i 
 
 MINI STERY 
 of public education 
 
 REPORT 
 
 AND 
 
 CATALOGUE 
 
 LA 
 832 
 
 A5

 
 THE RUSSIAN 
 
 MINISTRY OF PUBLIC EDUCATION 
 
 AT THE 
 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.
 
 M 
 
 t f Tl/O 
 
 THE RUSSIAN 
 
 AT THE 
 
 WORLD'S COLTMBIAI EXPOSITION., 
 
 ST. PETERSBURG. 
 
 1893.
 
 Imprimerie TRENKE et FCSNOT, Maximilianovsky per., ^ 13.
 
 INTRODUCTION, 
 
 CURSORY VIEW 
 
 OP 
 
 THE ORGANISATION OF THE MINISTRY OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, 
 
 CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 The chief management of the Ministry of Public Instruction 
 established at the same time with the other Ministries, by the 
 Ukaz of His IMPERIAL MAJESTY September 8, 1802, follows the 
 statutes of June 18, 1863. The educational institutions dependent 
 upon said management and extended over all the territory of 
 the Empire, with the exception of the Grand Duchy of Finland, 
 which has its own independent administration, are subordin- 
 ated to educational district administrations (11 in Euro- 
 pean Russia, the West-Siberian district, East Siberia and the 
 territory of Turkestan). 
 
 The chief administration of the Ministry, with the Minis- 
 ter and his Secretary of State at its head, consists of : 1. The 
 Council of the Ministry; 2. Department of Public Instruction; 
 3. Scientific Committee; 4. Archeological Commission ; 5. Edi- 
 torship of the journal of the Ministry; and 6. Archives of the 
 Ministry. The Minister of Public Instruction has moreover 
 functionaries for special commissions. 
 
 i
 
 1. The Council of the Minister of Public Instruction under 
 the presidency of the Minister consists of the Secretary of State, 
 of several members appointed by particular orders of His IMPERIAL 
 MAJESTY; the Director of the Department, and the President of the 
 Scientific Committee. At the Council are present also the cu- 
 rators of educational districts during their residence at St-Pe- 
 tersburg. Moreover to the Council may be invited for business 
 concerning their jurisdiction : the President of the Archeolog- 
 ical Commission, the permanent secretary of the Academy of 
 Science, the rector of St-Petersburg University, and the direc- 
 tor of the Nicholas Observatory, as well as the rectors of other 
 universities, when they are at St-Petersburg, and others in ex- 
 traordinary cases, according to the judgment of the Minister. 
 The Council of the Minister examines: affairs and propositions 
 requiring a new institution or considerable modifications in 
 the different parts of the administration; cases requiring 
 amendments to laws and institutions, explanations of such, or 
 revocations and corrections of plans for new institutions: the 
 annual financial estimate of the institutions of the Chief Ad- 
 ministration, as well as of all the scientific and educational 
 establishments under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public 
 Instruction; cases of insolvency and difficulties with contracts, 
 and deliveries and measures to avert them; complaints* of 
 private persons against the Crown, and claims of the 
 Crown against private persons; all affairs concerning the 
 economical measures, and exceeding the power given to the 
 Curators of educational districts; affairs relative to the inter- 
 nal organisation of educational institutions and their ma- 
 nagement, such as schooling and educational matters in ge- 
 neral, after preliminary examination of such affairs at the 
 Scientific Committee; and finally, all affairs, in general, which 
 the Minister deems necessary to present for examination to 
 the Council. 
 
 2. The Department of Public Instruction, having at its 
 head the Director and Vice-Director and consisting in addi-
 
 3 
 
 tion of the secretaries, their assistants, and copyists regularly 
 employed, is divided into several sections, each having under 
 its jurisdiction the following subdivisions of administration: 
 that of the inspector; that of the superior educational insti- 
 tutions; of ordinary male educational institutions; of primary 
 public schools; of female schools and instructions for preparing 
 masters and mistresses; technical and professional institutions ; 
 general affairs of scientific institutions; private and Hebrew 
 educational institutions; pension-affairs, and the book-keeping 
 division. The quantity of papers entering and issuing from the 
 Department amounts to 50,000 a year. 
 
 3. The Scientific committee of the Ministry has a presi- 
 dent, appointed by an edict of His MAJESTY; members nominated 
 by the Minister of Public Instruction, and is divided into 
 three parts: 
 
 a. The fundamental division, which examines educational 
 questions and schemes presented by the Minister, also classic 
 books, and programmes of teaching, books and periodical 
 editions intended for use in educational institutions, works to 
 be presented to personnages of the Imperial Family, schemes 
 for expeditions, and commissions and similar scientific enter- 
 prises, plans for establishing scientific societies, reports of 
 professors and other persons, that received scientific commis- 
 sions from the Ministry and in general all affairs and ques- 
 tions presented by the Minister for examination of the com- 
 mittee. This division of the scientific committee, by request 
 of the Minister arranges competitions for the best classic books 
 and confers pri/es. 
 
 I. A special division of the scientific committee examines 
 elementary books intended for the lower grades as well as 
 editions for public lectures. 
 
 c. The division of technical and professional instruction 
 examines the affairs and scientific manuals relative to techni- 
 cal instruction. 
 
 4. The Archeological Commission consists of a President, 
 
 i*
 
 appointed by an edict of His MAJESTY, and of a certain 
 number of members, collaborators, correspondents and artists, 
 nominated by the President. The duties of the Commission 
 are to edit systematically writings on the history of the coun- 
 try collected at the beginning of this century by an archeo- 
 graphic expedition and contained in the annals, chronographs, 
 recitals and acts of the governmental judiciary. For support, 
 the Commission receives 12,805 roubles a year. 
 
 5. The duty of the Editorship of the Journal of Ministry 
 of Public Instruction is the publication of the monthly jour- 
 nal, in which all new regulations and arrangements of the 
 Government in this respect are published, and in which the educa- 
 tional departments and societies are made acquainted with the 
 course of educational progress in the Russian Empire as well 
 as abroad. The Journal of the Ministry published by the edi- 
 tor and his assistants, was founded in 1802, stopped in 
 1829, but renewed in 1833 and issued monthly till the pre- 
 sent time. 
 
 6. The archives of the Ministry, subject to the director, of 
 the Department of Public Instruction, are governed by a special 
 chief, having an assistant at his disposal. In the Archives are 
 stored at certain terms, all documents of decisions, and of 
 affairs of the Minister Council, Department of Public Instruction 
 Scientific Committee, Archeological Commission and Editorship 
 of Journal of Ministry. 
 
 LOCAL ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 In educational respects the Russian Empire is divided in 
 twelve school districts, namely : 
 
 1. St. Petersburg district, which comprises the governments 
 of St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Pskov, Vologda, Olonetsk and 
 Archangel, extending over an area of 1,432,935 sq. versts 
 (636,860 sq. miles) with 5,635,952 inhabitants.
 
 2. Moscow district-governments: Moscow, Vladimir, Ka- 
 luga, Kostroma, Nizhni-Novgorod, Orel, Riazan, Smolensk, 
 Tver, Tula and Yaroslav occupying an area of 461,562 sq. 
 versts (205,138 sq. miles) with 16,685,393 inhabitants. 
 
 3. Kiev district -governments: Kiev, Podolsk, Yolynsk, 
 Poltava, Chernigov, occupying an area of 234,762 sq. versts 
 (104,338 sq. miles) with 12,142,581 inhabitants. 
 
 4. Kasan district-governments: Kasan, Yiatka, Samara, Sara- 
 tov, Simbirsk and Astrakhan, extendingover an area of 640.305 sq. 
 versts (288,580 sq. miles), with 11,088,099 inhabitants. 
 
 5. Kharkov district- governments: Kharkov, Voronezh, 
 Kursk, Pensa, Tambov, and the domains of the Don Gossaks, 
 occupying an area of 383,887 sq. versts (170,016 sq. miles) 
 with 13,034,550 inhabitants. 
 
 6. Yilna district-governments: Vilna, Vitebsk, Grodno, 
 Kovno, Minsk, Mogilev occupying an area of 269,285 sq. versts 
 (119,682 sq. miles), with 8,213,551 inhabitants. 
 
 7. Odessa district-governments: Bessarabia, Kherson, Eka- 
 U'rinoslav, and Tauride, occupying an area of 214,188 sq. 
 versts (95,194 sq. miles) with 6,100,943 inhabitants. 
 
 8. Orenburg district-governments: Perm, Orenburg, Ufa, 
 Ural and Turgay domains, occupying an area of 1,284,741 sq. 
 versts (570,996 sq. miles) with 6,627,746 inhabitants. 
 
 9. Warsaw district-governments: Warsaw, Kalish, Lomzha, 
 Plotsk, Radom, Suvalki, Petrokov, Lnblinsk, Sedletz and 
 Keletz occupying an area of 111,875 sq. versts (49,722 sq. 
 miles) with 7,960,304 inhabitants. 
 
 10. Dorpat district-governments: Livland, Kurland, Est- 
 land, occupying an area of 83,092 sq. versts (36,929 sq. 
 miles) with 1,870,730 inhabitants. 
 
 11. Caucasus district-governments: Baku, Elisabethpol, 
 Kutai's, Stavropol, Tiflis, Erivan and domains : Dagestan, 
 Kars, Kuban and Tersk, occupying an area of 408,779 sq. 
 versts (181,679 sq. miles) with 7,261,615 inhabitants.
 
 6 
 
 12. West Siberian district-governments: Tomsk, Tobolsk 
 and domains: Akmolinsk, Semipalatinsk and Semiretchinsk, 
 occupying an area of 3,271,078 sq. versts (1,453,813 sq. 
 miles) with 4,2 17; 328 inhabitants. 
 
 Moreover, to the educational districts belong the East Si- 
 beria, Turkestan and Amour domains, subject to the Gover- 
 nors General, who in respect to educational institutions have 
 the same rights as the curators of educational districts of Eu- 
 ropian Russia. 
 
 At the head of each educational district is a Curator, 
 appointed by His Majesty the Emperor by representation of the 
 Minister, of Public Instruction. The curators of the districts: 
 St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kasan, Kiev, Vilna and Warsaw have 
 secretaries. The curator is the highest representative of the 
 Ministry in the district and all the educational institutions 
 are subject to his direct jurisdiction. 
 
 Besides the general superintendence over the course of 
 public instruction, and over the activity and conduct of the 
 teaching personelle and students, the Curator has to fill va- 
 cancies in the district, but the appointment of directors 
 for public and middle schools is subject to the approval 
 of the Minister of Public Instruction. The curators make 
 annually a detailed report upon the state and activity of 
 the institutions that enter into the juristiction of their respec- 
 tive districts. 
 
 Independent of the secretaries, the curators have from 
 one to four district inspectors at their disposal, whose duties 
 are to inspect the course of affairs in their respective insti- 
 tutions. 
 
 A Curator Council exists also at every curatorship, which 
 consists of a secretary of the Curator, district inspectors, 
 directors of high and public schools; in districts where there 
 is a university or some other high -class institution the rector 
 or director of such establishment also belongs to the Curator 
 Council. Besides this, deans of the historico-philological and math-
 
 . . "7 
 
 ematical faculties, as well as six professors of Russian language 
 and literature, ancient languages, history, mathematics natu- 
 ral history and pedagogics, and appointed by the University, 
 also participate in the affairs of the council on educational 
 questions. Affairs that enter into the jurisdiction of the 
 council are delinquencies of the functionaries and teaching 
 personelle; debatable and juridical questions with private per- 
 sons, as for example, purchases and sales, construction and 
 rent of school-buildings, ratification of estimates on sums 
 exceeding 30,000 roubles, and educational affairs: the opening 
 and closing of educational institutions, measures of improving 
 instruction, examination of classic manuals, collection of syste- 
 matical data concerning the course of the educational progress 
 and written examination of scholars terminating the course of 
 institutions. 
 
 The direct superintendence of the elementary public schools 
 is confided to the curators of the districts, but in considera- 
 tion of the different local conditions, it could not be organised 
 everywhere in the same way. 
 
 In all guvernraents, where the zemsky regulation of Jan. 5 
 1864 * is introduced, the superintendence of the elementary 
 schools and the duty of taking measures for their develop- 
 ment in educational matters belong to the district and 
 government marshals of nobility and to the district and 
 governmental school-councils. The special charge of the work 
 of public instruction is committed to the director of public 
 schools appointed by the Minister of Public instruction, and 
 certain inspectors. The district and governmental school coun- 
 cils, presided over by marshals of nobility, consist of three 
 
 * To this category belong all the governments of the educational dis- 
 tricts of Moscow, Kharkov and Odessa the governments of the districts of 
 St-Petersburg, Kazan and Orenburg with the exception of the governments 
 Archangel, Astrakhan and Orenburg, and finally the governments Poltava and 
 Tchernigov in the district of Kiev.
 
 members, appointed by the Ministers of Public Instruction 
 and of the Interior, and by the local diocesan authorities 
 respectively; of two members appointed by the district and 
 governmental zemstvo; and finally of one member appointed 
 by the town, if the latter participates in the maintenance 
 of the schools. At the sessions of the council are present 
 guardians of separate schools and the zemsky doctor, but 
 with a special permit for each time, from the Ministry of 
 Public Instruction. In places, where there are no district nor 
 governmental marshals of nobility, as for example in all 
 the districts of the Olonets government, and in several 
 districts of the Vologda government the presidency of the 
 school councils is entrusted to the directors and inspectors of 
 public schools. 
 
