THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESENTED BY PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID . COMPRISING CUVIER'S FOUR GRAND DIVISIONS OF ANIMALS : ALSO* SHAW'S IMPROVED LINNEAN GENERA, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE CLASSES AND ORDERS OUVIER AND LATREILLE. SHORT DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME OP THE MOST COMMON SPECIES ARE -GIVEN FOR STUDENT'S EXERCISES. PREPARED FOR RENSSELAER SCHOOL AND THE POPULAR CLASS-ROOM, BY AMOS EATON. PRINTED BY WEBSTERS AND SKINNERS. 1826. PREFACE. Four years ago I published the grand divis- ions, the classes and orders of Cuvier's Le Kegne animal distribue d' apres son organization. No- tice was given at the time, that it was my inten- tion to publish a translation of Cuvier's genera. But soon afterwards I was assured that two or three of our best Zoologists contemplated the ex- ecution of an elementary system of Zoology. My pupils have now waited for the promised work about two years, since my edition of the classifica- tion of Cuvier has been exhausted. I was at last driven to this undertaking ; which I entered upon with extreme reluctance. Not on account of love of ease, or that modest diffidence usually complained of by authors. But because it may retard the publication of the promised system of American Zoology, which, it is confidently hoped^ some competent naturalist will ere long complete. In answer to this objection it has been observ- ed by my friends, that such a small book, present- ing a familiar outline of the science, might serve as a pioneer for a full system ; as my Manual of Botany did for the enlarged works of Elliott and Torrey. More than four thousand copies of the Manual, in the hands of botanists, awakened a PREFACE. zeal for the science, which rendered enlarged sys terns desirable and even necessary. So it is con- jectured, that a small treatise on Zoology may in- spire a degree of zeal, sufficient to encourage the publication of an enlarged work, It will appear by the title page, that 1 have adopted Dr. Shaw's genera, instead of Cuvier's ; though I have distributed the genera of Shaw ac- cording to Cu vier's system of classification. After comparing Cuvier's system of genera with that of Shaw, I find no other essential difference, than What arises from the numerous subdivisions of the Linnean genera made by Cuvier. The student will consequently learn nothing in using Shaw's genera, which he must unlearn if he should thereafter study animals according to Cuvier'f subdivisions. Besides, it is far from being a set- tled point among naturalists, that the modern sub- divisions of genera in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, are preferable to subdivisions into sec- tions of species according to the method of Lin- neas, which is followed by Shaw. To these re- marks I must add, that Cuvier's long descriptions^ which are essential upon his anatomical plan> could not be given in a small school-book. And even if given, they could not be understood in -many cases, without a competent knowledge of anatomy. The species of some of the Linneau genera are subdivided by Cuvier's divisions of PREFACE. V orders. These cases are few ; and as far as I have applied his orders, I can discover no materi- al inconvenience on this account. Cuvier's classification is certainly a great im- provement upon that of Linneus, in most cases. But I have not followed him in the orders of Pis* ces and of Molluscous animals. His method, would undoubtedly be preferable, if we could make it convenient to dissect every animal in these classes, which comes under examination. In the. study of molluscous animals, we are chiefly con- fmed to the empty shells j it being impossible for most students to obtain the animals inhabiting the shells. And one important use of the study of Zoology is to prepare the student for geological investigations. In this department we never find the remains, or interior castings, of the soft parts of animals. Few students will have leisure to pursue th$ study of Zoology for a great length of time. Therefore they will generally require a text- book, which will lead them by the shortest course to a general outline of the science. And this outline should be pursued by a method, which is adapted to the means of farther progress, which may be within their reach. The only English work, to be found in our towns and villages, to which we can conveniently resort for specific descriptions, fo *1 VI" PKEFACE. Kees ? Cyclopcsdia. In this extensive work the genera of Cuvier are not adopted. But students will find the zoological genera of that work per- fectly in accordance with this text-book* After the genus is found here, they may refer to the same genus in Rees by its alphabetical arrangement j where they will find the descriptions of all the species published in that work. * Zoological articles are very meagre in Rees, before the com - mjencernent of the letter., C. The naturalist, Donovon, conducted most of that article from C ? onwards, in a very acceptable manne.r ZOOLOGY. ZOOLOGY is the science which treats of materi- al organized beings, ivhich are endoived with the sentient principle.* It is generally true, that animals differ from vegetables in possessing locomotive, as well as sentient, powers. This is a good distinction be- tween the ox and the oak. But is very deficient when applied to the isis and the sensitive plants. Animals receive their food into an internal cav- ity or cavities, which is so modified as to furnish the fluids which supply the wants of the system. And probably no substance is received as the food of animals, which has not previously been in an or- ganized state.. Whereas vegetables receive inor* ganic matter for food, as well as that which has been organized ; and their food is chiefly received through tubular radicles, or pores of leaves, which have the power to direct their courses or pores to- wards water, air, light and heat. All animals have the seuse of feeling. But they have no particular organ for that sensation 5. it depending on papillae at the ends of nerves which terminate in every part of the skin. All vertebral animals have four organs of sense. Each organ is adapted to its particular office. One for *" Sentient principle" is not well defined, and no definition of an an- imal has come to my knowledge which is satisfactory. "Organized being" is still wanting in a settled accurate meaning. The student is referred to large treatises on subjects of natural history, for ingenious attempts at definitions and nice distinctions, 8 SYSTEMATIC ZOOLOGY. communicating the sensation of sight, one for sound, one for tafcte, and one for smell. Some of the other divisions of animals have more or less of these organs in greater or less perfection. All animals seem to require a system of organs for digesting food, for circulating fluids through the body, and for oxy dating those fluids. In ver- tebral animals these organs consist of stomachs, to which an alimentary canal is attached ; a heart which is alternately compressed and expanded; to which a set of arteries and veins are attached the former for conveying the fluids from the heart, and the latter for returning them to the heart ; lungs or gills in which the same fluids are presented to the oxygen of the atmosphere. Some animals have their fluids oxydated by means of spiracles, some by means of exterior membranous organs. SYSTEMATIC ZOOLOGY. Animals are distributed into groups, for the convenience of ascertaining their names and of studying their affinities. These groupes or as- semblages are called Classes, Orders, Genera ; Species and Varieties, LINNEUS distributed all animals into six classes, 1. Mammalia, viviparous and suckling the young, 2. Jives, oviparous, having two wings and two feet. 8. Amphibia, lungs adapted to long sus- pended respiration. 4. Pisces., fins and gills sub-* stituted for lungs. 5. Insecta, antennae in most cases, members articulated to an external crust. 6. Vermes, body soft, members not articulated, or wanting. CUVIER subdivided several of these classes. Mammalia, Jives, Jlmphibia and Pisces remain a& GRAND DIVISIONS. 9 Linneus left them, or nearly so. Insecta is di- vided into three classes, to which is prefixed a class taken from Vermes. They are Annelida, Crustacea, Jlrachnida, and Insecta. The re- mainder of the class Vermes is divided into Mol- lusca, Echinoderma, Intestina, Jlcalepha, Polypi and Infusoria. The subdivisions are adopted in this text-book. GRAND DIVISIONS. THE SUBJECTS OF ZOOLOGY ARE DISTRIBUTED INTO FOUR GRAND DIVISIONS J BECAUSE ANIMALS APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN ORGANIZED UPON FOUR GENERAL PLANS. I. RADIATED ANIMALS or ZOOPHYTES, In this division the sentient principle is lodged in, or, in some unknown manner, attached to, a medullary globule, spheroid or ring, with radiat* ing branches. Animals of this class are but little more com- plicated in their structure than plants. No dis- tinct system of nerves nor any organs of sense, have been discovered. Feint vestiges of circula- tion are with difficulty perceived. Their respi- ratory organs are mostly on the surface of the body. Some receive their food through a mouth^ others through pores. Some animals of this division may be cut across^ and both parts will live. This is explained by supposing the animal to consist of a column or pile of distinct animals, and that the transverse cut- ting produces a mere separation of a column of individuals into several shorter columns. 10 GRAND DIVISIONS. The process of reproduction among this di- vision of animals resembles that of plants with perfect flowers, Some of them may be propaga- ted by cuttings like plants. In this^ and in some other particulars, they seem to partake of the na- ture of plants and animals ; and are therefore cal- led zoophytes, or animal-plants. They are the most simple in their organization, and seem to have been some of the earliest inhabitants of the earth ; as some of the species are found in the oldest rocks, which contain any petrifactions. Example. Sea-hedghog, starfish, sea-nettle, corals, corallines, animalcule, tape-worm. II. MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS. In this division the sentient principle is lodged in a number of medullary masses, dispersed in different parts of a soft body. Ani though the medullary masses are not always united by nervous filaments, the organs of sense and motion are ar- ranged more or less on two sides of a nervous aww or longitudinal series of medullary masses. The principal medullary mass is situated upon the throat. The circulatory system is considera- bly 7 complicated ; much more so than that of the articulated division. The blood is dark colour- ed or blue. Fibrin appears more abundant thau in vertebral animals. Their muscles are attach- ed to many parts of the skin, forming a tissue more or less complicated and compact. By va- rious contractions and elongations they move^ swim, and perform other motions. They have considerable irratibility 5 the naked skin is rery GIIA&D DIVISIONS. it sensible and furnished with a liquid humor issues from its pore*. Molluscous animals are generally covered with plates of carbonate of lime, which serve as beds er retreats from danger. These plates, usually called shells, are produced by secretion from the skin. The process of reproduction greatly re- sembles that of plants with perfect flowers ; rare- ly that of dioecious flowers. Animals of this division, though more compli- cated in their digestive and circulatory system than animals of the articulated division,* seem to have been cotemporaries with the oldest of the radiated division. For we find the remains of several species of this division in the oldest transition rocks, which rarely if ever, contain any relics of the articulated or vertebral divisions. Examples. Nautilus, snails, oysters, barni- eles. III. ARTICULATED ANIMALS. In this division the sentient principle is lodged in two lon^ cords, swelling at intervals into knots or ganglyous, extending through a jointed body in the longitudinal direction. The organs of sense and motion are all double, and arranged on two sides of the nervous axis. The principal ganglyon is placed near the throat. They have jointed trunks or abdomens j and all but one class, have jointed limbs articula- * Cuvier places this division between the vertebral and articulated, on account of the greater perfection of the residence of the sentient principle. For if the bee is more active than the oyster, so the cat and pigeon are more active than man. But we have changed the or- der to accommodate it to the study of petrifactions and shells ; for very few have the means for studying the anatomical structure of ceous animals. 