long Island, where a fortified camp protected them, commanded by General Putnam, who had, unfortunately, too recently arrived to know his ground. 11. On the 22d of August, 1776, General Howe crossed over to Long Island, and landing near New Utrecht, prepared to advance on the American camp. As he could approach by three roads, General Putnam divided his forces to prevent his passing a range of hills which separated the armies, but the Long Island militia failed to guard his left, and Gen eral Clinton with the British right gained the heights 10. Where was Howe ? What city did he resolve to attack ? Who had also march?d there? When and where did the British commander land ? Who joined him and when? To what did his force amount? What was Washington s force? What part were effective men? Where did they Ue ? Who commanded on Long Island ? 11. What did Howa do on the 22d of August, and where ? By how 142 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. unperceived, on the night of the 26th, aiid in the morning descended to the plain. At the tame time General Stirling on the American right had advanced on the Gowanus road to some distance from the camp to engage the British left, and soon met them. Gen eral Sullivan meanwhile joined the American centre with a single regiment, and engaged De Heister, the Hessian general, commanding the British centre. While thus occupied, he was, to his astonishment, sud denly attacked in the rear by Clinton; and his troops after standing for some time the double fire, gave way, leaving Sullivan and most of his men prisoners. Stir ling, too, was now cut off from the camp, and but for the gallantry of his Maryland regiment, would ha.ve been routed; as it was, he too was taken, though most of his men regained the camp. In this irregular and unfortunate battle, the Americans, who had 5,000 in the field, lost several hundred killed, and over a thou sand taken prisoners. The English loss was only 400. 12. Howe, instead of advancing at once, now pre pared to attack the intrenched camp in form, but Washington resolved to withdraw to New York, and unobserved by Howe, drew off his whole force by night to New York, and that city being untenable, retired up the island and encamped at Harlaem heights. The British following him, took post at many roads could he approach the Americans? Ho\v did Putnam di\ide his force? Who should have guarded his left? What, did CliMon do at the head of the British right? Who commanded the American right ? What did he do? Who commanded the British ci-ntre? Who engaged them? What surprised Sullivan 9 What was the result? What became of Stirling s division ? What was the American loss? What the British . !_ \Vlmt error did Howe make? What did Washington do? Where HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 143 Bloomingdale, but although some skirmishes took place, they did not attack the American camp. Wash ington, however, ordering Putnam to leave New York and join him, fell back to Whiteplains, where, on the 28th of October, his troops were again repulsed. Even then, Howe did not come to a general engage ment, but gave up the pursuit, and Washington re treating up the river crossed over to Jersey. The retreat of Washington, left Fort Washington on New York Island in a precarious state. It was occupied by Magaw and Shea s regiments ; but be fore the works were completed it was attacked by four English columns from as many points ; Colonel Magaw made a stubborn resistance, but was at last compelled to yield, when all his ammunition was ex hausted. In this assault the British lost nearly a thou sand men, but the loss of the fort with its garrison of 2,000 men and all their artillery, was a severe blow to the American cause. 13. Disheartened by these reverses, Washington abandoned Fort Lee on the west bank of the Hudson, and retreated across New Jersey, followed by Howe, who immediately posted large detachments at Trenton, Peimington, Bordentown and Burlington, and smaller bodies at towns in the rear. Washington who had been joined by General did he encamp ? Where did the English take post ? What ensued ? Whom did Washington then call in ? To what place did he fall back ? What took plac there? What was the result y What did Howe do? What fort was left on New York Island ? Who occupied it ? How was It attacked? What defence did Magaw make ? When did he sumuuer? What was the British loss ? What the American loss ? 13. What fort was t aen abandoned ? In what direction did Washinjrton 144 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Sullivan at the head of Lee s command, now con ceived the project of surprising one of the British posts. On the 25th of December, General Cad- wallader, sent to attack Burlington, was unable to cross. Washington early on the following mornino effected a passage, and advancing on Trenton in two divisions, surrounded and captured the Hessian garri son, after a slight resistance in which Colonel Itahl, their commander, and some 30 or 40 wore killed. The news of this victory spread and revived the hopes of the Americans, so that Washington, who had imme diately crossed over again with his prisoners, soon beheld his army increase in numbers and spirit. 14. Howe, roused from his winter s repose by this unexpected intelligence, recalled Cornwalln, who was just returning to England, believing the war at an end. Calling in his troops he assembled a large force at Princeton, resolved now at last to bring Wash ington to a general engagement, and annihilate his whole army. In pursuance of this plan, Cornwal- lis was detached to attack Washington at Trenton and some skirmishing took place on the 2d of January. At night, however, Washington abandoned his camp, and by a circuitous route, hastened to attack Princeton. Near that town he met two English regiments : General Mercer attacked the first and dispersed it, but being retreat? What did Howe do, and where did he post detachments? What project did Washington conceive ? What did Cad wallader eflVct? What did Washington effect ? What was the British loss? What effect did tbii victory produce? 14. What did Howe do on hearing of this? Where did he auavrb e targe force? Whom did he send to attack Washington ? How did Wssh- ngton act? What did he meet near Princeton: What was th* HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 145 mortally wounded, the British rallied and inarched on : their second regiment gave way, and retreated to New Brunswick ; the third in the town made some resistance, but was soon forced to surrender. In this engagement the English lost 400 in killed, wounded and prisoners. Washington s loss was much less, but he was not allowed to enjoy the fruits of his victory : Cornwallis had again overtaken him, and he in turn retreated to Morristown. 15. From this post, where he was busily engaged in reorganizing his army, Washington co-operated with the militia of New Jersey, who now in various parts attacked the English outposts. On the 20th of January a party of militia under Governor Dickinson, defeated a detachment of the English at Somerset Court-House with great loss. By these and similar triumphs, the British were gradually driven from their positions, and before the close of the winter were confined to New Brunswick and Amboy. Such was the unex pected result of the campaign which established the fame of Washington as a consummate general. 16. On the rupture in America, Lee, the agent of the colonies in London, had opened negotiations with the French government, through the minister in London, and so far succeeded that the French Govern ment furnished a large supply of ammunition, arms, of the attack? What regirm>nt escaped? What was the Briiish loss? Where ilid Washington retreat, and why? 15. In what was Washington occupied ? What was the battle of Somerset-Court House ? To what, posts were the English finally confined? What did this campaign establisu ? 16. Who was the American agent in London ? What did he open V What did the French Government furnish ? In what manner was tb* 146 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. and military equipments. To cover this up, however, the affair was carried on by a writer named Beaumar- chais, who pretended to sell them as a private indivi dual. Although he defrauded both governments, the arms and supplies actually sent, were a most seasona ble relief to the Americans. After the Declaration of Independence, Franklin, Deane and Lee, were sent to Paris, but could not im mediately obtain open aid. France continued to aid indirectly, allowing the Americans supplies of money, arms, and provisions. Deane, instructed to engage French officers by liberal promises of high rank, in duced many to sail to America, where they at first caused some embarrassment. The most celebrated of all was the young Marquis de Lafayette, who fitted out a vessel and came over in the early part of 1777. Although promised the grade of Major-General, he took merely the title, acting as aid-de-camp to Wash ington. Among the other eminent foreign officers were De Kalb, Kosciusko, Pulaski, and Du Portail. 17. In the spring of 1777, Washington and Howe still endeavored to out-general each other. The English from New York made an inroad into Connec ticut and destroyed Danbury, but were overtaken by the militia under General Wooster, and Arnold, who volunteered to lead them. In the engagement that ensued, the English lost 800 men ; the Americans, concealed? How did he act? What were sent, and with what result? Who had been sent to Paris? What did they obtain? What instructions had Deane ? How did he act ? Who was the chief officer ? What pther eminent officers came ? 17. What did Howe and Washington endeavor to do in 1777? What prefatory excursion did the English attempt? What was the result of the HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 147 however, had to mourn the loss of the gallant veteran, Wooster. In revenge for this, the Americans under Colonel Meigs destroyed all the British stores at Sag Harbor. In April, the American General, Lincoln, nearly surprised by Cornwallis, saved himself only by a rapid retreat, in which he lost 20 men and much of his bag gage ; but in June Washington again took the field, and advancing to Middlebrook, encamped in a very strong position. To draw him from it, Howe sud denly retreated to Amboy, and as soon as Washington descended to the plain in pursuit of him, turned, and Washington, with some loss, was compelled to regain his position. Having thus failed in his attempt to bring Washington to a general engagement, Howe withdrew in June to Staten Island, and stationing a garrison there, embarked, leaving Washington in doubt as to his destination and views. Not long after his departure, General Sullivan on the 22d of August made an incursion into Staten Island and captured part of the garrison, but on his return lost part of his own rear-guard. 18. The English were in possession of Canada, and of the city of New York. Between them lay the American General Schuyler and the Northern ar my. In June, 1777, Gen. Burgoyrie entered New York from Canada at the head of 8,000 British regu- battle? How did the Americans retaliate? What occurred in April? What did Washington do in June? What did Howe attempt? Where did he retire ? Who attacked his post on Staten Island, and with what success ? 18. Where did Schuylers nrmy lie? Who marched against him. arvl with what force ? Who commanded at Ticomieroga? How did he act 148 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. lar troops and a large force of Canadians and In dians. General St. Clair, who commanded at Fort Ticonderoga, unable to hold out, abandoned his post on the 6th of July, and sending his baggage and stores in bateaux, retreated through Vermont to Whitehall. Burgoyne pressed on in pursuit, overtook the retreat ing Americans at Hubberton, and entirely dispersed them. At the same time he cut off the American bateaux, thus making himself complete master of Lake Champlain. Burgoyne now detached a force of two thousand men under Colonel St. Leger to surprise Fort Schuy- ler on the Mohawk, and marched on, hoping to bring General Schuyler to battle. Schuyler, whose force was totally inadequate, fell back to the mouth of the Mohawk, throwing every obstacle in the way of the enemy, by destroying bridges, and choking up roads. At the Mohawk he encamped, to await reinforcements and supplies. 19. Burgoyne soon began to feel the want of provisions, for his advance was very slow. Hoping, too, to gat recruits and horses, he despatched a force of 500 men, under Colonel Baum, to scour the coun try on his left. On the 14th of August, this officer, finding himself opposed by a large force of New Hampshire militia under Colonel Stark, intrenched himself six miles from Benniugton, and sent back for Where did Burgoyne overtake him? What was the result? Wlmt e se did the Americans lose? What did Burgoyne now do? How tar did Bchuylrr fall back ? What did he do to prevent pursuit ? 19. What did Burgoyne begin to feel ? Where did he despatch Colonel Baum? Where did that officer meet the Americans? Who commanded the Americans? When did he attack Baum? With what sucovs* HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 149 aid. The following day was so rainy that both par ties rested, but on the 16th, Stark, with great gal lantry stormed the intrenchments, and though the Indians and Canadians escaped, killed or took most of the Germans. Just then Colonel Breyrnan came up with a reinforcement to the English, and Warner with new forces to assist Stark. The battle was re newed, but at night the rout of the English was com plete. In this hard-fought engagement, Stark attd Warner, with a loss of only 14 killed and 42 wound ed, killed 200 Germans, took 600 prisoners, and cap tured 1,000 muskets, and as many swords, with 4 pieces of artillery. 20. Meanwhile there had been severe fighting at Fort Schuyler, now Rome. St. Leger invested the fort early in August, but soon had to meet General Herkimer, who hastened up with the militia. Artfully drawing the American general into an ambuscade, St. Leger, on the 6th of August, killed Herkimer, and would have routed the militia entirely, had not Colonel Willett, at the critical moment, made a gallant sortie from the fort into the English lines. Under cover of this the militia at last drew off with great loss, and sent urgent letters to Schuyler for aid. The American gen eral at once sent General Arnold, with three regiments to the relief of the fort, but that crafty officer filled St. Leger with such terror, that before the troops appeared Who then reinforced the combatants? What was the result of the sec ond battle ? 2U. Where had there been severe fighting? When did St. Leger invest the fort? Who attempted to raise the siege? What did St. Leger do? What saved the militia from a total ront? To whom did they now send? Who marched to relieve tlie fort? What stratagem did he practise? 13* 150 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the English general abandoned the siege, on the 2 2d of August, and fled, leaving his tents standing, and allowing nmch of his baggage to fall into the hands of Arnold. 21. By the middle of September, Burgoyne had ad vanced to Saratoga. The American army had mean while been greatly reinforced, but the command had, in consequence of the intrigues of a faction, been taken from Schuyler. It now advanced under General Gates, to attack Burgoyne. On the 19th of September, the English army attempted to force the American posi tion at Stillwater, but after a long and bloody fight, in which the English lost 500, and the Americans 300, the Americans fell back into their camp. About the same time an American detachment surprised the British post on Lake George, seized their bateaux, and invested Ticonderoga. Burgoyne, now hemmed in, intrenched his camp, and sent pressing messages to Clinton at New York, for, except by a diversion in his favor against the American rear, he saw no hope of escape. On the 7th of October he threw out a body of 1,500 men. These were immediately attacked by an Amercan di vision, and after a desperate fight, in which the Brit ish lost their best officers, they were driven back to the camp. Arnold, who, without any command, headed the men, pursued the fugitives, and attempted 21. Where was Burgoyne in September? Who had been put in com mand of the Americans ? What did he do ? What was the battle of Still- water? What was the British loss? What other advantage did tha Americans gain? To whom iid Burgoyne send for aid? What did he do on the 7th of October? Describe the action? What did Colonel Brooks effect? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 151 to storm the intrenchments ; he failed, but Col. Brooks, of Massachusetts, carried the intrenchments of a German brigade, capturing stores, ammunition, and artillery. 22. Burgoyne, unable to dislodge Brooks, fell back by night to a stronger position, but soon despair ing of success, commenced a rapid retreat. All hope, however, disappeared, when he found Lake George and the roads leading to it, in the hands of the Americans. On this he proposed a capitulation. Gates demanded an unconditional surrender, but at last, on the 17th of October, agreed to less severe terms, allowing Burgoyne to march out with the honors of war, and stipulating to conduct the troops to Boston, where, on a promise of not serving again in the war, they were to be allowed to embark for England. By this signal triumph, nearly six thou sand men, with all their artillery, baggage, stores, and camp furniture fell into the hands of the Americans. On hearing of this disaster, the -English abandoned Ticonderoga and retired to Canada, while Clinton, who had been ravaging the banks of the Hudson with singular ferocity, retired to New York. 23. Active operations had, meanwhile, taken place near Philadelphia. Washington had, as we have seen, expected an attack in some part from the Eng lish army, under Howe, That general, on the 27th of August, landed his forces at the head of Chesa- J2. What did Bnrg yrre then do ? What did he at last propose ? What did Gates demand ? What did he finally grant? What thu fell into th bands of the Americans? What fort was then abandoned? What had Clinton been doing? 38. Whore did Howe laud ? On what city did he advance ? When 152 HISTORY OF THF UNITED STATES. peake Bay, and in two columns advanced on Philadel phia. Washington, gathering in all the militia whom he could draw from New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware, met the enemy at Brandywine Creek, near Wilmington. Here a severe engagement took place on the llth of September. One English column un der Kniphausen attacked the Americans in front ; another, under Cornwallis, made a great circuit to the left to attack them in the rear. General Sullivan was ordered to oppose Cornwallis, but mistaking his ground and forming too late, was defeated, and Gen eral Wayne, unable alone to check Kniphausen, re treated, and the whole American army fell back to Chester, having lost over a thousand men, in killed, wounded, and prisoners^ the English loss not exceed ing 600. After an unsuccessful attempt to bring Howe to an engagement, in which a division under General Wayne was surprised by the English at Paoli with a loss of 300 men, Washington removed his magazines from Philadelphia, and left the city. Howe at once en tered it and encamped at Germantown. Here Wash ington again attacked him on the 4th of October, but the American divisions after surprising the English, got separated in a fog, and unsupported by one another, at last drew off, losing 1,200 in killed, wounded, and prisoners, while the English loss was not over half that number. After this battle, Howe centred his an 1 whore <li<l Washington meet him? How did the English attack? Who opposed Cornwallis? With what success? What did Wayne effect? What was the loss on both sides? What other loss did the Americans experience? What did Washington do? Wh >re did Howe When did Washington attack him? What defeated Washing* HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 153 whole fore; in Philadelphia, and Washington with drew into winter quarters at Valley Forge, after calling in the garrisons of Forts Mifflin and Mercer, which had bravely repulsed the English and gtill held out. 24. Such was the position of afiairs at the close of 1777. The English held New York, Newport, and Philadelphia, with their armies, but had gained not one of the states. Gates lay with a triumphant army at the north, without any force to oppose him. Wash ington, defeated in two successive battles, driven from Philadelphia, lay with a naked, destitute army at Valley Forge. Many began to doubt his ability ; a new Board of War was formed, of which Gates was appointed president. A scheme was immediately set on foot to create Gates commander-in-chief, but Washington adroitly separated the officers opposed to him, and the plan failed. Relief at last came into his camp, and he prepared for a new campaign in the spring. Congress had meanwhile been preparing a plan of confederation for the better union of the colonies, and at last, on the 15th of November, adopted the " Arti cles of Confederation." By these articles the United States were formed into one government for many purposes, the chief power being vested in Congress, which had authority to maintain an army and navy, conclude peace, and form alliances. The States how- ton s plans? What was the result? What was the loss on both sides? Where did the two generals take up their quarters? 24. What did the English still hold ? What had they gained ? What did many begin to doubt ? What was formed ? What scheme was set on foot? What had Congress been preparing? What was their object! Uow was it ratified by the states ? 154 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ever, ratified it slowly ; and it was not till the close of the war that a Government was organized under the articles. 25. The ministry in England, alarmed at last at the issue of a war in which victory was almost as dis astrous as defeat, and in which an army would be re quired for every city, resolved to compromise matters r if possible. The English merchants, too, ruined by the war, called for peace, and Lord North yielding to the position of affairs, in February introduced into Parliament two bills of conciliation offering more than the colonies had ever asked. They passed without opposition, and received the royal assent, but it was too late. On the introduction of North s bills of concilia tion, the French ministry resolved to thwart it, and intimated to the American commissioners their dis position to treat. The proposition of Vergennes was eagerly met. Two treaties were speedily signed ; one of friendship and commerce, the other of defensive alliance, in case Great Britain should declare war against France. The great object of these treaties was to secure the mercantile and political indepen dence of the United States, and no peace was to be made till this was obtained. 26. England now recalled her minister from Paris, and declared war. France sent out a fleet under the Count D Estaing, to blockade the English in Phila- 25. What did the English ministry resolve to do? Who called foi peace? What did North introduce? What did the French ministry do? What treaties were signed ? What was their object ? 9,6. How did France then act? What did England do? When did HISTORY OF THE UNI1ED STATES. 155 delphia. The English government, however, sent or ders to Howe to retire to New York, and on the 18th of June, 1778, Clinton, who had succeeded Howe, evac uated Philadelphia, and sending his baggage around by sea, marched across Jersey towards New York. Washington immediately followed him with a superior force, and at Monmouth resolved to risk a battle. General Lee advanced with part of the American army, and on the 28th of June began the attack, but being unsupported by the main army, fell back to avoid being surrounded. Washington, however, soon arrived, and after a sharp exchange of words, Lee formed his line again. A warm, but indecisive ac tion followed, which was broken off by the approach of night. The Americans in this engagement lost about 200, the British 300, but Clinton, whose ranks were daily thinned by desertion, retreated rapidly to New York. Lee for his conduct in the engagement was tried by a court-martial, for disobedience of or ders, disrespect to the commander-iii-chief, and a dis orderly retreat. He was, however, acquitted of these, but to the surprise of the army condemned for cow ardice, and suspended for a year. He never joined the army again. 27. Soon after the retreat of Clinton, D Estaing arrived with his flert, and after projecting with Wash ington an attack on New York, which was given up, as he could not enter the harbor, it was resolved to Clinton, evacuate Philadelphia? Where did Washington overtake him? Who besran th<- attack? What was the result? What did Washington do ? What was done with Lee ? Of what was he found guilty ? 27. What attack was now projected by the French fleet ? What Amer- 156 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. attack Newport by sea and land. General Sullivan appointed to command the American forces, soon ap peared before that city, and being joined by the French fleet was about to assault the English works on the 10th of August, when Admiral Howe and the English fleet appeared in sight. D Estaing immedi ately sailed out to engage him, but a storm prevented a battle, and shattered both fleets. Howe drew off to New York, and the French admiral, in spite of the entreaties of General Sullivan, sailed to Boston to refit. Left to himself, Sullivan resolved to retreat, pursued and attacked by Pigot, he maintained his ground in a sharp action, in which he lost 200 men and the enemy still more. He then succeeded in drawing off his army in safety. The failure of this expedition caused great dissatisfaction, and as the French soon after sailed for the West Indies, the old prejudice against France began to revive. Seizing the favorable moment, the English Commis sioners sent out under Lord North s conciliatory bill, endeavored to effect their object, but their addresses to Congress, their applications to the American gen erals, their attempts at bribery, had not failed more signally than their appeal to the religious prejudices of the people against the French. Despairing of suc cess, they at last returned to England, to the great relief of Congress. 28. The war now assumed a savage character. lean army was to co operate ? "Who suddenly appeared ? What did U Estaing do? What did Sullivan do in consequence? Who pursued him? What was the result of the engagement? What did the English commissioners attempt? 28. What character did the war now assume ? Where did tue tories HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 157 Parties of tories, posted in Western New York urged the Indians to war, and in July a party of tories and Senecas dashed into Wyoming Valley; the first American fort was treacherously given up, the soldiers posted in the town were defeated with heavy loss, and Fort Wyoming at last surrendered. In this attack the Indians destroyed most of the houses, massacreing the inhabitants and pillaging the country. The command ers at New York and Newport were scarcely less san guinary. An expedition from Newport burned New Bedford and New Haven, and ravaged Martha s Vine yard ; another from New York burned Egg Harbor, in New Jersey, and surprising small troops of Americans put all to death, refusing to give quarter. Congress resolved to secure the West. Troops were sent to Wyoming, and a regiment was detached against Unadilla on the Susquehanna, which had be come the centre of hostile incursions. The tories retaliated by an attack on Cherry Valley in Novem ber, killing many of the inhabitants, and carrying off numbers of prisoners, and immense quantities of pil lage. The West had meanwhile been secured by the intrepidity of George Clark, under authority from the State of Virginia. After a long and dangerous march, he surprised Kaskaskia and Cahokia; the French set tlers at once joined him, and by the advice of Mr. Gibault, the priest stationed at Kaskaskia, Vincennea imd Indians commit great ravages? What valley did they enter? What was the result? What parts were ravaged by troops fhmi Newport? from New York ? What did Congress do to protect the frontier ? 1 Io\v did the tories retaliate ? Who was sent to the French posts in the Illinois coun try ? How \vas lie received? Who aided him effectually in establishing American authority ? 158 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. acknowledged the United States. Clark, having thus secured the Illinois country, built a fort where Louis ville now stands, and thus checked any Indian hostil ity in the West. 29. A four years war had satisfied the British government of the difficulty of reducing the Northern and Middle States. The South seemed to offer greater hope, and a detachment of 3,000 men under Colonel Campbell was sent in December to Savannah. Gen eral Howe, the American commander, with only 1/200 men, attempted to defend the city ; but Campbell, gaming his rear, rout ed him, killing or taking half his force, and thus almost without loss possessing himself of Savannah, with all its shipping, artillery, and stores. As the news of this spread, the American leaders fled, and the tories, who were numerous, took the field in large numbers. Between them and the militia a bloody guerilla warfare was long carried on, in which the regulars were often concerned. Prevost, who suc ceeded Campbell took Sunbury and Augusta, and even for a time held Port Royal, till repulsed by Moultrie. 30. General Lincoln, the American commander, however, in February, 1779, sent General Ashe to recover Augusta, having already defeated a body of tories. Campbell evacuated Augusta, and retired, pursued by Ashe, but wheeling around at Brier Creek, . 9 of what were the British now convinced ? What new expedition wn> prepared? Who attempted to defend the city? How did Campbell deli- -r him! 1 With what loss? What ensued on the defeat of Howe? W. at other places were taken by the English? Who repulsed them at Port Royal ? 80. Who dK Lincoln send against Augusta? What bofHI liiro ? What loss? What did Lincoln do in April? What did i rexost .lo HISTORY OF THE UNITED 6TATE8 159 he again took the Americans in the rear, and with a loss of less than twenty, routed Ashe, who lost 400 killed or taken, and all his artillery and baggage. On this decisive victory, Campbell returned to Augusta. In April, Lincoln, now reinforced, advanced on Augusta, leaving Moultrie to guard the southern part of the river. Prevost at once crossed into South Carolina, and driving Moultrie before him, advanced on Charleston : before Lincoln could return, he ap peared before the city and summoned it to surrender. Governor Rutledge had fortified it, and with Moul- trie s force, a battalion from Lincoln, and Pulaski s legion, could make some defence, yet he offered to stipulate the neutrality of his State during the rest of the war. Prevost refused this, and ravaging the country retired into St. John s Island, which he for tified. In June, Lincoln appeared and endeavored to force this position : he failed with some loss, but Pre vost retired to Georgia. 