 The district school councils have in view, the finding of 
 means and discussion of measures to open new schools and to 
 ameliorate the old; they also take care of providing the 
 schools with books and other necessary accessories; they 
 appoint masters and mistresses recommended by the inspector; 
 they present for appointment to the governmental school 
 councils honorable guardians of public schools; they request 
 rewards for teachers, close such institutions as are not sa- 
 tisfactory; they invite teachers and finally examine the reports 
 made annually by the inspector concerning the state of 
 public instruction in their the respective districts. 
 
 The governmental school council has the general super- 
 intendence over the elementary schools of the government. It 
 examines the conclusions of the director of public schools 
 made on the reports of the district councils; divides between 
 schools, and teachers the money subsidies from the sums 
 sent to its disposal by the Ministry; examines complaints made 
 on the district school councils and all affairs of discord bet- 
 ween the members of the district school council and its 
 President. Complaints on the judgment of the governmental 
 school council are directed to the first department of the
 
 9 --- 
 
 Government Senate or, in case of educational questions, to 
 the Ministry of Public instruction. 
 
 The Director of public-schools is entrusted with the direct 
 superintendence over schools of a certain government; he is 
 obliged to inspect them personally as often as possible, and 
 to watch that the inspectors subject to him visit as often as 
 possible the district confided to them. 
 
 The director is a life-member of the governmental school 
 council, for which he annually makes reports upon the 
 state of elementary instruction. In the district school coun- 
 cils the inspector replaces the director. The director as well 
 as the inspector of the public schools ought to make a re- 
 port to the Ministry after each revision of the institution. 
 Independent of this the director of public schools has the di- 
 rect superintendence over model elementary schools, estab- 
 lished by the Ministry of Public Instruction in all govern- 
 ments supported by the zemstvos, country and town socie- 
 ties. These schools are not subordinated to the school- 
 councils. 
 
 The elementary schools of the three governments Kiev, 
 Podolsk and Volinsk are subject to the inspection of public 
 schools consisting of fourteen inspectors and presided by the 
 curator of the educational district. 
 
 In the Vilna educational district six supervisions of public 
 schools are established, namely: in Vilna, Grodno, Kovno, 
 Minsk, Mogilev and Vitebsk, which consist of a director, 
 several inspectors, the number of which depends upon the 
 number of elementary schools and representatives of the Mi- 
 nistries of the Interior and of Imperial Domains and of the dio- 
 cesan authority. These supervisions have the same rights as the 
 school councils. 
 
 In the Warsaw educational districts the elementary schools 
 are subordinated to ten managements, namely: Warsaw, Lodz, 
 Iladomsk, Kelets, Kalish, Holmsk, Sedlets, Suvalki, Lomzha 
 and Plotsk; the directors presiding over these managements
 
 10 
 
 are equalled in number to the directors of the public schools 
 of the other educational districts, but have more extensive 
 rights. For the town of Warsaw a special employment of an 
 inspector is established which has the same rights as the 
 chiefs of the managements. 
 
 In the Dorpat educational district the lower schools situated 
 in towns are under the superintendence of two directors and 
 ten inspectors of public schools. As to the village schools 
 in places with protestant population they are subject to the 
 supreme committee of country schools in the governments of 
 Livland and the supreme commissions of country schools in 
 the governments of Estland and Gourlaud. In places, however, 
 with orthodox population the elementary schools are supervised 
 by a special council, that consists of an archbishop, the cu- 
 rator of the district and the director of the Alexander High 
 School at Eiga. 
 
 In the Siberian governments and domains the duties of 
 directors of public-schools are performed by the directors and 
 inspectors of classic middle schools, called progymnasiums. 
 Besides, there are directors of public schools in the govern- 
 ment of Irkutsk and the Zabaikal domain and inspectors of 
 public schools in the Balagan district of the government of 
 Irkutsk, government of Enisseisk and the domains, Akmolinsk 
 and Semipalatinsk. 
 
 In governments of Archangel, Astrakhan, Orenburg and do- 
 mains of Turkestan there are no school councils. In the govern- 
 ment of Archangel the elementary schools are subordinated to 
 one director and one inspector; in Astrakhan, two and in the 
 domain Turkestan, three inspectors of public-schools. 
 
 In St-Petersburg, Moscow and Odessa there are special 
 school councils, which are equal to the district councils. 
 
 In the Orenburg district a special inspector over Tartar, 
 Kirguis and Bashkir public-schools is established and in the 
 Kazan district, over the Chuvash schools.
 
 LAWS ON PENSION'S AND MILITARY SERVICE. 
 
 Persons in actual service at the Ministry of Public Instruc- 
 tion, after a certain number of years of service acquire the 
 right to receive an annual pension from the Imperial Chan- 
 cery. Administrative employes are subject to general rules on 
 pensions and after thirty-five years of service receive the full 
 amount, after twenty-five years only the half. Whereas persons 
 serving in the educational department are entitled to special 
 rights, and after serving twenty years receive a pension amoun- 
 ting to the half of their annual salary, and after serving 
 twenty-five years, a sum equal to their full annual salary. But 
 if the employe is forced to leave the actual service on ac- 
 count of protracted illness or from ruined health, then the 
 term of the right to full pension is much shorter. For instance : 
 in case of ruined health the employe who has served: 
 
 from 10 to 15 years receives one-third his annual salary 
 
 15 > 20 two-thirds 
 
 > 20 25 full salary. 
 
 In case of chronic illness after: 
 
 5 to 10 years of service one-third annual salary 
 10 15 two-thirds 
 
 15 25 full salary. 
 
 Besides if the employe is a family man he receives over 
 and above his pension a gratuity amounting to his yearly 
 salary. Independent of the above-mentioned pensions persons 
 in actual educational service, as for example, professors and 
 teachers, after twenty-five years of service receive besides their 
 annual salary an additional sum equal to one-fifth thereof, for 
 every five years of further service. 
 
 The total amount paid for pensions at the Ministry of 
 Public Instruction for 1891 was:
 
 12 
 
 The law of January 1, 1874 appointing the military ser- 
 vice duty for all classes of the population of the Empire, gives 
 at the same time considerahle rights to persons, who have re- 
 ceived a certain education and who can produce testimonials 
 from educational institutions specially named in the statutes 
 concerning the military service duty. In this respect the edu- 
 cational institutions of all the ministries are subdivided into 
 four classes. Persons, who have finished the whole course in 
 the educational institutions of the first two classes can be 
 in actual military service two years only, those who have 
 passed the course in schools of the third class must serve 
 three years and those who finished the fourth class of insti- 
 tutions have to serve four years. 
 
 Students of the institutions of the two first classes have the 
 right, without being required to submit to the chance of draw- 
 ing lots, to fulfil the military service duty as volunteers and 
 thereby the term of service is shortened one half. 
 
 Students of educational institutions who attain the military 
 age namely: twenty-one years are allowed by law to finish their 
 education before being called to fulfil their military duties. 
 
 HIGHER EDUCATION 
 
 UNIVERSITIES. 
 
 The Russian universities, with the exception of those of 
 Warsaw and Dorpat, are controlled by the statutes of August 
 23, 1884. Every university has a certain number of faculties: 
 namely, historico-philological, physics and mathematics, laws, 
 and a medical faculty (the latter not in the St-Petersburg 
 and New Russian universities) the faculty of Eastern lan- 
 guages, only in St-Petersburg, and theology, only in Dorpat. 
 There are special theological academies in St-Petersburg, 
 Moscow, Kieff and Kazan, where orthodox theology is taught.
 
 13 
 
 At the head of every university is the rector appointed 
 for four years by the Minister of Public Instruction from the 
 number of ordained professors ; after the lapse of four years the 
 rector can remain again for a like period in the same position 
 by Imperial permission. At the head of every faculty is a deacon, 
 chosen by the curator of the district from professors of the 
 corresponding faculty, who is confirmed for four years by the 
 Minister of Public Instruction. After this period the deacon 
 may continue for the next four years by authority of the Mi- 
 nister. The higher administration is entrusted to the University 
 Board, consisting of all the professors ordinary and extraordi- 
 nary, under the presidency of the rector and his secretary. 
 The management of the university under the presidency of 
 the rector is composed of all the deacons of the faculties and 
 an inspector. Besides this professors of every faculty assemble 
 under the presidency of their deacons to discuss educational 
 questions. A special inspector of students appointed by the 
 Minister of Public Instruction on presentation of the curator 
 of the district is charged with the care of the conduct of the 
 students within the walls of the university, and as far as pos- 
 sible outside of them. 
 
 To the personelle of the university for the educational 
 part belong the ordinary and extraordinary professors, pri- 
 vate teachers, lecturers and persons of educational insti- 
 tutions. 
 
 In order to become a professor it is necessary to be a 
 lecturer of three years, or a teacher in some other high 
 educational institution, and besides this, the scientific degree of 
 doctor of the corresponding science is required. 
 
 The confirmation of a professor depends upon the Minister 
 who appoints to sucli position or the election of the candidate 
 is left to the University-Board. 
 
 After twenty-five years of service professors who desire to be 
 retained must be reconfirmed by the Minister; after thirty years 
 the professor is retired, but keeps his title of professor, mem-
 
 14 
 
 ber of the Faculty and of the Board, and has the right to 
 give lectures for special remuneration decided by the Minister. 
 
 To have titles of private teachers scientific degrees are 
 required; such positions may be held by teachers of other 
 higher educational institutions as well as by persons who have 
 acquired reputation by their scientific works. Such persons 
 are inscribed by consent of the Faculty as private teachers, 
 after receiving through the rector of the university the autho- 
 rity from the Curator of the District for such a title. The 
 deacons and the rector superintend the teaching of private 
 teachers; their remuneration is regulated by the Minister of 
 Public Instruction and is paid to them from a special sum set 
 apart for that purpose. 
 
 Persons, who desire to take a vacant chair of lecturer of 
 modern languages must pass an examination before the Fa- 
 culty and must be presented by the Board for the confirma- 
 tion of the curator of the district. 
 
 Only young men who can show certificates of having 
 passed the gymnasium of the Ministry of Public Instruction, 
 which is a classic intermediate school of eight years course, 
 are entitled to become students of the university; besides 
 such students other persons who have certain public positions 
 or occupations are allowed to attend university lectures and 
 demonstrations. 
 
 Every regular or special student pays for attending the 
 lectures and demonstrations: a. for the benefit of the univer- 
 sity five roubles for every half year, and I. a special remuner- 
 ation for the benefit of those, whose lectures they wish to 
 attend at the rate of one rouble per week for the semester. 
 
 There are two scientific degrees given by each Faculty, ex- 
 cept the Medical, master and doctor, and which are acquired 
 in cursn. To the examination for the degree of master, or of 
 doctor in the Medical Faculty, are admitted persons who after 
 attending the lectures for eight or ten semesters in the Med- 
 ical Faculty, have been examined before specially appointed
 
 15 
 
 examining commissions and who have obtained correspond- 
 ing diplomas. Applicants for the degree of master, or in the 
 medical Faculty that of doctor, must pass a verbal examina- 
 tion and must sustain a public thesis examination on some 
 scientific subject before the Faculty. Applicants for the de- 
 gree of doctor before any Faculty have no examinations to 
 pass; they must only sustain publicly a thesis discussion. 
 
 The Warsaw University was organised in 1869 from the 
 local General School; the university of Dorpat, although admin- 
 istered according to the Statutes of June 9, 1865, differs in 
 its internal organisation from other Russian universities and 
 ressembles more the type of German universities after which 
 it was originally modelled. 
 
 There are Russian universities in the following towns : 
 Moscow, St-Petersburg, Kazan, Kharkov, Kiev, Warsaw, Odessa, 
 Dorpat and Tomsk. 
 
 1. The University of Moscow. 
 
 The university of Moscow is the oldest in Russia, founded 
 in the reign of Elisabeth 1755 and is equipped with full faculties 
 with the exception of that of Eastern languages. On January 1, 
 1891 there were 49 ordinary professors 32 extraordinary pro- 
 fessors, 8 prosectors, 8 assistant prosectors, 4 lecturers and 
 95 private teachers, 3,473 regular and 309 special students. 
 
 The sum of 870,428 roubles was assigned by the Imperial 
 Chancery for 1893 to cover the expenses of the university, 
 and in 1890, 174,672 roubles for stipends and expenses for 
 the assistance of students. 
 
 2. The University of St-Petersburg. 
 
 The Imperial University of St-Petersburg, founded in 
 1819, has full faculties with the exception of the Medical, 
 instead of which there is under the administration of the
 
 16 
 
 Ministry of War the Medical Academy. The personelle of the 
 University consists of 49 ordinary professors, 18 extraordinary 
 professors, 7 lecturers and ordinary iustructers, of 1,781 regular 
 and 54 special students. 
 
 For the expenses of the university for 1893 the Imperial 
 Chancery assigned 349,109 roubles and in 1890, 78,555 were 
 granted for stipends. 
 