12 GRAND DIVISIONS. ted to an' external crust or to a rigid covering* They draw in their food through suckers or tubes serving as mouths, in most cases. Air vessels, through which respiration is performed, open on the sides of their bodies or limbs. They have two eyes, which may be of two kinds. The simple kind appears like a small lens. The compound kind has its surface divi- ded into an infinite number of lenses ; each an- swering to a fibre of the optic nerves. Excepting the classes of jointed worms and of spiders, all ar- ticulated animals have antennae ; being jointed, fi- liform, flexible horns. With these they seem to effect many purposes ; such as examining bodies within their reach, determining the state of the at- mosphere, and to derive sensations of which we have no knowledge. They have the sense of smell and of hearing ; but it is not known in what organs these senses are placed. Some have jaws of a curious char- acter. Often a pair of strong pincers for grasp- ing and breaking up their food, and for defence. These are called mandibles. Two pairs within these are called levers and lips. To the levers or jaws are attached jointed filaments, called pal- pi or feelers, which are supposed to serve the ani- mal for examining its food. The tongue com- monly adheres to the lower lever. In some the fore feet serve in place of some of these appenda^ ges ; in others the jaws are increased in number. Some have a proboscis or tube through which food is imbibed. They are mostly produced from eggs. Some become perfect immediately from the egg ; but more are changed from the egg to the larva, (cal- led caterpillar, worm, maggot or skipper) from GfeAND DIVISIONS. 13 larva to crysalis, from cry sal is to the perfect ia- sect. They are generally the most voracious while in the larva state. Some live long in the larva state, and but a short time in the state of the perfect insect. As the cicadia septendecim (American locust,) remains in the larva state sev- enteen years, and in the state of perfect insect hut about a week, and eats nothing during that period. Others are in the larva state but a short time in proportion to their duration in the insect state ; as niusca domestica, the common house-fly, which continues a long time and eats continually* Animals of this division were probably created before the vertebral. For it is said that the cast- off crusts of the crysalis of some species are found in older rocks than the bones of vertebral animals. I have never found any such relics. Perhaps flsh are found in formations about as old as any 0f this division. Examples. Angle worm, leach, lobster, spi- der, beetle, cricket, bee, butterfly, gnat. IV. VERTEBRAL ANIMALS. In this division the sentient principle is lodged in a medullary substance, the basis of which is in- closed in a bony tube, composed of a column of ver- tebrae. To the nervous axis enclosed in a bony tube; which is called the medulla spinalis, there is an appendage at one extremity, denominated the train. This is inclosed in a bony case, called the cranium. But animals of this division have au- other system of nerves, more analagous to the sys- tems found in the other three divisions; than the 14 GRAND DIVISIONS. medulla spinalis. It is that system which extends through the heart, lungs, and stomach, and is con- nected with the brain by a very minute fibre. - Nature seems to have been very solicitous to pro- vide for the digestive, respiratory and circulatory systems, in every division of animals. The sys- tem of nerves, devoted to this object, is kept al- most distinct in vertebral animals, and the medul- la spinalis, as well as the brain, seem to be but appendages. The organs of sense and motion are all double, and are arranged on two sides of the nervous axis. To the vertebral column are attached two series of ribs, constituting the chief frame-work of the body. Strong bony limbs are bound to each ex- tremity of the bony column, which are mostly cov- ered by the muscles which give them motion. All the proper visera are inclosed in the head and trunk. Both brain and medulla spinalis being peculiar to this division, the sentient principle is much more perfect in this than in the other divisions. Here we find four pair of organs of sense. Two eyes, two ears, two nostrils, and two fleshy mass- es constituting a tongue, or rather a pair of or- gans of taste. , These animals have red blood, hearts with al- ternate sistole and diastole motions, horizontal jaws adapted to the preparation of food for the di- gestive process. They are viviparous or ovipa- rous, and from the commencement of their lives till death, they supply the daily waste of their bodies by masticating and passing into the stom- ach, aliment suited to their respective natures. A GRAND DIVISIONS. 15 part of this aliment is carried into the circulatory system by lymphatic vessels. Animals of this division being more complicated iu their structure, are subject to a greater variety of diseases. They have more acute pains and more exquisite pleasures. Examples. Man, bat, squirrel, elephant, deer, whale, eagle, humming-bird, tortoise, crocodile, viper, frog, eel, shark, salmon. 16 SENTIENT PRINCIPLE. SENTIENT PRINCIPLE, ACCORDING TO THE ORDER OF THE FOUR GRAND DIVISIONS OF ANIMALS. I. RADIATED ANIMALS. The sentient principle in this division of ani mals, is scarcely manifest. Many of them being fixed like a plant, and scarcely exhibiting any signs of irritability, are hardly distinguished from plants, or even from minerals. If they are sen- sible to pleasure or to pain, few of them have the means of making their sensations known to man. IL MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS. The nervous and circulatory systems being more complicated, we infer, from analogy, that this division of animals possesses the sentient principle in greater perfection. But such is their clumsy structure, that they are incapable of evin- cing their superiority to the radiated divisions, if they are really superior. Some species of snail have considerable locomotive power ; and exhibit signs of fear, and retreat suddenly from danger. {Borne species of the bivalves change situation as their wants seem to dictate. Little, however, can be said of the sagacity of this division of animals, III. ARTICULATED ANIMALS. Though the nervous and circulatory systems are less perfect in this than in the last division of an- imals, their forms being better adapted to the ex- hibition of their pleasures, pains, and wants, they SENTIENT PRINCIPLE* 17 appear to be the more perfect. It requires the im- agination to be severely disciplined by the con- troul of the reasoning powers, and the authority of analogy, to yield to the opinion, that the clum- sy inert shapeless oyster is more intelligent than the frugal bee, the provident ant, and the revenge- ful wasp. Among this division of animals, we discover instincts, which guide their actions like the wisdom of sages. But as they have no brain, we cannot ascribe to them any of those faculties of mind^ which seem to be lodged no where but in that or- IV. VERTEBRAL ANIMALS. Animals of this division are furnished with the appendage, at the anterior extremity of the medul- la spinalis, denominated the brain. This appen- dage consists of fibrous fascicles, radiating in pairs from the end of the medulla spinalis, and termina- ting at the inner surface of the cranium, and inve- loped in a soft ash-colored medullary substance. These fascicles are few in number in the class of fish, more in the class of amphibious animals, more still in birds, and most of all in the class mammalia, or in that class in which the young are nourished with the milk of the dam. Experience teaches us, that the sagacity of animals increases as we ascend the scale of increased fascicles. . The lizard and snake are more sagacious than fish ; the bird more sagacious than lizards and snakes ; the dog and horse more sagacious thaa birds. In ascending the scale of orders in the class mammalia, we find the increased number of cere- 2* 48 SENTIENT PRINCIPLE. foral fascicles indicating higher degrees of sagacity, until we arrive- at the order bnnanes, in which man alone is found. Man has a different set of cere- bral fascicles from any other animal. These fas- cicles terminate in that part of the head called the forehead, which, in most heads agrees in its boun- dary lines with the limits of that part of the head which is covered with hair. Many of the fasci- cles terminating in that part of the human head which is covered with hair, man has in common with some other animals ; but those of the fore- head are peculiar to man. RESIDENCE OF THE MENTAL FACULTIES OF MAN, OR PHRENOLOGY. It is the opinion of some philosophers, that the faculties of the mind are distinct and located j al- so, that their particular locations may be ascer tained by a long course of careful observations. The facts collected by such a course of observa- tions, have been arranged in systematic order ; and the authors of this arrangement have denom- inated it the science of phrenology. Many con- sider this pretended science as mere quackery, unworthy of any serious attention. Others have treated it as a science, deserving particular at- tention. It was scarcely noticed by men of sci- ence in Europe or in America, excepting for pur- poses of burlesque and ridicule, until the opinion of the professors of the French National Institute appeared in the printed journals. Though the aystem of Gall and Spurzheim was not admitted as a science, the serious manner in which it was treated by a constellation of the greatest men of this age, and their decided approbation in relation SENTIENT PRINCIPLE. 19 to some important facts, discovered in the anato- my of the brain, induced many learned men of both continents, to give the subject a serious dis- cussion The approbation of Sir Astley Cooper, also induced much inquiry. Whatever may be its fate, whether it is destined to die with its au- thors, or to be received as a science, it seems ne- cessary at the present day, to understand the gen- eral outlines of its principles. We shall, there- fore, give a few pages to the subject ; merely suf- ficient to acquaint the student with its principles, without giving a detailed exposition of the au- thors' arguments or applications. The mind is supposed to be a substance totally distinct from matter, and to take its residence in the brain for a season, in a manner somewhat analagous to the residence of the electric fluid in the tinfoil which lines a Leyden vial. As the electric fluid may lie dormant here, or may be in a situation to exert its powers, without destroying it or changing its nature, so the mind may reside in the brain in a torpid or in an active state, with- out any essential change. As the electric fluid may at one time reside in tinfoil, again in vapor, and again in the earth, without any change or without partaking of the nature of the tinfoil, of the vapor, or of the earth ; so the mind or soul may at one time reside in the brain, at another in the re- gions beyond the grave, without any change or without partaking of the nature of the brain, &c. And as the electric fluid will exert its powers, while in connexion with the tinfoil, &c. to better or worse advantage, as it is more or less favorably situated, though its essential qualities willnot be altered., so the mind will exert its powersto bet- 20 SENTIENT PRINCIPLE* ter OP worse advantage, while in connexion with the brain, as it is more or less favorably situated, though its essential qualities will not be altered. In order to ascertain on what circumstances the favorable operations of the powers of the mind de- pend, an extensive series of comparisons was ne- cessary. One point was soon ascertained. The united observations of mankind for ages, has de- monstrated, that all persons whose foreheads are greatly compressed are idiots, though in the best state of health. Hence a safe inference was drawn, that the clevelopeiuent of a duly proportioned vo- lume of brain in the forehead, is essential to the advantageous exercise of the powers of the mind. After proving that a due developement of volume was necessary to common sense, enlarged and compressed portions of the brain were to be ex- amined, in cases of remarkable strength or weak- ness in any of the faculties of the mind. If one individual possessed remarkable discriminating powers, and another was strongly predisposed to be at variance with others ; and if the former had a remarkable prominent ridge in the centre of the upper part of his forehead, and the latter had am unusual prominence back of his ears, the promi- nent ridge in the forehead would be called the or- gan of discrimination, and the prominence back of the ears, the organ of comlativeness. Should the same coincidence of prominences and faculties frequently occur, after twenty or thirty years of accurate observation, the location of them would be considered as the residence of such faculties ; and their volume would indicate their degree of strength or weakness. SENTIENT PRINCIPLE. 21 Upon such a course of observations, Gall and Spurzheim have constructed their system. And now they call upon the scientific world to apply their rules to all the cases which occur to each ob- server, in order to test their system. The follow- ing is a description of their rules in substance. We have omitted their minute subdivisions, which seem to have been the result of that excessive zeal which men often feel for a favorite theory. PHRENOLOGICAL FACULTIES. ORDER I. The FEELING FACULTIES. These are located in that part of the cranium which is usually cov- ered with hair. Some of these are found ia other animals. ORDER II. The INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. These are located in that part of the cranium, which is usu- ally destitute of a hairy covering. None of these are found in any animals but men. Men are said to be more strongly predisposed to be controuled by their feelings, or by their in- tellectual faculties, as the volumes of those two parts of the head bear relation to each other, mea- suring from the passage into the ear. GENERA. The first order is divided into Genus 1. Propensities. This genus of facul- ties includes the lower part of the order. Com- 22 SENTIENT PRINCIPLE. menciog with the cerebellum, it extends forward of the ears to the boundary line of the second or- der. Genus 2. Sentiments. This genus of faculties includes the upper part of the order. Commenc- ing above the greatest prominence in the back part of the head, it extends forward to the boun- dary of the second order. The second order is divided into Genus 3. Knowing faculties. This genus* of faculties includes the lower part of the order. Genus 4. Reflecting faculties. This genus of faculties includes the upper part of the order. N. B. In well proportioned heads, the line of division between the first and second genera, in both orders, runs parallel to the base of the crani- um, about equidistant between the top and bot tem of it, SECTIONS. GENUS 1. Section i. Retiring benignity. Those facul- ties which dispose to love, friendship and retire mentj also enable the possessor to concentrate his thoughts in the investigation of abstruse subjects. Location. In the back part of this genus ; be- ing the part of the head near the top of the neck, and extending above the most prominent part of it, Section 2 Invinsible self-love. Those facul- lies which dispose to effect our own purposes^ whether controversies, secrecy, strong offensive and defensive measures, private defensive build- ings, or whatever other means may be required for it. SENTIENT PRINCIPLE. 