31. The English now changed their plan at the North, and began a series of depredations. In May a detachment under Mathews took Norfolk and Gros- port in Virginia, destroyed 130 merchant vessels, and nine ships of war, and returned to New York with an immense booty, having destroyed or carried off pro perty to the amount of two millions of dollars. Clin- to i in person then marched from New York up the North River, and after compelling the Americans to What offer did Rutledge make? Where did Prevost intrench himself What did Lincoln attempt in June? 81. What did the English begin at the north ? What did Mathews take, and when ? How much property did he destroy ? What places did Clinton take ? Who recovered Stony Point. ? How ? 160 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. abandon Stony Point, took Verplanck s Point. An American force under Wayne recovered Stony Point in July by one of the most brilliant feats in the war, but Washington was compelled to evacuate it soon after. 32. Meanwhile the English, under Tryon, were ravaging the shores of Long Island Sound, where they plundered New Haven, and burnt Fairfield and Norwalk. These depredations were a serious injury to the Americans, and inflamed their indignation to the highest pitch. Besides these reverses, an expe dition under Saltonstall, fitted out by Massachusetts against the Penobscot, was surprised by an English fleet under Sir George Collier, and totally destroyed, the Americans with difficulty escaping to the woods. The surprise of the English post at Paulus Hook, now Jersey City, was the only success to counterbal ance all these disasters. In August General Sullivan, at the head of three Continental brigades, marched to Wyoming, and being joined by Clinton at the head of a New York brigade, advanced towards Niagara, which it was his object to take. Where Elmira now stands, a strong body, partly Indians, and partly tories under Brant, the Butlers and Johnson, prepared to receive him. Sulli van detached Poor to attack their rear, and in person assailed them in front. After a resolute defence, the 32 What was Tryon "ravaging? What expedition did Massachusetts fit out? With what result? What post did the English surprise? What campaign was undertaken in August? Who joined Sullivan ? Where were the tories and Indians posted? How did Sullivan attack, and with what result? How did he follow np his victory ? Why did he not t- HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 16l English gave way with great loss, aud fled. Sullivan pursued them, and ravaged the I id!au country, de stroying eighteen villages, and immense quantities of corn and fruit trees. For some unexplained reason, Sul livan abandoned the attack on Niagara, and returned. 33. Spain had now joined France in the war, and the United States sought to gain her alliance, and also to open negotiations with England for peace. The United States were now almost powerless at sea, their vessels being nearly all captured or lost. A few cruisers were fitted out from French ports which did some service. John Paul Jones, an officer of the American navy, had made himself formidable, and about this time sailed out with a French and Ameri can squadron, and on the 24th of September attacked a British merchant fleet, convoyed by a heavy frigate and one other vessel. A most desperate engagement ensued, and Jones, just as his own ship, the Bon Hom- mie Richard, was sinking, boarded the English frigate and took her. The other vessel was also taken, and the fleet fell into his hands. Pending these proceedings, Admiral D Estaing returned to the American coast, and with Lincoln formed a plan for attacking Savannah. After a short siege, D Estaing, impatient of delay, resolved to make aa assault. It was made by two columns, one consist ing of American troops, and the other of French and Irish troops, on the 9th of October, 1779; but the 83. What country now joined France? What did the Unitecr States peek? How were they at sea: 1 Where were cruisers fitted out? Who \vaa the ablest commander of these? What was his great exploit? I scribe it? What plan was formed by Lincoln and D Estaing? What did they finally do ? What was the result of the assault? What was the joss? 14* Ib2 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. allies were repulsed with great loss, no less than a thousand men, and among them the gallant Pulaski falling, while the British loss was only 55. 34 On the first tidings of D Estaing s return, Clinton recalled the garrisons of Newport, Stony Point and Verplanck s Point, and began to put New York in a state of defence ; but on hearing of his departure after the failure at Savannah, he embarked for the place with 7,000 men, leaving Kniphausen in command at New York. Arriving at Savannah, after a stormy voyage, Clinton repaired to the Carolinas, and prepared to attack Charleston, now occupied by General Lincoln and the Southern army. The English showed great activity and skill : on the 14th of April, a de tachment under Tarleton surprised the American horse at Monk s Corner, and cut them to pieces, and no sooner had the fragments of the corps reunited, than Tarleton again surprised them. Lincoln was now completely surrounded, and on the loss of Fort Moul- trie, offered to surrender ; but the terms were rejected, and Clinton pushed the siege with vigor. At last on the 12th of May, Lincoln, having obtained better terms, surrendered with all his forces, and thus the entire South was in the hands of the English. 35. At the time of the fall of Charleston, Colonel Buford was marching with a Virginia regiment to its relief: on the news of its surrender he began a rapid retreat ; but the active Tarleton, by a march of 1 05 84. What had Clinton done ? What was his next step ? What city did ae attack? What success did Tarleton have? What was Lincoln s posi tion ? What did he offer ? When did he surrender ? 35. Who leas inarching to his aid ? What befell him ? What wa th HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 163 miles in fifty-four hours, overtook him at Waxhaws, and taking him by surprise, cut his force to pieces. No quarter was given ; one hundred and thirteen Americans were killed, and 200 taken, while Tarleton s loss was less than twenty. Clinton now re-established the royal authority, compelled all to take the oath of allegiance, and sailed back to New York, leaving Cornwallis in command at the South. Washington hearing of the fate of Lincoln s army, despatched De Kalb with the Delaware and Maryland regiments to the Carolinas, to unite with the Virginia regiment at Salisbury. He himself, now joined by a French army under Rochambeau, which reached New port on the 10th of July, resolved to attack New York, but a British fleet and land army invested the French, and prevented any action. 36. In the South, meanwhile, the hopes of the Americans revived. As De Kalb advanced, Sumter took the field with his partisans, and successfully at tacked the English at Rocky Mount, and Hanging Rock. Marion also began to annoy the British out posts. Lord Rawdon, who commanded these posts, centred his force at Camden. Grates, sent to com mand the American army, resolved to attack him, and inarched across the country without waiting to form his troops, many of whom were raw recruits. Corn wallis hastened to Camden, and on Gates approach sallied out to meet him. The armies met unexpected- oss ? What did Clinton restore ? "Whom did Washington despatch to the South ? What did he project ? What defeated his plans ? 36. What skirmishes took place at the South ? Where did Lord Raw don draw up? Who was appointed to command the Americans? What did he do? Win* i w took command of tli* Fnglish ? How did he actf 16* HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ly, and tne English charging at the point of the bay onet on the militia, who formed G-ates s left and centre, routed them in an instant. The continentals, on the right, held out till their commander, De Kalb, was mortally wounded, then surrounded on all sides, they broke and fled. All the artillery and baggage fell into the hands of Cornwallis, who lost only 325 ipuen. The American army was annihilated; 900 were killed, many more taken prisoners, and of his whole force r Gates could muster but 200. Sumter, who had just captured a British convoy, retreated, but was pursued, overtaken, and surprised by the active Tarleton, and his corps dispersed with the loss of 150 killed and 300 prisoners. Many of the latter having previously taken British protection, were now hanged, and a general confiscation was made of the property of those who acknowledged Congress. 37. While disaster thus overtook the Americans at the South, Arnold, one of the boldest and bravest of their generals, deserted the cause, and by a deep- laid treachery had well-nigh surrendered West Point into the hands of the English. While at Philadelphia he had entered into a correspondence with Clinton, and obtained the command of West Point, only in order to betray it into his hands. To carry out the affair, Clinton sent Major Andre to West Point, and that officer having arranged all with Arnold, was re- Describe the battle of Camden. What was the American loss? Ho\v many men euld Gates rally? What befell Sumter? What were the results of this battle ? 87. Who deserted the Americans? What post had he obtained, nnd with what design? Ho-v was the plan discovered? What b jfell A.ndii "What was done with Andre ? HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 165 turning to New York, when he was stopped by three Americans, on the 23d of September, and acknow ledging himself a British officer, was held as a prison er. His attempts to escape excited suspicion ; search .-evealed the documents which he bore. Arnold, hear ing of this capture, fled to an English vessel, leaving Andre to his fate. A court-martial met to try Andre, and soon con demned him to death as a spy. Clinton in vain en deavored to save him ; he was hanged according to the usage of war, of which the English had already given an example, by executing an American officer taken in a more honorable transaction. 38. Congress had been for some time maturing a plan for a new organization of the army, which now went into operation. Washington sent Greene to the South to succeed Gates, and form a new army of the fragments of the last, and such additional regiments as the commander-in-chief could send. Cornwallis mean while was marching into North Carolina, in three divisions, led by himself, Tarleton and Ferguson. Ferguson, who commanded the tories, was considera bly to the west, and turned off to meet some militia, when he was alarmed by the approach of mounted backwoodsmen under Shelby and Sevier He retreat ed with precipitation, but at King s Mountain drew up to give battle. On the 9th of October, an obsti nate fight ensued, but Ferguson and 150 of his party J>S. Wliat was Congress now doing? Who was sf>it to the south? Into what state was Cornwallis marching ? Who overtook Ferguson s division ? Describe the battle of King s Mountain. What did Cornwallis then dot W here did Suinter repulse Tarleton ? Where were hostilities also going o* 166 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. were killed, and the rest wounded or taken. Oft hearing of this defeat Cornwallis fell back, and Gen eral Leslie, who had landed with an English force in Virginia, sailed to Charleston. The success at King s Mountain revived the hopes of Marion and Surater, who again began to harass the English. Tarleton was soon in pursuit, but was repulsed with loss by Sumter at Blackstock Hill, in November. Sumter was, however, severely wounded, and for a time forced to retire. This closed, in a measure, the operations of the year in the United States ; but the war had now become general in Eu rope, extending even to India, while the fleets of France and England were battling in the West Indies. 39. The American army had never been well armed, equipped or supplied. Owing to the inability of Congress to raise money, and the depreciation of the continental currency, the soldiers were often sub jected to the greatest hardships and suffering. In January, 1781, the Pennsylvania line marched out of the camp at Morristown, killing an officer who at tempted to restrain them, and wounding several others. Encamping at Princeton they demanded redress, and Congress, finding that British emissaries were already among them, yielded to their demands, on which they returned to duty, executing as spies the British agents. A revolt of the Jersey line followed, but this Wash ington repressed by executing the leaders. 40. While the army was in this desperate state, 89. What had been the state of the American army? Why? What took place .1 January, 1781 ? What did the English do ? How were they aj>j>easd ? What other line revolted ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 167 Arnold, whose example was before them, made a de scent upon Virginia at the head of 1,900 British troops. After ravaging a great part of the coast, he withdrew with his booty to Portsmouth, and in trenched himself there, on the 20th of January 1781. Washington resolved to capture him, and or dered Lafayette with 1,200 men to Virginia, while the French fleet sailed to blockade Portsmouth by sea. The fleet was, however, attacked by Admiral Arbuthnot and forced back to Newport, so that the English reinforcements reached Arnold, and Lafayette withdrew. 41. In the South General Greene at once showed his usual energy, ^lorgan was sent across the Broad River, to operate on the British left and rear. The British commander immediately detailed Tarleton :o hold him in check, and Morgan, afraid of being cut off, fell rapidly back and took post at Cowpens. Here he was furiously attacked by Tarleton on the 17th of January, and his militia entirely routed ; but his reg ular troops stood firm} they poured in a terrible vol ley, and charging the English, routed them in turn; the American cavalry dashing down on the English horse, now scattered in the pursuit, completed the overthrow Df Tarleton. That officer, having lost 600 killed or taken, with all his baggage and artillery, escaped with a few horsemen to Cornwallis. After this signal victory, in which he lost only 60 40. What state; did Arnold enter? Where did he finally intrench him- eelf? Whom did Washington send against him? What dMvo nO 1 the French fleet ? 41. W hat was Greene s first step? Where did Morgan take post . Vv ho attacked him? Describe the battle of Co wpcus. What was T a; le ton s 168 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES men, Morgan kept on his retreat, pursued by Corn- wallis, who overtook him at the Catawba, and was prevented from attacking ouly by a sudden rise of the river. Greene now joined Morgan with a slight guard, and continued the retreat : at the Yadkin he lost some of his baggage, but Cornwallis had no boats, and find ing it impossible to prevent the junction of the two American divisions, moved to the fords of the Dan to cut off Greene from Virginia. The American gen eral was, however, too active : by forced marches, tracked by his barefooted soldiers in blood, he reach ed Virginia, leaving the Carolinas and Georgia with out an army. 42. To prevent the tories in North Carolina from rising, Greene sent a detachment into that State, and several skirmishes took place. Having received rein forcements, he himself advanced, and on the 15th of March met Cornwallis at the Guilford Court House. An indecisive battle followed, in which Greene after losing 400 men and several pieces of artillery, order ed a retreat. Cornwallis, however, though master of the field, had lost over five hundred men, and was so weakened that he fell back to Fayetteville. The commanders on both sides were able men, and more generalship was displayed than in the northern campaigns. Greene, instead of returning to Virginia, resolved to make a sudden march into South Carolina, and attack Lord Rawdon at Camden, before Corn- Jos- ? What did Morgan do after the battle ? Where did Cornwallis over take him? Who joined Morgan? What did Cornwallis then attempt? How did Greene baffle him ? 42. What were Greene s next steps ? Describe the battle of Guilford Court House? What was the Eiglish loss? What sudden march did HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 169 wallis could come up. He was far on the march be fore Cornwallis perceived his design, and the English commauder, instead of pursuing him, pushed on to effect a junction with Arnold m Virginia. On the 25th of April, Greene, while encamped at Hobkirk s Hill, was attacked by Lord Rawdon, and after a hard fought battle was driven over the hill : the loss on both sides was about the same, and Greene was only checked, while Rawdon, learning that Marion and Lee had taken some of the posts in his rear, retreated to Monk s Corner. Greene now took Fort Motte, Fort Granby and Augusta, and besieged Ninety Six ; but his storming parties were repulsed with loss, and Raw- don s approach with an army swelled by new regi ments from Ireland, compelled him to retire. Lord Rawdon, however, found that he had lost ground ; ex ecutions failed to strike terror, and abandoning Ninety Six, he drew nearer in to the Savannah. Greene had thus by well-fought battles regained the South, hem ming the English army into a comparatively narrow district. To complete the overthrow of English power in the South, the Spaniards from Louisiana, under Galvez, took Pensacola in May, capturing the whole British garrison. 43. In Virginia the only American force was that nnder Lafayette, now under orders to join Greene. Philips, who had succeeded Arnold, sweeping off all kinds of plunder, advanced on Richmond, but finding Greene make ? How did Cornwallis act ? Describe the battlo of Hob- kirk s Hill. What were their operations after this battle? What did Greene besiege, and with what success? Why did he retire? To what city did Kawdou retire ? What blow did the Spaniards strike ? 48. What American army lay in Virginia? What two English armies 15 170 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. it occupied by Lafayette, at last in May effected a junction with Cornwallis-at Petersburg. That general soon after received a reinforcement of four regiments from New York, and was again at the head of a pow erful force. Lafayette, unable to cope with him, re treated, in order to join Wayne, who was coming to his relief with the Pennsylvania regiment. On effect ing this junction, Lafayette again advanced, but Corn- wallis having received orders to return to New York, marched off to William sburg. After a short contest at Jamestown ford, Cornwallis reached Portsmouth in July, and prepared to embark. Sir Henry Clinton, the commander-in-chief of the English forces, was now in great perplexity as to Washington s designs, for from day to day the Ameri can commander menaced an attack with his own and Rochambeau s forces, either on New York or on Vir ginia. Clinton at first summoned Cornwallis to New York, then prepared to reinforce him, and finally ordered him to keep himself in readiness to join him at any moment. In consequence, Cornwallis finally encamped at Yorktown and Gloucester, with 8,000 men, his camp being covered by several frigates and smaller vessels. 44. Washington, though his army was only 7,000 strong, resolved on action, and Rochambeaa marching from Newport, joined him at the Highlands. Ro- chambeau was opposed to an attack on New York, and nmted? What reinforcements did he receive? What did Lafayette do? "Where did a shaip contest take place? Where did Cornwallis prepare to embark? Who wa> in great perplexity, and why ? What orders did lie successively send to Cornwallis? Where did that general eL<;amp? 44, What did Washington resolve to do? Where did he unite with HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 17 i Washington, hearing that De Grasse would soon be for a time in the Chesapeake, resolved to strike a sud den blow at Cornwallis, and ordered Lafayette to cut off his retreat into Carolina. On the last day of Au gust, De Grasse, having fortunately missed a British fleet, entered the Chesapeake, blockaded James and York rivers, and landed 3,000 troops to join Lafayette. Admiral Graves with the English fleet soon appeared, a,nd De Grasse sailed out to meet and check him, till the fleet from Newport came up with the siege artil lery. It at last arrived and entered the Chesapeake safely. Graves, who had lost one vessel and had suffer ed much in the manoeuvring, sailed off. Washington had reached the head of the Bay the same day that De Grasse entered it : transports soon brought his army down, and uniting with Lafayette at Williams- burg, the allies proceeded to Yorktown. The place was invested on the 27th of September, 1781, with a force of 16,000 men : Cornwallis had but half that number, but his works were strong, and he held out. The besiegers pushed their works with rapidity, and on the 14th of October, two columns, the French un der Lafayette, and the Americans under Hamilton, carried two redoubts, and made them part of their works. The ramparts of Cornwallis now began to crumble ; a sally was attempted, but without success. As a last resort, he thought of passing the army over to Rochambeau? Which army did he resolve to attack, and why? What orders did he give Lafayette ? When did De Grasse enter the Chesapeake, a:. I what did lie do y Why did he sail out. and with what effect ? When did Washington reach the Chesapeake? Where did the armies unite? When did they invest, Yorktown ? When was the first assault made, and with what success ? What did Cornwallis attempt? What, as a la&t r- 172 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Gloucester, and cutting bis way through to Ntw York ; but a violent storm dispersed bis boats, and hopeless of relief, he at last, on the 19th of October, capitulated. His army, consisting of 7,000 men, be came prisoners of war; the ships and naval stores, with 1,500 seamen, were given up to the French. General Lincoln, who had surrendered to Cornwallis at.Charles- ton, was now appointed to receive his sword, and the army marched out as prisoners of war. 45. Soon after the surrender of Yorktown, Clin ton appeared at the mouth of the Chesapeake, with 7,000 men, but hearing of the result of the siege, re turned in haste to New York. Washington wished to follow up this victory by an attack on Charleston, but as De Grasse declined, he sent Wayne with 2,000 men to aid Greene in the South, and leaving Rocham- beau in Virginia returned to the banks of the Hudson, and earnestly exhorted Congress to make a final effort to raise an efficient army and terminate the war. The people, however, considered peace now inevitable, and showed little alacrity ; the English cooped up in New York, Charleston, and Savannah, were no longer for midable; and the Articles of Confederation, now adopted by all the Stages, and about to become the government of the land, called for more attention. Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee, claimed by adja cent States, demanded a separate existence, and repre sen tat ion in Congress. sort? What defeated liis plan? When did he capitulate? What fefl into the hands of the allies ? Who received the sword of Cornwallis ? 45. Who now appeared? What did Washington uige? Whom did he send to the south ? What did he urge on Congress ? How were the people inclined ? What had been adopted by the states ? What states so licit* ^ admission? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 173 46. In England the news produced a decisive result. Russia and Germany had previously offered to mediate, and had proposed terms which England, in August 1781, haughtily rejected. She was loth to recognize the colonies as independent states, but find ing the United States immovable on this point, yield ed, and opened negotiations for peace early in 1782. In consequence of this a cessation of hostilities took place in America, except in Ohio, where a cold-blood ed massacre of some Moravian Indians involved the whole frontier in war, and led to the total defeat and slaughter of Colonel Crawford and his troops, by the Wyandots, near Sandusky, in June, 1782. The con test now indeed assumed the character of an Indian war : in Kentucky, the savages, after a long and desperate struggle, defeated a party of settlers at the Lower Blue Licks, and wasted all before them till checked by the expeditions of Logan and Clarke. Tlie more Southern States were ravaged by the Creeks and Cherokees, against whom Wayne was detached. Undeterred by his approach, they even assailed his camp, but after Pickens in two expedi tions had ravaged their country, the Cherokees made peace in October, 1782, and the Creeks soon after. 47. Meanwhile the negotiations were proceeding in Europe ; distrustful of France, the American com- 46. What was the result of this news in England ? What offer had England refused? When did she open negotiations? What took place in America? What took place in Ohio? Who was defeated by the Wyan dots? What battle was fought in Kentucky, and with what result* What Indians were ravaging the south? What did they at*-ick? \Vliu reduced them ? When was peace made ? 15* 174 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. missioners negotiated separately with England, and on the 30th of November, 1782, signed at Paris the preliminary articles of peace, Oswald acting on be half of England, Adams, Franklin, Jay and Laurens on behalf of the United States. The other belligerent powers, France, Spain and Holland, also signed pre liminary articles, and on the 3d of September, 1783, the definitive treaties of peace were signed by the representatives of all the powers, and the Revolution ary War was ended. This war involved many parts besides the United States, but its history belongs to European affairs. We have followed it only as con nected with the struggle of the Americans. The treaty of 1763, had recognized the Missis sippi as the western limit of the Er.glish colonies, and though the Quebec act of 1774, gave to Canada all north of the Ohio, the old boundary was now resumed, and the United States were to be bounded on the west by the Mississippi, and on the north by the great lakes, Superior, Huron, Erie, Ontario, and the St. Lawrence, to the Indian town of St. Regis, whence it struck east. On the south as England restored Florida to Spain, the St. Mary s became the southern boun dary. Besides this, an unlimited right of fishing on Newfoundland was conceded to the States. 48. In consequence of the peace, a cessation of 47. When were preliminary articles of peace signed? By whom? When did the other powers -ign ? When were definitive treaties signed ? Where else had hostilities been carried on? What boundary had the peace of 1763 fixed? What had altered this? What was now done? What was to be. the western boundary of the United States? the north ern? the southern? To whose hands had Florida passed? What right f fishing did America obtain ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 175 hostilities was proclaimed in the American army on the 19th of April, 1783, just eight years after the battle of Lexington, and in November the American army received orders to disband. About the same time the English evacuated New York, Charleston and Savannah, leaving the American coast unpolluted by the tread of a hostile army. Congress had con stantly during the war been greatly distressed for want of money : the several States had not paid up their contingents; the paper money issued had lost all value, and now that the war was ended, the exche quer was empty, and Congress had no means to paj the army its arrears. A revolt seemed imminent. A foreign officer proposed to Washington to declare him self king ; other members of the army formed coali tions to overawe Congress, and a body of mutineers beset them, so that they transferred their sittings from Philadelphia to Princeton. At last, however, Washington s prudence, and an act of Congress enti tling each officer and soldier to a reasonable allowance, restored peace. 49. On the disbanding of the army, Washington proceeded to Annapolis where Congress was in session, and after tendering his accounts of all moneys that had passed through his hands, resigned his commis sion. On the 23d of December, Mifflin, President of Congress, in a well deserved eulogy, paid every honor to the prudence, courage, and unbroken zeal 48. When was the cea ion of hostilities procliiinicd ? When was the army disbanded ? VVIwt cities did the, KnalW] evacuate? What had the Hates failed to do? What \\u< ilu- .state of :he treasury: W l iat proposals were mat e? Wha restored peace? 49. W H .ra was Congress iu session? Who proceeded !o that place, l7(? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. which had characterized his course. " Having do- fended the standard of liberty in this new world; having taught a lesson useful to those who inflict and those who feel oppression, you retire from the great theatre of action, with the blessings of your fellow- citizens; but the glory of your virtues will not terminate with your military command it will con tinue to animate remotest ages." At the close of this address Washington withdrew, and retired to Mount Vernon, unconscious that all eyes turned to him, as the man best fitted to extricate their country from the troubles that involved it. 50. Such was the Revolutionary War, which had been begun by an undisciplined and temporary army, and had been carried on against every difficulty for eight years, seldom cheered by signal victories ; but the country, although the army was at times defeat ed, was never for a moment subdued, and finally se cured the independence which it claimed. The sacri fices of the patriots were enormous, but there was no murmuring, and all looked forward with hope to the new era. The officers, who had so well served the country, now retired to private life, and entering va rious professions, were lost amid their fellow-citizens. and for what purpose? How did Mifflin address him: Where did Washington ntire? 