 3. The University of Kharkov. 
 
 The Imperial Kharkov University, founded in 1804, pos- 
 sesses full faculties except that of Eastern languages. The list 
 of the serving personelle showed on January 1, 1891, 53 or- 
 dinary professors, 19 extraordinary professors, 3 prosectors, 
 7 assistant prosectors, 2 lecturers, 22 instructors, 1,003 stu- 
 dents and 39 lecture-attendants. The Imperial Chancery as- 
 signed for 1893 a sum of 371,400 roubles to cover the expenses 
 of the University and in 1890, 32,616 roubles were given to 
 students as stipends. 
 
 4. The University of Kazan. 
 
 The Imperial University of Kazan founded in 1804 has 
 full faculties with the exception of that of Eastern lan- 
 guages. The prospectus of January 1, 1891 showed 43 ordinary 
 professors, 21 extraordinary professors, 5 prosectors, 5 assi- 
 stant prosectors. 3 lecturers, 41 private teachers, 714 students 
 and 41 lecture-attendants. The Imperial Chancery assigned in 
 1893, for the expenses of the year, 373,540 roubles and in 
 1890, 50,675 roubles were paid as student-stipends. 
 
 5. The University of St-Vladimir. 
 
 The St-Vladimir University in Kiev, fouuded in 1833, 
 possesses full faculties except that of Eastern languages. The 
 prospectus of January 1, 1891, showed 57 ordinary and 16
 
 17 
 
 extraordinary professors, 5 prosectors, 6 assistant prosectors, 
 2 lecturers, 24 instructors, 1,982 students and 62 lecture- 
 attendants. For 1893 the Imperial Chancery assigned a sura 
 of 366,572 roubles for the expenses of the university, and in 
 1890, 31,598 roubles were spent for student-stipends. 
 
 6. The University of Warsaw. 
 
 The Imperial Warsaw University founded in 1869 was 
 transformed from a school of a higher type existing then in 
 that town. It had full faculties except that of Eastern 
 languages. The prospectus of January 1, 1891, showed 44 or- 
 dinary and 17 extraordinary professors, 3 prosectors, 3 assistant 
 prosectors and 3 lecturers, 1.121 students and 153 lecture- 
 attendants. For 1893 the Imperial Chancery assigned for 
 University expense 263,148 roubles and in 1890, 53,315 roubles 
 for student-stipends. 
 
 7. The New Russian University in Odessa. 
 
 The Imperial Xew Russian University was transformed 
 from the former Lyceum of Richelieu in 1865 and has now 
 the following faculties: historical and philological, the faculty 
 of laws, physics and of mathematics. 
 
 On January 1, 1891, there were 26 ordinary and 10 extraor- 
 dinary professors, 4 lecturers, 29 private teachers, 427 stu- 
 dents and 14 lecture attendants. The sum assigned by the 
 Imperial Chancery for 1893 for the university expenses was 
 228,759 roubles; and 31,912 roubles were paid in 1890 for stu- 
 dent-stipends. 
 
 8. The University of Dorpat. 
 
 The Imperial University of Dorpat was at first founded 
 by the King of Sweden, Gusto v Adolph, in 1632. Suspended 
 in 1656 on the taking of Dorpat by the army of Tsar Alexei 
 Mirlinilovicli, it was reopened in 1690 under the name of 
 
 2
 
 18 
 
 Academia Gustaviana-Carolina". In 1699 the university was 
 removed to Pernau where it existed till 1710. The Emperor 
 Peter the Great, wishing to continue its prosperity, issued a 
 special Ukaz to that effect, which however was of no avail 
 because all the professors resigned and returned to Sweden. 
 During the reign of Paul the question arose again for estab- 
 lishing a university for the Baltic provinces, but the open- 
 ing of the Dorpat University took place only in 1802. 
 
 The university is governed according to the Statutes of 
 1865, and has faculties of laws, history and philology, physics 
 mathematics, and medicine, and a faculty of Lutheran 
 theology. 
 
 On January 1,1891, there were 40 ordinary and 4 extraor- 
 dinary professors, eleven teachers, four lecturers, seven private 
 teachers and doeents, and 1,694 students. The sum of 233,853 
 roubles was assigned from the Imperial Chancery for 1893 for the 
 expenses of the university and 26,376 roubles were paid in 
 1890 for student-stipends. 
 
 9. The University of Tomsk. 
 
 The Imperial University of Tomsk founded in 1888 has 
 only one medical faculty. January 1, 1891, there were six 
 ordinary and eleven extraordinary professors, twe prosectors, 
 and one assistant prosector. The sum of 200,600 roubles was 
 assigned for the university expenses of 1893. In 1890 the sum 
 of 10.000 roubles was paid for student-stipend. 
 
 II. INSTITUTES AND LYCEUMS. 
 
 The reorganisation in 1871 of the system of intermediate 
 education led to the considerable improvement in the instruction 
 of ancient languages and in view of this fact the Ministry of 
 Public Instruction was obliged to take active measures for 
 the preparation of teachers for Latin and Greek. To further 
 the reform in this direction the Historico-Pliilological Insti-
 
 19 
 
 tute at St. Petersburg was founded in 1867, specially intended 
 for the preparation of teachers for these branches, as well 
 as for the Russian language and history. This institute provi- 
 des board and lodging for the students; and as regards the 
 course of instruction it corresponds with the Historico- Philo- 
 logical Faculty of the University. The students are required 
 to present written articles on given questions and attend the 
 special lectures of the Institute. The conditions for entering the 
 Institute are the same as those for the University, the course being 
 four years. A gymnasium was founded and adjoined in 1870 
 to this Institute and students of higher courses practice 
 in this gymnasium in giving lectures and teaching under the 
 supervision of professors. The prospectus of January 1, 1891, 
 showed one teacher of religion, eight ordinary and extraordinary 
 professors and eleven teachers. At the same time there were 
 73 students. For the expenses of the Institute a sum of 117,400 
 roubles was assigned for 1893, this amount including 29,000 
 roubles appointed for student-stipends. 
 
 The former Lyceum of Prince Besborodko in Niefine, Gov. 
 Tcliernigov. On account of its failure this institution was 
 reorganised in 1875 into a Historico-Philological Institute on 
 the same principles as those of the Institute of St. Petersburg 
 but with the preservation of the founder's name. 
 
 January 1, 1891, the Institute was attended by one teacher 
 of religion, ten ordinary and extraordinary professors and four 
 teachers; there were forty-one students at that time. For the 
 expenses of this institute a sum of 124,150 roubles was assigned 
 for 1893, the amount including 35,400 roubles for student- 
 stipends. 
 
 The Lazarev Institute for Eastern Languages in Moscow 
 was founded in 1815 and consists of two divisions: one for 
 younger students, with a similar course as in a gymnasium, and 
 one for older students, the so-called special classes, corresponding 
 with the Faculty of Eastern Languages of the St. Petersburg 
 University. January 1, 1891, the personnelle of special classes
 
 20 
 
 was composed of five professors and five teachers, and twenty- 
 four students; the sum of 23,700 roubles was assigned for the 
 expenses of the Institute. 
 
 The Demidov's Lyceum for Laws in laroslav was reorgan- 
 ised in 1870 from the Demidov's school for higher sciences, 
 which was founded in 1805. This lyceum is intended exclusively 
 for studying laws and is organised on the same principles 
 as the Faculty of Laws of a University. The personnelle con- 
 sisted on January 1, 1891 of six professors, three docents and 
 four private teachers. There were 191 students at that time, 
 and the sum assigned for maintaining the institution amounted 
 to 50,000 roubles. 
 
 The Lyceum of Tsar e rich Xicnlai in Moscow, founded in 
 18G9 on private means, has board and lodging and consists of 
 eleven classes, eight of which, the lower ones, correspond with the 
 type of Government Gymnasiums; students of the three higher, 
 so-called university classes, under the supervision of special 
 tutors attend lectures at different university faculties, where 
 they are submitted to final examination. For the lyceum expenses 
 for the year 1893 37,328 roubles were assigned. 
 
 For the purpose of studying agronomy and forestry there 
 is only one special higher institution belonging to the Ministry 
 of Public Instruction, namely the Institute of Rural Economy 
 and Forestry in Novaia Aleksaudria, Government of Lublin, 
 kingdom of Poland, founded in 1869. The corps of this Institute, 
 January 1,"1891, consisted of twenty -five persons, in this number 
 three professors, nine docents and two teachers of special subjects. 
 There were 105 students at the same time, namely 52 in the 
 division of Rural economy and 53 in that of Forestry; the sum 
 of 46,770 roubles was assigned in 1893 for the institution 
 expenses. 
 
 The St. Petersburg Practical Technological Institute. For 
 the purpose of communicating to students the higher techno- 
 logical education this institute is divided into two sub-divisions, 
 namely : mechanics and chemistry. The number of students is
 
 21 
 
 limited to 500; the educational course consists of five years; 
 students pay 50 roubles yearly for the right of following the 
 lectures; hut there are 105 Government stipends for students 
 that have distinguished themselves by fair progress in learning 
 and good behaviour, if they have small means, and besides this 
 100 free scholarships can be issued. January 1, 1891, the Institute 
 consisted of an educational corps of seventy persons and at the 
 same time there were 604 students. For the institute expenses 
 for 1893 the sum of 260,000 roubles was assigned. 
 
 On the same principles as the St. Petersburg Institute there 
 is in Kharkov another Practical Technological Institute founded 
 in 1885. The full number of students, the duration of courses, 
 and the annual payment for the right of learning is the same 
 as in the St. Petersburg Institute, but the quantity of stipends 
 is less. There are fifty Government-stipends only, and besides 
 this fifty students can follow the lectures free of cost. The educa- 
 tional corps, January 1, 1891, consisted of thirteen professors, 
 six adjunct professors, five teachers and fourteen teachers of 
 special objects, for extra compensation. At the same time there 
 were 427 students, of which number thirty-eight have finished 
 their education thus forming the first class of young technical 
 scholars graduated from the Institute. For the expenses of this 
 institution during 1893 the sum of 206,000 roubles was 
 assigned. 
 
 To the same type of institutions belongs the Riga Poli- 
 technical School consisting of seven divisions: Rural Economy, 
 Technical chemistry. Surveying of land, Engineering, Mechanical 
 Engineering, Architects and Commerce. January 1, 1891, the 
 educational corps consisted of seventeen professors seventeen 
 docents and twenty-two other teachers; at the same time there 
 were 837 students. 5,365 roubles were assigned for stipends 
 and besides this 57 persons were admitted free with all the 
 rights of the students. The school is supported jointly by the 
 Government and by the town of Riga. 
 
 Last the Imperial Technical School of Moscow should be
 
 22 
 
 added to this list of higher special educational institutions. 
 The educational corps of this school consists of twelve pro- 
 fessors, three docents, nineteen teachers and twenty-nine other 
 agents. The Government assigned 181,320 roubles for the 
 expenses of this institution, of which 16,000 roubles are in- 
 tended for student-stipends. 
 
 To study veterinary sciences there are four veterinary insti- 
 tutions namely, in the towns of Dorpat, Kharkov, Kazan and 
 Warsaw. The interior organization of these institutions is 
 about the same as the organization of University Faculties ; 
 the full course of study lasts four years. 
 
 January 1, 1891, the Dorpat Veterinary Institute was attended 
 by four professors, four docents and one prosector. At the 
 same time there were 215 students, of which 52 had stipends 
 or attended the lectures free of cost. For the expenses of the 
 Institute in 1893 a sum of 40,300 roubles was assigued. 
 
 The Kharkov Veterinary Institute was attended on Jan. 1, 
 1891, by three ordinary professors, four docents, one prosector 
 and one expert blacksmith, at the same time there were 231 
 students. For the expenses of the Institute 51,800 roubles 
 were assigned for 1893. 
 
 The educational corps of the Veterinary Institute in Kazan 
 consisted, January 1, 1891, of five professors, eleven teach- 
 ers and ten other agents; there were 91 student at the 
 same time. For the expenses of this institution 56,400 roubles 
 were assigned for 1893. 
 
 In the Warsaw Institute there were sixteen persons be- 
 longing to the educational corps and for its expenses 24,800 
 roubles were assigned for the year 1893. 
 
 In January, 1878, an Arclieological Institute was founded 
 in St Petersburg with the special purpose of preparing pro- 
 fessional archivists. The full course of study is two years, and 
 in order to be admitted to this institution a complete course 
 in some higher institution must be passed first. The course 
 of studies consists of kaleof>raphy, Russian ancient relics,
 
 23 
 
 chronology, genealogy, numismatics, sphragistics and ancient 
 geography of Russia. 
 
 Besides the above-named special larger schools and insti- 
 tutions existing within the limits of the Empire, the Ministry 
 of Public Instruction endeavours to give the students of 
 higher institutions an opportunity to finish their studies abroad 
 \\itli special reference to such subjects that are not taught 
 in Russia. After the introduction in 1871 of the reform of 
 classical education in the gymnasiums, a Russian Philological 
 Seminary was opened at the University of Leipzig in 1873, 
 for the study of ancient languages under the guidance of the 
 renowned professor, Ritchel, and after his death, of professor 
 Lipsius. After preparing a sufficient number of teachers of 
 ancient languages, the seminary at the Leipzig University was 
 closed, and another special seminary was opened in its stead 
 at the Berlin University for young men who have finished the 
 course of laws in one of the Russian universities and desire 
 to be professors of Roman Laws. Two years are required to 
 pass the full course, each of the twelve students there in atten- 
 dance receives 900 roubles a year ; the whole expense of 
 this institution does not exceed 18,000 roubles a year. 
 
