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 SIR JAMES DOUGLAS.
 
 ^Biographical IDictionatg 
 
 -OF- 
 
 WELL-KNOWN 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIANS 
 
 WITH A HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 BY J. B. KERR. 
 
 Vancouver, 3B.C* 
 
 PUBLISHED BY KERR & BEGG. 
 1890.
 
 PRINTED AND BOUND BY 
 
 THE NEWS-ADVERTISER PRINTING AND PUBLISHING CO., 
 VANCOUVER, B.C.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The need of a work like the one here submitted to the 
 public is especially manifest in British Columbia. Until a few 
 years ago this province was cut off from the rest of the Domin- 
 ion by what seemed an insuperable barrier, and communication 
 was necessarily of a limited and unsatisfactory character. The 
 result was that to the outside world, the history of the province 
 and of the men who were guiding its affairs was almost en- 
 tirely unknown. Since the construction of the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway the condition of things in the Province has radically 
 altered. The population is rapidly increasing by immigration 
 from the East and the early settlers who underwent the storm 
 and stress of pioneer life and made the new condition of things 
 possible are rapidly passing away. If this book assists in pre- 
 serving the names of some of these "old timers" it will not be 
 valueless. 
 
 I desire to return thanks to those citizens of Victoria, Na- 
 naimo and New Westminster who rendered me valuable assistance 
 in collecting material for my historical sketch. Among the pub- 
 lished books I made use of was William's directory for 1882, 
 which contains a large amount of reliable information, carefully 
 compiled and arranged, concerning early colonial history. 
 
 J. B. K.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In submitting the present volume to the public I make no 
 apology for the briefness and imperfection of the historical sketch of 
 the country with which the biographies are introduced. In a work 
 of this character it would be impossible to place before the reader 
 in exact and minute detail every gradation of the country's history 
 from its condition as a wilderness to its present state as an import- 
 ant and enlightened province. This task will remain for the 
 luminous and discriminating page of the gifted historian of the 
 future who will possess unstinted means for obtaining his material 
 and unlimited leisure for casting it. 
 
 There is none of the provinces of the Dominion, with the ex- 
 ception of Quebec, which offers such a large and interesting field to 
 the historian as does British Columbia. From the beginning of the 
 present century every change which has taken place in its condition 
 has been strongly marked, and each period possesses an interest of a 
 character separate and distinct from the others. In each, too, there 
 is abundant material for historical work. This material is, however, 
 yearly becoming less and may, if it is not collected without delay, be 
 in a great measure lost. With the death of every time-honored 
 agent of the Hudson's Bay Company, of course, valuable personal 
 recollections and experiences entirely disappear. It is to be hoped, 
 therefore, that while there is yet time some discerning writer who 
 can judiciously arrange and forcibly present his narrative may enter 
 this field and do for British Columbia what Mr. Parkham has done 
 for French Canada. As it is at present there is no work containing 
 a full and readable history of the country. Several volumes there 
 are in which vivid and interesting sketches are given of certain 
 periods but none presenting a satisfactory outline of the country's 
 growth. There is, indeed, one book published by a most voluminous 
 writer, named Hubert Howe Bancroft, which professes to be a his- 
 tory of British Columbia from the earliest period. It is, however, 
 such a muddled mass of misstatements and misrepresentations that 
 when one does, after much effort, break through the thick husk of
 
 Vi. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 rhetorical bombast in which the alleged facts are hidden, he finds 
 the fruit utterly unsound. This writer, who is an American of 
 most pronounced anti-British procliA'ities, has certainly obtained ac- 
 cess to public records and private memoranda of a most valuable nature 
 but the use, or rather mis-use, which he has made of his privileges 
 and opportunities has been such that his "authorities" will in the 
 majority of cases be found to be widely at variance with the state- 
 ments with which he credits them. In addition to the untrust- 
 worthiness of his facts his book is written from that standpoint of 
 antagonism to British institutions which characterizes the half- 
 educated and bitterly-patriotic citizen of the American republic. 
 This gentleman has "written up" (the expression is used advisedly 
 as being the only one applicable to his style of work) the whole 
 Pacific Coast of North America, and has presented the result of his 
 "long historical pilgrimage from Darien to Alaska" in forty odd 
 volumes. The arrangement of the whole work is so ingenious that 
 without repeated reference to all the others a reader is unable in- 
 telligently to peruse any one of these volumes, and he is constantly 
 experiencing the most remarkable transitions in time and space, of 
 the many efforts of the writer's genius, and when they are placed 
 side by side they fill a good sized book-case, it would be difficult to 
 choose the one to which, for intrinisic worthlessness the palm should 
 be awarded. If, however, there is one more than another which 
 combines the quality of dullness with the quality of mendacity it is 
 the volume on British Columbia. The facts it contains are indeed 
 scanty, but they are sufficient for Mr. Bancroft's purpose. To the 
 ordinary reader the book is an enigma. There is not even an at- 
 tempt at chronological sequence in the arrangement of his facts. 
 The matter is thrown together at hap-hazard and to the ingenuity 
 of the reader is left the task of bringing some sort of order out of 
 the chaotic mass. There is, too, throughout the whole volume a 
 clearly defined impatience at treating of the subject at all, the 
 writer's democratic instincts evidently rebelling against the prosti- 
 tution of his pen to such ignoble uses as that of recording the 
 events which have occurred in a British colony. 
 
 Among the number of books connected with British Columbia 
 which I have thought it necessary to read is one entitled the "Story 
 of Metlakathla" to which I shall make reference hereafter. The 
 author of this work, who is also an American, quotes with evident
 
 INTRODUCTION. Vll. 
 
 relish one of the grossest misstatements of which Mr. Bancroft is 
 guilty, and I shall, therefore, go to the trouble of citing it in extenso 
 and then of giving the true version of the occurence. The following 
 is Mr. Bancroft's version: "During the summer of 1850 a case oc- 
 curred at Fort Rupert, while yet John Sebastian (Hehncken) wore 
 ermine, which casts dark reproach, both upon the Hudson's Bay 
 Company and the officers of the Imperial Government, and which 
 tended in nowise to reconcile Blanchard to his anomalous position. 
 The ship England, on her way from the southern coast to Fort 
 Rupert for coals, stopped at Victoria for sailors, the vessel being 
 short of hands. The California gold excitement was everywhere 
 raging, and sailors willingly risked their lives to free themselves from 
 service. From one of the Company's vessels, then lying at Victoria, 
 three men deserted to the England, which then continued her way 
 to Fort Rupert. Meanwhile notice was sent to Fort Rupert of the 
 deserters, who thereupon became frightened, left the England and took 
 to the woods, intending to join the vessel at another port. Indians 
 were sent in pursuit with orders from Blenkinsop, then acting for 
 the Company at Fort Rupert, to bring in the deserters dead or alive. 
 Four days afterwards the Indians returned and claimed the reward, 
 saying that they had killed them all. It was true. The sailors had 
 been shot down in the forest by savages set upon them by an officer 
 of the Hudson's Bay Company. Blenkinsop gave directions to 
 have buried the bodies of the murdered men where they lay, and let 
 the matter be hushed, but Muir insisted that they should be buried 
 at the Fort, and it was done. Very naturally the colliers were 
 furious. ********* About a month after the 
 murderous affair H. M. S. Daedalus, Captain Wellesley, arrived at 
 Victoria, when the Governor went on board and proceeded at once 
 to Fort Rupert. Now mark the course of justice pursued by the 
 officers of the Imperial Government. Instead of proceeding against 
 the instigators of the murder and arresting the officers of the Hud. 
 son's Bay Company, as they should have done, they direct the full 
 force of their vengeance against the natives. Helmcken, the newly- 
 fledged magistrate, cognizant of the whole affair, and well knowing 
 who were the guilty persons, and what hand he himself had in it, 
 goes to the Newittee Camp, twelve miles distant, and loudly demands 
 the surrender of the murderers. The savages acknowledge the mur- 
 der, but plead that they were only executing orders. Truer to
 
 viii. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 themselves and to the right than were the white men, they refused 
 to give up the perpetrators of the deed, but offered to give up the 
 property paid them by the white men for the commission of the 
 crime. This did not satisfy the European justice-dealers. Servants 
 of the Hudson's Bay Company had been slain by order of the officer, 
 of the Hudson's Bay Company. Some one must be punished; and 
 as they did not wish to hang themselves, they must find victims 
 among their instruments. As the magistrate was unable to ac- 
 complish their purpose, Wellesley sent a force, under Lieutenant 
 Burton, in three boats of the Daedalus, against the Newittees. Find- 
 ing their camp deserted, Burton destroyed the village and made a 
 bonfire of all the property he could find. The following summer H. 
 M. S. Daphne, Captain Fanshawe, arrived. Meanwhile the New- 
 ittees had rebuilt their village, supposing the white men satisfied 
 with the injury already inflicted. One day, while holding a pot- 
 lach, and being at peace, as they believed, with the white men, the 
 Daphne's boats, under Lieutenant Lacy, crept into their harbor and 
 announced their arrival by a discharge of musketry. Men, women 
 and children were mercilessly cut down, persons innocent of any 
 thought of wrong against their murderers, and their village again 
 destroyed. Then the Daphne sailed away. Justice was satisfied; 
 and Blenkinsop and the rest of them went about their work as 
 usual." 
 
 Not only are the statements, as they are given above, untrue, 
 but they bear primafacce evidence of deliberate malice. To any one 
 at all conversant with the history of the Hudson's Bay Company in 
 this country, the absurdity of the charge here made against Mr. 
 Blenkinsop will be at once apparent. One of the first, or indeed the 
 first, principle of the company's policy was to impress upon the 
 natives a profound respect for the lives of its servants. It was upon 
 this that the whole vast commercial system was built, and any di- 
 vergence from it would have brought speedy disaster and ruin upon 
 the corporation. Mr. Blenkinsop was a trusted servant of the com- 
 pany, in charge of a fort imperfectly garrisoned, and, that he should 
 at such a juncture, when his own life might have been imperilled by 
 any imprudence, have taken a step contrary and foreign to the well- 
 known policy of the company, and offered a reward to the savages 
 for the murder of his own servants, is supremely incredible. The 
 true facts in connection with the whole affair are as follows, and are
 
 INTRODUCTION. IX. 
 
 easy of verification even at the present time : During the summer 
 of 1850 Mr. Blenkinsop was placed in charge of Fort Rupert in the 
 absence of Capt. McNeil. There were at the time about thirty in- 
 dividuals within the pickets, all servants of the company, and a 
 number of them miners, as a test of the coal seams at this place was 
 then being made. In close proximity to the Fort was a villiage of 
 Indians with a population of some three thousand. The news of 
 the wonderful discovery of gold in California had been brought to 
 the fort and had created considerable commotion. The miners of 
 course became excited and wanted to get away. They refused to 
 continue at work and claimed, as a ground for their conduct, that 
 they were supplied with unsuitable food, and that there had been on 
 the part of the company breaches of agreement committed. They 
 refused, moreover, to submit to the discipline so necessary for the 
 protection of the Fort and its inhabitants from surrounding tribes. 
 The insubordination increased, and coming to the knowledge of 
 Governor Blanchard he sent to Dr. Helmcken, the company's sur- 
 geon, stationed at Rupert, an acting commission of Justice of the 
 Peace, and recommended him to appoint special constables. The 
 men were called together, the proclamation was read, and volunteers 
 to act as constables were asked for. The men, one and all, posi- 
 tively refused to serve. They would all sink or swim in the same 
 boat, and they would not work for the company any longer. It so 
 happened that Captain Dodd, of the Hudson's Bay Company's 
 steamer Beaver, who brought and gave to Dr. Helmcken his com- 
 mission as Justice, made complaint as soon as it had been read, that 
 three of his men had deserted at Victoria in the barque England. 
 The England, after the desertion of the men from tSie Beaver, had 
 come to Fort Rupert for a cargo of coal destined for San Francisco, 
 and was there then. Dr. Helmcken, in his capacity as Justice of 
 the Peace, went on board the England, but found that the men, 
 fearing capture, had left the ship as soon as the Beaver was sighted. 
 In a couple of days afterwards the Beaver left, and as the men 
 were no longer wanted, Dr. Helmcken told the Captain of the Eng- 
 land to get his men on board as it was very dangerous for them to 
 be prowling about the woods unprotected. One of the men only 
 returned to the ship; the other two refusing to do this. This man 
 becoming suspicious that his arrest was intended left again on the 
 following day. The England was a source of much trouble and
 
 JC. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 danger to the Fort at this time. The men and Indians got intoxi- 
 cating liquor from her and this, together with the tales told by the 
 crew of the riches in California, maddened the miners beyond 
 measure with their imprisoned condition at Fort Rupert. The fort 
 became anything but secure, with drunken Indians without and en- 
 raged miners within. The men made no secret of the fact that they 
 would take the first opportunity which presented itself of leaving. 
 The England, having nearly completed her cargo, one day it was 
 found that all the miners had disappeared. Their whereabouts 
 could not be discovered. They were not on board the England, and 
 although the Captain and crew knew perfectly well where they were 
 hidden they would not tell. The desertion of the men was, of course 
 a great blow to the fort. By it the mining industry was brought 
 to an end. Owing to this and other desertions, too, the gates of the 
 fort were closed, and ingress and egress prevented. The Indians, 
 of course, were only too well acquainted with the state of things 
 within the fort, and as they were easily excited it became very 
 questionable whether they would not make an attack on the fort or 
 set it on fire. Mr. Blenkinsop and Dr. Helmcken had to keep 
 watch and ward, and on more than one occasion Indians climbed to 
 the top of the pickets and looked into the enclosure by way of 
 bravado. The Indians, however, finally promised that if they found 
 out where the deserters were they would let the officers at the fort 
 know. At this time the England was ready to leave. One day the 
 Indians brought word that three white men had been seen on an is- 
 land not a great distance away. Knowing that these must be either 
 miners or seamen, Mr. Blenkinsop despatched a canoe of Indians, 
 with Old Whale, an Indian chief, in command. Whale was well 
 acquainted and friendly with the miners. If he brought the men 
 back safely he was to be rewarded. He returned empty, however, 
 the men having left the island. A day or two after rumors became 
 rife among the lodges that three men had been murdered by the 
 Newittees, a tribe living thirty miles from Fort Rupert. The fort 
 interpreter was sent to inquire into the truth or falsehood of the re- 
 port and returned next day, having seen the deserting miners at 
 Sucharto, near Newittee, from whom he learned that the murdered 
 men were three sailors. The miners were waiting for the England 
 to carry them away, and the sailors had been hiding in other places 
 for a similar purpose. The latter had been supplied with food by
 
 INTRODUCTION. XI. 
 
 the England, but no arms given to them. The Rupert Indians of- 
 fered at once to go and make war on the Newittees, to avenge the 
 murder, but their offer was declined. At this juncture Mr. Beard- 
 more returned from Victoria, and immediately volunteered to go in 
 search of the murdered men. The Newittees would not go with 
 him, but directed him to the spot. On his way there he sighted the 
 England at anchor off Sucharto, ready to take away the miners. 
 Mr. Beardmore found the bodies and reported the discovery to Dr. 
 Helmcken, who brought them to Fort Rupert. Here they were 
 buried in the fort garden with Christian rites. During this time 
 there was not a word of complaint against the officers at the fort, 
 or a suggestion that these men had been murdered on account of 
 rewards having been offered for their apprehension, but some one, as it 
 subsequently transpired, wrote to Governor Blanchard informing him 
 that rewards had been offered to the Indians to take and bring back 
 these men dead or alive. How such a report originated is uncer- 
 tain, as the only reward offered, as has before been mentioned, was the 
 one to be given to Old Whale for every one of the deserters who was 
 returned safe and sound. It is, however, surmised that a young 
 man named Muir, who knew a little of Canadian French, was re- 
 sponsible for the report. In speaking to the Indians Mr. Blenkin- 
 sop was obliged to employ the aid of an interpreter, and in doing so 
 he spoke French, the interpreter's native tongue. The French term 
 for each man, which is, of course, par tete, struck on this young 
 man's ear, and he construed it, whether wilfully or not, to mean 
 "per head dead or alive." This mistranslation at last got abroad 
 among the men and matters grew worse at the fort for a time. 
 They at length, however, found out the mistake and, as the England 
 had gone beyond reach, things finally settled down into a hum-drum 
 monotonous routine. 
 
 A month or so after the departure of the England H. M. S. 
 Daedalus arrived at Fort Rupert with Governor Blanchard on board. 
 When the Governor was placed in possession of the true facts of the 
 case it was decided that Dr. Helmcken should go and demand the 
 surrender of the murderers, in the usual manner. The doctor ac- 
 cordingly set off with an interpreter and half a dozen Indians for 
 Newittee. On entering the harbor he was met by four or five 
 hundred Indians, painted black, and armed with muskets, spears 
 axes, and other weapons, and all making the usual hideous noise
 
 Xll. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 which they employ to strike terror into their enemies. Dr. 
 Helmcken explained his mission to them from the canoe. The 
 chief answered him that they would not and could not give up the 
 murderers, but were willing to pay for the murdered men as many 
 blankets, furs and other articles as might reasonably be demanded, 
 this being their law and custom in such cases. Of course this was 
 declined, and they were told that they were bringing great misery 
 on themselves by not acceding to the demand of King George's 
 law. When Dr. Helmcken returned and made known to Governor 
 Blanchard and Captain Wellesley the decision of the Newittees 
 chiefs, it was decided to send boats and men to seize the murderers 
 or to punish the tribes. The boats arrived only to find a deserted 
 village. The crew partly destroyed the village and returned without 
 having seen a member of the tribe. Shortly after this the Daedalus 
 left Fort Rupert and, when near Cape Scott, she was fired at, and a 
 sailor slightly wounded. This may not, however, have been the 
 work of the Newittees, but of some other Indians, who simply in- 
 tended saluting the ship. The year following H. M. S. Daphne 
 went up to punish the tribe, if they still refused to give up the mur- 
 derers. On this occasion they were found in a new camp. They 
 peremptorily refused the demands of the captain and accord'ngly the 
 crew prepared to attack them. The Indians fired and wounded sev- 
 eral of the sailors, who thereupon went at them. The Indians, how- 
 ever, fled to the thick woods in the rear, where they could not be 
 followed. Only two Indians were killed in this skirmish. The 
 village huts were then destroyed and the Daphne left. Governor 
 Blanchard now ordered rewards to be offered for the delivery of the 
 murderers. The Newittees by this time had quite enough, and fear- 
 ing another attack they determined to make their peace by handing 
 over the malefactors. They made an attempt to seize these men, 
 but it was so clumsily done that in the scuffle a young chief was 
 killed and another wounded. So the murderers were shot and their 
 dead bodies brought to Mr. Blenkinsop at Fort Rupert, where they 
 were buried. It is believed however, that one of the murderers es- 
 caped, and to make up the full number a slave was substituted. 
 The reward offered by Governor Blanchard was asked for, but Mr. 
 Blenkinsop declined to pay it. He gave the Indians, who had a 
 right to the money, a letter to Governor Blanchard at Victoria. 
 Whether it was ever delivered is unknown.
 
 INTRODUCTION. Xlll. 
 
 While the Daedalus was at Fort Rupert, Governor Blanchard 
 held a court of inquiry, but after hearing the evidence he gave a 
 very enigmatical decision. The fact was that in his first despatches 
 to the Imperial Government, concerning the affair, which he had 
 sent before he left Victoria, were based on ex parte statements, and 
 when he came to enquire into the matter he found his error; an 
 error, however, which he did not choose to acknowledge in view of 
 the unfavorable light in which such an admission would undoubtedly 
 have placed him. He made no complaints whatever of the conduct 
 of Mr. Blenkinsop or Dr. Helmcken in the affair, and as Blanchard 
 was inimical to the Hudson's Bay Company, he certainly would not 
 have omitted to censure the officers of the company had there been 
 any reasonable grounds so to do. 
 
 Now between these two accounts of the same occurrence it is left 
 to the honest reader to judge which is the true one. It may be said 
 that Mr. Bancroft's account was obtained from Muir, the man who 
 is supposed to have written the letter which misled Governor 
 Blanchard, and who has since died of disease of the brain. Mr. 
 Bancroft made no attempt to verify the account, although there are 
 men still living who were present at Fort Rupert during the whole 
 trouble, and who could have set him right, not only on this, but 
 on other matters. I may also say that I have sifted the 
 matter thoroughly and give the facts as I found them. I would not 
 have troubled the reader with this exposure of Mr. Bancroft's 
 method of writing history, had I not, as I have said, found the ac- 
 count of this particular affair quoted elsewhere. The book, however, 
 is full of such misrepresentations and, it will be admitted that when a 
 writer allows his prejudices thus to warp his judgment and color his 
 entire narrative, he simply shows his unfitness to write history. 
 
 Another book which I feel compelled to mention, owing to the 
 fact that it has obtained in British Columbia a circulation far beyond 
 its deserts, is that entitled "A Story of Metlakathla," by Henry S. 
 Wellcome. This highly-colored romance is "dedicated to the cause 
 of Justice, Truth and Humanity," and, as it is nothing more or less 
 than a plea to the people of the United States for pecuniary assis- 
 tance to a village of discontented Indians, the moral virtues which 
 are thus called upon to become its sponsors are presumably those 
 which have become so popular throughout the American Republic. 
 This book tells "a story of outrage upon, and cruelty to, a civilized
 
 xiv. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Indian community on the part of the Dominion of Canada," and 
 calls upon the people of the United States with its "government of 
 the people, by the people and for the people, to save this stricken 
 community from desperation, and perhaps from bloodshed." It con- 
 tains, according to the author and the press of the Republic, mater- 
 ials for another Evangeline. It is not unlikely that in the hands 
 of some dexterous versifier it may be so employed, and yet after all 
 the labor of American genius has been expended upon it, the story 
 will still retain about the same modicum of truth as Mr. Parkman 
 has proved went to the manufacture of Mr. Longfellow's pretty 
 poem. The history of Mr. William Duncan's labor among the 
 Indian tribes about Fort Simpson is already fairly well-known, and 
 it would therefore be unnecessary for me to attempt, had I space to 
 do so, a narration of the seemingly impossible work which he under- 
 took, the wonderful success he achieved, and the marvellous meta- 
 morphosis which he accomplished in the moral and social natures of 
 the natives who came under his influence. He was sent out to 
 British Columbia in the interest of the Church of England Mission- 
 ary Society, and worked under their auspices for some twenty years, 
 during which time he succeeded not only in converting and educat- 
 ing a great number of the most abandoned savages, but of founding 
 an Indian village and establishing industries. Many men of note 
 visited, at various times, his mission village, which had a population 
 of about one thousand persons, and all bore testimony to the won- 
 derful results of Mr. Duncan's labors. Mr. Duncan, however, 
 impressed his people with such a profound regard and reverence for 
 himself, and rendered himself so necessary to the spiritual and ma- 
 terial life of the mission, that when it was decided to withdraw him 
 and substitute another in his place, the natives rebelled and refused 
 to submit themselves to the directions of their new spiritual guide. 
 Mr. Duncan accordingly returned. The society now seeing the ad- 
 vanced stage of civilization to which the people of Metlakathla had 
 attained, desired Mr. Duncan to conform his church more closely to 
 the Episcopal form of government, and instructed him accordingly. 
 He, however, refused to obey the commands of the organization 
 which had so long maintained him in this field, and his people of 
 course supported him in his difference with the society. The society 
 then instructed the Bishop of Caledonia to take charge of the mis- 
 sion in their interests. This was done, and from this flowed all the
 
 INTRODUCTION. XV. 
 
 trouble which subsequently occurred. A portion of the land 
 attached to the mission was given to the society by the government, 
 and a cry arose that this was a fraudulent seizure of Indian lands, 
 although the Indians, it will be remembered, have no title to land in 
 British Columbia. The Indians were told that they were being un- 
 justly treated, and they took it so much to heart that when the 
 government surveyors went north to survey the land they were pre- 
 vented by the natives, which necessitated sending a warship to the 
 spot. Mr. Duncan then went to Washington to see if he could ob- 
 tain from the United States Government a strip of land in Alaska 
 to which he could remove his people. He was successful in his 
 mission and his people and he have been for some years living 
 under the stars and stripes. Mr. Wellcome obtained all the 
 material for his book from Mr. Duncan alone, and thus has only one 
 side of the story. The whole matter, which might have been made 
 plain, and lost none of its effect, even from Mr. Wellcome's uncom- 
 promisingly partisan standpoint, has been lengthened out to 
 nearly 500 pages. The "filling in" consists of diatribes against 
 the governments of the Dominion and the Province, the Church 
 of England Missionary Society, the bishops and ministers of the 
 church, residents of Victoria who were not disposed to reverence 
 everything Mr. Duncan said and did, and all, in short, who took a 
 different view of the matter from that taken by Mr. Duncan. 
 These choice passages are relieved by panegyrics on Mr. Duncan, 
 and by dissertations on law, morals, missionary work and the Indian 
 question. The panacea prescribed for all the ills of the Metlakathlans 
 is to settle them in Alaska under the mild and beneficent rule of the 
 Washington Government. It is amusing when one reads this to 
 think of the constant ill-treatment which the tribes in the United 
 States have suffered at the hands of that government's officials, of 
 the unconcealed villany with which they have been robbed of their 
 lands, of the outrages which for years they have had to submit to, 
 of the massacres which have repeatedly taken place, and the Indian, 
 wars which have made the name of the United States a by-word for 
 their usage of the native races. The Metlakahtlan trouble could 
 have been avoided by a little compromise on the part of Mr. 
 Duncan and, after all, the society which had maintained him so long 
 was not asking very much at his hands in desiring him to use a few 
 church forms, which Mr. Duncan himself considered good in other
 
 XVU INTRODUCTION. 
 
 than Indian churches. The land question, over which such a stir 
 was made, and concerning which Mr. Wellcome whips himself into 
 such a fury of virtuous indignation, he did not understand. It is 
 nonsence to talk about an Indian title in British Columbia, at least 
 on the coast. The aborigines never dreamed of tilling the land or 
 of obtaining their food from it. The principal source from which 
 they derived their living was the rivers, lakes, inlets, and the ocean 
 itself. Animals and birds they also used, but the cultivation of the 
 earth was beyond their conception. These same sources are still 
 open to them, as they ever were, and the government sees that they 
 are protected in their rights. 
 
 The geography of the Province is, since the construction of the 
 transcontinental highway, fairly well known and it will be un- 
 necessary here to do more than mention its chief features. British 
 Columbia has the general shape of a parallelogram, is seven hundred 
 and sixty eight miles long, five hundred miles broad, and contains a 
 superficial area of three hundred and fifty thousand square miles. 
 The Rocky Mountains, the great " backbone of the continent," form 
 the eastern boundary, separating it from the remainder of Canada, 
 and the Pacific Ocean bounds it on the west, save for a distance of 
 about 300 miles to the extreme north, where the Alaska possessions 
 of the United States interpose between it and the sea. Its southern 
 limit is the forty-ninth parallel, which forms the international 
 boundary line between the Province and the United States, and the 
 northern is the sixtieth parallel. The general surface of the 
 country is mountainous and broken, consisting of short mountain 
 ranges, detached groups of mountains, elevated plateaus and many 
 valleys of various extent. Running parallel with the Rocky 
 Mountains, and in many places scarcely distinguishable from them, 
 are masses of mountains, and along the coast lies a high range 
 usually indicated as a continuation of the Cascades, but, in fact, a 
 northern extension of the great Coast Range. Lying between these 
 two, and extending as far north as latitude 55.30 degrees, is an 
 irregular belt of elevated pi vu. Beyond this the mountains, ex- 
 cept those bordering the co^st, decrease in height, and before the 
 limit of the Province is reached the land has a gentle slope towards 
 the Arctic Ocean, Peace river and other streams of the Arctic 
 watershed finding their sources there. Such are the general features
 
 INTRODUCTION. XV11, 
 
 of the interior high mountain ridges on the east and west, enclos- 
 ing a high plateau, down the centre of which flows the Fraser river, 
 its general course being south until almost to the international line, 
 where it turns sharply to the west and enters the ocean. The other 
 great streams of the interior are Thompson river, entering the 
 Fraser from the east, and the Okanagan, Columbia, and Kootenay, 
 the last two having very eccentric courses. The Columbia rises 
 almost in the extreme southeastern corner, sweeps northerly around 
 the upper en^l of the Selkirk Range, and then flow directly south 
 between the Selkirk and Gold Mountains into the United States. 
 The Kootenay has its source in the same region as the Columbia, 
 makes a long sweep to the south, crossing the bounday line, and, 
 returning again, discharges its waters into the Columbia. One 
 peculiarity of this region is that nearly every stream of consequence 
 has its origin in or passes through, one or more long, narrow lakes, 
 consisting in many places of simply a broadening of the river, and 
 at others a well defined lake of considerable area. Such are Shus- 
 wap Lake, whence flows the Thompson, and Lake Kamloops, 
 through which the same stream passes ; also Upper and Lower 
 Columbia and Upper and Lower Arrow lakes along the course of 
 the Columbia, and Lakes Kootenay and Okanagan, features of the 
 streams thus christened. Lakes and water courses abound from 
 one end of the Province to the other, many of them navigable by 
 steamers of a light draught for great distances. 
 
 The coast line is the most wonderful in the world. The moun- 
 tains border closely upon the sea, the shore being indented by a 
 multitude of bays and inlets and fringed by countless small islands, 
 between which run tortuous, but safe and navigable, channels. 
 Outside of these, and protecting these inland channels for nearly 
 the entire length of the coast, are a series of large islands, the 
 greatest and most southerly of which is the Island of Vancouver, 
 separated from the extreme northwestern portion of Washington 
 Territory by the historical Straits of Juan de Fuca, through the 
 center of which runs the international line. It is oblong in shape, 
 extending northwesterly parallel with the mainland, from which it 
 is separated by the narrow and island-dotted channel of the Gulf of 
 Georgia, a distance of nearly 300 miles, and has a width varying 
 from thirty to fifty miles. Its area of 12,000 square miles is heavily
 
 xviii. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 timbered and generally mountainous, the highest peaks attaining an 
 altitude of from 6,000 to 9,000 feet. 
 
 As the immense yield of gold was, in the majority of instances, 
 the magnet which for years subsequent to the founding of the 
 colony of British Columbia attracted hither those who are now 
 regarded as the fathers of the country and as the majority of these 
 tried their fortunes at the mines for a greater or less period of time, 
 it will not be out of place to describe briefly the methods pursued 
 in working mining claims. The work of digging for .gold was by no 
 means of an easy character but on the contrary required arduous 
 and persevering toil to be successful. All the processes of extract- 
 ing the precious metal from the earth required water and with rare 
 exceptions quick-silver. The following interesting description is 
 from the pen of Commander R. C. Mayne, R. N. who in 1860 made 
 a tour of the California gold fields and who both before and after 
 that period visited the British Columbia mines. His book on that 
 period of the colony is the most interesting extant and for accuracy 
 and completeness of detail is unrivalled. 
 
 The first task of the miner attracted to a new gold country or 
 district, by the report of its wealth, is " prospecting." For this 
 purpose every miner, however light his equipment may otherwise 
 be, carries with him a " pan " and a small quantity of quicksilver ; 
 the latter to be used only where the gold is very fine. Very little 
 experience enables a miner to detect that " colour " of the earth 
 which indicates the presence of the metallic sand in which gold is 
 found. Wherever, as he travels through the new country, he sees 
 this, he stops at once to wash a pan of dirt, and thus test its value. 
 Although many diggings are found away from the bank of a stream, 
 the river-sides are the places where gold is generally first looked for 
 and worked. In saying this, of course I except the gold in quartz, 
 of which I shall have to speak hereafter. The spots first searched 
 are generally those upon the bank of a river where the deposit con- 
 sists of a thick, stiff mud or clay, with stones. In some cases this 
 is covered with sand, so that the surface has to be removed before 
 the " pay dust " is revealed. All these workings on river-banks are 
 called " bars," and are usually named after the prospector, or from 
 some incident connected with their discovery. 
 
 When the prospector comes to dirt which looks as if it would 
 pay, he unslings his pan from his back, and proceeds to test it.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XIX- 
 
 This he effects by filling his pan with the earth, then squatting on 
 the edge of the stream, he takes it by the rim, dipping it in the 
 water, and giving it a kind of rotary motion stirring and kneading 
 the contents occasionally until the whole is completely moistened. 
 The larger stones are then thrown out, the edge of the pan canted 
 upwards, and a continual flow of water made to pass through it 
 until, the lighter portion of its contents being washed away, nothing 
 but a few pebbles and specks of black metallic sand are left, among 
 which the gold, if there is any, will be found. The rotary move- 
 ment, by which the heavier pebbles and bits of gold are kept in the 
 centre of the pan, and the lighter earth allowed to pass over its 
 edge, requires considerable practice, and an unskillful prospector 
 will perhaps pass by a place as not being worth working that an ex- 
 perienced hand will recognize as very rich. The specific gravity of 
 the black sand being nearly equal to that of the gold, while wet, 
 they cannot be at once separated, and the nuggets, if any, being 
 taken out, the pan is laid in the sun or by a fire to dry. When dry 
 the lighter particles of sand are blown away ; or if the gold is very 
 tine it is amalgamated with quicksilver. The miners know by 
 practice how much gold in a pan will constitute a rich digging, and 
 i hey usually express the value of the earth as '"5," "10," or "15 
 cent dirt," meaning that each pan so washed will yield so much 
 in money. Panning, it may be remarked, never gives the full 
 value of the dirt, as may be imagined from the roughness of the 
 process. If the gold should be in flakes, a good deal is likely to be 
 lost in the process, as it will not then sink readily to the bottom of 
 the pan, and is more likely to be washed away with the sand. In 
 panning, as well as, indeed, in all the other primitive processes of 
 washing gold, the superior specific gravity of this metal over others, 
 except platinum, is the basis of operations ; all depending upon 
 its settling at the bottom of whatever vessel may chance to be 
 used. 
 
 The " pan " is hardly ever used except for prospecting, so that 
 the "rocker" or "cradle" may be described as the most primitive 
 appliance used in gold-washing. In the winter of 1859, when I 
 hrst went up the Fraser, the rocker was the general machine the 
 use of sluices not having then begun. It was used in California as 
 early as 1848, being formed rudely of logs, or the trunk of a tree. 
 And yet, ungainly as they were, they commanded, before saw-mills 
 were established in the country, enormous prices.
 
 XX. INTRODUCTION 
 
 The rocker, then, consists of a box 3| to 4 feet long, about 2 
 feet wide, and 1 deep. The top and one end of this box are open, 
 and at the lower end the sides slope gradually until they reach the 
 bottom. At its head is attached a closely jointed box with a sheet- 
 iron bottom, pierced with holes sufficiently large to allow pebbles to 
 pass through. This machine is provided with rockers like a child's 
 cradle, while within elects are placed to arrest the gold in its passage. 
 One of the miners then, the cradle being placed by the water's edge, 
 feeds it with earth, while another rocks and supplies it with water. 
 The dirt to be washed is thrown into the upper iron box, and a con- 
 tinual stream of water being poured in, it is disintegrated, the gold 
 and pebbles passing down to the bottom, where the water is allowed 
 to carry the stones away, and the elects arrest the precious metal. 
 
 When the gold is very fine I have seen a piece of cloth laid 
 along the bottom box, covered with quicksilver to arrest the gold. 
 When a party of miners work with rockers, they divide the labour 
 of rocking, carrying water, if necessary, and digging equally among 
 themselves. The rocker is the only apparatus that can be at all 
 successfully worked single-handed ; and rough as it appears and 
 really is, I have seen men make 30 to 50 dollars a day with it, 
 while far greater sums have been known to be realized by it. In 
 these remarks I have assumed that my readers generally are aware 
 that quicksilver arrests whatever gold passes over it, and, forming 
 an amalgam with it, retains it until it is retorted from it. In 
 washing gold, quicksilver has to be used always, except where the 
 mineral is found very large and coarse. Even the earth is general- 
 ly made to pass over some quicksilver before it escapes altogether, 
 in order to preserve the finer particles. I may here mention that 
 in a " sluice " of ordinary size 40 or 50 Ibs. of quicksilver are used 
 daily ; in a rocker perhaps 8 or 10 Ibs. Of course the same quick- 
 silver can be used over and over again when the gold has been 
 retorted from it. 
 
 The first improvement on the " rocker " was by the use of a 
 machine called the " Long Tom." This, though common enough in 
 California, I never saw used in British Columbia. It consists of a 
 shallow trough, from 10 to 20 feet long, and 16 inches to 2 feet 
 wide. One end is slightly turned up, shod with iron; and perfor- 
 ated like the sieve of a rocker. The trough is placed at an 
 incline, sieve-end downwards. A stream of water is turned into
 
 INTDODUCTION. XXI. 
 
 the upper end of the Tom, and several hands supply it with earth, 
 which finds its way to the sieve, carrying along with it the gold, 
 which it washes or disintegrates in its passage. Immediately be- 
 neath the sieve a box is placed, in which are nailed elects, or as 
 they are more generally termed " Riffles," which catch the gold as 
 in the rocker, When the gold is fine another box containing quick- 
 silver is placed at the end of the riffle, to catch the gold which 
 passes it. 
 
 A man always attends at the end to clear away the "tailings," 
 or earth discharged from the machine, and also to stir up the earth 
 in the Tom, and keep the sieve clear of stones, an iron rake being 
 used for the purpose. By the use of the " Long Tom," rather than, 
 the cradle, a great saving is effected ; the work being performed in 
 a much more thorough manner. It is estimated in California that 
 the Tom will wash ten times as much earth as a cradle, employing 
 the same number of hands. 
 
 The next important method is "sluicing." This is by far the 
 most commonly used both in British Columbia and California, 
 employing, I suppose, one-half the mining population of both 
 countries. 
 
 Sluicing is, moreover, an operation which can be carried on on 
 any scale, from two or three men upon a river bar, to a rich com- 
 pany washing away an entire hill by the " Hydraulic " process. 
 Whatever may be the scale of the operations, however, " sluicing " 
 is necessarily connected with a system of " flumes," or wooden 
 aqueducts of greater or less extent, either running along the back 
 of a river-bar, and supplying the sluices at it, or cobwebbing and 
 intersecting the whole country as in California. I have seen flumes 
 on the Shady Creek Canal there, conveying an enormous stream of 
 water across a deep ravine at the height of 100 to 200 feet. 
 
 " Sluice-boxes " are of various sizes, but generally from 2 to 3 
 feet long, by about the same width. These are fitted closely to- 
 gether at the ends, so as to form a continuous strongly-built trough 
 of the required length, from 15 or 20 to several thousand feet, their 
 make and strength depending entirely upon the work they have to 
 do. I will here describe sluicing upon a moderate scale, as I found 
 it in practice at Hill's Bar upon the Fraser during my visit there 
 in 1858.
 
 XX11. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 This bar was taken up in claims early in 1858, its size being 
 then about 1| mile, although it has since been much extended, the 
 richness of the soil proving, I believe, greater as it is ascended. In 
 this place, then, a flume was put up, carrying i he water from a 
 stream which descended the mountain at its southern end along the 
 whole length of the bar, and behind those claims which were being 
 worked. From this flume each miner led a sluice down towards 
 the river ; his sluice being placed at such an angle that the water 
 would run through it with sufficient force to carry the earth, but 
 not, of course, the gold with it. Its strength, indeed, is so regu- 
 lated as to allow time for the riffles and quicksilver to catch the 
 gold as it passes. The supply of water from the flume to each 
 sluice is regulated by a gate in the side of the flume, which is raised 
 for so much per inch. The price paid for water of course varies 
 greatly with the cost of timber, engineering difficulties of making 
 the flume, etc. It is ordinarily established by the miners, who meet 
 and agree to pay any individual or company who may undertake 
 the work a certain rateable rental for the water. Their construc- 
 tion, indeed, is one of the most profitable of colonial speculations. 
 The flume I am now speaking of cost 7000 or 8000 dollars, and each 
 miner paid a dollar an inch for water daily. Since that time it has 
 become much cheaper, and the usual price is about 25 cents an 
 inch, the width of the gate being 1 foot. The sluice-boxes here 
 were very slight, about inch-plank, as the dirt which had to pass 
 through them was not large. In the bottom of each box was a 
 grating, made of strips of plank nailed crosswise to each other, but 
 not attached to the box like the riffles. In the interstices of these 
 gratings quicksilver is spread to catch the fine gold, the coarse 
 being caught by the grating itself. The sluice is placed on tressels 
 or legs, so as to raise it to the height convenient for shovelling the 
 earth in; the water is then let on, and several men feed the sluice 
 with earth from either side, while one or two with iron rakes stir it 
 up or pull out any large stones which might break the grating. 
 
 Such is the working of ordinary sluices ; but sluicing is also in- 
 separable from the grandest of all mining operations viz., " Hy- 
 draulic Mining." Hydraulic mining, as I witnessed it at Timbuctoo 
 in California, is certainly a marvellous operation. A hill of moder- 
 ate size, 200 to 300 feet high, may often be found to contain gold 
 throughout its formation, but too thinly to repay cradle-washing, or
 
 INTRODUCTION. XX111. 
 
 even hand-sluicing, and not lying in any veins or streaks which 
 could be worked by tunnelling or ground-sluicing. 
 
 A series of sluice-boxes are therefore constructed and put to- 
 gether, as described above ; but in this case, instead of being of 
 light timber, they are made of the stoutest board that can possibly 
 be got, backed by cross-pieces, &c., so as to be of sufficient strength 
 to allow the passage of any amount of earth and stones forced 
 through them by a flood of water. The boxes are also made shorter 
 and wider, being generally about 14 inches long by 3 to 4 feet wide 
 the bottoms, instead of the gratings spoken of above, being lined 
 with wooden blocks like wood-pavement, for resisting the friction 
 of the debris passing over it, the interstices being filled with quick- 
 silver to catch the fine gold. The sluice, thus prepared, is firmly 
 placed in a slanting position near the foot of the hill intended to be 
 attacked. 
 
 To shovel a mass of several million tons of earth into these 
 sluices would prove a tedious and profitless operation. In its stead 
 therefore, hydraulic mining is called into play, by which the labour 
 of many men is performed by water, and the hill worn down to the 
 base by its agency. The operation consists of simply throwing an 
 immense stream of water upon the side of the hill with hose and pipe 
 as a fire engine plays upon a burning building. The water is 1< d 
 through gutta percha or canvas hoses, 4 to 6 inches in diameter, 
 and is thrown from a considerable height above the scene of oper- 
 ations. It is consequently hurled with such force as to eat into the 
 hill-side as if it were sugar. At the spot where I saw this working 
 in operation to the greatest advantage they were using four horses, 
 which they estimated as equal to the power of a hundred men with 
 pick and shovel. There is more knowledge and skill required in 
 this work than would at first sight be supposed necessary. The 
 purpose of the man who directs the hose is to undermine the surface 
 as well as wash away the face of the hill. He therefore directs the 
 water at a likely spot until indications of a " cave-in " become ap- 
 parent. Notice being given, the neighborhood is deserted. The 
 earth far above cracks, and down comes all the face of the precipice 
 with the noise of an avalanche. By this means a hill several hun- 
 dred feet higher than the water could reach may easily be washed 
 away.
 
 XXIV. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The greatest difficulty connected with hydraulic work is to get a 
 sufficient fall for the water a considerable pressure being, of course 
 necessary. At Tiinbuctoo, for instance, a large river flowed close 
 by, but its waters at that point were quite useless from being too 
 low ; the consequence Avas, that a flume had to be led several mila e , 
 from a part of the river higher up, so as to gain the force required. 
 Supplying water for this and similar mining purposes has, therefore, 
 proved a very successful speculation in California. I am not able 
 to give the exact length of the longest flumes constructed there, but 
 I know that it has in some cases been found necessary to bring 
 water from the Sierra Nevada, and to tap streams that have their 
 rise there. Tt is not at all uncommon to bring it from a distance of 
 50 miles, and in some cases it has been conveyed as far again. 
 
 The expense of this is, of course, enormous, and it is in the 
 ready supply of water at various levels, that the work of mining in 
 British Columbia will be found so much more easy than in Califor- 
 nia. So scarce is it there, indeed, that it sometimes has been found 
 cheaper to pack the earth on mules and carry it to the river-side 
 than to bring the water to the gold-fields. 
 
 The difficulty of obtaining water in the early days of gold- 
 digging in California gave rise to a very curious method of extract- 
 ing the mineral, which, I believe, was only practised by the Mexi- 
 cans. Two men would collect a heap of earth from some place 
 containing grain-gold, and pound it as fine as possible. It was then 
 placed in a large cloth, like a sheet, and winnowed the breeze 
 carrying away the dust, while the heavier gold fell back into the 
 cloth. Bellows were sometimes used for this purpose also. 
 
 While upon this subject, I will take the opportunity of describ- 
 ing the most common appliance for raising water from a river for 
 the use of a sluice on its bank. The machinery used is known as 
 the " flutter- wheel," and the traveller in a mining country will see 
 them erected in every conceivable manner and place. It is the 
 same in principle and very similar in appearance to our common 
 "undershot- wheel," consisting of a large wheel 20 to 30 feet in 
 diameter, turned by the force of the current. The paddles are 
 fitted with buckets made to fill themselves with water as they pass 
 under the wheel, which they empty as they turn over into a trough 
 placed convenient for the purpose and leading to the sluice. In a
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXV. 
 
 river with a rapid current, like the Fraser, they can be made to 
 supply almost any quantity of water. 
 
 There is a kind of intermediate process between that which I 
 have just described and tunnelling or " koyote-ing," partaking in a 
 measure of both. This is called "ground-sluicing," and is quite 
 distinct from " sluicing." The reader will better understand this 
 process if I speak of " koyote-ing," and " ground-sluicing " together, 
 the latter having become a substitute for the former. 
 
 As the miners in California began to gain experience in gold- 
 seeking, they found that at a certain distance beneath the surface 
 of the earth a layer of rock existed, on which the gold, by its sup- 
 erior specific gravity, had gradually settled. Experience soon 
 taught the miner to discard the upper earth, which was compara- 
 tively valueless, and to seek for gold in the cracks or " pockets " of 
 this bed-rock, or in the layer of earth or clay covering it. The 
 depth of this rock is very various ; sometimes it crops out at 
 the surface, while at other times it is found 150 to 200 feet down. 
 Where it is very deep, recourse must be had to regular shaft-sinking 
 and tunnelling, as in a coal or copper mine ; but when the rock is 
 only 20 or 30 feet beneath the surface, tunnelling on a very small 
 scale, known as " koyote-ing," from its fancied resemblance to the 
 burrowing of the small wild-dog common to British Columbia and 
 California, is adopted. These little tunnels are made to save the 
 expense of shovelling off the 20 or 30 feet of earth that cover the 
 ' pay dirt " on the bed-rock, and their extraordinary number gives 
 a very strange appearance to those parts of the country which have 
 been thoroughly "koyote-ed." I have seen a hill completely honey- 
 combed with these burrows, carried through and through it, and 
 interlacing in every possible direction. So rich is their for- 
 mation, however, that after they have been deserted by the 
 koyote-ers they are still found worth working. I remember looking 
 at one in the Yuba county in California which appeared so com- 
 pletely riddled that the pressure of a child's foot would have brought 
 it down. Upon my expressing my conviction that anyhow that 
 seemed worked out, a miner standing by at once corrected me. 
 " Worked out, sir ? " he said " not a bit of it ! If you come in 
 six months, you'll not see any hill there at all, sir. A company are 
 going to bring the water to play upon it in a few days." " Will it
 
 XXVI. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 pay well, do you suppose ? " "All pays about here, sir," was the 
 quick reply ; " they'll take a hundred dollars each a-day." 
 
 The Koyote tunnels are only made sufficiently high for the 
 workman to sit upright in them. They are generally carried 
 through somewhat stiffish clay, and are propped and supported with 
 wooden posts, but, as may be imagined in the case of such small 
 apertures extending for so great a length as some of them do, they 
 are very unsafe. Not unfrequently they " cave in " without the 
 slightest warning. Sometimes, too, the earth settles down upon the 
 bed-rock so slowly and silently, that the poor victims are buried 
 alive unknown to their companions without. 
 
 The danger of this work and its inefficiency for extracting the 
 gold, much of which was lost in these dark holes, gave rise, as the 
 agency of water became more appreciated, to " ground-sluicing." 
 This consists in directing a heavy stream of water upon the bank 
 which is to be removed, and, with the aid of pick and shovel, wash- 
 ing the natural surface away and bringing the "pay-streak "next the 
 bed-rock into view. 
 
 Before proceeding to the subject of quartz-crushing, it will be 
 well perhaps to give the reader some further idea of the great ex- 
 tent of those mining operations which, begun by a few adventurers, 
 have become a regularly organized system, carried on by wealthy 
 and powerful companies. As a striking monument of their courage 
 and the extent of their resources, I would instance the fact of their 
 having diverted large rivers from their channels so as to lay their 
 beds dry for mining purposes. This has been done at nearly every 
 bend or shallow in the numerous streams of California, and will 
 doubtless be imitated in Columbia ere long. The largest of these 
 operations that I ever saw was near Auburn, a large town in Placer 
 county, on the American river. 
 
 Sometimes the water can be brought in a strongly-built flume 
 from above, and carried by a long box over the old bed of the river; 
 at other times a regular canal has to be made and dams constructed 
 upon a very large scale. The result is that the -bed of the river is 
 laid dry, when its every crevice and pocket is carefully searched for 
 the gold which the water has generally brought down from the 
 bases of the hills and the bars higher up the stream. These opera- 
 tions are frequently so extensive as to occupy several successive
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXV11. 
 
 seasons before the whole is worked, and to employ hundreds of 
 laborers besides the individuals composing the company, who usual- 
 ly in such an enterprise number fifty or sixty. Sometimes the 
 premature approach of the rainy season, and consequent freshets, 
 carry away the whole of the works in a night. These works oc- 
 casionally yield immense returns, and it is not unfrequently found, 
 on renewing them after the rainy season, that fresh deposits of gold 
 have taken place, almost equal in value to the first. On the other 
 hand, no amount of judgment can select with any degree of cer- 
 tainty a favourable spot for "jamming" or turning a river, and, 
 after months of hard labour, the bed when laid bare may prove 
 entirely destitute of gold deposits. The long space of still water 
 below a series of rapids will sometimes be found in one spot to con- 
 tain pounds of gold, while in another the workers who have selected 
 that portion of the river above the rapids will find themselves in the 
 paying place. 
 
 All gold operations, indeed, depend very much upon chance for 
 success. No one can ever calculate with any degree of certainty on 
 the run of the " lode " underground, or in the ' pay streak " near 
 the surface. Thus it is ever a lottery. As an instance of this on a 
 large scale, I remember when I was at Grass Valley, " Nevada 
 county," going to see the working at the " Black Bridge " tunnel 
 . there. The first shaft for this tunnel was sunk five years before 
 my visit, and up to that time nothing had been taken, though it 
 had been constantly worked and was nearly 20,000 feet long. It 
 was commenced in 1855 by a company, who sunk a shaft nearly 
 250 feet, to strike, as they hoped and expected, a lode from the op- 
 posite side of the valley. The original company consisted of five 
 men, and in the course of the five years some of them gave up and 
 others joined, part of them working at other digging to get money 
 for provisions, tools, &c,, to keep their firm going. At length, just 
 before my visit, all the original projectors, and about three sets of 
 others who had joined at different periods, gave the enterprise up 
 as hopeless after carrying it, as I have said, nearly four miles. A 
 new company then took possession of it and summoned the miners 
 of the valley to a consultation. The meeting decided that they had 
 not gone deep enough, and the shaft was accordingly sunk 50 feet 
 lower, when the gold was at once struck. I tried to ascertain what 
 had been expended upon this tunnel, but it had passed through so
 
 XXV1U. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 many hands that it was impossible eve a to estimate it. The gentle- 
 man who showed me over it, and who was a-n Englishman and the 
 principal man of Grass Valley (Mr. Attwood), said it would cost 
 the new company 12,000 or 14,000 dollars before they took 
 out anything that would repay them. The recklessness with which 
 money is risked and the apparent unconcern with which a man 
 loses a large fortune, and the millionaire of to-day becomes a hired 
 labourer to-morrow, is one of the most striking characteristics of 
 the American in these Western states. It is owing in a great 
 degree to the mere accident which gold-working is. The effect of 
 this upon society is of course most injurious. The poor miner, hob- 
 bling along the street of San Francisco or Sacramento trying to 
 borrow for their are no beggars in California money enough to 
 take him back to the mines from which ague or rheumatism have 
 driven him a few months before, knows that a lucky hit may enable 
 him in a very short time to take the place of the gentleman who 
 parses by him in his carriage, and whose capital is very probably 
 floating about in schemes, the failure of which will as rapidly reduce 
 him to the streets, or send him back again to the mines as a 
 labourer. The spirit, too, with which these changes of fortune are 
 borne is wonderful. I travelled once in California with a man who 
 was on his way to the mines to commence work as a labourer for 
 the third time. He told me his story readily : it was simple enough. 
 He had twice made what he thought would enrich him for life, and 
 twice it had gone in unlucky speculations. An Englishman under 
 these circumstances would probably have been greatly depressed : 
 not so my fellow-travellor. He talked away through the journey 
 cheerfully, describing the country as we passed through it, speaking 
 of the past without anything like regret, and calmly hopeful for 
 the future.
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 
 SIK JAMES DOUGLAS FRONTISPIECE. 
 
 BARNARD, F. J 66 
 
 BATE MARK 74 
 
 BEAVEN, HON. ROBERT 96 
 
 BEGBIE, SIR MATTHEW BAILLIE 28 
 
 BOLE, JUDGE 106 
 
 BRIGHOUSE, S 112 
 
 CLUTE, J. S 126 
 
 CORBOULD, G. E 130 
 
 CORNWALL, HON. C. F 56 
 
 CUNNINGHAM, ROBERT 134 
 
 CUNNINGHAM, THOMAS 140 
 
 DAVIE, HON. THEO 160 
 
 DICKINSON, ROBERT 168 
 
 DOUGLAS, BENJAMIN 144 
 
 DUNSMUIR, HON. ROBERT 152 
 
 EARLE, THOMAS 156 
 
 EDMONDS, H. V 162 
 
 ENGLISH, M. M 170 
 
 EWEN, ALEX 176 
 
 FISHER, I. B .. 182 
 
 GRANT, JOHN 188 
 
 HELMCKEN, HON. J. S 194 
 
 HENDRY, JOHN : 202 
 
 HORNE, J. W 208 
 
 INNIS, J. H 214 
 
 IRVING, JOHN 220 
 
 LAIDLAW, J. A 228
 
 XXX. LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 MACATTLAY, W. J 234 
 
 MARVIN, E. B 240 
 
 McBiuDE, ARTHUR H 244 
 
 MclNNis, HON. T. R 250 
 
 NELSON, HON. HUGH 36 
 
 OPPENHEIMER DAVID 258 
 
 POOLEY, HON. CHARLES E 264 
 
 PRIOR, E. G 270 
 
 ROBSON, HON. JOHN 42 
 
 SCOULLAR, E. S 276 
 
 SHAKESPEARE, N 282 
 
 TOWNSEND, W. B 290 
 
 TURNER, HON. J. H 48 
 
 VERNON, HON. F. G 60 
 
 WEILER, JOHN 300
 
 DICTIONARY.
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 Half a century ago that portion of the British possessions in 
 North America, now known in its relation to the Canadian Con- 
 federation as the Province of British Columbia, was a wild and 
 trackless region peopled by fierce and hostile savages whose barbar- 
 ous empire was only broken here and there at distant intervals in 
 the boundless forest by a few scattered trading posts, which the resist- 
 less energy of the Anglo-Saxon had succeeded in establishing and 
 maintaining for the purpose of commerce with the natives. To the 
 civilized world the country was as if she did not exist. Her har- 
 bors and streams, her mountains and valleys were unvibited save by 
 the hunter ; and the hardy mariner, who ventured into her waters, 
 was in continual dread of the perils which might await him and 
 against which he could not provide in an unexplored and unknown 
 ocean. 
 
 To-day her shores are dotted with populous cities and thriving 
 towns, and her waters are covered with a thousand sails bringing 
 the products of distant lands in exchange for those of her virginal 
 soil. The fame of her inexhaustible wealth and her salubrious 
 climate has attracted to her the enterprising and ambitious spirits 
 of two continents, while from the advantages of her situation, 
 commercially and politically, she has become a matter of Imperial 
 concern. 
 
 Her history during these fifty years is one of especial interest, 
 not alone on account of the many and seemingly antagonistic forces 
 which have co-operated in her settlement and development, but also 
 for the happy conditions which, established during the early portion 
 of this period, made the colonization of the country by the civilized 
 races and all Ihe beneficial results following in its train, a matter of 
 easy and frictionless accomplishment. 
 
 It has been remarked that England, more than any other nation, 
 has ever exercised humanity in her dealing with primitive races who 
 
 (2)
 
 2 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 were being dispossessed of their lands. It is beyond question that no 
 other Empire has been able to accomplish so many bloodless vic- 
 tories in^extending her territories and her civilizing influences, and 
 it is doubtful if within the catalogue of Britain's colonial possessions 
 there is a parallel to the quiet and effectual redemption from savagery 
 of British Columbia. Indeed, from the time that the white man, in 
 the capacity of a simple trader, obtained a permanent foothold in 
 the country to the present, when all danger of any uprising has for- 
 ever passed away, there has never been any serious or combined 
 effort on the part of the primitive tribes to eject him. Not only 
 this, but it may without exaggeration be said that throughout the 
 entire period of early occupation attempts at outrage, or even acts 
 of injustice or dishonest dealing on the part of the natives were of 
 rare occurrence; and this at a time, when, but a handful, separated 
 by hundreds of miles, possessing scanty facilities of communication, 
 and with but little means of defense against a vigorous or sustained 
 attack, the early settlers might easily have been exterminated. 
 
 By one familiar with the history of the subjugation of the south- 
 ern portion of this continent, a history replete with fraud and 
 rapine and murder, the usual concomitants of avarice and lust and 
 ambition an explanation of the happy condition of things which 
 obtained here is naturally looked for. The explanation lies in the 
 character of the early occupants, and the attitude which from the 
 beginning of their intercourse they assumed towards the natives. 
 
 They were indeed a wonderful class of men, those early fur 
 traders, and viewed by the light of the present day seem almost to 
 have been specially designed by Providence to pave the way for the 
 introduction into this country of Christian civilization. By their 
 unflinching courage, inflexible honesty, and resolute forbearance in 
 their daily intercourse with the native, they quickly won his respect 
 and confidence and established with him relations of truth and jus- 
 tice. These sentiments, early planted and industriously cherished, 
 have ever since continued to flourish and to bear fruit. It is to 
 this policy of humanity and justice that, while we have seen during 
 the last twenty years other lands, and especially the neighboring 
 Republic, disturbed by massacres and outrages on the part of their 
 Indian populations, and by wars in which thousands of valuable 
 lives have been sacrificed, there has been nothing but peace and 
 harmony in our own country.
 
 NEW CALEDONIA. 3 
 
 In my sketch of the country's history I shall therefore go back 
 to a period anterior to colonial rule, and briefly review the progress 
 of events from the time the agents of the Hudson's Bay Company 
 first crossed the mountains in search of new hunting grounds to the 
 time that the discovery of gold made it advisable for the Imperial 
 Government to raise the Mainland to the dignity of a colony; and 
 I shall first speak of New Caledonia, by which appellation the Main- 
 land was then known, as it was here that the company's agents 
 first established themselves. 
 
 NEW CALEDONIA, 1800 TO 1843. 
 
 It was towards the close of the last century and late in its own 
 history that the Hudson's Bay Company, eager to precede rival or- 
 ganizations in the field, pushed its outposts from the valley of the 
 Saskatchewan across the Rocky Mountains. The Peace River 
 Pass had been previously traversed by that famous explorer Alex- 
 ander Mackenzie, when he made his then perilous trip to the Pacific 
 ocean in 1792-3, and it was by the same route that the agents of 
 the Hudson's Bay Company first penetrated into British Columbia. 
 The country's rugged and mountainous character, diversified by de- 
 lightful valleys, and the similarity of its climate reminded these ad- 
 venturous wanderers, the majority of whom where of Scotch birth, 
 of their native land, and they bestowed on the region the name of 
 New Caledonia a name which it continued to bear for over half a 
 century. The fur traders, however, did not waste much time on 
 sentimental considerations of the country's picturesqueness and 
 beauty. Their minds were engrossed by thoughts of business, and 
 they found immediate employment in making themselves secure 
 against the dangers which everywhere threatened them. When 
 this had been accomplished their next task was the initiation of the 
 natives into the mysteries of traffic. 
 
 As New Caledonia was simply a game preserve, leased to the 
 Hudson's Bay Company, and as the* private transactions of that 
 company have in themselves nothing of histori cal value, this sketch 
 will necessarily be limited to a brief description of the fort life of 
 the traders, the relations which existed between them and the 
 natives, and the permanent results which accrued from the good un- 
 derstanding which they established.
 
 4 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 It did not come within the scope of their design to attempt the 
 elevation of the mental or moral character of the Indian, population, 
 except in so far as it tended to the betterment of the fur trade. The 
 servants of the company knew by experience that the less the 
 aboriginal races were brought into contact with civilizing influences 
 and the longer they were permitted to retain their primitive habits 
 and natural instincts, the better hunters they were likely to be. 
 The fur trader, therefore, having an eye simply to his own profit 
 wisely abstained from any attempt to introduce the arts of civilized 
 communities. 
 
 On entering a new region the first task which lay before the ad- 
 venturers was the construction of a fort within which they intrench- 
 ed themselves, and where was stored the year's supply of goods, 
 which was to be employed in the purchase of furs. The location of 
 a trading post was always a matter of deep consideration. It was 
 necessary, of course, that between it and headquarters the means of 
 communication and the facilities for the transmission of supplies 
 should be reasonably good. As the water system of the country 
 was very largely utilized in travel, the trading posts were usually 
 situated on some navigable river or lake, which communicated with 
 other bodies of water, and afforded the speediest and safest means 
 known of reaching the seaboard. The site of a fort, usually a cleared 
 space of over one hundred yards square, was enclosed by stout 
 wooden pickets from ten to fifteen inches in diameter sunk in the 
 ground and rising about twenty feet above it. At corners diagonally 
 opposite, and raised above the tops of the palisades, two wooden 
 bastions were so placed as to command the surrounding country. In 
 each of these bastions several large guns, ranging between six and 
 twelve-pounders, were mounted. Within the palisades were built 
 the store houses, work shops and quarters of the company's servants, 
 and as a rule so arranged as to form an inner square. Here it was 
 within these narrow limits that the trader coiifiued himself and 
 passed weary days which often crept into weeks of unchanging 
 monotony. Here he experienced his triumphs and reverses, went 
 through his routine of daily labor, made his bargains with the In- 
 dians and learnt the great lesson of endurance. His only relief con- 
 sisted in occasional trips from one post to another, or perhaps an 
 expedition to an as yet un visited part of the country. In. the esti- 
 mation of the savages the forts were the storehouses of priceless
 
 NEW CALEDONIA. 5 
 
 treasures, where they could exchange their furs for all that was 
 most desirable, and they soon came to regard the erection of a trad- 
 ing post within convenient distance as a boon conferred upon them 
 by the white man a boon the white man was only too willing to 
 confer, if business justified it. 
 
 Many years elapsed after trade was opened with the natives of 
 British Columbia before the Hudson's Bay Company was able to 
 place its business in this country on a perfect systematic footing. 
 But as its operations extended, and its establishments grew in num- 
 ber, the country was divided into departments, each department 
 possessing its compliments of forts, and each having a chief post to 
 which subordinate forts sent the result of each season's business. 
 These departmental capitals in turn transmitted the furs to head- 
 quarters, situated subsequent to 1810 on the Columbia River. From 
 here they were sent overland to Lachine for shipment to London. 
 
 The system of government to which the company's servants were 
 subject was a most reasonable and perfect one. All who aspired to 
 command had first to serve, and a long term of apprenticeship was 
 required before every promotion. The highest officers had passed 
 through every grade and knew thoroughly every detail of the busi- 
 ness. The entire country was subject to the command of one man, 
 who occupied the position of chief factor, and who was directly 
 amenable to the jurisdiction of the Governor, resident in Canada. 
 Next in dignity to the chief factor was the chief trader, who was 
 usually in charge of some important fort. The chief clerk ranked 
 third, and was either entrusted with the management of a minor 
 fort, or sent on expeditions through the country. Inferior to the 
 chief clerks were the subordinate and apprenticed clerks, who were 
 learning the business, and who were prospective traders and factors. 
 There were also a great many mechanics and laborers in the com- 
 pany's employ, none of whom, however, were eligible to fill the high- 
 er offices in the gift of the corporation. 
 
 Their fort life and training was largely answerable for the mental 
 and moral character of the early Hudson's Bay traders. The ma- 
 jority of young men who entered the service were possessed of good 
 natural abilities and bodily health and strength, and in the dis- 
 charge of their duties to the company these gifts were strengthened 
 and developed to the utmost. From the time a youth entered the
 
 6 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 service as an apprenticed clerk he was under the most rigid discip- 
 line, and taught that self-reliance, honesty and assiduity in the 
 company's business were the highest of moral qualities, and those in 
 the practice of which his material welfare was most likely to be ad- 
 vanced. His existence amid the solitude of the mountains and the 
 forest was calculated to impress him with the fact of his own indi- 
 vidual weakness and the dangers to which he was continually ex- 
 posed, and to avoid which he had ever to be on the alert, developed 
 within him the principles of thoughtfulness and resolution. 
 
 As it was necessary for the company's business that absolute 
 truth should be the basis of all dealings with the savages, the trader 
 early came to guard his words with caution, and never say what he 
 did not mean, nor promise what he did not intend to fulfill. It was 
 part of his duty carefully to study the Indian character, and this 
 study was of incalculable benefit to him in his future career. The 
 natiA'es he found were possessed of no small amount of shrewdness, 
 quick to see through subterfuges, and suspicious and resentful when 
 once wronged or deceived. He speedily perceived also that moral 
 courage was, in the estimation of the savages, regarded equally with 
 physical fearlessness as necessary to the character of a leader. Act- 
 ing on the knowledge thus gained the trader in his dealings with 
 the Indians was truthful and just, and gained at once their respeit 
 and confidence. At the same time, however, that the company's agents 
 sedulously cultivated the friendship and good will of the natives, 
 they closely inquired into the relations of the various tribes, noted 
 their rivalries and jealousies, and kept alive all those differences 
 which were calculated to prevent a good understanding among them. 
 By this means all possibility of a general union of the tribes was 
 prevented, and among the warring and jealous elements the agents 
 of the company held the balance of power. 
 
 On this basis of justice, toleration and tact, it was that the pow- 
 er of the Hudson's Bay Company was built up in British Columbia, 
 and the considerate observer will admit that the fruits of the sys- 
 
 (/ 
 
 tern have amply proven the wisdom of its adoption. 
 
 Until 1821 the Hudson's Bay Company did not possess an un- 
 disputed monopoly of the fur trade on the Pacific slope. The com- 
 paratively young Northwest Company had for many years been 
 cutting into the business of the older organization, and the keen 
 competition which had resulted had not only reduced the profits of
 
 NEW CALEDONIA. 7 
 
 the trade, but had in some respects demoralized it. In the Red 
 River district, to the east of the Rocky Mountains, this rivalry had 
 terminated in bloodshed, and while it did not in New Caledonia 
 reach this extreme point, there was enough reckless bidding by the 
 agents of both companies to alarm a sensitive Montreal or London 
 stockholder. 
 
 In 1821, however, the two companies were consolidated under 
 the name of the Hudson's Bay Company, and in the same year the 
 united company was given a twenty-one year's monopoly of trade in 
 the territory stretching from the Columbia River to the Russian 
 boundary of Alaska. Astoria, situated at the mouth of the Colum- 
 bia, which had been established in 1810 by John Jacob Astor, be 
 came the headquarters of the company on the Pacific coast. 
 Besides Astoria there were two permanent establishments on the 
 coast, and about fifteen in the interior. The majority of the com- 
 pany's forts were at this time situated in what are now know as the 
 Omineca and Cariboo districts, with Fort St. James, on Stuart Lake, 
 as their central point. At this post Chief Factor Ogden, then in 
 charge of this district, made his headquarters. Eighty miles in a 
 north easterly direction was Fort McLeod, on Lake McLcod, where 
 Chief Trader Tod ruled, and sixty miles, in a south easterly direc- 
 tion, was Fort George, on the Fraser River. A number of minor 
 posts also sent their furs to Fort St. James. Farther down the 
 River Fraser, the next post of importance was Fort Alexandria, sit- 
 uated about one hundred miles from Fort George. To the south 
 east of this, on the Kamloops River, was Fort Kamloops, the capi- 
 tal of what was known as the Thompson River district. Near the 
 mouth of the Fraser was Fort Langley, and away up on the north 
 coast was Fort Simpson. All of these posts, and their subordinate 
 establishments, yielded large annual returns. Besides the business 
 done by the permanent forts, migratory expeditions were yearly dis- 
 patched to districts in which no permanent establishments as yet 
 existed, and along the coast the company's steamers, Beaver and 
 Cadboro, every year did a large trade. 
 
 With the consummation of the union the Hudson's Bay Company 
 became absolute rulers over an extent of territory greater by one-third 
 than that of Europe and exercised supreme civil and criminal jurisdic- 
 tion over the greater portion of this enormous region. Their system of 
 communication was complete and extended in an unbroken chain from
 
 8 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean. A consideration of these facts 
 will give the reader an idea of the energy and enterprise of this 
 ambitious corporation and the perfect system it necessarily em- 
 ployed in the successful management of so great a possession. 
 After the union of the two companies, operations were continued with 
 renewed confidence, on a more extensive scale and with a success 
 that surprised the most sanguine anticipations of the directors. 
 
 The year 1824 marked an epoch in the affairs of the company 
 west of the Rocky Mountains, and also in the history of British 
 Columbia, as it was in that year John McLoughlin came from the 
 east to take charge and brought with him James Douglas, then a young 
 man of nineteen years, who was to play such an important part in 
 the subsequent history of the country. McLoughlin had been 
 chosen to fill the position of chief factor on the Pacific coast, on 
 account of his superior knowledge of the Indian character and his 
 keen business instincts coupled with a large spirit of enterprise. 
 He had until the consolidation of the two companies been in the service 
 of the Northwest Company and had been stationed at Fort William 
 on Lake Superior, where Douglas, then in the same service, was em- 
 ployed as one of his clerks. McLoughlin became attached to his 
 youthful subordinate and not only induced him to remain in the 
 company's service after the union had been consummated but took 
 him along with him when he was transferred to New Caledonia. 
 McLoughlin came to his new field of labor possessing the fullest 
 confidence of his company and with power to make whatever changes 
 suggested themselves to him as wise. His first action, after a 
 careful survey of the country, was the removal of headquarters from 
 Astoria to a site farther up the Columbia river near the mouth of the 
 Willamette. To his new foundation he gave the name of Fort Van- 
 couver, which continued to be the central depot for the Pacific Dis- 
 trict until 1849. McLoughlin as far as possible encouraged the 
 cultivation of the land in the immediate neighborhood of forts and 
 the result was before many years agriculture began to assume im- 
 portance. Not only were the company's own establishments thus 
 kept in supplies but at no distant date large quantities of grain and 
 dairy produce were disposed of at profitable rates to the Russians 
 resident in Alaska. Douglas crossed the mountains in company 
 with James Connolly and wintered in Fort St. James where the 
 following year he took command. For several seasons he was kept
 
 NEW CALEDONIA. 9 
 
 at outposts and sent on expeditions by which means he was enabled 
 to gain a knowledge of the country, its inhabitants and their 
 language, and being a close observer and a ready student, he not 
 only mastered the dialects of the natives but obtained such an ac- 
 curate knowledge of the domain as stood him in good stead through- 
 out his subsequent career. During this time he established several 
 forts and among them Fort Connolly on Bear Lake. He was then 
 summoned to headquarters where he became second in command. 
 
 In this vast domain, then, the Hudson's Bay Company continued 
 to build forts, explore trails, cultivate their farms, drive an exten- 
 sive trade in furs and in every way enrich the pockets and swell the 
 importance of those who were fortunate enough to possess stock in 
 this commercial corporation. Everything favored and furthered 
 their aims. Men fitted by temperament and intelligence, had the 
 management of the company's affairs in the country, the native races 
 had been won over not only to peace but in most cases to ardent 
 friendship and as yet the idea of colonizing the country had not 
 suggested itself to the civilized races. Three ships owned by the 
 company made annual trips from England to the chief fort with sup- 
 plies which were distributed twice every year. 
 
 From the date of the consolidation of the two companies until 
 the year 1839 there was no disturbing element from the outer world 
 to question the traders' perfect possession. Mutterings there had 
 been in the United States and much babble of the Republic's owner- 
 ship by right of purchase as far north as parallel of latitude 54 40" 
 but as it only ended in bluster the traders paid little heed to it. 
 In the year 1839, however, appeared the first signs of what was 
 eventually to destroy the monopoly and practically terminate the 
 fur trading business of the company on the Pacific coast. The im- 
 migrant found his way to Oregon and began to settle on its fertile 
 lands. The earliest of these enemies of the fur trade were in most 
 cases destitute and starving, and the company's agents, although 
 they saw the danger of further invasion were compelled by their 
 sense of humanity to give food and assistance to these destitute 
 wanderers. The assistance thus supplied, as was to be expected, 
 only aggravated the evil and thereafter the tide of immigration con- 
 tinued to increase. The London managers were made acquainted 
 with this condition of affairs and also with the fact that substantial 
 sympathy had been extended to the suffering settler. They did not,
 
 10 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 however, look at the matter in the light in which it presented itself to 
 their agents on the Pacific coast. As they were not familiar with 
 the causes which impelled the immigrant to Oregon and had not the 
 advantage of a personal acquaintance with the extreme destitution 
 which appealed to the humanity of the traders they were inclined 
 to blame the chief of the department on the Pacific for encouraging, 
 when he should not even have permitted settlement on their hunting 
 preserves. Their suspicions were aroused against McLoughlin and 
 from this time they continued to watch with a jealous eye his atti- 
 tude towards the immigrant. McLoughlin was unaware of the 
 offense he had given and being of a kindly disposition continued his 
 good offices to the unfortunates and thus laid himself yet more under 
 the displeasure of his superiors. These suspicions of the managers 
 were, however, kept dark while McLoughlin's services seemed indis- 
 pensable and so during six years the pioneer settlers had the benefit 
 of his advice and assistance. 
 
 If, however, the southern border of its Empire was thus being 
 threatened the company was enlarging its northern domain. In 
 1839 a strip of the Alaskan coast was leased at a yearly rental of 
 $2,000 and in the following spring formal possession was taken by 
 Douglas who placed a man in charge at Fort Stikeen which had been 
 a Russian post. He then held a conference with the Russian 
 Governor, Etholin, during which certain matters of trade were 
 arranged. He also decided to build another post on the newly ac- 
 quired territory and Fort Taco on the Taco river came into exist- 
 ence. The following three years were not marked by any event 
 of importance save the assassination, in 1841, of John McLoughlin, 
 Jr., at Fort Stikeen. The returns from the different departments 
 during this period were in excess of those of any previous period 
 and if the company were not occupied in making history it was be- 
 cause they found it more to their interest to confine themselves 
 strictly to the barter in furs.
 
 VANCOUVER ISLAND TO 1858. 
 
 Down to this time no settlement nor any attempt at permanent 
 settlement had been made on Vancouver Island and its existence 
 even seems to have excited no interest in the minds of the adventur- 
 ous men who had covered the mainland with their forts. A combi- 
 nation of circumstances now, however, conspired to render it desir- 
 able for occupation. The rush of agricultural settlers from the East 
 to Oregon and the doubt which existed as to where the dividing line 
 between the United States and British territory would fall made 
 the site of the headquarters on the Columbia river in every respect 
 one of questionable advantage. It was more than desirable it was 
 necessary that the company's chief station should be situated on 
 British soil and as far as possible removed from civilized settlements. 
 These and many minor reasons pressed on the minds of the company's 
 chief agents the need of at least having in readiness a well estab- 
 lished place of business to which they could remove their headquarters 
 at short notice. The erection of a fort on the seaboard was accord- 
 ingly, after mature consideration, decided upon, and as the selection 
 of the site required prudence and judgment and a large knowledge of 
 the bays and harbors of the country Douglas was deputed to take the 
 matter in hand. After carefully balancing the advantages of a num- 
 ber of different points he chose that on which the city of Victoria now 
 stands. In his selection he was influenced by the good harborage 
 afforded and the ease and quickness with which it could be reached 
 from most of the posts on the mainland as well as by the quality of 
 the soil in the immediate neighborhood and by its timber. 
 
 The history of Vancouver Island previous to this time is a record 
 of a few fights in its waters between European vessels for the right 
 to possession and of a few conferences between inferior plenipoten- 
 tiaries with the same object in view interlarded by a number of 
 massacres of each party by the native inhabitants. The discovery 
 of the Island was the result of a search for that chimera of the 
 mariner of the 16th and 17th centuries a north west passage
 
 12 HISTORICAL SKETCH. ' 
 
 between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In this vain quest the 
 shores of the Pacific were eagerly explored and the Spaniards, then the 
 foremost adventurers in the New World, dispatched many expe- 
 ditions northward. Boisterous seas and the cold climate, however, 
 retarded discovery and the hostile attitude of the native tribes 
 damped the enthusiasm of the sailors. The first European who is 
 recorded to have visited these waters was a Greek pilot named 
 Apostolos Valerianos, known to his fellow sailors as Juan de Fuca. 
 He discovered the straits which now bear his name and sailed some 
 distance up them. He was confident that he had found the long 
 sought for channel but was unable to push his investigations owing 
 to his capture shortly after by an English freebooter and the conse- 
 quent loss of all he possessed. Some years subsequent the story of his 
 discovery became current and was by many believed to be true but 
 little or no effort was made to verify it until the voyage of Captain 
 Cook in 1778, almost two centuries later. Captain Cook was un- 
 able to find the channel as indicated by Fuca and unhesitatingly 
 pronounced the tale a fiction. Some ten years later, however, an 
 English naval captain named Meares re-discovered the straits and 
 sailed up them about thirty miles. 
 
 Shortly after this date a number of Spanish vessels anchored at 
 Nootka Sound and the country (they did not then know it was an island) 
 was taken possession of in the name of the King of Spain. With 
 all the arrogance which has ever characterized the procedure of that 
 Power on this continent, absolute ownership as far north as the 60th 
 degree of latitude was laid claim to and in enforcing this claim fre- 
 quent outrages were committed on English vessels visiting these 
 parts. The matter was brought to the attention of both govern- 
 ments and nearly precipitated a war. This calamity, however, was 
 averted by the timely humility of Spain who promised to make res- 
 titution of the vessels and goods seized and indemnify the owners 
 for losses. What is known as the Nootka Convention was held in 
 1790 in which England and Spain came to an understanding regard- 
 ing the territory north of California, and to adjudge the amount of 
 indemnification due by Spain Captain Vancouver, of the English 
 navy and Bodega Y. Quadra a Spanish officer were sent hither by 
 their respective governments. In addition to this official business 
 Vancouver had instructions to explore the coast and report to the 
 home authorities. In doing so he discovered the insular character
 
 VANCOUVER ISLAND. 13 
 
 of the country, having sailed around it. The island thus discovered 
 was given the name Quadra and Vancouver Island and so appears 
 on many of the early maps. The Spaniards not long after this 
 abandoned their post at Nootka and gradually withdrew from this 
 part of the coast. With the settlement of this dispute all interest 
 in the Island seems to have died out and until the time that James 
 Douglas decided on building Fort Victoria or Camosun as the post 
 was first named, the primitive inhabitants had remained in undis- 
 turbed possession, 
 
 At the same time that a fort on the southern part of Vancouver 
 Island had been resolved on, it was also decided to abandon the 
 posts Taco and McLoughlin and to transfer their men and supplies 
 and whatever else they possessed of value to the new establishment. 
 In consequence of this Douglas had only fifteen men with him when 
 he arrived from Fort Vancouver in March 1843 to commence build- 
 ing operations at Camosun. This number, however, was increased 
 to fifty by the addition of those from the northern stations. The 
 work was now pushed forward with rapidity under the supervision 
 of Douglas. The tribe of Indians native to the locality, the Songhies, 
 expressed their satisfaction at the establisment of a fort on their 
 territory and offered their assistance, and surrounding tribes were 
 attracted to the spot by the novelty of the proceeding. With the 
 exception of a few attempts at pilfering which in most cases were 
 defeated no trouble was given by the natives. Their good behavior 
 was probably owing, however, in a large measure to the fact that 
 the workmen were armed to the teeth and kept guard night and day 
 to prevent any hostile manifestations. After seven months of un- 
 flagging labor Douglas declared the new fort in a defensible state 
 and prepared to take his departure. He appointed Charles Ross to 
 the command of the fort with Roderick Finlayson as his assistant 
 and giving general directions for their guidance returned to Fort 
 Vancouver. 
 
 Thus Victoria rose into being forty -seven years ago as a palisaded 
 fort of one hundred yards square enclosing eight log houses and 
 garrisoned by two dozen men. Douglas' parting exhortation to his 
 lieutenants to be zealous and thrifty and accomplish the largest pos- 
 sible results with the smallest possible means was acted upon to the 
 letter. The men in charge regarded their management of the fort 
 as a crucial test of their ability and were determined that their work
 
 14 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 should be such as would not admit of failure. As soon as it was 
 possible to do so the work of clearing land for agricultural purposes 
 was commenced as it was intended that next year the fort should be 
 self sustaining. In the spring of 1844, Mr. Ross, the chief officer 
 died and Mr. Finlayson took his place. By this time considerable 
 land had been cleared, cattle had been brought from the company's 
 establishments on Puget Sound and a small dairy farm started. 
 This year was marked by the only attempt on the part of the Indi- 
 ans to occasion trouble at Fort Victoria. The traders missed a 
 number of cattle from their herd and after careful enquiry fastened 
 the guilt of stealing them on the natives. When reparation was 
 demanded the aborigines became threatening and even went so far 
 as to make an attack on the fort. They were easily beaten off, 
 however, and frightened by an exhibition of the powers of the big 
 guns. On the same day that they made their attempt they also 
 brought to the gates of the fort the full value of the stolen cattle 
 and sued for peace. 
 
 By rigid economy, industry, ingenuity in turning almost every- 
 thing to account, devising new means of surmounting difficulties and 
 by tact in the management of the Indians the young post was very 
 shortly able to take care of itself and it did so to the admiration of 
 even the exacting Douglas. In 1845 the name Camosun which it 
 had borne until this time was dropped and that of Albert, in honor 
 of the Prince Consort, was substituted. The year following another 
 change took place and Fort Albert became Fort Victoria under 
 which designation it has since continued to flourish. In accordance 
 with the intentions of the Hudson's Bay Company Victoria was 
 pushed rapidly forward in importance and almost immediately be- 
 came recognised as the second depot on the Pacific Coast. The 
 ships from England were ordered to sail directly to that port and 
 after depositing there the supplies for distribution among the coast 
 establishments to proceed to Fort Vancouver. In founding Victoria 
 the company had it within the horizon of their hopes that it should 
 become a redezvous for whalers a business which at that time was 
 rapidly assuming large proportions. It seemed at first as if this 
 hope would be fulfilled and for several years whaling vessels did 
 drop anchor in its harbor but it was finally found that the Hawaiian 
 Islands offered a more convenient port of call and Victoria accord- 
 ingly lost this trade.
 
 VANCOUVER ISLAND. 15 
 
 While these events were taking place in Vancouver Island and 
 the foundation of a future capital was being thus modestly laid, a 
 question, the settlement of which was big with results for Victoria, 
 was exercising the minds of men in the greater world. The question 
 as to where the line of boundary between Her Majesty's dominions 
 and the territory of the United States should fall was assuming 
 threatening importance and for a time it appeared more than likely, 
 especially in view of the hostile and unreasoning stand taken by the 
 American people or at least those who undertook to speak for them, 
 that over it the two nations would be plunged into war. The people 
 of the Republic, as has ever been their custom in their dealings with 
 England, put forward most monstrous and unjust claims and trusted 
 to bluster and chicanery to carry their point. They asserted a right 
 of possession to the territory as far north as Alaska and throughout 
 the entire Republic rang the cry "54 40" or fight." But a popular 
 cry no matter with what enthusiasm it may be shouted or how 
 much effect it may have in determining matters of internal economy, 
 especially in a country where mob-law is supreme, fortunately is of 
 little avail in settling matters of international importance. The 
 English Government, it must be confessed, did not take the firm 
 stand which it should have done at this time. The fact was, the 
 British ministers, who did not think the territory worth fighting for, 
 seemed only anxious to get out of the difficulty with as good grace 
 as possible. This lukewarmness when the time for settlement ar- 
 rived cost this country dear and robbed her of a vast deal of terri- 
 tory. The Home Government, indeed, sent out a special commission 
 of enquiry, consisting of two engineers named Warre and Vavasour 
 to report on the value of the country and these gentlemen arrived at 
 Fort Vancouver in 1845 having come overland by way of York 
 Factory. H. M. S. America, Captain Gordon, also arrived at Vic- 
 toria in 1845 and during the next year quite a number of naval 
 vessels followed. The officers in command of most of these ships had 
 instructions to report to the Home Government on the same matter 
 the value of the territory. As the majority of these gentlemen 
 were men whose opinions on questions with which they were most 
 intimately acquainted would have been of little value, nothing, plain- 
 ly, was to be expected from them on a matter concerning which 
 they were profoundly ignorant and on which they had neither the 
 energy nor inclination to inform themselves. Their reports it is
 
 16 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 needless to say were unanimously to the effect that the country was 
 not worth a battle and this view of the case received the confirma- 
 tion of the managers of the Hudson's Bay Company. Under these 
 circumstances and with the politicians of the United States keenly 
 alive to the desirability of acquiring all the territory they could 
 on the continent it is not to be wondered at, that matters were so 
 badly managed and so much was yielded by Britain when by the 
 treaty of 1846 the 49th parallel of latitude was agreed upon by the 
 two nations as the line dividing their dominions. The settlement 
 of the boundary question could not but open up a large prospect of 
 future greatness to Victoria, which now became the principal station 
 of the company on British territory west of the Eocky mountains. 
 Improvements went on rapidly around the fort and by the time it 
 had been three years in existence one hundred and sixty acres of 
 land had been cleared and placed under cultivation. At the end 
 of 1847 double that amount had been tilled and two dairies each 
 possessing seventy milch cows were in operation. Thus matters 
 progressed with the infant city and its trade increased so rapidly 
 that very soon the picketed enclosure was not of sufficient size to ac- 
 commodate the business done and it had, therefore, to be enlarged. 
 
 As it was now the avowed intention of the company to remove 
 the headquarters from Fort Vancouver as soon as a route to the in- 
 terior by way of the Fraser River had been opened up, the work of 
 exploration in this connection was at once begun. Mr. A. C. 
 Anderson, who had charge of Fort Alexandria, was entrusted with 
 this work and early in 1846 he set out from Fort Kamloops with 
 five men to survey the country from that point to Fort Langley. 
 He did not meet with much success on his downward journey but 
 was more fortunate when returning and the result of his labor was 
 the adoption of a route from Langley by way of the Quequealla 
 river and Lake Nicola to Kamloops from whence the trails to the 
 interior were reasonably well known. 1847 he made another survey 
 but without further success and his route of the previous year was 
 in the main adopted and has since become the wagon road to the 
 south-eastern interior. Anderson's explorations were conducted in 
 the face of a considerable amount of Indian hostility, which, how- 
 ever, was. not openly displayed but exhausted itself in attempts to 
 misguide and discourage him in his undertaking. Notwithstanding 
 this, his determination to succeed, and the fidelity of several native
 
 VANCOUVER ISLAND. 17 
 
 servants enabled him to defeat the machinations of the savages. 
 This enmity on the part of the Indians, while it did not come to a 
 head or adversely affect the company's interests, was indicative of a 
 restless feeling which at this time possessed the tribes of the interior 
 and which during 1864 found vent in an attempted uprising of the 
 united Shuswap peoples. The attempt was defeated by the address 
 and courage of chief trader Tod who was in charge of the Kamloops 
 station and steps were at once taken to remove any cause which 
 tended to dissatisfy the natives with the rule of the corporation. 
 Consequent upon the success of Anderson's survey and the necessity 
 that arose for a resting place on the new route between Kamloops 
 and Langley, Fort Yale was established in 1848 on the Fraser and 
 in the year following Fort Hope, a short distance farther down the 
 river, came into existence. 
 
 The Hudson's Bay Company was now at the zenith of its pros- 
 perity on the Pacific coast and Douglas was at the head of its 
 affairs in name as well as in fact, McLoughlin having retired from 
 the service in 1845. The company's license of trade had been re- 
 newed in 1838 for a second term of twenty -one years and would not, 
 therefore, expire until 1859. The country had been thoroughly well 
 explored from a fur trader's point of view and posts established 
 wherever business warranted. These establishments amounted in all 
 to thirty-nine and were all of them doing profitable businesses. In 
 18*49 the time had come when, in the opinion of the management, 
 the headquarters could be removed from Fort Vancouver with ad- 
 vantage and accordingly in that year Douglas placed Mr. Dugald 
 McTavish in command on the Columbia and, accompanied by Chief 
 Factor Ogden, removed to Fort Victoria. 
 
 But if this period saw the realization of the company's largest 
 hopes on the Pacific it was also fruitful in causes which ultimately 
 led to the destruction of the fur trade. Chief among these causes 
 were the tide of immigration which began to flow from the east into 
 Oregon ; the fact recently come to light that coal beds existed on 
 Vancouver Island, and the discovery in 1848 of gold in California. 
 
 1. The first of these, namely the rapid settlement of the American 
 territory had attracted the attention of English statesmen and the 
 question naturally arose in their minds why the adjacent dominion 
 of Britain should not be utilized as a colonization ground for their 
 overplus population. The idea had no sooner been entertained than 
 
 (3)
 
 18 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 it received expression in parliament. It chanced, however, that the 
 same idea had suggested itself to the managers of the monopoly who 
 were ever awake to what affected their interests and they regarded 
 it from a stand-point directly opposite to that taken by those who 
 brought the matter before parliament. None saw more clearly 
 than they that the colonization of the country was simply a 
 matter of time and while they did not apprehend any trouble 
 for years to come, they considered it as well to be pre- 
 pared against all contingencies. They, therefore, without delay, set 
 themselves to solve the problem how best to reconcile the coloniza- 
 tion of the country with their own interests. Their cogitations took 
 the form of an application to parliament asking that they be granted 
 the privilege of colonizing the country. This solution of the question 
 was a highly ingenious one as it meant, when analyzed, that the com- 
 pany would have it within their power to retard or assist settlement 
 as suited them best. The application was made in 1847 and in the 
 form it first took somewhat startled the Government by its magnifi- 
 cent proportions. The proposal was that the company should under- 
 take the government and colonization of all the territories belonging 
 to the crown in North America and should receive a grant ac- 
 cordingly. It was quickly seen, however, that such a proposition 
 would not be entertained and it was accordingly withdrawn and 
 after several modifications and the substitution of Vancouver Island 
 for British North America was again presented. This request the 
 Government was not averse to granting and a charter was placed be- 
 fore Parliament in 18i8, which, although it met with strong opposition 
 was finally carried. By the terms of this grant which was consum- 
 mated on January 13th, 1849, the company was given the Island 
 "with the royalities of its seas, and all the mines belonging to it, 
 subject only to the domination of the British Crown and a yearly 
 rental of seven shillings. The company was to settle upon the 
 Island within five years a colony of British subjects; and to dispose 
 of land for purposes of colonization at reasonable prices, retaining of 
 all the moneys secured from su^h source as well as from coal and 
 other minerals, ten per cent., and applying towards public improve- 
 ments upon the Island, the remaining nine-tenths. Such lands as 
 might be necessary for a naval station, and for other government es- 
 tablishments, were to be reserved ; and the company should every 
 two years report to the Government the number of colonists settled
 
 VANCOUVER ISLAND. 19 
 
 on the Island, and the lands sold. If at the expiration of five years 
 no settlement should have been made, the grant should be forfeited ; 
 and if at the expiration of the company's license of exclusive trade 
 with the Indians in 1859 the Government should so elect it might 
 recover the Island from the company on the payment of such sums 
 of money as had been actually expended by them in colonization. 
 Except during hostilities between Great Britain and any foreign 
 power, the company should defray all expenses of all civil and mili- 
 tary establishments for the government and protection of the 
 Island." 
 
 2. The existence of coal on the Island had, as early as 1835, 
 been brought to the attention of the traders by the tribe inhabit- 
 ing the district about Beaver Harbor, but as the company had little 
 need for it themselves, and no market in which to sell it, they made 
 no use of their discovery. With that caution, however, for which 
 they were remarkable, they said nothing about the matter, and until 
 1845 the outside world was in ignorance of the hidden wealth which 
 the country possessed. In that year the engineers Warre and Vav- 
 asour, in their report to the Home authorities, mentioned the fact 
 of the existence of this mineral, both on the Island and on the Main- 
 land, and in the following year the steam-sloop Cormorant, of the 
 Royal Navy, loaded some sixty-five tons at Beaver Harbor. It was 
 not till a couple of years after this that the company decided on 
 working the mine. Early in 1849 an expedition was sent north 
 and a post, to which was . given the name Fort Rupert, erected at 
 Beaver Harbor. A practical miner named Muir was brought out 
 from Scotland, also proper mining machinery, and everything got in 
 readiness for a thorough test. Muir began work without delay and, 
 notwithstanding the hostility of the natives, succeeded in making a 
 sufficient test to convince him that the seams at this point were not 
 valuable enough to pay the working. During the same year, how- 
 ever, the Douglas seam, situated near what is now the City of 
 Nanaimo, had been discovered by Chief Factor McKay, and Muir 
 abandoned Fort Rupert and removed his machinery to the new field 
 where his test was successful beyond anticipation. Accordingly in 
 1852 a fort was built at this spot which has since grown into a city. 
 The work progressed so well that before the end of two years two 
 thousand tons had been shipped to California where it brought 
 per ton.
 
 20 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 3. In the spring of 1848 a rumor of the existence of gold in Cali- 
 fornia flashed over this continent, and in the following year occurred 
 the great rush to the auriferous regions. This discovery, while not 
 immediately affecting the company's fur business, inaugurated a new 
 state of affairs at Victoria, and gave the traders a novel commodity 
 for which to barter their goods. Fort Victoria was at that time the 
 nearest point outside of San Francisco where miners could obtain 
 their outfits, and many of them preferred wintering here to wasting 
 the result of their labor in the gambling hells of California. The 
 first that was seen of the miners at Fort Victoria was in 1849, when 
 a large number of them arrived direct from the gold fields. Finlay- 
 son at first supposed them to be pirates and prepared to give them 
 a warm reception, but discovering his mistake entered into converse 
 with them and finally took their gold in exchange for goods. The 
 report of the vast wealth to be got with little trouble spread like 
 wildfire through the company's forts, and many of the servants de- 
 serted for the mines. With the exception of the loss of some of 
 their men, however, the traders were in no way disturbed and con- 
 tinued in happy unconsciousness of the fact that the same magnet 
 which had drawn such a mass of struggling humanity to California, 
 lay embedded in the soil of their own territory, and would in a 
 brief decade of years draw the -same eager thousands to British 
 Columbia. 
 
 At the end of these twenty-eight years of undisturbed and un- 
 disputed occupation by the Hudson's Bay Company the country 
 still retained all its primitive characteristics. A considerable num- 
 ber of trading posts had indeed been added to those already in exis- 
 tence before the beginning of that period, and on the Island Forts 
 Rupert and Nanaimo had been established as coaling stations. This 
 industry was, however, yet in its infancy, and these posts accord- 
 ingly had not begun to assume even the importance of villages. 
 The whole territory was simply a vast wilderness threaded by a few 
 trails that were distinguishable only by the practiced eye of the 
 hunter or the savage. Victoria indeed existed, and notwithstand- 
 ing the fact that it was not only the capital but was, as far as civ- 
 ilized man was concerned, the whole country, and that to the shrewd 
 observer it had a considerable future before it, it was still nothing 
 but a large palisaded fort. Over this immense hunting forest then 
 the word of the Chief Factor was law, and no Norman Conqueror's
 
 VANCOUVER ISLAND. 21 
 
 mandates were more respectfully listened to or more implicitly 
 obeyed. He was law-maker and judge, and from his decision there 
 was no appeal. With the country so firmly in the grasp of a 
 monopoly, whose interests were so largely concerned in keeping it in 
 its savage condition, it will be easily understood how its colonization 
 could be retarded, and how difficult it would be in the face of the 
 company's opposition, always prudently directed, for the Imperial 
 Government to have its intentions carried out in regard to a colony 
 situated at a distance of eight thousand miles. We shall see how 
 the first representative of the Government to Vancouver Island was 
 confronted with this opposition, how insuperable he found it and 
 how, after a struggle of nearly two years, he abandoned his post in 
 despair. 
 