50. How had the war been begun ? How long had it lasted? At what sacrifices was independence obtained ? What became of the : Ificors J CHAPTER IX. THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION THE CONSTITU TION WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 1. During the Revolutionary War the colonies had generally adopted Constitutions, some of which were crude, requiring frequent alteration ; others, especially that of New York, were compiled with great care. The government was merely a restoration of the colonial legislatures to which the people were so at tached, and in fact preserved the same names. The go vernor and council appointed by the crown were, how ever, replaced by a council, or by a governor and souncil elected by the people. These separate gov ernments, as before, had the entire control of matters in their several territories ; they alone raised money by tax, and legislated in ordinary matters. The affairs of the league, so far as the negotiations with foreign countries, and the conduct of the war were concerned, were vested in the Continental Congress ; but it had no revenue, no means of raising money, except by recommending the several States to^furnish their 1. What had been formed during the war? What, was their natnro? What powers did they exercise ? What powers vested in Congress Of 178 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. proportions of the amounts needed. This Congress was made up of delegates chosen by the several State governments, and the President of Congress was the virtual head of the United States; the personal rep resentative of the sovereignty of the Union, and the ceremonial of his household was regulated on that footing. This high office was filled successively by Peyton Randolph, John Hancock, Henry Laurens, John Jay, Samuel Huntington, Thomas McKean, John Hanson, Elias Boudinot, Thomas Mifflin, Rich ard H. Lee, Nathaniel Gorham, Arthur St. Glair, and Cyrus Griffin. 2. Articles of Confederation had been drawn up for a better securing of union between the States, but as some States at first declined acceding, it was not till the spring of 1781 that they were ratified by all, and became the law of the Union. No sooner was the new government in operation under the Articles of Confederation, with Hanson as President, than the question of providing for the immense debt of the Union came up. It was now found that the Articles limited, rather than increased the power of Congress. It could lay no tax or duty : on all important points the assent of nine States was required, and two mem bers at least from each State must vote. In the attempt made to induce the States to contribute to the payment of the debt, Congress failed most signally, several States declining under various pretexts. The army was, as we have seen, clamorous, and the many what was it destitute? Of what was the Congress composed? Who was tiif virtual head of the Union ? Who filled this high office? l When did the Articles of Confederation become the law of the HISTORY OF THE UNITED S1ATE8. 179 creditors of the government no less so. It was evi dent that some step must be taken to. give greater power to the general government. In the mean time Congress organized the Northwest Territory, ai.d prepared for that of Kentucky and Tennessee, thea actually in rebellion against Virginia and North Car olina. It also concluded treaties with France, Russia and Morocco ; and regulated the currency by adopt ing the dollar as a standard, dividing it into a hundred parts called cents. A mint was established in 1786, and copper coin struck. 3. The poverty of the country, and the attempts of the States to raise means to pay their own debts, and their contributions to the federal treasury, caused great dissatisfaction. In December, 1786, a body of insurgents in Massachusetts took the field under Daniel Shays, a captain in the Continental army, and were dispersed only by the skill of General Lincoln, who marched against them with 3^900 men, and defeated them near Worcester. In consequence of this, and similar discontents in other States, a convention of delegates from all the States was called to meet at Philadelphia in May, 1787, to consider the Articles cf Confederation, and propose such changes as might render them adequate to the exigencies of the Union. Approved by Congress, this convention met late in May, 1787, and represented all the States except re- Union? What was immediately found? In what did Congress fail? What became evident ? What did Congress however accomplish ? 3. What caused dissatisfaction? What took place in Massachusetts? Who reduced them ? What was now called ? When did it meet ? What State held hak ? 180 HISTORY OF TIIE UNITED STATES. fraetory Rhode Island, the first to refuse its coatriou- tion to fclie payment of the national debt. 4. Under the religious freedom now generally granted, the various religious bodies were completing their organization. Immediately after the peace of Paris, the Pope, through Dr. Franklin, then American minister at Paris, applied to Congress for some such arrangement as would enable him to appoint a Bishop for the American Catholics, without interfering with the laws of the country. On the reply of Congress } that the American government had no control what ever in matters purely spiritual, the Pope appointed the Rev. John Carroll, of Maryland, Prefect Apos tolic, and subsequently Bishop of Baltimore. The Episcopalians also, sought a Bishop, but the Arch bishop of Canterbury refused to consecrate one, un less he took the oath of allegiance to the king, and acknowledged the royal supremacy : in consequence of this, Dr. Seabury was consecrated by the Scotch Bishops in 1784. Parliament, however, passed an act in regard to the matter, and other American Bishops were ordained by the English prelates. The Presby terians next organized on a national basis, and the Methodists, scarcely known as yet, began to gain great accessions throughout the country. 5. The Convention to revise the Articles of Con federation, met on the 25th of May, 1787, at the State House in Philadelphia. Washington, present 4. What religious organizations now took place? What application uirt the Pope make? What was the reply of Congress ? What obstacle did the Episcopalians meet, and how did they avoid it? What othe^ bodies organized ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 181 as a delegate from Virginia, was appointed President of the Convention. On proceeding to business, Ran dolph of Virginia proposed a national legislature, in two Houses, a national executive and a judiciary. This scheme led to violent debates, the smaller States in sisting on an equal representation in both Houses, the larger States wishing a representation proportioned to the population. A difficulty occurred too, in regard to the slaves, the small States insisting that the repre sentation should be in proportion to the whit e popu iation only ; but a compromise was effected, and it was .greed that for this purpose the population of a slave State should be considered as the whole number of whites, and three fifths of the slaves. At last, on the 6th of August, 1787, the committee of detail brought in their report, a rough sketch of the constitution as it now stands. By this the national legislature pre served the honored name of Congress ; the upper House took that of Senate, the lower, House of Rep resentatives, the Executive that of President. Each State was to have two senators, and one representative for every forty thousand inhabitants. The form of the new government was thus complete; its powers led to more discussion. A party favored the abolition of slavery and the slave trade, and by another com promise the slave trade was permitted to the year 1800. 6* The direct powers conferred on Congress by this Constitution, were to treat with foreign powers, to 5. When and where did the Convention meet? Who was chosen President? What did Randolph propose? What ensued* What did Hie smaller States demand? What other difficulty arose ? When did tlio committee report ? What did it propose? Till what year was the slave* trade allowed ? 182 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. raise and maintain an army and navy, to raise money by tax or by duty on imports, to coin money, regulate commerce with foreign nations, declare war, and make peace, and lastly, to make uniform laws on the sub jects of naturalization and bankruptcy. All the powers thus granted to Congress were taken from the States, which were also prohibited from issuing bills of credit, patents of nobility, or laying duties on imports or exports. The regulation of trade with foreign coun tries and between the several States, and all inter course with foreign governments, thus devolved ex clusively on the General Government. Such was the Constitution adopted by the Convention after a discus sion of four months. Few of the members approved of it as a whole ; but as a compromise, all at last ac cepted it. The Convention adjourned in September, and transmitted the Constitution to the Continental Congress, to be laid before conventions in the several States. 7. The Constitution when made public met great opposition, as affording little security for personal liberty. In the several States long discussions ensued, but Delaware adopted the Constitution in December, and was soon followed by Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, and New Hampshire. By the terms of the Constitution it was to go into force as soon as approved 6. What were th> direct powers vested in Congress? What was ex pressly forbidden the States? What devolved exclusively on the general government? How )ng did the discussion last ? How was it accepted? When did the Convent on adjourn ? 7. How was the Constitution received? Wh.-it states, however, ao- aepted it ? What two finally joined the roar. ? VVhur i \\ o kept aloof ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STA1 8. 183 by nine States. Virginia and New York opposed it, but as they must now either approve or withdraw from the league, they at last joined the rest. North Carolina gave only a conditional approval, and Rhode Island, still perverse, took no action in regard to it. 8. Northwest territory organized by Congress, was now governed by General St. Clair, who published a code of laws, and in every way facilitated emigration and colonization. Under this state of things Mariet ta arose, and settlements at the mouth of the Miami, and where Cincinnati stands. Western New York also rapidly filled up with emigrants from the Eastern States. Then, too, the Virginia emigrants in Kentucky attempted to obtain admission as a State, and the settlers on the Tennessee erected the State of Frank- land, but were soon reduced. The Continental Con gress forbore to take up these questions, leaving them to the new government, and that great body, having achieved its work the Independence of America, dissolved of itself. GEORGE WASHINGTON, 1789-1797. 9. Elections now took place in all the ratifying States for Senators, Representatives, and Presiden tial electors. When the electors proceeded to choose, George Washington was unanimously elected Prevsi dent, and John Adams was chosen Vice President. Congress was to meet on the 4th of March, 1789, 8. How was the north-west territory governed ? What towns arose? What other part colonized rapidly? Whate state sought admission? What state was established for a time ? How did the Contii ental Congress act in regard to them ? 9. What was the result of the first election ? When and where, did the 184 HISTORY OF THE UNITEJ STATES. but a quorum did not arrive at New York till the 30th. Both Houses then organized, counted the electoral ballots, and proclaimed the election of Washington and Adams. The Vice President, on being notified, proceeded from Boston to New York, attended by a troop of horse, and took his seat on the 21st of April, as President of the Senate. Charles Thompson, Secretary of the Con tinental Congress, was now deputed to inform Wash ington of his election, and the illustrious man set out for New York. He sought to travel privately, but his path was a triumph. At Georgetown he was wel comed by the citizens. The President of Pennsylvania with a large escort advanced to the frontier to meet him. Trenton received him in a most touchirg and graceful manner, with triumphal arches, and a proces sion of young maidens greeting him with songs, and strewing iiowers before him. On the 23d of April he entered New York with great pomp, and on the 30th was solemnly inaugurated President of the United States, on the porch of federal Hall, the site of the Custom House, in presence of an immense concourse of people. 10. Washington organized his cabinet by appoint ing Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State, Aloxande,. Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury, and General K-iox Secretary of War. In its first session, Congress, anxious to provide first Congress meet ? What was their first act? When did A -jams take L is sent? Who was sent for Washington ? Describe his journey to New Yoi v? When did he enter ths city? When and where was he in augurated? 10. How did Washington organize his cabinet? What was the first HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, ii for the national debt, passed a tariff imposirg a duty on imports, and a tonnage duty. To prevent an Indian war, commissioners were ap pointed to treat with the Creek and Cherokee Indians, both of whom threatened war. The passage of the tariff which erected Custom Houses on the frontier, left North Carolii a and Rhode Island as foreign states. Alarmed at this they both hastily adopted the Constitution, so that the whole thirteen colonies entered the new league. Vir ginia ceded Kentucky, and North Carolina ceded Tennessee, to the General Government. 11. At its next session, Congress, in March, 1790, adopted the State debts, and funded all accord ing to a scheme devised by Hamilton, the Secretary of the Treasury. Much opposition was made to this, and all who had opposed the Constitution now rallied in opposition to the administration, led by Jefferson, who, though a member of Washington s cabinet, was so influenced by jealousy of Hamilton, that his con duct often tended to embarrass the administration. Two parties at once arose ; the federalist, supporting the Constitution, and the anti-federal or republican party, which pretended to fear the establishment of a monarchy. The Creeks accepted the proffered terms, and in June a treaty was concluded at New York, with step of Congress? What was done to prevent an Indian war? What was the effect of the tariff? What did Virginia and North Carolina cede to the General Government? 11. What did Congress do at the next session? What resulted from this? Who led the oppositirn? What was Jefferson s motive? What two parties arose? What treaty was conclud xl in June I Who marched 16* 186 HISTORY OF THE EDITED STATES. McGillivray, the half-breed chief, by which all south and west of the Oconee was guaranteed to the Creeks. The Miamis were not, however, as tractable, and in October General Harmar marched from Fort Wash ington, now Cincinnati, with 1100 regulars and mili tia against the village on the Maumee. A detachment under Colonel Hardin burned the village, but was soon after almost cut to pieces by the ambushed foe ; Harmar hearing of this, fell back, but suddenly ad vanced again to the village. Here an irregular bat tle took place, in which Harmar, after a loss of 150 men, drew off. 12. Congress meanwhile had organized a new ter ritory south of the Ohio, and prepared to select a site for the federal district. In January, 1791, it passed an act laying a duty on domestic spirits, to enable it to meet and diminish the debt ; this tax, light L,S it was, soon excited great murmurs, and finally a civil out break. According to Hamilton s plan, a charter was also granted to a national bank, called the Bank of North America ; and to this, too, a strenuous opposi tion was made by the anti-federalists. Although these dissensions seemed to shake the new government to its very foundations, the oppo nents were actuated rather by ambition and hostility to Hamilton than by any serious fears of the abuse of power. New States sought entrance, and in February an act was passed admitting Vermont, at the close of against the Miamis ? With what force ? What did Hardin effect ? How did Harmar act ? 12. What had Congress organized? What did it pass in 1791 f What 4id Mils excite ? What bank was chartered ? What really actuated the HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 187 the session, and Kentucky in June of the following year. The entrance of the latter was deferred, in order to enable the people to meet in convention and frame a constitution. In both these cases, the old States which laid claim to the territory embraced in Vermont and Kentucky, had ceded all their rights to the General Government. 13, The Indian war in the West meanwhile contin ued. General St. Clair, the governor of Northwest Territory, had in October inarched with another army against the redoubted Miamis ; but his progress was so slow, that his militia and Indian allies abandoned him in numbers, and it was November before he reached the Wabash and encamped. The Indians prepared to attack, and at sunrise on the 4th, under Little Tur tle, burst on the American camp ; the regulars formed to receive them, but the militia broke and fled, throw ing all into confusion. One part of the regulars, charging at the point of the bayonet, drove the In dians back, but the attack was as constantly renewed, and the Indians repeatedly drove the artillery from their guns with slaughter. St. Clair, helpless from sickness, finding that his force was half destroyed, ordered a retreat. An effective charge gained them the road, and the American army abandoning artillery and baggage, began a retreat, which soon became a flight, for the militia next flung away their arms and opposition ? What new states were admitted ? How ? What had been ceded? 13. Who marched against the Miamis ? When did he reach the Wa- bash? Who attacked him, and how? Describe tho battle. What OA %L Cltf r do ? What was his loss ? 183 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. accoutrements. In this fatal campaign St. Clair lost 59 officers and 600 men. 14. The efforts of Congress to organize the gov ernment were still slow, as the parties daily grew more violent. A bill for fixing the ratio of repre sentation led to violent debates, and as first passed was vetoed by the President. An act to increase the army passed without opposition, in view of St. Glair s defeat, but when the question of the coinage came up, a stormy discussion ensued : the republican party stigmatized as monarchical a proposition to put the head of the President on the coin, and to gratify those who saw in this a danger to the liberties of the country, the head of the Goddess of Liberty was sub stituted. Washington himself had been attacked in these party discussions, but as the epoch.for a new election approached, all felt that he alone could save the coun try from dismemberment, and all united in urging him to consent to a re-election. Weary of his painful po sition, with a divided cabinet, exposed to every charge, Washington wished to resign, but finally yielded, and at the ensuing election was again chosen President, and Adams as Vice President. He was consoled for a moment by a reaction at the North in favor of the federal party, but new troubles soon arose which em bittered his second administration, and almost de prived him of his popularity. 15. While negotiations were going on with the 14. What led to violent debates? What debate took place on the coinage? What was the general feeling with regard to Washington f What was he tempted to do ? What was the effect of the opposition ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 189 western Indians, whom Wayne was now appointed to check, and Hamilton was devising plans for a speedy extinction of the public debt, alarming news arrived from France. Louis XVI. had perished on the scaffold, war had been declared with England, and the new republic, counting on the alliance of the United States, had sent Genet out as ambassador. That minister, on his arrival, was warmly received by dem ocratic clubs, which had been formed in connection with the Jacobin club of Paris. Intoxicated by this he began to issue commissions, and fit out privateers against England. A proclamation issued by the Presi dent produced no effect ; and Genet, backed by the more ardent opponents of the administration, openly set it at defiance. In consequence of this, Washing ton at last requested the French government to recall him, and a law was passed prohibiting enlistments for foreign service. 16. The conduct of Genet, and the seizures made by his privateers, exasperated the English government, which was already complaining that the United States had ^iolated the late treaty, by preventing English merchants from recovering debts due before the Rev olution. Complaints were not wanting on the side of the Americans, who remonstrated against the contin uance of English garrisons in various posts in the West, against the influence of English agents among 15. Who was appointed to check the Miamis? What news arrived from France? Who was sent out as minister? How was he received by the democrats? What did Genet do? How did he regard the President^ proclamation ? What did Washington request? What act was passed ? 16. What exasperated the English government ? What grounds of com plaint had England? What grounds had the United States? What step HISTORY OF THE UNITED ST.ITL S. the Indians, and against the outrages committed on American shipping by English men-of-war, who board ed them, and impressed men as sailors, under the pre tence that they were British subjects. In this diSk-ult position, Washington resolved to send John Jay to England to negotiate a new treaty. The Senate rati fied the choice, and Jay soon made such advances as to offer every prospect of peace. Another foreign trouble now called attention. Al giers carried on a piratical war on all civilized com merce. Some American ships had been taken, and American citizens were held in slavery. To redeem these was an object of solicitude ; the first means sug gested was that of obtaining their release by the in tervention of the pious religious of the order for the Redemption of Captives, but as their convents had been broken up by the French government, the United States was compelled to purchase peace of Algiers at an enormous expense. 17. Major-general Wayne had in several confer ences sought to bring the Western Indians to terms of peace, but as, through the influence of English officers, and Indians from the English side, all his plans were defeated, he resolved on active measures, and in June, 1794, built Fort Recovery on the field of St. Glair s defeat. Here he was attacked, but repulsed the enemy, and having received a reinforcement of volunteers, he suddenly marched in August to the did Washington take ? What other foreign trouble arose? What was the first means attempted in order to liberate the captives? Why did it fail, and what was done ? 17. What had Wayne done? What fort did he build, snd where? "What occurred here? Where did he build a new fort? What did the HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 191 confluence of the Auglaize and Maumee, where he built a new fort in an Indian town, and called it Fort Defiance. The Indians had retreated, but he pushed o.-i in pursuit, and on the 20th of August, 1794, at tacked the enemy under the guns of a British fort. The Indians for a time poured in a deadly fire, and endeavored to turn his fiank, but Wayne charged them at the point of the bayonet, and falling on their rear with his cavalry, routed them with slaughter. He then ravaged their fields up to the fort, and retired to Fort Defiance, which he put in a state of defence. This splendid campaign, of 90 days, completely humbled the Western tribes, and destroyed all their hopes. They made overtures of peace, and on the 3d of Au gust, 1795, Wayne concluded at Fort Grenville a treaty, by which the Western tribes ceded several portions of their lands, but retained most of the coun try north of the Ohio. 18. But while the Indian war on the frontier was thus arrested, a dangerous insurrection broke out in Western Pennsylvania. A systematic opposition to the excise law had been excited by scheming poli- ticans : the United States officers were insulted, dri ven out, and menaced with death. Washington, on the refusal of Governor MifBin to call out the militia, issued in August, 1794, a proclamation requiring these, opposers of the laws to desist ; at the same time ho made requisitions on the governors of Pennsylvania. Indians do. and how did Wayne act? Describe the battle of the Maumee. How lonsr did this campaign last, and what did it eftect? What treaty was made? 18. What broke out in Western Pennsylvania? How were the federai officer* treated? What did Washington dp }n 1704? Why were s. at tc 192 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia, for militia to the number of 13,000. Commissioners were sent on to offer an amnesty, but the rioters persisted in their course till the troops approached. Then the leaders, as often happens, fled, leaving their misguided follow ers to pay the penalty. Several arrests were made, but all finally escaped punishment. The government acquired renewed popularity by its exhibition of power, and when the news of Jay s treaty arrived, although the democratic clubs excited riots in several parts the people generally sustained the administration, and the House of Representatives passed an act appropri ating money to carry it into execution. By this treaty England surrendered the Western posts which she still held, made compensation for illegal captures, and the United States secured British creditors proper means for collecting debts due prior to the Revolu tion. 19. The other acts of this Congress refer to inter nal affairs. In 1796, an act was passed regulating intercourse with the Indian tribes, and establishing a boundary along the Western frontier, beyond which no white man was to be allowed to go, either for hunt ing or pasturage, without a pass. This Indian terri tory was divided into two parts by Kentucky, but Comprised nearly half the whole territory of the Uni ted States, Special provision was made for the pun ishment of offences committed by either party on the treat with them ? When did they submit ? What was the effect of this conduct of government? Who opposed Jay s treaty ? Hovr did the peo ple regard it ? What was the substance of the treaty ? 19. What were the other acts of Congress? How was, this territory divided ? For what was provision made ? What resulted froir thoso wise HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 198 other, and appropriations were made for supplying the Injuns with agricultural implements, and saving them from being plundered by unprincipled traders. These provisions led to a general and secure peace. A treaty with Spain had been some time negotiat ing, a id was at last concluded, in October, 1795. It settled the 31st degree as the northern boundary of Florida, from the Mississippi to the Apalachicola ; a id thence from the junction of the Flint to the head of the St. Mary s ; it left the navigation of the Mis sissippi free, and for a stipulated time gave Americans a right to deposit their goods in New Orleans. Both parties also pledged themselves to have no intercourse with the Indians in each other s territory. In 1796, the people of Tennessee, acting on their own responsibility, declared themselves a State, adopt ed a constitution, and sent senators and a, representa tive to Congress. These irregular proceedings were condemned, it being contended that Congress had the right to fix the territory of the new State, and take the census, in order to obtain the exact population. In this case, however, that was waived and the State admitted. 20. Such was the state of affairs at the close of Washington s second term. The country, under its new government, enjoyed peace and prosperity ; the debt was gradually reduced ; and extensive emigration had begun, especially from France and Ireland. Edu- provislons? What treaty was made in 1795 ? What was made the north ern boundary of Florida? What right was given to the Americans at Kew Orleans ? What did both parties promise? What did Tennessee do in 1796 . How w< this regarded :- What was done in this case ? 20- What was the state of the country? How did the debt stand f 194 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. cational establishments multiplied, and New York adopted its system of common schools, though Penn sylvania rejected a similar one, believing that educa tion without a religious basis may prove a curse and not a blessing. As Washington drew near the close of his admin istration, he announced his intention of retiring, and in a noble Farewell Address, urged his fellow-citizens to cling around the new government, and sustain it, inculcating maxims of the highest political impor tance, and love of country. He soon after, in a session of Congress, took leave of them, congratulating them and the country on the success of the experiment. So great was the opposition to him, however, that no en thusiastic crowd gathered around him, and the reply to his last message was cold and common-place. The new election had now taken place, and John Adams, the Vice-President, the candidate of the federal party was elected over Thomas Jefferson, the leader of the republicans, who, by the Constitution as it then stood, became Vice-President. This was the first occasion when the two parties were fairly ar rayed against each other ; and it enkindled still more the opposition between them. What emigration began ? What state adopted a system of free schools? Why did Pennsylvania reject one? What did Washington announce? What did he urge in his farewell address ? What was the result of th opposition to him? Who were chosen President and CHAPTER X. ADAMS AND JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATIONS. JOHN ADAMS, 1797-1801. 1 . Adams was inaugurated as President on the 1th of March, 1797, ar.d Jefferson on the same day took his seat as Preside; t of the Senate. Adams was well fitted for his post ; calm, able, laborious, he was one of the few capable of preserving the new republic; his position was one of difficulty, and he at last lost the confidence of all parties, and retired unregretted. The first object of his administration was to ar range matters with France. Pinckney, Marshall and Gerry, were sent out in 1797, to secure a peace. But Talleyrand, the French minister under the Directory, refused to receive them, and endeavored to extort a sum of money as a preliminary. Gerry belonged to the republican party, and was thought more favorable to France ; he was ordered to remain on pain of in stant war, while the other two were ordered to leave the court try. 2. Congress meanwhile was organizing the country west of Georgia into a new territory, under the name 1. When was Adams inaugurated? What were his qualifications? What did he finally lose? ^What was his first object? Who were sent out to treat of peace ? How were they received ? 