GETTYSBURG THEN AND NOW The Field of American Valor WHERE AND HOW THE REGIMENTS FOUGHT AND THE TROOPS THEY ENCOUNTERED AN ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE GIVING MOVEMENTS. POSITIONS, AND LOSSES OF THE COMMANDS ENGAGED BY JOHN M. VANDERSLICE A DIRECTOR OF THE MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION Illustrated with one hundred and twenty-five full-page engravings from photographs by Tipton NEW YORK G. W. Dil ling ham Co., Publishers COPYRIGHT, 1897, 1899 BY JOHN M. VANDERSLICE 295495 Meade and Corps Commanders. L,ee and his Commanders. PREFACE. WHEN the Gettysburg Battle-field Memorial Association transferred its grounds and the more than three hundred handsome monu ments erected thereon, to the General Gov ernment, thereby practically concluding its work, it decided to publish a history of the Association, including a brief but accurate account of the battle itself. The author was selected by the Board of Directors to write this history for the reasons related in the introduction. The work was published only for private distribution among the authorities of the States which had appropriated funds to the Association, and to the leading public libraries. There was, however, such a great demand for the book, that arrangements were made with the author for its publication in another form, curtailing the history of the Association 8 PREFACE. which might not be interesting to the general reader. The edition was soon exhausted, and in response to repeated requests from many sec tions of the country, the work is now issued in its present style, containing, as it does, one hundred and twenty-five full page half-tone pictures of the most interesting parts of the field, and many of the artistic monuments. It is much regretted that illustrations of all of the three hundred and twenty-five monu ments now upon the field cannot be given. The size of the book, however, precludes it. A little less than one-fourth of them have been selected, a fair proportion of those of each State represented. From these the reader can form an idea of the variety of style and unique character of the splendid memorials that mark with exactness the posi tions of the commands, and so clearly indicate the lines of battle. CONTENTS. Introduction 19 Gettysburg 31 Losses in the Twelve Greatest Battles of the War 35 The Town and Field 39 The Ten Roads leading into the Town 43 The Advance of the Army 44 The Cavalry Fight at Hanover 55 Forces Engaged and the States represented in the Battle ... 59 FIRST DAY S BATTLE. Approach of the Confederates . 57 Encountered by Buford s Cavalry 53 The First Federal Corps arrives and opens Fire 72 Meredith s Federal Brigade charges Archer s . . , 75 Death of General Reynolds 76 Davis s Confederate Brigade attacks Cutler s 79 General Heth reforms his Line 79 Doubleday s Federal Division goes into Position 83 Robinson s Division meets Rodes s upon Oak Ridge 83 The Federal Eleventh Corps arrives upon the Right 87 Attacked in Flank by Early s Confederate Division 91 Its Withdrawal to Cemetery Hill 91 Robinson s Division forced to abandon Oak Ridge 91 The Fight continued on the Left by the First Corps 95 The Corps retires to Cemetery Hill 99 Losses at Reynolds s Grove 112 Losses upon Oak Ridge 124 Losses upon Eleventh Corps Line 128 Number of Regiments of each State Engaged 135 SECOND DAY S BATTLE. Position of the Several Corps 136 Sickles moves Federal Third Corps forward to New Line . . . 143 1 2 CONTENTS, PAGE Opening of the Battle at Devil s Den 144 It extends into the Wheat-Field I47 Arrival of the Federal Fifth Corps upon the Field 151 Confederates attack Little Round Top 152 Battle in the Wheat-Field continued 156 First Division of the Federal Second Corps goes into Action . . 159 Ayres s Division of United States Regulars enters the Field . . . 164 The Federal Troops forced to abandon the Field 164 The Fight at the Peach Orchard 167 Struggle of Humphreys s Federal Division along the Ernmitts- burg Road 171 Withdrawal of Federals to Cemetery Ridge 175 The Battle continued there 176 Confederates capture Works upon Gulp s Hill 183 Confederate Assault upon East Cemetery Hill 187 Losses at Round Top 192 Losses in Wheat- Field 196 Losses in Peach Orchard 208 Losses upon Emmittsburg Road 215 Losses upon East Cemetery Hill 22O THIRD DAY S BATTLE. Battle opens upon Gulp s Hill 231 Confederate Assault upon Cemetery Ridge 244 Charge of Pickett s, Pettigrew s, and Trimble s Divisions .... 248 They reach the Wall held by the Federal Second Corps .... 251 They are repulsed with Great Loss 259 Injustice done to Pettigrew s and Trimble s Divisions 260 The Troops engaged in the Assault and Repulse 264 Gregg s Cavalry Fight on the Right Flank 268 Final Charge and Repulse of Confederate Cavalry 275 Federal Cavalry Charge upon the Left Flank 280 McCandless s Pennsylvania Reserves capture a Battery 283 Losses at Gulp s Hill 284 Losses in Assault upon Cemetery Ridge 292 Losses in Pickett s, Pettigrew s, and Trimble s Divisions com pared . 300 Regiments engaged and States represented 37 Cavalry Losses 38 CONTENTS. 1 5 PAGE Retreat of Confederate Army 312 Points where Principal Fighting was done according to Losses . 323 Losses by Divisions 324 Losses by States 327 THE NATIONAL CEMETERY. Location 336 Arrangement of Graves 339 Dedicatory Services 340 Oration of the Hon. Edward Everett 343 The Memorable Address of President Lincoln 352 Design of the Monument 355 THE BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. First Appropriation by Pennsylvania 36 Lands, Monuments, etc., transferred to the United States Govern ment 39 1 List of Directors of the Association during its Existence .... 39 2 Abstract of all Receipts and Expenditures 39 List of Federal Regiments, Batteries, and General Officers from each State 400 Appropriations to Association for Monuments and Description of Principal Monuments 400 List of Regiments and Batteries of the United States Regular Army , 467 List of Confederate Commands 471 Act establishing National Military Park 488 INTRODUCTION. CONGRESS having passed an act on February n, 1895, " to establish a National Military Park at Gettysburg," the Board of Directors of the Gettysburg Battle-field Memorial Associa tion, at a meeting held May 22, 1895, having been previously authorized to do so by a vote of the stockholders, decided to transfer to the United States government the six hundred acres of land which had been acquired by the Association, upon which seventeen miles of avenues had been constructed, giving access to the most interesting points of the battle-field, and to consign to the care and protection of the general government the three hundred and twenty monuments which had been erected upon the field by the several States and by regimental associations There were present at this meeting of the Board : Colonel C. H. Buehler, of Pennsylvania, vice-president ; General Daniel E. Sickles and General Alex. S. Webb, of New York ; General Lucius Fairchild, of Wisconsin ; Colonel Frank D. Sloat, of Connecticut ; Colonel Charles L. 2O : INTRODUCTION. Young, of Ohio ; Colonel George E. Briggs, of Michigan ; Colonel Wheelock G. Veazey, of Vermont ; General D. McM. Gregg, General Louis Wagner, Hon. Edward McPherson, Hon. S. McSwope, Captain H. W. McKnight, D D., and Messrs. J. M. Vanderslice, J. L. Schick, J. A. Kitzmiller, Dr. C. E. Goldsborough, and Calvin Hamilton, the Secretary of Pennsyl vania ; General Joseph B. Carr, of New York, and Colonel John B. Bachelder, of Massachu setts, having died since the previous meeting in October. There were also present Colonel John P. Nicholson, of Pennsylvania, also a member of the Board ; Major W. M. Robins, of North Carolina, and Major C. A. Richardson, of New York, composing the United States Board of Battle-field Commissioners. After the transaction of the important busi ness attending the formal transfer to the o national government of the property of the Association, and the practical completion of the work for which it had been organized thirty-one years before, upon motion of General Sickles, it was decided to publish a brief history of " The Gettysburg Battle-field Memorial Association." It was considered of importance, historically, that there should be preserved a record of the great results accomplished by the Memorial As sociation, the first of like character ever organ- f 8, INTRODUCTION. 23 ized. It was also deemed proper that there should be some recognition of the generous and patriotic support accorded the Association by the people of the several States, whose legis latures had made liberal appropriations in furtherance of its objects, and of the zealous and effective co-operation given it by the sur vivors of many of the commands which partici pated in the battle ; for, by the aid thus rendered, the Association was enabled to acquire much of the most important part of the battle-field and to correctly mark the lines of battle, so that at the conclusion of its work the position of every volunteer command in the Union army except three had been appropriately marked by endur ing, and many of them by artistic and costly, monuments or memorials, representing in the aggregate an expenditure of more than three- fourths of a million dollars, and Gettysburg was not only more visited but better marked and understood than any battle-field in the world. It was suggested that in connection with the history of the Memorial Association there should be published a concise history of the battle, so that the work of the Association might be better understood and the difficulties attending its efforts to secure and accurately mark the battle field be better appreciated, as well as to show how fitting was the work it attempted to accom- 24 INTRODUCTION. plish, how richly the troops who fought upon the field deserved that it should be preserved as it was when hallowed by their services and sacrifices, how appropriate, too, that their States should erect thereon memorials to commemo rate for all time their devotion and valor, and why the care and attention the field is now receiving from the national Government in o o liberal appropriations and intelligent manage ment by able and judicious commissioners meets the approbation of all patriotic people. The writer was selected by the Board of Directors to write this history. As he had been actively identified with the work of the Associa tion for sixteen years, for the most of that time being a member of the Executive Committee and Secretary of the Committee on the Loca tion of and Inscriptions on Monuments, it was probably thought that his familiarity with the work and the information he had acquired might in a measure qualify him for the duty. While highly appreciative of its confidence in him, as evinced by this action of the Board, he is equally appreciative of the responsibility he assumes and of probable disappointment with the results of his work. It is proposed to briefly and accurately de scribe the position, movement, services, and losses of every regiment and battery engaged INTRODUCTION. 2 J in the battle, as established by the information gathered and collated by the Association, by the official reports, and by statements of officers and men of both armies, who, by its invitation upon several occasions, met and conferred upon the field for the purpose of marking the lines of battle, which statements have been most care fully examined, compared, and verified. There will be no criticisms upon strategical or tactical movements upon the field. In fact, there were few such. As has been well said, " Gettysburg was, in a measure, the American soldiers battle," a battle of the ranks, a struggle of American prowess and courage, of discipline and tenacity, of unwavering fidelity and unselfish devotion, a contest of American manhood. GETTYSBURG. THERE are many reasons why Gettysburg was selected at such an early period for preser vation, and why it has attracted more attention and been visited by more people than all the other battle-fields of the Rebellion. In every epoch of history there will be found some battle which ever remains prominent above others of the same period, though they be of greater magnitude. As in Napoleon s campaigns, Lodi, Arcole, Rivoli, Jaffa, Aboukir, Marengo, Austerlitz, Jena, Eylau, Friedland, Burgos, Wagram, Lutzen, Dresden, and even Borodino, when Russia and the whole continent lay at the feet of the invincible conqueror, and Leipsic, his first serious and decisive defeat, are eclipsed by the memories of Waterloo, because of its effects upon the destinies of Europe and of civilization, so Gettysburg will ever be pre eminently the most renowned of all the battles of the war for the Union, not only because of its magnitude and immediate results, but also by reason of the grave consequences dependent upon the issue. 32 GETTYSBURG. But Gettysburg should not, as is so often erroneously clone, be considered the Waterloo of the Rebellion. As one able writer well says, "It was more like Leipsic, decisive as to the field but not as to the struggle." For it must ot> not be forgotten that while the Army of the Potomac and the other Federal troops operating in Virginia, up to and including Gettysburg, lost 89,175 killed and wounded and 48,638 missing, they after Gettysburg lost 1 10,820 killed and wounded and 35,586 missing before the final victory at Appomattox. Gettysburg was, however, fought at the gloomiest period of the war, which had then been carried on for two years upon a tremen dous scale, with the expenditure of so much blood and treasure, so many severe battles having been fought and so many lives sacri ficed, without decisive results. The campaign of 1862 had ended with defeats in the East and West, and that of 1863 had opened with one. The Rebellion had reached its very zenith of success and triumph. Foreign intervention in behalf of the Confederacy was imminent. Gettysburg, too, was the only battle fought on Northern soil during those four years of ter rible war, north of Mason and Dixon s line, the then line of demarcation between North and South. GETTYSBURG. 35 It was also the bloodiest single battle of the war. The losses of the Union or Federal army in the twelve greatest battles of the war were as follows : Gettysburg . . Spottsylvania . Wilderness . . Antietam . . . Killed. , , 37 . . 2725 . . 2246 2108 Wounded. 14,497 I34l6 12,037 q,C4o Missing. 5434 2258 3383 7^ Aggregate. 23,001 !8,399 17,666 , 12,410 Chancellorsville Chickamauga . Cold Harbor . Fredericksburg Manassas (1862) Shiloh . . 1606 . . 1656 . . 1844 . . 1284 . . 1747 17^4 ;/ " J * s 9,762 9.749 9.077 9,600 8,452 8,408 /JO 59 J 9 4774 1816 1769 4263 288^ 17,287 16,179 12,737 12,653 14,462 1^,047 Stone s River . Petersburg (first sault, 1864) . 1730 as- . . 1688 v_/ j T-^-" ^ 7,808 8,513 "**j 3717 1185 O * * I r 3> 2 55 11,386 Many of the wounded died of their wounds, and should be added to the killed, while many accounted for as missing" were either killed or o wounded, and at Fredericksburg and Cold Har- o bor nearly all such were among the killed, as but few if any were captured in those assaults. Then, too, Gettysburg, being located in a pop ulous Northern State, and being comparatively easy of access, has ever since the battle been visited by great numbers of the people of our own and other lands. The smoke of battle had scarcely cleared away before thousands of patri- 36 GETTYSBURG. otic people were thronging to the place, with sup plies and comforts, to render what aid they could to the wounded and help bury the dead. And all through the months the immense hospitals were located there, multitudes came and went, many tenderly carrying with them a stricken dear one, that he might die at home, amid the scenes of his childhood, or a lifeless body, to inter it beside those of kindred and friends. From no other field were so many of the fallen taken to their homes as from Gettysburg. The interest thus early awakened in the place has never abated, and each year the number of visitors increases, and seldom does one leave Gettysburg without a strong desire to revisit it. Aside from the historic association and in terest, there is much that is attractive in the magnificent and beautiful surrounding scenery which enhances the pleasure of the visitor. In the woods and meadows, in the glens and vales of the battle-field, there is many a romantic and charming bit of landscape, while from the ele vated portions of the field there are splendid and delightful views extending for miles in every direction. The prospect from the National Cemetery, as the sun is setting behind the South Mountain, is one that is unexcelled in beauty and impressiveness. THE TOWN AND FIELD. 39 THE TOWN AND FIELD. The old town of Gettysburg, founded in 1780, is the county-seat of Adams County, Pennsylva nia, and is about seven miles from the southern border of the State. It has, as it had at the time of the battle, a population of a little more than three thousand. It was little known be fore those memorable July days that were to make it forever historic. Until then its chief distinction was that it had been for many years the home of Thaddeus Stevens, the great Commoner," the brilliant leader of the House of Representatives during the war, and the life long and unyielding champion of human rights. It furnished its full quota of splendid soldiers, though none of its companies, except one in the ist Pennsylvania Reserves, participated in the battle, the rest being on duty elsewhere, by a strange occurrence several of them being in two of the regiments under French at Harper s Ferry, which were not permitted to join the Army of the Potomac until after the battle. The town is in the centre of the battle-field, as the fighting on July i was north and west of it, while on the 2d and 3d it was on the south and east, it being peculiar that during the battle the Northern army should be in a position to the south of that of the Southern army, com- 4-O GETTYSBURG. pletely reversing the positions that the two armies would naturally be expected to oc cupy. The town is situated in a beautiful valley be tween two ridges, which are now classic by rea son of the importance attaching to them in- the battle. The hill north and west of the town and about a mile from the centre thereof is Seminary Ridge, the Lutheran Theological Seminary lo cated there giving it the name. The ridge runs for many miles northeast and southwest, a por tion of it being the line held by the Federal troops during the first day s battle, and forming the principal line of defence of the Confederate army during the remainder of the battle. The ridge south and southwest of the town is Cem etery Hill, so named because Evergreen, the town cemetery, was located thereon, on the Baltimore Pike, a half-mile from the town, the National Cemetery being placed there also after the battle. This ridge begins a few hundred yards northeast of the cemetery entrance and extends in a line nearly parallel with Seminary Ridge. Big and Little Round Tops are spurs of this ridge, which formed the main line of the Federal army during the second and third days battles. A short distance east of the cemetery this ridge bends sharply to the right, forming two rocky and wooded prominences, Culp s and THE TOWN AND FIELD. 43 Spangler s Hills, terminating in Wolf s Hill, a steep knob beyond Rock Creek. Ten roads concentrate in the town almost as regularly as the spokes of a wagon-wheel at the hub. That from Emmittsburg, upon which Buford s cavalry, the First, Third, and Eleventh Corps, marched, comes from the southwest; that from Taneytown, upon which the Second Corps marched, from the south ; the Baltimore Pike, upon which the Sixth and Twelfth Corps marched, from the southeast ; that from Han over, upon which Gregg s and Kilpatrick s cav alry and the Fifth Corps marched, from the east ; those from Mummasburg, Carlisle, Harrisburg, and York, upon which Ewell s corps marched, from the north and northeast ; that from Cham- bersburg, upon which Hill s and Longstreet s corps marched, from the northwest ; and that from Hagerstown from the west, or, rather, southwest. From these unusual facilities for the move ment and concentration of large bodies 6f troops, together with the conformation of the surrounding hills and fields, it would seem as if Gettysburg had been designed by nature for a battle-field. While the field is said to cover twenty-five square miles, the principal and important oper ations were confined to a much more limited 44 GETTYSBURG. space, and there are many points upon it from which can be had a good view of the whole battle-field, with the exception of that upon which Gregg s cavalry fought, thre.e miles east of the town ; and, except where a piece of wood land may intervene, the Federal lines of battle can be readily traced by the monuments which now mark the positions of the different regi ments and batteries, even some of those of Gregg s cavalry being seen off in the distance. THE ADVANCE OF THE ARMIES. In the beginning of June, 1863, the Army of the Potomac under Hooker lay north of the Rappahannock River in Virginia. The cam paign of 1862 had ended with Fredericksburg, where superb valor had been wasted in five successive reckless assaults which for desperate courage have never been excelled in the world s wars, and that of 1863 had opened with the brilliantly planned but miserably conducted struggle in the woods around Chancellorsville, whence the veteran army, after a loss of over 1 7,000 with less than half its number engaged, had been again withdrawn to the north side of the river. It retained its splendid discipline and incomparable, unfaltering devotion, and was, as ever, hopeful, ready, confident. UNiv. OF CALIFORNIA THE ADVANCE OF THE ARMIES. 47 It was composed of the First, Second, Third, Fifth, Sixth, Eleventh, Twelfth, and the Cavalry Corps, the Ninth Corps having, after Fredericks- buror been sent west to reinforce Grant. o Upon the other hand, in the Confederate army, after the death of Jackson, his corps, with Anderson s division of Longstreet s, had been reorganized into the Second and Third Corps under Ewell and Hill, Longstreet still commanding the First Corps, and this army was never in better, more effective, and more promising condition. In its camps were reviews and inspections, and everything indicated impor tant offensive movements. It being reported that the enemy was moving towards the Blue Ridge, Hooker ordered Pleasonton to make a reconnoissance with the Cavalry Corps, and on June 8 Buford s division moved to Beverly Ford and Gregg s to Kelly s Ford, they together numbering about 9000. Before daylight on the gth they crossed the river and found Stuart s cavalry, about 12,000 strong, which had been reviewed the day before by General Lee amid much enthusiasm. Buford attacked at once, and Gregg, moving rapidly to Brandy Station, attacked from that point. Regiment met regiment and brigade met bri gade, and from sunrise until near sunset these 20,000 troopers fought upon the plains around 48 GETTYSBURG. Brandy Station one of the most brilliant cavalry battles of history. It was not only ascertained that Lee s infantry was already at Culpeper, but in one of the charges Stuart s head-quarters baggage and official papers were captured, and among them was the order for the march into Pennsylvania. With this information the Federal cavalry withdrew across the river. The great march northward now commenced, the Army of the Potomac moving to Fairfax and Manassas, while the Confederate army moved northwestwardly into the Shenandoah Valley, Swell s corps, in the advance, falling upon and dispersing Milroy s command at Winchester on the 1 4th. Stuart s cavalry was assigned the duty of protecting the flank of Lee s army and concealing its movements, and at the same time of watching the movements of Hooker s army; but on June 17 it was encountered at Aldie by the Federal cavalry and driven beyond the Bull Run Mountains, and after three or four days of severe fighting it was driven through Middleburg and Upperville to the Blue Ridge. The Federal cavalry thus not only masked the movements of its own army, but a reconnoissance to the top of the mountain discovered Lee s whole army in the Shenandoah Valley, about to cross the Potomac. Bronze Monument, 26th Penna. Emergency Regiment. CHambersburg Street, Edge of Town. THE ADVANCE OF THE ARMIES. 51 Ewell s corps crossed at Williamsport and Sheppardstown on June 22, and was followed shortly afterwards by Longstreet s and Hill s. Ewell, with Rodes s and Johnson s divisions, and Jenkins s cavalry, moved rapidly to Chambers- burg, Pennsylvania, and up the Cumberland Valley to Carlisle, arriving there June 27, while Early s division moved to Cashtown, eight miles from Gettysburg, and on the 26th moved to York via Mummasburg, except Gordon s bri gade, which, accompanied by Early in person, entered Gettysburg. This brigade was pre ceded by White s cavalry, which charged through the town, yelling and firing. On this day the 26th Emergency Regiment of Pennsylvania, in which there was a company of college boys from Gettysburg, arrived from Harrisburg and moved out some three miles towards Cashtown, where it encountered White s cavalry and after some skirmishing retreated towards Harrisburg. A home company of the 2 ist Pennsylvania Cavalry, under Captain, afterwards Major, Bell, for many years a member of the Memorial Association, rendered efficient service as scouts, and" the first soldier killed at Gettysburg was of this company. The Confederates left on the 2 7th for York, before Early s requisition for money and supplies was complied with. In the mean time the Federal army had moved 52 GETTYSBURG. rapidly across the Potomac to Frederick, Mary land. Here, on June 27, General Hooker, having asked that the ten thousand troops at Harper s Ferry under General French be as signed to his command, and having been curtly refused by General Halleck, resigned. General Meade, of the Fifth Corps, who had been with the Army of the Potomac from its organization, commencing his career in it as commander of a brigade of the Pennsylvania Reserves, was, on the 28th, appointed to the command of the army, which continued its march northward, east of the South Mountain, moving in three columns, the left wing, under General Reynolds, being preceded by Buford s division of cavalry. On the night of the 29th, Buford discovered the camp-fires of the enemy between Monterey and Fairfield, and upon reporting it to Reynolds, at Emmittsburg, early on the 3Oth was ordered to move to Gettysburg. He, with two brigades of cavalry, entered the town after noon as Pet- tigrew s brigade of Confederate infantry was approaching on the Chambersburg Road with a wagon-train for the purpose of getting supplies, especially shoes, in the town. Upon the arrival of Buford, Pettigrew withdrew towards Cash- town, and the Federal cavalry went into camp on the Chambersburg Pike west of the town. General Buford at once noticed the number THE ADVANCE OF THE ARMIES. 55 of roads concentrating in the town, and also believed he was confronting the advance of Lee s army, and that Gettysburg was to be the scene of a great battle. He said to Colonel Devin, <( In the morning they will come booming on, three lines deep, and we will have to fight like devils to hold this position." On this day, the 3Oth, Kilpatrick s Federal cavalry division, moving in advance of the centre of Meade s army, encountered Stuart s cavalry in the town of Hanover, some sixteen miles east of Gettysburg, as it was endeavoring to join Lee, and after a sharp contest, in which the 5th New York and i8th Pennsylvania were princi pally engaged, Stuart withdrew. As Gregg s Federal cavalry division was moving in advance of the right wing of the army still farther to the east, Stuart was compelled to move towards the Susquehanna and then to Carlisle, where, after a ride of one hundred and twenty-five miles since the morning of the 3Oth, he arrived on the afternoon of the ist, only to find that the Con federate infantry had hastily withdrawn from there and gone towards Gettysburg. After a long, circuitous, and hard march the Confeder ate cavalry joined its army during the battle, having been rendered practically useless during the advance into Pennsylvania. In the mean time, General Lee, having been 56 GETTYSBURG. deprived of the aid of Stuart s cavalry in keep ing him informed of the movements of the Federal army, was surprised on the 28th, at Chambersburg, to learn by a scout that it had not only crossed the Potomac, but was in pur suit and being manoeuvred so as to endanger his army. He ordered Longstreet and Hill to move from the vicinity of Chambersburg, re called Ewell from his threatened attack upon Harrisburg, and Early from that upon Columbia, upon the Susquehanna, and hastily directed a concentration of his army east of the South Mountain. The two great armies, the mighty antagonists that had met and fought upon so many fields, were thus approaching each other for the stu pendous and memorable contest at Gettysburg. THE BATTLE. THE FORCES ENGAGED. WHAT STATES THEY REPRESENTED. THERE were, according to the Field Return of June 30, " present for duty, equipped," in the Army of the Potomac, 83,900 infantry and ar tillery, including the Sixth Corps of 14,516, but a small portion of which was actively engaged in the battle, and 10,800 cavalry, while from the best information obtainable the Confederate army at the same time had upon the field and engaged about 70,000 infantry and artillery and 10,000 cavalry, so that the opposing forces were approximately equal. The Federal army was composed of seven corps of infantry and one of cavalry, while the Confederate army had but three corps of infan try and a division of cavalry. There were nine teen Federal divisions of infantry as against but nine Confederate divisions, but all the sub divisions of the latter army were much larger than those of the former. For illustration, the largest Federal corps was the Sixth, with 14,516, and the smallest was the Twelfth, with 8193, while Rodes s Confederate division, by the Field 59 60 GETTYSBURG. Return of June 30, had present for duty 8042, and the smallest division in that army was 7000 strong. The one division of Confederate cav alry was, numerically, almost as strong as the Federal corps of cavalry of three divisions. The Confederate regiments were on an average forty per cent, larger than those of the Federal army, and some of them were twice as large. The Confederate war department pursued the wise policy of putting its new forces into old veteran regiments, thus keeping them recruited, instead of organizing new regiments, as was done in the North. This great difference in the strength of divisions, brigades, and regiments in the two armies should be borne in mind when we come to consider them as they contended with one another. It is remarkable that every loyal State east of the Mississippi except one, Kentucky, to gether with Minnesota, west of the river, and every one of the Confederate States, was repre sented by troops upon the field of Gettysburg. There were present in the Federal or Union army 246 regiments of infantry, 34 of cavalry, and 68 batteries of artillery, and in the Con federate army, 171 regiments of infantry, 26 of cavalry, and 68 batteries of artillery. They were divided among the States as follows : THE BATTLE. 63 In the Federal army, of infantry, Connecticut had 5 regiments ; Delaware, 2 ; Illinois, I ; Indiana, 5 ; Maine, 10 ; Maryland, 3 ; Massa chusetts, 1 8 ; Michigan, 7 ; Minnesota, i ; New Hampshire, 3 ; New Jersey, 12 ; New York, 67 ; Ohio, 13 ; Pennsylvania, 68 ; Rhode Island, i ; Vermont, 10 ; Wisconsin, 6; West Virginia, i. There were also 1 1 regiments of United States Regulars and 2 of United States Sharp-shooters. Of cavalry, Pennsylvania had 9 regiments ; New York, 7 ; Michigan, 4 ; Illinois, 2 ; Indiana, i ; Maine, i ; Massachusetts, i ; Vermont, i ; New Jersey, i ; Maryland, i ; Ohio, i, and a squad ron ; West Virginia, i, and a squadron ; United States Regulars, 4. Of artillery, Connecticut had 3 batteries ; Maine, 3 ; Maryland, i ; Massachusetts, 4 ; Michigan, i ; New Hamp shire, i ; New Jersey, 2 ; New York, 15 ; Ohio, 4 ; Pennsylvania, 5 ; Rhode Island, 5 ; West Virginia, i ; and United States Regulars, 23. In the Confederate army, of infantry, Virginia had 41 regiments ; Georgia, 36 ; North Carolina, 34 ; Alabama, 1 7 ; South Carolina, 1 1 ; Missis sippi, 1 1 ; Louisiana, 10 ; Tennessee, 3 ; Florida, 3 ; Texas, 3 ; Arkansas, i ; and Maryland, i. Of cavalry, Virginia had 19 regiments ; South Carolina, 3 ; North Carolina, 2 ; Georgia, 2. Of artillery, Virginia had 39 batteries ; Louisi ana, 7 ; Georgia, 6 ; South Carolina, 5 ; North 64 GETTYSBURG. Carolina, 4 ; Maryland, 4 ; Alabama, 2 ; and Mississippi, i. It should be remembered that with the excep tion of the cavalry, which carried breech-loading carbines, all the troops in both armies were armed with muzzle-loading rifles and muskets, and that the artillery was of muzzle-loading guns. Before the close of the war many infan try regiments were armed with breech-loading rifles, but this had not been done at the time of Gettysburg. In considering the battles of the Rebellion, the character of the arms as com pared with those of to-day is often entirely overlooked. NOTE. The insignia or marks of the several Corps of the Federal Army of the Potomac engaged at Gettysburg- were as follows : First Corps, a full moon, Q) ; Second, a clover leaf, ^ ; Third, a diamond or lozenge, <0> ; Fifth, a Maltese cross, ||3 ; Sixth, a Greek cross, y ; Eleventh, a crescent, ^ ; Twelfth, a five pointed star, ^ ; Cavalry, cross sabres, X > Artillery, cross cannon, X- The mark of the Corps to which the regiment belonged, it will be noticed, is embraced in the designing of the monuments upon the field. 9th New York Cavalry Monument Granite and Bronze First Day s Field. FIRST DAY S BATTLE, JULY i. GENERAL BUFORD, having arrived on the 3Oth with two brigades of his cavalry, went into camp on McPherson s farm, just beyond the western limits of the town. His position was upon a ridge sloping west to Willoughby Run. Ve dettes and pickets were thrown out as far as Marsh Creek, three miles to the west, as also to the north, and the roads were carefully patrolled. In the mist of the early morning of Wednes day, July i, the cavalry pickets posted on the Chambersburg Pike at the bridge crossing Marsh Creek discovered the advance of the enemy, being the head of Heth s Confederate division, which had moved from its camp at Cashtown, about four miles farther west, at five o clock. One of the pickets rode to the reserve with the information and the other rode across the bridge to reconnoitre. He was hailed by the advance-guard of the enemy, but, wheeling his horse, galloped back over the bridge and down behind the wall of the abutment, and from that position fired upon the enemy the first shot of the battle. 67 68 GETTYSBURG. Apprised of the position of the Federal pickets, the Confederates halted and prepared for a cautious advance. Archer s Tennessee brigade was deployed on the right of the pike, and Davis s Mississippi on the left, a strong line of skirmishers was thrown out in advance of both brigades, Marye s Virginia artillery, posted on Lohr s Hill, opened fire, and the advance commenced. On the other hand, additional squadrons of the 8th Illinois galloped to the support of that on picket on that portion of the line which did most of the skirmishing. These dismounted cavalry skirmishers with their carbines kept up an incessant fire upon the enemy, and by con cealing themselves in the tall grass or behind fences and bushes, and by acting so boldly as to indicate strong support, so harassed and de layed the enemy that nearly two hours were consumed in advancing from Marsh Creek to Willoughby Run, though their artillery had kept up a fire successively from Lohr s, Whistler s, and School-House Ridges. About eight o clock the Confederates reached the little stream and encountered Gamble s bri gade, 8th New York, 8th Illinois, two squad rons of the 1 2th Illinois, and three squadrons of the 3d Indiana Cavalry, which Buford had advanced, in line of battle, dismounted, to the 8th Illinois Cavalry, near Reynold s Grove First Dr>y s Field. FIRST DAYS BATTLE. 71 creek. Calef s horse artillery, Battery A, 2d United States, of six 3-inch rifle-guns, was in position, with two sections on the pike and the other in rear of the 8th New York, the left regi ment. Farther to the right was Devin s brigade of cavalry, 6th and gth New York, i yth Penn sylvania, and two companies of the 3d West Virginia, holding the several roads from the north and guarding against movements from that direction. For nearly two hours more did this little force fighting the strong infantry brigades of Archer and Davis, supported by Pegram s battalion of five batteries of artillery posted at short range on Herr s Hill hold the enemy in check. General Buford, in his report, says, " The two lines soon became hotly engaged, we having the advantage of position, the enemy of numbers. Gam ble s brigade held its own for more than two hours. Calef s battery fought upon this field as is seldom witnessed. At one time the enemy had upon it a concentric fire of twelve guns at short range, but Calef worked his guns deliberately and with wonderful effect upon the enemy. The brigade maintained this unequal contest until the First Division of the First Corps came up to its assistance, and then most re luctantly did it give up the front, a portion of the 3d Indi ana continuing to fight with the troops that relieved them. Devin s brigade had its hands full. The enemy advanced upon it by four roads, and on each was checked until the infantry arrived to relieve it. 72 GETTYSBURG. A little after nine o clock General Reynolds, riding at furious speed, arrived upon the field in advance of the First Corps, and was merrily accosted by his old companion Buford. To gether they rode along the line, encouraging the troopers in the unequal struggle, while a staff- officer was sent to hurry up Wadsworth s di vision of the First Corps, which, leaving the Emmittsburg Road, on which it was marching, double-quicked across the fields and arrived in rear of the line held by the cavalry shortly before ten o clock. Reynolds at once posted the leading brigade, Cutler s, across the Chambersburg Pike. On the right of the pike and north of the cut of, at that time, an abandoned railroad, which runs almost parallel with the pike, in the order named, from right to left, were the ;6th New York, 56th Pennsylvania, i47th New York, and left of the pike were the i4th Brooklyn and the 95th New York Infantry, the 7th Indiana of the brigade being on duty with the trains in the rear. As the right regiments moved into position and re lieved the cavalry they were confronted by the 42d and 2d Mississippi and 55th North Carolina Infantry, of Davis s brigade, the nth Missis sippi being detached. In naming the regiments opposing each other, they will be named in the order of their forma- FIRST DAY S BATTLE. 