 It was shortly after the charter of the Hudson's Bay Company 
 had been confirmed by Parliament, that the Imperial Cabinet signi- 
 fied its intention of appointing a Governor to look after the interests 
 of Her Majesty's subjects on Vancouver Island, and the company's 
 management in London was asked to suggest the name of a suitable 
 man to fill the position. With numerous reasons attached for his 
 choice, one of which was that he would serve without remuneration, 
 Sir John Pelly, then at the head of the company's affairs in London, 
 submitted the name of James Douglas, Chief Factor on the Pacific 
 coast. The company's nominee, however, was rejected, and Rich- 
 ard Blanchard, a lawyer, was appointed instead. Blanchard ac- 
 cepted the position without salary and immediately sailed for the 
 seat of his government, which he reached on March 10th, 1850. 
 He was not long in discovering that the honor to be derived from 
 the incumbency of this high official position was on a par with its 
 emoluments. His presence was regarded by the company's agents, 
 then the only white men on the Island, as a joke, none the less good 
 that their politeness did not permit them to smile too broadly. In- 
 deed, from the time Blanchard landed on the Island till the time 
 he left it in chagrin, he had not so much power as the untaxed den- 
 izen of the forest. In addition to his poworlessness he had from 
 first to last numberless inconveniences, vexations and discomforts 
 to submit to, besides paying handsomely for his maintenance. He 
 found on his arrival at Victoria that no residence had been prepared 
 for him and so, after reading his commission, he returned on board 
 the Government vessel in which he had come and visited various
 
 22 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 points on the coast as far north as Fort Rupert. He then returned 
 to Victoria and was given a room in the fort while a house was being 
 prepared for him outside the pickets. With the exception of one 
 visit north in September, 1850, to enquire into some trouble at Fort 
 Rupert, Blanchard remained at Victoria till his departure for Eng- 
 land on September 1st, 1851. During this whole period his admin- 
 istration consisted in giving orders, which were disregarded, and 
 writing despatches to the Home Authorities, in which he complain- 
 ed of the actions of the Hudson's Bay Company's officers. The fact 
 was Blanchard's position was a most anojnalous one and it would 
 have been impossible for the most forcible man to have asserted 
 himself in the circumstances in which he was placed. As before 
 stated the company's officers and servants where the only white men 
 in the colony, and they regarded the appointment of Blanchard as 
 an attempted interference with their control of the Island. This 
 they were not disposed to submit to, and made the fact unpleasant- 
 ly plain to Her Majesty's representative. Blanchard was not de- 
 ficient in courage and he fought the monopoly till the contest became 
 too heavy a drain on his pocket as well as his pride. He then 
 succumbed to the inevitable. 
 
 Meanwhile the first effort at colonization had been made. In 
 March, 1850, the ship Norman Morrison, Captain Wishart in 
 command, arrived at Esquimalt with eighty emigrants aboard. On 
 this vessel came out as medical officer to the company Dr. John 
 Sabastian Helmcken, so well known in the country's subsequent 
 history. As the majority of these emigrants had been engaged to 
 work in the company's coal mines, this apparent attempt to induce 
 settlement had little meaning. Indeed it cannot be said that the 
 settlement of the Island progressed with even reasonable success 
 under the company's regime; in fact if any genuine efforts at all 
 were made in the direction of colonization they proved unsuccessful. 
 Nor was this to be wondered at when the terms offered to intending 
 settlers are considered. In conformity with the terms of their char- 
 ter the company immediately after the grant was confirmed had 
 issued a prospectus and advertised for colonists. In the prospectus 
 the price of land was fixed at one pound an acre, and for every 
 hundred acres purchased at this price, the investor was obliged to 
 bring at his own expense three families or six single persons. It 
 will thus be readily seen that only a person of means was able to
 
 VANCOUVER ISLAND. 23 
 
 take advantage of .the company's offer to leave a comfortable home 
 in the old land and come to the wilds of British Columbia to hew a 
 fortune out of the forest. At the same time that the company was 
 building this wall of high terms against settlers, land was being sold 
 in Washington Territory at one dollar an acre. In addition to this 
 the settler was completely in the power of the monopoly. All his 
 supplies he had to purchase from the company's agents, and at the 
 prices they demanded, and to them alone could he look for a market 
 for his crops. Besides that he came directly into competition with 
 the traders, who were themselves the largest farmers on the Island. 
 
 The result of all this was what the company had intended- the 
 discouragement of colonization. Of the unfortunate men who did 
 come out during the first year the majority, after a few months, 
 abandoned their lands for the gold fields, and those who remained 
 were at incessant war with the company and continually imploring 
 Parliament to abridge its powers. To the wretched settler every- 
 thing seemed to play into the hands of the monopoly, and the very 
 fact that some abandoned their farms in despair and went to the 
 gold fields, was given by the company, and accepted by the Govern- 
 ment as a reasonable excuse for the failure to colonize. The weak- 
 ness of this pretext was apparent to all familiar with the facts, and 
 it was well known that after the subsidence of the excitement in 
 California, many who had left the mines would have been only too 
 willing to take up land and settle on Vancouver Island under Brit- 
 ish rule, but were repelled by the exorbitant terms which they were 
 required to subscribe to. 
 
 Previous to his departure from the colony Governor Blanchard 
 appointed a Provisional Council, composed of James Douglas, James 
 Cooper and John Tod, to carry on the administration. In Septem- 
 ber of 1851 James Douglas was made Governor, and in the follow- 
 ing November took the oath of office, and Roderick Finlayson was 
 appointed to the vacant seat at the Council Board. Douglas, in ac- 
 cepting office, stipulated for a salary, and 800 per annum was 
 granted. Now that Her Majesty and the monopoly were represented 
 by the same person the government of the country was conducted 
 harmoniously enough, and the ever discontented colonists alone 
 refused to join in the general satisfaction. 
 
 In 1852 Victoria was laid out into streets, the boundaries of the 
 town then being the harbor on the west, the present Government
 
 24 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 street on the east, Johnson street on the north, and the fort on the 
 south. At the close of 1853 there were 450 white men on the Island, 
 300 of whom where at Victoria, 125 at Nanaimo, and the remainder 
 at Fort Rupert. Up to this time 19,807 acres of land had been ap- 
 plied for, 10,172 being for the Hudson's Bay Company, 2,374 for the 
 Puget Sound Company, and the rest for private individuals. In 
 1853 the increase in population pointed to the necessity of a judicial 
 functionary, and David Cameron was appointed Chief Justice of the 
 Island, which appointment was confirmed by the Home Govern- 
 ment. There had previous to this been no judiciary, nor in fact any 
 constabulary, with the exception of a volunteer force of mounted 
 men to keep the Indians in check. 
 
 As the five years' term drew towards its close the company again 
 became anxious about their charter. They began to fear that if 
 some efforts sufficient to hoodwink the Government were not made 
 in the direction of colonization trouble might ensue. Accordingly 
 they released some of the ten thousand acres of reserve land they 
 held in the vicinity of Fort Victoria, and ordered a number of their ser- 
 vants to become settlers, and to bring out their families to the Is- 
 land. Many of the officers also purchased wild lands at the fixed 
 price of one pound per acre, to give color to their proceedings. The 
 agents of the company, resident on the Island, however, no longer 
 shared the anxiety of the management. The majority of them had 
 become land holders, and they saw plainly that for themselves there 
 was more to be gained by the settlement of the Island than in the 
 continuation of the fur trade, and they were not averse to seeing the 
 government of the Island pass out of the hands of the monopoly. 
 Moreover, Douglas' dual position as Governor and Chief Factor gave 
 satisfaction neither to the colonists nor to the agents of the company 
 subordinate to him, and therefore when the settlers' petition to Par- 
 liament was prepared, asking that the company's grant be not re- 
 newed at the expiration of the five years' term, and that the Island 
 be taken under the immediate management of the Imperial Govern- 
 ment, it was signed, not only by the colonists themselves, but also 
 by the highest officials of the company then on the Island, with the 
 exception of Douglas himself. The petition, among other things, 
 asked that a Governor and subordinate functionaries be appointed 
 and paid by the Home Government; that courts of justice be estab- 
 lished; that the executive council be separated from the legislative;
 
 VANCOUVER ISLAND. 25 
 
 that the house of assembly consist of nine members, to be elected 
 every three years; that the election franchise, now enjoyed only by 
 persons holding twenty acres of "land, be extended so as to include 
 persons occupying houses or paying rent to the extent of ten pounds 
 per annum, or owning farm lands to the extent of ten pounds, or city 
 lands to the value of twenty pounds, and that the price of public lands 
 be reduced to ten shillings an acre payable in five annual installments, 
 at the rate of five per cent, per annum. Notwithstanding this petiton, 
 supported as it was by a number of prominent members of the Im- 
 perial House, the company's charter was renewed for another five 
 years. 
 
 In Blanchard's commission a clause existed empowering him to 
 establish a representative assembly, with whose advice, and that of 
 his council, he should govern the colony. Blanchard had not acted 
 on his power in this respect, owing to the fact that there were not at 
 that time men on the Island, outside the company's officials, who 
 were qualified to act as representatives. In 1856, however, the 
 English Government decided that matters were now far enough ad- 
 vanced in the colony for the establishment of representative govern- 
 ment. Douglas was accordingly instructed to call an assembly and 
 he at once summoned a meeting of his council to consider the matter. 
 As a result of their deliberations a proclamation was issued on June 
 16th, 1856, dividing the Island into four electoral districts, and ap- 
 pointing to each its number of representatives. The districts were 
 as follows: Victoria, with three members; Esquimalt and Metchos- 
 in, with two members; Nanaimo, with one member, and Sooke with 
 one member. The property qualification for voters was twenty acres, 
 or more, of freehold land, and that for representatives 300, or 
 more, in freehold estate. Writs were issued and made returnable on 
 August 4th. On this day then the first election on Vancouver Is- 
 land was held, and representatives were elected without any disturb- 
 ance. In Victoria there was that day, as there has been on every 
 similar occasion since, a very spirited contest. Five candidates here 
 offered themselves for election, but in the other constituencies the 
 nominees went in by acclamation. The members returned were: 
 John F. Kennedy, Nanaimo; John Muir, Sooke; J. S. Helmcken 
 and Thomas Skinner, Esquimalt; J. D. Pemberton, Joseph Yates 
 and E. E. Langford, Victoria District. This first assembly met in 
 August and elected J. S. Helmcken speaker. After listening to the
 
 26 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 Governor's address the assembly considered the validity of Lang- 
 ford's election, which was disputed, and unseated him. J. W. Mc- 
 Kay was chosen in his place. The labors of this assembly were not 
 very onerous, consisting chiefly in finding ways and means for carry- 
 ing on the government, whose requirements were as yet inconsid- 
 erable, and in the performance of their duties they received the 
 assistance and guidance of the Governor. Even at this early stage 
 of the country's history a strong dislike was manifested on all hands 
 to anything like taxation, and for the first few years the revenue 
 was chiefly derived from licenses imposed on liquor dealers. This 
 assembly continued to meet annually till 1859, when its four years 
 lease of life expired. During this period the judiciary was placed 
 on a sound footing and properly constituted officers were appointed 
 to carry out the orders of the court. Throughout the Island Jus- 
 tices of the Peace were appointed, and the machinery of law set to 
 work in civilized fashion. 
 
 As the years between 1855 and 1859 slipped by, the question of 
 the charter again presented itself to the minds of the company's 
 management. They no longer, however, felt the same anxiety in 
 regard to it which had disturbed them in the past, having prepared 
 themselves against its abrogation, should such be the Government's 
 decision. Indeed, several of the largest shareholders considered a 
 further tenure of power as of doubtful advantage, and were there- 
 fore opposed to accepting a renewal of the grant. It was evident 
 to all that the Island could no longer be held for strictly trading 
 purposes, and the company, with its large parcels of land at Vic- 
 toria, could not now lose by its colonization. Besides this it had 
 been stipulated in the company's agreement with the Government, 
 that upon its relinquishment of the charter it was to be repaid for 
 the outlay which the attempt to colonize the Island had cost it. 
 This sum amounted to the handsome figure of ,80,000. In the 
 House of Commons too there was a strong feeling against the 
 monopoly, and the government was aware that the termination of 
 existing relations between the company and the colony would be 
 popular. 
 
 In 1857 therefore, when the company inquired what action the 
 Government intended taking in the matter, the question was laid 
 before Parliament and a select committee of nineteen members was 
 appointed to consider the state of those British North American
 
 VANCOUVER ISLAND. 27 
 
 possessions which were under the administration of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company, or over which they held license to trade. The Gov- 
 ernor-General of Canada "was notified of the appointment of this 
 committee, and Chief Justice Drake was commissioned by the Cana- 
 dian Government to watch pro eedings in its interest. The Parlia- 
 ment of Canada also appointed a committee to make investigations. 
 After sitting for six months, and examining twenty-four witnesses, 
 the committee decided that the connection of the Hudson's Bay 
 Company with Vancouver Island should be terminated, and means 
 provided for extending the colony over the whole or any portion of 
 the Mainland. 
 
 When the committee reported the result of their enquiry to Par- 
 liament in 1858 its recommendations were adopted, and the gov- 
 ernment of Vancouver Island was ordered to be taken out of the 
 hands of the company as soon as the charter should expire. James 
 Douglas was offered the position of Governor of the colony, on con- 
 dition of his severing his connection with the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany, which he accepted, disposing of his interest therein and forever 
 bidding adieu to the corporation he had served so long and well. 
 In the meantime, in consequence of the discovery of gold on the 
 Fraser and Thompson Rivers, and the enormous rush of people to 
 that region, it had been deemed advisable to take measures for the 
 government of the Mainland, and New Caledonia was raised into a 
 colony, under the name of British Columbia. Of this colony Doug- 
 las was appointed Governor, as well as of Vancouver Island. Some 
 months subsequent to this the company's license of exclusive trade 
 on the Mainland was revoked, and the territory west of the Rocky 
 Mountains was forever rid of a monopoly which had seen and sur- 
 vived its day of usefulness. 
 
 Before leaving this period to enter upon what may be called the 
 history of the colony proper, it will be necessary to relate the par- 
 ticulars of a dispute arising out of the boundary question which 
 for a time assumed quite threatening proportions. The treaty of 
 1846 was in one or two particulars somewhat loosely drawn up ow- 
 ing in a measure to the lack of exact knowledge of the hydrography 
 of the country, and as might have been expected, the people of the 
 United States as soon as they saw it was to their advantage so to do 
 set themselves to work to override a clause, the intention of which 
 was unmistakeable. The treaty in fixing the line of boundary from
 
 28 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 the mainland to the Pacific ocean provides that the navigation of 
 the channel south of the 49th parallel of latitude shall remain free 
 and open to both parties and that this line as continued west from 
 the mainland shall, when it reaches the middle of the channel separ- 
 ating Vancouver Island from the continent, pass southerly through 
 the middle of said channel and of Fuea straits. 
 
 Now, there are two channels leading into the straits of Fuca one 
 only of which, Rosario, was known to navigators at the time the 
 treaty was made, and there is not the slightest doubt but that it was 
 intended by those who drew up the treaty that this was to be the 
 dividing line between the possessions of the two nations. This in- 
 terpretation of the treaty was not questioned for nearly ten years 
 subsequent to the settlement of the boundary question and during 
 all that time the Hudson's Bay Company had been utilizing the 
 largest and best of the islands west of this channel as a farm for the 
 raising of stock. About 1850, a second channel known as Haro, 
 considerably to the west of Rosario channel, and deeper and wider, 
 and in some respects more convenient for ocean vessels was discovered 
 and the Americans at once leapt to the conclusion that this should 
 have been the channel indicated in the treaty. The idea was highly 
 pleasing to them as it meant if adopted that they would come into 
 possession of some very fine islands, one of which, San Juan, was 
 especially valuable, not alone on account of its fertility but also 
 because it was the key to the Gulf of Georgia. Their minds were 
 no sooner made up on this point than they began to resort to their 
 usual arts of bluster and chicanery, for the accomplishment of their 
 design. In 1850 accordingly the legislature of Oregon proceeded 
 to organize these islands into a district, attached to that territory. 
 Of course after this official proceeding on the part of the Americans, 
 and as the Hudson's Bay Company was in quiet possession of San 
 Juan, and had no intention of yielding it up, trouble was sure to 
 follow, and it came. The difficulty began when early in 1854 J. N. 
 Ebey, collector of customs for Puget Sound, attempted to levy dues 
 on a quantity of stock placed on the island by the Hudson's Bay 
 Company. The company's clerk in charge on the island, John 
 Griffin, promptly refused to acknowledge Ebey's right to collect such 
 dues, and acquainted Governor Douglas with the pretentions of the 
 American official. Douglas, accompanied by the Victoria collector 
 of customs, Mr. Sankster, went over to San Juan Island to look
 
 * 
 
 SIR M. 13. BEGIJIK.
 
 VANCOUVER ISLAND. 29 
 
 into the matter. Sankster ordered Ebey to quit the Island, and 
 threatened to arrest all Americans in future found navigating the 
 waters west of Rosario Channel. Ebey, however, was not to be 
 frightened and, while he was unable to levy the dues he claimed, he 
 replied that he would leave a deputy collector on the island who 
 would do his duty. A deputy was accordingly sworn in who faith- 
 fully assessed the company's property, but who magnanimously re- 
 frained from enforcing collections. In March of the following year, 
 however, the Sheriff of Whatcom county seized and sold a number 
 of sheep belonging to the company and, for his timerity, was prom- 
 ptly censured by his Government, which gave orders that those 
 living on the island should not be interfered with till the matter had 
 been considered by the two Governments. After this the United 
 States officials contented themselves with simply valuing the property 
 on the island. In 1856-7 commissioners were appointed by the two 
 powers to examine thoroughly into the matter for the purpose of 
 coming to some amicable understanding. Captains Provost and 
 Richards, of the Royal Navy, were deputed by Britain, and Archi- 
 bald Campbell and Lieut. Parke by the Republic. After two years 
 of consideration the commissioners could not agree, and their labor 
 proved barren of results. In 1859 matters were brought to a crisis 
 by an American squatter on the island, named Cutter, shooting a 
 hog belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company, and refusing 
 to' pay for the same. Cutter being threatened with arrest by 
 the British authorities appealed to General Harney, commander 
 of the Military Department of Oregon. Harney, who was a belli- 
 cose "patriot," immediately sent a company of militia to the island 
 to take possession of it for the United States. This action on the 
 part of the American officials created surprise and indignation at 
 Victoria, and Douglas immediately sent Major DeCourcy to the is- 
 land as stipendary magistrate. Two gun-boats were also dispatched 
 to prevent the landing of more American troops. Notwithstanding 
 this, however, reinforcements were sent by General Harney and 
 were permitted to land. The Americans now threatened that any 
 attempt on the part of the British to land troops would occasion a 
 collision. Captain Provost suggested a joint occupation of the island 
 till the boundary question was settled, but this was rejected. A 
 correspondence then ensued between Douglas and Harney in which 
 the former made an effort to arrange matters until the Governments
 
 30 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 of the respective powers should have come to some understanding. 
 All his overtures, however, were rejected by Harney, and indeed 
 throughout the entire trouble the Americans conducted themselves 
 with a swaggering impudence strongly in contrast to the courteous 
 forbearance of the British officers. Affairs began to look so warlike 
 that General Scott was sent by President Buchanan to enquire fully 
 into the conduct of General Harney and examine the reasons for 
 his action. Scott proposed a joint occupation of the island, but this 
 was rejected by Douglas, who urged the withdrawal of the American 
 troops promising that the naval force should also be removed, and 
 assuring Scott that there was no intention of dislodging the troops 
 in possession without orders from the Home Government. Scott 
 accepted the proposition on these conditions and withdrew all but 
 one company of infantry. Harney was shortly afterwards censured 
 by his own Government and relieved of his command. In 1860 a 
 proposal was made by the English Government that the question be 
 left to arbitration, and one of three powers was suggested as arbi- 
 trator: Denmark, Belgium or the Republic of Switzerland. It is 
 probable that the question might have been settled then, but for 
 the outbreak of the civil war in the United States. From that time 
 till 1868 nothing more was heard of the matter, but during that 
 period Americans were quietly settling on the island and making 
 homes for themselves. During 1860 two efforts were made by Eng- 
 land to have this matter adjusted, and agreements were intered into 
 by American officials to submit the question to arbitration, but on 
 each occasion the agreement was nullified by the United States 
 Senate. The matter remained in this state till 1871, when England 
 sent ffve commissioners to Washington, and a treaty was negotiated 
 whereby the question was referred to the Emperor of Germany for 
 arbitration. In 1872 the matter was decided, and in the estimation 
 of all just men on both sides, who were at all conversant with the 
 case, most unjustly so, in favor of the United States.
 
 THE COLONY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 The golden auspices under which the colony of British Columbia 
 came into existence fittingly presaged the illustrious destiny which 
 all thinking men now recognize is reserved for her. The fitful light 
 which played around her morning has indeed passed away, but it has 
 been succeeded .by the strong, steady glow of human industry and 
 human progress, and beneath these happy rays a wealth more bene- 
 ficial in its influence than that extracted from gold mines has been 
 developed. And even the precious metal, the existence of which in 
 her soil first attracted the attention of the world to her shores, has 
 been but superficially touched upon, that which lies hidden in her 
 mountains offering a larger reward to systematic labor than ever 
 did her pactolean streams to the rough miner of early days. 
 
 The existence of gold in British Columbia had been known to 
 the Hudson's Bay traders long previous to the rush of 1858. As 
 early as 1852 the Queen Charlotte Islands and Skeena River had 
 been prospected, but without successful results, although indications 
 were everywhere abundant. In 1856 and 1857 Chief Trader Mc- 
 Lean, then stationed at Kamloops, had obtained considerable quan- 
 tities from Indians, and in the latter year he had transmitted three 
 hundred ounces to Victoria. Two American prospectors, named 
 McDonald and Adams, had also mined on the Thompson River in 
 1857, and had collected a large quantity of dust. On their way to 
 California McDonald killed Adams, secured the gold and displayed 
 it at Olympia. The story told by McDonald was verified and the 
 news thus conveyed shot like a flame through Oregon and California 
 and kindled hope and desire in the hearts of thousands. 
 
 Governor Douglas learning of the ferment which the reports had 
 occasioned understood what the result would be, and in anticipation of 
 a rush issued a proclamation in December, 1857, forbidding all per- 
 sons to dig or disturb the earth or search for gold until authorized 
 on that behalf by Her Majesty's Colonial Government, and he im- 
 posed a license of ten shillings a month, afterwards increased to five
 
 32 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 dollars, by virtue of which persons would be permitted to mine with- 
 in certain prescribed limits. Early next year he stationed H. M. S. 
 Satelite at the mouth of the River Eraser to prevent the entry of 
 persons who did not possess the necessary license. Besides this he 
 taxed the supplies of the miners, and every boat which entered 
 the Fraser paid a toll of from six to twelve dollars. Douglas' 
 expectations were not disappointed. The excitement throughout 
 California was greater than that of '49 and it was confidently as 
 serted on every hand that the deposits in the River Fraser were 
 richer than had ever been found in the Golden State. The excite- 
 ment, however, was not confined to California. The story of the 
 golden streams had spread from state to state and country to coun- 
 try, and was canvassed in Europe and Australia almost as eagerly as 
 it was in America. Early in 1858 the stream of immigration began 
 to flow. Hundreds of eager fortune seekers came from Europe, 
 thousands from Eastern America, and tens of thousands from Cali- 
 fornia. Sailing vessels and steamers, good, bad and indifferent, 
 daily left San Francisco crowded beyond their capacity with human 
 freight, and stages carried those to Puget Sound who could not get 
 away quickly enough by water. The exodus from California was un- 
 precedented. It was estimated that over thirty-five thousand left 
 San Francisco during the year. Business in California was at a 
 standstill, and the injury done to its commerce was incalculable. 
 The newspapers tried to stem the tide, but without avail, and a base- 
 less rumor had more effect on the public mind than the monitions of 
 reason and experience. 
 
 It was on the 25th of April, 1858, that the first contingent of 
 fortune seekers arrived at Victoria on board the steamer Commodore 
 from San Francisco, and during the succeeding fortnight two thousand 
 others followed. Steamers and sailing vessels entirely new to these 
 waters daily entered the harbor at Victoria with hundreds of men, 
 attracted from all quarters of the globe. After landing their pas- 
 sengers these vessels returned whence they came to spread exag- 
 gerated reports of the country's richness and thereby increase the 
 excitement and the tide of migration. It is estimated that by the 
 twentieth of June fourteen thousand eight hundred men had em- 
 barked for the mines. All this volume of immigration flowed 
 through Victoria in consequence of Governor Douglas' refusal to 
 grant permits and mining licenses elsewhere. The result of this was
 
 COLONY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 33 
 
 that Victoria became within the short space of a month a populous 
 city, the inhabitants of which in great part lived under canvas. Of 
 the thousands who constituted this population not more than one in 
 a hundred had any intention of remaining in Victoria. The desire of 
 all was to get as speedily as possible to the mines, and every day's 
 delay seemed to place them so much farther away frmn their antici- 
 pated fortune. Notwithstanding their impatience, however, the 
 majority of them were doomed to delay, owing to the insufficiency 
 of the steamboat service from Victoria to the mines. The Hudson's 
 Bay Company had the monopoly of this service, the American 
 steamers being excluded from the river, and as the company's ves- 
 sels were neither large enough nor numerous enough to accommo- 
 date the enormous crowds, thousands had to await their opportunity 
 with what grace they could, or else discover some independent 
 means of getting across the gulf. Early in the month of May some 
 rendered foolhardy by their eagerness decided to cross the gulf iu. 
 skiffs, and the example of these infecting others, many risked them- 
 selves in small boats which, in the majority of cases, were of their 
 own construction, and were therefore unseaworthy on unknown 
 and treacherous waters. As might have been expected numbers 
 were never again heard of. 
 
 Several efforts were made by the American steamship companies 
 to establish on Puget Sound a rival town to Victoria, the intention 
 being to cut a trail from this point to the mines on the Fraser. It 
 was believed at this time that the river was not navigable by ocean 
 vessels, and the prospects of an overland route were therefore 
 reasonably good. These considerations led to the establishment of 
 Whatcom, ab which all the American steamers began to land their pas- 
 sengers, after having first called at Victoria for the necessary mining 
 permits, and for a time this place made rapid progress. The cutting 
 of a trail was also begun, but was abandoned as soon as it was dis- 
 covered that ships could ascend the Fraser as far as Langley. This 
 discovery also terminated Whatcom's existence for the time being. 
 In June Governor Douglas removed the restrictions against Ameri- 
 can vessels and allowed them to go up the river on payment of a 
 royalty for each trip. This gave all the transportation facilities re- 
 quired, and by the end of July nearly all the miners had left Vic- 
 toria. Both banks of the river were speedily lined with eager 
 adventurers, and wherever dust was found in paying quantities a 
 
 (4)
 
 34 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 stampede was made to the spot and the ground staked off into 
 claims. These spots were called bars, and many of them have be- 
 come historical from the quantities of the metal which they yielded, 
 and by the associations which cluster around them. The first pay- 
 ing bar above Langley was Maria, and between this and Yale there 
 were twenty others, from all of which diggers were taking large 
 amounts of money. Hill bar was the last and richest before reach- 
 ing Yale, and here during the Summer of 1858 were congregated 
 many of the old California experts, among whom could be counted 
 not a few of the wild and abandoned characters who had made un- 
 savory reputations in the Golden State. As bases from which sup- 
 plies were distributed to the miners, Langley, Hope, Yale, Lytton 
 and Lillooet, rapidly rose into populous towns with thriving busi- 
 nesses. As the bars below Yale became filled the intrepid prospec- 
 tors forced their way northward over the Little Canyon and up to 
 the mouth of the Anderson River. In this stretch thirteen bars 
 were located from all of which the miners extracted on the average 
 $15 a day to the man. Boston Bar, at the mouth of the Anderson 
 River, was especially rich, and indeed it seemed to the adventurers 
 that the farther north they went the more abundant and more val- 
 uable the "finds" became. This fact led the more daring to push 
 forward in the face of all difficulties and privations. There were 
 already miners as high up the river as the forks of the Thompson, 
 who had penetrated thither by way of the Columbia River and who, 
 since April, had been obtaining large returns, although working in 
 the very teeth of starvation. This point was as far north as the 
 miners got in 1858. There was, of course, a small number of the more 
 adventurous who prospected as far up as the Quesnelle, but Winter 
 closed in before they were able to accomplish anything beyond find- 
 ing the indications everywhere excellent. On the Fraser below the 
 Thompson, and on the Thompson itself, however, work during this 
 year was pursued with zeal, and a great portion of the river 
 gravel was sifted by the miners. 
 
 Of the twenty-two thousand who went to the Fraser River in 
 1858 all but about four thousand left before the middle of Summer. 
 This immense exodus was owing to the seemingly inaccessable char- 
 acter of the country, together with the discouraging fact that the 
 bars from which the gold was to be taken could not be got at on ac- 
 count of the high water till after midsummer. Notwithstanding
 
 COLONY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 35 
 
 this great defection, however, the diggings were still overcrowded. 
 A question too, which pressed itself on the minds of all, but especial- 
 ly of those who remained, was how supplies were to be transported 
 beyond Yale. The river navigation rendered transportation to Yale 
 comparatively easy, but to get provisions above the canyons in suf- 
 ficient quantities to meet the demand puzzled the ingenuity of the 
 most anxious. The first men who had crossed had carried supplies 
 on their backs, but these, of course, would not last long, and when 
 they were exhausted it was necessary to obtain more. This difficulty 
 occasioned great distress during the Summer, and as far up as the 
 forks of the Thompson the miners were almost starving. So ex- 
 treme indeed was the destitution that the servants of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company, stationed at the forks of the Thompson, were reduced 
 to living on berries. During the Summer a limited quantity of food 
 had been brought in by way of the Columbia River, but as it was 
 quickly consumed none of it reached the men on the Fraser, who 
 had to supply themselves in a very inefficient manner by crossing 
 the canyon and re-crossing it with supplies on their backs. How 
 long this condition of affairs would have lasted had Governor Doug- 
 las not taken it upon himself to solve the difficulty can only be guessed 
 at, but it is certain that the development of the Cariboo region 
 would have been delayed. When Douglas paid his visit of inspec- 
 tion to the mining region in the Summer he saw the absolute need 
 there was of at once cutting a trail that would be reasonably secure 
 and easy, as hundreds of miners who desired to push north were 
 deterred by the difficulties and dangers attending the journey, and 
 the privations which awaited them at its termination. After due 
 consideration he decided to take advantage of the chain of lakes of 
 which Harrison is the first and Seton the last on the journey north. 
 With portages built between these lakes a tolerably easy route of 
 seventy miles in length would be given the miner from the time he 
 left the Fraser at the confluence of the Harrison River till he again 
 reached the Fraser at Lillooet. Douglas placed his plan before a 
 body of miners and made an arrangement with them whereby they 
 undertook to build the portages. The route came to be known as 
 the Harrison- Lillooet road and proved satisfactory for the purpose 
 it was intended to serve. Men in thousands passed over the road 
 and supplies in comparative abundance reached the Thompson River 
 in the Autumn. Beyond Yale, of course, everything in the form of
 
 36 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 food brought a price never before dreamed of. A pound of beans 
 sold for a dollar and other articles were on a like scale. Douglas be- 
 came aware during his journey of a strong feeling of discontent among 
 the Indians. They were indignant that their territory should have 
 been so despotically appropriated by the white man and the yellow 
 metal, esteemed so valuable, extracted and taken away without any 
 equivalent being offered the original owners of the soil. This gloomy 
 mood of the natives was intensified to fury by the reckless and 
 brutal manner in which some of the worst of the old California 
 miners treated them. Douglas did what he could to soothe their 
 ruffled tempers and they listened to his admonitions with the re- 
 spectful attention they always accorded him, but they failed to be 
 convinced that they should not resort to violence. The Governor 
 appointed several justices of the peace while on his journey and gave 
 general directions for the guidance of those to whom he looked 
 to keep order. At most of the bars rules and regulations of a 
 stringent character, especially as regards the treatment of Indians, 
 had been adopted by the miners themselves, and, everything con- 
 sidered, a wonderful state of orderliness prevailed all along the river. 
 Notwithstanding this, however, there were a few who committed acts 
 calculated to inflame the worst passions of the natives, and besides 
 this the outrages during the early part of the summer could neither 
 be forgotten nor forgiven. In the latter part of July a number of 
 bodies of white men were found on the banks of the river mutilated 
 beyond recognition. Murders were reported almost daily till at 
 length the miners became roused to the alarming state of affairs and 
 held a meeting at Yale. A large number of men were enrolled and 
 an expedition dispatched up the river to overawe the Indians. The 
 expedition was fortunately successful, the tribes as far as the forks 
 of the Thompson entered into a treaty of peace with the whites and 
 the miners returned to their claims which they had abandoned in 
 terror. In October another influx of fortune seekers took place in 
 consequence of the success of the prospectors on the Thompson. 
 There were now about ten thousand miners distributed along the 
 river, two thousand of whom were above the Little Canyon. When 
 the winter of 1858 closed in the trunBlomiarUun which had taken 
 place in the country along the River Fraser as high up as the Thomp- 
 son, was marvellous beyond measure. In the space of eight months 
 a country had been populated^, towns had sprung into existence and
 
 HON. HUGH NELSON.
 
 COLONY OP BRITISH COLUMBIA. 37 
 
 a colony had been established. Difficulties, which in this age can be 
 only partially appreciated by those even best acquainted with the 
 country, were overcome. To give a life-like picture of what the early 
 prospectors had to contend with, would be next to impossible, and if 
 given, would hardly be credited. To the appalling ruggedness of 
 the country, which everywhere offered a stern resistance to their 
 advance, were added the daily companionship of famine and the 
 hostility of enraged Indians. Their heroism, if such it can be called, 
 although of a venal character, was worthy of admiration, and 
 was useful in paving the way for another and a better order of 
 things. 
 
 Early in the spring of 1859 the human stream again began to 
 flow to the north and in larger volume than the year previous. It 
 lasted unabated throughout the summer, and reports were being 
 constantly brought down concerning the richness of the upper 
 country. By November the Quesnelle had been reached, and be- 
 tween the Thompson and this point there were twelve bars, at each 
 of which hundreds of men were employed and obtaining excellent 
 results. During this year mining was still practically confined to 
 the Fraser and Thompson, although some of the pioneer prospectors 
 had found their way to the Cariboo country. Road building was 
 pushed forward with commendable zeal, and indeed Governor Doug- 
 las showed a determination that the country should be developed as 
 rapidly as possible, and every facility which it was in his power to 
 grant should be given to the miners. In the summer of 1860 
 the streams of Cariboo attracted the attention of prospectors, 
 and during this and next year a rush thither was made. There 
 the miners of British Columbia found the highest realization 
 of their dreams. There they built camps and washed millions 
 worth of gold from Keethley, Lowhee, Antler and Williams Creeks. 
 Before this time, however, changes had taken place in the gov- 
 ernment of the country, of which some account will have to be 
 given here. 
 
 On the 25th of August, 1858, the Imperial Parliament passed an 
 act to provide for the government of British Columbia, by which 
 name for the future should be known that territory between the 
 United States boundary on the south and the Naas River on the 
 north, and between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific ocean,
 
 38 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 including all the islands adjacent thereto, except Vancouver Island. 
 A townsite, to which was given the name of Darby, was surveyed 
 by Mr. Pemberton, the Colonial Surveyor, and laid out into lots. 
 This, the proposed capital, was situated about three miles below the old 
 Hudson's Bay trading post, Langley, and here on the 17th 
 of November Mr. Douglas, who had accepted the position of 
 Governor of the new colony, was sworn in by Chief Justice Begbee. 
 The following week a large number of lots in the new town were 
 sold and aggregated $68,000. Thus before the end of the year the 
 new colony was fairly launched and everything pointed out for it a 
 bright and prosperous career. In fulfillment of the promise made 
 by the Imperial authorities to send out an officer of engineers in 
 command of a body of sappers and miners to survey the country and 
 build roads, Col. Richard Clement Moody arrived at Victoria on the 
 25th of December with a force of one hundred and fifty men. Col, 
 Moody also held the position of Chief Commissioner of Lands and 
 Works, and was authorized to administer the government of the 
 colony in the event of the Governor's absence or incapacity. Moody 
 was a mnn of large experience and possessed of a shrewd, practical 
 judgment and a strong, resolute will. He wa s , therefore, a most 
 suitable man to direct at this time the destinies of the young colony. 
 His first important official act after arriving was to remove the capi- 
 tal of the colony. He objected to Darby because it was difficult of 
 approach by sea-going vessels, and also because the Hudson's Bay 
 Company had ten square miles of land in reserve adjoining it. After 
 careful examination and mature consideration he chose the site on 
 which New Westminster now stands as the seat of government for 
 the colony, and no sooner had he decided than the work of clearing 
 the land to admit of the erection of government buildings was begun. 
 To the new metropolis was given the name of Queensborough. Those 
 who had invested their money in lots in Darby, when it was declared 
 the capital, were allowed the equivalent of their purchases in 
 Queensborough property. Col. Moody took up his residence here 
 and the town began to take form under his ever watchful eye. 
 Early next year a revenue officer was stationed at this town and it 
 was declared the port of entry for British Columbia. The town in- 
 creased with marvellous rapidity and by the end of 1859 its ex- 
 istence as a commercial centre was assured. In the summer of 1860 
 it had made such strides that the inhabitants petitioned for the
 
 COLONY OP BRITISH COLUMBIA. 39 
 
 privilege of incorporating their town under the name of New West 
 minster, appointing municipal officers and taxing themselves. A 
 measure embodying these requests was proclaimed on the 16th of 
 July, 1860. In the meantime Moody had with untiring zeal been 
 urging forward whatever was calculated to develope and build up 
 the colony, and in his efforts he was strongly seconded by the lead- 
 ing citizens of New Westminster, many of whom have since con- 
 tinued to take a prominent part in guiding the destinies of the 
 country. The building of roads and other public works was pros- 
 ecuted with activity, and the interest of the colony, from a mining 
 standpoint, was especially regarded with concern. During this 
 period the attention of immigrants had not been confined entirely 
 to gold digging and trading. The riches of the country in other re- 
 spects had not escaped the observing eye of the intelligent adven- 
 turer. The inexhaustible wealth of valuable timber, the rivers, 
 lakes and inlets teeming with magnificent fish of almost every des- 
 cription, and the hidden deposits of coal, began to receive some of 
 the attention which they deserved. The fertile valley of the Fraser 
 also attracted the agriculturist. It is to these industries and to the 
 men who engaged in them that the country owes in a great measure 
 its position to-day. Among the vast throng of unthinking miners 
 which rushed into the country during 1858-59 and '60, were many, 
 especially those from Eastern Canada and Britain, who, while they 
 were attracted to British Columbia by the reports of its riches, did 
 not come like the majority with the intention of making their "pile" 
 rapidly and returning whence they came. They desired to make 
 homes for themselves and prosper with the country which they 
 would give their best energies to develope and build up. Many of 
 these men did not go to the mines at all, but set themselves the task 
 of wresting from the soil or hewing from the forest treasures more 
 abiding than gold. Before the end of 1863 a small cannery was in 
 operation on the River Fraser and here and there a saw mill was 
 being erected. 
 
 In the Winter of 1863 a legislative council was organized under 
 a royal order, and held its first sitting on January 21st, 1864. The 
 council consisted of fourteen members, five of whom were elected and 
 the rest appointed. Governor Douglas opened the first session of 
 the Council. The following members were present: Hon. Henry P. 
 P. Crease, Attorney-General; Hon. Wymond 0. Hamley, Collector
 
 40 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 of Customs; Hon. Charles W. Franks, Treasurer; Chartres Brew, 
 Magistrate of New Westminster; Peter O'Reiley, Magistrate Cari- 
 boo East; E. H. Saunders, Magistrate Yale; H. M. Ball, Magis- 
 trate Lytton; J. A. R. Homer, New Westminster; Robert J. 
 Smith, Hope, Yale and Lytton; Henry Holbrook, Douglas and 
 Lillooet; James Orr, Cariboo East; Walter S. Black, Cariboo West. 
 In his address to the Council Governor Douglas urged upon that 
 body the necessity for vigorous prosecution of public works, and 
 stated that with a view to increase immigration and encourage set- 
 tlement, he had thrown open public lands to actual settlers on the 
 most liberal terms. After recommending appropriations for special 
 purposes, he submitted the revenue and expenditure for the last 
 year, the former amounting to $110,000, and the latter to $192,860, 
 leaving a large deficit, most of which, however, was covered 
 by bonds and loans to the amount of $65,000. Throughout the 
 session the Council displayed a commendable desire to act in con- 
 cert with the Governor in his efforts for the development of the col- 
 ony and voted such supplies as enabled him to push forward the 
 work without being embarrassed for want of funds. During this 
 period law had been administered throughout the colony under the 
 active supervision of Chief Justice Begbie, and so prompt were his 
 movements and so certain and unfailing his justice that crime was 
 apparently unknown in the whole Mainland. In the early part of 
 the period Governor Douglas, as stated, had appointed justices of 
 the peace at the mining camps, and while in general these officials 
 did good work and assisted greatly in maintaining order, occasional- 
 ly some circumstance would arise, the developments of which be- 
 trayed their ignorance of legal procedure, or their inability to enforce 
 their commands. One such case was that in which Ned McGowan, 
 a man still remembered by most of the pioneers of '58, played so 
 conspicuous a part. A very vivid description of the circumstance is 
 given in a book written by Commander Mayne, of the Royal Navy, 
 who at this time was attached to H. M. S. Satelite, then stationed at 
 the mouth of the River Fraser to prevent the entry of miners without 
 passports. The account is somewhat long, but as it contains not 
 only a picture of the occurrence itself, of which Mayne was an eye 
 witness, but also an interesting description of travel on the river, I 
 make no apology for the extract.
 
 COLONY OP BRITISH COLUMBIA. 41 
 
 " The rumor of another outbreak, not at Victoria, but at 
 Yale, up the Fraser River, arrived to disturb, not altogether 
 unpleasantly, the monotony of our winter life in Esquimalt Har- 
 bor. Intelligence had been sent down the river to Victoria 
 that some mineis had made a disturbance at Yale, and that 
 Col. Moody had, immediately upon being informed of it, started 
 from Langley for the scene of action with the engineers stationed 
 there, which, numbering 25 men, had just arrived in the colony. 
 The Governor considered it desirable at once to strengthen his hands. 
 Fort Yale, ninety miles up the Fraser, was one of the stations to 
 which some of these miners who were anxious to remain near their 
 claims on the upper bars, so as to commence work directly the sea- 
 son opened, or to whom, for sundry delicate private reasons, the 
 delights of San Francisco were not obtainable, nocked to pass the 
 winter. The climate of Yale was milder than that of the Upper 
 Fraser, which induced a great number of inen having claims north 
 of it to come down and pass some months there, while others work- 
 ing on the bars near Yale were wont to spend their Sundays and 
 holidays in the town. Among them, pre-eminent for certain social 
 qualities which had rendered him generally obnoxious to the laws of 
 whatever country he had favored with his presence, was a certain 
 Edward McGowan. This individual had spent some time in Cali- 
 fornia, where he had become very notorious, and had been honored 
 with the especial enmity of the "vigilance committee" of San 
 Francisco. Nor without good cause. He had, I believe, had the 
 misfortune to kill several of his comrades in those little personal en- 
 counters which one sees reported so frequently in the American 
 newspapers under the head of "shooting" or "cutting affairs." The 
 act for which the vigilance committee of San Francisco doomed 
 him to the gallows was killing a man in cold blood in the streets of 
 that city who knew too much of his antecedents. McGowan of 
 course denied this, and always asserted that he had shot his foe in 
 self-defence: but there is little doubt that the view which the vigi- 
 lance committee took of the matter was the correct one. As an in- 
 stance of universal fcuffrage, it may be mentioned that this man at 
 one time filled the office of a judge in California; and quite recently, 
 when, after shooting at a man at Hill's Bar, whom, luckily, he 
 missed, he escaped across the frontier into American territory, he has 
 been elected to the House of Representatives of one of the border
 
 42 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 states that lie east of the Rocky Mountains. This worthy has 
 given his adventures to the world in the shape of an auto- 
 biography, published some five years since, and written with 
 considerable spirit. The story told in it of his hairbreadth escapes 
 from the clutches of the vigilance committee is extremely exciting. 
 Its agents pursued him with such rancor that, after with the great- 
 est difficulty he had escaped to a steamer starting for Victoria, he 
 was recognized, fired at, and a bullet sent through the lappel of his 
 coat. 
 
 That such a man as this was known to be at Hill's Bar, some two 
 miles below Yale, where he had a very rich claim, and to have with 
 him, and under his influence, a strong party of followers bold and 
 lawless as himself, might well give the authorities serious concern. 
 Upon the news, therefore, being sent down of McGowan's having 
 created a disturbance, the Governor requested Capt. Prevost to send 
 a party to aid the Colonel. The 'Plumper' was the only vessel 
 available for this service, and accordingly we embarked a party of 
 marines and blue-jackets, under Lieutenant Gooch, from the 'Satel- 
 ite,' and started at once for the scene of action. 
 
 Upon arriving at Langley we found that Colonel Moody had 
 taken the 'Enterprise,' the only steamer then on the river capable 
 of going farther up it than Langley, and had pushed on to Yale 
 with twenty-five of the engineers under the command of Captain 
 Grant, R.E. As the field -piece we had brought with us must have 
 been parted with had the men been sent on, there being no other 
 way of despatching them except in canoes, it was considered advisa- 
 ble to keep them on board the 'Plumper' at Langley, and that a 
 messenger should at once follow and overtake Colonel Moody. This 
 service devolved upon me, and I received orders to proceed up the 
 river with despatches from Captain Richards informing the Colonel 
 of the presence of the force at Langley, and to bring back his in- 
 structions. 
 
 Mr. Yale, the Hudson's Bay Company's officer at Langley, un- 
 dertook to provide a canoe and crew for the journey, and my own 
 preparations were soon made a blanket, frock and trowsers, a 
 couple of rugs, two or three pipes, plenty of tobacco, tea, coffee, 
 some meat and bread, a frying-pan and saucepan, completing my out- 
 fit. At this time canoe-travelling was quite new to me, and, familiar
 
 HON. JOHN KOBSON.
 
 COLONY OP BRITISH COLUMBIA. 43 
 
 as it has since become, I quite well remember the curious sensations 
 with which this my first journey of the kind was commenced. It 
 was mid- winter, the snow lay several inches thick upon the ground; 
 the latest reports from up the river spoke of much ice about and be- 
 low Fort Hope, so that I was by no means sorry to avail myself of 
 the offer of Mr. Lewis, of the Hudson's Bay Company, who had 
 accompanied the 'Plumper' to Langley as pilot, to be my companion. 
 Mr. Yale had selected a good canoe and nine stout paddlers, four 
 half-breeds and five Indians, and when I landed from the ship a few 
 minutes before eleven they were waiting on the beach, dressed in 
 their best blankets, with large streamers of bright red, blue and 
 yellow ribbons, in which they delight so much, flying from 
 their caps. Mr. Yale had previously harangued them, and 
 presented them with these streamers by way of impressing 
 them . with the importance of the service in which they were 
 engaged. Seating ourselves in the canoe as comfortably as we 
 could, away we started, the frail bark flying over the smooth 
 water, and the crew singing at the top of their wild, shrill 
 voices, their particolored decorations streaming in the bitter winter 
 wind. 
 
 The North American Indians, and, indeed, the Canadians as 
 well, paddle much more steadily when they sing. They keep splen- 
 did 'time, and, by way of accompaniment, bring the handles of their 
 paddles sharply against the gunwale of the canoe. In singing their 
 custom is and the greatest stickler for etiquette among us will find 
 himself outdone by the Indian's respect for whatever habit or fash- 
 ion may have dictated for the steersman to sing, the crew taking 
 up the chorus. Although I have frequently tried to induce one of 
 the others to start a song, with the view of testing the strength of 
 their social habit in this respect, I have never succeeded unless sup- 
 ported in my request by the steersman. This post of honor is 
 usually conferred upon the senior of the party, unless the owner of 
 the canoe happens to form one of the crew when he takes the seat 
 by virtue of his interest in it. Next in position and importance to 
 the steersman are the pair of paddles who sit immediately behind 
 the passengers; then come the two forward hands, who have a great 
 deal to do with the management of the canoe in keeping it clear of 
 blocks of floating ice, or the snags which often appear suddenly un- 
 der its bows, and preventing the current from spinning it
 
 44 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 round and swamping it, which, but for the keen look-out they 
 keep and their dexterity in the use of the paddles, would often 
 happen in such swift and treacherous currents as those of North 
 American rivers. 
 
 We paddled along quickly until five o'clock, when we stopped 
 for supper, and, landing, made tea. This meal over, we started 
 again and held on steadily all night. If the journey by day was 
 strange and somewhat exciting, how much more so did it become 
 when night set in ! Wet, cold, and tired, we rolled ourselves up in 
 
 y * 
 
 our rugs, and in time fell into a broken sleep, lulled by the monot- 
 onous rap of the paddles upon the gunwale of the canoe, the rippling 
 sound of the water against its sides, the song of the men now rising 
 loud and shrill, now sinking into a low, drowsy hum. Ever and 
 anon roused by a louder shout from the paddlers in the bow, we 
 started up to find the canoe sweeping by some boat moored to the 
 shore, or the miner's watch-fire, from which an indistinct figure 
 would rise, gaze at us wonderingly as we passed howling by, and 
 sometimes shout to us loudly in reply. We might well startle such 
 of the miners as saw or heard us. Whenever we passed a fire, or a 
 boat drawn up ashore, or moored to the trees by the beach, in which 
 miners might be sleeping, the Indians would commence singing at 
 the top of their voices; and we often saw sleepers start up, in won- 
 der, no doubt, who could be travelling on the river at night at such 
 a season, and in some fear, perhaps, for several murders had lately 
 been committed, which were attributed, .rightly or wrongly, to In- 
 dian agency. And, indeed, as we swept by a watch-fire near enough 
 for its glare to light up the dark figures straining at their hard 
 work, and their wild, swarthy faces, with the long, bright ribbons, 
 streaming behind them, we might well give a shook to some 
 wearied sleeper roused abruptly from dreams of home, or some 
 rich claim which was to make his fortune, by the wild Indian boat- 
 chant. 
 
 Most of our journey lay close along the shore, where, of course, 
 the current was less rapid and advantage could be taken of the num- 
 erous eddies that set in near the banks. Our chief man was quite 
 well acquainted with the river's navigation, having been for years 
 in the Hudson's Bay Company's employ. When we came to a rapid, 
 or it was necessary to cross the river from one bank to the other,
 
 COLONY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 45 
 
 by one consent the singing would cease, the paddlers' breath be 
 husbanded to better purpose, and every muscle strained to force the 
 canoe over the present difficulty. At such times when any greater 
 exertion was necessary, or a more formidable obstacle than usual 
 seemed on the point of being mastered, the Indians would give a 
 loud prolonged shout, terminating in a shriller key, and dash their 
 paddles into the boiling water with still fiercer vehemence. There 
 can be few stranger sensations than that which AVC felt many 
 times that night, when after paddling so steadily alongshore that 
 we had fallen fast asleep, we were awoke suddenly by a heavy 
 lurch of the canoe, and found the water rushing in over the 
 gunwale, and the boat almost swamped by the fierce exertions 
 of the paddlers, and tearing broadside down rather than across the 
 rapid river, until with a shout it was run ashore on the opposite 
 bank, and the excited rowers rested a few minutes to regain 
 their breath before again paddling up the quieter water by the 
 shore. 
 
 Next morning, about four o'clock, we landed for a short spell of 
 rest, and, clearing away the snow, lit a fire and lay round it for a 
 couple of hours. At the end of that time we picked ourselves up, 
 stiff with cold, and breakfasted, and by half-past seven were under 
 weigh again and paddling up the river, the Indians, to all appear- 
 ance, as lively and unwearied as if they had slept the whole night 
 through. I cannot say the same for their passengers. It was very 
 cold, a sensation which we both tried in vain to get rid of by taking 
 
 f O 
 
 an occasional turn at the paddles; and the few snatches of short, 
 disturbed sleep we had managed to obtain had left us very much 
 fatigued. The novelty of the situation, too, in my case had worn 
 away, and I confess that the second night of my journey was one of 
 unmitigated discomfort and weariness. Upon the second morning 
 we rested a little longer by our watch-fire, Myhu-pu-pu, the head 
 man of the party, assuring us that we had plenty of time to reach 
 Hope before nightfall. But Myhu-pu-pu was wrong : night fell 
 while we were still some miles below the fort. About three in the 
 afternoon we had boarded the 'Enterprise' and learnt that she had 
 been three days in the ice, and had only got out of it indeed the 
 previous morning, and that Colonel Moody had not, therefore, been 
 able to reach Hope until that day. We had reason to congratulate 
 ourselves upon our good fortune, as we had only met some floating
 
 46 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 ice and been nowhere in very serious danger from it, although once 
 or twice we had narrowly escaped being swamped by floating blocks. 
 But as we proceeded we found the river more and more swollen, the 
 ice thicker and in greater quantities, and despite all the efforts of 
 the crew, darkness set in while we were yet some miles short of our 
 destination. On we pushed, however, and I had fallen asleep, when 
 I was suddenly awakened by a sharp crack almost under my head. 
 The canoe had struck a rock in crossing a rapid in the river, at a 
 spot now known as Cornish Bar, but then called Murderer's Bar, 
 from a murder that had taken place there, and she was stove in un- 
 mistakeably. 
 
 Thanks to the courage and skill of the elder of the crew, we were 
 extricated from our perilous predicament. Leaping on to the rock, 
 against which the full force of the current was driving the canoe, 
 they lifted her off without a moment's hesitation, and the other 
 rowers shooting her ashore, we all jumped out and ran her up upon 
 the snow. Of course everything was wet, ourselves included; but 
 we were too grateful for our narrow escape to heed this trifling in- 
 convenience. Meanwhile the men, whose courage and readiness had 
 preserved us, were still upon the rock, the current sweeping by up 
 to their knees and threatening to carry them away. The canoe 
 being hastily repaired and veered down to them by a rope, they too 
 were brought safely ashore. Then arose the question, how were we 
 to be got to Fort Hope that night? It was a serious one, not ad- 
 mitting of a very easy solution. To get the canoe afloat again was 
 soon found impossible, as she was split fore and aft, and it was ulti- 
 mately determined to leave two of the Indians in charge of it while 
 the rest of us tried to make the trail, which was known to pass near 
 this spot to the Fort. I have since that night walked that trail 
 when it was as pretty and pleasant a summer evening's stroll as any 
 one would wish to enjoy; but on this occasion, with two or three 
 feet of snow upon it, and three or four feet more ready to receive us 
 on either side if a false step was made, that three-mile walk to Hope 
 was very hard work while it lasted. It was worse for my com- 
 panion (Mr. Lewis), for in crossing a river by a fallen tree, which 
 served as a bridge, his foot gave way and he slipped in, drenching 
 his frozen clothes and limbs afresh. Fortunately, however, it was 
 not very deep, and he was fished out, and we reached the Fort with- 
 out further accident.
 
 COLONY OP BRITISH COLUMBIA. 47 
 
 Since the time of which I am now writing the old Hudson's Bay 
 Fort has been pulled down, and a more commodious one erected in 
 its stead. The officer in charge of it had only one chamber to serve 
 for both sitting and bed room ; and late at night into this and the 
 presence of Colonel Moody, Captain Grant, Mr. Begbie and the 
 Hudson's Bay Company's officers, gathered round the fire, we made 
 our way, looking, I dare say, pitiable objects enough. With 
 the ready kindness which I never failed to meet with from 
 the Company's officers in British Columbia, Mr. Ogilvy soon 
 equipped both of us in suits of dry clothes and seated us before a 
 hot supper. 
 
 In a subsequent chapter I shall have occasion to speak more 
 fully of "bars;" but as the word occurs frequently in this book, I 
 may here say that all those places where gold is found and worked 
 on a river's bank are called by that name. This term has become 
 the recognised one, and is not mere miner's slang ; all proclamations 
 referring to gold-extracting, etc., being addressed to the "mining 
 bars " of such and such a district. 
 
 Bars are formed simply by a deposit of heaps of detritus at 
 various bends of a river flowing through accumulations of irrupted 
 rock, and between mountains whose sides have been broken down 
 by former great convulsions. The rushing river tears away mass 
 after mass of this rock and gravel, and, carrying on a natural com- 
 bination of the "sluicing" and "crushing" processes, deposits the 
 gold, with its ever-accompanying black metallic sand and a certain 
 quantity of common earth, at intervals along its banks, carrying 
 most of the lighter sand, etc., out to its mouth, there to form sand- 
 banks and flats. It will be easily understood, therefore, that these 
 bars are formed at every place where there is or has been any- 
 thing to catch the drift as it comes down. But what is somewhat 
 curious is the very different value of the deposit at various bars, or 
 even parts of the same bar, some being very rich, others very poor, 
 even where they are close together; and this happens not in the 
 vertical section, which would be to some extent intelligible, 
 but at an equal distance under the surface. One part of a bar 
 may "give out," while another part will be worth working 20 feet 
 deeper. 
 
 Thus all bars are formed in the same way, even although the 
 rivers which deposited some of them have long since ceased to flow,
 
 48 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 or been diverted into other channels, causing what are termed "dry 
 diggings," of which I shall speak hereafter. Very rich bars are 
 often covered with sand, mud, etc., for, in some instances, several 
 hundred feet. In California some of the richest diggings now 
 worked are the beds of old rivers, quite dry, often running in very 
 different directions to those of the present streams, and occur- 
 ing from 100 to 300 feet below what is now the surface of the 
 earth. 
 
 The Commissioner was, when I reported myself, rather surprised 
 with the promptitude with which his requisition for troops had been 
 met by the Governor, and perhaps a little embarrassed. His im- 
 pression now was that the reports which had reached him at Yale 
 and hurried him hither had been greatly exaggerated, and from the 
 accounts which had since reached him he had the best reason to be- 
 lieve that the feeling of the mining population at Yale and else- 
 where had been grossly misrepresented. However, he said that he 
 had decided on proceeding next day to Yale with Mr. Begbie only, 
 leaving Captain Grant and his party of engineers at Hope ; and he 
 desired me to accompany him, so that if, upon his arrival at Yale, 
 the presence of troops should be found necessary, I might return to 
 Hope with orders to that effect ; and it was also determined 
 that Mr. Lewis should take the canoe back to Langley as soon 
 as it was repaired, and tell Captain Richards of my arrival and 
 detention. 
 
 Next morning, therefore, we started, and reached Yale at three. 
 The town was perfectly quiet, and the Colonel was received upon his 
 entrance with the most vociferous cheering and every sign of respect 
 and loyalty. Upon the way up we stopped at several of the bars, 
 and made enquiries which satisfied us that the miners were doing 
 very well, although they complained that the snow had for some 
 days past kept them from working. The river scenery between these 
 two ports was beautiful even at this season of the year. The dis- 
 tance is only fifteen miles, but the strength of the current is so great 
 that in the winter five or six hours are consumed in the journey, and 
 in the summer when the stream is swollen by the melting snow 
 double that time is often taken. The only streams of any size that 
 feed the Fraser for this distance are the Swal-lach-Coom, which flows 
 into it some few miles below Yale, and the Que-que-alla, which
 
 HON. J. H. TURNER.
 
 COLONY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 49 
 
 runs into it two miles above Hope. The Que-que-alla is a consider- 
 able stream, dividing into two branches further in, and contains 
 numbers of trout. The mountains on either side are from three to 
 four thousand feet high, and are composed almost entirely of plutonic 
 rocks and at their base is found the "drift" in which the gold is 
 contained. 
 
 As I have already said, Fort Yale presented the most peace- 
 ful aspect imaginable. The day after our arrival happening to be 
 Sunday, Colonel Moody performed the service in the Court House. 
 It was the first time this had ever happened in Yale, and the 
 thirty or forty miners who attended formed a most orderly and at- 
 tentive congregation. After church, the difficulty which brought us 
 here was investigated, and the magistrate at Hill's Bar, the princi- 
 pal bar on this part of the river, lying a mile below Yale, was sus- 
 pended from his functions. A very few words will suffice to explain 
 it. At Hill's Bar there was a resident magistrate, who was one of 
 the miners though superior to most of them in position and acquire- 
 ments; and at Yale two others one who was shortly afterwards 
 proved guilty of some rascality and discharged; the other, an honest 
 man enough, but altogether unfit, from temperament and social 
 position, for the discharge of his duties. These three dignitaries were 
 not upon the best terms with one another, and two of them claimed 
 a certain case and prisoner as belonging each to his own district, and 
 disputed the right of adjudicating upon them to such a degree that, 
 one having possession of the culprit's body, and refusing to give it 
 up to his colleague, the other went to the extent of swearing in 
 special constables to his aid, and removing the prisoner by force of 
 arms to his jurisdiction at Hill's Bar. Among these special con- 
 stables, and very probably among the instigators of the squabble, 
 Mr. Edward McGowan figured conspicuously ; and it was the out- 
 raged magistrate's report, that this worthy had been prison-breaking 
 in his district, that gave it to the authorities at Langley and Victoria 
 so serious an aspect. However, upon investigating the matter, he 
 was found to have acted, if with indiscreet zeal, yet not illegally, and 
 no charge was preferred against him on that account. But the 
 same afternoon, while Colonel Moody, representing the majesty of 
 the law, was still at Yale, Mr. McGowan outraged it unmistakably 
 by committing an unprovoked assault. This, coupled with sundry 
 other suspicious circumstances, caused Colonel Moody to think that 
 
 (5)
 
 50 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 McGowan's friends and admirers would, if provoked, break into 
 serious insubordination ; and he at once instructed me to drop down 
 the river to Hope and Langley, and order up the engineers, ma- 
 rines and bluejackets left at those places. 
 
 The utmost precaution was taken about my journey. Mr. Allard, 
 the Hudson's Bay Company's officer at Yale, was instructed to have a 
 small canoe launched unseen by the miners, who, it was thought, 
 might endeavor to stop me, as they no doubt easily could have done. 
 The darkness was waited for, and, the canoe being launched and 
 dropped about half a mile down the river, Mr. Allard came to the 
 house for me, and led me to it along the river's bank. As we 
 dropped down the stream I was afraid even to light a pipe lest we 
 should be stopped at Hill's Bar. Absurd as all this now seems 
 especially as I heard on my return that the miners knew perfectly 
 well of my starting it was not without its use at the time. The 
 promptitude with which Captain Grant appeared on the spot 
 with the engineers at daylight next morning astonished the miners 
 a good deal, and it need not be assumed that, because they apolo- 
 gized and paid their fines, they would have done so equally had 
 coercion not been threatened. 
 
 Reaching Hope at half -past eight that night, I very much aston- 
 ished Captain Grant by telling him that he was to start for Yale at 
 once, and, landing his men below Hill's Bar on the opposite side of 
 the river, to march thence to Yale. Having given these instructions 
 I embarked in the canoe once again, and about midnight spinning 
 down the Eraser being a very different matter to struggling up 
 against its current reached the "Enterprise" which was to convey 
 me to Langley, and bring the men there up. Here a slight delay 
 took place, as the steamer could not be got ready to start until day- 
 break ; but away we went the instant dawn broke, and reached 
 Langley in the afternoon of the following day, where, the " Enter- 
 prise" having wooded, every one was got aboard, and we were 
 struggling up against the current by six p.m., reaching Smess River 
 by nine or ten that night, and Cornish Bar by 8:30 the follow- 
 ing night. 
 
 There the "Enterprise's" further progress was effectually barred, 
 and, taking a canoe again, I made my way to Hope, where I found 
 that further instructions had come from the Colonel to the effect
 
 COLONY OP BRITISH COLUMBIA. 51 
 
 that the blue-jackets were to remain there and only the marines to 
 go on to Yale. So things were looking less martial, and I was not 
 surprised, on pushing forward to Yale next morning, to find that the 
 short campaign was at an end, and the peace, which had hardly been 
 disturbed, restored. Mr. McGowan, after enjoying the sensation he 
 had caused, paid the Commissioner a formal visit, and, after making 
 a very gentlemanlike apology for the hasty blow which had disturbed 
 the peace of British Columbia, and entering into an elaborate and, I 
 believe, successful defence of his previous conduct in the squabble of 
 the rival judges, committed himself frankly into the hands of justice. 
 What could be done with such a frank, entertaining rascal? 
 Justice herself could not press hardly for her dues in such a case. 
 He was fined for the assault, exonerated from all previous misde 
 meanours, and next day, upon Hill's Bar being visited by Mr. Beg 
 bie, (the Chief Justice) and myself, he conducted us over the dig- 
 gings, washed some " dirt " to show us the process, and invited us to 
 a collation in his hut, where we drank champagne with some twelve 
 or fifteen of his Californian mining friends. And, whatever opin- 
 ion the vigilance committee of San Francisco might entertain of 
 these gentlemen, I, speaking as I found them, can only say that, all 
 things considered, I have rarely lunched with a better-spoken, 
 pleasanter party. The word "miner" to many unacquainted with 
 the gold-fields conveys an impression similar, perhaps, to that of 
 " navvy." But among them may often be found men who, by birth 
 and education are qualified to hold their own in the most civilised 
 community in Europe. Here, for instance, I was entertained in the 
 hut of a man who by virtue of his rascality, no doubt had been 
 selected to fill the office of judge among his fellows in California ; 
 while one of his neighbors had taken his degree at an American 
 University, and may since, for aught I know, have edited a Greek 
 play and been made a bishop. I remember afterwards travelling 
 with two men, who, meeting casually, recognised one another as old 
 schoolfellows and class-men. Neither was in the least surprised at 
 the other's condition, although one was a well-to-do surgeon with a 
 very remunerative practice, and the other was an " express " man, 
 penniless, and carrying letters some 130 or 140 miles for a subsist- 
 ence." 
 
 Such occurrences as the above were, however, confined entirely 
 to the early days of the colony's existence. When Chief Justice
 
 62 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 Begbie had once made fully known the fact that he was at the head 
 of the judicial system, and it did not take him long to accomplish 
 this, disorderliness became as rare in the mining camps as in the 
 capital of the country. In 1864 Mr. Douglas' term of office expired, 
 and, as the people both of the Island and the mainland had petitioned 
 the Imperial authorities to appoint a governor for each colony, 
 Frederick Seymour was sent to British Columbia as his successor. 
 The colony certainly did riot gain by the change. Mr. Seymour, 
 while personally a most estimable gentleman, was wanting in that 
 firmness of character and capacity for business so requisite in a ruler 
 of a young and energetic community. The hesitancy, however, 
 which marked his administrative acts, was counterbalanced by the 
 vigor and enterprise of the leading men of the Province, and thus 
 the progress of the state was fortunately not hampered by the de- 
 ficiencies of the Governor. Three days after Mr. Seymour's arrival 
 at New "Westminster came the news of the Chilkotin massacre, in 
 which thirteen men, employed in cutting a trail from Bute Inlet to- 
 wards Alexandria, were slaughtered by natives. The party at work 
 on the trail numbered seventeen in all and only five escaped. When 
 the news reached New Westminster and Victoria hundreds of men 
 volunteered for service in suppressing the Indians and bringing the 
 guilty ones to justice. Following this outbreak came the news, 
 three weeks later, of the capture by the same Indians of a pack train 
 en route from Bentinck Arm to Fort Alexandria, and the murder of 
 three of the men in charge. A force of volunteers and marines 
 was immediately despatched to the scene of these outrages and 
 several of the bloodthirsty savages were caught and hanged. In 
 October Governor Seymour dissolved the legislative council and a 
 new election took place. In 1865 the question of uniting the two 
 colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia was agitated, 
 and in 1866 consolidation took place, the executive govern- 
 ment and legislature of British Columbia being extended over the 
 Island and the number of members of the Legislative Council 
 being increased to twenty three. Mr. Seymour became Gov- 
 ernor of the united colony and retained the position until his death 
 in 1869. 
 
 The History of Vancouver Island, between the years 1859 and 
 1866, is marked by rapid settlement and development, especially in 
 and about the City of Victoria. Everywhere building operations were
 
 COLONY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 53 
 
 carried on and it is estimated that in 1862 fifteen hundred substan- 
 tial structures had been erected where two years previous the forest 
 had stood. In 1861 the white population of Victoria was 3,500, 
 and in 1863 it had increased to 6,000, and that not counting the 
 large number of miners who yearly wintered there. In 1862 the 
 city was incorporated with six councillors and a mayor, the latter 
 office being filled in that year by Mr. Thomas Harris. 
 
 The existence of the first Legislative Assembly terminated in 
 1859, and a new election took place. The representation had been 
 increased to thirteen, and the members returned, with the constit- 
 uencies, were: Victoria City, J. H. Gary, S. Franklin; Victoria 
 District, H. P. P. Crease, W. F. Tolmie, A. Waddington; Esqui- 
 malt Town, G. T. Gordon; Esquimalt District, J. S. Helmcken, 
 James Cooper; Lake District, G. F. Foster; Sooke District, W. J. 
 Macdonald; Saanich District, John Coles; Salt Spring District, J. 
 J. Southgate; Nanaimo District, A. R. Green. In 1863 Mr. Doug- 
 las' term as Governor of the Island expired, and he signified his 
 desire of retiring from public life. His successor was appointed in 
 the person of Captain Kennedy, and Mr. Douglas was rewarded for 
 his services to the crown by the distinction of Knighthood. The 
 people of the Island also testified their high regard for his personal 
 character and administrative abilities by the presentation of largely 
 signed addresses and by banqueting him. Kennedy held the Gov- 
 ernorship until 1866, when the union of the colonies abolished his 
 office. By the Act of Union, which was proclaimed on November 
 17th, it was provided that the Legislative Council should consist of 
 twenty-three members. In 1868, at the urgent solicitation of the 
 colonists of both the Island and the Mainland, the capital was 
 transferred from New Westminster to Victoria and has since con- 
 tinued there. 
 
 With the consolidation of the two colonies British Columbia's 
 outlook was of the most bright and hopeful character. Her im- 
 mense resources had been recognized by the world. Her mineral 
 wealth was being developed as rapidly as the character of the coun- 
 try would admit. Her vast tracks of unsurpassed agricultural 
 lands were being settled upon by intelligent and industrious farmers. 
 Her riches in timber and fish were attracting the attention of capi- 
 talists, and already mills were in operation and supplying distant
 
 54 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 markets. Roads were being opened up in all directions, and towns 
 were arising. Well edited newspapers were published at Victoria 
 and New Westminster, a system of education existed in the more 
 thickly populated districts, and throughout the entire colony the 
 power of the law was supreme. In the two leading cities the value 
 of land was rapidly increasing, commodious hotels had been built 
 for the accommodation of the travelling public, banking houses were 
 doing large businesses, and everywhere signs of prosperity were 
 visible. Between the years 1861 aad 1865 the excitement over dis- 
 coveries of immense deposits of gold in Cariboo continued without 
 cessation. During the latter part of 1859 prospectors had pushed 
 their way along the Quesnelle and Swift Rivers and reported the 
 existence, in abundance, of coarser gold than previously found. In 
 1860 the riches of the number of creeks now famous in the 
 mining history of the country were demonstrated, and when, 
 early in 1861, reports were confirmed of the great wealth of Antler 
 Creek, a rush for that region at once took place. Before the close 
 of the summer all the streams tributary to the rivers of Cariboo had 
 been explored and in the beds of nearly all wonderful deposits were 
 found to exist. The effect of these discoveries was beneficial to the 
 whole colony, and gave a fresh impetus to business on the coast. 
 During 1861 over three million dollars were taken out of Keithley, 
 Harvey, Antler, Lowhee and Cunningham Creeks, and in 1862, 
 with the fresh influx of miners and the further development of the 
 country, this amount was greatly increased. By the end of 1862 as 
 many as five thousand miners were distributed over about sixty 
 miles of country. In 1862 Williams and Lightning Creeks, the 
 former the richest of all the streams of Cariboo, were discovered, 
 and the excitement among the miners was intensified by the amount 
 of gold which they yielded. The system of mining pursued in the 
 Cariboo region was different to that on the Fraser, owing to the fact 
 that whereas on the Fraser the dust lay practically on the surface, in 
 the streams of Cariboo it was many feet below the river bed. Shafts, 
 pumps, and hoisting machinery, had therefore to be employed here, 
 and large sums had often to be expended in the development of a 
 claim. In the great majority of instances, however, the returns 
 warranted any reasonable outlay. It was not an uncommon thing 
 for men to make four or five hundred dollars per day, and many 
 made a great deal more. At various times as much as $600, and
 
 COLONY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 55 
 
 even as high as $900, were taken out of Williams Creek in a single 
 pan. Large fortunes were thus made very rapidly, and it is esti- 
 mated that one-third of those who went early in 1860 came out 
 with handsome fortunes, and another third with moderate means. 
 By the end of 1867 over twenty-five million dollars had been shipped 
 from the entire region. A number of towns sprang up during the 
 period between 1861 and 1865, but as they were in most instances 
 situated at some largely paying claim they declined with the claim. 
 Barkerville, on Williams Creek, became recognized as the centre of 
 the mining region, and increased rapidly in population and has since 
 continued to be the capital of the Cariboo country. 
 
 In 1863 some excitement was occasioned by the reported dis- 
 covery of rich diggings on the Kootenay River, and a large num- 
 ber of miners, including not a few fifty-eighters, went to the scene 
 of the reported "finds." By the end of the year about one thousand 
 men were distributed along the river, and were making wages 
 averaging from three to fifty dollars each. During the next year 
 prospectors reached Big Bend, on the Columbia River, and early 
 in the succeeding spring reports were carried to Victoria that dis- 
 coveries equal to those of Cariboo had been made at this point. 
 These reports were readily believed and a rush thither accordingly 
 took place during the next year. A considerable amount of money 
 was taken out during this and the following year, but nothing was 
 found comparable to the richness of Cariboo. Big Bend was, 
 fortunately, of such easy access that provisions could be brought 
 into the camps in abundance and the miners were, therefore, able to 
 live cheaply. Had this not been the case it would have been 
 impossible for the large number of people, who, during 1866 and 
 1867 thronged there, to have existed. While some of the claims 
 "panned out" richly the majority of the prospectors got little or 
 nothing and left the mines considerably poorer in pocket than they 
 were on reaching them. These men, of course, had nothing favor- 
 able to say of the country and their reports were instrumental in 
 calming the excitement. One drawback to the ordinary prospector 
 in the Big Bend country was that the better claims were not as 
 shallow as had been supposed but required machinery and much 
 labor of an expensive nature which only those having money could 
 afford to pay for. However, those who were in a position to expend 
 considerable sums in opening up good claims made large returns.
 
 56 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 During the first two years of mining on the Columbia a considerable 
 number of people lost their lives on the river through their ignorance 
 of the dangerous rapids which exist in many places and especially at 
 Dallis des Morts, which received its lugubrious name from the extreme 
 danger there was in passing it. In one instance a boat filled with 
 twenty-rive men was capsized here and twenty of the passengers 
 drowned. Until 1875 mining was carried on here by a number of 
 white men but the majority of diggers were Chinamen many of 
 whom are still making fair wages at the same place. Simultaneous 
 with the discoveries on the Columbia the opulence of Omineca began, 
 to be unfolded, and Artie, VitelFs, Manson and Germansen creeks 
 gave further assurance of the golden character of the British Colum- 
 bian streams. And pushing further north prospectors found in the 
 Stikeen River, in Cassiar, yet another mining field which, during 
 1874 and 1875, yielded good returns for the labor expended on it. 
 
 v
 
 HON. CLEMENT F. CORNWALL.
 
 THE PROVINCE of BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 The question of confederation with the Dominion became a living 
 issue in the colony in 1867. It was first brought to the front by 
 the leading men on the Mainland, who were unanimously in favor of 
 it, and it also found many advocates in Victoria. During the ses- 
 sion of 1867 it was brought up in the Legislative Council, when a 
 resolution was unanimously adopted requesting Governor Seymour 
 "to take measures without delay to secure the admission of British 
 Columbia into the confederation on fair and equitable terms." No 
 action in conformity with the expressed wish of the Council, how- 
 ever, was taken by the executive, and in consequence, when the 
 House met in the following year, the question was in the same con- 
 dition that it had been the session previous. The opinion of the 
 members of the Government had during the twelvemonth entirely 
 changed, and when the matter was again brought forward it met 
 with overwhelming opposition. In consequence of this action of the 
 Executive Council and its supporters, agitation outside the Legisla- 
 ture was resorted to, and the people of the country were called upon 
 to express their views on the question. On the 21st of May, 1868, 
 a large meeting was held in Smith's hall in the city of Victoria and 
 an organization known as the Confederation League was formed for 
 the purpose of furthering confederation. James Trimble, Mayor of 
 Victoria, was made President, and Captain E. Stamp, Dr. I. W. 
 Powell and J. F. McCreight, first, second and third Vice-Presidents; 
 Robert Beaven, Recording Secretary; J. G. Norris, Financial Sec- 
 retary, and George Pearkes, R. Wallace, C. Gowan, M. W. Gibbs, 
 Amor DeCosmos and George Fox, the Executive Committee. The 
 League began with a membership of one hundred in Victoria, and 
 branches were organized at many places on the Mainland and at sev- 
 eral places on the Island. The work of the active members of the 
 organization brought out the arguments and energy of the opposition, 
 element, and quite a heated discussion took place through the news- 
 papers. Dr. Helmcken was recognized as the champion of the anti- 
 federationists, and he wrote many telling articles on the question,
 
 58 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 which did not fail to have their effect. On September 14th at Yale 
 a convention of the League was held, at which most of the leading 
 men of the colony were present, and a committee composed of Hon. 
 Amor DeCosmos, Messrs. McMillan, Wallace and Norris, of Vic- 
 toria; Hon. John Eobson, of New Westminster; and Hon. Hugh 
 Nelson, of Burrard Inlet, was appointed to carry out the objects of 
 the convention. At the meeting of the Legislature of 1869 the 
 question was again brought forward and again the Government 
 showed its power by carrying the following adverse resolution : 
 "That this Council, impressed with the conviction that under exist- 
 ing circumstances the confederation of this colony with the Domin- 
 ion of Canada would be undesirable, even if practicable, urge upon 
 Her Majesty's Government not to take any steps towards the pres- 
 ent consummation of such union." 
 
 Next day a protest against the passage of this resolution was 
 entered by the Mainland members, Messrs. Carrall, Robson, Have- 
 lock, Walkem and Humphreys, who stated that they had been re- 
 turned as federationists, and must place on record their disapproval 
 of the action of the Government. At this time there was considera- 
 ble talk about annexation to the United States, and a petition, cir- 
 culated and signed chiefly by American residents, was presented to 
 the President praying for admission to the Union. While there 
 was no desire on the part of any number of genuine British subjects 
 for other than British rule, some of the anti-federationists used the 
 annexation cry for political reasons. In June of 1869 Governor 
 Seymour died at Victoria, and Anthony Musgrove was appointed to 
 the vacant position. Governor Musgrove's instructions were to 
 bring about confederation as speedily as possible in conformity with 
 the Imperial policy, and with what was now clearly recognized as 
 the desire of the great majbrity of the people of British Columbia. 
 Governor Musgrove was admirably fitted for the work of reconciling 
 the opposing elements, and his efforts were easily successful. In his 
 inaugural address he said that Her Majesty's Government had no 
 desire to urge confederation with the Dominion against the wishes 
 of the people of British Columbia, but he expressed the conviction 
 that under certain conditions the colony might derive substantial 
 benefit from the Union. A scheme embodying such conditions he 
 had, with the advice of his Executive, prepared and would submit 
 for the consideration of the Council. The resolutions were passed
 
 PROVINCE OP BRITISH COLUMBIA. 59 
 
 and a delegation, comprised of Hon. J. S. Helmcken, Hon. Joseph 
 W. Trutch and Hon. R. W. W. Carrall, were sent to Ottawa to ar- 
 range with the Dominion Government the terms of confederation. In 
 the session of 1871 the report of the Privy Council of Canada upon 
 the matter was laid before the Legislature and the terms were ac- 
 cepted. An address was therefore passed to Her Majesty praying 
 for admission to the Dominion in accordance with the provisions of 
 the British North America Act of 1867. By the Terms of Union, 
 Canada was made liable for the debts and obligations of the Colony 
 of British Columbia. The liabilities of the provinces then consti- 
 tuting the Dominion, being greatly in excess of those of British 
 Columbia, the latter was to be entitled to interest at the rate of five 
 per cent, per annum on the difference between her debt and that of 
 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, pro ratio of their population. A 
 subsidy of $35,000 a year for the support of her Government and 
 Legislature were to be paid, together with a grant of eighty cents 
 per capita of the population, then estimated at 60,000, such grant 
 to increase with the number of inhabitants till that number should 
 have reached 400,000, after which the grant would not further be 
 increased. The Federal Government was to provide a fortnightly 
 mail service between Victoria and San Francisco by steamer, and 
 twice a week between Victoria and Olympia. The Dominion was to 
 defray all charges which, according to the British North America 
 Act, pertain to the general Government, and pension those whose 
 positions and emoluments would be affected by the change. The 
 province was to be represented in the Senate of the Dominion by 
 three members, and in the Commons by six, this representation to 
 be increased according to the growth of the population. The Gov- 
 ernment of Canada undertook to secure the commencement, simul- 
 taneously, within two years from the date of the Union of the con- 
 struction of a railway from the Pacific towards the Rocky Mountains, 
 and from such point as might be selected east of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains towards the Pacific, to connect the seaboard of British Colum- 
 bia with the railroad system of Canada, and further to secure the 
 completion of such railway within ten years from the date of the 
 Union. The Government of British Columbia agreed to convey to 
 the Dominion Government, in trust, to be appropriated in such man- 
 ner as the Dominion Government might deem advisable in further- 
 ance of the construction of the said railway, a similar extent of the
 
 60 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 public lands along the line of railway throughout its entire length 
 in British Columbia, not to exceed, however, twenty miles on each 
 side of said line, as might be appropriated for the same purpose by 
 the Dominion Government from public lands in the North West 
 Territories and the Province of Manitoba. In consideration of the 
 land to be so conveyed in aid of the construction of the said railway, 
 the Dominion Government agreed to pay to British Columbia from 
 the date of the Union the sum of $100,000 per annum, in half-yearly 
 payments, in advance. The Dominion Government also guaranteed 
 the interest for ten years from the date of the completion of the 
 work at the rate of five per cent, per annum on such sum, not ex- 
 ceeding 100,000 sterling, as might be required for the construction 
 of a first-class graving-dock at Esquimalt. The Indians were taken 
 under the care of the Federal Government. These terms took effect 
 on the 20th of July, 1871, and on the 14th of February the Consti- 
 tution Act was passed abolishing the Legislative Council and substi- 
 tuting in its stead a Legislative Assembly, to be elected once in four 
 years, and to consist of twenty-five members chosen by twelve elec- 
 toral districts. 
 
 That condition in the terms of confederation which was re- 
 garded as the most important and the one, the fulfillment of which 
 alone could bind the new Province to the Dominion, was, of course, 
 the construction of a line of railway from the Atlantic to the Pacific 
 ocean. The value of such a railway had before this time suggested 
 itself to the minds of both Imperial and Colonial statesmen, but the 
 magnitude of the project to the majority of men was an absolute 
 demonstration of the impossibility of its accomplishment. There 
 were, however, a few dreamers, as they were termed, who clung 
 tenaciously to the opinion that in order to preserve to England her 
 possessions on the Pacific an interoceanic system of communication 
 would have to be built. When the construction of the road was, by 
 the terms of union, agreed upon, neither the Dominion nor Pro- 
 vincial authorities had any accurate knowledge of the difficulties 
 which would have to be surmounted, but as it lay with the Domin- 
 ion to accept or reject British Columbia with the railway as a neces- 
 sary part of the conditions of federation, the Macdonald ministry 
 took the chances of being able, with what aid they could obtain 
 from the Home Government and English capitalists, to carry out 
 the project. Their ultimate success is one of the marvels of the age.
 
 HON. FORBES VERNON.
 
 PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 61 
 
 Hon. Joseph W. Trutch was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of 
 the new Province, and under the new constitution the first election 
 for members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia took 
 place in October, 1871. To that Assembly the following members 
 were returned: Cariboo Hon. George A. Walkem, Joseph Hunter, 
 Cornelius Booth; Comox John Ash, M.D. ; Cowichan Win. 
 Sinithe, John Paton Booth; Esquimalt A. Rocke Robertson 
 Henry Cogan; Kootenay John Andrew Mara, Charles Todd; Lil- 
 looet Andrew I. Jamieson, T. B. Humphreys; Nanaimo John 
 Robson; New Westminster City Henry Holbrook; New West- 
 minster District Joseph Charles Hughes, Win. Armstrong; Vic- 
 toria City Robert Beaveii, John Foster McCreight, Simeon Duck, 
 James Trimble, M.D.; Victoria District Amor DeCosmos, Arthur 
 Bunster; Yale Robert Smith, James Robinson, Charles A. Semlin. 
 The Assembly met on the 15th of February, 1872, and Mr. J. F. 
 McCreight was called upon to form a Cabinet. He accepted the 
 task and his Ministry consisted of A. Rocke Robertson, Provincial 
 Secretary; Henry Holbrook, Chief Commissioner of Lands and 
 Works, and Geo. A. Walkem, Minister of Finance, the Premier him- 
 self taking office as Attorney-General. During the existence of this 
 Government the permanent civil list, created by the last Council 
 of the colony, and amounting to $78,346.25, was abolished, and for 
 the future it was decided that bills should be brought in yearly for 
 defraying this expense. The Canadian Tariff was adopted by the 
 Assembly, and the system of education altered and placed on a bet- 
 ter footing. Early next session the Government was defeated on a 
 want of confidence motion, and Mr DeCosmos formed a coaliton 
 Cabinet, composed of Messrs. Walkem, Beaven, Ash and Armstrong. 
 This Government continued till the 13th of February, 1872, when, 
 in consequence of the abolition of dual representation, Mr. De- 
 Cosmos resigned his seat in the Assembly and retained that in the 
 House of Commons. Mr. Walkem then took the Premiership, the 
 members of the DeCosmos Ministry still retaining office. In 1873 
 the Pacific Railway question began to give trouble, and continued 
 until 1880 to occupy the closest attention of each succeeding Gov- 
 ernment. Immediately after the ratification of the terms of union 
 the work of exploration and survey began, but at the expiration of 
 the time for the commencement of construction, namely, on the 1st 
 of July, 1873, only such exploratory surveys had been made in
 
 62 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 British Columbia as were required to determine the direction in 
 which the experimental surveys should be carried on. In 1872, in the 
 House of Commons, Sir George E. Cartier introduced a bill by 
 which it was proposed to grant a subsidy of $30,000,000, together 
 with fifty million acres of land, for the construction of a railway 
 from Lake Nipissing to the Pacific coast. The Government was 
 authorized to come to an agreement with a single company for the 
 construction of the entire line, provided that such company possessed 
 a capital of $10,000,000, of which ten per cent, must be deposited 
 with the Receiver-General. The bill met with the approval of Par- 
 liament and a charter was given to an amalgamated company, with Sir 
 Hugh Allan as its head, and among its members some of the wealth- 
 iest men of Victoria. Sir Hugh Allan then went to London to 
 borrow the money necessary to carry out the undertaking. In this, 
 however, he failed of success. To enter on a description of the 
 trouble which at this time occurred in Dominion politics over the 
 sale of the charter to the Allan company would be useless. Every 
 school-boy knows the history of the Pacific scandal. The Macdonald 
 Government was defeated and an administration was formed by 
 Hon. Alexander Mackenzie. Previous to this change in the man- 
 agement of affairs, however, the Government of British Columbia 
 had been notified that Esquimalt had been selected as the terminus 
 of the railway, and the subsequent alteration in this respect con- 
 tinued to be a fruitful source of bitterness and contention. When 
 Mr. Mackenzie came into power he refused to comply with the terms 
 made by the preceding Government, and sent a lawyer named Edgar 
 to British Columbia to negotiate new terms. Mr. Edgar's mission 
 was, however, unsuccessful, owing to the fact that he had come with- 
 out proper credentials; and on his recall Lieut. -Governor Trutch 
 complained to the Imperial Government that a breach of contract 
 had been committed by the Federal authorities in failing to carry 
 out the terms of confederation. 
 
 In 1874 Mr. MacKenzie introduced his Pacific Railway Bill by 
 wliich the line was divided into four sections; the first extending 
 from lake Nipissing to the west end of lake Superior; the second 
 from lake Superior to Red River, in Manitoba; the third from Red 
 River to some point between Fort Edmonton and the Rocky 
 Mountains; the fourth from the western terminus of the third sec- 
 tion to some point in British Columbia. The Government was to
 
 PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 63 
 
 be at liberty to divide any of these sections into sub-sections, and 
 might at its discretion construct the line or any part of it as a pub- 
 lic work. The MacKenzie Government declined to accept Esquimalt 
 as the terminus of the railway, and made other alterations in the 
 plans of construction, which did not satisfy the Provincial legisla- 
 tors, who made another appeal to the Imperial authorities. Matters 
 between the two Governments went from bad to worse and a rupture 
 seemed imminent. In June 1874, when feeling ran highest, Earl Car- 
 narvon consented to arbitrate between the two parties and the terms 
 known as the "Carnarvon terms" were accepted by both the Dominion 
 and Provincial Governments. The immediate construction of a railway 
 on Vancouver Island, from Esquimalt to Nanaimo was one of the 
 clauses of this agreement, but when a Bill for this purpose was 
 brought into the Dominion Parliament it was defeated by a majority 
 of the Senate. Consequent upon this further delay arose and in- 
 creased complaints from British Columbia. Her Majesty was again 
 memorialized of the breach of faith on the part of the federal auth- 
 orities and separation was loudly threatened. It was at this time 
 that Lord Dufferin, then Governor-General of the Dominion, paid 
 his memorable visit to the Pacific Province for the purpose of seeing 
 what he could do to allay the discontent which existed. His Ex- 
 cellency's efforts were certainly not without good results. He 
 brought into play all those happy gifts with which he is so plenti- 
 fully endowed and left a lasting impression of his personal accom- 
 plishments and genial traits as well as appreciably mitigating the 
 acerbity of the Provincial temper. His anxiety for a settlement of 
 the trouble did not, however, seem to be shared by the Dominion 
 Cabinet, and the opportunity which certainly offered itself at that 
 time of coming to a good understanding was permitted, through the 
 dilatoriness and incapacity of his ministers, to slip by. Matters 
 continued to grow worse and relations more strained till 1878, when 
 a petition was forwarded to the Queen asking that the Province be 
 permitted to withdraw from the union, unless the Carnarvon terms 
 were carried out before the first of May. There was also some talk 
 of annexation, but this was confined to the American residents at 
 Victoria. It was fortunate for all parties concerned that at this 
 juncture a change took place in the Federal administration. At 
 thegeneral election of 1878 the MacKenzie Government was defeated 
 and when the House assembled Sir John Macdonald was again called
 
 64 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 to the head of affairs. The desire he displayed to carry through 
 the gigantic project restored confidence throughout the province and 
 the determination evinced by the Walkem-Beaven Government that 
 no rest should be permitted the Federal authorities till the work 
 was begun, met with general approbation. A definite pledge was 
 given on the 26th of April, 1878, that the work of construction in 
 British Columbia would be begun that season and pushed vigorously. 
 Sir John Macdonald's Government was, however, apparently un- 
 willing to acquiesce in the selection of the Fraser River Route made 
 by its predecessor, and surveyors were sent out to look for a northern 
 route. The search, however, was fruitless of results, and Mr. Mac- 
 Kenzie's selection was finally adopted, with Port Moody on Burrard 
 Inlet as the terminal point. The Government at once awarded the 
 contract for the construction of the line from Emory's Bar to Savona 
 to Mr. Onderdonk, and early next season work was commenced on this 
 section and pushed forward with wonderful energy. The Provincial 
 Government, however, was not satisfied with this. They desired to 
 see the work on the section between Emory's Bar and Port Moody 
 and also the line on the Island begun, and in 1880 Hon. Amor De 
 Cosmos, M.P., was authorized to press this matter and the loss to 
 the Province by delay upon the Federal authorities. He did so, 
 but failing to obtain any reply of a satisfactory nature, he 
 was commissioned by the Provincial Legislature in 1881 to 
 go to London and present a petition upon the subject to the 
 Queen. The result of his efforts here consisted in an opinion offered 
 by the Secretary of State, Earl Kimberley, as a basis for a settle- 
 ment of the whole question. The basis proposed by Kimberley 
 were: the construction of a light line of railway from Esquimalt 
 to Nanaimo; the extension without delay of the line to Port 
 Moody; and the grant of reasonable compensation in money for the 
 failure to complete the work within the term of ten years, as speci- 
 fied in the conditions of union. During this time the work of con- 
 struction above Emory's Bar was being pressed forward. From the 
 beginning of the work in 1880 there had been a small army of over 
 seven thousand men steadily employed. This portion of the line 
 presented difficulties unequalled in the history of railway building 
 on this continent and it is estimated that in some parts as much as 
 $300,000 per mile was expended on it. Several tunnels were bored 
 at an enormous outlay and the construction of the cantaliver bridge 
 across the Fraser below Lytton was a marvellous feat of engineering 
 workmanship.
 
 COLONY OP BRITISH COLUMBIA. 65 
 
 Meanwhile in strictly local politics changes had taken place. 
 In the general election of 1875 the Province returned a majority 
 against Mr. Walkem's Government, and Hon. A. C. Elliott formed 
 an administration consisting of F. G. Vernon, T. B. Humphreys, E. 
 Brown and A. E. B. Davie. When the Ministers returned to the 
 country for re-election Mr. Davie was defeated. This Government 
 existed for two and a half years. In 1878 it introduced a measure 
 for a re-distribution of seats and an increase of the number of rep- 
 resentatives to thirty-five. The Bill was thrown out, and an appeal 
 was made to the country with the result that the Elliott party were 
 defeated. Mr. Walkem was again called upon to form a Cabinet, 
 and Messrs Beaven, Hett and Humphreys joined him in the Gov- 
 ernment. It was during this administration that the Province took 
 such a determined stand on the question of constructing the Cana- 
 dian Pacific Railway without further delay, and there is no doubt 
 that the resolute attitude of the Legislature at that time had a great 
 deal to do with the subsequent energy displayed by the Dominion 
 Government in this respect. During this Government's existence, 
 also, the construction of the Dry Dock at Esquimalt was begun. 
 In 1882 Mr. "Walkem was elevated to the bench and Hon. Robert 
 Beaven became premier. The opposition, however, carried a majority 
 of the constituencies at the election which ensued a few months 
 later, and Hon. Wm. Smithe formed a Cabinet composed of Hon. 
 A. E. B. Davie, Hon. John Robson and M. W. T. Drake. In the 
 first year of this administration the Settlement Act was passed, by 
 which all questions between the Province and the Dominion were 
 finally disposed of. By this Act a subsidy of $750,000 was given 
 by the Dominion Government for the construction of the Island 
 Railway. This, together with a most liberal grant of land from the 
 Provincial Government, was sufficient inducement to capitalists to 
 undertake the project, and a Company, of which Mr. Robert Duns- 
 muir was the head, obtained the charter for the line, which was to 
 extend from Esquimalt to Nanaimo. The work was begun at once 
 and was completed before the time specified in the contract. It is 
 possible that in the near future this Railway will be extended to the 
 extreme north of the Island, and there is little doubt that had Hon. 
 Robert Dunsmuir lived the work would have been begun during 
 the present year. During this time work on the construction of 
 the Canadian Pacific Railway was being pushed forward with 
 
 (6)
 
 66 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 unremitting vigor, and early in 1885 the line was complete from 
 Montreal to Port Moody, the last rail having been laid at Eagle 
 Pass. Contrary to the expectations of a great many persons who 
 invested their money in property at Port Moody, the terminus of 
 the line was changed to Coal Harbor, on which the City of Vancou- 
 ver now stands. This was in consequence of the insufficient ac- 
 commodation afforded at Port Moody for shipping purposes. At 
 Coal Harbor not only was there unlimited accommodation in this 
 respect, but the Inlet at this point was so broad and deep, and so 
 completely land locked, that it afforded a harborage for vessels 
 second to none on the coast. 
 