196 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. of Mississippi. A strong effort was made to prohibit slavery in this new territory, according to Jefferson s original plan ; but it was finally defeated, and it be came slave territory. Georgia, which claimed the territory, remonstrated, but the General Government considering it as recently ceded by Spain, disregarded the protest. A governor was soon appointed, and the territory organized. On the news of the hostile acts of the French Di rectory, Congress, despairing of obtaining justice for the outrages on our commerce, prepared for war. A law was passed authorizing the President to raise an army of 10,000 men on a declaration of war, and American men-of-war were authorized to seize any armed vessel committing depredations on American ships. To command the army now projected, Adams chose General Washington, who fully approved the course of the administration. A subsequent act a i- thorized the increase of the army to 40,000 men and the enrolment of 78,000 volunteers, but the army was never needed. A few collisions took place at sea ; some French, but more American vessels were taken. The French government was, however, surprised, and as Talleyrand at last signified a disposition to negoti ate, A lams despatched three envoys to France, who began a new negotiation. 3. During the agitation of the question, the num ber of foreign refugees in the country, many of them 2. What was Congress doing ? What attempt was made ? What did Congress do in regard to France ? What law was passed ? Who \vaf ehfx& i to command the army ? What took place at sea ? Who offered to trt-A;, ind what was dune? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 197 bold political schemers, and the violence of the Re publican papers, who covered with abuse every act of the government, led to the passage, in 1798, of the two celebrated Alien and Sedition acts. The former authorized the President to order out of the country any alien suspected of conspiring against the peace of the state ; the latter made a treasonable offence, all words, speeches or printed matter tending to bring the government into contempt. Owing to the violent as sault made on them, these acts produced a feeling of great hostility to the government, although both had numerous precedents. They were, however, too liable to abuse to be relished by the people, and were soon repealed. 4. The country now experienced a loss in the death of Washington. While riding around his farm he took cold, and an inflammation of the throat, mismanaged by his physicians, carried him off in a few days. He expired at his residence at Mount Vernon, on the 14th of December, 1799, at the age of 68. Congress was then in session at Philadelphia : on receiving the mournful intelligence it adjourned, and on the f >lh\v- ing day Mr. Marshall announced the confirmation of JUQ tidings, and after a brief but comprehensive view of Washington s career and services, moved that a joint committee should be appointed, " to devise the most suitable manner of paying honor to the memory of the man, first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." 3. What two acts were passed in 1798? What led tc them? What was their nature ? What did they produce ? 4. What loss did the country experience ? Describe his illness. Wl-at 17* 198 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. The Senate concurred, and it was resolved to have a funeral oration delivered before both Houses ; that the President should recommend the people to put on the badge of mourning; and that at the federal city a monument should be erected in his honor, designed to commemorate the great events of his military and political life. On the 26th of December, Henry Lee pronounced the eulogy on Washington before both Houses of Congress, and on the next anniversary of the hero s birth-day, similar eulogies were pronounced throughout the country, by Hamilton, Ames, Bishop Carroll, and other eminent men of every class. Amid this general grief and respect, a few fanatics alone reviled the grea"t departed ; their clamor soon ceased, and Washington has ever since risen higher and high er in the esteem and respect of his countrymen. 5. Washington was not one of those dazzling me teors which have astonished and terrified the world "by a brilliant, but destructive course. Calm and un ruffled in temper, prudent and steadfast in his resolu tions, prompt and decisive in action, he was never elated by success, nor dejected by failure. Though oftener defeated than victorious, he was never routed, and thus ever formidable to his antagonists, brought the revolutionary war to a triumphant close. As Presi dent of the Convention he was one of the founders of the Constitution, and on the establishment of the new government, organized it amid an opposition almost was done in Corigiess? Who pro jounced his eulogy in Congress? Who elsewhere? 5. What was V ishington s character? How was he in battle? How, v a statesman ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 199 u arailelcd. H s full confidence in that form of gov- e luont has been justified by its triumphant career of more than half a century, but in our thankfulness for its blessings, we should remember that Washing ton established it on a firm footing only at the loss of his deserved popularity. 6. The site of a federal district had been selected by Washington on the Potomac, and public buildings erected. In 1800, the seat of government was accord ingly removed from Philadelphia to Washington, and though the destruction of two public buildings by fire caused some hesitation, a city was soon built up, which has ever since remained the capital of the re public. One of the first acts of Congress there, in 1800, was to form into a territorial government, under the name of Indiana, what is now Indiana and Illinois. Vin- cennes became the capital, and William Henry Har rison, whose modification of the land-law had just opened the West to emigrants, was appointed governor. To this territory and to Mississippi also, a legislature was granted. The war with France, notwithstanding the negoti ations, was still carried on at sea, and chiefly in the West Indies : there the American commodore, Trux- to.i, in the Constellation, thrice engaged French frig ates, and compelled them to yield. The French pri vateers were swept off the seas, and the pride of 6. What had been selected by Washington f What was done ? What was one of the first acts of Congress in 1800 ? Who was appointed governor ? How did he benefit the West ? What other territory obtained A legislature ? What took place at sea? What was the result? When was peace iuad ? 200 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. France effectually checked. She was, therefore, now disposed to abate her demands, and peace was made September 30th, 1800. 7. A new election now approached. Adams, by renewing the negotiations with France, had sacrificed his popularity, and was defeated. The anti-federalists voted for Jefferson and Burr, who received an equal number, for it was not then the rule to vote for a Pres ident and Vice-President, and the neglect to omit one ballot for Burr gave him an equal number. In con sequence of this, the choice devolved on the House of Representatives, and here Burr used every art to secure the presidential chair for himself; the feder alists were indeed inclined to defeat Jefferson, but the influence of Hamilton finally secured his election, not, however, before thirty-five ballotings had taken place. A reorganization of the United States Courts was the last act of Adams s administration : he retired from office, and without waiting the arrival of his succes sor, returned to his native State. THOMAS JEFFERSON, 1801-1809. 8. Jefferson began a new order of things. The policy of Washington and Adams was now to be abandoned, and the republican ideas so long upheld by Jefferson, to be tested by practice. The war with France had been closed. Troubles still continued with the Barbary states ; the United States enjoyed perfect 7. How had Adams lost popularity ? Who were the candidates of the anti-federalists? What curious circumstance occurred? What attempt did Bun make ? What was the last act of Adams s administration ? 8. What was now to be abandoned ? What was the state of the coun HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 201 peace, and a steady emigration of industrious settlers, chiefly from Ireland, enabled it to advance rapidly to a state of great prosperity. One of Jefferson s first acts was to send out Dale with a fleet to the Mediterranean, to chastise Tripoli. Finding two Tripolitan vessels near Gibraltar, he blockaded them, and on the 6th of August, 1801, took another. An additional squadron was soon after sent out, but owing to a misunderstanding, the gallant Truxton was dismissed from the navy. 9. Ohio had so rapidly advanced that on the 30th of April, 1802, a convention was, under the authority of Congress, assembled to form a constitution ; and a very liberal one having been adopted, it became a State on the 1st of March, 1803. The Southern ter ritory of the United States next demanded attention, Georgia ceded all her claims to Mississippi territory, which was now completely organized, and promised to fill up with settlers, especially on the Mississippi, when it was discovered that Spain had, by a secret treaty of the 1st of October, 1800, re-ceded Louisiana to France. On intelligence of this, the Spanish in- tendant in 1802 refused to allow American vessels to deposite merchandise at New Orleans, in spite of the treaty of 1783. The whole valley of the Mississippi became excited to the highest degree, and many pro posed to invade Louisiana and take it by force. Con gress at once authorized the President to call out an try? What was Jefferson s first act? Who was sent out? What dirt Dale do ? Who was dismissed ? 9. What occurred in Ohio ? What was the nature of its constitution T What state ceded territory to the United States? What was now di* 202 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. army of 80,000 men, and put at his disposal $2 OuO,000 to purchase if possible the island of Orleans, and the free navigation of the river. At the same time the navy was increased, but so trifling was it that the re publican party, a moment before enthusiastic friends of France, proposed a close alliance with England. 10. Livingston, the American minister at the Court of France, had in vain endeavored to prevent the cession, and finding this hopeless, opened a negotia tion for the purchase of New Orleans, and the adja cent tracts on the Mississippi. This plan met with little success, till it was evident that another Euro pean war was imminent. Then Bonaparte requested Livingston to make an offer for all Louisiana : this had never been contemplated, and was not provided for in Livingston s instructions, or those of Monroe, who now came out. The urgency of the case admit ted no delay, and the American envoys offered ten millions of dollars ; the French government at first asked twenty, but having descended to twelve, the bar gain was closed, and a treaty signed on the 30th of April, 1803. This treaty securing to the inhabitants their liberty, property, and religion, ceded all Louisiana, as it had been held by Spain. Thus, for a trifling sum, the im mense territory west of the Mississippi was annexed to the United States : the cession was, however, so covered ? Whit did the Spanish intendent do ? What occurred in the valley of the Mississippi ? What did Congress do ? 10. What had Livingston done? What offer was finally made him? What did Livingston propose ? When and on what terms was the bargain finally made ? What were its provisions ? Was this act provided for in the constitution ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 203 aasty, that no boundaries were set forth, and the west ern limit of the United States became a matter of speculation. This act of Jefferson s administration being something unprovided for by the constitution, convinced him of the necessity of a liberal construc tion of that instrument, and like most opposition lead ers raised to power, he soon found that he must use as precedents what he had furiously denounced. 11. When Congress assembled the treaty was con firmed, and money voted to carry it out ; and on the 20th of December, 1803, Lausat, as commissioner for France, formally yielded New Orleans to the- Ame rican commissioners, Wilkinson and Claiborne, The latter was appointed by Congress to the supreme and sole government of the new province, an absolute power entirely unparalleled in our history. In the following year, however, a new act was passed, by which Louis iana was divided into two parts, separated by the 33d degree of latitude. The southern part, called the District of Orleans, was now organized, the adminis tration of affairs being committed to a governor and council, appointed by the President. Courts, both federal and territorial, were also established, and pre parations made for raising it as soon as prudent to the rank of a State, in conformity with the treaty of ces sion. The northern part, of which St. Louis was the chief settlement, was styled the District of Louisiana, and for the moment was made dependent on Indiana 11. How did Congress act in regard to the treaty? When \\as the tei- ritory surrendered? How was the government orgnnized . Win-;, wm Louisiana divided, and how? What was the i-outhern part called .- W m, the upper? On what was it made dependent? What was the idea aa to this? 204 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. territory. The first idea of the General Government was to reserve this for the Indians, and the claims of the tribes to the country east of the Mississippi were to be extinguished. 12. The operations against Tripoli continued; in May one of the piratical cruisers was taken, another blown up, but no decisive blow was struck. Preble at last arrived with the new squadron, and capturing two Morocco vessels, compelled the emperor of thai country to make peace. He then sailed to Tripoli ; but unfortunately about this time an accident changed the aspect of affairs. The frigate Philadelphia, sent into the harbor of Tripoli to reconnoitre, struck upon a rock, and being surrounded by the enemy s gun-boats, was compelled to surrender on the 31st of October, 1803. In the following February, however, Preble again appeared, and capturing a small cruiser, sent Decatur in it to destroy the Philadelphia. That offi cer, having by a stratagem got alongside, boarded her killed twenty of the Tripolitans on the deck, drove the rest overboard, fired the vessel, and without the loss of a man pulled out of the bay. During the sum mer, Preble also bombarded the town, and destroyed many of the enemy s gun-boats. 13. Such was the position of affairs at home and abroad, when Jefferson s first term drew to a close Tae republican party still maintained its ascendency, and put forward as their candidates for th*? next elec- 12. Wliat was done at Tripoli? What frigate was lost, viu when? When did Preble again appear ? What did Decatur effect ? 18. Wliat was the position of parties? Who were put fo.^ariT as can- didates ? What did Congress do in 1805 ? What btrange expedition took HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 205 tion, Jefferson, President, and George Clinton for Vice-President, Burr having, by his many corruptions and his duel with Hamilton, lost all his political rank. The ensuing Congress in 1805 organized Orleans as a territory of the first class, with a legislature, and Louisiana and Michigan as of the second class, under a governor and judges. In the Mediterranean a strange proceeding occur red. The Dey of Tripoli was a usurper, who had ex pelled, his brother Hainet. The latter having gained the friendship of Eaton, the United States Consul at Tunis, formed a plan for recovering his throne. Hav ing obtained seventy men from Preble s fleet, Eaton and Hamet set Out from Alexandria, and in April, 1805, took Derne by assault. Other victories fol lowed ; the usurper, defeated in two successive engage ments, offered terms of peace which the agent of the United States, to the mortification of Hamet and Ea ton accepted, and peace was concluded on the payment of a considerable sum as ransom for the prisoners. 14. Troubles now occurred on the frontier of Flo rida, and the policy of England in impressing Ameri can seamen, and even attempting to take men from ships of war, prepared for a collision between the two governments; and at the same time the decrees of both France and England, with regard to neutral vessels, menaced all American commerce. These de crees led to the passage of the non-importation act in 1806, which prohibited the importation of English place in Alrica ? What city did Eaton take, and when ? What was the flaal result ? 14. Where <lid troubles occur ? What outrages did England commit? 18 206 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. manufactures. While the country was thus involved abroad, Colonel Burr, now desperate as a political!, formed a plan for separating the Western States and territories, and forming a new government, and pro ceeding to the conquest of Mexico. Having made overtures to General Wilkinson, then in command of the United States troops on the Mississippi, that officer put Now Orleans in a state of defence, and in formed the President of the plot. Burr did not even then despair, but being surrounded, he at last surren dered to the Governor of Mississippi territory. He was subsequently tried for treason, but was acquitted 15. The " Berlin Decree " of Napoleon, and the British Orders in Council were now in full operation, both condemning neutral ships to forfeiture ; but Pinckney had nearly negotiated at London a treaty, highly advantageous to the United States, as matters stood. Jefferson at once, however, declared his inten tion to reject it, and the treaty was, almost without examination, rejected in 1806. Four years of vexa tious and commercial embarrassment, and nearly three years of useless, ruinous war, were the results of this undemocratic step of Jefferson. While the federal government thus broke off ne gotiations, Berkeley, the English admiral off the coast of the United States, ordered the officers under him to search the United States frigate Chesapeake, for some English deserters said to be on board. Igno- What act was passed ? What did Burr atte; ipt? To whom did he make overtures ? To whom did he surrender ? What was the result of his trial F 15. What were now .- operation ? What did Pinckney obtain ? How did Jellerson act ? \T; *- tli* -cli ? What order was giver, sy * HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 207 rant of this, tlie Chesapeake sailed from Norfolk in June, 1807, totally unprepared for action, and was at once hailed by the English man-of-war, the Leopard. Captain Barron refusing to degrade his country by submitting to the search, the Chesapeake was fired into, until she was a perfect wreck, and many of her crew killed. So sudden was the attack that Barron could not clear for action, and seeing no alternative lowered his flag. The English commander then board ed the Chesapeake, and took off four men, one of whom was afterwards hanged. 16. Such a violation of all the laws of civilized na tions provoked a furious spirit of resentment. Jeffer son issued a proclamation forbidding English ships of war to enter the harbors of the United States, and despatched instructions to the minister at London The English government at once disavowed the act and removed Berkeley from his command, but an at tempt being made to obtain a relinquishment of the right of impressment, the English government drew back, and as the last treaty had been rejected, refused to re-open negotiations. Jefferson had hastened mat ters to a crisis, but was not prepared for war ; he had no army, and had ever been so hostile to the navy, that it was yet of little account. Unable otherwise to re sist the Orders in Council, he proposed an Embargo, by which all vessels were forbidden to leave American ports. This was taken up in secret session, and passed English admiral ? What vessel was first stopped, and by whom ? What ensued ? 16. What did this provoke? How did Jefferson act? What did the English government do? What was Jefferson s position? What did he propose ? What was the effect of this ? When was it repealed ? 208 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. in December, 1807, without discussion, although it involved the happiness and livelihood of thousands. As soon as il became known it excited violent opposi tion, and Now England especially took ground against it. Its operation soon showed its futility. England and France remained unaffected by it, America alone suffering. At last after stormy debates it was repealed in March, 1809, at the last session under Jefferson. 17. About the same time Illinois territory was organized, comprising what is now Illinois and Wis consin ; and Jefferson closipg his career by a violent seizure of some property of Livingston s at New Or leans, retired from the Presidency. He was a man of philanthropical ideas, more of a speculator than a man of action, yet arbitrary, and often tyrannical in his proceedings. He long continued to be the head of the republican party, and is still revered as its chief. As the public voice refused more than two terms to any President, he declined a re-nomination, and James Madison was put forward as the candidate for President, and George Clinton as Vice-President. They were elected almost unanimously. 17. What territory WMOTgafltied? What did It comprise? How did Jefferson close his career? Who was put forward us candidates? How wiu MiwMson elected ? MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. JAMES MADISON, 1809-1817. 1. The new President was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1809, and continued to a great extent the Jefferson policy. Anxious to escape the embarrass ment of the embargo and non-importation acts, he began secret negotiations with Erskine, and obtained a promise to repeal the Orders in Council so far as they related to the United States. The English gov ernment, however, disavowed Erskine s acts, and mat ters remained as before. In the early part of 1809, a case which had long been pending, called the Oliustead case, arising out of a capture during the Revolutionary war, involved the Federal government in a contest with the State of Pennsylvania. The Governor of the State ordered out the militia, and placed a guard, under the com mand of Captain Bright, to prevent the United States marshal from serving the process; the marshal on his side called for 2000 men to aid him, and the gov- 1. What policy did Madison adopt ? What did he begin ? How did the British government act? What case came on in 1809? What is the history of this affair ? How did it result ? 18* 210 HISTORY OP IHE UNITED STATES. ernor finding matters serious, yielded, but this did not end the matter. Bright and his militia-men were ar rested and tried for resisting the marshal, and after a long trial convicted. The whole affair thus resulted in confirming the powers of the General Government. 2. In 1811, the territory of Orleans was at last made into a State, under the name of Louisiana, though not without great opposition on the part of the federal ists, who denied Congress any power to create States out of newly acquired territory. The former district of Louisiana took the name of Missouri. An applica tion was also made to make Mississippi a State, but it was deferred, owing to the necessity of arranging the claims of Georgia. Meanwhile negotiations were going on with France and England, to obtain a repeal of their decrees and orders so hostile to neutral nations, but though France repealed her decrees in November, 1810, England still retained her Orders in Council, and continued her depredations on American com merce. The American navy was unable to defend the immense number of ships against the English cruisers, but just as the affair of the Chesapeake had been set tled, a new affair occurred, not unlike it in many res pects, On the 16th of May, 1811, the frigate Presi dent, pursued for a time by the English sloop-of-war Little Belt, soon became the pursuer, and on coming up hailed. Some misunderstanding ensued, and the Presi dent, as zealous of national honor as the Leopard had 2. What state was admitted in 1811 ? Who opposed it? What nam did the district take ? What other state sought admission ? Why was It deferred ? When did France repeal her orders ? How did England act ? What took place in May, 1811 ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. l been, prepared for action. In a moment the vessels engaged, and after one or two .broadsides, the Little Belt had all her guns silenced, eleven men killed and twenty-one wounded, in fact, was little better than a wreck. The President hailed again, and this time was answered. In the morning he sent down to offer assistance, which the Little Belt declined, and sailed off as best she could. 3. A new war was brooding over the "West. Te- cumseh was a Shawnee chief, famous alike for bravery and eloquence ; his brother, commonly called the Pro phet, was a medicine man ; they were both enemies to the whites, and went from tribe to tribe, arousing all to renounce whiskey, and all European goods, as well as to reject Christianity and civilization. Being joined by the Wyandots, of Saudusky, Tecumseh was evident ly preparing for war ; when General Harrison, then Governor of Indiana territory, invited him to a confer ence at Yiucennes ; but Tecumseh behaved with such insolence that Harrison broke off the conference, and prepared to meet him in the field. In November, with a small force of regulars, he advanced against the Prophet s town on the Wabash. After some parley ing with the Prophet, who acted in Tecumseh s ab sence, Harrison encamped for the night on the Tippe- canoe River, but was suddenly attacked early on the morning of the 7th of November, by the Indians. He maintained order, however, and after a severe 8. Who was Tecumseh? What were be. and his brother plotting? Who first joined him? What did Harrison do? What happened on the 7th of November? What was the result of the battle of Tippecanoe ? Why did Harrison fall bac/ 212 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. fight, repelled the enemy, who immediately abandoned their town. In this attack the Indians lost 40 killed and a great many wounded. Harrison was indeed victorious, but his loss was so severe that he fell back to Vincennes. 4. War with England or France could not be delayed : in fact Madison, re-elected President in 1812, with Elbridge Gerry as Vice-President, had no alternative. Without any preparation, military or naval, Congress finally on the 18th of June, 1812, de clared war against Great Britain. Never had an un fortunate country been plunged into an unequal and perilous contest under more untoward circumstances. Still a popular feeling was excited in favor of the war, and at Baltimore several opponents of the step, one of whom was a Revolutionary officer, were killed by the mob. Lower Canada had always been the point of attack; but it was now resolved to invade the Up per Province. Hull, Governor of Michigan territory, was ordered to enter it. After losing his military stores, which the English who first heard of the war had seized, he marched into Canada on the 12th of July, 1812. Tecumseh now joined the English, and early in August cut off, near the river Raisin, a body of 200 men, sent to open the road. General Hull, thus unable to obtain supplies, resolved to fall back to Detroit, and dispatched Colonel Miller with 600 men to open a road for his convoy. General Proc- 4. What was tlie result of the election in 1812 ? What did Congress do tn June 1812? What were the preparations for war? What occurred at Baltimore? Hrw did Madison propose tb begin the war? Who was or dered to in vado it ? What did he lose ? What happened on Kaisin "iver HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 213 tor had by this time joined Tecumseh, and posted himself strongly at Maguago. Here Miller attacked them gallantly, and after an obstinate struggle forced their position. This was his whole success, for he failed in his main object, and Hull was still encircled. Meanwhile General Brock, Governor of Upper Can ada, reached Maiden with new troops, and taking command of the English forces crossed over, and called on Hull to surrender. The American General refused, but just as the armies were on the point of engaging, he agreed to capitulate, and on the 16th of August, surrendered to Brock his army, with Detroit and all Michigan territory. 5. Negotiations had continued, and an armistice was soon agreed to, but England still clung to her right to stop American vessels and impress all whom an English officer should suspect to be British sub jects. How flagrantly this abuse had been carried on may be judged from the fact that there were, by Lord Castlereagh s admission, 1,700 bona fide American citizens, serving against their will in the British navy. In fact the number was at least 3,000, and 2,500 of them refusing to fight, were confined with every ill treatment in Dartmouth prison in England. 6. The administration, slowly preparing, collected troops on the frontier at various points. General Dearborn had by great exertion assembled on Lake What did Hull resolve to do? What did he send Colonel Miller to do? What occurred at Maguago ? Who now appeared before Detroit ? Whec did Hull capitulate? 5. What was agreed to? How many American citizens had been seized for the British navy? How many did the British a^uyt? How many were confined for refusing to fight ? 214 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Champlain an army of 3,000 regulars and 2,000 mili tia; 2,000 militia were also stationed at Sackett s Har bor, and 6,000 more under General Van Rensselaer at Buffalo, while Commodore Chauncey on Lake Onta rio, fitting out a flotilla, drove the British fleet into Kingston, and endeavored to form a navy to control the lake, and Elliot sought in like manner to gain the command of Lake Erie. The English, however, first took the field, and opened the campaign by attacking Ogdensburgh with 700 men, on the 4th of October, 1812; a short and decisive action followed, in which they were gallantly repulsed by General Brown and his militia. On the 13th of the same month, General Van Rensselaer attempted to cross the Niagara and take post at Queenstown; his first detachment, 600 strong, under Colonel Van Rensselaer, after much loss effected a landing, and storming a battery drove the English into a stone house. General Brock en deavored by a sally to drive the Americans back, but was mortally wounded. Meanwhile the other divi sions crossed slowly, and some hours after, a sudden attack by a corps of Indians threw the American militia into confusion, but they were rallied by Lieu tenant-Colonel Scott, and the detachment held its ground. Van Rensselaer in vain endeavored to in duce his militia to cross; they refused, and those on the Canada side, unsupported by the rest, kept their position till General Sheaffe, the English commander, 6. What had General Dearborn done? What force was stationed at Sackett s Harbor? What force had Van Rensselaer at Bufi ulo? What did Commodore Chauncey effect ? Who opened the campaign, and bow ? "\V|><i! was the result? What did Van Rensselaer attempt ? Describe the taulw <t Queensiown? Who was mortally wounded? Who compelled HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 215 came up with a fresh body of troops, they then fell back, and being thrown into confusion were compelled to surrender after some loss. By this ill-managed affair, the Americans lost in killed, wounded and pris oners at least a thousand men, while the English loss did not exceed a hundred. Disgusted at this reverse, General Van Rensselaer threw up the command, and was succeeded by Smythe of Virginia. 