75 tion from right to left, and it should be borne in mind that the right regiment of one brigade will ordinarily face the left one of the opposing brigade. The 56th Pennsylvania was the first to move into line, and as it did so it immediately opened fire upon the 2d Mississippi. The other two regiments north of the railroad cut at once did the same, and Davis s advance was halted. Hall s Maine battery galloped up and relieved Calef s. On the left, Meredith s brigade 2d and 7th Wisconsin, igth Indiana, and 24th Michigan Infantry, the 6th Wisconsin being in re serve in rear near the seminary advanced upon McPherson s woods, now known as Reynolds s Grove, just as the cavalry was being forced out of it. Opposed to it was Archer s brigade, ist Tennessee, I3th and 5th Alabama, i4th and 7th Tennessee Infantry, which had crossed Willoughby Run and was moving up through the woods. Meredith s brigade at once charged, the 2d Wisconsin entering the woods, where it fought at close quarters, while the 7th Wiscon sin, 1 9th Indiana, and 24th Michigan, farther to the left, swept down to and across the creek and up the slope beyond, taking the ist Ten nessee in flank and the rest of the line partially in the rear while the 2d Wisconsin fought it in o front, compelling Archer and a number of men 76 GETTYSBURG. to surrender and the rest to break in confusion. The three Federal regiments were then with drawn across the creek into the woods and the brigade line reformed and shortened, the 7th going to right of the 2d Wisconsin and the 24th Michigan to right of the iQth Indiana. General Reynolds had returned to the left of the line as the 2d Wisconsin was charging into the woods, and while riding forward, and near the edge of the woods, was struck in the head by a bullet and almost instantly killed. This noble Pennsylvanian, who, like Meade, had commanded a brigade of the Pennsylvania Re serves, and who had risen to the command of the First Corps, one of the idolized chieftains of the army, was doomed to fall, at the head of his troops, upon the soil of his native State. General Doubleday succeeded to the com mand of the corps. North of the railroad cut the 42d and 2d Mississippi advanced against the 76th New York, 56th Pennsylvania, and 1 47th New York, in front, while the 55th North Carolina, overlapping their right, wheeled and took them in flank. The two right regiments were driven back, while the I47th was almost surrounded, and Hall s Maine battery, on its left, lost a gun. The i4th Brooklyn and 95th New York, south of the pike, being threatened in rear, were hastily withdrawn a short distance FIRST DAY S BATTLE. 79 and formed a new line facing the cut, while the 6th Wisconsin, in reserve near the seminary, double-quicked to their support, and, throwing two companies into the cut, took in flank the Confederates who had taken shelter in it. Ex posed to front and flank fires, Davis was com pelled to retreat with great loss, the prisoners including a large portion of the Mississippi regi ments, with the colors of the 2d The I4yth New York was relieved from its dangerous position and the gun taken recaptured. It was now eleven o clock, and Heth reformed his line. Archer s brigade was moved farther to the right, where it was ht\d in check by Gam ble s cavalry brigade. The remnant of Davis s brigade was withdrawn to its former position, still north of the pike. On its right, occupying the ground Archer had, was placed Brockenbrough s Virginia brigade, while on the right of the latter was Pettigrew s North Carolina brigade. Peg- ram s battalion of five batteries was reinforced by the eight batteries of Garnett s and Mclntosh s battalions, and all these continued the fire upon the Federal line. Upon the Federal side, Doubleday s Pennsyl vania division of the First Corps had arrived, with the remaining four batteries of the corps. Biddle s brigade, the i5ist Pennsylvania being left in reserve near the seminary, was posted 80 GETTYSBURG. on the left of the woods occupied by Meredith s in the following order: 1426. Pennsylvania, 2Oth New York, and i2ist Pennsylvania Infantry, Cooper s Pennsylvania battery being between the 14.26. and 2Oth. The brigade was opposed to the 52d, 47th, and nth, and the right of the 26th North Carolina Infantry, of Pettigrew s brigade, the left of the 26th facing the woods. Stone s Pennsylvania brigade i43d, i4Qth, and i5oth Infantry went into position beyond McPherson s barn, on the right of Meredith s brigade, and confronted at first the remnant of Davis s Mississippi brigade and the 47th and 55th Virginia, of Brockenbrough s, the 22d and 4Oth of the latter facing Meredith s brigade in the woods. Reynolds s New York battery took position in rear of McPherson s woods and orchard, and Stewart s United States and Stevens s Maine batteries in the rear on the slope near the seminary. Calef s United States again relieved Hall s Maine on the pike. After another determined attempt upon the part of the Confederates to carry the line held by the First Corps, and after another hour of heavy musketry, the corps still retained its position against fearful odds. o A little after one o clock, as Pender s division of Hill s corps was about to reinforce Heth s in front, a new danger threatened the flank and FIRST DAY S BATTLE. 83 rear of the First Corps. Devin s cavalry dis covered the approach of Rodes s large division of five brigades of infantry of Ewell s corps coming from the north. It was moving along Oak Ridge, which is the northern prolongation of Seminary Ridge, held by the Federals. Fortunately, Robinson s division of the First Corps had reached the field some time before, and was lying in the grove near the seminary. Baxter s brigade moved rapidly to the Mum- masburg Road and formed along it in this order : 9Oth Pennsylvania, I2th Massachusetts, 88th Pennsylvania, 83d New York, 97th New York, and nth Pennsylvania Infantry, just as O Neal s Alabama brigade was advancing to it. Baxter s command had just encountered the Alabama brigade when it had to change front to the left to meet an attack by Iverson s North Carolina brigade, I2th, 23d, 2Oth, and 5th Infantry. Taking position behind a stone wall along the crest of the hill, it poured destructive volleys into the North Carolinians and then charged them, while the right regiments of Cutler s brigade, which had been withdrawn to the ridge ) swung around upon their flank. Iverson lost 500 killed and wounded, 1000 prisoners, and 3 stands of colors, the 88th Pennsylvania taking those of the 23d North Carolina and the 26th Alabama, the 9;th New York those of the 2oth 84 GETTYSBURG. North Carolina, thus making the third success for the day for the. troops of the First Corps. O Neal s brigade was now advancing against the right, when the goth Pennsylvania was put in position along the Mummasburg Road at right angles to the rest of the brigade, and Paul s brigade of the division i3th Massa chusetts, io4th New York, i6th Maine, io7th Pennsylvania, and 94th New York Infantry moved to the support of Baxter s, extending and strengthening its line, a portion of the line being nearly parallel with the Mummasburg Road and the rest at right angles with it along the ridge. O Neal s Alabama brigade i 2th, 26th, 6th, and 5th Infantry attacked the right and was driven back in confusion. Ramseur s North Carolina brigade Hth, 3Oth, 2d, and 4th Infantry reinforcing Iverson s, repeatedly attacked the front, but without success. Another of Rodes s brigades, Daniel s North Carolina, moved past the front of Robinson s division, and while the 53d Regiment of the brigade, with the 3d Alabama, of O Neal s, which had been detached from its brigade, and the 1 2th North Carolina, of Iverson s, attacked the 76th New York, 56th Pennsylvania, and i47th New York, of Cutler s brigade, on the left of Robinson, Daniel s other regiments 32d, 45th, 2d (battalion), and the 43d North FIRST DAY S BATTLE. 87 Carolina Infantry moved farther to the right around to the railroad cut and attacked the I43d and 1 49th Pennsylvania, of Stone s brigade, which had been withdrawn from their first position and placed along the Chambersburg Pike to meet this attack. These regiments were mostly from the lumber regions of Penn sylvania, and were expert riflemen, and the volleys with which they greeted Daniel s men were said by Confederate officers to be the most destructive they ever witnessed. With Rodes s division was Carter s battalion of artillery of four batteries, which took posi tion upon Oak Ridge and added their destruc tive fire to those of Hill s corps. Still, though exposed to this fire of some sixty guns and attacked by eleven brigades, the First Corps of six brigades and six batteries held its ground until its rear was threatened by the repulse of the Eleventh Corps. In the mean time, General Howard had ar rived and succeeded to the command. His corps, the Eleventh, now commanded by Schurz, had also come up, and Schurz s and Barlow s divisions moved rapidly through the town and formed upon the open level ground north of it, while Steinwehr s division with Weidrick s New York battery remained in reserve upon East Cemetery Hill, south of the town. It was in- 88 GETTYSBURG. tended that the two divisions should advance and prolong the line held by Robinson s division along Oak Ridge. But after nearly an hour of manoeuvring, these troops were put in line of battle, in the open low fields, where, without shelter of any kind, they were exposed to a very short-range fire of Carter s and Page s Virginia and Reese s Alabama batteries, posted on the ridge they were to occupy, and to that of the 5th Alabama Sharp-shooters. At about 2.30 o clock, while still exposed to this fire, Von Amsberg s brigade of Schurz s division, 6ist Ohio, 82d Illinois, 74th Pennsylvania, 45th and 1 5 7th New York Infantry, on the right of the Mummasburg Road, gallantly advanced and encountered Doles s Georgia brigade of Rodes s division, 2ist, 44th, 4th, and i2th Infantry. Portions of O Neal s Alabama brigade rein forced Doles s, and Krzyzanowski s brigade 26th Wisconsin, iiQth New York, 75th Penn sylvania, and 82d Ohio Infantry moved to the right and in support of Von Amsberg s, while Dilger s and Heckman s Ohio and Wheeler s New York batteries engaged those of* the enemy. About the same time Barlow s division rapidly advanced to the right and took posi tion on higher ground, between the Carlisle and Harrisburg Roads. Barlow s command consisted of Von Gilsa s 2, FIRST DAYS BATTLE. 9! brigade, 54th New York and i53d Pennsyl vania Infantry (the 4ist and 68th New York being detached), Ames s brigade, iyth Con necticut, 25th, 75th, and loyth Ohio Infantry, and Wilkeson s United States Battery. These regiments were threatening the flank and rear of Rodes s division when, at three o clock, Early s division, coming west from Heidlersburg, appeared upon their flank, and while the bat teries of Jones s battalion of artillery enfiladed the Eleventh Corps line, Gordon s Georgia brigade 6oth, 3ist, i3th, 6ist, 38th, and 26th Infantry suddenly emerged from beyond Rock Creek and attacked Barlow s division, which made a desperate resistance and then fell back to the Almshouse, where around the buildings it maintained itself until General Barlow had fallen severely wounded and Hays s Louisiana brigade, on the left of Gordon, was moving upon its rear, when it retreated to Cemetery Hill. In the mean while, Schurz s division had been compelled to fall back to the cross-road running from the Mummasburg Road to the Carlisle Road, where in the open ground it continued to fight until its right was turned, when it was driven through the town, several of the regi ments, however, keeping their formation and retreating in order. Hays s Louisiana and Hoke s North Carolina 92 GETTYSBURG. brigades, of Early s division, which were moving to cut off the retreat of the Eleventh Corps, were delayed by Devin s cavalry brigade until Coster s brigade of Steinwehr s division double- quicked from East Cemetery Hill to the north east of the town to aid in covering the retreat. The 73d Pennsylvania threw up a barricade across the Harrisburg Road at the entrance to the town, while the 27th Pennsylvania and 1 34-th and 1 54th New York Infantry moved out and pluckily encountered the enemy, being con fronted by Hays s Louisiana brigade, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and gth Infantry, and Hoke s North Carolina brigade, 6th, 2ist, and 57th Infantry. Fighting until they had lost half their numbers, while Devin s cavalry continued to harass the enemy on the flank, these regiments held their positions until the corps reached Cemetery Hill, with the loss of more than a thousand prisoners, most of whom were taken in the streets through which the corps crowded, and one gun. The withdrawal of the leventh Corps en dangered the First. Robinson s division, as sailed in front and flank, fighting desperately, the 1 6th Maine being almost sacrificed in cov ering the movements, fell back along Oak Ridge to near the seminary, after which, with the rest of the corps, it withdrew to Cemetery Hill, being the last troops to leave the field. i 7th Penna. Cavalry. First Day s Field. Horse and Rider, Full Size Cut in Granite, FIRST DAY S BATTLE. 95 Returning to the left of the line, Meredith s brigade still held McPherson s woods, with Stone s brigade on its right on the pike and Biddle s on its left in the open field. While the fighting had been going on on the right, Brock- enbrough s Virginia brigade had again assaulted the woods and had again been repulsed. Petti- grew s had also made a desperate attack upon Biddle s brigade. The 52d North Carolina, overlapping the line, had attacked the i2ist Pennsylvania on the left in flank, compelling it to change front, and the 47th and nth North Carolina encountered the 2oth New York and I42d Pennsylvania, while at the same time the 26th North Carolina, fighting its way up by the woods, was penetrating a gap between the I42d Pennsylvania and the igth Indiana, of Meredith s brigade, the left of which had been forced back. At this juncture the I5ist Pennsylvania, which was in reserve near the seminary, rushed to the front and met the 26th North Carolina in one of the bloodiest struggles that took place on the field, as will be noticed when the losses of these regiments are stated. The Federal line was, however, still held. Pender s division of Hill s corps now also ad vanced to the attack. Pettigrew s was relieved by Perrin s South Carolina brigade, ist, I4th, 1 3th, and i2th Infantry, and Brockenbrough s 96 GETTYSBURG. was relieved by Scales s North Carolina bri gade, 1 6th, 22d, 34th, 1 3th, and 38th Infantry, while on the right of Perrin s was Lane s North Carolina brigade, yth, 37th, 28th, i8th, and 33d Infantry, Thomas s Georgia brigade being kept in reserve. These three brigades at once renewed the attack upon the two small Federal brigades of Meredith and Biddle. Lane s was, however, halted by the fire which Gamble s brigade of dismounted cavalry poured into its flank at short carbine range, while a mounted regiment threatened it with a charge in front. Scales s and Perrin s fresh troops con tinued to advance, and after an heroic resist ance the decimated commands of Meredith and Biddle were forced, step by step, from the posi tions they had held for so many hours to the open grove near the seminary, where they con tinued the battle. Stone s Pennsylvania brigade still held its position. An attempt had been made to flank the 1 43d and i4Qth on the pike, but the i5Oth on the left changed front forward and repulsed the flanking force. Daniel s North Carolina and the remnant of Davis s Mississippi brigades succeeded in crossing the railroad-cut, and met the 1 43d and I49th face to face, while the left regiments of Brockenbrough s Virginia brigade attacked the 1 5oth from the west ; but still the Penna., Granite, near Chambersburg Pike. Color Bearer Shak ing His Fist at Advancing Enemy Before Falling, as Noticed by Gen. Hill. FIRST DAY S BATTLE. 99 brigade held its ground until almost surrounded, Scales s brigade having passed its rear, when it withdrew in perfect order to the position taken up by the other brigades and continued fight ing. This was a new brigade, and this was really its first battle. General Doubleday says of it, "It came upon the field shouting, We have come to stay ! and it kept the promise. Every regiment of the brigade changed front forward and two changed front to the rear while closely engaged. The most eminent military writers regard the first movement as difficult and the latter as almost impossible to be executed under fire." It was with the 1 5oth that old John Burns, a citizen of the town, fought with his squirrel rifle until, by the advice of Colonel Wistar, he went into the woods and joined the 7th Wisconsin. From their new position these brigades of Stone, Meredith, and Diddle maintained the fight, while the corps artillery poured grape and canister into the double lines of battle ad vancing upon their front and flank, the execu tion of Stewart s Battery B, 4th United States, upon Scales s brigade being fearful. Scales says his line was broken up, and only squads here and there indicated where regiments had stood. IOO GETTYSBURG. There was but one field-officer left in this brigade. At length, at 4.30 o clock, the First Corps, after contending for six hours against more than twice its numbers, was, by the withdrawal of the Eleventh Corps, compelled to withdraw to Cemetery Hill, taking back all its artillery except a single gun, the horses of which had been killed. It lost but one flag, that of the i5Oth Pennsylvania, whose guard having all been killed or wounded, the bearer, being wounded, sat down in the town to rest and was killed. This flag was presented to Jefferson Davis, and was found among his baggage when he was captured. Keeping more to the west, the First Corps avoided the streets, which were crowded with the troops of the broken Eleventh Corps, and retired in good order to Cemetery Hill, Gam ble s brigade of cavalry covering its retreat, as Devin s had that of the Eleventh. General Meade was back at Taneytown when he received news of General Reynolds s death and a message from Buford urging him to send some one to take command. He had in the mean time directed General Hancock to turn over the command of the Second Corps to General Gibbon and proceed to Gettysburg. Hancock arrived just as the Eleventh Corps FIRST DAY S BATTLE. 1 03 reached Cemetery Hill. He at once restored order and inspired confidence. The batteries were placed so as to sweep the approaches to the hill, he personally putting Stewart s upon the Baltimore Pike. The Eleventh Corps was posted along Cemetery Hill, while Wadsworth s division of the First went into position on its right on Culp s Hill, and Robinson s and Dou- bleday s prolonged the line to the left of the Eleventh. Farther to the left, towards Round Top, was Buford s cavalry. General Hancock said, The splendid spectacle of that gallant cavalry as it stood there, unshaken and un daunted, was one of the most inspiring sights of my military experience." About five o clock General Sickles arrived from Emmittsburg with portions of the Third Corps, and extended the line nearly to Round Top. An hour later, General Slocum came up with the Twelfth Corps, Williams s division going on the right of Wadsworth s, and Geary s on the extreme left, on the slope of Round Top. During the night the Second Corps reached the field and went into position between the First and Third. Slocum, outranking Hancock, assumed com- o mand until General Meade arrived at midnight. Fortunately, the enemy had failed to take advantage of its success and attack the posi tion until the arrival of these fresh troops had IO4 GETTYSBURG. made it secure, and the battle of the first day was ended. Having related where the several commands fought on that day, it may be interesting to consider how they fought, as shown by the losses they suffered. In order to anticipate criticism and question ing of the correctness of the figures here given, it should be understood that the losses in the Federal regiments are taken from the official reports. Of course, subsequent information shows that these figures should be revised. Many of those reported missing, it was after wards learned, were either killed or wounded, and on an average a fourth of the missing should be added to the killed or wounded. In inscriptions upon many of the monuments these corrections have been made, the Memorial As sociation being furnished with the names of the killed and wounded in affidavits of those com petent to make them. But, to save confusion, the figures will be taken from the official reports, and the reader can bear in mind that in most instances a fourth of the missing should be added to the killed and wounded, in many cases the percentage being even higher. This will be just to all the commands. As to the Con federate reports, unfortunately, little reliance FIRST DAY S BATTLE. IOJ can be placed in their accuracy, the losses being generally understated. For instance, they re port a loss at Gettysburg of captured or missing of 5150, while the record of prisoners of war in the office of the Adjutant-General at Wash ington bears the names of 12,227 captured at Gettysburg from July i to 5. Again, for Tver- son s brigade, there is a report of 308 captured or missing, while Robinson s division captured over 1000 of that brigade in one charge. There is not much doubt that this understate ment of losses upon the part of the Confeder ates was not only sanctioned but required by their war department and the commander of their army, as is shown by the following general order : " GENERAL LEE S ORDERS, No. 63. " HEAD-QUARTERS OF ARMY OF NORTHERN " VIRGINIA, May 14, 1863. " The practice which prevails in the army of including in the list of casualties those cases of slight injuries which do not incapacitate the recipients for duty is calculated to mislead our friends and encourage our enemies by giving false impressions as to the extent of our losses. "The loss sustained by brigade or regiment is by no means an indication of the services performed or perils encountered, as experience shows that those who attack rapidly, vigorously, and effectually generally suffer the least. It is therefore ordered that in the future the reports of the wounded shall include only those whose injuries, in the IO8 GETTYSBURG. opinion of medical officers, render them unfit for duty. It has also been observed that the published reports of casualties are in some instances unaccompanied by a state ment of the number of men taken into action. The Com manding General deems it unnecessary to do more than direct the attention of the officers to the impropriety of thus furnishing the enemy with the means of computing our strength, in order to insure the immediate suppression of this pernicious and useless custom. " By command of General Lee, "W. H. TAYLOR, " Assistant Adjutant- General. It is to be regretted that this policy of under stating the losses upon the Confederate side was pursued, and that they cannot be given with exactness, for it would not only be interest ing but a fitting tribute to the bravery of the troops. The same modesty, however, was not always shown in reporting successes. Especially was this so with Brockenbrough s Virginia brigade, which is reported by General Heth as having captured two stands of colors, the names of those who did it and the regiments to which the flags belonged, unfortunately, not being given," he says. There was a good reason for this failure to give particulars, for the only Federal flag taken on that line was that of the i49th Pennsylvania, which was placed to the left of that regiment at the railroad cut to deceive and en- ?d_Wisconsin in Reynold s Grove. FIRST DAY S BATTLE. I I I tice the enemy, and which was captured by men of Davis s Mississippi brigade after all the guard had fallen. It, however, was recaptured in a charge by the 1 5oth Pennsylvania. The colors of the latter regiment were taken in the town by men of Daniel s North Carolina brigade, in the manner before stated. Again, care was not observed even in making the reports of losses that were made, as shown in Lane s brigade, whose losses in the battle are stated in the offi cial report as 389 and in another of August 1 3 as 660. Then, in considering the losses of Archer s, Davis s, Pettigrew s, Scales s, and Lane s bri gades, it must be remembered that they partici pated in Longstreet s assault, July 3, and that their reported losses include those for both days, as do those of O Neal s and Daniel s in clude the losses in their fight at Gulp s Hill on the 3 d. From the interesting statistics compiled by Colonel Fox in his "Regimental Losses," and the revised reports of the War Department, it would appear that there were about three killed or mortally wounded to seven otherwise wounded. Commencing on the left, where the battle was opened by the First Corps, the losses were, 112 GETTYSBURG. REYNOLDS S GROVE AND VICINITY. FEDERAL LOSSES. Cutler s Brigade. 56th Penna ...... 74 56 130 252 76th N. Y ...... 164 70 234 378 1 4th Brooklyn . . . . 118 99 217 . . 95th N. Y ...... 69 46 115 I47th N. Y ...... 177 92 269 380 Total ...... 602 363 965 . . In only a few instances is the number engaged reported. Subsequent reports show that of the ninety- two missing in the 147^1 New York, 40 were found to have been killed or severely wounded. The dead of this regiment distinctly marked the line it held with great regularity. Meredith? s Briade. **--. Missing. 2d Wis ....... 182 51 233 302 6th Wis ....... 146 22 168 . . 7th Wis ....... 126 52 178 . . I9th Ind ....... 160 50 210 338 24th Mich ..... . . 272 91 363 496 Total ...... 886 266 1152 The 24th Michigan was a new regiment, this being its first battle. It suffered the greatest numerical, but not the greatest pro rata, loss of any Federal regiment in the battle. It had 24th Michigan in Reynold s Grove. Granite. FIRST DAY S BATTLE. 115 7 color-bearers killed and all the guard killed or wounded. Stone s Brigade. Regiment. ^UtrndS? Missin &- Toss* 1 En g a ged. I43d Penna 162 91 253 465 I49th Penna 225 in 336 450 I5oth Penna 187 77 264 397 Total 574 279 853 1312 This, as before stated, was the first battle for this splendid brigade, and it here commenced its brilliant record. Biddle" s Brigade. 2oth N. Y 146 24 170 287 1 21 st Penna 118 61 179 306 I42d Penna 141 70 21 1 362 I5ist Penna 237 100 337 467 Total 642 255 897 1422 The 1 5 1 st Pennsylvania was one of the two Pennsylvania nine months regiments engaged in the battle, and whose time expired in a few days. In it were several companies recruited from academies, one company being exclusively composed of boys from the academy in Juniata County, of which Colonel McFarland, who here lost his leg, was the principal, and in the regi ment were over a hundred who had been school teachers. I I 6 GETTYSBURG. It contended for most of the time with the 26th North Carolina, which lost 584 out of 800 engaged, and also for a time with the i2th South Carolina. The manner in which it fought is not only shown by its loss, twenty-five of the missing, as it was afterwards learned, being among the killed, but General Heth, in his re port, speaking of the line held by this regiment, says the " dead of the enemy marked its line of battle with the accuracy of a line at a dress parade." Artillery Brigade. Hall s Me ................... 18 Stevens s Me .................. 23 Reynolds s N. Y ................ 17 Cooper s Penna. . ............. II Stewart s U. S ................. 36 Total ........ .......... 105 Gamble s Cavalry Brigade. Regiment. KUledaad Mlssi 8th 111 ............... 6 i I2th 111 ............... 14 6 3d Ind .......... .... 27 5 8th N. Y .............. 24 16 Calef s U. S. Battery ........ 12 Total ............. 83 28 CONFEDERATE LOSSES. The losses of the enemy facing these troops during the day, as reported, were, FIRST DAYS BATTLE. Dam s 1 s Mississippi Brigade. 2d Miss ................... 232 42d Miss ................... 265 55th N. C .................. 198 Total ................. 695 There are no missing reported for the brigade, though the greater part of the first two regi ments was captured. A portion of the other losses was suffered on the 3d. Archer" s Tennessee Brigade. The 1 3th Alabama, 5th Alabama, ist Ten nessee, 7th Tennessee, and i4th Tennessee re port a loss of 1 60 killed and wounded and 517 missing, 75 of which were captured on the ist, the rest being lost on the 3d. BrockenbrougW $ Virginia Brigade. The 4oth, 47th, 55th, and 22d (battalion) re ported a total loss of killed and wounded of 1 48. Pettigrew s North Carolina Brigade. Killed and Regnnent. wounded. nth N. C .................. 209 2 6th N. C .................. 588 47th N. C .................. 161 52dN.C .................. 147 Total ............. .... 1105 1 2O GETTYSBURG. The loss of the 26th should be 584, and of the remaining 216, 130 were lost on the 3d, its total loss in the battle being 588 killed and wounded and 126 missing out of 800 engaged. One company, 3 officers and 84 men, lost all but one. A company in the nth went into the fight with 3 officers and 35 men and lost 2 officers and 3 1 men, the captain and 4 men going into the fight on the 3d and 3 of them being killed or wounded. This brigade lost over 500 additional on the 3d. * Scales 1 s North Carolina Brigade. a-*-""- 1 3th N. C .................. 126 i6th N. C .................. 66 22d N. C ................... 89 34th N. C ............. ..... 64 38th N. C .................. 79 Total .................. 424 Missing, no. The missing and probably 100 of the others were lost on the 3d. Perrin s South Carolina Brigade. ist S. C ................... 95 1st S. C. Rifles .............. . n 1 2th S. C ................... 132 1 3th S. C ........ .. .. . ........ 130 I4th S. C ................... 209 Total ................. 577 i47th N. Y. Front of Seminary, near Railroad Cut. FIRST DAYS BATTLE. 123 Lane s North Carolina brigade suffered but slight loss on the first day, probably not over 1 20, it being engaged but slightly. Most of its reported loss occurred on the 3d, the total being 660. Daniel s North Carolina Brigade. 32d N. C ................... 142 43<1 N. C ................... 147 45th N. C .................. 219 53d N. C ................... 117 2d N. C. Battalion .............. 153 Total .................. 778 Missing, 116. The loss of this brigade on the first day was approximately 750. Pegram s, Mclntosh s, and Garnett s artil lery reported 84 killed and wounded and 16 missing. The total Federal losses in the vicinity of Reynolds s Grove in the brigades of Cutler, Meredith, Stone, and Biddle, constituting the divisions of Wadsworth and Doubleday (tem porarily under the command of Rowley), and including those of the corps artillery and Gam ble s cavalry, were 2880 killed and wounded and 1191 missing, while those of the eight Con federate brigades opposing them were, accord ing to their imperfect reports, 3971 killed and wounded and 317 missing. 1 24 GETTYSBURG. OAK RIDGE. FEDERAL LOSSES. Baxter s Brigade. Regiment. Killed and , T . . wounded. MlSSln S- Total loss. Engaged. uthPenna, .... 70 62 132 2 9 2 88th Penna .... 59 51 no 296 90th Penna .... 50 44 94 208 8 3 d N. Y. . .... 24 58 82 . . 97th N. Y .... 48 78 126 . . 1 2th Mass. . 57 59 116 . . Total .... 308 352 660 Paul s Brigade. Regiment. Killed and , wounded. Mlssln S- Total loss. Engaged. 1 3th Mass. . .... 84 ioi 185 94th N. Y. .... 7 8 I 75 253 . . I04th N. Y .... IO2 92 194 . . io7th Penna. .... 67 9 8 165 255 i6th Me .... 68 164 232 2 9 8 Total .... 399 630 1029 . . CONFEDERATE LOSSES. The losses of the enemy opposing these two brigades were, O" 1 Neaf s Alabama Brigade. " 3 d 3d Ala 91 6th Ala 131 1 2th Ala 8;, 26th Ala 130 Total 435 Missing, 193. i3th Mass. Oak Ridge, near Mummasburg Road. Granite Statue of Color Bearer. Where He Fell. FIRST DAY S BATTLE. I 2 / Tver sort s North Carolina Brigade. SSSffl? 5th N. C ................... 143 I2th N. C .................. 56 20th N. C .................. 122 23d N. C ................... 134 Total .................. 455 Missing, 308. Ramseur 1 s North Carolina Brigade. Regiment. e^n Missing 2d N. C ........... 31 i 32 4th N. C. .......... 32 24 56 I4th N. C .......... 42 2 44 30th N. C .......... 40 5 45 Total .......... 145 32 177 A portion of the loss of O Neal s brigade was incurred at Gulp s Hill on the morning of the 3d. It is known that Iverson lost in prison ers over 1000, and at one time he reported his loss in killed and wounded at 500. The total losses of the brigades of Baxter and Paul, Robinson s division, First Corps, on Oak Ridge were 707 killed and wounded and 982 missing, and those of the troops opposing them were 955 killed and wounded and at least 1400 missing. The total losses of the First Corps this day were 3587 killed and wounded and 2173 missing, while those of the enemy confronting it were 4926 killed and wounded and 1717 missing. 128 GETTYSBURG. ELEVENTH CORPS, LINE. It is a great injustice to the troops of the Eleventh Corps to suppose, as is often done, that they did not fight with bravery on July i, and nothing more eloquently tells of the courage they exhibited while exposed in the open level ground to the fire of eighteen guns than the statement of their losses. FEDERAL LOSSES. Von Amsberg s Brigade. Regiment. ^illed^d Missing> Total ngaged 82d 111. 2~" 89 112 45th N. Y. . .... 45 1 68 2I 3 I57th N. Y. .... 193 114 307 6istOhio . . 42 12 54 74th Penna. . .... 50 70 120 Total . - 353 453 806 Krzyzanowski\s Brigade. Regiment. Killed and . . wounded. Mlssm g- ii9th N.Y. . . . . . 81 59 82d Ohio .... . . IO2 89 26th Wis. . . . . . 155 62 75th Penna. . . . . 128 3 Total . 4-66 213 I^cd 140 . . 217 . . 131 208 679 . . Von Gilsd 1 s Brigade. Regiment. wounded* Missin S Total 54th N. Y .......... 54 48 102 I53d Penna .......... 165 46 211 Total .......... 219 94 313 74th Penna. nth Corps Iine. The Falling Color Bearer. Granite. FIRST DAYS BATTLE. 13! Ames s Brigade. woundfd 1 7th Conn ...... 101 96 197 386 25th Ohio ..... 109 75 184 75th Ohio ..... 90 96 186 loyth Ohio ..... 134 77 211 Total ..... 434 344 778 Coster s Brigade. Killed and Ml . . Total Regiment. wounded. Mlssm S- loss. 27th Penna .......... 34 77 m I34th N. Y .......... 193 59 25 2 1 54th N. Y .......... 22 178 200 Total ......... 249 314 563 Corps Artillery. Wheeler s N. Y. Battery ........ 8 3 Dilger s Ohio Battery ......... 13 Heckman s Ohio Battery ........ 13 2 Wilkeson s U. S. Battery ........ 13 4 Total .............. 47 9 1 CONFEDERATE LOSSES. The losses of the enemy opposing the Eleventh Corps were, Doles s Georgia Brigade. Killed and ,,. . Total Regiment. wounded. Mlssl "g- loss. 4th Ga ............ 38 7 45 !2thGa ........... 39 I0 49 2ist Ga ........... 12 7 19 44th Ga ........... 9 5$ 67 5th Ala. (O Neal s Brigade) . . 209 . . 209 Total .......... 37 82 389 132 GETTYSBURG. A. part of the loss of this brigade was caused by the flank fire of the right regiments of Paul s brigade of the First Corps. Gordon s Georgia Brigade. I3th Ga. . . . ....... 103 . . 103 26th Ga ........... 6 5 II 3ist Ga ........... 43 43 38th Ga ........... 63 29 92 6othGa ........... 33 5 38 6istGa ........... 93 93 Total .......... 341 39 380 Hays s brigade, 63 ; Hoke s, 145. The total losses of the Eleventh Corps on this day, in less than two hours, were 1768 killed and wounded and 1427 missing. Those of the enemy, as reported, were 856 killed and wounded and 121 missing. The casualties in the Eleventh Corps were in a great measure caused by the terrific artil lery fire of Carter s eighteen guns posted on Oak Ridge, but a short distance in front. The Federal losses for the clay in the two corps were 5355 killed and wounded and 3600 missing. The Confederate losses were 5882 killed and wounded and 1838 missing. Among the casualties were General Rey nolds, killed ; Generals Meredith, Stone, and Biddle, Colonel Wistar, who succeeded Stone in command of the brigade, General Paul, shot _ c/i *% FIRST DAYS BATTLE. 