28 Location. The forepart of this genus, being near the ears. GENUS 2, Section 3. Approving justice andfrmness. Those faculties which dispose to cautiousness* justice and firmness, with a consciousness of mer- it and a desire for approbation. Location. The back part of this genus, being in well proportioned heads, the highest part, and extending downwards below the lateral promi- nences. Section 4. Benevolent enthusiasm. Those a- culties which dispose to benevolence and an en- thusiastic devotedness to the happiness of others and to divine worship. It often leads to poetic reveries and fantastic hopes. Location. The fore part of this genus begin- ning above the naked part of the forehead, running about half way towards the crown, and extending half way down towards the ears. GENUS 3. Section 5. Elegant powers. Those faculties which are adapted to music, painting, ready reck- oning and eloquence. Locality. That part of this genus which would be included under a narrow belt, crossing the eyes and extending up from the outer half of the eyes, about half way to the top of the forehead. The enlargement of the fascicles back of the eyes, is indicated by prominent eyes. In these fasci- cles the faculty of eloquence in particular is sup- posed to reside. 24 SENTIENT PRINCIPLE. Section 6. Inventive powers. Those faculties which are adapted to the invention and execution @f original plans, whether they relate to forms of machinery, arranging the course of business in which one is engaged, constructing scientific sys- tems, or whatever else requires a talent for sug- gesting original forms and schemes. Location. That part of this genus which is si- tuated at the bottom of the centre of the forehead* at the origin of the nose. 1 he breadth of the nose at its origin and the projection of the forehead at (hat point, indicate the strength of the faculties of this section. Section 7. Ready perception. Those faculties which are adapted to the ready acquisition of a su- perficial knowledge of objects, such as to know a human countenance after a single glance, to be able to ennijinerate the individual parts of an ex- tensive pleasure ground, of an artificial work, or of along story or song, without study or fatigue. Location. The centre of the lower part of the forehead, from above the origin of the nose to half the height of the forehead. GENUS 4. Section 8. Philosophic powers. Those facul- ties which are adapted to the tracing of cause and effect, to making accurate distinctions, to solving mathematical problems, and to judging in all other cases where the subject is so presented to the mind as to be understood. Location. That part of this genus which occu- pies the upper and middle part of the forehead, and extends about half way to the origin of the nose. SENTIENT PRINCIPLE. 25 Section 9. Comic powers. Those faculties which are adapted to the perception and perform- ance of mimicries, and to comic and witty sayings. Location. The upper corners of the forehead, and extending down the outer limits of it half way to the eyes.* REMARKS. In estimating the nine sections of the head, gen eral dimensions should be considered in most cas- es ; and no head can be a fit subject for examina- tion which has been enlarged or distorted by dis- ease. Sections 1, 3, 4, 6 and 8, should be esti- mated by considering the dimensions of the brain from the passage into the ear. Section 2, should be estimated by the diameter of the head immedi- ately above the ears. Sections 5 ? 7 and 9, should be estimated by comparing their prominent or compressed state with the adjoining sections. It is supposed that a well proportioned head indicates intellectual strength, but want of mental activity. And that a head whose sections are greatly disproportioned to each other, indicates great activity in the prominent locations. These two rules are said to be founded on many obser- *Gall and Spurzhcirn have weakened their system by descending to 33 minute subdivisions. Section 1, is divided into amativeness, phi loprogenitiveness, inhabitiveness and adhesiveness. Sec. 2, combat- iveness, destructiveness, corustructiveness, covetiveness and secretive- ness. Sec. 3, cautiousness, conscienciousness, firmness, love of appro- bation, self-esteem. Sec. 4, benevolence, veneration, hope, ideality Sec. 5, individuality, locality. Sec. 6, form, size, weight, momenta Sec. 7, colouring, order, time, number, tune, language. Sec. 8, com parison, causality. Sec. 9, wit, imitation. Those who wish to study the faculties, as here enumerated, are re- ferred to Dr. Bell's edition of Combe's elements of Phrenology. Dr. Caldwell, of Transylvania University, has published a work on this sub- ject, which is said to possess great merit ; but I have not been able to obtain a copy of it. 3 26 SENTIENT PRINCIPLE. rations. It is explained on the principle, that when all the sections are in equilibrio, the faculties correct and moderate each other ; while an un- balanced faculty acts vehemently without re- straint. A weak faculty may be strengthened by exer- cise, and a strong one may be weakened by neg- lect. An amiable child may be made quarrel- some and wicked by experiencing perpetual cruel- ties. His faculty ofcombativeness is thus strength- ened by use ; while his faculty of benevolence be- comes enfeebled for want of objects to excite it into healthy action On the same principle evil pro- pensities may be put down and the best sentiments strengthened by careful and discreet culture. The great diversity in the mental faculties of hu- man individuals is ascribed to the state of society and individual education through many genera- tions. Very little diversity is observed among wild animals ; while individuals of the same spe- cies of domesticated animals present heads very different in form. The advocates for this system of phrenology suppose that it furnishes a ready solution of many operations of the mind. Insanity (which often seems to affect but one faculty of the mind; while all the others remain unimpaired) they say may be explained by supposing that pair of fascicles, in which the disordered faculty is lodged, to be so far impaired as to embarrass that faculty in the exertion of its powers. ELEMENTARY TERMS EMPLOYED IN ZOOLOGY. The science of animals was divided by Linneus into six branches, each according with one of his six classes. The French have prefixed a more general two-fold di- vision. These divisions, however, are rather popular than scientific. Animals are divided into VERTEBRAL, having back-bones. A VERTEBRAL, destitute of back-bones. VERTEBRAL animals are divided into 1. QUADRUPEDS, the science of which has no popular name. It includes four footed animals ; as ox, dog, mouse. 2. BIRDS, the science of which is called ornithology. It includes the feathered tribe ; as pigeon, goose, wren. 3. AMPHIBIOUS ANIMALS, the science of which is call- ed amphibiology. It includes those cold-blooded animals, which are capable of living on dry land or in the water $ as tortoise, lizard, serpent, frog. 4. FISH, the science of which is called ichthyology. It includes all aquatic animals, which have gills and fins $ as shad, trout, sturgeon, eel. AVERTEBRAL animals are divided into 5. INSECTS, the science of which is called entomology It includes all animals with jointed bodies, which have jointed limbs ; as flies, spiders, lobsters. 6. VERMES, the science of which is called helminthol- ogy. It includes all soft animals of the avertebral divis- ion, which have no jointed limbs, with or without hard coverings ; as angle- worms, snails, oysters, polypi, in- fusory animals. 28 ELEMENTARY TERMS. Remarks. These popular divisions arc inserted for ilie purpose of giving (lie mind of the student the right; direction, in regard to t he language to \\hich he has been accustomed. For the same purpose, he should he guarded against considering lava as entitled to a place among venues. Though lai vaare usually called worms, they are insects on the transmigi atorv passage from the egg to the \\inged state. Therefore the .student is to consider the caterpillar, the maggot, the web-making larva, and all other common animals called worms, ex- cepting the angle- worm, as insects. KLKMKNTARV PARTS OF ANIMALS. In describing animals, their bodies are divided into ten parts. 1. Head, 2. Neck, 3. Thorax, 4. Abdomen, :>. Fore-legs, 6. Hind legs, 7. Fore feet. 8. Hind feet, ^ Toes, 10. Tail. Four common appendages are in- cluded, as elementary parts. 1. Horns, . Noses, 3. Smellers, 4. Ctnering. These parts are not found as constituents or appendages of all animals ; but all ani- mals are made up of more or less of them, or of what are analagous to them. AfTAiLAGOUS IVVUTS OF AMMALS. 1, Mammalia, head Aves, head Amphibia, head ~ Pisces, head In.sects, head Vermos, fore end. ), Mam. neek A\.nerk Am. neck- Pi. none In. neck or none Ver. none. C,. Mam. thorax Av. thorax Am. thorax Pi. thorax In. thosax Ver. nothing. 4. Mam. abdomen AN. abdomen Am. abdomen PL abdoiiien in- abdomen Ver. abdomen. 5. Mam. fore legs Av. wings Am. fore legs Pi, nothing In. wings or nothing Ver. nothing. ELEMENTARY TERMS. 29 6. Mam. liintl legs Av. legs Am. hind legs Pi. noth- ing In. legs Ver. fleshy processes or nothing. 7. Mam. fore feet Av. quill-feathers Am. forefeet Pi. pectoral fins In. nothing Ver. nothing. 8. Mam. hind feet Av. feet Am. hind feet Pi. cau- dal fins In. tarsi Ver. nothing. 9. Mam. toes Av. toes Am. toes Pi. rays In. hooks Ver. nothing. 10. Mam. tail Av. rump and feathers Am. tail or no- thing Pi. tail In. tail or nothing- Ver. tail or no- thing. APPENDAGES. 11. Mam. horns or nothing Av. caruncle, crown or nothing Am. spines or nothing Pi. spines or no- thing In. antennae Ver. nothing. 12. Mam. probosis or nose Av, beak Am. nose Pi. nose In. proboscis or mandibles Ver. nothing, 13. Mam. smellers or nothing Av. nothing Am. no- thing Pi. tenlaculse or nothing In. palpi Ver. ten- taculse. 14. Mam. hair Av. feathers Am. crust, shell or no- thing Pi. scales In. crust, scales or nothing Ver. shell, stoney tube or nothing. I. RELATING TO THE HEAR OCCIPITAL, pertaining to the back part of the head, LORES, the naked lines on a bird's head between the eyes and the base of the bill. AURICLES, ear-like feathers. MANDIBLES, the upper and lower jaws of a bird's beak or bill. CERE, membrane covering the base of a bird's bill. FRONTLET, the part back of the base of a bird's generally fcristly. 3* 30 ELEMENTARY TERMS. CULTRATE, a beak resembling a pruning-knife or coul- ter. WATTLES, fleshy appendages under the chin. MissiLE-TONGue, which may be thrust far out of the mouth. NICTITANT-MEMBRANE, a semi-transparent eye-lid. EXSERT, teeth, &c. projecting out. INCISORS, front, or cutting teeth. CUSPIDATES, canine teeth, next to Incisors. MOLARES, grinders, the teeth farthest backiri the mouth* VIBRISSAE, smellers, hair of the nostrils. PROTRUSILE, when the head may be thrust out. RETRACTILE, when the head may be drawn in. EFFUSE, with a pouring outlet, like a pitcher nose in the mouth of sontfe shells, as cyprea. BYSSUS, silky fibres at the hinge or head of some shells. BEARD, tendril-form appendage to mouths of fish. GILL-COVERS, the bony or cartilagenous substance pla- ced on the gill-membrane. GILL-MEMBRANE, the membrane covering the gills. BRONCHIAL, pertaining to the gills. STEMMATA, small lucid globules resembling eyes, 012 the top of the head ; generally three in number. II. RELATING TO THE NECK. SCRAG, back of a bird's neck. INDISTINCT, when the head and breast grow in one piece. III. RELATING TO THE THORAX OR BREAST. VENTRICLES, the larger cavities of the heart. AURICLES, the smaller cavities, above the larger, and resembling ears in appearance. ELEMENTARY TERMS. 