7. The conduct of the administration now dis played the greatest imbecility; the war department planned no campaign, raised no army, but investing the generals in command of the several divisions with discretionary powers, left all to them, and at the same time armies of militia were in the field without any orders at all. In consequence, the year was spent in fruitless marches and countermarches, or in unim portant skirmishes. Thus Dearborn, near Lake Cham- plain, occupied St. Regis in October, but failed in an operation on La Colle, and lost a detachment at Salmon River in the ensuing month. Sinythe, at Niagara, issued pompous addresses, and sent a detach ment across the river, which after some skirmishes retreated, leaving a part to surrender to the- English. In the west, Taylor repulsed an Indian attack on Fort Harrison, and Governor Edwards destroyed some Indian towns above Peoria, but the main army under General Harrison effected nothing. 8. The navy, hitherto depreciated and underrated, the Americans to surrender? What was the American loss? What did Van Rensselaer do ? 7. What did the Administration display ? How was the year spent What were Dearborn s movements ? What did Smythe effect ? What & T and Edwards effect ? 216 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. alone maintained the American name, at first by stealth, for they put to sea to avoid orders from Wash ington. The Essex captured a transport bearing troops, and subsequently, the Alert, a British sloop of war. On the 19th of August the Constitution, Captain Isaac Hull, closed with the English frigate Guerriere of somewhat inferior size, off the coast of Massachusetts. A running fight ensued, but after a spirited action of about 30 minutes, the Consti tution assumed a raking position and so disabled the Guerriere, that she struck her flag, having lost one third of her force. Hull finding her a perfect wreck, blew her up, and returned to Boston. Rodgers next sailed out to cruise with several vessels, one of which, the United States, Captain Decatur, gave chase to the Macedonian, off the Azores, and after a brisk cannonade, closed with her on the 25th of October, and soon compelled the British commander to strike. In this engagement the Macedonian had a hundred killed and wounded, the United States only twelve. The President, another of the vessels made several rich captures, and the Argus made one while pursued by a British fleet. 9. Just a week before this, the American sloop of war Wasp, Captain Jones, cruising off the coast of North Carolina, gave chase to a British merchant fleet convoyed by the brig Frolic. The Frolic pre pared for action, but the Wasp, though severely han- 8. How had the navy been treated ? What did it now do? What did the Essex capture ? Describe the battle between the Constitution and the Guerriere. Describe the battle between the United States and the Mace donian. What did the President effect ? 9. What success had Captain June? in the Wasp? What happened HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 217 died, at last got a raking position, and boarded ; so des perate had the fight been that not twenty men on the Frolic were unhurt, and the decks were slippery with blood. Before the Wasp could be put in a condition to make sail, she and her prize were captured by the Poictiers, a British seventyrfour. A new spirit was infused into the people. Elated by this success, privateers were fitted out in great num bers, and the British commerce was plundered as that of the United States had been prior to the war. This produced no less astonishment than mortification in England, where the appearance of a rival on the ocean alarmed their national pride, and their contempt for America gave place to prudent fears. 10. The land operations, renewed at the close of the year, were as unfavorable as ever to the Ameri can cause. In the West, General Winchester, ordered by Harrison to occupy the Maumee rapids, pushed on to relieve Frenchtown on Raisin River, then held by the English. He succeeded in driving t^em out, but encamping in the open field was suddenly attacked on the 10th of January, 1813, by Proctor, who crossed on the ice from Maiden. Taken by surprise, the Ameri cans were soon dispersed, and Winchester himself having been taken prisoner, agreed to surrender his whole force. Proctor then returned to Maiden, leav ing the prisoners and wounded at the mercy of his Indians, who massacred most of them. after the fight ? What were now fitted out ? W hat effect did al) this pro duce in England? 10. What was Winchester sent to do? What further steps did ho take? Describe the battle of Frenchtown. How did Harrison avt oa 218 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Harrison, on hearing of Winchester s movement saw its in) prudence, and pressed on in all haste, but arrived at the Maumee only to learn of his total de feat. He at once threw up Fort Meigs, at the rapids, and resolved to hold that position at all hazards, de spairing of being able to assume the defensive. Madison was now re-elected President, and at once set about reorganizing the war department, the more necessary, as English fleets blockaded New York, the Delaware, and Chesapeake, carrying on a marauding system of plunder and petty larceny. 11. Proctor meanwhile renewed the war in the West. On the 28th of April, 1813, he laid siege-to Fort Meigs, with an army of 2,000 English and In dians, and threw up batteries on both sides of the river. General Greene Clay, of Kentucky, at the head of 1,200 men soon arrived to relieve the fort, and took one of the batteries, but neglecting to spike the cannon, and push into the fort, they were surprised and nearly all taken. Harrison had, meanwhile, made a sortie and taken the battery on the southern bank. In spite of this success, Proctor began to fear an attack, and his Indians, content as usual with one en gagement, began to leave the camp, so that he was compelled to retire. 12. The army in New York were also in motion to invade Canada. Early in May an American force, hearing of Winchester s advance ? Where did he throw up a fort ? What was the President doing? In what position where the chief ports? 11. Who renewed the war in the We-t ? When did he besiege Fort Meigs, and with what force ? Who inarched to it* relief? What was tho result of his expedition? What compelled IV. <;, ;,, !-,.|j r j?? 12. What did the New York army attempt v Who landed before HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATtS. 219 under Pike, landed to attack Toronto in Upper Can ada, the great depot of the British military stores. Pike at once assaulted the English works, and routing the enemy was entering the place, when a magazine blew up, killing and wounding 200 men, among them Pike himself. In the confusion which ensued, Sheaffe, tlie British general, with all his force escaped, losing, however, his baggage, books and papers. The American commander, Chauncey, having destroyed some vessels on the stocks, and burned the Parliament-house, where an American scalp had been found suspended, returned with a large quantity of ammunition and stores, to Sackett s Harbor. Having obtained reinforcements, Chauncey sailed to the Niagara, and on the 27th of May a landing was effected on the British side, the light troops under Scott and Forsyth leading the way. General Vincent, the English commander, finding Fort George untena ble, blew up his magazines and retreated to Burlington heights, pursued by the Americans. Instead of ad vancing himself with all his force, General Dearborn Beat on Winder with one brigade, and subsequently Chandler with another. The latter taking command, resolved to attack in the morning, and encamped care- Taking advantage of this, Vincent surprised him by night, and dashing into the camp took both Ameri- Toronto? What did he do ? What accident happened ? What loss did it cause? What did it enable Sheaffe to do? What did the Americans destroy? What was Chauncey s next step? Who landed, and where? What did the English general do? What error did Dearborn commit? What error did Chandler commit ? What did Vincent do ? What success had he ? 220 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. can generals, and about 100 men prisoners, and retired with them and five pieces of artillery, leaving, hdw- ever, about 100 dead and wounded on the field. After this, Dearborn, recalling the detachment, lay inactive. 13. As soon as it became known that Chauncey had sailed from Sackett s Harbor, Prevost proceeded from Kingston at the head of 700 men to attack it. Backus, the American commander, had only 400 men, but General Brown came up with some volunteers and took command. The volunteers broke, but the regulars finally drove the English to their ships, each party losing about 150 men, among whom, on the American side, were Colonel Backus and Colonel Mills of the volunteers. Prevost had, however, eifected his object, for at the first alarm the Ameri cans destroyed their magazines, with all the stores taken at Toronto. While Dearborn lay idle, Colonel Bishop with an English force encircled his camp, occupied Fort Erie, and crossing over to Black Rock on the llth of June dispersed the militia, and destroyed the cannon and provisions there. A party of regulars, militia and Indians from Buffalo now came up, and a second en gagement occurred, in which Bishop was killed, and his troops compelled to make a hasty retreat. Dear born was not, however, relieved, and to open commu nications sent Colonel Boerstler with 600 men to 13. What place did Prevost attack? Who was the American com mander? Who came up and took command? What ws the result of the battle? What did the Americans destroy in the confusion? What did Colonel Bishop effect on the Niagara? What was the result of the second battle ? W lat was the battle of Beaver Dam ? Who now super- **;ded Dearborn ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, *%?. attack one of the British posts; but that officer hav ing, 011 the 23d of June, entered a difficult pass called Beaver Dam, was attacked in front and rear by Lieu tenant Fitzgibbon, and believing himself surrounded, at last surrendered. In consequence of these disas ter, Wilkinson was appointed to succeed Dearborn. 14. The Americans, so often victorious at sea, were now to experience a reverse. The Chesapeake, then at Boston, had been given to Captain Lawrence, and that commander at once sailed out to meet the Shannon, which had several times challenged the American vessels in the harbor. With a new crew, incomplete equipments, and only a part of his officers, Lawrence was not in a condition to fight, and after a furious action, was himself mortally wounded, and the British boarded the Chesapeake almost without opposition. The Chesapeake had 48 killed and 98 wounded, the Shannon 22 killed and 56 wounded. This victory was celebrated with the greatest rejoic ings in England, so important had it become to defeat even one American vessel. 15. The Essex, Captain Porter, another American vessel, was at this time in the Pacific protecting the national whalers, and capturing British ships : he also took some Spanish vessels, cruising against Ame rican ships, under orders from the Viceroy of Peru. The Argus sloop of war alarmed England by captur ing twenty-one merchantmen in the English channel, 14. Whore did the Americans now meet a reverse? Who commanded t ne < hesapeake, and in what state was she ? What vessel did he engage ? Wbat was the result ? 16. Where v\as the Et.sex, and how engaged? What did the Arttus 19* 222 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. and the fear did not abate till the Argus was taken by the Pelican, early in August. On the 3d of Sep tember, the Enterprise, after an engagement of 40 minutes, took the British brig Boxer, off Menhagen, ii ar the coast of Maine. In both these engagements the American commanders were killed, and in the latter the English commander also. Most of the other American vessels were blockaded, and the British fleet commanded the Chesapeake, where it still con tinued its ravages. 16. Towards the end of July, Proctor finding that Perry was endeavoring to gain the command of Lake Erie, again proceeded from Maiden and invested Fort Meigs, this time commanded by Clay. Failing to draw Clay out, he invested Fort Stevenson, a small post occupied by Lieutenant Croghan, with one cannon and 160 men. Croghan had been ordered to retreat, but finding it too late, he resolved to hold out. On the 2d of August, Proctor attacked the place with great fury, but in spite of all his efforts was repulsed with great loss. Proctor now began to fear a sudden attack from Harrison, and retreated to Maiden. Har rison was actually in the field with his regulars and mounted riflemen from Kentucky : but the decisive blow was struck on the lake. Perry laad equipped at Erie two war brigs, and had seven smaller vessels, mounting in all 55 guns. With this flotilla, he now sailed out on the 2d of Au- capture? What befell it? Describe the engagement between the Enter- frf.se and Boxer. 16. Whatdirt Proctor do in July? What was the result? What did be then do ? What were Croghan s orders? How did he act? What did Proctor do? What was Harrison doing ? Where was the decisive blovr HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 223 gust, and near Maiden came up with Barclay s flotilla, consisting of the ships Detroit and Queen Charlotte, with four smaller vessels, carrying in all 63 guns. Barclay at first avoided a fight, but at last, on the 10th, sailed out to meet Perry, and soon disabled the Lawrence, Perry s flag-ship. Perry at once went on board the Niagara, and having by his maneuvering opened the British line, sailed through, pouring in broadsides as he passed : his other vessels followed, and such was the effect of their guns, that all the British vessels struck. This battle of Lake Erie lasted three hours, and the loss on each side was about 150. 17. Master of the Lake, Perry at once transport ed Harrison s army past Maiden, which Proctor had abandoned, and landed them at Detroit. After reor ganizing the territorial government here, Harrison with the mounted Kentuckians crossed into Canada in pursuit of Proctor, and on the 4th of October, captured all his stores and ammunition. Proctor now faced and drew up near the Moravian town, with his left on the river Thames, and his right, consisting of Tecumseh and his Indians, resting on a swamp. The Kentuckians under Johnson charged in a solid col umn, and broke the English line ; Proctor and a few escaped, the rest of his troops threw down their arms and surrendered; the Indians alone maintained the struck ? What was Perry s force ? Where did he meet Barclay s flotilla ? Of what did it consist ? When did Barclay sail out ? Describe the battle. How long did it last, and what was the loss? 17. What did Perry do after the battle? What was Harmon s f;r>t care? What did he then do? What took place on the 4th of Octol.-r? What did Proctor do? What was his disposition for battle? Who led 224 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. fight, but when Tecumseh fell, they fled, leaving 50 dead on the field more than the whole American loss in killed and wounded. Harrison now left Cass with a garrison at Detroit, and with the rest of his regulars proceeded to Buffalo to aid the operations there. 13. Wilkinson, appointed to command the northern army, found at Sackett s Harbor one third of the sol- fliers sick, all undisciplined, few officers and no trans ports : the army on Lake Champlain was commanded by Hampton, who would not co-operate with him. In this position Wilkinson, sick himself, wished to resign, but Armstrong, the Secretary of War, soon arrived and took the command. It was proposed to attack Mon treal, but Hampton, contrary to orders, advanced alone, and on the 2 1st of October, his van was attacked at Chateaugay by a small band of Canadians under Salaberry, and supposing a large force in front, he re tired into New York. Wilkinson meanwhile descended the St. Lawrence with 7,000 infantry in batteaux, and 500 horse on shore. The English from Kingston beset his rear, and a confused action, called the battle of Chrystler s farm ; resulted in the loss of General Covington and 340 men killed and wounded. Finding now that Hampton absolutely refused to co-operate, Wilkinson abandoned the campaign, and retired into winter quarters, nothing at all having been effected. tlie churge ? Who maintained their ground ? What was the loss ? What were Harrison s next steps? IS. Who was now appointed to command the northern army? How did he find affairs? Who commanded on Lake Champlain ? What did Wilkinori ask? Who took command ? What did Hampton do? Wlirt was the battle of Chatoaiigay ? What did Wilkinson do? Who assailed bis rear ? What battle ensued ? What was the American loss ? Why did Wilkinei u abandon his plan? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 225 19. Harrison, dissatisfied with the state of affairs, soon returned to the West, leaving the command of the Niagara frontier to General McClure. The Ameri can force was chiefly militia, and when their time expired they left, refusing to stay even for large boun ties. Unable to hold his ground, McClure destroyed Fort George and returned to New York State, having first wantonly set fire to the town of Newark. Pro voked at this, Prevost, the English commander, cross ed the river, took Fort Niagara, put the garrison to the sword, and burned every village up to Niagara Falls, while another detachment burned Black Rock and Buffalo, and destroyed a part of Perry s fleet. This conduct Prevost justified in a proclamation, de precating it, however, and offering to conduct the war on more humane principles, if the Americans would pursue a similar course. And for all the pillaging and incendiary expeditions of the war, England gave the same excuse. 20. It was not in the north alone that the Indians aided the English cause by attacking the whites. In August, 1813, the Creeks began hostilities, and a party under Wetherford, a half-breed, Surprised Fort Minims, on the west side of Alabama, and killed some four hundred who had taken refuge there. The War Department had already called out the militia of the neighboring States, and in October, General Jack son, after throwing up Fort Strother on the Coosa, 19. Why did Harrison retire? Who was left in command? Of what did his force consist? What did they refuse to do ? What did McClure? Of what wanton act was he guilty ? How did Proctor retaliate ? 20. What other Indians took the field? Who surprised Fort Mimma, and how ma* 7 did he kill? What did the War Department do? Wk 226 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. pushed into the Hickory ground, took one village by surprise 1 , and on tho 2d of November, in the bloody battle of Tallushatchce, kilbd 20 of the Crouk*, with slight loss on his side. Five days after ho again brought them to action near the friei dly village of Talladega, where 290 were slain on the spot. Mean while another Tennessee detachment, under General Cocke, surprised the Hillibee towns on the Coosa, and a Georgia column under General Floyd advanced against Autose, a large Creek town near the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa. It was considered im pregnable, but the Georgians carried it with slight loss, killing 200 of the enemy, and several prominent chiefs. The Mississippi column in a similar way routed the Alabamas, near the mouth of the Cahaw- ba ; but as these four armies effected no junction, the war was not yet brought to a decisive point. 21. The Creeks now rallied, and, taking the offen sive, marched against Floyd, but on hearing of Jack son s approach, attacked him, on the 21st of January, with such spirit and pertinacity, that, though repulsed, they compelled him to fall back to Fort Strother. Three days after they renewed the attack with such vigor as almost to rout the volunteers, who were saved only by the intrepidity of the regulars. Although their loss had been considerable in these two engage ments, the Red Sticks, or revolted Creeks, on the 27th, first entered the Creek territory? What fort did he erect? What battle did he fight on the 2d of November? What battle on the 7;h ? What towns did Cocke take? On what town did the Georgians march? De scribe it. How was it taken ? Whom did (he Mississippi column defeat? 21. How did the Creeks act? Whom did they attack on t.l:e 21,-t of January? What was the result? When did they renew the a:tack,aiul HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 227 made a furious attack before daylight on Floyd s camp. They were again repelled, but not without a loss on t :e part of the Georgians, of 18 killed and 132 wounded. Jackson was now reinforced, and after throwing up Fort Williams, directed his march against the Great Horse Shoe Bend, where the Red Sticks were encamped behind a strong breastwork. Tuis the American? soon stormed, and the Indians, hemmed in on all sides, were cut to pieces after five hours severe fighting; no quarter was given, and 557 of the enemy perished, leaving their women and children captives. Utterly disheartened by these defeats, the Creeks be gan to treat of peace, and tranquillity was soon estab lished. 22. England had made overtures of peace, and commissioners had been sent out by Madison to nego tiate, but the fall of Napoleon, and his exile to Elba, changed the face of affairs. Instead of appointing commissioners to negotiate, the English government sent out large bodies of her veteran troops, now un employed in Europe. The American navy was now broken up, or shut up in the harbors by the British fleets, which blockaded the whole coast. A large party in the United States had all along opposed the war, and every thing seemed to threaten a destructive series of hostilities. The army on the Niagara fron- / O tier had been reorganized, and was under the com- with what success? Whom did they then attack, and with what result? What was Floyd s loss? Where did the Red Sticks now encamp? Who attacked them here? How long did the battle last? How many Indians fell? 22. Who had opened negotiations? What altered her plans? What was the position of the American navy ? Who now commanded the army 228 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES mand of Brown as major-general, and Scott a^i Ripley as brigadiers. On the 2d of July, Brown crossed the river and took Fort Erie ; the next day lie advanced on General Riall, who was intrenched beyond the Chippewa. Scott drove in tlte British outposts, and on the 5th Riall, who had crossed the Chippewa and dispersed the American volunteers before him, was driven back over the river by Scott at the point of the bayonet. Riall, who had lost about 500 men, did not await an assault, but abandoned his camp, and throwing a garrison into Fort George, re treated up Lake Ontario. 23. Riall was soon reinforced by Druimnond, and in his turn advanced. To prevent the loss of his magazines, Brown sent forward Scott with his bri gade and some artillery. About a mile from Chip pewa Scott came upon Riall s whole army; it was near sunset, but the armies engaged, and though Scott suffered severely he maintained his ground, awaiting aid, and by a diversion routed the Canadian militia, and captured Riall himself. At nightfall Brown came up with Ripley s brigade, and threw himself in front of Scott; he saw at once the necessity of carrying a British park of artillery, which had so terribly cut up Scott s brigade. Colonel Miller, ordered to storm it, pushed up the hill and drove the men from their guns at the point of the bayonet, exposed the while at Niagara? Who were under him? How did he begin operations? Who commanded the British? Where was he? Describe the battle of Chippewa. What was Riall s loss ? What did he do after the battle ? 23. What did Eiall do on receiving a reinforcement? Whom did Brown send on to check him ? What did Scott come upon, and how did he act? What did he effect by a diversion ? When did Brown come up, HISTOR\ OP THE UNITED STATES. 229 to a terrible fire. Ripley had pushed on in front with his brigade, and occupied the hill. The British now reinforced by Drummond advanced in the darkness to recover their guns, but soon re coiled before the American fire. In half an hour they again advanced, but after a severe conflict, in which Scott took them in flank ,they were again driven back. Rallying with desperate energy they made a third at tack, in which the bayonets were frequently crossed, but it was all in vain, and Drummond, with the loss of nearly 900 men, at last drew off. The American loss had been severe 5 Brown and Scott, both wounded, left the field, and Ripley, now in command, after waiting for half an hour, drew back to his camp, unable to carry off the captured cannons. 24. The American army retired to Fort Erie, which Druinmoiid assaulted at midnight on the 15th of August, in three columns. Gaines, who commanded the fort, repulsed two columns, but a third with unex ampled boldness effected a lodgment in one bastion, a: :d held it till a quantity of cartridges exploded. Fearing a mine they retreated. In this disastrous affair Drummond lost nearly a thousand men, but he still continued the siege of the fort. The evident intention of the British to attack some city on the coast, now kept the administration in great alarm, and tardy measures of defence were taken. At last, on the 18th of August, Admiral Cochrane ap- ancl what did lie do ? Wliat feat did Miller achieve ? Describe the subse- queut attacks of the English. What did Drummond at lust do? What was his loss? Why did Kipley fall hack ? 24. To what fort did the American army retire? When did Drain. tpoil attack it* What was the result of the attack ? WUy did Drum oa 230 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES penred in the Chesapeake with General Boss on hoard, fvnd a division some 4,000 strong, of Wellington s army. Landing at Benedict on the 20th, they pushed on, guided by negroes. 25. Armstrong, the Secretary of War, made some blundering attempts to defend the capital, and at last a body of Maryland militia, under Stansbury, with a few of Winder s regulars, Barney s sailors and Miller s marines, formed at Bladensburg to check Ross. The English came up exhausted and doubtful, but as their only chance was in a bold dash, they charged; the militia at once fled; Barney and Miller with their artillery for a time checked the English advance, but as the Annapolis regiment and regulars support ing them at last gave way, they too drew off leaving their wounded commanders on the field. The President and cabinet had been in the field and were hurried off by the fugitives ; after reposing for a time, Ross advanced to Washington, and on the 25th of August, with char acteristic brutality, burned the capital and other public buildings, destroying the Library of Congress and the national archives. His position was, however, one of danger, and fearing to be treated as a midnight in cendiary if taken, he rapidly retired, leaving hia wounded to the mercy of the Americans, who had the courtesy to treat them as prisoners of war. The British fleet next advanced to Alexandria, and carried mond retire? What was his loss? What force appeared in the Chesa peak- in August? When and where did they land ? 25. What did Armstrong do ? What motley force took post at Bladena- ourg? Describe the battle. Who were on the field ? What did Koss do after the battle ? What did he now fear, and how did he act ? 7 T hat did the British fleet do ? HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATI S. 231 off an immense quantity of flour, tobacco, and orher merchandise. 26. While one crew of English marauders was thus ravaging and plundering the shores of the Chesa peake, another was committing similar acts on the coast of Maine and Massachusetts ; and the commanders,, anxious to assume all the responsibility of such gallant conduct, publicly announced in despatches their inten tion to destroy and lay waste every town they could reach. In consequence of this conduct serious prepa rations for defence were made on all parts of the coast ; and when Rrss and (Jockburn landed at the Patapsco on the 12th of September to attack Baltimore, they found formidable preparations made to receive them. A party of British troops soon engaged the militia, who checked them for a time, but at last fell back, not however, till the incendiary Ross had been killed. The loss on each side had been about two hundred ; in the morning the English advanced, but finding the city strongly defended, bombarded Fort McHenry without effect, and at night silently retired to their ships. 27. Prevost at the north resolved to descend Lake Champ] ain : crossing the frontier on the 1st of Septem ber with 12,000 veterans, he advanced to Plattsburgh ; Macomb, who was posted there, had only 3,000 men, few of whom were fit for duty, but his call for militia was speedily responded to : they came in rapidly from 26. What were other marauders doing? What did the British officers announce V Where did Ross next land? What did he find? What was the result of the action ? What was the loss on each side What did the English do the next day ? 27. What did Prevos, Attempt, and when ? Who was posted at Platts- burg, and with what force? On whom did he call? Where did he en- 232 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. all sides, and Macomb took up a strong position be yond the Saranac. Commodore McDonough drew up his little fleet across the harbor to receive the English licet under Downie, which bore down upon him on the 1 1th of September. A desperate fight ensued ; but after a contest of over two hours, Downie struck his flag, several others of his vessels did the same, a few escaped, but the fleet was entirely dispersed. Prevost met no better success on land, and failing in an attempt to assail Macomb s camp, he retreated that night in dis order, leaving behind him his sick and wounded, with most of his baggage and stores. 28. Brown s army, now again under his command, was still besieged in Fort Erie; he had called on Izard, then at Sackett s Harbor, for aid, but as that general came up slowly, Brown on the 17th of Sep tember made a sudden sortie, surprised some British batteries, blew up the magazines, spiked the guns, and returned to the fort with 400 prisoners. By this sortie Drummond lost nearly a thousand men, and was so disheartened that he raised the siege and retired. 29. As the English menaced the south also, Jack- son was appointed to the command of the southern forces, and prepared to act vigorously. He had 1:0 army, and a British fleet lay at Pensacola ; with a few troops he advanced to Mobile, and stationed 3I;ijor camp? Who drew up in front, of the harbor? Who- bore down upon faim, and when ? What was the result of the battle? What M<eces.s hurl Prevost on land ? What did he do by night? 