 With the completion of this mighty work this national trans- 
 continental highway a new era dawned for British Columbia; new 
 blood and fresh energy was infused into the body politic and the 
 possibilities of successful development became less uncertain and less 
 difficult of accomplishment. Along the line of railway, at favorable 
 points, the nuclei of future towns were laid during the period of 
 construction, many of which have already become places of some im- 
 portance and must, with the continued settlement of the Province, 
 attain large proportions, Business on the coast increased at once, 
 and the population of the cities doubled in a few months. Among 
 the thousands who crowded into the country immediately after the 
 completion of the railway were many of the shrewdest men of the 
 east. A majority of these remained in Vancouver, the terminus of 
 the railway, a town whose growth and prosperity have been unex- 
 ampled in the history of Canadian cities. From a village of two 
 hundred persons in 1886 it has become a city of eighteen thousand 
 in 1890. On the 14th of June, 1886, the town, then rapidly pro- 
 gressing, was completely destroyed by fire and three thousand people 
 were left without a shelter, but with that energy which has since 
 marked its existence, the inhabitants set to work to erect better 
 structures on the sites of their ruined dwellings. When the nature 
 of the British Columbia forests are considered, and it is remembered 
 that the site of the now handsome City of Vancouver was three 
 years ago covered with dense underbrush and mighty trees, the en- 
 ergy displayed by the inhabitants will be regarded as little less than 
 marvellous. In 1887 the railway was extended from Port Moody 
 to Vancouver, and a line of steamships was provided to run from 
 the terminus of the route to Japan and China. The advantages of
 
 F. J. HAKNAXI).
 
 COLOXY OP BRITISH COLUMBIA. 67 
 
 this route to and from Australia, India and China, over the Ameri- 
 can lines are easily apparent, and there is little doubt they will com- 
 mend themselves to the commercial world. While the stimulus 
 imparted by the completion of the through line of railway was 
 largely confined for the first year to the cities, where fortunes were 
 made very rapidly, it did not, fortunately for the immediate future 
 of the Province, exhaust itself here. The agricultural districts be- 
 gan to fill up rapidly, or at least those districts where the farmer 
 saw he would have a convenient market for his produce. The rich 
 valley of the Fraser River, where already many settlements existed, 
 especially attracted the agriculturist. The salmon industry, which 
 had already attained large proportions, gained a larger market, and 
 the exhaustless wealth of timber induced the capitalist to place his 
 money where a return in proportion to the judgment exercised in 
 the outlay was assured. An impetus was given to quartz mining, 
 which as yet had been attempted on a very limited scale, and the 
 mountains once more became the haunt of prospectors. As soon as 
 it was placed beyond a doubt that the Canadian Pacific Railway 
 was to be built local companies were formed for the construction of 
 lines which would further open up the country. In 1883 the New 
 Westminster Southern road, which will very soon be an accom- 
 plished fact, was projected, and a company was incorporated to build 
 it. The Fraser River Railway Company was also incorporated, and 
 the Columbia and Kootenay Railway Company. In 1885, also, a 
 company was formed for the purpose of building the Shuswap and 
 Okanagan Railway, to connect with the Canadian Pacific Railway, 
 and open up the Okanagan and Spallumcheen valley. This district, 
 which contains, perhaps, for mixed farming, and especially for wheat 
 growing, the finest land in the Dominion, was very little known at 
 that time, (and indeed this may be said of a great portion of the 
 country), and the efforts of the projectors of this railway were met 
 with opposition, both in the local and Dominion Parliaments. The 
 persistent labor, however, of one or two men, who knew the value 
 to the Province of settling and developing this tract of country, 
 finally triumphed over the adverse stand taken by the legislature, 
 and this year will see the commencement of this line. 
 
 The Province as she now exists is among the most promising 
 ising and valuable members of confederation, and her people are 
 fully alive to the greatness of their possession. Their representa- 
 tives in the local and federal parliaments are men of ripe experience
 
 68 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 and large acquaintance with the country's possibilities and require- 
 ments, and whose personal interests are bound up with the welfare 
 and progress of the Province. The representation in both Houses, 
 which has remained as it was fixed at confederation, will be im- 
 mediately increased in proportion to the increase in population. 
 
 In its efforts to advance the material prosperity of the Province, 
 the Government has not lost sight of that which alone can support 
 through a period of generations the stability of the state. It has 
 ever since the date of Confederation been the especial care of each 
 succeeding Government to make the most liberal provisions for edu- 
 cational purposes, and to create a school system which should be 
 second to none on the continent. Hon. Mr. Beaven devoted, dur- 
 ing the period of his administration, a great deal of thought to this 
 question, and the educational system as it exists to-day is partly his 
 workmanship. During the past four years Hon. John Robson, 
 Premier and Provincial Secretary, has taken charge of this depart- 
 mant of the Government and, with the assistance of the Educational 
 Superintendent, Mr. S. D. Pope, has made a great many improve- 
 ments of much value, and got the system into the most perfect and 
 admirable working order. To-day there is not in the whole Prov- 
 ince a community which has not easy access to all the advantages 
 which this system of free public education affords. The system of 
 British Columbia combines many of the excellencies of that of On- 
 tario, as well as those of the maritime provinces. The most conspic- 
 uous differences between the system of British Columbia and that 
 of Ontario, are that the former is strictly non-sectarian and provides 
 more liberally than the latter, inasmuch as not only are school sites 
 and school buildings paid for directly from the Provincial treasury, 
 but the salaries of the teachers and all incidental expenses con- 
 nected with the operation of the schools are paid from the same 
 source. As an evidence of the increasing prosperity of the country at 
 large it may be stated that provision has been made for the sal- 
 aries of nearly 200 teachers, amounting to $150,000, and school 
 buildings amounting to $50,000. There are at present four high 
 schools in the province, one in each of the four principal cities, viz. : 
 Victoria, Vancouver, New Westminster, and Nanaimo. Each of 
 these schools is well equipped with efficient teachers. There are also 
 throughout the province eleven graded schools, four ward schools 
 and one hundred and ten rural schools. The high schools are fed
 
 COLOXY OP BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 69 
 
 from the graded and rural schools. The course of study prescribed 
 in the rural and graded schools embraces besides the elementary 
 branches some of the more advanced departments in mathematics 
 and natural science. The growth of the schools since the period of 
 Confederation has been great indeed, as will be at once apparent by 
 glancing over the following comparative statement taken from the 
 last annual report of the Superintendent: 
 
 Year. 
 
 Number of 
 School 
 Districts. 
 
 Aggregate 
 Enrolment. 
 
 Expenditure 
 tor Education 
 Proper. 
 
 1872-73 
 
 25 
 
 1,028 
 
 $ 36,763 77 
 
 1873-74 
 
 37 
 
 1,245 
 
 35,287 59 
 
 1874-75 
 
 41 
 
 1,403 
 
 34,822 28 
 
 1875-76 
 
 41 
 
 1,685 
 
 44,506 11 
 
 1876-77 
 
 42 
 
 1,998 
 
 47,129 63 
 
 1877-78 
 
 45 
 
 2,198 
 
 43,334 01 
 
 1878-79 
 
 45 
 
 2,301 
 
 22,110 70 
 
 1879-80 
 
 47 
 
 2,462 
 
 47,006 10 
 
 1880-81 
 
 48 
 
 2; 571 
 
 46,960 68 
 
 1881-82 
 
 50 
 
 2,653 
 
 49,268 63 
 
 1882-83 
 
 59 
 
 2,693 
 
 50,850 63 
 
 1883-84 
 
 67 
 
 3,420 
 
 66,655 15 
 
 1884-85 
 
 76 
 
 4,027 
 
 71,151 52 
 
 1885-86 
 
 86 
 
 4,471 
 
 79,527 56 
 
 1886-87 
 
 95 
 
 5,345 
 
 88,521 08 
 
 1887-88 
 
 104 
 
 6,372 
 
 99,902 04 
 
 1888-89 
 
 109 
 
 6,796 
 
 108,190 59 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mr. Pope, the provincial superintendent, is keenly alive to 
 the importance of stimulating, by every possible means, the pupils 
 to study and thereby awakening in them a thirst for learning, and 
 his efforts have met with an abundant success. The annual examin- 
 ations for the granting of certificates to teachers are of a stringent 
 character and the standard of efficiency is quite equal to that of any 
 other province and certainly superior to most. The examinations are 
 held simultaneously at Kainloops and Victoria by a Board of Ex- 
 aminers appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor to assist the superin- 
 tendent. Graduates from other provinces are exempt in British
 
 70 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 Columbia from examinations in other than professional subjects. 
 Every graduate is required, however, to satisfy the examiners that 
 he has a good knowledge of the art of teaching and school manage- 
 ment as well as being thoroughly versed in the regulations and 
 school law of the province. While the system of education is strictly 
 non-sectarian it is an instruction to the teacher that the highest 
 morality should be inculcated. The crowning point of the public 
 school system of the province of British Columbia will be reached 
 by the establishment of a university, legislation for which was a 
 portion of the work of the local parliament at its recent session. A 
 normal school for the training of teachers will be an appendage to 
 the university. 
 
 Among the subjects which, in this necessarily brief and imper- 
 fect outline, I have left untouched, are the Indian question and the 
 progress of missionary work among the native tribes. As I have 
 stated previously there has been little difficulty in the management 
 of the Indians from the earliest time, and the few tragic occurences 
 which took place during the early days of mining history were the 
 result not so much of native hostility to the presence of the white 
 intruder as of that spirit of arrogance and wanton cruelty which ac- 
 tuated the more abandoned adventurers from California in their 
 dealings with the aboriginal inhabitants. The natives had, through 
 a long course of years of intimate business relations with the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company's agents, been led to repose confidence in the 
 trader, and this confidence they would also have given to the miner, 
 as they have since to the settler, had they not been outraged by the 
 treatment they received. Since that period, however, under the just 
 and kindly care of the Government they have lived contented and 
 peaceful lives. The condition of a great number of the natives 
 throughout British Columbia to-day is a proof of what can be ac- 
 complished among savage peoples by civilizing influences properly 
 employed. They have, in a large measure, except in the northern 
 portion of the Province, accepted the white man's mode of living, 
 and thousands of them are industrious citizens. Through the upper 
 country many of them have taken to farming and cattle raising, and 
 have prospered side by side with the white settlers. In British 
 Columbia the Indian title to land has, under colonial or provincial 
 rule, never been conceded, and to the world at large, especially to 
 the English world, this may savo,r of injustice. But when the
 
 COLONY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 71 
 
 primitive condition of the tribes here is considered, and it is remem- 
 bered that all the modes of obtaining their food employed be- 
 fore they were disturbed in their wilds by the Europeans, are still 
 as much open to them as in their most savage days, the loss of their 
 lands, which they never cultivated, it will be admitted, cannot be 
 considered as a hardship. The restrictions imposed upon the other 
 inhabitants, in regard to hunting and fishing, are not intended to 
 apply to the Indians, and they therefore have, at all seasons of the 
 year, the same absolute freedom their forefathers possessed in ob- 
 taining their food supply. Of late years they have displayed a 
 commendable desire to educate their children and acquire the know- 
 ledge which has given the white man his power. 
 
 The earliest missionaries in British Columbia, as elsewhere on 
 this coast, and one might say on this continent, were the agents of 
 the Jesuite order. In 1843, when James Douglas first landed at 
 Camosun to establish the fort there, a Jesuit father accompanied 
 him, and previous to this time a number of agents of the same order 
 had been all along the coast as far up as Fort Simpson. These in- 
 defatigable men, although courting death at every turn, and perse- 
 vering undauntedly in their mission among the savages, do not seem 
 to have accomplished much beyond inspiring the natives with a re- 
 spect for their persons, and baptising indiscriminately large numbers 
 of savages totally ignorant of the meaning attached to the ceremony 
 to which they passively submitted, or indeed, of the most elementary 
 principles of the religion into which they had just been received. 
 The same order also established missions in the interior among the 
 Kootenay tribes, in the Okanagan district and in the Chilkotin 
 country. In the year 1858 Mr. Wm. Duncan, who established the 
 celebrated mission at Metlakahtla, arrived at Victoria as the agent 
 of the London Church Missionary Society. He was a man of in- 
 domitable will, who regarded himself as having received a divine 
 call to the work. He went about his labors in a practical level- 
 headed manner, and the success which attended him almost from 
 the beginning was beyond all expectation. Having thoroughly 
 mastered the language of the tribe he delivered his message to them 
 in their own tongue. He settled among them as one of themselves 
 and, after obtaining an influence over them, he started various in- 
 dustries. Thus, at the same time that he ministered to their spirit- 
 ual needs he broke up their tribal system and taught them
 
 72 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 handicraft trades. In short he raised them in the material as well as 
 spiritual scale of humanity. His mission has been attended with 
 greater success than any on this continent, and might be taken by 
 the church as an example of what can be done by adopting the 
 same system which he pursued. A large number of other agents 
 were sent out by the same society and following these came regular- 
 ly appointed ministers of the various denominations. The Hudson's 
 Bay Company from the first gave every assistance possible to these 
 Christian teachers without respect to their creed. From the year 
 1858 the city of Victoria was well supplied with ministers of the 
 gospel, who, while they did not face the sufferings and danger ex- 
 perienced by those who ventured among the savages, had nothing of 
 the studious ease enjoyed by the clergy of the present day. Among 
 earliest and most zealous workers in the cause of religion in the 
 Province were Rev. Bishop Cridge, of Victoria, and Rev. E. Rob- 
 son, now stationed at Vancouver. 
 
 Among the present population of British Columbia is a large 
 number of Chinamen and here as in California the question of how to 
 deal with this class of immigrants has for the past ten years exer- 
 cised the minds of those having at heart the best interests of the 
 province. With the excitement over the discovery of gold in 1858 
 hundreds of these Asiatics crowded into the country with the 
 European adventurers and spread themselves along the Fraser and 
 Thompson rivers. They were regarded with aversion not only by 
 the whites but by the Indians, but as in this country "suffrance is the 
 badge of all their race" they were content to put up with contumely 
 so long as they were not subjected to personal violence. They were 
 excellent miners, possessing more patience and no less skill in the 
 work than their white oo-laborers, and being able to subsist on less 
 food and that of a coarser kind they often found excellent claims 
 which had been passed over by the others in their impatience 
 to push further north where, it was reported, coarser gold 
 existed in great abundance, and obtainable with no greater 
 labor than on the lower parts of the River Fraser. During 
 the trouble with the Indians in the early part of 1858 it 
 was suspected that the Chinese were in league with the natives, were 
 fomenting the rage of the savages and wherever possible supplying 
 them ammunition for their intended struggle with the white miners. 
 In 1861 there were between fifteen hundred and two thousand
 
 COLONY OP BRITISH COLUMBIA. 73 
 
 Chinese in and about Yale alone and there rnust have been nearly an 
 equal number throughout the rest of the province. Their presence 
 or their number did not at this time nor for nearly twenty years 
 afterwards attract the thoughtful attention of the people. It was 
 at Victoria, where their labor was brought into conpetition with 
 that of white men, that the baneful effect of their presence was 
 first clearly recognised and almost immediately an agitation for their 
 exclusion from the province was begun. The representatives of the city 
 in the Dominion parliament urged the government to pass restrictive 
 legislation, and the people of Victoria organized an anti-Chinese 
 league the object of which was to keep alive the agitation till such 
 legislation had been accomplished. As was to be expected the ad- 
 ministration demurred at carrying out the full wishes of the province 
 but in 1884, by persistent effort, a bill was obtained imposing a tax 
 of fifty dollars on every Chinaman entering the country. Previous 
 to this, however, the work of construction on the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway had been commenced and thousands of coolies were brought 
 into the country and employed by the contractors. At one time as 
 many as six thousand five hundred of these Chinese laborers were at 
 work on the different sections in the province. There is little doubt 
 but that the people of British Columbia are unanimous on the Chi- 
 nese question and if it lay with the province to determine its settlement 
 there would be no further immigration of this race. Those at pres- 
 ent in the province are engaged in almost every business and are the 
 very worst class of citizens which a country could possess. Not 
 only do they compete with male but also with female workers and 
 in every instance they sell their labor at a price which would not 
 provide the white man with food. Whatever locality they live in 
 becomes at once a pollution where every immaginable disease is 
 fostered and where every vice is nourished. Whatever respect they 
 have for the law is simply the offspring of fear and as they know no 
 rule of morality they are capable of any crime against society. 
 Wherever possible they avoid the payment of taxes and they are 
 amongst the most expert and successful smugglers on the coast. The 
 eastern provinces have not experienced their baneful influence and 
 are therefore unable to thoroughly understand or appreciate the vita 
 necessity there was for British Columbia ridding itself at least in 
 part of this blight upon the country's prosperity.
 
 74 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 During the past three years the destiny of the Province has been 
 shaped by ihe Da vie and Robson Governments, and the marked 
 progress it has made has been largely owing to their wise and liberal 
 administrations. In 1889 Hon. A. E. B. Da vie, the Premier, died, 
 and Hon. John Robson was called upon to form a Ministry. Since 
 he has been at the head of affairs he has made it his chief endeavor 
 to induce the settlement of agriculturists in the country, and for this 
 purpose public lands have been thrown open on the most liberal 
 terms, and every assistance afforded to intending settlers. Indus- 
 tries also have .been cherished, and provision on a large scale made 
 for survey and exploration of those portions of the Province con- 
 cerning which as yet little knowledge of an exact nature has been 
 obtained. In view of the new footing on which the relations be- 
 tween Japan and Canada have been placed by- the construction of 
 the railway and the steamship service, a Japanese Consul has been 
 appointed to look after the interest of that country. For this office 
 one of the most distinguished subjects of His Japanese Majesty has 
 been chosen in the person of Mr. Fukashi Sugimura, a scion of the 
 titled military class of that country. Mr. Sugimura, previous to 
 his mission to British Columbia, spent many years of his life in the 
 foreign service of his government. During the revolutionary war in 
 Japan, in 1866, he entered himself as a volunteer and saw active 
 service. In 1871 he went to Tokio, where he spent three years in 
 the study of Chinese sciences and international law. He then ac- 
 companied the Japanese army to Formoso, when that island was in- 
 vaded, and spent the greater portion of the year there. During the 
 civil war of 1877, in Japan, Mr. Sugimura contributed a series of 
 articles from the seat of war to the Yokohama "Daily News," and 
 at the termination of the war he assumed the editorship of the same 
 paper. In 1880 he was appointed a member of the Consulate at 
 Pusan in Corea, and in 1882 became an attache of Legation at 
 Corea. In July of that year an attack was made by the Coreans on 
 the Japanese Legation, and fourteen persons, including officials, 
 students and servants, were slaughtered. Other twenty-four, in- 
 cluding the ambassador and Mr. Sugimura, escaped in a junk, and 
 after two days on the ocean they were rescued by the British man- 
 of-war, "Flying Fish." In September of the game year Mr. Sugi- 
 mara was appointed to the position of Vice-Consul at Themulpo. 
 In 1886 he was made Secretary of Legation 'at Corea, where he
 
 MARK HATE.
 
 COLONY OP BRITISH COLUMBIA. 75 
 
 stayed as Charge d' Affairs about seven months. On his return 
 from Corea he acted as Secretary to the Foreign Department till 
 May, 1889, when he came to Vancouver as Consul. Mr. Sugimura 
 is the first consul appointed to a British City. He is a most ener- 
 getic man and thoroughly adapted to the position which he at pres- 
 ent fills. 
 
 With the business enterprise for which her people have already 
 made themselves known, with the great natural advantages of her 
 situation, her unexcelled climate and her immense resources, British 
 Columbia cannot fail to fulfil the hopes which her children have 
 formed for her future. At the present time there is a great deal of 
 contention among all the cities north of San Francisco as to which 
 shall stand second to her in commercial importance, and the struggle 
 has done not a little to build up very rapidly the ports on Puget 
 Sound. The foundations of these towns are, however, in many re- 
 spects, insecure, and the energy which is undoubtedly expended is 
 to a very large extent mis-applied. In British Columbia the activity 
 of the people has been naturally called forth in taking advantage of 
 the wealth with which she abounds. Within her borders is none of 
 that feverish excitement which is so prevalent elsewhere on the 
 coast, and which must necessarily be followed .by a state of weakness 
 and collapse. British Columbia is content to proceed with caution, 
 feeling confident that with her own strength added to that of the 
 vast country east of the Rocky Mountains, the issues of the future 
 are with her.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Abbott, Harry Braithwaite, (Vancouver), son of Rev. Joseph 
 and Harriet Elizabeth Abbott, was born at Abbotsford, Eastern 
 Townships, on June 14th, 1829. His father, who was a graduate 
 of Glasgow University, was sent to Canada by the Society for the 
 Propagation of the Gospel. Mr. Abbott was educated at the high 
 school in Montreal, and subsequently at McGill University. He 
 early displayed a taste for mechanics, and this study he cultivated 
 energetically. In 1847 he received an appointment on the engineer- 
 ing staff of the St. Lawrence and Atlantic (now Grand Trunk) 
 Railway, under Col. C. S. Gzowski, the chief engineer, and was con- 
 nected with this enterprise till the completion of the line. He was 
 then appointed resident engineer of one of the divisions. In 1857 
 he, in conjunction with Messrs. Cortland & Freer, took a contract 
 for the maintenance of way of 150 miles of the Grand Trunk Rail- 
 way. When this contract expired he and Mr. Freer leased the 
 Riviere du Loup section of the G. T. R., which they opened up and 
 conducted with success for one year, after which they took charge of 
 the Carleton and Grenville Railway, in which they had a large in- 
 terest, and which they remained in charge of till its purchase by the 
 Ottawa River Navigation Company. In 1864 Mr. Abbott assumed 
 the managing directorship and filled the position of chief engineer of 
 the Brockville and Ottawa Railway, and in 1872 he built theCarle- 
 tonplace and Ottawa branch of the Canada Central Railway. He 
 then held till 1873 the presidency and managing directorship of the 
 Brockville and Ottawa Railway, and managing directorship of the 
 Canada Central. In 1874, in conjunction with Mr. Duncan Mac- 
 donald, he constructed a section of the Occidental Railway between 
 Montreal and Ottawa, including the bridges across the Black River 
 and Riviere du Chine. In 1876 he organized the Eastern Exten- 
 sion Railway Company, and was appointed chief engineer and man- 
 ager of construction. He next year re-assumed the managing 
 directorship of the Brockville and Ottawa and Canada Central
 
 78 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Railways. He retained this position for a year, resigning it to 
 again take charge of the Eastern Extension Railway. In 1882 he 
 was appointed manager of construction of the Sault Ste. Marie 
 branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and after completing this 
 work he became manager of construction of the main line west from 
 Sudbury. After completing his division in May, 1885, he laid an 
 additional 75 miles of track. He had charge of this division 
 during the time of the Riel rebellion in the North West 
 Territories, and made all the arrangements for the transmission of 
 troops from the eastern provinces to the seat of the trouble. He 
 was subsequently appointed supervising engineer of the Canadian 
 Pacific Railway, and in 1886 was offered and accepted the appoint- 
 ment of General Superintendent of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 
 British Columbia. In March, 1885, the last spike was driven in the 
 presence of Mr. Abbott, and on July 3rd, 1886, the first train was 
 run from Donald to the terminus on the seaboard, Mr. Abbott being 
 on board in formal charge. In politics Mr. Abbott has always been 
 a strong and consistent Conservative. He stood for the House of 
 Commons for Brock ville in 1872 in the interests of his party, but, 
 owing to the fact that during the progress of the campaign he was 
 prostrated with a dangerous illness and could not therefore give his 
 personal attention to the election, he was defeated. During the 
 Trent affair he assisted in raising a battalion of infantry in Argen- 
 teuil, of which he was gazetted major. He married Margaret 
 Amelia, daughter of Judge Sicotte. In religion Mr. Abbott is an 
 adherent of the Episcopal Church. 
 
 Abrams, James Atkinson, (Nanaimo), was born at Napanee, 
 Lennox county, Ontario, on the llth of November, 1844. He is 
 the second son of Isaiah Abrams, factor of the Sir Richard Cart- 
 wright estate. He was educated at the Napanee academy and after 
 leaving school was apprenticed to Stants, Sager & Madden, a firm of 
 tanners at his native place. He remained five years with this firm 
 and in 1862 he left Napanee and went to New York where he spent 
 two years working at his trade. In 1864 he came to the Pacific 
 coast by way of Panama and landed in San Francisco after a 
 thirty-seven days' voyage. He lived for three years in California, 
 working T 'n tanning establishments in San Francisco, Santa Cruz 
 and other towns. In 1867 he came to British Columbia landing in
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 79 
 
 Victoria with thirty -seven cents in his pocket. He remained in 
 Victoria till 1876 during which period he was foreman in the Rock 
 Bay tannery and afterwards in the Belmont tannery. In 1876 he 
 went to Nanaimo where he started a general store on Commercial 
 street and where he has lived continuously since. In 1878 Mr. 
 Abrams stood as a candidate for the Nanaimo district for the local 
 legislature in the interests of the Walkem Government against Mr. 
 D. W. Gordon, the present member for the Commons. Mr. Abrams 
 was elected by fifteen of a majority. In 1882 he was urged to stand 
 again but refused to do so as he found that his large business made 
 too great demands on his time to permit of his attending to public 
 affairs. In march, 1886, he opened a business in Vancouver in 
 partnership with Mr. McLean, under the firm title of Abrams & 
 McLean, still continuing his business in Nanaimo. In June of the 
 same year the great fire which destroyed the town swept this store 
 and stock out of existence and left them poorer by $16,000. In 
 1888 Mr. Abrams sold his business in Nanaimo and in the same 
 year his Vancouver partner bought out his share of the business in 
 Vancouver. Mr. Abrams had thus time once more to interest him- 
 self in politics and during 1889 he served the city in the council. 
 He refused, however, to stand for the mayoralty. Mr. Abrams is a 
 Justice of the Peace for British Columbia and is president of the 
 Nanaimo tanning company. He has large interests both on the 
 Island and Mainland and is anxious for the development of the 
 province. He is a member of the Masonic body and has occupied the 
 position of Senior Warden in that order ; he is also a member of the 
 Ancient Order of United Workmen. He was married on December 
 llth, 1878, to Miss Georgina Wenborn. 
 
 Ackerman, Sheron, Contractor, (New Westminster), was 
 born in Alleghany county, New York, on the 29th of March, 1850. 
 He is the second son of Urastus B. and Annis Bennett Ackerman. 
 His family were among the earliest settlers in New York state hav- 
 ing established themselves there before the revolutionary war in 
 which the then living representatives took an active part. Mr. 
 Ackerman's grandfather was a prominent figure in New York during 
 the early part of the. century and in the war of 1812 he saw active 
 service. Shortly after Mr. Ackerman's birth his parents removed to 
 Iowa where his father carried on business as a farmer and contractor.
 
 80 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Here he attended school until he reached the age of fifteen years 
 when he began to learn the trade of carpentering. In 1866 the 
 family again removed, this time to Minnesota. Here for ten years 
 Mr. Ackerman followed the trade and during this period he married 
 Miss Agustine Nobles. In 1876 he left Minnesota and went to 
 Kansas where he was engaged in farming for five years. He did not 
 find this life congenial, however, and in the spring of 1881 he went 
 to California where he started business as a contractor. In 1883 
 he removed to Seattle where he remained for a short time and from 
 which place, in consequence of the representations of his father and 
 brothers who were settled at New Westminster, he came to British 
 Columbia. Since that time he and his brothers have been in the 
 building and contracting business and have been markedly successful. 
 Mr. Ackerman is about to abandon the contracting business and estab- 
 lish a sash and door factory at New Westminster. He is a member 
 of the order of Knights of Pythias and Chancellor Commander 
 of that society. He is holding his second term as chief of the tire 
 department. 
 
 Alexander, Richard Henry, (Vancouver), eldest son of James 
 and Eliza Alexander was born at Edinburgh, Scotland, on March 26th 
 1844. His paternal ancestors came originally from near Stirling 
 and his mother was a member of the well-known border family, the 
 Scots. Mr. Alexander's elementary education was obtained at the 
 Edinburgh academy. In 1855, when he had reached the age of 
 eleven, his parents removed to Canada taking him along with them. 
 The family settled in Toronto and Mr. Alexander's education was 
 continued at the Upper Canada college. He remained at this in- 
 stitution till the Model Grammar school was established, the princi- 
 palship of which Mr. G. R. R. Cockburn, now member of parliament 
 for Centre Toronto, was brought from Scotland to fill. Mr. Alex- 
 ander's name was second on the roll of the new school. He carried 
 off several scholarships at this school and graduated in the spring of 
 1860, being then in his 17th year. A few months later he matricu- 
 lated at the University of Toronto taking honors in classics. It was 
 his intention to have completed an Arts course at the university and 
 after graduating to have entered on the study of medicine. His 
 calculations in this direction, however, were all overthrown by the 
 death of his mother and the determination of his father to return to
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 81 
 
 Scotland. Mr. Alexander decided to remain in Canada and re- 
 solved to abandon his academic studies and at once begin the work 
 of making his way in life. He obtained a position in the milling 
 office of Mr. W. P. (now Sir W. P.) Howland, at Waterdown near 
 Hamilton. He remained here about a year, leaving at the end of 
 this time to take a position at Meaford in the business of Mr. W. B. 
 Taylor, wheat merchant. In the Spring of 1862 there was quite 
 an excitement in Ontario over the discovery of gold in Cariboo and 
 the Saskatchewan valley and a great deal of talk about organiz- 
 ing parties to go overland to the mines. The people in the east did 
 not then possess a very accurate knowledge of the geography of 
 north western Canada and the distance between these two localities 
 was not regarded as very great. Several of Mr. Alexander's old 
 schoolmates had announced their intention of joining any party 
 which might be formed and as he himself had been pondering deeply 
 over the matter he decided that he also would make one of such an ex- 
 pedition. At length a large party was formed in Toronto and on 
 the 3rd of April, (St. George's day), a start was made on the passage 
 across the continent. Mr. Alexander's immediate friends with 
 whom he shared his tent were two sons of an old country gentleman 
 named Hancock, a brother of professor Hinds and a young barrister 
 named Carpenter. The party travelled by way of St. Paul and after 
 leaving this point directed their course towards Fort Garry. They 
 sailed down the Red River from Georgetown on the first steamer 
 ever placed on that route. It took them six days to accomplish the 
 journey but owing to the social qualities of the passengers the time 
 was anything but tedious. One of the passengers on this trip was 
 the present Archbishop Tache, who, on a visit to the Pacific 
 province last summer, met and remembered Mr. Alexander, after a 
 lapse of nearly twenty years, from having made this trip with him. 
 When the party reached Fort Garry Mr. Alexander and his friends 
 pitched their tent on what is now Main street. At this point the 
 party split up and took different routes. The one with which Mr. 
 Alexander and his friends remained struck due west and crossed the 
 Assiniboine at Fort Ellis, and the south branch of the Saskatchewan 
 at Clarke's Crossing. From here they journeyed on to Fort Ed- 
 monton through plains hitherto almost unvisited by white men and 
 still teeming with herds of buffalos and all imaginable species of wild 
 game. On reaching Edmonton another split occurred in the party 
 
 (7)
 
 82 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 and about twenty-two, of whom Mr. Alexander was one, started for 
 the mountains. They had considerable trouble in crossing the 
 Athabasca but succeeded without any fatality. They entered 
 British Columbia by the Yellowhead pass and up the valley of the 
 Miette. At length they reached a stream flowing westward which 
 proved to be the Fraser. They then hollowed out canoes and came 
 down the river to the mouth of the Quesnelle. On the way Mr. 
 Alexander's friend, Carpenter, with whom he had travelled all the 
 way from Toronto, was drowned in the first canyon. When the 
 party arrived at the mines they found everything frozen up and the 
 majority of them went down the country to New Westminster, 
 which place they reached bankrupt in pocket and expectation. Here 
 Mr. Alexander found any number of people in his own position. 
 He found educated men, accustomed all their lives to the comforts 
 of civilization, engaged in the roughest work of pioneer life. It was 
 these men who laid the foundation on which has been erected the 
 present province of British Columbia. The first work at which Mr. 
 Alexander engaged was chopping cordwood, near New Westminster, 
 and during this period he lived principally on flour, bacon, tea and 
 tobacco. After continuing at this work for some time he got a 
 position in the office of Mr. (now Hon.) John Robson who was con- 
 ducting the British Columbian. Here he remained for some months 
 but in the Spring of 1863 went to Cariboo, engaging as a packer. 
 He mined for a time on William s Creek but in the Autumn returned 
 to Victoria without having had any success and during the winter 
 he worked as a 'longshoresman on the Hudson's Bay Company's 
 wharf. In 1864 he obtained a situation in a wholesale warehouse 
 on Wharf street where he remained till 1870, when he came to 
 Burrard Inlet to take charge of the store at Hasting's saw mill. At 
 this time Captain Raymur was the manager of the mill. The shores 
 of Burrard Inlet wore their fringes of primeval pine and the white- 
 men who dwelt there could be counted on one's fingers. Shortly 
 after his arrival the company signified its sense of the value of Mr. 
 Alexander's services by promoting him to the position of accountant 
 and on the death of Captain Raymur he was appointed manager. 
 Since that time Mr. Alexander has resided continuously on Burrard 
 Inlet in the position of manager of Hasting's mill. He has been a 
 Justice of the Peace for the province for a long term of years and 
 was a member of the first Granville school Board. When the city
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 83 
 
 of Vancouver was incorporated Mr. Alexander, who possessed large 
 interests in the city, ran for the position of Mayor and was defeated 
 by a small majority. He was a member of the councils for 1887 and 
 1888 and has for two years past been a member of the Board of 
 Park Commissioners. At the present time he is president of the 
 Pilot Board and also of the Board of Trade of Vancouver. He has 
 very large interests in the district and is keenly concerned in its 
 progress. He is a member of the Masonic body and of the Ancient 
 Order of United Workmen. He married Miss Emma Tammage and 
 has four children. 
 
 Anderson, George William, M. P. P., (for Victoria district), 
 farmer, was born May 20th, 1836, at Wooton, near Dorking, Surrey, 
 England. Is the eldest son of John and Amelia La Mott Anderson. 
 Attended school at Dorking until fourteen years old when he was 
 withdrawn to assist his father in the management of his farm. He 
 remained on the farm for a year after which he was apprenticed to 
 the bakery business. For three years he worked at his trade in 
 England and in 1854 he came to America. He resided in New 
 York for two years working at his business and then moved west to 
 Dubuque, Iowa, where he opened out for himself, His business in 
 Dubuque prospered and he remained there for eight years, during 
 which period he married Miss Mary O'Connell, daughter of James 
 O'Connell, merchant, of that town. In the spring of 1864 he sold 
 his business and began speculating in brood mares which were bring- 
 ing good prices in the California market. Early in the summer he 
 crossed the plains with a large herd of young stock which he dis- 
 posed of when he reached the coast at excellent prices. He then 
 settled in Grass Valley and again went into the bakery business. 
 In 1869 he disposed of his business at Grass Valley and came to 
 British Columbia where he purchased Ferndale farm, in Lake Dis- 
 trict, on which he now resides. During 1869 and '70 he made 
 several business trips to California but decided to permanently estab- 
 lish himself at Victoria. He accordingly opened a bakery business 
 here which he personally conducted, at the same time carrying on 
 his farming operations by hired help. Both ventures were eminently 
 successful. In 1882 Mr. Anderson disposed of his business in 
 Victoria and took up his residence on his farm, his chief object in 
 living in the city, the education of his children, having been accom- 
 plished. In 1887 he stood for Victoria district as a candidate for
 
 84 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 the local legislature in the interest of the Smythe Government and was 
 elected with Mr. Robert F. John as colleague. In provincial politics 
 Mr. Anderson is a supporter of the Robson Government, believing that 
 its members have at heart the best interests of the country and that 
 their policy is far-seeing and wise. In Dominion politics he is a 
 Liberal Conservative and an upholder of the Macdonald adminstra- 
 tion. He is an ardent Imperial Federationist, feeling confident that 
 the great scheme will yet be carried out but that with the colonies 
 will lie the task of making it practicable. On this and other ques- 
 tions affecting the Empire Mr. Anderson occasionally contributes 
 articles to the English press, among the journals for which he writes 
 being the "Colonies and India." Mr. Anderson is a member of the 
 Independent Order of Oddfellows and also of the Foresters. In 
 religion he is an adherent of the Episcopal church. 
 
 Andrew, John Alexander, Cashier Hudson's Bay Company, 
 (Victoria), was born at Wallair, Madras Presidency, on the 7th 
 April, 1840. He is the eldest son of the late Dr. Patrick Alexander 
 Andrew, of the Hon. East India Company, Madras establishment. 
 His ancestor's for generations were faithful and distinguished servants 
 of the same Hon. Company and some of them have been mentioned 
 with distinction in the history of India. In 1852, at the age of 
 twelve years Mr. Andrew was sent home with his brother Walter 
 and his sisters Annie and Jane to England and remained there for 
 a few years at school until his mother and four brothers arrived from 
 India after his father's death at Secunderabad of cholera. The 
 family then went to Ireland and resided at Port Arlington, Queen's 
 county, until 1859, in November of which year (being tired of wait- 
 ing for his nomination to a cadetship in the Hon. East India Com- 
 pany's service, so many of the orphans from the Indian mutiny 
 having to be provided for) Mr. Andrew started out to seek his fortune 
 in British Columbia in company with his friend Fitzherbert Despard. 
 Their intention was to have gone to London, Ontario, but shortly 
 before leaving England their plans were changed. When their out- 
 fit was pretty well under way Mr. Andrew chanced one day to bring 
 a book from the library with a newspaper covering on it. This paper 
 contained an account of the new country of British Columbia and 
 gave a glowing description of the colony written by Rev. John 
 Garrett, Bishop Hill's commissary, and by Mr. Donald Fraser of
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 85 
 
 the Hudson's Bay Company. After reading these accounts they 
 completely changed their plans and in November of 1859 they (Mr. 
 Andrew and Mr. Despard), set out from Liverpool in the barque 
 Kathleen to seek their fortunes in the new country flowing with milk 
 and honey. They stopped at Honolulu for about a month, leaving 
 there on the 12th of April, 1860, and arriving at Victoria on the 
 12th of May. They were rather disappointed, expecting to have 
 been put ashore on some beach instead of landing on a wharf in a 
 small town. They had brought with them every imaginable article 
 required in a wilderness pistols, bowie-knives, pots, pans, crockery, 
 nails for fencing, and so on They had come to farm. In June, 1860, 
 they went to Salt Spring Island and took up a pre-emption claim of 
 two hundred acres. They soon found, however, that they were 
 totally unfit to "tackle" the rough soil and returned to Victoria in. 
 1851 completely "strapped" having spent the little money they had 
 travelling back and forth to Victoria. For a few months Mr. 
 Andrew taught Indian school with Rev. A. C. Garrett and then 
 entered the office of Mr. John James Cochrane, C. E., and land 
 agent. He remained with Mr. Cochrane till 1862 when he "took 
 the gold fever" a'nd started off to Cariboo with two friends, going by 
 the Harrison-Lillooet route. There was no wagon road in those 
 days and accordingly they had over a month's rough tramp before 
 they reached their destination. Mr. Andrew fell ill before getting 
 to Keithley's creek and was left there by his companions. He man- 
 aged, however, in a short time to make his way to William's creek, 
 reaching it in the condition known in the mining vocabulary, as 
 "busted." The years of 1862 and '63 were those of the great rush 
 and much destitution prevailed. About one month was sufficient 
 for Mr. Andrew after which he started down the county. He was 
 completely destitute and alone and was compelled to live on berries 
 during the greater part of his journey. At Lillooet he remained a 
 short time with a friend and recuperated and then worked his way 
 down to Harrison. At Harrison he obtained money enough to pay 
 his way down to New Westminster where he obtained employment 
 in a general store. He soon left this, however, and returned once 
 more to Victoria. During the autumn and winter of 1862 and 
 spring of 1863 he made a living at miscellaneous work and saved 
 enough to take him up to Cariboo a second time on his way stop- 
 ping and working at Wright's road (the Cariboo wagon road). This
 
 86 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 season soon after arriving at Richfield he obtained employment with 
 Mr. George Hunter Gary, the Attorney General, as his clerk at $10 
 per day. He retained this position for a short time and then went 
 mining in a gulch which supplied the Black Jack tunnel with water 
 power. After digging out quite a hole here they washed up and 
 found only a nugget worth $16.25 and a little fine gold. After 
 striving in vain to find the spot from which the nugget came they had 
 to abandon the claim. Mr. Andrew then went back to the Attorney 
 General's office and worked with him till the fall when he returned 
 to Victoria. Upon arriving here he entered the office of Mr. George 
 Dennis, solicitor, where he worked till the Leech River excitement 
 broke out when he at once packed up and started for the diggings. 
 He did not remain there long, however, and when he returned to 
 Victoria he entered the office of Messrs. Elliott & Stuart, the brewers, 
 where he remained till he accepted a position in the Hudson's Bay 
 Company's service on the 18th of February, 1875. On the 12th of 
 September, 1882, he married Miss Helen Kate, the youngest daugh- 
 ter of the late Richard Woods, Esquire, at that time Sheriff of 
 Vancouver island. 
 
 Armstrong, Francis Patrick, (Golden), son of Hon. James 
 Armstrong, C.M.G., Chief Justice of St. Lucia and Tobago, W. I., 
 was born in Sorel, Province of Quebec, in 1862. He was educated 
 in Montreal, and on leaving school entered the employ of the harbor 
 commissioners of that city. While engaged in this occupation he 
 obtained his thorough knowledge of the steamboat business. He 
 came to British Columbia with the first exploring party under Major 
 Rogers, and took up land on the Columbia Lakes. He was the first 
 to engage in freighting by row boat on the Upper Columbia. In 
 1886 he built the steamer Duchess, which continued to make her 
 runs till 1888, when, owing to the large increase of freight and 
 traffic, he discarded her and built two others, a large one, to which 
 he gave the name of his former vessel, the Duchess, and a smaller 
 one, which he called the !vlarion, both commodious and beautifully 
 furnished and fitted. In 1890 he found that in order to accom- 
 modate his growing business he would have to increase his fleet and 
 he accordingly built the new light draught steamer, the Pert. His 
 business is growing steadily and especially in summer his vessels are 
 crowded with tourists. The trip over this route from Golden to
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 87 
 
 Windermere and return occupies three days, and, from the exceptional 
 grandeur and beauty of the scenery, is one of the most delightful in 
 the world. Captain Armstrong has confined his attention to mill- 
 ing and steamboating and has not troubled himself with politics. 
 In January, 1890, he married Miss Barber, of Montreal. In religion 
 he is an adherent of the Church of England. 
 
 Armstong, Joseph Charles, Manager of the New West- 
 minster Telephone Company (New Westminster), is the third 
 son of Captain William Armstrong who emigrated from county Caven, 
 Ireland, towards the close of the last century and settled in Durham 
 county, Ontario. Mr. Armstrong was born in April, 1837, and re- 
 ceived his early education at Millbrook, then the chief town of the 
 county of Durham. In 1851 when fourteen years of age he removed 
 with his parents to California, and in Grass Valley where the family 
 located Mr. Armstrong finished his school days. When the excite- 
 ment over the discovery of gold in British Columbia broke out the 
 family left Grass Valley and came to the Fraser river, settling at 
 Langley. In 1861 Mr. Armstrong and his brother George went to 
 Cariboo and during this year they mined on Antler creek but did 
 not meet with much success. The following spring they took up 
 claims on William's creek and here they were rewarded for their 
 perseverance by exceptionally large returns. In the following year 
 Mr. Armstrong left Cariboo and came to New Westminster Avhere 
 he engaged in business pursuits. In 1866 when the Big Bend ex- 
 citement broke out Mr. Armstrong was among the first to go to the 
 new field. He was unsuccessful here, however, and returned to 
 New Westminster. In 1868 he again went to the Cariboo region 
 where fortune once more smiled on him. In company with a num- 
 ber of other miners he owned and worked the celebrated Minnehaha 
 claim on Musquito creek which paid its proprietors so handsomely. 
 Mr. Armstrong remained in Cariboo till 1869 when he left the gold 
 fields for good although not disposing entirely of his interests in 
 them. During his mining career he suffered all the privations, 
 and hardships incident to the life of the prospector for gold. 
 Three times he footed it from Yale to Cariboo and back again, pack- 
 ing his blankets with him and once he made the journey to Big 
 Bend, then more difficult of access than even Cariboo. Mr. Arm- 
 strong located and was the original proprietor of Harrison Hot
 
 88 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Springs and he still retains a large proprietory interest in them. 
 The springs were originally covered by the waters of the lake and 
 the task of separating them was regarded as next to impossible. Mr. 
 Armstrong, however, by rejecting the advice of engineers and the 
 warnings of his friends solved the difficulty by running a cut, con- 
 structed on a principle of his own, between the lake and the springs. 
 Since 1869 he has resided at New Westminster and has been actively 
 interested in almost every enterprise calculated to benefit the city 
 and develope the province. For nine consecutive years from 1870 
 to 1878 inclusive he was a member of the city council. He has 
 always taken a strong interest in provincial and dominion politics 
 but has hitherto refused to stand for parliament. In 1885 he was 
 married to Miss Freeze, of California. 
 
 Armstrong, Richard Wallace, Barrister, (New Westminster), 
 was born at Strathroy, Ontario, on the 12th of March, 1858. His 
 father, William H. Armstrong, is a native of Sligo, Ireland, and his 
 mother, Elizabeth Armstrong, a Canadian of English parentage. 
 Mr. Armstrong received his elementary education at his native town 
 and then matriculated at Toronto university. In Toronto he studied 
 at the college of pharmacy with the intention of following the busi- 
 ness of chemist and druggist. He took his degree of Bachelor-of- 
 Arts at Victoria college, Cobourg, and then decided to abandon 
 pharmacy and enter on the study of law. He entered at Osgoode 
 Hall, Toronto, where he took his barristership at the expiration of 
 three years. Shortly after this, in 1883, he came to British Colum- 
 bia and entered on the practice of his profession at Victoria. Here 
 he remained for six months when he accepted the office of District 
 Registrar of titles for the district of New Westminster. He filled 
 this position for five and a half years after which he resigned to go 
 into active practice again at the bar. Since that time he has been 
 the senior partner in the firm of Armstrong & Eckstein and has 
 been recognised as one of the leading lawyers of the province. Owing 
 to the fact that during the largest part of the time he has been in 
 British Columbia he has been an official of the government, he has 
 not taken an active interest in the politics of the country. Mr. 
 Armstrong is a shareholder in several mines and has also invested 
 money in many other enterprises. Mr. Armstrong is an adherent 
 of the Anglican church.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 89 
 
 Armstrong, Hon. William James, Sheriff of the county of 
 Westminster, is a native Canadian, having been born in the county 
 of Durham, Ontario, on the 31st of October, 1826. He is a son of 
 Captain William Armstrong who emigrated from county Caven, Ire- 
 land, towards the close of the last century and settled on a farm near 
 Millbrook in Ontario. During Mr. Armstrong's youth the school 
 system of Upper Canada was not on the excellent footing it now is 
 and in the rural districts the children of the settlers had very few 
 advantages in the way of education. The consequence was Mr. 
 Armstrong had in a very large measure to educate himself. He at- 
 tended the school in his native township till he had fully mastered 
 the elementary branches of learning which only were taught and he 
 then assisted his father in the management of the farm till 1852 
 when the family left Ontario and went to California where they 
 settled in Grass Valley. Here Mr. Armstrong was engaged with 
 his father and brother in mining till 1858 when the family came to 
 British Columbia and took up their residence at Langley. In March 
 of 1859 Mr. Armstrong built a house at New Westminster, then 
 known as Queensborough, which had been selected by Col. Moody 
 as the capital of the colony. This was the first house erected in the 
 new town and Mr. Armstrong was the first citizen. He opened a 
 general store and continued in business uninterruptedly till 1873. 
 When the first municipal council was elected in 1860 he was chosen 
 as one of that body and remained in the council continuously till 
 1873. In 1869 he was selected by the council as its president and 
 also in 1870. Mr. Armstrong took an active part in bringing about 
 confederation and after the consummation of the union he was elected 
 to represent the District of Westminster in the provincial legislature. 
 In 1873 when the McCreight Government was defeated and the De 
 Cosmos Government came into power Mr. Armstrong joined the 
 Cabinet as Minister of Finance and Agriculture and retained this 
 office till 1876 when his party was defeated. He continued an 
 active worker on the opposition benches till 1879. During the 
 session of this year a deadlock occurred and the government was 
 about to appeal to the country without having passed the estimates. 
 Mr. Armstrong seeing the effect which this action would have on 
 the provincial credit arranged a meeting between three representa- 
 tives from each party and brought about an understanding whereby 
 supplies were voted for the conduct of public business. In the
 
 90 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 general elections of 1879 Mr. Armstrong stood as a candidate for 
 the city of New Westminster but was defeated, largely in conse- 
 quence of his inability to make a personal canvas owing to the 
 draughts on his time in attending to his large business interests. In 
 the bye-elections of 1881, however, he again offered himself as a 
 candidate for the city and was returned by an overwhelming ma- 
 jority. Towards the close of the session of this year Hon. Robert 
 Beaven was called upon to form a ministery and Mr. Armstrong 
 accepted a port-folio as Provincial Secretary. In the general election 
 of 1882 Mr. Armstrong was again returned as representative of New 
 Westminster but his party was in the minority in the House and 
 he accordingly took his seat on the opposition benches. In 1883 
 the shrievalty of Westminster county fell vacant and the position was 
 offered to and accepted by Mr. Armstrong. The House thus lost 
 one of its most able and energetic members and one who looked 
 more to the interests of the country than of those party. Since his 
 retirement from political life he has been urged time and again to 
 stand for the dominion and provincial parliaments but has declined. 
 In 1867 Mr. Armstrong built a flour mill, the first in the province, 
 at New Westminster and carried it on until 1871, and in 1876 he 
 established a saw mill which he continued to conduct till 1882. He 
 has been connected with most of the enterprises which have since 
 1860 had for their object the benefit and development of the country 
 and has especially interested himself in the district of Westminster. 
 Previous to confederation the colonial government signified its appre- 
 ciation for Mr. Armstrong as a public spirited citizen by appointing 
 him a Justice of the Peace. He is a member of the Oddfellows' so- 
 ciety and was the first in New Westminster to hold the position of 
 Noble Grand in that order. In 1861 he married Miss Ladner, a 
 native of Cornwall, England. In religion Mr. Armstrong is an ad- 
 herent to the Episcopal church. 
 
 Ashwell, George Randall, (Chilliwhack), born at Henlow, 
 Bedfordshire, England, on the 17th December, 1835. He is the 
 
 Mary Ashwell, of Henlow, where his 
 
 family have resided for generations. He was educated at his native 
 town, and before he had reached the age of twenty-one he left Eng- 
 land to seek his fortune in the new world. He first went to 
 Ontario, where he followed the business of a carpenter for five years,
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 91 
 
 residing during this period at Toronto, Guelph and Dunville. Early 
 in 1860, during the period of the gold excitement, he left the east 
 and came to British Columbia by way of Panama. He arrived in 
 Victoria in April, 1860, and shortly afterwards settled at New 
 Westminster, the capital of the new colony. He did not go to the 
 mines, but remained at Wesminster, where he worked for one year 
 as a carpenter, and then went into the hardware and furniture busi- 
 ness with Mr. Thomas Cunningham. In 1862 the business was 
 divided, and Mr. Ashwell carried on the furniture branch for a few 
 years, selling out at length to Withrow & Tilley. After a residence 
 of ten years in New Westminster Mr. Ashwell removed to Chilli- 
 whack and opened a general business, which he has since carried on. 
 For several years Mr. Ashwell was postmaster at Chilliwha;k, and 
 fo two years occupied the position of warden of the municipality. 
 For several years he was justice of the peace for Westminster dis- 
 trict. He has not interested himself actively in politics, but is a 
 Reformer. He is a strong advocate of temperance principles, and a 
 consistent member of the temperance society. He was married in 
 1865 to Sarah Ann Webb, of Manton, Bedfordshire, England. In 
 religion he is an adherent to the Methodist Church. 
 
 Barnard, Francis Jones, born February 18th, 1829, died 
 July 10th, 1889. Direct lineal descendant of Francis Barnard, who 
 settled in Deerfield, Mass., prior to 1642, and who is mentioned in 
 the Hartford records of that date as one of the select men of that 
 town. Mr. Barnard was born in the city of Quebec, and was 
 brought up to the hardware business. His father died when he 
 was twelve was of age, and he was compelled to earn a living for his 
 mother and her young family. He married Ellen Stillman, of 
 Quebec, in 1853, and in 1855 he moved to Toronto, Ont., where he 
 engaged in business. Meeting with reverses he emigrated to British 
 Columbia in the spring of 1859, leaving his wife and children in 
 Toronto. He travelled via Panama to San Francisco as a third 
 class steerage passenger in order to save the few dollars he possessed, 
 and endured all the discomforts that steerage passengers from New 
 York to San Francisco in those days were subjected to filthy 
 quarters, bad food, and brutal treatment. He arrived at Victoria 
 with crowds of other gold seekers when the Fraser river excitement 
 was at its height. He proceeded at once to Yale where he landed
 
 92 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 with a five dollar gold piece in his pocket all the money he had in 
 the world. He earned his first few dollars by carrying cordwood 
 to the town on his back, and then sawing and splitting it. Subse- 
 quently he staked-offa claim, made a few dollars out of ifc, and then 
 sold it. During the summer he secured the position of constable of 
 Yale, and while in the discharge of his duties it fell to his lot to 
 take two prisoners to New Westminster, going down the river in a 
 canoe. He remained at Hope over night and while there one of the 
 prisoners succeeded in slipping his hand-cuffs and attempted to mur- 
 der his guard. Mr. Barnard was aroused by the prisoner trying to take 
 the pistol out of his holster for the purpose of shooting him. He 
 grappled with the fellow and succeeded in recapturing him. In 
 1860 Mr. Barnard was engaged as purser on the steamer Yale. 
 This vessel was built by the merchants of Yale to navigate the 
 Fraser river to that point; steamboats to that date not having at- 
 tempted to stem the current above Hope. Having also made some 
 money during the summer building, in conjunction with Captain 
 Powers, (now of Moodyville), the trail up the Fraser river to Boston 
 bar, Mr. Barnard sent to Toronto for his wife and two young chil- 
 dren, who arrived in Victoria in December and crossed the gulf on 
 the steamboat Yale. The same steamer was blown up during her 
 next trip, just below Hope, and the captain, fireman and others 
 killed. The purser, Mr. Barnard, who was sitting at the dining 
 table, was thrown out and fell on the guards of ihe steamer and 
 was rescued by Indians. After this Mr. Barnard took a contract 
 from the government for clearing, grading and stumping Douglas 
 street in Yale, a work which he satisfactorily completed. In the 
 autumn of 1860 he first began the express business, laying the 
 foundation for Barnard's Express, now the British Columbia Ex- 
 press Co., by carrying letters and papers on his back, and travelling 
 on foot from Yale to Cariboo, a distance of 380 miles, or 760 the 
 round trip, which he did entirely on foot. He received two dollars 
 for every letter he carried and sold newspapers in the Cariboo mines 
 at one dollar a piece. During the winter of 1861-2 he made trips 
 between New Westminster and Yale, a distance of 200 miles. In 
 1862 Mr. Barnard established a pony express, which meant that he 
 led a horse, with the express goods packed 011 the animals back, 
 between Yale and Barkerville, connecting at Yale with Messrs. 
 Dietz and Nelson, (now Governor Nelson), who carried on the
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 93 
 
 business between Victoria and Yale. Gold was being taken out of 
 Williams creek in large quantities, and was entrusted by the miners 
 for transport to Victoria to the well-known expressman, who several 
 time during the season of 1862 made his trip of 760 miles walking 
 and leading his horse, and who, only through courage, vigilance, un- 
 wonted pluck, perseverance and energy, accomplished the perilous 
 journey and avoided being robbed. The Victoria wagon road from 
 Yale to Cariboo, which the government commenced in 1862, being 
 completed to Soda Creek, some 240 miles above Yale, Mr. Bar- 
 nard, with the small capital he had accumulated, and backed by 
 parties who realized the stuff he was composed of, established 
 Barnard's Express and Stage Line, equipping the road with 14-pas- 
 senger six-horse coaches, all driven by "crack whips." The rush to 
 the mines was so great in this year that the enterprising and ener- 
 getic proprietor, through the carriage of passengers, freight, 
 letters, papers, and gold dust, met with excellent returns for his 
 outlay, and in 1864 extended his business and increased his stock, 
 securing the contract at a very remunerative price for carrying the 
 mails. He also, having won the confidence of the banks, induced 
 the government to disband the gold escort and entrust the carriage 
 of all gold dust to him, employing an armed messenger to protect it. 
 In 1866 Barnard bought out Dietz and Nelson, and extended his 
 business to Victoria, thus doing the whole business between Victoria 
 and Barkerville. He moved his family to Victoria from Yale in 
 1868, where he contiuued to reside to the date of his death. In 
 1870, with characteristic enterprise, Mr. Barnard, associated with Mr. 
 J. C. Beedy, of Van Winkle, attempted to place road steamers on 
 the Cariboo wagon road, and securing from the legislature an ex- 
 clusive right to run them for one year, he went to Scotland, and, 
 purchasing six, brought them, with engineers, to the country at an 
 enormous cost. After several attempts and heavy pecuniary losses, 
 the steamers were found not adapted to the roads of this colony, and 
 Mr. Barnard met with his first set-back since his arrival on the 
 Pacific coast. The road steamers, save two, were sent back to Scot- 
 land, as well as the engineers, except Mr. Andrew Gray, (now of 
 Spratt & Gray), and Mr. J. McArthur, (now of the Albion Iron 
 Works. Notwithstanding his very heavy losses Mr. Barnard con- 
 tinued to carry on his express and staging business, and in 1874 
 obtained, unfortunately for himself, the contract for building part
 
 94 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 of the trans-continental telegraph line. His section extended from 
 Fort Edmonton to Cache creek, a distance of about 700 miles. This 
 contract Mr. Barnard was never permitted to finish, the route being 
 twice changed by the government, and although steamboats, pack 
 trains and supplies, as well as wire and other material, had been 
 purchased, work was suspended for four years, until 1878, and Mr. 
 Barnard kept out of his money for that time. In 1878 the new 
 government came into power, and perceiving the foolishness of 
 building and clearing the right of way* for a telegraph line and rail- 
 way before the road was located, cancelled the contract, leaving Mr. 
 Barnard with a large claim for damages against the government, 
 which has not yet been finally settled. The worry and anxiety from 
 this broke up Mr. Barnard's fine constitution, which had stood all 
 the trials, exposure and fatigue incident to pioneer life, trials and 
 fatigues, which in his case were far beyond the ordinary, and, per- 
 haps, unparalleled in the colony. In the fall of 1880 he met with 
 bis first Stroke of paralysis, which left him an invalid until his death 
 on the 10th of July, 1889. From 1880, until his death, his inter- 
 ests, which were large and scattered throughout the Province, 
 including stock raising, sfceamboating, staging and mining, were 
 looked after by Mr. Frank S. Barnard, now M. P. for Cariboo. In 
 1866 Mr. Barnard was first returned to the legislature for Yale, 
 which he continued to represent until 1870. He was one of the 
 prime movers and fathers of confederation in this Province, and, 
 together with Hon. John Robson, (now premier), Hon. Mr. Nelson, 
 the late Dr. Carrall, (senator), fought the battle against great odds 
 on the Mainland, and in the legislature, and on the stump, and 
 through the interior. Just before confederation was adopted by the 
 legislature of British Columbia, after it had been virtually secured, 
 Mr. Barnard resigned, as he was interested in a private bill coming 
 before the House, and although always active in politics and recog- 
 nized as a power on the Mainland, being engaged in business, he did 
 not seek re-election until 1879. In this year he was elected by a 
 large majority to represent the Yale-Kootenay district in the House 
 of Commons, and continued through two parliaments to retain the 
 confidence of his constituents. On account of ill health he did not 
 seek re-election at the general election in 1887 and for the same 
 reason declined a senatorship in 1888. He left three children, F. S. 
 Barnard, M. P., Alice, wife of J. A. Mara, M. P., and George Henry 
 Mara, law student, Victoria.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 95 
 
 Barnard, Frank Hillman, HI. P., (Victoria), eldest son of 
 the late Francis Jones Barnard, was born on May 16th, 1856, at 
 Toronto, Ontario. He came with his mother to British Columbia in 
 1860, where his father had preceded them by one year. He was 
 educated at the Collegiate School, Victoria, from 1866 to 1870, and 
 subsequently at Hellmuth College, London, Ont. He returned to 
 British Columbia in 1873, and for seven years assisted his father in 
 his business, filling different positions of trust. In 1880 he was 
 appointed manager of the B. C. Express Company, which position he 
 occupied till 1888, when he resigned and successfully contested 
 Cariboo district for the House of Commons. Mr. Barnard has 
 large interests both on the Island of Vancouver and on the Main- 
 land, and is vitally concerned therefore in the rapid settlement and 
 development of the country. He is president and a large share- 
 holder in the Victoria Transfer Co., and also in the Vancouver 
 Transfer Co. He is a director and secretary of the Vancouver 
 Improvement Co., and a director of the Hastings Saw Mill Co.; of 
 the B. C. Milling and Mining Co., and of the Selkirk Mining and 
 Smelting Co. He was a member of the Victoria City Council for 
 1886 and 1887. In politics Mr. Barnard is a liberal conservative 
 and a supporter of Sir John Macdonald's administration, and as a 
 member of parliament he has worked hard and successfully in the 
 interests of the Province. In 1883 he was married to Miss Martha 
 Amelia Sophia, daughter of Joseph Loewen, of Victoria. Residence; 
 Duval Cottage, Victoria. Member of Union Club, Victoria, and 
 Rideau Club, Ottawa. 
 
 Batchelor, Owen Salusbury, son of Rev. Frederick Batche- 
 lor, M. A., Oxon, born at Calstock, England, June 1st, 1864. Ed- 
 ucated at Tavistock grammar school, Devonshire, England. Previous 
 to his arrival in British Columbia in 1885, Mr. Batchelor was 
 engaged in cattle ranching in Colorado and California and settled 
 shortly after coming to this Province at Salmon Lake in the Nicola 
 division of Yale district. He has confined himself exclusively to 
 stock raising since 1882, and is one of the largest ranchers in the 
 Province, being the owner of two farms near Salmon lake. He also 
 manages the estate of Mr. Hewitt Bostock, at Ducks, on the South 
 Thompson River, near Kamloops. He fills the office of postmaster 
 at Ducks. Mr. Batchelor is an adherent of the Episcopal chuch and 
 a member of the Odd Fellows' Order.
 
 96 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Bate, Mark, (Nanaimo), youngest son of the late Thomas Bate, 
 who was a partner in the widely-known firm of manufacturers in 
 iron, Bramale, Cochrane & Co., Woodside, Worcestershire, England, 
 Was born at Birmingham, Warwickshire, on December llth, 1837. 
 Educated at Dudley gramma r school, Worcestershire, and at the 
 age of seventeen left school to engage with his father's firm. He re- 
 mained in this business for two years, obtaining a thorough know- 
 ledge of mercantile pursuits, and in 1856, left England on the 
 Princess Royal for Vancouver Island, coming to the new colony by 
 way of Cape Horn. He landed at Victoria in January, 1857, and 
 went direct to Naiiaimo, where he was employed in the offices of the 
 Hudson's Bay Company. He reached Nanaimo on the 1st of Feb- 
 ruary, and has lived there continuously since that date. The present 
 handsome town was then a small collection of rude huts, inhabited 
 by a handful of people, and Mr. Bate has therefore in his long resi- 
 dence of thirty-three years marked every gradation in the progress 
 of his adopted city. By careful attention to business and assiduity 
 in the company's interests, Mr. Bate rose rapidly in the service, and 
 was appointed accountant and cashier at Nanaimo. This position 
 he continued to hold till 1869, when the Nanaiino Coal Company's 
 mines were purchased by the Vancouver Coal Mining and Land 
 Company, and Mr. Bate was offered and accepted the position of 
 manager of the new company. This position he continued to fill 
 till 1884. The City of Nanaimo was incorporated in 1874, and at 
 the election for the first council, in 1875, Mr. Bate stood for the 
 mayoralty against the late Mr. James Harvey, and was elected by a 
 sweeping majority. During the succeeding five years he was re-elected 
 by acclamation. He declined the nomination for 1880, but in the 
 following year the citizens insisted that he should consent to guide 
 the affairs of the municipality, and he was returned without opposi- 
 tion. In 1883 he again accepted the nomination, and was elected 
 by a vote double that of his opponent. In 1885 he was again opposed 
 and again returned by a large majority, and from that time he has 
 sat continuously in the mayor's chair till 1890, the present year, 
 when he refused to allow his name to be placed in nomination. 
 During these eleven terms in which he was at the head of affairs, 
 Nanaimo made remarkable progress, and the wisdom and energy of 
 Mr. Bate's government are attested by the present condition of the 
 city. In 1887, when it was doubtful if he would accept the
 
 HON. ROBERT HEAVEN.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 97 
 
 nomination, a requisition, signed by nine-tenths of the voters, was 
 presented to him, and in the following year he was made the recip- 
 ient of a magnificent address from the citizens accompanied by a 
 gold watch, gold headed cane and a silver tea set. During his in- 
 cumbency of the mayoralty Mr. Bate received all the Governor- 
 Generals who have visited British Columbia since confederation 
 His monetary interests are almost exclusively confined to the dis- 
 trict, but he takes a pride in the Province at large, and regards with 
 pleasure all evidences of progress and development. He, however, 
 looks upon his own city with especial favor, and considers that she 
 has resources which not only guarantee her permanent prosperity, 
 but assure her a position second to none in the Province. Mr. 
 Bate was married in 1859 to Sarah Ann Cartwright, of Worcester- 
 shire, England, and has a family of five sons and five daughters. 
 He at present holds the position of assessor of the district. He was 
 appointed the first justice of the peace in the district of Nanaimo, 
 receiving his commission in 1873. He was the first chairman of the 
 Board of Education of Nanaimo, and has been continuously con- 
 nected with and interested in the school system since 1865. He 
 was for many years president of the Nanaimo Library Institute, and 
 is the government nominee on the Hospital Board. He is a mem- 
 ber of the Masonic Order and Past Deputy Grand Master; Past 
 District Chief of the the Order of Foresters; Past Noble Grand of 
 the Oddfellows; Past Noble Arch of the Druids; Past Commander 
 of the American Legion of Honor; Master Workman of the Ancient 
 Order of United Workmen. In religion Mr. Bate is an adherent of 
 the Episcopal Church. 
 
 Beaven, Hon. Robert, HI. P. P. for Victoria city, (Victoria), 
 was born at Leigh, Staffordshire, England, on 28th January, 1836. 
 He is the son of the late Rev. James Beaven, D. D., who occupied 
 the chair of metaphysics and ethics in the university of Toronto and 
 who had filled the professorship of divinity in King's college, 
 Toronto, previous to the time that that institution was merged in the 
 university. Mr. Beaven received his education at the Upper Canada 
 College, Toronto, where he graduated. After a period he decided 
 to visit British Columbia, where the gold excitement was then at its 
 height. He left Toronto with four companions and journeyed by way 
 of Panama and San Francisco to Victoria. A few years afterwards 
 
 (8)
 
 98 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 he with two others left Lowhee Creek, Cariboo, the day before 
 Christmas, on foot, carrying only some gold dust. They travelled by 
 the wagon road, breaking a trail part of the way through the snow, 
 to Yale. There they procured a canoe and by pulling it over the 
 ice and and using it in the open parts of the Fraser river reached 
 New Westminster after an adventurous trip of nearly five hundred 
 miles. He then paid a visit to eastern Canada where he married 
 Miss Susan Libbald Ritchie, the daughter of the Rev. Canon Ritchie, 
 M.A., of Georgina, Ontario, and returned during the following sum- 
 mer to Victoria, which he has since made his home and where some 
 years later he went into business. The first time he caine promi- 
 nently before the public was during the agitation in 1868 for con- 
 federation with the Dominion. He took an active part in the 
 organization of the Confederate League of which he was made 
 secretary. After the consummation of the union Mr. Beaven stood 
 as a candidate for the first legislative assembly and was elected in 
 October, 1871, for the city of Victoria. He has ever since repre- 
 sented the same constituency in the House and is the only member 
 who has retained a seat continuously since confederation. His con- 
 stituents have thus shown their confidence in him and their appre- 
 ciation of his services. He has been elected seven times in the city 
 of Victoria. Mr. Beaven was appointed Chief Commissioner of 
 Lands and Works on 24th December, 1872. He held that office 
 until 27th January, 1876. He was appointed Minister of Finance 
 and Agriculture on 27th June, 1878, and held that port-folio until 
 29th February, 1883. During a portion of this period he was the 
 Premier and Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works. In May, 
 1873, he was appointed a Gold Commissioner. He was a member 
 of the De Cosmos Government, the first and second Walkem Govern- 
 ments, and was the Premier when His Excellency the Governor- 
 General, the Marquis of Lome, and Her Royal Highness the Prin- 
 cess Louise, visited the province in 1882. He is now the leader of 
 the opposition in the provincial legislature. These governments had 
 many very important questions to deal with, notably, the trans-coii- 
 tinental railway question, resulting in the construction of the 
 Canadian Pacific Railway. By the terms of confederation Canada 
 agreed to commence construction of this railway in the province on 
 or before the 20th July, 1873, and connect the seaboard of British 
 Columbia with the railway system of Canada on or before the 20th
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 99 
 
 July, 1881. The repeated failure on the part of the Dominion Gov- 
 ernment to commence the work in the Pacific province caused endless 
 trouble to its government and people, which nearly culminated in 
 the withdrawal of the province from the union. Matters came to a 
 climax in 1879, the Walkem-Beaven Government being then in 
 power. The legislature was kept in session three months, resulting 
 in a sitting with closed doors to consider the policy the provincial 
 government had adopted in dealing with the question. To the credit 
 of all parties in the legislature it is to be chronicled that the action 
 then taken was unanimous, all the members uniting in their support 
 of the stand taken by the Provincial Government. This unanimity 
 resulted in the Legislature obtaining, on the 26th of April, 1879, a 
 definite pledge "that the Canadian Government was determined to 
 commence the construction in British Columbia that season and 
 press it vigorously." The Dominion Government in some degree 
 carried out this pledge by awarding contracts upon the Mainland 
 for the construction of the railway from Emory Bar, Fraser River, 
 to Savona, but the sections between Emory and Burrard Inlet, and 
 Esquimalt and Nanaimo, were not commenced. Consequently in 
 1880 the Hon. A. DeCosmos, M. P., was authorized to press upon 
 the Dominion authorities the importance of extending the railway 
 on the Mainland, and of their carrying out their agreement to build 
 the Island section of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and to point out 
 the advantage to be gained therefrom, as well as the serious injury 
 the Province had sustained by the withdrawal from settlement and 
 sale for over seven years of the extensive area of valuable land along 
 the east coast of Vancouver Island. Failing to obtain anything 
 satisfactory from Sir John Macdonald's Government, Mr. DeCosmos 
 was appointed by vote of the Assembly in 1881 the special agent 
 and delegate to London to present a petition upon the subject to 
 the Queen. The Secretary of State, Earl Kimberley, gave it as his 
 opinion that the extension of the railway from Emory to Burrard 
 Inlet; the construction from Nanaimo to Esquimalt; and the grant 
 of reasonable compensation in money for the failure to complete the 
 railway by the 20th July, 1881, as specified in the Conditions of 
 Union, would offer a fair basis for the settlement of the whole ques- 
 tion. Sir John Macdonald informed Lord Kimberley that the 
 Dominion Government would at once construct the railway on the 
 Mainland from Emory to Port Moody, Burrard Inlet, and that the
 
 100 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Canadian P.icific Railway Syndicate had been urged and were con- 
 sidering the question of construction between Nanaimo and Esqui- 
 malt, and as soon as that question was finally decided and disposed 
 of, his government would be ready to submit a proposal to parlia- 
 'ment with reference to compensation for delay. This was the 
 position of the railway question when Mr. Beaven resigned office. 
 On the 4th July, 1886, the first overland railway train reached Port 
 Moody. The construction of a graving dock at Esquimalt was 
 another large question for a province sparsely populated. The gov- 
 ernment obtained a grant of $250,000 for this dock, (in lieu of the 
 terms of union), payable as the work progressed, and a bonus of 
 $250,000 from the Imperial Government, payable upon completion 
 of the dock. Mr. Beaven, as 'Chief Commissioner of Lands and 
 "Works, first entered into an agreement with Messrs. Kinipple & 
 Morris, Engineers for the Greenock Graving Dock, to do all the 
 engineering, for a fixed sum of .6,500. He subsequently let the 
 first contract in 1875 to Messrs. Hayward & Jenkinson, of Victoria, 
 and was a member of the government which awarded Contract No. 
 3 for the main portion of this work to Messrs. F. B. McNamee & 
 Co., of Montreal, Canada. The dock did not progress satisfactorily, 
 and on 12th April, 1882, the contractors stopped work. Mr. Beaven 
 took possession, on behalf of the government, of the unfinished dock 
 on the 27th June, 1882. It was decided to carry on the contract 
 by day labor until such time as the engineers could prepare tenders 
 for its construction. This was done, the tenders for the caisson were 
 to be sent in by the 30th January, 1883, and for the main work by 
 the 15th February, 1883. In consequence of an adverse vote in the 
 legislature, Mr. Beaven's Government resigned on the 29th 
 January, 1883, and the management devolved on the Smithe ad- 
 ministration, who entered into negotiations with the Dominion 
 Government to sell the dock to Canada; in the mean time they 
 carried it on by day labor. On the 24th August, 1883, the dock 
 was formally taken over by the Dominion authorities, and completed 
 by Messrs. Larken & Connolly, of St. Catherines, Ontario, in 1887. 
 The Government of the Dominion have received the Imperial 
 subsidy of $250,000, and own this valuable graving dock. In 
 addition to these important subjects the governments with which he 
 has been connected went largely into a system of exploration, and 
 into making the Province generally fit for settlement, by the survey
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 101 
 
 of land, by opening trunk and branch highways, by enacting liberal 
 land and mining laws, and by disseminating reliable information 
 about the Province and its resources. The pjincipal laws of the 
 Province had their origin during this period. The policy which 
 established that the Supreme Court of British Columbia was a 
 Provincial Court, and subject to Provincial legislation, and the pen~ 
 sioning and retirement from th county court bench of gentlemen 
 who were not barristers; the addition of two supreme and county 
 court judges to the bench were advocated and carried to a success- 
 ful issue. While the Province generally was being developed, the 
 City of Victoria largely benefitted by the legislation carried to a 
 successful issue by the government mentioned. The acts guarantee- 
 ing the bonds of the city issued for the construction of the water 
 works was passed in 1873 and 1874. The act transferring to in- 
 corporated cities for their own use the revenue which was formerly 
 collected for provincial purposes by the government in cities from 
 trade and liquor licenses, owes its origin to Mr. Beaven. The act 
 abolishing dual taxation upon real estate in municipalities was 
 passed by the legislature in 1878 upon the recommendation of the 
 Walk em Government, and the largely extended municipal powers 
 have their origin mainly through Mr. Beaven's efforts. The free 
 non-sectarian system of education, advocated by him when first a 
 candidate for parliamentary honors, has been a live factor iii educat- 
 ing the youth, and bringing population into the Province. The 
 legislature made its first grant for the erection of the brick school 
 buildings on Yates and View streets when he was Chief Commis- 
 sioner of Lands and Works. Many of the principal schools through- 
 out the Province were also then erected and established. Several 
 important measures owe their origin to this gentleman as a private 
 member, viz. : The law stamp act; the act limiting the fees pay- 
 able on the estates of deceased persons; the first general municipal 
 act of the Province and the municipal act, 1889, (part of which is, 
 however, consolidated); the game protection acts, 1878 and 1880; 
 the act extending the rights of property to married women; the 
 amended ballot act of 1877; the companies act, 1878; The act of 
 1881 exempting the members of the volunteer fire department from 
 jury duty. When visiting Toronto years ago he spoke of a railway 
 traversing British territory and terminating on the Pacific, but was 
 looked upon no doubt as a visionary enthusiastic. He has since
 
 102 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 had the satisfaction to meet his friends, who reached the Pacific 
 coast in a few days by rail, travelling in Pullman cars across the 
 "sea of mountain." Mr. Beaven advocated for years a railway from 
 the Atlantic to the Pacific, with its terminus at Esquimalt, V. L, at 
 the same time admitting that under the Terms of Union with 
 Canada, as accepted by British Columbia, the Government of 
 Canada had the undoubted right to terminate the railway anywhere 
 upon the seaboard of British Columbia. It was not until 1873, 
 when the Dominion Government, after due deliberation, declared 
 by an Order in Council passed under parliamentary authority, that 
 Esquimalt was the terminus, that Vancouver Island became entitled 
 to it. He opposed the Settlement Act, introduced in the legislature 
 by the Sinithe Government in 1883, which was claimed by its pro- 
 moters would satisfactorily settle all questions between the Province 
 and Dominion, and contended that its passage would place the land 
 on Vancouver Island, which had been reserved in 1873 to aid in 
 the construction of Canada's national railway, together with most 
 valuable and extensive coal measures, timber and minerals, in the 
 hands of a semi-foreign corporation, to the disadvantage of the 
 Canadian Pacific, and predicted that it would result in the Canadian 
 Pacific being obliged to make their final terminus at Burrard Inlet, 
 instead of at Esquimalt. He considers to-day that the so-called 
 Settlement Act was a great blunder, and its baneful consequences 
 far-reaching, but recognizes that the Statute was approved by a 
 majority in the Legislature and cannot now be recalled. He places 
 great value on Burrard Inlet as a harbor for a terminus of a railway 
 on the Mainland, but considered that the Canadian Pacific Railway 
 Syndicate made an error in not promptly accepting the offer made 
 to them in 1881, as regards the railway on the east coast of Vancou- 
 ver Island, between Nanaimo and Esquimalt, thus securing a line 
 which would be remunerative from its completion; the immensely 
 valuable coal, mineral and timber lands, which had been reserved 
 for years ; and a terminus for their railway on the harbor of Esqui- 
 malt. He is a warm advocate of British Columbia as a whole; he 
 expresses great gratification at seeing cities springing up and grow- 
 ing throughout the Province; the land occupied by settlers; and 
 industrial enterprises being established. He considers the building 
 and opening of the Northern Pacific Railway to Puget Sound, U. S. 
 A., in 1883, and the subsequent opening of our own national line,
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 103 
 
 the Canadian Pacific, in 1886 in British Columbia, Canada, have 
 practically created a new era, and been the principal aids to pros- 
 perity. 
 
 Begbie, Sir Matthew Baillie, eldest son of the late Col. T. 
 S. Begbie, of the 44th Foot, was born in 1819, and educated at St. 
 Peter's College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of B.A. in 
 1841 and A.M. in 1844. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn 
 in 1844, and practised his profession in England till 1858, when he 
 was sent out as Judge of thp Colony of British Columbia immedi- 
 ately after its creation by act of parliament of the same year. His 
 appointment was made by Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, (afterwards 
 Lord Lytton), on the nomination of Sir Hugh McC. Cairns, (afterwards 
 Earl Cairns). Vancouver Island was then a colony with a court of 
 its own; British Columbia being entirely continental. In 1866 the 
 Colony of Vancouver Island was merged in that of British Colum- 
 bia, and Mr. Begbie received the designation of Chief Justice of the 
 Mainland. On the departure of Chief Justice Needham Mr. Begbie 
 became Chief Justice of British Columbia. In this position he has 
 since remained, the court, by virtue of the B. N. A. Act of 1867, 
 continuing unchanged when British Columbia joined the Dominion 
 in 1871. The wisdom of the Imperial Government's choice in the 
 person of Mr. Begbie was at once apparent from the fearless manner 
 in which the law was administered and the respect in which Mr. 
 Begbie's court was held. At that time the whole country was of 
 course swarming with adventurers in search of gold, and no small 
 percentage of the population were old miners who had contracted 
 lawless habits in the camps of California and were accustomed to 
 guide their conduct according to the impulse of the moment an im- 
 pulse usually misdirected. In the tumultuous race after gold the 
 worst passions of the human breast usually obtain sway, and it was 
 owing to Mr. Begbie's wise and firm administration of the law that 
 the individual found it desirable to keep those passions in check. 
 Indeed, that the page of colonial history in British Columbia is so 
 free from crime and bloodshed, was very largely due to Mr. Begbie's 
 efforts. In 1871 the distinction of knighthood was conferred on Mr. 
 Begbie. 
 
 Begg, Alexander, (Victoria), was born in the parish of Walten 
 Caithness-shire, Scotland, on May 7th, 1825. He is a son of Andrew
 
 104 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 and Jane Taylor Besfg, of Walten. Mr. Begg received his early edu- 
 cation at a private school at Backlass, Dunn, taught by William 
 Campbell, a teacher of considerable note. Subsequently he attended 
 the Normal School at Edinburgh, where he received ateachers diploma. 
 In 1846 he emigrated to Canada, where he taught school for a time 
 in the townships of West Huntingdon and Madoc, and afterwards 
 at Oshawa. He then, in conjunction with Mr. J. E. McMillan, 
 published the Messenger, the first paper in Bowmanville. After a 
 couple of years he disposed of his interests at Bowmanville and 
 started the Sentinel at Brighton. Subsequently he published the 
 Trenton Advocate. He shortly afterwards abandoned this business, 
 and paid a visit to his native land. Returning to Canada he was 
 appointed on the customs staff at Morrisburg, and in 1869 was pro- 
 moted to be Collector of Customs and Inspector of Inland Revenue 
 for the North West Territories, and accompanied Hon. Win. Mc- 
 Dougall and staff as far as Pembina, when they were compelled to 
 return by the advance of the half-breeds under Riel. Mr. Begg 
 subsequently accepted the position of Emigration Commissioner 
 in Scotland for the Ontario Government, and was remarkably suc- 
 cessful in this work. When he returned to Canada he settled a 
 temperance colony at Parry Sound, and while there became editor 
 and proprietor of the Muskoka Herald, and subsequently commenced 
 the publication of the Canadian Lumberman. In 1881 he went to 
 the Northwest by way of Chicago, St. Paul and Bismarck as the 
 correspondent of the Toronto Mail. Next year Mr. Begg returned 
 to the North West and established a sheep ranch at Dunbow, at the 
 confluence of High River with Bow River. For some years past 
 Mr. Begg has acted as special emigration commissioner for the Brit- 
 ish Columbia Government to arrange for the settlement of Crofter 
 fishermen on the western shores of Vancouver Island, and in this 
 capacity has made several trips to the old country and placed before 
 a special committee of the Imperial Parliament a plan for carrying 
 the scheme out. He has met with much success and there is little 
 doubt that before long a large number of this excellent class of 
 colonists will be settled in this Province. 
 
 Bell, Robert It., (New Westminster), was born at Campble- 
 town, Argyleshire, Scotland, August 6th, 1850. He received his 
 education at Shanden Grammar School on the Gareloch, and served
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 105 
 
 his apprenticeship to the carpentry and building trades in Helens- 
 burgh, Scotland. HP left Scotland and came to Canada in 1870 and 
 lived some nine years in the North West Territories, arriving in this 
 province three years ago, 1887. Mr. Bell has resided in New West- 
 minster since that time, following his trade of contractor and 
 builder, in which he has been very successful. He has manifested 
 his belief in the future prosperity and greatness of the Province by 
 investing largely in property and centering all his interests here. 
 Mr. Bell is married and has eight children. He is a Presbyterian 
 in religion and a Liberal in politics. 
 
 Bo dwell, Ebenezer Yining. 'Born 30th April, 1827, died 
 18th October, 1889. Mr. E. V. Bod well who, during the last three 
 years of his life, was a resident of Vancouver, and who was one of 
 its most enterprising and respected citizens, was born in the town- 
 ship of Nissouri, county Middlesex, Ontario. He was descended 
 from United Empire Loyalist stock, and throughout his life he re- 
 mained faithful by his attachment to his country and by his high 
 ideal of personal honor to the traditions of his house. Shortly 
 after bis birth his family removed from Nissouri to the township of 
 Dereham, county of Oxford, where they settled on a farm. Here 
 Mr. Bodwell received his elementary education. He was then 
 sent to Madison where he attended the State University of Wis- 
 consin. After graduating he returned and for a few years resided 
 on the farm with his father. At the age of 23 years he was appoin- 
 ted clerk of Derehaiu, and subsequently became treasurer. He was 
 then elected one of the township councillors and finally reeve. 
 During his incumbency of this office he was elected on the County 
 Council Board, and filled the position of warden of Oxford. The 
 incumbency of this position brought him prominently before the 
 people, and his large ability as an administrator became recognized. 
 He was an ardent politician and a strong Liberal, and among mem- 
 bers of his party was regarded as a future standard-bearer in his 
 county where his influence was very great. When the late Sir 
 Francis Hincks wrested Oxford from the Van Sittarts he found in 
 Mr. Bodwell a leal and loyal co-worker in the cause of reform. In 
 1857 the deceased was instrumental in introducing the late Dr. 
 Skeffington Connor to stand for South Oxford, which then became, 
 and has since continued to be the stronghold of Liberalism in West- 
 ern Ontario. Dr. Connor was elected by a majority of one after
 
 106 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 a very keen contest. In 1861 Dr. Connor was re-elected. His 
 death in 1862 caused a vacancy in the constituency. The Sandfield 
 McDonald-Sicotte Government was then in power. The supporters 
 of that government selected Mr. Bodwell as the Liberal candi- 
 date for the vacancy in Oxford, whilst a wing of the Liberal 
 party and the Conservatives pitched upon the late Hon. George 
 Brown as their standard bearer. The contest was a keen, close one, 
 resulting in a victory for Mr. Brown, whe held the seat until 
 the general election in 1867, when Mr. Bodwell was elected by 
 acclamation. In 1872 Mr. Bodwell was again re-elected by ac- 
 clamation. His constituency at this period contained 21,675 voters. 
 The Pacific Scandal affair in 1873 resulted in another general 
 election in 1874, when Mr. Bodwell was opposed by Dr. Thrall, 
 Conservative, but the veteran Liberal again carried the constitu- 
 ency by a vote of 981 against 223. In 1875 Mr. Bodwell re- 
 ceived the appointment of Superintendent of the Welland Canal, 
 which position he occupied until 1879, when he was transferred 
 to British Columbia as accountant for the Dominion Government in 
 connection with the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway 
 and the administration of Dominion lands under Sir Joseph Trutch. 
 His headquarters were in Victoria till 1887, when he removed to 
 Vancouver where he had invested largely in property. By the 
 citizens of Vancouver he was regarded as an acquisition to the com- 
 munity, and efforts were made to induce him to allow of his name 
 being put in nomination for the mayoralty of the city for 1888, 
 and again for 1889. Notwithstanding the fact that on each occa- 
 sion the other candidates offered to retire, and thus put him in by 
 acclamation, Mr. Bodwell refused the proffered honor. As a pri- 
 vate citizen, however, he did a great deal for Vancouver, and his 
 advise on questions of importance affecting the city was always 
 freely given, and almost invariably acted on. He was a member of 
 the Board of Trade, and at the time of his death was president of 
 that institution. He was a prominent member of the Baptist de- 
 nomination. During the latter years of his life Mr. BodwelPs 
 health was very poor, and it was while in search of a change of air 
 that he died. He was on a pleasure excursion with Mr. R. Mar- 
 pole, superintendent of the Pacific division of the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway, and while at Morely, N. W. T., on the evening of October 
 18th, he passed quietly away.
 
 JUDGE BOLE.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 107 
 
 Bole, His Honor Judge W. Norman. Judge Bole is des- 
 cended from an old Surrey family who settled in Ireland in 1520, 
 and on the maternal side from the Campbell's, a branch of which 
 clan settled in the North of Ireland under James the First's plantation 
 scheme. But like most of those who can claim similar ancestry, the 
 Bole family can now fairly claim to be more Irish than the Irish 
 themselves. Eldest son of the late John Bole, Esq., of Lakefield, Mayo, 
 for many years Clerk of the Crown and Peace for that county, 
 besides filling several other public offices of importance, and Eliza- 
 beth Jane Campbell Judge Bole was born at Castlebar on 6th 
 December, 1848, and was educated partly by private tuition and 
 partly at Santry public school. He succeeded his father as Deputy 
 Clerk of the Crown for Mayo, and after serving his time to the late 
 Neal Davis, Clerk of the Peace for Mayo, he passed his final exami- 
 nation fourth on list, being five marks less than gold medalist, in 
 1873. In 1877 he settled at New Westminster, being the first law- 
 yer who permanently settled on the Mainland of British Columbia, 
 and immediately after was admitted to practise, and entered upon a 
 lucrative business. Married 26th February, 1881, Florence Blanch- 
 ard, only daughter of Major John Haning Coulthard, J. P., of New 
 Westminster; was called to the Bar of British Columbia in 1878; 
 was made Queen's Counsel 27th May, 1887 ; was a bencher of the 
 Law Society ; is a Justice of the Peace and Stipendary Magis- 
 trate for the entire Province ; was director and president of the 
 Royal Columbian Hospital for over four years ; was lieutenant in 
 Seymour Field Battery of Artillery from 1879 to 1882, and served 
 as captain of No. 1 Battery, B.C. Brigade of Artillery, from 1884 
 to 1887 ; is a director of the New Westminster and Southern Rail- 
 way Company, and was chairman of the Hastings Sawmill Company 
 when that company with the Royal City Planing Mills Company 
 amalgamated as the B. C. Lumber Company ; was solicitor of the 
 Bank of British Columbia from the time that bank opened in New 
 Westminster till his elevation to the Bench ; is president of the 
 New Westminster Rifle Association ; was returned at general elec- 
 tion of 1886, as member for New Westminster by a large majority ; 
 was appointed Judge of the County Court of New Westminster 
 19th September, 1889. Judge Bole has, since his arrival in New 
 Westminster, always taken, and still takes, a warm and active in- 
 terest in every matter which tended to the advancement of the
 
 108 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Province and New "Westminster in particular and has the strong- 
 est faith in th future greatness of his adopted country, his favorite 
 motto being : No matter where we come from, we are row British 4 
 Columbians. 
 
 15 oss 5. Carlo, (Victoria), SO n of "Viencenzo Bossi, g7-ain merch- 
 ant of Porto Cercsio, Lombardy, was born November 26th, 1826. 
 At the age of twelve years he was apprenticed to a marble cutter in 
 his native place and worked at his trade till 1850, when he emigrated 
 to America. He remained in New York for four years, and then 
 removed to San Francisco. In both place-i he worked at his trade, 
 but engaged in mining as well in California. In April, 1858, he 
 arrived in Victoria on the steamer Commodore, and was thus one of 
 the first who came to British Columbia during the first year of the 
 excitement over the discovery of gold on the Fraser. He did not go 
 to the mines, however, but remained in Victoria, where he obtained 
 employment with James Vignolo, a general merchant at that place. 
 After eight months ill Victoria Mr. Bossi removed to Fort Langley, 
 where he opened a general business. As, however, Langley did not 
 give immediate promise of going ahead, Mr. Bossi, at the end of six 
 months, returned to Victoria and opened a general store on Johnson 
 street. His business prospered, and in 1868 he opened a grocery 
 establishment on Yates street. In 1875 he retired from commer- 
 cial life, having disposed of both his businesses. In 1868 he married 
 Petronilla Medana. He is a member of the Pioneer Society. 
 
 Boucllier, Francis, born in Devonshire, England, in 1855. 
 Educated there, and, after having travelled for some years and 
 visited most of the colonial possessions of Great Britain, he 
 settled in 1885 in Victoria, British Columbia. He is senior partner 
 in the firm of Bouchier, Croft and Mallette, real estate brokers, and 
 partner in the firm of C. E. Mallette & Co., of Port Angeles. He 
 is among the shrewdest business men of the Pacific coast, and has, 
 by energy and foresight, built up one of the largest businesses in 
 the Province. Mr. Bouchier has not heretofore taken any active 
 part in politics. 
 
 Braden, John, (Victoria), second son of the late Wm. Braden, 
 of Liverpool, England, was born June 18th, 1841, at Liverpool. 
 He was educated at his native town and then apprenticed to the
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 109 
 
 plumbing trade, being the first apprentice of the firm of which Sir 
 David Radcliffe was the head. Mr. Braden left England in 1871, 
 and, afler spending two years on Puget Sound, came to British 
 Columbia. In February, 1873, he went to the Stickeeii country, 
 intending as soon as the spring opened to begin prospecting. He tra- 
 velled north on clog sleighs, and on the way from Deas Creek to the 
 Cariboo camp rescued two men, John Smith and Robert Williams, 
 who were in a starving condition, and who must inevitably have 
 perished had it not been for the assistance he rendered them. While 
 at the mouth of Big Canyon, Buck's Bar, he and his companion, 
 Wm. Jeffrey, with the assistance of Mr. Braden's dog, Rover, 
 succeeded in repulsing the attack of a number of Indians who at- 
 tempted to rob them.* In 1875 he established a plumbing business 
 in Victoria in partnership with Mr. John Stewart. In 18S3 the 
 firm dissolved, and Mr. Braden carried on the business himself till 
 1887, when he was joined by Mr. Leonard Stamford, since 
 which time they have done in the gas, steam and sanitary 
 engineering business. Mr. Braden was a trustee on the School 
 Board from 1883 till 1886, and a member of the City Council for 
 Yates Street Ward during the years 1885 and 1887. He is an active 
 politician and a strong Conservative. He is interested in a number 
 of enterprises which have for their object the opening up of the Prov- 
 ince. Among these is the Salt Spring Mining Company, of which 
 he is president. Mr. Braden married Miss Loveland, eldest daugh- 
 ter of Mr. William Loveland, of Northampton, England. 
 
 Bray, Marshal Bidwell, (Nanaimo), eldest son of Ezra Bray, 
 farmer, of Halton county, Ontario, was born at Oakville, on Aug- 
 ust 30th, 1840. Mr. Bray is of United Empire Loyalist stock. 
 His family originally settled in New Jersey, but after the termina- 
 tion of the war of independence they removed to Canada, and 
 located in Halton county, Ontario, where some representatives still 
 live. Mr. Bray was educated at Oakville grammar school, and 
 having completed his studies at the age of eighteen years, he subse- 
 quently assisted his father in the management of the farm. In 1862 
 during the Cariboo excitement he left Ontario and came to British 
 Columbia. On his arrival he went direct to the mines and remained 
 in that region till 1876. During that period he mined on most of 
 the now famous creeks of Cariboo, as, Williams, Antler, Lightning
 
 110 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 i 
 
 and Grouse. He was in the main unsuccessful in his prospects, for 
 while he "washed out" a great deal of gold, he lost it again 
 in further efforts. In 1876 he went to Cassiar where he mined 
 during the summer, and where he had pretty fair luck, finally, how- 
 ever, working his claim out. In the autumn of 1876 he went to 
 Nanaimo where he obtained a position with the Vancouver Coal 
 Company. He continued in this till 1878, when he accepted an en- 
 gagement in the business of Mr. Jas. Abrams, which he held till 
 1880, when he was appointed government agent, which position he 
 now holds. He took considerable part in politics till his appoint- 
 ment as agent, since which time he has not actively interested 
 himself in this direction. He was married on October 8th, 1883, to 
 Miss Sarah Randle, of Nanaimo, and has twb sons. Besides his 
 position as government agent Mr. Bray is registrar of the Supreme 
 and County Courts, mining recorder, and is also a director of the 
 Nanaimo Telephone Company. In religion he is a member of the 
 Episcopal Church. 
 