135 through both eyes, Colonels Leonard, Root, and Coulter, succeeding to the command of the bri gade, wounded. Besides these were the colonel and lieutenant-colonel 2d Wisconsin, lieutenant- colonel 7th Wisconsin, lieutenant-colonel iQth Indiana, colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and major 24th Michigan, major commanding 76th New York, colonels 95th and i47th New York, major commanding 88th Pennsylvania, colonel i42d Pennsylvania, colonel and major i49th Pennsyl vania, colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and major i5oth Pennsylvania, colonel 1 5 ist Pennsylvania, of the First Corps, and General Barlow, and the colonels of the 1 7th Connecticut, 26th Wisconsin, 82d Ohio, and i igth New York, of the Eleventh. Of the 28 regiments of the First Corps en gaged this day, there were 1 1 of Pennsylvania, 9 of New York, 3 of Wisconsin, 2 of Massa chusetts, i of Indiana, i of Michigan, and i of Maine. Of the 48 regiments opposing them there were 28 of North Carolina, 6 of Alabama, 5 of South Carolina, 4 of Virginia, 3 of Ten nessee, and 2 of Mississippi. Of the 20 regiments of the Eleventh Corps engaged, there were 7 of New York, 5 of Ohio, 5 of Pennsylvania, i of Connecticut, i of Illi nois, i of Wisconsin ; and of the 19 regiments opposing them, 10 were of Georgia, 5 of Louisi ana, 3 of North Carolina, and i of Alabama. SECOND DAY S BATTLE, JULY 2. ON the morning of Thursday, July 2, the po sition of the Federal troops, which remained nearly the same during the remainder of the battle, was as follows : Slocum s Twelfth Corps had the right, Wil- liams s division occupying an irregular line, run ning from Rock Creek by way of Spangler s Spring to Culp s Hill, and Geary s division being posted on the hill, having been moved from its former position near Round Top. Wadsworth s division of the First Corps held the line between Culp s Hill and Cemetery Hill. At the foot of Cemetery Hill was Barlow s division of the Eleventh Corps, now commanded by Ames ; on the hill, across the pike, was the division of Schurz, of the same corps, and on the left of it was that of Steinwehr. On the left of Steinwehr was Robinson s division of the First Corps (the corps now being commanded by Newton), extending across the Taneytown Road as far as Zeigler s Grove, while Double- day s division of the same corps was in reserve in rear. On the left of Zeigler s Grove was Hancock s Second Corps, the divisions of Hays, Meade s Headquarters. I^ee s Headquarters. SECOND DAY S BATTLE. I 3Q Gibbon, and Caldwell, then Sickles s Third Corps, the divisions of Humphreys and Birney. Later in the day, the Fifth Corps, under Sykes, which had marched all night from Hanover and arrived in the early morning, near where Rock Creek crosses the Baltimore Pike, occupied the ground on and about Round Top, on the left of the Third Corps. The Sixth Corps, under Sedgwick, which came up late in the afternoon of this day after a continuous march of thirty- two miles, was posted in the rear as a reserve, and portions of it were moved to different points of the field, as circumstances demanded. On the left was Buford s cavalry. The Federal line from Cemetery Hill to Round Top faced nearly west, but from Ceme tery Hill to the extreme right it faced east, being about four miles long, nearly semicircular in shape, the two flanks being one and a half miles distant. The Confederate line was nearly the same shape, but, being the outer line, was about five and a half miles long. On the right of it, in front of Round Top, were the divisions of Hood and McLaws, of Longstreet s corps. On their left, extending along Seminary Ridge, were the divisions of Anderson and Fender, of Hill s corps, on the left of which, extending around and through the town, was Rodes s di vision of Ewell s corps, then Early s and John- 1 40 GETTYSBURG. son s divisions of the same corps, the latter reaching to Benner s Hill, on Rock Creek. Heth s division of Hill s corps was in reserve in the rear some distance, near where the Springs Hotel now stands. Pickett s division of Longstreet s corps was back towards Cham- bersburg, guarding trains. Meade s head-quarters was on the Taneytown Road, a short distance in the rear of the Second Corps. Lee s head-quarters was in the brick house, on the Chambersburg Road, in the rear of and near the seminary. Wednesday night and Thursday forenoon passed in comparative silence, there being but little firing. But the troops had not been idle. Here and there rifle-pits were thrown up and defences made of the fences and stone walls, salients and lunettes constructed, artillery placed in position, ammunition and supplies brought up, and all preparations made for the impend ing contest. By some mistake, Buford s two brigades of cavalry had been ordered to Westminster before Merritt s regular brigade or that of Farnsworth, of Kilpatrick s division, had arrived to take their places, and there had been thus left no protection on the left flank. To discover what force confronted him, Gen- SECOND DAY S BATTLE. 143 eral Sickles ordered Berdan s ist United States Sharp-shooters and the 3d Maine Infantry on a reconnoissance into the woods, a mile or more beyond the Emmittsburg Road, where they met Wilcox s brigade, 8th, Qth, loth, nth, and i4th Alabama Infantry, and were compelled to fall back. Convinced that a strong force of the enemy was in front, Sickles moved the Third Corps to what he thought a better position. Birney s division was thrown out on a line almost per pendicular to Cemetery Hill, reaching from the Peach Orchard on the right towards Little Round Top, while Humphreys s division was advanced to the Emmittsburg Road, at a right angle to Birney s. The left of the line nearest to Round Top was held by Ward s brigade, in the woods beyond Devil s Den, the right of it reach ing into the " Wheat-Field ;" De Trobriand s came next, extending the line through the field and woods in the direction of the Peach Orchard, at the intersection of the Emmittsburg and Millerstown Roads, which was held by Graham s brigade, part of which faced south and the bal ance west along the Emmittsburg Road. On the right of Graham, extending along the road about half a mile from Sherfy s house to near Codori s house, were the brigades of Brewster and Carr, of Humphreys s division. Burling s 144 GETTYSBURG. brigade was in the rear of De Trobriand and Ward, and was afterwards divided and sent to reinforce different parts of the line. The batteries of the corps were well posted, Turn- bull s F, 3d United States, was near Hum phreys s right ; on its left was Seely s K, 4th United States, while Randolph s E, ist Rhode Island, was behind the Sherfy house, Clark s New Jersey on the road running towards Round Top, Smith s New York on the knoll above Devil s Den, in front of Round Top, and Wins- low s New York in the Wheat-Field, to the right. Lee had perceived this projection of Meade s left and took advantage of it. He prepared to turn that flank, and hoped to take his line in reverse and drive it from its strong position. He directed Longstreet to make the attempt, while Ewell should attack Meade s right and Hill threaten his centre, so as to prevent rein forcements being sent to the left. Longstreet moved under cover of heavy fire of his guns on Seminary Ridge and at other points. He sent his right division under Hood to strike De Trobriand and Ward on the left. At about four o clock Hood s division ad vanced, and, driving back the 2d United States Sharp-shooters upon the skirmish line, the ist Texas and 3d Arkansas Infantry, of Robert- SECOND DAYS BATTLE. 147 son s Texas brigade, advanced upon Smith s battery, on the knoll above Devil s Den, and were encountered by the left of Ward s brigade, 99th Pennsylvania and 4th Maine Infantry, while Anderson s Georgia brigade 59th, nth, Qth, 7th, and 8th Infantry attacked the right of Ward s, 2oth Indiana, 86th and 1 24th New York Infantry (the 3d Maine and ist United States Sharp-shooters of this brigade being detached at the Peach Orchard). A des perate struggle ensued; the ist Texas at one time almost seized the battery ; but the enemy, being attacked in flank by De Trobriand, was repulsed. The left of Anderson s brigade 9th, 7th, and 8th Infantry then attacked De Trobriand s brigade, iioth Pennsylvania, 5th Michigan, and i7th Maine Infantry and was also repulsed. Robertson and Anderson were now reinforced by Benning s brigade, 1 5th, 1 7th, 2oth, and 2d Georgia Infantry, and the three brigades made a desperate assault upon those of De Trobriand and Ward, which, though greatly outnumbered, held their ground, aided by Smith s and Winslow s New York batteries. In the mean time, Law s brigade, I5th, 47th, 4th, 44th, and 48th Alabama Infantry, with the 4th and 5th Texas, of Robertson s brigade, the two latter regiments following Law by a 148 GETTYSBURG. misunderstanding of orders, moved forward, over as rough ground as was ever passed over by troops, to seize Round Top, and were, after skirmishing with the 26. United States Sharp shooters, met by the 4th Maine, 4oth New York, and 6th New Jersey Infantry, the latter being of Burling s brigade, which had been hurried into position to oppose them. Though making brave resistance, these regiments were forced back, and the position of Round Top and Ward s left endangered. De Trobriand s brigade again repulsed that of Anderson, who was severely wounded, but Ward s, having been reduced in reinforcing the troops trying to protect Round Top, was again assailed by Robertson s and Benning s brigades. Kershaw s brigade of McLaws s division, 1 5th, 7th, 3d, 2d, and 8th South Carolina,- coming up, also threatened the right of De Tro briand s brigade, now composed of but three regiments. Cabell s Confederate battalion of Carl ton s Georgia, Eraser s Georgia, McCarthy s Virginia, and Manley s North Carolina batteries, and Al exander s battalion of Jordan s Virginia, Wool- folk s Virginia, Moody s Louisiana, Rhett s South Carolina, Taylor s Virginia, and Parker s Virginia batteries, in all about sixty guns, had taken position on Warfield Ridge, and were SECOND DAY S BATTLE. 151 directing their fire upon the Third Corps, and especially upon the troops at the Peach Or chard and along the Emmittsburg Road, while Latham s and Reilly s North Carolina batteries, posted beyond the Emmittsburg Road, directed their fire upon Devil s Den and Round Top. Upon the Federal side, Ames s New York, Thompson s Pennsylvania, and Hart s New York batteries had been sent to the Peach Orchard, and Phillips s and Bigelow s Massachu setts were put in position on the cross-road to the left of the orchard. In the mean time, Sykes had been ordered up with the Fifth Corps, which had been resting in the rear, and Tilton s and Sweitzer s brigades of Barnes s division went into position on the right and rear of De Trobriand s brigade. Kershaw s right regiments, i5th, yth, and 3d South Caro lina, facing east, attacked the i i8th Pennsylva nia, 1 8th and 22d Massachusetts, and ist Michi gan Infantry, of Tilton s brigade, on the right of De Trobriand s, while his left regiments, 3d (battalion), 2d, and 8th, facing north, attacked the 3d Maine, 3d Michigan, and 1415! Pennsyl vania Infantry at the Peach Orchard. Tilton s brigade, being unprotected on the right, retired, exposing the right of De Trobriand, and com pelling Sweitzer s brigade 32d Massachusetts, 62 d Pennsylvania, and 4th Michigan Infantry (the I 5 2 GETTYSBURG. 9th Massachusetts being on picket duty) to fall back, notwithstanding the stubborn resistance it made. During this time, General Warren, chief engineer on Meade s staff, had ascended Little Round Top, and not only saw the importance of holding it, but saw the columns of the enemy under Law, of Hood s division, advancing to seize it, driving before them the regiments at its base. He hastened to the road where Ayres s division of the Fifth Corps was passing to the front, detached the i4Oth New York Infantry from Weed s brigade, and hurried it up the steep hill. Before the i4oth reached its position, Vin cent s brigade of Barnes s division, which had been sent to hold Round Top, arrived upon the summit and went into position upon a ledge just below, the i6th Michigan Infantry on the right, the 44th New York and 83d Pennsyl vania in the centre, and the 2Oth Maine on the left. Hood s troops were already charging up the hill, and a desperate encounter ensued. At last, Law, believing he could not force the front, attempted a flank movement upon the 1 6th Michigan with the 48th and the 44th Ala bama Infantry, while the 4th Alabama, 5th and 4th Texas attacked the i6th Michigan, 44th New York, and 83d Pennsylvania in front. At SECOND DAYS BATTLE. 155 the same time the 47th Alabama engaged the 20th Maine farther to the left in front, and the 1 5th Alabama endeavored to turn its left. The movement upon the flank of the 1 6th Michigan was proving successful, when O Rorke reached the right of the i6th with his i4oth New York. The enemy were within a few feet of the top, and O Rorke had no time to form, but charged his regiment down the opposite slope. Haz lett s Battery D, 5th United States, had, by great effort, scaled the heights and opened upon the Confederates. The youthful O Rorke, who had but two years before left West Point, was among the killed. For nearly an hour the terrible conflict went, on upon the crest of Little Round Top, the fighting continuing desperate (especially on the front of the 83d Pennsylvania and the 2Oth Maine), where at times the enemy broke through, and hand-to-hand encounters occurred. At last a charge of the 2Oth, when its ammunition was exhausted, led by Colonel Chamberlain, drove the enemy from the hill with a loss of many pris oners. The balance of Weed s brigade Qist and 1 5 5th Pennsylvania, and i46th New York- had taken position on Vincent s right, and the rocky summit of the Federal left was secured, but at the cost of the lives of Generals Vincent 156 GETTYSBURG. and Weed, Colonel O Rorke, Lieutenant Haz- lett, and many others. General Vincent was killed while urging on his men. He had just been promoted from the colonelcy of the 83d Pennsylvania, by which regiment, and by his whole brigade, he was greatly beloved, being a cultured and gallant young officer. General Weed was slain at his former bat tery, Hazlett s, on the summit of Little Round Top. Seeing his commander fall, Lieutenant Hazlett hastened to his side. The general seemed desirous of telling something, and while Hazlett was bending over him the bullet of a sharp-shooter killed the lieutenant, and he fell upon the body of his dead comrade. The Con federate General Hood was also wounded here. Beyond Devil s Den, along the line of Bir- ney s division, the struggle still continued. Robertson s ist Texas and 3d Arkansas, Ben- ning s 1 5th, i7th, 2oth, and 4th Georgia, and the 59th and nth Georgia of Anderson s re newed the attack upon Ward s brigade, 2Oth Indiana, 86th and I24th New York, and ggth Pennsylvania, and drove it, with Smith s and Winslow s batteries, the former losing three guns, from the ground, young Colonel Ellis, of the 1 2 4th New York, being among the killed. De Trobriand s three regiments i ioth Penn- o sylvania, I7th Maine, and 5th Michigan (the 3d SECOND DAYS BATTLE. 159 Michigan being at the Peach Orchard and the 40th New York having been sent to the left of Ward) had been reinforced by the 8th New Jersey and ii5th Pennsylvania, of Burling s brigade. Benning s brigade at once assailed De Trobriand s thin line on the left flank, while Anderson s attacked it in front and Kershaw s threatened it from the right. The 2d South Carolina attempted to take Clark s New Jersey battery, to the right, but the i4ist Pennsylvania, of Graham s brigade, lying in the road to the left of the Peach Orchard, poured into the regi ment such destructive volleys that it was almost destroyed. But the remnant of Birney s troops on the left was almost surrounded, though still fighting, when Caldwell s First Division of the Second Corps, which Hancock sent to the assistance of the Third Corps, arrived and moved into the Wheat-Field, which was to be afterwards known as the "whirlpool" of the battle. This was Hancock s old division, the largest in the Army of the Potomac, and one of the best. It lost more men in killed and wounded during the war than any other division. Cross s brigade 6ist New York, 8ist and 1 48th Pennsylvania, and 5th New Hampshire In fantry at once advanced to the left of De Tro- briand, driving Anderson s Georgia brigade back l6o GETTYSBURG. upon Semmes s Georgia brigade of McLaws s division, which had just come into position to its left and rear. Birney led what remained of De Trobriand s command forward with cheers to the support of Cross. Semmes s 53d, 5ist, loth, and 5oth Georgia in turn charged Cross, and a desperate fight ensued, in which Colonel Cross was killed. He was colonel of the famous 5th New Hampshire, a most fearless officer, idolized by his men. In a letter written before the battle of Chancellorsville he said, " Having received nine wounds in the present war, and three in other wars, I m not afraid of rebel bullets." He lived a few hours after re ceiving his fatal wound. His last words were, "I did hope I would live to see peace, and our country restored. I have done my duty. I think the boys will miss me. All my effects I give to my mother. Oh, welcome, death ! Say farewell to all." At the same time, the Irish (Kelly s) Brigade, 1 1 6th Pennsylvania (4 companies), the 28th Massachusetts, and the 63d, 69th, and 88th New York Infantry (each of the three latter regi ments consolidated into but two companies), having knelt in the open field beyond the road and received absolution from the chaplain, with wild cheers charged across the field to the right of De Trobriand s line, just to the rear of the Irish Brigade Bronze Monument in Grove West of Wheat Field. SECOND DAY S BATTLE. 163 position that had been occupied by Tilton, and met the 7th and 3d South Carolina, of Kershaw s, and the 5oth Georgia, of Semmes s brigade, and after several volleys at a distance of thirty paces drove them back. Wofford s Georgia brigade of McLaw s division i6th, i8th, and 24th Infantry, and Cobb s and Phillips s Legions now ad vanced to the left of Kershaw, and was met by Caldwell s Third Brigade, Zook s, i4Oth Penn sylvania, 52d and 66th New York Infantry, with the 5 7th New York in support. At the same time, the Fourth Brigade, Brooke s, H5th Penn sylvania, 27th Connecticut, 53d Pennsylvania, 64th New York, and 2d Delaware Infantry, charged across the Wheat-Field to the support of Cross, and breaking through Anderson s Georgia brigade and then through the right regiments of Semmes s, 53d, 5ist, and loth Georgia, continued on across the little stream and to the high ground several hundred yards beyond, where alone it attempted to hold the ground gained. Sweitzer, with the 4th Mich igan, 62d Pennsylvania, and 32d Massachusetts Infantry (of the Fifth Corps), also charged to support Brooke, and reached the wall at the farther side of the Wheat-Field. But Zook had been killed and his brigade outflanked on the right, compelling the other troops to with draw, leaving Brooke s and Sweitzer s com- 164 GETTYSBURG. mands isolated and almost surrounded. Still, in a desperate struggle, they fought their way back over the Wheat-Field. General Brooke was wounded, and Colonel Jeffords, of the 4th Michigan, was run through by a bayonet while struggling over the colors of his regiment. As Birney s and Calcl well s commands, each with a loss of over 1 200 and three out of four brigade commanders in Caldwell s division, were being forced from the field, Ayres s division of United States Regulars, of the Fifth Corps, moved into action on the left. It was formed in two lines, the first being Burbank s brigade, 2d, 7th, loth, nth, and 17th Infantry, and the second, Day s brigade, 3d, 4th, 6th, i2th, and 1 4th Infantry, the regiments each aver aging from five to six companies. The withdrawal of Caldwell s division uncov ered Ayres s flank, and his brave regulars were soon attacked by the brigades of Benning, Anderson, Kershaw, andWofford, but the mag nificent division, with its thorough discipline, fought its way through the forces that almost surrounded it and took position on the right of Weed s brigade, upon Little Round Top, having lost 950 out of 2000. Emboldened by their continued successes, the Confederates with wild yells now swarmed into the intermediate low ground between the timber SECOND DAY S BATTLE. 167 and Round Top. On they rushed for the pos session of the hill, but they suddenly halted, for before them they saw the solid line of troops that had been hurried up from other portions of the field. Then McCandless s brigade of Craw ford s division of Pennsylvania Reserves 6th, nth, ist, and 2ci Infantry, and Bucktail Rifles- dashed forward with cheers, Crawford carrying the flag of the ist, over the low marshy ground in front. At the same time, Wheaton s brigade of the Sixth Corps 62d New York, i3Qth, 93d, and 98th Pennsylvania Infantry (the io2d Pennsylvania being on duty with the trains) advanced on the rip-ht of the Reserves. The o Confederates fought with determination, but they received a destructive volley, and were driven to the stone wall at the top of the knoll. Here another effort was made to retain this position, but they were compelled to withdraw to the Wheat-Field beyond, and the Reserves held the wall. Here Colonel Fred. Taylor, of the Pennsylvania Bucktail Rifles, was shot through the heart while leading his men for ward. It was now nearly dark, and the battle was ended upon this part of the line. In the mean time the 3d Maine and 3d Mich igan Infantry, in the Peach Orchard out at the angle of the line at the Emmittsburg and Mil- lerstown (now Wheat-Field) Roads, had been at- 1 68 GETTYSBURG. tacked by the 3d Battalion, and 2d and 8th South Carolina Regiments of Kershaw s brigade from the south, while Barksdale s Mississippi bri gade of McLaws s division, 2ist, iyth, i3th, and 1 8th Infantry, advancing from the west, attacked Graham s Pennsylvania brigade of Birney s division, 63d, io5th, 57th, ii4th, 68th, and i4ist Pennsylvania Infantry, the first five facing west and the i4ist south. The 2 d New Hampshire Infantry, of Burling s brigade, which had had roll-call upon the field under fire, a little distance in the rear, and but eight found to be absent, was ordered into the orchard between the 68th and 14151, and the yth New Jersey of the same brigade was or dered forward to support the batteries. While Randolph s Rhode Island, Clark s New Jersey, Ames s New York, Thompson s Pennsylvania, and Hart s New York batteries poured shell and canister into the advancing Confederates, and most of the Confederate batteries in front battered the Peach Orchard and vicinity, a des perate struggle took place between the Missis- sippians and the Pennsylvania and New Hamp shire troops, in which the former lost 747, the Pennsylvanians 739, and the New Hampshire men 193. With their left flank and rear ex posed by the withdrawal of the troops from the Wheat-Field, the Federal troops were forced to New York Excelsior Brigade Granite Monument, near Peach Orchard. SECOND DAY S BATTLE. 171 abandon the position with the loss of a gun, thus uncovering the left of Humphreys s divis ion on their right, along the Emmittsburg Road. General Graham was wounded and captured. General Sickles, while fearlessly exposing him self beyond the Trostle House, was wounded, losing a leg, and General Birney succeeded to the command of the Third Corps. Humphreys had maintained his position along the Emmittsburg Road with little trouble, though his line was exposed to a severe front and en filading artillery fire. But as Barksdale s Mis sissippi brigade, followed by Alexander s bat talion of six batteries, now swept around his left, the brigades of Wilcox, Perry, and Wright, of Anderson s division of Hill s Corps, moved against his front, while on their left those of Mahone and Posey, of the same division, and the whole of Pender s division, prepared for an advance against the Federal line. The ist Massachusetts Infantry, of Carr s brigade, and the 5th New Jersey, of Burling s, on the skir mish line, were driven in. The left of Wilcox s Alabama brigade nth, 8th, and gth Infantry was met by the 26th Pennsylvania, ist and i ith Massachusetts Infantry, the right of Carr, and the fire of Turnbull s United States battery, while Perry s Florida brigade 5th, 2d, and 8th Infantry moved upon the right flank of the 1 72 GETTYSBURG. 26th. Wilcox s right regiments, the loth and 1 4th Alabama, and the left regiments of Barks- dale, the 1 3th and i8th Mississippi Infantry, encountered Seely s United States battery, sup ported by the 5th New Jersey and the other regiments of Carr, i6th Massachusetts, nth New Jersey, and i2th New Hampshire (the 84th Pennsylvania being on duty with the trains), the 73d New York (4th Excelsior), of Humphreys s other brigade, and the iO5th Pennsylvania, of Graham s brigade, the latter regiment, though separated from its brigade, still fighting on the left. Barksdale s right regi ments, the 2ist and i7th Mississippi Infantry, moving upon the left flank, met the other regi ments of the New York Excelsior Brigade, Brewster s, joth, 7ist, 72d, 74th, and i2Oth Infantry, which were also exposed to the fire of Alexander s batteries. Farther to the right of the division, Wright s Georgia brigade was at the same time moving past the flank. Humphreys, with but two brigades, all of Burling s except the 5th New Jersey having been sent to the support of Birney, and with his flanks now exposed, seeing the splendid lines of the three brigades of Anderson coming to attack him, wanted to go forward to meet them, but Birney ordered him to fall back upon a line with the Second Corps. No finer manoeu- o o If SECOND DAY S BATTLE. I 75 vring, it is said, was ever witnessed on a battle field under such terrible fire. His regiments, massed in double columns, executed a backward march with great precision, undisturbed by the volleys poured into them, halting at points indi cated to form line of battle and open fire upon the advancing enemy. He reached his position in splendid order, after having lost 1 506 of his division killed and wounded, including 1 1 of his staff, and only 163 missing, most of whom were among the killed. In the mean time, Hancock had been intrusted with the command of this part of the line. Into the gap which separated it from the left around Round Top thirty pieces of artillery, under Major McGilvery, had been hurried, being so posted that the centre faced the Trostle House, and Willard s brigade of Hays s division of the Second Corps took position in the centre of the gap. Reinforcements were also ordered from the First, Sixth, and Twelfth Corps. Willard s fine brigade inth, i26th, i25th, and 39th New York Infantry moved out to cover the left of Humphreys, and met the 2ist, 1 7th, 1 3th, and i8th Mississippi, of Barksdale s brigade. With both flanks exposed, Willard s brigade suffered terribly, losing over 700, among the killed being General Willard, who fell among the dead that surrounded him. 1 76 GETTYSBURG. Barksdale s brigade, with its brave leader riding ahead of it, rushed forward in a gal lant charge upon Humphreys ; but Barksdale was mortally wounded and fell into the hands of the Federals, while his splendid brigade was driven back. Wilcox s Alabama and Perry s Florida bri gades, upon Barksdale s left, now again at tacked Humphreys s two small brigades, that had already lost more than half their numbers, Brewster s (Excelsior) and Carr s. The nth Alabama, supported by the loth and i4th, was passing around the left flank of Humphreys when the ist Minnesota Infantry, of Gibbon s division, Second Corps, which regiment had been moved to that part of the field, was ordered by Hancock to charge the Alabamians, and the regiment made its renowned charge, losing in it 20 1 of 263 engaged. Doubleday s and a portion of Robinson s di visions of the First Corps were now brought forward by General Newton and placed on Humphreys s left. The Confederate brigades of Barksdale, Wil- cox, and Perry fought desperately, losing one- third their number in killed and wounded, but were repulsed and driven beyond the Emmitts- burg Road. Farther to the left, Lockwood s brigade of First Minnesota Heroic Size in Bronze. Where Regiment made its Renowned Charge, July 2d. SECOND DAY S BATTLE. I 79 two regiments i5oth New York and ist Mary land Infantry (Potomac Home Brigade) crossed Plum Creek and attacked the left of Wofford s Georgia brigade. The i Qth Massachusetts and 42 d New York Infantry, of Gibbon s division, had been ordered to the support of Humphreys s right, but were outflanked and suffered severely. While the brigades of Barksclale, Wilcox, and Perry were assailing Humphreys s position, Wright s Georgia brigade 30!, 22d, 48th In fantry, and 2cl (battalion) had passed farther to his right, where it encountered the i5th Massachusetts and Sad New York Infantry, of the Second Corps, which regiments had been ordered forward to the Emmittsburg Road. These two regiments fought until the I5th lost 148 and the 82d 123, and both the regimental commanders had fallen, when they fell back to their former positions. The Georgians, alone, with no supports upon either flank, gallantly ad vanced in the face of musketry and the fire of Ransom s United States and Brown s Rhode Island batteries, over almost the same ground that Pickett s division were to move the follow ing day, and bravely attacked the line held by Gibbon s division, taking Brown s Rhode Island battery, and then encountering the 69th Penn sylvania, 59th New York, yth Michigan, and l8o GETTYSBURG. Maine Infantry. Unaided, the brave brigade maintained its position up to within a hundred feet of the wall held by the Federal troops. The 7 ist, 7 2 d, and io6th Pennsylvania Infantry, advancing to the support of the first line, the Confederates were driven back, and, being charged by the three last regiments and the 1 9th Maine, were driven beyond the Emmitts- burg Road, with a loss of many prisoners, including several officers and two flags, Brown s battery being also recaptured. The assault made by Wright s brigade displayed courage and intrepidity unsurpassed in the battle. Gen erals Lee, Hill, and the division commander, Anderson, together were eye-witnesses of it, and yet nothing was done to support it, neither Mahone s or Posey s brigades, of Anderson s, on the left of Wright s, nor Pender s division being ordered to advance. It is said that General Pender was about to give the order to advance to his division when he was mortally wounded by a shell. At twilight the Confederates gave up the attack on the Federal left and retired. The Federal position had been greatly strengthened by the arrival of fresh troops, the balance of the Sixth Corps being in reserve in the rear of Little Round Top. The 2oth Maine, of Vincent s brigade of the 9th Penna. Reserves Granite Monument. Between the Round Tops. " By a Comrade s Grave." SECOND DAY S BATTLE. 183 Fifth Corps, and Fisher s brigade of the Penn sylvania Reserves, of the same corps, 5th, 9th, loth, and I2th Infantry, had taken pos session of Big Round Top, capturing a small force of the enemy occupying it. During the latter part of the struggle on the left, in the evening, simultaneous and fierce assaults were made on the extreme right and right centre. On the right, at Gulp s Hill, Williams s division of the Twelfth Corps and Candy s and Kane s brigades of Geary s divi sion had been hastily withdrawn to support the left when it was so badly threatened, leaving only Greene s brigade of the latter division 6oth, y8th, iO2d, 13 7th, and i49th New York Infantry to hold the long line there. About half-past six this brigade was attacked by John son s division of E well s corps. On the right of the brigade the works were held only by a skir mish line, and they were captured by Steuart s brigade ist Maryland, ist and 3d North Caro lina, loth, 23d, and 37th Virginia Infantry and Walker s (Stonewall) brigade, 2d, 4th, 5th, 27th, and 33d Virginia. The right of Greene s line, the i37th New York, was thrown back at right angles to the left, in order to meet the at tack on the right, but at the same time his left was furiously assaulted by Jones s brigade, 2 ist, 25th, 42d, 44th, 48th, and 59th Virginia, 1 84 GETTYSBURG. supported by Williams s brigade, ist, 2d, loth, I4th, and i5th Louisiana Infantry. Wadsworth, to assist Greene, extended his line to the right, and though so fearfully outnumbered, the Fed eral troops held their position, being well pro tected by breastworks and the large boulders. Kane s brigade of Geary s division, 29th, lOQth, and mth Pennsylvania Infantry, on its way to resume its position in the works, came in contact with Steuart s and Walker s brigades, the advance of which was thus checked, and about midnight the fighting ceased for the night, except slight skirmishing. The Confederates, in the darkness, did not know how close they were to the Baltimore Pike in the rear of the Federal position, or to the trains and reserve artillery which were parked but a short distance from the position they had reached, and which they might have secured or endangered had they continued their advance after taking the works. They might have inflicted incalculable damage had they ad vanced to the pike, but they thought they were being entrapped, because of the little resistance they met with at the abandoned works. In the mean time, during the attacks on the left and right, a most daring attempt was made against the right centre to carry East Cemetery Hill, that part of the hill opposite the entrance SECOND DAY S BATTLE. 187 to the National Cemetery. Hays s brigade 5th, 6th, yth, 8th, and Qth Louisiana Infantry and Hoke s brigade 6th, 2ist, and 57th North Carolina Infantry formed quietly in the edge of the town and advanced across the low ground in magnificent style, as if to attack Culp s Hill, until opposite Cemetery Hill, when they suddenly changed direction to the right and dashed towards Cemetery Hill. Along the stone wall, near the foot of the hill, lay Ames s division of the Eleventh Corps. On the right was Von Gilsa s brigade, 4ist New York, 1 53d Pennsylvania, 68th and 54th New York Infantry, and on the left Harris s brigade, 1 7th Connecticut, 75th, 25th, and io7th Ohio Infantry. The i7th Connecticut had been in line between the 75th and 25th Ohio, but had been withdrawn and placed on the right of the division, leaving a gap in the line between the 75th and the 25th Ohio. Penetrating this gap and crowding back Harris s brigade and the left of Von Gilsa s, the brave Confederates advanced up the hill, under cover of the darkness and smoke, and the charging columns were soon rushing among the batteries on the crest, the 6th North Caro lina and Qth Louisiana leading the assault. Weidrick s I, ist New York Battery, was north of the wall, towards the town ; on the south of 1 88 GETTYSBURG. the wall, was Ricketts s F, ist Pennsylvania, on its right being Reynolds s L, ist New York, and in its rear, on the road, Stewart s B, 4th United States. Their guns were depressed as much as possible and fired shell and canister, but they could not stay the enemy. Weidrick s battery was captured entire, and the left gun of Ricketts s was spiked while the gunners were fighting around it. This battery had received orders not to limber up under any circumstances, but to fight to the last, and it obeyed the order. A fierce hand-to-hand fight ensued, the young cannoneers, fighting with pis tols, hand-spikes, and rammers, crying, " Death rather than surrender our guns on our own soil." The battery guidon was planted in one of the lunettes, and a Confederate officer seized it, when he was shot dead by young Riggin, its bearer, who himself was instantly killed, and fell with his flag in his hands. An officer of the 7th Louisiana was brained with a hand-spike by a young gunner, and a sergeant of the same regi ment was severely wounded with a stone by Lieutenant Brockway. In the mean time, Gen eral Ames had rallied the left of Harris s brigade 25th, 75th, and io7th Ohio behind the wall, near the crest of the hill, the ijth Connecticut continuing the fight at the foot, farther to the right. The color-bearer of the SECOND DAYS BATTLE. 1 9! Ohio mounted the wall and waved his flag, when he fell dead ; the flag was seized by Adjutant Young, who immediately afterwards rushed into the 8th Louisiana, shot its color- bearer, seized its flag, and, severely wounded, fell with it inside his own lines. The hand-to-hand fight about the guns continued until reinforce ments, hurried from the left of the cemetery, arrived. Carroll s brigade of Hays s division of the Second Corps, the 4th Ohio, 7th West Virginia, and i4th Indiana, charged to the right of Ricketts s, while to its left the 73d Pennsyl vania, of Steinwehr s division, Eleventh Corps, double-quicking out of the cemetery, charged upon those who had taken Weidrick s battery. Schurz led the 58th and i iQth New York, of his division, also to its support. The Confederate troops who had made this daring attack were driven from the hill with heavy loss, including Colonel Avery, commanding Hoke s brigade. To the left of the pike, Rodes s division ad vanced against that part of Cemetery Hill held by Schurz and Steinwehr The right of his line not being supported by Fender s division, as arranged, soon came to a halt, while the left moved forward against the position held by the 27th Pennsylvania, 55th and 73d Ohio, and 1 36th New York, but was repulsed with a loss of a stand of colors. GETTYSBURG. The ground of the fierce and sanguinary fighting on East Cemetery Hill remains almost unchanged. The redans and lunettes are still preserved, with cannon to mark the positions of the batteries. The struggle of the second day was now ended, having during the day extended along nearly the whole line. Towards evening Gregg s cavalry division, having arrived from Hanover, had gone into position on the right flank, and his skirmishers had had a brisk engagement with two regiments of Ewell s corps, which had attempted to dis lodge them. Kilpatrick s cavalry division had also a sharp fight with a portion of Stuart s cav alry near Hunterstown about sundown. LOSSES FOR THE DAY. Commencing on the left of the line, the losses on this day, as reported, were as follows : ROUND TOP. FEDERAL LOSSES. Vincent s Brigade. R*"- K wound a e n d d Missi *. Toss* E <^ ed 20th Me 120 5 125 386 i6th Mich 57 5 62 218 44th N. Y 108 3 1 1 1 83d Penna 55 55 208 Total 340 13 353 3d Penna. Cavalry Granite Monument. On Gregg s Cavalry Line, On the Right SECOND DAY S BATTLE. 