31 LATERAL-LINE, the side-line of many fish, dividing the hack from the belly. DORSAL, relating to the back. DORSAL FINS, any back-fin between the head and tail-fin. PECTORAL- FINS, a pair growing on each side the breat. POISERS or HALTERS, globules on slender stems under the wings of some two- winged insects. SCUTEL, or ESCUTCHEON, a piece between the bases of the upper wings, on the backs of insects. HYALINE SCUTEL, &c. glass-like. IV. RELATING TO THE ABDOMEN OR BELLY. NAYANT, floating in water. TURBINATE, shaped like a top. PHOSPHORESCENT, emitting light in the dark. ABDOMINAL, relating to the belly. ABDOMINAL-RINGS, annulas, or ring-form segments of the bell^ of insects ; generally 5. CLOACA, a general vent, where eggs, urine and foeces are evacuated. VENT, the aperture in fish where foeces, &c. are dis- charged. ANAL-FINS, one or more between the vent and caudal fins. ABDOMINAL-PINS, any where under the fish, between the head and vent. V. RELATING TO FORE LEGS AND WINGS; AULULET, (spurious wing,) a tuft of 3 or 5 feathers on the outer fore-joint of a bird's wing. TECTRICS, (wing-coverts,) the longest feathers in a wing, next above the quilla. MINOR-TECTRICS, (lesser wing-coverts,) the wing-fea- thers above the tec tries. 32 ELEMENTARY TERMS, ARTICULATED, united by a joint ELYTRA, the upper shelly wings of insects. TRUNCATE, appearing as if abruptly cut off at the end, RETUSE, ending in an obtuse sinus, or rounded notch* DEFLEX, wings bent down arch- wise. OCELLATE, eye-form spots. VL RELATING TO THE HIND LEGS. LEGS of insects are always 6 or more ; and are divided into thigh, shank and tarsus. FETTERED LEGS, partly involved in the intigunem of the abdomen, or bent back, so as to be unfit for walk- ing with facility. VII. RELATING TO FORE FEET, &c. PRIMARY REMIGKS (quill feathers,) the outer and lar- gest quills of the wings. SECONDARY REMIGES, smaller quills, adjoining the pri- maries. TERTJALS, inner smallest quills, adjoining the seconda- ries. PECTORAL-FINS, on each side of the breast, behind th$ gills. RAYS, the fibres or bony spines of fins and gill mem- branes. VIII. RELATING TO THE HIND-FEET, NATANT, feet and appendages formed for swirnirig. GRESSORAL, feet formed for running or walking, with three toes forward and one back ; the two outer toes mostly jointed halfway. SCANSORIAL, feet formed for climbing \ two toes forward and two back. PERCHING, grasping, hawk-lrke. CHEIATE CLAWS, forcipated foremost feet in some in- sects* as lobster. ELEMENTARY TERMS. 83 TARSUS,* the ancle or foot of an insect, generally long and many-jointed. CAUDAL FINS, on the end of fishes tails, IX. RELATING TO THE TAIL. PREHENSILE, formed for coiling around, and holding by, substances. RUMP, the cordate process supporting the tail of a bird* TAIL-FEATHERS, the large feathers of the tail, general- ly 12, sometimes 10, 18, 20, 24. EXPANSILE, capable of being spread. TAIL-COVERTS, the clump of feathers next above the rump. UiioPTGiAL, (or hypochondriac,) several long feathers above on each side the tail, differing in form from the others. X. RELATING TO THE HORNS, ANTEN- NAE, &c. ANTENNJB, the horns or jointed processes on the heads of insects, generally forward of the eyes. They are short, when riot so long as the body ; long, when lon- ger ; moderate, when about equal. SETACEOUS ANTENNA, shaped like a bristle, tapering from base to point. FUSIFORM, spindle-form, being largest near the middle and tapering both ways. LAMINATED, consisting of several thin flat portions. FILIFORM, thread-form, of nearly equal size through its whole length. CLAVATE, club-form, thickening at the end, sometimes ending in a knob. * In numbering the joints, the last cylindric one is reckoned, leaving nothing out of the number but minute claws at the very tip. 34 ELEMENTARY TERMS. PERFORATE, knobs or joints flattened into circular plates, so that the antenna seems to pass through their centre. MONILIFORM, joints more or less globular, so that the whole in some manner resembles a string of beads. SERRATE, joints so formed that the sides of the antennse resemble saw-teeth. PECTINATE, comb-form, numerous fine processes along one or both sides, pointing somewhat towards the tip* BARBATE, processes pointing backward. FISSILE, split at the tip into several flat separations. PRISMATIC, having two or more flat sides. DIFFRACTED, twice bent ; first outwardly, then for- ward, as in ants. CARUNCLE, fleshy protuberance on the heads of some birds, as tnrkies, XL RELATING TO PROBOSCES, NOSES, TEN- TACULA. &c. PROBOSCIS, elongated tubular snout or sucker. TENTACULA, the arms, or feelers, of insects and vermes. PALPI, the feelers attached to mouths of insects. LENTICULAR, resembling small lentils which are some- what the form of the convex glasses in spectacles. XII. RELATING TO HAIR, FEATHERS, &c. CINEREOUS, greyish, colour of ashes. SCAPULARS, feathers descending down each side of the back. INTERSCAPULARS, the back-feathers, between the bases of the wings. MAILED, covered with a kind of long hard armor. GATAPHRACTED, callous skin, or cartilagenous scales. ELEMENTARY TERMS. 35 MURICATE, clothed with sharp rigid points. ECHINATE, covered with prickles, as hedge-hog. TOROSE, knobbed, like a toad. PAPILLOSE, covered with fleshy pimples. LACUKOSE, covered with small pits. PRUINOSE, covered with frost-like meal. PELLUCID, clear, transparent. XIII. RELATING TO REPRODUCTION. VIVIPAROUS, bringing forth young without eggs, being first produced alive. OVIPAROUS, young from eggs. STOLONIFEROUS, produced by cions or shoots. OVUM, the egg as first produced from the animal. LARVA, animal in the caterpillar or maggot state. PUPA, (aurelia, nymph, chrysolis,) quiescent state of an insect after passing from the larva. IMAGO, the perfect, full-formed insect. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS. Having considered the animal kingdom with reference to the succession of animals in the or- der of creation, and the sentient principle ; we now commence with a system of classification, adapted to the analysis of animals, for the pur- pose of ascertaining generic and specific names. TlIE VBUTEBKAL ANIMALS ARE DISTRIBUTED INTO TOUR CLASSES. 1. MAMMALIA, viviparous and the young nour- ished by the milk of the dam. Heart with two ventricles and two auricles. Lungs respire alternately. Examples. Man, ape, bear, beaver, sloth, horse, ox, whale. 2. AVES, oviparous, having two wings and two feet. Heart with two ventricles and two auricles, ce- vering imbricate feathers. Lungs ventilated by alternate contractions and expansions of air cells below them ; not by their own motion. Jaws, or mandibles, naked and without teeth. Ears with- out auricles. Examples. Hawk, swallow, parrot, hen, crane ; goose. 3. AMPHIBIA, capable of suspending respiration a long time, without impeding the circulation of the blood.* Oviparous or viviparous, without jins. Heart with one ventricle. Cold-blooded, cov- ered with strong scales or with a naked skin. * Cuvier and several other zoologists substitute rtptilia for amphibia, Cuvier's own definition is founded on the amphibious nature of thJS class ; while the lizard and frog are not rtptilious. 4 38 CLASSES. Examples. Tortoise, lizard, snake, frog, sal amander, proteus, siren. 4. PISCES, oviparous, having fins, and no feet* Heart with one ventricle, blood cold, gills sub- stituted for lungs, covering imbricate scales. Examples, Sturgeon, sunfish, pipefish, shad, bullhead. ARTICULATED ANIMALS ARE DIVIDED INTO FOUR CLASSES. 5. ANNELIDA, without a bony skeleton and hav- ing red blood Body soft, elongated ; covering di- vided info numerous tron\verse rings. Mostly living in water. Some of them secrete calcareous matter, which forms a stony, tubular covering. Examples. Earth-worm (angle- worm) sea- pipe, leech, hair-snake. 6. CRUSTACEA, animals with jointed limbs y 'Which are articulated to a hard calcareous crust. They respire by a kind of gills. Their gills are pyramidal, made up of plates, or bristly with threads, plumes or simple plates. They generally occupy the base of the feet. They liave mostly four antennae, ten feet and six jaws : one under lip is always wanting. Example. Lobsters, crabs, horse-hoofs. 7. ARACHNID A, animals with jointed limbs, with- out antenna They respire by little openings at or near the termination of the thorax, which lead to organs resembling lungs ; or by little trachea or pipes distributed over the whole body. The head and thorax are blended together. They have mostly six or eight eyes, and eight CLASSES. 39 feet. They feed chiefly upon living animals. They do not pass through any material change after they are produced,, as insects do. Examples. Spider, grey-heard. 8. INSECTA, animals with jointed limbs, and an- tente. They respire by two principal trachea or pipes running parallel to each other through the whole body ; which throw off at intervals many branches to the surface of the body, through which air is admitted. The head and thorax are distinct, antennae two. They are mostly winged, having one or two pair : a few are without wings. They have six feet, excepting thai some of the wingless genera have more : their mouths consist of six pieces, dispos- ed in pairs, but do not all move in the same direction. One pair is sometimes called the mouth or mandi- bles, another the lips, another is a kind of cloven tongue. In some insects the mandibles become a kind of beak. Most insects pass through several states of transmigration. 1. The egg, 2. the lar- va, 3. the chrysalis, 4. the perfect insect Example. Thousand-leg, flea, grasshopper, butterfly, miller, house-fly. MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS ARE INCLUDED IN ONE* CLASS. 9. MOLLUSC. \, bodies soft without internal skele- ton, external crust or jointed limbs. Covering, a soft skin -without rings ; sometimes defended by stony plates. Blood white or bluish. Their muscles being attached to the skin without any solid supporters ; * Cuvier divides them into six classes. But it appears to be more convenient to make orders of such obscure classes. 10 CLASSES. their motions consist in various curvilinear con tractions, contortions and elongations. Examples. Snail, slug, oyster, clam. RADIATED ANIMALS ARE DIVIDED INTO FIVE CLASSES. 10. ECHINODERMA, spine covered animals. r fhey have intestinal organs of respiration and for a par- tial circulation. Their organized structure is more complicated than that of any other class of this division. Examples. Sea-star or star fish r sea-hedgehog. 11. INTESTINA, animals inhabiting the bodies of other animals. They have no discoverable organs for respiration or for circulation. They are generally oval, long, terete or com- pressed ; with their organs longitudinally ar- ranged. Some have an intestinal canal, others have none. They generally inhabit the intes- tines,* glands, or cellular integuments of othor animals. Examples. Tape- worm, hydatids. 12. ACALEPHAJ circular radiated animals, with- out organs of respiration or circulation. They are the largest of the Zophytes. They differ from the class Polypi by the developement of the tissue of their organs. Examples. Sea-anemone, zoanthus, kraken? 13. POLYPI, small gelatinous animals with mouths surrounded by tentaculte* The conducting tube^ passing into the stomach) simple or passing down in the form of vessels * Cuvier says, the most efficacious vermifuge is animal oil mixed with oil of tnrpentine. ORDERS. 41 This class embraces that numerous tribe of compound animals which inhabit or rather com- pose, fixed stems, often called marine plants. Examples. Corals, sponges, sea-fans. 14. INFUSORIA, animals which abeund in stag- nant liquids only ; and which cannot be discovered without the microscope. Most of these animals are gelatinous without any organized viscera. But some of them are more or less complicated in their structure ; hav- ing a stomach and organs for motion. Examples. Vibrio, volvox. CLASS MAMMALIA IS DIVIDED INTO EIGHT ORDERS. 1. BIMANI, having two hands and cuspidate teeth. Example. Man. 2. QuADRUMANi, having four hands and cuspi- date teeth, Examples. Ape, ourang-outang* 3. CARNIVORI, having cuspidate teeth 9 toes with nails and no thumbs. Examples. Bat, hedgehog, shrewmouse, mole, bear, martin, dog, wolf, weazle, cat, leopard, seal, opossum. 4. ARROSORES, (rongeurs) gnaivers, or animals having incisors in both jaws ana no cuspidate teeth ; toes with nails ; feeding almost wholly on vegetable substances. Examples. Beaver, rat, squirrel, hare. 5. EDENTATA, animals without incisors, and with hoof-like nails. *4 431. ORDERS. Examples* Sloth, armadillo, duckbill. 6. PACHYDERMA, thick-skin animals, with hoofs and without clavicles. Examples. Elephant, mastodon (extinct) hip- popotamus, hog, rhinoceros, paleotherium (ex- tinct,) tapir, horse, zebra. 7. RUMIN ANTES, animals which chew the cud? have incisors below only, and feet with, cloven hoofs. Examples. Camel, musk, deer, giraff, ante- lope, goat, sheep, ox. 8. CETE, aquatic animals, without any hind feet ; And whose fore feet are degenerated into Jin-like limbs* Examples. Whale, dolphin, porpoise, nar- whal, physeter. II. CXASS AVES IS DIVIDED INTO SIX ORDERS. 1. ACCIPITRES, birds of prey, with strong hook- ed beaks and claws. They have Jour toes ; the thumb- toe, and the inner one of the other three are largest. They are carnivorous ; feeding on other birds, or small quadrupeds, reptiles, &c. Examples. Vulture, hawk, buzzard, eagle. owl. 2. PASSERES, sparrow-like birds ; including all which are not swimmers, waders, or runners, climb- ersy birds oj prey, or of the gallinaceous kind. Examples. Grackle, fly-catcher, thrush, crow, oriole, warbler, wren, swallow, hum-bird, king- trird or bee-eater, king-fisher ; lark, sparrow, ORDERS. 43 3. SCANSORES, (grimpeurs,) climbers ; includ- ing those birds -whose outer toe is directed back' wards with the thumb-toe, by which they are sup- ported in climbing and in fastening themselves fa trunks of trees. Examples. Woodpecker, wryneck, cuckoo^ barbet, parrot, parrakeet. 4. GTALLINACES, including all gallinaceous or henlike birds. Forward toes united partially at the base and jagged along their edges. Examples. Peacock, turkey, pheasant, hen^ grous, patridge, quail, pigeon. 