 Brewer, Charles, (Okanagan), son of late Josiah Brewer, 
 5th, of Litchfield, was born at Fairport, Maine, on September 
 1831. Educated at Rockland, Maine, and studied the science 
 of navigation with the intention of pursuing a sea-faring life. After 
 completing his studies, however, he went to California, where he en- 
 gaged in mining till 1866, when he came to British Columbia. After 
 coming to this Province he first went to the Big Bend mines in the 
 Kootenay district where he was fairly successful, and where he re- 
 mained for two years. At the expiration of that time he moved to 
 Okanagan, where he has since been engaged in farming and stock 
 raising. In 1873 he built a grist mill near Vernon, and in 1883 a 
 saw mill, which latter enterprise he is still interested in. In 1876 
 he filled the position of superintendent of roads for his district. He 
 has always been interested in the progress of education in the Prov- 
 ince, and has for many years been a trustee of the school board. 
 
 Brighouse, Sam, fifth son of Samuel and Hannah Brighouse, 
 was born at Lindley, Huddersfield, Yorkshire, England, on the 13th 
 of January, 1836. His paternal ancestors have for generations been 
 residents of Huddersfield, and have filled important offices in the 
 gift of the crown and the people. His great grand-father was sheriff
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Ill 
 
 of that county, and his father, who was a large farmer, was parish 
 overseer, and occupied a position on the board of poor-law guardians. 
 His mother's family, the Mortons, originally Scotch, had, in the 
 latter part of the sixteenth century settled at Lindley, where they 
 subsequently established the pottery industry, for which that place is 
 so well-known, and which the family still control. Mr. Brighouse was 
 educated in his native town, and at the age of eighteen years took 
 charge of his father's farm, which he continued to manage until he 
 left England. He had not himself formed any definite plan of com- 
 ing to America, as, for a young man, he was prospering very well at 
 home, but in consequence of a promise previously made to his cousin, 
 John Morton, he decided to try his fortune in the new world. At 
 this time the fame of British Columbia was being sounded through- 
 out England, and the cousins determined to come to this country^ 
 Accordingly on the 8th of May, 1862, they took shipping from 
 Milford Haven for New York in the Great Eastern. From New 
 York they went to San Francisco via Panama, and from there came 
 to British Columbia, going direct to New Westminster, which they 
 reached about the last of June, 1862. After remaining here a few 
 days they went to the Cariboo region, by the Harrison-Lillooet 
 route. They only remained at the mines one month, owing to the 
 inclement character of the season and the fact that all the good 
 claims were taken up. They returned to New Westminster in 
 October, having completed the round journey on foot, and on the 4th 
 of November they came over to the shores of Burrard Inlet, where 
 Vancouver City now stands, and where they had, in conjunction 
 with Mr. William Hailstone, purchased five hundred and fifty acres 
 of land. Here the three partners passed the winter, having erected 
 a log house and a small barn. During the wet season they worked 
 industriously at clearing their land. The parcel of land which they 
 then purchased is now known on the plan of Vancouver townsite as 
 185. Their house was the first white habitation erected on the 
 shores of Burrard Inlet, and Mr. Brighouse has therefore a clear 
 claim to the title of "oldest inhabitant." They lived on good terms 
 with the Indians and only once, and that shortly after they had 
 come, was there any attemj, 011 the part of the Indians to commit 
 theft. On this occasion they complained to Col. Moody, who sent 
 for Capilano, the chief of the tribe at this place, and insisted on the 
 stolen articles being returned. Capilano promised to have restitution
 
 112 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 made, and was as good as his word. Mr. Brighouse brought 
 the first cooking-stove to the shores of the Inlet, carrying it in on 
 his back. Shortly after settling in their log house he and Mr. Hail- 
 stone began the work of cutting a trail across the peninsula, from 
 where the Sunnyside Hotel now stands to False Creek, and this they 
 accomplished before the beginning of the next summer. In the 
 spring of 1862 the partners put in a crop of vegetables. During the 
 summer of the same year they leased a large parcel of land on the 
 Fraser River, where the McLaren-Ross mill now stands, and farmed 
 this in conjunction with their own ranch. In the autumn of 1864 
 Mr. Brighouse, who had examined the farming country in the Fraser 
 valley, and had forseen how valuable it must become, purchased six- 
 hundred and ninety-seven acres on Lulu Island, in what is now the 
 most thickly settled portion of the farming country. His land in- 
 cluded the site on which the town hall now stands, which the muni- 
 cipality purchased from him. At the time he acquired this estate 
 there were no white settlers on the island. In 1864 he and his 
 partners in the Burrard Inlet property leased their farm, and Messrs. 
 Morton and Hailstone went to California. Mr. Brighouse, however, 
 remained in British Columbia and continued his farming pursuits 
 with ever-increasing success. In 1866 he bought another property 
 called Rose Hill, near New Westminster, and this he made into a 
 dairy farm. This, and the Lulu Island farm, he continued to conduct 
 simultaneously from that time till 1881. In 1867 his lease of the land 
 where the McLaren-Ross mill stands, ran out, and he did not renew 
 it, having as much of his own property on his hands as he could 
 conveniently manage. He found that the dairy farm at Rose Hill 
 and his Lulu Island farm were running admirably together, and he 
 accordingly expended money largely in improving them. In 1870 
 his barn on Lulu Island, the largest on the river, was burned 
 with the entire crop. When he had fairly got the land under 
 cultivation he went pretty largely into stock raising and 
 was especially anxious to increase the quality of the farm cat- 
 tle in this country, and did not a little in this direction 
 by the purchase of thoroughbreds. Mr. Brighouse served in the 
 second council of Lulu Island, having been appointed by that body 
 to fill the place of a member who had gone to Canada. He had 
 been requested previously to stand for the council and had refused, 
 and now only accepted the position at the solicitation of the council- 
 lors. During 1869 and 1870 Mr. Brighouse was one of the active
 
 SAM. BRIGHOUSE.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 113 
 
 workers for confederation with the Dominion, but he opposed the 
 adoption of the Dominion tariff. In 1881 he leased his farms on 
 the Fraser and returned to his property on the Inlet. He found 
 that the persons to whom the land had been leased had departed 
 some time before, the Indians having burned their barns and stables. 
 Shortly prior to this two hundred acres of this property had been 
 sold, so that there now remained among the three partners three 
 hundred and fifty acres. Mr. Brighouse immediately began the 
 work of clearing the land, and let contracts for that purpose. He 
 felt confident that the Canadian Pacific Railway would be extended 
 from Port Moody, and he realized how valuable the property had 
 become. When the extension of the line was decided upon, they 
 gave one-third of their land to the company, according to agreement, 
 and the work of cutting the balance into lots and building streets 
 through it was at once proceeded with. With Mr. Brighouse 's im- 
 mense interests in Vancouver it goes without saying that he has 
 ever been keenly interested in the city's progress and welfare. He 
 was one of the most active workers in obtaining the first charter, 
 and in 1887 he was elected by acclamation to represent ward one in 
 the City Council and accepted the position of acting chairman of the 
 Board of Works. He also sat in the council during the following year 
 and filled the chairmanships of ihe same committees as during the 
 year previous. Mr. Brighouse \vas recognized as one of the most 
 energetic and broadest minded members of the council, and it was 
 largely through his efforts as cha rman of the Board of Works that 
 the city is in the good condition i t is to-day. He lost heavily in the 
 great fire which destroyed the city in 1886, but instead of repinino- 
 went to work to restore his ruined buildings. Mr. Brighouse has paid 
 two visits to his native land since coming to British Columbia, once 
 in 1874, when he remained on. year, and again in 1887, when 
 he was absent three months. He is a member of the St. George's 
 Society and an adherent of the Episcopal church. 
 
 Brown, John Cunningham, (New Westminster), son of the 
 late Robert Campbell Brown, of Belfast, Ireland, and grand- 
 son of Robert Ewing Brown, of Erinville, Isle of Man, was 
 born at Ferrnoy, Ireland, in 1844, and educated at the Royal 
 Academy, Belfast. In 1861 he entered Queen's College there with 
 a view to the study of medicine, but in May, of the following year, 
 
 (9)
 
 114 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 he accompanied an elder brother to Briti-h Columbia, landing in 
 Victoria in July, 1862. Shortly afterwards he went to the Stickeen 
 mines, returning to Victoria in October, and in the following March 
 he went to New Westminster. There, after a few years, he entered 
 the newspaper business, beginning at the foot of the ladder, and 
 working "at the case" in New Westminster and Victoria until the 
 end of 1871, when he established the Herald, now the British 
 Columbian, which he conducted until 1880, when he sold out on 
 being appointed postmaster, which position he still holds. In 1887 
 Mr. Brown married Miss Kate E., fourth daughter of Mr. Wm. 
 Clarkson, of New Westminster. With the exception of some two 
 years, spent in Victoria, Mr. Brown has resided continuously in New 
 Westminster ever since his arrival in British Columbia. He was a 
 member of the first volunteer rifle company of that place, and was 
 connected with the volunteer, and later with the militia, force for 
 about eighteen years. Between 1871 and 1880 he occupied num- 
 erous public positions, as president or secretary of various local 
 boards, but has never been a candidate for any political office. He 
 is at present Mayor of New Westminster, President of the Main- 
 land Association of that place, and also of the executive for the 
 district, Honorary President of the New Westminster Lacrosse Club, 
 President of the New Westminster Sabbath School Association, and 
 Chairman of the Board of School Trustees. He is a member of the 
 Presbyterian Church, and has been for a number of years an elder 
 of St. Andrew's, New Westminster, and the superintendent of its 
 Sabbath school. 
 
 John Pope, (Victoria), was born in Somersetshire, 
 England, on July 2nd, 1839. While a child his parents emigrated 
 to Canada and settled at Kingston, Ontario, and there Mr. Burgess 
 received his education at the common and grammar schools. At the 
 age of 19 he apprenticed himself to the carpentering trade. In 
 1862 he left Ontario and came to British Columbia via Panama, 
 reaching Victoria in May. He went direct to the mines on the 
 Fraser River, and during the next few years he staked off a number 
 of claims between Yale and Williams Lake. He did not expend 
 much labor on them, however, his time being occupied chiefly in 
 putting up buildings. In 1869 he went to the Omineca District 
 where he opened a store and dealt in miners' supplies. In the
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 115 
 
 autumn of this year he returned to Victoria and in the following 
 spring went to Cariboo, where he took charge of the Lane and 
 Kurtz Mining Company, of which Mr. Robert Brown was local 
 manager. In the autumn of 1871 he again returned to Victoria 
 and being satisfied with his mining experiences he began business 
 as a builder and contractor. In 1885 he took a trip east, visiting 
 his old home and the principal cities of the eastern States and 
 Canada. On December 29th, 1886, he married Miss Sarah Jane 
 Yale Bailey. Mr. Burgess has been solicited to stand for both the 
 Municipal Council and Provincial Legislature, but has refused. 
 
 Calbick, John Alloway, (New Westminster), second son of 
 John Calbick, farmer, of Clinton Ontario, was born at Brantford on 
 August 18th, 1837. His parents were both of Irish birth and came 
 to Canada in 1830 and finally settled, when Mr. Calbick was four 
 years of age, in Goderich township in what was known as the "Queen's 
 Forest." His father was one of those resolute settlers in Western 
 Ontario whose labor and self-sacrifice left such a rich heritage to the 
 present generation. Mr. Calbick attended the county school and 
 after acquiring what knowledge could be gained there he assisted 
 his father on the farm and remained with him till he had reached 
 the age of twenty- three years. In 1860 he left Ontario and came to 
 British Columbia which he reached after fifty days of a wearisome 
 journey by way of Panama. He went direct to New Westminster 
 and landed without a dollar in his pocket. During the latter part 
 of 1860 gold had been discovered in the Similkameen country and 
 in the following spring the Government began the construction of a 
 road from Hope to this place. Mr. Calbick was employed at this 
 work and continued at it till the autumn. In 1862, with eight 
 others, he started from New Westminster for the Cariboo gold fields 
 -each man having sixty-five pounds, chiefly food, on his back. They 
 began their march on the 1st of May and after a toilsome journey 
 afoot, of thirty days, they reached Williams Creek. During the 
 arly part of the summer there was a great scarcity of food at the 
 mines and much suffering in consequence. Mr. Calbick paid as high 
 as $125 a pound for flour and $1.50 for beans. During this sum- 
 mer he, in conjunction with a Mr. Holt, took a contract to build a 
 court house. This work occupied them two weeks. They had to 
 haul the logs for its construction from the mountain sides with
 
 116 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 ropes, with much danger to themselves. They accomplished the work 
 without mishap, however, and put up the building so solidly that it 
 is yet standing and was up till a year ago used for the purpose for 
 which it was constructed. After this Mr. Calbick prospected on 
 Jack of Clubs creek, spending his time and money without meeting 
 with success, and in the autumn returned to New Westminster 
 poorer than when he left. He had reason, however, to congratulate 
 himself that he got down in safety as the party he was with were 
 searched for by Indians, whose intention was murder and robbery. 
 During that autumn the same Indians had murdered eight returning 
 miners, and as this fact was widely known Mr. Calbick's party were 
 on the lookout constantly and saved themselves simply by their 
 vigilance. Indians were not the only highwaymen who lay in 
 wait for returning miners. White men also were engaged at this 
 work and in the summer of 1862 had murdered three Jews and 
 created so much alarm that miners rode to and from camp with their 
 firearms in their hands ready to shoot the first person they met who 
 showed signs of hostility. In the spring of 1863 the Government 
 took action in the matter, cleared these desperadoes from the road 
 and hung five Indians. Matters then grew better. During the 
 succeeding winter Mr. Calbick worked in the lumber woods and 
 made about $200, and with this amount ahead he concluded to make 
 another venture at the mines. He got a couple of pack horses and 
 freighting them with 250 pounds apiece he started for the mines by 
 way of the Yale-Hope route. During this journey he lost one of his 
 horses and in the search for it succeeded in losing himself. He was un 
 able to find the road and had it not been for the sagacity of his horse 
 which could not be whipped to take the direction he desired it to 
 take, and to which he finally gave the rein, he would assuredly have 
 perished among the hills. He found matters very much improved OA'er 
 the previous year. The government waggon road had been com- 
 pleted as far as Soda Creek and was being pushed with all energy. 
 In consequence of the improved condition of affairs food in Cariboo 
 was very much cheaper than the year previous. Mr. Calbick during 
 1863 mined on Jack of Clubs Creek again and in the Fall returned 
 to New Westminster "broke." From this time till the spring of 
 1866 he took contracts in the lumber woods. The Big Bend excite- 
 ment, however, broke out in 1866 and the white population of New 
 Westminster and its neighborhood became fevered with a desire to
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 117 
 
 be off to the diggings. Mr. Calbick was not yet tired of the search 
 for the yellow metal and accordingly was among the first who took 
 the road. The party he was with footed it to Savona's Ferry from 
 which place they took a canoe to the head of Shuswap lake. They 
 then footed it again from Seymour across the Gold range and down 
 to the diggings. At French Creek they found the snow so deep on 
 the ground that it was impossible to accomplish anything and after 
 a two weeks stay they returned, going down the Columbia and pass- 
 ing over Death rapids the day before the catastrophe to the Victoria 
 party in which so many were drowned. Mr. Calbick got back to 
 New Westminster having lost all the money he took with him. He 
 now sold what property he had in British Columbia >md went to 
 California, settling in Nevada city where he lived for four years. 
 During this time he worked up a large business as contractor. His 
 health, however, was extremely poor, and during 1869 he took a trip 
 back to Canada to see if the voyage by sea would do him good. 
 When he came back from his trip without having recovered his 
 doctors advised him to return permanently to Ontario. He accord- 
 ingly did so, settling at Goderich not far from his old home. He 
 followed the building trade here for six years with decided success 
 and also during that time got rid of his illness. In December, 1876, 
 Mr. Calbick returned to San Francisco, where he intended settling, 
 but finding business very dull .came on to British Columbia and 
 took up his residence again at New Westminster after an absence 
 of eleven years. He established a contracting and building business 
 which he has conducted continuously since. Mr. Calbick has been 
 twice married. His first wife, nee Miss Lydia Church, died in 1868, 
 in California. In 1871 Mr Calbick married Miss Martha Ratclifle, 
 of Goderich, Ontario. Mr. Calbick has always taken a keen interest 
 in politics and is a strong supporter of Sir John A. Macdonald's 
 Government. He served the city of New Westminster for six years 
 at the Council Board and has for twelve years been a member of the 
 School Board. He is especially interested in the question of educa- 
 tion and desires to see the system in British Columbia made as per- 
 fect as possible. He is a member of the Order of Oddfellows and 
 has passed through all the chairs. He is an adherent of the 
 Methodist church. 
 
 * 
 
 Campbell, Francis, (Victoria), a pioneer of the Province and 
 the Pacific coast, was born in Beragh, Tyrone, Ireland, February
 
 118 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 2nd, 1832, his family left Londonderry for America, arrived in 
 Philadelphia, July 10th, 1834. In 1843 they moved west to Bur- 
 lington, Iowa, where his relatives still live. In October, 1852, Mr. 
 Campbell left Burlington and went to California, where he mined 
 in California until the Fraser river gold excitement of 1858 broke 
 out. On the 27th of June of that year he married Miss Margaret 
 Morrow, of Cavan, Ireland, and the next morning they took the 
 stage for San Francisco. They remained in San Francisco about two 
 weeks waiting news from the Fraser. They got started at length 
 and arrived in Victoria, August 3rd, 1858. In November, Mr. 
 Campbell and his wife left for Derby, or New Langley, on the Fraser 
 river, about 15 miles above "Westminster, where they had bought a 
 lot. In Febuary, 1859, in company with Mr. Chas. McK. Smith, 
 late of the " Standard " newspaper, Mr. Campbell went to Pitt 
 river to hunt for water power for a saw mill. They could not find 
 anything there and they returned to Derby. On April 4th, 1859, Mr. 
 Campbell left Derby for Bridge river, but on arriving at Lytton he 
 found the miners returning. He then went up the Thompson 
 about 25 miles and found fine gold but nothing to pay. He 
 returned to Lytton and from there to Derby. In May he moved 
 down to " Queensboro " (New Westminster. In July, in company 
 with Mr. Sewell P. Moody, Mr. Campbell went to the San Juan 
 Island war, but it turned out a fizzle and he returned to Victoria 
 in February, 1861. On returning to Victoria he worked at his 
 trade as a carpenter and joiner for about 18 months, when he went 
 into the tobacco business, where he still remains. 
 
 Campbell, John, (Revelstoke), physician and mining expert, 
 was born in Alleghany county, Pennsylvania, on December 23rd, 
 1843, his father being of Scotch and his mother of Irish origin. 
 Mr. Campbell was first educated in Pennsylvania, aad afterwards at 
 the Medical College of Ohio, Cincinnati, and graduated at Bellevue 
 Hospital Medical College, New York City. He then engage J in the 
 practice of medicine for some years in Alleghany City and also in 
 Pittsburg, Penn., but latterly has been occupied entirely in mining 
 enterprises and speculation, especially those of smelting and reducing 
 gold and silver ores in Colorado and California. He has also seen 
 military service, having served in the United States army for three 
 years, during the greater part of which period he was with the 17th
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 119 
 
 array corps, (south west), principally under General McPherson. On 
 receiving his discharge Mr. Campbell was acting lieutenant of ar- 
 tillery. He has, however, served in all branches of the service. In 
 1872 he was appointed general manager of the American Hydro- 
 Carbon Gas Company, continuing several years in that position, and 
 was at a later period general manager of the American Hydro-Car- 
 bon and Water Gas Company. Mr. Campbell was also president 
 and manager of the Campbell Mining and Reducing Company, of 
 New York. Desiring to examine mining properties in this Prov- 
 ince, Mr. Campbell came to British Columbia in 1886 and settled at 
 Revelstoke, and since that date has examined most of the mines in 
 that part of the interior. In March, 1889, he was appointed general 
 manager of the Kootenay (B. C.) Smelting and Trading Syndicate, 
 (Limited), and since that tune has attended to the management of 
 the company's business at Revelstoke. It may be said that the 
 first class smelting and sampling works at the latter place owe their 
 origin almost entirely to the efforts of Mr. Campbell, who has done 
 considerable work in opening up and developing the mines near that 
 locality. He has never been an applicant for any public office, 
 though he was elected city physician when in the City of Alleghany, 
 and drafted the health by-laws for the municipality. Mr. Campbell 
 is a Presbyterian, and was married in 1870. He is still connected 
 with the Grand Army of the Republic. 
 
 Campbell, Lewis, (Kamloops), was born 20th September, 
 1831, in Guernsey county, Ohio, U. S. A. His father was an ex- 
 tensive farmer residing latterly near Baltimore, Maryland. Mr. 
 Campbell received his education at Huntington, Indiana. During 
 his residence in the States he carried on the trade of a cooper. On 
 his arrival in British Columbia in 1858 Mr. Campbell settled on the 
 South Thompson River some twelve miles above Kamloops. He 
 avoided being drawn into the vortex of the rush after gold, but 
 followed the occupation of a packer, doing an extensive business in 
 that line from Yale to Cariboo till 1865. Since that date he has 
 pursued the calling of a stock-raiser and iarmer on a large ranch 
 owned by him near Kamloops and at the place where he first settled 
 on his arrival in British Columbia. Mr. Campbell is married and 
 has seven children. He is a member of the Presbyterian church and 
 is connected with the Ancient Order of Oddfellows and the Pioneer
 
 120 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 and Caledonian Societies. He is largely interested in Kamloops 
 city property and various other speculations. In 1874 he drove 150 
 head of cattle to Cassiar and was the first man who shipped cattle 
 from the Upper country to Victoria. 
 
 Caiiuell, Edmund Y., (Kamloops), is one of the oldest settlers 
 in British Columbia, and especially of the interior, having arrived 
 in Yale in May, 1861, on the Flying Dutchman. He had passed 
 the previous winter in Victoria, but being desirous of getting to the 
 mines left that place as soon as the spring opened. He remained in 
 Yale only one day, and then started for Lillooet, which he reached 
 after a rough journey. Here he spent six weeks cutting logs for Cad- 
 waller <k Co.'s saw mill. In conjunction with Mr. Archie Michael 
 he then purchased a young steer, which they trained to pack goods, 
 and having loaded this animal with a complete miners' outfit, they 
 started for Cariboo. On the way they fell in with a mule train and 
 travelled in company with it to the Forks of the Quesnelle. They 
 preceded through Keithley's and Antler Creek on their way to 
 Williams Creek, which was their objective point. Here Mr. Michael 
 opened a butcher shop and made beef of the steer, obtaining 50 cts. 
 a pound for it. Mr. Cannell worked in the mines off and on for 
 five years without, however, having much success. In the autumn 
 of 1863 he wintered in Kamloops and returned to Cariboo in the 
 spring. For twelve years he engaged at teaming on the Cariboo 
 road, and in 1 880, during the Canadian Pacific Railway construc- 
 tion, he conducted a butcher business in Yale. Since that time he has 
 been engaged in the hotel business two years at Chapman's Bar 
 and four years at Kamloops. 
 
 Came, Frederick, Jr., son of Frederick and Harriet Came, 
 was born August 18th, 1856, at Burealstone, Devonshire, Eng. In 
 1864 he came to British Columbia with his parents, who settled at 
 Victoria. Here Mr. Carne went to school till he reached the age of 
 fifteen. Since that time he has been continuously in business in 
 Victoria. In 1883 he, in conjunction with Mr. Munsie, opened the 
 grocery business the firm now conducts. Mr. Carne is also engaged 
 with Mr. Munsie and Mr. A. J. Bechtel in the sealing business, and 
 with these gentlemen has three schooners on the water. Two of their 
 vessels have been seized by the United States revenue cutter, one,
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 121 
 
 the Caroline, in 1886, which was loaded with all her cargo, and the 
 Pathfinder, in 1889, which they recovered, the captain bringing her 
 to Victoria with the prize crew on board. Mr. Carne is a member 
 of the Order of Foresters. In 1885 he married Miss Agnes Go wan, 
 of Victoria. 
 
 Chandler, William Sntton, (East Wellington), eldest son of 
 R. J. Chandler, coal merchant, of San Francisco, was born at San 
 Francisco on January 18th, 1858. He received his primary educa- 
 tion in his native city, and was then sent to Fredericksburg, Hesse 
 Darmstadt, Germany. He remained here and in other parts of 
 Germany for four years, when he returned to America. While in 
 Germany he studed the sciences of geology and engineering with 
 especial zeal and on his return he prospected through Mexico, 
 Oregon, Washington, Arizona and Vancouver Island, and was sub- 
 sequently stationed at Wellington Carbonate in the Cascade Range 
 for two years. He was then transferred by his company to East 
 Wellington and given the task of opening up the mine there. This 
 he accomplished, sinking the two shafts which are at present pro- 
 ducing largely. Mr. Chandler hns resided at East Wellington con- 
 tinuously. He is now in negotiations with the owners of coal lands 
 in the neighborhood of the present mine, with a view to purchasing 
 them. On the 2nd of August, 1882, Mr. Chandler married Miss 
 Nelke Irving, daughter of the late Captain William Irving. He is 
 a member of the American Legion of Honor, of the Ancient Order 
 of United Workmen, and in religion is a Presbyterian. 
 
 Cherry, John Brisco, (New Westminster), solicitor, son of 
 the late R. W. Cherry, solicitor, of Waterford, Ireland. Was born 
 August 1st, 1845, at Waterford. Educated at Trinity College, 
 Dublin, where he graduated in arts in 1876. Was admitted a soli- 
 citor of the High Court of Ireland in Easter term, 1876. Practiced 
 for ten years in Waterford and Dublin, and came to British Colum- 
 bia in June, 1887. Admitted a member of the British Columbia 
 Law Society in July, 1889. Married Miss Isabella Chambers, 
 daughter of Mr. John Chambers, of County Armagh, Ireland. Is 
 a Conservative in politics. 
 
 Chisholiu, Donald, born, 1822, died, April 5th, 1890. Mr. 
 Chisholm was, at the time of his death, a member of the Federal
 
 122 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Parliament for New Westminster District. His parents came from 
 Inverness-shire, Scotland, in the early part of the present century, 
 and settled on the Lower South river of the county of Antigonish, 
 Nova Scotia. After having received a good education Mr. Chisholm 
 began life as a teacher, but very soon abandoned this profession. In 
 1849 he left his native place and started for the California gold fields 
 with a party of twenty -three prospectors. While there he helped to 
 frame the mining laws which still exist in the Golden State. He 
 met with indifferent success in California, and after a few years he 
 returned to Canada and settled in Ontario, where he engaged in 
 the wheat trade. He speculated largely during the Crimean war, 
 and with the proclamation of peace he was left with thousands of 
 bushels on his hands. The proclamation came three weeks too soon 
 or he would have gained great wealth by his venture. After this 
 experience Mr. Chisholm came out to British Columbia in 1858, and 
 there is scarcely a prominent line of business peculiar to this coun- 
 try which he has not since engaged in. He first settled in Hope, 
 and in the year 1860 was elected by the people of that district as a 
 delegate to a convention held in New Westminster to frame and 
 present to the Imperial Government a petition praying for the estab- 
 ment of a measure of government for the Mainland of British Col- 
 umbia, which was then simply administered by Governor Douglas, 
 of Vancouver Island. This convention in New Westminster was his 
 first appearance as a public man. In the year 1860 Mr. Chisholm was 
 one of the party who went to the Big Bend of the Columbia river 
 prospecting for gold and other minerals. During that trip he nearly 
 lost his life. In crossing the McCullough Creek on a snow bridge 
 when the melting of the mountain snow formed a torrent the bridge 
 gave way and he was let down into the torrent and carried by the 
 current half a mile in the ice cold water, and was rescued by a small 
 party of miners in an unconscious condition. He went to Cariboo 
 in 1862, where he mined for some time. Afterwards in the Koot- 
 enay District he was for years engaged both in the lumbering and 
 mining industries. For some time he was foreman of the fam- 
 ous Cherry Creek silver mine. It was Donald Chisholm who took 
 Major-General Selby Smith and staff through the mountains to Hope 
 on his pack train, when that distinguished officer first visited British 
 Columbia. In the year 1874 he came to New Westminster, and 
 from that time onward resided on the Coast, where his honor and
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 123 
 
 wealth increased with his years. Shortly after settling at the Royal 
 City he invested in the property and business belonging to Mr. Fred. 
 Woodcock, and established a wholesale and retail liquor business and 
 a flour and feed business in connection therewith on Front street. 
 He also purchased property at Ladner's Landing, and started the 
 hotel and store now owned and conducted by Mr. Thos. McNeely. 
 He also became a partner in the Delta Canning Company, whose 
 history is well known. He afterwards invested, in company with 
 Mr. Brewer, in a large tract of land in what is now the City of Van- 
 couver, above where the smelter is located, and also in an estate- at 
 Hastings, and in blocks of property which are now in the centre of 
 the City of New Westminster. The government early showed its 
 confidence in Mr. Chisholm by appointing him a constable during 
 the trouble at Yale and Hill's Bar, in the early days on the Fraser 
 River. When mining in California Mr. Chisholm also practiced 
 medicine, and many a miner owed his life to "Doc" Chisholm's 
 therapeutic skill. He also practiced during the cholei-a epidemic. 
 Mr. Chisholm brought the Price Brothers to Westminster to be tried 
 for the wanton murder of an Indian, through whole bands of hotsile 
 redskins, and surrounded by almost insuperable difficulties and 
 frightful dangers. In partnership with Mr. Daniel Mills he owned 
 one of the most beautiful farms on Salt Spring Island, if not in the 
 Province. Physically, Donald Chisholm was a magnificent specimen 
 of the British Columbia pioneer; he was possessed of herculean 
 strength, and had the reputation of being tiie strongest man in the 
 Province no light thing when the population was almost entirely 
 composed of strong, able-bodied men. He stood six feet four and a 
 half inches in his stockings, and in energy, strength and courage was 
 truly a modern Ajax Telamon. For several years Mr. Chisholm 
 was President of the New Westminster Board of Trade. He was 
 first returned to Parliament at the general election of 1887 as a 
 supporter of the Liberal Conservative administration of Sir John 
 Macdonald. 
 
 Clark* Robert, (Vancouver), second son of James and Anna 
 McGouch Clark, was born in Patrick, parish of Govan, Lanarkshire, 
 Scotland, on September 17th, 1845. His people, on the paternal 
 side, were originally from Sutherlandshire, while his mother's family 
 had lived for generations on the border. Mr. Clark was educated
 
 124 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 at Old Kilpatrick, in Dumbartonshire, at the parish school, and at 
 the age of fourteen was apprenticed to the grocery business in 
 Dumbarton and served the required three years time. He was 
 then apprenticed to the trade of shipwright with the firm of Denny 
 & Rankin, of Dumbarton. This firm failed before his time was up 
 and he completed his articles with the well known firm of Feter 
 Denny & Brothers. He remained at Dumbarton for two years 
 working at his trade, and during 1869 and 1870, he worked on the 
 Tyne, in England. He returned to Scotland in Christmas of the 
 latter year, and on the 2nd of May, 1861, he left Glasgow on the 
 steamship Patrick for Canada. He went direct to Toronto where 
 he worked at his trade for three months, and then engaged with 
 Captain Dick to work on the construction of some Government 
 steamers, which were being built at Fort Francis, at which place he 
 put in the winter. This was the first experience he had had of 
 backwoods life in Canada, and one that he will never entirely 
 forget. In addition to the suffering which he endured from priva- 
 tion and exposure, he nearly lost his life in an accident in which 
 his hand was almost cut in two. That he did not lose his hand was 
 owing to the skill of an Indian who bound and poulticed the 
 wound. In the following spring he with five companions started 
 down Rainy river in an open boat, on their way to Winnipeg. 
 When they reached the Lake of the Woods they found it covered 
 with ice, although it was then the month of May. They had 
 accordingly to abandon their boat and walk across the lake, carry- 
 ing their supplies and outfit on their backs. They ran short of 
 provisions and had to pack muskrats in case of absolute need. 
 When they reached the government station at North West Angle 
 they had been without food for eighteen hours. One of the party, 
 who had contracted rheumatism, was laid up here, while the others 
 pursued their way over the prairie, on which the snow was still 
 tolerably deep. Mr. Clark wore a pair of high heeled boots he had 
 purchased before leaving Toronto, and in these his feet became so 
 sore that he was finally obliged to discard them, and for the next 
 sixty miles he walked through snow and brush in his bare feet. 
 When they finally reached Winnipeg the whole party was in such a 
 condition of exhaustion that they were laid up for a fortnight. Mr. 
 Clark remained in Manitoba till 1870. In the winter of 1872-3 he 
 was engaged at Broken Head river, south shore of Lake Winnipeg,
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 125 
 
 where he assisted in the construction of the steamer Prince Rupert, 
 owned by Mr. Peter McArthur. In the spring he went to Lake 
 Manitoba and built the hull of the first steamer built for trade on 
 that lake. He was in Winnipeg during the next winter, and in 
 the spring went to Grand Forks to nurse his brother who was lying 
 ill there. While at Grand Forks he was engaged on the con- 
 struction of the steamer Colville built by the Red River Transpor- 
 tation Co. In July of 1875, he and his brother left for San 
 Francisco, which they reached in August. After a three months 
 stay they came to British Columbia and settled in Victoria, where 
 Mr. Clark followed his trade till the following March. During 
 this period building operations had been very active, but owing to 
 the disagreement at this time over the terms of the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway, business now became somewhat dull. Mr. Clark then 
 went to Seattle and afterwards to the Skeena river where he 
 assisted in the construction of the steamer Alexander. He sub- 
 sequently took a trip to Alaska and then worked in Astoria for 
 three months, after which he returned to Victoria and continued at 
 his trade till the autumn of 1879. In the spring of 1880, he and 
 Mr. Gilmore formed a partnership and opened a dry goods business 
 at Nanaimo. In consequence of tne dullness accasioned by the 
 strike of the coal miners, the firm moved their business to Yale in 
 1881. They had only been three months in Yale when they were 
 burned out by the big fire there. They continued business in Yale 
 till the spring of 1886, when they removed to Vancouver and 
 established themselves there on the 5th of April. In March, 1890, 
 the firm dissolved and Mr. Clark continued the business himself. 
 Mr. Clark has taken no active part in politics but has been promin- 
 ent in municipal matters in Vancouver. He was elected a member 
 of the council for 1888 and again for 1889, and was one of the most 
 far-sighted and enterprising men on the board. He is a member of 
 the Knights of Pythias and was first Vice-Chancellor of the Order 
 in Vancouver, and has passed through the various offices. He is a 
 member of the St. Andrews and Caledonian Society and has been 
 president of that body. He is a member of the Vancouver Board 
 of Trade, and was for two years a member of the council of that 
 organization. In religion Mr. Clark is a Presbyterian and in 
 Dominion politics a Liberal.
 
 126 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Clay, Samuel Alfred, (Victoria), born at Derby, England, 
 on December 13th, 1832. Educated at Derby. Left school at the 
 ae of 15 years and was apprenticed to a clothier and outfitter in 
 his native town. He remained at this business for fourteen years 
 when, in consequence of the glowing accounts published in the Eng- 
 lish press regarding British Columbia, he left England and came to 
 this country, landing at Victoria in October, 1861, after sailing 
 around Cape Horn. The condition of the country did not fulfil his 
 expectations, but he decided to make the best of it. He first tried 
 his fortune at mining, but proving unsuccessful he purchased a sloop 
 and spent some time sailing between the Island and Mainland, 
 transporting freight. In 1863 he, with others, went prospecting in 
 the Similkameen country, where they endured great privations with- 
 out being successful in their search. After this Mr. Clay mined for 
 four years in Cariboo, and his labors there were partially successful. 
 He made considerable money on Antler Creek and along Bear 
 River. He then went to Omineca where he mined for one season 
 without, however, making anything. Upon leaving Omineca he 
 went to Victoria, where he established the business which he still 
 conducts. His commercial venture proved very successful, and a 
 few years later he opened a branch business at Elgin, which has also 
 proved a paying investment. Mr. Clay has large investments in 
 Victoria and the district and is interested in the progress of the 
 Province. He has been solicited to stand as a candidate for the 
 City Council and also for the Legislature, but has steadily declined 
 on account of the demands his own business make on his time. 
 
 Clute, John Still well, (New Westminster), second son of J. 
 S. Clute, of Kingston, Ontario, was born on June 15th, 1840, at 
 Kingston. He is of United Empire Loyalist stock, his paternal 
 ancestors having settled in New York in the early part of the last 
 century. During the revolution his great grandfather took part on 
 the loyalist side and after the termination of hostilities the family 
 removed to Canada and settled near Kingston. When the rebellion 
 of 1837, headed by William Lyon Mackenzie, broke out, Mr. 
 Clute's father was in arms e^ behalf of the Government. Mr. Clute 
 received his elementary education at Kingston, and when ten years 
 of age removed to Picton with his father, who had been appointed 
 the customs officer at that port. He completed his education at the
 
 J. S. CLl'TK.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 127 
 
 county grammar school at Picton, and then took a position in a drug 
 store with the intention of ultimately studying medicine. After a 
 year's acquaintance with this business he decided to abandon it, and 
 went to Port Hope, where he entered the clothing establishment of 
 his brother-in-law. He remained here for two years, after which he 
 returned to Picton for a short time and then went to Texas, where 
 he filled the position of secretary to the Texas Telegraph Company, 
 of which his brother was general superintendent. He was here dur- 
 ing the outbreak of the civil war in the United States. In the 
 summer of 1861 he returned to Picton where he remained till March 
 of 1862, when he left Ontario to come to British Columbia. After 
 remaining in Victoria for a time he -joined a mining party going to 
 the Quesnelle, but after reaching the mines he saw plainly the con- 
 dition of things and concluded to return to New Westminster. 
 Here he secured a position in a general store which he retained till 
 the autumn of 1863, when he formed a partnership with Mr. Major 
 and opened a clothing and boot and shoe business, on Columbia 
 street. He conducted this business till the Autumn of 1870, when 
 he disposed of his interest, retaining his property in the city, how- 
 ever, and went to Sedoia, Missouri, for the purpose of entering into 
 business with his brother. He stayed there till March, 1875, when 
 he returned to New Westminster and opened a general business, 
 which he conducted till August, 1878, when he was appointed sub- 
 collector of customs, and stationed at New Westminster, which was 
 then an outpost of Victoria. In 1880 New Westminster was made 
 an independent customs port and Mr. Clute was appointed collector, 
 which position he still continues to fill. Previous to his appoint- 
 ment on the customs staff Mr. Clute always took an active interest 
 in politics, Dominion, Provincial and Municipal. He was one of 
 the most active workers for confederation during the agitation of 
 1869 and 1870. He served the City of New Westminster at the 
 council board for a number of years, and in 1867 was president of 
 that body, He is a firm believer in the future greatness of the 
 Province, and in New Westminster District as the most important 
 part of the country. He is a member of the Masonic Order and 
 Grand Master of British Columbia. He is also a member of the 
 Ancient Order of United Workmen. In June, 1866, he was married 
 to Miss Jenny Clarkson, daughter of Mr. William Clarkson, of Van- 
 couver. Mr. Clute is an adherent of the Presbyterian Church.
 
 128 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Coldwell, Charles Augustus Latrobe, (Vancouver), was 
 bom in the city of St. John, N. B., on June 4th, 1844, his parents 
 being of Irish and French descent. He was educated at St. 
 Andrew's High School and during his early life studied for the 
 ministry, and later on for the profession of civil engineer. Pre- 
 vious to his arrival in British Columbia, he was engaged in civil 
 engineering and railroad construction in his native province. In 
 March, 1862, Mr. Coldwell arrived in British Columbia, and went 
 directly to Cariboo, where for many years he endured all the hard- 
 ships incident to early pioneer life, and met with varied success. 
 He has travelled at different times from San Diego to British 
 Columbia, visiting most of the mining camps en route, some of 
 which were quite celebrated in their day. He was in Montana 
 during the stirring mining days, just after the discovery of gold in 
 that region, and saw many thrilling scenes in the time of the 
 " Vigilance Committee." Much has been written about those 
 pioneer dajs of long ago, but it conveys only a vague idea of the 
 actual reality, a wild region peopled by men of free and generous 
 hospitality, but only two willing to resent an affront (perhaps but 
 trivial) with the ever-ready Colt revolver or Bowie knife. For 
 many years Mr. Coldwell was Superintendent of the " Hasting Saw 
 Mill Co." and was also, under the late Capt. Ramer, inspector of 
 spars for the same firm. He was one of the first Aldermen of 
 Vancouver city, and Chairman of the Board of Works. Mr. Cold- 
 well was also requested to allow himself to be nominated for Mayor, 
 but declined the honor. In 1888 and 1889 he represented the 
 Province at the Toronto exhibition, and in the fall of the latter 
 year was appointed Registrar of the County Court of New 
 Westminster, holden at Vancouver, which position he resigned in 
 June, 1890. In politics he is a supporter of the present govern- 
 ment, and is a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, 
 the Knights of Pythias, and the Independent Order of Foresters. 
 He is married, and is an adherent of the Episcopal Church. 
 
 Cooper, Hugh M. M.D., (New Westminster), was born in 
 Toronto in 1840. His father, a native of county Antrim, Ireland, 
 came to Canada in 1835 and in 1837 married Christina Muttart, of 
 Prince Edward Island. Dr. Cooper received his elementary educa- 
 tion in Toronto and then entered Trinity College, where he studied
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 129" 
 
 five terms, leaving with his degree of Bachelor of Arts. Simultan- 
 eously with his study at Toronto he gained a practical acquaintance 
 with medicine by working with Dr. J Bovell and walking the hospi- 
 tal. During the civil war in the United States Dr. Cooper practised 
 on. the field as a surgeon. In 1 886 he graduated from the school of 
 hydropathy in New York, of which Dr. Ivall was the head. From 
 this time till 1870 he practised his profession as a hydropathist. In 
 1870 he was ordained by the Church of England to carry on a 
 materialistic controversy, and this commission he held till 1880, 
 practising his profession as a physician during the same time. In. 
 1881 he removed to Saginaw City, Michigan, where he devoted his. 
 time entirely to medical work. In 1882 he graduated in the regular 
 school of allopathy, and in 1883 he came to British Columbia and 
 settled in New Westminster where he has since remained and where 
 he has a large and increasing practice. Dr. Cooper since his arrival 
 in the Province has been interested in the development of the min- 
 eral resources of the country. His extensive professional work has 
 made it impossible for him to leave New Westminster in person, 
 but he has expended his money freely in sending prospecting parties 
 to the interior. He was one of the company interested in the first 
 effort to open up the Nicola mines. Dr. Cooper is a member of the 
 Ancient Order of Foresters; of the Ancient Order of Odd Fellows; 
 of the Royal Black Knights and the Orange Order. In 1889 he 
 married Mrs. Galbraith, of New Westminster. In religion he is an 
 adherent of the Episcopal Church. 
 
 Corbonld, Gordon Edward, (New Westminster), barrister 
 and solicitor, was born at Toronto on November 2nd, 1848. He is 
 the youngest son of Charles Corbould, who came from England and 
 settled near Toronto and who, at the age of 91 years, is still living 
 Orillia, Ontario. Mr. Corbould was educated at Upper Canada 
 College, Toronto, and after graduating there was articled as a law 
 student in the office of Crooks, Kingsmill and Cattanoh, and subse- 
 quently studied with J. D. Edgar. He was called to the bar of 
 Ontario in 1871, and then formed a partnership with Messrs. Edgar 
 & Fenton, the firm title being Edgar, Fenton fe Corbould. They 
 opened an office at Orillia, and of this office Mr. Corbould took per- 
 sonal charge, residing in Orillia for that purpose. He practised 
 here till 1878, when in consequence of ill-health lie was forced to 
 
 (10)
 
 130 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 abandon his practice for a period. He went to England where he 
 remained for about two years, during which time he was married to 
 Miss Arabella Almond, fourth daughter of Major Downe of the 1st 
 Madras Fusileers. In the spring of 1880 he came to British Colum- 
 bia and opened an office at New Westminster. He was called to 
 the bar of British Columbia in May, 1882, and the following year 
 he formed a partnership with Mr. McColl. Mr. Corbould is one of 
 the ablest lawyers in the Province and has one of the most extensive 
 practices. He has been identified with most of the large enterprises 
 which have had birth in New Westminster for the past ten years, 
 and is a leader of opinion in politics, though he has only once entered 
 the field as a candidate, when he was defeated for the local legisla- 
 ture by Mr. Thomas Cunningham. He has been solicited repeatedly 
 to stand for the Commons, but has heretofore refused. He is a 
 member of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Columbian Hospital, 
 and for several years was chairman of the Board. He is one of the 
 provisional directors of the Coquitlam Water Works Company, of 
 the New Westminster Southern Railway Company, and of a num- 
 ber of other enterprises. He is a member of the Military School of 
 Toronto, where he took a first and second class certificate. He is 
 one of the Executive Committee of the New Westminster Synod, 
 and solicitor for the Synod and for the Bank of Montreal. He is a 
 warden of the English Church, a member of the Masonic fraternity, 
 and of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. 
 
 Cornwall, Hoii. Clement Francis, (Ashcroft), was born at 
 Ashcroft, county of Gloucester, England, in 1836. His family can 
 lay claim to high rank among the "untitled nobility" peculiar to 
 the British Isles; both his father, the Revd. Alan Gardner Corn- 
 wall and his mother Caroline, daughter of Thomas Kingscote, Esq., 
 Gloucestershire, being able to trace their descent in an unbroken 
 line from the time of the conquest in A. D. 1066. Mr. Cornwall 
 received his primary education at private schools and afterwards 
 became a member of the Magdalene College, Cambridge, from which 
 he graduated in 1858, taking the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Prior 
 to his departure from England he was called to the Bar by the Hon. 
 Society of the Inner Temple, London, in 1852, arriving in British 
 Columbia the same year. Mr. Cornwall, after reaching the new 
 colony first visited the mining districts but took no active part in
 
 G. E. CORBOULD.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 131 
 
 mining enterprises, devoting his efforts principally to stock raising 
 and his profession, and spending seasons at Wild Horse, Kootenay, 
 French Creek and Big Bend as a practising barrister. In the year 
 1 864 when the first Legislative Assembly was created Mr. Cornwall 
 was one of its most prominent and energetic members as representa- 
 tive of the Hope-Yale-Lyttoii district and occupied a similiar posi- 
 tion in subsequent years being one of its members in the session of 
 1871 when the province joined the Canadian confederation. Im- 
 mediately after confederation, Mr. Cornwall was appointed a member 
 of the Canadian Senate, and continued such till 1881, when he ac- 
 cepted the Lieutenant-Governorship of British Columbia. He 
 occupied the position till 1886. In 1864 Mr. Cornwall was 
 appointed a Justice of the Peace for the province which he 
 accepted, serving in that capacity till April, 1885. From that 
 time till 17th September, 1889 Mr. Cornwall was solely en- 
 gaged in rural pursuits, at which date he was elevated to the 
 bench as Judge of the County Court of Cariboo, receiving the 
 appointment of Stipendiary Magistrate in October of the same year. 
 Mr. Cornwall is a member of the numerous agricultural and pioneer 
 societies which have for their object the development and prosperity 
 of the province, and is also a member of the the Dominion Council 
 of Agriculture. Except such periods as were occupied in attending 
 to political and official duties necessitated by his numerous appoint- 
 ments Mr. Cornwall spent most of his time in the arduous pursuits 
 and healthful pleasures of a country life. In connection with his 
 brother, Mr. Henry P. Cornwall, he has been the largest and most 
 successful stock raiser in the province and has contributed in no 
 small degree to its agricultural prosperity. Their stock has for 
 years been famed throughout the district for its excellence. Mr. 
 Cornwall has always been enthusiastically fond of all kind of field 
 sports, for which the British nation is so celebrated, and for twenty 
 years at Ashcroft kept a pack of foxhounds which came from the 
 most noted kennels in England, principally those of His Grace the 
 Duke of Beaufort. The hounds showed wonderful sport and helped 
 greatly to relieve the monotony of country life. For many years 
 also the principal race meetings of the province were held at Ash- 
 croft. In these Mr. Cornwall took a prominent part and at present 
 he is president of the British Columbia Jockey Club. Although 
 possessing exceptional abilities and with an education which fitted him
 
 132 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 rather for highly civilized surroundings Mr. Cornwall's proclivities 
 as a sportsman are such that he does not regret having exchanged 
 the graces and comforts of life in England for the stirring though 
 ardous pursuits of a pioneer in a new land. Mr. Cornwall is a, 
 member of the Church of England and in 1871 married Charlotte, 
 daughter of the Rev'd A. G. Peinberton, Yicar of Kensal Green^ 
 London England. 
 
 Cowan, George, M.P.P., ( Cariboo), was born in the county 
 of Leeds, Ontario, on June 25th, 1831. Eldest son of James and 
 Maria Cowan, of Leeds County, where his father was engaged in 
 farming. Was educated at his native place, and at the age of twenty 
 went to Australia, whither he was attracted by the gold fields. He 
 settled in the Colony of Victoria, where he remained for seven years, 
 during which time he was engaged in both quartz and placer min- 
 ing. He met with more than average success in Australia, and in 
 1859 he returned to Canada. After visiting his old home he settled 
 in Ontario, with the intention of living there, but in the spring of 
 1862 the report of the discovery of immense gold deposits in Cariboo 
 attracted him to British Columbia. He landed in Victoria in June 
 of that year and went direct to the mines. He staked out claims at 
 different times on Williams, Grouse, Antler, and other celebrated 
 creeks, and met with considerable success. With all the ardor of an 
 old and experienced miner he pursued his quest after the precious 
 metal, and lost most of what he had made in further prospecting. 
 He has continued in Cariboo since that time and has been extensively 
 engaged in both quartz and placer mining, and has expended a great 
 deal of money in the work of development. During a bye-election 
 in 1877 he contested the riding, which he now represents, against 
 the Hon. A. E. B. Davie, and was successful. He has since that 
 time sat continuously in the legislature of the Province. As a mem- 
 ber he has labored in the best interests of the Province, and 
 especially of his own district, fully believing that she possesses the 
 golden key to provincial greatness. In Federal politics he is a sup- 
 porter of the Macdonald administration, being convinced that that 
 Government has pursued and is pursuing the wisest course for the 
 Dominion. In religion Mr. Cowan is a member of the Presbyterian 
 Church.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 133 
 
 Crease, Hon. Henry Pering Pellew, (Victoria), was born in 
 England in 1825, and educated at Clare College, Cambridge, where 
 lie graduated as Bachelor of Arts in 1847. Entered as a student- 
 at law in the Middle Temple, London, and called to the bar in 1849. 
 Practised his profession in England till 1858, when he came to 
 British Columbia. Elected a member of the Legislative Assembly 
 of Vancouver Island in March, 1860, as representative for Victoria 
 district. Occupied his seat for two sessions till January, 1862, 
 when he resigned. Appointed the first Attorney-General of the 
 colony of British Columbia in April 1864, and occupied that posi- 
 tion till May 1870, when he was appointed a Judge of the Supreme 
 Court of British Columbia. He was one of the commission which 
 in 1871, compiled and published a new edition of the laws of 
 British Columbia. In 1874, he, in conjunction with Chief Justice 
 Begbie and Mr. Justice Gray, formed a commission to enquire into 
 the Texada matter. In 1877 he was one of a commission which 
 consolidated the public general statutes of British Columbia. He 
 married a daughter of the late Dr. John Lindley, F.R. S., Professor 
 of Botany at University College, London, England. 
 
 Creighton, J. W., (Lasqueti Island), bom in 1853, at Hayton 
 Castle, (the ancestral seat) in Nottinghamshire, England. He left 
 home in 1875, and went to the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, 
 with a half formed intention of engaging in ostrich farming. He 
 spent five months in South Africa hunting, and saw that continent 
 up as far as Transvaal. He then went to Adelaide, South Austra- 
 lia and from there, after a few months, to New South Wales. 
 While there he went over a considerable portion of the country, 
 with the intention of engaging in sheep farming, but not finding 
 what he desired he went to Queensland. He landed at Rockhamp- 
 ton and rode on horse back four hundred miles inland to Barcoo 
 river. Here he spent six months on a station which possessed 
 eleven hundred square miles of land and two hundred and fifty 
 thousand sheep. After this six months of colonial experience, Mr. 
 Creighton took up a station of his own. Here he remained until he 
 was laid up with rheumatism, contracted from exposure during wet 
 weather. To get rid of this the doctors ordered him to the hot 
 sulphur lakes of New Zealand. He accordingly disposed of his 
 station and went to New Zealand, where he remained for nine
 
 134 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 months bathing in the hot lakes, which were destroyed about five 
 years ago by a volcanic eruption. He completely recovered and 
 left New Zealand on a trading schooner for Samoa, and from there 
 he went to Auckland, from which place he took the steamer for 
 Honolulu. He remained in the Sandwich Islands three months 
 and then went to San Francisco. He spent nine months in Cali- 
 fornia, hunting and camping out in the foot hills of the Sierra 
 Navada mountains. He then passed into Oregon, and through the 
 Willamette valley to Portland and then up the Columbia to Walla 
 Walla. From there he rode to the borders of Idaho with the inten- 
 tion of going into stock raising. He found, however, that the laws 
 were framed to prevent large ranches being taken up. He then 
 passed over into British Columbia by way of the big bend of the 
 Columbia, and came down the valley of the Eraser. After remain- 
 ing for a time at Victoria he established himself on Lasqueti 
 Island and started the sheep ranch he at present possesses. 
 
 Croft, Henry, M. P. P., (Victoria), a member of the ancient 
 Saxon family of Croft, of Herefordshire, England, which settled in 
 that county prior to the reign of Edward the Confessor. Mr. 
 Croft was born in Sydney, New South Wales, on January loth, 
 1856. In 1849 he was sent to England, educated at Rugby school 
 and afterwards entered the profession of civil engineering. He 
 was engaged in superintending engineering works in England, and 
 in 1879 left England for Sydney, where he entered the service of 
 the government of New South Wales. He was engaged for three 
 years as as inspecting engineer and superintended several works of 
 magnitude. He then returned to England and afterwards visited 
 British Columbia where he engaged extensively in the lumber busi- 
 ness, carrying on an export as well as local business. In July, 
 1885, he married Mary Jean, daughter of the late Hon. Robert 
 Dunsmuir. In 1887 he was elected by acclamation to represent the 
 District of Cowichan in the local Parliament, his colleague at the 
 time being the then Premier, the Hon. Wm. Smythe. Mr. Croft 
 fully believes that every endeavor ought to be made to develope the 
 latent resources of the Province whose wealth in forests, minerals 
 and fisheries is incalculable, and he has shown this belief by invest- 
 ing largely in industries which are calculated to advance the pros- 
 perity of the Province. In politics Mr. Croft is a Conservative.
 
 ROHKRT CUNNINGHAM.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 135 
 
 He is a member, both, of the Institute of Civil Engineers and the 
 Institute of Mechanical Engineers, of England. At the last general 
 election he was again returned to the Provincial Legislature as. 
 representative of Cowichan district. 
 
 Cunningham, Robert, (Skeena), second son of the late George 
 Cunningham, who was an extensive farmer in the north of Ireland, 
 was born in 1837 in the county of Tyrone, Ireland. He received 
 his elementary education at his native place, and at the age of 18 
 years entered Islington College, the Church of England Missionary 
 Society's College at London. He pursued his studies there for 
 three years, when in 1862 he was sent to British Columbia by the 
 society as a lay teacher. He arrived at Victoria on the 26th of 
 September and remained there till the following March, assisting 
 Rev. Mr. Cridge and studying the native language. He then went 
 north to the Metlakahtla Mission where he worked in conjunction 
 with Mr. Duncan. After two years arduous labor in this field, Mr. 
 Cunningham abandoned missionary work and entered the service of 
 the Hudson's Bay Company. He continued in the employ of this, 
 company for five years, two years of which were spent in charge of 
 a post on the Naas River and three years in charge of a post at 
 Fort Simpson. In 1869 the Hudson Bay Company sent Mr. 
 Cunningham and Mr. Manson to explore a route from Stikeen river 
 to Dease's Lake. They accomplished the work successfully and with 
 remarkable quickness, and were the first white men who traversed 
 this portion of the country. While at Dease they camped at the 
 mouth of Dease Creek, and Mr. Cunningham in examining the 
 gravel came to the conclusion that it contained gold. When he 
 returned he unfolded his discovery to a number of miners who, on 
 his representations, determined to prospect it. Mr. Cunningham 
 accordingly gave them a sketch of the route to the lake and the 
 bearings of the compass by which they were enabled to reach the 
 spot indicated. Mr. Cunningham's predictions were found to be 
 correct, the miner's finding gold in good paying quantities. This was. 
 the first of the gold digging in Cassiar. About this time Mr. 
 Cunningham applied to the company for increased renumeration for 
 his services. The company not wishing to lose so valuable an em- 
 ployee offered him a gratuity but this he refused and in the autumn 
 of 1869 he resigned his position. In the following spring he fonned
 
 136 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 a partnership with Mr. Hankin and began a forwarding and com- 
 mission business, dealing in miner's and general supplies, and send- 
 ing goods to the Oraineca, at the mouth of the Skeena river, and 
 built a store at Woodcock's Landing. Their business prospered so 
 well that in a short time Mr. Hankin went to Hazleton, at the 
 headquarters of the Skeena river and opened a branch business. 
 After he had been a year at Woodcock's Landing, Mr. Cunningham 
 abandoned his claim there and pre-empted what is now the town 
 site of Port Essington. The firm of Cunningham & Hankin con- 
 tinued to do business at Port Essington and Hazleton for about six 
 years, at the end of which time the partnership was dissolved, Mr. 
 Cunningham retaining the Port Essington branch of the business 
 and Mr. Hankin the Hazleton branch. About this time Mr. Mc- 
 Allister built a saw mill at Port Essington and built the steamer 
 Alexander. The Hudson's Bay Company also seeing the amount of 
 business to be done there, came seeking a site for a store, and not- 
 withstanding the fact that the company had all along been doing 
 all they could to injure his business, Mr. Cunningham furnished 
 them with land on which to build. The company accordingly 
 began business in opposition to him with the avowed intention of 
 detroying his trade. They had superior advantages bringing their 
 own goods in and refusing to carry his freight, except at abnormally 
 high prices. Nevertheless after a bitter struggle of five years 
 duration the company abandoned the fight and withdrew from the 
 field after having sacrificed about $5,000.00. About this time Mr. 
 Cunningham's attention was turned to the salmon fishing on the 
 Skeena river. In 1880 Mr. Neal started the Inverness Cannery, 
 and Mr. Cunningham in the year following established a saltery 
 under the name of the "Skeena Packing Company." In 1882 Mr. 
 Cunningham established his present canning business and has since 
 conducted it. It is the largest establishment on the Skeena and is 
 fitted up in the most approved manner. His brand of canned 
 salmon, the diamond " C, " is well known in America and Europe. 
 Last year his returns from his business netted him over $100,000,00. 
 In 1883 he built a saw mill at Port Essington. In 1889 Mr. 
 Cunningham established a business at the Forks of the Skeena, 
 where there will in time be a town as there is a fine farming 
 country about it. Mr. Cunningham has two tugs on the water, the 
 Muriel and the Cariboo Fly. He is a member of the Masonic 
 Order.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 137 
 
 Cunningham, Thomas, 31. P., (New Westminster), was born 
 in the Province of Ulster, Ireland, April 12tli, 1837. His ancestors 
 were prominent in Irish affairs during 1667-8-9, one of them having 
 command of the ships that relieved the beleagured inhabitants of 
 Londonderry. Mr. Cunningham was brought up in the country and 
 has always evinced a strong predilection for country life and pur- 
 suits. He emigrated to Canada in 1853 and after a year's resi- 
 dence in that country, at Kingston, Ont., he made a tour of France, 
 Bermuda, Cuba, and the Southern States, returning to Kingston in 
 1855, where he remained until the discovery of gold in British 
 Columbia. He came to the coast in April, 1859. On reaching 
 California the discouraging reports he heard of British Columbia 
 induced him to remain two months in that state. He finally came 
 to Victoria in July, 1859. He remained there until the following 
 spring and then tried his luck at Cariboo, walking all the way from 
 Port Douglas to Antler Creek, carrying 90 Ibs. of food besides 
 blankets, tools and rocker iron. After trying the mines he settled 
 in New Westminster, in the autumn of 1861, and went into busi- 
 ness the next year, dealing in stoves and hardware. He bought 
 out the Vancouver Coal Co., in 1864 and carried on that business in 
 Nanaimo until 1867. He was elected to the House of Assembly of 
 Vancouver Island, and cast his vote for the union of the two 
 colonies. He removed to Oregon in 1867 and remained in that 
 state till 1882, and carried on a mercantile and manufacturing 
 business during that time. For ten years he manufactured wagons, 
 carriages, and agricultural implements. This business he aban- 
 doned when the Central Pacific Railway rendered competition with 
 eastern manufacturers impossible. He lost heavily by the failure 
 of the Northern Pacific Railway Company, and finally returned to 
 New Westminster in 1882 resuming there his old business as a 
 hardware merchant. His tastes led him to lay out and complete 
 what are now known as Pelham Gardens in 1885 for the culture of 
 fruit and cattle raising. Pelham Gardens are the finest in the Do- 
 minion. He took the first prize for fruits over all Canada at the 
 last Toronto Exhibition (1889). His entire attention is now 
 devoted to fruit growing and Jersey cattle breeding. He was 
 elected to represent New Westminster city in 1889 in the Provin- 
 cial Legislature. He was a member of the Westminster Municipal 
 Council in 1864 and again in 1889, and had charge of the Queen's
 
 138 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 park operations during the latter year. He was the first to take up 
 the question of establishing an agricultural exhibition in Westminster, 
 and it was owing to his unflagging efforts that the British Columbia 
 Provincial Agricultural Society, of which he is president, came into 
 existence and to his untiring zeal it is that it owes its present 
 flourishing condition. To no one so much as to him does West- 
 minster district owe her present deserved reputation as one of the 
 finest agricultural countries in the world. Mr. Cunningham is one 
 of the shrewdest business men of the country, and has the energy 
 and resolution to carry through what enterprises he undertakes. 
 He is among British Columbia's best citizens. Mr. Cunningham 
 married Miss E. A. Woodman and has five children. 
 
 Curtis, David Samuel, (New Westminster), son of Samuel 
 Curtis, of Tirconnel, Elgin County, Ontario. Born at Tirconnel on 
 January 1st, 1856. Attended the public school until 1871, when he 
 engaged as a clerk in a drug business at Dresden, it being his inten- 
 tion to learn this business. He remained here for one year and 
 then went to Chatham, where he attended the Central School. 
 After graduating there he returned to Dresden and studied his busi- 
 ness as a druggist with Dr. Clarke of that place. In the autumn of 
 1874 he came to British Columbia over the Union Pacific line of 
 railway, and settled at once in New Westminster. Here he con- 
 tinued the study of his professiorf. In 1883 he opened the business 
 he now has, in conjunction with Dr. Clarke, and after three years 
 bought out his partner's interest. Since that time he has conducted 
 the business himself. In 1881 he was elected a member of the City 
 Council, for St. Patrick's Ward, and has sat at that Board almost 
 continuously since. In the election for municipal representatives 
 for 1889, when ward divisions did not exist, Mr. Curtis headed the 
 poll with fifteen candidates in the field. During all the years he 
 was in the Council he filled the position of chairman of the Finance 
 Committee. For two years he was secretary of the Board of Trade 
 of New Westminster. Mr. Curtis is one of the most prominent 
 and successful merchants of the Royal City, and is recognized on all 
 hands as a coming man in politics. He is a supporter of the Robson 
 Government and in Federal politics a Liberal Conservative. He i& 
 a member of the Methodist Church and President of the Y.M.C.A. 
 In 1884 he married Miss Harriet Cunningham, daughter of the late 
 John Cunningham, of Kingston, Ontario.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 139 
 
 Davie, Hon. Alexander Edmund Batson, born November, 
 1848, died July 31st, 1889. Mr. Davie, who at the time of his 
 decease occupied the position of Premier of the Province, was born 
 in Somersetshire, and educated at Silcoates College, near Wakefield, 
 in Yorkshire. His father, John Chapman Davie, who for some 
 pears practised his profession as a surgeon, in Merton, England, 
 came to British Columbia with his family in 1862. Mr. Davie 
 studied for the legal profession, and in 1868 was admitted an 
 attorney of the Province and called to the bar in 1873. From 
 1862 to 1874 he filled the office of law clerk to the Provincial 
 Assembly. In 1875 he stood for the Legislature, for the district of 
 Cariboo and was returned, but on his accepting office as Provincial 
 Secretary in 1877, and returning to his constituency for re-election 
 he was defeated. He was a successful candidate for Lillooet in the 
 general elections of 1882, and when the government of Hon. 
 Robert Beaven was defeated, Mr. Davie accepted office in the 
 Smythe administration as Attorney-General. On the death of Mr. 
 Smythe in 1887, Mr. Davie succeeded as Premier. In 1883 he was 
 appointed a Q. C., and subsequently elected a bencher of the Law 
 Society. On the 3rd of December, 1874, Mr. Davie married 
 Constance Langford, third daughter of T. 0. Skinner, Esq., of 
 Farleigh, near Maple Bay. In Dominion politics he was a 
 Conservative. 
 
 Davie, Hon. Theodore, Q.C., was born in Brixton, Surrey, Eng- 
 land, on the 22nd March, 1852. His father, John Chapman Davie, of 
 Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire, England, was a surgical practitioner, and 
 at the time of his decease a member of the Legislative Assembly of 
 British Columbia. Mr. Davie received his elementary education in 
 England, which country he left early in life, and soon after his ar- 
 rival in this Province, in 1867, commenced studying law at Victoria. 
 From 1874 to 1878 Mr. Davie resided in Cassiar District and prac- 
 ticed law there about three years. Mr. Davie has represented the 
 Capital City since the general election of 1882, being returned the 
 second time in 1886 at the general elections. In August, 1889, 
 Mr. Davie was appointed Attorney-General of the Province, thereby 
 vacating his seat, to which he was re-elected during the same 
 month. On the 14th of January, 1884, he married Alice Mary, 
 daughter of Gregory York, Esq. In religion Mr. Davie is a Roman 
 Catholic.
 
 140 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Davie, John Chapman, DI.D., (Victoria), is the son of the 
 
 late Hon. John Chapman Davie, M.R.C.S., L.S.A., who practiced 
 his profession in Merton, Surrey, England, and afterwards in Vic- 
 toria, B. C. Dr. Davie was born March 22nd, 1845, in Wells, 
 Somersetshire, England, and educated in Silcoates College near 
 Wakefield, under tuition of Rev. Dr. Beyoglass, L.L.D. He came 
 to British Columbia with his father in 1862 by way of Panama and, 
 after remaining in Victoria for a year, went to San Francisco, 
 where he entered the university of that city. Here he remained for 
 three years studying medicine. Among the professors whose lec- 
 turers he attended were Drs. H. H. Ireland and L. C. Lane, both 
 of whom had continental reputations, and who subsequently dis- 
 tinguished themselves by founding colleges. Dr. Davie returned to 
 Victoria where he practised in conjunction with his father. He has 
 remained in Victoria continuously since. Is a memeber of the 
 Provincial Medical Council, of which he has been president. Is a 
 member of the Odd Fellows Order. Has not taken any active part 
 in politics. 
 
 Davis, Lewis Thomas, HI. D., C. M., (Nanaimo), son of Wm. 
 Davis, Portland, Maine, U. S. A., general traffic manager of the 
 Grand Trunk Railway, was born at Portland, July 4th, 1862. His 
 parents are both of Welsh birth, his paternal ancestors having lived 
 at Cirencester for centuries. His father was the first of the family 
 to leave the old country. Dr. Davis received his elementary educa- 
 tion at his native city and was then sent to Trinity College, at Port 
 Hope, Ontario. From there he matriculated into Queen's Uni- 
 versity, Kingston. He entered the medical department and 
 remained there four years graduating in 1883. Shortly after 
 taking his degree he removed to lower California and settled at 
 Redwood City, where he practised his profession for seven months, 
 at the end of which time he came to British Columbia and took up 
 his residence at Nanaimo. He formed a partnership with the late 
 Dr. Cluness, medical officer for the Vancouver Coal Company. This 
 partnership continued for two and a half years, when it was 
 dissolved by mutual consent, and Dr. Davis has since conducted his 
 practice singly. His practice is one of the most extensive in the 
 Province. He is surgeon to the Nanaimo hospital ; physician and 
 surgeon to the Marine department for the port of Nanaimo, and
 
 THOMAS CUNNINGHAM.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 141 
 
 Departure Bay ; surgeon to the Nanaimo jail, and holds several 
 positions as medical examiner in different lodges. He is examiner 
 for the New York Equitable and Sun Mutual Life Assurance Com- 
 panies ; the Citizens' Life Insurance Company, of Montreal, and 
 several others. He is a member of the British Columbia Medical 
 Council. He is a member of the Masonic Order, the American 
 Legion of Honor, the Knights of Pythias, the Ancient Order of 
 Druids, and the Ancient Order of United Workmen. In August, 
 1887, he married Miss Raynard, daughter of the late Rev. Mr. 
 Raynard, Rector of the Episcopal Church, at Nanaimo, and lately 
 at South Saanich, where he died. 
 
 De Cosmos, Hon. Amor, (Victoria), one of the most prominent 
 figures in the early political history of British Columbia, the leader 
 in the battle for responsible government, and in the agitation for 
 confederation with the Dominion of Canada, was born at Windsor, 
 Nova Scotia, and educated there and in Halifax. In 1852 he went 
 to California and in 1858 came to British Columbia and settled in 
 Victoria, where shortly after his arrival he founded the British 
 Colonist newspaper which he owned and edited till 1863. In 1863 
 he was first elected a member of the Legislative Assembly of Van- 
 couver Island, to represent the city of Victoria,, and continued to 
 represent the same constituency in this assembly, and, after the 
 union of the two colonies, in the Legislative council of British Col- 
 umbia till confederation. He was elected a member of the first 
 Legislative Assembly of the Province, and was premier and presi- 
 dent of the executive council from December 1872 to February 
 1874, when he resigned to stand for the House of Commons. He 
 represented Victoria in the Federal Parliament till 1882 when, in 
 the general elections of that year, he was defeated at the polls. 
 Since that time Mr. De Cosmos has not taken an active interest in 
 politics. In 1870 he founded the Daily Standard, and owned and 
 edited it till 1874. In 1873-4 he was sent to London, England, as 
 special commissioner of the Provincial Government, to lay before 
 the Imperial authorities, the grievances of the Province in the 
 matter of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Mr. De Cosmos is a 
 Liberal in politics, and while in the House of Commons was a mem- 
 ber of the Reform party.
 
 142 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Dewdney, Walter, (Vernon), was born in Devonshire, Eng- 
 land, and educated with a view to fitting him for a military career. 
 As a young man, however, he determined to seek his fortune in a 
 new country, and accordingly came to British Columbia. Like the 
 majority of others who came here at an early period, he went to the 
 mines, but did not meet with much success. After following vari- 
 ous pursuits he accepted the position of Government Agent and 
 Gold Commissioner, and during the period of the construction of the 
 Canadian Pacific Railway was stationed at Yale. He was subse- 
 quently transferred to Vernon, where he now resides. He is a 
 member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. 
 
 Dick, Archibald, (Nanaimo), was born at Kilmarnock, Ayr- 
 shire, on December 25th, 1842. His father, James Dick, was a 
 miner. Mr. Dick received his education at Dreghorn, and in 1865 
 came with his family to British Columbia. The journey was made 
 in the ship " Countess of Fife " and by way of Cape Horn. The 
 family went direct to Nanaimo, where they settled, and Mr. Dick 
 was engaged at the mines till 1870, when he went to Cariboo where 
 "lie became interested in several gold claims. He remained in 
 Cariboo for three years developing these claims, but he did not have 
 much success. He then returned to Nanaimo where he again be- 
 came connected with the Vancouver mines till he was offered and 
 accepted the managership of the Baynes Sound Go's, mines. He 
 remained in this position till the mines shut down. He subsequently 
 bored the South Wellington estate and when Mr. Prior resigned 
 the position of government inspector of coal mines, Mr. Dick was 
 appointed to the post. Mr. Dick is a member of the Order of 
 Oddfellows, and of the Presbyterian church. On January 1st, 
 1879, he married Elizabeth Clara Westwood. 
 
 Dickinson, Robert, born in 1836, died November 2nd, 1889. 
 The name of the late Robert Dickinson was associated perhaps 
 more than that of any other man, with the growth and progress of 
 the city of New Westminster. He had resided in it almost from 
 its foundation, and during thirty years of citizenship had labored 
 as zealously in the interest of the community as in his own. During 
 ten terms he occupied the office of chief magistrate, and was 
 regarded with such respect and confidence by the citizens, that
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 143 
 
 there was no office in their gift which he could not have had, by 
 signifying his desire. Mr. Dickinson was born in Liverpool, England, 
 was educated there, and in 1859, when twenty-three years of age, 
 came to British Columbia and settled in New Westminster, where 
 he resided continuously till his decease. The first municipal council 
 met in 1860, and in 1861 Mr. Dickinson was elected a councillor, 
 and again in 1862. In 1863 he was again elected councillor and 
 chosen as president of the council, which office he filled for that 
 year. He was elected and served as a member of the council there- 
 after for the years 1864, 1867, 1869, 1872 and 1873. In January 
 of 1874, Mr. Dickinson was elected mayor of Westminster, being 
 the second mayor of the city. In December, of 1874, he was 
 elected to represent the city in the Legislative Assembly of the 
 Province, and served for one term. Subsequently Mr. Dickinson, 
 was honored with the mayoralty of the city, and filled that office 
 acceptably for the years 1874, 1880, 1881, 1883, and for the five 
 following years consecutively. For over a quarter of a century Mr. 
 Dickinson had been a Justice of the Peace for New Westminster 
 city. He was also connected with the New Westminster Rifles 
 from 1865 to 1869, in the capacity of ensign, retiring retaining 
 rank. In addition to his arduous services in connection with the 
 city council, Mr. Dickinson was a member of the Board of Trade 
 from its organization, and a member of the council of that board 
 for some time. The deceased had been for many years a member 
 of Holy Trinity church, and had taken an active interest in its 
 work. He was also a member of the Ancient Order of United 
 Workmen. In 1860 Mr. Dickinson married Miss Harris, at New- 
 Westminster. In politics he was a consistent Conservative. 
 
 I) odd, William, (Yale), was born 4th of April, 1837, at Mat- 
 fen, in the county of Northumberland, England, where his ancestors 
 had resided for more than a century. Mr. Dodd went to school at 
 Matfen and Wittington and received a thorough business education. 
 Before leaving England he held a position in a manufacturer's office 
 on the Tyne for over ten years. In 1862 Mr. Dodd arrived in 
 British Columbia, settled at William's Creek, Cariboo, and spent 
 over nine years at the mines, meeting however, with no success. 
 From January, 1873 till October, 1885 he was agent for the British 
 Columbia Express Company at Yale, and on January 16th, 1886,
 
 144 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 was appointed government agent at Yale, which position he still 
 fills. On June 29th, 1878, he was married to Miss C. Lewis Mc- 
 Call. He is an adherent of the Church of England. 
 
 Douglas, Benjamin, (New Westminster), was born at Hun- 
 tington, P. Q., May 6th, 1838. He was educated in his native 
 town and subsequently served his apprenticeship to his trade. His 
 father was for many years collector for Port St. Francis, and was 
 an intimate friend of Mr. John Arthur Roebuck, afterwards mem- 
 ber for Sheffield. Mr. Douglas arrived on this coast in 1862, and 
 after residing in California a short time, came to British Columbia 
 in the autumn of 1862, during the gold excitement. He landed in 
 New Westminster in 1863, and shortly afterwards went to Cariboo 
 and staid there a year. Mr. Douglas next lived in Victoria work- 
 ing at his trade, and then went over to Puget Sound and conducted 
 a logging camp returning afterwards to Victoria. In 1866 he went 
 to Yale and remained in that town until 1884 when he came to 
 Westminster, where he has resided and carried on business since. 
 Mr. Douglas has always been a Liberal-Conservative in politics, and 
 is a Protestant. He is married and has six children. Mr. Douglas 
 was a member of Westminster City Council during the years 1885 
 and 1886. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity. 
 
 Donglas, Sir James, K. C. B., born in May, 1803, at Jamaica, 
 West India, died August 2nd, 1877, at Victoria, British Columbia. 
 The history of the life of Sir James Douglas is identical with the 
 history of British Columbia till 1865, and it may be said that it 
 was from the wisdom and firmness of his administration as Chief 
 Factor of the Hudson Bay Company, and subsequently as Governor 
 of the colony, that the rapid growth of later years became possible. 
 For twenty years his authority as absolute ruler over the immense 
 area which constitutes the present Province of British Columbia 
 was undisputed, and the impartial reviewers of his public actions 
 during that period admit his statesmanlike qualities, his fidelity to 
 duty, his uprightness and impartial justice. His father was a mem- 
 ber of the noble Scotch family of Douglas and his mother was a 
 Creole. After some years at school in Scotland he was entered as 
 an apprentice clerk at the age of sixteen in the service of the North 
 West Company, and stationed at Fort William under John Mc- 
 Loughlin. When the Hudson's Bay and North West Companies
 
 BENJAMIN DOUGLAS.;
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 145 
 
 were consolidated, Douglas was induced to remain in the new 
 service, and when McLoughlin was transferred west of the Rocky 
 Mountains to take charge of New Caledonia, Douglas was sent with 
 him. A warm friendship existed between the Chief Factor and 
 his young subordinate, and Douglas accordingly did not lack such 
 advice and assistance as it was possible to give him. In such cir- 
 cumstances as he was thrown, however, native ability and inherent 
 force of character were the essentials of success, and without them 
 favor from a superior was of little avail in pushing a man to the 
 front. From the time Douglas arrived on the Pacific coast, in 1824 
 he was practically at the head of the company's business, and while 
 McLoughlin was nominally his superior, Douglas was not only the 
 mind which conceived but the hand which carried into effect all the 
 enterprises of the company. He was thoroughly familiar with all 
 the branches of the business and as an accountant had no superior 
 in the service. On his arrival in New Caledonia he set himself 
 without delay to study the conditions of the country, its geography 
 and hydrography, and the languages and characteristics of the 
 various tribes of natives with whom he would have business deal- 
 ings. He spent four years in the interior of New Caledonia, a 
 portion of the time on Stewart lake, and during this period he 
 founded several forts and had a number of encounters with the 
 savages in which his prudence, address and courage made him 
 feared and respected by the natives. During this time also, he was 
 married to the daughter of John Connolly, who was stationed at 
 Fort St. James. When Douglas went to headquarters at Fort 
 Vancouver, in 1828, he took the position of accountant in the office 
 and was made a chief trader. He improved and simplified the 
 system of accounts employed, and placed the clerical work on a 
 clear and understandable basis. In 1830 he was made chief factor 
 and from that time he took personal charge of all important expedi- 
 tions, made annual visits of inspection to the various posts, and 
 selected sites and superintended the establishing of new stations. 
 In this work he continued till 1845, when the retirement of Mc- 
 Loughlin placed him in name, as well as in fact, at the head of the 
 company's business on the Pacific coast. As he was a shrewd 
 observer and close student, these expeditions gave him opportunity 
 for enlarging and perfecting his knowledge of the country and its 
 inhabitants, and it was not long till he was regarded as having an. 
 
 (11)
 
 146 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 intimate acquaintance with every crevice on the coast. In 1840 he 
 made a trip to Alaska and took over for his company the strip of 
 that territory leased from the Russians. He also built Fort Tako 
 on Tako river. In 1843 he established Fort Victoria, -which has 
 -since grown into a large and beautiful city, and during the succeed- 
 ing years the new station grew and flourished under his fostering 
 care. After the settlement of the boundary question, Douglas, now 
 at the head of the service, determined to transfer his headquarters 
 to the new fort, and after making careful preparation, acccomplished 
 the change in 1849. In September, 1851, Douglas was appointed 
 {Governor of the colony of Vancouver Island, and continued to hold 
 that office till 1863. During the greater portion of this time he 
 united in himself almost all the offices required for the conduct of 
 the public affairs. In 1858 he was appointed Governor of the 
 newly created colony of British Columbia, and thus filled a dual 
 position until his retirement from public life in 1864, when he was 
 knighted. During that year he paid a visit to the Mother Country 
 and subsequently till the time of his death lived in private life. 
 Governor Douglas was a man of irreproachable character and made 
 such an impression on those with whom he came into contact, that 
 men of the most opposite views, unite in extolling his virtues and 
 his ability. He was a man born to command, but was full of 
 charity and as generous as he was brave. The citizens of British 
 Columbia raised an obelisk to his memory which stands in front of 
 the house of parliament in Victoria. 
 
 Drake. Hon. Montague William TyrwMtt, (Victoria), a 
 Justice of the Supreme Court of British Columbia, is descended 
 from a very old English family, the Tyrwhitt Drakes, of Shardilves, 
 Bucks. Mr. Justice Drake was born at Kings Walls, Hertford- 
 shire, England, in 1830, and was educated at the Charter House 
 School. He was admitted as a solicitor and attorney-at-law, to the 
 Superior Courts in England in 1851. He came to British Columbia 
 in 1863, and settled in Victoria. He took an active part in public 
 affairs shortly after his arrival, and he was elected a member of the 
 Legislative Council of British Columbia, as representative for 
 Victoria in 1868 and sat in the house till 1870. He was a member 
 of the Board of Education for British Columbia from 1872 to 1879. 
 In 1877 he was elected Mayor of the City of Victoria, and at the
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 147 
 
 general election of 1882 he was returned to the Legislative 
 Assembly to represent Victoria He was president of the Executive 
 Council from January 26th, 1883 to October, 1884. Mr. Drake 
 was called to the bar of British Columbia in 1877, was appointed a 
 Q. C. on the 21st of September, 1883, and was elevated to the 
 Bench in 1889. He is a bencher of the British Columbia Law 
 Society. He married Miss Tolmie, of Ardersin, Invernessshire, 
 Scotland. 
 
 Draper, James Nelson, (New Westminster), was born in 
 Woodstock, New Brunswick, on October 9th, 1834, his father 
 Isaac Draper, who was a farmer, having settled in New Brunswick 
 in the early part of the present century. Mr. Draper was educated 
 at Carleton Grammar School and King's College and after com- 
 pleting his studies passed a few year% in St. John. In 1858 he 
 came to British Columbia and engaged in the lumber trade. He 
 was the first settler in the Royal City and soon after his arrival 
 there, spent three days trying to discover the mouth of the Fraser 
 river. In 1859 he went to Puget Sound where he engaged exten- 
 sively in the lumber trade, not returning to New Westminster till 
 1876. Mr. Draper is harbor master of the Royal city, secretary of 
 the woollen mills (in which he has an interest) and is a well-known 
 and much respected citizen. On 17th March, 1862, he married 
 Miss Vickery, of New Brunswick. He is an adherent of the 
 Church of England. 
 
 Duck, Simeon, M. P. P., (Victoria), born at St. Catharines, 
 Ontario, on December 1st, 1834. His parents were both of 
 English birth, and his father was engaged in farming near St. 
 Catharines, where Mr. Duck was educated. He left Ontario in the 
 spring of 1859, and came by way of Panama to British Columbia. 
 He arrived at Victoria on July 21st and went direct to the Fraser 
 river mines. He took up a claim at Hills Bar which he worked 
 during the summer without much success however, and in the 
 autumn he returned to Victoria, where he established a wagon and 
 carriage factory. He built the first wagon ever made in Victoria, 
 which was purchased and used by Mr. F. J. Barnard for his express 
 business between Yale and Cariboo. Business did not at first 
 flourish with Mr. Duck, owing to the little demand there was for
 
 148 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 vehicles of any kind, but he continued at it without being dis- 
 couraged and finally when the Government road was built through 
 to the Cariboo mines the demand for wagons became considerable, 
 and was supplied almost entirely by Mr. Duck. Mr. Duck took an 
 active interest in the agitation for confederation with the Dominion 
 and after this had been affected he stood for the city of Victoria as 
 a candidate, in the first general election, for the local Legislature 
 and was elected as a supporter of the McCreight government. At. 
 the next general election Mr. Duck again stood for Victoria but 
 was defeated. In 1877 he took a trip to Ontario, and while he was. 
 in the east the elections for the third parliament took place. In 
 1882 Mr. Duck was again returned by the electors of Victoria to 
 the local assembly as an independent. The Beaven government 
 was defeated immediately after the meeting of the House, and Mr. 
 Smythe formed an administration. This government introduced what 
 is known as the settlement bill and in this measure they received 
 the support of Mr. Duck. In 1885 Mr. Duck accepted office in the 
 Srnythe cabinet as Finance Minister, which he held till the dissolu- 
 tion of the House in 1886. At the general election of this year he 
 was defeated in his candidature. A bye-election took place in the 
 following year in consequence of Mr. Prior's resignation of his seat 
 to stand for the Commons, and Mr. Duck was again returned as a 
 supporter of the Davie government. In 1865 Mr. Duck married 
 Mrs. Sarah Miller, of Victoria. Mr. Duck is a member of the 
 Masonic fraternity, and at one time filled the office of Grand 
 Master of British Columbia. He is a member of the Ancient Order 
 of United Workmen, and was for years a member of the Victoria 
 Volunteer Fire Brigade and filled all the different offices in the 
 brigade. 
 
 Duncan, William Chalmers, (Cowichan), was born in the 
 township of Sarnia, county of Lambton, Ontario, on October 18th, 
 1836. He is of Highland Scotch descent, his people having, in 
 1779, moved from the north and settled in the town of Hamilton, 
 twelve miles from Glasgow. In 1820 his grandfather emigrated to 
 Canada and settled in Lanark, where his mother's people also settled 
 in the following year. His father and mother were married in 
 1825 and lived in Lanark for ten years, when they removed to 
 Sarnia county where Mr. Duncan was born. He was educated at-
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 149 
 
 his native place by Ebenezer Watson who established a school there. 
 At that time everything Avas in a very primitive condition and 
 -educational facilities were extremely limited. Mr. Duncan, at an 
 early age, worked with his brothers in clearing the farm of timber, 
 but during the winter and in summer evenings he attended school. 
 He remained on the farm till 1862, when, in company with his 
 brother James, he left Ontario for British Columbia, being attracted 
 hither by the excitement over the discovery of gold. They came 
 "by way of Panama and a rived at Victoria on the llth of May. 
 During that summer Mr. Duncan worked on the wagon road be- 
 tween Yale and Lytton, while his brother went to the Cariboo 
 mines. His brother took up what afterward proved to be one of 
 the richest claims in Cariboo, and abandoned it as worthies?, on the 
 advice of an old miner. During the next year both brothers 
 worked on the wagon road between Yale and Lytton, building 
 bridges and constructing kerbing, and in the autumn Mr. Duncan 
 went to Cariboo, leaving his brother who had made considerable 
 money and had decided to return to eastern Canada. Mr. Duncan 
 found a great deal of suffering and destitution in Cariboo, and the 
 place over-crowded, when the difficulty of getting supplies in, were 
 considered. He got the work of building a bridge across the 
 Cottonwood river and when he had completed this he put up some 
 buildings on Smith & Ryder's ranch. During the winter he drove 
 a team for Smith <fe Ryder, from the mouth of the Quesnelle to the 
 mines, bringing in goods to the camps. During this time he 
 brought a boiler, weighing 1,500 pounds, from Fort Alexandria to 
 the mines driving it in on his sleigh over the mule train. In the spring 
 he started out prospecting, and located a claim on Stewart's creek. 
 After carrying his supplies over the mountains on his back for a 
 distance of twelve miles, to his claim and then working down to 
 bed rock he found that it was barren, and abandoned it. He then 
 went to Lightning creek and formed a company of Canadians to 
 work a claim which he had prospected. They sunk a shaft thirty- 
 seven feet, and during the whole summer they labored with energy. 
 It cost them considerable money, and as everything was at that 
 time exceedingly expensive, they ran short of funds, and decided to 
 abandon the claim till the following spring. The company did not 
 reform, and the claim was afterwards taken up and developed by 
 another company, which made a great deal of money out of it. Mr.
 
 150 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Duncan returned to Victoria and found the Leech river excitement 
 in full blast. In that year he took up the farm on which he at 
 present resides, and in the spring of 1865 he went to work to clear 
 it. His outfit consisted of a cross-cut saw, a frying pan, and a 
 billy, and he was without a dollar in his pocket. He obtained 
 credit, however, and succeeded in securing a contract from Drink- 
 water Bros., by which he made money sufficient to pay off his debts, 
 and procure necessaries. During that year he cleared six acres on 
 his farm and had one acre under cultivation. In January of 1866, 
 he heard of the reported discoveries at Big Bend and determined to 
 try his fortune once more at the mines. He accordingly went to- 
 Victoria, and succeeded in getting passage across the Gulf in the 
 steamer Enterprise. A short distance above Langley the vessel 
 got stuck in the ice and the passengers, most of whom were on the 
 same errand as Mr. Duncan, were put ashore. The passengers 
 started up the river bank on foot and when beyond Sumas, got lost 
 in a snow storm, and during the night made only two miles on their 
 journey. They finally reached Chilliwhack, and from there worked 
 their way up the Fraser, which was one moving mass of ice. They 
 were confined at the hotel, at the mouth of Harrison river, for three 
 days by a blizzard. They finally started again with an Indian 
 guide although there was three feet of snow on the ground. Dur- 
 ing the next five days they toiled on through almost insurmount- 
 able difficulties, sleeping at night wherever they could find shelter. 
 On the fifth night they reached Yale where after resting they joined 
 a party of about forty-five going to the mines. Their journey as. 
 far as Spuzzum was one of extreme danger, but was safely accom- 
 plished, and when they got into the flat country beyond, they found 
 the snow lying four feet on the level. They pushed on however, 
 and after two days and a half of hard travelling, with very little to- 
 eat, they reached Lytton. After leaving Lytton their path lay 
 along the side of the mountains, and they were in imminent peril 
 from falling rocks and snow slides. The party had by this time- 
 separated, the smaller number, with whom Mr. Duncan was, being 
 ahead of the main body. The party he was with accomplished this 
 part of the journey in safety, but the rear party lost one man, who 
 was killed by a falling rock, and whom they buried at Spence's 
 bridge. They pushed on to Kamloops, which they were compelled 
 to reach by a roundabout way, owing to the lake being frozen over.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 151 
 
 At Kamloops, Mr. Duncan was engaged by the Hudson's Bay- 
 Company to work on the construction of a steamer to be built for 
 the navigation of Shuswap lake. Those engaged for the work 
 started from Kamloops with the thermometer registering about 40 
 degrees below zero, and after two days and a half's journey, during^ 
 which they camped out at nights, they reached their objective 
 point. Here they found that no house had been prepared for them 
 according to promise and they had to set too and erect one them- 
 selves. Mr. Duncan worked here for thirty days, getting $75.00 
 per month and his board. He then started, once more, for the 
 mines. Before setting out he and his companions constructed 
 hand sleighs, which they loaded with about 200 pounds of pro- 
 visions each. It took them four days to reach Seymour, which 
 they found to be quite a nourishing place, and where they remained 
 for a week constructing toboggans, at which work Mr. Duncan 
 made five dollars per day. Another start was made, the party now 
 numbering about twenty, all having toboggans well stocked with 
 provisions. The snow was very heavy and to increase their dis- 
 comfort the rain began to descend in torrents. After two days 
 of hard travel they reached Kerby's Landing. They were now 
 compelled to cross a small range of hills which divided them from 
 the plains of Big Bend. They took advantage of a dry creek bed 
 running down from the mountain and began to ascend by it. They 
 found the snow too soft however, and after a day's hard work, 
 without much result, they built a shelter and camped for three 
 days. During that time frost set in and they were able to proceed^ 
 It took them four days to reach the summit, a distance of fourteen 
 miles. The descent on the other side, however, did not take them 
 more than a few hours, as, at the suggestion of Mr. Duncan, they 
 came down the greater portion of it on their toboggans. When 
 they got into camp, Mr. Duncan and three others secured a claim 
 on McCulloch's creek. They went to work, as soon as the weather 
 would permit, and sank a shaft, put in water wheels and all the 
 necessary appliances for separating the gold from the earth. They 
 toiled all summer, and when they came out of the shaft in October 
 after reaching bed rock, they had not made a dollar. They made 
 about $14 each, by cleaning up a surface digging, and started down 
 the country by the way they had come. They had a rough journey" 
 back and when after many days of hard travelling, with blistered
 
 152 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 ieet they reached Boston Bar, Mr. Duncan was able to borrow a 
 little money to take him to Victoria. During the greater part of 
 the following winter he was laid up in Victoria with mountain 
 fever. In the spring he returned to his farm. He was without 
 money and in order to make some he took a contract to supply wood 
 to a steamer, and during the autumn while at work he cut his foot 
 badly and was laid up. Things looked very blue at this time, bub 
 he had friends who insisted on looking after him. One of these 
 was Rev. Mr. Reece, the Episcopalian clergyman, who invited Mr. 
 Duncan to stay with him during his illness and would take no 
 refusal. While here Mr. Duncan became delirious with the pain 
 from his foot, which grew so bad that he had to be sent to Victoria. 
 Here he was place in the hands of the doctors and had an operation 
 performed on his foot. In the spring of 1867 he returned to his 
 farm and again began the work of clearing it. During the next 
 three years he continued at this and succeeded in making sufficient 
 money to keep him going, by taking contracts to build bridges, 
 tarns and other works of a siiniliar character. In 1870 he had a 
 considerable number of acres free from timber and stumps, and in 
 this year he purchased two young heifers, the nucleus of his future 
 herds. In three years time he had twenty head of cattle, and from 
 this out everything went smoothly. In 1875, Mr. Duncan married 
 Miss Sarah Ann Ingram, daughter of the late Thomas Ingram, of 
 Donegal, Ireland. In Dominion politics, Mr. Duncan is a Liberal, 
 and in Provincial a supporter of the opposition. He has always 
 taken an active interest in public affairs and especially in those of 
 his district. He has occupied the position of Reeve of Cowichan, 
 and is one of the most prominent members of the Agricultural 
 Society. In religion he is an Episcopalian, and has been warden of 
 that church for twenty consecutive years. 
 
 Dimsmuir, Hon. Robert, born in Hurlford, Ayrshire, Scot- 
 land, in 1825, died on April 12th, 1889, at Victoria, British 
 Columbia. His father and grandfather had been coal masters, and 
 lie was brought up to their business. He was educated at Kilmar- 
 nock Academy. In 1847 he was married in Kilmarnock to Joanna, 
 daughter of Alex. White. He came to Canada in the early fifties, 
 as a coal expert, and was employed by the Vancouver Coal Co., and 
 remained in their employ for a number of years. In his explor- 
 ations for himself he discovered a rich vein of coal at Wellington,
 
 HON. ROBERT IH'NSMUIR.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 153 
 
 which, it is needless to state, subsequently amassed him a great 
 fortune. In his early operations he was assisted financially by 
 Admiral Hornby, Capt. Egert, and Lieut. Diggle, of the Royal 
 Navy, the conditions on his part were, that he should own half the 
 mine and have entire control of the operations. The mine was 
 opened successfully and developed with such profit to Mr. Dunsmuir 
 that he was enabled to become sole owner, buying out one partner 
 after another, the last being Lieutenant Diggle, to whom he paid a 
 cheque of $750,000 or $800,000 in full of all claims. His mining 
 property made him very wealthy and consequently very influential, 
 and he died probably the best known man in British Columbia, and 
 certainly the richest in the Province, if not in all the Dominion. 
 Mr. Dunsmuir, while rich, was also very enterprising, and few large 
 enterprises and industrial projects undertaken in the Province, but 
 were largely assisted by him. Besides the mines at Wellington 
 and Comox, of which he was sole proprietor, he was president of 
 and the largest shareholder in the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway 
 and its extensive coal, timber and farming belt ; he was one of the 
 most extensive owners of quartz claims in the Province ; he was one 
 of the large shareholders in the Matsqui Dyking Co., the Albion 
 Iron Works and the Canadian Pacific Navigation Co., and an 
 extensive owner of real estate, besides numerous other investments. 
 He also was one of the promoters of the proposed Canadian Western 
 Railway, to which the Provincial Legislature at its session in 1889, 
 granted a charter and a subsidy of some fourteen million acres of 
 land. In fact, it may be said that there was not an enterprise of 
 any magnitude in the Province in which he was not financially 
 interested. Although politically Hon. Robt. Dunsmuir did not 
 enter the arena until a comparatively late period in his career, his 
 prominence in parliament, was scarcely less than in business circles. 
 He was elected to represent Nanaimo in 1882, and returned again 
 at the general election of 1886, succeeding as President of the 
 Council the late Premier, Hon. William Smythe. He was neither 
 a politician nor a statesman, judged by the usual standard of what 
 constitutes a success as such, but he was a very practical, hard- 
 headed and level-headed legislator, who knew what he wanted and 
 usually took the shortest road to its accomplishment. Personally 
 there were many estimates of his character. He had in life many 
 enemies and many ardent and admiring friends, a fact which
 
 154 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 denoted strong individuality in his make-up. Brusque and' 
 energetic in his manner, he was at the same time genial, kind- 
 hearted and generous, and numerous are the acts of a benevolent 
 character recorded of him in life. 
 