 THE INTERMEDIATE INSTRUCTION. 
 
 GYMNASIUMS AM) PROGYMNASIUMS FOR BOYS. 
 
 The foundation of the first public schools of intermediate 
 education in Russia was begun in the second half of the last 
 century but it is only in the nineteenth century that the number 
 of these institutions began to grow perceptibly, so that at the 
 present time every governmental town of the Empire has at 
 least one institution of such type. 
 
 The gymnasiums and progymnasiums for boys are admin- 
 istered at the present time under the statute of July 30, 1871,
 
 24 
 
 slightly modified and amplified by later decrees petitioned for 
 by the Minister of Public Instruction with the aim to enlarge 
 the original statutes relative thereto. The educational course 
 is divided into eight yearly classes. In localities where the 
 language of the mass of the population is not Russian, 
 admission to the first class is facilitated by the aid of prepar- 
 atory classes at the expense of the Government; the dura- 
 tion of the course in such classes is usually limited to one 
 year, but it can be prolonged if desired where the Russian 
 language is universal. But in localities such preparatory clas- 
 ses can be opened only at the expense of local municipalities 
 or be supported by the payments of the students themselves. 
 The maximum normal number of students is forty in each class 
 except the preparatory, but for the last class there is no 
 limit. 
 
 In cases of greater number of students, the gymnasiums 
 and progymnasiums have the right to open parallel divisions 
 of classes, which are supported either by the educational insti- 
 tution itself or by a special fund at the disposition of the 
 Minister of National Education raised by annual assignments 
 from the sums, received in the educational institutions. 
 
 At the head of a gymnasium is a director aided by an 
 inspector. For the immediate wants of students each class has 
 a special tutor, elected from the teachers, and besides this in 
 every gymnasium there are not less then two special assistants 
 of class tutors. In the greater part of gymnasiums the stu- 
 dents are externes, and only a few gymnasiums give board 
 and lodging for a limited number of students. Such boarding- 
 schools existed in fifty-three gymnasiums January 1, 1891. Besides 
 this in some of the gymnasiums there are student-clubs partly 
 at the expense of certain benevolent societies, and partly from 
 the funds received from the students. Students away from 
 home form small clubs in private appartments; such appart- 
 ments are let under the eye of teachers of the gymnasiums or of 
 persons possessing special authority for the purpose, and are
 
 25 
 
 under a constant supervision of educational authorities. At the 
 present time the Ministry of National Education is occupied 
 in increasing the number of such institutions in the building 
 of gymnasiums and other educational institutions, so that 
 during the last two years twenty of such boarding clubs were 
 opened. The annual tuition varies from 200 to 258 roubles for 
 exterues and for internes from 120 to 400 roubles. Teachers 
 are appointed from persons who have received a corresponding 
 University education or other higher institutions of equal 
 rank; such persons have to pass a special examination before 
 being appointed. The teaching corps of a gymnasium forms 
 under the presidency of the director a pedagogical board, 
 meeting not less then once a month and settling all questions 
 concerning the educational part of the institution such as : 
 the admission and grading of students, fees, discipline of stu- 
 dents, assignment of teachers, selection of text-books and edu- 
 cational apparatus, and selection of books for libraries. Inde- 
 pendently of this the Pedagogical Board elects from its own 
 membership an Economical Committee of five members includ- 
 ing the director and the inspector for the administration of 
 the institution. 
 
 These gymnasiums aim chiefly to prepare young men for 
 the universities and other institutions of equal rank, and are 
 especially thorough in Latin and Greek, Russian and Mathe- 
 matics. The curriculum, according to the program confirmed 
 by the Ministry in 1890, is as follows: Religion, two lessons 
 weekly in all the eight classes; Russian language with the 
 Church Slavonic and Russian literature, in the first class, five 
 lessons; in the 2 d , 3 d and 8 th , four lessons, in the 4 th , 5 th , 6 th and 
 7 th , three lessons weekly; Latin six lessons in the 1 st and 2 d 
 and five lessons weekly in all the remaining classes. Greek 
 four lessons in the 3 d class, five lessons in the I"' and six 
 lessons in the remaining four elder classes. Mathematics, 
 namely arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trygonometry and mathe- 
 matical geography four lessons in the 1 st , 2 d . 4 th and 6 th clas-
 
 26 
 
 ses, and three lessons in the 3 d , 7 th and 8 th classes. French 01 
 German as elected by the student, French : three lessons in the 
 2 d , 4 th , 5 th , 7 th and 8 th classes and two lessons in the 3 d and 
 6 th classes ; German: three lessons in the 2 d , 3 d , 4 th , 5 th and 6 th 
 and two lessons weekly in the 7 th and 8 th classes; besides the 
 above-mentioned studies, the following form part of the pro- 
 gram as well: history, geography, physics, logic, drawing, cal- 
 ligraphy, singing and gymnastics. 
 
 From the year 1888 military gymnastics are introduced 
 in all institutions belonging to the Ministry of Public Instruc- 
 tion, and being obligatory, have the double aim: to furnish 
 physical training to children and at the same time to prepare 
 them for the future military service by making them acquainted 
 in early age with the most important exercises of that 
 service. 
 
 The teaching of military gymnastics was at first left to 
 military men, but simultaneously special classes were opened 
 in St Petersburg to prepare teachers of military gymnastics, 
 and these classes are now regularly attended by civilians and 
 teachers in sundry institutions. 
 
 In view of the large demand for such gymnasiums, the 
 Ministry is opening progymnasiums of four and six classes 
 with courses similar to those of gymnasiums. 
 
 The expenses of a gymnasium are about 52,500 roubles, 
 and those of a progymnasium about 24,000 roubles a year. 
 January I, 1891, there were 177 gymnasiums for boys and 
 60 progymnasiums under the administration of the Ministry 
 of Public Instruction, at the same time there were 5,177 
 teachers, and 59,234 pupils, out of which 10,581 were 
 boarded and lodged by the Government. In religious belief the 
 pupils were recorded as follows: 
 
 Orthodox, Greek church . . 36,929 or 62,s per cent 
 
 Roman catholics 10,706 18 
 
 Lutherans and Reformed . . 5,304 9
 
 27 
 
 Mahometans 298 or 0,s per cent 
 
 Jews 4,579 7,7 
 
 Other religions 1,418 2, 5 n 
 
 Ninety-one per cent of student of the 8 th class have passed 
 satisfactorily their final examinations and received diplomas. 
 
 The following data give a general idea of the progress of 
 teaching in gymnasiums and progymnasiums : the number of stu- 
 dents having received during the 3 r ear satisfactory grades 3, 
 4 or 5, with the five-grade system on all the studies in gene- 
 ral amounted to 74,a per cent. As to the principal studies, 
 taken separately, the number of students who received satis- 
 factory grades is as follows : 
 
 Piiissian language . . . 81,4 per cent 
 
 Mathematics 80,9 
 
 Latin 79,* 
 
 Greek 80,4 n 
 
 PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS. 
 
 Professional Schools of the Ministry of Public Instruction 
 are managed under the Statutes of May 15, 1872, modified 
 July 9, 1888, and give to young men a general and technical 
 education. 
 
 These schools consist of six classes, out of which the two 
 latter conform to local necessities and consist of two divisions, 
 fundamental and commercial; to the fundamental division can 
 be added another higher class, with the object of specially 
 preparing young men to enter the higher educational institu- 
 tions. Besides this, as in gymnasiums, preparatory classes 
 can be opened in professional schools with- similar courses 
 of study. 
 
 The administration and educational direction in professional 
 schools are the same as in gymnasiums; boarding-schools are 
 rare. On January 1, 1891, only six technical schools were
 
 28 
 
 provided with hoard aud lodgings for students. Boys from ten 
 to thirteen years of age are admitted to the first class. As 
 regards tuition it varies as in gymnasiums. 
 
 The principal suhjects taught in professional schools are : 
 Religion, two lessons weekly in each class. Russian: six lessons 
 in the 1 s ', five in the 2 d , four in the 3 d and additional classes 
 and three lessons weekly in all the remaining classes. Mathe- 
 matics: four lessons in the 1 st and 6"' classes, three in the ad- 
 ditional class, and five lessons in the remaining classes. Ger- 
 man: six lessons in the two lower classes, three in the 6 th , five 
 in the additional and four in the remaining classes, the se- 
 cond foreign language, namely French or English and in some 
 localities Italian or modern Greek, four lessons in the 2 rt , o' 1 . 
 4 tb , and three lessons in the 5 th and 6 th classes. Moreover 
 geography, history, physics, natural history, drawing, tracing, 
 calligraphy, singing and gymnastics are taught. 
 
 Commercial divisions are added to a very limited number 
 of professional schools. In these divisions more time is devoted 
 to the study of foreign languages and less to mathematics; 
 drawing and tracing is not taught, but instead of eight lessons 
 a week are given on Commercial Correspondence and Book- 
 keeping four lessons in each class. 
 
 The expenses of professional schools average 37,347 roubles 
 yearly each. 
 
 January 1, 1891. there w r ere 105 professional schools with 
 84 parallel classes. At the same time there were 22,677 students 
 dividet according to religions as follows: 
 
 Orthodox, Greek faith. . 13,767 or 60,? per cent 
 
 Roman catholics. . . . 2,729 12, i > 
 
 Lutherans and Reformed . 3,655 16,t > 
 
 Mahometans 262 > l,i 
 
 Jews. . 1,314 5,8 > 
 
 Other religions .... 950 4,2
 
 29 
 EDUCATION OF WOMEN. 
 
 I. HIGHER COURSES. 
 
 The question of superior education for girls in Russia was 
 raised in 1869. On the 29 th of November of that year came 
 the permission of the Ministry of Public Instruction to 
 organize a series of public lectures on history, philology and 
 science. 
 
 Accordingly, soon afterwards, systematical courses for 
 girls in Literature, Russian Grammar, Mathematics, Natural 
 Philosophy, Russian and Universal History and Cosmography 
 were opened in St. Petersburg and Moscow. These courses had 
 no settled plan nor were any prelimanary studies required 
 from the pupils. 
 
 In the year 1872 permission was granted by the Minister 
 of Public Instruction to a professor of the Moscow University 
 Mr. Guerrier, to open a college for girls with the purpose 
 of affording school and home with good teachers, thoroughly 
 instructed in educational subjects. At that college particular 
 attention was drawn to the study of universal literature and 
 Russian history. In the meantime the necessity of increasing 
 the means for providing Russian girls with superior education 
 became more and more apparent. Many of them went abroad 
 especially to /iirich iu search of scientific knowledge. 
 
 Such an abnormal state of things provoked in 1876 an 
 Imperial Ukase, which authorized the foundation of high 
 courses for ladies on various subjects at different universities 
 of Russia. 
 
 In virtue of this Ukase a high course for girls was estab- 
 lished in the same year at Kazan by Professor Sorokin, in the 
 next year, by Professor Bestoujew-Rumin and Gogotsky at 
 St. Petersburg and Kicff on the following conditions: 
 
 1) They were to be under the immediate and constant 
 -upervision of the district school superintendents. 
 
 2) They were to be regarded as private educational institu-
 
 30 
 
 tions with the obligation to be controlled every academical year 
 by the Board of Education. 
 
 3) Scientific instruction in the girls college at St. Petersburg 
 was to be under the direction of the Educational Council 
 presided over by the founder of that Institution; the general 
 management of affairs was entrusted to a Board of Trustees, 
 consisting of twelve members both ladies and gentlemen, all 
 of whom have to be elected by the united assembly of the 
 Board and the Council. 
 
 A general regulation for the college was laid aside until 
 the month of June 1879, when special rules were published 
 for the admission of girls, according to a code of regulations 
 formed originally by Prince Volkonsky, the Chief Superinten- 
 dent of the St. Petersburg School District. According to those 
 regulations only such girls were admitted to the college, as 
 were in possession of a certificate. These who were not of age 
 were obliged to secure the approval of their parents or guardians. 
 Strict rules were given in order to lessen the number of those 
 pupils, who failed in passing their high school examination, 
 being thus altogether unprepared; especially the number of 
 noncollegiate students was also limited by the provision, that 
 their admittance could only be granted on the responsibility of 
 the School-District Superintendent. It was not allowed to remain 
 two years in the same class. In the course of the same year 
 1879 a grant of 3,000 roubles was provided by a special order 
 of the State Council --an equal amount was given by the 
 St. Petersburg Municipality. 
 
 In such manner were founded colleges for girls at St. Pe- 
 tersburg, Moscow, Kieff and Kazan and besides this a special 
 girls course was organized at the third Moscow Gymnasium. 
 
 The Kieff and Kazan girls Colleges had two faculties 
 each : the historico-philological and physico-mathematical ; 
 those in St- Petersburg were supplied with a special course of 
 elemantary mathematics. The superior courses of professor 
 Guerrier consist only of a historical class.
 
 31 
 
 The colleges at St. Petersburg aud Kieff and those of Prof. 
 Guerrier in Moscow have a four years course each, that of 
 Kazan of two years. 
 