5. GRALLATORES, (echassiers,) large-stepping birds, mostly with, the two outer toes partially united. They either wade in water or ruu on dry land. The strong-billed kind mostly live on fish ; those with slender bills feed on insects. Examples, Ostrich, lapwing, plover, oyster- catcher, crane, stork, heron, boat-bill, ibis, spoon- bill, woodcock, curlew, sand-piper, screamer, rail, coot, water-hen, flamingo. 6. ANSERES, (palinipedes,)ye palmate^ most- ly having the toes connected by membranes^ and formed for swimming Examples. Diver, merganser, auk, penguin, petrel, albatross, gull, tern, skimmer, pelican ; goose, duck, swan* III. CLASS AMPHIBIA IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR ORDERS. 1. CHELONIA, reptiles with two auricles to the heart ; having back shells and four feet. 44 ORDERS. Examples. Tortoise, turtle, matmata. 2. SAURIA, reptiles having two auricles to the heart ; covered with scales and having four feet. Examples. Crocodile, lizard, basalisk, drag- on, charnelion. 3. OPHIDIA, reptiles with two auricles to the heart, and destitute of feet. Examples. Serpents or snakes, hydra and vi- per. 4. B ATRAC HI A, reptiles with one auricle to the heart, body naked and having four or two feet. Examples Frog, toad, tree-toad, salamander, proteus, siren. IV. CLASS PISCES IS DIVIDED INTO SIX ORDERS. 1. APODES,* gill- membranes (if any} with long rays ; ventral jinx none. Examples. Eel, sword-fish. 2. JUGULAIIES, gill membranes with bony rays ; ventral Jin s bejore the pectoral. Examples. Codfish, blenny. 3. THORACICI, gill membranes with bony rays ; vertebral fins under the ptctoral. Examples. Bullhead, flounder, hollibut, mack- erel. 4. ABDOMINALES, gill-membranes with long rays '; ventral Jins buck of the pectoral. Examples. Salmon, trout, sea-pipe, shad, carp, * I adopt the orders of Linneus in this class j because, in my opin- ion, they are preferable to those of Cuvier, and will eventually be retained. ORDERS. 45 5. BRAKCHJOSTEGUS, skeleton cartilaginous ^ without ribs ; having gill membranes ; with or without gill-covers. Examples. Sucker, mullet, sun-fish, 6. CHONDROPTERYGIOUS, skeleton cartilagen- ous> without ribs ; gill- membranes wanting ; with vr without gill- cover $. Examples. Lamprey, ray, shark, sturgeon, V. CLASS ANNELIDA IS DIVIDED INTO THREE ORDERS. 1. TUBICOLA, articulated, semi-mdluseous ani- vials, with red blood, encased in calcareous tubes. Examples. Serpula or sea-pipe, arnphitrite, tooth-shell or dentalium. 2. DORSIBRANCHIA, back-gilled. Their respira- tory organs are distributed all along the body to- wards one side, called the back, Examples. Nereis, aphrodite. 3. ABRANCHIA, having no gills or other respira- tory organs ; but their respiration is performed by the entire surface of the skin. Examples. Angle-worm, leech or blood-suck- er, nais, gordius or hair snake. VJ. CLASS CRUSTACEA IS DIVIDED INTO FIVE ORDERS. t. DECAPODIA, ten footed. Head confounded with the trum ; eyes movvable ; mandibles with palpi or feelers* The gills are situated at the outer base of the feet* A numerous order. Example. Crabs, lobsters. 46 ORDERS. 2. STOMAPODIA, body-footed. Head distinct from the trunk, and divided into two parts ; and the fore part bears the antennae and the moveable eyes ; mandibles bearing palpi. The gills are plume-like. Example. Crawfish. 8. AMPHiFODiA ?t /e^ all the length of the body. Head distinct from the body, being one piece only ; eyes immovable ; mandibles bearing palpi. The gills or respiratory organs are vesicles si- tuated at the interior base of the feet. Example. Gamrnarus. 4. ISOPODIA, equal footed. Head generally dis- tinct from the trunk ; mouth composed of several jaws ; mandibles without palpi, but the two lower jaws resemble a lip bearing two palpi, Gills or respiratory organs generally situated on the under side of the trunk. Examples. Oniscus, sowhug. 5. BiiANcmi'ODKS, gills or respirable organs on the fin-like feet. Mouth is sometimes in the form of a beak, other times composed of many jaws ; no palpi. Examples. Limulus, cecrops, cyclops. VII. CLASS ARACHNIDA IS DIVIDED INTO TWO ORDERS. d. PULMONAIUA, having pulmonary or respira- tory sacks Examples, Aranea or proper spider^ mygale^ tarantula, scorpion. 2. TRACHENIA, respiratory organs are trachea or radiated and branched tubes. ORDERS. 47 Examples. Galeodes, shepherd or phalangita, mite er acorus. VIII. CLASS INSECTA IS DIVIDED INTO TWELVE ORDERS. 1. MYRIAPODIA, many-footed. Wingless. The number of their feet above six, disposed along the whole extent of the body upon a succes- sion of rings, one or two pair to each ring ; the first and sometimes the second make part of the mouth. Examples. Julus or round centipede, poly- desmus, scolopendra or flat centipede. 2. THYSANOURA,/^^^. Wingless. They walk upon but six feet ; but they have other particular organs of movement along the sides or at the extremity of the body, giving it somewhat the appearance of being fringed or be- set with bristles. Examples. Lepisma, podura. 8. PARASITA, parasites, crawling upon oilier an- imals- Wingless . They have two smooth eyes : a snout enclosing a retractile sucker. Examples. Pediculus or louse, ricinus or bird louse. 4. SUTORIA, suckers. Wingless. The beak consists of 'a sucker enclosed in a cylindric sheath of two articulated pieces Example. Pulex or flea. 5. COLEOPTERA, sheath-winged. Having four wings ; the outer pair (called elytra] being crusta- ceous cases, and the inner pair folded transversely. 48 OBDEHS. They are the most numerous and best known f all insects. They are easily preserved, and make a beautiful appearance in cases under glass. Examples. Cicindela, carabus, dytiscus, gyri- Mus, elater or taupin (the snap-bug) ptinus, bister, silpha, dermestes, (leather-chaffer) hydrophilus, (diver) scarabeus, (beetle) lytta, (blistering fly) cerambyx, (goat-chaffer) coccinella, (lady-bird.) 6. ORTHOPTERA, strait-winged. Having four wings ; the outer pair being generally coriaceous, and the inner pair pcaited longitudinally. Their mandibles and jaws formed for mastica- tion. They are all dry-land insects. Examples. Forficula, (ear-wig) blatta, (cock- roach) mantis, (soothsayer) phasma, (spectre) phyllum, (walking-leaf) gryllus, (grass-hopper locust.) 7. HEMIPTERA, half-winged. Having four wings ; the upper part of the outer pair generally crustaceans, and the lower part membranaceoits, and almost always crossing each other. They have no jaws, but a sucking beak. Examples. Cimrx, (bug) nepa, (water-scor- pion) notoriecta, (boat-fly) fulgora, (fire-fly) thrips, aphis, (plant-louse) coccus, (cochineal.) 8. NEUROPTERA, nerve-winged. Having four nuked membranaceous wings, finely reticulated ; the inner pair as large as the outer ; or larger one way. Their mandibles and jaws are formed for mas- tication. Outer and inner wings alike. Examples. Ephemera, (day-fly) panorpa, (scorpion-fly) myrmeleon, (lion-ant) hemerobius, (golden eye) raphidia, termes, (ticking insect) phryganea, (cadow-fly.) OHDESS. 46 9. HYMENOPTERA, membrane-winged* Having Jour naked membranaceous wings ; the inner or pos- terior pair smaller than the others. Their mandibles and jaws are formed for mas- tication. Outer wings less nerved than those of the neuroptera. A large order. Examples. Tenthredo, (saw-fly) cymbex, urocerata, (tailed-wasp) ichneumon, sphex, (soli- tary wasp) cynips, (gall-fly) chrysis, (golden wasp) formica, (ant) vespa, (wasp) apis, (bee) 11 feellula. 10. LEPIDOPTERA, scaly-winged. Having four mcmbranaceous wings covered with small scales re- sembling dust. They have a double coiled hollow tongue sub- stituted for jaws. An elegant and extensive or- der. Examples. Papilio, (butterfly) sphinx, (hawk miller) phalsena, (candle-miller.) 11. RHIPTERA, thrust-winged. Having two membranaceous wings plaited into a fan, with two small elytra-like or crustaceous moveable bodies mar the origin of the membranaceous wings at the poste* rior part of the corslet. They have two simple jaws in the form of bris- tles, with two palpi. These rare insects live be- tween the scales on the bodies of some insects of the order of Hemiptera. Examples. Xenos, stylops. 12. DIPTERA, two-winged. Having two wings, mostly withpoisers, being two moveable bodies, un~ der them. The wings are membranaceous. They have no jaws, but have bristle-form suckers. 5 50 ORDERS. Examples. Tipula, (crane-fly) culex, (gnat) asilus, (hornet-fly) empis, bombilius, musea, (house-fly) tabanus, (great horse-fly) conops, oes- trus, (gad-fly) hippobosca, (common horse-fly.) IX. CLASS MOLLUSCA IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR ORDERS. 1 . NUDATA, destitute of a shell. Examples. Slug or naked snail, cuttle-fish. 2. MULTIVALVA, having shells with more than two valves-. Examples. Barnacles, acorn- shells. 3. BIVALVA, having shells with two valves. Examples. Clams, oysters, scollops. 4. UNIVALVA, having shells with single valves* Examples. Snails, conk-shells. X. CLASS ECHINODERMA IS DIVIDED INTO TWO ORDERS. 1. PEDICELLA, having stem-like organs, which are applied by the animals for the purpose of loco- motion. Examples. Asterias, (star-fish) echinus, (sea* hedgehog) holothuria. 2. APODA, having no organs for locomotion. Examples. Siponculus, molpadia, minyas, XL CLASS INTESTINA IS DIVIDED INTO TWO ORDERS. 1. CAVITORIA, having internal cavities and a mouth* ORDERS. 51 Examples. Ascaris, strongylus, lernsea, (gill- worms.) 2. PARENCHYMATA, destitute of internal cavi- ties and of mouths ; having pores for imbibing nu- triment. Examples. Fasciola (fluke) planaria, tsenia, (tape-worm) scolex, ligula. XII. CLASS ACALEPHA IS DIVIDED INTO TWO ORDERS. t. AFFIXATA, fixed at their bases, at pleasure ? though not often moving far. Examples. Actinia (sea-anemone,) lucernaria. 2. LIBERATA, not fixed ; but swimming or float- ing from place to place. Examples. Medusa (sea-nettle) berce, cestrum, XITT. CLASS POLYPI IS DIVIDED INTO TWO ORDERS. 1. NUDATA, naked polypi. Examples. Hydra, (brachial polypus,) vorti- cella (flower polypus.) 2. POLTPETRA, stone-cased polypi. Examples. Tubipora (tubipore coral,) seriu- laria (sea-moss,) flustra (sea-mat,) cellepora, (cel- lepore coral,) corallina (coralline,) antipathos (sea- fan,) isis (jointed coral,) madrepora (madrepore coral,) millepora (many-pored coral,) retepora (net-mesh coral,) pennatula (sea-pen,) alcyonium (fungus coral,) spongia (sponge,) 53 ORDERS, XIV. CLASS INFUSORIA IS DIVIDED INTO TWO ORDERS. 1. HOTI^ERA, roundish or oval and having e> mouth and limbs, Examples. Trichoda, brachicmus, vorticella, 2. HOMOGENIA, having neither mouth nor limbs 9 nor any viscera. Examples* Cegearia, vibrio^ mo&as r . volvox, CLASS I, MAMMALIA. Remarks. This class is not entirely depen- dant on instinct ; for every animal of this class possesses faculties which enable it to accommo- date its views to necessitous or restricted circum- stances. Their lungs are divided into two lobes ; and their trunks are divided transversely by a diaphragm. The part above the diaphragm con- tains the heart and lungs ; the part below contains the stomach and all that part of the alimentary canal, which is below the upper opening into the stomach. The animals of this class have the most com- plicated structure and the most delicate sensa- tions ; consequently are subject to the greatest variety of disease. Their desires are multifari- ous ; and while seeking th^ir gratification, they bring into operation and greatly perfect all their various functions. Their brains are larger than those of other classes which have brains ; and a slight derangement of the brain destroys life. THE CLASS MAMMALIA is DIVIDED INTO EIGHT ORDERS. ORDER i. BIMANI. Having two hands and cuspidate teeth. Feed- ing on animal and vegetable substances. HOMO, (man) body erect, and sustained upon two feet j face nearly vertical, or forming an an- gle of more than seventy degrees with the basis of the cranium. *5 3 I CLASS IV ORDER II. & III, ORDER 2. QUADRUMANL Having four hands and cuspidate teeth. SIMIA, (ape, monkey, ourang-outang,) front teeth four in each jaw, placed near together ; ca- nine teeth solitary, longer than the others, dis- tant from the remaining teeth or grinders ; grind ers obtuse. LEMUK, (macauco ape,) front teeth in the upper jaw four, intermediate ones remote : in the lower jaw six, longer, stretched forward, compressed, parallel, approximated ; canine teeth solitary, ap- proximated ; grinders several, somewhat lobed. the foremost somewhat longer and sharper. Remarks. This order of animals approaches the first order in some particulars. But they are decidedly quadrupeds; as they always walk upon four legs. They have four hands, though they walk upon them. For the thumb is always plac- ed opposite to the other fingers, as in the human hand never parallel to them like the first toe of a foot. The brain differs widely from the human brain. The cerebrum is divided on each side into three lobes, whereas the human brain consists of one lobe only on each side. ORDER 3. CABNIVORI. Having cuspidate teeth, and toes with nails, hit no thumbs : feeding more or less on animal sub- stances. Sec. A. Wing-footed animals. VESPERTILIO, (bat, flying-mouse,) teeth erect sharp-pointed; approximated; hands palmated CLASS I. ORDER III. 55 with a membrane surrounding the body, giving the animal the power of flying. GTALEOPJTHECUS, (flying-cat,) front teeth in the upper jaw none ; in the lower one 6, short, broad, distinct, pectinated ; canine teeth very short, tri- angular, broad, sharp, serrated ; grinders 4, trun- cated and muricated, with conical protuberances ; flying skin surrounding the body, limbs, and tail. Sec. B. Insect-eaters, issuing out in the night in search of food ; walk slow. ERINACEUS, (hedge-hog,) front teeth 2, both above and below ; those of the upper jaw distant; of the lower approximated ; canine teeth on each side, in the upper jaw 5, in the lower 3 ; grinders on each side 4, both above and below ; body cov- ered on the upper part with spines. SOREX, (shrew-mouse,) front teeth in the up- per jaw 2, long and bifid ; in the lower 2 or 4, the intermediate ones shorter ; canine teeth several on each side ; grinders cuspidate. TALPA, (mole,) front teeth in the upper jaw 6, unequal ; in the lower jaw 8, canine teeth one on each side, the upper ones largest ; grinders 7 in the upper jaw, 6 in the lower. Sec. C. Proper flesh- eaters. URSUS, (bear, badger, raccoon,) front teeth 6, above and below, the two lateral ones of the low- er jaw longer than the rest and lobed, with smal- ler or secondary teeth at their internal bases ; ca- nine teeth solitary ; grinders 5 or 6 on each side, the first approximating to the canine ; tongue smooth : snout prominent ; eyes furnished with a nictitating membrane. 