 Earle, Thomas, M.P., (Victoria), was born in Landsowne 
 Township, county of Leeds, Ontario, on the 23rd of September, 
 1837. He is the youngest son of the late William Earle, who emi- 
 grated from Ireland during the early part of the present century 
 and who was among the first settlers in Western Ontario. Mr. 
 Earle was educated at his native place, and after gaining a thorough 
 knowledge of mercantile pursuits opened a general store in the town 
 of Brockville, which he continued to conduct till he left Ontario for 
 British Columbia in 1862. In the spring of 1863 he went to the 
 Cariboo District and mined for two seasons on William's Creek 
 without, however, having much success. In the autumn of 1864 
 he returned to Victoria, and during 1865 and 1866 he held the 
 position of bookkeeper in the grocery establishment of J. Rueffe & 
 Co. In the spring of 1867 he was attracted to the Big Bend region 
 by the excitement there, and he opened a general store at French 
 Creek, which he conducted for two years. When the mines gave 
 out he returned once more to Victoria where he formed a partner- 
 ship in the wholesale grocery business with his former employer, Mr. 
 James Rueffe. In 1873 Mr. Rueffe died, and Mr. Earle purchased 
 his interest in the business, which he has since conducted. When 
 the charter for the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway was given, Mr. 
 Earle, in conjunction with Mr. McLellan, took a contract for the 
 construction of twenty miles of the road, and on this work they ex- 
 pended over a million of dollars. During the past four years Mr. 
 Earle, in conjunction with Mr. J. W. McLeod, has been continuously 
 engaged on railway contract work on Puget Sound, and has assisted 
 in the construction of most of the railway lines in Oregon and Wash 
 ington, and is now interested in the West Shore road, which will 
 connect with the C. P. R. Mr. Earle is interested in a great many 
 of the important enterprises in the Province: as the Esquimalt 
 Water Works Co., the Vancouver Water Works Co., the Alert Bay 
 Canning Co., and many others. He is also interested in a number 
 of quartz mines in the Selkirk range. He has been a member of 
 the British Columbia Board of Trade for many years and has filled
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 155> 
 
 the position of Vice-President of the Board for a number of terms, 
 He has been offered but has declined the presidency. He repre- 
 sented the city in the municipal council in 1885, and was urged to 
 stand for the mayoralty, but refused the nomination. In the bye- 
 election of 1889 he was sent, by acclamation, to represent Victoria 
 in the House of Commons. In January, 1875, he married Miss 
 Lizzie Mason, of Victoria. Mr. Earle is an adherent of the Metho- 
 dist Church. 
 
 Eberts, Duncan William, M. D., C. M., (Wellington), son of 
 Wm. D. Eberts, commission merchant, Chatham, Ontario, where 
 Dr. Eberts was born on the 25th of December, 1856. He was 
 educated at Chatham High School, and after completing his studies 
 there, spent sometime in general business. In 1881 he matriculated 
 in the honor class at McGill University, Montreal, and decided to 
 take a medical course. He graduated with honors in 1885, and the 
 same year entered the competitive examination for a position on the 
 staff of the Montreal General Hospital. He was successful and 
 remained there as house surgeon for a year. In 1886 he received 
 the appointment of superintendent of the Winnipeg General 
 Hospital, which he held till May, 1887, when he was offered and 
 accepted the position of surgeon for the Wellington mines, owned 
 by Mr. Dunsmuir. He took charge at Wellington the day the 
 explosion occurred at the Vancouver Coal Company's shaft No. 1. 
 He placed his services at the disposal of the Vancouver Company 
 during this period of distress. Since that time Dr. Eberts has 
 resided at Wellington. At the meeting of the Canada Medical 
 Association at Banff last year Dr. Eberts was elected vice- 
 president of that association for British Columbia. 
 
 Eckstein, Louis Philip, (New Westminster), member of the 
 firm of Armstrong, Eckstein and Gaynor, barristers of New West- 
 minster, was born in Victoria on 15th June, 1866. His father, Mr. 
 Leon Eckstein, came to California in 1849, and afterwards settled 
 in Victoria in 1858, where he engaged in business, at one time gain- 
 ing considerable wealth, which he afterwards lost in speculation. 
 Mr. L. P. Eckstein was educated principally in New Westminster. 
 His intention being to enter the priesthood he studied theology at 
 St. Louis College in the Royal City; later on, however, he deter- 
 mined to join the legal profession and studied law under the present
 
 156 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Judge Bole, at that time a practising barrister and a Queen's 
 Counsel. Mr. Eckstein became a member of the Law Society of 
 B. C., in February, 1888, and was admitted to practise as a bar- 
 rister. He then entered into partnership with Mr. Bole until May, 
 1889, when he became a partner of Mr. R. W. Armstrong. Mr. 
 Eckstein is a member of the New Westminster Club and is, by 
 religion, a Roman Catholic. 
 
 Edmonds, Henry Valentine, (New Westminster), born in Dub- 
 lin on the 14th of Febuary, 1837, is the second son of the late 
 William and Matilda E. Edmonds, nee Humphries, of that city. He 
 is descended on his father's side from an old English family who 
 some four generations previously had settled in Dublin, and on his 
 mother's side from a Huguenot family who had emigrated from 
 France at the time of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. Mr. Ed- 
 monds while residing in Dublin attended the Collegiate schools kept 
 by the Rev. Dr. Wall and Rev Mr. Kearney, both on Stephen's 
 Green, but when about 12 years of age his family moved to Liver- 
 pool where they have since continued to reside. Mr. Edmond's 
 education was here continued at the Collegiate Institute and High 
 School Mechanics' Institute for several years, after which he was 
 sent to the Moravian Institute, at Neuwied on the Rhine, near 
 Cobleiitz, and finally finished his education at Dresden, in Saxony. 
 After some time spent at business in Liverpool Mr. Edmonds, in the 
 year 1859, established himself in London, and on the breaking out 
 of the volunteer movement was one of the first to join, connecting 
 himself with the first Surrey volunteers, the first of the new corps 
 established there. Subsequently on the formation of the London 
 Irish Volunteers he joined his national corps and after passing 
 rapidly through the non-commissioned ranks was selected by the 
 colonel commanding, the Marquis of Donegal, as ensign of a new 
 company especially formed for the Marquis' son-in-law, Lord Ashley, 
 subsequently Earl of Shaftsbury. On his appointment on 5th July, 
 1860, Ensign Edmonds was attached to the 3rd Batt. Grenadier 
 Guards for drill instruction and passed with a first-class certificate 
 of efficiency. On the 13th April, 1861, Ensign Edmonds was pro- 
 moted to a lieutenancy which he held until he resigned in April, 
 18C2, in order to emigrate to British Columbia at which time he 
 stood second on the list for captaincy. Whilst serving in this corps
 
 THOMAS KARLK.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 157 
 
 Lieut. Edmonds took part in the celebrated reviews held in I860 
 in High Park, 1861 at Wimbleton and 1862 at Brighton, under the 
 late Lord Clyde. He also, after a parade, was present with part of 
 his company at the great fire at London bridge where they rendered 
 material service in keeping the grounds clear for the firemen. 
 Leaving England in May Mr. Edmonds arrived in San Francisco 
 on the 4th of July, 1862, and whilst there participated in the re- 
 joicing occasioned by the passing by Congress of the Pacific Rail- 
 way Bill. After a short stop in Victoria Mr. Edmonds settled in 
 New Westminster with whose interests he has ever since been 
 closely connected. For twenty-five years he carried on business as 
 a real estate agent conveyancer, holding the agency of nearly all the 
 principal property owners in the city. Mr. Edmond's ability in his 
 adopted home was speedily recognised by his fellow citizens and his 
 services were always given gratuitously where needed, in such insti- 
 tutions as the- Royal Columbian Hospital, Mechanics' Institute and 
 other organizations of a kindred character. His services as presi- 
 dent, secretary or treasurer, were always in demand and the duties 
 were ably performed. On the formation of the Board of Trade for 
 New Westminster Mr. Edmonds Undertook the duties of secretary 
 for the first year and on his shoulders rested the carrying out of the 
 whole details of the organization of the Board. He subsequently 
 served a term as vice-president but pressure of business prevented 
 him continuing. to hold office although he still remained a member of 
 the Board. In connection with any matters affecting the city of 
 New Westminster, whether for its pleasure or advancement, Mr. 
 Edmonds was always found assisting in the front rank. In the for- 
 mer line in nearly all the committees formed for celebrating the 
 Queen's birthday, Dominion Day, or the reception of the different 
 Governors-General his name is to be found and he gave also as freely 
 of his means as of his time towards ensuring their success. Mr. 
 Edmonds claims to have been the originator of the idea of the May 
 Day celebration in the province, the first one being carried out at 
 New Westminster almost entirely by the late Captain Bushby 
 and himself. Mr. Edmonds helped to organize the Howe Sound 
 Silver Mining Company and the Fraser River Beet Sugar Company, 
 both of which failed for want of capital, and he was also connected 
 with other organizations having for their object the promotion of 
 the business interests of New Westminster. In 1873, recognizing
 
 158 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 the benefits to be derived from railway communication with our 
 southern neighbors, he joined in forming a company for that purpose 
 and became the secretary of the Fraser Valley Railway Company, 
 one of two companies afterwards virtually amalgamated into what 
 is now known as the New Westminster Southern Railway Company, 
 in which he remained interested. Mr. Edmonds has during his 
 residence in New Westminster held several official positions with 
 credit to himself and advantage to the public interests. In Decem- 
 ber, 1867, he was appointed clerk of the municipal council, which 
 office he held continuously for about seven years and it is evidence 
 of his tact and ability that during the whole of this period he carried 
 on the business of the city without a single law suit and without in- 
 curring any law costs or lawyer's bills, drawing up himself all the 
 necessary by-laws required and performing all the work necessitated 
 by the incorporation of the city in December, 1872. On the forma- 
 tion of the Walkem Government Mr. Edmonds was selected as their 
 agent for New Westminster district and was appointed to the 
 Government offices for that district. He continued to perform the 
 duties involved in the discharge of these offices in addition to his 
 own private business with satisfaction to the government until June, 
 1876, when on the defeat of the Walkem and the assumption of 
 power by the Elliott Government, it was decided to appoint a 
 salaried officer to these positions, Mr. Edmonds retaining only the 
 position of Sheriff. This position he continued to occupy until 
 July, 1880, when he fell a victim to political exigencies and was de- 
 prived of office. The same success which attended his administration 
 of municipal affairs was equally apparent in those of the Shrievalty 
 as during the period he held office, over seven years, he had the con- 
 fidence of the legal profession and had not a single suit brought 
 against him and had himself only to bring one against other parties 
 in which he was successful. In September, 1870, Mr. Edmonds, on 
 the re-organization of the New Westminster Rifle Volunteers under 
 Oapt. Bushby was appointed lieutenant and adjutant, which 
 position he held until 1874, when, on the formation of No. 1 Rifle 
 Company of New Westminster militia he was gazetted as captain 
 with the following memo : " Formerly Lieut. London Irish Volun- 
 teers, holding A 1 class certificate of efficiency," and remained in 
 command until, May, 1875, when he retired retaining rank as Lieut. 
 Mr. Edmonds has also served as municipal councillor and Mayor of
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 159 
 
 the city of New Westminster and ran for the Provincial Legislature 
 as an independent candidate but was defeated by the government 
 candidate. In 1883 he was appointed a Justice of the Peace for 
 New Westminster city and district. He had great confidence in 
 the future of New Westminster, both city and district, and in the 
 Fraser Yalley as the route for the Canadian Pacific Railway with 
 Burrard Inlet as its terminus, in consequence of which he early in- 
 vested in real estate both in the city and district especially at Port 
 Moody and what is now known as Vancouver and his judgment 
 proving successful he is now one of the largest real estate owners of 
 valuable property in these places. He is also largely interested in 
 saw mills and timber limits in the district of New Westminster and 
 in mines in Illecillewaet and other districts; is a large shareholder in 
 the New Westminster Street Railway, the Vancouver Electric Rail- 
 way and Light Company and the New Westminster and Vancouver 
 Street Railway. As a philanthropist he stands well to the front, 
 giving liberally in aid of any charitable project. The city of Van- 
 couver owes to him the site for their Mount Pleasant public school 
 and the Episcopal church the sites of the Mount Pleasant church 
 and parsonage. In New Westminster he also presented the site for 
 the Sapperton public school and to his efforts and subscriptions the 
 Episcopal Diocese of New Westminster is also largely indebted as 
 has been repeatedly acknowledged in the Churchman's Gazette. In 
 November, 1867, Mr. Edmonds married Jane Fortune Kemp, eldest 
 daughter of the late Thomas P. Kemp, of Cork, Ireland, and grand- 
 daughter of James Casey, of Blossom Grove county Cork, and has 
 issue three sons and two daughters. 
 
 Elford, John Pitcairns, (Victoria), was born in the city of 
 Adelaide, New South Wales, on March 10th, 1851. His father, 
 Robert Elford, a native of Plymouth, Eng., came to British Colum- 
 bia in 1859, and settled in Victoria. Mr. Elford received his 
 education at San Francisco and Victoria, and learned the trade of a 
 carpenter in the former city. He worked at his trade about six 
 years in San Francisco, and from 1872 to 1875 in Victoria, when 
 he engaged in the contracting business. In 1886 he took into 
 partnership Mr. W. J. Smith, and in the same year the firm opened 
 up the " Queen City Brick and Tile Works," which since that date 
 they have greatly increased and extended, and fitted up with the
 
 160 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 latest and most improved machinery. Mr. Elford has constructed 
 some of the finest buildings in the Province, amongst which may be 
 mentioned the Jubilee Hospital. He is a member of the Oddfellows 
 and Masons Orders, and has been twice married,-in 1875 to Hettie, 
 eldest daughter of Capt. John Robertson, of Cleveland, Ohio, who 
 died in 1877, and in 1889 to Agnes Francis, second daughter of H. 
 A. Lilley, Esq., of Maple Bay, British Columbia. Mr. Elford is. 
 one of the most successful contractors in the Province and a first- 
 class business man. 
 
 Ellison, Price, (Vernon), was born in the town of Dunham, 
 Cheshire, England, in 1853, His father, Mr. James Ellison, 
 married Ellen, youngest daughter of Mr. Fearnaught, a well-known 
 citizen of the town of Lyme, in the same county. Mr. Ellison 
 received his education at St. George's parochial school, Manchester, 
 and after having finished his studies commenced business in the 
 blacksmith and hardware line. Mr. Ellison married in British 
 Columbia in 1876 and settled at Vernon the following year. Not 
 meeting with success at the mines, 'Mr. Ellison resumed his busi- 
 ness as a blacksmith, which, however, he discontinued entirely 
 about three years ago, since which time he has devoted his entire 
 attention to stock-raising and general farming. Ever since his 
 arrival in British Columbia, Mr. Ellison has given the present 
 government his hearty support. He has served as a school trustee 
 since the opening of a school in the district. He married Sophie 
 Christine, third daughter of John Johnson, Esq., of Peoria, 111. 
 He is a member of the Ancient Order of Foresters, and an adherent 
 of the Church of England ' Mr. Ellison started the first blacksmith's 
 shop south of Kamloops, and was the first to grow wheat in the 
 bush land in the interior without irrigation, his venture proving 
 a wonderful success. At the present time Mr. Ellison holds a iour- 
 year contract, with the Dominion Government, to convey the mails 
 from Sicamous to Vernon and Okanagan Mission, a distance of 
 ninety miles. 
 
 English, IHarshall martin, (New Westminster), was born at. 
 Charlestown, Jefferson county, Virginia, United States, on the 8th 
 of April, 1840, his parents being, John Marshall English and Ann 
 Maria Martin English. He was educated in the Virginia public
 
 HON. THEODORE DAVIE.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 161 
 
 schools, and after completing his studies, followed farming, milling- 
 and mining pursuits. In April, 1877, he came to British Columbia 
 and settled at New Westminster. Since his arrival in the Prov- 
 ince, Mr. English has followed the occupation of salmon-canning, in 
 which he has been very successful. He has not in any way 
 mingled in Provincial politics, and has never held a public office of 
 any kind, but is connected with several workingmen's societies. He 
 was married in 1868 and has several children. In religion, Mr. Eng- 
 lish is an Episcopalian. He has travelled a good deal, but his life has 
 been unmarked by any remarkable adventures or accidents. He is 
 a very highly esteemed and valuable citizen of New Westminster, 
 and is reckoned one of Westminster's most prosperous and successful 
 business men. 
 
 Erb, Louis E., (Victoria), was born in Fulda, Prussia, in Janu- 
 ary, 1830, and lived there till he was sixteen years old, when he 
 went to Bavaria. While in Munich he studied the theory of brew- 
 ing at Liebig's College, and afterwards obtained a practical 
 knowledge of the business in breweries, in Bavaria, Austria and 
 Hungary. He then went to Warsaw, where he had charge of a 
 large brewing establishment for several years. From Warsaw he 
 went to Constantinople to take charge of a business there, and from 
 Constantinople he removed to Bucharest, Roumania, where he 
 conducted a brewing establishment for two years. In 1863 he 
 came to America, and for a year had charge of one of the largest 
 breweries in New York. He then came west to San Francisco 
 where, after a few year's residence, he removed to British Columbia. 
 He was in Lillooet when the Big Bend excitement broke out, and 
 he started a brewery in Seymour City, at the head of Shuswap lake. 
 When the Big Bend excitement failed, Mr. Erb went to Cariboo, 
 where he took charge of the principal brewery in Barkerville, 
 where he remained till the Mosquito creek excitement broke out 
 when he started a brewery there and conducted it till the mines 
 were worked out. In the spring of 1870, he went to Victoria and 
 purchased an interest in the Victoria Brewing Co., which he 
 worked up to what it now is, the largest brewing business in 
 British Columbia. 
 
 (12)
 
 162 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Evans, Thomas, (Donald), was born at Birkenhead, Cheshire, 
 England, on November 29th, 1840. His father, John Evans, Esq., 
 of Liverpool, married Miss Sarah Shepherd, of Sanghall, Cheshire. 
 Mr. Evans was educated at Hawarden Grammar School, and after 
 completing his studies, passed several years as a teacher, until he 
 was appointed clerk to the Chester corporation. Before his arrival 
 in British Columbia, Mr. Evans was connected with the " Chester 
 Chronicle" and was afterwards appointed publisher of the ' Liver- 
 pool Daily Post and Journal" On quitting journalism, Mr. Evans 
 acted as chief accountant to Dodd, Ontel & Co., of Liverpool, of 
 which firm he became afterwards manager. During his residence 
 in England, Mr. Evans was a prominent member of many musical 
 societies, amongst others " The Liverpool Musical Society " and 
 the " Chester Choral Society," of which latter he was secretary. 
 He was also secretary to the sanitary committee of Chester city. 
 Mr. Evans came to Canada in 1880, and in the winter of 1882, 
 settled in the North West Territories. In 1883 he had the mis- 
 fortune to loso everything he had, by fire, when at Qu'Appelle, 
 including a very valuable musical library. Shortly afterwards he 
 took up his residence in Broadview, and was appointed a Justice of 
 the Peace. In 1885 he was solicited to contest Broadview electoral 
 district, as member of the North West Council, but declined. 
 While in Broadview he acted as secretary of the local Liberal- 
 Conservative Association. Early in 1887, Mr. Evans came to 
 British Columbia, and settled at Donald, where he was employed in 
 the Canadian Pacific Railway offices. On the removal of the head 
 office of the store department of the Pacific Division from Donald 
 to Vancouver, he was appointed assistant storekeeper of the Pacific 
 -division, with charge of the Donald office of the department. 
 Shortly after his arrival in Donald, he was appointed Justice of the 
 Peace. He is an adherent of the Church of England, and takes 
 great interest in church and school matters. He is sec.-treas. of 
 the Donald School Trustees and chairman of the Library Committee. 
 He is a member of the Order of Free Masons, and married Jessie, 
 .second daughter of T. A. Baker, Esq., of Chester, England. 
 
 Ewen, Alexander, (New Westminster), eldest son of the late 
 George Ewen and Elizabeth Sheppard Ewen, was born on the 22nd 
 of November, 1832, in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, where his father
 
 H. V. EDMONDS.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 163 
 
 was largely interested in the extensive fishing industry carried on 
 011 the coast of that shire. He attended school in old Aberdeen 
 till he had reached the age of twelve years, when he took to his 
 father's occupation. From that time till he left the old country he 
 was engaged in the salmon fishing on the east coast of Scotland and 
 England. He went through and learned thoroughly every depart- 
 ment of the business, and at an early age was placed in the position 
 of foreman of the fishing stations, and later had the direction of 
 affairs of the stations. In 1863, a Mr. Annandale, who had been 
 mining in British Columbia, and had become acquainted with the 
 Fraser's vast wealth in fish, thought to put his knowledge to 
 account, and advertised in the Scotch papers for practical men to 
 take charge of the fishing station which he had decided to erect on 
 that river. Mr. Ewen made enquiries and was induced by Mr. Ann- 
 andale's representations to come to British Columbia. He landed at 
 Victoria, in January, 1864, having come by way of Panama. Mr. 
 Annandale insisted, against Mr. Eweii's advice, in employing the 
 Scotch system of trap nets, and as this was not adapted to fishing 
 on the rivers in this country, the enterprise fell through. Mr. 
 Ewen then began business himself, salting fish for the Australian 
 and Sandwich Island markets. The trade with Australia became 
 large and remunerative, as the export lumber business increased. 
 Mr. Ewen continued at this business with increasing success, till 
 1870, when in conjunction with Messrs. Logie & "Wise, he estab- 
 lished a cannery, where the British Columbia cannery now is. The 
 title of the firm was Alexander Logie & Co. The firm continued to 
 do business for some years, but eventually Mr. Ewen purchased his 
 partner's interest and conducted the establishment himself. In 
 1884, Mr. Ewen built the present cannery he possesses on Lion 
 Island, which is the largest and most fully equipped establishment 
 on the Fraser river, and has a capacity of two thousand cases per 
 day. He is also interested in a nu'mber of other canneries in the 
 Province, and in a fish freezing establishment. He was the first 
 man who made a practical success of the salmon fishing on the 
 Fraser, and of salting and drying fish for the export trade. Mr. 
 Ewen's interests are not confined to the fishing industry. He is 
 one of the largest land owners on the river Fraser, possessing six 
 hundred and forty acres of choice agricultural property in the 
 neighborhood of his cannery, and it is with a view to assist in
 
 164 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 developing the farming industry of the Province, that he acquired 
 this land. He is also a stock holder in the New Westminster 
 Southern Railway Company, and is one of the provisional directors. 
 He has stock in the Gas Company, and in a number of other enter- 
 prises in New Westminster City and District. He has served the 
 city in the Municipal Council for several years, and is a member of 
 the Board of Trade, and on the executive council of that institution. 
 He has been a member of the Oddfellows' society since its inception 
 in New Westminster and has passed through all the chairs in the 
 lodge. In 1876 he married Miss Rogers, daughter of James 
 Rogers, formerly of the township of Dorchester, county of Middle- 
 sex, Ontario. Mr. Ewen is an adherent of the Presbyterian 
 Church. 
 
 Fell, Jnincs, (Victoria, born on October 13th, 1821, at Mun- 
 caster Head, county of Cumberland, England. Educated under the 
 Rev. Joseph Taylor, at Raven Glass, and then apprenticed for five 
 years to the grocery business. In 1841 went to London and ob- 
 tained an appointment through General Minden, brother of the Earl 
 of Egmont, in a large establishment in Piccadilly. Remained there 
 twelve months and was then sent to Liverpool by a tea importing 
 firm to conduct a branch house in that city. After being about one 
 year at this business, Mr. Fell went into partnership with a gentle- 
 man named Gee, and opened a business at Liverpool, which they 
 conducted for two years. Mr. Fell then established a wholesale tea. 
 business, which he continued to manage till 1858. Shortly after 
 that date he came to British Columbia and settled in Victoria, 
 where he first opened in partnership with John Finlayson, a spice 
 and coffee business. They had no opposition, and their business was 
 not only remunerative, but increased very rapidly in size. In two 
 years they were compelled to lease larger premises, and at this time 
 they branched out into a general grocery trade. After a brief period 
 they had again to remove their business, and they then leased the 
 site on which Mr. Fell's business is now carried on. The firm did 
 business till near 1868, when in consequence of an employee whom 
 they had entrusted with the management of a branch business on the 
 Skeena river, they became pressed for money and a meeting of their 
 creditors was called. Had Mr. Fell's advice been acted upon the 
 business would have paid far more than the amount of indebtedness
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 165 
 
 but hasty measures and careless management made this impos- 
 sible. Mr. Fell, through the assistance of his friends, was again able 
 to establish himself and has since carried on his business with much 
 success. Ever since his arrival in the country Mr. Fell has taken a 
 strong interest in public matters. He was prominent in the battle 
 for responsible government and confederation with the Dominion. 
 Mr. Fell was not in sympathy with the commercial policy of the 
 Dominion Government, being a strong and uncompromising free 
 trader. In 1882 he stood as a candidate for the Hduse of Commons, 
 but was defeated. In municipal matters Mr, Fell has, for a great 
 many years, been very prominent. In 1886 he was elected chief 
 magistrate of the City of Victoria and again in 1887, and during 
 his incumbency of this office he had a number of questions of im- 
 portance to deal with, which he disposed of to the satisfaction of 
 the citizens. In the following year an attempt was again made to 
 bring him out for the Mayoralty, but he refused to stand. He has 
 always taken a strong interest in educational matters, and was for 
 fourteen years a member of the School Board. He was one of the 
 organizers of the first Mechanics' Institute in Victoria and a trus- 
 tee of the Institute. Mr. Fell is a trustee of the Jubilee Hospital, 
 a member of the Pioneer society and of St. George's society and 
 President of the British Columbia Benevolent society, of which he 
 was one of the founders. 
 
 Fiiilayson, Roderick, (Victoria), was born in the parish of 
 Lochash, Rossshire, Scotland, in the year 1815. His father was an. 
 extensive sheep farmer, and gave his son such advantages in the way 
 of education as the parochial school afforded. When Mr. Finlayson. 
 left school he for some time assisted his father in the management 
 of his farm, and at the age of eighteen years he left home for the 
 purpose of seeking his fortune in the new world. He took passage 
 on an emigrant ship for New York, which he reached in the spring 
 of 1837. An uncle who resided here secured him a position in the 
 Hudson's Bay Company's service as an apprenticed clerk, and he 
 was sent to the headquarters at Montreal, where he was employed 
 for some months in the office. In the autumn of the same year he 
 was transferred to Bytown, a post on the Ottawa River, of which, 
 after a short residence, he was placed in charge. In the fall of 1839 
 he was sent across the Rocky Mountains to Fort Vancouver, where
 
 166 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 he passed the winter. In this year, 1839, the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany took a lease of Russian territory lying along the coast 
 between Cape Spencer and parallel 54 40', for a period of ten years, 
 and Mr. Finlayson was sent to Fort Taco as assistant at that post. 
 Here he remained for eighteen months, at the expiration of which 
 time he was transferred to Fort Stickeen, where he took command, 
 and where he remained for six months. He was then sent to Fort 
 Simpson as trader. It was while he was in charge of Fort Simpson 
 that John McLoughlin was assassinated at Fort Stickeen, and as soon 
 as the news was brought to Fort Simpson Mr. Finlayson proceeded 
 to the scene of the murder. He found on arriving that Governor 
 Simpson had been there before him and had placed a man in charge. 
 Mr. Finlayson accordingly returned to Fort Simpson, where he re- 
 mained till the spring of 1843, when he was transferred to Fort 
 Victoria, which post had just been erected, as second in command. 
 During the next spring the officer in charge died and Mr. Finlayson 
 was appointed to his position. During the early period of the posts 
 existence he had a great deal of difficulty in keeping the Indians in 
 order, and one attempt to seize the fort he defeated. It was under 
 his supervision that the first land about the fort was cleared of the 
 forest, and he has ever since, during nearly half a century, watched 
 with interest Victoria's growth from a trading post to a populous 
 and splendid city. In 1845 the Company's ships from England be- 
 gan to call at Victoria with supplies for the northern and interior 
 posts, and the place was recognised as the second depot west of the 
 mountains. In the year 1846 Mr. Finlayson, in his capacity as 
 commander of the fort, was called upon to entertain a number of 
 the officers of Her Majesty's navy, who had been sent to British 
 Columbia to ascertain and report to the Home Government on the 
 value of the country as an Imperial possession. He continued in 
 charge of Fort Vancouver till 1848, when Sir James Douglas, the 
 chief factor, removed the headquarters of the Company from Fort 
 Vancouver to this place and settled here himself. Mr. Finlayson 
 then occupied the position of accountant. In 1850 Governor 
 Blanchard came to Victoria with the intention of taking charge of 
 the Colony of Vancouver Island, but after a year and a half's resi- 
 dence gave up the attempt to govern a wilderness full of barbarians 
 and a handful of whites, and returned to England. Mr. Douglas- 
 was then made governor. When Mr. Blanchard left the colony
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 167" 
 
 he appointed a provisional council of three persons, viz. : James. 
 Douglas, James Cooper and John Tod. The following year 
 Mr. Cooper retired and Mr. Finlayson took his place at the Board. 
 From this time until 1859 Mr. Finlayson continued to act as chief 
 accountant at Victoria. Sir James Douglas severed his connection 
 with the company in 1859, and Mr. Finlayson was made chief 
 factor. During the greater portion of this time the colony had been 
 struggling forward, but not making much headway in the direction 
 of settlement. In 1857 gold was discovered by the agents of the 
 company on the Thompson River and the following year, news of 
 this getting abroad the great rush took place from California and 
 the east. Through all the excitement Mr. Finlayson continued to- 
 act for his company, and by judicious management of its affairs put 
 considerable money in the pockets of the stockholders. He con- 
 tinued to act on the executive council appointed by the Governor 
 until the abolition of that body. In 1872, when the organization of 
 the Hudson's Bay Company was changed, Mr. Finlayson retired 
 from the service. During that year he paid a visit to the old coun- 
 try and the scenes of his youth. Since that time he has resided at 
 Victoria, of which place he has occupied the position of mayor. 
 
 Fisher, Isaac Birch, (New Westminster), third son of Wm. 
 Fisher, Esq., J.P., of Esquimalt, was born in Liverpool, England, 
 December 28, 1847. He was educated at the Liverpool College and 
 accompanied his parents to British Columbia in May, 1863. He 
 entered the service of the Bank of British Columbia two months 
 after his arrival in the colony, and has therefore been nearly 27 
 years in their employ. He occupied the position of manager of the 
 Bank's Branch in the gold fields of Cariboo, from 1872 to 1876,. 
 (during the palmy days of Lightning Creek), and for the last eleven 
 years has had charge of the New Westminster branch. 
 
 Fisher, William, (Esquimalt), claims descent from a brother 
 of John, Bishop of Rochester, who suffered in the reign of Henry 
 VIII. He is the eldest son of the seventh William Fisher, of 
 Winscals Dovenby and Workingten, in the county of Cumberland, 
 England, whose father married Jane Younghusband, of Mealing 
 Abbey Holm Cultrum, by Margaret, only daughter of Isaac Simon, 
 Yoeman, who married Margaret, daughter of John Fearon, of Dean,
 
 168 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 by Sarah Fletcher, of Pardshaw, all in the said county of Cumber- 
 land. Born 18th of Mai-ch, 1811. Educated at the Workington 
 Academy, and at the boarding school of Rev. J. C. Price, Liverpool, 
 where he served an apprenticeship of seven years to Alderman J. 
 N. Wood, and acquired the freedom of that borough, and of Bristol, 
 Waterford and Wexford, in 1832. He married, 17th February, 
 1844, Harriet Alice, second daughter of John Birch, Esq., of Tees 
 Hall, Werneth, and Manor House, Ardwich, Manchester, cotton 
 spinner. He commenced business in 1832, as junior partner, in the 
 firm of William Fisher & Son, merchants in the African trade, and 
 ship-owners in the East and West Indies, Brazil, River Plate and 
 China trades; and owner of the Quebec and Montreal line of traders, 
 which was superseded by the Allan line of steamers. Elected a 
 member of the Liverpool Town Council, 1848; and a member of the 
 dock committee (now the Mersey Harbor Board), 1848. He was an 
 overseer of the poor for Toxteth Parks, and a Poor Law Guardian 
 for the West Derby Union ; a director of the Metropolitan Life 
 Assurance Co. ; and of the first Liverpool Marine Assurance Co. ; a 
 Commissioner of Pilots ; a member of Lloyd's Classification Com- 
 mittee of British and Foreign Shipping ; a member of the Ship 
 Building Committee ; a member of the committee of the Ship- 
 owners' Association ; and of the committee of the Constitutional 
 Association ; a vice-president of the Philomathic Society ; and of 
 the association for the protection British industry and capital ; a 
 member of the town improvement committee ; a trustee of the 
 Royal Infirmary ; and of the Northern Hospital ; and treasurer of 
 the Southern Toxteth Hospital ; life member of the Queen's College 
 and Mechanics' Institute ; and a member of the Royal Mersey 
 Yacht Club. First came to British Columbia in 1860, and was a 
 delegate to England in 1861, to obtain Imperial aid, and a mail 
 subsidy for improved postal communication. Returned to British 
 Columbia, 1863, and settled in Esquimalt. Was a member of the 
 committee (aided by Governor Kennedy) for exploring Vancouver 
 Island; a road commissioner ; chairman of the board of education 
 of Esquimalt and Craigflower. He was an unsuccessful candidate 
 at the general election of 1871. In 1876 he was elected indepen- 
 dent member for Esquimalt district. He is a Justice of the Peace 
 for the Province.
 
 ROBERT DICKINSON.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 169 
 
 Fortune, Alexander Leslie, (Spallumcheen), was born in 
 1830 at Godrnanchester, P. Q., his father, Dr. Fortune, being one 
 of the leading practitioners of the same place. Mr. Fortune arrived 
 in British Columbia in 1862 and at first made his home in Victoria. 
 From 1862 to 1864 he tried his luck at the Cariboo mines, and 
 since the latter date has been engaged in farming and stock raising 
 in Spallumcheen, where he now possesses one of the best cultivated 
 farms in the Province, and as a rancher is noted for the superiority 
 of his stock. He is a Presbyterian, and married Miss B. M. Ross, 
 eldest daughter of Murdock Ross, Esq., of Lancaster, Ont. Mr. 
 Fortune was the first settler in Spallumcheen, and has an intimate 
 knowledge of the district. While freighting goods for the pioneer 
 settlers in the Okanagan country, in the fall of 1870, he conveyed 
 the first keg of intoxicating liquor ever brought into that valley, and 
 strange to relate when the consignee of the liquor was entertaining 
 his friends therewith in the room of one of the early settlers a fright- 
 ful and appalling noise was heard, as if large herds of cattle were 
 wildly rushing over a hard pavement. Immediately afterwards the 
 floor of the house rose and fell, the lamp was violently swung to and 
 fro, and a violent trembling of the earth took place. The terrified 
 pioneers all rushed wildly to the door and saw one of the grandest 
 and most awful spectacles ever witnessed by human eyes. The im- 
 mense mountain literally shook, the valley trembled and the huge 
 trees swayed up and down, whilst a terrible and wierdly mysterious 
 rumbling and crumbling of rocks and earth continued to sound in 
 their ears. This is the first and only earthquake known to have 
 taken place in that region, and it seemed to those early settlers as a 
 message from Heaven, warning them against the introduction of the 
 curse of strong drink. 
 
 Fraser, Angus Carmichael, (Vancouver), son of Allen 
 Fraser, Esq., of Crow Harbor, Nova Scotia, was born on 8th of 
 May, 1848. Mr. Fraser was educated in Escuminac, P. Q., and 
 before coming to British Columbia was engaged in farming. In 
 1868 he arrived in Victoria, and since that date has been engaged 
 in the lumber trade, and is the most extensive lumberman in 
 British Columbia. He has a most intimate knowledge of the forest 
 wealth of the Province, and is of the opinion that more lumber is 
 grown per acre in British Columbia than in any other Province of
 
 170 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 the Dominion, and has scaled as high as 350,000 feet per acre. In 
 1875 he came to Burrard Inlet, and during the same year cut out 
 of English Bay 9,470,000 feet of lumber from eighty acres of land,- 
 nearly all of which was shipped to Australian ports. From 1869 to 
 1874, he logged for the "Washington Mill Co., and from 1875 to- 
 1886 for the Hastings Saw Mill Co., Vancouver. From 1886 until 
 the present time, Mr. Fraser has been logging for the Royal City 
 Saw Mill Co. and the Chemainus Saw Mill Co., having each year 
 held contracts to deliver several million feet of lumber to those 
 mills. At the present time Mr. Fraser has contracted to deliver 
 6,000,000 feet of lumber for the Cowichan Milling Co. In 1883 he 
 delivered to the Hastings Saw Mill a log 28 inches x 28 inches and 
 112 feet in length, clear of knots, which was sent to China. In 
 1882 he delivered to the Hastings Saw Mill Co., $64,000 worth 
 of lumber. Mr. Fraser served in 1882, as Councillor for Sea 
 Island in the Richmond Council. He is a member of the Masonic 
 Order, of the Order of United Workmen and the Caledonian 
 Society. On September 2nd, 1879, he married Anabella, third 
 daughter of Malcolm Smith, Esq., of Wallace, Nova Scotia. He i& 
 an adherent of the Presbyterian Church. 
 
 Fry, Henry, M. P P., (Cowichan), was born at Barnstaple, 
 Devonshire, England, on January 29th, 1826. His father was a 
 merchant at Barnstaple. Mr. Fry was educated at his native place 
 with a view of fitting him for a mercantile life. After completing 
 his studies he entered his father's business, where he obtained a. 
 practical acquaintance with commercial pursuits, and subsequently 
 was engaged in business in other parts of England. In 1855, he 
 came to America and settled in Hamilton, Ontario, where he went 
 into business. In 1860 he disposed of his interests in Ontario and 
 returned to England, where he remained till 1862, in which year he 
 came to British Columbia. After a few weeks in Victoria he went 
 to Cariboo, where he mined during that and the following season. 
 In 1864 he returned to Victoria and went into business, at which he 
 continued until 1869, when he purchased the farm in Cowichan on 
 which he now resides and on which he then settled. In 1887 he 
 was elected for Cowichan District to fill the vacancy occasioned by 
 the death of the late Premier, Hon. Win. Smythe. Mr. Fry is a 
 member of the Episcopal Church.
 
 M. M. ENGLISH.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 171 
 
 Good, Rev. John Booth, (Nanaimo), rector of St. Paul's, 
 church, was born at Wrawby, Licolnshire, England. Educated at 
 Lincoln College and then at St. Augustine College, Canterbury, in 
 which latter institution he distinguished himself by taking first 
 class in medicine, mathematics, science and theology. After three 
 years attendance at this college he was accepted by the examiners of 
 the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and went to Nova. 
 Scotia under orders to come to British Columbia when required. 
 He spent three years in Nova Scotia, where he was ordained by 
 Bishop Burney. After spending some months in England where he 
 married Miss Watson, of Fieldhouse, Lincolnshire, he came to Brit- 
 ish Columbia, reaching Victoria in 1861. For five years he resided 
 at Victoria, working among the natives with great success. He 
 then removed to Comox, where he erected a mission church and 
 parsonage. While here and subsequently throughout his career his 
 knowledge of medicine stood him in good stead. From Comox he 
 went to Yale and from Yale to Lytton. His mission field was now 
 a most extensive one, and he had the care of about 8,000 Indians, 
 distributed in 72 villages. Mr. Good in ministering to this charge 
 had to cover a very large extent of territory, but notwithstanding 
 this fact and innumerable difficulties which hampered him, he per- 
 formed his labor so successfuly that this mission has gone on ever 
 since, prospering on the foundation he built. He not only inter- 
 ested himself in the spiritual but also in the material prosperity of 
 the natives and was instrumental in settling many on farms which 
 they have since continued to cultivate. In 1874 Mr. Good obtained 
 leave of absence for a year, and this time he employed in lecturing 
 and preaching in Eastern America and Great Britain and in raising 
 money for mission work. ' Shortly after he returned from England 
 the diocese of New Westminster was formed, and for four years Mr. 
 Good labored under Bishop Sillitoe. In 1882 he sent in his resigna- 
 tion to the society, and on going to Victoria was appointed to the 
 rectorship of St. Paul's church, Nanaimo, where he has since resid- 
 ed. Mr. Good is perhaps better versed than any person in the Pro- 
 vince on the native languages of the Pacific coast. He has acquired 
 perfectly all the languages (about 12) spoken from the sea to the 
 Rocky mountains and has written treatises regarding them and 
 translated the litany, prayers and hymns of the English church into 
 most of them.
 
 172 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Goodacre, Lawrence, (Victoria), was born in Nottingham, 
 England, in October, 1848. His father, Samuel Goodacre, was a 
 corn factor and miller of that place. When he left school at the 
 age of sixteen years Mr. Goodacre was apprenticed to a butcher in 
 Nottingham to learn the business. In 1870 he came to British 
 Columbia, and settled in Victoria, where Jie worked six years as a 
 journeyman and then went into business in partnership with John 
 Stafford, under the firm title Stafford & Goodacre. They opened up 
 their business on the site which Mr. Goodacre now occupies, and 
 continued it together till Mr. Stafford's death in 1882. Mr. Good- 
 acre then formed a partnership with John Dooley, which continued 
 for six years,, when Mr. Goodacre purchased Mr. Dooley's interest 
 and has since continued to conduct the business himself. Mr. 
 Goodacre represents Johnston street ward in the City Council, hav- 
 ing on every occasion on which he stood for the position been 
 elected by very large majorities. He is a member of the Oddfel- 
 lows' society and St. George's society, and in religion is an adherent 
 of the Methodist Church. 
 
 Gordon, David William, II. P., (Nanaimo), was born at Cam- 
 den, in the county of Kent, Ont., on February 27th, 1832. He is 
 of United Empire Loyalist stock. His grandfather, John Gor- 
 don, who was a citizen of Coventry, Eng., left home at an early age 
 and travelled to India, and afterwards settled in the American col- 
 onies. At the close of the revolutionary war he removed to Canada 
 with the Loyalists and made his home in Ontario. His father, Mr. 
 Michael Gordon, married Miss Judith Marsh, of Ridgetown, Ont. 
 His maternal grandfather, Mr. Alexander Montgomery, removed 
 from Connecticut after the revolution to Gagetown, N. B., and later 
 on in 1798 to Little York, (now Toronto), where one member of the 
 family became conspicuous during the rebellion of 1837. Mr. Gor- 
 don was educated in the public schools in the county of Kent, and 
 after completing his studies served an apprenticeship with the firm 
 of Fisher and Smith, contractors, Wallaceburg, at the completion 
 of which he followed the trade of a builder and joiner. Mr. Gordon 
 left Ontario early in 1858 and arrived at Victoria in June. Here 
 he at first remained but a short time, going to California in 1859, 
 where he remained four years and passed through many mining and 
 other adventures. On his return to British Columbia he settled at
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 173 
 
 Nanaimo, where he engaged successfully in business as a contractor 
 and builder. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the re- 
 presentation of Nanairno in the British Columbia Legislature, but 
 in 1877 he was returned at the head of the poll, and represented 
 that city during two sessions. He was again defeated at the gen- 
 eral election of 1878. While member for Nanaimo Mr. Gordon was 
 one of the committee who arranged the order of procedure of busi- 
 ness which terminated the deadlock in the Provincial Parliament, 
 and he was chiefly instrumental in forcing the Elliott Government 
 to carry through the Assembly the bill known as the "Coal Mines 
 Regulations Act, 1877." At the general election of 1878 Mr. Gor- 
 don contested the seat he now holds in the Commons, but lost the 
 election, being first returned to Ottawa on August 4th, 1882, which 
 seat he retained at the last general election. In politics Mr. Gor- 
 don is a Liberal Conservative. He is a prominent member of the 
 Free Masons' and Oddfellows' Societies. He has been twice married, 
 first to Emma Elizabeth, eldest daughter of James Robb, Esq., of 
 Comox, who died February 15th, 1882, and again on June 5th f 
 1886, to Statira Kitty, youngest daughter of Joseph Shepard, Esq., 
 of Lansing, Ont. He is an adherent of the Church of England. 
 
 Gordon, Marshall Pollock, (Kamloops), son of Daniel and 
 Eliza Gordon, of Goderich, Ontario, was born in that city on June 
 22nd, 1862. Mr. Gordon received a good commercial education in 
 the High School at Goderich, and previous to his arrival in British 
 Columbia, on the 17th March, 1883, was engaged in the furniture 
 business. On his arrival in Victoria, he worked one year in the 
 furniture factory of J. Sehl, and on leaving that city settled in 
 Kamloops, where, in partnership with his brother, Mr. James 
 Gordon, he started his present business. In February, 1889, Mr. 
 Gordon bought his brother's interest in the business, and at the 
 present time is carrying on a large and remunerative furniture 
 trade in the interior of the Province. Mr. Gordon is a Methodist, 
 and a member of the Oddfellows' Order. 
 
 Grant, John, M. P. P., (Victoria), son of John Grant, of 
 Tochbers, Moreyshire, Scotland, and Margaret Buie, only daughter 
 of John Buie, of Buckie, Scotland, captain in the Coast Guards, 
 was born at Alford, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, on June 1st. 1841.
 
 174 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 He was educated at Midmar, under George Mortimer, M. A., with 
 a view to fitting himself for a commercial career. In 1855 he came 
 to Canada with his parents, who settled in Elora, Wellington 
 county, Ontario, where Mr. Grant subsequently engaged in the 
 lumber business. He was attracted by the reported riches of 
 British Columbia, and in 1862 came to the Pacific coast, landing at 
 Victoria, on the llth of March. During 1862 and 1863 he was en- 
 gaged as chief commissary and pay master on the trunk road from 
 Lillooet to Alexandria. In 1864 he was chief commissary and pay- 
 master during the building of the wagon road from Quesnelle mouth 
 to Cotton wood river. In 1866 he engaged in mining in Cariboo 
 and continued at this business with success till 1871. In that year 
 he superintended the building of the Seymour portage and wagon 
 road. He subsequently had contracts for building portions of the 
 wagon road from New Westminster to Hope, and also for the road 
 from Spencer's bridge up the Nicola valley. During part of 
 1871-2 he was engaged in general merchandise on the Peace river. 
 Since 1876 Mr. Grant has been engaged largely in the freighting, 
 mining and steamboat business and has rendered material assistance in 
 developing the quartz mines of the Province, notably in Rock 
 creek, Yale District, where he applied the hydraulic system. Mr. 
 Grant was general superintendent during the building of the wagon 
 road from Cache Creek to Savona's Ferry in 1886. In the general 
 election of 1882 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Brit- 
 ish Columbia as representative for Cassair district, and in the elec- 
 tion of 1886 was again returned. At the last general election in 
 June, 1890 Mr. Grant stood for the city of Victoria and was elect- 
 ed at the head of the poll. From 1885 to 1887 he was a member 
 of the municipal council of the city of Victoria, and from 1888 till 
 the present time he has held the position of Mayor of that city. Mr. 
 Grant has never failed of election to any public position in the gift 
 of the people. In Dominion politics he is thoroughly independent, 
 contending that from neither party has this Province received that 
 consideration to which she is justly entitled. In Provincial poli- 
 tics he is opposed to the present government, believing that the 
 course pursued by it is not in the best interests of the Province. 
 Mr. Grant is one of the most enterprising and successful men in 
 British Columbia. He has been in this country almost since the 
 birth of the colony, has been engaged in business in almost every
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 175 
 
 part of it and knows thoroughly its requirements and resources. 
 Personally he is greatly esteemed for the generosity of his disposi- 
 tion and his willingness to render assistance wherever needed. He 
 is a member of the St. Andrew's and Caledonian society, the Pioneer 
 society, the Oddfellows' Order, the Benevolent society of Victoria 
 and the Masonic Order. On December 20th, 1878, he married 
 Miss Laura R., only daughter of Joseph Haywood, Esq., of Vic- 
 toria. 
 
 Gray, Alexander Blair, (Victoria), was born in Edinburgh, 
 on November 6th, 1841, and attended school in that city till he 
 was fifteen years of age. During the next five years he resided in 
 Dublin, Ireland, where he served his apprenticeship to the dry 
 goods business in the large wholesale and retail establishment of 
 Todd, Burns & Co. In 1862 he left the old country for British 
 Columbia, coming by way of Panama. He arrived in Victoria in 
 June, and occupied several positions in Victoria and New West- 
 minster till 1864, when he was seized with the gold fever and set 
 out from New Westminster, with a company of fellow prospectors, 
 for the Cariboo mines. They covered the distance, five hundred 
 miles, on foot. Mr. Gray held an interest in the John Bull mining 
 claim during the summer, and in the autumn he started back to 
 the coast lighter in pocket than when he reached the gold fields and 
 using the same means of locomotion on his return journey that he 
 had in getting to that auriferous region. When he got to Victoria 
 again, he entered the establishment of John Wilkie & Co. and con- 
 tinued in the employ of this firm for three years. He then crossed 
 to New Westminster, where he opened a business of his own. 
 When the capital was removed from New Westminster, Mr. Gray 
 returned to Victoria and bought out the dry goods firm of Fabien 
 Mitchell, on Government street, and subsequently put up the large 
 building now know as the Albion House, into which he moved his 
 business, and which seven years ago he transferred to the present 
 occupants, Messrs. Brown & White. He then removed to his 
 present premises on Wharf street, and has since been engaged 
 exclusively in the wholesale trade. Mr. Gray took an active inter- 
 est in Provincial politics during the Elliott administration, though 
 he never stood for any public office. He was one of the strongest 
 and earliest advocates of confederation with the Dominion. Of
 
 176 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 late years, however, he has eschewed politics entirely. He is a. 
 member of the St. Andrew's and Caledonian Society, and connected 
 with the Oddfellows' Order. In religion he is a Presbyterian, and is 
 one of the oldest members of St. Andrew's Church. He is a Justice 
 of the Peace for the Province. Mr. Gray is an ardent Imperial 
 Federationist and considers that this scheme which he firmly 
 believes will be accomplished, is simply a step towords a federation 
 of the English speaking races throughout the world. 
 
 Guichon, Laiircilt, (Ladner's Landing), one of the earliest 
 French settlers of British Columbia, was born in 1836 at Chambery, 
 in the province of Savoie, France, where his father M. Jean Guichon, 
 had an extensive farm. Mr. Guichon spent his early life in Savoie 
 where he received his education. In 1857 he went to California 
 where he was engaged in mining enterprises until 1850, when he 
 left the Golden State and came to British Columbia, making Lytton 
 his headquarters. During nine years Mr. Guichon, in partnership 
 with his brother, Mr. Charles Guichon and a friend, Mr. Vincent 
 Girod, carried on a very extensive and remunerative business in 
 mining supplies and general merchandise from Yale to Quesnelle and 
 Cariboo. In 1869 Mr. Charles Guichon left the firm and in 1873 
 Mr. Guichon sold out all his interests to his partner, Mr. Girod, and 
 settled in Nicola Valley where he resided ten years. In 1883 Mr. 
 Guichon removed to New Westminster where he speculated to a 
 considerable extent. In the fall of the same year he bought the 
 farm he now cultivates at Ladner's Landing and in 1886 built a 
 store on his property, which he afterwards sold, devoting his whole 
 attention to agricultural pursuits. Mr. Guichon married Perome, 
 ninth daughter of Antoine Rae, a landed proprietor of Chambery, 
 by whom he has six children. 
 
 Hall, Thomas Sylvester, M. D., (New Westminster), son of 
 Henry Hall, of Toronto, was born at Toronto, July 7th, 1860. He 
 received his primary education at the Model School and after having 
 passed through the various divisions he matriculated at Queen's 
 College, Kingston. From his earliest years he had an inclination 
 for the study of medicine and this leaning had been fostered by his 
 family. Two of his uncles had been professors in Dr. Rolfe's School 
 of Medicine and Mr. Hall had therefore from his youth been sur- 
 rounded by medical influnces. After graduating at Queen's he
 
 ALEXANDER EWEN.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 177 
 
 returned to Toronto and studied for two years at Trinity School of 
 Medicine. During the next three years he attended Michigan Col- 
 lege of Medicine, which is in affiliation with Michigan University. 
 He graduated here and then went to London, England, where he 
 spent two years walking the hospitals and pursuing his studies there 
 After taking his degrees in London he went to Berlin, Germany, 
 where he studied chemistry under Dr. Hoffman the celebrated 
 chemist. He then returned to Canada and after spending a few 
 months in Ontario he decided to go to Australia. He missed the 
 steamer, however, and changed his route to British Columbia. He 
 began practice in New Westminster in 1885 and has continued there 
 since. He has taken an active interest in politics both Dominion and 
 Provincial during the period of his residence in British Columbia. 
 He is a Liberal Conservative in his principles. He is an ardent be- 
 liever in the greatness of British Columbia and has shown his faith 
 in a practical manner by investing largely in property in the district. 
 He is a member of the Order of Oddfellows and in the east filled the 
 highest offices in the lodges. In religion Dr. Hall is an adherent of 
 the Methodist church. 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander, (New Westminster), was born in June, 
 1861, in the Parish of Carluke, Lanarkshire, Scotland, and is the 
 son of James Hamilton, Esquire, of the same place and formerly of 
 Strathhaven. Mr. Hamilton was educated in his native town and 
 after completing his studies apprenticed himself to a large firm of 
 workers in marble and monument engravers, and at the completion 
 of his trade studied the higher and more artistic branches of the 
 trade at Edinburgh. Previous to his arrival at Victoria on Decem- 
 ber 24th, 1884 Mr. Hamilton resided in the States of Missouri, 
 Kansas and Oregon. Since his arrival in British Columbia he has 
 followed his trade with ever-increasing success. Although a strong 
 free-trader and a supporter of temperance legislation he has taken no 
 part in politics, devoting his whole time to his business. In 1887 
 Mr. Hamilton returned to Scotland in charge of a nephew whose 
 parents had both died in Missouri and soon after his arrival in the 
 " Land o'cakes " married Jeannie Terrance, eldest daughter of John 
 Leiper, Esquire, of Carluke. On his return to British Columbia in 
 1888, after having visited the most important granite establishments 
 in Scotland, Mr. Hamilton settled in New Westminster. He is a 
 
 (13)
 
 178 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 large importer of Scotch and Swedish granite and is now the owner 
 of the largest marble works in the province. 
 
 Harrison, Eli, (Victoria), born in September, 1824, in Ches- 
 hire, England, son of Samuel Harrison, civil engineer of Stafford- 
 shire, England. Educated at his native place and subsequently in 
 business in Crewe. Left England and went to Georgia, United 
 States of America, where he was in business in Macon, during 
 1850-1. He then removed to San Francisco, where he opened a 
 "business and conducted it till 1858, when he came to British 
 Columbia and settled in Victoria. He established his present 
 business at Victoria, a short time after his arrival. In 1860 he 
 joined the Masonic fraternity and passed through the various offices 
 in the subordinate lodge and grand lodge. In 1877 he introduced 
 a scheme to build a Masonic Temple in Victoria, which was accept- 
 ed by the Order and Mr. Harrison, his son and Mr. Trounce were 
 appointed a board of trustees and two lots placed in their charge 
 on which to begin work. Mr. Harrison held the office of Grand 
 Master Mason of British Columbia for three years and nine months. 
 He laid the corner stone of the Masonic Temple in Victoria, and 
 dedicated the structure in October, 1878, and at the present time 
 he and his fellow trustees hold $30,000 worth of property in trust 
 for the Masonic fraternity. He is a member of the Episcopal 
 Church, and a Conservative in politics. 
 
 Haskins, John Wesley Washington, (Revelstoke), was born 
 in Westport, Ontario, on November 5th, 1855, his father being of 
 Welsh and his mother of Dutch descent, and both belonging to 
 Loyalist families. When young, Mr. Haskins mastered the black- 
 smith trade and was educated at Smith Falls Ontario. Before coming 
 to British Columbia he carried on the business of a blacksmith and 
 carriage builder and later was extensively engaged in lumbering 
 and mining enterprises. In some of his prospecting expeditions 
 Mr. Haskins met with many strange adventures and passed 
 through dangerous and thrilling experiences. At one time when out 
 with a party of forty on the borders of Wyoming and Utah Terri- 
 tories an attack was made on the encampment by Indians and Mr. 
 Haskins and one other were the only survivors. On another oc- 
 casion, having sold out a mine in Nevada for a considerable sum, Mr.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 179 
 
 Haskins travelled from Victoria to Aspinwall and up the Missis- 
 sippi to St. Louis. At a later period he sailed from Halifax to York 
 Factory on Hudson's Bay and then started in winter time overland 
 from Moose Factory to Pembroke, Ont. Before the completion 
 of the Canadian Pacific Railway through British Columbia he trav- 
 elled in the Rockies and Selkirks propecting for timber and mineral, 
 arriving in British Columbia on May 1st, 1884, and finally settling 
 at Revelstoke. Mr. Haskins discovered the "Monarch" mine at 
 Field, and also located and recorded several quartz prospects in the 
 Big Bend, Arrow Lakes and Toad Mountain districts. He has also 
 been chiefly instrumental in establishing smelting works at Revel- 
 stoke, he having used his efforts and energies to circulate infor- 
 mation respecting the mineral riches of the interior. He is a 
 Methodist and an Orangeman. 
 
 Haslain, Andrew, M. P. P., (Nanaimo), was born at Wood- 
 hill, [in the north of Ireland, on the 23rd of June, 1846. His 
 father, John Haslam, was attached to the excise department at that 
 place. Mr. Haslam was educated at his native place, and in 1861 
 emigrated from Ireland with his parents who settled in Albert 
 county, New Brunswick. In 1870, Mr. Haslam left home and 
 went to Winnipeg, where he was engaged with McArthur & Co. in 
 the lumber business. A year later he went to Texas where he 
 remained for two years, being engaged during that time in erecting 
 bridges and in saw-milling. In 1876 he came to British Columbia, 
 and seeing the immense wealth of timber in the Province, he en- 
 gaged in the lumber business. He was one of the proprietors of 
 the Royal City Planing Mills Co., and was a director and large 
 owner in the company till 1885, when he established the Nanaimo 
 Saw Mill Co. which business he now conducts. Mr. Haslam is one 
 of the men who by their enterprise and energy are doing so much 
 to develope the resources of the country. While living in New 
 Westminster he was thrice elected to the City Council, and in 1889 
 was just elected to parliament to fill the vacancy caused by the death 
 of Hon. Robt. Dunsmuir. He is a member of the Masonic frater- 
 nity, and a Presbyterian. 
 
 Hastings, Oregon Columbus, (Victoria), born at Pontonsick, 
 Hancock county, Illinois, U. S. A., on the 26th of April, 1846, is
 
 180 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 the son of Loven Brown and Lucinda Bingham, Hastings. His 
 father, who was engaged in the manufacture of woolen, goods in 
 Illinois, brought his family west to Oregon Territory in 1847, and, 
 settled in Portland, where the family remained till 1852, when they 
 removed to Port Townsend. From 1848 to 1851 Mr. Hastings* 
 father had been engaged in mercantile business at the California 
 gold mines, but when he removed his family to Port Townsend, he 
 established himself there, having disposed of his interests at the 
 mines. Mr. Hastings attended school at Port Townsend till he was 
 sixteen years of age, when he purchased a farm near Port Townsend 
 and conducted it till he was twenty-five years old. His health was 
 giving way, owing to hard work, and he left the farm and removed 
 to Port Townsend, where he purchased his father's business. He 
 continued at this business for three years and then sold out and 
 came to British Columbia. He settled in Victoria and took the 
 position of manager of Spencer's photographic business on Front 
 street. Mr. Hastings had not previously been engaged at this 
 business, but he had studied it as a pastime, and now concluded to 
 put his knowledge to account. He remained as manager for Mr. 
 Spencer for six years, when in consequence of the illness of his wife 
 he moved away from Victoria. His wife died, however, and he 
 returned in the following year and went into partnership with 
 Spencer. A year later he bought Spencer's interest in the business 
 and continued to conduct it from that time till January, 1889, 
 when he sold out. During all these years he had been doing a very 
 prosperous trade having virtually all the patronage of the city. In 
 May, 1867, he married Miss Matilda Caroline Birch, of Dungeness, 
 who died in 1881, and again on October 2nd, 1884, he maried Mrs. 
 Phillips Smith. Mr. Hastings has made a close study of astronomy 
 and geology and in these sciences is one of the best versed men on 
 the Coast. His father, Hon. Loven Hastings, was for many years a. 
 prominent member of the Washington legislature. 
 
 Hatighton, Thomas, (Victoria), was born on the 19th of 
 June, 1842, at Duckingfield, Cheshire, England. His father was 
 engaged in the grocery business in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire. 
 Mr. Haughton was educated at his native place and after learning 
 the drygoods business opened an establishment in Duckingfield. 
 His business prospered till he became prominently connected with
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 181 
 
 the Radical wing of the Liberal party and placed himself on record 
 in regard to the question of the disestablishment of the Irish church. 
 He was chairman of the Liberal election committee of his riding in 
 1868 and gave such an unqualified and ardent support to the Lib- 
 eral candidate that a great deal of his custom forsook his business. 
 In 1870 he left England, and during the following six years he re- 
 sided in New Hampshire and Massachussets, after which time he 
 came to British Columbia. He rented a farm in the neighborhood 
 of Victoria and lived on it for a year, when he gave it up and en- 
 gaged for two years in gardening at Esquimalt. He then leased 
 another farm and sank in it what money he had previously made, 
 For the next five years he followed various occupations, and finally 
 with a small capital opened a modest shop where his present handsome 
 store is situated. His business prospered and enlarged so rapidly 
 that he was very soon able to purchase the property and erect a 
 large building. In time he took a partner into his business in the 
 person of Mr. Wescott, his son-in-law. Mr. Haughton has not 
 taken a very active part in politics in British Columbia except dur- 
 ing the general election of 1876, when he acted as financial agent 
 for Mr. J. M. Duval, who then contested Victoria in the interest of 
 the workingmen. Mr. Haughton then* held that the laboring 
 classes should have a representative in the house, especially in view 
 of the anti-Chinese agitation. He has been pressed to stand for the 
 Legislature, but has persistently refused, owing to the demand his 
 business makes on his time. Mr. Haughton has not taken much in- 
 terest in civic politics. He is a member of the Ancient Order of 
 United Workmen and of the Legion of Honor. He is also one of 
 the most prominent members of the Baptist denomination, and took 
 an active part in developing the scheme and raising the money for 
 the erection of the present Baptist church. 
 
 II ay lies, George W., (Victoria), was born near Bangor, Maine, 
 U. S., on August 7th, 1833. His father, Peeley Haynes, was en- 
 gaged in the lumber business, and after leaving school Mr. Haynes 
 was employed by him till 1852. He then removed to California and 
 settled at Downieville, where he continued in the lumber trade till 
 he came to British Columbia in 1861. He had intended going to 
 the Cariboo mines, but it was late in the autumn when he arrived 
 so he changed his mind. During the following winter he was en- 
 gaged in J. R. Homer's lumber mill, and in the summer went to Pt.
 
 182 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Douglas, where he took charge of the milling business of P. Smith. 
 During 1863 and 1864 he was engaged at New Westminster, con- 
 structing a new mill for Webster and Millard, and as soon as he had 
 completed this work he went to Moody ville where he took charge of 
 the milling business there and where he remained till 1876. During 
 that period he erected two mills at Moodyville, one of which is now 
 standing. He abandoned the milling business to take charge of the 
 Baynes coal mines, and since 1882 he has resided in Victoria. In 
 1884 he joined Mr. H. F. Heisterman in the real estate business. 
 He is a member of the British Columbia Board of Trade. In 1 869 
 he married Miss S. Adelaide Hart, of Bangor, Maine, U. S. A. Mr. 
 Haynes is a member of the Masonic Order. 
 
 Hayward, Charles, (Victoria), was born in Stratford, Essex> 
 England, in 1839, and educated at Salem College. Came to British 
 Columbia in 1862 and settled at Victoria, where he has since con- 
 tinued to reside. During that time he has been prominently 
 identified with the mining, building and manufacturing interests of 
 the Province, and has taken an active part in the municipal matters 
 tending to the material advancement of the City of Victoria. He 
 is owner of large tracts of land in various parts of the Province, 
 and many valuable buildings in Victoria city. He is a Justice of 
 the Peace, an ex-councillor of the British Columbia Board of Trade 
 and chairman for several years of the local school board. He 
 married Sarah, second daughter of John McChesney of Middlesex, 
 England. 
 
 Heathorn, William. (Victoria), was born on July 30th, 1828, 
 in England and in 1842 went to New York, U. S. A., where he 
 remained till 1853 when he removed to Australia. In 1858 he 
 returned to New York and resided there till 1862, when he came to 
 British Columbia. He settled in Victoria and has lived there since 
 that date. He followed the occupation of boot and shoe-maker, 
 and in 1872 established the Victor Manufactory, which on a small 
 scale at first, gradually assumed large proportions till the output was 
 raised to $100,000 per annum. Shortly after he began the boot and 
 shoe manufactory he bought out the Rock Bay Tannery and added 
 the business of tanning leather. He continued this business till 
 February, 1889, when he sold out the shoe manufactory to the
 
 J. B. KISHKR.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Ames, Holden Company, retaining however, the tanning and hide 
 business. When the Bay tannery suspended operations owing to 
 the death of the principal partner, and the property was offered for 
 sale in 1888, it was purchased by Mr. Heathorn and the building 
 used as a warehouse. Mr. Heathorn, while he did not take any 
 very active interest in politics, was a Liberal in his leanings. He 
 served the city during one year at the City Council Board. 
 
 Heisterman, Henry Frederick, (Victoria), the younger of 
 two sons of William Segismund Heisterman, was born in Bremen, 
 one of the free cities of Germany, on the 22nd of July, 1832. He 
 was educated in his native city and after completing his studies. 
 entered on mercantile pursuits. At the age of eighteen he removed 
 to Dantzig, where for three years he was engaged in a commercial 
 house. In -1853 he went to England and settled in the seaport 
 town of Liverpool, where he established a commission business 
 which he conducted until 1862, and where he became a naturalized 
 British subject in 1861. The fame of the British Columbia gold 
 mines attracted him to North America in 1862, and he landed at 
 Victoria in August. His first essay in the new country was 
 towards mining. He set out shortly after his arrival for Stikeen 
 with a number of others. The journey was, however, unsuc- 
 cessful. They lost their canoe and all it contained in the nature of 
 provisions and outfit, and in September Mr. Heisterman found him- 
 self back in Victoria. Matters were not of a rose-colored hue at 
 this time. He had very little money and no friends in a strange 
 country. After casting about for some opening and finding little 
 promise, he opened a reading room in the St. Nicholas building, and 
 shortly afterwards formed a chamber of commerce. His reading 
 room paid him very well arid after continuing it for six months he 
 sold out, and, having formed a partnership with John Banks, en- 
 gaged in a wholesale business in paints and glass. At the expira- 
 tion of eight months the partnership was dissolved, and Mr. 
 Heisterman, in 1864, established the real estate business which he 
 still continues to conduct. This business has since that time 
 steadily continued to increase, and is now the largest and best 
 known in the Pacific Province. During the period of its existence 
 the greater portion of the valuable business property of Victoria, 
 has passed through Mr. Heisterman's hands. Mr. Heisterman has
 
 184 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 the agencies for most of the large companies in the east, doing 
 business in Victoria, as the Montreal Life Insurance Go., the 
 Phoenix and Western Fire Assurance Go's., and many others. In 
 1884 he took his present partner, Mr. J. W. Haynes, into his 
 business. Mr. Heisterman has been an active member of the 
 Board of Trade since its inception, and a member of the council of 
 that organization. He has been for seven consecutive years a mem- 
 ber of the Board of School Trustees. He is a member of the 
 Pioneer Society and one of the most prominent members of the 
 Masonic fraternity. In 1873 he married Miss Haynes, of Victoria. 
 
 Helmcken, James Douglas, M. D., (Victoria), was born Feb- 
 ruary 8th, 1858, in Victoria, British Columbia. In 1870 he was 
 sent to Jedburgh Academy, Scotland; thence to Edinburgh Uni- 
 versity where he studied medicine. After obtaining his degree at 
 Edinburgh he proceeded to Bellevue Hospital College, New York 
 city, where he studied under the best professors in America, and 
 returned to his native city in 1884. Shortly afterwards he married 
 Mary Jane, daughter of James Halliday, Esq., of Dumfries, Scot- 
 land. By this union he had one daughter, and his wife died in 
 1887. Dr. Helmcken married again in 1888, Ethel Margaret, 
 daughter of the late Captain White of Victoria. Dr. Helmcken is 
 a grandson of the late Sir James Douglass, K. C. B., after whom he 
 is named. He is surgeon of St. Joseph's Hospital, Victoria, and 
 has been a very successful physician. Ophthalmology and gynaeco- 
 logy are his favoi'ite branches of medical practice, although he has 
 effectually demonstrated his skill and knowledge in all other 
 departments of Medicine. He has no particular political leanings. 
 He is the first British Columbian who ever took a medical degree. 
 His practice is one of the most extensive and valuable in the 
 Province, and the great success which has attended many critical 
 cases reposed in his care have given him a most enviable reputation 
 among the medicos of the Pacific slope. 
 
 Helmcken, Hon. John Sebastian, HI. R. . S., (Victoria), 
 born June 5th, 1823, in London within sound of " Bow Bells." His 
 parents were German his grandfather from Misskirch, his father 
 from Bruneslai, the latter an emigrant during the Napoleonic wars. 
 The former had been a soldier in the Swiss guards. When old
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 185 
 
 enough Mr. Helmcken was sent to St. George's school, and as he 
 was regarded as fragile it was the intention that he should be made 
 a teacher. When fourteen years of age Dr. Graves, while attending 
 his mother, took a fancy to him and asked for him as an office boy, 
 promising to make him a druggist. His mother consented and Mr. 
 Helmcken entered the doctor's office, in which he made himself use- 
 ful and obtained a knowledge of the secrets of making pills and 
 potions. There were two medical apprentices in the office who petted 
 him and made him useful to themselves. In those days every prac- 
 titioner had to do his own dispensing and Mr. Helmcken got plenty 
 of practice therefore. He picked up a knowledge of Latin, and 
 after a couple of years of work was able to dispense medicines with 
 the best practised hands. It chanced that when he had been for 
 two years an office boy, that Dr. Graves fell ill, and as the senior 
 apprentice had by this time become a full-fledged practitioner it fell 
 to Mr. Helmcken's lot to dispense medicine for all the patients. 
 When Dr. Graves recovered after a long illness, he was so pleased 
 with his office boy's conduct that he offered to take him as an ap- 
 prentice for five years and make him an allowance during that time. 
 Mr. Helmcken's parents accepted this liberal offer, and accordingly he 
 was apprenticed to Dr. Graves. Shortly afterwards his father died 
 and while Lis mother was not left in the most comfortable circum- 
 stances she refused to permit her son to miss his opportunity for 
 her sake, and declared that she herself could, would and was not 
 afraid of work. During this period Mr. Helmcken had all the 
 drudgery of an apprentice to do and saw a great deal of the poor 
 in some of the worst of slums in his visits to cup, bleed or otherwise 
 physic them. In due course his five years expired, but during a 
 considerable portion of that time he had been going to a private 
 teacher, a Lutheran clergyman, to learn Latin and finish his educa- 
 tion generally. Before the expiration of his apprenticeship he be- 
 came a student at Guy's hospital and attended there for five years. 
 Having passed the apothecary's examination and been pretty well 
 used up by hard work, Mr. Harrison, the treasurer of the hospital, 
 offered him an appointment, as a reward of merit, to the Hudson's 
 Bay Company's ship Prince Rupert, to go to York Factory on Hud- 
 son's Bay and back again, a journey of pome five months. It so 
 happened that on the same vessel, Chief Factor Hargraves and his 
 wife were passengers and also a number of men belonging to an
 
 186 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 expedition in search of Sir John Franklin. He returned to the hospi- 
 tal in rugged health, spent another year, graduated at the college of 
 physicians and surgeons, and then determined to enter the navy. 
 Just when he was about to receive an appointment, he met Mr. 
 Barclay, secretary of the Hudson's Bay Company, who advised him 
 not to go into the navy where he must necessarily become a fixture, 
 and who gave him a letter to Mr. Green, the large ship owner. Mr. 
 Green appointed him surgeon on the ship Malacca, Captain Con- 
 sett, en route to Bombay. After eighteen months of sojourning in 
 the Indian seas, Dr. Helmcken returned to London and was offered 
 an appointment on the Hudson's Bay Company's service on Van- 
 couver Island, After finding where Vancouver Island was, the 
 kind of climate it possessed and obtaining other information, he ac- 
 cepted the appointment. The ship Norman Morrison, Captain 
 Wishart, was being, sent with emigrants to Vancouver Island and 
 Dr. Helmcken came out as physician in charge, intending to remain 
 only five years. On the voyage smallpox broke out among the emi- 
 grants, but owing to the prompt action and skill of the surgeon only 
 one death occurred. They reached Victoria in March, 1850, and 
 were ordered into quarantine for a time, Dr. Helmcken was al- 
 most immediately transferred to Fort Rupert where the coal mines 
 were being opened. It was during the first few months of his resi- 
 dence there that the trouble among the miners which is described in 
 the introduction took place. The men wanted to get away to Cali- 
 fornia to the gold mines and desired to break their agreement with 
 the company. After six months at Fort Rupert Dr. Helmcken was 
 called to Victoria to attend Governor Blanchard, who was ill. He 
 continued from that time forth to reside at Victoria. In 1852 he 
 married the daughter of Governor Douglas and in 1855 he was 
 elected to the first legislative assembly of Vancouver Island to re- 
 present Esquimalt. He was appointed speaker of the assembly, and 
 continued to occupy this position till confederation with the Do- 
 minion in 1871 when he abandoned politics. From 1864 till 1871 
 he was a member of the executive council of British Columbia. At 
 that time a seat in the house did not bring any remuneration with 
 it, and Dr. Helmcken labored during the best years of his life in the 
 interests of the colony without desiring or obtaining any reward for 
 it. During the agitation for confederation he was strongly opposed 
 to the movement and was regarded as the fore front of the opposi- 
 tion. When terms most favorable to British Columbia, which he.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 187 
 
 together with Mr. Trutch and Dr. Carroll, were sent to Ottawa to 
 negotiate, were agreed upon, only then did he change his attitude, 
 and it was in a great measure owing to him that the transconti- 
 nental railway was' made a condition of union. Immediately after 
 confederation Dr. Helmcken was offered a senatorship, but declined 
 the honor, chiefly because he deemed it his paramount duty to edu- 
 cate his family. He accordingly agreed to the appointment of Mr. 
 W. J. McDonald, it being an understood thing that he should re- 
 tire in case Dr. Helmcken should change his mind in the future. 
 Since confederation Dr. Helmcken has devoted himself to his pri- 
 vate practice. He has large interests in Victoria and Vancouver 
 Island. 
 
 llendry, John, (New Westminster), born in the district of 
 Belle Dune, county of Gloster, New Brunswick, on the 20th of 
 January, 1854, is the second son of the late James Hendry, who 
 left West Kilbride, Ayrshire, Scotland, in 1840, and settled at Belle 
 Dune, where he engaged extensively in milling enterpi'ises, establish- 
 ing both flour and lumber mills. Mr. Hendry was educated at the 
 public school in his native county, and at an early age entered the 
 same occupation as his father. In conjunction with his elder 
 brother he established a mill in the distant part of the county 
 and continued to conduct it till his father's death, when he took 
 charge of his business and carried it on till his younger brother be- 
 came old enough to take control of it. His father had towards the 
 close of his life, gradually centred his interest in flour milling, 
 and this business not being congenial to Mr. Hendry's tastes, he 
 withdrew himself from connection with it at as early a date as 
 possible. In 1870, before going into any other enterprise, he took 
 a trip through a portion of the Western States and was greatly in- 
 clined to begin a business in Duluth, which was then just springing 
 into existence, and whose excellent situation as a lake port Mr. 
 Hendry clearly saw. He returned to New Brunswick, however, 
 and again established a lumber mill. For two years he continued 
 at this, doing a large export business, one of his chief markets being 
 the West India Islands. He was restless, however, in New Bruns- 
 wick, and like most young men of enterprise, desired to enlarge his 
 knowledge of the world. He had determined to go to the Argen- 
 tine Republic, and would have done so had it not been that the
 
 188 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 yellow fever broke out there and continued to rage. He then 
 turned his attention to British Columbia, which had just entered 
 the Canadian Confederation, and about which there was a great 
 deal of talk. Early in the summer of 1872 he made preparations 
 for leaving Eastern Canada, and in August he came by way of 
 Duluth, which he desired again to visit, and over the United 
 States system of railways. He reached Victoria in the latter part 
 of September. He found the lumber business very dull in British 
 Columbia at that time, this industry on the Pacific coast being 
 chiefly confined to Puget Sound. He accordingly did not remain in 
 the Province, but returned to Washington Territory. As he was 
 anxious to obtain a knowledge of any details of the business pecu- 
 liar to this Coast, before investing capital in an enterprise, he spent 
 the winter at Seabeck, in the employ of the Washington Saw Mill 
 Company, engaged in surveying logs and mill-wrighting. He 
 remained there till April, 1873, when he decided to return to 
 British Columbia. He stopped on his way at Port Gamble, where 
 he was induced to enter the employ of the Puget Sound Saw Mill 
 Company, of which Mr. Cyrus Walker was then the local manager. 
 Here he was engaged at the same work as at Seabeck, and he had 
 thus every facility to obtain an insight not only into the manner 
 in which the milling business was conducted on the Pacific coast, 
 but also of thoroughly learning the quality of the timber, and 
 especially that employed in the export trade. In January of 1874, 
 he left Port Gamble. The Moody ville Saw Mill on Burrard Inlet 
 had been destroyed and the manager, Mr. Moody, had gone 
 over to Puget Sound to engage millwrights for its reconstruction. 
 Mr. Hendry determined to see how matters stood and accordingly 
 came to British Columbia. He went to Moodyville where he 
 obtained the position of foreman of the millwrights engaged in 
 putting in the machinery. When the mill was completed it ran 
 day and night to make up for lost time, and Mr. Hendry had 
 charge during the night. He remained at Moodyville until June, 
 1875, using his opportunities during all this time to study the 
 business. It seemed to him then, however, that it would be many 
 years before the timber in this country would be very valuable, 
 owing to its abundance and the sparse population. The Red river 
 country was then coming into prominence and he observed the 
 large prices that were being given for lumber in Winnipeg. He
 
 JOHN GRANT.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 189 
 
 thought, therefore, that that would be a better country than 
 British Columbia to engage in the industry. He accordingly went 
 to Winnipeg where he remained for a very short time indeed. He 
 was disgusted with the stunted and sickly growth of the forests of 
 the plains, after the magnificient woods of British Columbia, and he 
 could hardly bring himself to regard as timber the article so termed. 
 At this time too, business was very dull in Winnipeg, owing to the 
 grasshopper visitation. From there he returned to the Coast and 
 determined to settle in California. When he arrived at San 
 Francisco he deposited his money in the bank and looked about the 
 country for some time. He finally decided to go to the Red Wood 
 country, and was on the eve of starting when the bank in which all 
 his money was deposited went into liquidation, and all he could get 
 at that time was $50.00. He saw it was useless to remain longer 
 in California and he accordingly came to British Columbia, where 
 he was known. He went to Nanaimo first where he spent the 
 winter building a saw mill for Mr. Carpenter. He then went to 
 New Westminster, where during the summer of 1876, he put up a. 
 mill for Mr. W. J. Armstrong. In the autumn he returned to 
 Nanaimo and formed a partnership with Mr. David McNair, to 
 build and operate a sash and door factory. Early in 1877 he went 
 to San Francisco and purchased the machinery, and at the same 
 time he drew the money which he had deposited in the bank there, 
 that institution having turned out to have considerably more assets 
 than liabilities. During 1877 he lived in Nanaimo, conducting this 
 sash and door factory, and in the spring of 1878, a partnership 
 company composed of Mr. Hendry, Mr. McNair and Messrs. 
 Andrew Haslam and R. B. Kelly, was formed under the firm title 
 of Hendry, McNair & Co., and a small saw mill, sash and door 
 factory, and box factory were established at New Westminster. 
 The fishing business on the Fraser river which was yearly becoming 
 more important, made the need of a box factory apparent. The 
 business at Nanaimo was still carried on by Messrs. Hendry & 
 McNair. In both places the business increased rapidly. In 1880 
 the Westminster company found it necessary to become incor- 
 porated in order to hold real estate, and accordingly the Royal City 
 Planing Mills Company composed of the same persons as the 
 partnership company, was organized and incorporated. Shortly 
 after this Mr. A. E. Lees joined the company. Of this company
 
 190 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Mr. Hendry became president and general manager and has since 
 continued to hold these positions. In 1885 the Royal City Planing 
 Mills Company purchased the Mill at Nanaimo and continued to 
 conduct it for a year, when Messrs. Haslain & Lees bought it 
 giving their share of stock in the company for it. These gentlemen 
 having gone out the company was now composed of Messrs. Hendry, 
 McNair, Kelly and Beecher, the latter having purchased an interest 
 in the industry. During the period of the boom in Port Moody 
 real estate, Mr. Kelly sold out, leaving three interested in the con- 
 cern. The business had greatly increased and continued to increase 
 so rapidly that when Vancouver came into existence the company 
 established a branch there in 1887. During the great fire their 
 mill was in course of construction and was one of the few buildings 
 left standing. During this time the company had been acquiring 
 timber limits, and had secured some of the best in the Province. 
 They had hitherto done a purely local business but they now 
 determined to begin an export trade. Owing to the difficulties at 
 the mouth of the Fraser river and the want of a proper chart, 
 lumber ships were chary about going up the river. The company 
 however, in conjunction with the Board of Trade, of which Mr. 
 Hendry was president, succeeded finally in inducing the govern- 
 ment to survey and improve the mouth of the river, and in 1888 
 Mr. Hendry had the satisfaction of seeing foreign ships loading at 
 his mill for all parts of the world. During the autumn of 1888 he 
 conceived the idea of purchasing Hastings Saw Mill for the pur- 
 pose of increasing the company's export trade, and negotiations with 
 this object in view were closed in October, 1889, when Hastings 
 mill became the property of the Royal City Planing Mills Co., with 
 Mr. Hendry as president and general manager. During the last 
 session of the Provincial Legislature a bill was passed through the 
 house consolidating the two companies under the title of the 
 British Columbia Mills, Timber and Trading Co. The success and 
 prosperity of the company has been very marked and has been due 
 almost entirely to the untiring efforts and foresight of the original 
 founder, From its establishment in 1878, the business has in- 
 creased from a local trade of 7000 feet per day, to a foreign and 
 local trade of 250,000 feet per day. The other portion of the com- 
 pany's business has also increased in size and importance. The 
 factories are successful in the extreme and the importations of glass
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 191 
 
 are the largest in the Province. Mr. Hendry settled in New 
 Westminster in 1878 and was elected to the City Council in 1888 
 and was chairman of the committee which had in hand the work of 
 re-surveying the city. He was one of the charter members of the 
 New Westminster Board of Trade, and has been on the council 
 board of the organization ever since, having for several terms been 
 vice-president and during the last three years president of the 
 board. He had a good deal to do with obtaining the charter for the 
 New Westminster Southern Railway Company, and is interested in 
 the company. He has also been largely instrumental in pushing 
 forward the improvements on the Fraser river. He was urged to 
 accept the mayoralty of the city in 1889, as the new charter was 
 being introduced and a resolute hand was required at the helm. 
 He accepted and continued to act for six months, when he resigned 
 in consequence of his position as chief magistrate clashing with his 
 position as a member of the New Westminster Southern Railway 
 Company. He is largely interested in many enterprises, both in 
 New Westminster and Vancouver, and is one of the most promin- 
 ent men of the Province. He is a member of the Masonic frater- 
 nity and was treasurer of the lodge for four years. He is also a 
 member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen and an adherent 
 of the Presbyterian church. In February, 1882, he married 
 Adeline, daughter of the late Donald McMillan, of Picton, Nova 
 Scotia. 
 
 Hibben, Thomas Napier, born 1828 at Charleston, North 
 Carolina, died January 10th, 1890, at Victoria, B. C. Mr. Hibben 
 had been a familiar figure in the city of Victoria since 1858, having 
 in that year arrived there from San Francisco. He was educated at 
 his native place, and when twenty -one years of age went to Cali- 
 fornia during the great mining excitement in 1849. He made a 
 good deal of money at the mines and then established a stationery 
 business in San Francisco, which he sold to Bancroft in 1858 when 
 he came to British Columbia. Shortly after his arrival in Victoria 
 he formed a partnership with Mr. Carswell and purchased Kier- 
 ski's bookstore, which they continued to conduct till 1866 when Mr. 
 Hibben bought his partner's interest and thereafter managed the 
 business himself. At no time did he take an active interest in poli- 
 tics, but was a thorough business man and by his unassuming vir- 
 tues he gained the highest respect of his fellow-citizens. He was a
 
 192 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 member of the Pioneer society, and of the Board of Trade and an. 
 adherent of the Reformed Episcopal church. 
 
 Higgins, Hon. David Williams, (Victoria), was born in 
 Halifax, Nova Scotia, on November 30th, 1834. His father was a 
 native of Manchester, England, and in 1814 emigrated to Canada 
 and settled in Nova Scotia. In 1836 Mr. Higgins' parents removed 
 to Brooklyn, New Jersey, and here Mr. Higgins was educated. He 
 went to California in 1852, and in 1856 he founded the Morning 
 Call newspaper, which he sold in 1858, when he removed to British 
 Columbia. He settled in Victoria and for many years subsequently he 
 was connected with the newspaper business. For a number of years 
 he was editor and proprietor of the Colonist. He organized and 
 was first president of the Victoria fire department and was a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Education from 1866 to 1869. He has been a 
 member of the city council and was returned to the Local Legisla- 
 ture as member of Victoria district at the general election of 1886. 
 In 1869 he was elected speaker of the house and at the recent elec- 
 tions was returned by his constituents. In politics he is a Liberal- 
 Conservative. Mr. Higgins is interested in many important enter- 
 prises in the Province. He was the promoter and is president of 
 the electric street railway of Victoria. 
 
 Hilbcrt, John, (Nanaimo), son of the late John Hilbert, was 
 born on the 29th of July, 1845, at Isle Haxey, Lincolnshire, Eng- 
 land. He was educated at his native place under Rev. Charles 
 J. Hawkins, and at the age of 1 5 years left school and went to the 
 town of Leeds, Yorkshire, where he apprenticed himself to the 
 pattern-making business in the establishment of Tannet, Walker <fe 
 Co., who employed eleven hundred men. After finishing his ap- 
 prenticeship he went to Sheffield where he followed his trade for a 
 time and afterwards returned to Leeds where he continued to re- 
 side till 1874. In 1866 he married Miss Mary Jane Gilligan. In 
 1874 he determined to try his fortune in the new world, and se- 
 lected Nanaimo as the place at which he should settle. He accord- 
 ingly sailed for New York, and from there came by way of the 
 Central Pacific to British Columbia and located without delay in 
 the Diamond City. During his first year's residence in Nanaimo he 
 followed the contracting business and put up several fine buildings.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 193 
 
 The Methodist church at Wellington and the school building in 
 Nanaimo are both his workmanship. In 1875, about twelve months 
 after his arrival, he established the furniture business which he has 
 now, renting the premises which he now occupies. His business 
 flourished under his judicious management and he was soon in a, 
 position to purchase the place he had leased. Mr. Hilbert has taken 
 a prominent part in politics since his arrival in the Province and 
 especially in municipal affairs since the incorporation of the city. 
 He has been repeatedly urged to stand for the Local Legislature, 
 but has firmly declined to do so. He represented the city for six 
 years at the council board, and during five of these terms he filled 
 the positions of chairman of the Street committee and of the Police 
 Committee. In 1879 he stood for the position of Mayor of the 
 city, and was defeated by only seven votes. Last year he was 
 elected to the position of chief magistrate. Outside of his furnitm-e 
 business Mr. Hilbert has large interests in Nanaimo, and is a stock 
 holder in many important enterprises, notably the gas and water 
 works and the tannery. In Dominion politics he is a Liberal-Con- 
 servative and a supporter of the Macdonald administration. Mr. 
 Hilbert is the founder of the Order of Foresters in Nanaimo and 
 passed through all the chairs in the lodge. He is a member of the 
 Order of Oddfellows and has occupied all the offices in the gift of 
 the lodges in British Columbia. He is District Deputy Grand 
 Commander of the American Legion of Honor and treasurer of the 
 Order of Druids. He is a charter member of the Knights of 
 Pythias and treasurer of the Uniform rank. Mr. Hilbert was also 
 the founder of the Ancient Order of United Workmen in Nanaimo 
 and has twice been a delegate to the grand lodge. 
 
 Herring, A. M., (New Westminster), was born in the Ionian 
 Islands, on May 2nd, 1852. Some few years later the family removed 
 to England, where Mr. Herring received his primary education, 
 from which place they emigrated to British Columbia in 1859, dur- 
 ing the great Fraser river gold mining excitement. Mr. Her- 
 ring's education was continued as far as the then educational 
 facilities of the colony would allow and finally completed by a four 
 year's collegiate course in California where he grduated with great 
 honor in chemistry and the science of electricity. Mr. Herring 
 pursued his calling as chemist and druggist for several years with 
 
 (14)
 
 194 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 much success. Some years later the science of electricity began to 
 attract great attention and owing to the rapid development of 
 California and the extension of the electric telegraph the demand 
 for telegraph operators became so great that Mr. Herring and 
 several others opened what was known as the San Francisco 
 Electrical College, where pupils were fitted in a few month to 
 assume the duties of telegraph operator and were immediately 
 placed in positions on the Western Union Lines. He finally dis- 
 posed of his interest to his partners, and removed to New West- 
 minster, and for several years after, he engaged in mining in 
 Cassiar, Peace river and Cariboo, finally resuming his profession of 
 chemist and druggist, and opening a business in Barkerville, Cari- 
 boo, which proved very successful. On the decline of Cariboo Mr. 
 Herring removed to New Westminster where he opened a whole- 
 sale and retail drug business, which finally developed into one of 
 the largest and most extended businesses of its kind in British 
 Columbia, from the proceeds of which and their successful reinvest- 
 ment in real estate he has secured a large fortune. Mr. Herring 
 possesses the rare quality of being a good financier. He is an ex- 
 alderman and was chairman of the finance committee of the City of 
 New Westminster for some time, which position he filled with 
 honor and integrity and to the advantage of the city. He is 
 president and financier of the New Westminster Electric Light 
 and Motor Power Company, and a prominent member of the Board 
 of Trade, the Agricultural Society, the Independent Order of 
 Oddfellows, Knights of Pythias and other societies, and is a public 
 spirited man always assisting any worthy object. Mr. Herring's 
 energy, perseverence and push have assisted in the rapid advance- 
 ment of the city of New Westminster. In 1887 Mr. Herring 
 erected "Herring's Opera House," a building 50 x 130 feet, seating 
 1,200 persons, which is a great boon to the city, Mr. Herring 
 always securing the very best talent he can to occupy the same, 
 often at his own loss. He is one of the pioneers of British Colum- 
 bia and has witnessed all the vicissitudes and experienced all the 
 hardships of a pioneer's life, the incidents of which if recorded 
 would make a very interesting book. He is one of the many self- 
 made men of the province, who owe all their success to their in- 
 domitable will and perseverence. Mr. Herring has been married 
 to a most estimable lady for the past fifteen years and has four 
 children.
 
 HON. J. S. HELMCKEN.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 195 
 
 Hill, Albert James, (New Westminster), born at Sydney, 
 Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, April 7th, 1836, the third son of John 
 Lewis Hill, Esq., and Margaret, daughter of Joseph Whyte, Esq., 
 M. D., R. N., of Banff, Scotland. On the paternal side Mr. Hill 
 is of good old United Empire Loyalist stock, his great grandfather 
 William Hill, in his devotion to the King's cause having forfeited a 
 very considerable property in New England, and accepted exile in 
 the then infant colony of Nova Sctia with his household of sixteen 
 persons, rather than yield his faith in the divine right of his 
 sovereign. He received the appointment of Comptroller of His 
 Majesty's Customs in the then crown colony of the Island of Cape 
 Breton, and died at Sydney in 1802. On the maternal side the 
 familiar names of Baris, Stroud and Whyte-Melville are among his 
 near kin in Scotland. Mr. Hill received his earlier education at 
 home, the excellent system of public schools of Nova Scotia not 
 being then established. He spent several years in ship building 
 and in conjunction with his brothers added two trim schooners to 
 the fleet of Cape Breton county. Went to Boston as supercargo of 
 the schooner " Marian " with the first cargo of coal from the Island 
 after the purchase of the rights of the Duke of York in 1860. 
 Entered Harbor Collegiate Academy, August, 1861, and matricu- 
 lated into Acadia College September, 1862, taking the full curricu- 
 lum and graduating in the first class A. B., 1866. Married, July, 
 1866, Agnes, daughter of Alexander Lawrence, Esq., of St. John, 
 New Brunswick, and sister of W. Lawrence, Esq., for many years 
 prominent in the political history of the province, a union blessed 
 witli two sons and two daughters. Spent the first two years after 
 graduating on the teaching staff of Harbor Academy and immedi- 
 ately afterwards, May, 1868, accepted an appointment on the E. & 
 N. A. Ry. and assisted in locating that line to Winn on the 
 Penobscot river. In May, 1869, received an appointment on the 
 Government staff of the Intercolonial Railway in Miramichi, N. B., 
 on the surveys and location of sections 20, 21, and 22, in New 
 Brunswick. Was transferred, January 1st, 1870, to construction 
 of section 12, Truro, N. S., and continued on sections 12 and 7 till 
 January 1st., 1872, meanwhile locating the Acadia mines branch 
 and the present Springhill branch lines. In February, 1872, 
 accepted a position on the staff of the Louisburg Mineral Railway 
 and carried out the exploratory work of that line continuing through
 
 196 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 its location, and as chief engineer for the London contractors to the 
 close of construction in 1874. Appointed manager of the Lorway 
 and Emory collieries and opened and operated the latter in 1872 
 and 1873, and carried out a geological survey of the eastern Cape 
 Breton coal fields, afterwards embodied with the plans of the Do- 
 minion geological survey and published by order of the Government. 
 Prepared and published a map of the Island of Cape Breton, 1875, 
 in the employ of the local government of Nova Scotia and con- 
 ducted the surveys of the Thompson and Pugwash, and Springhill 
 and Pugwash railway lines. In 1876 appointed manager of the 
 Cumberland colliery and continued this work till its amalgamation 
 with the Coal Mining Association in 1877. Made surveys for the 
 Maccon and Joggins branch railway. Engaged in 1877 on the 
 geological survey staff in examination of the southern portion of 
 Cumberland county, N. S. Surveyed Oxford and Pugwash Railway 
 for the Dominion Government. In 1878 commissioned as provincial 
 crown land surveyor for Cumberland and executed topographical 
 surveys for the local government. In 1869 sent to Algoma by the 
 Dominion Government in connection with the contracts from 
 Southern creek to English river. Prepared an interesting list of 
 geological specimens which were presented to McGill University. 
 On January 1st, 1880, ordered to British Columbia on construction 
 of C. P. R. contract from Yale to Sumas and continued in this 
 work till October, 1882, when he was removed to Port Moody and 
 closed his connection with the Government service in December, 
 1884. Since that date he has been in private practice in New 
 Westminster. He is engineer for the Municipality of Surrey and 
 conducts an extensive general practice in all parts of the Dominion. 
 Is a charter member of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers, a 
 corporator of the C. "W. W. Co., a member of the New Westminster 
 Club and a corresponding member of the Ottawa Field Batonists 
 Club. Was chi^f engineer of the New Westminster Southern Rail- 
 way from its inception to August 1st, 1889 and carried out the 
 location surveys for the line. Resigned his position at the latter 
 date in order to devote his whole attention to his increasing private 
 practice. Mr. Hill has rendered efficient service both in public 
 and private capacities to geological research in his native province 
 and in British Columbia. In politics he has been a steady and con- 
 sistent Conservative but sets principle above party.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 197 
 
 If oflar. Noble Stonestrect, (Vancouver), son of Dr. A. M. 
 