 The high courses for girls at the third Moscow Gymna- 
 sium have a four years course in Natural Science and three 
 years in mathematics. 
 
 The average number of pupils in all of these colleges was 
 about 1.500, being equally divided between the historico-phil- 
 ological and mathematical sections. The capital stock of the 
 colleges was formed out of student fees and sums, collected 
 from concerts, evening parties, and public lectures, arranged 
 for the benefit of those colleges by charitable societies. All 
 that mentioned above on the organization of colleges for girls 
 in Russia proves that they were but temporary ones. The 
 general code of regulations, as yet, considered these colleges 
 as private schools nnd only in the year 1879 rules for the 
 admission of girls were published. 
 
 Ill virtue of such a state of things the present organiza- 
 tion of the high courses is but a transitory one. 
 
 Preliminary work in preparing a general regulation for 
 the girls colleges was begun in the year 1879, but was in- 
 terrupted by the resignation of Count Tolstoy from his post 
 of Minister of Public Instruction in the year 1880. 
 
 In the year 1884 by order of His Imperial Majesty a Com- 
 mittee was established, presided by the under- Secretary of State 
 Prince Volkonsky, which was to find out the best means for 
 the organization of superior education for girls in the Empire. 
 In this way the course of affairs went further. 
 
 The work of the mentioned above Committee is at present 
 brought to a conclusion and the supposition of founding the 
 girls superior education firmly is to receive in the nearest 
 future a legislative decision. 
 
 The principal particulars of the new code of regulations, 
 according to the work of the Committee were following : 
 
 1) In future the foundation and existence of high courses
 
 32 
 
 for ladies is to be permitted only in case if by the interests, 
 received from the offered funds, one-third of the charges in 
 maintaining of such a college could be borne. By such means 
 the existence of colleges for girls was to be secured, receiving 
 subsidy not in credit, but in fixed revenues. 
 
 2) The present collegial system of administration is to be 
 compensated by a special director and as to the educational 
 part and the superveillance of the student lodgings it is to 
 be under the care of an inspectress. 
 
 3) It is supposed to reserve the students rights in obtain- 
 ing a situation of a teacher; it is therefore found necessary 
 to give to the educational part a more practical purpose, that 
 is, to prepare teachers thoroughly instructed ; on educational 
 subjects, and able to give lessons in the girls intermediate 
 schools. 
 
 4) In order to answer the desired purpose, the colleges are 
 to have a system of a strictly scientific instruction, adopted 
 to the principal subjects to the historico-philological and 
 physico-mathematical faculties. Moreover, a high course for 
 the acquisition of foreign languages is to be organized in 
 order to prepare thoroughly instructed teachers for the girls 
 intermediate schools. 
 
 Such reforms are to be accomplished soon to consolidate 
 the superior education for girls in Russia. 
 
 II. GYMNASIUMS AND PROGYMNASIUMS. 
 
 The Ministry of Public Instruction administers only one 
 part of institutions designed for the intermediate education of 
 girls, whereas the greater part of these institutions is admin- 
 istered under the Chancellery of His Imperial Majesty and 
 under that of the Empress Marie Institute. 
 
 Gymnasiums and progymnasiums for girls under the Min- 
 istry of Public Instruction arc governed by the Statutes of 
 May 24, 1870. Each gymnasium consists of seven year classes
 
 33 
 
 and the studies are arranged under two heads; obligatory 
 studies and non obligatory. The obligatory studies are Religion 
 two lessons a week in all the classes; Russian and Literature 
 four lessons in the first; and three in the remaining classes, 
 Mathematic three lessons in- the five lower classes and four 
 in the two higher besides this history, geography, natural 
 history and physics calligraphy, hantliw r ork, embroidery, singing 
 and gymnastics. The studies which are non obligatory are 
 subdivided into two heads, one of these elected by the pupil 
 is obligatory, the first head consists of the German language, 
 French language, draw ing and pedagogy and the second French. 
 German or English elected by the student and Greek and 
 Latin. 
 
 At the head of these educational institutions is a directrice 
 the educational part under the Pedagogical Council or Board 
 under the presidency of the director of the local gymnasium 
 or professional school, or under the presidency of another 
 representative of the Ministry of Public Instruction, the eco- 
 nomical management is under the administration of a tutor- 
 ship consisting of the president of the Pedagogical Council, 
 the directrice and members elected by institutions supporting 
 the gymnasium or either progymnasium of their ow r n means or 
 jointly witli the Government, such as town or district muni- 
 cipalities. 
 
 The Statutes of .May _4, INTO permit the opening at the 
 gymnasiums for girls of an .additional 8 th class, specially 
 intended for those who wish to make a profession of teaching 
 and in which the following studies are taught : 
 
 Pedagogy, Didactics, Russian including Church Slavonic, 
 French and German, Mathematics, History and Geography. 
 The two first subjects are obligatory and others are elective. 
 Besides theoretical lessons, the girls of the additional class 
 are obliged to assist in the teaching of the lower clas-< -. 
 
 PfQgymnasmms have three or four classes with the courses 
 of study corresponding to those of the gymnasium; 
 
 3
 
 34 
 
 January 1, 1891, the number of institutions administered 
 by the Ministry of Public Instruction was 342, including 143 
 gymnasiums, 179 progymnasiums, three higher schools for girls, 
 five great schools in the Dorpat educational district and twelve 
 second great schools in the same district. At the same time 
 there were 62,529 girls and of this number 5,925 finished the 
 course. There were 3,868,150 roubles 88 cop. assigned in 1890 
 for the expenses of these 342 institutions. 
 
 SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 I. INSTITUTES FOR TEACHERS. 
 
 Institutes for teachers are established with the aim of pre- 
 paring teachers for town schools, which are to replace gra- 
 dually district schools, as these last do not correspond any 
 more to present educational requirements. Institutes for teach- 
 ers are conducted according to statutes of 31 May, 1872, 
 they are boarding schools with three classes of one year each. 
 Their internal management corresponds exactly to the organ- 
 ization of gymnasiums for boys, and teachers of these insti- 
 tutes avail themselves of the same rights and prerogatives as 
 teachers of gymnasiums. 
 
 Every such institute has a town school of two classes ad- 
 joined to it. and in this school students of the higher class 
 of the institute practise teaching. The number of pupils is 
 limited to seventy-five of which sixty receive stipends from 
 the Ministry of Public Instruction and the 15 remaining for 
 pupils educated for the account of other ministries or the 
 paying the fees for their education. 
 
 Institutes for teachers are exclusively maintained on Govern- 
 ment expense and for every institute 30,000 roubles are assigned 
 yearly. Young men between sixteen and nineteen years of age 
 are admitted in these institutes, after passing an examination 
 corresponding to the program of the 4 th class of professional
 
 35 
 
 schools. The curriculum of studies consists of: Religion, Rus- 
 sian, Mathematics, history, geography, natural history, sketch- 
 ing, drawing and calligraphy, pedagogy, didactic, singing and 
 gymnastics ; hesides this in some of the institutes the teach- 
 ing of manual work is introduced. January 1, 1891, there were 
 nine institutes for teachers in the following towns: St. Pe- 
 tersburg, Moscow, Bielgorod, Government of Kharkov, Kazan, 
 Vilna, Gluchov, government of Tchernigov, Theodosia, Tau- 
 ride, government Crimea, Orenburg and Tiflis. In these edu- 
 cational institutions were at the same time 142 teachers, and 
 445 pupils, of this number 29 left the institutes before com- 
 pleting the course and 156 were graduated. The sum of 
 288,994 roubles was assigned in 1890 for maintaining these 
 institutes. 
 
 II. INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH TEACHERS 
 
 The former school for rabbis in Vilna was transformed in 
 1874 into a Jewish institute for teachers on the same general 
 plan as the Christian institutes in Russia ; it differs only by the 
 number of classes, four instead of three. The educational plan 
 is like the plans of other institutes for teachers but besides 
 all the objects taught there, a considerable number of weekly 
 lessons ten in the 1 st , nine in 2 d , nine in the 3 d and six in the 4 th 
 are consecrated to the study of the Hebrew and Jewish faith. To 
 the institute an elementary Jewish school is adjoined for prac- 
 tising in teaching of the pupils of the elder class. January 1 , 1891, 
 there were eigteen teachers at the institute in Vilna and sixty- 
 nine pupils of whic four have left the institute before finishing 
 the course of studies, and height have been graduated, for the 
 maintaining of the institute 33,14r> roubles were assigned from 
 taxes received from Jews to this effect. 
 
 III. SEMINARIES AND SCHOOLS FOR TEACHERS 
 
 These educational institutions are established for the pur- 
 pose of preparing teachers for elementary schools, as the need
 
 36 
 
 of such teachers is more and more felt in all the parts of 
 the Empire. These seminaries and schools consist of three 
 classes, each with yearly courses; the subjects taught are the 
 same as in the institutes for teachers, but in more narrow 
 limits. There is always an elementary school of one or two 
 classes adjoined to each seminary to furnish the practice of 
 teaching to students of the higher class and small workshops 
 for teaching trades. In some of these institutions, conforming 
 to local conditions pupils are taught rudiments of rural eco- 
 nomy and gardening. The maintaining of a seminary for teach- 
 ers with the elementary school adjoined to it costs about 
 17,000 roubles annually, but this cost is augmented accor- 
 ding to the number of elementary schools adjoined to the 
 seminaries; for instance the seminary of Kazan costs 38,400 
 roubles, that of Irkutsk 35.000 roubles. 
 
 January 1, 1891, there were 62 seminaries for teachers 
 with 89 elementary schools adjoined to them. Out of the 62 
 seminaries two are destined for preparing female teachers and 
 five schools for teachers of local nationalities namely: the school 
 of Simferopol for Tartars, that of Orenburg for Kirgizes, 
 those of Kazan and Simbirsk for Tartars and Tschuvaschs 
 and the school in Irkutsk for local pagan nationalities. At 
 the same period the number of teachers in these seminaries 
 amounted to 734. with 7,130 pupils, of which 800 left before 
 the end of the year and 1.424 were duly graduated. The 
 maintaining of all the seminaries together with the adjoined 
 elementary schools in 1890 cost 1,243,331 roubles. 
 
 IV. SPECIAL AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 
 
 1. The higher school of trade in Lodz. 
 
 This school was founded in 1869 and is conducted accord- 
 ing to the wants of the locality, where industrial pursuits 
 prevail. At the present moment it consists of six fundamental 
 classes and four parallel divisions; besides this, a Sunday 
 commercial school and a Sunday drawing-school are annexed.
 
 37 
 
 - > i 
 
 For the maintainance of this instruction in 1890, 
 36.000 roubles were assigned. The personal staff, January 1, 
 1891, consisted of 20 persons with 397 students in the trade 
 school, and 125 in the Sunday commercial school and 51 in the 
 Sunday drawing-school. Fourteen students finished the course 
 of education in this school in 1890. 
 
 2. The Commercial school in Odessa. 
 
 The school is founded in 1861 and is maintained exclusively 
 by the merchants of Odessa. January 1, 1891. in all the six 
 classes of the school there were 497 students and of this 
 number 39 have finished the course of studies. 
 
 3. The Institute for deaf and dumb and for the blind in Warsaw. 
 
 This institute is the only one of the type under the ad- 
 ministration of the Ministry of Public Instruction as all sim- 
 ilar institutions of a benevolent character belong to the Empress 
 Mary Institution. For the maintainance of this school in 1892 
 a sum of 43,000 roubles was assigned. The educational staff 
 consisted of 29 persons; the number of pupils, boys and girls 
 were 200, 162 of those being deaf and dumb, and 38 blind. 
 
 4. The Alexander professional schools in Grodno. 
 
 The formal opening of this school took place in 1890 
 although the house for it was bought in 1880; and as yet 
 only a locksmith and carpenter workshops. January 1. 1891, 
 the educational corps consisted of five persons and twenty 
 six pupils, of which sixteen received stipends and ten were 
 externes. 
 
 5. The Commercial and Technical school in Moscow. 
 
 This school consisted im 1890 of seven classes, attended on 
 January 1, 1891, by 426 pupils out of which 35 have fin- 
 ished the course of studies.
 
 38 
 
 6. The Professional school in Krasnoufimsk. 
 
 During 1890 this institution consisted of a six-class te- 
 chnical school and two four- class intermediate technical edu- 
 cational institutions, mines and rural economy; the sum of 
 roubles 68,000 was assigned during the year for the mainte- 
 nance of the school. January 1, 1891, there were 36 teachers, 
 including the director, the priest and an inspector of techni- 
 cal classes ; at the same time there were 203 pupils out of 
 which 115 in the classes of general education, and 88 in the 
 technical classes. To this school there is adjoined a rural Rus- 
 sian and Bashkirian school with three classes, attended by 
 fourteen teachers and sixty pupils. 
 
 7. Goubkin Technical School in Kungur. 
 
 This school was founded by the Actual Councillor of State 
 Goubkin, who offered 85,000 roubles for its establishment. At 
 first it consisted of six classes, at present only four. For the 
 maintenance of the institution in 1890 the sum of 32,000 roubles 
 was assigned. January 1, 1891, the corps was composed of 23 
 persons, including the honorable tutor, a director and a priest, 
 with 49 pupils, out of which 48 attended the mechanic- engi- 
 neering classes and one the carpenter shop. Three students 
 finished a complete course of studies. 
 