56 CLASS I. ORDER III. LUTRA, (otter,) incisors 6, sharpish : caniue teeth longer ; feet webbed. CANTS, (dog, wolf, fox, hyena,) incisors in up- per jaw 6 ; latteral ones longer, distant ; inter- mediate ones lobated ; in lower jaw 6 ; lateral ones lobated ; canine teeth solitary, incurved ; grinders 6 or 7, (or more than the other genera of this order.) VIVERRA^ (weesel, skunk, civit,) incisors 6, sharpish ; canine teeth longer ; tongue in some smooth, in others aculeate backwards ; body of a lengthened form. FELIS, (cat, lion, tiger, panther, lynx,) front teeth 6 ; intermediate ones equal ; grinders three on each side ; tongue aculeated backwards; claws retractile. Sec. D. Amphibious carnivorous animals* PHOCA, (seal,) fore-teeth in the upper jaw 6, pointed, parallel ; exterior larger ; in lower jaw 4, bluntish, parallel, distinct, equal ; canine teeth, one oa each side, in both jaws, large, pointed ; upper ones distinct from the incisors, the lowey ones distinct from the grinders ; grinders 5 on each side above, 6 below, obtusely tricuspidate.. TRICHKCHUS, (morse, sea-cow, sea-horse, wal- rus,) fore teeth (in the full grown animal) none, ei- ther above or below ; tusks solitary in the upper jaw ; grinders with wrinkled surfaces ; lips dou- bled ; hind feet at the extremity of the body, unit- ing into a fin. Sec. 1L Poached carnivorous animals. DIDELPHIS, (oppossum,) front teeth small, round- ed j- superior 10, the two middle ones longer : CLASS I. ORDER IV. 57 inferior 8, the two middle ones broader and very short ; canine teeth long ; grinders denticulated ;- tongue ciliated with papillae ; teats (in most spe- cies) contained in an abdominal pouch. MACROPUS, (kanguroo,) front teeth in upper jaw 6, (in young ones 8,) emarginated ; in lower jaws 2, very large, long, sharp, and pointed for- ward ; grinders 5 on each side, both iti upper and lower jaw, distant from the other teeth ; fore legs very short ; hind legs very long ; the female having an abdominal pouch. ORDER 4. ARRQSQRES. Having incisors in both jaws and no cuspidate teeth ; toes with nails ; feeding almost wholly on vegetable substances. They are the proper gnaiv- crs. CASTOR, (beaver,) iRcisors in the upper jaw truncated and excavated with a transverse angle j- in the lower jaw transverse at the tips ; grinders on each side 4 ; tail long, depressed and scaly ; lias collar bones. Mus, (rat, mouse,) upper incisors wedge-form ; grinders 3 on each side, rarely 2 ; having collar bones. MYOXUS, (dormouse,) incisors 2, upper wedge- form, lower compressed ; grinders 4 in each jaw ; vibrissffi long ; tail cylindric, villose, thicker to- wards the end ; legs of equal length ; 4 toes to each fore foot. DIPUS, (long-foot mouse,) incisors 2 above and 2 below ; fore legs very short, hind legs very long : having collar bones. ARCTOMYS, (rat-bear,) incisors 2 in each jaw, strong, sharp, wedge-form 5 grinders in upper jaw 58 CLASS I. ORDER V. 5 on each side ; in lower jaw 4 : having collar bones. SCIURUS, (squirrel,) incisors in upper jaw wedge-form, in lower jaw sharp; grinders 5 on each side in upper jaw, 4 in lower jaw ; having collarbones ; tail spreading towards each side in most species. HYSTRIX, (porcupine,) incisors 2, both in up- per and under jaw, obliquely cut ; grinders 8 ; body covered with spines intermixed with hair ; 4 toes to each fore foot, 5 to each hind foot. LEPUS, (hare, rabbit,) incisors 2 above and 2 below, the upper pair duplicate; two small in- terior ones standing behind the exterior. CAVIA, (guinea-pig, india-pig,) incisors 2. wedge-form ; grinders 8 ; toes 4 or 5 to each fore foot, to each hind foot 3 to 5 ; tail none or very short ; collar bones, none. ORDER 5. EDENTATA. Having no incisors, and having hoof-like nails* BRADIPUS, (sloth,) cutting teeth none in either jaw ; canine teeth obtuse, single, longer than the grinders placed opposite ; grinders 5 on each side, obtuse ; fore legs much longer than the hind ones r claws very long MEGATHERIUM, (extinct genus,) teeth flat-top- ped ; forelegs equal iu length to both head and neck 5 claws long. Intermediate in character be- tween Bradypus and Dasypus. DASYPUS, (armadillo,) grinders several, without either the cutting or canme teeth ; body coated with a shelly armour, divided into zones. MYRMECOPHAGA, (ant-eater,) teeth none; tongue cylindric, extensile ; mouth lengthened into some- what tubular form ; body covered with hair* CLASS I. ORDER VI. 59 MANIS, (scaly hizard, pangolin,") teeth none ; tongue cylindric and extensile ; mouth narrowed into a snout ; body covered with scales. PLATYPUS, (duck-mouth,) mouth shaped like the bill of a duck ; feet webbed. ORDER 6. PACHYDERMA. Having hoofs and no clavicle ; sJcin very thick. ELEPHAS, (elephant,) cutting teeth none in ei- ther jaw ; tusks in the upper jaw ; grinders com- posed of vertical plates of a bony substance ; pro- bocis very long, prehensile ; body nearly naked. MASTODON, (extinct animal,) grinders have a bristly crown, or a sort of gum, with thick conic points. Other teeth mostly like those of the ele- phant. HYPPOPOTAMUS, (river horse,) incisors 4 in each jaw, above distant in pairs, below prominent and the two middle ones longest ; canines solitary ; below extremely large, long, curved, and oblique- ly truncated ; feet armed at the margin with each 4 hoofs. Sus, (swine,) incisors above 4, converging ; be- low 6, projecting ; canines below 2, longexsert : above 2, shorter ; snout truncated, prominent; inoveable ; feet cloven. ANOPLOTIIERIUM, (extinct animal,) incisors 6 in each jaw ; four canine teeth resembling the incis- ors : twenty-eight grinders forming a continued series, like those of the human teeth. Feet ter- minate in cloven hoofs. This animal must have borne considerable resemblance to animals of the order Ruminantes. RHINOCEROS, (rhinoceros,) one or two horns, solid; perennial, conical, seated on the noise, and W CLASS I. ORDER VII. growing from the skin ; feet terminate in three toes. HYRAX, (cape-badger, lamb of Israel,) incisors above two, broad, somewhat distant; below 4, broad, flat, doubly notched ; grinders large, 4 oa each side of each jaw ; 4 toes to each fore foot, 8 to each hind foot 5 tail none ; collar bones none. PALEOTHERIUM, (extinct animal) incisors six^ and canine teeth two in each jaw ; feet terminate in three toes ; trunk, or proboscis, must have been short and fleshy. TAPIR, (tapir,) incisors 10 above and below? canines single, and incurvated ; grinders 5 on each side, very broad ; 3 hoofs to each foot, with a false one on the fore foot. EQUUS, (horse, zebra,) incisors above 6, paral- lel, below 6, somewhat projecting ; canines 1 on each side above and below, remote from the rest ; hoofs undivided. ORDER VIL RUMIKANTES. Incisors below only ; feet with cloven hoofs ; animals chew the cud. CAMELUS, (camel, dromedary,) horns none; in- cisors below 6, somewhat thin and broad ; ca- nines 3 above, 2 below, distant ; upper lip di- vided. MOSCHUS, (musk,) horns none ; incisors below 8 ; tusks in the upper jaw exsert, solitary. CERVUS, (deer, stag, elk, moose,) horns solid, (covered while young with a hairy skin growing from the top) naked, annual, branched ; incisors below 8 ; canines none (sometimes a single one) in the upper jaw. CLASS I. ORDEIt VIII. 61 CAMELOPARDALIS, (giraffe,) horns permanent, Ibony, covered with bristly skin ; incisors below 8 ; the exterior one on each side deeply bilobate. ANTELOPE, (antelope,) horns hollow, seated on. a bony core, growing upwards, annulated or wreathed, permanent ; incisors below 8, canines none. CAPRA, (goat, ibex,) horns hollow, turning up- wards and backwards, compressed, rough, al- most closed at their base ; incisors below 8, ca- nines none ; chin bearded in the male. Ovis, (sheep,) horns hollow, wrinkletl turning backwards and spirally intorted 5 incisors 8, be- low ; canines none. Bos, (ox, bison, buffalo,) horns concave, turned outwards, lunated^ smooth 5 incisors 8, below 5 canines none. ORDER VIII. CETE. Aquatic animals, without hind .feet ; fore feet Regenerated into Jin-lifce limbs. DELPHINUS, (dolphin, porpoise,) teeth in both jaws ; spiracle on the head. MONODON, (narwhal,) tooth projecting from the upper jaw, very long, strait, spiral ; spiracle on the head. PHYSETER, (cachelot,) teeth visible in the lower jaw only ; spiracle on the head or snout. BALAENA, (whale>) horny lamina?, in the upper jaw in place of teeth ; spiracle with a double ex ternal orifice on the top of the head. 62 CLASS II. AVES. Hemarks. Animals of this class do not have their lungs divided into lobes the whole being in a single mass. Neither are their lungs ventilated by their own contractions and dilatations. Air is made to pass through them by the action of other organs. It is admitted to the blood by an infinite number of vessels from the axils of the wings and various other parts of the body. Their forms are adapted to their peculiar cir- cumstances ; they being the only animals of this grand division which travel in the atmosphere. The muscles of the breast are very large and strong, giving great force to their wings. Their covering of feathers, being non-conductors of elec- tric fluid, secures them in some measure against its frequent discharges in the form of lightning in the upper regions ; and more especially w r hen sit- ting upon their nests, on high trees. Their rapid passage through different regions of the air, and its perpetual action upon them, af- ford them the means of prognosticating the varia- tions of the atmosphere by a method totally un- known to us. THE CLASS AYES is DIVIDED INTO six ORDERS* ORDER I. ACCIPITRES. .^,/^- y Having strong hooked beaks and claws ; toes 4 ; the thumb toe, and inner one of the other three? are larger. Birds of prey. VULTUR, (vulture,) bill straight, hooked at the tip, and covered at the base by a cere or skin : CLASS II. ORDER II. 63 Lead, in most species, bare of feathers, and cover- ed in front by a naked skin ; tongue fleshy and generally bifid ; neck retractile ; feet strong with moderately crooked claws. FALCO, (hawk, buzzard, kite, eagle,) beak hooked, furnished at the base with a cere ; head well covered with feathers ; tongue, in most spe- cies, bifid. SERPENTARIUS, (snake T eater,) beak vulturine : tongue pointed : legs very long. STRIX, (owl,) bill hooked, without cere ; nos trils oblong, covered with recumbent setaceous feathers ; head, eyes, and ears, large ; tongue bifid ; exterior toe moveable backward and for- ward. ORDER II. PASSERES. Including all birds, which are not swimmers, waders, runners, climbers, birds of prey, or of the gallinaceous kind. They are all of the sparrow like family. Section A. Bills indented. / X, LANIUS, (shrike, butcher-bird,) bill straightish, with a tooth or small process on each side near the tip : tongue jagged ; outside toe connected to the middle one, as far as the first joint. TANAGRA, (tanager,) bill conic, pointed, notch- ed, almost triangular at the base, a little inclining at the tip. MUSCICAFA, (fly-catcher, cat-bird,) bill nearly triangular, notched each side, bent in at the tip^ and beset with bristles at the root ; toes (mostly) divided to their oiigin. AMPELIS, (chatterer,) bill straight, convex ; each mandible notched ; nostrils covered with 64 CLASS II. ORDER IX. bristles ; tongue sharp, cartilagenous, bifid ; mid- dle toe connected at the base to the outermost. TURDUS, (thrush,) bill straitish, the upper man- dible a little bending and notched near the point ; nostrils naked, or half covered with a small mem- brane ; mouth ciliate with a few bristles at the corners j tongue jagged.. OREOLUS, (oriole,, fire-bird, red-robin,) bill co- nical, convex, very sharp-pointed, strait ; upper mandible a trifle longer than the lower one, and obscurely emarginated ; tongue bifid, sharp ; feet formed for walking. GRACULA, (grakle, black-bird,) bill convex, thick, somewhat compressed on the sides, coulter- form ; nostrils small, near the base of the bill, of- ten near the edge ; tongue entire, rather sharp- pointed, fleshy ; feet formed for walking ; middle toe connected to the outmost toe at the base. PIPRA, (manakin,) bill shorter than the head. strong, hard, nearly triangular at the base, and slightly incurved at the tip ; nostrils naked ; feet gressoral ; tail short. MOTACILLA, (wren, warbler, sparrow, robbin,) bill subulate, strait ; mandibles nearly equal : nostrils