 HofFar, of Washington, D. C., and Mary Ellen Stonestreet Hof- 
 far, was born at Washington, D. C., December 12th, 1843. Edu- 
 cated at Georgetown College, where he graduated as B. A. at the 
 age of twenty years. He took a post graduate course and left with 
 the degree of M. A. In 1866 he came to the Pacific coast, and dur- 
 ing the next seven years engaged in mining in Nevada, Utah and 
 Arizona. Tired of the wild life which had become so familiar to 
 him he decided to get back into civilization. In 1872 he settled in 
 Los Angeles, where he began his present business as an architect and 
 builder. In 1878 he removed to Oregon, and settled in Baker's 
 City, where he remained till 1883 when he came to Victoria. While 
 in Victoria he was ill, and after recovering he went to Nanaimo 
 where he built the hospital and other large structures. He was sub- 
 sequently engaged on several large structures at New Westminster, 
 and the day before the great fire which destroyed Vancouver he 
 arrived in that city where he has since resided. He has designed 
 many of the splendid structures for which the terminal city is cele- 
 brated, and has been identified with a number of enterprises which 
 have had their origin there. He married Miss Annie Odon, of St. 
 Louis, Missouri. 
 
 Home, James Welton, M. P. P., (Vancouver), eldest son of 
 the late Christopher and Elizabeth Harriet Orr Home, was born 
 3rd November, 1853, at Toronto, Ontario. His father, a native of 
 Saxe-Cobourg, came to America when a young man, and after a 
 brief residence in the United States, removed to Canada and first 
 settled in Dundas where he established a cloth manufactory. At 
 Toronto he became a partner in the Clarke woollen mills. While 
 this enterprise was still in its infancy he died leaving a widow and 
 five children, of whom the subject of the present sketch was the eld- 
 est; when the estate was wound up it was found that only a few 
 hundred dollars remained for the maintenance of the family. At 
 this time Mr. Home was a lad of nine years of age, attending 
 school, but with the discernment and fortitude of one of rnaturer 
 years he saw and decided that it was his duty to get out into life, 
 and if possible aid his mother in providing for the family. He was 
 willing to take any employment which offered, and the first thing 
 at which he engaged was doing the lighter work on a farm situated.
 
 198 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 near Toronto. He continued at this place for two years, and after 
 his hours of labor were over he worked hard at his books, being 
 fully convinced of the value of an education. He left his first em- 
 ployer to engage with a farmer in Pickering township, who had 
 agreed to allow him every alternate day to attend school. On these 
 terms he remained in Pickering for about a year and a half, when 
 he removed to Scarboro, where he entered the employ of a minister 
 of the Church of England. In this last position he had many ad- 
 vantages; light work, time to attend school and assistance in his- 
 studies from the clergyman, who took an interest in his progress. 
 He remained here till he reached the age of 15 years. Always 
 looking to the future Mr. Home decided that it was time for him 
 to learn some useful trade or profession. After mature consider- 
 ation he concluded that circumstances were too much against him 
 to admit of his entering on the study of a profession. Without 
 money or friends to give him his first start it was impossible for 
 him to accomplish much. He accordingly looked about him for 
 some trade, and having a strong bent toward mechanical studies he 
 decided to apprentice himself to a large machine manufactory at 
 Whitby. He did so and for the next five years he remained in this 
 establishment sedulously devoting his attention to the acquisition 
 of a knowledge of all the branches of the business. Not only did 
 he bend all his energies during his hours of labor to the accomplish- 
 ment of this task, but his evenings and all his leisure time were de- 
 voted to study. The result was that he became a first-class me- 
 chanical draughtsman, pattern-maker and wood-carver, while at the 
 same he acquired a thorough knowledge of the higher branches of 
 mechanices. During the five years of his apprenticeship Mr. Home 
 denied himself, in his anxiety to fit himself in every manner for the 
 future struggle in life, of all luxuries and pleasures and allowed his 
 salary to accumulate in the business. At the end of that time there 
 was about $5,000 to his credit. This he invested in the business, 
 and was almost immediately after elected a director of the company, 
 and also on account of his thorough knowledge of the whole busi- 
 ness, his sound practical judgment and skill as a workman he was 
 appointed assistant-superintendent of the whole establishment. He 
 continued to conduct this immense establishment for two years 
 when, owing to the failure of his health, he was obliged to resign 
 this position. He accordingly sold out his interest and took a.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 199 
 
 much-needed rest. He subsequently began business as an insurance 
 agent with headquarters at Whitby and latterly at Belleville, and 
 he succeeded so well that before long he held the agencies for eleven 
 companies. When he had been two years engaged in this business 
 he obtained the inspectorship between Kingston and Toronto for 
 two large companies. His salary for this work was a handsome one, 
 but Mr. Home was not content to work for salary, however large. 
 His mind was filled with the possibilities of Western America and 
 he felt confident that fortune awaited him there. His energy and 
 enterprise, and his business ability and knowledge, he felt, would 
 find a readier sphere in the new world than in the conservative 
 cities of the east. Accordingly in the spring of 1878 he threw up 
 his position as inspector and went to Southern California. His 
 health at this time was not very good, and he thought that that 
 climate would benefit him. He found everything so dull and flat 
 from a business point of view that he remained only a few months. 
 Manitoba then known as the Red River Country was at this time 
 coming prominently into notice as one having a great future before 
 it. There was rumor of the Dominion Government building a 
 branch railroad (afterwards when built known as the Pembina 
 branch) on the east side of the Red river from St. Boniface to St. 
 Vincent to connect with the Manitoba, St. Paul and Minneapolis 
 road. Mr. Home in looking at the matter from a business point of 
 view saw that this territory must become an important province, 
 and that it must have a commercial centre, and he decided that a 
 splendid opportunity was afforded him of establishing himself. He 
 accordingly went to Winnipeg, which was then a struggling collec- 
 tion of wooden cabins with a population of about 3,000 persons. 
 He opened an insurance and shipping office and in a short time suc- 
 ceeded in building up a good business. Not long after his arrival 
 in Winnipeg he was appointed by the Northwest Navigation Com- 
 pany agent for the Red river steamers plying between Winnipeg and 
 Grand Forks, the terminus of the St. Paul R. R. The Red river at 
 that time was the only highway to Manitoba, and it was found ne- 
 cessary to establish a bonded warehouse at Emerson, the point 
 where the river crossed the international boundary line. Mr. 
 Home opened an office here which he placed in charge of an agent. 
 At this time he secured the appointment of valuator and inspector 
 for the Northwest Loan Co., which did a large business in Manitoba.
 
 200 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 In the spring of 1881 after the charter for the C. P. R. west from 
 Winnipeg to the Rocky mountains had been granted there were 
 hundreds of people in Winnipeg on the qui vive to be the first on 
 the site of the large town which was expected to spring up on 
 the line of railway in the centre of the fine agricultural country west 
 of Winnipeg. Mr. Home concluded that he would be first on the 
 site and be one of the chief founders of this proposed city, and when 
 General Rpsser laid out the route of the railway Mr. Home followed 
 him on horseback. When he reached the Assiniboine river he de- 
 cided that he had found the site of the future metropolis, and three 
 reasons confirmed him in this opinion. It was at the head of navi- 
 gation on the Assiniboine; it was in the centre of a magnificent ag- 
 ricultural district and it was sufficiently far away from Winnipeg, 
 and would, if it once got fairly under way attract the crowd leaving 
 that city. The site of the future town was at this time indistingu- 
 ishable from the prairie which stretched on every side except by the 
 grade stakes of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Mr. Home entered 
 into an agreement with the railway company by which he was given 
 a certain quantity of land at a fixed price, and on his erecting busi- 
 ness buildings he was to have a rebate. He at once opened an of- 
 fice, or rather erected a tent on the prairie, divided his land into 
 lots, opened and graded streets and when this preliminary work was 
 accomplished began the erection of buildings. His desire was to at- 
 tract attention and residents to the new place, and in order to do 
 this he went to Winnipeg and got business men on condition of 
 their obtaining their stores free of rent for the first six months to 
 cast in their fortunes with the young town. The plan worked ad- 
 mirably. Every new citizen attracted others, the town became ad- 
 vertised, people talked about it and then came to it. The Govern- 
 ment land agent was induced by Mr. Home to make this his 
 headquarters, and thus the first official building was located here. 
 Mr. Home then went to Winnipeg and after strenuous efforts suc- 
 ceeded in getting the Government to establish a postoffice at the 
 place. The newspapers began finally to talk of the new town and 
 its growth and it thus became better known. The result of all this 
 energy was that in the autumn of the first year between two and 
 three hundred persons had taken up their abode in Brandon. Dur- 
 ing all this time Mr. Home continued erecting buildings on his own 
 property, and Rosser avenue, the street on which these were put
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 201 
 
 tip, became the principal thoroughfare of the place. In November 
 the railway came through and with it a large number of people 
 poured in. In the spring of 1882 there were over two thousand 
 residents in the place and a public meeting was accordingly held, 
 and a charter of incorporation as a city was applied for and granted. 
 Mr. Home declined to accept the mayoralty, but allowed himself to 
 be placed on the council board. At the first meeting of the alder- 
 manic board Mr. Home was appointed chairman of the board of pub- 
 works. In this capacity he brought in a report recommending the 
 opening up of streets, laying of sidewalks and similar improvements 
 to the extent of $150,000. The recommendation was adopted and 
 the work of carrying it out in detail was left to Mr. Home. He at 
 once advertised for tenders in the principal papers of the east, and 
 the attention of conti'actors and workingmen was thus drawn to the 
 place. The result was that a large number of people were attracted 
 thither and by the end of the year Brandon had a population of 
 4,000 persons. It was through Mr. Home's influence and energy 
 that Brandon was appointed the western judicial seat, and a jail and 
 courthouse were built. A registry office was also established there, 
 and the position of registrar was offered to and declined by Mr. 
 Home. Mr. Home's property increased with that of the town and 
 he was regarded as not only the most enterprising and successful, 
 but as the wealthiest citizen of Brandon. Mr. Home had always 
 kept a watchful eye on the Pacific Province, and was especially re- 
 regardful of the terminus of the railway. In the spring of 1883 he 
 took a trip to Southern California, and on his return visited Bur- 
 rard Inlet and the Fraser. He perceived, however, that he was too 
 soon, and he accordingly returned to Brandon. In the spring of 
 1884 he again visited Burrard Inlet, but found he was too 
 soon yet and the only investment he made was some farm- 
 ing land which is now very valuable. In March, 1886, he 
 he finally came through to Vancouver, one year and a half 
 before the railway had been extended to it. He took up his resi- 
 dence there, however, and invested largely in real estate. He had 
 intended going into the banking and loan business, but his health 
 was so poor that he felt the close attention necessary in those pur- 
 suits would have injured him. In 1888 he was elected a member of 
 the city council of Vancouver and ag"ain in 1889 on both occasions 
 heading the poll and in 1890 he stood successfully as a candidate
 
 202 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 for the Local Legislature. Since coming to British Columbia Mr. 
 Home has been identified with almost every enterprise which has 
 for its object the development of the country and the building up 
 of Vancouver. He has centered the most of his interests here and 
 these now amount to over a million and a half of dollars. He is 
 president of the Vancouver Foundry, chairman of the Board of Public 
 Works, chairman of the Board of Park Commissioners, director on 
 Electric Railway and Light Company, president on the Pacific Coast 
 Fire Insurance Company, president of Colonization and Trading 
 Company, director Northwest Loan Company, and director on the 
 Northwest Insurance Company, and is on the boards of a large 
 number of other important companies. He is one of the most 
 public-spirited men of Vancouver and has the full confidence of the 
 citizens, as has been shown repeatedly at the polls. He is a prom- 
 inent member of the Masonic fraternity and a member of the Pres- 
 byterian church. Mr. Home's career is one which young Canad- 
 ians would do well to consider with attention. His marvellous 
 success is the result of unswerving fidelity to the motto so often 
 preached, so little practiced : " Industry, intelligence, integrity." 
 
 Hume, Fred. J., (Revelstoke), is a Canadian, of Irish descent, 
 and was born in Jacksontown, New Brunswick, on August 8th, 
 1860. In his early life Mr. Hume received a thorough business ed- 
 ucation and training at Fredericton, N. B. In the spring of 1883 
 he travelled to British Columbia and chose Revelstoke for his home, 
 engaging in the dry goods business, and also carrying on a general 
 trade between Nelson, on the Kootenay Lake, and Revelstoke. Mr. 
 Hume is largely interested in the mineral development of the Koot- 
 enay District, and also in the Columbia and Kootenay River and 
 Lake Steam Navigation Company, of which he is a managing direct- 
 or, besides having considerable interest in the townsite of Nelson, 
 British Columbia, a,part from his mining and other occupations. 
 Mr. Hume is a Justice of the Peace for the District of Kootenay, B. 
 C., and a Notary Public. He has suffered large losses from fire, 
 having twice had his warehouses, together with their contents, 
 destroyed. In spite of these misfortunes Mr. Hume is doing a 
 flourishing business and is one of the most prosperous men in the 
 Rockies.
 
 [JOHN HENDRY.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 203 
 
 Humphreys, Hon. Tlios. Basil, (Victoria), born at Liver- 
 pool, England, in 1840. Educated at Walton and came to British 
 Columbia in 1863. Was first returned to the Legislative Council as 
 representative of Lillooet in 1867, and continued to occupy this seat 
 till confederation. He was returned to the first Provincial parlia- 
 ment as representative of the same constituency, and at the general 
 election of 1875 stood successfully for Victoria district. Mr. Hum- 
 phreys continued to hold his seat till the session of 1890, when ill 
 health forced him to seek a change of climate. He was one of the 
 most active politicians in the early days of the colony and after con- 
 federation was Provincial secretary in the Walkem government. In 
 November, 1873, he married Miss Carrie Watkins. 
 
 Innes, James Henry, (Esquimalt), was born in London, Eng- 
 land, on May 31st, 1834, his parents being of Scotch descent. Mr. 
 Innes was educated for Her Majesty's Civil Service in Lon- 
 don, and previous to his arrival in British Columbia served in 
 the civil department of the Royal Navy from October 8th, 1848, 
 his first appointment being at Malta, and later on he was stationed 
 at Constantinople throughout the Crimean War. He was after- 
 wards sent to Bermuda and thence removed to London, England, 
 and on May 24th, 1873, was given his present appointment at 
 Esquimalt, where he is naval and victualling storekeeper and 
 accountant in charge of the Royal Naval Yard. Mr. Innes is a 
 member of the Masonic Order, and an adherent of the Church of 
 England. He has been in Her Majesty's service for over forty- two 
 years. 
 
 Irving, Captain William, born 1816 in Annan, Dumfrieshire, 
 Scotland, died August 28th, 1872, at New Westminster, British 
 Columbia. Captain Irving was the first citizen of British Colum- 
 bia who placed the steamboat and shipping industry on the Main- 
 land on a regular and systematic basis and his energy and 
 enterprise, sustained by a belief in the future of the country, gave 
 him during the latter part of his life a practical monopoly in this 
 business on the Fraser river. He was reared to a seafaring life, and in 
 1849 he arrived at Oregon as master and part owner of the bark 
 " Success " with which he engaged in the lumber trade in Oregon 
 and California. He continued at this business with great success
 
 204 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 for a number of years, and during that time purchased considerable 
 property in what is now the city of Portland, and which has since 
 turned out extremely valuable. He subsequently purchased an 
 iron steamer the " Eagle," the first vessel of this kind that ever 
 plied in Oregon waters. In 1859, during the mining excitement 
 he turned his attention to British Columbia, and became interested 
 in the Fraser river steamers, the " Moody " and the " Douglas," the 
 construction of which vessels he personally superintended. In 1861 
 he made the first successful trip from New Westminster to Yale in 
 the "Moody." In the following year he sold out his interest in the 
 "Moody ".and "Douglas" and built the "Reliance" which was for 
 years the finest steamer on those waters. In 1866 he added the 
 steamer "Onward" and continued to increase his fleet as business 
 justified. In 1862 he brought his family from Portland and 
 established himself in New Westminster. He took considerable 
 interest in municipal matters and served several years on the 
 Council Board, acting during one year, 1868, as president of the 
 Council. Captain Irving was associated with many enterprises 
 which had for their object the opening up of the Province, and his 
 shrewdness, business ability and unassailable rectitude, gave chara- 
 cter to and insured the success of any venture which he might 
 invest in. He was a man of large endowments, and of a singularly 
 frank and generous disposition. He was ever ready to assist a 
 friend or for that matter an enemy who might be in deep water. 
 He was a member of the Masonic fraternity, and an honorary mem- 
 ber of the Hyack Fire Company of New Westminster. 
 
 Irving, John, (Victoria), born at Portland, Oregon, on Novem- 
 ber 24th, 1854. Son of the late Captain William Irving, so well 
 known in the early history of the Province, as the largest and most 
 enterprising steamboat owner in British Columbia. Educated at 
 New Westminster and Victoria with a view to ultimately taking 
 charge of his father's extensive business and, with a natural instinct 
 for navigation, studied this science and at an early age got a practi- 
 cal acquaintance with steamboating. After his father's death he 
 continued the business, personally superintending its management 
 and became thoroughly acquainted with the waters of British 
 Columbia. Under his supervision the business continued to in- 
 crease and run so smoothly that accidents were unknown. In 1882
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 205 
 
 the various steamboat companies at Victoria amalgamated and the 
 consolidated company was called the Canadian Pacific Navigation 
 Company. Captain Irving was appointed manager of the new 
 company and has since continued to hold that position. During 
 the last six years the company has expanded and has now a service 
 equal to any in America. Captain Irving has large interests out- 
 side of the Canadian Pacific Navigation Company, and is deeply 
 concerned in the rapid development of the latent resources of the 
 Province. He is president of the Vancouver Water Works Com- 
 pany, and a director in a large number of important enterprises. 
 In 1882 he married Miss Munro, youngest daughter of Mr. Alexan- 
 der Munro, chief factor of the Hudson Bay Co., at Victoria. 
 
 Jackson, Robert Edwin, Q.C., a member of the bar of Brit- 
 ish Columbia, and member of the law firm of Drake, Jackson & 
 Helmcken. Third son of the late John Robert Henry and Jane 
 Scarlett Jackson, of Swallowfield, Wellington, Somersetshire. Claims 
 descent from the Jacksons of Bedale, Yorkshire, and is great grand- 
 son of James Jackson, Vicar of Farnham, Surrey. On the paternal 
 side Mr. Jackson is descended from the Earls of Carnwarth, through 
 his father's mother, Henrietta Teresa Carolina Dalzelle, grand 
 daughter of John Dodd, of Swallowfield Place, Berkshire, the father 
 of Captain Dodd, of the Guards, referred to in Junius' letters. On 
 his mother's side he is descended from the Scarletts of Jamaica, 
 ancestors of the Lords Abinger. Born December 15th, 1826. Ed- 
 ucated at Blundell's school, Tiverton, Devonshire, and Elizabeth 
 College, Guernsey. Admitted an attorney in England in 1849. 
 then became a pupil of John Patch, Pump Court, Temple, and by 
 purchase, the junior member of the firm of Maltby, Robinson & 
 Jackson, which was not a profitable investment. Emigrated to 
 London, Ontario, (then Canada West), 1858, where he entered the 
 office of the late Mr. Justice Wilson, then John Wilson, Q.C. 
 Became student at Osgoode Hall, 1859, and the following year was 
 admitted an attorney of the Courts of Canada. Practised his pro- 
 fession in London, Ontario, until the autumn of 1864, when he left 
 Canada to enter into partnership in Victoria, V. L, with an old 
 friend, his late partner, now Mr. Justice M. W. Trywhitt Drake. 
 Called to the Bar of British Columbia in 1877, appointed a Q.C.> 
 in 1889, and is a Bencher of the British Columbia Law Society.
 
 206 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Was mainly instrumental in the formation of the British Columbia 
 Benevolent Society, of which he was Vice-President for several years, 
 and in 1871, during the McCreig'ht administration, he declined the 
 office of Registrar-General, vacated by the Hon. E. G. Alrton, on 
 the latter becoming Attorney General immediately before the con- 
 federation of the Colony of British Columbia with Canada. Married 
 1867 Eleanor Fanny, second daughter of the late George Leggatt 
 and step daughter of the Hon. T. L. Wood, then Solicitor-General of 
 British Columbia. A member of the Primrose and Imperial Fed- 
 eration Leagues; Conservative, Swallowfield Cottage, Victoria, 
 B.C.; Conservative Club, (1852), St. James street, Eng. ; Union 
 Club, Victoria, B.C. 
 
 Jcssop, John, (Victoria), is a thirty years resident of British 
 Columbia and is the only known survivor of a party of eight who 
 walked across the continent from Fort Garry in 1859. The hard- 
 ships, adventures and dangers of such a trip with meagre supplies, 
 without a guide or semblance of a trail, and hostile Indian tribes 
 just on the boundary of Minnesota and Dakota, were many and 
 various. In those days the plains of the South Saskatchewan, Bow 
 and Belly Rivers were swarming with buffalo, now, unhappily, ex- 
 tinct, and Mr. Jessop's party subsisted on buffalo and antelope meat 
 exclusively for nearly two months, during which time more than 
 750 miles of prairie travelling were accomplished in an air line, 
 increased by zigzaging here and there to pass deep ravines, etc. 
 While searching for an entrance to what was then called the 
 Boundary Pass, they fortunately fell in with a band of Blackfeet 
 Indians, among whom was a Kootenay, who was crossing over to 
 his camp on Tobacco Plains, South Kootenay. For all the ammu- 
 nition, tobacco, clothing and blankets that could be spared, together 
 with a rifle, this Indian acted as guide through the Rockies. By his 
 so doing the lives of this small company of foolhardy adventurers 
 were undoubtedly saved. On the Pend d'Orielle River Mr. Jessop 
 and three of the party crossed and went by way of Coeur d'Alane 
 and Spokane valleys to Colville. In those days the Roman Catho- 
 lic missionary in Coeur d'Alane valley was the only white man from 
 Kootenay to Colville. From the latter place to Vancouver, Wash., 
 over the Cascade Mountains, with navigation entirely closed on the 
 Columbia, in zero weather, and camping out night after night in
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 207 
 
 more or less snow, was an experience anything but agreeable. When 
 the subject of this sketch arrived in Victoria there was nothing for 
 him to do in his profession of school teacher, for the simple and 
 sufficient reason that there were no children to be taught, outside of 
 the few attending the old Colonial school in the reserve. The early 
 spring of '60, therefore, found him tramping it to Cariboo, or all 
 that was then known of this far-famed gold region, namely, the 
 Forks of the Quesnelle, over the unfinished roads on the old Douglas 
 route, via. Lillooet, with a heavy pack and continuously weary 
 muscles. Part of the summer was spent in hard work returns nil 
 on Harvey Creek, and afterwards on another claim on Keithley's 
 Creek, with no better results. Mr. Jessop left the mines and re- 
 turned to New Westminster. Knowing something of type-setting 
 and newspaper work he spent the winter with his friend Leonard 
 McClure, long since deceased, on the Times. In the spring of '61 
 the Times was purchased by Hon. John Robson. and its title changed 
 to The British Columbian. McClure, Jessop and two compositors 
 then formed a co-partnership and started the Victoria Daily Press. 
 The editor set up his leading articles out of the case himself; the 
 "local items" did likewise, and at 3, 4 or 5 o'clock, a.m., the paper 
 would get to press, sometimes on colored wrapping paper, on account 
 of lack of funds to purchase white. In August of that year, the 
 newspaper .business not being a success financially, Mr. Jessop start- 
 a private, non-sectarian school on the system then carried out in 
 Canada west, now Ontario, in the old Assembly Hall, at the foot of 
 View street. This rickety place being neither wind nor water-tight, 
 a new building, that for many years afterwards did duty as the Cen- 
 tral School, was erected on the site of Philharmonic Hall, Fort 
 street at the cost of over $3,000. As soon as the old Vancouver 
 Island colony school system was inaugurated in the following year, 
 the Central School building was rented by the Colonial Government 
 aud the owner appointed principal of the first free, non-sectarian 
 school north of the 49th parallel on the Pacific coast. Matters and 
 things educational went on satisfactorily till the union of the col- 
 onies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia in '66, when a 
 systematic "freezing out" process was commenced by Governor 
 Frederick Seymour and a majority of his council. Mr. Jessop and 
 two or three other teachers continued at their posts meanwhile, 
 with little or no salary, when Christmas, '68, found them in almost
 
 208 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 * 
 
 a starving condition. At this juncture a circus company wintering 
 in Victoria, aided by several amateur performers, offered them a 
 benefit. The old Theatre Royal was packed from "floor to ceiling" 
 on that occasion, and about $400 proceeds was divided pro rata 
 among the destitute teachers. A little more than a year after this 
 the Governor succeeded in closing all the Vancouver Island schools, 
 and over four hundred children, or very many of them, were then 
 left without instruction. Confederation, in '71, brought about a 
 new order of things educational. The late lamented Mr. Justice 
 Robertson, as Provincial Secretary of the first responsible govern- 
 ment of the Province, aided by Mr. Jessop, introduced and passed a 
 School Act, similar in most of its provisions to that then in force in 
 Ontario; and which still forms the groundwork of the present 
 system. Under this Act Mr. Jessop received the appointment of 
 Superintendent of Education for British Columbia; and, with the 
 assistance of an efficient Board of Education, laid broadly and 
 deeply the principles of free, non-sectarian schools. In 78 the gov- 
 ernment of the day made some radical changes in the School Act 
 that the Superintendent and the Board of Education did not approve 
 of, when their resignations were all sent in at the same time. For 
 several years past Mr. Jessop has been Dominion Immigration 
 Agent in this city, a position for which his personal knowledge of 
 almost every district in the Province, admirably qualifies him. This 
 old pioneer of British Columbia spent the first 17 years of his life 
 near Norwich, England, where he was born in 1829. An adven- 
 turous disposition in his younger days induced him to try his 
 fortunes in the new world. On the voyage out to Boston the ship 
 met with such hard usage that all on board felt thankful when she 
 made Halfax Harbor in a sinking condition, minus cargo (mostly 
 jettisoned) spars, one mast, bulwarks and deck houses. Thence he 
 proceeded via New York and Watertown to Kingston, Ont., and 
 thence to Toronto, where he qualified for school teaching at the 
 Toronto Normal School, where a first class A certificate was ob- 
 tained by him in '55. Two years' teaching in the county of Elgin, 
 and two more near Oshawa county, Ontario, brought him to the 
 spring of '59, when with knapsack, pistol and bowie knife, he start- 
 ed for Fort William, and thence over the old Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany's canoe route to Red River. Mr. Jessop was married in 
 Victoria more than 21 years ago to Miss Faussette, also a pioneer
 
 J. W. HORNE.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 209 
 
 teacher, who arrived in '62 from the old country. His father is still 
 living in Ontario, hearty and strong, notwithstanding his burden of 
 90 years; his mother died a few years ago at the advanced age of 86. 
 
 Jewell, Henry, (Victoria), is of United Empire Loyalist stock 
 and was born in Toronto, Ontario. During his childhood the 
 rebellion under Wm. Lyon McKenzie broke out and his uncle and 
 father were both in arms for the crown. His uncle carried the mail 
 on horseback between Kingston and Toronto, and on many occasions 
 had close calls for his life at the hands of rebels whose object was 
 rifling the mail bags of Government dispatches. When Mr. 
 Jewell was nine years of age his father died and he removed to 
 Oshawa, where he resided with an uncle and worked as a carpenter 
 till he was twenty-two years old. He then came to British Colum- 
 bia. He resided in Victoria for two years, and then went to 
 Cariboo, where he mined for seven years but without much success. 
 When he left the mines he settled in Victoria and established his 
 present business. 
 
 Jironard, Sue, (Vernon), was born on July 4th, 1835, at 
 Quebec, and was educated in the public, schools of that city. On 
 leaving school he went to sea for a number of years, but not finding 
 a sea-faring life to his taste he returned to Canada and resided in 
 Ontario till 1852. When Governor Stephenson formed an expedi- 
 tion to explore a route for the Northern Pacific Railway, he was 
 accompanied by Mr. Jirouard who remained with him for two years, 
 during which time he crossed the continent to Vancouver, Washing- 
 ton. At the completion of this expedition in 1854, Mr. Jirouard 
 went to the gold fields of California, where he mined for seven 
 years with varying success. In 1861 he visited the mines in Idaho, 
 and at the close of the same year came to British Columbia and 
 settled at Cherry Creek where he mined three years. In 1864 he 
 pre-empted his present farm at Vernon, of which place he is now 
 postmaster, and where he has been largely engaged in stock-raising. 
 Mr. Jirouard is a Conservative but has taken no part in politics. 
 He is one of the best agriculturists in the Okanagon district, and 
 as a stock-raiser stands in the first rank. 
 
 Johnston, Angus R., (Nanaimo), was born in Ayrshire, Scot- 
 land, on August 12th, 1842. He was educated partly at Inverness- 
 
 (15)
 
 210 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 and partly at Glasgow and Edinburgh, for the profession of railway 
 -engineer, and shortly after completing his studies he left Scotland 
 with a party of engineers going to Chili, South America, to survey 
 a line of railway between Valparaiso and Santiago. He continued 
 with this survey for some time, and then joined a scientific explor- 
 ing party, making explorations in Chili, Peru, and Ecuador, and in 
 the course of his connection with this party he became familiar with 
 a considerable portion of South America. He subsequently drifted 
 into Central America in connection with a similar party. He was 
 in Nicaragua during the time Walker made his celebrated filibust- 
 ering expedition into that state. Mr. Johnston offered his services 
 to the government of Nicaragua and received a Lieutenant's com- 
 mission. While acting in this position he was severely wounded 
 and for eight months was laid up with illness which followed from 
 this cause. He then returned to Chili and took shipping in the 
 " Florence Hamilton " of Boston for California. On the voyage the 
 vessel was wrecked and all on board but Mr. Johnston and two 
 others were lost. Their fate seemed almost as bad, as they were 
 captured by Indians and treated as prisoners. After two months 
 they succeeded in escaping and getting back to Valparaiso. Here 
 Mr. Johnston again took shipping for San Francisco which he 
 safely reached. After some weeks in that city he joined an explor- 
 ing expedition, to which was attached a party of scientists, just 
 then setting out to make explorations in Southern California, Ari- 
 zona and Utah. He remained for a year with this party, and after 
 wintering in Salt Lake City he returned in 1857 to San Francisco. 
 During that year he prospected in California and Southern Oregon, 
 and in February of the following year he came to British Columbia 
 with the American Boundary Commission composed of Captain 
 Campbell and Lieut. Parkes. It was Mr. Johnston's intention to 
 accept a position which had been offered to him on this commission 
 but when he reached Victoria he changed his mind and went up the 
 Fraser with a party of miners to prospect for gold. They were on 
 the river considerably before the arrival of the crowds which poured 
 in during that year, and in their search they were given consider- 
 able assistance by the agents of the Hudson's Bay Company. When 
 they reached Fort Hope they were given Indian guides and went 
 by way of the Harrison-Lillooet portages to the point where 
 Lillooet now stands. When they reached the Fraser they descended
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 211 
 
 the river examining the bars, and at length located on Mormon bar 
 a few miles above the mouth of the Thompson river. Here they 
 remained working with great success till they were forced out by 
 lack of provisions. Leaving one man behind, the others made their 
 way down the river. At Yale they encountered a large throng of 
 incoming California miners. They journeyed to Victoria and after 
 purchasing supplies returned to the river. They were unable, how- 
 ever, to proceed owing to the high water and the hostility of the In- 
 dians above Chapman bar, and when these obstacles had been removed 
 they found that the man they had left to guard their claims had 
 been starved out. Mr. Johnston remained on Chapman's bar dur- 
 inn 1858 and 1859, and had very fair success. In the autumn of 
 1859 he returned to Victoria, and after sojourning there awhile 
 went over to the American side and purchased land on what is now 
 the site of Port Angeles. Until 1862 he remained on his land and 
 then in consequence of the reports of Cariboo's marvellous wealth 
 he tried that region. For the next eleven years he remained in 
 Cariboo, experiencing all the varying fortunes, the hardships and 
 dangers incident to a miners life. During this pariod he was 
 interested in claims on Williams, Lightning, Antler, and other 
 famous creeks, and on the whole was remarkably successful. He 
 finally left Cariboo in 1873 and went to Burrard Inlet and from 
 there to Seattle where he remained for two years. He then return- 
 ed to Victoria and from there he went to Nanaimo, where in 1877 
 he established his present wholesale aud retail business. Mr. 
 Johnston is also interested in a large number of enterprises through- 
 out the Province. He is president of the North Pacific Canning 
 Company, and a director of the Nanaimo Gas Works. He is agent 
 for the Pacific Coast Steamship Company, the Union Pacific Rail- 
 way Company, and the East Coast Steamship Company. He has 
 been urged repeatedly to stand for the position of Mayor of Nanai- 
 mo, and for the local and Dominion Parliament, but has steadily 
 refused. He is a member of the Ancient Order of United Work- 
 men, of the Oddfellows' Order, the St. Andrew's Society and the 
 Pioneer Society. In September, 1880, he married Miss Ella Cook, 
 of Nanaimo. 
 
 Ker, David R., (Victoria), born October 2nd, 1862, at Victoria, 
 British Columbia, and educated there. His parents were both of
 
 212 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Scotch birth and arrived in British Columbia in 1859. His father, 
 Hon. Robert Kerr, who acted as Colonial Treasurer during 1868, 
 occupied the position of government auditor both before and after 
 confederation with the Dominion, and died in 1879. After leaving 
 school Mr. Ker, who had prepared himself for a mercantile career, 
 decided to engage in the milling business and with that intention 
 learned the business thoroughly, spending several years in establish- 
 ments at Victoria and San Francisco. In the latter city he spent 
 some time in the employ of the Golden Age and Caledonian Milling 
 Companies. He returned to Victoria in 1882, and shortly after- 
 wards formed the partnership with his present associate, Mr. 
 Brakeinan, and established the mills at Saanich. Their business 
 prospered even beyond their expectations, and in 1886 they opened 
 their offi.ce and warehouse at Victoria, Mr. Ker taking charge there. 
 Mr. Ker is a Conservative in politics, but is not a servile follower 
 of the party. He has many objections to the manner in which the 
 Government conducts the affairs of the Dominion, and thinks that 
 greater efforts should be made to develope this Province. He takes 
 great interest in municipal matters and is a supporter of any 
 measure for the betterment of the city. Mr. Ker is one of 
 Victoria's most prosperous and energetic business men. In religion 
 he is a member of the Episcopal Church. 
 
 King, William R., (New Westminster), was born in the 
 beautiful and historical Cathedral city of Canterbury, England, in 
 July, 1846. While Mr. King was still a boy his father's duties as 
 railway engineer necessitated the removal of the family to the town 
 of Ashford, in the county of Kent, some fifteen miles distant, and 
 it was there that he received his education at one of the public 
 schools, under an eminent teacher who had spent many years in 
 eastern Canada. It was owing to the tuition therein received that 
 Mr. King was inspired with a desire to visit the distant yet promis- 
 ing colony of British Columbia. After the completion of his studies 
 Mr. King apprenticed himself to an architect, and learnt not only 
 the theoretical but also the practical part of the profession. Dur- 
 ing all his early life he kept up an intimate knowledge of the 
 progress of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the opening up of 
 this Province by its construction through the Rockies. At the age 
 of twenty-one he commenced the practice of architecture, in partner- 
 ship with his father, and soon after commencing business married
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 213 
 
 the daughter of John Fowler, Esq., one of the leading builders and 
 contractors in the town. Whilst carrying on a busy professional 
 practice in his native place, Mr. King was for a period of fourteen 
 years, manager of the Local Water Works Company, surveyor for 
 Building and Insurance Societies, manager of a House and Land 
 Company, and also filled many other important and responsible 
 offices. When his boys became old enough to start in life for 
 themselves, the over-crowded condition of the mother country 
 caused him to direct his attention to British Columbia. Early in 
 the spring of 1888, Mr. King and family set sail from England, 
 arriving in New Westminster a few weeks later with letters of 
 introduction to the most prominent men of the Province. Com- 
 mencing at once, Mr. King has carried on the the practice of 
 his profession in the Royal city and has lately added to it the 
 business of an accountant, auditor and real estate agent. 
 
 Kipp, Isaac, (Chilliwhack), a descendent of a family of 
 United Empire Loyalists, who moved from New York in 1776; was 
 born on November 10th, 1839, in Burford, county of Brant, Ont. 
 He was educated in the public schools, and commenced farming early 
 in life. In 1858 Mr. Kipp settled in California, where he resided 
 four years and engaged in mining and agriculture with varying suc- 
 cess. In the spring of 1862 he removed to Cariboo, where he both 
 lost and made money in mining speculations, and in the fall of the 
 same year took up the farm in Chilliwhack, which he now possesses, 
 and which is one of the best in the district and especially noted for the 
 excellency of its stock. Mr. Kipp has been for several years a mem- 
 bes of the Municipal Council of Chilliwhack. He has encountered 
 all the hardships which befall a pioneer in an unsettled province, 
 which have been shared by his wife, nee Mary A. Nelmer, of Oxford 
 County, Ont., whom he married in March, 1885. In religion he is 
 an adherent of the Methodist Church. 
 
 Kurtz, John, (Victoria), one of the most enterprising of the 
 early pioneers of British Columbia, was born in Pennsylvania, 
 United States of America in 1831, and educated there. In 1850 
 he came to the Pacific coast and engagedj in mining in California. 
 During the early days of the gold excitement in 1858 he came to 
 British Columbia and engaged in steamboating and mining. He
 
 214 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 was chairman of the Yale Steam Navigation Company and was- 
 interested in other enterprises. In 1860 and the two following years 
 he owned and operated mines in Cariboo, and was again engaged in 
 that industry in 1870. In 1878 he established the Pioneer White 
 Labor Cigar Factory which he still conducts. 
 
 Ladner, Thomas Ellis, (Ladner's Landing), was born at Tre- 
 iiant Park, in the Duchy of Cornwall, England, on September 8th, 
 1837, where his father, Edward Ladner, Esq., resided. Mr. Ladner 
 received his education at Falmouth high school. In 1852 he tra- 
 velled to California, where he was engaged in mining and trading 
 during six years. On leaving California he came to this Province, 
 where he arrived on September 20th, 1858. After having tried his 
 luck at the mines Mr. Ladner, in company with his brother, Mr. 
 ~W. H. Ladner, J. P., settled at Ladner's Landing, which place was 
 named after them, they being the two first settlers south of the 
 Fraser river below New Westminster. Since that time Mr. Ladner 
 has been very extensively engaged in the farming industry and fish- 
 canning trade. He owns 1,200 acres of improved prairie land, on 
 which he keeps a large quantity of thoroughbred stock, which he 
 has imported. In 1887 together with Mr. J. A. Laidlaw and other 
 gentlemen he built the Delta salmon cannery at Ladner's Landing, 
 which was the first cannery of importance ever erected below New 
 Westminster, and which has a capacity of 30,000 cases per season. 
 Mr. Ladner also owns, in partnership with Mr. F. Page, the Well- 
 ington Packing Co.'s cannery at Ca.noe Pass on the Fraser river, of 
 which he is manager. This cannery has a capacity of over 25,000 
 cases. Mr. Ladner is interested in almost every industry existing 
 throughout the Province. He is an adherent of the Church of Eng- 
 land, a Free Mason, and a member of the United Workmen and 
 Pioneer societies. In 1865, Mr. Ladner married Edna, daughter of 
 Wm. Booth, Esq., of Victoria, who died in January, 1882. In 
 February, 1884, he married Minnie, daughter of Wm. Johnston- 
 Parr, Esq., of Los Gatos, Santa Clara Co., California. 
 
 Ladner, William Henry, (Ladner's Landing), elder of two 
 sons of Edward Ladner, of Cornwall, who came to America in 1848 
 and settled on a farm in the State of Wisconsin, where he died in 
 1851. Mr. Ladner was born in Cornwall, England, in 1826 and
 
 J. H. INNES.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 215 
 
 was educated there, and after leaving school worked on the farm till 
 the autumn of 1848, when he came to America to join his father In 
 the autumn of 1850 he returned to England on business, and when 
 he had completed this work he came back io America bringing his 
 brother with him. Upon reaching Wisconsin they found that their 
 father had died. The brothers remained in Wisconsin till the fol- 
 lowing spring and then joined a caravan crossing the plains to Cali- 
 fornia. They travelled by way of Omaha, then an Indian mission, 
 and from there straight across the plains and over the mountains to 
 Salt Lake City where they stopped to recruit their stock. Their jour- 
 ney was one of great hardship and suffering from disease and danger 
 from Indians. When they left Salt Lake City they journeyed on to 
 Sacramento which they reached after five months' travel from 
 Omaha. From Sacramento Mr. Ladner and his brother went to 
 Grass Valley where they settled and remained engaged in mining 
 with very fair success till 1858 when they were among the first to 
 come to British Columbia during the great rush. They reached 
 Victoria in May and remained there several days constructing a. 
 boat, in which they were towed across the gulf to Point Robert by 
 the steamer Plunger. From here they went up the Fraser, avoiding 
 H. M. S. Satellite, which was stationed at the mouth to collect 
 tolls, and after some days' hard work pulling against the tide they 
 reached Hope. Here Mr. Ladner remained till 1859 when he pur- 
 chased a pack train, and began packing goods from Hope to Ly tton. 
 From 1862 to 1865 he conveyed goods from Yale to Lytton. In 
 the latter year he purchased a cargo of goods which he shipped to 
 Kamloops and from there by boat to the head of Shuswap Lake. 
 From this point he cut out an old Indian trail to the Columbia ri- 
 ver at the mouth of Gold Creek. During the summer and fall of 
 that year he did a splendid business packing to the Columbia mines, 
 but in the spring of the following year the diggings did not pan out 
 so well, and he returned to his old route. At the meeting of the 
 Local Legislature he applied for compensation for cutting the trail 
 to the Columbia, which had come in to general use, but this was de- 
 nied him on the ground that the work had been done as a commer- 
 cial speculation. In 1868 he took up land at the mouth of the 
 Fraser, where his magnificent farm is situated, and he has continued 
 to reside there since that time. He was reeve of Delta municip- 
 ality from 1880 to 1886 inclusive and in 1882 stood for the Local
 
 216 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Legislature, but was defeated. He was a candidate again in 1886, 
 and was elected as an opponent of the present government. In 
 Dominion politics Mr. Ladner is a Liberal-Conservative. He is 
 a justice of the peace for the Province, and an adherent of the Epis- 
 copal church. In 1866 he married Miss Mary Ann Booth, of Esqui- 
 malt. 
 
 Laidlaw, James Anderson^ (New Westminster), was born 
 on the 12th of August, 1836, in Rossshire, Scotland, where his 
 father, Andrew Laidlaw followed the occupation of a land surveyor. 
 In 1848 his parents removed to Canada, bringing him with them, 
 and settled on a farm in Oxford county, Ontario. Mr. Laidlaw at- 
 tended school in Rossshire and afterwards in Ontario, and then 
 worked with his father on the farm till 1858, when he was attracted 
 by the gold discoveries on the Fraser river and set out for British 
 Columbia. When he reached California the Fraser excitement had 
 calmed down, and Mr. Laidlaw remained in that state for two years 
 engaged in mining, He then went to Virginia City, Nevada, where 
 he worked for two years at quartz mining, with indifferent success 
 however. In 1882 he came to British Columbia and went direct to 
 Cariboo. At that time the road to the mines had not been opened 
 up, and Mr. Laidlaw made the journey from Lillooet on foot with 
 one hundred pounds of provisions on his back. He remained in 
 Cariboo till 1873, and during that period he was interested at dif- 
 ferent times in almost every creek in the upper country, and pros- 
 pected on them all. He had varied success, at times making money 
 rapidly and in large amounts and again spending it as rapidly in 
 opening up and working unprofitable claims. He had good success 
 on Williams, Grouse and Harvey Creeks, but when he left the 
 mines in 1873 had only six dollars to represent his eleven years of 
 labor and hardship. He came down to New Westminster and for 
 the next year and a half was engaged in various employments, but 
 chiefly in band logging at Jarvis Inlet. During this time he had 
 been on the Fraser river, and had observed with considerable inter- 
 est the salmon fishing and had concluded that this business, if he 
 once acquired a knowledge of it, would turn out profitably. In 1874 
 he accordingly went to the Columbia river to learn the business. 
 He obtained a position in Booth & Co.'s cannery and remained there 
 for three seasons. He then returned to the Fraser and engaged for
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 217 
 
 one season with English & Co. In the autumn of 1878 he organ- 
 ized a company and established the Delta Canning Company 
 with an establishment at Ladner's Landing. He conducted 
 this business for three years and then purchased the Holbrook 
 cannery, above New Westminster. He did not operate this estab- 
 lishment however till a good year came, when he added to its capa- 
 city and had a most successful season. Next year he built the new 
 cannery which he at present owns. He had now two canneries of 
 his own which were both doing a profitable business, and during 
 that season he put up twenty-nine thousand cases, besides doing a 
 large salting business. In the following year one of the canneries 
 was destroyed by fire before all his shipments had been made, and 
 he lost four thousand cases in the flames. He conducted one can- 
 nery next year, and the year after he took control of the Delta 
 cannery and has since been personally conducting these two estab- 
 lishments. He is also interested in two canneries on Smith's Inlet 
 and one on Naas river, and he is erecting a large one, which he will 
 name the Standard on the Skeena river. Besides his interests in 
 the fishing industry Mr. Laidlaw has done a great deal of business in 
 buying and selling land both here and in the territories, but his 
 large interests are chiefly centered in New Westminster and Vic- 
 toria districts. Mr. Laidlaw is a member of the Masonic fraternity, 
 of St. Andrew's society and of the Ancient Order of United Work- 
 men and in religion is an adherent of the Presbyterian church. In 
 1882 he married Miss Anderson, daughter of Robert Anderson, of 
 Rossshire, Scotland. 
 
 Leahy, John, (Victoria), son of John Leahy, a farmer of 
 Tipperary, Ireland, where Mr. Leahy was born in September, 1846. 
 He attended school in his native place till he was seventeen years 
 of age when he went to Dublin and apprenticed himself to the 
 grocery business. He remained in Dublin till 1864 when he came 
 to America and for six months lived in the city of New York. The 
 climate, however, injured his health and he moved west to Colorado 
 and from there after some time to British Columbia. He went 
 direct to Cariboo where he engaged in mining. Subsequently he 
 joined a Canadian Pacific Railway survey party with whom he ex- 
 plored for a route along the Thompson river. In 1874 he went to 
 the Cassiar mines where he remained for a year. In 1875 he
 
 218 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 returned to Victoria and went into the brewery business with 
 Arthur Bunster. In 1882 Mr. Bunster sold out his interest, and 
 Mr. Leahy has continued it himself since that time. He devotes 
 all his time to his business and the result of this is that his brands 
 have taken prizes at all the Provincial exhibitions for years. 
 
 Leask, James Charles, (Victoria), was born at the Orkney 
 Islands, on May 10th, 1830. He attended school at his native 
 place and was then apprenticed to a tailor to learn the business. 
 In 1851 he came to British Columbia in the employ of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company, having signed a contract to give five years service. 
 He came by way of Cape Horn in the sailing ship Norman Morrison 
 of which Captain Wishart was skipper. When he landed at 
 Victoria there were no habitations of white men save those of the 
 Hudson's Bay Company's agents. Mr. Leask fulfilled the terms of 
 his hve years' contract and engaged for two years more. At the 
 expiration of this time he left the company's service and went to 
 the gold mines on the Fraser river, where he remained for eighteen 
 months with very good success. During this time he sent to Scot- 
 land for his affianced wife, who came out in the Sea Nymph 
 accompanied by her two brothers and sister-in-law. They had a 
 very stormy passage being thirteen months on the ocean. After his 
 marriage Mr. Leask resided for a time in Yale where he held the 
 position of chief constable. He resigned this post however, and 
 went to Cedar Hill, Victoria district, where he took up a farm. 
 He remained only a short time on this place and abandoned it, and 
 leased a farm for three years from Mr. R. Harris. At the end of 
 that time he engaged in the carpentering and building trade at 
 which he continued for two years and then went to Cowicham dis- 
 trict where he took up a farm on which he resided for eleven years. 
 He cleared this farm of timber and sold it in 1874. He then 
 returned to Victoria where he went into b-isiness as a teamster 
 and transfer agent, at which he continued for seven years. At the 
 end of this time, in 1883, he purchased an interest in a tailoring 
 business in Victoria and in a few months bought his partner out, 
 and took in another partner, Mr. Kurtz. At the end of two years 
 Mr. Kurtz died and Mr. Morrison then entered the firm. At the 
 end of three and a half years the firm opened a branch business in 
 Vancouver. In September of 1888, the firm dissolved and Mr.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 219 
 
 Leask alone conducts his business in Victoria, which has grown to 
 be the largest in the Province in this line. Mr. Leask is interested 
 in a number of enterprises in Victoria. In Dominion politics he is 
 a Conservative and in local an Independent. He is a member of 
 the St. Andrew's and Caledonian Societies, and of the Ancient 
 Order of United Workmen. In religion he is a Presbyterian. 
 
 Lewis, Captain Herbert George, (Victoria), was born at 
 Aspenden, Hertfordshire, England, in 1828, where his father 
 Edward Lewis, Esq., a gentleman farmer, resided. Captain Lewis 
 was educated at Cheltenham College, the great public school of 
 the West of England. Having an intense love for the sea and 
 being of an adventurous disposition he, early in life, made several 
 voyages from England to India and China. In 1847 he entered 
 the Hudson Bay Company's service, in which he remained till 1883. 
 Captain Lewis arrived in Victoria, in 1847, on board the Hudson's 
 Bay Company's barque "Cowlitz," and soon after his arrival in 
 British Columbia was stationed by Sir James Douglas at Fort 
 Simpson. During the sixteen years in which he worked for the 
 Hudson's Bay Company, he, at various times, had command of the 
 "Otter," "Beaver," " Labouchcre," ' Enterprise," and "Princess 
 Louise." He had charge of the whole of the fur trade in the 
 Russian territory while commanding the "Labouchere" and "Otter" 
 from 1864 till the acquisition of Alaska by the United States. In. 
 1869 he returned to the old country, and on his arrival back in 
 British Columbia in the following year he settled in Victoria. On 
 leaving the service of the Hudson's Bay Company in 1883, he 
 entered that of the Marine Department of Canada. Captain Lewis 
 is a thorough sailor and has a very intimate knowledge of the 
 Pacific coast. He is a Protestant and a member of the Indepen- 
 dent Order of Oddfellows. In 1870 he married Mary, daughter of 
 Edward Langford, Esq., who came to this Province in 1852, and 
 was a well-known official of the colonial government and also of the 
 Puget Sound Company. 
 
 Lewis, Lewis, (Victoria), was born in Poland, in 1828, and 
 when nine years of age was taken to England by an uncle. He 
 remained in England for over eight years during which time he attend- 
 ed school. He then came to America and obtained a position in a large
 
 220 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 wholesale jewellery establishment in New York, where he remained 
 for two years. At the end of that time he went to Brazil and from 
 Brazil to Peru. In 1849 he removed to California where he spent 
 the next nine years. For a portion of this time he was interested 
 in mining, then in general business in San Francisco, and towards 
 the latter part of the time he conducted a dry goods store in 
 Sacramento. While in Sacramento he marrird Miss Rachael Nath- 
 an. He came to British Columbia in June, 1858, and first visited 
 Fort Yale. In the following year he opened a grocery business in 
 Victoria. He continued at this for eighteen months and then 
 started the dry goods business he now conducts. Mr. Lewis has 
 been a member of the Masonic fraternity since 1850, and of the 
 Oddfellows' Society for twenty-two years. He is a member of the 
 Hebrew Society and an adherent of that religion. 
 
 Lilley, Herbert A., (Victoria), born February 9th, 1859 in 
 Greatbridge, Staffordshire, England, where his father George A. 
 Lilley, was engaged as a conductor on the railway. Received his 
 elementary education at a private school in his native place, and in 
 1868 came to Canada with his parents, who settled first at Pt. 
 Edward and then at Petrolia, Ontario. At both places Mr. Lilley 
 attended school and after completing his studies was apprenticed 
 for four years to the confectionery business. In 1874 he came with 
 his parents to British Columbia and remained in Victoria while 
 they went to Maple Ridge where he had purchased a farm. In 
 1879, Mr. Lilley began business for himself, opening a modest store 
 on the site of his present handsome premises. He is a man of great 
 energy and business ability. He is a member of the Reformed 
 Episcopal Church. 
 
 Lombard, Charles A., (Victoria), was born in Paris, France, 
 on October, 27th, 1846. His father died while Mr. Lombard was 
 yet young. His mother, Madam Ballagni, was the celebrated singer 
 to whose powers the crowned heads of Europe paid homage. Mr. 
 Lombard attended school in France for five years, and in 1857 went 
 to Chili with his mother who had a large engagement there. While 
 in Chili his mother, who had now been a widow for eight years, 
 married a wealthy French gentleman, M. L'Hotelier and abandoned 
 the stage. Shortly afterwards M. L'Hotelier lost all he had in
 
 CAPT. JOHN IRVING.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 221 
 
 commercial speculations in Peru, and came to British Columbia with 
 his wife and son-in-law, settled in Victoria and began a commission 
 business on Wharf street. Mr. Lombard was sent to Santa Clara. 
 College, California, in 1862, and remained there for two years when 
 he returned and entered his father-in-law's business as a clerk. In 
 1866 M. L'Hotelier returned to Peru with his wife and Mr. Lom- 
 bard secured employment with Jungerman & Co., wholesale jewel- 
 ers, with whom he remained for two years when he entered the 
 office of Caire and Grancini, hardware merchants, as confidential 
 clerk. He held this position for tweh 7 e years, when in 1879 Mr. 
 Grancini died. Mr. Lombard then took a position' as purser on the 
 steamer North Pacific. In the following year he went to Portland, 
 Oregon, where he held several positions and where he was pros- 
 trated for six months with a dangerous illness. He was forced to 
 return to Victoria owing to ill health and took the managership of 
 the music business of Bognall & Co. Mr. Bognall died very shortly 
 after and the business ceased. Mr. Lombard then established the 
 prosperous business he now has. Mr. Lombard is a member of the 
 British Columbia Pioneer society and of the Victoria club. In re- 
 ligion he is a Roman Catholic and has been conductor of the choir 
 for three years, always giving his services to the church and chari- 
 table institutions gratuitously. Mr. Lombard has been twice mar- 
 ried. His first wife whom he married in 1875 died two and a half 
 years later, and in 1880 married the daughter of T. I. Wilson, Esq., 
 of Victoria. 
 
 Lord, John E., (New Westminster), was born in Lunenburg> 
 Nova Scotia, both his parents being descendants of United Empire 
 Loyalists. Mr. Lord has had a most adventurous career, having trav- 
 elled far and wide in new and comparatively unknown countries. 
 During the gold excitement in California Mr. Lord left home, and 
 after spending some time in the gold fields of the Pacific slope 
 sailed for New Zealand, where he stayed but a short time, proceed- 
 ing from there to Australia. After remaining seven years in the 
 mining districts he sailed to San Francisco and finally arrived in 
 British Columbia in 1861. Since his arrival in the Province Mr. 
 Lord has been principally connected with the agricultural, shipping 
 and mining industries. During three years he resided in Tenas 
 Portage, where he engaged in farming, and two years were passed
 
 222 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 by him as a teacher at Lillooet. It is seventeen years since Mr 
 Xiord decided to make New Westminster his home. 
 
 Joseph, (Victoria), was born in Prussia, in June, 
 1832, and came to America in 1850. Settled first in New York, 
 and in 1856 removed to California where he was engaged for two 
 years in mining. Came to British Columbia on July 4th, 1858 and 
 from that time till 1870 followed various occupations. In 1870 he 
 became a partner in the Victoria brewery in which business he has 
 since continued. 
 
 Liiniby, Moses, (Okanagan), was born in Lincolnshire, Eng- 
 land, in 1842. He received his education at Gien, France, and at 
 Stampford Grammar School, England. In 1862 he came to British 
 Columbia and for a few years mined with varying success at Stikeen 
 and later on at Cariboo. On leaving the mines he commenced farm- 
 ing on the South Thompson river, and until 1870 held a contract 
 to carry the mails to the Big Bend of the Columbia river. In 1870 
 he left his farm on the South Thompson, and was one of the first 
 settlers in the Osoyoos division of the Yale district, where he now 
 possesses the largest and best cultivated farm in the interior. He 
 has introduced all the latest agricultural machines and improve- 
 ments, and has at present over six hundred acres of rich agricul- 
 tural land under cultivation. In 1884 he was chief commissioner of 
 the Yale district and in 1886 received a requisition to represent 
 that district in the Provincial Legislature but withdrew in favor of 
 the Hon. F. G. Vernon. Ever since 1884, he has been unremitting 
 in his efforts to have a railroad constructed, which would open up 
 the rich farming lands of the district, and is now on the eve of see- 
 ing his labors in that direction crowned with success. He is a 
 Justice of the Peace and a supporter of the Robson administration. 
 He is a member of the Pioneer Society, and of the British Columbia 
 Board of Trade. 
 
 Macaulay, William James, (Victoria), was born on the 
 shores of the Bay of Quinte, in the township of Sidney, county of 
 Hasting, Ontario, on October 20th, 1828. His father, D. Macaulay, 
 Esq., of Belfast, (a gentleman of Scotch descent) married Eleanor, 
 daughter of John Macaulay, Esq., of Belfast, Ireland, in Kingston,
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 223 
 
 Ontario, in 1818, whence he had emigrated in 1812. Mr. Mac- 
 aulay, was educated at a private school in Trenton, Ontario, where 
 he received a mercantile training, after which he associated himself 
 with his father, and uncle who carried on a large lumber business 
 in the county of Hastings. In 1848 he succeeded his father, and 
 in 1856 went to South Bend, Minnesota, where he engaged in the 
 real estate business. At the close of the Indian war of 1862 he 
 went to Pennsylvania and embarked in the lumber trade there 
 until 1865, when together with Mr. Anson Dodge, he established 
 lumber mills on Georgian Bay, Ontario. He acted as vice-president, 
 general manager and treasurer for the company until 1872, when 
 he resigned and moved to Winnipeg then called Fort Garry and 
 established a saw mill, planing mill and sash and door factory at 
 that place. In 1878 he sold out to the Winnipeg Lumber Com- 
 pany and built a mill on the Lake of the Woods, (where he owned 
 extensive timber limits) which he sold to the firm of Dick & Ban- 
 ning in 1881. He then removed to St. Paul and opened up the 
 " People's Bank," of which he was president for four years and 
 which is still in a nourishing condition. While at St. Paul he 
 entered into a large timber deal in Minnesota, and later on built 
 another mill on the Lake of the Woods, which had a capacity of 
 125,000 feet per day. In 1888 he sold out to Messrs Dennis <fe 
 Ryan and moved to Victoria. Soon after his arrival in British 
 Columbia, Mr. Macaulay, together with Mr. Charles Peabody, 
 negotiated a deal with the late Hon. Robert Dunsmuir, for the 
 Chemainus Mills and one hundred thousand acres of timber 
 lands. He afterwards formed a syndicate, for the operation of the 
 mills, of the following gentlemen : John A. Humbird, John E. 
 Glover and W. H. Phipps, the former of whom is now president of 
 the company, and Mr. Macaulay is vice-president. On April 29th, 
 1868, he was married to.Miss Harriet Freeman, at Niles, Michigan. 
 In 1862 the Indian war broke out in Minnesota, and Mr. Macaulay 
 shut down his mills and together with Mr. D. Buck, of Mankato, 
 Minnesota, formed a military company, of which Mr. Buck was 
 Captain and Mr. Macaulay, Lieutenant. Mr. Macaulay is an ad- 
 herent of the Roman Catholic Church. 
 
 Macdonanld, Hon. William John, Senator, (Victoria), was 
 born in the Isle of Skye, Invernesshire, Scotland, and is the third
 
 224 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 son of Alexander Macdonald, Esq., of Valley, North Uist, by his 
 wife Flora, daughter of Captain McRae of Inverinett, Kintail. 
 He was educated in his native county and remained in Scotland 
 till 1851. After his arrival at Victoria in the same year, he 
 travelled over the greater part of British Columbia and the great 
 North West and met with many interesting adventures, such as 
 troubles with the Indians and expeditions for their punishment. 
 In those early days the arrival of the Hudson's Bay Company's 
 annual ship from London with the yearly mail was the occasion of 
 much festivity, especially when a few passengers arrived. Epochs 
 were sometimes marked by the arrival of distinguished visitors 
 across the great unknown continent, as when Captain Palisser, 
 Hector, Lord Milton and others accomplished that feat; and a 
 British man-of-war was always welcomed. In 1859, Mr. Macdonald 
 was elected to the Assembly of Vancouver Colony, and on its union 
 with the Mainland in 1866, was called to the Council by Governor 
 Seymour. Mr. Macdonald was twice elected Mayor of Victoria, 
 and has acted in many honorary capacities, such as Collector of 
 Customs, Captain of Militia, member of the first Board of Educa- 
 tion, commissioner of Saving Banks, road commissioner, etc., always 
 giving his services gratuitously. On the union of British Columbia 
 with Canada in 1871, Mr. Macdonald was called to the Senate, of 
 which body he has been a member over seventeen years, and has 
 during that period had to do with the administrations of five 
 Governors-General, Lords Lisgar, Dufferin, Lome, Lansdowne and 
 Stanley. He has always taken an active part in the work of the 
 Senate, is an important member of various committees and has 
 acted with acceptance as chairman of the most important parlia- 
 mentary committee, that of Standing Orders and Private Bills. 
 He is married to Catherine Balfour, daughter of James Murray 
 Reid, Esq., by whom be has three sons and three daughters, his 
 eldest son being an officer in the Royal Artillery, and his second 
 son a naval officer. He is a Protestant and a member of the British 
 Columbia Benevolent Society. 
 
 Ulahrer, John, (Nanaimo), was born at Prague, Austria, on 
 the 14th of September, 1847. His father, Joseph Prague, was a 
 distiller at that city. Mr. Mahrer, first followed the business of a 
 confectioner in his native place and then went to England where he
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 225 
 
 remained for about a year. In 1867 he came to America from 
 England, and first settled in New Jersey where he at once indenti- 
 fied himself with the Republican party. A year later he came west 
 to California. While in San Francisco he one day saw some 
 specimens of rich quartz rock taken from the Juliana mines and he 
 was at once attacked with the gold fever. He made immediate 
 preparations aud left the next day for the mines. For two years 
 he remained at the gold fields in California and Arizona, and lost 
 money continously. During this time he with others worked with 
 out success on claims which were subsequently developed and 
 yielded immense returns. He and five companions prospected the 
 Cosmopolitan and Stonewall Jackson claims and sunk shafts. As 
 they did this work imperfectly however, they abandoned both 
 claims under the impression that they did not contain the metal in 
 paying quantities. When he returned to San Francisco he made 
 arrangements with a friend to go to Chili, and had taken his pas- 
 sage in the vessel " Shillahoff ". He met with an accident and was 
 unable to go, and he had reason to congratulate himself afterwards, 
 as the vessel was wrecked and all on board, save the captain, were 
 lost. Mr. Mahrer then, in the fall of 1870, came to British Colum- 
 bia and went to Nanaimo, where he remained for a year. The 
 year following he went to Cariboo where he opened a bakery and 
 restaurant and where he remained till 1876. He then returned to 
 Nanaimo, where he has since resided and done business with ever 
 increasing success. In 1876 he started a bakery business, in 1877 
 a soda water factory and a soap factory, and in 1879 a brewery. 
 The brewery was an especially successful venture and is now one 
 of the principal brewing establishments in the Province. For eight 
 years continuously, Mr. Mahrer has served in the city council. He 
 is interested in a great many of the enterprises which have for their 
 object the development of the Province, and particularly the benefit 
 of the city of Nanaimo. He is interested in the North Pacific 
 Canning Company, and in a number of gold mines in the upper 
 country. He is president of the Water Works Company and a 
 director of the Gas Company. Mr. Mahrer is a member of the 
 Masonic fraternity, of the Oddfellows' and the encampment, of the 
 Ancient Order of United Workmen, the Foresters, the Knights of 
 Pythias, of the Legion of Honor, and of the city band. He was mar- 
 ried on September 7th, 1879, to Miss Sarah Jane Woods, of Nanaimo. 
 
 (16)
 
 226 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Ulallette, Charles Edwin, (Victoria), was born in Rock 
 county, Illinois, U. S. A., in 1861, his father, Henry Mallette, Esq., 
 being of English descent. He received his education in the town 
 of Santa Clara, California, and previous to his arrival in British 
 Columbia was principally engaged in agricultural pursuits. In 
 March, 1885, he came to this Province and settled at Victoria, 
 where he was engaged in the lumber trade till December, 1889, and 
 was manager of the Victoria Coal, Wood and Lumber Yard. Since 
 that time he has been engaged in the real estate business, in con- 
 nection with the firm of Bouchier, Croft and Mallette. He is a 
 member of the Oddfellows' and Masonic Orders, and on April 12th, 
 1882, he married Mary, eldest daughter of J. "W. Johnson, Esq., of 
 Santa Clara, California. 
 
 Hanson, Lawrence, (Nanaimo), was born on Shetland Island, 
 to the north of Scotland, where his father, John Manson, was 
 engaged in farming, on November 12th, 1854. He attended the 
 parish school till he was fifteen years of age, when he was appren- 
 ticed to the grocery business in Edinburgh. He lost his health 
 while there and returned home where he remained recuperating for 
 some month?, and then obtained a position on the Ordinance survey 
 operating on Shetland Island. He remained in this service for a 
 year and then resigned to come to America. He had made up his 
 mind to come to British Columbia and he accordingly did not 
 delay on the journey hither. He crossed the Atlantic to Quebec in 
 the steamship Manitoban and went by way of the Central Pacific 
 to San Francisco. From San Francisco he went direct to Nanaimo 
 which he reached on the 14th of June, 1877. He obtained a posi- 
 tion with the Vancouver Coal Company as weighman which he 
 continued to hold for ten years. He was on duty when both of the 
 disastrous explosions occurred in the mines and narrowly escaped 
 with his life on each occasion. On the- 27th of November, 1880, he 
 married Catherine J. B. Duncan, daughter of Sinclair T. Duncan, 
 formerly a wholesale merchant of Leith, Scotland. In the same 
 year Mr. Manson established his present business which be employ- 
 ed a clerk to manage until 1888, when on the 30th of November 
 he severed his connection with the coal company. Mr. Manson has 
 taken considerable interest in the public affairs of the Province, and 
 especially in those of Nanaimo, although he has not stood for any
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 227 
 
 position. He has by careful attention to business built up a large 
 and increasing trade. He is a member of the Ancient Order of 
 Foresters, and an adherent of the Methodist church, being a class 
 leader and superintendent of the Sunday school. 
 
 Manuel, George Evan, J. P., (Donald), was born in Leeds 
 county, Ontario, on October 3rd, 1854, his parents being of Welsh 
 origin. Mr. Manuel was educated in his native county and received 
 a thorough mercantile training. Previous to his arrival in this 
 Province he was engaged in contracting and general mercantile 
 pursuits. In 1883 he settled at Donald and since that date has 
 carried on business as an insurance and general agent besides 
 cultivating a farm of five hundred acres at Golden City, at which 
 latter place he has a large herd of milch cows. As a boy Mr. 
 Manual was obliged to start in life for himself, and after serving a 
 three year apprenticeship in a general store, at the village of 
 Morton, on the Rideau Canal, removed to Toronto where he resided 
 one year. On leaving the Queen city he proceeded to the town of 
 Walkerton, Bruce county, where he remained five years. During 
 his stay at Walkerton he was engaged in the stationery business and 
 in the fall of 1879 removed to Winnipeg, where he secured the 
 position of purchasing agent for the Manitoba Southwestern and 
 Colonization Railway, the first chartered railroad in Manitoba, and 
 now owned and controlled by the Canadian Pacific Railway Com- 
 pany. After acting some time in that capacity, he was advanced 
 by the company to the position of paymaster, which he retained for 
 over two years. In Winnipeg, Mr. Manuel made a large fortune 
 which he afterwards lost when the boom-bubble burst, but since his 
 arrival in British Columbia he has met with success in every enter- 
 prise which he has entered into. In 1881 he married Miss S. M. 
 Mordin, in Walkerton, Ontario. He is a member of the Masonic 
 and Oddfellows Orders, and is a Justice of the Peace, Notary 
 Public and Coroner for the Province. Mr. Manuel has the finest 
 store at Donald, and is looked upon as one of the rising men of the 
 district in which he resides. 
 
 Mara, Hon. John Andrew, M. P., (Kamloops), eldest son of 
 the late John Mara, of Toronto, was born at Toronto and educated 
 there. Removed to this Province in 1862 and first settled at Yale
 
 228 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 where he engaged in business. He was one of the strongest advo- 
 cates of confederation and on the consummation of this movement 
 was elected a member of the first Provincial Parliament for Koote- 
 nay. He occupied this seat till 1875 when he stood success- 
 fully for Yale district and occupied this seat till 1886, when he was 
 elected to represent the same constituency in the House of Com- 
 mons. In 1883 Mr. Mara was elected Speaker of the Provincial 
 Legislature and occupied that position till he gave up his seat. In. 
 politics Mr. Mara is a Conservative. He is one of the most enter- 
 prising business men of British Columbia, and has unbounded faith 
 in the future of the country. He married Alice, daughter of the 
 late F. J. Barnard, Esq., and sister of Mr. F. H. Barnard, M. P. 
 He is a member of the Union Club, Victoria. 
 
 Martin, George Bohim, M. P. P., (South Thompson), son of 
 1.1 e late Captain G. B. Martin, C. B., Royal navy, was born at 
 Cheltenham, England, on December 25th, 1842, and educated there. 
 Came to British Columbia in 1865 and settled on the South Thomp- 
 son river, where he has one of the finest cattle ranches in the 
 Province. He is engaged exclusively in ranching and cattle rais- 
 ing. He was elected to the local Legislature in 1882 to fill the seat 
 left vacant by the death of Mr. Preston Bennett, who had been 
 elected at the general election of that year. Mr. Martin has since 
 continued to represent this constituency. In politics Mr. Martin is 
 a Conservative. He is a member of the Union Club, Victoria. 
 
 Marvin, E. B., (Victoria), was born in the city of Halifax, 
 province of Nova Scotia, in the year 1830, and left his native place 
 in 1852 to seek his fortune in California at which place he arrived 
 on November 30th of the same year, after a passage of one hundred 
 and sixty-two days via Cape Horn. When he arrived in Sail 
 Francisco it was a very small place of about 25,000 inhabitants, 
 the population being composed of all nationalities, Mr. Marvin 
 remained in San Francisco until the year 1857 and passed through 
 all the excitement of the Vigilance Committee of 1855 and 1856 
 when so many men were hung. In the year 1857 he left San 
 Francisco for Australia to seek his fortune in the mines' and 
 remained there until September, 1868, when hearing of the rush to 
 Fraser river he left Melbourne bound for Victoria. On the passage
 
 m 
 
 J. A. I,AII)I,A\V,
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 229 
 
 up the vessel put into Honolulu and remained six weeks, leaving 
 Honolulu on December 26th, 1858 and arrived at Esquimalt Har- 
 bor on January 13th, 1859. Mr. Marvin remained in Victoria 
 until June of the same year, when he returned to San Francisco 
 at which place he remained until February, 1860, when he came 
 once more to Victoria and proceeded to the Fraser river mines. He 
 went by canoe as far up as the mouth of the Quesnelle a very 
 hazardous trip indeed. Not being successful in mining, Mr. 
 Marvin returned to Victoria and commenced business in July, 1860 
 and is now carrying on the largest ship chandlery business in Vic- 
 toria. He has been a member of the city council for three years 
 from 1876 to 1878, is also a Justice of the Peace of the Province 
 and is extensively interested in mining. He is owner of several 
 selling vessels and is largely interested in that business. Mr. 
 Marvin is a self-made man having started business with very small 
 means. The firm is now E. B. Marvin & Co. 
 
 Mason, Joseph, M. P. P., (Barkerville), born at Nottingham, 
 England, 1839, educated in the Nottingham common schools. 
 Came to British Columbia in 1862, by way of Cape Horn in a sail- 
 ing vessel. Landed in Victoria and remained there in business 
 f6ur years. Left Victoria for Big Bend during the gold excitement 
 at the latter place in 1866, and after great hardships and vicissi- 
 tudes went with the rush to the Hixson creek gold excitement. 
 From thence to Barkerville, Cariboo, where he has lived ever since. 
 Is extensively interested in mining and the business of a general 
 merchant. Married Miss Skinner of Barkerville, in 1882, and has 
 five children. After repeated refusals he consented to stand for 
 parliament on no less than three requisitions in 18"8Q. He was 
 elected at the head of the poll and has represented the district in 
 the Legislative Assembly since that time. He is a Conservative 
 in politics, and in religion a member of the Church of England. 
 
 itlayiiard, Richard, (Victoria), was born at Stratton, Corn- 
 wall, England. When he was two years of age his parents re- 
 moved to Buda and there Mr. Maynard at an early age was 
 apprenticed to the shoemaking business. He had always a strong 
 inclination for a sea-faring life, and at the age of eleven years he 
 left home and went to sea. He returned to Buda the following year
 
 230 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 and after that put in the summer at sea and the winter on land. He 
 married, while not yet twenty years of age, and in 1852 with his 
 wife came to Canada, and settled in Bowmanville, Ontario, where 
 he remained till 1859 when he removed to British Columbia. He 
 went to the mines on the Fraser river and made considerable money 
 during that season on Hudson Bar. In the winter he returned to 
 Bowmanville for his wife and family whom he brought to Victoria 
 in 1862. His wife while in the east had learned the photographic 
 business and when they arrived at Yictoria she established a busi- 
 ness there, while Mr. Maynard went to Stikeen where he made 
 considerable money mining. When he returned he began his 
 present business. Mr. Maynard has been a life-long temperance 
 man though he has never joined any society. 
 
 Miller, Jonathan, (Vancouver), was born in Delaware, county 
 of Middlesex, Ontario, Sept. 5th, 1834. He is descended from 
 United Empire Loyalists on both sides of his house, his grand- 
 fathers, paternal and maternal, having taken up arms for the 
 King's cause during the Revolutionary war of 1775 and having 
 after the Declaration of Independance by the United States, re- 
 moved to Canada rather than live without the pale of British 
 influence. His grandfather Miller, settled in Middlesex county 
 and his grandfather Lockwood, in Wellington county, where he 
 became possessed of a considerable portion of the land on which the 
 city of Hamilton now stands. Mr. Miller received his education at 
 Caradoc Academy, and after leaving school engaged in mercantile 
 business at which he continued, within nine miles of his native 
 place, until 1861. In 1856 he married Margaret, daughter of 
 Colonel Benjamin Springer. He was appointed a Justice of the 
 Peace for the county of Middlesex in his 22nd year. In 1862, 
 during the excitement over the discovery of large deposits of gold 
 in Cariboo, Mr. Miller left Ontario and came to British Columbia. 
 He established himself without delay in New Westminster district 
 where he has since continued to live. On his arrival he engaged 
 in business in New Westminster and in 1864 he brought his family 
 from Ontario. In the following year he turned his attention to the 
 lumber business and disposing of his commercial interest in New 
 Westminster city, took a number of large contracts to get 
 lumber out of the forests for the mills. In his connection with this.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 231 
 
 business he came to Burrard Inlet where he has resided continu- 
 ously since. Mr. Miller remained in the lumber business till 1871. 
 In that year he received an appointment from the Provincial Gov- 
 ernment and was stationed at the old town of Granville, where the 
 city of Vancouver now stands. He brought his family from New 
 Westminster to Granville and continued to reside there in the 
 capacity of government agent till 1886, when he received the ap- 
 pointment of postmaster for the new city of Vancouver and has 
 since filled that position. In 1864 he was elected a member of the 
 New Westminster City Council, the present Premier of the Prov- 
 ince, Hon. John Robson, serving on the board during the same year. 
 While in Ontario, Mr. Miller took a personal part in politics and 
 was associated with the Conservative party, but since his arrival in 
 the Province of British Columbia he has not actively interested 
 himself in public affairs. He has large interests in Westminster 
 District and the city of Vancouver, where he, more than any other 
 man in the Province, has marked the transformation that has taken 
 place during the past twenty years, having resided on the shores of 
 Burrard Inlet longer than any other white man. Mr. Miller is a 
 member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen and a Protes- 
 tant. His mother is still living at the age of 78 years in Middle- 
 sex county, Ontario, where she and her husband first settled after 
 their marriage. 
 
 Milligan, David Shibley, (New Westminster), is a native of 
 Ontario, having first seen the light in the town of New Burgh in 
 that Province on February 27th, 1837, where his parents, both of 
 whom were of Irish origin, resided. Mr. Milligan received a first- 
 class business education in the academy of his native town which 
 proved to be of great use to him in after years. On his arrival in 
 British Columbia in May, 1862, Mr Milligan settled at Victoria. 
 He remained there however but a short time and went to the 
 mines " with the great rush " a few months after his arrival. For- 
 tune not favoring his eager search for " the root of all evil " in its 
 natural condition, Mr. Milligan returned during the same season to 
 Victoria where he engaged in business. Since that time Mr. Milli- 
 gan has been engaged in various enterprises, and, although he has 
 not always been successful, he has gained the reputation of being a 
 man of sterling business qualities and knowledge. For several years.
 
 232 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Mr. Milligan served the Dominion Government in the capacity of 
 postmaster at Moodyville, where he was much liked and respected. 
 Mr. Milligan is a Methodist and a member of the Oddfellows' so- 
 ciety. 
 
 Milne, Alexander Roland, (Victoria), son of Alexander 
 Milne, of Toronto, Ontario, was born in Morayshire, Scotland, on 
 December 20th, 1839, and educated at Marshal College, Aberdeen, 
 with a view of fitting him for a mercantile career. During his boy- 
 hood his parents emigrated to Canada and in 1855 he entered the 
 employ of Gage, Hagaman & Co., who did a large business in 
 Oakville and Toronto as dealers in grain. Mr. Milne was engaged 
 in mercantile pursuits in Ontario till 1864, when he came to the 
 Pacific coast. He remained for a period in Victoria and then went 
 to Cariboo, at that time attracting much attention, where he was 
 engaged in the general mercantile business of Buie Bros. While in 
 Cariboo he saw and experienced the life of adventure and hardship 
 peculiar to that region and that time. He returned to Victoria in 
 1874, and in 1875 entered the service of the Custom's Department. 
 At that time Ex-collector Hamley, the late Mr. George Fry and 
 Mr. Charles S. Finlayson, were the only inside officers. Mr. Milne 
 by attention to business, intelligence and knowledge of the require- 
 ments of the commercial community, worked himself upwards in the 
 service till in 1890 he was appointed, on the resignation of Mr. 
 Hamley, Collector of the Port of Victoria. In referring to his 
 appointment as collector, the leading paper of Victoria, says : 
 " Collector Milne's appointment meets with universal approval. He 
 is long and favorably known to the business public of British Col- 
 umbia. He has been for many years in the Custom House and has 
 won the good will of all by the efficiency with which he performed 
 his duties, by his courtesy and his readiness to oblige all those with 
 whom he had occasion to do business. Collector Milne has been a 
 model civil servant, and all are pleased to see that he has obtained 
 the promotion he has deserved so well. We are quite sure that he 
 will perform his duties as acceptably to the Government and to the 
 public in his present position as he did in those he formerly occu- 
 pied. We are glad that the appointment has been a service ap- 
 pointment. It is an encouragement to deserving civil servants who 
 are doing their best to discharge their duties to the satisfaction of
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 233 
 
 the Government and the public, to see deserving men promoted to 
 the highest and best paid positions. Such promotions afford the 
 very strongest incentive to diligence and efficiency in the service. 
 They are not only just to the meritorious civil servants by giving 
 them the reward to which their industry, efficiency and general good 
 conduct give them a right, but they are besides the very best means 
 of improving the morale and increasing the efficiency of the service. 
 Mr. Milne's appointment, therefore, from every point of view, is an 
 admirable one." Mr. Milne has always been a staunch Conserva- 
 tive but has never taken an active part in public affairs. He is a 
 member of the Masonic fraternity, and during 1887 and 1888, (the 
 Lodge's most prosperous years), he was Grand Master for British 
 Columbia. He is a member of the Royal Arch, and a charter mem- 
 ber of the higher Scottish rite degrees. He is also a member of the 
 Oddfellows' Order, the Knights of Pythias, the Ancient Order of 
 United Workmen and other benevolent societies. 
 
 Milne, George L., M. D., M. P. P., (Victoria), is of Scotch 
 birth, having been born in the town of Garmouth, Morayshire, 
 Scotland, in the year 1850. When only seven years of age his 
 parents with their family emigrated to Canada, and lived for many 
 years at Meaford, Grey county, Ontario. The Doctor received his 
 medical education at Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, and 
 graduated in May, 1880, receiving the degree of M. D. C. M., from 
 Victoria University. It is now nearly ten years since his arrival 
 in British Columbia, and during that time has been in active 
 practice of his profession, he has also identified himself with many 
 public acts and institutions of the Province. He has taken a lively 
 interest in* educational matters, having for some time been on the 
 Victoria School Board. He was one of the first to institute steps 
 for the providing of a new medical act for this Province, and since 
 the organization of the Medical Council, has continuously held the 
 position of registrar and secretary as well as being an elected mem- 
 ber and examiner for that body. There are many public institu- 
 tions which the Doctor has identified himself with, and in which he 
 takes a lively interest. He is president of the Vancouver Gas 
 Company. As well as a director in the New Westminster and 
 Nanaimo Gas Company ; vice-president of the Victoria National 
 Electric Tramway Company ; director in the B. C. Fire Insurance
 
 234 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Company, as well as being interested in many other enterprises of 
 great advantage to the inhabitants of this Province. Dr. Milne is 
 a Liberal in politics having been president of the British Columbia 
 Liberal Association for some years. Last summer he contested the 
 by-election in Victoria, in the Opposition interest, against At- 
 torney General Davie, and was defeated by a small majority. At 
 that time he strongly condemned the amendments recently made to 
 the public school act, as well as deprecating any idea of allowing 
 separate schools to become a matter for consideration in British 
 Columbia. He was a successful candidate for the city of Victoria 
 at the last general elections. 
 
 Moffatt, Hamilton, (Victoria), was born in Shanklin, Isle of 
 Wight, on June 1 2th, 1832. He is the fourth son of Lieutenant 
 Moffatt of the Royal Navy, who was born at Ovington, near Hex- 
 ham, Northumberland, England. Mr. Moffatt was educated in 
 Kingston College, in the town of Kingston-upon-Hull, Yorkshire. 
 Before coming to British Columbia he was in the Imperial Govern- 
 ment service. He arrived in British Columbia on February 22nd, 
 1850, in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, and was 
 stationed at Victoria, where he continued until the spring of 1872, 
 when he retired. In March, 1873, he joined the Indian Depart- 
 ment of the Dominion of Canada at Victoria and is still attached to 
 that service. He married Lucy, second daughter of Captain "Wm. 
 Henry McNeill, formerly of the Hudson's Bay service at Victoria. 
 He is an adherent of the Episcopal Church. 
 
 Hlorley, Christopher, (Victoria), was born at Luffborough, 
 Leicestershire, England, on the 7th of March, 1841, educated there 
 and lived in England till 1862, when he came to British Columbia. 
 In 1863 he went to Cariboo, and visited William's, Lightning and 
 other famous creeks, but did not mine. He returned to Victoria 
 during the same summer and remained till the following spring, 
 when he went to the Leach river mines and became interested in 
 several claims. After two years' work he got back to Victoria 
 penniless. Next year he started for the Big Bend, the excitement 
 over the discoveries there having just broken out. He only got as 
 far as Shuswap lake, however. He spent the summer in prospect- 
 ing in this neighborhood, and returned in the autumn to Victoria.
 
 W. J. MACAl'LAY.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 235 
 
 In the following year he went to Comox prospecting. Subsequently 
 he spent several years at ranching, first at Saanich and then at 
 Sydney Island. In 1872 he established his present business, open- 
 ing his store first on Yates street. Later he removed to Wharf 
 street and formed a partnership with J. K. Greenwood. This part- 
 nership continued till 1881, after which date Mr. Morley took sole 
 control and has conducted the business since. In 1883 he removed 
 to the premises he now occupies. He is a member of St. George's 
 society and the French Benevolent society. 
 
 Moss, Morris^ (Victoria), was born in London, England, May 
 31st, 1842, and educated at University college, Gower street, Lon- 
 don. He arrived in Victoria in April, 1862, coming by way of 
 Panama. During the early Cariboo excitement he became infected 
 with the fever arid started for William's creek by way of Bentinck 
 Arm route, being one of the first to go over that road. After sur- 
 mounting many difficulties he got through safely. He returned to 
 Victoria, purchased a large stock of goods and started again for the 
 mines. At the forks of the Quesnelle he was overtaken by the 
 great snow storm of that season, and finding it impossible to pro- 
 ceed sold his cargo for what it would fetch and returned to Victoria. 
 In the early part of the following year he took up a stock of goods 
 on the Hudson's Bay company's steam Labouchere and started a 
 trading station in Bella Coulla at the head of Bentinck arm. He 
 found only about one-tenth of the native population which had in- 
 habited the locality during the preceding year, smallpox having 
 killed off the remainder. During that season he loaded three or 
 four pack trains for William's creek and in the fall went there him- 
 self. He found quite an excitement among the miners about the 
 new route and several hundreds agreed to winter in Bella Coulla on 
 his guaranteeing to have sufficient supplies there. He then pro- 
 ceeded to Victoria, chartered the schooner Rose Newman, belong- 
 ing to William Spring and Captain McKay, loaded her with a gen- 
 eral cargo and was about to start when Mr. Robertson Stewart, 
 then agent for the Koskuina Coal Mining company, called on him 
 and asked as a favor to allow the schooner to call at Koskuma to 
 take winter supplies to the men there. Mr. Moss at first refused, 
 not wishing to take the chances of a trip on the west coast, but upon 
 the representation of Mr. Stewart that there was no other means
 
 236 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 of sending up provision to the men, he consented. Before leaving 
 Victoria he was interviewed by Governor Douglas several times, 
 and was appointed government agent for the northwest coast. He 
 was also gazetted justice of the peace, but was never sworn in for 
 the latter office. After a rough trip he arrived at Koskuma about 
 the end of November and found the men greatly excited over the 
 accidental shooting of Mr. Munro, which had occurred two days 
 previously. He landed the provisions he had brought for this place 
 and then sailed to Quatseena, at which place he was detained about 
 seven days by a heavy gale. The crew of the schooner consisted of 
 Capt. Walters, formerly of the Hudson Bay company; Ben Spain, 
 the mate, and three Indians. The Indians finding that he was de- 
 termined to proceed deserted from the boat. On the eighth day he 
 started out, the gale still blowing. He had not proceed far when 
 the mainsail and jib were blown away and the water casks were 
 washed overboard. A thick fog then set in. They drifted about at 
 the mercy of the waves for three days, the fog continuing during 
 the whole time, and on the the third night, the 8th of December, 
 they struck a rock. The waves dashed over the vessel and they 
 clung to the rigging. They could see nothing but breakers around 
 them. The captain sang out : " Every man for himself, I'm going 
 to make for those breakers," painting ahead. All hands jumped 
 overboard and by chance all got ashore. They got on some rocks, 
 climbed up and found a level place of about thirty feet above water 
 and lay down awaiting daylight. It snowed that night, the first of 
 the season. When daylight came they found they were on a small 
 rocky island, which at low water was connected with a large island 
 by a narrow neck of land. As soon as the water receded they made 
 for the large island, which afterwards they found to be the island 
 of Lochaboo, to the westward of Safety Cove. They were without 
 food, matches or fresh water, but during the day managed to haul 
 in two or three sacks of flour which had drifted out of the schooner. 
 The following day there was luckily a very low tide. They picked 
 up many articles of use as well as food along the beach. Among 
 others was a keg of gunpowder, into which the water had only pene- 
 trated about a quarter of an inch, also they found a flint-lock gun. 
 With these and the aid of some linen they managed to get a little 
 fire by shooting into dry moss and blowing the sparks into flame. This 
 they kept burning continuously for the three months which they
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 237 
 
 remained on the island. The next few days they occupied in gather- 
 ing what they could from the wreck, the gale having subsided. They 
 collected some thirty or forty sacks of flour, some canned meats, 
 drygoods, molasses and two kegs of liquor. These latter they found 
 jammed in rocks, and they could not pack them to camp. After 
 securing all they could from the wreck they turned their attention 
 to building some habitation. They rolled a few logs up for walls, 
 and took the foresail of the boat for a roof. They remained there 
 three months, from December to the end of February, during which 
 time they explored the island and found that the former inhabitants 
 had all died from smallpox, skeletons being discovered in various 
 parts. They also found several clam beds, which added greatly to 
 their larder. They erected signal poles on every part of the island. 
 One morning while eating their frugal breakfast they were delighted 
 to hear shouts from Indians. Upon proceeding to the beach they 
 saw a canoe about 100 yards from shore, in which were three 
 Indians who had been attracted by the signals. They at first ap- 
 peared very loath to come ashore, but Mr. Moss soon recognized one 
 of them as a half-breed named Yellowbelly Charley who is still 
 alive. He came ashore and agreed to take them to the camp, which 
 they said was about forty miles distant. They found that the canoe 
 would not hold the crowd and it was agreed that Mr. Moss should 
 proceed with Yellowbelly and return with a larger canoe for the 
 other men, which after many difficulties was accomplished. After 
 their arrival at Bella Bella, a small sloop owned by one Sabastopol, 
 an old prospector, came in. Walters and Spain accepted of his offer 
 to go up to Fort Simpson, but Mr. Moss was anxious to return to 
 Bella Coulla, which lay in a contrary direction and therefore he re- 
 mained with the Indians, they promising to take him over in a canoe. 
 He soon found, however, that he was a prisoner. The island in 
 which the Indians lived was merely a large rock on which was 
 neither wood nor water, the reason for living here being their fear 
 of being attacked by the Hydah Indians, and as there were many 
 hundred Indian dogs roaming around the rock it was imposs- 
 ible for them to be surprised in the night. He remained a prisoner 
 for over a month, parting day by day with what little property he 
 possessed, having to pay for wood and water which were fetched 
 from a neighboring island. One day be discovered some Kemoquit 
 Indians who were about to proceed to Bella Coulla and by big
 
 238 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 promises induced them to take a letter to the white men there, in- 
 forming them of his position. In a week from date an answer came 
 in the shape of forty canoes filled with friendly Bella Coulla Indians 
 and seven or eight white men, who came down with the intention of 
 fighting should the Bella Bellas refuse to give him up. The latter, 
 however, were scared and begged of him to make peace for them 
 with the new comers. He then returned to Bella Coulla where he 
 found the clerk he had left in charge, sick in bed unable to move 
 and unable to account for about one-half of the stock he had left 
 with him. This, added to the loss of the schooner and cargo which 
 alone amounted to $10,000, made him desirous of giving up frontier 
 life. The schooner Amelia arrived a few days afterwards and he 
 took passage to Victoria. Before doing so he arranged with one 
 Barney Johnston to freight into the mines by Alex. Macdonald's 
 pack train the remainder of his stock. His friends in Victoria were 
 very much surprised to see him alive, the stern board of the schoon- 
 er Rose Newman having been picked up, and not hearing of him for 
 four months they naturally supposed that he was lost. Shortly 
 after arriving in Victoria news was brought down of the Bute Inlet 
 massacre. An indignation meeting was held in the old theatre and 
 after many fiery speeches it was determined to send up an expedi- 
 tion to revenge the murder of the whites. In a short space of time 
 one hundred men volunteered, Mr. Moss among the number. At 
 that time Vancouver Island was a separate colony from the main- 
 land. A letter was sent to Gov. Seymour at Westminster, telling 
 him of what had taken place and offering their services as volun 
 teers. A reply came thanking them for their offer, but saying the 
 mainland would supply her own volunteers for the occasion. At the 
 same time Mr. Moss received a communication from Governor Sey- 
 mour, asking him to report there and assist. He was invited and 
 attended several meetings of the legislative council at New West- 
 minster. It was finally determined to send fifty men from New 
 Westminster and fifty from Cariboo, the former under Judge Brew 
 and the latter under Judge Cox. Mr. Moss was attached to Mr. 
 Brew's corps, and proceeded with them to Bella Coulla. When 
 about fifty miles from Bella Coulla they met a canoe coming down. 
 Among its occupants was recognized Barney Johnston, who had 
 been left in charge of Mr. Moss' goods at Bella Coulla, and several 
 other whites. The war vessel was stopped and they came aboard.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 239 
 
 They informed the volunteers that some little time previous to this 
 they had started out with three pack trains bound for Cariboo and 
 on the third day while in camp at Sutledge a number of Indians 
 told them of the Bute Inlet massacre and advised them to return, 
 otherwise they would share a similar fate. A discussion ensued. 
 Most of them believed the Indians, knowing them, and wished to fol- 
 low their advice. But Alexander Macdonald, who was packing his 
 own cargo and whose partner, Manning, was out at their station 
 some eighty miles from where they were, refused to turn back. Dur- 
 ing the night the number of the Indians was greatly increased by 
 strangers coming in, and next morning the Indians would not allow 
 them to depart. Finally the Indians showed that they meant mis- 
 chief. The whites built stockades with their packsaddles and car- 
 goes and also dug rifle pits. They kept the Indians at bay for about 
 two days, and then determined to abandon their cargoes and return 
 to Bella Coulla river with their horses only. Accordingly they 
 made an early start next morning, but soon found out that retreat 
 was cut off by the Indians, who commenced firing at them from the 
 bush. Alex. Macdonald, Clifford Higgins and Peter McDougall 
 were shot dead, but/ the others managed to escape, all carrying lead 
 in their bodies. Not knowing that the whites in Victoria were 
 aware of the Butte Inlet massacre they started down to bring the 
 news, when they met the man-of-war. They turned back with the 
 vessel; when they reached Bella Coulla Mr. Moss took charge of 
 landing the men, horses and provisions, and then of freighting the 
 provisions by canoes and Indians up the river. He also formed an 
 Indian detachment to assist the whites. Upon arriving at the head 
 of navigation a consultation was held and it was discovered that 
 provisions would run short before the expedition could accomplish 
 it purpose. Mr. Moss volunteered to return to the war ships, bring 
 up a fresh supply to the head of navigation, and there await the re- 
 turn of the pack train. He was given all necessary papers and 
 told to enroll any volunteers he thought necessary for the safety of 
 the cargo. After securing provisions he engaged four white men 
 and returned again to the head of navigation. When within a few 
 miles of a place called Stewy, at the head of navigation, the whites 
 left their canoes and took to the trail. They made for a log house, 
 built by Mr. Moss a year previous. Here to their surprise 
 they found an interior Indian whom Johnston and McCraney
 
 240 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 recognized as one of those who had done the shooting at Sut- 
 lidge He immediately made for his gun which was in a corner 
 of the house. The whites, however, took it from him, and found it 
 to be loaded with a double charge of buckshot and two trade balls. 
 He said he had heard that the volunteers were coming to avenge 
 the Bute Inlet murder and also understood that Mr. Moss, with 
 whom he was acquainted, was coming up with provisions and he had 
 come to help him. No one, however, believed him and it was with 
 the greatest difficulty that Johnston and McCraney could be dis- 
 suaded from shooting him on the spot. Next day Mr. Moss took 
 charge of the Indian and conveyed him to the war ship where he 
 handed him over bound as a prisoner. He then returned to Stewy, 
 and a few days later the pack train arrived. He loaded it up with 
 provisions and took it to Punchin Lake, where he arrived the day 
 after McLean was killed. Negotiations were going on regarding the 
 surrender of the chief murderers. It was ascertained, however, 
 that two of them were off 'in the mountains in a different direction 
 and Mr. Moss was sent with five men to try and effect their cap- 
 ture. They got on the trail of the fugitives and would have suc- 
 ceeded in bringing them in had their provisions not given out. Mr- 
 Moss then returned to Stewy where he secured a letter from Mr. 
 Brew, stating that the main body having accomplished their object, 
 namely the capture of the chief murderers would return in about a 
 week, and ordering Mr. Moss to proceed to Bella Bella and arrest 
 an Indian there who was wanted as a witness of a murder which 
 had taken place two years previously. This was easily accomplished. 
 The expedition then returned and were paid off. Mr. Moss in ad- 
 dition to his pay received the thanks of Governor Seymour and 
 Judge Brew for his efficient services. The following spring Mr. 
 Moss was induced to go north again on a prospecting tour and while 
 at Bella Coulla succeeded in capturing the two Indian murderers he 
 had searched for the previous year. These he took to New West- 
 minster, where one of them was hung and the other pardoned. Mr. 
 Moss was then appointed by Governor Seymour Indian agent and 
 deputy collector of customs for the Northwest coast, which position 
 he held for nearly three years. In his official capacity he visited 
 almost every place in British Columbia from Naas river down. In 
 1867 he left the Government employ and started as a fur trader at 
 Bella Bella where he built a residence and store on the site of the
 
 E. B. MARVIN.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 241 
 
 Hudson's Bay company's fort. While here he discovered what has. 
 since been known as the Hebrew mine, on which he devoted much 
 time and considerable money, and although he was at one time of- 
 fered $25,000 for a half interest, which he refused, he has never yet 
 made a cent out of it. In 1870 during the Omineca excitement Mr. 
 Moss went up the Skeena river in a boat to the head of canoe navi- 
 gation. During the summer he remained at the forks of the Skeena, 
 During the early part of the fall he fitted out and accompanied a party 
 to search for rich claims near the boundary of Alaska, of which a man 
 named Strachan professed to have knowledge. The party, however, 
 broke up at Fort Wrangle and Mr. Moss came to Victoria where he 
 has since resided. He has the largest fur business in British Colum- 
 bia and several boats running to the sealing .waters. He is largely 
 interested in mining in the interior especially in Yale district. Mr. 
 Moss is a member of the Pioneer society and of the Hebrew congre- 
 gation, being a trustee of that body. 
 