195 Weed s Brigade. Missing. JJJ I40th N. Y 125 18 143 I 4 6th N. Y 28 28 pist Penna 19 1 9 I55th Penna 19 1 9 Total 191 18 209 Hazlett s U. S. Battery .... 13 13 Federal losses, 544 killed and wounded and 31 missing; total, 575. CONFEDERATE LOSSES. Law s Alabama Brigade. Killed and M . , Total Regiment. wounded. Mlssin S- loss. 4 thAla 87 87 1 5th Ala 161 161 44th Ala 94- 94 47th Ala 40 40 48th Ala 102 102 Total 484 HO 484 = 630 Robertson s Texas Brigade. Killed and M . , Total Regiment. wounded. Missin g- loss. 4th Texas 87 . . 87 5th Texas .109 109 Total 196 196 Confederate losses, 680 killed and wounded and 146 missing; total, 826. 9 6 GETTYSBURG. WHEAT-FIELD, INCLUDING STRIP OF WOODS ON SIDES AND DEVIL S DEN. FEDERAL LOSSES. Ward s Brigade {Third Corps). Regiment. 20th Ind ...... 146 86th N. Y ...... 62 I24th N. Y ..... 85 99th Penna ..... 99 4th Me ....... 70 2dU. S. Sharp-shooters 28 Total ..... 490 Missing. 10 4 5 n 74 15 119 Total 156 66 90 no 144 43 609 Engagcd 268 238 339 De Trobriand s Brigade {Third Corps). 4 3 7 . . 14 5th Mich ...... 105 I7th Me ....... 130 4Oth N. Y ...... 143 IiothPenna ..... 53 Total 431 109 133 150 53 445 152 Bur ling s Brigade {Third Corps}. 6th NJ ........... 33 8th N. J .......... 45 H5th Pa. ......... 18 Total ......... 96 Mi-ing. 8 2 3 13 Tiltorfs Brigade {Fifth Corps}. Killed and wounded. . Regiment. liSthPenna ......... 22 1 8th Mass .......... 24 1st Mich .......... 38 22d Mass .......... 30 Total ......... 114 ,,. . Mlssin g- 3 3 4 I II 41 47 21 109 Total i oss . 25 27 42 31 135 4th Michigan, in Wheat Field, where Col. Jeffords Fell Over The Colors. SECOND DAY S BATTLE. SweitzeSs Brigade (Fifth Corps). 199 Regiment. Killed and . . Total wounded. Mlssm g- loss. Engaged. 62d Penna. . . . . . 135 40 175 426 4th Mich. . . . 89 76 165 342 . . 75 5 8o Total . . . 299 121 420 Cross s Brigade (Second Corps). Regiment. Killed and { .. 5nff Total wounded. Mlssm g- loss. Missing. 5th N. H. . . . 80 . . 80 177 6ist N. Y. . . . 62 . . 62 . . 8ist Penna. . . . . 54 8-62 175 I48th Penna. . . , . 120 5 125 460 Total . . . . . 316 13 329 Kelly s Brigade (Second Corps). Regiment. Killed and Mj . . Total wounded. >sing loss. Engaged. 28th Mass. . . . . . 65 35 zoo 224 63d N. Y. (2 cos.) . 15 8 23 75 69th N. Y. (2 cos. ) . 19 6 25 . . 88th N. Y. (2 cos. ) . 24 4 28 90 1 1 6th Penna. (4 < :os.) 13 9 22 66 Total 136 62 5198 - Zook . r Brigade (Second Corps). Regiment. Killed and M5 . Total wounded. Mlssln S- loss. Engaged. I4Oth Penna. . . . . 181 60 241 540 52d N. Y. . . . 28 10 38 57th N. Y. . . . . . 3 2 2 34 - 66th N. Y. . . . 35 9 J4 Total , . . . . 276 81 357 . . 200 GETTYSBURG. Brooke* s Brigade (Second Corps}. Regiment. Killed and wounded Missing. Total loss. Engaged. 27th Conn. (2 cos ) 33 4 37 74 2d Del . . 72 12 84 . . 64th N. Y. . . 79 19 98 204 53d Penna. . . . . . 74 6 80 124 I45th Penna. . . 76 8 84 228 Total 334 49 383" AYRES S DIVISION (FIFTH CORPS). Bur bank 1 s Brigade. Regiment. Killed and wounded. Missing. Total loss. Engaged 2d U. S. (6 cos.) . . 61 6 67 . . 7th U. S. (4 cos.) - 57 2 59 116 loth U. S. (3 cos. ) 48 3 5i 93 nth U. S. (6 cos. ) . in 9 120 . . 1 7th U. S. (7 cos. ) H3 7 150 260 Total . . 420 27 447 Day s Brigade. Regiment. Killed and wounded. Missing. Total loss. 3d U. S. (6 cos.) 72 I 73 4th U. S. (4 cos.) 40 . . 40 6th U. S. (5 cos.) 44 . . 44 1 2th U. S. (8 cos. ) . . . . 79 13 92 I4th U. S. (8 cos. ) . . . . 128 4 132 Total , . 363 18 38i Pennsylvania Reserves (Fifth Corps}. Regiment. Killed and wounded. Missing. Total loss. Kngaged. . . 46 . . 46 444 2d Penna. . . . . . 38 . . 38 273 6th Penna. . . . - 24 . . 24 380 Illh Penna. . . . . 41 . . 41 392 Bucktail Rifles . 46 2 48 349 Total . . . . . 195 2 197 1838 SECOND DAY S BATTLE. 203 Wheatorf s i Brigade (Sixth Corps). Regiment. Killed anc wounded. Missing. Total loss. 62d N. Y 12 . . 12 93d Penna .... ...... 10 . - IG 98th Penna. . . . II II 2O 20 Total . . . 53 53 Artillery. Total Battery. " vounded. Missin S- loss. Smith s N. Y. . . . 12 I 13 Winslow s N. Y. . . 10 8 18 Bigelow s Mass. . . 26 2 28 and 60 horses. Phillips s Mass. . . 21 . . 21 and 40 horses. Total 69 II Ito Federal losses in Wheat-Field, 3592 killed and wounded and 541 missing ; total, 4133. CONFEDERATE LOSSES. Robertson s Texas Brigade. Killed and Reg.ment. wounded. 1st Texas 93 3d Ark 142 Total 235 Anderson s Georgia Brigade. Killed and .... Total Regent, wounded. M ssin g- loss. 7th Ga 15 8ihGa 139 9 thGa 189 uthGa 204 59th Ga 116 Total 663 54 717 204 GETTYSBURG. Benning s Georgia Brigade. <S"- - TS! 2d Ga ............ 91 I5th Ga ........... 171 1 7th Ga ........... 90 2Oth Ga ........... 121 122 . . Total .......... 473 122 595 Wofford s Georgia Brigade. Regiment. Billed and i6th Ga 61 i8th Ga 19 24th Ga 36 . . Cobb s (Ga.) Legion 22 . . Phillips s (Ga.) Legion 28 Total . . 166 112 The total losses reported for this brigade, however, are 334, which is greater than that shown by the regimental reports. Semmes s Georgia Brigade. loth Ga ............... 86 5oth Ga ............... 78 5ist Ga ............... 55 53d Ga ............... 87 Total .............. 306 91 The total loss for the brigade is reported as 430- 1 7th Maine Granite Monument at Wall in Wheat. Field., SECOND DAY S BATTLE. 2O7 Kershaw* s South Carolina Brigade. Regiment 3d S. C. Killed and wounded. 81 Missing. 2 Total loss. ^ 7th S C . 103 7 no I5th S C . IIQ 18 137 Total . . W 27 330 Confederate losses, 2416 killed and wounded and 406 missing; total, 2822. The casualties among officers were very se vere on both sides upon this part of the field. Among those upon the Federal side killed or wounded, in addition to the Brigade Com manders Cross, Zook, and Brooke, were the colo nel, lieutenant-colonel, and major of the I24th New York, the colonels of the 64th, 66th, 6gth, and 86th New York, 2Oth Indiana, 4th Maine, 3d and 5th Michigan, 9Qth, noth, i4oth, and i45th Pennsylvania, and 4th Michigan, the major of the 62d Pennsylvania, and lieutenant-colonel com manding 27th Connecticut. The loss of field- officers in the Confederate regiments was also severe, but is not officially reported. Among the regiments deserving special men tion here is the i jth Maine, which went into the field with most of the men bare-footed from hard marching and without having had rations for twenty-four hours, yet fought until 133 of its number had fallen. 208 GETTYSBURG. PEACH ORCHARD. FEDERAL LOSSES. Regiment. 5S3? *"- Total loss. Engaged. 3d Me. (Ward s brig.) 77 45 122 210 3d Mich. (De Trobri- and s brigade) ... 38 7 45 Total ... 115 52 167 Graham s Brigade. Regiment. woun d d a e n d d Mis ^ Total loss. Engaged. 57th Penna. . . ... 57 58 115 207 63d Penna. . . ... 30 4 34 296 68th Penna, ... 139 13 152 3 20 io5th Penna. . ... 123 9 132 274 H4th Penna. . ... 94 60 154 3 I2 141 st Penna. . . . 128 21 149 2O2 Total ... 571 165 736 1611 Burling $ Brigade. Regiment. Killed and A/r . . wounded. Mlssin g- Total loss. Engaged. 2d N. H. . . . . . . 157 3 6 193 330 7th N. J. . . . . 101 13 114 Total ... 258 49 307 Artillery. Battery. Killed and wounded. Missing. Total loss. Clark s N. J. . . 17 5 22 Thompson s Penna 24 4 28 Ames s N. Y. 7 2 9 Hart s N. Y, 16 16 Total 64 ii 75 Federal losses, 1008 killed and wounded and 277 missing ; total, 1285. U4th Penna. (Phila. Zouaves) Bronze Monument in Sherfy s Yard, Emmittsburg Road. " Loading Rifle." SECOND DAY S BATTLE. 211 CONFEDERATE LOSSES. Kers haw s South Carolina Brigade. Regiment, 2d S. C 152 8th S. C 100 3d S. C. Battalion 43 Total 295 Killed and . . wounded. Mlssl "S- B arks dale s Mississippi Brigade. I3th Miss .......... 165 i7th Miss .......... 200 i8th Miss .......... loo 2ist Miss ........... 103 Total .......... 568 92 Total loss. 154 100 300 Total loss. 660 This brigade, however, reported a loss of 655 killed and wounded and 92 missing, which is probably more correct. Confederate losses, 950 killed and wounded and 97 missing ; total, 1047. The casualties of the opposing forces were nearly equal. A portion of those in Barksdale s brigade, however, was suffered when that bri gade afterwards encountered the Excelsior and Willard s New York brigades. Upon the other hand, most of those in the ic>5th Pennsylvania occurred as the regiment fought its way back with Humphreys s division, it halting in line and fighting in eight different positions, changing front to rear, while under fire, four times. 212 GETTYSBURG. EMMITTSBURG ROAD, INCLUDING GROUND TO REAR OVER WHICH HUMPHREYS S DIVISION FOUGHT. FEDERAL LOSSES. Carr 1 s Brigade. Regiment. Killed and wounded. Missing. Total loss. Engaged. 1st Mass. . no 21 1 2O nth Mass "9 10 I2 9 1 6th Mass 68 I \ 81 I2th N. H . 81 j II 92 nth N. J . 141 12 53 275 26th Penna . 206 7 213 365 Total . . . 714 74 788 5th N.J. (Burling s) . . 78 / ^ 16 94 Killed and wounded. Regiment. 7oth N. Y 113 7ist N. Y 78 72d N. Y 86 73d N. Y 154 74th N. Y 86 I2oth N. Y 184 Total 701 Total loss. Excelsior (Brewster* s) Brigade. Missing. 117 9 1 114 162 89 203 77* 4 3 28 8 3 19 75 Harrow s Brigade {Second Corps}. Killed and wounded. Regiment. ist Minn 201 I5th Mass 120 82d N. Y. . . 1 08 Total 429 Missing. 28 43 Total loss. 20 1 148 123 472 Engaged. 243 305 Engaged. 263 239 461 9 6 3 The loss of the i5th Massachusetts includes loss on the 3d. The ist Minnesota on the 3d Immense Granite Monument ist Mass., Emmittsburg Road. " Upon the Skirmish Line." SECOND DAY S BATTLE. 215 lost 24 of the 62 remaining on the 2d, and the 82d New York lost 69 on that day. Willard s Brigade. ***. wSdS* Miing. Engaged. 39th N. Y ...... 95 . . 95 inthN. Y ..... 235 14 249 400 I25th N. Y ..... 130 9 139 . . I26th N. Y ..... 221 10 231 402 Total ..... 681 33 7H The losses reported include those for the 2d and 3d, and, judging by what troops in the same line suffered on the 3d, this brigade probably lost 200 on that day. Artillery. Randolph s R. 1. . . 29 I 30 and 40 horses. TurnbulPs U. S. . . 23 I 24 Seeley s U. S. . . . 21 4 25 and 28 horses. Watson s U. S. . . . 20 2 22 . . Total ..... 93 8 101 Federal losses, 2496 killed and wounded and 249 missing ; total, 2745. CONFEDERATE LOSSES. Wile ox s Alabama Brigade. R gi , ? Mis sing . 8th Ala ........... 161 . . 161 9th Ala ........... 58 loth Ala ........... 104 nth Ala ........... 75 I4th Ala ........... 48 257 Total ....... 446 2 I 6 GETTYSBURG. This brigade reports a loss, however, of 520 killed and wounded and 257 missing, which is nearer correct, but it also includes loss, suffered on the 3d, of 204 not reported by regiments. Perry s Florida Brigade. 2d Fla ......... 81 5th Fla ............ 75 8th Fla ............ 94 Total .......... 250 205 455 One hundred and fifty-five of the above were lost on the 3d, not reported by regiments, but included in the missing. Wright s Brigade. - issi "S- Toss* 3d Ga ............ 100 22d Ga ............ 96 . . . . 48th Ga ......... .90 2d Battalion ......... 49 Total ......... 335 333 668 The casualties in Bafksdale s brigade have been given with those at Peach Orchard, though probably half of them, 370, were suffered upon this line. Confederate artillery engaged during the day reported losses for the 2d and 3cl as follows : SECOND DAY S BATTLE. 219 Killed and M - Total wounded. Missin g- loss. CabelPs battalion 37 . . 37 Alexander s battalion 133 6 139 Henry s battalion 27 . . 27 Lane s battalion 24 6 30 Total 221 12 233 Confederate losses, 1326 killed and wounded and 652 missing; total, 1978. Among the field-officers killed or wounded on the Federal side upon this part of the line were General Willard and the commanders of the 5th, jth, and nth New Jersey, 39th, 72d, 82d, and iiith New York, ist Minnesota, i5th, 1 6th, and 2Oth Massachusetts, the major of the 26th, lieutenant-colonel of the 68th Pennsylvania, and colonel of the 3d Maine. The casualties in Humphreys s division were caused to a great extent by the fire of Alex ander s battalion of six batteries of artillery, which followed in the wake of Barksdale s bri gade, and were worked with terrible effect. The losses of the other regiments engaged in repulsing the assault of Wright s brigade upon Cemetery Hill are not given, as they were but slight, and will be included in the heavy losses which all those regiments incurred on the 3d. 2 2O GETTYSBURG. EAST CEMETERY HILL. FEDERAL LOSSES. The reports do not show what casualties the 1 7th Connecticut, 25th, 75th, and io7th Ohio, of Harris s brigade, or the 54th New York and 1 53d Pennsylvania, of Von Gilsa s, suffered in the attack upon East Cemetery Hill, as their reports include the losses on the ist, but they can be approximated from those of the following regiments not engaged on the ist. Von Gils a 1 s Brigade. 4ist N. Y .......... 73 2 75 68th N. Y .......... 71 67 138 Total .......... 144 69 213 73d Penna .......... 34 34 Carrol T s Brigade. Killed and ... . Total Regent. wounded. Mlssin - loss. 4th Ohio .......... 26 5 31 I4th In.l ......... 31 31 7th W. Va .......... 46 I 47 Total .......... 103 6 109 58th N. Y .......... 17 3 33 d MaQS ........... 45 Weiderick s N. Y. battery ... 13 . . Ricketts s Penna. b ttery. . . 23 . . . . Federal losses reported, 345 killed and wounded and 78 missing ; total 423. 73d Penna. East Cemetery Hill. Bronze Plate Representi " ChargingrOut of Old Cemetery to (Rescue* oL Weidrickls iRegiment SECOND DAY S BATTLE. 223 CONFEDERATE LOSSES. Hays s Brigade. Killed and , T . . wounded. Mlssln S- Regiment. 5th La 36 13 6th La 39 21 7th La 51 6 8th La 62 13 9th La 49 23 Total 237 76 Avery s (Hoke s) Brigade. Regiment. woun d deS. d Missin e- 6th N. C 151 21 2ist N. C 74 37 57th N. C 26 Total 251 Total loss. 49 60 57 75 313 Total losa. 172 III 62 J6 94 345 Of the above, Hays lost 63 on the ist, Avery 145. Confederate losses 280 killed and wounded, 1 70 missing ; total, 450. While this assault is called that of the " Lou isiana Tigers," the three North Carolina regi ments lost nearly as many as the five Louisiana regiments, according to the reports. RECAPITULATION OF LOSSES FOR THE DAY. FEDERAL. Killed and wounded. Round Top 544 Wheat-Field 3592 Peach Orchard 1008 Emmittsburg Road 2396 East Cemetery Hill .... 345 Total 7885 Missing. 31 541 277 249 78 Total loss. 575 4133 1285 2745 1176 gi6i 22 GETTYSBURG. Killed and wounded. Missing Total loss. Round Top . . . 686 146 832 Wheat-Field ... 2416 406 2822 Peach Orchard . . T V -" t - 07 1047 Emmittsburg Road . . . . . 1326 .// 652 T"/ 1978 East Cemetery Hill . . ... 280 170 450 Total . *6*8 1471 7I2O THIRD DAY S BATTLE, JULY 3. THE battle opened on the third day at four o clock in the morning, on the right, on Gulp s Hill, where Johnson s division had effected a lodgement the night before. Here, as has been related, the enemy had been encountered the night before by Kane s brigade of Geary s di vision (Twelfth Corps) upon its return from the left, the advance of which had been surprised to find their works occupied by the enemy, who opened fire upon them. Owing to the nature of the ground and the darkness, the Federal troops were compelled to lie upon their arms and await the coming of morning. In the mean time, Pickett s division of Long- street s corps had arrived from Chambersburg and taken position opposite the Federal centre, between Anderson s and Heth s divisions of Hill s corps. O Neal s and Daniel s brigades of Rodes s division had moved out of town, around to their left, to reinforce Johnson in his new position, as had also Smith s brigade of Early s division. Upon the Federal side, Kane s and Candy s brigades of Geary s division had joined Greene s 8 227 228 GETTYSBURG. brigade of the same division in the works de fended so well the night before by Greene s men. The 6th Wisconsin, i4th Brooklyn, and i4/th New York Infantry, of Wadsworth s di vision, First Corps, and 82d Illinois, 45th New York, and 6ist Ohio Infantry, of the Eleventh Corps, had gone to Greene s assistance and did good service, but returned to their own com mands upon the arrival of Candy and Kane. Williams s division of the Twelfth Corps had also returned from the left, where it had gone the evening before, and taken position near Spangler s Spring. Lockwood s indepen dent brigade ist Maryland (Eastern Shore), ist Maryland (Potomac Home Brigade), and i5Oth New York Infantry had joined the corps. Colonel Best had his corps artillery Muhlen- berg s F, 4th United States, Kinzie s K, 5th United States, Knap s Pennsylvania, Winegar s New York, and Rigby s Maryland batteries in splendid position upon Powers s Hill, upon the pike in the rear of the cemetery, and upon McAllister s Hill, and it opened a furious fire upon the enemy, with a range of only 600 or 800 yards. Williams s division, now commanded by Ruger (Williams being in command of the Twelfth Corps and Slocum that of the right THIRD DAYS BATTLE. 23! wing), moved forward on the right. McDougall s brigade i45th New York, 5th Connecticut, 46th Pennsylvania, 3d Maryland, 12 3d New York, and 2Oth Connecticut Infantry advanced against the enemy s left, composed of the loth and 23/1 Virginia and ist North Carolina In fantry of Steuart s brigade. In the mean time the Confederates attacked Geary s division. On the right of their line were Williams s brig ade ist, 2d, loth, 1 4th, and i5th Louisiana In fantry and Jones s brigade 42d, 48th, 2 ist, 44th, 5oth, and 25th Virginia Infantry. Wil liams s two right regiments attacked Cutler s brigade of the First Corps, on the left of Greene, 56th Pennsylvania, 76th, i47th New York, and 1 4th Brooklyn Infantry, while the others, with those of Jones, attacked Greene s brigade, 1 37th, 1 49th, io2d, 78th, and 6oth New York Infantry. In the centre, the 3d North Carolina, ist Maryland, and 37th Virginia, of Steuart s brig ade, supported by the 32d, 43d, and 45th North Carolina Infantry, of D niel s brigade, attacked Kane s brigade, iO9th, 29th, and nith Penn sylvania, which brigade was fighting inside of and almost at right angles to the works, and the Confederates were repulsed. The 1471!! Pennsylvania and 5th Ohio Infantry, of Candy s brigade, on the right of and at an angle to 232 GETTYSBURG. Kane s, aided in the repulse by the enfilading fire they were enabled to pour into the attack ing" columns.^ Farther to the left, Jones s Vir ginia and Williams s Louisiana brigades renewed the attack upon Greene s brigade, being rein forced by O Neal s Alabama brigade. t At the same time, Greene was reinforced by the rest of Candy s brigade, ;th, 29th, and 66th Ohio, and 28th Pennsylvania Infantry, and the attack was repulsed. Walker s Virginia brigade reinforced Dan iel s and Steuart s, and Lockwood s brigade re inforced Greene and Candy, followed shortly by Shaler s brigade of the Sixth Corps, 230! and 82d Pennsylvania, and 65th, 6jth, and i22d New York Infantry. Some distance to the right, Colgrove s bri gade of Ruger s division 2d Massachusetts, 27th Indiana, 3d Wisconsin, i3th New Jersey, and loyth New York Infantry had resumed almost the same position it occupied the day before, and was upon the left flank of the Con federate line held by Walker s Virginia brigade. In rear of Walker s, and at right angles to it, facing Colgrove s brigade, was the 49th Virginia Infantry, of Smith s brigade, with the 52d Vir ginia immediately in rear of it, and the jist Virginia some distance in rear of the 52d. Separating Smith s and Colgrove s lines was a THIRD DAY S BATTLE. 235 little meadow, little more than a hundred yards in width. Across this meadow the 26. Massa chusetts and 2 7th Indiana Infantry were ordered to charge against Smith s line, which was on a slight elevation in the woods north of the meadow. They started across the meadow with cheers, the 26. Massachusetts being some what in advance ; but the 2d Virginia Infantry, of Walker s brigade, unseen, was in the woods to their left, on the west side of the meadow, and as they reached the open ground they met a furious fire from Smith s two regiments, and the 2d Virginia, facing about, poured deadly volleys into the flank of the 2d Massachusetts. The regiments were driven back before they had crossed the meadow, the 2d with a loss of 136 and the 2jth with a loss of no. The Confederates attempted to follow these two regiments, but were met by the fire of the 3d Wisconsin and I3th New Jersey Infantry. For six hours the terrible struggle continued along the line of the Twelfth Corps. The volleys of musketry were deafening. Nearly all the woods in which the battle raged have since died, showing- how terrific was the fire. o The Confederates, after several attempts to take the works held by Greene s brigade and to drive Kane s from the position it held on the right of Greene, at 10.25 massed in column by 236 GETTYSBURG. regiments and made a last bold effort to break through the Federal lines, the attack falling principally upon Kane s brigade, but it was repulsed with severe loss, and under the com bined attack of the six brigades of the Twelfth Corps the seven brigades of the Confederates were driven beyond Rock Creek, with a loss of nearly 2000 killed and wounded and 3 stands of colors. At eleven o clock the battle ceased on the right. The Federal line was now almost as it was at noon the day before, before the Third Corps moved out to the Emmittsburg Road and the Wheat-Field, except that the Fifth Corps extended the line on the left, occupying Little and Big Round Tops. On the right, at Gulp s Hill, was the Twelfth Corps, on its left Wads worth s division of the First ; then the Eleventh upon Cemetery Hill, on its left Robinson s division of the First ; then Hays s (except Carroll s brigade, still on Cemetery Hill with the Eleventh) and Gibbon s divisions of the Second ; then Doubleday s divi sion of the First, including Stannard s Vermont brigade, which had joined it the evening of the ist; then Caldwell s division of the Second; then the Third, in support of McGilvery s artillery ; then the Fifth. The Sixth Corps was distributed to strengthen the line. Wheaton s brigade, THIRD DAY S BATTLE. 239 now commanded by Nevin, 93d, 98th, io2d, and 1 39th Pennsylvania, and 62d New York Infantry, still lay to the right and front of Little Round Top. To its left and rear was Bartlett s brigade, of Wright s division, 5th Maine, I2ist New York, 95th and 96th Penn sylvania Infantry, while to its right and rear was Torbert s New Jersey brigade of the same divi sion, ist, 2d, 3d, and 1 5th New Jersey Infantry. In rear of Bartlett s was Eustis s brigade, of Wheaton s division, 7th, loth, 37th Massachu setts, and 2d Rhode Island Infantry. Russell s brigade, of Wright s division, 6th Maine, 5th Wisconsin, 49th and H9th Pennsylvania In fantry, and Grant s Vermont brigade, 2d, 3<i, 4th, 5th, and 6th Infantry, of Howe s division, were posted on the extreme left, to the rear of Big Round Top,, to guard against an anticipated flank movement from that direction. Neill s brigade, of Howe s division, 7th Maine, 6ist Pennsylvania, 33d, 43d, 49th, and 77th New York Infantry, was sent to the extreme right, on Wolf s Hill, beyond Rock Creek, while Shaler s brigade, as we have noticed, went to the support of the Twelfth Corps. Stewart s United States, Weidrick s New York, Ricketts s Pennsylvania, and Reynolds s New York bat teries still occupied Cemetery Hill. Bancroft s 4th United States, Dilger s ist Ohio, Taft s 240 GETTYSBURG. New York, Kakin s ist United States, Wheeler s i3th New York, Huntington s Ohio, Hill s ist West Virginia, and Edgell s New Hampshire batteries, under Major Osborne, were placed in the cemetery. On the left of the cemetery, near Zeigler s Grove, were Woodruff s United States, Arnold s Rhode Island, Cushing s United States, Brown s Rhode Island, and Rorty s New York batteries, under Captain Hazzard. Next to these, on the left, were Fitzhugh s New York, Parsons s New Jersey, Daniel s Michigan, Thomas s United States, Thompson s Pennsyl vania, Phillips s Massachusetts, Sterling s Con necticut, Hart s New York, Cooper s Penn sylvania, Dow s Maine, and Ames s New York batteries, under Major McGilvery. On the extreme left were Gibbs s Ohio and Hazlett s United States batteries, the latter now com manded by Lieutenant Rittenhouse. The Confederate army was also practically in the same position as it was on the evening of the 2d, Hood s division being on the extreme right. Benning s brigade held the ground about Devil s Den, which it had captured from Ward, Robertson s and Law s lay to its right, at the foot of Big Round Top, while Anderson s bri gade extended the line westward from Round Top across the Emmittsburg Road. McLaws s division occupied the ground held the day before THIRD DAYS BATTLE. 243 by Birney s, Kershaw being at the Peach Or chard and Woftbrd on the west side of the Wheat-Field, Pickett s division lying to the left of McLaws s, west of the Emmittsburg Road. Hill s corps was still in the centre and Ewell s on the left. Their artillery was well posted. Along the high ground on the Emmittsburg Road were Alexander s battalion of 8 batteries ; Eshleman s Washington, of 4 ; Deering s, of 4 ; Cabell s, of 4 ; and Pogue s, of 4. To the left, on Seminary Ridge, were Garnett s, of 4 ; Lane s, of 3 ; Pegram s, of 5 ; Mclntosh s, of 4 ; and Carter s, of 4. Smith s brigade, of Stein wehr s division, 55th and 73d Ohio and I36th New York Infantry, lay on the west side of Cemetery Hill, along the Taneytown Road, since noon of the i st until the close of the battle, and, though not otherwise engaged, its skirmishers were constantly on the line, and the brigade lost heavily, the 55th losing 49, the 73d 145, and the I36th 109. The 33d Massachusetts of this brigade was detached, be ing between Cemetery Hill and Culp s Hill with Stevens s Maine battery, losing 45. A third of a mile in front of Hays s division were the Bliss house and barn, which afforded an excel lent cover for the Confederate sharp-shooters, who kept up an annoying fire. In the afternoon of the 2d the i2th New Jersey, with companies 244 GETTYSBURG. of the ist Delaware and io6th Pennsylvania Infantry, charged the barn, encountering the 1 6th and 4Qth Mississippi Infantry, of Posey s brigade, and capturing about 100 prisoners. On the morning of the 3d the i2th New Jersey again charged the buildings, driving out those occupying it. Soon afterwards the i4th Con necticut again charged and, by direction of General Smyth, burned the buildings. THE FINAL ASSAULT UPON CEMETERY RIDGE. Preparations were at once made for what proved to be the last tremendous and deadly encounter. Meade had strengthened the posi tion held by the First and Second Corps on Cemetery Hill by reserve lines of Infantry, and battery after battery had formed in park until eighty guns were trained upon Seminary Ridge. Upon the other side, Lee had massed seventy- five long-range guns upon the slight eminence held by Humphreys s division the day before ; and sixty-three on Seminary Ridge. These guns were supported by other batteries in position. There were two hours of comparative silence, until one o clock P.M., when the signal gun was fired from Seminary Ridge by the Washington Artillery of New Orleans, and there was opened THIRD DAY S BATTLE. 247 between the one hundred and thirty-eight Con federate guns and the eighty Federal guns the heaviest and most terrible artillery fire ever witnessed upon any battle-field in this country, if upon any in the world. It opened so sud denly that men were torn to pieces before they could rise from the ground upon which they had been lolling ; some were stricken down with cigars in their mouths ; one young soldier was killed with the portrait of his sister in his hand. The earth was thrown in clouds ; splin ters flew from fences and rocks ; mingled with the roar of the artillery were the groans of wounded men and the fierce neighing of man gled horses. For two hours the air was filled with projectiles of every kind, hurled from two hundred guns ; but the Federal troops stood the fire without wavering. In the mean time the fresh troops of Pickett s Confederate division had been massed under cover of the slight ridge running between Semi nary Ridge and the Emmittsburg Road, in rear of the artillery, while Pettigrew s division (for merly Heth s, who was wounded on the first day) was massed to their rear and left behind Seminary Ridge. In the rear of the right of Pickett were the brigades of Wilcox and Perry, with that of Wright in reserve. In the rear of the right of 248 GETTYSBURG. Pettigrew were the brigades of Scales and Lane, of Fender s division, commanded by Trimble, Fender having been killed the evening before. When the artillery ceased firing, upon Chief of Artillery General Hunt s order, General War ren having informed him by signal from Round Top that under the smoke in the valley the enemy were forming for an attack, these troops moved from behind their cover and advanced majestically across the fields towards Cemetery Hill, Pickett s division on the right, Petti- grew s to its left and rear, en echelon, supported by Scales s and Lane s brigades. Kemper s brigade, of Pickett s division, was on the right, 24th, nth, ist, 7th, and 3d Virginia Infantry; on its left was Garnett s, 8th, i8th, igth, 28th, and 56th Virginia Infantry, while Armistead s 1 4th, gth, 53d, 57th, and 38th Virginia Infan try was in the rear, moving rapidly to take position on their left. On the left of Pickett were the four brigades of Pettigrew s division : first, Frye s (Archer being a prisoner), i st, 7th, and 1 4th Tennessee, 5th and 1 3th Alabama Infantry ; then Marshall s (formerly Pettigrew s), nth, 26th, 47th, and 52d North Carolina Infantry ; Davis s, 2d, i ith, and 42d Mississippi and 55th North Carolina In fantry ; and Brockenbrough s, 22d, 23d, 4Oth, THIRD DAY S BATTLE. 25! 47th, and 55th Virginia Infantry. In the rear of Frye s and Marshall s brigades were Low- ranee s (formerly Scales s) i6th, 22d, 34th, 1 3th, and 38th North Carolina Infantry and Lane s, 33d, i8th, ;th, 28th, and 37th North Carolina Infantry, these two brigades being under Trimble. Together, the assaulting party numbered about 14,000. The point of direction was the small copse" of trees to the left of Zeigler s Grove, held by Gibbon s division of the Second Corps. After advancing some dis tance, the three brigades of Pickett s division made a half-wheel to the left, in order to move towards the objective point. McGilvery s forty guns on the left, with those of the two batteries on Round Top, opened a terrible fire upon them, partly taking them in flank, and soon afterwards Hazzard s and Os- borne s batteries opened upon them, the former with shrapnel and canister, when their line was near enough. Into their steady ranks were poured solid shot, spherical case, shrapnel, shell, and canister. Great gaps were torn in their lines, but they closed up each time and moved bravely on against the deadly storm. They reached the Emmittsburg Road within five hundred feet of the Federal line, posted behind the stone walls. As Kemper s brigade on the right of Pickett s 252 GETTYSBURG. division executed the wheel, its front and flank were exposed to the fire of the 2Oth New York and i5ist Pennsylvania Infantry, of Double- day s division, and to that of Stannard s brigade, i 3th, 1 4th, and i6th Vermont Infantry, of the same division, which regiments were on the left of Gibbon s division, and as the assaulting columns moved on towards the copse of trees, the two first-named regiments, moving in the same direction, continued firing, while the i3th and 1 6th Vermont, by direction of General Hancock, changed front forward on first com pany and opened directly upon Kemper s flank, nearly destroying the 24th and iith Virginia Regiments, and causing his brigade to crowd to the left. Armistead s brigade moved rapidly in between Kemper s and Garnett s, and together they charged to the projection and angle of the wall held by Webb s Philadelphia brigade, 69 th, 7 ist, and 72d, and two companies of the io6th Pennsylvania Infantry (the balance of the io6th having been sent the evening before to support batteries on Cemetery Hill). As the di vision neared the wall it was joined on its left by Frye s Tennessee brigade, of Pettigrew s line, and at the same time Lowrance s North Caro lina brigade rushed from the rear and joined Frye s and Garnett s at the angle of the wall. The two guns of Cushing s battery at the wall THIRD DAYS BATTLE. 255 were silenced, and the left of the 7 1 st Pennsyl vania was withdrawn to a line with the right, at the wall to the rear. Through this gap the Confederates crossed the wall. Garnett had been killed and Kemper wounded. The other guns of Gushing s Battery A, 4th United States, were posted near the clump of trees near by. Armistead, putting his hat on his sword, dashed forward towards the battery, followed by a por tion of his command, and fell dead by the side of Gushing, near the "copse" of woods, which was the extreme point reached by the Confederates in this charge. As the right flank of the 6gth Pennsylvania was passed, the two right companies were thrown back at an angle to the wall, firing into the enemy that had crossed it. At the same time, to the left of the regiment, there was a gap in the wall which had been made for the passage of a battery the day before. Through this gap the enemy also passed, but the regi ment held its position. Cowan s New York battery galloped up and opened with double charges of canister, at twenty paces, upon the enemy who had passed the left of the 69th. The 72cl and the two companies of the io6th Pennsylvania moved from their position in the second line to the right and rear of the 69th, and opened upon the enemy crowding over the wall. 256 GETTYSBURG. To the left of Webb s, Hall s brigade, 1 9th and 2oth Massachusetts, 42d and 59th New York, and 7th Michigan Infantry, after firing at short range upon the enemy in its front, made a half-wheel to the rear and attacked the enemy in flank. Harrow s brigade ist Min nesota, 1 5th Massachusetts, iQth Maine, and 82 d New York Infantry moved from the left and also attacked Pickett in flank. General Hancock, riding to the very front, was wounded, and, lying upon the front line in a reclining position, with the blood gushing from a wound in the groin, directed the battle. Farther to the right, Marshall s brigade, i ith, 26th, 47th, and 52d North Carolina, Davis s, 2d, i ith, and 42d Mississippi, and 55th North Carolina, and Lane s, 7th, i8th, 28th, 33d, and 37th North Carolina, were fighting with Smyth s brigade of Hays s division of the Sec ond Corps, 1 2th New Jersey, ist Delaware, 1 4th Connecticut, and io8th New York Infan try, and Sherrill s (formerly Willard s), 39th, 1 1 ith, 1 25th, and 12 6th New York Infantry. The two little brigades of Hays s division poured fearful volleys into the brave foe, which com pelled some of them to crowd to their right upon Pickett, while others fled or surrendered. Woodruff s battery, in the grove to the right, moved forward and swept the enemy with can THIRD DAY S BATTLE. 259 ister. The 8th Ohio, on the skirmish line to the right, changed front forward on left com pany, and opened fire upon the flank. Meanwhile, to the left, at the angle of the wall, the several regiments mentioned advanced and poured into the yelling and desperate as sailants a converging deadly fire, and the attack was ended. When the smoke lifted, the three brigades of Pickett s division were annihilated. Nearly half of those who survived the death which they so bravely faced were prisoners. The division lost all three of its brigadiers, Gar- nett and Armistead being killed, and Kemper severely wounded and a prisoner. It lost every field-officer of its fifteen regiments, except one lieutenant-colonel, and two-thirds of its line offi cers were either killed or wounded, and but about 2000 out of 4900 men returned to their line. It lost twelve out of fifteen battle-flags. Pettigrew s and Trimble s divisions had also been repulsed with a loss of about 2000, and fifteen stands of colors. Troops had been hurried from the First, Third, and Sixth Corps to aid in repulsing the attack, but it had ended before they arrived. The left of the charging column, under Pet- tigrew and Trimble, suffered as severely as the right, under Pickett. Great injustice has been done these troops 9 260 GETTYSBURG. by the prevailing erroneous impression that they failed to advance with those of Pickett. Such is not the fact. As they were formed behind Seminary Ridge, they had over thirteen hundred yards to march under the terrible fire to which they were exposed, while Pickett s division, being formed under cover of the intermediate ridge, had but nine hundred yards to march under fire. At the first the assaulting columns advanced en echelon, but when they reached the Emmittsburg Road they were on a line, and to gether they crossed the road. The left of Pet- tigrew s command becoming first exposed to the fearful enfilading fire upon their left flank from the 8th Ohio and other regiments of Hays s division, and of Woodruff s battery and other troops, the men on that portion of the line (Brockenbrough s brigade) either broke to the rear or threw themselves on the ground for protection. But Pettigrew s other brigades, Frye s, Davis s, and Marshall s, with the bri gades of Lowrance and Lane, under Trimble, advanced with Pickett up to the stone wall, and there fought desperately. This is substantiated by the fact that the colors of the ist and izj-th Tennessee and i3th and 5th Alabama were captured at the angle of the wall, and eleven others were picked up between the Emmitts burg Road and the stone wall, in front of Hays s THIRD DAY S BATTLE. 