 8. The lower mechanic and technical school in Omsk. 
 
 This school founded in December 1882 consists of four 
 classes, is provided with board and lodging and has several 
 workshops, namely : carpentering, modelling, cast-iron foundry, 
 boot-maker and tailor shops. The corps, January 1, 1891, 
 was composed of twelve persons, including the director and 
 the priest. At the same time there were 67 students, of which 
 62 were boarders. Six students finished in 1890 the complete 
 course of studies.
 
 35 
 ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION. 
 
 1. District and town schools. 
 
 The district schools founded in 1828 and since 1865 con- 
 sisting of two or three classes, do not at present fulfill the 
 requirements, as above mentioned ; these schools are therefore 
 undergoing a gradual transformation into town schools, con- 
 formingly to the statutes of May 31, 1872. Such town-schools 
 are opened according to the institution for teachers of the 
 Empire which prepares the necessary educational corps. 
 
 January 1, 1877, there still were 367 district schools 
 with 30,480 pupils and January 1, 1891 only 168 schools 
 with 12,830 students remained; of this number 1,027 finished 
 the complete course of learning. The educational corps 
 consisted at the same time of 1,027 persons All the ex- 
 penses for the maintenance of this sort of educational insti- 
 tutions amounted in 1890 to 523,000 roubles. 
 
 Town-schools are established with the purpose of giving 
 to pupils a complete elementary education. These institutions 
 can have from one to six classes, but the curriculum of 
 study as well as the time for passing the course remain 
 always the same; the course lasts six years. Each class is 
 attended by one teacher, assisted by one or several subteach- 
 ers, according to the number of pupils. The teacher is not 
 confined to one subject, as in the intermediate educational 
 institutions, but he teaches all the subjects included in the 
 curriculum of the respective class, except religion, gymnastics 
 and singing. 
 
 The curriculum of town schools includes: Religion, Russian 
 and Slavonic languages, Arithmetic, Rudiments of Geometry, 
 Russian, History, Geography, Natural History, Tracing, Draw- 
 ing, Singing and Gymnastics. Boys from ten to thirteen years of 
 age, after having followed without interruption the four year 
 course of a town-school have the right to enter the first class
 
 40 
 
 of a gymnasium or professional school without preliminary 
 examination. 
 
 January 1, there were only 61 town-schools; of these 5 are 
 with four classes, 37 with three classes, 16 with two classes and 
 3 with one class only; they were attended hy 7,171 pupils. 
 January 1, 1891, the number of town schools grew to 407: 
 3 with six classes, 6 with five, 61 with four, 214 with three, 
 116 with two and 7 with one class. The corps of teachers 
 amounted to 2,693 persons and there were 51.120 pupils, of 
 which 3,199 finished the complete course of studies. 
 
 ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 
 
 The district municipalities, zeinstvo, town and village 
 municipalities and private persons have the right to found 
 elementary schools by approval of the local inspector of 
 public schools and that of the president of the district school 
 Council; the organization of the teaching is to be arranged 
 according to the advice of the school Council. In order to 
 avoid all misunderstanding which may result from the absence 
 of any restrictions, the Ministry of Public Instruction opens 
 standard rural schools of one or two classes and maintains 
 them by a subsidy of the locality. The curriculum of study 
 in such schools is obligatory to those pupils of other elemen- 
 tary public schools who wish to profit by the privileges of 
 the military service granted through education; thus the 
 elementary instruction is generally levelled and approaches more 
 and more the Ministerial program. 
 
 According to the law of June 4, 1875, in one district there 
 can not be more than one Ministerial standard school of two classes 
 and two of one class. These schools receive from the Ministry 
 yearly subsidies not exceeding 1,000 roubles for a two-class 
 school and 226 roubles for each one-class school. Besides this 
 contributions are given to village municipalities for building 
 houses for schools and for furniture and interior arrangements. 
 The teacher's salarv in not less than 330 roubles, the teacher
 
 of religion, curate or deacon, receives 150 roubles in two-class 
 schools and 100 roubles in the one class schools. The assistant 
 teachers receive their salaries out of the special funds of the 
 school; a trade-professional class can be adjoined to the school, 
 the choice of trade depending wholly on the choice and sort 
 of occupation of the local inhabitants. The children of the 
 inhabitants of those villages, that participate in the expenses 
 for the maintaining of the school, can attend it free; besides 
 that if there is room other children can be received in the school, 
 but the}* must pay a fee not exceeding three roubles yearly. 
 
 Such educational institutions are established either for 
 boys or girls, but in case of necessity schools for children of 
 both sexes can be opened. The course of study in the two- 
 class schools continues five years and in the one-class schools, 
 three years. In these last the following subjects are taught: 
 Religion, Kussiau language, Arithmetic and Calligraphy. The 
 course of the two-class school includes besides the above- 
 mentioned subjects; geography, rudiments of natural history and 
 drawing. Moreover in both these schools singing is taught; 
 gymnastics and gardening are taught only in well provided 
 schools. 
 
 January 1, 1891, not including the Dorpat educational 
 district, the number of elementary schools under the adminis- 
 tration of the Ministry of Public Instruction was 24,515, 
 with 50.824 teachers and 1,684,458 pupils, of which 1,272,023 
 were boys and o(i2,435 were girls; 151,152 of them finished 
 the complete course of study. The Ministry of Public In- 
 struction spent on elementary schools in 1870 the sum of 
 14,436,000 roubles. 
 
 This list does not include Jewish elementary schools, the 
 number of which, January 1, 1891, exceeded 3,000 with 49,410 
 pupils. 38,527 boys and 10.883 girls; musulman schools are 
 not included either. 
 
 Lastly there exists a whole series of elementary schools, be- 
 longing to other Ministries, namely: parish church schools and
 
 42 
 
 the schools for reading and writing under the ecclesiastical 
 administration. 
 
 One of the chief difficulties, that arise in the progress of 
 elementary instruction in Russia, consists in the considerable 
 distances between the villages belonging to the same muni- 
 cipality; this circumstance, especially in winter, has a very 
 unfavorable influence on the regularity of attendance. In 
 order to avoid this difficulty, board and lodging are being 
 arranged in some places and entrusted to the supervision of 
 the school teachers. 
 
 In fact there are many more obstacles against the intro- 
 duction of elementary instruction in Russia than anywhere 
 else; they consist chiefly in the great distances, in the climate, 
 in the too heavy school expenses and lastly in the deficiency 
 of teachers. 
 
 The state of public instruction flourishes best in the 
 town of St. Petersburg, where the municipalities cheer- 
 fully provide means and labor for the possible introduction 
 of elementary instruction among the people. Fifteen years ago 
 the number of children that frequented the sixteen elementary 
 schools of St. Petersburg amounted only to 899. In 1992 the 
 number was 140,000 pupils in 291 schools. The estimate assigned 
 for public instruction amounting to 613,000 roubles forms 
 7 per cent of the general town expenses. Moreover the town 
 spends considerable sums for the assistance of learned societies 
 and high courses for women. 
 
 PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 The number of private educational institutions under the 
 administration of the Ministry of Public Instruction amounted to 
 121 of second grade 668 of third and 412 in 1890 to 1,226, 
 of which 20 schools were of first grade, schools were adjoined 
 to churches of foreign religions. Of this number 129 schools 
 are intended for boys, 285 for girls and 812 for both sexes;
 
 43 
 
 January 1, 1891, there were 47,466 pupils 23,488 boys and 
 23,978 girls. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 THE IMPERIAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 
 
 The Imperial Academy of Sciences was founded in 1725 
 by an ukaz of the Emperor Peter the Great and was opened 
 in the following year. Its object, as defined by the founder, 
 is the following: 1) to assist in the diffusion of human 
 knowledge generally; 2) to further general education in Rus- 
 sia; 3) to adapt the new discoveries of science to the practi- 
 cal needs of the country. This establishment is subdivided into 
 three sections : physics and mathematics, Russian language 
 and literature, and history and philology. 
 
 On the 1 st of January 1891 there were in all 40 acade- 
 micians (ordinary and extraordinary) and coadjutors. At this 
 time the library of the Academy consisted of 383,860 volumes. 
 Over and above this the following collections and museums 
 are attached to the Academy: 1) a zoological museum; 2) a 
 botanical museum containing over 100,000 specimens; 3) a mi- 
 neralogical museum consisting of about 70,000 different spe- 
 cimens; 4) a botanical laboratory; 5) the Asiatic museum of 
 the Academy of Sciences consisting of 24,245 books, manus- 
 cripts and other objects; 6) a museum of classical archeology; 
 7) a physiological laboratory ; 8) the Russian uumismatical 
 collection of the Academy of Sciences containing 109 gold, 
 6,405 silver and 9,000 brass and copper ancient Russian coins 
 and medals ; 9) a museum of ethnography and anthropology, 
 chiefly Russian; 10) a chemical laboratory and 11) a physical 
 laboratory. 
 
 Independent of this the Imperial Academy has the super- 
 vision of the following scientific institutions: 1) the Central 
 Physical Observatory in St-Petersburg; 2) the Magneto-mete- 
 orological Observatory in Pavlovsk; 3) the physical observa-
 
 44 
 
 tory in Tiflis, 4) the Magneto-meteorological Observatories in 
 Ekaterinburg and Irkutsk; 5) the chemical laboratory in 
 St-Petersburg; 6) the printing office and type-foundry of the 
 Academy of Sciences. 
 
 II. THE MCOLAS OBSERVATORY I> PULKOVO. 
 
 Founded in 1838, the observatory aims chiefly to make 
 astronomical observations, to make improvements in practical 
 astronomy, to direct the activity of other Russian observa- 
 tories and to prepare astronomers, geodesians and astrophy- 
 sicians. The remarkable set of astronomical instruments con- 
 tains a refractor worthy of attention, of 30 inches diameter 
 lately constructed in America to order for the Russian go- 
 vernment. The rich library of the observatory received in 1891 
 an addition of 175 volumes and 116 treatise. For the main- 
 tainauce of the Observatory 61,000 roubles are assigned for 
 1893. The corps of this institution consists of 19 persons. 
 
 III. THE IMPERIAL PUBLIC LIBRARY. 
 
 The St-Petersburg Public Library was founded in 1810 
 and opened to the public in 1814. The Government allowed 
 85,382 roubles per annum for its support. Of everything that 
 is published in Russia, one copy must be presented to the 
 Library. January 1, 1893 the Library contained 80,593 ma- 
 nuscripts, authographs and deeds in various languages, 104,560 
 engravings and photographs, 14,085 maps and atlases,. 17,877 
 pieces of music,, 114,283 works in 1,415,982 volumes of 
 print. This includes 260,000 works in 311,000 volumes in 
 foreign languages: on Russia -- 46,587 works in 55,423 vo- 
 lumes, on Palestine -- 1,913 works in 2,160 volumes, on Ho- 
 race (editions and commentaries) 2,095 works in 2,321 volu- 
 mes, Elzevirs to the number of 2,361 works in 2,526 volu- 
 mes, Aldine editions to the number of 626 works in 694 
 volumes, incunabula to the number of 3,672 works and lastly
 
 45 
 
 the <Voltaire Library > consisting of 3,318 works in 6,902 
 volumes. 
 
 In 1$92 the following additions were made: 31,305 works 
 in 35.101 volumes, 2,475 manuscripts and authographs, 963 
 engravings, 75 geographical maps, 1,104 musical pieces. 
 
 There were 108,511 readers, who applied for 142,122 works 
 in 206,980 volumes, 41,396 numbers of journals and news- 
 papers, and 1,247 manuscripts. 
 
 There were 2,214 visitors. 
 
 IV. THE MOSCOW PUBLIC MUSEUM OF ROUM1AMSOFF. 
 
 Founded in 1821 in St.-Petersburg by the Chancillor 
 Prince Roumiantsoff, this museum was transfered to Moscow 
 in 1861 and joined to the public library of that town. Later 
 on to these two institutions the Daschkoff ethnographical mu- 
 seum was annexed and at the present time the museum is 
 composed of the following divisions: 1) department of manus- 
 cripts and Slavonic old printed books, which in 1890 received 
 forty-three new numbers; 2) library augmented in the same 
 year by 846 volumes; 3) department of fine arts and classic 
 antiquities, consisting of a gallery of pictures, woodcuts and 
 a numismatical cabinet ; 4 ) department of prehistoric Chris- 
 tian and Russian antiquities; 5) the Daschkoff ethnographical 
 museum augmented in the same year by 172 donations and 
 six department of foreign ethnography. The maintainance of 
 the museum in 1890 cost 35.000 roubles. There were in that 
 year 1,534 pay and 35,830 free visitors. 
 
 V. THE CAUCASIAN MUSEUM AND THE TIFLIS PUBLIC LIBRARY. 
 
 On the initiative of Count Sollogub and thanks to the as- 
 sistance of Prince Yorontsoff the Caucasian Museum was foun- 
 ded in 1852 in Tiflis on the expense of the Imperial Russian 
 Geographical Society. This institution was further developed 
 by the aid of the Grand Duke Michael Nicolaevitch, when he
 
 46 
 
 was Governor of the Caucasus. In 1869 the museum was uni- 
 ted to the Caucasian Public Library and received its present 
 name. Since that time this institution has been enlarged yearly, 
 partly at the expense of the Government and largely by sub- 
 scriptions of learned men and antiquarians. Up to the present 
 time one hundred thousand people visited the museum. 
 