obovate ; toDgue lacerate at the end, Section B, Hills deeply separated, short* fiat hooked, without notches. HiRUNDO. (swallow, martin,) bill small, weak, curved, subulate, depressed at the base ; gape larger than the head ; tongue short, broad, cleft 5 wings long ; tail mostly forked. CAPRIMULGUS, (goat-sucker, night-hawk, whip- poor-will,) bill sligktly curved, very small, subu- late, and depressed at the base : mouth extreme! v CLASS II. ORDER IT. 65 wide and furnished at the sides with a series of bristles ; ears very large ; tongue pointed, entire ; tail not forked, feathers 10 ; legs short ; middle claw with a broad serrate edge. Section 0. Sills strong, conic, without notches. /* . _ *t^ if-0~$jL/ c*- *~ c/^ 4jL4 . ALAUD A, (lark,) bill cylindrical, subulate, strait ; the mandibles equal and a little gaping at the base ; tongue bifid ; hind-claw strait, longer than the toe. PARUS, (titmouse,) bill very entire, narrow, snbcompressed,. strong, hard, pointed, and cover- ed at the base with bristles ; tongue truncate, bristly at the end ; toes divided to the origin, the hind one large and strong. EMBERIZA, (bunting,) bill conic ; mandibles re- ceding from each other from the base downwards^ the lower with the sides narrowed in ; the uppei; with a hard knob within. FRINGILLA, (finch, sparrow, linnet,) bill conic, strait, pointed. PHYTOTOMA, (squaller,) bill conic, strait, se- rate ; nostrils oval ; tongue, short, obtuse ; feet four- toed. LOXIA, (grosbeak, goldfinch, crossbill,) bill strong, thick, convex, rounded at the base ; low- er mandible bent in at the edge ; nostrils small; round at the base of the bill ; tongue truncate. COLIUS, (coby,)rbill short, thick, convex above, flat beneath ; upper mandible bent down at the tip ; nostrils small at the base of the bill and near- ly covered with feathers ;. tongue jagged at the tip ; tail long, wedge- form. GLAUCOPIS, (wattle-bird,) bill incurvated, arch- ed, the lower mandible wattled beneath at the base ; nostrils depressed, half covered by a sub- #6 66" &%&$ w. OHDER n. cartilagenous membrane : tongue semi-cartilage nous, notched and ciliated at the tip ; feet formed for walking ; th^ee toes before and one behind. BUPHAGA, (beef-eater,) bill strait quadrangular^ mandibles gibbose, entire^ more gibbose on the outside ; legs formed for walking. STURNUS, (starling,) bill subulate, angular, de- pressed, bluntish ; the upper mandible entire, somewhat open at the edges- ; nostrils surrounded with a prominent rim ; tongue notched, pointed. SITTA, (nut-cracker, nut-hatch.) bill straight, wedged at the top, subulate, roundish, entire ; up- per mandible a little longer, compressed and an- gular at the tip ; tongue jagged, short, horny at tip ; nostrils small, covered with bristles ; feet formed for walking, hind toe long. CORVUS, (crow, raven, jay, magpie, jackdaw,) bill convex, strong, coulter-form, and (in most spe- cies) toothed or notched near the tip ; nostrils covered by recumbent bristly feathers ;. tongue cartilaginous, bifid ;. feet formed for walking. CQRACIAS, (roller,) bill nearly straight, bending alittle towards the end, cultrated at the edges j nos- trils narrow, nak^d ; tongue cartilaginous, bifid j ; legs generally short ; toes divided to their origin, three forward and one backward. PARADISEA, (paradise bird,) bill covered at the Jbase by velvet-like plumes; side-feathers beneath 4jie wings (iu most species) extending.far beyond the rest of the plumage j legs strong ; feet formed Cor walking. CLASS II, ORDER H. &?* Section D. Sills slender, long, more or less arch- ed and tvithout notches. ^^ UPUPA, (hoopoe, messenger- bird,) bill arched ; long, slender, convex, a little compressed, some- what obtuse ; nostrils at the base of the bill, small ; tongue obtuse, entire, triangula^ very short ; feet formed for walking. CERTHIA, (creeper,) bill arched, slender, some- what triangular, pointed ; tongue various, gener- ally pointed ;, feet formed for walking. TUOCHILUS, (humming- Yird^ bill subulate fill- foroi, tubular at the tip, longer than the head ; upper mandible cheating the lower ; tongue filiform, the two threads coalescing, tubular : feet formed for walking. Section E. Equal toes, or the outer toe about as long as the middle one. MEROPS, (bee-ealer,) bill curved, quadrangular., compressed, carinate, pointed ; nostrils small at the base of the bill ; tongue slender, tip (general- ly) jagged ; feetgres&oval. MOMOTUS, (motmot, bill strong, slightly curv- ed, serrate at the edg.es ; nostrils feathered ; tongue feathered ;, tail wedged,; feet gressoral. ALCEDO, (king-fisher,) bill triangular, thick, strait, long, pointed ; tongue fleshy,, very short; flat, pointed ; feet (in most) gressoral. TODUS, (tody,) bill subulate, depressed, obtuse,, straight, covered at the base with bristles ; nos- trils oval, small ; feet gressoral. BucEROS,(hombill*) bill caavex^ curved, sharp- pervious ; tongue bifid, pointed ; feet formed for running, three toed, tall, naked above the thighs. CHARAKDRIUS, (plover, snipe,) bill roundish, obtuse, straight ; nostrils linear ; feet formed for running ; three toed. TRINGA, (sand-piper,) bill roundish, as long as the head ; nostrils small, linear ; tongue slender ; feet four-toed ; the hind toe of one joint, and rais- ed from the ground. HAEMATOPUS, (oyster catcher,) bill compressed^ the tip an equal wedge ; nostrils linear ; tongue a third part as long as the bill ; feet formed for running ; three toed, cleft. Section C. Coulter -I ill. PSOPHIA, (trumpeter,) bill cylindrical, conic, convex, somewhat pointed ; upper mandible lon- ger ; nostrils oval, pervious ; tongue cartilaginous, flat, fringed at the tip ; feet four- toed, cleft. CANOROMA, (boat-bill,) bill gibbose, shaped like an inverted boat ; nostrils small, placed in a fur- row ; tongue small ; toes divided. ARDEA, (heron, crane, stork, bittern,) bill straight, pointed, long, subcompressed, with a fur- row from the nostrils towards the tip ; nostrils li- near ; tongue sharp ; feet four-toed, cleft, toes connected at the base. MYCTERIA, (jabiru,) bill a little bending up wards, sharp-pointed ; upper mandible triangular; front bald ; nostrils linear ; tongue small or none ; feet four- toed, cleft. SCOPUS, (umbre,) bill long, thick; compressed; 72 CLASS II. ORDER V. a little hooked ; nostrils linear, oblique ; feet four- toed, cleft. TANTALUS, (ibis,) bill long, subulate, roundish, subarched ; face naked ; tongue short, broad ; jugular pouch naked ; nostrils oval ; feet four-toed, pulminate at the base. PLATALEA, (spoon-bill,) bill long, thin, the tip dilated, orbicular, flat ; nostrils small, at the base of the bill ; tongue short, pointed ; feet-four toed* semi-palmate. CORRIRA, (racer,) bill short, straight, without teeth ; thighs longer than the body ; feet four- toed, palmate, the hind toe not connected. Section D. Long-bill. SCOLOPAX, (snipe, woodcock, curlew,) bill roundish, obtuse, longer than the head ; nostrils linear ; face covered ; feet four-toed, hind toe consisting of many joints. RECURVIRO&TRA, (yelper, scooper, avoucet,) bill depressed, subulate, recurved, pointed, flexible at the tip ; feet palmate, four-toed, the hind toe not connected, very short and placed high up ; nos- trils narrow, pervious ; tongue short. Section E. Long-toed. PAIIRA, (jacana,) bill tapering, somewhat ob- tuse ; nostrils oval, in the middle of the bill ; front covered with lobate caruncles ; wings spinose. VAGINALIS, (sheath-bill,) bill strong, thick, co- nic-convex, upper mandible covered above with a moveable horny sheath ; nostrils small, before the sheath ; face naked, papillose ; legs strong, four- toed ; naked above the knees ; claws grooved. CLASS II. OfcDER VI. 73 PALAMEDEA, (screamer,) bill conic ; upper man- hooked ; nostrils oval ; feet four-toed, cleft, a very small membrane connecting the toes at the root. RALLUS, (rail, crake, water-hen,) bill thicldsli at the base, attenuated on the back towards the tip, compressed, a little incurved, pointed ; tongue rough at the tip ; body compressed ; tail short ; feet four- toed , cleft. FULICA, (coot, rain-hen, gallinule,) bill convex, upper mandible arched over the lower at the edge, lower gibbose near the tip ; nostrils oblong ; front bald ; feet four-toed, subpinnate. GLAREQLA, (sea-swallow,) bill strong, short, strait, hooked at the tip ; nostrils at the base of the bill, linear, oblique ; gape of the mouth large ; feet four-toed ; toes long, slender, connected at the base by a membrane ; tail forked, consisting of 12 feathers. PHOENICOPTERUS, (flamingo,) bill naked, tooth- ed, bent as if broken ; nostrils linear ; feet four- toed, palmate, the membranes semicircular on the fore part ; hind toe not connected. ORDER 6. ANSERES. /-. tr+-& Having palmate feet, with toes connected by* membranes in most cases ; formed for swimming. Section A. Divers, with feet far back ; requiring a position nearly erect for balancing the body. *~ COLYMBUS, (diver, loon, grebe,) bill toothless, subulate, straight, pointed ; throat toothed; nostrils linear at the base of the bill ; legs fettered. 7 74 CLASS II. ORDER VI, ALGA, (awk,) bill toothless, short, compressed, convex, often transversely furrowed ; lower mandi- bles gibbose near the base ; nostrils linear ; legs mostly three-toed. APTEXODYTA, (penguin,) bill straight, a little compressed and sharp-edged, upper mandible Ion gitudinally, obliquely grooved, the lower truncate at the tip ; tongue with reflected prickles ; wings fin-form, without quill-feathers ; feet fettered,, four-toed. Section B. Long-ivinged flying sea birds. Jti,t>+*Sfo PROCELLARIA, (petrel,) bill toothless/ a littre compressed, hooked at the point ; mandibles equal ; nostrils cylindrical, tubular, truncate, lying on the base of the bill ; feet palmate ; the back toe point- Ing downwards, sessile, sharp, a mere spur. DIOMEDEA, (albatross, man-o-war bird,) bill straight, upper mandible hooked at the point, low- er truncate ; nostrils oval, wide, prominent, late- ral : tongue very small ; feet four-toed, all placed forward. LARUS, (gull, sea-mew,) bill straight, sharp- edged, a little hooked at the tip, and without teeth ; lower mandible gibbose below the point ; nostrils linear, broader on the fore part, and placed in the middle of the bill. STERNA, (tern, noddy,) bill subulate, straightish, pointed, a little compressed, without teeth ; nos- trils linear ; tongue pointed ; wings very long ; tail mostly forked. RUYNCHOPS, (skimmer,) bill straight ; the up- per mandibles much shorter ; the lower truncate at the tip. CLASS II. ORDER VI. 75 Section C. Feet wholly palmated. PELICANUS, (pelican, cormorant, shag, booby,) ibill straight, hooked at the point and furnished with a nail ; nostrils an obliterated slit ; face na~ kedish ; legs equally balancing the body ; all the four toes palmate. PLOTUS, (darter,) bill straight, pointed, toothed ; nostrils with a slit near the base ; face and chin naked ; legs short ; all the toes connected. PHAETON, (tropic bird,) bill sharp-edged, straight, pointed, the gape of the mouth reaching beyond ; nostrils oblong ; hind toe turned for- ward. ANAS, (goose, duck, swan, teal,) bill convex, obtuse, the edges divided into lamellate teeth, tongue fringed, obtuse ; three fore-toes connected, hind one solitary. MERGUS, (merganser, goosander, nun,) bill toothed, slender, cylindrical, hooked at the point ; nostrils small, oval, in the middle of the bill : feet four-toed, outer toe longest. 76 CLASS IIL AMPHIBIA. .Remarks. The blood of animals is rendered warm and capable of exciting nervous action by the process of respiration. Amphibious ani- mals have their circulatory system so arranged,, that but a part of the blood passes into the lungs ; consequently does not receive the benefit of free respiration. The necessary deficiency in the warmth and in the exciting power of the blood, predisposes them to a torpid state. And though some of them move with rapidity at times ; they are generally torpid, their digestion slow, their senses dull, and some of them pass the winter in a lethargic state. Even if the head is separated from the body, life is still manifested by muscular action for a long time. Their pulmonary vessels are so small, and respiration so slow, that they may remain long under water without producing any change in the circulation of the blood. ORDER 1. CIIELONIA. Having a covering consisting of a shell on the back and on the breast, and walking or swimming frith four feet. Heart with two auricles. TESTUDO, (tortoise,) body defended by a bony covering, or coated by a horny, scaly or coriaceous integument ; mouth with a sort of serrate mandi- bles, and not proper teeth ; the upper mandible closing over the lower. CLASS III. ORDERS II & HI. T7 ORDER 2. SAURIA. Having a covering of scales, and walking on 'two or four feet. Heart with two auricles. LACERTA, (lizard, crocodile, chamelion,) body four-footed, elongated, tailed ;. without any secon- dary integument. DRACO, (dragon,) body four-footed, tailed, and furnished on each side with an expansile, radiate, wing-like skin. ORDER 3. OPHIDIA. Having no feet. Heart with two auricles, ANGUIS, (slow- worm,) scales both on the abdo- men, and beneath the tail. AMPHISBAENA, (itch- worm,) body cylindrical equal ; annular divisions both on body and tail. BOA, (giant snake,) scuta, or undivided plates, both oil the abdomen, and beneath the tail. COLUBER, (viper, asp, ring-snake, green-snake, spotted-snake, striped-snake,) scuta, or undivided lamella under the abdomen ; broad alternate scales, or divided laminae, under the tail. ACROCHORDUS, (w T arted-snake,) body and tail completely covered with warts. HYDKUS, (water-snake,) body slender in front, gradually thickening, scaled : tail compressed. CROTALUS, (rattle-snake,) scuta on the abdo- men ; scuta and squamae beneath the tail ; rattle terminating the taiL LANGAYA, (moccasin-snake,) abdominal plates j caudal rings ; terminal scales. CAECILIA, (eel-snake,) body cylindric, equal ^ wrinkles on the sides both of the body and taiL *T CLASS 111. ORDER IV V ORDER 4, BATRACHIA. Having no covering of shells or scales, and fur nished with tivo or four feet. Heart with one au- ricle. RANA, (frog,) body four-footed, tail-less, naked ; or with no integument but the skin. SALAMANDRA,* (salamander, rain-newt,) body elongated, four-footed, tail long ; head flat, ears concealed under the skin ; 4 toes before, 5 behind. PROTEUS, (mud-dragon,) body elongated, four- footed ; tail compressed vertically ; legs short, three toes on the fore feet and two toes on the hind feet. SIREN, (siren,) body elongated, two-footed be- fore, no feet behind ; feet with five toes. * These three last genera have the general form of lizards : lmtthe> tiave single auricles and naked bodies, or nearly naked. 