263 division. Pettigrew and Trimble, with three of their brigade commanders, Frye, Marshall, and Lowrance, were wounded. Davis s brigade lost all its field-officers, Marshall s all but one, and Frye s five out of seven. As the assaulting columns reached the wall, Wilcox s Alabama and Perry s Florida brigades to the right, marching according to orders, but having become separated from Pickett, had resumed the march towards the left, advancing from the top of the crest, from behind which Pickett had emerged, directly towards McGil- very s batteries and the Third Corps, but, being received with a severe fire by Stannard s Ver- monters, who had changed front again, and ex posed to a heavy artillery fire, and seeing the commands of Pickett, Pettigrew, and Trimble repulsed, they withdrew under cover of the hill. Thus ended this reckless and ever-renowned effort to carry Cemetery Hill by direct assault in the face of a hundred cannon and of the Federal army. The bravery displayed by the troops engaged in it will be ever admired by all those who have a pride in American courage. The point which the charging columns reached is well known as the " hitrh-water-mark of the o Rebellion," as from the time of that repulse until the close of the war the hopes of its leaders waned, and reverses attended the 264 GETTYSBURG. courageous and determined efforts of its armies. The prominent Confederate officers killed or wounded in this struggle have already been named. Upon the Federal side, Hancock, Gibbon, Webb, Stannard, and Smyth were wounded. Among the killed were Colonel Sherrill, commanding Willard s brigade, the colo nel and lieutenant-colonel 6gth Pennsylvania, lieutenant-colonels 59th New York and yth Michigan, and Rorty, Cushing, and Woodruff. But why call this Pickett s charge? In this assault there were engaged 42 Confederate regiments. In Pickett s division there were 15 Virginia regiments. In Pettigrew s and Trim ble s there were 15 North Carolina, 3 Missis sippi, 3 Tennessee, 2 Alabama, and 4 Virginia, the latter being Brockenbrough s brigade. In addition to the artillery fire, they encountered 9 regiments of New York, 5 of Pennsylvania, 3 of Massachusetts, 3 of Vermont, i of Michigan, i of Maine, i of Minnesota, i of New Jersey, i of Connecticut, i of Ohio, i of Delaware, 27 in all. The troops of Trimble s and Pettigrew s divi sions behaved as gallantly as those of Pickett. Some prominent writers, even historians like Swinton and Lossing, have said that the left of the line did not advance as was expected, and that it was because the troops were not of the same "fine quality" as those upon the right; THIRD DAY S BATTLE. 267 that they were "raw, undisciplined," etc. Yet but two days before these same soldiers of Pettigrew and Trimble had fought around Rey nolds s Grove for six hours, in a struggle with the First Corps that is unsurpassed for bravery and endurance, and where so many of their number had fallen. There were, in fact, no better troops in the Confederate army than they. Is history repeating itself? If the event is cor rectly recorded, there were at Thermopylae 300 Spartans, 700 Thespians, and 300 Thebans. It is said the latter went over to the enemy, but the Thespians died, to a man, "at the pass" with the Spartans. Yet for twenty-three cen turies epic song and story have well preserved the memory of the Spartans, while the devoted Thespians are forgotten. All honor to the Spartan Virginians who, with well-dressed ranks and in splendid array, moved so gallantly, so steadily, so dauntlessly across that death-swept field, but honor, too, the Thes pian North Carolinians and other troops who, too, marched and fought there that day. The valor of the one will not be dimmed by according justice to the other. This assault was a reckless and useless waste of valor and life. Had those making it suc ceeded in breaking the Federal line, their success could only have been temporary, as they must 268 GETTYSBURG. have succumbed to the immense number of troops, who, without weakening the line else where, were hurrying" to the point of attack. The Memorial Association, with appropria tions especially made by the States for that purpose, has erected at the copse of trees a very unique and artistic memorial, and upon the open pages of an immense bronze volume are recorded the incidents of this historic assault, with the names of all the commands that par ticipated in it on both sides. GREGG S CAVALRY FIGHT ON THE RIGHT FLANK. It was part of General Lee s plan to send Stuart s cavalry with portions of Ewell s corps during the assault upon the centre of the Fed eral army around its right flank, with the inten tion of gaining its rear, and thus cause conster nation among the troops at the very time of the attack in front. Out on the Bonnaughtown or Hanover road, some three miles to the right and in advance of the Federal infantry, was the cavalry division of General D McM. Gregg. With this division, and for the time acting under General Gregg, was Glister s splendid Michigan brigade, of Kil- patrick s division. Gregg s division consisted of Mclntosh s bri- THIRD DAYS BATTLE. 271 gade, 3d Pennsylvania, ist New Jersey, and ist Maryland Cavalry, Randoll s Light Bat tery E, ist United States (the ist Pennsylvania Cavalry being upon duty at Meade s head quarters with the 2d Pennsylvania, and the ist Massachusetts being with the Sixth Corps), and J. Irvin Gregg s brigade, i6th Pennsyl vania, ist Maine, and loth New York Cavalry (the 4th Pennsylvania having been ordered to report to General Pleasonton in rear of the centre). Huey s brigade of this division 2d and 4th New York, 6th Ohio, and 8th Pennsyl vania Cavalry had been sent to Westminster to protect the trains. Custer s brigade was composed of the ist, 5th, 6th, and yth Michi gan Cavalry and Pennington s Light Battery M, 2d United States. During the heavy cannonading, General Stu art, leaving some sharp-shooters in front to en gage the attention of the Federal cavalry, moved swiftly to his right under cover of the woods, with the brigades of Hampton, Fitzhugh Lee, W. H. F. Lee, and Jenkins, and Breathed s and Griffin s Maryland and McGregor s Virginia Light Batteries. When he debouched from the woods, to his surprise he found that Gregg had been on the alert and was in his front Having failed to elude his adversary, Stuart now deter mined to force his way, and there ensued upon 272 GETTYSBURG. those fields one of the best and most closely fought cavalry engagements of the war. Custer s brigade had just left its position to return and rejoin its division on the left flank, and Mclntosh s had taken its place, the ist New Jersey and a part of the 3d Pennsylvania being on the skirmish line. Mclntosh, con vinced that the enemy was in his front, de termined to develop it, and advanced his skir mish line to near Rummell s barn, when the engagement opened. The Confederate line was held by a portion of Hampton s and Fitzhugh Lee s brigades. Gregg immediately ordered Custer back with his brigade, the ist Maryland was placed on the right to guard that flank, and Irvin Gregg s brigade was also ordered up at a trot. Stuart at the same time brought forward, on his right, Jenkins s brigade, -- 1 4th, i6th, i7th, 34th, and 35th Virginia Mounted Infantry. The 6th Michigan went into position to meet it on the left of the 3d Pennsylvania. In the mean time, Randol s and Pennington s batteries opened fire upon those of the enemy on the hill back of Rummell s house. The enemy now attempted to turn the right of the Federal line, but was repulsed by a gallant charge of a squadron of the 3d Pennsylvania. The ist New Jersey s and 3d Pennsylvania s ammunition was nearly THIRD DAYS BATTLE. 275 exhausted, when the 5th Michigan was sent to relieve them ; but at the same time W. H. F. Lee s brigade (being commanded by Chambliss) 9th, loth, and i3th Virginia, and 2d North Carolina Cavalry came to the support of the Confederate line. The 3d Pennsylvania re turned to the line, with the ist New Jersey, and fought dismounted along the fence until every cartridge of carbine and pistol was gone. At the same time Jenkins s brigade was repulsed by the 6th Michigan with its repeating rifles. Fitzhugh Lee s brigade ist, 2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th Virginia Cavalry now reinforced the Con federate left. The i st Virginia charged in splen did style against Gregg s right centre, and was met in a counter-charge by the 7th Michigan, in close column of squadrons. They met at a fence, where, face to face, they fought in a des perate manner. The Confederates were rein forced ; when the 5th Michigan went to the assist ance of the 7th, which was falling back, the ist New Jersey and 3d Pennsylvania opened on the flanks of the ist Virginia and the rest of Fitz hugh Lee s brigade, and they were driven back. As a last desperate effort, Hampton s bri gade, ist and 2d South Carolina, Cobb s and Phillips s (Georgia) and Jeff. Davis s (South Carolina) Legions, and ist North Carolina Cav alry, in close column of squadrons, with sabres 2 76 GETTYSBURG. drawn, charged in magnificent style upon the Federal batteries, which poured into them per cussion shell and canister. Gregg hurled against them the ist Michigan, under Custer. Upon both sides every horse was on the jump and every trooper wildly yell ing ; the lines clashed together with a terrific shock. The enemy s charge was checked ; but Hampton was immediately reinforced by Fitz- hugh Lee s brigade, and the fight was renewed. Gregg mounted all his men as quickly as possi ble, and Mclntosh, with his staff and orderlies, joined in the charge. The fighting was at the closest quarters. Hampton was wounded with a sabre by a charge of a squadron of the ist New Jersey, and Captain Newhall, of the 3d Pennsyl vania, was wounded with the spear of a flag-staff, tearing open his mouth. In a frenzied manner the fighting went on. Then Captain Miller s squadron of the 3d Pennsylvania charged from the right and went through the Confederate line, cutting a portion of it off and driving it past Rummell s, close up to Breathed s Confederate battery, which limbered up and left the field. At last the Confederates wavered, then turned and fled from the field. Many Federals, charging too far ahead, were swept along as prisoners by the retreating enemy. Gregg and his division had well maintained THIRD DAY S BATTLE. 279 the reputation they had for steadiness and dis cipline. Irvin Gregg s brigade did not partici pate, as it was engaged in preventing a move ment upon the right of the Federal infantry, and arrived to the support of the cavalry after the fight was over. The Federal cavalry, though so greatly out numbered, being but seven regiments against Stuart s twenty, fought as if inspired by a knowledge of the fearful consequences that might follow its defeat, and as if the safety of the army was in its keeping, and there, isolated from the rest of the army, the troopers fought and won their battle. For hours the booming of light artillery and the roar of carbines were mingled with the crack of pistol and the clash of sabre. Each assault of Stuart was hurled backhand charge was met with counter-charge, until, defeated and whipped, the famous Con federate cavalry leader was compelled to with draw his badly crippled squadrons and abandon his attempts to reach the flanks of the Federal army. The fighting was nearly all at close quar ters, and the sabre and pistol were freely used. In one spot there were found, after the battle, a Federal and a Confederate cavalryman lying head to head, each stretched at full length, with his sabre firmly clasped, and each with his head split open, showing how simultaneously 280 GETTYSBURG. they had dealt each other death-blows as they dashed together. THE CAVALRY CHARGE UPON THE LEFT. Upon the left of the Federal line there was also a great cavalry charge this day, and the Confederates were kept busy protecting their right flank. About noon Kilpatrick, with Farns- worth s brigade of his own division 5th New York, 1 8th Pennsylvania, ist Vermont, and ist West Virginia Cavalry and Merritt s Regular brigade, of Buford s division, ist, 2d, 5th, and 6th United States, and 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry, crossed Plum Creek to the left of Round Top and endeavored to strike the supply trains of the enemy. Farnsworth, at the head of his brigade, bravely charged the infantry posted behind the stone walls. With the ist Vermont and a portion of the ist West Virginia, he broke through the line of the ist Texas Infantry, and at a furious gallop passed along the rear of the Confederate line until he met the fire of the 4th Alabama Infantry, which had been hurried back from the line to meet him, when he boldly wheeled his brave command and galloped westward straight for Bachman s South Carolina battery upon the slope of the ist Vermont Cavalry Monument 011 Field of Kilpati ick s Cavalry Fight 011 Left Flank in Front of Big Round Top. THIRD DAY S BATTLE. 283 hill near the Emmittsburg Road, riding up so close to the mouth of the guns that a captain of the ist West Virginia fell in under the guns with his horse, which had been shot. Exposed now to the fire of the Qth Georgia Infantry, which had double-quicked to the support of the battery, the intrepid leader again wheeled and attempted to ride along the Confederate rear, meeting this time the fire of the I5th Ala bama Infantry, which had quickly moved back from Law s line to stay his daring advance. Once more he wheeled and attempted to break back through the line of the Texans, but, being surrounded, he was killed and his brave com mand scattered, some of them even escaping up Big Round Top, leading their horses. Farther out on the Emmittsburg Road, Mer- ritt s United States Regular Cavalry, in an effort to reach the trains, was engaged in heavy skir mishing for over three hours with Anderson s 7th, 8th, Qth, nth, and 59th Georgia Infantry. The movements w r ere successful in detaining a large force of the enemy s infantry on that part of the field to watch them. In the mean time, in front of Little Round Top, a rebel battery was causing considerable damage, and McCandless s brigade of Pennsyl vania Reserves was ordered to attempt its 284 GETTYSBURG. capture. Leaving the 6th Infantry to engage Wofforcl s Georgia brigade i n front, McCand- o o less moved, with the ist, 2d, and iith Infantry and Bucktail Rifles, to his left, and then advanced with the Buck tails as skirmishers. The brigade, o having drawn the fire of Benning s brigade, 2d, 1 5th, i ;th, and 2oth Georgia Infantry, threw itself upon the ground until the volleys had passed over it, and then, springing to its feet, charged the enemy until it had reached a position in rear of the battery, when it quickly changed direction and swept over the battery, capturing it, with two hundred prisoners and a stand of colors. CASUALTIES FOR THE DAY. GULP S HILL. FEDERAL LOSSES. GEARY S DIVISION (TWELFTH CORPS). Greene s Brigade. 6oth N. Y .......... 52 . . 52 78th N. Y .......... 27 3 30 I02d N. Y .......... 21 8 29 I37th N. Y. . . ...... 127 10 137 I49th N. Y .......... 52 3 55 Total .......... 279 24 303 m bucktail Rifles (ijth Penna. Reserves), In Woods S E of Wheat, Field THIRD DAY S BATTLE. 287 Candy 8 Brigade. *<*"< SISSS? - 5th Ohio .......... 18 . . 18 7th Ohio .......... 18 . . 18 29th Ohio .......... 38 . . 38 6oth Ohio .......... 17 . . 17 28th Penna .......... 24 3 27 I47th Penna ......... 20 . . 20 Total .......... 135 3 138 Kane s Brigade. ****" wounded* M-tag. f Engaged. 29th Penna ...... 58 8 66 488 lOQth Penna ...... 9 I 10 149 iilth Penna ...... 22 . . 22 259 Total ...... 89 9 98 896 RUGER S DIVISION (TWELFTH CORPS). LockwoocTs Brigade. **-- " " T ! 1st Md .......... . 103 i 104 1st Md.,E. S. . ....... 23 2 25 I50th N. Y .......... 30 15 45 Total .......... 156 18 174 Colgrove s Brigade. R gim en, # M issi n g . 2d Mass ........... 132 4 136 27th Ind ........... 109 I no 1 3th N. J ........... 21 . . 21 3d Wis ............ 10 . . 10 N. Y .......... 2 . . 2 Total 274 279 288 GETTYSBURG. McDougair s Brigade. Regiment. Killed and Mi j Total wounded. loss. 5th Conn ........... 2 5 7 2Oth Conn ........... 27 I 28 3d Md ............ 8 . . 8 46th Penna .......... 12 I 13 I23d N. Y .......... 13 i 14 I45th N. Y. ......... 10 . . 10 Total .......... 72 8 80 Shaler s Brigade (Sixth Corps). Regiment. Killed and Total wounded. loss. 23d Penna ........... 14 . . 14 82d Penna ........... 6 . . 6 65th N. Y ........... 9 . . 9 67th N. Y ........... i i I22d N. Y ........... 42 2 44 Total .......... 71 3 74 Corps artillery ........ 9 . . 9 CONFEDERATE LOSSES. JOHNSON S DIVISION. Steuarf s Brigade. P . Killed and Total wounded. loss. 1st Md ................ 144 144 ist N. C ............... 52 52 3d N. C ............... 156 156 icth Va ......... ...... 21 21 23d Va ............... 18 18 37*h Va ........ ...... 54 54 Total ...... ........ 445 445 The brigade, however, reported a loss of 482 killed and wounded and 190 missing. N. Y., i.tth Corps, Granite Monument, Gulp s Hill. " History Recording." THIRD DAYS BATTLE. 2QI Williams s Brigade. ist La ................ 39 39 2dLa ................ 62 62 loth La ............... 91 91 I4th La ............... 65 65 l$th La ............... 38 38 Total .............. 295 295 Loss reported by brigade, 352 killed and wounded, 36 missing ; total loss, 388. Walker s Brigade. Killed and Total wounded. loss. 2d Va ................ 14 14 4 th Va ................ 86 86 5th Va ................ 51 51 2;th Va ............... 41 41 33d Va ................ 48 48 Total .............. 240 240 Loss reported by brigade, 243 killed and wounded, 87 missing; total loss, 330. Jones s Brigade. 2ist Va. ........... 50 . . 50 25th Va ............ 70 . . 70 42d Va ............ 56 . . 56 44th Va ............ 56 . . 56 48th Va ............ 76 . . 76 50th Va ............ j9 j)9 407 61 407=468 10 GETTYSBURG. EARLY s DIVISION. Smith s Brigade. 3ist Va ........... 20 7 27 4<Dth Va ........... 90 10 100 52d Va ........... 15 . . 15 Total ......... 125 17 142 The losses of Daniel s and O Neal s brigades are not reported separately for this day, and the others were understated. Killed and ,,. Total wounded. Mlssm S- loss. Total Federal losses .... 1085 70 1155 Total Confederate losses . . 1609 391 2000 The losses of the Federal troops here were comparatively light, because they were pro tected by breastworks and the large boulders, an advantage they seldom enjoyed during the war. CEMETERY RIDGE. FEDERAL LOSSES. GIBBON S DIVISION (SECOND CORPS). Harrow s Brigade. Engaged. igth Me ....... 195 4 199 82d N. Y ...... 69 69 1st Minn ...... 24 . . 24 62 Total ..... 288 4 292 62 S3 PENH* INFANTRY: 72*1 Penna. (Phila, Zouaves), Bronze, at Bloody Angle. " Clubbing Musket." THIRD DAY S BATTLE. 295 The loss of the i5th Massachusetts, of this brigade, in the two days was 148, most of it being on the 2d, where it has been given with that of the 82d New York, which that day lost 123, and the ist Minnesota 201 of 263 engaged. Webb s Philadelphia Brigade. Regiment. unded Missin g Toss! 69th Penna ...... 122 7 129 329 ;ist Penna ...... 79 19 98 331 72d Penna ...... 189 2 191 458 Io6th Penna. (2 cos.) .63 4 67 Total ...... 453 32 485 1118 Hall s Brigade. I9th Mass .......... 70 7 77 20th Mass .......... 124 3 127 7th Mich ........... 65 . . 65 42d N. Y .......... 70 4 74 59th N. Y. (4 cos.) ...... 34 34 Total ........ ; . 363 14 377 Stannard s Brigade {First Corps}. *- ^d^ Missing. 1 3th Vt ............ 113 10 123 HthVt ............ 86 21 107 i6th Vt ............ 118 i 119 Total .......... 317 32 349 The losses of the 2Oth New York, and the I5ist Pennsylvania, of the First Corps, for this 296 GETTYSBURG. day are not reported, being given with the heavy losses they suffered on the ist. HAYS S DIVISION (SECOND CORPS). Smyth s Brigade. Killed and ,,. . Total Regiment, wounded. Mlssin S" loss. I4th Conn 62 4 66 ist Del 64 13 77 I2th N. J 106 9 115 io8th N. Y 102 . . 102 loth N. Y. (4 cos.) 6 . . 6 Total 340 26 366 8th Ohio (Carroll s brigade) . . 101 I 102 The 1 2th New Jersey withheld its fire until the enemy was within twenty yards of the wall, and then opened with buck and ball, causing great slaughter in Frye s and Lowrance s brigades. Lieutenant William Smith, in command of the ist Delaware, was found after the battle, dead, with his sword in one hand and a Con federate flag in the other. The loss of Willarcl s brigade 39th, iiith, 1 25th, and i26th New York for the two days was 714, 500 of which was probably incurred on the 2cl in the encounter with Barksdale s brigade, and the balance of 200 on the 3d. loSth N Granite. Clover Leaf. 2d Corps Mark. HaysVDiv. Right of " The Copse." THIRD DAY S BATTLE. 299 Artillery. Missing, o Woodruffs U. S 25 . . 25 Cushing s U. S 38 . . 38 Arnold s R. I 31 i 32 Brown s R. 1 26 2 28 Rorty s N. Y 26 . . 26 Cowan s N. Y 12 . . 12 Total 158 3 I6l CONFEDERATE LOSSES. PICKETT S DIVISION. Garnet? s Brigade. Regiment. Killed and Total wounded. loss. 8th Va ............... 54 54 i8th Va ............... 87 87 1 9th Va .............. 44 44 28th Va ............... 77 77 56th Va ............... 62 62 Total ............. 324 324 The brigade report, however, shows the loss to be 402 killed and wounded and 539 missing. ArmistccuTs Brigade. 9th Va ............ 71 . . 71 HthVa ........... 108 . . 108 38th Va ........... 170 . . 170 53 d Va ............ 104 . . 104 57th Va ........... 121 . . 121 Total ......... 574 643 300 GETTYSBURG. Kemper s Brigade. ist Va . ... 64 3d Va 67 7th Va OA ntliVa IOQ 24th Va 128 Total . 462 64 67 94 . . io 9 . . 128 317 462=779 Total for division, 1438 killed and wounded and 1499 missing. PETTIGREW S AND TRIMBLE S DIVISIONS. In view of the controversy as to the com parative casualties in Pickett s division, and in Pettigrew s and Trimble s, it would be very in teresting if those of the latter two divisions upon this clay had been separately reported, they having been so severely engaged on the ist. While they cannot be ascertained accurately, they can, however, be closely approximated. Commencing with Archer s brigade, Colonel Frye, commanding it, said that as they neared the wall General Garnett, commanding Pickett s left brigade, called out to him that he was dress ing on him (Frye), and that together they ap proached the wall. This brigade reports a loss of 517 missing, 75 of whom, the report says, were captured on the ist with General Archer. aoth Mass. Large Pudding Stone, Brought from Home of Regiment to Mark its Position near " The Copse." THIRD DAY S BATTLE. 303 The balance, 442, must therefore have been lost on the 3d, and it can be fairly assumed that at least three-fourths of them were killed and wounded, if not more, for the brigade here lost 5 of 7 field-officers killed and wounded, and line-officers in proportion, and the men in the ranks were as much exposed. In Pettigrew s brigade, the 26th North Caro lina reported a loss of 126 missing, all of which must have been on the 3d, as the regiment re mained in possession of the field on the ist. It went into battle on the 3d with but 216, and had but 84 remaining when the regiment retired to its own line. Therefore 132 must have been lost in killed, wounded, and missing, and cer tainly the other three regiments, iith, 47th, and 52d, the latter two being much larger, having also gone across the Emmittsburg Road, and met the fire of Hays s division and Wood ruff s battery, must have lost as heavily, making a brigade loss of 528, 300 of whom were killed and wounded. This is not an exaggerated es timate, inasmuch as the brigade lost here all its field-officers but one, and the report says regi ments came out commanded by lieutenants. But when we come to Davis s Mississippi brigade we have a more certain basis of calcu lation. The nth Mississippi regiment, being on duty with the trains, was not engaged on 304 GETTYSBURG. the ist, and its reported loss, 202, was all in curred on the 31!. The other three regiments, 2<d and 42d Mississippi and 520! North Carolina, reported a loss of killed and wounded of 695 in the two days. A large portion of the 2d and 42d was captured on the ist, but the remnants of these regiments, with the 55th North Caro lina, a large regiment, together most likely equalled in strength on the 30! that of the iith, and lost as heavily, making at least 400 for the brigade. General Lane reported a loss of 660 killed and wounded, most of which he says occurred on the 3d, his loss on the ist being but slight," and if it is estimated at a third of the entire loss, there would be a loss of 440 for the 3d. Scales s brigade lost 425 killed and wounded and 1 10 missing, the latter of whom must have all been lost on the 30!, as it retained possession of the field on the ist. As the remnant of this brigade went up to the wall with Archer s, it is but fair to assume that of the 425 killed and wounded, at least 100 were lost on the 3d, making a total loss of 210 for the day. Brockenbrough s brigade reported a loss of 148 for the two days, and most of this occurred on the ist in front of Reynolds s Grove The losses, therefore, of these two divisions were approximately, i nth N. Y. Bronze, Hays Div. Front of Bryan House. THIRD DAY S BATTLE. 307 Killed and . . Total wounded. >smg loss. Archer s brigade 330 112 442 Pettigrew s brigade 300 228 528 Davis s brigade 244 1 60 404 Lane s brigade 264 176 440 Scales s brigade 125 85 210 Total 1263 761 2024 Wilcox s brigade, of Anderson s division, re ported a loss of 204 killed and wounded on the 3d, and Perry s 155. Killed and , f - Total wounded. Mlssm S- loss. Total Federal losses 2220 112 2332 Total Confederate losses . . . 3060 2260 5320 There were engaged during the day upon Gulp s Hill and Cemetery Ridge, upon the Fed eral side, 21 regiments of New York, 13 of Pennsylvania, 5 of Ohio, 4 of Massachusetts, 3 of Vermont, 3 of Connecticut, 3 of Maryland, 2 of New Jersey, i of Michigan, i of Minnesota, one of Delaware, i of Wisconsin, i of Indiana, 59 in all ; and upon the Confederate side, 36 of Virginia, 22 of North Carolina, 7 of Alabama, 5 of Louisiana, 3 of Mississippi, 3 of Tennessee, and i of Maryland, 77 in all, those of Virginia predominating this day, as those of North Caro lina did on the ist, and those of Georgia on the 2d. ;o8 GETTYSBURG. CAVALRY LOSSES ON RIGHT FLANK. GREGG S FEDERAL COMMAND. Mclntosh s Brigade. ist N. J ........ ... 7 7 3d Penna ........... 15 6 21 Total ....... . . 22 6 28 Caster s Brigade. ist Mich ........... 55 20 73 5th Mich ........... 38 18 56 6th Mich ........... 27 I 28 7th Mich ........... 61 39 100 Total ......... 179 78 257 STUART S CONFEDERATE DIVISION. Killed and , r . Total wounded. * loss. Hampton s brigade ..... 75 16 91 Fhzhugh Lee s brigade . ... 21 29 50 W. II. F. Lee s brigade . ... 29 12 41 Total .......... 125 57 182 FEDERAL CAVALRY ON LEFT FLANK. KILPATRICK S COMMAND. Farnswortli s Brigade. Killed and ,,. Total Regiment. wounded. lng - loss. 1st Vt ............ 38 2 7 6 5 1st West Va ......... 8 4 12 i8th Penna. ........ 6 8 14 5th N. Y ........... 2 4 6 Total .......... 54. 43 97 Ouster s Michigan Cavalry Brigade on the Right Flank. THIRD DAYS BATTLE. 311 Merritf s Regular Brigade. Regiment. Killed and wounded. Missing. Tou loss 6lh Penna. . . 10 2 12 1st U S I 2 -J 1C 2(1 U S IO J 7 * j 17 5th U. S. ... 4 / I x / 5 6th U. S. ... 34 208 242 Total 70 221 20 1 The losses of the latter regiment occurred in desperate engagement during a reconnoissance near Fairfield. The battle of Gettysburg, with its severe and desperate fighting and terrible slaughter and suf fering, was over. The magnitude of the strug gle was unsurpassed during the war. The re sult of the battle was a severe blow to the cause of the Rebellion. The defeat of Lee blasted the bright hopes of himself and other prominent leaders. He had invaded Pennsylvania with the intention of transferring to Northern soil the burden of the contending armies and to threaten Philadelphia, New York, and other principal cities. He had crossed the Potomac with what he considered an invincible army. With that army beaten, crippled, its discipline and morale seriously damaged, and its prestige gone, he was compelled to commence his weary retreat into Virginia. 3 I 2 GETTYSBURG. General Meade was loath to believe that his adversary had commenced his retreat. Early on the 4th, Gregg s cavalry division was sent out on a reconnoissance, and discovered the Confederate army retreating in the most hurried manner. The pursuit was commenced by the Cavalry Corps under Pleasonton. A portion of it moved rapidly to Emmittsburg in the after noon, and from there to Monterey Pass, which it reached after dark, and where it found Stuart s cavalry endeavoring to convoy a wagon-train, more than nine miles long, over the moun tains. Amid the darkness and terrible thunder storm of that night a fierce fight occurred be tween the two forces, and the Federal cavalry defeated Stuart s, capturing many prisoners and destroying almost the whole wagon-train as it madly dashed down the narrow mountain road in the darkness of the night. The Federal cavalry the next day moved to Boonsboro and then to Hagerstown, reach ing there in advance of Lee s army. It opposed his advance with determination, but Lee moved on to Williamsport and Falling Waters, where he arrived with his army in a pitiable condition and without adequate means to cross the river. Pleasonton s troopers for several clays seri ously harassed the enemy, but no general attack was made. _ d Penna. Cav. Bronxe Dismounted Trooper, near Meade s Headquarters. THIRD DAY S BATTLE. 315 On the 1 3th of July an attack by the army was ordered for the i4th, but when the ad vance was made, next day, it was discovered that Lee had succeeded in transferring his army across the Potomac the night before. How ever, the cavalry, upon dashing upon the rear guard at Falling Waters, captured several hundred prisoners. General Pettigrew, who had been wounded at Gettysburg, was killed here. With some difficulty Lee moved his army to the banks of the Rapidan, and his disastrous campaign was over. It is idle, perhaps, to speculate as to what might have been the result had General Meade been permitted by the authorities at Washington to carry out Hooker s plan, and send the 10,000 troops under French at Harper s Ferry up the Potomac, to destroy the bridges and the lines of communication of the Confederate army, instead of withdrawing them to Washington. In fact, there was a large number of troops in the de fences of Washington that could have easily been spared to reinforce French, so that he could have successfully resisted the passage of the Potomac by Lee s army when it attempted to recross into Virginia. Again, the thought suggests itself, What would have been the result had the 20,000 emergency troops of Pennsylvania and the 3 1 6 GETTYSBURG. 4000 or 5000 of other States, which were lying at Harrisburg and in the upper end of the Cumberland Valley, been moved during the battle to the passes of the South Mountain, and, throwing up works, opposed the return of the Confederate army over the mountain ? The passes were much nearer to the western than to the eastern side of the mountain, and there was every facility for the construction of strong defensive works. It will not do to say that these troops were raw and undisciplined. For the answer to it will be the conduct at Gettys burg, as we have seen, of such new regiments as the 24th Michigan, i5ist Pennsylvania, and those of Stone s Pennsylvania brigade, all of which there fought their first battle. What, too, of the 40,000 French and Prussian boys who fought and fell at Lutzen ? Or a still better answer will be the record of the 12 5th, 1 28th, and i3Oth Pennsylvania Infantry, which, within a month after their muster-in, fought at Antietam so as to win the admiration of vet eran regiments, the i25th losing 146 killed and wounded-; the 12 8th, 119; and the i3Oth, 178, they being, as General French said, "un- drilled but admirably equipped, and of the best material." So were these emergency troops well equipped, with Springfield rifles, and com posed of intelligent men, whose spirit can be I 6th Ohio Cavalry. Granite. Near .pleaseiitou s Headquarters.. THIRD DAY S BATTLE. 319 best judged by the fact that, when they en listed, they believed that they were the only troops who would stand between Lee s army and the Northern cities. Again, it must be remembered that a large portion of them had been in service and had been discharged for wounds or other causes. Among them, too, were the greater portion of the 16 regiments of Pennsylvania nine-months troops who had recently been discharged, men who fought at Antietam, as has just been stated, and who had also composed that splendid division which, under the intrepid Humphreys at Fredericks- burg, had gallantly charged the wall on Marye s Heights, after they had seen such veteran divi sions as those of Hancock, French, and Howard fail and the slopes covered with those who had fallen in the fruitless assaults. Equipped and officered, and animated by the spirit that they were, these troops would cer tainly have offered determined and sturdy re sistance to Lee s retreating army had they been in position in the mountain-passes. With French s force destroying the communi cations and holding the fords, with the emer gency troops on the mountain, with the cavalry and the fresh troops of the Sixth Corps thrown across its path east of the mountains, and the balance of the enthusiastic Army of the Potomac ^2O GETTYSBURG. \J upon its rear and flank, what would have been the position of Lee s army with its depleted ammunition-chests and without supplies ? Might not that which happened two years afterwards at Appomattox have occurred in Pennsylvania, in the shadow of the South Mountain ? TOTAL CASUALTIES OF THE BATTLE. Federals ........ IJ.555 5435 22,990 Confederates (as reported) . 15,298 5^5 20,448 At least a fourth of the missing were among the killed and wounded. Of the latter, there were, as heretofore mentioned, three killed to seven wounded, according to the revised reports of the War Department, and the interesting and highly instructive statistics compiled by Colonel Fox, of Albany, New York, in his valuable book, " Regimental Losses." There were 12,227 wounded and unwoundecl Confederates captured, according to the listen file in the Adjutant-General s office in Washington. Only two brigades of the eight of the Federal Sixth Corps were engaged, that of Nevin in front of Round Top and that of Shaler upon Gulp s Hill. Every Confederate regiment was actively engaged, except those of Mahone s Virginia, THIRD DAY S BATTLE. 323 Posey s Mississippi, and Thomas s Georgia bri gades, which were only engaged as skirmishers. Upon the map which precedes this narrative the positions of the troops are marked with ap proximate accuracy, so that an intelligent idea can be formed of the location of the lines of battle during the three days. POINTS ON THE FIELD WHERE THE PRINCIPAL FIGHTING OCCURRED, IN THE ORDER OF ITS SEVERITY. Federals. Killed and A/r . Total wounded. Mlssm S- loss. 1. Wheat-Field 359 2 541 4 J 33 2. Reynolds s Grove .... 2880 1191 4071 3. Emmittsburg Road . . . 2396 249 2645 4. Cemetery Ridge 2220 112 2332 5. Eleventh Corps Line . . . 1768 1427 3195 6. Gulp s Hill 1085 70 1155 7. Peach Orchard 1008 277 1285 8. Oak Ridge ....... 707 982 1689 9. Round Top 544 31 575 lo. East Cemetery Hill . . . 345 56 401 Confederates. Killed and M . Total wounded. Mlssin g- loss. 1. Wheat-Field 2416 406 2822 - 2. Reynolds s Grove .... 3971 317 4288 3. Emmittsburg Road . . . 1326 652 1978 4. Cemetery Ridge 3030 3550 6580 5. Eleventh Corps Line . . . 656 121 777 6. Gulp s Hill 1609 391 2000 7. Peach Orchard 950 97 1047 8. Oak Ridge 955 1400 2355 9. Round Top 680 146 826 10. East Cemetery Hill . . . 488 170 658 ii 324 GETTYSBURG. LOSSES BY DIVISIONS. Division. Humphreys s . Birney s . Federal. Corps. * . Third . Thiid . lilled and votmded. 1865 1648 Missing 22 7 ;62 Gibbon s . . . Doubleday s . Wadsworth s . . Second . First . First . 1541 55 Hor 93 59i (m. Hays s .... Second I 22^ 66 Caldwell s . Second . . . . 1 06} ->o6 Ayres s . . . Barnes s . . . Fifth Fifth 966 860 63 Schurz s . . . Barlow s . . . Robinson s . . Steinwehr s . . Geary s . . . . Eleventh .... . Eleventh .... . First . Eleventh .... . Twelfth . . 8l 7 8l 4 703 613 CQ-1 659 492 983 333 16 Williams s . . . Twelfth . . AQJ AO Crawford s . . . Fifth .... Sixth (not engaged) Cavalry .... 210 212 442 3 3 470 Confederate. Division. Heth s. . Corps. . . . Hill s . . . Killed and wounded. . . . 2316 Missing. C-3A Rodes s . McLaws s Hood s . Fender s 1 . . . Swell s . . . . . Longstreet s . . . Longstreet s . . . Hill s . . . . . . 2149 . . . 1851 . . . 1847 I O*4 704 3 2 7 442 116 Johnson s Pickett s . Anderson s . . . Swell s . . . . . Longstreet s Hill s . . . I 49 8 . . . 1389 I 27 C 375 1499 840 Early s Ewell s */5 966 226 Cavalry . . . . . I 7 6 64 1 In Caldwell s " History of McGowan s South Carolina Brigade," the number of killed and wounded in Fender s division at Gettysburg is stated as 2982. -I Penna. 2d Corps. Wheat Field. THIRD DAY S BATTLE. 327 LOSSES BY STATES. Federal States. Killed and ^,. . wounded. Musing. New York 4953 1663 Pennsylvania 4443 I45 2 Massachusetts 1078 316 Ohio 895 376 Michigan 810 259 Maine 743 22 $ Wisconsin ; . . . . 618 188 New Jersey 609 7* Indiana 480 69 Vermont 358 59 New Hampshire 321 47 Connecticut 228 114 Minnesota 223 I Delaware 136 25 Maryland 136 4 Rhode Island 92 5 West Virginia 54 13 Illinois 43 96 U. S. Regulars 1167 296 Confederate States. North Carolina 3286 718 Virginia 2872 1813 Georgia 2759 689 Alabama 1788 796 Mississippi 1445 92 South Carolina . 1214 37 Lousiana 622 128 Texas 309 120 Florida 250 205 Maryland 149 . . Arkansas I4 2 Tennessee 87 300 328 GETTYSBURG. With some prolixity, and with probable tediousness to the reader, the position of every regiment and battery in both armies actively engaged in the battle has been stated, together with the casualties it suffered and the names of the commands which fought with it and those which fought against it. The movements and positions of the several commands have been given as they have been established by the information gathered by the Memorial Associa tion in the manner mentioned in the introduc tion. The losses are based entirely upon the official reports. Every effort has been made by the Memorial Association to give proper credit to each com mand for what it did, to do injustice to none, of North or South. The people of each State can be justly proud of its troops who fought at Gettysburg, and may well render unto them tributes of admira tion and homage. And the people of our whole country can rejoice that there was noth ing done by any to tarnish their record as sol diers. The two great armies of Americans, which, for those three memorable days, in the heat and glare of the July sun of 1863, me t m determined, fierce, and deadly combat upon the field of Gettysburg, by their fidelity and gal lantry, their fortitude and valor, carved the 42d_New^Yorki( v Tanimanyj .zd, Corps. ^ At " The Copse THIRD DAYS BATTLE. 