 VI. THE PUBLIC LIBRARY AND MUSEUM IN VILNA. 
 
 For the maintainance of the public Library in Vilna foun- 
 ded in 1867 together with the museum of antiquities opened 
 by Count Tyschkievitch in 1855, 8,256 roubles were assigned. 
 The library received in 1890, 487 works in 972 volumes and 
 the museum received twenty-six new articles. There were 
 19,776 visitors in 1890 and in the reading-room 13,573 vo- 
 lumes were consulted. 
 
 VII. CENTRAL ARCHIVES OF ANTIQUE DEED BOOKS IN VILNA AND 
 
 KIEV. 
 
 These two depositories of archives aim to gather and make 
 antique documents easily accessible to Government offices and 
 private persons, until the foundation of this institution in 1852 
 these documents were scattered all over the western and south 
 western provinces of Russia in courts and other district public 
 offices. 
 
 Of this institution there are five official employes. The 
 following fact gives an idea of the quantity of material gath- 
 ered : when some Government offices wanted inquiries to be 
 made in the archives, the staff was obliged to look through 
 29 deed books of different courts containing 36,098 sheets. 
 The whole number of deeds deposited in these archives num- 
 bers over 5,000,000. 
 
 In the Kiev archives, smaller than those of Vilna, there 
 were on the January 1, 1891 : 5,885 deed books, 454,980 
 separate documents and about 65,000 ancient deeds.
 
 47 
 
 VIII. THE VILNA COMMISSION FOR EXAMINING AND EDITING 
 
 ANCIENT DEEDS. 
 
 Founded in 1862 and conducted under the Act of Novem- 
 ber 12, 1876, this Committee is organized to examine and 
 publish such of the ancient documents, deposited in Yilna or 
 in other towns of north- western provinces, as present a real 
 interest in the historical sense of the word. The staft' of 
 the Committee consists of a president and four members; the 
 maintainance of this Committee cost 9,136 roubles in 1890. 
 
 On the two hundredth anniversary of the Peter the 
 Great's birthday, May 30, 1872 yearly premiums of the 
 name of this great historical personality were founded; two 
 of these premiums ammount to 2,000 roubles each and two 
 are af 500 roubles. These premiums are delivered to the best 
 compilers of school books for gymnasiums, professional 
 schools, elementary schools and lastly books for the people, to 
 this list are added later on books on technical and profes- 
 sional subjects. The works are presented by their authors to 
 the Scientific Committee of the Ministry of Public Instruction 
 in manuscripts or printed, the Committee appoints several 
 special commissions for the critic of these works and on the 
 basis of the verdicts of these commission the Scientific Commit- 
 tee adjudicates the premiums with the confirmation of the 
 Minister of Public Instruction. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 
 
 On January 1, 1891 there were in the Ministry of Public 
 Instruction 59 scientific societies. Out of this number twenty 
 have for object of their scientific labours natural history, 
 physics or chemistry, 14 are given to history and archeology, 
 18 to fine arts and literature, 8 to classical philology, peda- 
 gogy and national instruction. 
 
 Here is the list of subsidies, paid in 1892 to under follow- 
 ing societies.
 
 - 48 
 
 1) The Imperial Society of studying Nature, in Moscow 
 4,857 roubles. 
 
 2) The St.-Petersburg Mineralogical Society 2,857 roubles. 
 
 3) The Imperial Russian Archeological Society 5.000 rbls. 
 
 4) The Moscow Society of History and Antiquities 5.000 
 roubles. 
 
 5) Society of History and antiquities of New Russia Pro- 
 vinces in Odessa 2,500 roubles. 
 
 6) The Fine Arts Warsaw Society 1,650 roubles. 
 
 7) The Russian Entomological Society 3,000 roubles. 
 
 Societies of students in Natural History at the universi- 
 ties of: 8) St-Petersburg, 9) Moscow, 10) Kazan, 11} Khar- 
 kov, 12) Odessa, 13) Kiev, 14) Dorpat 15.500 roubles. 
 
 15) The Imperial Russian Historical Society 8,000 roubles. 
 
 16) The Imperial Moscovite Archeological Society 5,000 rbls. 
 
 17) The Historical Society of the Chronologist Nestor in 
 Kiev 800 roubles. 
 
 To this is adjoined a list of premiums founded by the 
 scientific Society and institutions. 
 
 The staff of the Administration at the Ministry of Public 
 Instruction. 
 
 The Minister, Secretary of State, Member of the Imperial 
 Council. Senator, Honourable Patron, Actual Privy Councillor 
 Count John Davidovitch Dielanoff. 
 
 The Assistant Minister, High Master of the Court, Se- 
 nator, Honourable Patron Prince Michael Siergieievitch Vol- 
 konski. 
 
 The director of the Department of Public Instruction, 
 Privy Councillor Nicolas Milievitch Anitchkoff. 
 
 President of the Scientific Committee of the Ministry of 
 Public Instruction, Member of the Board of Ministers Privy 
 Councillor Alexander Ivanovitch Georgievski. 
 
 The President of the Archeological Commission. Member 
 of the Imperial Council, Ordinary Academician, Actual Privy 
 Councillor Anathasis Theodorovitch Bijtchkoff.
 
 49 
 
 The Director of the Imperial Public Library the same. 
 
 The President of the Imperial Academy of Sciences His 
 Imperial Highness the Grand Duke Constantin Constantiuovitch. 
 
 Patrons of educational districts : 
 
 St. -Petersburg. Privy Councillor Michael Nicolaevitch Ka- 
 pastine. 
 
 Moscow. Privy Councillor Count Paul Alexieievitch Kap- 
 nist. 
 
 Kazan. Actual Councillor of State Nicolai Gavrilovitch 
 Potapoff. 
 
 Orenburg. Privy Councillor John Jacovlevitch Rostovtseff. 
 
 Kharkov. Privy Councillor Nicolai Paulovitch Vorontsoff- 
 Viliaminoff. 
 
 Odessa district. Privy Councillor Chrizanth Petrovitch 
 Solskii. 
 
 Kiev. Privy Councillor Vladimir Vladimirovitch Viliaminoff- 
 Zernoff. 
 
 Vilua. Privy Councillor Nicolai Alexandrovitch Siergievskii. 
 
 Warsaw. Privy Councillor Alexander Lvovitch Apuchtine. 
 
 Dorpat. Privy Councillor Nicolai Alexieievitch Lavrovskii. 
 
 Caucasus. Privy Councillor Cycil Petrovitch Jansovskii. 
 
 Western Syberia district. Privy Councillor Vasily Marko- 
 vitch Florinskii.
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 ESTABLISHMENTS BELONGING TO OTHER MINIS- 
 TRIES. 
 
 I. The Educational Institutions in the department of the Most 
 
 Holy Synod. 
 
 The greatest number of schools in Russia depend on the Board of Public 
 Instruction and next on the most Holy Synod. 
 
 The latter deals with the ecclesiastical academies, ecclesiastical seminaries, 
 ecclesiastical schools for boys and girls, schools of missionaries and the parish 
 church schools. 
 
 I. The Orthodox Ecclesiastical Academies are in : 
 
 St-Petersburg students 256 
 
 Moscow > 215 
 
 Kieff > 173 
 
 Kazan . . 146 
 
 790 
 
 II . Fifty five ecclesiastical seminaries one in each diocese with the num- 
 ber of 1000 teachers and 16,000 pupils. 
 
 III. Ecclesiastical schools 185. Teachers 2,000; scholars nearly 30,000. 
 
 IV. Diocesan girls' schools 50. The number of pupils amounts to 11,000. 
 
 Note. Excepting the diocesan girls' schools, kept up by the means of 
 each diocese, the department of the Orthodox religion has 12 schools for 
 girls of ecclesiastical state, amounting nearly to 2,000 pupils in all. 
 Those schools are patronized by Her I. M. The Empress of Russia and 
 maintained by the Most Holy Synod. 
 
 V . One hundred and eighty schools of missionary in the eastern governments 
 of Russia with 5,800 pupils and 90 of such schools in the Siberian dis- 
 tricts containing 2,200 pupils. 
 
 4*
 
 52 
 
 VI. In order to propagate elementary science amidst the people and to 
 establish them in the faith and Christian morality, 21,684 parish church 
 schools were organized, for 625,000 children both boys and girls. 
 Thus every year 700,000 boys and girls get their education in the schools 
 of the Most Holy Synod. 
 
 II. The Ministry of the Imperial Court. 
 
 The Academy of Fine Arts in St-Petersburg 426. 
 School for painting, drawing, sculpture and architecture in Moscow. 
 The Imperial Chapel of Singers in St-Petersburg. 
 Two Theatrical Schools (St-Petersburg and Moscow) 290. 
 The Technical school at the Imperial Factory for cutting into facets. 
 Nine Elementary Schools maintained by the Department of Appanages. 
 Elementary Schools at the Factories and mines in the Altai Mountain 
 districts. 
 
 Schools at the Imperial Stables. 
 
 m. The Ministry for Foreign Affairs. 
 
 A section for the study of Oriental languages at the Asiatic Department. 
 
 IV. The Ministry of Finance. n . of 
 
 pupils. 
 
 The Stroganoif Central School for Technical Drawing in Moscow . . . 865 
 
 The Peter School of St-Petersburg Merchants' Society 506 
 
 The Alexandrow .Commercial School in Moscow 615 
 
 The Moscow Practical Academy for Commercial Science 433 
 
 The Trade School of the Tsessarewitch Nicholas 329 
 
 The Empress Maria Alexandrowna girls' school for handiwork .... 310 
 The St-Petersburg Central School of Baron Schtiglitz for Technical 
 
 Drawing 775 
 
 INSTITUTIONS OF THE IMPERIAL RUSSIAN TECHNICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 Three special schools in St-Petersburg. 
 
 Ten evening schools for workmen. 
 
 The Ligov school for workwomen. 
 
 Four schools for young workers of both sexes. 
 
 Twelve elementary schools for children- workers. 
 
 Handiwork classes for women at the Poutilov school. Number of pupils . 2,351 
 
 Total 6,184
 
 53 -- 
 
 V. The Educational Institutions of the "War-Department. 
 
 I. Military Academies: ,,upii. 
 
 1) The Nicholas Academy of the Staff Office 300 
 
 with a section for the study of oriental languages .... 18 
 
 2) The Nicholas Academy of Engineering 93 
 
 3) The Michael Academy of Artillery 65 
 
 4) The Military Academy of Law 85 
 
 5) The medical and surgical Academy 750 
 
 II. Military Schools. 
 
 1) The Nicholas School of Cavalry 244 
 
 2) of Engineering 158 
 
 3) The Michael School of Artillery 189 
 
 4) The Paul Military School (College) 411 
 
 5) The Constantin Military School (College) 407 
 
 6) The Alexandrow > > 391 
 
 7) The Corps of Pages of H. I. M. with elementary classes. . . 216 
 
 8) The Military-Pedagogical Seminary in Moscow 120 
 
 9) Military classes for setting boundaries in Tiflis 93 
 
 III. 21 Corps of Cadets 7,896 
 
 IV. 5 Military schools (elementary) 1,112 
 
 V . Military schools for the children of the soldiers in the Guards : 
 
 in Reval and at the powder-mill in Ochta (St-Petersburg) 
 
 VI. The Admiralty. . O f 
 
 pupils. 
 
 I. The Nicholas Naval Academy 20 
 
 The Officers' Class of Miners 20 
 
 The Class for Miners-Mechanicians 
 
 The Officers' Artillery Class 20 
 
 The Naval Light Company for teaching 
 
 The divers' school 
 
 II. The Admiralty Technical School 80 
 
 The Naval Corps of Cadets 320 
 
 III. Special schools for sailors at Cronsladt, Nicolaev and Vladivostok. 
 
 VII. The Educational Institutions of the Home Department. 
 
 n. of 
 pupils. 
 
 I. The Institute of Civil Engineers in St-Petersburg 300 
 
 II. The Imperial Roman-Catholic Ecclesiastical Academy 64 
 
 III. Thirteen Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Seminaries 1,094 
 
 IV. The Imperial Russian Musical Society of the Home Department 
 1) Two Conservatories in St-Petersburg and Moscow.
 
 54 
 
 2) Eighteen music-schools and different music classes in the provin- 
 
 cial towns. 
 
 3) Seventy four music schools and colleges. 
 
 V. Assistant-surgeon schools maintained by the country states. 
 
 Vin. The Educational Institutions of the Ministry of Justice. 
 
 I. The Imperial school of Law. This school is a privileged College for 
 the study of law. It has elementary classes. The number of pupils 
 amounted in the year 1892 to 345. 
 II. The Constantin Institute for setting boundaries (surveying). 
 
 This school is to afford well instructed land-surveyors for state and 
 private purposes. It is to have but 300 pupils every year. 
 III. Five boundary- schools in Pskow, Penza, Koursk, Oufa, and Tiflis. They 
 have about 300 pupils yearly. 
 
 IX. The Educational Institutions of the Ministry of Domains. 
 
 I. 
 