2S. What WHS the position of Brown s army ? Wh.-it did he c;<i! for? "What did he achieve on the 17th of September? What ws Dnmnnond s i *s ? What did he do in consequence ? vp What ot!uT part did the English menace? Who was appointed to HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 233 Lawrence with 130 men at Fort Bowyer. They were soon assailed, but so gallantly did it hold out that the English, after losing one ship and 232 men, retired much dispirited. Resolved to drive the English off, Jackson entered Florida, then a Spanish province, took Pensacola, and compelled the English commander, Nicholas, to retire. Learning here that a large force was to act against New Orleans, he proceeded to put that city in a state of defence. 30. New Orleans was a city of about 20,000 in habitants, still chiefly Creoles. Jackson assembled his forces and endeavored to protect the city, but on the 12th of December, 1814, the British fleet anchored off the entrance of Lake Borgne, with 12,000 men under Generals Packenham, Keene, Lambert, and Gibbs, and soon dispersed the American flotilla on Lake Borgne. By proclaiming martial law, and calling on Tennessee and Mississippi for aid, Jackson by the 21st had 5,000 men at his command. Two days after, as the English were within ( fifteen miles of the city, he advanced with part of his troops to attack them. It was now dark, and the English were severely galled by Jackson s fire, till they by shifting got to a strong position, when lie retired. The loss had been about equal, but Jackson s attack gave his own men confidence, and made the English greatly overrate his force. command? To what city did he advance, and \that fort did he garrison ? What attack was made on Fort Bowyer, and with what result? What war Jackxm s next step? Wliaf did he learn ? 80. How large was New Orleans? W lien did the British fleet appear, and with what forces? What was their firsr success? How did .Lie-loon nisi- men? What was his first step? What was the result .f his Mptit attack ? What good did it produce t 20* 234 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 81. Jackson now in turn fortified his camp, and for want of time and material, used cotton bales to form a rampart; and anchored a vessel in tl>e stream to cover his Lank. On the 28th the English assailed him, and though they at first drove in his outposts, they were compelled to retire with loss after a sjven hours can nonade ; but though successful here, Jackson was alarmed by apparently treacherous movements in the Louisiana Assembly, and gave orders which resulted in breaking up the sessions of that body. On the 1st of January, 1815, the enemy again bombarded Jackson s camp, but their guns were soon dismounted and silenced. With the aid of Kentucky volunteers, Jackson soon threw up intrenchmentH on the other side of the river, and awaited the i/t.al attack. It wus made on the 8th by Packenhain, and hia three assistant generals on one side of the river, and by Thornton on the other, against the new American works. Thorn ton soon carried the position, but the main English force was checked by a murderous fire from Jackson s ramparts. Packenhain, attempting to restore order, was killed, Gibbs mortally wounded, and Lambert, who took command, at last retreated, leaving 2,000 dead and wounded on the field. Jackson s loss having been small, only 333 during the whole campaign. 32. Close on the tidiugs of this glorious victory news arrived at New York that the commissioners sent out 81. What did Jackson then do, and lm\v ? When did tin- Knjish attack him, and with what result ? What alarmed Jackson:- \Vlu-n did the enemy again bombard Jackson s camp? What did Jackson do ai ier this? When did the English make tba linal attack, arid how? Describe Ue batile. What was the English loss? Jackson s? 82 What news now <wrived ? When was the treaty of Ghent signed? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 235 had actually negotiated peace with England, and that Parliament had actually ratified the treaty, and all hostilities were to cease on tlie ratification by Con gress. This took place on the 17th of February, and the treaty of Ghent thus put an end to a rash and almost fatal war, amid the universal joy of a nation. The war had not ceased at sea. On the 20th of February, the Constitution by moonlight engaged the Cyane and Levant, off Lisbon, and with very slight loss compelled both to strike. In March, the American sloop of war Hornet captured the British brig Pen guin, and in June the Peacock compelled the Nautilus to strike to her in the straits of Sunda; this was the last action in the war, which closed as it had begun, in the naval glory of America. During the war the English had captured 1683 American vessels of all kinds, but had lost no less than 1750. 33. War being now ended, the army was reduced to 10,000 men; but the navy was maintained and pro posals were made for increasing it ; and a fleet under Deeatur was sent to chastise Algiers, which had de clared war. Having captured two of the largest ves sels in the Algerine fleet, Decatur, in June, compelled the Dey to sign a treaty on his quarter-deck, and forced both Tunis and Tripoli to make indemnity for vessels captured under their guns. The war with the Bar- bary powers was thus brought to a close ; and the United States has the glory of having given the first Where was the war still going on ? What two vessels did the Constitution take? Describe the engagement. What other naval victories were gained? What captures had been made on both sides during the war? 33. What powjr declared war? Who was sent to chastise Algiers* What did he con pel the Dey to do? What did he compel Tunis and 236 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. decisive blow to their system of piracy, wliich had endured for centuries. As every one of the Barbary states had learned to respect the American Hag, their power was broken, and European powers soon followed our course. Few events of importance took place at home; In diana and Mississippi were admitted as States in 1816, and Alabama territory organized. About the same time the established church in Massachusetts lost much of its power, by changes in her statute book. At the same time the general government entered into treaties with the Cherokees, Chickasaws and Choctaws, by which extensive districts were ceded to the States. Such was the close of Madison s administration, the most disastrous which the country had yet experi enced, yet the war had been rather bequeathed to him than created by him ; and the country, though ravaged by incendiary hordes, soon recovered by the industry and enterprise of the people. The time for a new election now arrived, and as Madison had already enjoyed a second term, James Monroe, of Virginia, was elected President, and Daniel I). Tornpkins, of New York, Vice- President, by an almost unanimous vote. Tripoli to do? What glory lias the United States? What resulted from their action? What States were admitted ? AVhat territory organized ? What befell tiie Established Church in Massachusetts? With what Indian tribes were treaties made ? What was the character of M&dlson e admin istration ? Wiio wer now elected? CHAPTER XII. MONROE S, AND ADAMS , AND JACKSON S ADMINIS TRATIONS. JAMES MONROE, 181T-1825. 1. MONROE thus raised to the presidential chair, had been long known as a diplomatist and statesman, and from the absence of embittered parties, began his administration under happy auspices. It was a sea son of peace and tranquillity. No political dissensions disturbed the public mind; commerce had reopened after the war, and emigration checked by it, now as sumed a degree of importance, which led in after years to secret political organizations, whose object was to prevent immigration or to reduce new comers to a sort of helots. These emigrants led to the rapid settlement of the western territory, furnished laborers for the great public works soon begun, and as we have already seen, contributed to the formation of "new States. The o,ily counterbalance to the national prosperity was the 1. What was the state of the country? What now began to assume Importance? What good resulted from this emigration? What was the only counterbalance to all this ? 238 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. embarrassment caused by the failure of American manufactures, now unable to compete with those of Europe, and in consequence a temporary financial crisis. 2. The Indian affairs in the south, however, SOOD required attention. A fort of negroes and Indians on the Apalachicola River, in the Spanish province of Florida, had given umbrage to the Georgians by shel tering runaway slaves. Some troops under G-eneral Clinch, and Creeks under the half-breed Mclntosb, invested it in September, 1816, and having blown up the magazine, killed 350 men, women and children. The fort was then taken, and Clinch immediately put the commanders to death iu cold blood. This led to a war which Monroe was now to conduct and leave as a leg acy to several succeeding administrations. Under or der from the war department, General Gaines, in November, 1817, burned an Indian town, but the Sem- inoles at once took the field so vigorously that he was obliged to call on the militia of Georgia, and the war department ordered Jackson to march with the Ten nessee militia to the seat of war. Building Fort Gadsden on the site of that destroyed by Clinch, he marched east against the Serniuole village, which he burnt without loss, and then under the pretext that they aided the Indians, seized the Spanish fort at St. Mark s (April 7, 1818). After this he attacked another Indian fort at the mouth of the Suwanee, where the Indians under Ambrister, an Englishman, in two con- 2. What soon required attention? What gave umbrage to Georgia? What did General Clinch do In 1S16? What resulted? Who was pent nth ? What did he do ? What did Jackson effect? What Spanish tort did he take ? Describe the affair of HISTOBY OF THE UNITED STATES. 239 siderable skirmishes checked him for a time, but he at last burned the town, took Ambrister, hanged him and another Englishman found at St. Mark s, and two Indian chiefs entrapped on board an American vessel by the use of false colors. Pensacola was the only Spanish post left, and this Jackson now took, sending the Governor and garrison to Havana. The Spanish government was almost powerless in America, and the United States was annoyed by establishments ostensi bly formed to aid the revolted colonies of Spain, but really to carry on contraband trade, and occasionally indulge in piracy. One of these on Amelia Island off the east coast of Florida, and another in Galveston Bay, although within Spanish territory, were broken up by order of the American government. 3. These high-handed proceedings would have led to a war with Spain, had that power been in a position to act on the offensive; but as she was crippled at home, and almost all her American colonies were in open re volt, she merely protested against it, and now at last showed a disposition to sell this troublesome territory to the United States, After considerable discussion a treaty was signed on the 22d of February, 1819, by which, in consideration of the assumption by the Union of American claims to the extent of five millions of dollars, Spain ceded Florida, and fixed as a western boundary of the United States the river Sabine to the 32d degree, and after an irregular line to the head of the Arkansas, made the 42d degree the line be- Pensacola? How was the commerce of the country annoyed? Wl-nt *vas done ? & What prevented Spam from making war? What did she do? To 24 J HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. tween Mexico and the United States. The Spanish king at first, indeed, refused to confirm this treaty, but finding no alternative, at last ratified it, in October, 1820, and possession of Florida was immediately given. Tims did the oldest colony on our coast finally pass into the hands of the United States. The Spanish settlers, although secured in all their rights, generally emigrated to Cuba, and as few emigrants entered the country, Florida increased but slowly in importance. 4. Some negotiations were still pending with Eng land ; under the treaty of Ghent a commission had been appointed to settle the boundary. This, at last in 1819, fixed the northern boundary by running a line through the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes, and making the 49th degree the boundary between the United States and the British possessions, from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. Oregon being left undecided and open for ten years to both parties. Previous to this, the Chippewas, Ottawas, Potawatomies, Miamis, Delawares, Shawnees, Wyan- dots, had sold most of their lands east of the Missis sippi, and agreed to remove west of that river ; and the Chickasaws ceded most of their land in Kentucky and Tennessee. 5. The settlement of the West still continued to progress. In 1819 Arkansas Territory was or ganized, Alabama formed into a State, and in 1820 what did discussion lead ? What was the effect of the treaty ? How did the Spanish king act? 4. What commission was sitting under the treaty of Ghent? What boundary was fixed? How was Oregon left? What Indians sold their tends? & What territory was formed in 1819 ? What states admitted ? What HI8T011V OF THE UNITED STATES. the district of Maine, so long an appanage of Massa chusetts, was also admitted into the Union as an inde pendent State. It immediately threw off the church laws of Massachusetts, leaving it the only State in the Union in which there was a church established by law. Missouri also applied for admission, but a new feature was here presented in American politics. Slavery had been authorized in the vast territory of Louisiana, of which Missouri was a part, both by the French and Spanish rulers of that country ; and by the treaty of Cession it was still a part of the municipal institutions. A strong party had however grown up in the New Eng land and Middle States averse to slavery, and bent on checking it. Abolition societies were formed in many parts, and their members in Congress now attempted to make the extinction of slavery a condition of the admission of Missouri as , a State. The discussions which arose, continued till August, 1821, when by a kind of compromise it was admitted as a slave State ; but slavery was prohibited in all other territory north of the southern line of the new State. 6. Monroe and Tompkins were re-elected as unani mously as ever in 1820. Few events of importance, however, signalized Monroe s second term. The visit of Lafayette to the country which he had so nobly served in his youth, and where he was now welcomed as one of the founders of the republic, is the chief event. The government and the citizens vied in doing cbauffe did Maine make ? What other territory asked admission ? What question arose ? On what grounds did slavery rest ? Where had abolition doctrines gained ground ? How long did the discussion last ? Wjat com promise was made ? 21 242 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. him honor, and on his departure in 1825, an American frigate was prepared for his accommodation. He never revisited America, but died in France soon after con tributing to place Louis Philippe on the throne in 1830. As a gallant officer of our Revolutionary army, and the man who did most to win for us the alliance of Catholic France in our hour of need, Lafayette will ever be an object of national gratitude; and ene mies only have ascribed to him a design of exciting the flames of suspicion and bigotry in this country. 7. An important step of Monroe, the doctrine of non-intervention, has often since been approved as a line of policy to be followed by the United States. When Spain found herself unable to reduce her re volted American colonies, she addressed, in December, 1823, a formal invitation to the courts of Russia, Prussia, Austria and France, to send plenipotentiaries to Paris to adopt plans for assisting her. Such a com bination of European powers interposing in American affairs was fraught with danger, and Monroe in his message to Congress declared that our government would regard as directed against it, and would resist, any combination of European powers for colonization or any other purpose in America. This doctrine was approved, not only by the unanimous voice of our own people, but also by all parties in England. 8. During the latter years of Monroe s second term expeditions were sent to break up the pirates who had ti. Who wore, re-elected in 1820? Who visited the country in 1825? Describe his reception. What charge has been made by his enemies? 7. W -at doctrine did Monroe 1-iy down ? What did Spain do in De cember, 1823 y Wtiat did Monroe declare m his messtge ? How was this recei ved abroad ? HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 243 for years been plundering the commerce of America in the West Indies. These expeditions were com pletely successful, and Commodore Porter, in 1822 and 1823, with a small fleet broke up their various rendezvous and checked their depredations. As his administration closed, it became evident that the pub lic mind had again become divided on the questions of a National Bank, a Protective Tariff, and Internal Im provements. Heretofore the nomination for President had always been made by the members of Congress. John Quincy Adams was now nominated ; but Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, and William H. Crawford ap peared as independent candidates. So close was the vote that no election took place ; Jackson, evidently the choice of the people, had the largest vote, but not greater than all his antagonists. By the terms of the Constitution, the choice of President devolved upon the House of Representatives, and that body, after many ballotings, chose Adams, the friends of Clay finally voting for him. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, 1825-1829. 9. The administration of the younger Adams is one of the least eventful in our history. Peace pre vailed at home and abroad; the country advanced steadily in prosperity and population ; the application of steam to vessels had begun to fill our waters with steamboats; railroads were begun, as canals had al- S. "Who wore plundering our commerce ? Who wns sent ( o break tbt in up? What questions divided the public mind? How had noruinatiom been heretofore made? Who was now nominated in this way? Who appeared as independent candidates ? What was the resi It of the electiou > Ou whom did the choice duvolv? Whom did it elect? 244 HISTORY OF THE UNiTEL STATES. ready been, and the most distant parts of our immense territory were daily brought into more frequent and easy communication. Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, both signers of the Declaration of Independence, and each of them subsequently President, each the head of an op posite party, expired on the 4th of July, 1826, just fifty years after the passage of that important act by Congress. The disputes of their day had been forgot ten, both had long been regarded with reverence and respect, and their death, on so remarkable a day, was an object of public mourning. 10. Secret societies had been formed under the ad ministration of the elder Adams, to co-operate with the Jacobins and other clubs in France ; but the hor rors of the French revolution and the general voice of the people soon led to their dissolution. The Free masons next became the body where those who liked such organizations centred. Charges, however, were brought against them, and the horrible murder in New York, of a man named Morgan, who had threatened to reveal their secrets, produced an outburst of indig nation, which resulted in forming an anti-masonic party, long dominant in that section of the Union. 11. The election which took place in 1828, and in which Adams and Jackson were again opposed, was one of greater popular excitement than had ever yet been seen ; and opened that series of eagerly contested 9. What was the condition of the country under Adams ? What facili tated intercourse ? What occurred on July 4, 1826 ? 10. When had secret . societies been in vogue ? What body now became popular? What drew odium on them ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 245 elections, so fraught with corruption, intrigue, fraud. and violence, which has since done so much to lower our national character. Jackson now supported by Callioun and Crawford was again the first on the list, and this time had a sufficient popular vote to become President. John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, was chosen Vice- President. ANDREW JACKSON, 1829-1837. 12. Anxious to reward his various new friends, Jackson was led into a dangerous course, and by one of his first acts gave a fatal aliment to party spirit. Using the military maxim " to the victors belong the spoils," he gave every office in his gift to his partisans in the late election, removing those already in office, without any objection on the ground of misconduct. An opposition to the United States Bank had been the chief motive of the Jackson party. As its char ter was about expiring, that institution solicited a re- charter ; after a long debate an act for that purpose was passed in 1832, but the President vetoed the bill, and having been meanwhile re-elected, he removed the moneys of the United States from the Bank, and de posited them in various State banks. 13. Dreadful scourges, war, and pestilence in the same year afflicted the country. In the summer of 1832. the Asiatic cholera which had ravaged Europe, appeared simultaneously at Quebec and New York, and It. What was the result of the election in 1828 ? Why is it an epoch ? Who supported Jackson ? Who were elected ? 12. Into what dangerous course was Jackson led! What act was passed in 1882 ? W li at did Jackson do ? 13. What scourge appeared in 1832 ? What war broke out ? What act 21* 246 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. spread over the whole country, sweeping off thousands, At the same time, the Sacs, Foxes and Winnebagoes, under Black Hawk, crossed the Mississippi and began to ravage the frontier, destroying many new villages, slaughtering whole families, and giving all to the flames. The army sent against them was thinned by the cholera and by desertion, but Colonel Taylor by forced marches overtook the enemy on the 2d of August, at the mouth of the Iowa, and routing the Indians cap tured Black Hawk and put an end to the war. 14. This Indian war was scarcely ended when a new and greater danger to the country appeared than it had ever yet had to encounter, the danger of disunion. A tariff act passed in 1832 had imposed duties which the Southern States deemed unjust and partial; most of the States merely murmured, but South Carolina, refus ing to submit, threatened to withdraw from the Union and set up an independent government... Similar threats had been made at previous times by Northern States, but they never had gone so far as in this case. South Carolina prepared to resist by force of arms, and electing the eloquent Hayne governor, organized troops ; while Calhoun, resigning his post as Vice-Pres- dent, was chosen to the Senate to make a final effort there. The President was, however, too stern and peremptory a man to brook opposition even in case of doubt ; he issued a proclamation declaring his resolu tion to enforce obedience, if necessary, at the point of did the Indians commit? Who pursued them? Where did he overtake ,hem ? Who was taken prisoner ? 14. What new danger arose ? What caused the difficulty ? How did ^outh Carolina act? Who was elected governor ? What did Calhoun do ? How did Jackson act ? What took place in Consrmss ? What did Ciay HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 247 the bayonet. His previous career gave proof that such a threat would not be idle. Congress, aft$r a long and able debate, in which Webster gave his great exposition of the Constitution, sustained the President, and Carolina submitted, protesting against the injustice done her. At this juncture Mr, Clay introduced his compromise, which was adopted, and the difficulty was avoided. Amid all this excitement, a Presidential election took place, by which Jackson was re-elected, but Martin Van Buren, of New York, became Vice- President, and about the same time, Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, the last of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, expired at a moment when the work of the Continental Congress seemed about to be de stroyed 15. One of Jackson s plans was to remove all In dians beyond the Mississippi ; and this was carried out with no regard to previous treaties. The Cherokees had been guaranteed the quiet possession of their lands and i state of independence, with promises of ultimate admission into the Union ; but the neighboring States infringed on their rights, extended jurisdiction over their leserves, and reduced them to a kind of vassalage The injured Indians appealed in vain to the President ; although he had just shown his strength, he declared that he had no power to defend them, and they were foioed to leave their cultivated fields, their villages where civilization and plenty had begun to smile, and retire to the wilderness. Introduce? What was the result of the election? Who died about his time? 15. What was oi.<? of Jackson s plans? How had the Cherokees been treated ? 243 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 16. The Scminoles of Florida, descendants of tho old Converts of the Spanish missionaries, had been de prived of their villages by the English during their occupancy, and became a set of wanderers. They were already embittered against the Americans, and when the government endeavored to pursue its policy, they resolved to resist. A few unauthorized chiefs had agreed to migrate in 1832, but the tribe, with Micanopy their king, disavowed their acts and refused to depart. General Thompson, the government agent, Loping to succeed by coercion, seized one chief, the gallant Osceola, and put him in irons ; to obtain his release the Serninole warrior signed the treaty, but in stantly prepared for war. Like every other champion of Indian nationality, he resolved to begin by a simul taneous attack on the various posts, and to ravage the country undisturbed. The 24th of December was ap pointed for the execution of the plot, ai;d Osceola with a party approached Fort King, where General Thompson was stationed; finding the General and some officers dining in a house outside of the fort, he burst in upon the party and killed most of them, among the rest Thompson, who fell pierced by fifteen bullets. Osceola scalped the man who had once seized him, and drew olf unpursued. Another Seminole party had watched a body of 110 men, under Major Dade, on its march to the relief of General Clinch, then at Fort Drane. They were approaching the fort when the 16. What other tribe had been injured? What had been done in 1832? Who disavowed this? What did General Thompson do? ll<r did Osceola act? What was his plan? When did he begin, and how? What was another pa ty doing ? Describe the battle. Hoi* many escaped ? EISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 249 Seminoles suddenly attacked them. At the first vol ley, Dade and most of his men fell ; thirty survived, and threw up an intreuchment of logs, but Osceola soon appeared, and in another attack cut all to pieces, one alone surviving long enough to reach the whites, and tell the fate of the detachment. 17. General Clinch now collected all his forces and marched to the Withlacoochee, but lie too was sud denly attacked on the 31st, and though he repulsed the Indians, his loss amounted to forty killed and sixty wounded, so that he was compelled to return. In February, General Gaines was attacked near the same place, ai:d as the Creeks also took up arms, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama were exposed to all the horrors of Indian war. Steamboats were taken, villages burned, and thousands driven from their homes. General Scott, however, reduced the Creeks, several thousand of whom were immediately transported to the west; and in October, 1836, Governor Call took command of the forces and marching into Florida en countered the Seminoles at Wahoo swamp, and twice repulsed them with loss, after a terrible contest. Checked by these blows, the Seminoles for a time ceased active hostilities. 18. The emigration from Europe, especially after the war with England, had steadily increased. Of these emigrants, a large majority were Catholics from Ireland ; as they scattered over the country churches and other religious buildings arose ; seminaries and IT. What did Clinch do ? What was the battle of the Withlacoochee ? Who was subsequently attacked ? Who joined the Seminoles ? Who re- .fluced the Creeks? Describe Call s campaign. What was the result ? 18. What were the majority of the emigrants ? What arose, and how ? 250 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. institutions of learning were founded, without any public aid or public countenance. The rapid increase of the Catholics, however, excited the hostility of a fanatical portion of the old inhabitants, and more espe cially of such foreigners as disagreed with the Catho lics. This hostility was augmented by the fact that the emigrants, availing themselves of the invitation held out by law, became citizens and took part in all public discussions. Designing men sought to fan this hostility into a flame, and by composing books under the name of pretended refugees from convents, excited such a spirit of hatred, that on the llth of August, 1834, a mob attacked at night the Ursuline Convent at Boston, set it on fire, and drove the nuns and their pupils from the spot. The authorities took no steps to check them, and the leaders of the riot were duly acquitted after the semblance of a trial. Encouraged by this success, similar books, of a most obscene char acter continued to appear, papers were established es pecially to assail the Catholic religion, and threats were issued against other Catholic institutions. The excitement, however, subsided for a time, but was sub sequently renewed with fatal effect. 19. A strange revolution was now taking place in the neighborhood of the United States. Texas, to which many Americans had emigrated, was ore of the states composing the Mexican republic* but as the emigrants did not coalesce with the Mexicans, but dif fered in religion and introduced slavery, dissensions What did their nnmt-ers excite? What did designing men do? What tk place in December, 1834 ? What followed ? ; v \Vluit vns taking place near the United States? What was Texas? VMiat ,i(i Mexico do in 1;>35? How did Texas act? What wa-j done HISTORY OF THE LNITED STATES. 