33! highest niche in the temple of martial fame and glory for the American soldier. "All time will be the millennium of their glory." One was right and the other wrong. But, in the knowledge of the subsequent de velopment, progress, peace, and prosperity of our united, common country, victor and van quished now alike believe that in the Providence of God it was right and well that the issue at Gettysburg was determined as it was. And the people of all sections of our great republic, moved by the impulse of sincere and zealous loyalty, of fervent and exalted patriotism, may sav, " All is well that ends well." THE NATIONAL CEMETERY. GETTYSBURG was the first cemetery in the country dedicated to the exclusive burial of soldiers, and was the first of our many national cemeteries. A few clays after the terrific battle, Governor A. G. Curtin, of Pennsylvania, hastened to the relief of the sick and wounded soldiers, visiting the battle-field and the numerous hospitals in and around Gettysburg, for the purpose of perfecting arrangements for alleviating the sufferings and ministering to the wants of the wounded and dying. He appointed David Wills, Esq., of Gettysburg, to act as his special agent there. The governor, with that profound sympathy and that care and anxiety for the soldier which always characterized him, approved the design for a soldier s cemetery, and directed a corre spondence to be entered into at once with the governors of the other States having soldiers buried on the battle-field. The governors of the different States, with great promptness, seconded the project, and the details of the arrangement were subsequently agreed upon. 332 l-N^.V.. (3 .Corp.-,. Between Devil s. Den_amL\Vheut_Fk-ld THE NATIONAL CEMETERY. 335 Grounds favorably situated were selected by the agent, and the governor directed him to purchase them for the State of Pennsylvania, for the specific purpose of the burial of the soldiers who fell in defence of the Union in the battle of Gettysburg, lots in this cemetery to be gratuitously tendered to each State having such dead on the field. The expenses of the removal of the dead, of the laying out, orna menting, and enclosing the grounds, of erecting a lodge for a keeper, and of constructing a suitable monument to the memory of the dead, were to be borne by the several States, and assessed in proportion to their population, as indicated by their representation in Congress. The governor stipulated that the State of Penn sylvania would subsequently keep the grounds in order, and the buildings and fences in repair. Seventeen acres of land on Cemetery Hill, at the apex of the triangular line of battle of the Union army, were purchased by Pennsyl vania for this purpose. There were stone fences upon these grounds, which had been advantageously used by the infantry, and upon the elevated portions many batteries of artillery had been planted. "The Soldiers National Cemetery" was in corporated by an Act of Legislature of Penn sylvania, approved March 25, 1864. 33 GETTYSBURG. The cemetery is beautifully located upon the highest ground of Cemetery Ridge. The enclosure around it consists of a very substantial, well-built stone wall, surmounted with heavy dressed coping stone. This wall extends along the east, north, and west sides of the grounds. The division fence between the Soldiers National Cemetery and the local cem etery is of iron. The* front fence and gate-way are of ornamental iron-work. The gate-way bears this inscription : " On Fame s eternal camping ground Their silent tents are spread, While glory guards with solemn round The bivouac of the dead." The gate-lodges is a handsome stone building, two stories high. The grounds are beautifully graded and tastefully planted with trees and shrubs. The erection of the head-stones, cost ing over $20,000, and which took over a year to complete, is a most permanent and durable piece of work. The eminent landscape gardener, Mr. William Saunders, of the I )epartment of Agriculture, Washington, was employed to lay out the cemetery. THE CRAVES. The grounds are laid off in lots for each State, proportioned in size to the number of bodies THE NATIONAL CEMETERY. 339 identified as those of soldiers belonging to such State. There is also a lot set apart for the burial of the remains of those who belonged to c5 the regular service. The graves of about one- third of the dead were unmarked, but these bodies are deposited in prominent and honor able positions at each end of the semicircular arrangement of the lots. The grounds natu rally have a gradual slope in every direction from the centre of the semicircle to the circum ference. Each lot is laid off in sections, with a space of five feet for a walk between each two sections. The outer section is lettered A, and so on in alphabetical order. As the observer stands in the centre of the semicircle, facing the circumference, the burials commence at the right hand of the section in each lot, and the graves are numbered numerically. A register was made of the number, name, regiment, and company of the occupant of each grave. Two feet of space is allotted to each, and they are laid with the heads towards the centre of the semicircle. At the head of the graves there is a stone wall, built up from the bottom as a foundation for the headstones, which are placed along the whole length of each section, and on which, opposite each grave, are engraved the name, regiment, and company of the deceased. These headstones are all alike in size, the de- 340 GETTYSBURG. sign being wholly adapted to a symmetrical order, and one which combines simplicity and durability. No other marks are permitted to be erected. A few of the States sent agents to Gettysburg to superintend the removal and burial of their dead, while most of them intrusted the arrange ments for that purpose to the agent of the State of Pennsylvania. The State, in uS65, published in book form a complete list by States of all the burials, giving, where possible, names, companies, and regi ments. The following is the number of burials by States : Maine New Hampshire . 104 40 Vermont ....... Massachusetts Rhode Island . 61 - ISO 12 Connecticut New York 22 866 New Jersey ...... Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland . . 78 . 526 5 22 Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan . Wisconsin Minnesota U. S. Regulars Unknown Lot North . . . Unknown Lot South . . . Unknown Lot Inner Circle M 1 80 6 171 73 Wot Virginia 411 425 143 3555 DEDICATION SERVICES. The consecration of these cemetery grounds was, in due time, suggested by Governor Curtin. Hon. Edward Everett was invited to deliver the THE NATIONAL CEMETERY. 343 oration, and the igth of November, 1863, was fixed upon as the day. To Major-General D. N. Couch, commanding the Department of the Sus- quehanna, were committed the arrangements. Birgfield s Brigade Band, of Philadelphia, was invited to furnish the music for the ceremonial of consecration, which was done gratuitously. The Presidential party was accompanied by the Marine Band from the Navy- Yard at Wash ington, and the military detachment was at tended by the band from Fort Mctienry, Balti more. EXTRACTS FROM THE ORATION OF HON. EDWARD EVERETT. "Standing beneath this serene sky, overlooking these broad fields now reposing from the labors of the waning year, the mighty Alleghanies dimly towering before us, the graves of our brethren beneath our feet, it is with hesi tation that I raise my poor voice to break the eloquent silence of God and Nature. But the duty to which you have called me must be performed ; grant me, I pray you, your indulgence and your sympathy. " It was appointed by law in Athens that the obsequies of the citizens who fell in battle should be performed at the public expense, and in the most honorable manner. Their bones were carefully gathered up from the funeral pyre, where their bodies were consumed, and brought home to the city. There, for three days before the interment, they lay in state, beneath tents of honor, to receive the votive offerings of friends and relatives, flowers, weapons, precious ornaments, painted vases (wonders of art, which 344 GETTYSBURG. after two thousand years adorn the museums of modern Europe), the last tributes of surviving affection. Ten coffins of funeral cypress received the honorable deposit, one for each of the tribes of the city, and an eleventh in memory of the unrecognized, but not therefore unhonored, dead, and of those whose remains could not be recovered. On the fourth day the mournful procession was formed; mothers, wives, sisters, daughters, led the way, and to them it was permitted by the simplicity of ancient manners to utter aloud their lamentations for the beloved and lost ; the male relatives and friends of the deceased followed ; citizens and strangers closed the train. Thus marshalled, they moved to the place of interment in that famous Cer- amicus, the most beautiful suburb of Athens, which had been adorned by Cimon, the son of Miltiades, with walks and fountains and columns, whose groves were filled with altars, shrines, and temples, whose gardens were kept forever green by the streams from the neighboring hills, and shaded with the trees sacred to Minerva and coeval with the foundation of the city, whose circuit enclosed " the olive Grove of Academe, Plato s retirement, where the Attic bird Trilled his thick-warbled note the summer long, whose pathways gleamed with the monuments of the illus trious dead, the work of the most consummate masters that ever gave life to marble. There, beneath the overarching plane trees, upon a lofty stage erected for the purpose, it was ordained that a funeral oration should be pronounced by some citizen of Athens, in the presence of the assembled multitude. " Such were the tokens of respect required to be paid at Athens to the memory of those who had fallen in the cause of their country. For those alone who fell at Marathon, a THE NATIONAL CEMETERY. 347 special honor was reserved. As the battle fought upon that immortal field was distinguished from all others in Grecian history, for its influence over the fortunes of Hellas, as it depended upon the event of that day whether Greece should live, a glory and a light to all coming time, or should expire, like the meteor of a moment, so the honors awarded to its martyr-heroes were such as were be stowed by Athens on no other occasion. They alone, of all her sons, were entombed upon the spot which they had for ever rendered famous. Their names were inscribed upon ten pillars, erected upon the monumental tumulus which covered their ashes (where, after six hundred years, they were read by the traveller Pausanias), and although the columns, beneath the hand of time and barbaric violence, have long since disappeared, the venerable mound still marks the spot where they fought and fell, " That battle-field where Persia s victim horde First bowed beneath the brunt of Hellas sword. "And shall I, fellow citizens, who, after an interval of twenty-three centuries, a youthful pilgrim from the world unknown to ancient Greece, have wandered over that illustrious plain, ready to put off the shoes from off my feet as one that stands on holy ground, who have gazed with respectful emotion on the mound which still protects the dust of those who rolled back the tide of Persian in vasion and rescued the land of popular liberty, of letters, and of art from the ruthless foe, stand unmoved over the graves of our dear brethren who so lately, on three of those all-important days which decided a nation s history, days on whose issue it depended whether this august repub lican Union, founded by some of the wisest statesmen that ever lived, cemented with the blood of some of the purest patriots that ever died, should perish or endure, rolled 348 GETTYSBURG. back the tide of an invasion not less unprovoked, not less ruthless, than that which came to plant the dark banner of Asiatic despotism and slavery on the free soil of Greece ? Heaven forbid ! " As my eye ranges over the fields whose sods were so lately moistened by the blood of gallant and loyal men, I feel as never before how truly it was said of old, that it is sweet and becoming to die for one s country. I feel as never before how justly, from the dawn of history to the present time, men have paid the homage of their gratitude and admiration to the memory of those who nobly sacri ficed their lives that their fellow men may live in safety and in honor. And if this tribute were ever due, when, to whom, could it be more justly paid than to those whose last resting-place we this day commend to the blessing of Heaven and of men ? " I must leave to others, who can do it from personal observation, to describe the mournful spectacle presented by these hill sides and plains at the close of the terrible conflict. It was a saying of the Duke of Wellington, that, next to a defeat, the saddest thing was a victory. The horrors of the battle-field, after the contest is over, the sights and sounds of woe, let me throw a pall over the scene, which no words can adequately depict to those who have not witnessed it, on which no one who has witnessed it, and who has a heart in his bosom, can bear to dwell. One drop of balm alone, one drop of heavenly, life giving balm, mingles in this bitter cup of misery. Scarcely has the cannon ceased to roar, when the brethren and sis ters of Christian benevolence, ministers of compassion, angels of pity, hasten to the field and the hospital, to moisten the parched tongue, to bind the ghastly wounds, to soothe the parting agonies alike of friend and foe, and Til ft "s Now A ork Hattery Monument, in Cemetery, THE NATIONAL CEMETERY. 351 to catch the last whispered message of love from dying lips. Carry this miniature back to my dear wife, but do not take it from my bosom until I am gone. Tell my little sister not to grieve for me ; I am willing to die for my country. Oh, that my mother were here! When, since Aaron stood between the living and the dead, was there ever so gracious a ministry as this ? It has been said that it is characteristic of Americans to treat women with a deference not paid to them in any other country. I will not undertake to say whether this is so ; but I will say that, since this terrible war has been waged, the women of the loyal States, if never before, have entitled themselves to our highest admiration and gratitude, alike those who at home, often with fingers unused to toil, often bowed be neath their own domestic cares, have performed an amount of daily labor not exceeded by those who work for their daily bread, and those who in the hospital and the tents of the Sanitary and Christian Commissions have rendered services which millions could not buy. " The whole earth, said Pericles, as he stood over the re mains of his fellow-citizens who had fallen in the first year of the Peloponnesian war, the whole earth is the sepul chre of illustrious men. All time, he might have added, is the millennium of their glory. Surely I would do no injus tice to the other noble achievements of the war, which have reflected such honor on both arms of the service, and have entitled the armies and the navy of the United States, their officers and men, to the warmest thanks and the richest rewards which a grateful people can pay. But they, I am sure, will join us in saying, as we bid farewell to the dust of these martyr-heroes, that wheresoever throughout the civilized world the accounts of this great warfare are read, and down to the latest period of recorded time, in the 352 GETTYSBURG. glorious annals of our common country, there will be no brighter page than that which relates the BATTLES OF GETTYSBURG." ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN. President Lincoln then delivered that im mortal address, that masterpiece of English composition, which will ever rank him among the world s greatest orators : " Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. " Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. " But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have conse crated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly ad vanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in The. National Soldiers Monument. injCemeteryjL THE NATIONAL CEMETERY. 355 vain that the nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom and that the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." THE MONUMENT. The design of the monument, as executed by Mr. J. G. Batterson, of Hartford, Connecticut, is intended to be purely historical, telling its own story with such simplicity that any discern ing mind will readily comprehend its meaning and purpose. The superstructure is sixty feet high, and con sists of a massive pedestal, twenty-five feet square at the base, and is crowned with a colos sal statue representing the Genius of Liberty. Standing upon a three-quarter globe, she raises with her right hand the victor s wreath of laurel, while with her left she gathers up the folds of our national flag under which the victory has been won. Projecting from the angles of the pedestal are four buttresses, supporting an equal number of allegorical statues representing, respectively, War, History, Peace, and Plenty. War is personified by a statue of the Ameri can soldier, who, resting from the conflict, relates to History the story of the battle which this monument is intended to commemorate. History, in listening attitude, records with stylus and tablet the achievements of the field and the names of the honored dead. 12 35^ GETTYSBURG. Peace is symbolized by a statue of the Ameri can mechanic, characterized by appropriate accessories. Plenty is represented by a female figure, with a sheaf of wheat and fruits of the earth, typify ing peace and abundance as the soldier s crowning triumph. The main die of the pedestal is octagonal in form, panelled upon each face. The cornice and plinth above are also octagonal, and are heavily moulded. Upon this plinth rests an octagonal moulded base bearing upon the face, in high relief, the national arms. The upper die and cap are circular in form, the die being encircled by stars equal in number with the States whose sons contributed their lives as the price of the victory won at Gettysburg. STATE APPROPRIATIONS. The States made the following appropriations for the enclosing, laying out, ornamenting, and maintenance of the cemetery, between 1864 and 1872: Maine $4.300.0x3 New Il mpshire 2,255.34 Vermont 2, 600.00 Massachusetts 9,471.83 Conn, client 3,000.00 Kh. de Island 1, 60000 New York 26,072.86 New Jersey 4,205.30 THE NATIONAL CEMETERY. 359 Pennsylvania : For the purchase of lands $2,324.27 Treatment and care of the dead 835.40 Proportionate share for en closing, ornamenting, main tenance, etc 20,000.00 Removal of Confederate dead to Washington Cemetery, Maryland 3,000.00 $26,159.67 Michigan 6,000.00 Maryland 4,205.30 Illinois 11,961.00 Wisconsin 2,526.36 Minnesota 1,686.50 In 1872 the cemetery was transferred to the care of the National Government, since which time it has not only been kept in the manner originally designed, but improvements have been made from time to time, and to-day, with its high and prominent location, its beautiful and artistically arranged trees and shrubbery, its well-kept lawns, it is one of the most attractive cemeteries of the land. In one end of the ceme tery is a unique rostrum constructed of stone pillars, covered with creeping and blooming vines, which is used for the services of Memorial Day and similar occasions. GETTYSBURG BATTLE-FIELD MEMO RIAL ASSOCIATION. THE Legislature of Pennsylvania, on April 30, 1864, conferred upon the Memorial Associa tion the rights of a corporation. There is no record of any meeting for organ ization of the gentlemen named as incorpora- tors. This may be due to the fact that im mediately afterwards the great campaign in Virginia was inaugurated, and the whole atten tion of the people was concentrated upon the prosecution of the war during the memorable "battle summer of 1864," and that their time and means were given to the care and allevia tion of the wounded and suffering. Upon the termination of the war, in the year following, there was for a time a complete diversion of public attention from everything connected with or pertaining to war. However, the Legislature of Pennsylvania, in 1867, appropriated the sum of three thousand dollars "to be applied to the purchase of por tions of the battle-grounds, and the general purposes for which said Association was incor porated," and in 1868 a like sum for the same 360 7th \\ . Va. Monument, East. Cemetery Hill. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 363 purpose, this being all that it was asked to appropriate. This money was presumably used in the pur chase of that portion of Gulp s Hill upon which the breastworks were still standing, of East Cemetery Hill where Stewart s, Reynolds s, Ricketts s, and Weidrick s batteries were posted, and where the lunettes or redans still remain, and also a small piece of ground on the slope and summit of Little Round Top, as these grounds were purchased during that period. The first meeting of the Association of which there is any record was held on June 10, 1872. By a resolution, Mr. David McConaughy was appointed counsel and actuary, with full power to use every honorable effort to procure from every State interested appropriations to defray the expenses of carrying out the views and plans of the Board. There is no record of any meeting of the Board of Directors between August 26, 1874, and July 7, 1879. REORGANIZATION OF THE MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. In the summer of 1878 the Grand Army of the Republic of Pennsylvania encamped for a week on East Cemetery Hill. J. M. Vander- slice, of Philadelphia, was the Assistant Adju- 364 GETTYSBURG. tant-General of the department, and very active in the promotion of the Order at the time. The scope and possibility of the Memorial Association attracted his attention, as did the apparent apathy or inactivity of those control ling it. After inquiring" into the status of the Association and examining the act of incorpo ration, he determined upon having the Grand Army of the Republic assume control and direction of it. Circulars were issued to the Posts and letters were written to personal friends throughout the State. General Strong Vincent Post, No. 67, of Erie, Pennsylvania, had during the encampment erected upon Little Round Top a tablet to mark the spot where General Vincent was killed, which was the first memorial of any kind erected upon the battle-field outside of the cemetery; and Colonel Fred. Taylor Post, No. 19, of Phila delphia, had placed a small tablet to mark the spot where Colonel Taylor fell while leading the Bucktail Rifle Regiment in front of Round Top. During the summer of 1879 the 2cl Massa chusetts Infantry placed a bronze tablet upon a large rock on the edge of Spangler s meadow, with an inscription reciting the facts connected with the historic charge of that regiment across the meadow. Bron/e StatueloUOen. Strong Vincent on Little Round Top, Where He Fell.lLeading the_83d^Penna. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 367 Before the annual election in 1880, about one hundred shares of stock had been purchased by Posts of the Grand Army and individuals in sympathy with it. Just prior to the election, proxies were procured from these stockholders, constituting as they did a majority, and sent to Major Robert Bell, of Gettysburg, with the suggestion to have a board of directors elected in which members of the Grand Army of the Republic should predominate. At the meeting of the stockholders held June 21, 1880, the following Board was elected: President, ex officio, Governor Henry M. Hoyt ; Vice-President, Robert G. McCreary ; Directors, General W. S. Hancock, General S. W. Craw ford, General Louis Wagner, John M. Vander- slice, Major Chill W. Hazzard, Captain John Taylor, Colonel C. H. Buehler, Major Robert Bell, N. G. Wilson, J. L. Schick, Dr. Charles Horner, and John M. Krauth. The Association now commenced its career of active and effective work. The grounds of the Association at that time embraced only the pieces of ground upon Culp s Hill, East Cemetery Hill, and Little Round Top before alluded to. This summer, during the encampment of the Grand Army, General Zook Post, No. 11, of Norristown, Pennsylvania, erected a shaft to mark the spot where General Zook fell in the 368 GETTYSBURG. Wheat-Field, the marble being taken from the farm of the general s father, near Norristown. The 9 ist Pennsylvania Infantry also put up a monument on Little Round Top, being the first regimental monument erected after the tablet of the 2cl Massachusetts. The Grand Army of Pennsylvania encamped upon the field for a week each summer from 1880 to 1894, except in 1884 and 1891. In 1 88 1 there was an appropriation of $10,000 by the State of Pennsylvania. At the meeting, July 28, 1881, it was deter mined to open an avenue along the line of battle from the Taneytown Road to Little Round Top, the avenue to be sixty feet wide, except where necessary to embrace important points, where the width was to be three hundred feet. During the year, Posts and members of the Grand Army of the several States commenced to manifest an active interest and desire to aid the Association. Several regimental monu ments were erected, notably those of the i4th Brooklyn, i24th New York, i/th Connecticut, 90th and 88th Pennsylvania Infantry. At a meeting held June 2, 1882, arrangements were made for the reception of a delegation of Confederate soldiers, who visited the field for the purpose of locating the position of several commands. Hroiixe Statue of Gen Warren, on Little Round Top. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. July 27, 1882, it was resolved to purchase the Wheat-Field ; also the balance of the ground on Little Round Top, and to construct an ave nue from East Cemetery Hill, by way of Gulp s Hill, to the extreme right of the position occu pied by the Twelfth Corps. At the meeting, August 28, 1883, it was re solved that the memorials to be erected upon the battle-field should be submitted to the Board of Directors for their approval of the historical accuracy of the inscription. During this year an appropriation of $5000 was received from the State of Massachusetts. The positions of all the Massachusetts com mands were located, and it was decided to pur chase the ground necessary for the erection of monuments, for each of which the State had made an appropriation of $500. This was the first State to appropriate money for the erection of monuments upon this field. May 15, 1884, a communication having been received from the survivors of the 3d Pennsyl vania Cavalry, informing the Association of their intention to erect a monumental shaft, with suitable inscriptions, upon the field on which Gregg s cavalry division fought, it was decided to purchase the necessary ground, with the right of access thereto. At the meeting of the Board held October, 37 2 GETTYSBURG. 1884, a committee of three, to ke known as the Committee on Legislation, was appointed, its duty being to correspond with the officials and Legislatures of the several States, urging ap propriations, and to adopt other measures to awaken more general interest, especially among soldiers, in the work of the Association. At this meeting it was decided to open an avenue from Oak Ridge, by way of Reynolds s Grove, to the extreme left of the First Corps line of battle. The Superintendent of Tablets and Legends was instructed to require each organization in tending to erect a monument or tablet on the field to have a suitable inscription thereon, showing its historical relation to the battle as to o time and service. The Executive Committee was instructed to purchase all the lands necessary for all the pro posed avenues, and also the two small fields south of East Cemetery Hill. Corporal Skelly Post, No. 9, of Gettysburg, was granted permission to erect a memorial shaft on the spot where General Reynolds fell, the State of Pennsylvania having appropriated $1000 to the Post for that purpose. Permission was granted the 2cl Maryland Confederate Infantry to erect a monument to indicate its position on the field, subject to the BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 375 rule of the Association in regard to historical accuracy and inscription. At a meeting held September 22, 1886, it was decided to open an avenue along the Eleventh Corps line of battle. At the meeting on February 25, 1887, the Board, after careful and mature consideration, took the following action : " Resolved, That no monument or memorial constructed of other material than real bronze or granite shall be per mitted on the grounds of the Association." Colonel Bachelder was requested to prepare and submit to the Association an appropriate design for a tablet descriptive of the engage ment and movements of all the commands en gaged in the assault of July 3, by Pickett s, Pettigrew s, and Trimble s Confederate com mands, upon the line held by the Second Federal Corps. The Superintendent of Tablets was instructed to require the list of casualties in monumental inscriptions to be in conformity with the official records of the battle, as they appear in the office of the Adjutant-General U.S.A. The Secretary of War was respectfully re quested to furnish the Association with an offi cial statement of the number of troops, by separate commands, that were reported present 376 GETTYSBURG. for duty in the battle of Gettysburg, July i, 2, and 3. It was decided to open an avenue from between the two Round Tops to the extreme left of the line held by Russell s brigade of the Sixth Corps. At a meeting, May 5, 1887, it was resolved that hereafter regiments erecting monuments on the ground of the Association would be required to locate and place them in the posi tion held by the regiment in the line of battle, but that they would not be prohibited from erecting such markers on the field, to indicate secondary or advanced positions, as the Asso ciation might determine. At this meeting a committee appeared before the Board and requested permission to erect the monument of Pickett s division where Gen eral Armistead fell. It was suggested to this committee that, as the granting of their appli cation would be in violation of the rule requiring all monuments to be on the line of battle, the proposed monument should be erected on the avenue to be opened along the Confederate line, and that a marker be placed to indicate the spot where General Armistead fell. The committee replied that they were not authorized to act, and would submit the proposition to their Association. i55th Penna. (Pittsburg Zouaves). Little Round BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 379 At a meeting, July 12, 1887, the Committee on Purchase of Land was authorized to pur chase the house used as head-quarters by Major-General George G. Meade, with the land connected therewith. The superintendents of Grounds and of Tab lets and Legends were instructed to mark with suitable and durable tablets the flanks of each division. The Committee on Location was authorized to mark with a suitable tablet the spot where General Armistead of the Confederate army fell mortally wounded while leading the assault of July 3, 1863. This committee was also directed to remove monuments on the ground of the Association to their proper position in line, wherever said removal was practicable. September 16, 1887, Colonel John B. Bachel- der tendered his resignation as Superintendent of Tablets and Legends, and J. M. Vanderslice, Esq., of Philadelphia, was selected to fill the position. At a meeting on November 4, 1887, the fol lowing names were selected for avenues : that on Gulp s Hill to be called Slocum Avenue ; from the Taneytown Road to Weikert s House, Hancock ; from Weikert s House to the road north of Little Round Top, Sedgwick ; from ^8O GETTYSBURG. j Round Top to Devil s Den, Sykes ; from Devil s Den to the Wheat-Field, Sickles ; from the Fairfield Road to the Mummasburg Pike, Reynolds ; from the Mummasburg Pike to the Harrisburg Road, Howard ; from the head quarters of General Meade to Hancock Avenue, Meade. The following rules and regulations were adopted by the Executive Committee, and unanimously ratified at a subsequent meeting of the Board on July 3 : " i. All persons are forbidden, under the penalty of the law, to place, change, or remove any stake or marker on the grounds under the control of the Memorial Association without the knowledge and consent of the Superintendent of Grounds. " 2. Any one who shall construct any foundation for, or erect any monument or memorial upon the grounds of the Association before the Superintendent of Grounds shall have designated the place and given a permit, will be re garded as a trespasser and be amenable to the severe penal ties provided for in the charter of the Association. " 3. The Superintendent shall not permit the erection of any monument or memorial until its location and the in scription to be placed thereon shall have been approved by the proper committee of the Association. " 4. All monuments or memorials hereafter erected must be of granite or real bronze. "5. On the front of each monument must be the num ber of the regiment or battery, State, brigade, division, and corps, in letters not less than four inches long, and, in addition thereto, the time the regiment held the posi- gL2.ist.New York r on Slojgeyof^Little^Round Top. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 383 tion, and a brief statement of any important movement it made. " If the regiment was actively engaged, its effective strength and casualties must be given, which must agree with the official records of the War Department. If it was in re serve it should be so stated. " If the same position was held by other troops, or if the command occupied more than one important position, the inscription should explain it. " All lettering must be deeply and distinctly cut. " Any statue or figure of a soldier must be so placed as to face the enemy s line. " 6. The monument must be on the line of battle held by the brigade unless the regiment was detached, and, if pos sible, the right and left flanks of the regiment or battery must be marked with stones not less than two feet in height. "If the same line was held by other troops, the monuments must be placed in the order in which the several commands occupied the grounds, the first being on the first line, the second at least twenty feet in the rear of it, and so on, the inscriptions explaining the movements. " 7. Where practicable, ground must be filled in to the top of the foundation and well and neatly sodded. " 8. Two copies of the inscription must be sent to the Sec retary of the Association, one to be returned approved and the other to be placed on file with the Secretary, and they should be distinct from other written matter. " RECOMMENDATIONS. "As the memorials erected upon this field will not only mark the positions held by the several commands, but will also be regimental or battery monuments, and in most in stances the only ones ever erected by them, the Memorial Association strongly recommends that the inscription be 384 GETTYSBURG. not only historically accurate, but be sufficient in detail to give an idea of the services of the command. This may add slightly to the cost, but it will add much more to the completeness of the monument. " In the years to come, when the identity of the regiment shall have been merged in the history of the battle, the visitor to this great battle-field will be interested to know just where the troops from his city or county fought, and to learn something of the services rendered by them " It is therefore recommended that upon one side of the monument should be stated the part of the State from which the regiment was recruited, dates of muster in and muster out, total strength and losses during its service, and the battles in which it participated. " SUGGESTIONS. "It is the desire and determination of the Gettysburg Battle-field Memorial Association to secure the greatest possible historical accuracy for the legends of the monu ments erected on the field. " It has been decided by the Board of Directors to adopt the official records of the battle, recently compiled at the Adjutant General s office, as to the strength and casualties of the several commands in the battle, believing that the historical data thus secured would generally be more accu rate than that which individuals could furnish. " The War Department record may not be absolutely cor rect, men reported wounded afterwards died, others re ported missing were afterwards found to be wounded or killed, but it has been found necessary at the Adjutant- General s office to establish a limit, and that limit is the official return. " There is nothing in this rule, however, to prevent monu ment committees from having the record of their commands revised at the War Department, and any changes furnished ijth New Jersey, Right of i2th Corps Line, Near Rock Creek. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 387 officially from the Adjutant-General s office will be cheer fully adopted by the Association. Or if it is known that a soldier reported wounded afterwards died of his wounds, or one who was reported " missing" is known to have been killed, a corresponding revision may be made in the in scription and the name added to a list designated " killed or mortally wounded." Or if wounded only, the name may be changed from the list of missing to the list of wounded, but the aggregate must remain unchanged and a report of the case must be submitted with the inscription. " If monument committees add names of other battles, they must assume the responsibility of their accuracy, and the official name of the battle adopted at the War Depart ment must be given. Such list it is desirable should be pre ceded by the date of the muster in and followed by the date of the muster out of the regiment. Deep and solid foundations are of the utmost impor tance. A strata of rock comes very near the surface on many parts of the field. Where it does not, a few dollars additional will secure a permanent and satisfactory foun dation. A few dollars saved from the foundation may jeopardize the entire structure. " The flank stones placed with the number of the regi ment cut on the faces nearest the monument will readily determine the alignment. " Permanence and durability in lettering should be the aim. Whether the letter is sunk or raised, it should be deep and sharp, that it may be easily read, and particularly that it may withstand the ravages of time. " Each monument should stand high enough to secure ready drainage. No more proper setting or finish can be given it than a carpet of good sod, well enriched. The pleasing effect of a beautiful monument may be entirely neutralized by untidy surroundings, and if not put in order at first it will seldom be done afterwards." 13 388 GETTYSBURG. The superintendent was authorized, in addi tion to marking the flanks of the divisions, to place, at the intersection of all driveways and avenues, index boards stating the troops occu pying the respective lines. On July 27, 1888, it was decided to plant 125 trees on the denuded portion of Zeigler s Grove, in order to restore it as nearly as possible to the condition in which it was during the battle. At a meeting, May 10, 1891, Colonel Bach- elder submitted the plan for the High- Water- Mark tablet, to be erected at the "copse of trees," which was approved. At a meeting of the full Board, on October 3, 1894, the committee previously appointed re ported in favor of transferring the 600 acres of land owned by the Association, with 17 miles of avenue constructed thereon, giving access to 320 monuments which had been erected by the various States and regimental associations, to the United States government, and the Execu tive Committee was authorized to communicate with the stockholders and secure their written consent to the transfer. At a meeting held May 22, 1895, resolutions were passed instructing the officers to execute, under the corporate seal, good and sufficient deeds of conveyance to the United States government of all lands owned by the Associa- New York Greene s Brigade at Breastworks of i2th Corps BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 391 tion, and of rights of way and easements be longing to it or in any way connected with or pertaining to such lands. The Legislature of Pennsylvania, then in session, was respectfully requested to pass and the governor to approve the Act vesting in the United States government joint jurisdiction with the Commonwealth over such lands as may be necessary for a National Park at Gettysburg. General Sickles moved that a history of the Association be published, which motion was adopted. This was the last meeting held by the Board of Directors. 39 2 .GETTYSBURG. DIRECTORS OF THE GETTYSBURG MEMORIAL BATTLE-FIELD ASSOCIATION, 1872-1880. General John W. Geary, Governor of Pennsylvania, Presi dent, deceased 1872 David McConaughy, Gettysburg, Vice-President .... 1872-1879 Henry C. Carey, Esq., Philadelphia, deceased 1872-1879 General J. Watts De Peyster, New York 1872-1879 Wm. M. Hirsh, Gettysburg, deceased 1872-1879 Hon. A. D. Heister, Pennsylvania, deceased 1872-1874 Joel B. Banner, Gettysburg, deceased 1872-1874 George Arnold, Gettysburg, deceased 1872-1879 Alexander D. Buehler, Gettysburg 1872-1879 Charles Homer, M.D., Gettysburg, deceased 1872 -1879 J. Lawrence Schick, Esq., Gettysburg 1872-1879 John M. Krauth, Esq., Gettysburg, deceased 1872-1879 Edward Souder, Gettysburg, deceased 1872-1873 H. N. McAllister, Esq., Gettysburg, deceased 1872 General Charles K. Graham, New York, deceased . . . 1873-1879 General John F. Hartranft, Governor of Pennsylvania, President, deceased 1873-1878 General Alexander S. Webb, New York 1873-1879 General Horatio G. Sickel, Pennsylvania, deceased . . . 1874-1879 Hon. Edward McPherson, Gettysburg, deceased .... 1875 R. G. McCreary, Esq., Gettysburg, deceased 1876-1879 There was no meeting of the Board from 1874 to 1879. DIRECTORS FROM THE REORGANIZATION IN 1880. General Henry M. Hoyt, Governor of Pennsylvania, President, deceased 1879-1882 R. G. McCreary, Esq., Gettysburg, Vice-President, de ceased 1880-1883 John M. Krauth, Esq., Gettysburg, Secretary from 1872 to time of decease in 1890 1880-1887 2oth Ind , 3d Corps. wheat Field. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 395 General W. S. Hancock, Pennsylvania, deceased .... 1880-1884 General S. W. Crawford, Pennsylvania, deceased .... 1880-1892 General Louis Wagner, Philadelphia 1880-1896 John M. Vanderslice, Esq., Philadelphia . . 1880-1882,1884-1896 Major Chill W. Hazzard, Pennsylvania . . . 1880-1882, 1884-1896 Captain John Taylor, Philadelphia, deceased 1880-1884 Colonel Chas. H. Buehler, Gettysburg, Vice-President from 1887 to 1896, deceased 1880-1896 J. L. Schick, Treasurer from 1880 to 1896 1880-1896 Major Robert Bell, Gettysburg 1880-1886 Charles Homer, M.D., Gettysburg 1880-1887 N. G. Wilson, Gettysburg, Superintendent of Grounds, 1880 to 1894 1880-1886 John B. Bachelder, Massachusetts, deceased . 1880-1881, 1883-1894 Robert E. Pattison, Governor of Pennsylvania, President 1883-1886, 1891-1894 General Joshua L. Chamberlain, Maine 1883 General John C. Robinson, New York, deceased .... 1883 General George Stannard, Vermont, deceased .... 1883 William S. Holtzworth, Gettysburg, deceased 1884-1888 D. A. Buehler, Gettysburg, Vice-President, deceased . . 1883-1887 Colonel Eli G. Sellers, Philadelphia 1885 Colonel W. W. Dudley, Indiana 1885 General Henry A. Barnum, New York, deceased .... 1885-1891 Colonel Frank D. Sloat, Connecticut 1885-1896 Colonel Elisha H. Rhodes, Rhode Island 1885-1887 General Byron R. Pierce, Michigan, deceased 1885-1887 John C. Linelian, New Hampshire 18851896 Colonel Charles L. Young, Ohio 1885-1896 Colonel Silas Colgrove, Indiana 1886-1887 General Lucius Fairchild, Wisconsin, deceased 18861896 General James A. Beaver, Governor of Pennsylvania, President 1887-1890 Captain Wm. E. Miller, Pennsylvania 1887-1892 Calvin Hamilton, Gettysburg, Secretary from 189010 1896 1887-1890 Captain H. W. McKnight, D.D., Gettysburg 1887-1896 Captain John P. Rea, Minnesota 1888 Colonel Wheelock G. Veazey, Vermont 1888-1896 Colonel George C. Briggs, Michigan 1888-1896 William A. Kitzmiller, Gettysburg 1888-1896 396 GETTYSBURG. Hon. S. Me. Swope, Gettysburg 1888-1896 Hon. Edward McPherson, Gettysburg, deceased .... 1889-1896 General Henry W. Slocum, New York, deceased .... 1889-1894 General Daniel E. Sickles, New York 1892-1896 General Joseph B. Carr, New York, deceased 1892-1893 C. E. Goldsborough, M.D., Gettysburg 1892-1896 General David McM. Gregg, Pennsylvania 1893-1896 General Alexander S. Webb, New York 1893-1896 General Daniel S. Hastings, Governor of Pennsylvania, President 1895-1896 Colonel John P. Nicholson, Philadelphia 1895-1896 General George S. Greene, New York 1895-1896 During the existence of the Association, from 1864 until 1895, it received, From the sale of certificates of stock . . . $9,875.59 From various States by appropriation ... 96 490.00 From the officers and men at Fort Snelling 125.00 From the survivors of Cushing s battery . 25.00 From the 2d Maryland Confederate Infantry 60.00 Making a total of $106, 575.59 All of this sum was expended in the purchase, restoration, improvement, and maintenance of the grounds. Less than $10,000 was spent in salaries and like expenses ; the only salary being that of $1000 per annum for the last few years to the Superintendent, and the sal ary of $100 per annum to the secretary, ex cept for three years when he received $400 per annum. In addition to about 600 acres of land, em bracing the most important parts of the battle- 5th New Hampshire, Cairn. Where Gen. Cross Fell in Woods East of Wheat Field, BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 399 field, and the construction of 1 7 miles of avenues and drive-ways, the Association induced and supervised the erection of 320 monuments. Every one of the 313 volunteer regiments and batteries of the Federal army has its posi tion upon the field marked by a monument or memorial, and several of the regiments have second positions also marked. The visitor to the field is impressed by the originality, uniqueness, and suggestiveness of many of these memorials, nearly all of which are of granite and bronze, and, notwithstand ing the large number of monuments, there are only four or five instances of duplication of style. It should be borne in mind that, in addition to the aid received from the several States in appropriations for the erection of monuments, the Survivors Associations of many of the regiments supplemented by liberal contribu tions the amount appropriated, and there are a large number of regimental monuments upon the field costing from three thousand to five thousand dollars each, and several costing much more. /J.OO GETTYSBURG. HOW THE STATES WERE REPRESENTED UPON THE FIELD, AND WHAT THEY HAVE DONE TO MARK IT. The manner in which each of the States was represented in the battle, as indicated by its regiments and batteries with their losses, and by the general officers from the State, is shown upon the following pages, as is also what each State has done, through appropriations to the Association, and for the erection of substantial monuments, permanently marking the positions of its regiments and batteries in the battle. MAINE. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps. Killed and wounded. Miss ing. 1st Cav. 3d, Gregg. 2d, Gregg. Cavalry. 5 . . 3 d Inf. 2d, Ward. ist, Birney. Third. 77 45 4th Inf. 2d, Ward. 1st, Birney. Third. 70 74 5th Inf. 1 2d, Bartlett. 3d, Wheaton. Sixth. . . . 6ih Inf. 1 3d, Russell. 1st, Wright. Sixth. 7th Inf. 1 3d, Neill. 2d, Howe. Sixth. . . loth Inf. 2 1 6th Inf. 1st, Paul. 2d, Robinson. First. 68 164 I7th Inf. 3d, De Trobriand. ist, Birney. Third. 130 3 1 9th Inf. 1st, Harrow. 2d, Gibbon. Second. !95 4 2Oth Inf. 3d, Vincent. ist, Barnes, Fifth. 120 5 1 Not engaged. 2 Three compaines at Twelfth Corps head-quarters. flatteries. Killed and Miss- - or l )S " wounded, ing Hall s 2d Light First. 18 . . Stevens s 5th Light First. 16 7 Dow s 6th Light Artillery Reserve. 15 . .1)1 1 BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 403 General Officers. General Oliver O. Howard, Commander of the Eleventh Corps. General John C. Caldwell, Commander of the First Division, Second Corps. (Born in Vermont.) General Albion P. Howe, Commander of the Second Division, Sixth Corps. General Adelbert Ames, Commander of the First Division, Eleventh Corps (after wounding of General Barlow). General Freeman McGilvery, Commander Reserve Artillery. The State appropriations for monuments were $30>300. The monuments of this State are all of a sub stantial character. That of the 1 7th Maine, in the Wheat-Field, is the costliest monument of the State, and is one of the most massive upon the field, being built of the finest granite. It represents a soldier kneeling in a wheat-field and firing over a stone wall. That of the iQth Maine, on Cemetery Ridge, near the " copse of trees," while without any ornamentation, is also of an imposing character. NEW IIAMPSPHIRE. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps. ^Uledand Miss- 2d. 3d, Burling. 2d, Humphreys. Third. 157 36 5th. ist, Cross. ist, Caldwell. Second. 80 . . I2th. ist, Carr. 2d, Humphreys. Third. 81 II Edgell s. ist, Light Battery. Artillery Reserve. 3 . . General Officer. Colonel Edward E. Cross, Commander of the First Brigade, First Division, Second Corps (killed.) 404 GETTYSBURG. The State appropriations for monuments were $45- That of the 5th regiment, erected upon the spot where its brigade commander and former colonel, General Cross, was killed, is in the edge of the woods near the Wheat-Field, and is of rather unique character, being a cairn. VERMONT. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps. 1st Cav. 1st, Farnsworth. 3d, Kilpatrick. Cavalry. 2d Inf. 1 2d, Grant. 2d, Howe. Sixth. 3d Inf. 1 2d, Grant. 2d, Howe. Sixth. 4th Inf. 1 2d, Grant. 2d, Howe. Sixth. 5th Inf. 1 2d, Grant. 2d, Howe. Sixth. 6th Inf. 1 2d, Grant. 2d, Howe. Sixth. 1 2th Inf. 1 3d, Stannard. 3d, Doubleday. First. I3th Inf. 3d, Stannard. 3^ Doubleday. First. I4th Inf. 3d, Stannard. 3^ Doubleday. First. I5th Inf. 1 3d, Stannard. 3d, Doubleday. First. 1 6th Inf. 3d, Stannard. 3d, Doubleday. First. Killed and wounded. "3 86 118 1 Not engaged. M iBs- ing. 27 IO 21 General Officers. General George J. Stannard, Commander of the Third Brigade, Third Division, First Corps. Colonel Hannibal Day, Commander of the First Brigade, Second Division, Fifth Corps. General L. A. Grant, Commander of the First Brigade, Second Division, Sixth Corps. The State appropriations for monuments were $17,953- This State had the advantage of having its ten regiments of infantry in two Vermont bri- Stannard s Vermont Brigade, near " The Copse." Corinthian Shaft Surmounted by Statue of Gen. Stannard. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION, 407 gades, as it was thus enabled to consolidate the appropriations in the erection of two monu ments. That of Stannard s brigade, of the First Corps, on Cemetery Ridge, is a pure classi cal, Corinthian column, surmounted by a bronze statue of General Stannard. Upon the face of the pedestal is the inscription referring to each of the regiments. That of Grant s First Vermont Brigade, which was stationed in the rear of Big Round Top in expectation of an attack upon that flank, represents a lion looking towards the front, but aroused, as if listening to the battle raging along the line of the Second Corps. MASSACHUSETTS. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps. - Miss- ing. 1st Cav. 1 1st, Mclntosh. 2d, Gregg. Cavalry. 1st Inf. ist, Carr. 2d, Humphreys. Third. 99 21 2d Inf. 3d, Colgrove. ist, Ruger. Twelfth. 132 4 7th Inf. 1 2d, Eustis. 3d, Wheaton. Sixth. 6 9th Inf. 1 2d, Sweitzer. ist, Barnes. Fifth. . . . . . loth Inf. 1 2d, Eustis. 3d, Wheaton. Sixth. . . . . nth Inf. ist, Carr. 2d, Humphreys. Third. 119 10 1 2th Inf. 2d, Baxter. 2d, Robinson. First. 57 62 1 3th Inf. 1st, Paul. 2d, Robinson. First. 84 101 1 5th Inf. ist, Harrow. 2d, Gibbon. Second. 120 28 1 6th Inf. ist, Carr. 2d, Humphreys. Third. 68 13 1 8th Inf. ist, Tilton. 1st, Barnes. Fifth. 24 3 1 9th Inf. 3d, Hall. 2d, Gibbon. Second. 70 7 1 Not Engaged. 408 GETTYSBURG. MASSAC HUSETTS Continued. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps. ^"< CQ , a 7 wounded. 1V11SS- ing. 20th Inf. 3d, Hall. 2tl, Gibbon. Second. 124 3 22d Inf. 1st, Tilton. 1st, Barnes. Fifth. 3 I 28th Inf. 2d, Kelly. 1st, Caldwell. Second. 65 35 32d Inf 2cl, Sweitzer. 1st, Barnes. Fifth. 75 5 33d Inf. 2d, Smith. 2d, Sleinwehr. Eleventh. 45 . 37th Inf. 2d, Eustis. 3d, Wheaton. Sixth. 28 19 Batteries. c Killed and Miss- wounded, ing. Walcott s 3d Light (C) Fifth. 6 . . McCartney s ist Light (A) Sixth. Philbps s 5th Light (E) Artillery Reserve. 21 . . Bigelow s gth Light Artillery Reserve. 26 2 1 Not Engaged. General Officers. General James Barnes, Commander of the First Division, Fifth Corps. Colonel William S. Tilton, Commander of the First Brigade, First Division, Fifth Corps. Colonel Sidney Burbank, Commander of the Second Brigade, Second Division, Fifth Corps. Colonel Henry L. Eustis, Commander of the Second Brigade, Third Division, Sixth Corps. The State appropriations for monuments were $30,000. The monument of the ist Massachusetts, on the Emmittsburg Road, is one of the finest upon the field. It cost about #3000, and is a huge granite diamond, weighing 1 8 or 20 tons, and upon its face is a well-cut figure of a sol- BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 4! I dier upon the skirmish line, firing over a rail fence. That of the i3th Regiment, upon the First Corps line on Oak Hill, is surmounted by a granite soldier, advancing with his flag un furled, representing the youthful color-bearer of the regiment who was killed on the spot. That of the i2th (Webster) Regiment, in the same locality, is a large granite Minie-ball partially wrapped in the flag. Upon its base is a medallion likeness of Daniel Webster. Those of Eustis s brigade, 7th, loth, and 37th Regiments, on the avenue east of Round Top, are of beautiful design and finish. The monuments of this State, being among the first erected upon the field, do not contain as full inscriptions as those that were erected subsequently. The monument of the 2oth Massachusetts, which lost so heavily near the copse of trees" on the 3d, is a large "pudding-stone," brought from Roxbury, where the regiment was re cruited, and which was a landmark on the play ground of the town. It was taken to Gettys burg to mark the spot where the soldiers who had once played around it fought so gallantly, yet there is nothing in the inscription to convey the beautiful sentiment intended to be expressed by this simple memorial. 4 1 2 GETTYSBURG. All of the Massachusetts monuments are of tasteful and appropriate design and well constructed. RHODE ISLAND. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps. ^dS^g." 2d Inf. 2d, Eustis. 3d, Wheaton. Sixth. 6 I Batteries. Cor s Killed and Miss- " P >- wounded, ing. Arnold s 1st Light (A) Second. 31 i Brown s ist Light (B) Second. 26 I Randolph s, or Bucklyn s, ist Light (E) . . Third. 29 I Waterman s 1 ist Light (C) Sixth. Adams s 1 1st Light (G) Sixth. 1 Not engaged. General Officer. General Frank Wheaton, Commander of the Third Division, Sixth Corps. The State appropriations for monuments were $3400. This State had but one regiment in the battle, and it was not actively engaged, but its three batteries Arnold s, Brown s, and Randolph s took a most prominent part in the battle. The monuments are all characteristic. CONNECTICUT. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps. KHled^d Miss- 5th Inf. ist, McDougall. 1st, Ruger. Twelfth. 2 5 I4ih Inf. 2d, Smyth. 2d, Hays. Second. 62 4 I7th Inf. 2d, Ames. 1st, Barlow. Eleventh. ici 96 2Oth Inf. 1st, McDougall. 1st, Ruger. Twelfth. 27 I 27th Inf. 1 4th, Brooke. 1st, Ca Id well. Second. 33 4 1 Four companies. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 415 Batteries. Corps. Sterling s 2d Light Artillery Reserve. Brooker s ist Heavy B. S. 1 .... Artillery Reserve. Pratt s 1st Heavy M. E. 1 Artillery Reserve. Killed and Miss- wounded, ing. 1 Not engaged. General Officers. General John Sedgwick, Commander of the Sixth Corps. General Horatio G. Wright, Commander of the First Division, Sixth Corps. The State appropriations for monuments were $5700. The monuments of this State, while substan tial, are rather plain, except that of the i yth Regiment, on Barlow s knoll, upon the extreme right of the Eleventh Corps line. It was erected for the most part by private contri butions, and upon it are cut the names of all those of the regiment who fell in the battle. NEW YORK. Regiment. Brigade. Division. c Killed and Corps - wounded. Miss ing. 2d Cav. 1 2d, Huey. 2d, Gregg. Cavalry. 4th Cav. 1 2d, Huey. 2d, Gregg Cavalry. 5th Cav. 1st, Farnsworth. 3d, Kilpatrick. Cavalry. 2 4 6th Cav. 2d, Devin. 1st, Buford. Cavalry. 5 8 8th Cav. ist, Gamble. ist, Buford. Cavalry. 24 16 9th Cav. 2d, Devin. ISt, Buford. Cavalry. 4 7 loth Cav. 3d, Gregg. 2d, Gregg. Cavalry. 6 3 loth Inf 2 2d, Smyth. 3d, Hays. Second. i . . 1 4 th Inf. 3 2d, Cutler. 1st, Wadsworth. First. 118 99 20th Inf. ISt, Biddle. 3d, Doubled ay. First. 146 24 Not engaged. 2 Four companies. 3 Brooklyn Zouaves. 416 GETTYSBURG. N EW Y( >RK Continued. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps Billed and wounded. Miss ing. 33d Inf. 1 3d, Neill. 2d, Howe. Sixth. . . 39th Inf. 3d, Willard. 3d, Hays. Second. 95 . . 40th Inf. 2 3d, De Trobriand. 1st, Birney. Third. 43 7 4 ist Inf. 1st, Von Gilsa. ist, Barlow. Eleventh. 73 2 42d Inf. 3d, Hall. 2d, Gibbon. Second. 70 4 43d Inf. 1 3d, Neill. 2d, Howe. Sixth 4 I 44th Inf. 3d, Vincent. Ist, Barnes. Fifth. 1 08 3 45th Inf. ISt, Von Amsberg, 3d, Schurz. Eleventh. 54 48 49th Inf. 1 3d, Neill. 2d, Howe. Sixth. . . 5 2d Inf. 3d, Zook. ist, Caldwell. Second. 28 10 54th Inf. 1st, Von Gilsa. 1st, Barlow. Eleventh. 54 48 57th Inf. 3d, Zook. ist, Caldwell. Second. 3 2 2 58th Inf. 2d, Krzyzanowski , 3d, Schimmel- Eleventh. 17 3 fennig. 59th Inf. 3 3d, Hall. 2d, Gibbon. Second. 34 . > 6cth Inf. 3d, Greene. 2d, Geary. Twelfth. 52 6ist Inf. 4 h, Cross. ISt, Caldwell. Second. 62 . . 62d Inf. 3d, Nevin. 3d, Wheaton. Sixth. 12 . . 63d Inf.* 2d, Kelly. ISt, Caldwell. Second. 15 8 64th Inf. 4th, Brooke. ISt, Caldwell. Second. 79 19 65th Inf. 1st, Shaler. 3d, Wheaton. Sixth. 9 66th Inf. 3d, Zook. ISt, Caldwell. Second. 34 10 67th Inf. ist, Shaler. 3d, Wheaton. Sixth. . . i 68th Inf. ISt, Von Gilsa. ist, Barlow. Eleventh. 71 67 69th Inf.* 2d, Kelly. ISt, Caldwell. Second. 19 6 7oth Inf. 5 * 2d, Brewster. 2d, Humphreys Third. "3 4 7ist Inf 5 f 2d, Brewster. 2d, Humphreys. Third. 178 3 7 2d Inf. 5 } 2d, Brewster. 2d, Humphreys. Third. 86 28 73d Inf. 5 || 2d, Brewster. 2d, Humphreys. Third. 154 8 74 th Inf. g 2(1, Brewster. 2(1, Humphreys. .... 86 3 76th Inf. 2d, Cutler. ISt, Wad-worth. First. 164 70 77th Inf. 1 3d, Neill. 2(1, Howe. Sixth 1 Not engaged. 2 Mo/art Regiment, recruited in New York, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts. 3 Four companies. * Two companies. 6 * First, f Second, I Third, || Fourth, and g Fifth Excelsior. 6ist^N>Y. (Gen. Miles Old Regiment). In the Wheat Field. 27th Conn, to I,eft. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 419 NEW YORK Continued. Regiment. 78th Inf. 82d Inf. 83d Inf. 86th Inf. 88th Inf. 1 93d Inf. 2 1st, 2d, 2d, 2d, Brigade. Greene. Harrow. Baxter. Ward. Kelly. Division. 2d, Geary. 2d, Gibbon. 2d, Robinson. 1st, Birney. ist, Caldwell. r Killed and Corps wounded. Twelfth. 27 Second. 177 First. 24 Third. 62 Second. 24 Miss ing. . 3 15 58 4 4 94th Inf. ISt, Paul. ISt, Robinson. First. 70 175 95th Inf. 2d, Cutler. 1st, Wadsworth .First. 69 46 97th Inf. 2d, Baxter. 2d, Robinson. First. 48 78 I02d Inf. 2d, Greene. 2d, Geary. Twelfth. 21 8 iO4th Inf. ISt, Paul. 2d, Robinson. First. IO2 92 I07th Inf. 3d, Colgrove. ISt, Ruger. Twelfth. 2 . . 108th Inf. 2d, Smyth. 3d, Hays. Second. IO2 . . nith Inf. 3d, Willard. 3d, Hays. Second. 235 14 1 1 9th Inf. 2d, Krzyzanowski. 3d, Schimmel- Eleventh. 81 59 fennig. !2Oth Inf. 2d, Brewster. 2d, Humphreys .Third. 184 J 9 I2ist Inf. 3 3d, Bartlett. 3d, Wheaton. Sixth. 2 . . I22d Inf. ISt, Shaler. 3d, Wheaton. Sixih. 42 2 1 23d Inf. ISt, McDougall. ISt, Ruger. Twelfth. 13 I 1 24th Inf. 2d, Ward. 1st, Birney. Third. 85 5 1 25th Inf. 3d, Willard. 3d, Hays. Second. 130 9 1 26th Inf. 3d, Willard. 3d, Hays. Second. 221 10 1 34th Inf. ISt, Coster. 2d, Stemwehr. Eleventh. 193 59 I36th Inf. 2d, Smith. 2d, Steinwehr. Eleventh. 1 06 3 I37th Inf. 3d, Greene. 2d, Geary. Twelfth 127 10 1 40th Inf. 3d, Weed. 2d, Ayres. Fifth. "5 18 1 45th Inf. ISt, McDougall. ISt, Ruger. Twelfth. 10 1 46th Inf. 3d, Weed. 2d, Ayres. Fifth. 28 . . I47th Inf. 2d, Cutler. ISt, Wads worth. First. 177 92 1 49th Inf. 3d, Greene. ISt, Ruger. Twelfth. 5 2 3 I5oth Inf. 2d, Lockwood. ISt, Ruger. Twelfth. 30 15 1 54th Inf. ISt, Coster. 2d, Stein wehr. Eleventh. 22 178 I57th Inf. 1st, Von Amsberg -3d, Schurz. Eleventh. 193 114 1 Two companies. 2 At he; id-quarters guarding trains. 3 Not engaged. 42O GETTYSBURG. Batteries. c Killed and Miss. - orps - wounded. ing. Reynolds s 1st Light First. ib i Rorty s 1st Light (B) Second. 26 . . Winslow s 1st Light (D) Third. 10 8 Smith s 4th Light Third. 12 i Barnes s ist Light (C) 1 Fifth. Cowan s 1st Light Sixth. 12 . . Ham s 3d Light 1 Sixth. Weidrick s 1st Light (I) Eleventh. 13 Wheeler s I3th Light Eleventh. 8 3 Winegar s Ist Light (M) Twelfth Martin s 6th Horse Artillery, Cavalry. I . . Hart s I5th Light Artillery Reserve. 16 . . Taft s 5th Light Artillery Reserve. 3 . . Ames s Ist Light (G) Artillery Reserve. 7 . . Fitzhugh s 1st Light (K) 2 Artillery Reserve. 7 . . 1 Not engaged. 2 nth New York Battery attached. GENERAL OFFICERS. Corps Commanders. General Daniel E. Sickles, Commander of the Third Corps (wounded). General Henry W. Slocum, Commander of the Twelfth Corps. General Abner Doubleday, Commander of the P irst Corps (tempo rarily). General Daniel Butterfield, Chief of Staff (wounded). General Gouverneur K. Warren, Chief Engineer. Division Commanders. General James S. Wadsworth, Commander of the First Division, First Corps. General John C. Robinson, Commander of the Second Division, First Corps. General Romeyn B. Ayres, Commander of the Second Division, Fifth Corps. General Francis C. Barlow, Commander of the First Division, Eleventh Corps (wounded). General Adolph von Steinwehr, Commander of the Second Division, Eleventh Corps. * 78th and iozd N. Y. Monument. At Breastworks, Gulp s Hill. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 423 Brigade Commanders. General Alexander S. Webb, Commander of the Second Brigade, Second Division, Second Corps (wounded). Colonel Patrick Kelly, Commander of the Second Brigade, First Division, Second Corps. General George S. Willard, Commander of the Third Brigade, Third Division, Second Corps (killed). General Charles K. Graham, Commander of the First Brigade, First Division, Third Corps (wounded). General Hobart Ward, Commander of the Second Brigade, First Division, Third Corps. General P. R. de Trobriand, Commander of the Third Brigade, First Division, Third Corps. (Born in France.) General Joseph B. Carr, Commander of the First Brigade, Second Division, Third Corps. Colonel W. M. R. Brewster, Commander of the Second Brigade, Second Division, Third Corps. General Stephen H. Weed, Commander of the Third Brigade, Second Division, Fifth Corps (killed). General J. J. Bartlett, Commander of the Second Brigade, First Division, Sixth Corps. General David A. Russell, Commander of the Third Brigade, First Division, Sixth Corps. Colonel Leopold von Gilsa, Commander of the First Brigade, First Division, Eleventh Corps. (Born in Germany.) Colonel Charles K. Coster, Commander of the First Brigade, Second Division, Eleventh Corps. Colonel W. Krzyzanowski, Commander of the Second Brigade, Third Division, Eleventh Corps. (Born in Poland ) Colonel Archibald L. McDougall, Commander of the First Brigade, First Division, Twelfth Corps. General George S. Greene, Commander of the Third Brigade, Second Division, Twelfth Corps. (Born in Rhode Island.) Colonel Thomas C. Devin, Commander of the Second Brigade, Cavalry Corps. The total appropriations by the State for monuments, exclusive of those to the cemetery, were $244,825. 424 GETTYSBURG. When this great State decided to erect mon uments upon the field, there was a certainty that it would be done not only in a liberal, but in a most thorough manner. A commission, consisting of Generals Sickles, Slocum, Graham, and Carr, and Major Richard son, was appointed to take charge of the matter, and they gave great personal attention to it. In addition to the appropriation of $1500 to each command, many regiments contributed largely towards the erection of their monuments. Before the State made any appropriation the 1 4th Brooklyn and 1 24th Regiments had erected costly monuments. That of the former at the railroad cut, on the First Corps line, is a sol dier in the zouave uniform of the regiment in the act of loading, while the latter, on the Third Corps line, on the knoll above Devil s Den, is surmounted by a statue of its youthful commander, Colonel Ellis, standing in the posi tion he was when killed on the 2d, as he stood with folded arms watching the approach of the Texas brigade, which was advancing over the rocks and through the bushes in the immediate front. The regiment, recruited in Orange County, was known as the "Orange Blos soms." The citizens of the county contributed liberally to the monument. Near it is the fine monument of the 86th Regiment. i4th Brooklyn Zouaves (84th New York), ist Corps .Near^the Railroad Cut. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 427 The monument of the 44th Regiment and two companies of the 1 2th, upon the summit of Little Round Top, is probably the most expensive regi mental monument on the field. It is a massive granite castle, in the lower chamber of which are bronze plates containing a complete muster-roll of each company. A winding stairway leads to the observatory on top. It was through the lib eral contributions of General Butterfield, princi pally, that this splendid monument was erected. Among other fine monuments of the State are the following : that of Sickles s old " Excel sior Brigade," near the Emmittsburg Road, in which is a column for each of the five regi ments, with full and appropriate inscriptions ; that of the " Irish Brigade," on the edge of the Wheat-Field, a large granite and bronze cross, with a bronze Irish wolf-dog lying at its foot ; that of Smith s battery, on the knoll, near Devil s Den, a bronze cannoneer standing by his gun with rammer in hand ; the tall and expensive shaft of the 83d, on the First Corps line, on Oak Ridge, and the costly mon uments of the 6th and Qth Cavalry immediately in front of it, the former containing one of the largest bronze plates on the field, representing a cavalry charge, and the latter a similar plate with the figure of a cavalry vedette discovering the approach of the enemy. 428 GETTYSBURG. Many other monuments on this line are also handsome and expensive. On the Twelfth Corps line, on Gulp s Hill, among the most characteristic are those of the 78th and iO2d, constructed of granite, repre senting a soldier firing from behind a log breast work ; that of the 12 3d is a granite figure of History recording the events of the battle upon a large tablet. On the Second Corps line is the large granite clover-leaf monument of the io8th and the bronze soldier of the 1 1 ith, and a short distance beyond is the costly monument of Cowan s bat tery, which was erected through the generosity of Colonel Cowan. It is a fine piece of bronze work, depicting a battery firing grape and canis ter into the ranks of the enemy at short range. Near this is the monument of the 42 d (Tam many) Regiment. It was erected by subscrip tions of the Tammany Organization of New York, and is a large and finely finished piece of bronze work. The granite pedestal is sur mounted by an immense bronze wigwam, an Indian warrior standing beside it. This monu ment is subject to criticism, as in the far future it may lead to misconception as to Indians par ticipating in the battle. In fact, there is hardly a New York regimental monument on the field that is not attractive. w York (Orange Blossoms), on the Knoll above Devil s Den, iRepresenting Col. Ellis as He was Standing when Killed. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 431 In addition to these the State erected, at an expense of $60,000, a magnificent monu ment in the cemetery in honor of its dead. It is a splendid ,work of art, being a classic shaft, and upon the dies of the base are large bronze tablets representing the principal events of each day of the battle. Upon the summit of Round Top is the bronze heroic statue of General Warren, then chief engineer of the army. It was erected through the efforts of the 5th New York (Duryee s Zouaves), his old regiment. It is of a very high order of art, well executed. NEW JERSEY. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps. Killed and wounded. Miss ing. 1st Cav. ist, Mclntosh 2d, Gregg. Cavalry. 7 . . ist Inf. 1 ist, Torbert. ist, Wright. Sixth. . . 2 d Inf. 1 ist, Torbert. ist, Wright. Sixth. 6 3d Inf. 1 1st, Torbert. ist, Wright. Sixth. 2 4th Inf. 2 5th Inf. 3d, Burling. 2cl, Humphreys. Third. 78 16 6th Inf. 3d, Burling. 2d, Humphreys. Third. 33 8 7th Inf. 3d, Burling. 2d, Humphreys. Third. 101 13 8th Inf. 3d, Burling. 2d, Humphreys. Third. 21 3 Uth Inf. 1st, Carr. 2d, Humphreys. Third. 141 12 1 2th Inf. 2d, Smyth. 3d, Hays. Second. 1 06 9 1 3th Inf. 3d, Colgrove. ist, Ruger. Twelfth. 21 I5th Inf. 1 ist. Torbert. 1st, Wright. Sixth. 3 1 Not engaged. 2 Guarding reserve ammunition train Batteries. Killed and Miss Corps. wounded. ing. Clark s 2d Light , .Third. 17 Parson s 1st Light Artillery Reserve. 9 43 2 GETTYSBURG. General Officers. General Judson Kilpatrick, Commander of the Third Division, Cavalry Corps. General George C. Burling, Commander of the Third Brigade, Second Division, Third Corps. The State appropriations for monuments were $44,255- The appropriations for the five regiments of the ist New Jersey Brigade of the Sixth Corps, which were in reserve in the rear of the left centre, were consolidated in the erection of an imposing brigade monument, a granite castle, which stands in a commanding position. The monuments of the nth, i2th, and i3th Regiments and of Clark s battery are very characteristic. That of the 1 1 th, on the Third Corps line, on the Emmittsburg Road, is a heavy pedestal, upon which lies an open vol ume of history. That of the i2th, on the Second Corps line, contains a bronze plate rep resenting the regiment charging out to and burning the Bliss barn. That of the i3th is one of the most substantial monuments on the field. It is in the woods, on the extreme right of the Twelfth Corps line, at the edge of Rock Creek, and upon its face is well cut in relief the figure of a soldier firing from behind the trees. New Jersey Rripade Monument. 6th Corps. In Rear ol Left Center. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 435 PENNSYLVANIA. Regiment. Brigade. Division. n Killed and Corps wounded. Miss ing. 1st Cav. ist, Mclntosh. 2d, Gregg. Head-q rs. . . 2 2d Cav. Head-q rs 3d Cav. 1st, Mclntosh. 2d, Gregg. Cavalry. 15 6 4th Cav. 1 3d, Gregg. 2d, Gregg. Cavalry. . . . . 6th Cav. Merritt. ist, Buford. Cavalry. IO 6 8th Cav. 1 2d, Huey. 2d, Gregg. Cavalry. . . . . 1 6th Cav. 3d, Gregg. 2d, Gregg. Cavalry. 6 . . 1 7th Cav. 2d, Devin. ist, Buford. Cavalry. . . 4 1 8th Cav. ist Farnsworth. 3d, Kilpatrick. Cavalry. 6 8 nth Inf. 2d, Baxter. 2d, Robinson. First. 70 62 23d Inf. 2 1st, Shaler. 3d, Wheaton. Sixth. H . . 26th Inf. 1st, Carr. 2d, Humphreys. Third. 206 7 ayth Inf. 1st, Coster. 2d, Steinwehr. Eleventh. 34 77 28th Inf. 1st, Candy. 2d, Geary. Twelfth. 24 3 29th Inf. 2d, Kane. 2d, Geary. Twelfth. 58 4 6th Inf. ist, McDougall. ist, Ruger. Twelfth. 12 i 49th Inf. 1 3d, Russell. 1st, Wright. Sixth. . . . . 53d Inf. 4th, Brooke. ist, Caldwell. Second. 74 6 56th Inf. 2d, Cutler. ist, Wadsworth. First. 73 56 57th Inf. 1st, Graham. ist, Birney. Third. 57 58 6ist Inf. 1 3d, Neill. 2d, Howe. Sixth. i i 62d Inf. 2d, Sweitzer. 1st, Barnes. Fifth. 135 40 63d Inf. 1st, Graham. ist, Birney. Third. 30 4 68th Inf. ist, Graham. ist, Birney. Third. 133 19 69th Inf. 2d, Webb. 2d, Gibbon. Second. 120 8 7 ist Inf. 2d, Webb. 2d, Gibbon. Second. 79 19 72d Inf. 3 2d, Webb. 2d, Gibbon. Second. 189 2 73d Inf. 1st, Coster. 2d, Steinwehr. Eleventh. 34 . . 74th Inf. ist, Von Amsberg. 3d, Schimmel- Eleventh. 5 60 fennig. 75th Inf. 2d, Krzyzanowski. 3d, Schimmel- Eleventh. 1 08 3 fennig. 8 ist Inf. 1st, Cross. 1st, Caldwell. Second. 54 8 82d Inf. ist, Shaler. 2d, Wheaton. Sixth. 6 . . 83d Inf. 3d, Vincent. 1st, Barnes. Fifth. 55 1 Not engaged. 2 Birney s Zouaves. 3 Baxter s Zouaves. 436 GETTYSBURG. PENNSYLVANIA Continued. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps Killed , a " d iss - wounded. ing. 84th Inf. 1 ist, Carr. 2tl, Humphreys. Third. 88th Inf. 2d, Baxter. 2d, Robinson. First. 57 49 9Oth Inf. 2d, Baxter. 2d, Robinson. First. 53 40 9ist Inf. 3d, Weed. 2d, Ayres. Fifth. 19 . . 93d Inf. 3d, Nevin. 3d, Wheaton. Sixth. 10 . , 95th Inf. 2 2d, Bartlett. 3d, Wheaton. Sixth. 2 . 96th Inf. 1 2d, Bartlett. 3d, Wheaton. Sixth. I . . 98th Inf. 3d, Nevin. 3d, Wheaton. Sixth. I I . . 99th Inf. 2d, Ward. ist, Birney. Third. 99 ii io2d Inf. 1 3d, Nevin. 3d, Wheaton. Sixth. . . I05th Inf. Ist, Graham. ist, Birney. Third. 123 9 Io6th Inf. 2d, Webb. 2d, Gibbon. Second. 63 i I07th Inf. 1st, Paul. 2d, Robinson. First. 67 98 logth Inf. 2d, Kane. 2d, Geary. Twelfth. 9 i noth Inf. 3d, De Trobriand. ist, Birney. Third. 53 I nth Inf. 2d, Kane. 2d, Geary. Twelfth 22 114th Inf. 3 Ist, Graham. 1st, Birney. Third. 94 60 115th Inf. 3d, Burling. 2d, Humphreys. Third. 21 3 Il6th Inf.* 2d, Kelly. 1st, Caldwell. Second. 13 9 n8ih Inf. ist, Tilton. ist, Barnes. Fifth. 22 3 iigth Inf. 1 3d, Russell. 1st, Wright. Sixth. 2 I2ist Inf. ist, Biddle. 3d, Doubleday. First. 118 61 1 39th Inf. 3d, Nevin. 2d, Wheaton. Sixth. 3 . . I40th Inf. 3d, Zook. Ist, Caldwell. Second. 181 60 I4ist Inf. ist, Graham. ist, Birney. Third. 128 21 I42d Inf. 1st, Biddle. 3d, Doubleday. first. 141 70 I43d Inf. 2d, Stone. 3d, Doubleday. First. 161 91 I45th Inf. 5 4th, Brooke. ist, Caldwell. Second. 76 8 1 47th Inf. ist, Candy. 2d, Geary. Twelfth. 20 I48th Inf. ist, Cross. Ist, Caldwell. Second. 120 5 I49th Inf. 2d, Stone. 3d, Doubleday. First. 205 I3 1 1 5oth Inf. 2d, Stone. 3d, Doubleday. First. 1 80 84 15 ist Inf. 1st, Biddle. 3d, Doubleday. First. 233 102 I53d Inf. 1st, Von Gilsa. ist, Barlow. Eleventh. I6 5 4 6 I55th Inf. 6 3d, Weed. 1st, Ayres. Fif h. 19 1 Not engaged. 2 Gosline s Zou;tves, not engaged. 3 Collis s Zouaves. * Four compnmes. 6 Seven companies. 6 Pittsburg Zouaves. nth Penna., ist Corps, Oak Ridge. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 439 Pennsylvania Reserves. Regiment. 