 Mowat, Thomas, (New Westminster), was born on 15th May, 
 1859, at Dee Side, Bonaventure county, P. Q. His father who was. 
 of Scotch descent, was largely interested in the lumber trade and 
 for many years filled high positions in the government service. Mr, 
 Mowat received his primary education from private tutors and af- 
 terwards attended the public school at Campbelltown, N B., where 
 he received a thorough business training. On leaving school he en- 
 gaged in the lumber trade and before his arrival in British Colum- 
 bia was largely interested in the shipping business. While in the 
 east he also acquired a thoroughly practical knowledge of fish-hatch 
 ing and the various methods of artificial fish-culture. In 1883 he 
 came to British Columbia and settled at New Westminster, and 
 since that time has been connected with artificial fish-hatching. Mr. 
 Mowat built the hatchery at New Westminster for the Dominion 
 Government, was placed in charge of it and has since filled the posi- 
 tion. Apart from the latter appointment Mr. Mowat was made In- 
 spector of Fisheries for the Province, and has by unceasing efforts in 
 that behalf, largely contributed to develope the piscatorial wealth of 
 Canada. Besides being, ex-officio, a justice of the peace Mr. 
 Mowat was appointed a justice of the peace for the Province by the 
 government of British Columbia. He is a member of the Masonic 
 and Caledonian societies and was formerly a lieutenant in No. 1 
 
 (17)
 
 242 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 battery of the British Columbia garrison artillery, but was obliged to 
 give up his commission on account of the press of his official busi- 
 ness. In October, 1888, Mr. Mowat married Miss B. C. Herratt, 
 Esq., J. P. of Pedicodiac, N. B. In 1879 Mr Mowat crossed the 
 Atlantic in charge of the first large cargo of frozen salmon for the 
 London market, which turned out a great success. He not only 
 initiated the trade but also built the freezers employed in convey- 
 ing the salmon across the Atlantic. He was requested by the Min- 
 ister of Fisheries to take charge of the Canadian exhibit to the 
 London exhibition but declined as he had made up his mind to come 
 to British Columbia. In 1886 Mr. Mowat sailed round Vancou- 
 ver Island and located all the deep sea fishing banks. He is a 
 Presbyterian and one of the rising men of the Province. 
 
 Mnirhead, James, (Victoria), son of the late John Muirhead, 
 -contractor and builder, of Glasgow, Scotland, was born at Castle 
 Carey, Stirlingshire, Scotland, on November 20th, 1837. When he 
 was twelve years of age his parents removed to Glasgow and Mr. 
 Muirhead was educated in that city, attending the Normal school 
 on Renfield street. After leaving school he was apprenticed to a 
 joiner and after serving his time at this trade he left the old coun- 
 try in 1857 and came to Canada. He went first to Stratford, county 
 Perth, then to Paris, and finally settled in Gait, where he re- 
 mained for two years working at his trade. At the end of this 
 time he went to New York, and during his stay there worked on 
 the Fifth Avenue hotel which was then in course of construction. 
 From New York he removed to New Orleans where he spent the 
 winter and part of the summer and then visited South America. 
 He remained for two years in Lima, Peru, and during that time 
 was employed by the English Waterworks Company. In 1862 he 
 was attracted to British Columbia by the reports of the wonderful 
 discoveries of gold in. Cariboo. When he reached Victoria, how- 
 ever, the excitement to a large extent had calmed down, and Mr. 
 Muirhead instead of going to the mines concluded to follow his 
 trade. In 1863 he began a contracting business and among other 
 large buildings for which he obtained the contract was the Odd- 
 fellows' hall. In 1870 his present partner Mr. Mann joined him in 
 the business, and in 1875 they began the manufacturing business 
 which they now conduct. Mr. Muirhead does not take any active
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 243 
 
 part in politics and has not stood for any public position. He is a 
 member of the Masonic fraternity, the Oddfellows' order and the 
 Pioneer society and an adherent of the Presbyterian church. In 
 November, 1868, he married Rebecca Fleming, of Victoria. 
 
 ftlunro, Alexander, (Victoria), chief factor of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company, was born in the town of Tain, Rossshire, Scot- 
 land, in 1824. In early life he was engaged in different pursuits 
 law, banking, etc. first in Scotland and afterwards in England. 
 He arrived on Vancouver Island in 1857 in the Hudson's Bay 
 Company's service, and has since remained in and near Victoria. 
 He witnessed the great gold rush of 1858. For many years past 
 he has been factor of the Hudson's Bay Company and accountant 
 of their western department, comprising the whole of British 
 Columbia, and has also had charge of their lands and those of the 
 Puget's Sound Agricultural Company in this Province. After the 
 many changes which have taken place under his observation during 
 the third part of a century he is now, on the eve of his retirement, 
 the senior chief factor in the company's service. His life has been, 
 a busy and industrious one, but not eventful in comparison with 
 the lives and stirring experiences of many of his predecessors 
 those adventurous, manly pioneers and veterans who smoothed 
 the way, to a great extent for their successors by themselves under- 
 going the privations, the arduous labors and "perils by flood and 
 field " incident to establishing not merely the company's trading 
 posts but British authority also, and therewith happily introducing 
 the dawn of civilization among savage tribes scattered over the 
 wide continent from Canada to Alaska and the Arctic regions. 
 
 Mnnsie, William, (Victoria), was born in Pictou county, Nova 
 Scotia, on January 4th, 1849, and educated at Pictou. After 
 leaving school he served his apprenticeship to the foundry busi- 
 ness in Truro, and remained their for four years. In 1874 he went 
 to San Francisco, where for four years he was employed at this 
 business. In 1878 he came to British Columbia and settled in Vic- 
 toria, where he established a stove business for Mr. Joseph Spratt, 
 of the Albion Iron Works, and designed and manufactured the first 
 stoves ever made in British Columbia. He remained with Mr. 
 Spratt for over six years. In 1885 he formed a partnership with
 
 244 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 his present associate, Mr. F. Carne, and established the grocery busi- 
 ness the firm now conducts. In the same year in conjunction with 
 Mr. A. J. Bechtel he purchased the schooner Caroline and engaged 
 in the sealing industry. The following year they purchased an- 
 other vessel, and have since been adding to tlieir fleet. 
 
 Mills, Daniel, (Vancouver), fourth son of the late Joseph 
 Mills, farmer of Antigonish, N. S., who in the early part of the cen- 
 tury emigrated from Hampshire, England, and settled in Nova 
 Scotia. Mr. Mills was born at Antigonish on July 17th, 1830, and 
 received his elementary education in his native county. At the age 
 of fifteen years he was apprenticed to the stone-cutting and building 
 trade, to which he served four years. At the age of nineteen years 
 he began business as a contractor and his thorough knowledge of 
 the trade combined with his mechanical skill soon obtained for him 
 an extensive reputation. The result was that during the two years 
 he remained in business in his native county he had as much as he 
 could attend to, and in that time erected twenty-one grist mills. In 
 1851 Mr. Mills, then a man of twenty-one years, left Canada and 
 settled in the state of Maine, I T . S., where he remained for two 
 years, following his profession with remarkable success. Returning 
 to Nova Scotia he invested the result of his labor in real estate. 
 He continued his business in Canada from this time till 1858 when, 
 attracted west by the excitement over the discovery of gold in Brit- 
 ish Columbia he took shipping for San Francisco. He remained in 
 Victoria where he superintended the cutting and placing of the 
 stone of the Bank of British North America then and until long 
 afterwards the only building of this kind in the city. When this 
 work had been completed he undertook the contract to cut the stone 
 for Race Rock lighthouse, which he finished in 1860. In the au- 
 tumn of the same year he superintended the construction of a 
 wharf for the Hudson's Bay Company, and in the spring of 1861 
 he purchased a half interest in a brewery business in Victoria. He 
 sold out his share in the brewery in 1862 and went to Cariboo by 
 the Yale route where he mined on Antler Creek. During 1862 he 
 was interested in five claims on this creek and lost about fifteen 
 hundred dollars. He then located a claim on William's creek and 
 purchased one on Lightning and another on Sugar creek. On the lat- 
 ter two he engaged men to work for him. During 1862 and 1863
 
 A. H. McBRIDE.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 245 
 
 he lost heavily, and was forced to sell some of his property in the 
 east in order to obtain the money to develop his claims. He aban- 
 doned his claims on Lightning and Sugar creeks and sold that on 
 Antler creek, never however getting the purchase money. He clung 
 to his claims on William's creek and spent considerable money in 
 the work of development and during 1864-5-6 succeeded in making 
 the first of these which he had taken up pay very well. In 1867 
 he again went prospecting and located a claim on Keithley creek, 
 which was very promising, but he abandoned it, owing to its dis- 
 tance from any point where provisions could be obtained. He then 
 went to Red Gulch where he purchased an interest in the Discovery 
 claim, the development of which he superintended during 18G7-8. 
 This claim which took eleven months to work " panned out " well. 
 In 1868 he also purchased an interest in claims on Lowhee creek and 
 here he remained till 1875, managing the work of development. 
 The severe labor exposure and anxiety which he underwent during 
 this period wrecked his constitution and he was forced to leave the 
 mines owing to the condition of his health. He accordingly dis- 
 posed of his interest and went to Victoria, where he remained for 
 about nine months. He then in conjunction with Mr. Donald 
 Chisholm purchased two farms on Salt Spring island and also 
 opened a wholesale and retail flour and liquor store in New West- 
 minster and built the brewery at Sapperton. This business he per- 
 sonally conducted till 1883, when he disposed of all his interests in 
 New Westminster district, except a portion of that in the brewery. 
 These interests were purchased by Mr. Chisholm. Since that time 
 Mr. Mills has not been engaged in active business. He has always 
 been an active politician, taking a deep interest both in Dominion, 
 and Provincial affairs. His principles are Liberal-Conservative. 
 In religion Mr. Mills is a Roman Catholic. 
 
 AlcBridc, Arthur II.. (New Westminster), son of the late 
 Thomas McBride, of county 'Down, Ireland, was born on June 26th 
 1835, at Down and educated at his native place. In 1854 he joined 
 the Royal South Down Militia in which he at once took the posi- 
 tion of color sergeant and pay sergeant. He remained with his 
 regiment for five years when he decided in 1859, in consequence of 
 the excitement over the discovery of gold on the Fraser river, to 
 <jome to British Columbia. He first visited Eastern Canada and
 
 2-16 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 from there he went to California where he remained ior two years 
 and a half and finally reached British Columbia in the spring of 
 1863. He went direct to the Cariboo region and during the sum- 
 mer he mined on Williams and Lightning creeks. On the latter 
 of these he purchased, in conjunction with others, a large claim but 
 owing to the difficulty of working it, although the prospects were 
 excellent, they abandoned it. At the. end of the season Mr. Mc- 
 Bride returned to Victoria, without however, having been success- 
 ful at the mines, and he accepted a position as sergeant of police. 
 He rose quickly in the service and very soon had control of the 
 force, and in 1870 on the death of Captain Pritchard, was appointed 
 to the vacant position. Mr. McBride remained in this position till 
 1878 when the Provincial penitentiary at New Wesminster having 
 been completed, he was appointed to the office of "Warden which position 
 he still retains. He was at the same time given a commission of Justice 
 of the Peace within the jurisdiction of the Sheriff of New Westminster. 
 Mr. McBride possesses in a marked degree the instinct ^nd dispo- 
 sition of a soldier. He is an ardent disciplinarian and it was large- 
 ly to his offorts that the militia regiments of both Victoria and 
 New Westminster came into existence and for years he gave his 
 services gratuitously as drill instructor and brought both regiments to 
 a good state of efficiency. He is a member of the Masonic Order and 
 also of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. On the 8th of Nov- 
 ember, 1865; he married Miss Mary D'Arcy of Victoria. Mr. Mc- 
 Bride is an adherent of tfee Presbyterian Church. 
 
 McDowell, Henry, (Vancouver), third son of Robert and 
 Mary A. McDowell, was born at Milton, Halton county, Ontario, 
 on March 3rd, 1862. He was educated at Milton public school 
 and for a time followed the occupation of school teaching ; but 
 abandoned it to study the business he is at present engaged in, 
 that of chemist and druggist. He came to British Columbia in 
 1886 and settled at Vancouver in June of that year, establishing 
 the business which he now owns and which has increased with the 
 growth of the city. Mr. McDowell is a strong Conservative in 
 Dominion matters but so far has taken no active interest in Pro- 
 vincial politics, his large and increasing business demanding his. 
 entire attention. He is one of Vancouver's most prosperous and 
 loyal citizens, and has centered all his interests in the terminal
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 247 
 
 city. He is connected with the Vancouver Street Railway and 
 Electric Light Co., the Union Steamship Co., the Vancouver City 
 Foundry Co, and is a prominent member of the Board of Trade. Mr. 
 McDowell is a member of the Episcopal Church. 
 
 McElman, Albert Tlieosopholus DesBrisay,( Nanaimo), son 
 of the late James McElman, captain of marine, was born in King's 
 county, New Brunswick. When he was four years of age his 
 parents removed to Westmorland county, and there Mr. McElman 
 received his primary education. After finishing his collegiate 
 course he studied law at Dorchester in the office of Thomas S. 
 Sayers where he remained the full five years required by the articles. 
 He was then called to the bar of New Brunswick and practiced 
 first in Albert county and subsequently in King's county. In 1874 
 he came to British Columbia and settled at Victoria. In October 
 of the same year he was admitted a solicitor and barrister of 
 British Columbia. For ten years he resided in Victoria and 
 practiced his profession, and then he removed to New Westminster 
 in which city he was, till he removed to Nanaimo, solicitor to the 
 corporation. In 1887 he settled in Nanaimo where he has since 
 resided. Mr. McElman although not an active politician takes an 
 interest both in Provincial and Dominion affairs. His legal 
 practice is principally in criminal law and he has had important 
 cases in this Province. 
 
 McFeely, Edward John, (Vancouver), son of Edward and 
 Sarah McFeely, both Canadians of Irish descent, was born at 
 Lindsay, Ontario, on November 3rd, 1863. Educated at his native 
 place and in 1882 went to Winnipeg where he continued during 
 the boom. From Winnipeg he went to Minneapolis and in 1885 
 came to British Columbia, settling in Victoria and going into busi- 
 ness in partnership with Mr. R. P. McLennan. In 1886 the firm 
 established a branch business at Vancouver, and of this Mr. Mc- 
 Feely took the management, Mr. McLennan remaining in Victoria. 
 Mr. McFeely has since resided in Vancouver and is regarded as one 
 of the most energetic and prosperous merchants of that rising city. 
 He is a member of the Board of Trade, and an adherent of the 
 Roman Catholic Church. He married Miss Gracie Cameron of 
 Victoria.
 
 "248 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 McGregor, William, (Nanaimo), was born at Victoria, April 
 7th, 1855. He is the son of the late John McGregor, one of the min- 
 ing experts who came to this country from Ayrshire, Scotland, in 
 1849, to open -up the coal mines at Fort Rupert and who after testing 
 seams at that place and finding them worthless removed to Nanai- 
 mo and opened up a number of mines there. Mr. McGregor was 
 educated at Victoria and Nanaimo, and when he left school he went 
 to work in the mines and has filled every position from workman to 
 manager, which office he now holds. During the year 1880 he was 
 engaged for a time contracting on New Castle Island but again 
 returned to Nanaimo and took the position of overman of the 
 Vancouver Company's mines. In 1884 he was offered and accepted 
 the position of manager. Since that time the work of development 
 lias largely increased and the business of the company has become 
 very profitable. When the terrible colliery explosion occurred in 
 1887, Mr. McGregor was the leader of the exploring and rescuing 
 parties and worked night and day untiringly. Mr. McGregor is 
 wrapped up in his business, takes no interest in politics and has 
 been solicited but has refused to stand for the city Council. He is 
 a member of the Presbyterian Church, and in 1875 was married to 
 An English lady, Miss Amanda Meakin. 
 
 McGuigaii, William Joseph, M. D., C. M., (Vancouver), was 
 born in Stratford, county of Perth, Ontario, on July 28th, 1853. 
 He is the eldest son of Michael McGuigan, who at the age of 
 "twenty-five came to America from Castle Dawson, county of Derry 
 Ireland, and after residing two years in New York settled at North 
 East Hope, Ontario, where he married Bridget Quinliven. Dr. Mc- 
 Ouigan received his elementary education at the public school in North 
 East Hope, and subsequently at the Stratford High School. He then 
 attended the Gait Collegiate Institute, at that time a noted educa- 
 tional establishment, for a term, and afterwards studied medicine at 
 McGill University, Montreal, where he matriculated at the age of 
 twenty. When a boy he intended studying for the priesthood, but 
 later on changed his mind and took a medical course, graduating 
 with honors in 1879. Shortly after leaving the university he went 
 into practice, and received the appointment of first Grand Trunk 
 Railroad surgeon at Sarnia. After residing one year at Sarnia he 
 was obliged to leave that city owing to ill-health and removed to
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 249 
 
 London, Ontario. Here he was appointed registrar and lecturer on 
 therapeutics and botany at the Western University. He remained 
 in London five years and in 1885 left for the North West to recover 
 his health which had become impaired through overwork. While 
 at London he was one of the physicians of the city hospital. He 
 did not then resign his position in the university but he had an 
 understanding with the faculty that he might riot return and that 
 they should be prepared to fill the vacancy caused by his with- 
 drawal. After visiting all places of interest in Manitoba and the 
 Territories, he came on to British Columbia, meeting at Donald, 
 his brother Thomas F. McGuigan, now city clerk of Vancouver. 
 While there, Dr. Brett chief medical superintendent of the Moun- 
 tain Division of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, who was desirous 
 of taking a trip east, asked Dr. McGuigan to take his place during 
 his absence. He complied and remained in the mountains till the 
 railway was completed and when the Onderdonk division met the 
 Ross division at Eagle Pass he travelled down to the Coast. Dr. 
 McGuigan was so impressed with the situation and natural advan- 
 tages of Granville (now Vancouver), that he decided to make his 
 home there and ever since has taken great interest in its extraor- 
 dinary growth and prosperity. He acted for nearly two years as 
 secretary of the school board of Vancouver city and is a member of 
 the medical council of the Province, of which during one year he 
 was president. He is president of the Vancouver City Medical 
 Association, and a member of the local St. Patrick's Society. In 
 1889 he was an unsuccessful candidate for aldermanic honors. Dr. 
 McGuigan has a decided taste for literature and is a frequent con- 
 tributor to the press on questions of the day. He is a vigorous 
 writer and a good speaker. While at the University he was editor- 
 in-chief of the McGill University Gazette, and in 1879 wrote the 
 farewell poem of the year. In religion Dr. McGuigan is an ad- 
 herent of the Roman Catholic Church. 
 
 Mclimes, Hon. Thomas Robert, HI. D., . M., (New West- 
 minster), is the fourth son of the late John Mclnnes, Esq., formerly 
 of Inverness, Scotland, and subsequently of Lake Ainslie, N. S. 
 Mr. Mclnnes was born at Lake Ainslie, N. S., on November 5th, 
 1840. He received his education first at the Normal School, Truro, 
 N. S., and then at Harvard University. He first settled in
 
 250 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Dresden, Ontario, and in 1874 was elected Reeve of Dresden. He 
 removed to British Columbia and settled in New Westminster, and 
 in 1876 was elected Mayor of that City. This position he held till 
 1878, when he was elected to represent New Westminster district 
 in the House of Commons. He continued as member for that con- 
 stituency till 1881, when he was appointed to the Senate of which 
 body he is now a member. He is connected with a large number 
 of important enterprises in the district. He is physician and sur- 
 geon to the Royal Columbia Hospital, and medical superintendent 
 of the British Columbia Lunatic Asylum. On October 5th, 1865, 
 he married Mrs. Webster, relict of the late George Webster, Esq., 
 of Dresden, Ontario. 
 
 McLean, Malcolm Alexander, (Vancouver), born August 
 14th, 1842, in Argyleshire, Scotland, is the second son of the latw 
 Allan McLean, an extensive Argyleshire farmer who came to 
 Canada from Scotland in 1846 and settled in the county of Victoria, 
 Ontario. Here Mr. McLean received his education and subsequent- 
 ly engaged in merchandise, at which he continued in his native 
 county till 1881, when he removed to Winnipeg, at that time ex- 
 periencing the famous boom. Mr. McLean engaged in business 
 there and invested largely in property in the city of Winnipeg, and 
 also in the agricultural district, and at present owns one of the rinest 
 farms in Manitoba. In 1885 he came to Vancouver where he 
 settled and where he has since continued to reside. He was elected 
 first Mayor of Vancouver after the city was incorporated, and v/as 
 again placed in that position in the following year. While in the 
 occupancy of this office the city made vast strides in growth and 
 improvement, and to his excellent administration of its affairs it is 
 that the city largely owes its present prosperity. For a year Mr. 
 McLean occupied the position of Police Magistrate of the city. He 
 is largely interested in the advancement of the city of Vancouver, 
 where all his interests are centered. 
 
 McLeese, Robert, (Soda Creek) descended from a branch of 
 the MacCallum Mores, of Cantire, Scotland, which settled in the county 
 of Antrim, Ireland, in the time of the Young Pretender. Mr. 
 McLeese, the younger of two children of John McLeese and 
 Jennie McArthur McLeese, was born near Coleraine, Antrim, Ire^ 
 land, June 28, 1828. He was educated at one of the Kildare
 
 SENATOR McINXKS.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 251 
 
 street, Dublin, educational colleges. After completing his educa- 
 tion he came to America and settled in Philadelphia, Penn., where 
 some of his relatives resided. Here he remained for seven years, 
 and at the expiration of that time, removed to California vi* 
 Panama. During his progress over the Isthmus the party with 
 which he travelled was attacked by the natives, who had been out- 
 raged by the filibustering expedition of General Walker a short 
 time previous. Mr. McLeese remained in California, engaged in 
 mining, till 1858, when he came to British Columbia. He settled 
 first in New Westminster, where he engaged in business, and where 
 he filled several important civic offices. In 1863 he left New 
 Westminster for Cariboo, but remained at Soda Creek, and opened 
 a general business. He has since resided there. In 1882 he was 
 returned as junior member in the Legislative Assembly for Cariboo^ 
 and in 1882 was re-elected as middle member. In the Autumn of 
 1888 he resigned and contested the same constituency for the 
 House of Commons, but was unsuccessful. He has very large inter- 
 ests in the Province, and has been most successful in his commer- 
 cial ventures. In 1873, in Renfrew, Ontario, he married Mary 
 Sinclair, granddaughter of Col. McLaren, of Renfrew, Scotland. 
 
 ' McLennan, Robert Purvis, (Victoria), the seventh son of 
 J. P. McLennan, J. P., of Pictou, Nova Scotia, was born at Pictou. 
 on December 7th, 1861. He was educated at that famous academy 
 in Pictou where so many leading men in Canada received their 
 early training, such men as Rev. Principal Grant of Queen's Uni- 
 versity, Kingston ; Sir Win. Dawson, and Chief Justice Macdonald, 
 Mr. McLennan passed through all the divisions of the school and 
 then at the age of fifteen years entered a hardware business, having 
 chosen this as his future vocation. He remained for three years in. 
 Pictou during which time he got a thorough knowledge of every 
 department of the business, and he then removed to River John, 
 a shipbuilding town of Nova Scotia, where for two years he con- 
 ducted his brother's business. During all this time, and indeed 
 before leaving school, he had been dreaming of the possibilities of 
 the western world and had convinced himself that fortune awaited 
 him on the shores of the Pacific. He was unable to obtain much 
 information respecting British Columbia, but the desire to get there 
 grew stronger with the passing years. In 1882 the excitement over
 
 252 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Winnipeg was at its height in the eastern provinces and Mr. Mc- 
 Lennan was smitten with the fever. He accordingly went there 
 where he remained following his business till the spring of 1884, 
 when the depression ensued. He returned to Nova Scotia on a 
 visit and six weeks later left for the Pacific coast coming over the 
 Northern Pacific Railroad. He remained till the autumn and then 
 came to British Columbia, landing at Victoria on Septembe 21st, 
 1884. At that time Victoria was much smaller than it is now, but 
 it had a substantial appearance and there was a great deal of build- 
 ing operation in progress. Mr. McLennan was much pleased with 
 the outlook of the city. The Canadian Pacific Railway was being 
 completed to the mountains, settlers were crowding in from the east 
 and everything gave promise of future prosperity. He at once 
 established his present business of manufacturing ornamental iron 
 work for building, tin roofing material, cornice work and other 
 work of a like nature, and he invested all his money in his venture. 
 "When the spring opened building operations began with activity 
 and Mr. McLennan found that he would not be able to cope single 
 handed with his greatly increasing business, He accordingly com- 
 municated with his present partner, Mr. E. J. McFeely, with 
 whom he had worked in Winnipeg and who was then in Minne- 
 apolis. Mr. McFeely came to Victoria without delay and the 
 existing partnership was formed. During that summer and autumn 
 their business increased as they had expected and they were forced 
 to enlarge their premises. During that winter Vancouver began to 
 come into existence and in the spring the firm decided to establish 
 a branch business there. In May, Mr. McLennan visited the new 
 town and purchased a lot on Powell street and let a contract for 
 putting up a building. The frame work alone was erected when 
 the big fire which destroyed the town occurred. This building, 
 however, was uninjured and was rapidly completed under the 
 supervision of Mr. McFeely who had come up to put a roof on it, 
 and a stock of goods was placed in it. Building on an extensive scale 
 then began in Vancouver and this compared with their large 
 Victoria business taxed the energies of the firm to their utmost to 
 supply the demand. In the autumn of 1886 they purchased the 
 lot on Cordova street, Vancouver, on which their handsome ware- 
 house, which they at once erected, now stands. To this building 
 they at once transferred their Vancouver business, which had at- 
 tained large proportions. In the spring of 1889 the firm in addition
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 253 
 
 4 
 
 to their manufacturing business in Victoria, opened up retail ware- 
 rooms on Yates street. In the autumn of 1887, Mr. McLennan re- 
 visited his former home in the east, and on the 23rd of November, at 
 River John, married Miss Bessie McKenzie, daughter of John Mc- 
 Kenzie, Esq., one of the leading merchants of that place. 
 
 McMicking, Robert Burns, (Victoria), the subject of this 
 sketch, first saw the light of day July 7th, 1843, on the right bank of 
 the majestic, and somewhat turbulent Niagara, and almost under the 
 shadow of the nation's monument, erected upon the battle ground 
 of Queenston. Heights, to commemorate the heroic valor of General 
 Brock, who fell so nobly defending his country in the ever memor- 
 able struggle of 1812. Mr. McMicking was born on the farm form- 
 ing the north-eastern corner of Welland county, Ontario, in the 
 township of Stamford, where his father, Wm. McMicking, J. P., 
 born 1805, lived and died, and upon which his grandfather, Mc- 
 Micking, located while yet a young man, on arriving from Scotland 
 about the year 1780, while that picturesque, and now productive 
 Eden of our Dominion, as yet the haunts of red men resting in 
 primeval silence, echoed the footfalls of impending Saxon civiliza- 
 tion. So that he may be recognized as a Canadian par excellence, 
 ingrained, and to the manor born, and to his credit be it recorded, 
 that through all the changing scenes peculiar to rollicking, roving 
 western life, where national sentiment is oftimes deemed dull 
 drudgery in the early days of our history, when to be loyal was to 
 become the object often of strife and ridicule, his fealty to the land 
 that gave him birth was ever firm and unshaken. Mr. McMicking 
 belongs to one of the largest, as well as one of the oldest, families 
 of the Dominion, being one of twelve children six boys and a like 
 number of girls all of whom married. The eldest brother, the late 
 lamented Thomas McMicking, of New Westminster, who was 
 drowned in the Fraser river in 1866 (and who will be referred to 
 later on) having, in company with R. B. McMicking, emigrated to 
 British Columbia overland via Selkirk (now Winnipeg), Edmonton 
 and Fraser river pass in the summer of 1862. At the age of thir- 
 teen, on the death of his father, Mr. McMicking engaged in the 
 study of electricity a science then quite as much in its youth as 
 the student himself, so far as being of practical value to mankind 
 for it will be within the recollection of many that the introduction
 
 254 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. S 
 
 f 
 
 of telegraphy the only important manner in which this wonderful 
 and still unknown force was employed, was practically concurrent 
 with the founding of the Morse system, established about the year 
 1844, and in the sense therefore of being useful, telegraphy may be 
 said to have been born then. Shortly after this date he was en- 
 gaged in the operating department of the Queenston office of the 
 Montreal Telegraph Co., the respected and now almost venerable 
 H. P. D wight, superintendent. Here under the exhilarating and 
 moulding influences of charming scenic environment, clear skies, 
 and loving kin companionship, our subject passed his early boyhood 
 days. And here it was that the British Pacific gold fever, which 
 took such firm hold of eastern Canada, found him in the autumn of 
 1861. Dwellers in the ancient, and abnormally quiet village of 
 Queenston caught the epidemic, and in company with 23 others 
 from that neighborhood Mr. McMicking set out on the 23rd of 
 April, 1862, overland, through the British Northwest, for the gold 
 fields of Cariboo, and it is doubtless owing in great measure to the 
 westward movement over our fertile plains and the explorations of 
 this band of weary pioneers that our vast and valuable interoceanic 
 possessions came speedily into prominence, destined, in our own 
 day to accomplish so much in the development of our young and 
 vigorous nation. An affectionate farewell with regrets, God-speed 
 and good wishes being over for the enterprise was regarded as haz- 
 ardous, and the result somewhat uncertain the party moved for- 
 ward, intent upon reaching Selkirk (now Winnipeg) settlement, and 
 from there mark out a course across the prairies. Every prepara- 
 tion had been made and every precaution taken by the party for ac- 
 complishing the entire journey alone. It became evident, however, 
 before Selkirk was reached that the inhabitants of other sections of 
 Ontario and Quebec had been led to interest themselves in the Pa- 
 cific Eldorado, and in consequence small parties were frequently 
 met en route, having their faces set westerly, and their steps turned 
 toward the setting sun. Rendezvousing at Selkirk, preparatory to 
 crossing the great plains, the augmented party numbered one hun- 
 dred and fifty souls, all intent on a common errand, being impelled 
 westward by a desire primarily to share in the golden harvest of 
 Cariboo. The subject of this sketch was a hero, to the extent of be- 
 ing the most juvenile member of the roving band. Fort Edmonton 
 next became the objective point, and before undertaking the jour- 
 ney through this comparatively unknown region, it was deemed
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 255 
 
 prudent in the interests of good government within, and for mutual 
 protection against all forms and conditions of uncataloguecl adver- 
 saries from without, that the whole party be organized under a 
 captain and executive board, composed of one member from each 
 original party. The country to be traversed was as yet almost 
 wholly inhabited by the various tribes of native red men, of whose 
 friendship the weary wanderers had no reason to be assured, whose 
 hostility they somewhat feared; but whose passiveness they came to 
 admire. Thomas McMicking at once a favorite wherever known 
 was unanimously chosen captain, and under him the large party 
 accomplished a most remarkable march Pacific coast-ward, passing 
 through many charming, and even enchanting scenes; surmounting 
 innumerable difficulties with meagre appliances, and with all aver- 
 aging a daily march of twenty-five miles. The first day of the week 
 was religiously observed as a day of rest, and the marvelous results, 
 in a physical sense at least, were a further evidence, if, indeed, evi- 
 dence be wanting, of the depth of wisdom displayed by the great 
 Creator in so forcibly enjoining upon his creatures the necessity of 
 one day's rest in seven ; and as they pursued their journey, which 
 ran into months of travel, they were enabled to realize afresh some- 
 thing of the meaning of the command " Remember the Sabbath day 
 to keep it holy" by the absence of sickness from their ranks, not 
 one, we are informed, having as much as an ordinary headache dur- 
 ing the entire journey. Under the guidance of Andre Cardinal, a 
 Hudson bay freeman of St. Alberts, and native of Jasper House, 
 the party left Edmonton, July 29, 1862, for the head waters of the 
 Eraser river via Leather Pass, arriving at Fete Jeune-Cache, on the 
 Eraser, August 27th, a distance of 459 miles from Edmonton; thence 
 down the Eraser by raft to the mouth of Quesnelle river, a further 
 distance of 520 miles, which was reached on the llth September, 
 completing an exciting and perilous trip by land and water, through 
 the rugged Rockies. The route travelled from Fort Garry to Tete- 
 Jeune-Cache was about the same as was subsequently, eighteen years 
 later, selected by the McKenzie administration for the great national 
 highway, and the same that the Grand Trunk and Northern Pacific 
 now contemplate adopting to link the immense and productive plains 
 of the great British Northwest and Peace river districts with the 
 tide waters of the Pacific at Victoria via Bute Inlet. The scenery 
 contiguous to this route cannot be surpassed, while the marvelous
 
 256 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 fertility of the soil far exceeds that along any of the more southern 
 lines. At Quesnelle mouth the party disbanded, and after a brief 
 experience in the famous Cariboo mines, with flour, bacon, sugar, 
 etc., at a dollar a pound, Mr. McMicking turned his steps toward 
 the coast, and domiciled at New Westminster during the winter of 
 '62-3. In the early summer of '63 he entered the employ of W. J. 
 now Sheriff Armstrong, the then leading grocer of that ancient 
 colonial capital. Remaining there until November, '65, Mr. Mc- 
 Micking again entered the telegraph service on the lines of the Col- 
 lins Overland Telegraph Company, then constructing a line north- 
 ward through British Columbia with the object of reaching Europe 
 via Behring straits. It will be remembered that this scheme was 
 brought into existence through the failure of the first Atlantic 
 cable laid in 1858, and Mr. McMicking joined in celebrating the 
 event, while working in the Queenston office under the impres- 
 sion, as had been reported, that the cable was intact and working. 
 Upwards of three million dollars had been spent in prosecuting the 
 work in British Columbia in 1864-5-6, and the construction party 
 numbering 250 men had reached a point 300 miles north of Ques- 
 nelle mouth, upon the successful completion of the second Atlan- 
 tic cable, June 26th, 1866. At this date Mr. McMicking was in 
 charge of the Quesnelle mouth office and in communication with the 
 working party north, while the line south to Victoria was open and 
 transmitting commercial business. He was therefore the medium 
 through which the information, fatal to the overland telegraph en- 
 terprise, reached the working party at Fort Stager, on Skeena river. 
 The work at once ceased, and after the lapse of. a few months the 
 whole line, with material and supplies, north of Quesnelle was aban- 
 doned. During the following August, Mr. McMicking was called 
 to mourn the loss of his brother Thomas (previously referred to as 
 captain of the overland party of 1862), who was drowned in the 
 Fraser river, seven miles below New Westminster, while attempting 
 to rescue his son, who had fallen into the treacherous waters, but 
 unfortunately without avail, and father and son sank together in 
 the cold and merciless deep. At the time of his death Thomas Mc- 
 Micking was deputy-sheriff at New Westminster. A graduate of 
 Knox college, Toronto, a ready speaker and writer, a genial com- 
 panion and withal a man of sterling character ; he was destined had 
 he been spared to act an important and foremost part in the up- 
 building of the social and political fabric of the country of his
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 257 
 
 adoption and we may well be pardoned for turning aside here to 
 record our regrets concerning the loss of a life, while yet in the 
 bloom and strength of manhood, and which must have proved so 
 valuable an acquisition in moulding aright the destinies of our young 
 Province. Contemplating this calamity we recall the almost uni- 
 versally yet seldom heeded truism: "There is a Divinity that shapes 
 our ends, rough hew them how we will." This sad circumstance 
 brought Mr. McMicking to New Westminster, and subsequently, 
 after the lapse of a few weeks, to the charge of the Yale telegraph 
 office, where he labored uneventfully until the summer of 1869, at 
 which time he married Maggie B., daughter of David Leighton. of 
 Germouth, Scotland, and niece of Thomas R. Buie, J. P., of Lytton, 
 B. C., where she had been for some time residing, the ceremony 
 being performed at Lytton, June 28th, by the Rev. J. B. Good of 
 the Episcopal Church. In the following year Mr. McMicking was 
 transferred to Victoria where he assumed charge of the Wes- 
 tern Union Telegraph office, and Barnard's British Columbia Ex- 
 press, May 1st, 1870. On the Provincial Government by covenant 
 with the Western Union Telegraph Co., assuming charge of the 
 telegraph lines, and cables of the Province in 1871, Mr. McMicking 
 was appointed to the superintendency, with headquarters at Yale, 
 B. C., whither he proceeded in December of the same year. The 
 six submarine cables, connecting Vancouver's island with the main- 
 land in Washington territory, forming part of the telegraphic sys- 
 tem, were also under Mr. McMicking's care and supervision, and in 
 the treatment of them, oftimes with scant appliances (being natur- 
 ally an adept in mechanics, and having acquired a full and com- 
 plete practical knowledge of every detail in telegraphy from per- 
 sonal application in every office from the lowest to the highest in 
 the gift of the proprietary) he displayed a large amount of tact, 
 judgment and skill, as might reasonably have been expected in one 
 so thoroughly tutored; and consequently he very soon came to be 
 recognized as exceedingly expert in the management of submarine 
 telegraph cable work, as well as in all other branches of electrical 
 business and a reliable practical authority ; so much so indeed 
 that the late Dr. T. T. Minor, of Seattle, president of the Puget 
 Sound telegraph line, which embraces a number of submarine cables, 
 engaged him to overhaul, test and place both the land line and 
 cables of that company in thorough working order at a daily cost 
 
 (18)
 
 258 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 for personal services of fifty dollars ($50), the president afterward 
 remarking that considering the distance traversed, the enormous 
 amount of work got out of the steamer and land parties, and the 
 more than satisfactory results obtained in the possession of a good 
 working line, where for some years the company had been battling 
 with a very poor one, the money had been judiciously expended, 
 and the company had large value. With the ingenuity of a Yankee 
 he came within half a mile of being born one he possesses the 
 faculty of always managing to accomplish work with the means at 
 hand, suiting the appliances to the work, without exhibiting any 
 desire to create impressions upon an unsuspecting public through 
 the introduction of a variety of electrical devices, bearing high- 
 sounding names, little understood and of doubtful utility, except 
 perhaps to create ostentatious display. On one occasion when 
 working in Rosario channel, San Juan Archipelago, upon a dam- 
 aged cable which required testing, he discovered that the porous 
 cells of the electropoion battery, then much used, had been left be- 
 hind at Victoria. To have returned for them would have cost at 
 least $150.00 besides losing much valuable time. On the other hand 
 a battery was essential to the detection of cable faults. What was 
 then to be done 1 The missing cells were of special composition and 
 size, suited to the filtration of fluids and occupation of a position in- 
 side the zinc pole, and having within a cavity sufficiently large to 
 receive the carbon and a small quantity of electropoion fluid. Was 
 it reasonable to suppose that anything to make shift, would likely 
 be discovered in a moderate time, on so desolate a coast ? To most 
 persons the difficulty would have appeared as simply insurmount- 
 able, and perhaps without a thought of overcoming the difficulty, 
 the order would have been given to hcisten to Victoria, and if ne- 
 cessary send on to New York should the cups not be obtainable 
 nearer, and let the work lie over until they were received, as they 
 could not be done without. Not so, however, with Mr. McMick- 
 ing, it is in just such emergency that his ingenious mind seems to 
 take on renewed impulse. Thoughts crowd in upon the mind in 
 rapid succession, and the determination to overcome takes firm hold. 
 On this occasion, while the vessel was crossing the channel, he re- 
 tired to the after part of the ship for a moment's quiet, wherein to 
 think out a release, and it was not long in coming. Upon the deck 
 lay a bamboo pole which some of the party had picked out of the
 
 DAVID OPPENHEIMER.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 259 
 
 water and cast there. When his eyes fell upon it he saw there 
 the essentials of the absent porous cups, and obtaining a saw the 
 work of cutting off suitable lengths was soon accomplished. Over 
 the lower end of each a course canvas was tied the carbon and 
 fluid inserted and by the time the steamer reached the place for ac- 
 tive operations, he had as good an electropoion battery for practical 
 use of eight elements as could have been obtained anywhere, and 
 one of which a few years previous a Siemens or an Edison might 
 have been proud. A number of similar expedients, similar as ex- 
 hibiting a characteristic determination to be self-reliant, and 
 " work out " could be chronicled among events transpiring during 
 the nine years of his superintendency of the cable system, but we 
 refrain for the present, though the familiar lines of the poet are ring- 
 ing in our ears : 
 
 What use for the rope if it he not flung 
 
 Till the swimmer's srasp to the rock hag clung? 
 
 What help in a comrade's bugle hlast 
 
 When the peril of Alpine heights is past? 
 
 What need that the spurring paasn roll 
 
 When the runner is safe within the goal ? 
 
 What worth is eulogy's blandest breath 
 
 When whispered in ears that are hushed in death? 
 
 No ! no ! If you have but a word of cheer, 
 
 Speak it, while I am alive to hear. 
 
 In 1873 Mr. McMicking was commissioned by the government 
 as a justice of the peace for the Province, which commission he has 
 since held with credit to himself and the administration of justice 
 in the land. During the two years following the issuance of this 
 commission, and while residing in Yale he performed the duties of 
 police magistrate with marked ability. His high sense of man's 
 equality before the law irrespective of social station, his independence 
 of character, regard for the right and love of peace at once gave 
 him a place in the hearts and confidence of the people, and it is 
 safe to say that fully as many of the pending serious difficulties 
 arising between the people by whom he was surrounded were 
 averted, and kept out of court by his timely counsel, as were al- 
 lowed to enter in, during his administration. He was enabled to 
 discriminate between written law and justice, and to interpret law 
 as found on our statute books as aiming at desiring justice, rather 
 than the mere fulfilment of the feeble decrees of fallible men. 
 About the same time he was also commissioned a coroner for Yale
 
 260 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 district;, and acted in that capacity during his residence in the dis- 
 trict. He was commissioned as well to receive affidavits in matters 
 pending in the Supreme court. From 1875 to 1880 he continued 
 in the government telegraph service with headquarters at Victoria. 
 In 1878 he received the two first telephones imported into British 
 Columbia. These he placed in circuit, on a short line leading out 
 to his residence a mile distant. The capabilities of the instruments 
 as a means of transmitting intelligence soon became apparent, and 
 Mr. McMicking's mature electrical experience enabled him to real- 
 ize something of the vast possibilities in this new field of electrical 
 development, and consequently in 1 880 on quitting the telegraph 
 service he busied himself with the formation of what has since been 
 known as the "Victoria and Esquimalt Telephone company," which 
 he has continued to be manager. This company has enjoyed uni- 
 form prosperity under his management, while giving to the citizens 
 of the capital an excellent service. The subscribers of the company 
 now number 345, being, we understand, the largest number in pro- 
 portion to population, of any city on the continent. Always eager 
 to advance the interests of his much-loved profession, and with an 
 enterprising disposition Mr. McMicking sought and obtained from 
 the corporation, a franchise in 1883 to introduce the Arc electric 
 lights for street illumination. And three towers of 150 feet in 
 height, having clusters of lamps at top were erected, and have since 
 continued to do service. To these additional lights have been add- 
 ed from time to time. In 1887 he managed the formation of a com- 
 pany for the production of the incandescent electric light for domes- 
 tic lighting. The step proved a veritable boon to all, but especially 
 to those having occasion to use artificial light in large quantities, 
 being the prime factor in causing a reduction cf the price of gas 
 from $4 to $2 per thousand feet. And not alone are we to under 
 stand was it a boon to light consumers, but, paradoxical as it may 
 appear, we are assured it proved such also to the gas company itself, 
 for we are informed that in consequence of the largely increased 
 consumption by reason of the great reduction in price, the profits to 
 the gas company have actually increased. The introduction by Mr. 
 McMicking of the sub-divided Arc light for commercial purposes, 
 followed in 1889, when a 50-light plant was set in motion from the 
 Victoria electric illuminating company's station in October of that 
 year. In 1881 he built the first electric fire alarm in British Co- 
 lumbia for Victoria City, which consisted of a striker to the large
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 261 
 
 tower bell operated by a water motor, which in turn was controlled 
 electrically by an ingeniously devised repeater, set at the central 
 telephone office from which point fires telephoned in were signalled 
 by striking upon the large bell the number of the telephone which 
 gave the information. This primitive system was replaced by the 
 direct acting Gamewell fire alarm telegraph in 1890, the work be- 
 ing carried out by Mr. McMicking with completeness in every detail. 
 All the electric bell and annunciator services in private and public 
 houses throughout the Province, some of them large systems, have 
 so far been supplied and set up by him. Mr. McMicking may be 
 regarded as the father of electrical enterprise in British Columbia, 
 and at the time of writing is recognized as the central figure in the 
 electrical arena of the Province, where he continues to carry on a 
 general electrical business, besides being manager of the Victoria 
 and Esquimalt Telephone company of Victoria ; city electrician, 
 Victoria; general western representative of the Ball Electric Light 
 company of Canada; sole agent of the Gamewell fire alarm, etc., etc. 
 Beyond doing faithful service upon the committees of his aspirant 
 political friends, Mr. McMicking has taken, so far, but little active 
 part in politics. He served one term of two years upon the school 
 board of Victoria city school district, being elected to the position 
 by a sweeping majority. Although his first impressions in political 
 ethics were formed in the William Lyon McKenzie school, we be- 
 lieve him to be anything but a "party " man, having lived too long 
 and thought too deeply to believe that either or any political party 
 or faction is the source of all good or all evil, or to be found willing 
 to sacrifice national needs to party greeds. His religious training 
 was received under the auspices of the Presbyterian church, of 
 which church he has long continued to be an active, and we believe 
 consistent member, always taking a leading place in the work of the 
 church and Sabbath school, and having been a familiar figure in the 
 church choir for the past twenty years. At present writing Mr. 
 McMicking is in the prime and vigor of manhood, enjoying robust 
 health, and we predict for him with his mature and thoughtful mind 
 and even habits, a life of further great usefulness to his kindred and 
 the state. 
 
 McMillan, James E., (Victoria), was born at the town of 
 Niagara, Ontario, on the 25th of July, 1825. His father James
 
 262 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 McMillan, native of Dublin, Ireland, was engaged in the land 
 agency business at Niagara. His parents removed while he was 
 still in his infancy to Toronto, then known as Little York, and there 
 Mr. McMillan was educated at the grammar school conducted by 
 John Spragge. At the age of fourteen years he was indentured to 
 the printing business, serving his five years apprenticeship partly in 
 the office of Charles Fothergale, who was proprietor of a weekly 
 paper called the Palladium, and partly in the office of Rogers and 
 Thompson, who published the Commercial News. In 1844 he re- 
 moved to the town of Gait to take charge of the Dumfries Courier, 
 which was about to be established. He was foreman in this office 
 during that year, and in 1845 he went to Oshawa, where he con- 
 ducted the Christian Luminary, the organ of the sect called the 
 Christian denomination. He remained there till 1854 when he re- 
 moved to Bowmanville, and in conjunction with Mr. Alexander 
 Begg established the Bowmanville Messenger. In 1858 he disposed 
 of his interest in this journal and purchased the News, a journal 
 published in the same town, which he conducted for one year, sell- 
 ing out in July, 1859, to come to British Columbia. After his ar- 
 rival in Victoria he obtained employment on the Colonist, first as a 
 compositor and then as assistant-editor under Hon. Amor DeCos- 
 mos. Some ten months later he went to New Westminster to take 
 charge of the British Columbian, then edited by Hon. John Robson 
 and in a short time became a partner in the concern. In 1863 he 
 returned to Victoria, having disposed of his interest in the Colum- 
 bian and in conjunction with Mr. D. W. Higgins started the Vic- 
 toria Chronicle, of which Mr. McMillan assumed the editorship. 
 He continued on this paper for a year and sold out to start the 
 Morning News, which in the second year of its existence became an 
 evening paper. A year later Mr. McMillan sold his plant to Hon. 
 Amor DeCosmos, who established the Standard, Mr. McMillan be- 
 coming superintendent of the mechanical department. In 1871 Mr. 
 DeCosmos was elected to the House of Commons and Mr. Mc- 
 Millan became editor of the paper, a position he held till 1875 when 
 he resigned his position. Six months later he was appointed Gov- 
 ernment assessor and collector and continued to fill this office till 
 1877, when he established a job printing business. At this he re- 
 mained till 1884, when he was offered and accepted the position of 
 sheriff of the county of Victoria which then became vacant. He
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 26$ 
 
 has continued to fill that office since that time. Mr. McMillan was 
 a member of the city council during 1872 and 1873, and filled the 
 position of mayor in 1874. He is a justice of the peace, a member 
 of the Oddfellows' order and an adherent of the Methodist church. 
 In 1850 he married Miss Spragge, eldest daughter of Mr. Jacob- 
 Spragge, of Oshawa, Ont. 
 
 N as on. Dethiel Blake, HI. P. P., (Barkerville), was born in 
 the town of Lemington, Kennebec county, Maine, TJ. S. A. Hi& 
 father, who was of English origin, married Miss Anna El well, a 
 lady who was also of English descent. Mr. Nason was educated in 
 his native town and left home early in life. He came to British 
 Columbia in May, 1858, at which date the capital city was merely 
 a trading station of the Hudson's Bay Company. Directly after 
 his arrival at Victoria, Mr. Nason went to the mines on the Fraser 
 river and delved for gold, but meeting only with ordinary success 
 returned to Victoria in the fall staying there two months. During 
 the winter of 1858-9, Mr. Nason, in company with five others, 
 ascended and explored the Fraser river in an open boat searching 
 for gold, often dragging their boat over long fields of ice (some- 
 times two or three miles in extent) and rapids of foaming water. 
 An incident which occurred during the above mentioned expedition 
 will give some idea of the generosity and bravery of the mining 
 pioneers of those early days. Mr. Nason and his companions had 
 journeyed up the river with another party of six men who travelled 
 in a large flat bottomed boat, sharing hardships and dangers, until 
 they reached a point between Boston Bar and Lytton where there 
 is a long succession of foaming falls and rapids. Mr. Nason's boat 
 had already ascended one rapid and Mr. Nason and his crew were 
 assisting from the shore to haul up the other boat by means of a 
 tow-line, when the immense power of the water turned it round and 
 the boat with its occupants was whirled down the deadly current. 
 It seemed as if all who had been in the second boat must meet with 
 certain death, and Mr. Nason and his party saw their boat fill 
 with water and were powerless to hold the tow-line which flew 
 through their hands like a red-hot bar of iron. During this fearful 
 scene Mr. Nason preserved his presence of mind, and calling to 
 some men on the bank to jump into his boat, he cut loose the tow- 
 line and with the other volunteers was whirled down the frightful
 
 264 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 rapid after the other boat to which two men were clinging desper- 
 ately. Mr. Nason guided the rescuing boat and followed the other 
 which he saw disappear in one of the awful whirlpools for which 
 the Fraser river is noted. When it came up again one man had 
 disappeared, and the other was so exhausted that but for the timely 
 arrival of the rescue party he would certainly have succumbed in 
 the fearful torrent. With the greatest danger to their own lives, 
 Mr. Nason and his crew succeeded in rescuing both men, one of 
 whom they picked up far away from the boat in a semi-conscious 
 condition, and brought them ashore. The unfortunate men were 
 now in a perfectly destitute condition having lost nob only all their 
 mining outfit but their provisions as well. The rough miners, how- 
 ever, made their loss good by contributing each one something from 
 his store, and the rescued men were sent on their way rejoicing. 
 The expedition not being very successful Mr. Nason sold out and 
 went to California, where he remained twenty months. On his 
 return to British Columbia he found his way into the Cariboo 
 mountains where he engaged in mining till 1867. At Barkerville, 
 Mr. Nason, in partnership with a Mr. Meacham, erected a saw mill 
 and until the present time has been engaged in the lumber trade. 
 Since his arrival in the Cariboo region he has spent more than 
 $110.000.00 in prospecting for gold. Over sixteen years Mr. 
 Nason served as Trustee of the Royal Cariboo Hospital and during 
 eight years was a member of the board of school trustees, besides 
 being president of a number of corporated mining companies. In 
 1885 he became a British subject and three years later was elected 
 a member of the Legislative Assembly at a bye-election. The 
 worthy member for Cariboo is an adherent of the Church of Eng- 
 land of which he is a staunch supporter. In 1875 Mr. Nason was 
 married to one of Victoria's fairest and best daughter's and has six 
 children. The residence of Mr. Nason is at Bai-kerville, a little 
 town situated in the heart of the Cariboo mountains, which, we 
 may venture to say, is one of the richest mining districts in the 
 world. At the present time Mr. Nason is using every effort in the 
 Provincial Parliament to promote railway enterprise in that region, 
 and has every reason to believe that his labors will, at no distant 
 date, be crowned with success. He is universally esteemed and is 
 considered one of the best mining experts in the Province, while as 
 & sawyer he stands at the top of the tree.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 265 
 
 Nelson, Hon. Hugh, Lieutenant-Governor of British Colum- 
 bia, (Victoria), is the son of the late Robert Nelson, Esq., of Shire 
 Cottage, Inagheramore, county Antrim, where he was born on May 
 25th, 1830. He was educated at his native place, and in June of 
 1858, during the early period of the gold excitement, came to 
 British Columbia. Unlike the majority of those who were at- 
 tracted to this country at that time Mr. Nelson did not propose 
 making a fortune rapidly in the gold fields with the intention of 
 going elsewhere to enjoy it. He had come to settle in the new 
 country and assist in building up the English Dominions on the 
 shores of the Pacific. He accordingly chose a more permanent and 
 worthy occupation than gold mining. He engaged in commercial 
 pursuits, and in 1866 became a partner in the lumbering firm of 
 Moody, Deitz and Nelson, on Burrard Inlet, where Moodyville now 
 is. He was also engaged in many other enterprises, and his busi- 
 ness shrewdness and enterprise was such that he carried through 
 with success all his commercial ventures. He early became a 
 leader in politics, but did not stand for the legislative council till he 
 came forward as one of the principal promoters of confederation 
 with the Dominion. He was a member of the Yale Convention, 
 and was one of the committee in whose hands the resolutions, passed 
 at that convention, were placed to be carried into effect. He was a 
 member of the last Legislative Assembly of the colony of British 
 Columbia, and after confederation he was one of the first represen- 
 tatives of the new province in the Dominion Parliament, having 
 been elected by acclamation for New Westminster district in No- 
 vember, 1871, and again in the general elections of 1872. He 
 continued to occupy this seat till 1879, when he was appointed to 
 the Dominion Senate. In 1882 he withdrew from business entirely. 
 In February, 1887, he was appointed Lieutenant-Go vernor of 
 British Columbia, which position he now holds. On September 17th, 
 1885, he married Emily, daughter of the late J. B. Stanton, Esq., 
 of the civil service of Canada. He is a member of the Union Club, 
 Victoria, and is an adherent of the Episcopal Church. 
 
 Norris, George, (Nanaimo), son of the late William George 
 Norris, merchant, was born at London, England, on the 20th of 
 April, 1845. Shortly after his birth his parents emigrated to 
 Canada and Mr. Norris was educated at the Model School, Toronto.
 
 266 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 In 1863, at the age of eighteen years, he left Ontario for British 
 Columbia, coming by way of Panama. When he arrived at Vic- 
 toria he obtained a position on the Chronicle, a newspaper conduct- 
 ed by Messrs. Higgins & McMillan. The Chronicle was finally 
 merged into the Colonist and he then secured a position on the 
 Colonist. In 1874 he left Victoria and went to Nanaimo where he 
 established his present newspaper the Free Press. Until 1888 the 
 Free Press was issued semi-weekly but on September 4th of that 
 year it was changed to a daily. Mr. Norris is Liberal-Conservative 
 in politics, but has not apart from his position as editor of his paper 
 taken an active part in public matters. Through the columns of 
 his journal he advocates what is for the best interests of Nanaimo 
 and the welfare of the Province at large. He occupies positions on 
 the boards of several corporations and is regarded as a shrewd 
 business man. He is a member of the Order of Oddfellows, the 
 Ancient Order of United Workmen, and the Fire Brigade. In 
 1869 he married, Miss Gough, eldest daughter of Mr. Edwin Gough, 
 of Nanaimo. 
 
 Nowell, Reuben, (Chllliwhack), was born at Hermon in Pen- 
 obscot county, Maine, U. S. A., on November 22nd, 1829. Mr. 
 Nowell went to school in his native town and early in life com- 
 menced business as a tinsmith and cornice manufacturer. After 
 spending several years at his trade in the east, Mr. Nowell " pulled 
 up stakes " and went to California where he spent several years at 
 the mines. Not being very successful he travelled northward as 
 far as British Columbia, and settled at Chilliwhack. In this 
 Province also he tried his fortune at the mines, but without success. 
 Mr. Nowell, therefore, decided that for the future he would devote 
 all his attention to agriculture, and as the result of his labor pos- 
 sesses one of the finest farms in the Province. For many years 
 Mr. Nowell has served as councillor and school trustee at Chilli- 
 whack. 
 
 Oppeiiheiiner, David, (Vancouver), was born in the kingdom, 
 of Bavaria, Germany, in 1834, and educated there. In 1848 in 
 company with his brother Isaac he left home and came to America, 
 settling first in New Orleans, U. S. A. In 1853 the brothers re- 
 moved to Lafayette, where they engaged in business. After re- 
 maining a short time there they came west to the Pacific coast and
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 267 
 
 settled in Sacramento where they resumed business. In 1860 they 
 came to British Columbia and opened a business in Victoria with 
 branch stores at various places in the Province. There warehouse 
 in Yale was destroyed during the big fire there, arid shortly after- 
 wards they established their wholesale business at Yancouver at 
 which place they then centered all their interests. Mr. Oppen- 
 heimer was interested largely in real estate in Yancouver, having 
 purchased it before the decision to extend the railway to Coal Har- 
 bor had been arrived at. Since he settled in Yancouver his name 
 has been connected with that city more intimately than that of any 
 other citizen. He tas given up his entire time almost to civic busi- 
 ness in his position of chief magistrate, and under his far-sighted 
 management and judicious direction the city has grown to its pres- 
 ent large proportions on a basis financially sound. In 1887. he was 
 elected alderman for ward No. 5, and during that term acted as 
 chairman of the finance committee. He was elected mayor by ac- 
 clamation for 1888 and again for 1889 and stood for office for 1890, 
 defeating his opponent with ease. Mayor Oppenheimer is connected 
 with nearly every enterprise which is calculated to advance the in- 
 terests of the city or the Province at large. He is a member of the 
 Board of Trade and was president of that organization. He is pres- 
 ident of the British Columbia Agricultural Association and of the 
 British Columbia Exhibition association. He has done a great deal 
 to advertise the Province by compiling pamphlets, showing the ex- 
 tent and resources of the country and distributing them in Europe 
 and America. 
 
 O'Reilly, Hon. Peter, (Victoria), born in Ireland and edu- 
 cated there. Subsequently entered the civil service and was ap- 
 pointed a lieutenant in the revenue police. Came to British Colum- 
 in 1858 and iu April, 1859, was appointed assistant gold commis- 
 sioner and stipendiary magistrate, and later in the same year was 
 appointed high sheriff. He sat in the Legislasive Council of British 
 Columbia from 1863 till confederation. In 1864 he was appointed 
 chief gold commissioner, and in 1881 Indian reserve commissioner, 
 which latter office he still holds. 
 
 Pemberton, Joseph Despard, (Victoria), was born in 
 Ireland, near Dublin, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin. 
 Studied the profession of civil engineering and served his time with
 
 268 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 G. W. Hemans, M. I. C. E., M. R. I. A Mr. Pemberton was 
 assistant engineer on part of the Great Southern and Western 
 Railway, was employed for some time by Sir John McNeill, L.S.D., 
 F.R.S., M.T.C.E., M.R.I.A.; was also employed on the East Lanca- 
 shire Railway, and Manchester, Bury and Rosendale Railway Com- 
 pany ; was resident engineer on the Dublin and Drogheda Railway ; 
 and resident engineer on the Exeter and Crediton Railway. He 
 was for several years professor of engineering at the Royal Agricul- 
 tural College in Cirencester and left that place in 1851, to come out 
 to Victoria as Surveyor-General of British Columbia, under the 
 Hudson's Bay Company. In 1850 he was awarded a medal by the 
 late Prince Consort for his design for the Crystal Palace. He was 
 elected to the first Legislative Assembly of Vancouver Island, and 
 from 18'63 to 1866 sat in the Executive Council. In 1858 he laid 
 out the townsite of Derby the proposed capital of the colony of 
 British Columbia. On January Itt, 1860, he married Miss Theresa 
 Jane Despard Grantoff. Mr. Pemberton is a strong Conservative 
 and an adherent of the Church of England. 
 
 Phillips, Alexander Aaron, (Victoria) was born in London, 
 England, April 19th, 1818, and received his early education there. 
 When he was eleven years of age his father removed to Australia, 
 taking him with him. The family settled in Sydney, New South 
 Wales, and Mr. Phillips lived there till 1849, when, hearing of the 
 discovery of gold in California, he left for the Pacific coast of 
 North America in a fore and aft schooner in company with eleven 
 other passengers. He spent some time mining in various parts of 
 the state, and then returned to San Francisco, making the trip 
 from Humboldt Bay to the Golden City, a distance of 375 miles, in 
 an open whaling boat. He reached 'Frisco the day the first victim 
 of the Vigilance Committee met his merited fate. In 'Frisco he 
 embarked in the bakery business and manufacture of soda water. 
 He subsequently sold out his bakery business and started a grocery 
 business. In April, 1858, he came to British Columbia on the 
 steamer Panama, settled in Victoria and started a business on 
 Yates street. Towards the end of 1858 he established the soda 
 water manufactory he now conducts, in partnership with his son, 
 Phillip Aaron Phillips. Mr. Phillips has been solicited, but has 
 refused to stand for the office of alderman for Victoria. He is a
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 269 
 
 member of the Oddfellows' order and Masonic fraternity, and was 
 instrumental in establishing the first Oddfellows' lodge in Victoria. 
 He is a member of St. George's Society and the British Columbia 
 Benevolent Association. He married Miss Rebecca Phillips when 
 living in San Francisco. 
 
 Pimbury, Edwin, (ISTanaimo), son of the late Samuel Cosburn 
 Pimbury, was born at Hyde, near Minchinhampton, Gloucestershire, 
 England, in 1834. Educated at Minchinhampton, and at the age 
 of fifteen years left school and was apprenticed to the drug business 
 serving his apprenticeship with John Walker, of Tilbury. After 
 the required five years had been finished he entered into negoti- 
 ations for the purchase of a business, but not coming to terms he 
 determined to go abroad. He accordingly left England and in the 
 autumn of 1855 he landed at Portland, Maine. Prom there he 
 went to Wisconsin and for a time was in the drug business in 
 Portage city. In 1856 the great financial crash came and business 
 flattened out. Mr. Pimbury remained during that winter in Wisconsin 
 and in the following spring he went to California with the intention 
 of going into vine culture. He found on his arrival that the 
 country which had been represented to him as a paradise, was an 
 arid waste. He was not therefore encouraged to attempt this 
 business. He was attracted by the gold mining in Arizona and 
 with his brother, who is now farming in Cowichan district, he went 
 to the Colorado river, where he remained for some time searching 
 without much success for the precious metal. From there he went 
 to the Pino Alta Mines, situated east of Tuscon, but he met with no 
 better fortune there. He then heard of the immense riches of Cari- 
 boo and at once left, in company with his brother, for British 
 Columbia. On arriving in this country, however, he found matters 
 different from what he had been led to expect. He found that not 
 only were the mines difficult of access but they were very expensive 
 to work. He went up the country some distance but meeting a 
 large number of disappointed men who were returning he went back 
 to Victoria, where in 1863 he met two of his brothers. The four 
 brothers went farming at Cedar Hill, near Victoria, where they 
 remained for about twelve months. At the end of this time Mr. 
 Pimbury took a position in Mr. Langley's drug business in Victoria, 
 while his three brothers purchased a farm in Cowichan. Mr.
 
 270 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Pimbury remained for eleven years with Mr. Langley, and then 
 left to join his brothers in the management of their farm. He was 
 elected at this time as representative of Cowichan in the local 
 Legislature and was again elected in 1878. In the meantime he 
 had established a drug, book and stationery business in Nanaimo, 
 and as his private affairs demanded all his time he refused to stand 
 for the Legislature in 1882. His business steadily increased and 
 before long he put up the handsome new structure which he at 
 present occupies. He has recently taken a partner into his business 
 in the person of Mr. Earnest McGregor Van Houton. Mr. Pim- 
 bury is interested in many of the enterprises of Nanaimo and is a 
 director of the Water Works Company. He is a Justice of the 
 Peace for the Province, a member of the Ancient Order of Foresters 
 and an Episcopalian in religion. In Dominion politics he is a 
 Liberal-Conservative. 
 
 Prior, Edward Gawler, HI. P., (Victoria), second son of Rev. 
 Henry Prior, rector of Dallowgill, near Ripon, Yorkshire, England, 
 was born at Dallowgill on May 21st, 1853 and educated at Leeds 
 Grammar School, and subsequently studied the profession he after- 
 wards followed, that of mining engineer, with J. Tolson Whyte, C. 
 E., at Wakefield. He practised his profession in England till 1873, 
 when he left to come to British Columbia. He arrived at Victoria 
 on December 12th, 1873, and first settled in Nanaimo, where he 
 was appointed assistant manager of the Vancouver Coal Mining & 
 Land Co., Ld. He occupied this position till August, 1878, when 
 he resigned and was appointed Government Inspector of Mines for 
 the Province of British Columbia. He continued in this office till 
 May, 1880, when he resigned and bought in with Alfred Fellows, 
 iron and hardware merchant, Victoria. In 1883 he bought out Mr. Fel- 
 low's interest, and has since followed this business. In the general elec- 
 tion of 1886 he was returned at the head of the poll to represent 
 Victoria city in the Provincial Legislature. He occupied this seat 
 till January 16th, 1888, when a large requisition was presented to 
 him asking him to resign and stand for the House of Commons in 
 place of Mr. N. Shakespeare. He consented and was elected by 
 acclamation. He has since continued to represent Victoria city in 
 the Federal Parliament. Mr. Prior is a member of St. George's 
 Society and the Masonic fraternity. In 1876 he was lieutenant in
 
 E. <i. I'KIOR.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 271 
 
 the Rifle Co. at Nanaimo; was captain of No. 4 Battery (at Vic- 
 toria), British Columbia Garrison Artillery, in 1884; was major in 
 1886, and in 1888 was promoted lieut.-colonel, which rank he still 
 holds. In 1889 he was appointed extra aide-de-oamp to His Excel- 
 lency, the Governor-General, Lord Stanley of Preston, and still 
 holds that rank. In 1890 he went to England in charge of the 
 Canadian Wimbledon team. Mr. Prior is a life member of the 
 North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers; 
 he is president of the Liberal-Conservative Association of British 
 Columbia, and is connected with many mining, railroad and other 
 companies. On January 30th, 1875, he married Lizette, youngest 
 daughter of the late John Work, of Hillside, and has three chilren. 
 Mr. Prior is a member of the Episcopal Church. 
 
 Rand, Charles David, (Vancouver), son of Edwin and Mag- 
 gie Rand, was born on August 26th, 1858, at Canning, Nova 
 Scotia. He was educated at Acadia college, Wolfville, N. S., and 
 graduated in arts on June 5th, 1879. Immediately after graduat- 
 ing he removed to British Columbia, arriving in Victoria on Sep- 
 tember 14th, 1879. For some time after his arrival he followed the 
 occupation of school teacher, five months on Salt Spring Island, one 
 year in Victoria and one year in New Westminster. In 1882 he 
 started a real estate business, and has been engaged at it since that 
 time. He was one of those who had shrewdness to foresee the 
 future of Vancouver and with energy and promptness he took the 
 tide at its flood, and his career has since been one of uninterrupted 
 success. His name is intimately connected with the progress of the 
 Terminal city of which he has, since it came into existence, been one 
 of the most enterprising citizens. His business connections are the 
 most far reaching of any in British Columbia and through his efforts 
 the resources of the Province have been brought before the capital- 
 ists of Europe, and English capital has been brought into the coun- 
 try to assist in developing it. On November 15th, 1888, he mar- 
 ried Miss Clute, daughter of Mr. J. S. Clute, collector of customs, 
 at New Westminster. In religion Mr. Rand is a member of the 
 Presbyterian church. 
 
 Redferii, Charles Edward, (Victoria), was born on the 23rd 
 of October, 1839, in London, England, where his father, Charles 
 Edward Redfern, had a large business as a watch and chronometer
 
 '272 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 maker. Mr. Redfern was educated at Brewer's School, London. 
 and then sei-ved an apprenticeship of seven years in his father's 
 establishment to the business of watch and chronometer making. 
 On June 9th, 1862, he left England on the steamer Tynemont for 
 British Columbia, via Cape Horn, and arrived at Victoria on the 
 17th of September. Shortly after his arrival he went into the 
 jewellery business in Victoria and has continued at it since that 
 time with unvarying success. In 1864 he paid a visit to the Leach 
 river mines. In 1875 he purchased the business of Mr. J. L. 
 Jungermann which had been established in 1858. In 1877 and 
 1878 he was a member of the City Council as representative for 
 James' Bay ward, and in 1883 he was elected to the position of 
 Mayor of the city. He has never been a candidate for political 
 honors but has taken an interest both in Provincial and Dominion 
 matters. In Provincial politics he is a supporter of the Robson 
 Government and in those of the Dominion he is an Independent. 
 He is a member of the British Columbia Pioneer Society of which 
 he was president in 1886. He has been a member of the St. 
 George's Society since its inception and at -present time occupies the 
 position of president. In religion Mr. Redfern is an Episcopalian 
 and an attendant of St. John's Church. He was married in 1877 
 to Eliza Arden Robinson, daughter of Rev. W. A. Robinson, a 
 native of Ireland and at the present time resident in the Orange 
 Free State, South Africa. 
 
 Redgrave, Stephen, (Donald), was born at the small town of 
 Crick, near Rugby, in Northamptonshire, England, and is the son 
 of Thomas Redgrave, esq., of the same place. His father's family, 
 the Redgraves of Crick, rank amongst the oldest and most respected 
 country gentry in the county, having lived in the same place for 
 many hundreds of years. Mr. Redgrave being the joungest of ten 
 sons, his parents educated him at home, employing private tutors 
 for that purpose, among whom may be merntioned the late cele- 
 brated Drs. Arnold and Tait. At the completion of his education, 
 Mr. Redgrave studied law in Birmingham. In 1849, Mr. Red- 
 grave was united in marriage to Martha Susan, eldest daughter of 
 Benjamin Lincoln, esq., of Hen don, Middlesex, and of the firm of 
 Lincoln & Lincoln, hatters, Sackville street, London, England, and 
 niece af Robert Cocks, of New Bond street, printer and publisher
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 273 
 
 to H. M. the Queen and the Prince of Wales, etc. In 1852, Mr. 
 Redgrave renounced the study of law and left England for Aus- 
 tralia. Like many others Mr. Redgrave tried his luck at the mines 
 but not being very successful he managed to procure an appoint- 
 ment in the government service as a cadet in the " City Mounted 
 Cadets " in Melbourne. In 1859 Mr. Redgrave resigned his posi- 
 tion on the force and sailed for Cape Town, where he formed a. 
 company whose object was to open up trade between Cape Colony 
 and the interior of the Dark Continent, but, owing to sickness in 
 his family, he was obliged to leave Africa for England and arrived 
 in London during the same year. After a short stay in the " old 
 country " Mr. Redgrave left with his family for Canada, arriving in 
 Quebec in the fall of 1859, whence he proceeded to Kingston stay- 
 ing some time there as guest of Sir Henry Smith. A new police 
 force being formed at that time for the City of Toronto, Mr. Red- 
 grave received a position on it, which however, he soon resigned, 
 and formed an expedition to travel overland to the British Colum- 
 bia gold fields. Leaving Toronto on April 24th, 1862, the different 
 parties met at old " Fort Garry," now the populous City of Winni- 
 peg. After fitting out for the journey, the whole expedition con- 
 sisting of about three hundred persons all told travelled over the 
 vast plains to Fort Edmonton, and thence to Yellow Head Pass, at 
 which place they separated into two parties, the one travelling down 
 the Fraser in boats, while the other struck out overland till they 
 reached the Thompson river at Kamloops, the weary marches and 
 immense difficulties having been overcome in six months. Mr. 
 Redgrave spent the winter in Victoria and early in 1863 travelled 
 back via Panama to Toronto on private business, at the completion 
 of which he returned to the mines in Cariboo, working all the sum- 
 mer on Lightning creek. Not meeting with much success Mr. 
 Redgrave abandoned his claim and left Cariboo for Victoria, whence 
 he went to San Francisco where he spent the winter. In 1864, Mr. 
 Redgrave returned again to Cariboo where he was appointed Pro- 
 vincial constable, which position he afterwards resigned and 
 entered the service of the Western Union Telegraph Co. The 
 work of tha+ company being abandoned in 1866, he, in connection 
 with his brother (John Redgrave, Esq., solicitor of Birmingham, 
 England,) purchased estates in Virginia, but the climate proving 
 unhealthy Mr. Redgrave returned with his family to British 
 
 (19)
 
 274 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Columbia in 1875. At the commencement of the construction of 
 the Canadian Pacific Railway in British Columbia, Mr. Redgrave 
 was Mr. Onderdonk's commissary until 1884 when he received his 
 present appointment of Registrar and Sheriff of the County Court 
 of East Kootenay. Mr. Redgrave is also Mining Recorder and 
 Stipendiary Magistrate for the East Kootenay District, resident at 
 Donald. Mr. Redgrave was one of the first in the East Kootenay 
 to interest himself in minerals and has materially assisted in their 
 development. In Mr. Redgrave the Government has a competent 
 and excellent official, and the public a strict and reliable officer. 
 
 Reece, Jonathan, (Chilliwhack), was born May 1st, 1831, in 
 the county of Oxford, Ontario. His father, Henry Reece, (a 
 native of Germany), and his mother, (nee Elizabeth Kipp of Penn- 
 sylvania, U. S. A.) were both United Empire Loyalists. Mr. 
 Reece was educated in Burford school and in the winter of 1854 
 journeyed to California were he mined three years. On 15th of 
 April, 1858, Mr. Reece arrived in Victoria and spent his first year 
 in British Columbia in mining on the Fraser river, but met with 
 little success. From 1859 to 1870, Mr. Roece carried on an ex- 
 tensive and remunerative stock dealing trade in the Yale district 
 at which latter date he settled at ChilUwhack on a farm pre- 
 empted by him in 1859 and on which he now resides. At the time 
 when Mr. Reece first landed at Victoria, in the spring of 1858, 
 there were only three small houses (not counting the Hudson's Bay 
 Company's stores) where the large City of Victoria now stands, 
 although about 5,000 white people were camped around the Hud- 
 son's Bay Companys fort. Fresh water could only be obtained on 
 payment of lOc. per bucket and Mr. Reece had to pay the Hudson's 
 Bay Company $15 for the privilege of digging a well at the head of 
 James Bay. After remaining three weeks at Victoria, Mr. Reece 
 bought a large canoe (for which he paid $200 in gold) which he 
 loaded with six tons of provisions and together with five others 
 started for the gold fields of the Fraser. At the mouth of the 
 river they were hailed by the British gunboat and were not allowed 
 to proceed till they had paid their license which Mr. Reece still 
 possesses. There were no signs of civilization to be seen until they 
 reached Fort Langley, not a branch being cut where New West- 
 minster City now stands. At Fort Langley many miners' tents
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 275 
 
 were to be seen, and also at Hope. When they arrived at Yale 
 the news reached them that an Indian rebellion had broken out 
 above the Fraser canon, and as they journeyed along they picked 
 up the dead bodies of no less than seventeen white men, some of 
 which had arrows sticking into them, whilst many others were 
 headless. The news of the rebellion reaching the Government, 
 troops were sent up and a treaty was made with the Indians, but 
 as the latter broke the treaty four days afterwards the miners set- 
 tled the matter themselves by killing every red man they came 
 across. Mr. Reece is an adherent of the Methodist Church, and in 
 1866 married, Lucinda, daughter of Edwin Lewis, of East Oxford, 
 Ontario. He is one of British Columbia's earliest pioneers and has 
 an intimate knowledge of the Province. 
 
 Reid, John, (New Westminster), was born at Car rick- Fergus, 
 county Antrim, Ireland, on March 28th, 1852, where his father, 
 Ezekiel Reid, was engaged in farming. Mr. Reid was educated in 
 his native town, and on leaving school assisted his father on his 
 farm until he was twenty-one years of age. In 1873 he left Ireland 
 and sailed for Quebec, and on his arrival in Canada settled at 
 Ottawa, where he at once commenced learning the iron-founding 
 business. While he was at Ottawa he was employed in the con- 
 struction of the city water works and also in that of the Parlia- 
 ment Buildings. In 1877 he left Ottawa and travelled direct to 
 Victoria, British Columbia, where he only remained one month. 
 On leaving Victoria he settled at New Westminster, where he at 
 once got employment with Mr. W. R. Lewis, who at that time was 
 the proprietor of the business Mr. Reid now owns. After working 
 two years as a journeyman and seven years as foreman, he bought 
 out Mr. Lewis and taking Mr. Curry as a partner continued the 
 business himself. Since that time he has greatly increased the 
 business and has transformed it from a simple blacksmith's shop 
 and carriage factory to an iron foundry. Since coming to British 
 Columbia, Mr. Reid has taken a great interest in Dominion, Pro- 
 vincial and Municipal politics, and is a supporter of the present 
 Xjrovernment. In 1887 he was elected alderman for St. Andrew's 
 ward. In 1888 he was again elected, but owing to a slight in- 
 formality the election was declared void, and on his again present- 
 ing himself for election was defeated owing to his firm stand on the
 
 276 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Sunday Closing By-law. In 1889 he was elected alderman under 
 the new charter. While in the City Council he was chairman of 
 the fire and light committee. On April 4th, 1883, he married 
 Jessie, daughter of Adam Irving, Esq., of Maple Ridge. He is a 
 member of the Rifle Corps and the Knights of Pythias, and an 
 adherent of the Methodist Church. 
 
 Renier, Peter Sidney, (Kamloops), was born in Quebec, on 
 January 29th, 1861. His father, the late Mr. Peter Renier, a 
 native of the Island of Jersey, was for many years military tailor 
 to the garrison of the Citadel of Quebec. His uncle, the late Mr. 
 Charles Leon Renier, edited "Courten's Modern Encyclopedia" and 
 in 1870 was created a Commander of the Legion of Honor. Mr. 
 Renier was educated for the merchant tailoring business at Wat- 
 ford, Ontario, and in 1885 came to British Columbia and settled at 
 Port Moody where he worked at his trade one year. When the 
 Canadian Pacific Railway decided to make Vancouver their western 
 terminus, Mr. Renier removed to Kamloops. He soon managed to 
 secure a thriving business in the then young and growing city, and 
 at the present time occupies a prominent position in that com- 
 munity, in which he has a large and ever increasing patronage. 
 On April 16th, 1889, Mr. Renier married Miss Lilian Alexina 
 Tuff. He is a Presbyterian and a member of the Ancient Order of 
 Foresters. 
 
 Richards, Francis Gilbert, Jr., (Victoria), was born at 
 Dodgeville, Iowa county, Wisconsin, U. S. A., October 8th, 1855, 
 and is the son of Francis Gilbert Richards, esq., of Victoria 
 British Columbia. In 1862 his parents moved to New West- 
 minster where they lived seven years and in which city he was 
 educated at Brother College. In 1871 Mr. Richards went to 
 Victoria and studied at the Collegiate College until September, 1871, 
 when he entered the Provincial Government service as assistant 
 draughtsman. Mr. Richards served in that capacity till 1878 
 when he was promoted to the position of chief draughtsman. In 
 1886 Mr. Richards resigned his position in the Government service 
 for the purpose of entering into business, and opened the Clarence 
 hotel as a first-class establishment. In 1888 Mr. Richards sold 
 out and entered into the real estate and insurance business, and at
 
 K. S. SCOULLAR.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 277 
 
 the present time is one of Victoria's best known and most reliable 
 estate agents. Mr. Richards belongs to the Ancient Order of 
 Foresters and in 1876 was elected secretary of the district. Mr. 
 Richards is also a member of the Ancient Order of United Work- 
 men, a lodge of which he formed at Victoria, filling the office of 
 treasurer for two years, when he was elected Master Workman. In 
 1889 Mr. Richards was elected representative to the Grand Lodge 
 which met at Seattle July, 1889, and was appointed District 
 Deputy Grand Master for Victoria. At present Mr. Richards holds 
 the position of Grand Guide to the Grand Lodge. Mr. Richards is 
 also a member of the Independant Order of Oddfellows. In Do- 
 minion politics Mr. Richards is a supporter of the present Govrrn- 
 ment and in Provincial and Municipal politics, a supporter of any 
 measures which tend towards the development of the Province and 
 improvement of the capital city. On May 31st, 1879, Mr. Richards 
 married Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Davey, esq., a native of 
 Cornwall, England, who for several years filled the position of city 
 clerk of Dodgeville, Iowa county, Wisconsin, his birth place. 
 Mr. Richards Is largely interested in many public and private 
 enterprises and'is looked upon as one of Victoria's most trustworthy 
 and energetic citizens. 
 
 Richards, Hon. Albert Norton, (Victoria), son of the late 
 Stephen Richards, of Brockville, Ont., was born on December 8th, 
 1822, at Brockville, and educated at the district school, Brockville. 
 He then studied law and was called to the bar of Ontario in 1849. 
 He practised his profession at Brockville. He was created a Q. C. 
 in 1863 and paid a visit to British Columbia in 1868. When the 
 Dominion Government, in the autumn of 1869, appointed the Hon. 
 Wm. McDougall lieutenant-governor, to organize a new government 
 in the Northwest Territories at Fort Garry (now Winnipeg), Mr. 
 Richards accompanied him as attorney-general in that provisional 
 government, but as Mr. McDougall was prevented by Riel and his 
 armed force of French half-breeds from proceeding farther than the 
 international boundary line at Pembina, the whole party was 
 obliged to return to Ottawa. On May J5th, 1871, Mr. Richards 
 was called to the bar of British Columbia, and in 1875 removed to 
 Victoria to reside. He was admitted as an attorney of British Co- 
 lumbia on July 23, 1875, and practised for one year. In 1876 he
 
 278 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 was appointed lieutenant-governor of British Columbia, and contin- 
 ued in this office till 1881. For the three years following 1881 he 
 was absent from the Province, but returned in the fall of 1884 and 
 resumed practice as a barrister. On March 1st, 1888, he was ap- 
 pointed police magistrate for the city of Victoria, which office he 
 now occupies. He still continues to practice as a barrister and is 
 considered the best authority in the Province on questions of consti- 
 tutional law. Mr. Richards was elected twice to the House of Com- 
 mons as representative for South Leeds, Ontario. He has been 
 twice married; in Brockville on October 13th, 1849, to Miss Francis 
 Chaffey, fourth daughter of Benjamin Chaffey, of Somersetshire, 
 England, who died in April, 1853; and in Pittsburg, Penn., on 
 August 12th, 1854, to Miss Ellen Chaffey Chislett, second daughter 
 of John Chislett, formerly of Somersetshire and latterly of Pitts- 
 burg. Mr. Richards is an adherent of the Presbyterian church. 
 
 Robins, Samuel Matthew, (Nanaimo), superintendent of the 
 Vancouver Coal Mining Company's Works, was born in Cornwall, 
 England, on the 7th of July, 1834, and educated partly in Corn- 
 wall and partly at Plymouth, Devonshire. His father was engaged 
 in business in connection with a number of large mining and manu- 
 facturing enterprises and Mr. Robins was for a time associated with 
 him. Prior to the formation of the Vancouver Coal Company he 
 went to London and while there in 1868 was appointed secretary to 
 this company. In 1884 he undertook the charge of the company's 
 business and came to British Columbia. Mr. Robins on arriving 
 at Nanaimo found the Company's business in a poor condition 
 owing to incompetent management. He at once set to work to 
 place the mines on a paying basis and and succeeded not only in 
 doing this but in making them extremely profitable. The work of 
 development has gone on steadily since he took charge and new 
 seams have been opened. During the past five years the yield of 
 coal has been in excess of that of the previous twenty-three years. 
 In 1863 Mr. Robins married Miss Maria Slape, daughter of C. 
 Slape, Esq., of London England, for many years underwriter of 
 Lloyds. 
 
 Robson, Hon. John, M. P. P., (Victoria), Premier of the 
 Province of British Columbia, Provincial Secretary, Minister of
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 279 
 
 Mines and Minister of Education, was born on the 14th of March, 
 1824, at Perth, Ontario, of Scotch parents, who emigrated to 
 Canada in the early part of the present century. He was educated 
 at his native place and in April, 1854, married Susan, daughter of 
 the late Captain Longworth, of Goderich,. He was engaged in 
 commercial pursuits till 1859, when, in consequence of the discovery 
 of large deposits of gold on the Fraser river, he came to British 
 Columbia. After visiting the mining bars along the river he 
 settled at New Westminster, and early in 1861 established in that 
 city the British Columbian, the pioneer newspaper on the Main- 
 land. This journal, which was the leading newspaper of the colony, 
 Mr. Robson edited, and through its columns he fought the battle 
 tor constitutional government, for which he was hounded, waylaid, and 
 unmercifully beaten and finally imprisoned by the minions of the 
 administration. Persecution, however, failed to break his spirit or 
 change his tone. He sat in the Council of New Westminster dur- 
 ing 1864-5, and during the last year occupied the position of presi- 
 dent of that body. In 1867 he was elected to represent the district 
 of New Westminster in the Legislative Council of British Columbia, 
 the Mainland and Vancouver's Island having by that time become 
 one colony. He continued to represent this constituency during 
 four sessions till 1870, in the last of which the terms of confedera- 
 tion with the Dominion of Canada were formulated and adopted by 
 the Legislature. Mr. Robson was one of the most active workers 
 for confederation, both within and without the walls of Par- 
 liament, and recorded his protest when the executive council 
 attempted to burk the scheme of union. He was a member of the 
 Yale convention and one of the committee appointed to carry into 
 effect the resolutions adopted at chat convention. He removed to 
 Victoria in 1869 and was editor of the Colonist for nearly six years. 
 He was elected to represent Nanaimo in the Provincial Legislature 
 in. 1871, and sat for that constituency till the spring of 1875, when 
 he accepted the federal appointment of paymaster and commissary 
 of the Canadian Pacific Railway surveys west of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, which position he continued to hold until it was abolished in 
 1879. Mr. Robson returned to New Westminster in 1879 and 
 resumed publication of the British Columbian, and at the general 
 election of 1882 was elected to represent the district of New West- 
 minster in the Provincial Legislature. Upon the defeat of the
 
 280 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Beaven administration, on the 26th of January, 1883, and the 
 formation of the Snrithe administration, he was appointed Provin- 
 cial Secretary and Minister of Mines and Minister of Finance and 
 Agriculture. Upon the death of Premier Smithe in March, 1887, 
 Mr. Robson took a similar position in the Davie cabinet, and upon 
 the death of Mr. Davie in 1889 he was called upon to form the 
 cabinet of which he is now Premier. In the general election of 
 1886 he was re-elected for New Westminster district, and again in 
 1890. Mr. Robson is president of the Y. M. C. A., Victoria, and 
 is a prominent and uncompromising advocate of temperance -and 
 moral reform. He is a justice of the peace for the Province and 
 holds a lieutenant's commission in the militia. He is a vigorous 
 and logical writer and a powerful speaker. His views on all public 
 questions are liberal, progressive and statesmanlike, and his name 
 stands prominently associated with the history of British Columbia. 
 His residence is at Birdcage Walk, James Bay, Victoria. 
 
 Ross, A. W., M. P., (Vancouver), was born March 25, 1846, at 
 Nairn, county of Middlesex, Ontario. Educated at Nairn village 
 school, Wardsville Grammar School, Toronto Normal School, Uni- 
 versity College, and graduated as B.A. at Toronto University. He 
 was inspector of public schools for the county of Glengarry, Ontario, 
 from September, 1871, until November, 1874, when he resigned to 
 study law in Toronto. He settled in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in June, 
 1877, was called to the bar in February, 1878, and entered into 
 partnership with his brother, the late W. H. Ross, under the firm 
 of Ross & Ross, afterwards Ross, Ross & Kilam, later Ross, Kilam 
 & Haggart. The firm were solicitors for two chartered banks and 
 four loan companies, besides which they soon took the lead in the 
 real estate business of the Province. Mr. Ross was elected a 
 bencher of the newly formed Law Society of Manitoba, in 1880; 
 and after the death of his brother, became the largest operator and 
 owner of real estate in the Northwest, and soon acquired the repu- 
 tation of being the most successful operator in Canada, his name 
 extending to England, as well as over this continent. As he was 
 considered to be thoroughly posted, and thus able to anticipate an 
 increase in values, his every movement was watched by other real 
 estate men and speculators. Inside of one year during the boom in 
 "Winnipeg in 1881-2, he cleared over $500,000, which was all re- 
 invested, while during six months of this period his monthly cash
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 281 
 
 deposits in the bank from receipts of sales made by him ran from 
 $200,000 to 400,000, and everything he touched was a success until 
 the " boom " burst in April, 1882, when he lost everything through 
 his unbounded faith in the natural resources of the Northwest, and 
 its rapid development. In 1881, when the C.P.R. highway was built 
 with remarkable energy, there was a rush of capital and enterprise to 
 Winnipeg, and it was not the visionary ones alone who went 
 thither, but sober, experienced and thoughtful men. Through a 
 variety of causes the rush came to a standstill, banks and monetary 
 institutions, which had hitherto encouraged the wildest of specula- 
 tion, suddenly tightened and called in their loans, then followed 
 almost a panic with the strewn wrecks of the " boom." All suf- 
 fered, the oldest and wisest as well as the rest being covered in the 
 wreck; and had the " boom " not burst when it did, Mr. Ross' suc- 
 cess would have been pointed out as one of the most marvellous on 
 the continent; but after all the experience and lesson have their 
 value, and Mr. Ross has already to a great extent, retrieved the past. 
 In Manitoba he was connected with nearly every project that had for 
 its object the development of the country, and was chosen to 
 represent the Great Northwest in the " Howland Syndicate " to 
 construct the Canadian Pacific Railroad. In 1884 he came to Brit- 
 ish Columbia to commence life again, having some interest at Port 
 Moody, the then terminus of the C. P. R. On a visit to this place 
 as well as to the present site of Vancouver he immediately decided 
 the latter only could be the place for the permanent terminus of the 
 great transcontinental railway; and at once declared it was one of 
 the finest natural town sites in the world, which is every day 
 becoming more patent through the energy arid enterprise of its 
 citizens. He then assisted very materially in having the change of 
 terminus made to its present site; and has unbounded faith in the 
 great future of Vancouver. He entered politics in 1878, being 
 elected to represent Springfield in the Legislative Assembly of 
 Manitoba, and on a general election being held in 1 879 was re- 
 elected, and had only three votes polled against him. He resigned 
 in 1882 to contest Lisgar for the House of Commons and was 
 elected, defeating Dr. Schultz, at present Lieutenant-Governor of 
 Manitoba, a very strong man, and the oldest member for the county. 
 At the last general election, although residing in British Columbia 
 for three years, his constituents returned him by acclamation.
 
 282 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 During his term in Parliament Mr. Ross has made two speeches, 
 especially dealing with the future of the great Northwest, which at 
 once gave him a strong position in the House, These speeches were 
 printed by the Government and the Canadian Pacific Railway Co., 
 and scattered broad cast as immigration literature. He is a thor- 
 ough Canadian in its broadest sense, as distinguished from parochial 
 or provincial; and from an intimate knowledge of the country, con- 
 siders the hope of the future greatness of Canada rests upon the 
 development of the unlimited natural resources of the region from 
 Lake Superior to the Pacific Ocean. His principal traits of char- 
 acter are geniality, indomitable will, energy and perseverance. 
 
 Rudge, George, (Victoria), was born on the 7th of April, at 
 
 St. Stephen's, New Brunswick, where his father, William Rudge, 
 was engaged in the marble business. Mr. Rudge was educated at 
 his native place and at the age of fifteen years went to work in his 
 fathers business. In 1875 he left New Brunswick and went to 
 San Francisco. After a brief stay there he came to British Colum- 
 bia and resided for a time in New Westminster. He then went to 
 Seattle where he formed a partnership with Mr. J. Carkeek, and 
 carried on a marble business for three years, when their establish- 
 ment was burned and their property entirely destroyed. He 
 returned to British Columbia and settled in Victoria, where he 
 established the business he at present conducts and which is now 
 the largest of its kind in Victoria. He has also a branch establish- 
 ment in Nanaimo, and until recently had one in New Westminster. 
 Mr. Rudge is a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. 
 