25l soon ensued. The Mexicans, in 1835, renounced the federal system and abolished the state governments ; on this the Texans took up arms, and called on their coumrymen in the United States to join them. The government offered no obstacle, and such numbers hastened to Texas, that on the 2d of March, 1836, they declared themselves an independent Republic. Santa Anna, President of Mexico, advanced against them in person, but was defeated and taken prisoner by General Houston, at the battle of San Jacinto, on the 21st of April. A treaty was extorted from Santa Anna never recognized by Mexico, but which never theless gave a period of peace. Under a separate government, Texas assimilated more and more to the United States, and was evidently preparing to join it. 20. Our intercourse with foreign nations during the whole period of Jackson s administration, was j^u ol uninterrupted peace. The only exception was a mo mentary difficulty with France, as to compensation for injuries to American property. France showed her self averse to payment, and Jackson threatened war, but by the intervention of England, the afl air was ami cably arranged. As Jackson s term approached, Mar tin Van Buren was put forward by the Democrats, and William Henry Harrison by the Whigs, as candi dates for the Presidency, but Van Buren was elected President, and Richard M. Johnson, the reputed slayer of Tecumt;eh, Vice-Pres ; .dent. on the 2d of March, 1S86? How did Mexico act? DcscriW the battle of San Jticinto. How did Texas prosper under the new government f 20. What was the nature of our intercourse with oilier nations y What were the troubles with France? Who were put for \\.-ml as candidates? Who was elected as President ? Who as Vice-Pre?" 1 3t ? CHAPTER XIII. VAN BUREN S, HARRISON S AND TYLER S ADMIN ISTRATIONS. MARTIN VAN BUREN, 1837-1841. 1. SOON after Van Bwen s accession, a general bankruptcy took place ; under the system pursued since (.he fall of the United States Bank, smaller banks had grown up in numbers, which by giving extensive credit had inflated prices to an unprecedented degree ; specu lation took the place of industry, cities were planned where the plough had never passed, and all for a mo ment gloried in visions of wealth and affluence, but when the reaction came, thousands were instantly re duced to poverty. The failure amounted to several hundred millions of dollars, and in perfect inability to meet their debts, the insolvents looked to the govern ment for some aid. . 2. By the " Specie Circular" of Jackson all pay ments to the government were required to be in specie ; Van Buren was now solicited to recall this, but on his refusal the banks in the country, led by those of New York, suspended specie payments, and the government 1. What took place soon after Van Buren s accession? What had taused it* What was the extent of the failures? 2. What was the S| ecie Circular? What did Van Buren refuse? HISTORY OF THE UNIT1.-D STATES. 25 S which had deposited the surplus in banks, was itself embarrassed. An extra session of Congress was called and treasury notes issued to the amount of ten mil lions. To prevent a recurrence of such a difficulty, Van Buren proposed, and finally carried, a plan for an Independent Treasury, much opposed at first, but since generally approved. 3. The Seminole war still continued, and though a treaty was made at Fort Dade, in March, 1837, it was soon broken. General Jessup soon after seized Osceola, and some other chiefs who came to treat, and retained them as prisoners. The Seminoles were much weakened by this, but still continued the war, although without skilful chiefs, and with a regular army of 9,000 men against them. For a time they evaded an action, but in December, Colonel Zachary Taylor penetrated to the haunt of the Mickasuckies, who had stubbornly refused all offers of pacification. They were drawn up under Aviaka, in a strong position near Lake Okeechobee, in the southern part of the peninsula; Taylor, who besides his regulars had some Mississippi volunteers, under Colonel Gentry, immediately attack ed their camp. The battle lasted over three hours, and so desperately did the Indians fight, that Colonel Gentry was killed and his volunteers routed, but the regulars rallying, a part finally repulsed the enemy, who drew off unpursued. This battle broke their power, but it was dearly bought, for Taylor had 26 What diil the banks do ? What was called, and what issued ? What, difi Van Buren then adopt? ITo\v was this regarded ? 3. When was a treaty made with the Seminoles? What did Jessuj do ? How did the Seminobs act ? What battle was fought in December . Pesmbe lit. What was clone in 1^39 ? Who closed the war, and when ? 254 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. of his men killed and 112 wounded, including some of his most valuable officers. Many of the Indians now submitted and removed, and in 1839, General Macomb again induced them to treat of peace, but as hostilities were soon after renewed, Colonels Worth and Harney at last in 1841, reduced them by penetra ting to their fastnesses, cutting down their crops, and sweeping off their cattle. In one point of view, this long and expensive war had been of actual service; it proved an excellent school for our army, and gradually prepared our gallant officers to win immortal fame in more conspi cuous fields. 4. Previous to the closing of this war, a trouble of another character had embarrassed the government. Canada, though its privileges had provoked the Amer icans before the Revolution, was now itself discon tented with the English government. In 1837, an insurrection broke out, and as any cry for liberty finds a ready response in American bosoms, many persons in the United States, and especially in New York, has tened to aid the cause of the revolution. This would involve the United States with England, and to arrest it, the President by proclamation forbade all citizens of the United States to interfere, and ordered troops to the frontier. Many, however, continued to cross the lines and take part in the contest. Some of these were killed, more taken prisoners, and executed or transported. The English were provoked at this in- 4. In what way was the war beneficial? What European colony was in a state of discontent? What broke out in 1S37, ami how was it viwed l.r t 1 1 United Stat ;s s What did the Pre^dent do ? vVluU did Americans HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 255 t?rference, and as they were annoyed by a party of the insurgents, on Navy Island, in Niagara River, re solved to cut off the steamboat Caroline, which plied between the island and the American shore. Failing to surprise it on any of its trips, they sent over a de tachment to the American shore on the night of the 20th of December, 1837. This party cut the Caroline loose, set fire to her and sent her over Niagara Falls with all those on board of her, besides killing one person on the dock. This outrage excited the public mind to the highest degree, but the infringement of our national rights was never disavowed by the Eng lish government. 5. The United States Government had never been insensible to the advancement of science, and in many ways had encouraged it as far as its limited constitu tional powers permitted. Some of the States began to collect in Europe documents relating to their early his tory, and at the same time, caused accurate surveys to be made in order to compile the natural history of each ; including, under this head, the geology, mineral ogy, zoology, and botany. So admirably were these carried out, especially in New York, that no country can show a more noble monument. The United States Government, to aid in this general movement, sent out, in 1838, an exploring expedition under Captain Wilkes, which visited much of the Southern and Pa cific Oceans, and after making several important dis coveries returned, and made reports full of interest. continue to do? Where were the patriots posted in iS37? What rv; English officers do ? ft. What had the government done for science ? What had the statos ione ? Which excelled ? What expedition was fitted oat ? 256 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 6. A frontier difficulty occurred in Maine in 1839, which led to some negotiation. The treaty of 1783, which fixed the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick proved ambiguous, when an attempt was made to run a line. The King of Belgium had been appointed umpire, but he pleased neither party. As the disputed strip was valuable for its timber, the people of Maine attempted to drive off the New Brunswick lumbermen, and some on both sides were taken into custody by the two governments as tres passers. Some excitement prevailed, but as the gov ernors of Maine and New Brunswick soon came to an amicable understanding, further collisions were pre vented, and the whole affair was left to the higher authorities. Van Buren s government had not been popular, and the people oppressed by the results of the revulsion of 1837, sought a general bankrupt law. At the next election, which was one of peculiar enthu siasm, General William H. Harrison, the Whig candi date, was chosen President, and John Tyler Vice- President, Van Buren being defeated by a large vote, receiving only sixty electoral votes, his antagonist having no less than 234. WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, 1841. 7. General Harrison was inaugurated President on the 4th of March, 1841, and to fulfil the w shes of the people, on the 17th issued a proclamation calling an 6. What frontier difficulty occurred in 1839? What led to it? How was it arrested ? Wh at were then be^iin ? How Imd Van Buren s govern ment been liked? What did the people ask? Who was tlected Proidcut? 7. When was Harrison inaugurated? What did he issue / What soou happened ? Wh} was his loss lamented ? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 257 extra session of Congress to meet in May. Great hopes were entertained of his administration, but il was soon to end. His health was broken, and the ex ertions consequent upon his assuming the new and arduous duties of his exalted post, hurried him to the grave. Before he had accomplished any public act, he expired after a short illness, on the 4th of April, 18-11, to the universal regret of the nation, to whom he was endeared by his long and meritorious services both civil and military, especially in the West. JOHN TYLER, 1841-1845. 8. By the death of General Harrison, the Vice- President, John Tyler, in conformity with the pro visions of the constitution, succeeded to the Presidency. Although not altogether of the same views as the late President, he retained the same cabinet, and in the extra session approved a general bankrupt act, and the repeal of the sub-treasury bill; when Congress, however, passed a bill for reviving the Bank of the United States, he vetoed it, to the great chagrin of those who had contributed to his election. His cabi net in consequence resigned, and his new appointments were of a character to satisfy neither of the great parties. The boundary of Maine had been, as we have seen, a matter of negotiation between the United States and Great Britain. Webster, as Secretary of State, conducted the discussion with Lf rd Ashburton, S. Who became President? What was done in tlie extra session? What did his cabinet do ? What were his new appointments ? Wha treaty was concluded? when and where? Who negotiated it? What it effect? What other boundary was regulated? Whal else was a* k u feted? .22* 258 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. and in July, 1842, a treaty was signed at Washington, It was soon ratified by both countries, and finally ar ranged matters describing the line so accurately as to admit of no further doubt. It also settled the north ern limit of New York, New Hampshire and Ver mont, obviating all cause of difficulty in that quarter. 9. Khode Island had till now been governed under the charter granted by Charles II., the last relic of the reign of the Stuarts. This charter contained, how ever, great restrictions on the right of suffrage, and a large party in the State had long sought a more liberal government. This the chartered party refused, and in consei Alienee, a convention of the people assembled, which drew up a constitution and submitted it to the people. As it received the approval of the people, the new government organized itself in May, 1842, under Thomas W. Dorr as Governor. The charter government treated all these proceedings as illegal, and made the exercise of any powers under the new constitution, treason against the State. The suffrage party then had recourse to force, but their efforts were defeated, and Dorr was compelled to leave the State. He soon after returned, but was arrested, tried for treason, and on his conviction, sentenced to imprison ment for life. He was, however, soon released. This ended the struggle, for the excitement led to the calling of another and more regular convention in 1844, which drew up a new constitution suitable to the wants of the people. 9. How had Rhode Island been governed? What did a largo pitrty >k? What was done? How did the charter government act? What ii i the suffrage party do, and with what result? What became of Dorr? ^ littt ended the at niggle? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 259 10. During this time, New York was disturbed by troubles of another character There existed in it some portions held under the old Patroon grants, and subject to feudal tenure, by which the tenants paid rent in produce, and on every transfer of the lease were compelled to pay a certain amount in the nature of a tax. To these conditions many tenants objected, and under the name of anti-renters, organized to oppose their landlords, and any officer of the law who should attempt to serve process on them. This disturbance spread over most of Columbia, Rensselaer, and Dela ware Counties, and for a time set the state authorities at defiance. A deputy sheriff and some others were killed in broad day, and many others brutally treated, but the government at last crushed the insurrection and brought the murderers to trial. 11. While these causes of dissension existed in particular parts, a general spirit of discord prevailed. We have already spoken of the efforts made to preju dice the public mind against the Catholics. So well had they succeeded, that even school books were filled with misrepresentations of Catholics, and in those public schools for which Catholics and Protestants were alike taxed, the Catholic child was never safe from insult to his feelings. An attempt of the Cath olics in New York to obtain a reformation in this par ticular, met with a decided negative from the city gov ernment, and on their addressing the legislature, both 70. How was New York disturbed? What existed there? To wliat did the tenants object ? Over what counties did the excitement r-prend ? Whdt outrages were, cotr.rnitted ? How was the disturbance quelled . 11. How was the pub ic mind influenced towards Catholics? To wh.-it dM this spirit penetrate What were the Jatholics in Sow Yoik com HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, political parties pledged themselves to oppose the peti tion of the Catholics This left the latter no alter native but to select candidates in 1841. Or this a new storm against the Catholics arose, new slanders were invented and circulated, and as the German emigrants, mostly mechanics, had by their numbers begun to compete seriously with the Ameri can tradesmen, a strong feeling existed against them, which it was very easy to rouse. A new crusade be gan against Catholics and foreigners. A new party, calling themselves Native Americans, arose, and soon carried the elections in several States, In May 1844, a Native meeting was called in a part of Philadelphia inhabited chiefly by Irish Catholics; the speeches, as usual, were intended to provoke violence ; a storm of rain came on, and in the rush for shelter, the natives began to fire on the crowd ; a riot ensued, and the cry was raised " to the nunnery." A mob rushed to a house recently occupied by Sisters of Charity, and in which they had nursed the cholera patients of every sect, but here, just as the mob had torn down a fence to kindle the flames, a volley was fired on them, which killed one, and put the rest to flight. The next day the rioters continued their work and destroyed the house, two churches, one memorable for having first rung out a peal on the Declaration of In dependence, a splendid public library, and over fifty dwelling houses, their bands meanwhile playing the party tunes of Protestant societies in Ireland, and pfclled to do? What was the consequence? What other cause induced hostility to foreigners? What took place at Philadelphia in May, 1844? What did the mob attack ? What took place the next day ? How did th HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 261 cheering when the crosses on the churches fell. The city authorities showed great inefficiency, and thus emboldened the mob to act their pleasure. Many of both parties were tried for riot, and some condemned ; but the natives were not appeased they renewed the work in July, by attacking another Catholic church. This time the authorities acted with more energy, yet the riots were subdued only by the Governor, who detailed militia from other counties, and after a long and severe fight, reduced the rebels and restored peace. 12. While the Atlantic States were thus convulsed, the West also was the scene of a civil war, to explain which we must go back a few years. About the year 1830, a man named Joseph Smith, living in Western New York, pretended to have received a new revela tion from God, written in mystic characters on plates of brass. These, by his prophetic power, he deci phered, and published under the title of the " Book of Mormon." Assuming to be a prophet, this im postor founded a new religion, but as his character be came known, he was driven from place to place, yet constantly gained proselytes, and at last settled at Kirt- land in Ohio. Persecuted here, he and his followers, DOW numbering several thousands, set out for the West, and settled in Jackson County, Missouri. Here the people rose against them, and the governor himself unfavorable, ordered them to be exterminated or ex pelled ; under his orders the militia suddenly attacked city authorities act? When were the riots renewed? How were tho rebels subdued ? 12. What disturbances took place in the West? Who was Joseph flinith, and what were his pretensions ? Where did he settle ? To what utate did he remove ? How we e the Mormons treated in Missouri ? To 262 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the Mormons, killed many and forced the rest to lea re the State. The fugitives then settled in Illinois / and in 1841, founded the City of Nauvoo, on the Missis sippi. They were at first welcomed ; and as they rapidly increased in numbers by the exertions of Smith s missionaries in America and England, Smith obtained a very favorable charter for his city; but here, as elsewhere, prejudice soon arose, and accusa tions of a heinous character were made against the Mormons. The country rose in arms ; Nauvoo was besieged, several were killed on both sides. A charge of murder was now made against Smith, and that leader, anxious to disarm the popular wrath, surren dered himself to the proper authorities to stand his trial. The mob, unwilling to trust to the law, sur rounded the place where he was confined, and bursting in, with great brutality murdered him and his brother in cold blood. As the troubles continued, the Anti- Mormons soon compelled the followers of Smith to leave their homes in Nauvoo. His death had neither undeceived nor disheartened them; they yielded to their hard fate, and set out for California. 13. Such were the intestine troubles which marked the period of Tyler s administration. They were not sufficient to check the general prosperity of the coun try ; the continued tide of emigration enabled the ter ritories to fill up rapidly, and in March, 1845, an act was passed admitting as States, Florida and Iowa. what state did they then retire? What city did they found ? What soou arose? What took place ? What did Smith dor What became of him! What became of his followers ? 1&. What waa the general state of the country What states were twi- HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 263 Just previous to this, Congress had, on the 28th of February, by a joint resolution, agreed to the annexa tion of Texas to the United States, a step which that republic had solicited for some time. It had, indeed, maintained its independence, but owing to many diffi culties, was not in a state of prosperity. The Mexi can government, which had never recognized the inde pendence of Texas, and had constantly maintained a hostile attitude towards it, declared that it would con sider annexation as a declaration of war. No sooner had the resolution passed than the Mexican Minister, Almonte, protested against this act, which was, how ever, ratified by Texas on the 5th of July following, and thus completed the union of the two countries. By the act, the Texan territory, with its undetermined limits, came into the Union ; and as the question of slavery had again arisen, it was agreed by a new com promise that Congress should have power to form the territory into four States, and that on such division all north of 83 30- should be free States, and that in the others, slavery should be tolerated. 14. The questions which divided the public mind in the fall of 1844, were the dispute with England as to the Oregon boundary, and that with Mexico, in re gard to Texas. A great majority of the people were eager for war, especially with Mexico, as the accounts from Texas of cruelties perpetrated by the Mexicans initted ? To wliat. step did Congress agree ? What did Mexico <U clave ? What did the Mexican minister do after the resolution of Congress 1 When did TuXi -i raiif y t? W.ha< compromise was made in admitting Texas? 14. What were the questions in the election of 1844? II ow were the people inclined? Who were the candidates? Who was elected Freak dent? Vice-President 2 264 HISTORY OF TITS UNITED STATES had inflamed the public mind against that country. Henry Clay, the candidate of the whig party, being in favor of negotiation, was defeated by James K. Polk, of Tennessee, the war candidate, who now became President, with George M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, as Vice-President. FOLK S ADMINISTRATION. JAMES K. POLK, 1S45-1849. 1. AT the commencement of Folk s administra tion, the United States was, from the various causes we have mentioned, restless and excited, but pros perous and powerful. Mexico was distracted and weak ; from the period when it threw off the authority of Spain, it had steadily declined, and in consequence of the ambition of the military chieftains who seized the c upreme power, was frequently involved in civil war. Yucatan and California were scarcely integral parts of the Republic ; the flourishing missions of the Fran ciscan Fathers, which had formed so many villages of Indian converts in Texas, New Mexico, and California, had been broken up, and the Indians scattered. These portions were accordingly exposed to incursions from the wild Indians, and suffered greatly. 2. The United States might easily have settled a boundary with Mexico, but Polk resolved to force 1. What was the position of the United States? Of Mexico? What Mexican states wore only nominally subject? Where had the mission* +* 266 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. compliance. Although the Nueces had Leon the boundary of Texas as a Mexican state, he resolved to enforce the Texan claim to the Rio Grande, as a boundary from its mouth to its source, thus including within the limits of Texas, the greater part of New Mexico, and even its ancient capital Santa Fe. Gen eral Zachary Taylor, sent to occupy the disputed ter ritory between the Nueces and Rio Grande, was re peatedly instructed " that the appearance of any con siderable body of Mexican troops in this territory, would be regarded by the executive as an invasion of the United States, and the commencement of hostili ties." Taylor, at the head of a small army, advanced slowly, awaiting engineers and supplies, but in March, 1846, erected Fort Brown on the Rio Grande opposite Matamoras. The Mexicans considering this an inva sion of their country, prepared to resist. The settlers fled beyond the Rio Grande, and troops began to centre at Matamoras, crossing from time to time. In April, a detachment under Torrejon, surprised and took a party of American dragoons under Thornton. 8. In May, Ampudia, the Mexican general at Matamoras, opened a cannonade on Fort Brown, which Taylor had left in command of Major Brown. The American general was himself at Point Isabel, but on hearing the bombardment of the fort, immediately marched to its relief. Arista had now succeeded Am pudia; in hopes of crushing the divided army, he 2. Wluit claim did Polk resolve to enforce, and how? "Who was sent into the <Hsputed territory, and with what instructions? What did Taylor erect, and where? How did the Mexicans act? Who surprised en Ame rican detachment? 8. What did Ampudia to In June? Who inarched to is reli->f ? Whp HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 267 crossed the river in full force, and took post at Palo Alto to check Taylor, and continued the bombard ment of the fort. On the 8th of May, at noon, General Taylor came up, with an army considerably inferior to Arista s. Forming his line of battle, he opened a furious cannonade, which was returned with epirit, but with slight effect. The Mexican cavalry now charged on the American right, but were driven back by the artillery and infantry ; yet their army, cnt up as it was by the terrible cannonade of our force, resolutely maintained its position. Arista now en deavored with his batteries to silence the American guns, and by a perfect tempest of balls, for a moment checked our fire, cutting down Major Ringgold and Captain Page at their guns ; he then again and again charged with his cavalry, till his squadrons were broken. On this his whole force drew off , leaving the Americans victorious on the field. Taylor s loss, in killed and wounded, was about 50 ; that of Arista about 300. 4. The next day Taylor advanced, and soon came up again with Arista, who had taken post at Resaca de la Palma. Here another engagement took place. The enemy were well posted, and again endeavored, by their artillery, to check the fearful batteries of the Americans, but the dragoons under May drove their gunners from the artillery, and tho American infantry soon took their best battery ; the main body of T ay- had s-ncceHed Amjmdia? What did he do? When did Taylor come n;>? IIo\v did the battlf <.ptn? What attempts did Arista mnvmake? How did the hat tie end ? What was the los-s ? 4. What did Taylor do the next day ? Describe the battle. What dia 268 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. lor s army meanwhile driving the Mexicans from the ravine where they were posted. An irregular combat now ensued, but the Americans pushed steadily for ward, and drove the enemy from thier retrenchments, capturing all their camp equipage. Taylor s loss was 89 killed and 83 wounded, that of Arista several hun dred, on the field, and still more in the flight to Mata- moras. After the battle, Taylor pressed on to Fort Brown, and, acting in concert with Commodore Connor, took Barita, at the mouth of the river, and prepared to attack Matamoras, but that city surrendered on the 18th. 5. The President had not, meanwhile, been idle. When the news of Thornton s capture reached Wash ington, the administration eagerly seized it as a pre* text for war, and as though the disputed territory had never been disputed, Polk sent a bombastic message to Congress, announcing that American blood had been shed on American soil, and that war existed by the act of Mexico. Congress immediately acted on the message, and on the 13th of May passed an act au thorizing 50,000 volunteers to be raised, and appro priating ten millions of dollars to carry on the war. As the motive of the war was conquest, and not the possession of the disputed strip, a plan of campaign was formed for attacking Mexico in various parts, and occupying her most valuable frontier states. A fleet the Americans capture? What was the loss? What did Taylor th-.-n do? What city did he prepare to attack ? When did it surrender? C.. What had t-een doiu- meanwhile at Washington y Wlrit did Con- gr- * n y What ^lun of campaign was formed? What three points ware to > . : . ackfi HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 269 bearing troops was sent around to take possession of California, alrea y explored by American officers, and known to contain great mineral wealth ; an army was to march from Missouri to Santa Fe, take Nuw Mexico and enter California; a more considerable army was to centre in Texas and invade Coahuila. Imme diate steps were taken to organize these armies, and carry on the war. 6. Taylor, in the mean time, received reinforce ments, chiedy volunteers, and finding himself in Sep tember at the head of 6,000 men, resolved to advance on Monterey, the route having been opened by General Worth. On the 19th, he appeared before the city, and prepared to attack it. An old palace of the Bishops, now a strong work, was the chief fortifica tion. Worth was dispatched to turn this, and attack the heights in the rear. To cover his assault, Lieu tenant Colonel Garland, with another division, attacked the lower town; Butler and Quitman, with a third division, carried the enemies advanced battery, and secured a position in the town. Meanwhile, Worth had encountered the enemy in force, repulsed him with heavy loss, and carried two of the heights. The next day Worth carried the palace itself, and entered the town, while Quitman, in spite of all the efforts of the enemy to dislodge him, fought his way in from house to house and reached the. plaza. Ampudianow began to draw in his troops for a last struggle, but finding 6. What did Taylor do in September? When did lie appear before Monterey ? What was its chief fortification ? Who was despatched to attack it? Who was sent against the owertown? What f .id Cut U-r <md Quiliuan do? What did Worth and Quirnian eifect next day ? Wh.it did Auipudla do ? How did our soldiers act ? What was the American loss ? 23* 270 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATL5. resistance hopeless, on the 24th offered to capitulate, and surrendered the city, marching out with his troops. In this battle, one of the most sanguinary in our an nals, the American soldiers, both regulars and volun teers, displayed the greatest skill and courage; and amid all the fearful firing, Father Rey, a Catholic chaplain sent to attend the Catholic soldiers, whose rights had been at first disregarded, won the esteem of all by the fearless manner in which he accompanied his regiment. The American loss was 120 killed and 368 wounded, that of the enemy still greater. 