 SCHOOLS OF AGBICULTUKE. n - " f 
 
 pupils. 
 
 The Peter Academy of Rural Economy in Moscow 924 
 
 Seven schools of Agriculture in different Governments of Russia . . . 1,122 
 
 Thirty one elementary schools of Rural Economy 1,150 
 
 Three horticultural schools of the Crown 126 
 
 Six farming schools 93 
 
 Five schools for different specialties in Agriculture and Rural Economy. 156 
 
 II. 
 THE MINING SCHOOLS. 
 
 The Institute for the science of mining 270 
 
 The Ural Mining school 60 
 
 The cLissichance> school for Head-Miners 107 
 
 The Mining school of M r S. Poliakov 29 
 
 The Dombrov Mining School 88 
 
 Total 4,125 
 
 X. The Educational Institutions of the Ministry of Roads of 
 
 Communication. n - f 
 
 pupils. 
 
 I. The Institute of Roads of Communication of the Emperor Ale- 
 xander 1. That Institute is established for the special purpose of 
 affording highly instructed engineers for railroad and port. . . . 300
 
 55 - 
 
 II. 28 Technical Railroad-engineering schools 1,716 
 
 III . The Conductors' school in Vishnij-Volotshok 77 
 
 IV. The school for the science of fluvial communication in Nijnii- 
 Novgorod 112 
 
 Total 2,205 
 
 XI. The Department of the Empress Maria. 
 
 I. 
 
 IN ST.-PETERSBURG. " f 
 
 pupils. 
 
 The Imperial Alexander Lyceum 200 
 
 The Educational Society for young ladies 407 
 
 Alexandrer school 311 
 
 The school of St-Catharine's Order 328 
 
 The Patriotic Institute for young ladies, with a preliminary class . . . 214 
 
 Elisabeth School 193 
 
 Paul Institute 283 
 
 Nicolas Orphan Asylum (Institute) 501 
 
 Division for Children 126 
 
 The Class for Teachers in the French Language 19 
 
 The Nicolas girls' school 59 
 
 The Orphan Asylum at Gatchina 649 
 
 The Commercial School , 448 
 
 The School for the deaf-mute (with Asylum) 171 
 
 Eight girls' Gymnasium , . . 2,806 
 
 Pedagogical College (High Courses) 240 
 
 The Progymnasium at the above-named College 199 
 
 The Gymnasium in Gatchina 105 
 
 > > > Zarskoe-Sjelo 129 
 
 The First Marian Girls' School 88 
 
 > Second > > 50 
 
 Fifteen Schools of the Patriotic Society of Women 2,626 
 
 Two schools for daughters of the soldiers of the Guard-Regiment J& 1 . 50 
 
 The same of the Guard Regiment Jte 2 60 
 
 The Evangelical Alexander School 50 
 
 The School at the Card-Factory 42 
 
 The School for the Clerks at the Hospital of the Church of cAll Dis- 
 tressed* 25 
 
 The School for poor girls at Pavlovsk 36 
 
 The Demidov Professional School 152
 
 56 
 
 THE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF TH IMPERIAL ORPHAN-HOUSE. 
 
 The Girls' School "^ . . . . 45 
 
 The School for Nurses 20 
 
 The School for Women-Surgeon-Assistants 8 
 
 The Marian Seminary for Teachers at Pawlowsk 42 
 
 100 Village-Schools in various districts 2,532 
 
 II. 
 IN Moscow. 
 
 The School of St-Catharine's Order 356 
 
 The Alexander School 208 
 
 Tbe Elisabeth School 219 
 
 The Nicolas Orphan Institute 113 
 
 Consisting of a Division for Children 268 
 
 The Nicholas girls' school 113 
 
 The Commercial School 560 
 
 5 Girls' Gymnasiums 1,608 
 
 16 Schools of the Charitable Societies of the year 1837 848 
 
 The Marian College for young ladies 285 
 
 The Alexandro-Marian School for ladies 263 
 
 The School of the Prince of Olldenburg 115 
 
 The School for Horticulture at the Russian Horticultural-Society ... 50 
 
 The Surgeon- Assistants' School 119 
 
 41 Village Schools in various Districts . . . . 1,702 
 
 III. 
 
 a) Institutions for young Ladies (in Governments) : 
 
 In Charkow, Odessa, Kazan, Kieff, Bjelostok, Warsaw, Districts beyond 
 
 the Caucasus, Tambov, Poltava, Nijni-Novgorod, Rostov at the 
 
 Don, Saratov, Eastern Siberia, Kertch, Orenburg and Orel .... 3,171 
 6) Gymnasiums: 
 In Astrachan, Vilna, Vitebsk, Grodno, Gitomir, Kamenetz-Podolsk, 
 
 Kieff, Kovno, Minsk, Mogilev, Riazan, Saratoff and Simbirsk. . . 5,214 
 
 c) The Boarding School of the Countess Levashoff 96 
 
 The Marian girls' school at Vishni-Volotchok 56 
 
 The Marian girls' school at Tobolsk 126 
 
 The Educational Institutions of the Empress Maria Alexandrovna for 
 
 the Blind. 
 
 Such Institutions are in: 
 St-Petersburg, Kieff, Reval, Kazan, Kostroma, Charkoff, Odessa and 
 
 Voroneje
 
 57 
 
 The Educational Institution of Paul Orloff for children of the poor in 
 
 Narva ............................ 33 
 
 The Kuban Marian School for girls in Katherinodar ......... 199 
 
 The School for Sailors' children in Nicolaeff ............. 135 
 
 The Gogoev School for Armenian .young ladies in Nachitchevan ... 58 
 The Soulimov Boarding School for young ladies of the Nobility in 
 
 Kieff ............................. 26 
 
 The Girls' Handiwork School of M r L. Besack in Kieff. ....... 49 
 
 The Trade-School in Kieff ..................... 63 
 
 Total ...... 30,712
 
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 APPENDIX III. 
 
 CATALOGUE 
 
 of Articles sent to the World's Columbian Exposition at 
 Chicago by the Ministry of Public Instruction at Russia. 
 
 I. 
 
 The Ministry of Public Instruction of Russia at the World's 
 Columbian Exposition at Chicago. 
 
 A detailed report on the state and activity of the Ministry in recent 
 years with a brief summary of the schools under other Ministries and Admi- 
 nistrations. 
 
 II. 
 
 
 
 Reports on Educational District and Schools. 
 
 In this section are given reports on the general administration of the 
 educational part as well as information about special types of schools. 
 
 The detailed report on the state of the Caucasian educational district 
 in 1891 contains all data concerning the administration of the district, together 
 with information of the progress of education in comparison with former years. 
 The reports on the St.-Petersburg and Novorossisk Universities give some idea 
 of the state of Russian Universities. Moreover here are added several reports 
 on intermediate schools. 
 
 III. 
 Classic Flans and Prospectus. 
 
 The exhibitors of this section desire to represent hereby the assignment 
 of school duties and studies in the higher and intermediate schools lectures sche- 
 dule herewith of the St.-Petersburg University will give an idea of the course 
 of study of Russian Universities in general. The prospectuses of boys' and 
 girls' gymnasiums and progymnasiums as well as the various classic plans of 
 the technical schools and schools of trade may be found instructive.
 
 - 62 
 
 IV. 
 
 Samples of schools-books used in the intermediate and lower 
 schools of the Ministry of Public Instruction. 
 
 A collection containing 381 volumes selected from the standard school- 
 books in all subjects of the primitive and intermediate education, namely: 
 Religion, Knowledge of reading and writing and Literature, Mathematics, 
 Physics, Natural History, Grammar of modern and ancient languages, Russian 
 and General History. Most of these editions are approved by the Scientific 
 Committee of the Ministry of Public Instruction. 
 
 V. 
 Works of Professors of Universities and of other schools. 
 
 This section contains forty eight works of professors and docents of the 
 several Russian Universities. These articles cover the general branches of 
 human knowledge, namely: Philosophy, History, Archeology, Philology, Law, 
 Political Economy aud science of Finance, Higher Mathematics, Physics. Che- 
 mistry and Mechanics. Moreover this section contains a brochure by Senator 
 D. Rovinsky, entitled t Rembrandt Collection of engraving copies from the 
 pictures of Rembrandt and their explanation^ 
 
 VI. 
 
 Works and Collections of Students in various branches of 
 
 education. 
 
 Among other things are found: 
 
 1) Pencil-drawing by boys of public schools in the government of Toula. 
 
 2) Works in calligraphy and drawing by boys of the third and fourth 
 classes of the Moscow citizen schools. 
 
 3) A collection in dendrology of the Akhaltsisk town school. 
 
 4) Herbarium of the Kutai'ss town school. 
 
 5) Herbarium of the Alexander Teachers' Institute. 
 
 6) Mineralogical collections of the Ekaterinoslav professional school 
 containing a collection of Alpine plants of the Central Caucasus. The collection is 
 made by Mr. Akinfiev between Elbruss and Casbeck, in the region of perpetual 
 snow of the principal chain of the Caucasian Mountains, from 8000 to 12000 
 feet above the sea. 
 
 VII. 
 Photographs and Albums of Schools. 
 
 The section contains various albums representing views of the school- 
 buildings as well as photographs of the interior life in gymnasiums. Moreover, 
 the albums of the Tiflis and Kutai'ss gymnasiums, as well as a group of stu- 
 dents of the Kungur professional schools, represent types of the various local 
 population.
 
 63 
 
 VIII. 
 Editions of Schools and of Educational Societies. 
 
 The works represented in this section and edited by the Imperial Aca- 
 demy of Sciences, the Imperial Russian Archeological Society, the Archeographic 
 Commission of Public Instruction and the Imperial Public Library will show 
 the activity of the higher schools in Russia. 
 
 The Imperial Academy of Sciences exhibits: 
 
 1 copy. Memoires VII, Serie T. XXXVII. 
 
 1 d Bulletin d. 1'Academie Nouvelle, Serie II XXX.IV. 
 
 1 d Scientific results of the voyages of N. M. Pszevalsky, 
 
 Vols. I 1 - 4. II 1 - 2; III II 1 - 3. 
 1 d Radlov. Kudatku Billik, an ungurian manuscript. 
 1 d Transcription. 
 
 1 d Records of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Vol. LXVIII. 
 1 d Pleske. Ornithographia Rossica II 1 5. 
 1 d Repertorium fur Meteorologie. Bd. XV 1892. 
 1 d Schrenck's Reisen. Ill 1 2. 
 
 1 d Radlov. The works of the Orkhon Expedition. A. Map. 
 1 d Radlov. Collection of works of the Orkhon Expedition I. 
 
 Preliminary Report. 
 
 1 d Dictionary of the Russian language from A to V. 
 1 d Materials for the history of the Imperial Academy of 
 
 Sciences. Two volumes. 
 1 d Works of Lomonossov. One volume. 
 1 d Works of Derzhavine. Nine volumes. 
 1 d Detailed index of Russian engraved portraits. Fourvolumes. 
 1 d Russian popular pictures by D. Rovinsky. Five volumes. 
 The Imperial Russian Archeological Society exhibits: 
 The Antiquities of the Russian Empire. The Kiev-Sophia Cathedral > and 
 the fourth volume of the Records of the Eastern Section of the Society. 
 
 The Archeographic Commission of the Ministry of Public Instruction the 
 following: 
 
 Chronicles according to the manuscript of Lawrence. 
 Chronicles according to the manuscript of Ipathius. 
 Chronicles of Novgorod according to the Synod parchments. 
 Chronicles of Novgorod, second and third volumes. 
 Tale of consecutive years according to the manuscript of Lawrence. 
 Tale of consecutive years according to the manucript of Ipathius. 
 Chronicles of Novgorod according to the Synod parchments and edited 
 by means of phototype. 
 
 Russian Historical Library, Vol. I XII. 
 Documents explaining the history of the West - Russian region. 
 Voyages of abbot Daniel in the Holy Land in the beginning of the 
 XII century.
 
 64 
 
 Voyage of the Archbishop of Novgorod, Anthony, in Tsargrad in the 
 end of the Xil century. 
 
 Medallions of Count Tolstoi. 
 
 Plan of Siberia in 1701. 
 
 Brief chronicles of Siberia. 
 
 The Imperial Public Library exibits: 
 
 Two volumes of <Letters and documents of Emperor Peter the Great> 
 and the Evangelists by Ostrooiirov. 
 
 Pamphlets of the Commission of Public lectures containing simple con- 
 versations with the people concerning the History of the country, legends and 
 tales from old times as well as subjects of every day life. Moreover the section 
 contains reports of scientific societies, belonging to the Universities. 
 
 IX. 
 Maps, Flans and Designs. 
 
 1) A comparative map showing the progress of the higher and interme- 
 diate schools of the Ministry of Public Instruction from 1855 to 1892. 
 
 2) Map of military schools. 
 
 3) Maps showing the state of church parish schools of the Holy Synod. 
 
 4) Map showing the plans of these schools. 
 
 5) Map of schools of the Caucasian educational district with graphic 
 tables showing the number of students. 
 
 6) Plans of various schools. 
 
 X. 
 
 Lay-figure representing a student in uniform of the University, Accor- 
 ding to the regulations of the Imperial Russian Universities of 1884, this uni- 
 form must be worn by the students of all Universities.
 
 LA 
 
 33^ 
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