 Scott, Robert Henderson, (North Field), was born on the 
 27th of April, 1834. in Lanarkshire, Scotland, where his father was 
 engaged in mining. He was educated at the parish school and at 
 an early age began work in the mines. He rose rapidly after he 
 had obtained a thorough knowledge of the work and was engaged 
 for some years prior to leaving Scotland, in contracting and looking 
 after mines in Lanarkshire and Linlithgowshire. He left Scotland 
 in February, 1865, and went to Jackson county, state of Illinois, 
 TJ. S. A., where he took charge of several large mines. He remained 
 there till 1875, when he came to the Pacific coast. He was engaged 
 in the mines on Puget Sound for a short period. He removed to
 
 NOAH SHAKSPEARE.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 283 
 
 Nanaimo in 1876 and was engaged for two years with the Vancou- 
 ver company. He then took a position at Wellington in Mr. Duns- 
 muir's mine and continued here for ten years. He was in the 
 mine when the explosion occurred at Wellington in 1876, but was 
 uninjured and rendered effectual assistance in the work of rescue 
 and repair. He then took charge of the mine. He also aided the 
 Vancouver company when the explosion occurred id their mine. He 
 resigned his position last year with the intention of returning to 
 Scotland, but the shaft at North Field was opened and tenders for 
 the work of development were called for. Mr. Scott tendered and 
 was successful. He accordingly took charge and has since that time 
 been pursuing the work vigorously. He is a member of the Odd- 
 fellows' society, the Knights of Pythias, the Encampment and the 
 Good Templars, In July, 1853, Mr. Scott married Miss Mary 
 Rowan, daughter of Wm. Rowan, of Lanarkshire. 
 
 Sears, Joseph, (Victoria), was born on the 8th of May, 1852, 
 at Rio Janiero, Brazil, whither his parents had gone on a visit. His 
 father was a resident of Boston, Massachusetts, where he was en- 
 gaged in the plumbing business. In 1858 his father removed to 
 San Francisco, whither Mr. Sears and his mother went to join him 
 in the following year. They found on their arrival that his father 
 had died and his mother was forced to earn a living for herself and 
 child. After a year's residence in San Francisco Mr. Sears removed 
 with his mother to Astoria, then to Salem and finally in 1862 to 
 Victoria, where they remained for three years. During these five 
 years he had been kept constantly at school, and while in Victoria 
 he attended Mr. Jessop's school on Fort street. In 1865 he went 
 to Port Townsend with his mother, but after a year's residence 
 there they returned to Victoria. In 1867 Mr. Sears decided to 
 learn the bakery business, but gave it up after a short time and 
 went at the painting basiness. He served a four years' apprentice- 
 ship with the firm of Lettice and Mitchell, and then went to Port- 
 land, Oregon, for a year where he worked at his trade. He re- 
 turned to Victoria, and in 1876 he opened a business for himself on 
 Government street. Three years later he formed a partnership with 
 Robert Lettice, one of his former employers, the firm of Lettice and 
 Mitchell, having by that time been dissolved. This partnership 
 continued for five years. In 1885 Mr. Sears drew out of the firm
 
 284 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 and established his present business, which is a large and profitable 
 one. For a year his premises were near Government street on Yates 
 street. He then leased the land on which he is now situated and 
 erected his large shop. Mr. Sears was a member of the volunteer 
 fire department and acted as foreman of the company for several 
 years. He was also one of the trustees when the department was 
 dissolved, and assisted in the management and distribution of the 
 funds. He is an enthusiastic Oddfellow, having joined the order 
 when twenty-two years of age. He has filled every office in the 
 subordinate lodge and encampment, and at the present time fills the 
 office of D. D. G. P., of Victoria jurisdiction, 
 
 Shakespeare, Noah, (Victoria), was born at Brierley Hill 
 Staffordshire, England, on the 26th of January, 1839. His family 
 trace their descent from the Shakespeares of Warwickshire, of 
 whom the great poet was a member. After receiving what instruc- 
 tion was obtainable at the public school of his native place, Mr. 
 Shakespeare, being of an independent and ambitious tui*n of mind, 
 set about making his own way in the world. The lessons which he 
 thus early gained from experience, served him better in climbing 
 the path to distinction than any long scholastic course would have 
 done. He did not, however, as is too often the case with lads 
 leaving school, especially at an early age, abandon his books, but 
 on the contrary after his hours of daily toil he employed his even- 
 ings in study. In September, 1862, having become impressed, by 
 favorable reports, of British Columbia as a country in which a 
 young man might make fame and fortune, Mr. Shakespeare took 
 passage for Victoria, which place he reached, after sailing round 
 Cape Horn, on the 10th of January, 1864. As his purse was scan- 
 tily lined he did not hesitate to accept the first position which offered 
 and which was in the Vancouver collieries. Here he remained for 
 several years performing efficiently and faithfully the work in- 
 trusted to him to do. He then removed to Victoria, and shortly 
 afterwards became recognized by the community as a rising man. 
 The workingmen looked to him as their exponent and champion in 
 all matters which affected them, while the citizens generally regar- 
 ded him as one having at heart the best interest of the community at 
 large. The first public office he accepted was that of councillor and 
 this position he retained for four years. Shortly after arriving in
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHED. 285 
 
 Victoria the evil which was being occasioned to the Province and 
 which was then more immediately felt by the working man, through 
 the immigration of large numbers of Chinese, impressed itself 
 strongly on Mr. Shakespeare's mind, and he at once began to cast 
 about for some means of mitigating or removing what threatened, at 
 no distant date, to render British Columbia the dumping ground for 
 the worst class of Asiatics. He pointed out to the citizens the 
 dangers which were so apparent to himself, and the result was a 
 general agitation in favor of preventing the entry of Chinese into 
 the country. In 1876, Mr. Shakespeare's name headed a petition 
 signed by fifteen hundred workingmen which was presented to the 
 Dominion Parliament, praying that an act similar to the Austra- 
 lian act, restricting the immigration of Chinese be passed. The 
 petition was presented by Hon. Amor De Cosmos, who at that time 
 represented Victoria in the Federal House. No immediate steps' 
 were taken by Parliament in answer to this petition but the agita- 
 tion was kept up and an Anti-Chinese society formed for that pur- 
 pose, of which Mr. Shakespeare was elected president in 1879. In 
 1882 he was elected to the position of chief magistrate of the city 
 by a large majority of the voters and discharged the important 
 duties which this office entailed so much to the general satisfaction 
 that he was, at the expiration of his term, presented with an 
 illuminated address. It was during his incumbency of the Mayor- 
 alty that Governor-General Lord Lome and Princess Louise paid 
 their visit to the Pacific Coast and upon Mr. Shakespeare devolved 
 the duty of entertaining the distinguished guests. In the general 
 election of 1882 he was chosen in conjunction with Mr. E. Crowe 
 Baker to represent Victoria in the Federal Parliament. He was 
 now able to urge in person for restrictive legislation in regard to 
 Chinese immigration and with the assistance of his colleague he 
 succeeded in the session of 1884 in having the present act passed. 
 In 1882 Mr. Shakespeare was elected president of the Mechanics' 
 Institute and in 1885, president of the British Columbia Agricul- 
 tural Association which latter institution he assisted in organizing. 
 In 1883 he took a trip to England and while there he gave several 
 lectures at his native place and neighboring towns which influenced 
 a large number of people to emigrate to British Columbia and the 
 Northwest Territories. At the general election of 1887, Mr. Shake- 
 speare was again elected to represent his adopted city in the Do- 
 minion House. At the conclusion of the first session of this
 
 286 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Parliament he accepted the position of Postmaster at Victoria and 
 retired from the political arena. Throughout his career in Parlia- 
 ment, Mr. Shakespears worked disinterestedly for the welfare of 
 his Province. He was elected as a supporter of the Macdonald 
 Government and saw no reason to withdraw his allegiance from the 
 Conservative party. In 1886 he accepted the presidency of the 
 British Columbia Mutual Fire Insurance Company, which he was 
 instrumental in organizing. Throughout his career Mr. Shakes- 
 peare has been a consistent temperance man and has passed through 
 all the offices in the Good Templars' organization. In 1877 he was 
 elected Grand Worthy Chief of the Grand Lodge of Washington 
 Territory and British Columbia, and during 1878 he filled the same 
 position. In 1886 he was elected president of the Young Men's 
 Christian Association of Victoria. In every sense Mr. Shakespeare 
 is a man who has grown up with the country and given his best 
 thought and work to the development of her resources. His career 
 is an example of what may be accomplished by men of sound 
 abilities, who make devotion to duty and unswerving honesty their 
 guides through life. In religion Mr. Shakespeare is an adherent of 
 the Methodist Church. In 1859 he was married to Miss Eliza Jane 
 Pearson and has five children. 
 
 Shannon, William, (Vancouver), was born in county Sligo, 
 Ireland, on 19th February, 1839. His father, a native of the North 
 of Ireland, settled in Ontario in 1845, where he engaged in farming 
 His maternal grandfather, John Lytle, was one of the seventeen 
 young men who welcomed John Wesley to Ireland when he came 
 to introduce Methodism into that country, and subsequently became 
 a preacher under him. Mr. Shannon was educated in the public 
 school of Lindsay, Ontario, and intended to follow agricultural 
 pursuits. In 1862 he visited California and in the following year 
 came to British Columbia, settling at New Westminster. The first 
 years of his life in this Province were spent by him in road con- 
 tracting in partnership with his brother, Mr. Thomas Shannon. In 
 1865-6 he mined with varying success at Big Bend, Columbia river, 
 Gold Stream, McUllis, French and Camp creeks and subsequently 
 visited the mining locations in the Cariboo district. He also car- 
 ried on an extensive packing business and brought the first large 
 freight wagon into Williams' creek. During his long residence in
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 287 
 
 the Province Mr. Shannon has been engaged in all kinds of farming 
 and stock-raising and also in the lumber trade. He has been one 
 of the greatest explorers of the Province, having hunted in it and 
 travelled through it for many years. At present Mr. Shannon, in 
 conjunction with Mr. Charles McLachlan, has a large real estate 
 and insurance business in Vancouver and finds that his knowledge 
 of the Province and his great experience are now bearing good fruit. 
 He helped to form the first rural municipality on the mainland 
 that of Chilliwhack, but as far as possible has avoided a political 
 life. He married Miss Mclndoo, eldest daughter of Wm. Mclndoo, 
 esq., a land owner of Victoria county, Ontario. He is a promi- 
 nent member of the Methodist church. 
 
 Shorts, Thomas Dorian, (Okanagon), was born in the Prov- 
 ince of Ontario on June 14th, 1837. His father, Mr. William 
 Shorts, who came of U. E. Loyalist stock, married Miss Ruth 
 Dorian. Mr. Shorts came to British Columbia in the Fall of 1869, 
 and in 1871 settled in the Peace River District. He spent six 
 months in the Cassiar region where he erected a saw mill, which 
 worked by hydraulic power. He also mined in this Province and 
 in California, meeting with moderate success. In 1882 he removed 
 to Okanagon Lake, where he took up land known as the "Fell 
 Creek Ranch," which he afterwards sold to Mr. Scott Montague, 
 and then commenced carrying freight on the lake. Mr. Shorts first 
 used a row-boat of 2J tons capacity, and afterwards ran the first 
 steamer which ever ploughed the waters of the Okanagan Lake. 
 Since that time he has been continually adding to his fleet of 
 steamers, and at present is constructing one of over sixty tons 
 capacity and thirty-two horse-power. Mr. Short is a Wesleyan and 
 one of the most enterprising men in the Okanagan district. 
 
 Shotbolt, Thomas, (Victoria), was born at Pinchbeck, Lin- 
 colnshire, England, in June 1842. He received his elementary edu- 
 cation at his native place and then went to Horncastle, Lincolnshire, 
 where he studied the drug business. At the age of twenty years 
 he took his diplomas as a chemist and druggist, and immediately 
 after left for British Columbia, which he reached by way of Pana- 
 ma. He came from Panama to Victoria in the steamer Golden 
 Gate which was lost during her return trip. After spending one
 
 288 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 month in the employ of Wm. Searly, now of San Francisco, Mr. 
 Shotbolt established the business which he has conducted ever since, 
 and which has increased with Victoria's growth. Mr. Shotbolt is a, 
 justice of the peace for the province of British Columbia and is a 
 member of the Masonic order, St. George's society and other 
 friendly societies. In religion he is an adherent of the Episcopal 
 church. 
 
 Sinclair, Temple Frederick, (Victoria), was born at Dun- 
 beath, Caithness, Scotland, on February 3rd, 1853. His father, F. 
 A. Sinclair, Esq., was engaged in the fish-curing business. Mr. Sin- 
 clair was educated at his native town, and previous to his arrival in 
 British Columbia was engaged in railroad construction in Great 
 Britain. In. 1873 Mr. Sinclair came to this Province, and at first 
 settled at Victoria. Mr. Sinclair spent five years in the Cassia r 
 district, during which time he was engaged in mining enterprises, 
 and alse lived one season in the Skagit country. On leaving Cas- 
 siar he worked at railroad construction under Mr. Onderdonk 
 and was engaged in tunnel construction. In 1882 he com- 
 menced contracting for the construction of parts of the C. P. R., 
 building the road west of Lytton and also on Kami oops lake. Mr. 
 Sinclair also made the entire line on the Shuswap lake, built the 
 iKootenay canal and removed the rocks in Cotton Wood canyon, 
 generally considered the most difficult work on the C. P. R. For 
 more than five years Mr. Sinclair was engaged in improving the bed 
 and banks of the Fraser, and aided materially in making the river 
 better for navigation. At the present time he is engaged 
 in dock construction for Rithet and company at Victoria. Mr. 
 Sinclair is largely interested in the brick yards, salmon fishery and 
 general business at Port Haney and is opening up slate quarries for 
 rooting purposes at Golden on the C. P. R., which he located in 
 1889, and for which he is importing the best machinery from Eng- 
 land and the east. Mr. Sinclair was at one time reeve of the muni- 
 cipality of Maple Ridge. He is a Presbyterian, a member of several 
 Caledonian and friendly societies, and on the 24th May, 1883, mar- 
 ried Teresa, eldest daughter of L. D. Loring, Esq., of Lytton. 
 
 Smith, Bedford H., HI.A., (Nanaimo), son of Daniel Smith, 
 farmer, of New Brunswick, was born at Blissville, Sunderland 
 county, N. B., on June 1st, 1849. By both sides of his house he is
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 289 
 
 descended from United Empire Loyalists. His father's family were 
 in possession of large estates in Connecticut, and the then represent- 
 ative of the house made himself conspicuous by the active part he 
 took on the side of King George. The maternal ancestor, Hartt,. 
 was a relative of Endicott, the British Governor of Massachusetts. 
 At the close of the war both families abandoned their estates and 
 transferred themselves to New Brunswick. Mr. Smith was educated 
 at the Baptist Seminary at Fredericton, and subsequentiy at the 
 University of New Brunswick. He took an art's course at the 
 University and graduated with honors in science. Two years later 
 he took his degree of Master of Arts. After graduating he took 
 charge of a school at Victoria Corners, Carleton county, N. B., 
 where he remained for one year. He then accepted the principal- 
 ship of Sunbury Grammar School, formerly known as Sheffield 
 Academy. He remained there one year and then, in 1877, came to- 
 British Columbia. In this Province he first engaged in the fishing 
 business on Queen Charlotte Islands, and when the company, of 
 which he was a member, amalgamated with the Skidegate Oil Com- 
 pany he became a member of the new company. He was actively 
 engaged at this business for three years, when he severed his con- 
 nection with the company and removed to Victoria. He then took 
 charge of the school at North Saanich, where he remained for four 
 years, when he was appointed Collector of Customs at Nanaimo, 
 which position he now occupies. Mr. Smith is a member of the 
 Ancient Order of United Workmen, and treasurer of the American 
 Legion of Honor. He was the first president of the Nanaimo 
 Building Society, and is now treasurer of that institution. In 
 July, 1882, Mr. Smith married Annie Brethour, daughter of the 
 late Samuel Brethour, of North Saanich. 
 
 Smith* James McBraire, (Victoria), was born at Pownal, 
 P. E. I., in 1838 and came to British Columbia in 1865. Probably 
 few men in British Columbia have a more general knowledge of the 
 Province than Mr, Smith. Although prominent neither in business 
 nor in politics he has been continuously identified with the " ups 
 and downs " of the country during a period of twenty-four years. 
 Like most of our young colonists he cast his lot with the explorers 
 of the gold fields of the interior, and soon after his arrival in the 
 Province proceeded to Cariboo, where he remained seven years. 
 
 (20)
 
 290 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 During the gold excitement in Omineca in 1872 he embarked in 
 mercantile pursuits, the firm of Smith and Stirling (of which he 
 was a partner) being among the first to establish in the then promis- 
 ing town of Germansen. Surmounting many risks and difficulties, 
 occasioned by the costly means of transport, this enterprising firm 
 established the largest and most complete supply-depot in that 
 region. In the spring of 1873 they had on the portage between 
 Babine Lake and Lake Tatla, about three hundred Indians em- 
 ployed in packing ; the largest train of native packers at any one 
 time engaged in the Province. The Omineca mines not proving as 
 successful a speculation as was anticipated, Mr. Smith returned to 
 Victoria in 1874. Having received in his younger days a good 
 business training, as well as being a first class accountant and cor- 
 respondent, he readily obtained a position in one of the leading 
 wholesale houses of that city, where he remained five years, during 
 which period he was associated with the Skidegate Oil "Works and 
 other enterprises. In 1876 he married the eldest daughter of the 
 late William Bowden, Esq, and in 1869 received the appointment 
 of Government Auditor which he has well and ably filled and 
 which he now occupies. By actual residence in different parts, as 
 well as personal inspection during his journeys in the interior, he 
 has acquired a fund of information of the Province, its resources, 
 requirements and geographical delineations, which is extremely use- 
 ful and almost indispensable to anyone holding the position he 
 occupies in the Government service. He is an enthusiast regarding 
 the mineral wealth of the country, and, so far as his means allow, is 
 always ready to engage in any of the ventures to develope the hid- 
 den treasures in the mountains it being his firm belief that 
 British Columbia is the richest mineral country on the Pacific 
 slope. 
 
 Smith, William John, (Victoria), the third son of Thomas 
 Smith of Kempstone, Bedfordshire, England, was born at Kemp- 
 stone, on December 26th, 1859. He received his education in his 
 native town, and previous to his arrival in British Columbia was 
 engaged in contracting and in the manufacture of bricks at Orillia, 
 Ont., where he learnt his trade. On February 22nd, 1884, he came 
 to Victoria, and has since been engaged in brick manufacture and 
 contracting. In partnership with Mr. Elford he has erected some
 
 W. B. TOWNSKND.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 291 
 
 of the finest blocks in the capital city, and among them the new 
 Presbyterian place of worship St. Andrew's Church. He is a 
 member of the Masonic and Foresters Orders, and on the 14th of 
 June, 1881, married Mary Duncan, third daughter of Alexander 
 McDonald, Esq. He is an adherent of the Baptist Church. Mr. 
 Smith is a thorough master of his trade, and is one of the best 
 t business men in Victoria. 
 
 Su under s, Henry, (Victoria), was born January 28th, 1837, 
 in Essex, England. He was educated in his native place and in 
 January, 1862, came to British Columbia. He settled in Victoria 
 and in 1866 managed the business he now owns, for P. Manetta. 
 He subsequently bought out Manetta and entered into a partner- 
 ship with E. Promin. After two years he purchased the entire 
 business and has since conducted it himself. He is a member of 
 the Pioneer Society of- British Columbia. 
 
 Sayward, William Parsons, (Victoria), born December 9th, 
 1818, at Thomastown, Maine, U. S. A., where his father James 
 Sayward, was a shipmaster. Attended Thomastown grammar 
 school till seventeen years of age, when he learned the carpenter 
 trad.e. In 1838 he went to Florida where he resided for three 
 years and then returned to his native place. He subsequently spent 
 three years in Boston, Mass., and in 1846 again went to Florida 
 and till March, 1849, lived in Key West. In 1849- he removed to 
 California and settled in Sacramento, where he passed two years. 
 In 1851 he removed to San Francisco and engaged in the lumber 
 trade there till June, 1858, when he came to British Columbia and 
 settled at Victoria. He established his lumber business at Victoria 
 shortly after his arrival and has since continued to conduct it. He 
 was married in Victoria to Miss Chambers. He is a member of 
 the Oddfellows' Order and has twice been president of the Pioneer 
 Society. 
 
 Seabrook, Roads, (Victoria), was born on May 19th, 1838, 
 in Middlesex county, Ontario, where his father, Joseph Seabrook, 
 was engaged in farming. He was educated at Caradpck Academy 
 which institution he attended till he was sixteen years of age, when 
 he left school and assisted his father in the management of his farm.
 
 292 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 In 1857 his father died and Mr. Seabrook took charge of the farm 
 and continued to manage it until April, 1862, when the Cariboo 
 gold excitement reached Ontario and drew hundreds of people to 
 British Columbia where they thought to make their fortunes very 
 rapidly. Mr. Seabrook was among the number who came at this 
 time, travelling by way of Panama. He arrived in Victoria in 
 May, 1862, and went direct to the Cariboo mines where he re- 
 mained during the summer. In the autumn he returned to New 
 Westminster without a cent in his pocket, but with mining experi- 
 ence sufficient to last him a life time. During the winter he was 
 engaged at a number of different occupations and in the spring of 
 1863 he went back to Ontario for his wife and child whom he had 
 left there. He then returned to British Columbia and until 1869 
 settled at New Westminster, where for the greater part of the time 
 he was engaged in teaming. He removed to Victoria in 1869 in 
 the employ of Sproat and Co., whose business was on Store street. 
 He subsequently engaged with Welch, Rithet and Company and 
 has continued since that time in their employ. In Mr. Rithet's 
 absence Mr. Seabrook is manager of this extensive business. Mr. 
 Seabrook married Miss L. A. Holloway of Ontario. 
 
 Scoullar, Edwin, Sayre, (New Westminster\ was born at 
 St. John, New Brunswick, May 7th, 1856. His family which is of 
 Scotch extraction, settled in Canada in its early days and played 
 no unimportant part in the history of the country. His great 
 grandfather, Rev. John Sayre, the first Episcopal minister who 
 preached in Mangerville, Sunbury county, N. B., was one of those 
 old Loyalists who preferred the hardships of life amid what was 
 then the wilds of Canada to abandoning his fealty to the British 
 Crown, after the close of the war of independence. His great-grand- 
 uncle was Sir John Beverley Robinson, Chief Justice of Canada, 
 and his grandfather William Scoullar, and his uncle Henry Partclear, 
 represented the county of Sunbury in the House of Assembly of 
 New Brunswick in 1845. In 1870 Mr. Scoullar removed with his 
 parents to Windsor, N. S., where he received his education. In 
 1878 he left home and after visiting many of the leading cities in 
 the United States he arrived in British Columbia on July 1st, 1878. 
 After residing for one year in Victoria he removed to New West- 
 minster and established the store and general hardware business there
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 293 
 
 which he conducted successfully for eleven years. When Van- 
 couver came into existence Mr. Scoullar established a branch busi- 
 ness there, the first of the kind in that city. This was prior to the 
 great fire which swept the city out of existence and destroyed his 
 establishment and stock leaving him poorer by $20,000. He 
 immediately started again however, and has now one of the largest 
 stocks in this line in Vancouver. Mr. Scoullar was one of the 
 promoters and is a director of the New "Westminster Woollen Mills 
 Co., having taken hold of this enterprise when it was in a languish- 
 ing condition and about to be removed to Victoria and thus he and 
 the other patrotic citizens who joined with him saved this industry 
 for the Royal City. Together with five others of the Masonic 
 brethern of New Westminster he was the means of erecting the 
 Masonic and Oddfellows' block, by advancing the funds for that 
 purpose. He was one of the promoters of the New Westminster 
 Southern Raih*oad, has been a director since its inception and was 
 appointed with others to negotiate and carry out the provisions of 
 its charter which was done successfully. Mr. Scoullar is one of the 
 four provincial directors of the New Westminster and Vancouver 
 Short Line. He was elected a member of the city council in Janu- 
 ary, 1889. At this time the city, working for the first time under 
 its new charter, and not being in a very prosperous condition there 
 was an enormous amount of work to be accomplished to place it in 
 the front rank of the cities of British Columbia. The progress of 
 New Westminster dates from that period and that Mr. Scoullar had 
 a large share in bringing about this happy state of things, the 
 records of the council will prove. He has been gazetted captain of 
 the New Westminster Rifle Company and has always taken a great 
 interest in millitary affairs. He is one of the best shots of the 
 Province, having in one year carried off the Governor-General's 
 medal for the best shot at long range shooting. He has during his 
 residence in New Westminster identified himself with every enter- 
 prise of any importance and has taken a deep interest in furthering 
 the best interests of the city. He is senior partner of the firm of 
 A. Turnbull &. Co., contractors, who built the Provincial Court 
 House and Central School House in Vancouver and who are now 
 erecting the new Court House at New Westminster. This firm also 
 owns and operates the New Westminster brick yard which has a 
 capacity of 4,000,000 bricks per year. Mr. Scoullar was married,
 
 294 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 October 8th, 1883, to Helen McColl, step-daughter of Geo. Turner, 
 esq., C. E. Mr. Scoullar was one of the founders of the New 
 Westminster Board of Trade; he has been a member of the coun- 
 cil of that body since its inception, and has been vice-president of 
 the Board. 
 
 Seghers, Charles John, born in Ghent, Belgium, December 
 26th, 1839, died in Alaska, November 28th, 1886. He studied for 
 the priesthood in the ecclesiastical seminary at Ghent, and after- 
 wards in the American College, Lourain; was ordained a priest at 
 Mechlin in 1863, and went to Vancouver's Island as a missionary, 
 rising to be vicar-general. In 1871 he was made administrator of 
 the diocese and on June 29th he was consecrated Bishop of Van- 
 couver's Island. He was the first missionary of the church who 
 attempted the conversion of the Alaskan Indians. In 1878 he 
 visited that territory and all the adjacent islands. Towards the 
 end of the year he was appointed coadjutor to the Archbishop of 
 Oregon and reached Portland on May 1st, 1879. He spent a year 
 in exploring Washington Territory, Idaho and Montana, and pub- 
 lished a series of letters in Roman Catholic periodicals in the 
 Eastern States, describing his adventures. In 1881 he succeeded to 
 the Archbishopric, but for several years had been anxious to 
 resign his see to convert the Alaska Indians and he visited Europe 
 in 1883 to obtain permission from the Pope. His resignation was 
 at length accepted and he was re-appointed Bishop of Vancouver 
 Island, retaining his title of Archbishop. On his return in 1884 
 he started re-establishing the Missions that had come to a standstill. 
 He left Victoria in July, 1886, for Alaska in company with tAvo 
 Jesuits and a guide named Fuller. They arrived at Chilcat and 
 then travelled north along the coast until they reached the station 
 of the Alaska Trading Company at the head of Stewart's river. 
 Leaving the Jesuits to establish a mission among the Stikeen In- 
 dians, he started with Fuller and some Indians for Muklakajet, a 
 village near the mouth of the Tamanah river, which he reached on 
 24th October. He spent a few week in missionary duty among 
 Indians of this trading post and then decided to push on to Unlata, 
 two hundred miles down the Yukon river. Travelling on sleds, the 
 party arrived at a deserted village about 30 miles from their desti- 
 nation. They entered a hut and making a fire lay down before it.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 295 
 
 At daylight next morning Fuller, who had several times exhibited 
 anger at being drawn farther and farther into those desolate 
 regions, levelled his rifle at the Archbishop and shot him. The 
 murderer subsequently expressed remorse but gave no reason for the 
 crime. Archbishop Seghers was a man of great erudition and an 
 effective pulpit orator. The body was taken to St. Michael's Island 
 where it was packed in ice and remained two years, it was then 
 brought to Victoria and interred under the church there. 
 
 Stelly, George, (Victoria), was born in February, '1829, in 
 canton Solothnan, Switzerland, where his father Joseph Stelly, 
 resided. He was educated at his native place and on completing 
 his studies worked on his father's farm. At the age of twenty- 
 three he left Switzerland, and in 1852 landed at New Orleans. 
 After a short stay in that city he journeyed to Illinois, where he 
 farmed for some time, and later on proceeded to Iowa, where he 
 remained one year. He then crossed the plains to California with 
 ox teams, via. Salt Lake, the time occupied by the journey being 
 five days less than six months. On reaching Placerville, in Eldorado 
 county, he decided to remain, and resided there till 1858, during 
 which time he was fairly successful at the mines. In the Fall of 
 1858, after having sold out all his interests in California, he came 
 to Victoria, and soon after his arrival went to the British Columbia 
 mines. He mined for fourteen months at Hill's Bar, Emory's Bar 
 and several other places, but meeting with no success, and having 
 expended all his capital, he went back to Victoria. After his re- 
 turn to the capital he commenced business as a contractor and 
 transfer agent, his place of business being the same he now occupies, 
 and he has ever since been very successful. In March, 1863, he 
 married Miss Merkley, a German lady. He is a member of the 
 Pioneer Society and also of the Oddfellow's Order. 
 
 Semlin, Charles Augustus, HI. P. P., (Cache Creek), was 
 born in the province of Ontario. His ancestors on his mother's side 
 came from Yorkshire, England, to the New England colonies in 
 1838; his father came from Kent, England. Mr. Semlin was edu- 
 cated at the public schools and by private tuition. At an early age 
 he chose the profession of teaching which he followed until the 
 spring of 1862, when under the influence of the Cariboo gold fever
 
 296 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 he came to British Columbia by way of New York and Panama ; 
 stopping a few days in San Francisco and arriving in Victoria on 
 the 12th of June, 1862. The summer's of 1862, 1863 and 1864 
 were spent in Cariboo, after which he settled at Cache Creek where 
 lie has since resided, and where he is extensively engaged in agri- 
 culture and stock raising. At all times taking a lively interest in 
 public matters he became, in 1871, a candidate for the repre- 
 sentation of the Yale district. He was elected and served for the 
 four years for which the Parliament was elected. He was defeated 
 at the next general election, and in the next year again when he 
 opposed the re-election of the Hon. F. G. Vernon. In 1878 he was 
 again defeated ; at the general election of 1882 he was a candidate 
 and was elected at the head of the poll and sat through the term. 
 At the general election of 1886 he was again elected at tl.e head of 
 the poll as an opponent of the present Government. In the autumn 
 of 1889 he was elected president of the Inland Agricultural Society 
 of British Columbia. He is also vice-president of the Ashcroft and 
 Xiillooet Pioneer Society, and has been for many years a trustee of 
 the Boarding School and for some years a Notary Public for British 
 Columbia. 
 
 Spring, Charles, (Victoria), son of Captain William Spring, 
 was born on February 16th, 1860 at New Westminster, then 
 Queensborough, and educated in the Collegiate and James Bay 
 schools, at Victoria. After completing his education he learned the 
 trade of carpenter, but, after continuing at it for about a year and 
 a half, found that it was too severe on his health, and he abandoned 
 ib and entered the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company and 
 remained in that service for seven years. In June, 1884, he re- 
 signed his position and went into the sealing business, at which he 
 has since continued. After the death of his father he formed a 
 partnership with Mr. Peter Francis, and since the death of Mr. 
 Francis he has carried on the business himself. He now possesses 
 three vessels. In 1887 his schooner "Onward" was seized in 
 Behring sea by the United States revenue cutter, and he lost 
 $12,000. He is a member of the Pioneer Society, the Board of 
 Trade and the Presbyterian church. 
 
 Spring, Captain William, was born at Lisbau, in Russia, near 
 Riga, on the Baltic Sea, October 7th, 1831, and died at Victoria, B.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 297 
 
 C., 1386. His father was a Scotchman, who, in his capacity as a 
 civil engineer, visited Russia in 1827 in the employ of a company of 
 railway contractors operating there and who married a Rus- 
 sian lady. While in Russia Captain Spring was born, and 
 shortly afterwards the family removed to Scotland. At an 
 early age Captain Spring entered the mercantile marine, and 
 after visiting various quarters of the world and sailing in 
 nearly every sea, he arrived at Sooke, Vancouver Island, in 1853. 
 In 1861 Captain Spring and Mr. C. B. Young formed a partnership 
 and opened a general store at Bella Coola to supply the miners. 
 They also possessed a schooner, of which Hugh McKay was 
 appointed master. In 1862 Captain Spring was stricken with 
 small-pox and his life was saved by the care and attention bestowed 
 on him by a miner, Daniel McCallum When Captain Spring re- 
 covered the company sold out its interest at Bella Coola and 
 returned to Victoria. They found the west coast business was 
 becoming brisk and in 1863 they (Captain Spring and Mr. C. B. 
 Young) worked up a trade with the Indians in fur and oil, and the 
 same year they started a station at Beachy Bay for salting and 
 curing salmon. They worked up a luci'ative business, finding a 
 market for their fish in California and the Sandwich Islands, and 
 continued in partnership till 1864, when Captain Spring joined 
 Peter Francis and in conjunction with him started a trading station 
 at San Juan, on the west coast. From that time till 1870 Captain 
 Spring was engaged in this trade, and during that time purchased 
 and lost quite a number of schooners. In 1870 the seal fishing began 
 to assume importance, and Captain Spring formed a partnership 
 with Mr. Hugh McKay and Mr. Peter Francis to engage in this 
 industry. The company purchased three schooners, the "Surprise," 
 the " Alert " and the " Favorite." They continued this business 
 with increasing success till 1880, when Mr. Theo. Lubbe, now of 
 Esquimalt, joined the firm, which was now known as Wm. Spring 
 & Co. Prior to 1884 the seal fishing had been off the coast of Van- 
 couver Island, but in that year the firm fitted out the schooner 
 " Mary Ellen " with a crew of white hunters, under command of 
 Captain Dan McLean and sent her to B^hring's Sea. In 1885 the 
 " Favorite " was also sent north under command of Mr. Charles 
 Spring. From this time forward the company's business prospered 
 and they continued to add to their fleet of schooners, owning six at 
 the time of Captain Spring's death. After his decease his large
 
 298 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 business was conducted by his son, Mr. Charles Spring, in conjunc 
 tion with Mr. Francis, and since the death of Mr. Francis, Mr. 
 Spring has had the sole management. Captain Spring was a mem- 
 ber of the Pioneer Society, the Ancient Order of United Workmen 
 and the Oddfellows' order. He was an adherent of the Presbyterian 
 Church. He was married and had a family of seven children, 
 two of whom predeceased him. 
 
 Springer, Benjamin, (Vancouver), eldest son of the late 
 Benjamin Springer, esq., C. E., lieutenant-colonel of militia, of 
 Middlesex, Ontario, and Eliza Green, was born in Middlesex, 
 Ontario, February 2nd, 1841. His family on the father's side were 
 United Empire Loyalists who removed to Canada after the war of 
 independence rather than renounce their fealty to the crown. Mr. 
 Springer received his elementary education at the public schools of 
 his native place and then attended Caradock Academy, at that 
 time a noted place of learning in Western Ontario. He subsequent- 
 ly studied civil engineering with the intention of following that 
 profession but abandoned it for commercial pursuits. In 1862, 
 during the period of the Cariboo excitement, he left Ontario for 
 British Columbia, coming by way of the Isthmus of Panama. He 
 remained over for one year in California and engaged in mining on 
 American river with indifferent success. He then came on to 
 British Columbia arriving at Victoria in April, 1863. He went 
 direct to Cariboo travelling by the Douglas portages to Lillooet and 
 from there on horseback to the forks of the Quesnelle, and then on 
 foot over the Bald Mountains to Williams creek. He remained in 
 Cariboo engaged in mining for nine years and during that time he 
 developed claims on Williams, Antler, Lowhee, Keithley and 
 Mosquito creeks. He spent the greater portion of his time on 
 Williams creek. On the whole he had fair success in this work, 
 although he did not at any time make a large strike. He had 
 during this period the usual rough experience of the early miner. 
 In the pioneer days he endured hunger and privations and dangers 
 of all kind, and in later years the laborious and unhealthy work 
 connected with developing large claims. In 1872 he abandoned 
 mining and came to the coast where he became connected with the 
 Moody ville company's saw mill, in which in 1882 he took the 
 position of manager. With this institution he remained connected
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 299 
 
 till 1890 when he resigned his position. Mr. Springer has not 
 taken an active personal interest in politics but is in principal a 
 Conservative. He has been a Justice of the Peace for the district 
 of New Westminster for the past eighteen years ; a trustee on the 
 school board since 1872, and a pilot commissioner since 1879. He 
 is a member of the Masonic fraternity and takes a lively interest in 
 all matters connected with the order, being a past master and a 
 member of the Grand Lodge. 
 
 Stemler, Lewis, (Victoria), was born at Wiesbaden, Prussia, 
 in October, 1845. His father, Frederick Stemler, left Prussia and 
 settled in California during the mining excitement there; came to 
 British Columbia in 1858, and established the business known as 
 Stemler & Co., and in 1867 returned to San Francisco. Mr. 
 Stemler first engaged in the furniture business with Weiler & Co., 
 and remained at this for six years. In 1873 he went to the Cas- 
 siar mines, where he became interested in one claim which he worked 
 for some months. He then left a man in charge of it and took 
 a position as toll collector. Shortly afterwards he obtained an 
 interest in the business of H. Gerke & Co., general merchants of 
 Cassiar, where he remained until the following autumn, when he 
 sold to H. Gerke and returned to Victoria. Here he established 
 a coffee and spice business in partnership with G. Leizer, under the 
 firm title of Stemler & Leizer. In the following autumn he pur- 
 chased Mr. Leizer's interest and conducted the business in his own 
 name until August, 1881, when he removed his business to Wharf 
 street and formed a partnership with Mr. Thomas Earle. Four 
 years ago the firm removed their place of business to Government 
 street, where they are now located. The business has continued to 
 flourish and they now do the largest trade in their line in the 
 Province. In politics Mr. Stemler is a Conservative but he does 
 not take an active interest in public matters, his private business 
 taking up all his time. Mr. Stemler is a Protestant and an 
 adherent of St. John's Church, Victoria. 
 
 Stevenson, Arthur, (Ly tton) was born near Ottawa on Janu- 
 ary 5th, 1840. His father, Thos. Stevenson, emigrated from the 
 North of Ireland to Canada about the year 1835, and settled in 
 the Province of Quebec, where he located a bush farm, which has
 
 300 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 been since improved from year to year, and where he still resides, 
 surrounded by numerous descendants. Mr. Stevenson landed in 
 Victoria in April, 1862, and eventually settled at Lytton. In the 
 summer of the same year Mr. Stevenson went to Cariboo, and, to- 
 gether with Senator James Reid, took up a claim on a creek which 
 they named "Canadian Creek," working it for a considerable time, 
 but gaining nothing more valuable than experience and suffering 
 great hardships. During the fall Mr. Stevenson went to West- 
 minster, where he remained during the winter. For the next two 
 years Mr. Stevenson mined, but, fortune not favoring his efforts, he 
 bade farewell to Cariboo, like many others considerably wiser, but by 
 no means wealthier, than when he first went there. In June, 1865, 
 Mr. Stevenson was appointed Government Road Inspector for the 
 district of Yale, which position he has occupied ever since, and in 
 1883 was made a Justice of the Peace for the same district. Mr. 
 Stevenson is an adherent of the Presbyterian Church, and is a member 
 of the " Mainland Pioneers' Benevolent Society." On September 
 21st, 1877, Mr. Stevenson was united in marriage to Agnes, 
 daughter of Frank Lanmeistcr, esq., one of the earliest settlers in 
 the Province. 
 
 Stir tan, Josiah Walter, (Nanaimo) was born on the 18th of 
 December, 1848, in Edwardsburg township, County of Granville, 
 Ontario. He is the eldest son of George Stirtan, who left England 
 in the early part of the present century and settled on a farm in 
 Granville. Mr. Stirtan was educated at his native place, and after 
 leaving school remained on the farm with his father till he was 
 twenty years of age. In 1869 he went to the territory of Wyoming, 
 where he was engaged for two years in bridge building and con- 
 structing cars. He then came to British Columbia. Upon his 
 arrival in this Province his attention was attracted to the Omineca 
 mines, and he went to that district, where he spent a season in gold 
 mining, with very fair success. He returned to Victoria in the 
 autumn and went into business at Belmont, opposite Esquimalt, as 
 a contractor, millwright and merchant. He had a boot and shoe 
 manufactory and a tannery here. He continued to conduct this 
 business with successful results for four years, when he disposed of 
 h'is interests and removed to Nauaimo. At this time, 1875, 
 Nanaimo began to build up rapidly, and Mr. Stirtan has been iden- 
 tified with the history of her progress. He began business as a
 
 JOHN WEILER.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 301 
 
 contractor, and during the subsequent ten years he constructed most 
 of the large buildings which Nanaimo now possesses. In 1885 he 
 obtained a right from the city to lay a system of water works, and 
 he accomplished this work with remarkable success, boring the 
 wooden pipes he used with machinery formed after his own design. 
 He brought the water used from native springs. He conducted this 
 system of water works till the demand became too great for the 
 supply, and then, in conjunction with a number of others, he 
 secured a charter to bring the water from Nanaimo river. This charter 
 was subsequently amended to bring the water from Chase river in- 
 stead of Nanaimo river. A system of waterworks was then built 
 for the new company under the special supervision of Mr. Stirtan 
 and after his own design. For two years Mr. Stirtan occupied the 
 presidency of this company, and then he resigned from the board 
 of directors to take the position of manager. The system con- 
 structed by Mr. Stirtan worked, or rather still works admirably and 
 is equal, in point of perfection, to any system on the coast. Mr. 
 Stirtan still occupies the position of manager of the company. He 
 has large interests in Nanaimo city and district, is a director of the 
 British Columbia Tanning Company and a justice of the pe'ace for 
 the district. He has also large interests in Vancouver city and New 
 Westminster district and in coal mines on Vancouver and Texada 
 Islands. He has not hitherto taken an active personal interest in 
 politics and has declined to stand for the Legislature. Mr. Stirtan 
 is a member of the Masonic fraternity. In April, 1880, he married 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Matthew Hall, of Sumas. 
 
 Teague, John, (Victoria), was born in Cornwall, England, in. 
 June, 1833, and was educated at Clifforth. He left England on 
 the 19th of May, 1856, intending to go to San Jose, Central 
 America, to join his uncle on a coffee and indigo plantation there, 
 but when he arrived at New York he learned that General Walker, 
 who was then on his filibustering expedition, was in possession, and, 
 after waiting for some time he left for San Francisco. When he 
 reached that city he found that the Vigilance Committee was clear- 
 ing the town of the murderous gang which had made living there 
 so undesirable. After travelling about the state for some weeks he 
 settled down in Grass valley, Nevada county. His first undertak- 
 ing in Grass valley was a contract to take out quartz rock. This he
 
 302 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 soon abandoned and took a number of contracts to put up buildings, 
 among them being a ten-stamp quartz mill. He performed the work 
 so well in connection with this mill that its capacity was twice that 
 of a rival company's mill with twenty-one stamps. He remained 
 connected with this institution long enough to obtain a thorough 
 knowledge of the process of extracting the metal from the ore. In 
 the autumn of 1857 he opened an office as a mining broker and 
 remained in this business till May, 1858, when he left Grass valley 
 to come to British Columbia. He took shipping from San Fran- 
 cisco on the steamer Constitution and landed at that point on 
 Bellingham Bay now known as Sehome, it being the intention of 
 the American Steamship Company to create a rival town to Vic- 
 toria at this place. Mr. Teague remained at Sehome for some days 
 and then crossed to Victoria. At that time the now handsome city 
 was a collection of tents clustered about the old Hudson's Bay fort 
 and there was no hotel accommodation, the first public house being 
 in course of construction. Mr. Teague had not brought his tent 
 from Sehome, and he accordingly returned there. He was very 
 anxious to get to the mines, but was disinclined to venture in a 
 canoe, and he waited until he was able to get over to Victoria again 
 on one of the steamers. He took his tent and outfit with him on 
 this occasion, and when he pitched his tent at Victoria it was on 
 the spot where the entrance to the Methodist church now is. Mr. 
 Teague purchased a mining license from the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany and secured passage to Fort Hope on the 4th of July. He 
 visited all the bars on the river as high up as Boston Bar, and 
 finally settled at Murderer's Bar, where he decided to mine. He 
 had to wait till the tide, which was very high, fell, but as the pros- 
 pecting was good he decided to remain. When the mining began 
 Sir James Dougles, Mr. Young, the Colonial Secretary and Captain 
 Prevost visited the bar, and Sir James tried to influence the min- 
 ers to settle on land. In this, however, he was unsuccessful. About 
 the middle of February, in consequence of the intense cold, it was 
 decided by the miners to go to Langley. One of their canoes, in 
 which there were about a dozen persons, ran on a snag and split 
 from bow to stern shortly after they had started, and while all 
 succeeded, fortunately, in getting to shore, they were in a rather de- 
 plorable condition, having lost pretty nearly everything which they 
 had in their canoe. They started, however, to tramp to Langley
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 303 
 
 over ground covered with snow, encountering swamps every now 
 and again, to cross which they were compelled to construct rafts. 
 They suffered greatly through lack of food, want of sleep and cold. 
 Their clothing was frozen to their limbs, and their pathway 
 through the forest gave them 110 opportunity of getting the benefit 
 of the sun or the wind. One of their company gave out when 
 nearing their journey's end, and when he was missed Mr. Teague 
 and another went back for him. They found him lying in a hollow 
 log and had to employ force to take him with them. His mind had 
 become impaired from the hardships he had endured. They finally 
 reached camp in safety and Mr. Teague immediately went to Vic- 
 toria, where he remained till the following Spring, when he 
 again started for the mines. He took the Harrison-Lillooet route 
 to the Quesnelle river, where he remained during the summer pros- 
 pecting. There was a great deal of destitution in the upper country 
 in that year, owing to the scarcity of provisions, which could not be 
 got through to the camps except at great trouble and expense. Mr. 
 Teague was literally starved out. He returned to Alexandria, 
 where, he found about seventy -five men rendered irresolute from 
 hunger, and who had neither the hope of succor by remaining there 
 nor the courage to face the dangers and difficulties of going down 
 the country. Mr. Teague took in the situation and decided that he 
 could accomplish the journey back. He accordingly started out 
 with a companion named John Simpson. Simpson had no provi- 
 sions and Mr. Teague only six pannikins of flour. They concluded, 
 however, that they could reach the fountain on this, estimating the 
 journey at six days. When they reached Williams' lake they en- 
 countered an Indian with fish, but he refused to sell at any price. 
 Before reaching the fountain they thought to save a day by crossing 
 the river and passing over the neck of land half enclosed by the 
 bend in the river. They lost their way, however, and when they 
 again reached the river they were utterly without food. When 
 they reached the big slide they had been two days and two nights 
 without food, and it took them another day to reach the fountain. 
 There they were unable to get anything but a can of oatmeal, but 
 with this they continued their journey down the river. In due 
 course they reached New Westminster and Mr. Teague, after a 
 short rest, crossed to Victoria, where he has since been engaged in 
 business. For several years he was engaged as a contractor in H.
 
 304 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 M. naval yards. When he began practice as an architect he at 
 once obtained a large patronage and all the naval work, and his 
 business has since continued to increase. In 1885 he was elected to 
 the City Council for Johnson street ward, heading the poll, but 
 next year he refused to stand, on account of the pressure of his 
 private business. He has taken no active part in politics. 
 
 Templeman, William, (Victoria), son of Win. Templeman of 
 Pakenham, Lanark county, Ontario, was born at Pakenham, on the 
 28th of September, 1845 and attended school in his native place 
 until he was seventeen years of age. He was then indentured to 
 the printing business for four years serving his apprenticship in the 
 office of the Carelton Place Herald. He then spent three years in 
 different cities in the United States, among them Oswego, New 
 York, Chicago, Memphis and Tennessee, working in offices there. 
 He returned to Canada, and in partnership with a Mr. Northgraves 
 established the Almonte Gazette, which is still in existence and 
 regarded as one of the best weekly journals of Ontario. The 
 Gazette was conducted in the interest of the Liberal party. Mr. 
 Templeman bought his partner's share at the end of six months and 
 conducted it himself till 1882 when he took two of his employees, 
 Messrs. McLeod and McEwen in with him. During a considerable 
 portion of this time he had acted as clerk for the municipality and 
 also served as the first clerk of the town of Almonte, and for some 
 years as secretary-treasurer of the North Lanark Agricultural Soci- 
 ety. In 1884 Mr. Templeman disposed of his interest in the Gazette 
 and after a six months trip to the Southern States he came to 
 British Columbia over the Northern Pacific Railway. He arrived 
 at Victoria in the autumn and accepted a position on the Times, 
 which had then been in existence for six months. In 1886 he 
 accepted the management of the Times which he enlarged and in 
 every way improved and which under his guidance has become one 
 of the leading papers of the Coast. In Dominion politics the Times 
 is independent and in local polities in opposition to the present 
 Government. Mr. Templeman is a member of the Oddfellows 
 order, the Ancient Order of Foresters, and the Ancient Order of 
 United Workmen. In religion he is an adherent of the Presby- 
 terian Church.
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 305 
 
 Thomson, George, (Nanaimo), was born at Waterside near 
 the town of Ayr, Scotland, in 1855, and came to British Columbia 
 in 1873. He took a great interest in the organization of the militia 
 in the Province and was acting as senior sergeant in that force at 
 the time of the disbandment of the Nanaimo corps. During the 
 enforcement of the Dominion Liquor License Act he acted as chief 
 inspector for Vancouver district until it was declared ultra vires by 
 the Privy Council. In 1886 he was elected by a large majority to 
 represent Nanaimo in the Provincial Legislature serving in that 
 capacity till the general election of 1890. 
 
 Tilley, Seth Thorne, (Vancouver), son of George and Eliza- 
 beth Tilley, of Gagetown, Queen's county, New Brunswick, was 
 born there on August 25th, 1836. His family was among the 
 earliest settlers in America, having been of that small and heroic 
 band of seekers after civil and religious liberty who came over in 
 the Mayflower. One branch of the family and that from which Mr. 
 Tilley is descended, settled in New Hampshire and continued to 
 reside there until the close of the war of independence, when they 
 sacrificed their possessions and removed to Canada rather than 
 renounce their allegiance to Britain. They settled in Queen's 
 county, N. B., where many of their descendants still continue to 
 live and among the number the noted Canadian statesman Sir 
 Leonard Tilley. Mr. Tilley received a sound grammar School 
 education at his native place and in 1855 left for California to join 
 an elder brother who had gone there in 1849. He joined his 
 brother in Grass Valley, Nevada county, where he remained mining 
 till 1858 when the excitement over the discovery on the Fraser 
 broke out when he came to British Columbia. He reached Victoria 
 in May and went immediately to the Fraser where he took up a 
 claim on Strawberry Island, above Hope. He was not very suc- 
 cessful owing to his ignorance of the peculiarities of the river. He had 
 to abandon his claim for a time owing to flood and when he returned 
 he found it had been "jumped " by a man who took a great deal of 
 gold out of it. Mr Tilley then went to Fort Hope, where he 
 opened a small stationery store at which he continued till 1859, 
 when he removed to New Westminster and opened a book store in 
 that city. He remained in New Westminster till 1863 and was 
 very successful in his business, making a great deal of money. In 
 
 (21)
 
 306 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 1863 he sold out his business, placed his affairs in the hands of an 
 agent and went for a trip to his native place. He returned in 1864 
 to find that his agent had betrayed his trust and left the country 
 with all Mr. Tilley's money. He then formed a partnership with 
 Mr. D. Witherow in the furniture business which continued till 
 1866. During 1864 Mr. Tilley acted as city clerk for the New 
 Westminster municipal council and in 1865 he sat at the council 
 board as a member. In 1866 he went to the Big Bend mines 
 where he remained one year with poor success. On his return to 
 New Westminster he decided to go to California. During the next 
 few years he was in business, at different times in California, Ari- 
 zona and Utah. He carried on business for six months in Salt 
 Lake City. In 1869 he went to San Joaquin to represent a brother 
 in a large business there. In 1870 he was married to Jeaomie M. 
 Bracken, daughter of John Bracken, a celebrated mining expert of 
 Wisconsin. He continued to reside in San Joaquin till 1874 when 
 lie removed to Santa Barbara and established a book and stationery 
 business there. This business he subsequently disposed of and 
 started a wholesale grocery business, which he conducted till 1879, 
 when owing to his wife's continued ill health he sold out and 
 returned to British Columbia. He was appointed Government 
 commissary between Port Moody and Kamloops and subsequently 
 filled the same position for Mr. Onderdonk. He was then appointed 
 by Sir Joseph Trutch on the Dominion Land Survey and occupied 
 this position till he saw an opening for his old business of books 
 and stationery in Vancouver. He established the first book busi- 
 ness in Vancouver, occupying a store on Carrall street, and made a 
 great deal of money. The fire of 1885, which destroyed the town, 
 consumed his stock and left him onoe more without a dollar in the 
 world. He started again, however, and was soon able to pay off his 
 liabilities and was about to build a store on Cordova street when he 
 was again burned out and $8,000 worth of goods destroyed. These 
 repeated misfortunes did not utterly discourage him. He opened 
 up business again and is once more on the high road to success. 
 He is among Vancouver's most energetic citizens and although he 
 has never sat in the council, having refused to stand for the position 
 on account of his business cares, he takes a strong interest in every- 
 thing affecting the city's progress. He is an Oddfellow and Knight of 
 Pythias though not a member of the local lodges. He has two
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 307 
 
 children, Charles, manager of the Telephone Co., and a daughter. 
 Mr. Tilley is a member of the Church of England. 
 
 Todd, Charles, (Victoria), was born in Carleton county, Ont, 
 on January 12th, 1842, his parents being of Scotch descent. Mr 
 Todd was trained in the county school for the pedagogic profession, 
 which he afterwards followed in his native province. In May, 
 1862, Mr. Todd arrived in British Columbia and resided at Victoria. 
 During eleven years he was engaged in mining, staying three years 
 at Cariboo, three years at Big Bend, one year at Leech river and 
 four years in the Kootenay district. During four years he repre- 
 sented Kootenay in the first Parliament formed after the confeder- 
 ation. Mr. Todd was superintendent of Provincial Police for over 
 eight years, during which time he did much to increase the effici- 
 ency and discipline of the force. He also acted as Indian Agent 
 for three years. In 1873 Mr. Todd was married in Victoria. He 
 is a member of the Independent Order of Oddfellows and the 
 United Workmen. 
 
 Tolmie, William Fraser. The late William Fraser Tohnie, 
 L. F. P. and S. G., died on. the 8th December, 1886, after an illness 
 of- only three days, at his late residence Cloverdale, Victoria, B. C. 
 The deceased was born at Inverness, Scotland, on the 3rd February 
 1812, and was educated in Glasgow. He left Scotland for America 
 in 1832, in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, coming 
 around Cape Horn in a sailing vessel, calling at the Sandwich 
 Islands and arriving at Fort Vancouver on the Columbia river, 
 then the chief trading post of the company, in the spring of 1833. 
 In 1834, he joined the expedition under the late Mr. Ogden which 
 traded along the north west coast as far as the Russian boundary, 
 establishing trading posts at different points for the Hudson's Bay 
 Company. In 1836 he returned to Fort Vancouver and assumed his 
 former position as surgeon. In 1841 he visited his native land 
 returning in the following year, overland via Fort Garry, the plains 
 and the Columbia river, and was placed in charge of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company's posts on Puget Sound. He took a prominent part 
 during the Indian war of 1855-6 in pacifying the Indians, being an 
 excellent linguist. He had acquired a knowledge of the Indian 
 tongues and was instrumental in bringing about peace between the
 
 308 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Indians and the Americans. In 1850 he married the eldest daughter 
 of the late John Work, then chief factor of the Hudson's Bay Co. 
 at Victoria, Vancouver Island. The deceased, W. F. Tolmie, was 
 appointed chief factor of the company at Nisqually in 1855. After 
 the company had given up their possessory rights to the Americans 
 in 1859 he removed to Victoria, Vancouver Island, still remaining 
 in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, and as agent of the 
 Puget Sound Co. until 1870, when he retired and took up his 
 residence on a farm of 1100 acres which he had purchased in the 
 early settlement of the then colony. He took great interest in 
 farming and stock raising and continued to do so up to the day he 
 was taken ill, and was the first who imported thorough-bred stock 
 into the Province of British Columbia. He was a member of the 
 Local Legislature for two terms, representing Victoria district until 
 1878, and also a^ member of the first Board of Education for many 
 years, exercising a great interest in educational matters. He held 
 many offices of trust and was always a valued and respected citizen. 
 Many will remember with gratitude his kindly counsel, encourage- 
 ment and unostentatious charity. Dr. Tolmie was known to 
 ethnologists for his contributions to the history and linguistics of 
 the native races of the West Coast, and dated his interest in ethu- 
 ological matters from his contact with Mr. Horatio Hale, who 
 visited the west coast as ethnologist to the Wilkes exploring expedi- 
 tion. He afterwards transmitted vocabularies of a number of the 
 tribes to Dr. Scouley and to Mr. George Gibbs, some of which have 
 been published in contributions to American ethnology. In 1884 
 he published in conjunction with Dr. G. M. Dawson a nearly com- 
 plete series of short vocabularies of the principal languages met 
 with in British Columbia, and his name is to be found frequently 
 quoted as an authority on the history of the Northwest Coast and 
 its ethnology in the works of Bancroft and other authors. He was 
 at all times ready to place his extensive and accurate knowledge on 
 these subjects freely at the disposal of inquirers. He retained up 
 to the day before his death, accurate recollections of the stirring 
 events of the early colonial days, and there was no one so intimate 
 with the Indian affairs of the Province. He frequently contributed 
 valuable matter and sound ideas to the press of the city upon 
 public questions and events now historical. His wife pre-deceased
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 3o9 
 
 him on the 23rd June, 1880. They had seven sons and five daugh- 
 ters, two of the latter being dead. 
 
 Tolmie. James, M. P. P., (Cloverdale, Victoria), son of 
 William Fraser Tolmie, C. F. Hudson's Bay Company, and Jane 
 Work, was born at Fort Nisqually September 9th, 1855. He was 
 educated at Victoria, and was subsequently engaged in business for 
 five years. He then entered a law office with the intention of 
 studying law, but abandoned this at the end of one year, and has 
 since resided on the farm at Coverdale, which he now manages. In 
 1888 he was elected to represent Victoria district in the Local 
 Legislature. He is a conservative in politics and friendly to the 
 present Government. He is second vice-president of the St. An- 
 drew's and Caledonian society and is an adherent of the Episcopal 
 Church. 
 
 Townsend, William Borridaile, (New Westminster), was 
 born February 28th, 1839, at Battersea, near London, England. 
 Educated at the grammar school in that place, known as the " Sir 
 Walter St. John Bolinbroke School." Having an inclination for a 
 seafaring life he left home at a very early age without the know- 
 ledge of his parents, and went to the Baltic with the squadron under 
 Admiral Dundas in 1855, and was at .the storming of Seaborg, for 
 which he carries the silver medal, presented by the nation when the 
 Russian war was over. He then visited Madeira, and Bermuda, 
 and later on the Cape Verde Islands. He subsequently remained 
 at home for a year but could not settle down. He accepted an en- 
 gagement in the Hudson's Bay service and arrived at Fort Victoria 
 in January, 1858, a few months before the gold excitement which 
 broke out in that year and populated the Fraser river, but which 
 Mr. Townsend did not hear of till he reached England again. In 
 1860 he again landed in Victoria and settled there for two years. 
 He was then smitten with the gold fever and spent the summers of 
 1862 and 1863 in Cariboo with varied success. In 1864 he returned 
 to England, and was married in September of that year to Eliza, 
 eldest daughter of Mr. John Ridley, of his native village. After 
 spending a few months at homw Mr. Townsend and his wife started 
 for the long voyage round the Horn, in a new ship called the Min- 
 doro, but she was run down in the channel and the pas- 
 sengers were landed on the beach near Dover, with scarcely
 
 310 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 clothing enough to cover them. They got home again, how- 
 ever, and, after a delay of a few weeks, started again on 
 a ship called the Ann Adamson, Misfortune seemed to fol- 
 low them for the ship was eight months making the voyage, 
 voyage, and when they arrived inside Cape Flattery there was not 
 a man left on board able to pull a rope; five or six had died, and the 
 rest were lying helpless with the scurvy. They soon recovered, 
 however, after landing at Victoria in August, 1865. Mr. Towns- 
 end staid there with good success until October, 1875, when his 
 wife's health failed, and Dr. Helmcken ordered her away to some 
 climate more like her native air. Mr. Townsend accordingly re- 
 moved to New Westminster, and, finding his wife was benefitted by 
 the change, has resided there since. He has no reason to regret having 
 done so, as he has grown up with the place and prospered with its 
 prosperity. Mr. Townsend has important interest in New West- 
 minster and is regarded as one of its most enterprising and loyal 
 citizens. He has served a number of years on the council board of 
 the city, and in 1889 on the resignation of Mayor Hendry was 
 elected to the position of Mayor of the city. He has been a school 
 trustee and takes a lively interest in educational matters. He is a 
 member of the New Westminster Board of Trade, vice-president of 
 the Provincial Exhibition Association of British Columbia, and con- 
 nected with a number of other organizations, which have for their 
 object the building up of the city and district of New Westminster. 
 Mr. Townsend is a coming man in the politics of the Province. At 
 the last by-election he stood for the House of Commons and was 
 defeated by a bare majority in favor of Mr. Corbould, the elected 
 member. He is an Oddfellow of 25 years' standing. 
 
 Tronson, Edward J., (Vernon), son of the late J. Dudley 
 Tronson, esq., inspector of police, and Catherine Briscoe Tronson, of 
 Wellmouth county, Kilkenny, Ireland, was born in October, 1842. 
 During his early childhood both his parents died and he lived with 
 his uncle and guardian Geo. Briscoe, esq. In 1860 on the death of 
 Mr. Briscoe, he went to London and resided with his uncle Colonel 
 Tronson until 1863, when together with his cousin H. H. Horsford, 
 Prior Symon and C. N. Young, (the latter of Departure Bay) he set 
 sail for British Columbia. They left London docks in the "Sea 
 Snake " and after a terrible voyage of seven months, and encounter- 
 ing heavy seas round Cape Horn which obliged them to put back to
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 311 
 
 the Falkland Islands for repairs, they arrived at Victoria in 
 February of the same year. After his arrival in British Columbia,, 
 Mr. Tronson farmed some time at Cedar Hill with a cousin, the 
 late Mr. Edward Jackson, and at a later period he held a position in 
 the Bank of British Columbia. During the gold excitement at 
 Big Bend, Mr. Tronston left for that region, but meeting Captain 
 Houghton at Kamloops was persuaded by that gentleman to go to 
 Coldstream, Okanagon, where he and the Messrs. Veriion Bros, had 
 just started the now celebrated Coldstream Ranch, Mr. Tronson 
 made his home for some years at Coldstream, until he pre-empted 
 his present farm at Vernon, which is now in a high state of cultiva- 
 tion. He is a Justice of the Peace and a trustee of the Vernon 
 School Board and takes a great interest in politics, being a strong 
 Conservative. Mr. Tronson is one of the best agriculturists in 
 the Province, and has great faith in the future of the Okanagan 
 district. 
 
 Trutch, John, (Victoria), son of the late William Trutch, was 
 born on the Island of Jamaica, W. L, in 1828. He was educated 
 in England, and studied the profession of civil engineering and sur- 
 veying. In 1851 he came to the Pacific coast, and till 1858 prac- 
 tised his profession in Oregon In 1858 he came to British Colum- 
 bia and settled in Victoria, where he has resided almost continu- 
 ously since, and identified himself with the progress and advance- 
 ment of the Province. He is a member of the Pioneer society and 
 occupies the position of land commissioner of the Esquiinalt and 
 Nanaimo Railway Company. 
 
 Trutch, Sir Joseph William, (Victoria), son of the late Wil- 
 liam Trutch, esq., solicitor, of Ashcot, Somerset, England, and 
 afterwards of St. Thomas, Island of Jamaica, where he was clerk of 
 the peace, was born at Ashcot, England, in 1826. He was educated 
 at Exeter, Devonshire, and was articled as a pupil to Sir John 
 Rennie, C. E. In 1855 he married Julia Elizabeth, daughter of 
 Louis Hyde, esq., of New York. In 1849 he came to the Pacific 
 coast of North America, and until 1856 he practised his profession 
 as a civil engineer in California and Oregon. He was subsequently 
 assistant engineer on the Illinois and Michigan canal, and on the 
 Illinois river improvement works. In 1859 he came to British
 
 312 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Columbia and settled in Victoria. From that time till 1864 he was 
 engaged in the construction of public works, and among other well- 
 known works, which he completed, was the Grand Trunk road from 
 Yale to Cariboo, including the Alexandria suspension bridge over 
 the river Fi-aser, built by him on terms of toll charter. He was 
 chief commissioner of lands and works, and subsequently surveyor- 
 general of British Columbia and a member ex officio of the execu- 
 tive and legislative councils of British Columbia until the union of 
 the colony with Canada in 1871. He was one of the delegates to 
 Ottawa in 1870 to arrange the terms on which British Columbia 
 should enter confederation, and in 1871 he went to London to set- 
 tle finally the details of union. When the union was consummated 
 he was appointed first Lieutenant-Governor on July 1st, 1871, and 
 occupied this office until July 1st, 1876. Since that time he has 
 taken no active part in politics. He was Knighted for his services 
 in 1887. 
 
 Tunstall, Simon John, (Kamloops), was born at Ste. Anne de 
 Bellevue, P. Q., on September 19th, 1854. He is the son of 
 Gabriel Christie Tunstall, esq., who married Janet, daughter of 
 Simon Fraser, esq., chief factor of the North West Company, a 
 gentleman of U. E. Loyalist family. He received his primary 
 education at a preparatory school and the high school at Montreal, 
 and afterwards studied at McGill University, his career as a student 
 being a brilliant one. During his third year at the University he 
 commenced the study of medicine and graduated in arts taking 
 first class honors in English literature. In 1874 he took the pri- 
 mary prize in medicine, and in 1875 graduated in medicine, taking 
 the Holmes gold medal. After graduating he went to Papineau- 
 ville where he acted as medical officer during the small-pox epidemic. 
 Four years later he returned to Montreal where he practised suc- 
 cessfully for two years, and in 1881 left for British Columbia, 
 arriving at Lytton on 28th July of the same year. He practised 
 at Lytton till July, 1883, when he removed to Kamloops, receiving 
 a bonus from the Provincial Government for so doing. In 1884-5 
 he had full medical charge of all the men employed in the construc- 
 tion of the C. P. R. from Savonas to Craigellachie. Ever since 
 that time he has practised his profession at Kamloops, being chief 
 C. P. R. medical officer for the Thompson, Shuswap and Selkirk
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 313 
 
 sections of the Pacific division, besides having a large private 
 practice. Though a strong and consistent " mainlancler " and Con- 
 servative he has taken no active part in politics, his time being 
 fully occupied by his professional duties. He is a member of the 
 Masonic Order, an Oddfellow, and vice-president of the St. Andrew's 
 and Caledonian Society of Kamloops. He is an adherent of the 
 Church of England and on September 22nd, 1885, married Mari- 
 anne Lawson, third daughter of James H. Innes, <'sq., H. M. Naval 
 storekeeper at Esquimalt. 
 
 Turner, Hon. John Herbert, HI. P. P., (Victoria), son of 
 John Turner, esq., of Ipswich, England, was born at Clay den, near 
 Ipswich, Suffolkshire, England, in 1834. He was educated at Whit- 
 stable, near Canterbury and left England in 1856 for Halifax, Nova 
 Scotia. After residing at Halifax for two years he removed .to 
 Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, and commenced business 
 there. While living in Charlottetown he took a principal part in 
 the organization of the first volunteer rifle corps in that Province 
 and continued to be an active member thereof until he left Char- 
 lottetown for British Columbia in 1862. This corps in conjunction 
 with other county corps turned out the number of a thousand to re- 
 ceive his Iloyal Highness the Prince of Wales on his visit to the 
 Island in 1860. It was in 1862 that the reports of British Colum- 
 bia's marvelous richness had their greatest influence in Eastern 
 Canada and hundreds of the choicest and most energetic young men 
 from all the provinces abandoned established businesses, assured 
 prospects and unsurpassed opportunities for the dream of untold 
 wealth to be gathered from the gold fields. On July 2nd, 1862, Mr. 
 Turner arrived in Victoria on the steamer Oregon in company with 
 a large number of young gold seekers many of whom, disappointed 
 and discouraged, left the country within a month of their landing 
 and are now scattered all over the globe. A few, however, with 
 more of that combative quality and that indomitable energy and 
 perseverance so necessary in the citizens of a young state settled in 
 Victoria, and stuck to her through good and evil report, sharing 
 their portions of her troubles and triumphs and helping to build up 
 the city to its present prosperous condition. Mr. Turner went into 
 business in 1865, and has continued at it uninterruptedly since that 
 time. During the long period of twenty-five years, since that time
 
 314 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 he has increased his business until it now has connections in every 
 quarter of the world, and wherever the merchant princes of Canada 
 have commercial dealings, his house is known for its enterprise, its 
 shrewdness and its business probity. As in Charlottetown so in 
 Victoria, Mr. Turner was one of the original promoters and mem- 
 bers of the Volunteer Rifle organization and was enrolled in the 
 first corps that was formed there for the defence of the island dur- 
 ing the great Fenian excitement and threatened raid in 1865. This 
 corps wore as uniform the celebrated white blanket coat trimmed 
 with black fur. Mr. Turner passed through the ranks from private 
 to sergeant, then into the commissioned ranks and through the various 
 grades, finally retiring at confederation into the Canadian reserve 
 militia with the rank and commission of lieutenant-colonel in June, 
 1881. He was elected a member of the city council of Victoria in 
 1876 and again in 1877 and 1878, and in 1879 was elected by ac 
 clamation mayor for that year, serving the city during three terms 
 in that position. He was chairman of the British Columbia Benev- 
 olent society and also of the Royal Hospital from 1879 to 1882, and 
 chairman of the British Columbia Agricultural society for 1881-2. 
 In the general election of 1886 he was elected to represent the city 
 of Victoria in the Provincial Legislature, and joined the govern- 
 ment of Hon. A. E. B. Daviein 1887, being re elected in August of 
 that year, after having accepted the portfolio of Minister of Finance. 
 At the last general election in June, 1890, he was again returned for 
 the city of Victoria, and now occupies in the government of Hon. 
 John Robson the position of Finance Minister. Mr. Turner has 
 ever since his arrival in British Columbia taken an active interest 
 in and been a steady promoter of the mining and fishing interests of 
 the Province, and is still largely interested in them. He is con- 
 nected with many of the large enterprises, which have had their 
 origin in Victoria, and while his business is centered in that city he 
 has also large commercial interests in other parts of the Province. 
 In 1860 Mr. Turner was married to Miss Eilbeck, of Whitehaven, 
 Cumberland, England, and has one son. 
 
 Vair, James, (Kamloops), a Canadian of Scotch descent was 
 born at Coburg, Ontario, in 1859 and educated at his native place. 
 Came to British Columbia in 1879, arriving at Victoria on March 
 30th. He first began business at Spence's Bridge and from there
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 315 
 
 removed to Kamloops. He started a branch store in Vancouver 
 but was burned out during the big fire of 1886. He rebuilt his 
 store at Vancouver and after conducting it for one year, sold out 
 and confined himself to his business at Kamloops. Since that time 
 he has resided at the inland capital where his interests have largely 
 increased. He is a director of the Royal Inland Hospital at 
 Kamloops; chairman of the board of managers of the Presbyterian 
 Church; director of the Inland Agricultural Association. He is a 
 member of the Independent Order of OdJfellows, and of the St. 
 Andrew's and Caledonian Society. 
 
 Tedder, Adam Swart, (Chilliwack), was born at Schenec- 
 tady, in the state of New York, on 27th July, 1834. His parents, 
 who were of English and Dutch origin, were descendants of the first 
 settlers of that state. Mr. Vedder received his education at his na- 
 tive place, and previous to his arrival in British Columbia was en- 
 gaged in a general transportation business. Mr. Vedder arrived in 
 British Columbia on 2nd May, 1860, via Panama, and resided at 
 Hope and Yankee Flat (North Bend) during the two following sum- 
 mers. Mr. Vedder spent several years as a trader and butcher, and 
 had the misfortune to lose all he possessed in a snow storm on Bald 
 Mountain in 1863. Since 1870 Mr. Vedder has been engaged in 
 dairy-farming and stock-raising in Sumas and farming at Chilli- 
 whack, and was warden at the latter municipality. Mr. Vedder 
 built the first house ever erected by a private individual and occu- 
 pied the first pre-emption recorded, in either Sumas or Chilliwhack. 
 He is one of the best agriculturists in the Province and takes an 
 active part in politics. In 1877 he married Miss Althea Sicker. 
 He is a Presbyterian. 
 
 Yemen, Hon. Forbes George, M. P. P., (Vernon), third son 
 of J. E. Vernon, esq., D. L., of Clontarf Castle, Dublin, Ireland, 
 was born at Clontarf Castle in 1843. He is descended from one 
 of the oldest and most illustrious families of England, which took 
 its name from the town of Vernon in Normandy and was estab- 
 lished in England by one of the companions in arms of William the 
 Conqueror. In the fifteenth century a branch of the family was 
 established at Clontarf and acquired the large estates there, which 
 are at present in the possession of Mr. Vernon's father. The
 
 316 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Castle on the estate which is historically celebrated was founded by 
 the Knights Templars in the twelfth century and has been rebuilt 
 after the original design by its present owner. Mr. Vernon was 
 educated in England for the royal engineers and in 1863 he 
 received a commission from the Imperial Government. He re- 
 signed this however, shortly after it had been granted, and in the 
 same year, 1863, in company with his brother and Col. Hough ton, 
 now Deputy- Adjutant General, of Winnipeg, came to British Colum- 
 bia. Mr. Vernon and his companions engaged in commercial pur- 
 suits and ranching and mining in Yale district and the upper 
 country and by reason of business shrewdness, enterprise and hard 
 work were successful in there undertakings. After a time Mr. 
 Vernon took over the management of the entire business having 
 pui'chased the interests of his partners and has since confined him- 
 self almost entirely to ranching, possessing one of the most exten- 
 sive and finest farms in the Province. In 1875 he first offered 
 himself as a candidate to represent the important district of Yale in 
 the Provincial Legislature and was returned by a large majority. 
 In February, 1876, he accepted the portfolio of Chief Commissioner 
 of Lands and Works in the Elliot cabinet, and on returning to the 
 people for confirmation in this position was re-elected by an over- 
 whelming majority. This position he retained till the general 
 election of 1878, when he was re-elected by his constituents, but in 
 consequence of the defeat of the Elliott administration, Mr. Vernon 
 was in opposition. In 1882 he was not a candidate for re-election 
 but in 1886 he was again returned and on the death, in 1887, of 
 Hon. Mr, Srnythe, he accepted office in the Davie Government as 
 Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works. At the last general 
 election in June, 1890, he was again returned by his constituents 
 and now occupies the chief commissionership of lands and works in 
 the ministry of which Hon. John Robson is Premier. Mr. Vernon 
 from his intimate acquaintance with the mining and farming in- 
 dustries of the Province in which he is very largely interested per- 
 sonally, makes an excellent commissioner. He is a hard worker 
 and an able administrator. In 1877 he married Miss Branks, who 
 died in 1885 leaving two children. 
 
 Vowell, Arthur Wellesley, (Victoria), son of the late Richard 
 Prendergast Vowell of Clonmel, county Tipperary, Ireland, was
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 317 
 
 born in Tipperary, September 17th, 1841. He was educated at his 
 native place and subsequently served in the Irish militia, doing 
 garrison duty, from 1858 to 1860. He came to British Columbia in 
 1862 and went direct to Cariboo where he engaged during that 
 season in mining but without much success. He returned to Vic- 
 toria where he resided till 1866, when he went to Big Bend during 
 the excitement there. At Big Bend he was appointed chief con- 
 stable and continued to occupy this position till 1872, when he 
 took charge of the Kootenay district as gold commissioner and 
 stipendiary magistrate. In 1873 he was removed to Omineca where 
 he acted in the same capacity, and in 1874 he was ordered to 
 Cassiar where gold had but lately been discovered. In the autumn 
 of 1874 he resigned his position in the Government service. In 
 1875 at the request of the Government he went to Kootenay to 
 meet Major General Selby Smith and party, when that dis- 
 tinguished officer made his first trip overland to British Columbia. 
 Mr. Vowell was returned at the general election of 1875 to the 
 Provincial Legislature as senior representative of Kootenay district. 
 In the spring of 1876 he resigned his seat in the House and re- 
 entered the Government service, taking charge of the district of 
 Cassiar as gold commissioner and stipendiary magistrate. He 
 remained in charge of Cassiar district until the spring of 1884. At 
 that time in consequence of the largely increased population in 
 Kootenay district, owing to the construction of the Canadian 
 Pacific Railway and the necessarily increased responsibilities at- 
 tached to the offices of gold commissioner and stipendiary magistrate 
 in that region, Mr. Vowell was ordered to take charge in Kootenay. 
 He discharged the important duties of his offices in Kootenay until 
 1889 at which time he resigned his position in the Provincial Gov- 
 ernment service and accepted the appointment under the Dominion 
 Government of superintendent of Indian affairs for the Province of 
 British Columbia. He is a member of the Royal Arch Chapter of 
 the Masonic Order ; a member of the Pioneer Society and an ad- 
 herent of the Church of England. 
 
 Wadhams, Edmund Abraham (Ladner's Landing) was born on 
 March 28th, 1833, at Wadham's Mills, Essex county, N. Y., and is 
 the son of Abraham E. Wadhams, esq., of the same place. Mr. 
 Wadhams was educated at Wadhams' Mills and the Bakerfield
 
 318 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Academy, Vermont. In 1858 Mr. "Wadhams arrived at Victoria 
 on the steamship Sierra Nevada. He mined with moderate 
 success on the Fraser river in 1858-59 and on Keithley's 
 Creek in 1860. From 1861 to 1868 Mr. Wadhams traded in the 
 Cariboo district and at Victoria and Clinton from 1869 to 1872. 
 He engaged in the salmon-canning business in 1873 and ten 
 years later built the Wadhams cannery, near Ladner's Landing, 
 and, with the exception of the first year, has done a most successful 
 business from the outset. Mr. Wadhams employs in all about 116 
 fishermen, 160 men about the cannery and 20 overseers and others 
 employed about the more important branches of the business. In 
 1864 Mr. Wadhams married Bertha Rosamund, daughter of John 
 Wilson, Esq., of London, Eng., by whom he has five sons and two 
 daughters. He is an Episcopalian. 
 
 Walkem, Hon. George Anthony, (Victoria), Justice of the 
 Supreme Court of British Columbia, is the son of the late Charles 
 Walkem, esq., chief draughtsman on the Royal Engineer staff" in 
 Canada, by Miss Boomer, sister of Rev. Dr. Boomer, dean of 
 Hedon. His family has lived for generations on the border of 
 Devon and Cornwall, England. Mr. Justice Walkem was born at 
 Newry, Ireland, in November, 1834. He was educated at the 
 High School and McGill University, Montreal. He subsequently 
 studied law with the late Sir John Rose and was called to the bar 
 of Lower Canada in 1858, and to that of Ontario in 1861. In 1862 
 he came to British Columbia and was called to the bar of the colony 
 in 1864. In 1864 he was elected to the Legislative Council of 
 British Columbia to represent the east district of Cariboo and con- 
 tinued to occupy a seat in the Council till 1870. He was one of the 
 most active workers for confederation with the Dominion and when 
 the union was consummated he entered the Provincial Legislature as 
 member for Cariboo. He was appointed a member of the executive 
 council on January 12th, 1872, as chief commissioner of lands and 
 works. From December, 1872, to January, 1876 he was Attorney- 
 General of British Columbia, and on the resignation of Hon. Amor 
 De Cosmos in February of 1874, on him devolved the duty of form- 
 ing a new administration of which he was premier till January, 
 1876. Between 1876 and 1878, Mr. Walkem was in opposition, 
 his government having been defeated. In 1874 he was appointed a
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 319 
 
 delegate to go to England, to present to the Imperial authorities 
 the differences between the Province and the Dominion in the 
 matter of the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In 
 1878 he was returned to power and again assumed the Attorney- 
 Generalship which he continued to hold till 1882, when he was 
 appointed to the bench. During the time of his last administration 
 the question of the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway 
 gave a great deal of trouble. The undecided policy of the Domin- 
 ion Government was such that it seemed as if the construction of 
 the road had been abandoned and it was largely through the firm 
 stand taken by Mr. Walkem's Government that the Dominion Gov- 
 ernment at length decided to proceed with the building of the line. 
 Mr. Walken was president of the Law Society of British Columbia; 
 is a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, and a member of the 
 special committee of the British Association for the advancement of 
 science. 
 
 Webb, Horatio, (Chilliwhack), son of John and Caroline 
 Webb, was born at Marston-Moretaine, Bedfordshire, England, 
 April 28th, 1852. His family was an old and long established one 
 at Marston and had been in possession of the one farm for eighty- 
 five years. His father was a leading man in all public affairs in 
 Bedfordshire. Mr. Webb was educated at his. native village and 
 intended to follow his father's occupation. Shortly after leaving 
 school, however, he came to British Columbia, landing at Victoria 
 on October 5th, 1869. He spent his first winter in British Colum- 
 bia at New Westminster with his brother-in-daw, Mr. G. R. Ash- 
 well, and then settled in Chilliwhack where he engaged in farming. 
 He has since continued to live in Chilliwhack. He is deputy-sheriff, 
 assessor and collector for the municipality. He is a strong sup- 
 porter of the present Government. On October 15th, 1875, he 
 married Lucy Ada Hopkins, of Norwich, Chenango county, State 
 of New York. Mr. Webb is a member of the Oddfellows' Society, 
 and an adherent of the Church of England. 
 
 Weiler, John, (Victoria), was born August 26th, 1824, at 
 Nassau, Germany, and educated there. In 1846, when twenty-two 
 years of age, he left his native country and came to America. He 
 landed at New York and from there went to California in 1850.
 
 320 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 In California he was engaged in mining and subsequently in stock 
 ranching. In 1861 he removed to Victoria, British Columbia, and 
 started the furniture factory and crockery business he now owns 
 and which has continued to increase in dimensions to the present 
 time. He has now the largest business of the kind in British 
 Columbia. Mr. Weiler is a member of the Masonic and Oddfellow's 
 Orders. His five sons are engaged with him in the business. 
 
 Westwood, William Joseph, born in 1817, died 29th Janu- 
 ary, 1872, at East Wellington. Mr. Westwood was born at the 
 Lye, near Starbridge, Worcestershire, England, and was educated at 
 Red Hill school, Starbridge. After leaving school he was appren- 
 ticed to the blacksmithing business and followed that trade for some 
 time in England. He also opened a grocery store, and, possessing 
 good musical abilities which he had cultivated, he turned them to ac- 
 count and took pupils. In 1849 he left England and with his wife, 
 nee Elizabeth Tilley, came to America, settling in the city of St, 
 Louis, where he commenced business as a blacksmith. His pru- 
 dence and hard work had their reward and his business prospered 
 so well that he was in a short time able to open another shop, which 
 he conducted concurrently with the first. He also went into the 
 manufacture of nails which brought him in good returns. In 1849 
 his wife died and in 1850 he married Miss Fanny Tilley, daughter of 
 Mr. Benjamin Tilley, of Starbridge, England. He remained in St. 
 Louis till 1853, duririg which time two children were born William 
 Joseph, who died in his infancy, and Elizabeth, now Mrs. Dick, of 
 Nanaimo, born in June, 1852. In 1853 Mr. Westwood was at- 
 tracted to California, intending to go to the gold fields. He settled 
 in Valao city and opened a blacksmith shop, having changed his de- 
 termination on the question of going to the mines. He remained 
 in Valao for one year after which he purchased and settled on a 
 farm of 350 acres, between three and four miles from Valao. Here 
 he continued to reside for six years, during which period he in- 
 creased his farm by leasing first three hundred and fifty acres and 
 and then one thousand and three hundred acres. His ranch was 
 the finest in that part of the state and was greatly admired for the 
 excellence of its stock. While on the farm in California four chil- 
 dren were born to him, who are now prosperous citizens of British 
 Columbia. Carlo Novello, born on September llth, 1854, who is
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 321 
 
 now residing at East Wellington, is a mechanic in the employ of the 
 coal company, and married to Beulah, daughter of Captain Butler ; 
 Benjamin Ira, born March 27th, 1856, is also in the employ of the 
 East Wellington Coal company as blacksmith and is married to 
 Miss Abbie Williams, of Wellington; Cicero Ciprao, born July 7th, 
 1858, is engaged in farming and cattle raising at Wellington, and 
 Milton Tilley Charles, born June 27th, 1859, is engaged in the 
 same occupation. In 1860 Mr. Westwood decided to come to Brit- 
 ish Columbia with his family. He took passage for Victoria on the 
 steamer Pacific. After having been in Victoria for about a year he 
 purchased the Lion brewery, which he conducted for one year, and 
 then disposed of it. During his residence in Victoria Mr. West- 
 wood made considerable money by investments in real estate and at 
 one time he owned a very large quantity of land on Fort street. He 
 also lost heavily in Goldstream during the mining excitement there, 
 which turned out so badly for everybody who invested in it. In 
 Victoria Mr. Westwood's family was increased by three children 
 born there; George Milfred John, B.A., born April 22nd, 1861, 
 who is now taking a post graduate course at Cobourg University; 
 Rebecca, born February 22iid, 1862, who died in infancy, and 
 William Thomas Paul, born February 4th, 1863, who is now en- 
 gaged in business as a general merchant at East Wellington and 
 who is married to Miss Kate Garrison, of Blessington, Ontario. 
 In 1864 Mr. Westwood removed to East Wellington, where he had 
 purchased six hundred and fifty acres of land, which he proposed to 
 farm and make a home for his family. He went into stock-raising 
 and dairy-farming, and his venture turned out successful. He was 
 aware that his land contained coal deposits, but he did not make 
 any effort to test their value, and it was not till after his death that 
 a test was made and the mining property, now owned by the East 
 Wellington Coal company, was sold by the family to Mr. Chandler. 
 Mr. Westwood largely increased the extent of his farm during the 
 following five years. During that period two children were born to 
 him, Joseph Arthur Henry, on January 21st, 1866, who is now 
 engaged with two of his brothers in stock-raising and farming; and 
 Fannie Anna Dora Rebecca Henrietta, born October 28th, 1867, 
 now married to Mr. W. J. McKeon, of Victoria. In 1872 at the 
 age of 54 years Mr. Westwood died. His widow who survived him 
 still lives at East Wellington among her children. 
 
 (22)
 
 322 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Wlietham, James, M. D., (Vancouver), was born in Went- 
 worth county, Ontario, on the 1st of February, 1854, and passed 
 his boyhood years in that county. He received his early education 
 at the public school of his own district and subsequently at Water- 
 down, N. S., and Hamilton Collegiate Institute. His father George 
 Wlietham, was, as a young man, a member of the long established 
 firm of S. Whetham <fe Sons, extensive flax and hemp manufacturers 
 in England, but moved by the same restless and enterprising spirit 
 which afterwards characterized his son, he emigrated to America, 
 selected Wentworth county as his home, there married and started 
 business as a general merchant but unfortunately died, while his 
 family was still young the subject of the present sketch being then 
 only eight years of age. The English branch of the family is 
 numerous and some of its members have been highly honored by 
 their countrymen. Sir Charles Whetham, Dr. Whetham's uncle, was 
 for many years alderman and director of various corporations in Lon- 
 don, and was elected sheriff and finally in 1879 was Lord Mayor of 
 London. Dr. Whetham while still at school was attracted by the 
 glowing accounts of the Canadian Northwest and after teaching 
 school for some time in his native county he started for Manitoba 
 in 1878 and invested a few hundred dollars there in farm lands. 
 But his eyes were still turned westward and he soon set out 
 through the Western and Pacific States. Of all points visited, 
 Spokane Falls consisting then of only a few houses impressed him 
 most favorably and he located some desirable corners there, trans- 
 ferring his Manitoba interest to that city a year before the disas- 
 trous boom. Meanwhile he was spending his winters in the study 
 of medicine. Three sessions were passed at Trinity Medical 
 School, Toronto, another session at the Medical School in Portland, 
 Oregon, during one of his visits to the Pacific Coast, and subse- 
 quently two sessions at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 
 New York. With the exception of a short time in Spokane Falls 
 Dr. Whetham has never practised his profession, his attention since 
 graduation being directed mainly to real estate and kindred in- 
 terests. He was one of the earliest visitors to the future site of 
 Vancouver and soon decided to take a substantial interest in its 
 development. For a time his interests were about equally divided 
 between Spokane Falls and Vancouver, but in 1887 he resolved to
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 323 
 
 make Vancouver his home and both his heart and his treasure 
 are now located there permanently. 
 
 Wolfenden, Richard Lt.-Col., (Victoria), was born in Rath- 
 well, Yorkshire, Eng., on 20th March, 1836, and is the third son of 
 the late Robert Wolfenden, esq. Col. Wolfenden was educated at 
 Arkholme and Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmoreland, Eng., and at the 
 age of fourteen entered the printing office of the late John Foster, 
 of Kirkby Lonsdale. In 1855 Col. Wolfenden joined the Royal en" 
 gineers and acted as an instructor of musketry from 1856 to 1858, 
 when he volunteered for service in British Columbia, under Col. 
 Moody, R.E. In 1859 he arrived at the camp at New West- 
 minster and was employed as accountant in the Lands .and 
 Works Department from the date of his arrival till 1862. In 1860 
 in addition to other duties Col. Wolfenden established the present 
 Government printing office and in 1863 was appointed (on the dis- 
 banding of the Royal engineers) superintendent of printing, which 
 position he has filled ever since. He was one of the first 
 to join the volunteer movement in British Columbia and re- 
 ceived his commission as ensign and adjutant in the New Westmins- 
 ter rifle volunteers on their enrollment in 1864, which appointment 
 he held until his resignation in 1868 on his removal to Victoria, the 
 capital of the newly-made colony of British Columbia. In 1858 
 Col. Wolfenden joined the Victoria rifles and received his commis- 
 sion as ensign (No. 1 company) on the enrollment of the active mi- 
 litia of the Province (after the Confederation) in 1874. He was 
 appointed lieutenant in 1876, captain in 1878, captain and adjutant 
 of the British Columbia garrison artillery in 1883, mafor in 1885, 
 lieutenant-colonel in 1886 and retired, retaining rank, in 1888. Col. 
 Wolfenden is a member of the board of school trustees, of which he 
 is secretary, is president of the Victoria rifle association and vice- 
 president of the Provincial rifle association. He is a member of the 
 Victoria club and the order of United Workmen, and is an adher- 
 ent of the Church of England. He has been twice married; in 1865 
 to Kate, daughter of the late George Corby, esq., of Canterbury, 
 England, and in 1879 to Felicte, daughter of the late John Bayley, 
 Esq., of Victoria. Col. Wolfenden is the oldest member of the civil 
 service of British Columbia, having served under the Governors 
 Douglas, Seymour and Musgravo before confederation and since
 
 324 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 that event under Lieutenant-Governors Trutch, Richards, Cornwall 
 and Nelson. He has published the proceedings of Parliament since 
 the first legislative council in 1864 and the British Columbia 
 Gazette since 1863. 
 
 Wood, Robert, (Spallumcheen) was born on March llth, 1841, 
 in the township of Walpool, Ont., and is the son of the Rev. 
 William "Wood, of Port Row, in Norfolk county, Ont., and grand- 
 son of the late Rev. John Wood, of Swanwick Hall, North Derby- 
 shire, England, now owned by his cousin, Mr. Christopher Wood, 
 and one of the finest county seats in the Midlands. Mr. Wood was 
 educated at the Norfolk County Grammar School. As a lad 
 he had a great wish to learn engineering, but that not meeting 
 the wishes of his parents, he remained at home assisting them with 
 their farm for three years. On March 16th, 1862, Mr. Wood landed 
 at Victoria and during the same year proceeded to Cariboo, where 
 he acquired experience but met with no success. Returning in the 
 fall of the same year to Victoria, Mr. Wood journeyed to Washing- 
 ton Territory, where he farmed during three years, but finding his 
 life there as a vigilante not according to his taste, he settled on one 
 of the, at that time, disputed islands of the straits, where he for 
 several years, was engaged in stock-raising and dairy-farming. In 
 1872 Mr. Wood settled on the North Arm of the Fraser river, 
 where he remained ten years, during which time he greatly im- 
 proved his farm by dyking and draining, but finding his health fail- 
 ing he sold out in 1882 and struck out for the Okanagan district, 
 and, after having secured land, settled in Spallumcheen. In 1884 
 Mr. Wood, in partnership with Mr. D. Rabbitt (a gentleman from 
 Nova Scotia) started a trading store, but was, unfortunately, burnt 
 out the next year, losing a large quantity of valuable goods. After 
 that disaster Mr. E. C. Cargill joined the firm, which now carries 
 on business under the name of E. C. Cargill & Co., and is doing an 
 extensive and remunerative trade in that district. Mr. Wood is a 
 broad-minded man, belongs to no particular political party and is 
 greatly respected by all who have met with him. He is a bachelor 
 and a member of the Free Masons' society. Mr. Wood was one of 
 the first councillors of the North Arm municipality. He has seen 
 all the dangers and passed through the excitement and hardships 
 inseparable from the life of a pioneer settler, and is a loyal and 
 devoted citizen of the British Empire,
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 325 
 
 Woods, Edward Montague Nelson* (New Westminster), 
 third son of Venerable Archdeacon Woods was born at Victoria on 
 May 1st, 1862. At the age of eleven he was sent to the Old Coun- 
 try to receive his education, and attended Middleton college, coun- 
 ty Cork, Ireland. He then entered Queen's university college, Ire- 
 land. After completing his university course he returned to New 
 Westminster in 1883, and was articled as a student-at-law to the 
 firm of Corbould and McColl. He was called to the bar of British 
 Columbia in July, 1888, and in the same month was admitted as 
 solicitor. He has practiced in New Westminster since that date. 
 In politics he is a Conservative and a supporter of the Robson gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Yates, James, was born on January 21st, 1819, at Linlithgow, 
 Scotland. While he was still a child his parents removed to Fife- 
 shire where Mr. Yates grew up to manhood and was educated. In 
 1849 he came to British Columbia as an articled clerk of the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company. He was stationed at Victoria for eighteen 
 months and on the arrival of the company's ships from England 
 Mr. Yates had the work of superintending their discharge and 
 freighting. At the end of eighteen months he applied for the 
 cancellation of his articles and was successful. He then started in 
 business as a trader. He had seen the opening there was for a man 
 of energy and intelligence and he decided not to lose the opportun- 
 ity. He was very successful in all his ventures and made a great 
 deal of money. He was elected to the first Legislative Council of 
 Vancouver Island in 1855 to represent Victoria city. In 1860 he 
 took his family home to Scotland where he left them and in 1862 
 returned to British Columbia. Here he put his affairs in order and 
 in 1864 returned to Scotland where he settled. He now lives in 
 retirement at Porto Bello, a suburb of Edinburgh, but keeps him- 
 self informed regarding the progress of Vancouver Island in which 
 he is greatly interested. 
 
 Yates, James Stuart, (Victoria), eldest son of James Yates, 
 was born at Victoria in 1857 and in 1860 was taken to Scotland. 
 In 1862 his father returned to Vancouver's Island taking him with 
 him. In 1864 he nearly lost his life through an accident in St. 
 Dennis Hotel, New York, by falling several stories down the well of a
 
 326 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 circular stair case. Both legs were broken and the American physician 
 pronounced him as good as dead, but his father took him to Liverpool, 
 where he placed him under the care of a celebrated bone-setter of 
 that city, Evan Thorn. After three months under Thorn's care he 
 was pronounced recovered. He then went to his family in Scot- 
 land. He was educated at Porto Bello and then at the Edinburgh 
 Collegiate school from which he entered the University of that city. 
 He took an arts course and graduated as M. A. in April, 1878, and 
 subsequently as L. L. B. in August, 1881. He then entered 
 Middle Temple, London, England, as a student at law and passed 
 his examination in Hilary term, 1883. He then went to Denmark 
 for a trip and returned to Victoria, British Columbia in October, 
 1883, where he has since practiced his profession. He is a bencher 
 of the Law Society, a member of the Board of Trade and secretary 
 of the Royal Hospital.
 
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