7. The government of Mexico had thus far been in the hands of Paredes, an advocate of war ; but as General Santa Anna, then in Cuba, professed a desire for peace, the government at Washington came to an understanding with him, and enabled him to pass through the fleet before Vera Cruz. No sooner, how ever, was he in the country, than he assumed the direc tion of affairs, and prepared to carry on the war with vigor. The United States was now compelled to adopt new plans. 8. The other operations of this campaign had, meanwhile, succeeded, though not as intended. When war was declared, Commodore Sloat was off the coast of California ; believing that war existed, he took Mon terey on the 7th of July, 1846, and San Francisco soon after, while Colonel Fremont, who was at San Juan, raised the standard of independence. The Mexican 7. Who was President of Mexico? What negotiations took place with Santa Anna? How did he act? 8. Who was olF the coast of California? What did be take? Who also n & against the Mexicans ? What was the result? What did Kear- HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 271 authorities resisted and recovered some places, but the country was virtually conquered before the arrival of a :>y division of the army. An army under Kearney set out in June for Santa Fe, with 1,600 men, and in August peacefully entered that ancient capital of New Mexico, and leaving Colo nel Doniphan in command, proceeded with a small de tachment to California. Doniphan soon after advanced against the Navajoes, and having compelled them to make peace, marched on Chihuahua. After dis persing a Mexican force at Bracito, on the 22d of December, he encountered on the 28th of February, a force of 4,000 Mexicans, under Trias, at the Sacra mento pass, near Chihuahua. After a short but deci sive struggle, in which the Mexicans suffered terribly, he completely routed them, and soon entered the city. Some outbreaks occurred in all these parts, but they remained in the control of the United States from that time. 9. The administration, deceived by Santa Anna, now resolved to attack the city of Vera Cruz, and inarch on the capital of the country. To carry out this plan, General Scott was directed to raise a new army, drawing such forces as he could from General Taylor. He reached Texas late in the year, and be gan to assemble his troops, and at last, in March, united all his forces on Lobos Island, and on the 7th em- ney s army effect ? How did Kearney then act? What did Doniphan do? On what city did he march? Describe the campaign. What was dona iiere during the rest of the war ? 9. What plan did the government now form? Who was sent out? fl here did he uni.o his forces ? When did he appear before Vera Cruz * 272 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. barked for Vera Cruz. Two days later he appeared before that city. 10. We must now turn to Santa Anna. By un paralleled exertions, that active commander had assem bled an army of 22,000 men, and lay at San Luis Po- tosi. His plan of action was soon decided. Finding that Taylor s army had been greatly reduced by its detachments to Scott s force, and trusting to delays in Scott s movements, he resolved to crush Taylor by a decisive blow, and then march to the relief of Vera Cruz, which he hoped to reach in time. In February, Taylor, with gloomy forebodings heard of his approach, and hastily calling in his various divisions, fell back to a position of remarkable strength, near Buena Vista, and there drew up his force, about six thousand strong, with his left on a high mountain, and his right and front so covered by a series of ravines, as to be impracti cable even for infantry. Santa Anna, who supposed Taylor to be flying before him, pushed on with a force of at least 20,000 men, well equipped, but almost des titute of provisions. Finding Taylor ready to receive him, Santa Anna summoned him to surrender, and on his refusal prepared to attack. As the American left was the only feasible point, he detached Ampudia with the light troops to occupy the mountain. These were soon attacked by our left under Marshall, and the skirmishing continued till night; aul at the same time a detachment of Mexican cavalry under Minon, penetrated to the rear. 10. What had Santa Anna doiie? How did he resolve to act? ^ hat did Taylor do ? Where did ho take post? Describe it. What was Santa ^m<a ii f>rce? What did he do? Where did he bcgi)/ the attack, ar .iow ? else did he do? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 273 11. In the morning, Santa Anna again attacked the extreme left and advanced on the centre, but being repulsed herd, accumulated his forces under Generals Loinbardiui and Pacheco, to force our left, then occu pied by Lane. The charge was terrible. O Brien s artillery iu vain attempted to check their progress, an India via regiment tied in confusion, and that part of our army gave way. On this, General Wool, then momentarily in command, called in the light troops on the mountain, ar.d drew in his left. Santa Anna en deavored to follow up his advantage, but Taylor, who had come up from the rear, reinforced his left, and the action was here warmly sustained, Santa Anna making repeated efforts with foot and horse to break the line, but always with increasing loss. A diversion in his favor was made by one of his detachments, which, reaching the American rear, attacked the trains and baggage at Buena Vista; they were, however, checked and cut off from their main body by Colonels Mar shall and Yell. Meanwhile, our left stood a last fear ful charge ; for Santa Anna, calling in his left and all his reserves, made a last attack in person, sustained by Generals Perez and Pacheco; his advance was, however, galled by O Brien s and Bragg s batteries, but he pushed on, and the level portions between the ravines, became alternate points of attack and defence. The American troops fought with desperate courage, but the Kentucky and Illinois regiments, after losing 11. What did Santa Anca do In the morning? Wliat was the result, of his charge? What did Wool do? How did Santa Anna follow u| liisa.i- vanbige, and with what effect? What diversion did he make? \Ylmt WHS Santa Annas next charge? How was it met? What prevented tha 274 HISTORY OF THE TNITED 81 AXES. Colonels Clay, Hardiu and McKee, were driven back Santa Anna made one more effort, but the artillery and the nature of the ground checked him, and he at last drew back; and thus after a fearful day of battle, night came on, and both parties remained in their original positions. In the morning, Taylor prepared to sustain another attack, but he soon found that Santa Anna was in full retreat. Such was the eventful battle of Buena Vista, in which an American force of 5,000 for a whole day sustained the incessant attack of an army four times their number. Taylor s loss was about 300 killed, and 500 wounded, while Santa Anna had at least 500 killed, and 1,500 wounded. This glorious victory completely overthrew the Mexican power in that portion of the country. Tay lor centred his army at Monterey, and soon after re turned to the United States, in consequence of diffi culties with the administration. In all his campaign there was nothing to dim the lustre of his army, ex cept occasional lawless acts and outrages by some of the volunteers, which he was unable to check ; but which showed the necessity of the most severe disci pline with troops of that description. 12. We left Scott before Vera Cruz. Having summoned the city to surrender, he prepared on their refusal to bombard it, and the castle of San Juan de Ullua, its chief defence. The cannonade began on the 22d from the land batteries, and the fleet, net only on Mexicans from pressing on ? ilow did the armies remain at night? What lid Sun tii Aniia do ? Why was the battle glorious ? WLut was the loss ? 12. When did Scott tegiu the siege of Vera Cruz? Where was the HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 275 ffbc castle but also on the city. The destruction in the crly, especially among the citizens, their wives and children, was terrible ; and as Scott refused a truce to allow them or neutrals to depart, General Landero, the commander, seeing no other means of stopping the carnage, on the 26th made proposals for a capitulation. Three days afterwards, the garrison marched out and laid down their arms, giving their parole not to serve in the war until exchanged. Scott immediately occu pied the city and the castle of San Juan de Ullua, with the forts Santiago and Conception. This capture effected with very slight loss, gave a terrible blow to the Mexicans plans, as it was their strongest post, and was full of artillery and supplies, 13. The next step was to commence the march on the capital Wagons, and other necessary articles, were soon landed, and on the 8th of April, Twiggs division moved forward towards the interior. Santa Anna, at the head of a new army, was, however, ap proaching ; and Twiggs, on reaching the village of Plan del Rio, on the limit of the tierra caliente, or lowlands, found the Mexican army under Santa Anna, drawn up in a very strong position at the pass of Cerro Gordo, and numbering nearly twelve thousand men. Before Twiggs could begin the attack, Scott came up with the main army and prepared for action. Early on the 17th, Twiggs began to cut a road through the brushwood to reach Cerro Gordo, without being destruction terrible? What did Scott refuse? What did Landero do, and when ? When did his army inarch out? 13. Who led the march into the interior? Where did be met fit* enemy ? Under whom, and in what force? What did Twiggs do ou tin Htfa? Wbtt did they briagou? What height did the Americans take! 276 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. exposed to a heavy Mexican battery between that point and the American camp. Here the battle be gan, and Santa Anna himself hurried up to cheer up Mis men ; but the Americans, under Colonel Childs, drove him back and occupied the heights of Atalaya. The next day, from this point our troops, under Harney and liiley, stormed the heights of Cerro Gordb on dif ferent sides, and killing General Vasquez, drove the Mexicans with terrible loss from the hill. They were, however, exposed now to another Mexican battery, and Colonel Riley and General Shields were detached to take it ; Shields fell severely wounded, but his men swept on, and drove the Mexicans from their guns. All was now confusion; Santa Anna in vain endeavored to rally his men, his army was totally routed. The heavy Mexican battery nearest the American camp, had gallantly repulsed an assault led by General Pil low, but seeing the rout of Santa Anna, they hoisted a white flag, and surrendered to the number of three thousand. Scott s loss in this engagement was 63 killed and 367 wounded, while Santa Anna left over 1,000 killed and wounded on the field. 14. Scott then pushed on to Jalapa, and having occupied the strong castles of La Hoya and Perote, advanced to Puebla. Here he was compelled to re main for reinforcements, as three thousand volunteers, whose term of service had expired, left him. By August he was ready to advance, with an army of "Who stormed Cerro Gordo, and how ? W; were detached ag.-wi.st another battery ? What was now the condition of the Americana ? \Ylu;io hud the Mexicans maintained their ground ? What was the loss at tiii battle ? 14. Wbat was Scott s advance ? What compelled him to halt, and wbera! HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 277 10,000 ineDj and leaving a garrison at Puebla, con tinued hie march. They soon reached the valley in which Mexico lay, and here their difficulties began. Santa Anna, who still refused to negotiate, had garri soned all the strong positions, aud was again at the head of an army of 25,000 men, ready to check the Americans. Avoiding the causeways, all protected by fortresses, Scott pushed on to San Agustin. Here began the Pedregal, a broken field of lava deemed im passable, beyond which, at Contreras, General Valen cia lay with 6,000 men. General Smith pushed over the Pedregal with his own, Rilcy s and Cad walla- der s brigades, followed by Shields ; at San Hie* ronimo, Santa Anna met him, but fell back, and at three o clock in the morning, in the pitchy darkness, Riley advanced to assault the Mexican works at Con treras. He soon carried the camp ; Smith s brigade routed Torrejou s cavalry, and Cadwallader and Shields, who had been engaged at other points, now cut down the fugitives, and hemmed them in. The Americans with a loss of but a hundred men had killed and wounded 1,500, and taken 1,000 prisoners, with a considerable park of artillery, and to the delight of the whole army, O Brien recaptured the guns which he had so gallantly lost at Buena Vista. 15. Immediately after the affair at Contreras, Scott rode up aud prepared to assault Churubusco, the When was he able to proceed ? When did he reach the valley of Mexico ? How had Santa Anna acted ? How did Scott advance ? What began at San Agustin . Who were sent against Contreras? Who carried the Mexican camp? What did Smith effect? What wero Cadwallader and Shields doing What was the loss on both sides? What delighted the Ame- Mcaua . 24 278 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. key to the city, where Santa Anna awaited him with 30,000 men, posted in an old church and convent, and a fortification thrown up to cover a bridge over the river. The Americans advanced in three divisions, Worth on the right to attack a Mexican advanced post leading to the bridge, Twiggs and Pillow to assault the convent, and Shields by the left to attack the ene my s reserve in the rear. Worth engaged first, and the Mexicans flying before him, were pursued till his van received a volley from the fortification on the river. When this was heard, Twiggs attacked the convent, and Worth forming, assaulted the works be fore him. After a desperate struggle, in which the Americans were frequently driven back and mowed down by the Mexican volleys, both points were car ried. Meanwhile, Shields and Pierce had engaged the Mexican reserve, also intrenched, and charged re peatedly amid a murderous fire, but at the decisive moment, shouts were heard, and Worth, after carry ing the works before him, came plunging upon the Mexican flank. The enemy now gave way, and were pursued to the very gates of the capital. Such was the terrible battle of Churubusco, in which Santa Anna lost in killed, wounded, and prisoners, at least 10,000 men, and Scott over 1,000 including 79 officers. 16. Scott might now have entered the city, bufc proposals of peace were made, and the American com mander, satisfied with the effect which he had pro- 15. What was Scott s next movement? Describe Santa Anna s position. II(uv did the American s advance? What did Worth do? What was the result of hi.s and Twiggs 1 attacks ? Describe the attack of Shields ? What was the American toss? The Mexican? 1& \VLiat wer >o\vinade? W ha; became apparent? How did Scott HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATE*. 279 duced, agreed to an armistice. It was soon evident, however, that Santa Anna was insincere, and had asked a truce merely to gain time. He had again rallied his forces, and was prepared to resist to tho last. Scott finding himself deceived, and deprived in a measure of the fruit of his victory at Churubusco, resolved to attack the city. The point to be attacked in order to gain the city, was the fortress of Chapul- tepec, and the defences at its base. The latter con sisted of a stone work, called the Molino del Key, and an arsenal ; both were filled with troops, and the in terval between them was occupied by a field battery, and a large force of infantry. Here Santa Anna, with Generals Yaldarez and Leon awaited the Americans. Worth was ordered to carry these works. By star light, early on the morning of the 8th of September, his corps advanced. On the right, a storming party, under Wright, attacked the Molino, but were driven back with terrible loss by the volleys of the Mexicans. Smith and Cadwallader, however, hastened up, and Garland burst on their flank, and these commanders at last drove the enemy from their position. On the left, Mclntosh, with his brigade, assailed the arsenal, but he was soon wounded, his next in command killed, and his force driven back by the enemy s fire. As they fell back, Alvarez with his cavalry dashed upon them, but Sumner s dragoons and Duncan s battery soon drove them ofi 7 the field. Duncan then opened on the arsenal, and at last dislodged the enemy from that act? What was the next point of attack? Describe these wovks. V/ho was posted here ? Who was ordered to attfck these works ? Descrilc the assault on the right. Describe that on the left f What was W vth s lo t \V Uat did Santa Anna do after the battle ? 280 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. position, which <! ur troops immediately occupied. Worth had thus accomplished his task, but he had bst 800 men, 58 of them officers. He forthwith destroyed t:ie works and resumed his original position. Santa Anna, who had lost two of his best generals and over 2,000 men, fell back, and gathered his chief force on the southern front of the city. 17. There now remained only Chapultepec itself, with its fortress and military academy, to be taken before storming the town. Twiggs was at once de tached to make a feigned attack on the south, and two columns, under Quitman and Pillow, moved forward by different roads to attack Chapultepec, on the morn ing of the 13th, after a heavy cannonade had driven the Mexicans from their guns. A Mexican detachment at the foot of the hill was driven in, and a redoubt on the slope taken. The Americans then charged up the hill, and though Pillow fell severely wounded, planted their ladders, battered in the gates, and entered the place. A desperate fight ensued; the Mexicans were cut down on all sides, till seeing no hope left, they begged for quarter. Scott was soon at the spot, and ordered Worth to attack the San Cosme gate, and Quit-mail that of Balen. The causeways leading to these were protected by barricades, well manned and commanded, but both the American gen erals carried them and reached the gates, and Quitman actually entered the city. Santa Anna, driven to despair, threw forces into the adjoining houses, and 17. What fortnss now remained ? What \vs Twiggs ordt-re.1 to do? Who rwved forward to at.titck Oapultepec? What was done before reaching the :ieigb,t ? Describe the charge and capture. What wa bcott a lext " " Describe the attacks of Worth and Qurinan. What HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 261 for n time checked the Ameiican advance ; but Worth breaking his way from house to house, soon carried San Cosine, and thus by night both had effected lodge ments in the city. The same night Santa Anna, with the remnant of his force fled from Mexico, and a de putation came to propose a capitulation. This Scott refused; he had captured the city, and on the 14th of September, after routing some convicts who had begun uO fire upon him, entered it with his gallant and vic torious army, which in these last decisive engagements had again lost upwards of 1,500 men. Scott now proclaimed martial law, and established a firm disci pline to prevent any such outrages as had elsewhere occurred. Peace seemed now certain, but from some jealousy, the commander was subsequently recalled, and leaving the army, returned to New York in the spring. 18. The fall of Mexico put a stop to hostilities in that quarter, but Santa Anna soon marched with a remnant of his force to aid the troops who were be sieging Puebla, where Colonel Childs held out with a small American force, and refused steadily to surren der. Failing to take the place, and hearing of the approach of an American detachment under Lane, Santa Anna marched off to intercept it, but was again on the 9th of October, defeated at Huamantla, losing 150 men to Lane s 34. Flushed with this victory. Lane dashed on to Atlixco to encounter Rea, who, with was done during the night? Why did Scott refuse a capitulation ? Whep did he enter the city ? What did he do there? What led to his recall ? 18. Where did Santa Anna next appear? Who commanded there t Where did Santa Anna attempt ? Describe the battle of Huamaiitla ? 24* 282 BISTORT OF THE UNITED STATES. his guerillas, had cut off a hundred men of Major Lilly s command. He was again victorious ; met the enemy on the 16th, and with the loss of a single man, he compelled Rea to fly, leaving 219 dead, and 300 wounded. Santa Anna, now a fugitive, resigned all his offices, and the government devolved on Per a, who at once called a convention to treat of peace. It met in November, at Queretaro, and acceding to Pefla s wishes, appointed commissioners. Trist, acting on the part of the United States, soon brought negotia tions to a close, and on the 2d of February, 1848, the commissioners of the two nations signed the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This treaty, subsequently ratified by the two governments, gave to the United States the disputed territory, with New Mexico and Upper California, and by its terms the American gov ernment was to pay Mexico fifteen millions of dollars. The war being thus ended the American army retired from Mexico in the summer of 1848. Such was the close of this precipitate war, which covered our arms with glory, but cost the lives of 50,000 of our citizens, and was carried on only at a cost of over two hundred millions of dollars. 19. While our armies were thus carrying desola tion through Mexico, the afflicted state of famishing Ireland attracted general sympathy ; considerable amounts were collected in various parts and sent to the relief of the famishing poor, and a vessel of the What did Lane then do? Describe the affair at Atlixco? What did Santa Anna now do? Who succeeded him, and how did he act? What was the result of the negotiations? 19. What benevolence was shown in 1847! What state was admitted HI STORY OF TBJG UNITED STATES. 283 United States navy in one instance, carried over a cargo of provisions. At home the war had not checked prosperity; Wisconsin was admitted as a State, and Oregon organized as a territory in 1848, arid Minne sota also as a territory early in 1849. Such would have been the course with the newly-acquired terri tory, had not accident changed the whole face of affairs. Early in 1848, gold was discovered in great quantities on Captain Suter s lands on the Sacramento River, in Upper California. When this became known, a tide of emigration, entirely unparalleled, poured in from all parts of the United States so rapidly, and con stantly, that it became necessary to authorize the peo ple to organize a State government at once. At the election in 1848, Lewis Cass and Martin Van Buren were both put forward as candidates by the democratic party, but General Taylor was elected as President, with Millard Fillmore as Vice-President. and territories organized ? What happened in California in 1843? What resultod from tbis ? Who was elected President in 1848 ! , FILLMORE S, AND PIERCE S ADMlNu- Iit., ^ . -.,.;. \ ZA CHARY TAYLOR, 1S49-1S50. 1. General Taylor assumed the Presidency in March, 1849, and organized his cabinet, now increased by the creation of a department of the Interior, to which he appointed Thomas Ewing, of Ohio. His attention was first engaged by the new territory to which emigrants were flocking. These were under military governors, but in his instructions to those officers, he advised that the people should assemble in convention, and draw up State constitutions and peti tions for admission, in order to submit both to Con gress. This was the more necessary in New Mexico, inasmuch as Texas, relying on Folk s ratification of its claim, was attempting to enforce its authority at Sante Fe, in spite of the Federal Government. "1. The interior of American California had been visited in the year 1540 by part of Coronado s expe dition. The coast was explored by a fleet under Viz caino some years later. Settlements were attempt- 1. What new department was created ? What first occupied Taylor s attention ? What did he advise ? Why was this necessary ? 15. By whom was Upper California first visited? Who undertook to HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 285 ed, but none made in the ensuing century. It was not indeed till 1769 that Galvez undertook to colonize the country, and sat out with a considerable force, with live stosk and other necessaries. To gain the natives, a party of Franciscans, who had succeeded the Jesuits in Lower California, accompanied him under Father Juniper Serra. The expedition went by sea and land, and founded forts and missions at Monterey San Diego and St. Brnaventure. Others soon rose in various parts near the coast, and San Francisco was established in June, 1776. These missions were some times attacked and missionaries killed, but they soon gained the confidence of the natives, who joined them in numbers, and were civilized and converted. In their greatest extent, these missions contained 30,000 Indians, who were thus made the friends of the whites and enabled the settlers to increase without fear. A settlement attempted on the Colorado, by de Croix, on a different plan, was cut off by the Indians in 1781. 3. California, however, increased slowly in the r umber of the white settlers, and the troubles in Spain naterially checked it. On the establishment of the Mexican republic, the Governor sent out in 1824, began to seize the mission lands and dispossess the Indians. In a short time all were swept away, and the Indians are now a mere handful. California did not gain in white settlers to make up the loss, and it became a lan guishing province. England and France both, how- colonize it, and when ? Who accompanied him? Where were posts and missions f oamkd? When was San Frano.isco founded? What was the greatest extent of these missions? In what part was another settlement begun, and what became of it? 3. What checked its progress? Wbat did the first Mexican governor 286 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. ever, began to covet the harbor of San Francisco, and Russia commenced a settlement not far from it. The United States, also, sent an expedition under Fremont, to explore it, and when the Mexican war broke out, a number of Americans had already settled there. These at first declared themselves independent, but on Sloat s arrival recognized the United States. When gold was discovered, emigration poured in, San Fran cisco became a thriving town, Sacramento and other cities rose as if by magic. In compliance with Tay lor s suggestion, Governor Riley advised the calling of a convention ; it met at Monterey on the 1st of September, 1849, and adopted a constitution which was transmitted to Congress, with a petition for admis sion. 4. Meanwhile, the Mormons, driven from Illinois, had, after much suffering, reached the valley of the Great Salt Lake, in the western part of California, in 1847, and begun a settlement, where they were soon joined by some of their number who had served under General Kearney in the war. These also adopted a constitution, and sent to ask admission as a State. The early history of New Mexico has been elsewhere related. San Gabriel, the first Spanish post, was founded by John de Onate, in 1597. Others soon grew up, missions were established, and by 1626, most of the Indians were converted, but in 1680 a rebellion do? What has been the result? What countries began to show an inter est in California: What induced great emigration ? Who called a con vention, and where did it meet? 4. Who had set led near Great Salt Lake? How had some served the CnS- vl S ,it,>s? When did they beirin a settlement? What, did they do V ;!. ., -,vs tin- tlivjt settlement made in New, Mexico? Wheu did a rebel- HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES 287 took place, in which almost all the Spaniards were cut off by the Indians. The Spaniards -soon reconquered the country, and sent detachments into what is now Kansas Territory ; but the new settlements never regained their former conse pence, although the missionaries extended their labors. New Mexico, in subsequent years, suffered much from the roving Indians, and on its conquest by the Americans, was in a declining state. In consequence of the pretensions of Texas, Colonel Monroe, the Governor, called a convention in 1850, which adopted a constitution, and New Mexico also solicited admission. 5. Oa the meeting of Congress, in December, Taylor sent in these petitions and recommended action upon them but the country was already in a state of intense excitement. Alarmed at attempts to exclude slavery, the Southern members prepared to secede, and called a convention at Nashville, in January, 1850. A compromise was again resorted to, and on Mr. Clay s motion, a committee was appointed, which finally re ported bills satisfactory to all. Amid this dangerous strife, John C. Calhoun, the champion of the South, died, and soon after, General Taylor, whose conduct in advising conventions had been severely questioned, was seized with a sudden and dangerous illness, and expired on the 9th of July, 1850. His death was deeply regretted by all moderate men, as his course had been constantly one of great prudence. lion break out? What did the Spaniards finally do? How did the coun try suffer? What dvl Colonel Monroe do ? 5. What discussion was now renewed ? What did the Southern mem bers prepare to do ? What was again resorted v ho died amid the debate ? Who followed bjc 288 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. MILLART) FILLMOEE, 1850-lS5a 6. By the death of Taylor the presidency devolved! on Millard Fillmore, of New York, who immediately entered on his duties. In September California wa8i admitted as a free State, and Utah and New Mexico i made territories, without any limitation as to slavery.. An act was also passed to enable slaveholders to re cover fugitive slaves. Combinations for invading Cuba were soon formed, and many officers of the late army in Mexico were impli cated. The government endeavored to check all overt; acts, but in August, 1851, an armed force set out; under Lopez, once a Spanish general, and landed on the coast of Cuba. All attempts at a revolution had been checked, Lopez and his party were defeated ; the leaders with some of their men were executed ; more were condemned, but finally pardoned. 7. In the year 1852, Henry Clay and Daniel Web ster, the two ablest American statesmen, departed this life. Both had borne many high offices, and in all dis played the greatest ability. Both had been candidates for the Presidency, but will be for ever deserving of our veneration for their labors in defence of the Con stitution and for the preservation of the Union. At the close of the year 1852, Franklin Pieice, of New Hampshire, was chosen President, and William 11. King, of Alabama, Vice- President. 6. Who became president? What State was admitted? What new troubles arose ? Wiio led out an expedition ? What befell them ? 7 Who died in 1S52? What claims have they to the national grati- iude ? What was the - v fiult of the election ? 03 .0 03 "c i_ O o c ID CDDflS70fi7fl