1st Inf. 2d Inf. 5th Inf. 1 6th Inf. 9th Inf. 1 loth Inf. 1 nth Inf. 1 2th Inf. 1 1st Rifles. 1st, ISt, 3d, 1st, 3d, 3d, 3d, 3d, 1st, Brigade. McCandless. McCandless. Fisher. McCandless. Fisher. Fisher. Fisher. Fisher. McCandless. Division. 3d, Crawford. 3d, Crawford. 3d, Crawford. 3d, Crawford. 3d, Crawford. 3d, Crawford. 3d, Crawford. 3d, Crawford. 3d, Crawford. Corps Fifth. Fifth. Fifth. Fifth. Fifth. Fifth. Fifth. Fifth. Fifth. Killed and Miss- 1 Not engaged. Batteries. Corps. Cooper s 1st Light (B) First. Knap s 6th Light (E) Twelfth. Thompson s Light Independent (C and F) . Artillery Reserve. Ricketts s ist Light (F and G) Artillery Reserve. Runk s 3d Light (H) Unattached. 46 36 2 24 5 5 41 2 4 6 Killed and wounded. II 3 24 20 ing. Miss ing. GENERAL OFFICERS. General George G. Meade, Commander of the Army. Corps Commanders. General John F. Reynolds, Commander of the First Corps (killed). General Winfield S. Hancock, Commander of the Second Corps (wounded). General David B. Birney, Commander of the Third Corps (after General Sickles was wounded). Division Commanders. General Thomas A. Rowley, Commander of the Third Division, First Corps. General John Gibbon, Commander of the Second Division, Second Corps (wounded). General Alexander Hays, Commander of the Third Division, Second Corps. 440 GETTYSBURG. General Andrew A. Humphreys, Commander of the Second Division, Third Corps. General S. W. Crawford, Commander of the Third Division, Fifth Corps. General John W. Geary, Commander of the Second Division, Twelfth Corps. General David McM. Gregg, Commander of the Second Division, Cavalry Corps. Brigade Commanders. Colonel Chapman Bicldle, Commander of the First Brigade, Third Division, First Corps. General Roy Stone, Commander of the Second Brigade, Third Division, First Corps (wounded). General S. K. Zook, Commander of the Third Brigade, First Division, Second Corps (killed). General John R. Brooke, Commander of the Fourth Brigade, First Division, Second Corps (wounded). General J. B. Sweitzer, Commander of the Second Brigade, First Division, Fifth Corps. General Strong Vincent, Commander of the Third Brigade, First Division, Fifth Corps (killed). Colonel William McCandless, Commander of the First Brigade, Third Division, Fifth Corps. Colonel J. W. Fisher, Commander of the Third Brigade, Third Division, Fifth Corps. General Thomas H. Neill, Commander of the Third Brigade, Second Division, Sixth Corps. General A. Schimmelfennig, Commander of the First Brigade, Third Division, Eleventh Corps. General Thomas L. Kane, Commander of the Second Brigade, Second Division, Twelfth Corps. General John B. Mclntosh, Commander of the First Brigade, Second Division, Cavalry Corps. Colonel Pennock Huey, Commander of the Second Brigade, Second Division, Cavalry Corps. Colonel John Irwin Gregg, Commander of the Third Brigade, Second Division, Cavalry Corps. The total State appropriations for monu ments, exclusive of cemetery, were $399,877.22. Battery H-, 3 Penna. Artillery, with Gregg s Cavalry. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 443 The survivors of several regiments of this State had erected monuments upon the field before the State made an appropriation for that purpose. The difficulty was not in having an act passed by the Legislature, but in repressing ef forts to have such an act passed, especially after Massachusetts made an appropriation for such purpose. Those in the State most actively interested well knew that there would be a just rivalry be tween the great States of New York and Penn sylvania, which together had more commands present at the battle than all the other States combined. They knew that when New York took action it would be upon a liberal basis, and that Pennsylvania would be certain to equal anything done by the Empire State. They were, therefore, desirous of deferring action until the latter State had made its appropriation, but it required considerable effort to accom plish it. As soon as New York had made an appro priation of $1500 for each regimental monu ment, a bill making a like appropriation by the State of Pennsylvania was introduced in the State Senate. This bill, appropriating $121, 500, was approved June 15, 1887. Among the most attractive monuments are : 444 GETTYSBURG. that of the 56th Infantry on the First Corps line, a bronze stack of muskets and equip ments ; the massive monument of the 1 5 1 st, at the edge of Reynolds s Grove ; the huge granite tree-trunk, with bronze ivy twined around it, of the QOth, on Oak Ridge, near the Mummasburg Road ; the granite cannon and other implements of war of the 88th, near it ; the bronze soldier of the iith, farther to the left, on the same line ; that of the i yth Cavalry, of Devin s brigade, immediately in their front, a full-sized horse and rider upon an immense block of Westerly granite ; that of the 74th, on the Eleventh Corps line, a granite figure of a color-bearer falling, but still holding his flag aloft ; that of Ricketts s battery, on East Cemetery Hill, one of the largest and most expensive upon the field, cannon, gunner, etc., in granite, cut in full relief; that of the 73d, near it, a bronze plate representing the regiment charging from out the cemetery to the relief of the batteries ; that of the 230! (Birney s Phila delphia Zouaves), on Gulp s Hill, representing a soldier double-quicking towards the works at " trail arms;" those of the 28th, 29th, and 1 09th, near by; the large and substantial ones of the 7 ist, near the " copse of trees," on the Second Corps line ; the bronze zouave with clubbed musket of the 72d, near by; that of BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 447 the ist Pennsylvania Cavalry in front of Meade s head-quarters, a bronze dismounted trooper kneeling and firing ; also the bronze dismounted cavalryman of heroic size in the act of loading his carbine, of the 2d Cavalry, at Meade s head quarters ; that of the 8th Cavalry, near Pleason- ton s head-quarters, a granite horse and rider, of full size, cut out of one piece of granite, with bronze equipments ; that of the 95th (Gosline s Zouaves), to the right and front of Little Round Top; that of the i55th (Pittsburg Zouaves) ; the granite castle of the gist, of the same bri gade, and that of the 83d, on Little Round Top, the latter a bronze statue of General Vin cent ; that of the gth Reserves, between the two Round Tops, a soldier standing by the grave of his comrade ; that of the loth Reserves, near by; those of the 5th, 8th, and i2th, on Big Round Top ; the large granite keystone of the 99th, on the knoll above Devil s Den ; that of the i8th Cavalry, on Kilpatrick s line; that of the i48th, in the Wheat-Field ; those of the 53d and i45th, on the line of Brooke s brigade ; that of the 1 1 6th, beyond the Wheat- Field, a soldier falling while crossing a wall ; that of the i i8th (Philadelphia Corn Exchange), near by ; the fine bronze cannoneer of Thomp son s battery, in the Peach Orchard ; those of the 68th and i4ist, near it ; the bronze zouave 448 GETTYSBURG. of the 1 1 4th, in Sherfy s yard, on the Emmitts- burg Road ; and that of the io5th (the Wildcat Regiment), near it. There are many other monuments of this State, as of New York, which are very attractive and impressive. In addition to the regimental monuments, the State, in 1891, appropriated $100,000 for eques trian statues of Generals Meade, Hancock, and Reynolds. The two former have been erected, and the latter is still in the hands of the artist, and will be erected in the summer of 1897. That of General Meade stands near the cen tre of the line of battle, on the Second Corps line. It represents him uncovered, as he rides upon the field at the time of Longstreet s assault and repulse, receiving the wild greetings of his army. That of General Hancock, on East Ceme tery Hill, where he assumed command of the army on the evening of July i, represents him pointing to positions and giving directions for the formation of a new line of battle. These two statues are considered, by capable critics, as two of the finest works of art of the kind in America, and no doubt that of General Reynolds, which will stand upon the Eirst Corps line, will be of equal merit. The regimental monuments were dedicated September 1 1 and 12, 1889, in the presence of ist Del., 2d Corps. Hays tine, RightTof " Tlfe~ Copse?* BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCLVTION. 451 an immense number of citizens of the State. The State furnished transportation to all sur viving soldiers of the State who had partici pated in the battle. The statues of Generals Meade and Hancock were dedicated on June 5. 1896, the ceremonies being attended also by a large number of dis tinguished military officers and citizens of the country. DELAWARE. 1st Inf. 2d, Smyth. ; .. Hj-y?. 2d Inf. 4th, Brooke. 1st. CaldwelL A considerable portion of the two Delaware regiments was recruited in Philadelphia. General Officers. General A. T. A. Torbert, Commander of the Fiist Brigade, First Division, Sixth Corps. General Thomas A. Smyth, Commander of the Second Brigade, Third Division, Second Corps (wounded). In 1885 tne Legislature appropriated $2000 for the purpose of erecting monuments on the battle-field of Gettysburg. Unfortunately, the two monuments of Dela- .re are duplicates, being small dark granite shafts. 15 MARYLAND. Regiment. Brigade. Division. 1st Cav. ist Inf. 1 istE. S. 2 3d, Gregg. 2d, Lockwood. 2d, Lockwood. 2d, Gregg. 1st, Ruger. 1st, Ruger. 3 d Inf. ist, McDougall. 1st, Ruger. 452 GETTYSBURG. Corps ^ " cu /" d Mis*- wounded. ing. Cavalry. 2 I Twelfth. 103 I Twelfth. 23 2 Twelfth. 8 . . 1 Potomac Home Brigade. ~ Eastern Shore. Battery. Corps. Rigby s Light (A) Artillery Reserve. General Officers. General George Sykes, Commander of the Fifth Corps. General H. H. Lockwood, Commander of the Second Brigade, First Division, Twelfth Corps. The State appropriations for monuments were $6000. The monuments of this State are all of good character and substantially built. Those of the ist Cavalry, of Gregg s division, on the right, and ist Eastern Shore, on Gulp s Hill, being particularly of excellent design and finish. WEST VIRGINIA. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps. w u n( ^i \^~ 1st Cav. 1st, Farnsworth. 3<1, Kilpatrick. Cavalry. 8 4 3d Cav. 1 2d, Devin. 1st, Buford. Cavalry. . . 4 7th Inf. ist, Carroll. 3<1, Hays. Second. 46 r l Three companies. Battery. c Killed and Lorps - wounded. Hall s Light (C) Artillery Reserve. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 455 The monuments were dedicated in 1898, the 2d W. Va. marching from Camp Meade, near Harrisburg, to participate in the ceremonies. OHIO. Regiment. Brigade. Division. r Killed and Corps wounded. Miss ing. 1st Cav. 1 1st, Farnsworth. 3d, Kilpatrick. Cavalry. . . . . 6th Cav. 2 2d, Huey. 2d, Gregg. Cavalry. . . 4th Inf. ISt, Carroll. 3d, Hays. Second. 26 5 5th Inf. ISt, Candy. 2d, Geary. Twelfth. 18 . . 7th Inf. ISt, Candy. 2d, Geary. Twelfth. 18 . . 8th Inf. ISt, Carroll. 3d, Hays. Second. 101 i 25th Inf. 2d, Ames. ISt, Barlow. Eleventh. 112 72 29th Inf. ISt, Candy. 2d, Geary. Twelfth. 38 . . 55th Inf. 2d, Smith. 2d, Steinwehr. Eleventh. 37 12 6ist Inf. ISt, Von Amsberg. 3d, Schurz. Eleventh. 42 12 66th Inf. ISt, Candy. 2d, Geary. Twelfth. 17 . . 73d Inf. 2d, Smith. 2d, Steinwehr. Eleventh. 141 4 75th Inf. 2d, Ames. ISt, Barlow. Eleventh. 94 92 82d Inf. 2d, Krzyzanowski. 3d, Schimmel- Eleventh. IO2 79 fennig. I07th Inf. 2d, Ames. 1st, Barlow. Eleventh. *34 77 1 Company F. Company A at Gregg s head-quarters. Not engaged. Batteries. Corps. Killed and Miss- wounded, ing. Gibb s 1st Light (L) Fifth. 6 . . Dilger s ist Light (I) Eleventh. 13 Heckman s 1st Light (K) Eleventh. 13 2 Norton s 1st Light (H) Artillery Reserve. 7 . . General Officers. General Henry Hunt, Chief of Artillery. (Born in Michigan.) General George A. Custer, Commander of the Second Brigade, Third Division, Cavalry Corps. General Samuel S. Carroll, Commander of the First Brigade, Third Division, Second Corps. (Born in District of Columbia.) General Orland Smith, Commander of the Second Brigade, Second Division, Eleventh Corps. (Born in Maine.) General Charles Candy, Commander of the First Brigade, Second Division, Twelfth Corps. 456 GETTYSBURG. The State appropriations for monuments were $40,000. Of the above amount, $5000 was given to the Memorial Association and $35,000 was ex pended in the erection of monuments, expenses of commission, etc. Although the appropriation to each command of this State was $2000, the monuments, with some exceptions, do not equal those of several of the other States in style and character. Among the finest are the combined monument of the 75th and 25th Regiments, on the Eleventh Corps line, and those of the 7th and 29th, on Gulp s Hill. Probably the best piece of work is that of the 73d, near the cemetery wall, on the Taneytown Road, a large pedestal, with the flag lying gracefully over it, cut from one piece of granite. INDIANA. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps. K|ed.nd Miss- 3d Cav. 1st, Gamble. 1st, Buford. Cavalry. 27 5 7th Inf. 1 2d, Cutler. 1st, Wadsworth. First. I4th Inf. 1st, Carroll. 3d, Hays. Second. 31 . . 19th Inf. ist, Meredith. 1st, Wadsworth. First. 160 50 2Oth Inf. 2d, Ward. 1st, Birney. Third. 146 10 27th Inf. 3d, Colgrove. 1st, Ruger. Twelfth. 109 I 1 Not engaged. General Officers. General Solomon Meredith, Commander of the First Brigade, First Division, First Corps (wounded). (Born in North Carolina.) 29th Ohio, I2th Corps. Gulp s Hill BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 459 General William Harrow, Commander of the First Brigade, Second Division, Second Corps. (Born in Kentucky.) General Silas Colgrove, Commander of the Third Brigade, First Division, Twelfth Corps. The State appropriated $3000 on March 5, 1885, for the erection of monuments, but never contributed to the Association or paid anything towards the purchase of ground upon which the monuments are located. The monuments of this State are plain, and there seems to have been no effort towards origi nality or impressiveness. ILLINOIS. T-.. . . ^ Killed and Miss- Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps. wounded ing- 8th Cav. 1st, Gamble. ist, Buford. Cavalry. 6 I I2th Cav. 1 1st, Gamble. ist, Buford. Cavalry. 14 6 82d Inf. 1st, Von Amsberg. 3d, Schurz. Eleventh. 23 89 1 Four companies. General Officers. General John Buford, Commander of the First Division, Cavalry Corps. (Born in Kentucky.) General Wesley Merritt, Commander of the Regular Brigade, First Division, Cavalry Corps. (Born in New York.) General Elon J. Farnsworth, Commander of the First Brigade, Third Division, Cavalry Corps (killed). General William Gamble, Commander of the First Brigade, First Division, Cavalry Corps. The State appropriations for monuments were $6000. Of this amount, the sum of $600 was given to the Memorial Association, and the balance 460 GETTYSBURG. was expended on the three regimental monu ments. Though liberal appropriations were made for the three monuments, they are not of that char acter which was expected from this great State. MICHIGAN. Regiment. Brigade. Division. ( , Killed and - rps - wounded. Miss ing. ISt Cav. 2d, Custer. 3d, Kilpatrick. Cavalry. 53 2O 5th Cav. 2d, Custer. 3d, Kilpatrick. Cavalry. 38 18 6th Cav. 2d, Custer. 3d, Kilpatrick. Cavalry. 27 I 7th Cav. 2d, Custer. 3d, Kilpatrick. Cavalry. 61 39 ISt Inf. ISt, Tilton. 1st, Barnes. Fifth. 38 4 3d Inf. 3d, De Trobriand. 1st, Birney. Third. 38 7 4th Inf. 2d, Sweitzer. ISt, Barnes. Fifth. 89 76 5th Inf. 3d, De Trobriand. ISt, Birney. Third. 105 4 7 th Inf. 3d, Hall. 2d, Gibbon. Second. 65 . . 1 6th Inf. 3d, Vincent. ISt, Barnes. Fifth. 57 3 24th Inf. 1st, Meredith. 1st, Wadsworth. First. 272 91 Battery. r Killed and Cor P s - wounded. Daniel s gth Horse Artillery, Cavalry. 5 General Officers. General Alpheus S. Williams, Commander of the First Division, Twelfth Corps. (Born in Connecticut.) General Henry Baxter, Commander of the Second Brigade, Second Division, First Corps. (Born in New York.) General Norman J. Hall, Commander of the Third Brigade, Second Division, Second Corps. The Legislature of 1887 appropriated the sum of $20,000 for marking by monuments the places occupied by Michigan troops at the battle of Gettysburg. 3d Michigan, 3d Corps. In Peach.Orchard. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 463 The Legislature of 1889 appropriated the sum of $2000 for general expenses of dedica tion of the foregoing monuments, and $5000 to assist in paying the expenses of ex-soldiers attending such dedication. The monuments are among the best and most substantial on the field. That of Custer s cavalry brigade, ist, 5th, 6th, and yth Michigan, on the line of Gregg s division, is one of the best- executed pieces of work on the field. It is par ticularly characteristic. That of the 24th, in Rey nolds s Grove, is surmounted by a granite figure, a soldier in action, wearing the army hat, the Iron Brigade and one or two other regiments being the only troops in the Army of the Poto mac not wearing the fatigue cap. That of the 7th, near the " copse of trees," on the Second Corps line, that of the 1 6th, on Little Round Top, and that of the 4th, in the Wheat-Field, at the spot where its colonel, Jeffords, fell with a bayo net thrust through him, are well designed and constructed. WISCONSIN. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps. ^^ 2d Inf. 1st, Meredith. ist, Wads worth. First. 181 52 3d Inf. 3d, Colgrove. ist, Ruger. Twelfth. 10 . . 5th Inf. 1 3d, Russell. ist, Wright. Sixth. 6th Inf. 1st, Meredith. 1st, Wadsworth. First. 146 22 7th Inf. 1st, Meredith. 1st, Wadsworth. First. 126 52 26th Inf. 2d, Krzyzanowski. 3d, Schimmel- Eleventh. 155 62 fennig. 1 Not engaged. 464 GETTYSBURG. General Officers. General Carl Schurz, Commander of the Third Division, Eleventh Corps. (Born in Germany.) General Thomas H. Ruger, Commander of the First Brigade, First Division, Twelfth Corps. (Born in New York.) General Lysander Cutler, Commander of the Second Brigade, First Division, First Corps. (Born in Massachusetts.) The State appropriations for monuments were $3000. The six monuments of this State are among the best on the field. They are constructed in whole or in part of the red Montello (Wiscon sin) granite. Those of the 2d, 6th, and ;th, in Reynolds s Grove, that of the 5th, on the extreme left in rear of Round Top, that of the 3d, on Gulp s Hill, and that of the 26th, on the Eleventh Corps line, while all of different style, are all equally fine. MINNESOTA. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps. Killed , and iss wounded. ing. 1st Inf. 1st, Harrow. 2d, Gibbon. Second. 223 I The State appropriations for monuments were $20,312. While this State had but one regiment at Gettysburg, it was the first State, outside of Pennsylvania, to make an appropriation to the Memorial Association, and the State s liberality in expenditure for a monument for its regiment was unsurpassed. 6th Wisconsin, ist Corps, near Railroad Cut, Front of Seminary; BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 467 The principal monument, which stands upon the Second Corps line, at the spot from which the regiment, by order of General Hancock, started upon its historic charge, cost over $16,000. It is a fine shaft surmounted by a bronze soldier double-quicking. It portrays great action, and is considered to be one of the best pieces of bronze work ever executed. The other monument is on the line where the reori- > ment fought on the 3d. It cost $2500, and is of substantial character. UNITED STATES REGULARS. Regiment. Brigade. 1st Cav. Merritt. 2d Cav. Merritt. 5th Cav. Merritt. Division. 1st, Buford. ist, Buford. 1st, Buford. c Killed and Lorps wounded. Cavalry. 10 Cavalry. 10 Cavalry. 4 Miss ing. 5 7 6th Cav. Merritt. 1st, Buford. Cavalry. 34 208 2d Inf. 1 2d, Burbank. 2d, Ayres. Fifth. 6 1 6 3d Inf. 1 ist, Day. 2d, Ayres. Fifth. 72 i 4th Inf. 2 1st, Day. 2d, Ayres. Fifth. 40 6th Inf. 3 ist, Day. 2d, Ayres Fifth. 44 . . 7th Inf. 2 2d, Burbank. 2d, Ayres. Fifth. 57 2 8th Inf.* .... loth Inf. 5 2d, Burbank. 2d, Ayres. Fifth. 48 3 nth Inf. 1 2d, Burbank. 2d, Ayres. Fifth. in 19 1 2th Inf. 6 ist, Day. 2d, Ayres. Fifth. 79 13 I4th Inf. 6 ist, Day. 2d, Ayres. Fifth. 128 4 1 7th Inf. 7 2d, Burbank. 2d, Ayres. Fifth. 143 7 1st U. S. 8 2d, Ward. ist, Birney. Third. 43 6 2d U. S.s 2d, Ward. 1st, Birney. Third. 28 15 1 Six companies. 2 Four companies. 3 Five companies. 4 Head-quarters. 5 Three companies. c Eight companies. 7 Nine companies. 8 Sharp-shooters. 468 GETTYSBURG. The two regiments of sharp-shooters were composed of companies recruited in the several States, the majority of them being from Maine, Vermont, Michigan, and Wisconsin. UNITED STATES BATTERIES. Corp, Kied and Miss- wounded. ing. Stewart s 4th (B) First. 33 3 Woodruff s 1st (I) Second. 25 . . Cushing s 4th (A) Second. 38 . . Seeley s 4th (K) Third. 21 4 Hazlett s 5th (D) ... Fifth. 13 . . Watson s 5th (I) Fifth. 20 2 Williston s 2d (D) * Sixth Butler s 2d (G) l Sixth. Martin s 5th (F) 1 Sixth. Wilkeson s (Bancroft s) 4th (G) Eleventh. 13 4 Rugg s 4th (F) Twelfth. I . . Kinzie s 5th (K) Twelfth. 5 . . Heaton s 2d (B & L) l , . . Horse Artillery, Cavalry. . . Pennington s 2d (M) . . . Horse Artillery, Cavalry. I . . Elder s 4th (E) Horse Artillery, Cavalry. i . . Randol s 1st (E & G) J . . . Horse Artillery, Cavalry. . . Graham s 1st (K) Horse Artillery, Cavalry. 3 . . CalePs 2d (A) Horse Artillery, Cavalry. 12 . . Fuller s 3d (C) l Horse Artillery, Cavalry. Eakin s (Mason s) 1st (II) .... Artillery Reserve. 9 I Turnbull s 3d (F & K) Artillery Reserve. 23 I Thomas s 4th (C) Artillery Reserve. 18 . . Weir s 5th (C) Artillery Reserve. 16 . . Not engaged. No monuments or tablets have as yet been erected to mark the positions of the regiments and batteries of the Regular army. Vermont Co. s Berdan s 2d U. S. Sharpshooters, in Front of Big Round Top. " The Hornet s Nest." BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 471 LIST OF CONFEDERATE REGIMENTS AND BAT- TERIES ENGAGED IN THE BATTLE. ALABAMA. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps. 3d Inf. O Neal. Rodes. Ewell. 4th Inf. Law. Hood. Longstreet. 5th Bat. Archer. Heth. Hill. 5th Inf. O Neal. Rodes. Ewell. 6th Inf. O Neal. Rodes. Ewell. 8th Inf. Wilcox. Anderson. Hill. 9th Inf. Wilcox. Anderson. Hill. loth Inf. Wilcox. Anderson. Hill. nth Inf. Wilcox. Anderson. Hill. 1 2th Inf. O Neal. Rodes. Ewell. 1 3th Inf. Archer. Heth. Hill. 1 4th Inf. Wilcox. Anderson. Hill. 1 5th Inf. Law. Hood. Longstreet. 26th Inf. O Neal. Rodes. Hill. 44th Inf. Law. Hood. Longstreet. 47th Inf. Law. Hood. Longstreet. 48th Inf. Law. Hood. Longstreet. Batteries. . TeffD avis Artillery. Hurt s ARKANSAS. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps. 3d Inf. Robertson Hood. Longstreet. FLORIDA. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps. 2d Inf. Perry. Anderson. Hill. 5th Inf. Perry. Anderson. Hill. 8th Inf. Perry. Anderson. Hill. 472 GETTYSBURG. GEORGIA. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps. Cobb s Legion. Hampton. Stuart s Cavalry. .... Phillips s Legion. Hampton. Stuart s Cavalry. . . . . 2d Battalion, Inf. Wright. Anderson. Hill. 2d Inf. Banning. Hood. Longstreet. 3d Inf. Wright. Anderson. Hill. 4th Inf. Doles. Rodes. Ewell. 7th Inf. Anderson. Hood. Longstreet. 8th Inf. Anderson. Hood. Longstreet. 9th Inf. Anderson. Hood. Longstreet. loth Inf. Semmes. McLaws. Longstreet. nth Inf. Anderson. Hood. Longstreet. 1 2th Inf. Doles. Rodes. Ewell. 1 3th Inf. Gordon. Early. Ewell. I4th Inf. Thomas. Fender. Hill. 1 5th Inf. Benning. Hood. Longstreet. 1 6th Inf. Wofford. McLaws. Longstreet. 1 7th Inf. Benning. Hood. Longstreet. 1 8th Inf. Wofford. McLaws. Longstreet. 2Oth Inf. Benning. Hood. Longstreet. 2 1st Inf. Doles. Rodes. Ewell. 22d Inf. Wright. Anderson. Hill. 24th Inf. Wofford. McLaws. Longstreet. 26th Int. Gordon. Early. Ewell. 3 1st Inf. Gordon. Early. Ewell. 35th Inf. Thomas. Fender. Hill. 38th Inf. Gordon. Early. Ewell. 44th Inf. Doles. Rodes. Ewell. 45th Inf. Thomas. Fender. Hill. 48th Inf. Wright. Anderson. Hill. 49th Inf. Thomas. Fender. Hill. 5oth Inf. Semmes. McLaws. Longstreet. 5 1st Inf. Semmes. McLaws. Longstreet. 53d Inf. Semmes. McLaws. Longstreet. 59th Inf. Anderson. Hood. Longstreet. 6oth Inf. Gordon. Early. Ewell. 6ist Inf. Gordon. Early. Ewell. Cobb s Legion. Wofford. McLaws. Longstreet. Phillips s Legion. Wofford. McLaws. Longstreet. 2d Maryland. Confederate Monument.^ Culp s^Hill. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 475 Batteries. Carleton s Troup Artillery. Frazier s Pulaski Artillery. Milledge s. Patterson s. Ross s. Wingfield s. LOUISIANA. Regiment Brigade. Division. Corps. 1st Inf. Williams. Johnson. Ewell. 2d Inf. Williams. Johnson. Ewell. 5th Inf. Hays. Early. Ewell. 6th Inf. Hays. Early. Ewell. 7th Inf. Hays. Early. Ewell. 8th Inf. Hays. Early. Ewell. 9th Inf. Hays. Early. Ewell. loth Inf. Williams. Johnson. EwelL I4th Inf. Williams. Johnson. Ewell. 1 5th Inf. Williams. Johnson. Ewell. Batteries. Moody s Madison Light Artillery. Green s Louisiana Guard Artillery. Maurin s Donaldsonville Artillery. Miller s Washington Artillery. Norcom s Washington Artillery. Richardson s Washington Artillery. Squires s Washington Artillery. MARYLAND. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps. 1st Battalion, Inf. Steuart. Johnson. Ewell. Batteries. Brown s Chesapeake Artillery. Dement s. Breathed s. Griffin s 2d. 476 GETTYSBURG. MISSISSIPPI. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps. 2d Inf. Davis. Heth. Hill. nth Inf. Davis. Heth. Hill. 1 2th Inf. Posey. Anderson. Hill. I3th Inf. Barksdale. McLaws. Longstreet. 1 6th Inf. Posey. Anderson. Hill. 1 7th Inf. Barksdale. McLaws. Longstreet. 1 8th Inf. Barksdale. McLaws. Longstreet. igth Inf. Posey. Anderson. Hill. 2ist Inf. Barksdale. McLaws. Longstreet. 42d Inf. Davis. Ileth. Hill. 48th Inf. Posey. Anderson. Hill. Battery. Ward s Madison Light Artillery NORT 11 CAROLINA. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps. 1st Cav. Hampton. Stuart. .... 2d Cav. W. II. F. L ue. Stuart. 1st Battalion, Inf. Hoke. Early. Ewell. 1st Inf. Steuart. Johnson. Ewell. 2d Inf. Ramseur. Rodes. Ewell. 2(1 Battalion, Inf. Daniels. Rodes. Ewell. 3d Inf. Steuart. Johnson. Ewell. 4th Inf. Ramseur. Rodes. Ewell. 5th Inf. Iverson. Rodes. Ewell. 6th Inf. Hoke. Early. Ewell. 7th Inf. Lane. Pender. Hill. nth Inf. Peltigrew. Heth. Hill. 1 2th Inf. Iverson. Rodes. Ewell. 1 3th Inf. Sc.des. Pender. Hill. I4th Inf. Ramseur. Rodes. Ewell. 1 6th Inf. Scales. Pender. Hill. i8th Inf. Lane. Pender. Hill. 2ist Inf. Iverson, Rodes. Ewell. 22d Inf. Scales. Pender. Hill. 23d Inf. Iverson. Rodes. Ewell. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 479 NORTH CAROLINA Continued. Regiment. 26th Inf. 28th Inf. 30th Inf. 32d Inf. 33d Inf. 34th Inf. 37th Inf. 38th Inf. 43d Inf. 45th Inf. 47th Inf. 52d Inf. 53d Inf. 54th Inf. 55th Inf. 57th Inf. Brigade. Pettigrew. Lane. Ramseur. Daniels. Lane. Scales. Lane. Scales. Daniels. Daniels. Pettigrew. Pettigrew. Daniels. Iverson. Davis. Hoke. Division. Heth. Pender. Rodes. Rodes. Pender. Pender. Pender. Pender. Rodes. Rodes. Heth. Heth. Rodes. Rodes. Heth. Early. Corps. Hill. Hill. Ewell. Ewell. Hill. Hill. Hill. Hill. Ewell. Ewell. Hill. Hill. Ewell. Ewell. Hill. Ewell. Batteries. Manly s North Carolina Artillery. Latham s Branch Artillery. Reilly s Rowan Artillery. Graham s. SOUTH CAROLINA. Corps. Hill. Longstreet. Longstreet. Longstreet. Longstreet. Longstreet. Hill. Hill. . Hill. Longstreet. Hill. Regiment. Brigade. Division. 1st Cav. Hampton. Stuart. 2d Cav. Hampton. Stuart. Jeff Davis Legion .Hampton. Stuart. 1st Inf. McGowan. Pender. 2d Inf. Kershaw. Me Laws. 3d Inf. Kershaw. Me Laws. 3d Battalion, Inf. Kershaw. Me Laws. yth Inf. Kershaw. McLaws. 8th Inf. Kershaw. Me Laws. 1 2th Inf. McGowan. Pender. 1 3th Inf. McGowan. Pender. I4th Inf. McGowan. Pender. 1 5th Inf. Kershaw. McLaws. Orr s Rifles. McGowan. Pender. 480 GETTYSBURG. Batteries. Bachmau s Garden s . Rhett s . Brunson s . Hart s . German Artillery. Palmetto Light Artillery. Brooks Artillery. Pee Dee Artillery. Washington Artillery. Regiment. 1st Inf. 7th Inf. 1 4th Inf. Brigade. Archer. Archer. Archer. TENNESSEE. Division. Heth. Heth. Heth. Corps. Hill. Hill. Hill. Regiment, ist Inf. 4th Inf. 5th Inf. Brigade. Robertson. Robertson. Robertson. TEXAS. Division. Hood. Hood. Hood. Corps. Longstreet. Longstreet. Longstreet. VIRGINIA. Regiment. 1st Inf. 2(1 lllf. 3d Inf. 4th Inf. 5th Inf. 6th Inf. 7th Inf. 8th Inf. 9th Inf. loth Inf. I Ith Inf. 1 2th Inf. I4th Inf. l6th Inf. 1 8th Inf. I9th Inf. Brigade. Division. Kemper. Pickett. Walker. Johnson. Kemper. Pickett. Walker. Johnson. Walker. Johnson. Mahone. Anderson. Kemper. Pickett. Garnett. Pickett. Armistead. Pickett. Steuart. Johnson. Kemper. . Pickett. Mahone. Anderson. Armistead. Pickett. Mahone. Anderson. Garnett. Pickett. Garnett. Pickett. Corps. Longstreet. Ewell. Longstreet. Ewell. Ewell. Hill. Longstreet. Longstreet. I .ongstreet. Ewell. Longstreet. Hill. Longstreet. Hill. Longstreet. Longstreet. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 483 VIRGINIA Continued. Regiment. Brigade. Division. Corps. 22d Battalion ,Inf.Brockenbrough. Heth. Hill. 2ist Inf. Jones. Johnson. Ewell. 230! Battalion ,Inf.Steuart. Johnson. Ewell. 24th Inf. Kemper. Pickett. Longstreet. 25th Inf. Jones. Johnson. Ewell. 27th Inf. Walker. Johnson. Ewell. 28th Inf. Garnett. Pickett. Longstreet. 3 ist Inf. Smith. Early. Ewell. 33d Inf. Walker. Johnson. Ewell. 37th Inf. Steuart. Johnson. Ewell. 38th Inf. Armistead. Pickett. Longstreet. 40th Inf. Brockenbrough. Heth. Hill. 4 ist Inf. Mahone. Anderson. Hill. 42d Inf. Jones. Johnson. Ewell. 44th Inf. Jones. Johnson. Ewell. 47th Inf. Brockenbrough. Heth. Hill. 48th Inf. Jones. Johnson. Ewell. 49th Inf. Smith. Early. Ewell. 50th Inf. Jones. Johnson. Ewell. 52d Inf. Jones. Johnson. Ewell. 53d Inf. Armistead. Pickett. Longstreet. 55th Inf. Brockenbrough. Heth. Hill. 56th Inf. Garnett. Pickett. Longstreet. 57th Inf. Garnett. Pickett. Longstreet. 6 ist Inf. Mahone. Anderson. Hill. Cavalry. Regiment. Brigade. 1st Cav. Fitzhugh Lee. 2d Cav. Fitzhugh Lee. 3d Cav. Fitzhugh Lee. 4th Cav. Fitzhugh Lee. 5th Cav. Fitzhugh Lee. 6th Cav. Jones. 7th Cav. Jones. 9th Cav. 1 W. H. F. Lee. Division. Stuart. Stuart. Stuart. Stuart. Stuart. Stuart. Stuart. Stuart. 1 Commanded by Chambliss. 16 484 GETTYSBURG. vi RG i N i A Continued. Cavalry. Regiment. Brigade. Division, loth Cav. 1 W. H. F. Lee. Stuart. HthCav. Jones. Stuart. 1 2th Cav. Jones. Stuart. I3 th Cav. 1 W. H. F. Lee. Stuart. I 4 th Cav. Jenkins. Stuart. I5 th Cav. 1 W. H. F. Lee. Stuart. 1 6th Cav. Jenkins. Stuart. I yth Cav. Jenkins. Stuart. 34 th Cav. Jenkins. Stuart. 35th Cav. Jones. Stuart. 3 6th Cav. Jenkins. Stuart. i Commanded by Chambliss. BATTERIES. McCarthy s .1st Richmond Howitzers. Blount s. Caskie s Hampden Artillery. Macon s Richmond Fayette Artillery Sibling s Fauquier Artillery. Jordan s Bedford Artillery. Parker s. Taylor s. Woolfolk s Ashland Artillery. Carrington s Charlottesville Artillery. Garber s Staunton Artillery. Tanner s Courtney Arti.lery. Carpenter s Alleghany Artillery. Raine s Lee Battery. Carter s King William Artillery. Fry s Orange Artillery. Page s Morris Artillery. Dance s . . . 1st Virginia Artillery. Cunningham s Powhatan Artillery. Griffin s . Salem Artillery. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 487 v i R G i N i A Continued. Graham s Rockbridge Artillery. Watson s 2d Richmond Howitzers. Kirkpatrick s Amherst Artillery. Massie s Fluvanna Artillery. Grandy s Norfolk Light Artillery Blues. Lewis s. Moore s. Brooke s. Wyatt s Albemarle Artillery. Lusk s. Johnson s. Rice s Danville Artillery. Brander s Letcher Artillery. Crenshaw s. McGraw s Purcell Artillery. Marye s Fredericksburg Artillery. McGregor s. Chew s. Moorman s. 488 GETTYSBURG. "AN ACT "TO ESTABLISH A NATIONAL MILITARY PARK AT GETTYSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA. " Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of War is hereby authorized to receive from the Gettysburg Battle-field Memorial Association, a corporation chartered by the State of Pennsylvania, a deed of conveyance to the United States of all the lands belong ing to said association, embracing about eight hundred acres, more or less, and being a considerable part of the battle-field of Gettysburg, together with all rights of way over avenues through said lands acquired by said association, and all improvements made by it in and upon the same. " SEC. 2. That as soon as the lands aforesaid shall be con veyed to the United States the Secretary of War shall take possession of the same, and such other lands on the battle field as the United States have acquired, or shall hereafter acquire, by purchase or condemnation proceedings ; and the lands aforesaid shall be designated and known as the Gettsyburg National Park. " SEC. 3. That the Gettysburg national park shall, subject to the supervision and direction of the Secretary of War, be in charge of the commissioners heretofore appointed by the Secretary of War for the location and acquisition of lands at Gettysburg, and their successors. " SEC. 4. That the Secretary of War is hereby author ized and directed to acquire, at such times and in such manner as he may deem best calculated to serve the public interest, such lands in the vicinity of Gettysburg, Penn sylvania, not exceeding in area the parcels shown on the map prepared by Major-General Daniel E. Sickles, United States Army, and now on file in the office of the Secretary of War, which were occupied by the infantry, cavalry, and BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 491 artillery on the first, second, and third days of July, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, and such other adjacent lands as he may deem necessary to preserve the impor tant topographical features of the battle-field. "SEC. 5. That for the purpose of acquiring the lands designated and described in the foregoing section not already acquired and owned by the United States, and such other adjacent land as may be deemed necessary by the Secretary of War for the preservation and marking of the lines of battle of the Union and Confederate armies at Gettysburg, the Secretary of War is authorized to employ the services of the commissioners heretofore appointed by him for the location, who shall proceed, in conformity with his instructions and subject in all things to his approval, to acquire such lands by purchase, or by condemnation pro ceedings, to be taken by the Attorney-General in behalf of the United States, in any case in which it shall be ascer tained that the same cannot be purchased at prices deemed reasonable and just by the said commissioners and approved by the Secretary of War. " SEC. 6. That it shall be the duty of the Secretary of War to establish and enforce proper regulations for the cus tody, preservation, and care of the monuments now erected or which may be hereafter erected within the limits of the said national military park ; and such rules shall provide for convenient access by visitors to all such monuments within the park, and the ground included therein, on such days and within such hours as may be designated and authorized by the Secretary of War. SEC. 7. That if any person shall destroy, mutilate, deface, injure, or remove, except by permission of the Sec retary of War, any column, statue, memorial structure, or work of art that shall be erected or placed upon the grounds of the park by lawful authority, or shall destroy or remove any fence, railing, inclosure, or other work for the protec- 49 2 GETTYSBURG. tion or ornament of said park or any portion thereof, or shall destroy, cut, hack, bark, break down, or otherwise injure any tree, bush, or shrubbery that may be growing upon said park, or shall cut down or fell or remove any timber, battle relic, tree or trees, growing or being upon said park, or hunt within the limits of the park, or shall remove or destroy any breastworks, earthworks, walls, or other defences or shelter or any part thereof constructed by the armies formerly engaged in the battles on the land or approaches to the park, or shall violate any regulation made and published by the Secretary of War for the gov ernment of visitors within the limits of said park, any per son so offending and found guilty thereof, before any jus tice of the peace of the county in which the offence may be committed, shall, for each and every such offence, for feit and pay a fine, in the discretion of the justice, accord ing to the aggravation of the offence, of not less than five nor more than five hundred dollars, one-half for the use of the park and the other half to the informer, to be enforced and recovered before such justice in like manner as debts of like nature are now by law recoverable in the county where the offence may be committed. " SEC. 8. That the Secretary of War is hereby author ized and directed to cause to be made a suitable bronze tablet, containing on it the address delivered by Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, at Gettysburg, on the nineteenth day of November, eighteen hundred and sixty three, on the occasion of the dedication of the na tional cemetery at that place, and such tablet, having on it besides the address a medallion likeness of President Lincoln, shall be erected on the most suitable site within the limits of said park. Approved, February n, 1895. Urn Fl" HOME USE CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT MAIN LIBRARY This book is due on the last date stamped below. 1 -month loans may be renewed by calling 642-3405. 6-month loans may be recharged by bringing books to Circulation Desk. Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date. ALL BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO RECALL 7 DAYS AFTER DATE CHECKED OUT. DEC** ? LD21 A-40m-5, 74 (R8191L.) 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