79 CLASS IV. PISCES. Remarks. In this class the process answering to respiration is performed by presenting the blood to the air contained in water by means of the gills. In effect the gills are as lungs exposed inside out. Fish cannot live in water, from which air has been expelled by boiling, until it has been exposed a considerable time to the atmosphere, or been agi- tated in it. They take water into the mouth and compress it upon the gills by the gill-covers ;- whereby they bring the air contained in it into close contact with the gills. Most species of fish have an air-vessel which they can compress and dilate at pleasure ; by which operation they ascend and descend in water without much exertion. They move in water by their fins, which they use like oars, or wings. Those fins which answer to fore feet are called yectoral fins to hind feet, caudal fins those on the back, dorsal fins those near the vent, anal fins those of the abdomen, ventral fins. The ribs in the fins and gills are called rays. These rays are thorny, soft* articulated, or branched. Some fish are migratory like birds ; as the shad. They move in vast numbers from the ocean into fresh water rivers in the spring season, and depos- ite their eggs. Some reside permanently in fresh water, some in salt water, and others seem to live in either indifferently. Those which pass into fresh water rivers in the spring season, encrease in number in proportion to the extent of agricul- tural improvement in the countries through which the rivers run. The shad of the Hudson have en - $0 CLASS IV. ORDER I. creased probably from five to ten fold within the last century. Probably the encrease of animal substances, along the river and its tributary branches, which are perpetually washed into it, furnishes an immense addition to the stock of food suited to their natures. Most fish feed on both animal and vegetable substances. Some species will live many years in a vessel of mere water. Whether they possess the power of decomposing water and forming new compounds fit for food, or -whether the water ab- sorbs organized matter from the atmosphere suf- ficient to support them, or on what other principle their lives arc prolonged in this situation, is not determined. But the same difficulties present themselves in regard to the leach and numerous other avertebral animals ; excepting that the lat- ter have a less complicated organization. ORDER 1. APODES.* Gill-membranes (if any} with long rays ; ven- tral fins none. ANGUILLA, (eel,) head smooth ; nostrils tubu- lar ; eyes covered by the common skin ; gill-mem- branes 10-rayed ; body roundish, smooth, mu- cous ; dorsal, caudal, and anal fins united ; spi- racles (breathing holes) behind the head or pecto- ral fins. MURAENA, (feel, serpent-eel,) body eel-form ; pectoral fins none ; spiracle on each side of the neck. * I prefer the orders of Linneus in this class, for reasons given in the preface. Cuvier says the orders of fish are more difficult to define than Ike orders of any other class of animals. CLASS IV. ORDER T. Si SYNBRANCHUS, (surinam-eel,) body eel-form ; pectoral fins none ; spiracle single, beneath the neck. SPHAGEBRANCHUS, body eel-form ; pectoral fins none ; spiracles two. beneath the neck. MONOPTERUS, body eel-form ; nostrils placed between the eyes ; fin caudal. GYMNOTUS, (electrical-eel,") head with lateral opercula ; tentacula two on the upper lip ; eyes covered by the common skin ; gill-membrane 5- rayed ; body compressed and carinated by a fin beneath. In most species no dorsal fin. OPHIDIUM, (eel-fish,) head somewhat naked,, teeth in the jaws and palate and throat ; branch!- ostegous membrane 7-rayed, patulous ; body en- siforrn. ODONTOGNATHUS, mouth furnished with a strong moveable lamina or process on each side of the upper jaw ; gill- membrane 5-rayed. COMEPHORUS, head large, with depressed snout 5 mouth large, with small teeth ; body elongated, compressed ; the second dorsal fin furnished with several long naked ra^s. TRIURUS, (tripple-tail,) snout cylindric ; tooth single in each jaw ; fin, dorsal and anal, extend- ed beyond the tail. AMMODYTES, (launce,) head compressed, nar- rower than the body ; upper lip doubled ; lower jaw narrow, pointed ; teeth small and sharp ; gill- membrane 7-rayed ; body long, roundish, with very small scales ; tail distinct. LEPTOCEPHALUS, (morris,) head small, narrow : body very thin, compressed ; pectoral fins none. STYLEPHOHUS, (thread-tail,) eyes pedunculated, standing on a short thick cylinder ; snout length- 82 CLASS IV. OKDEIl II. ened, directed upwards, retractile towards the head by means of a membrane ; mouth without teeth ? branchiae three pair beneath the throat ; fins, pectoral small, dorsal the length of the back* caudal short with spiny rays ; body very long, compressed. TRICHIURUS, (needle-tail,) head stretched for- ward, with lateral gill-covers ; teeth ensiform and semisagittate at the tips ; gill-membrane 7-rayed : body ensiforin, compressed, with subulate, fluless tail. ANARCHTCHAS, (wolf-fish,) head rather obtuse ; fore-teeth, both above and below, coniral, diverg- ent, strong, 6 or more in number ; grinders in the lower jaw and palate rounded ; gill -membrane 6- rayed ; body roundish ; tail-fin distinct. XIPHIAS, (sword-fish,) head with the upper jaw terminating in a sword-form snout ; mouth, without teeth ; gill- membrane 8-rayed ; body roundish, without scales. STROMATEUS, (stromat,) head compressed : teeth both in jaws and palate ; body rhombic- ovate, compressed, lubricous. STERNOPTRIX, (amber-fish,) head obtuse ; mouth abrupt ; teeth very minute ; gill-membrane none ; body compressed, without visible scales ; breast cariuate, folded both ways ; abdomen pellucid. ORDER 2. JUGULARES. Gill-membranes with bony rays ; ventral Jim before the pectoral. CALLIONYMUS, (dragonet,) eyes vertical, ap- proximated ; gill covers shut, with a small aper- ture on each side the neck ; gill-membrane 6- ray* ed ; body naked j ventral fins very remote. CLASS IV. ORDER III. 83 U RANOSCOPUS, (star-gazer,) head large, depres- sed, rough ; mouth furnished with an internal cir- rus ; gill-covers edged by a ciliated border ; gill- membrane 5-rayed. TuACHiNus,(weever, prickle-back,) head slight- ly roughened, compressed ; gill-membrane 6-ray- ed ; gill-covers serrated on the edge ; body com- pressed ; vent situated near the breast. GADUS, ^cod-fish, haddock,) head smooth ; gill- membrane 7-rayed ; body oblong, covered with deciduous scales ; fins all covered by the common skin ; dorsal arid anal generally more than one ; the rays unarmed ; ventral fins slender, ending in a point. BLENNIUS, (blenuy,) head sloping; body length- ened ; sub-compressed, lubricous ; gill-membrane 6-rayed ; ventral fins 2, 3 or 4-rayed, unarmed. KURTUS, body broad, carinated both above and below ; with greatly elevated back : gill-mem- brane 2-rayed. ORDER 3. THORACIC!. Gill-membranes with bony rays ; ventral-fins under the pectoral. CEPOLA, (band-fish,) head short ; teeth curved, sharp ; l>ody very long and compressed ; abdo- men extremely short ; gill-membrane six-rayed. GYMNETRUS, body extremely long, compressed; teeth numerous, subulate ; gill-membrane four or five-rayed ; anal-fin wanting, VANDELLIUS, (vandal,) body extremely long, sword-form ; gill -membrane five or six-rayed ; teeth subulate, those in front largest. ECHENEIS, (reinora, sucking-fish;) head fur- 84 CLASS IV. ORDER lit. nished above with a flat, ovate, transversely sul- cated shield ; gill- membrane six-rayed ; body without scales. CoitYFHJENA, head sloping suddenly down- wards; gill-membrane five-rayed ; dorsal-fin the length of the back. MACROURUS, (imminset,) head large ; eyes large ; body at the hind part attenuated into the tail. GOBIUS, (goby,) head small ; eyes approximat- ed ; gill-membrane four-rayed; ventral-fins unit- ed into the form of a funnel. GOBIOMORUS, habit as the Gobius ; with vent- ral-fins distinct. COTTUS, (bullhead,) head broader than the bo- dy, spiney ; eyes vertecal and having a nictitating membrane ; gill-membrane six-rayed. In most species the body is without scales ; attenuated to- wards the tail, and with two dorsal-fins. SCOHPJENA, head large, aculeated, cirrose, ob- tuse, without scales, sub-compressed ; eyes neav each other ; teeth in the jaws, palate and throat ; gill-membrane seven-rayed; body fleshy; dor- sal-fin single, with the rays of the forepart spiny. ZEUS, (dory,) head compressed, sloping down; upper lip arched by a transverse membrane ; tongue subulate (in most species) ; body compressed, broad, sub-rhomboid, thin, and of a bright colour : gill membrane with seven perpendicular rays, the lowest transverse ; dorsal fin (in most species) having projecting filiform rays. PLEUROKECTES, (flounder, holibut, sole,) eyes both on the same side of the head ; body compress- ed, one side representing the back and the other the abdomen. IV. ORDER III. 85 C5HJ&TODON, (sheep-head, unicorn fish,) head small ; mouth also small ; teeth close set, flexile, setaceous ; gill- membrane 3, 4, 5 or 6-rayed ; bo dy broad, compressed, generally banded ; dorsal and anal fin thick, fleshy and scaly at the base. ACANTHURUS, teeth small, lobate (in most spe ies) ; tail aculeate on each side 5 habit and geiv eral appearance as the Chsetodon. EQUES, (knight-fish,) teeth in several rows: body banded. TRICHOPUS, body compressed; ventral fins with an extremely long filament. SCARUS, jaws bony, divided in the middle,, crenated on the edge ; teeth connate and conglom- erate. SPARUS, teeth strong ; front teeth in a single row, in some species, in 2, 8 or 4 rows in others ; grinders (in most species) convex, smooth, dispos- ed in ranges, so as to form a kind of pavement j lips thick ; gill-covers unarmed, smooth, scaly. GOMPHOSUS, jaws lengthened into a tubular snout ; teeth small ; those in front larger. LABRUS, (old- wife,) teeth strong and suba- cute ; grinders sometimes as in Sparus, convex and crowded; lips thick and doubled ; rays of the dorsal- fin, in some species, elongated into soft processes ; gill-covers unarmed and scaly. OPHICEPHALUS, head coated with dissimilar scales ; body elongated. LONCHURUS, head scaly ; ventral-fins separate i tail lanceolate. SCI^ENA, head scaly ; dorsal-fins two, seated m a furrow, into which they may occasionally with- draw ; gill-menibrane six-rayed. PERCA, (perch, basse, ruffe,) teeth sharp ; gill 8 86 CLASS IV. ORDER IV, covers three-leaved, scaly, serrated ; dorsal-fin spiny on the forepart ; scales (in most species) hard and rough. HOLOCENTRUS, habit as Perca ; gill-covers sca- ly, serrated and aculeated ; scales hard and rough. BODIANUS, (boclian,) habit as Perca ; gill-cov- ers scaly, not serrated, aculeated ; scales smooth. SCOMBER, (mackrel,) body oblong, smooth, sometimes carinated by the lateral line ; finlets (in most species) above and below towards the tail. GASTEROSTEUS, (stickleback,) body somewhat lengthened ; dorsal-spines distinct ; ventral fins spiny ; abdomen carinated or shielded on the sides, and bony beneath. MULLUS, (surmullet,) head compressed, scaly : mouth bearded ; gill-membrane three-rayed ; bo- c-y covered with large subdeciduous scales. TRIGLA, (gurnard,) head large, mailed and marked by rough lines ; gill-covers spiny ; gill- membrane seven-rayed ; finger-form processes (in most species) near the pectoral-fins. TRACHICHTHYS, head rounded in front ; eye large ; mouth wide, toothless, descending ; gill- tnembrane furnished with eight-rays of which the four lowermost are rough on the edges ; scales rough ; abdomen mailed with large carinated scales. ORDER 4. ABDOMINALES. Gill-membranes with bony rays ; ventral-fin^ back of the pectoral. COBITIS, (loche,) mouth bearded (in most spe- cies) ; eyes situated in the upper part of the head : body nearly of equal thickness from head to tail ; CLASS IV. ORDER IV. 87 scales small, deciduous ; air-bladder hard or bo- ay- ANABLEPS, head subdepressed ; mouth termi- nal ; teeth small, on the jaws ; eyes protuberant, with double pupils ; gill-membrane six-rayed. AMJA, head bony, naked, rough, with visible sutures ; teeth both in jaws and palate, close-set, sharp, numerous ; cirri or beards two, near the nostrils ; gill-membrane twelve-rayed ; body sca- Jy- SILURUS, head large, depressed ; mouth wide,, bearded by longHentacula 5 body lengthened, na- ked ; first ray of the pectoral-fins, or of the first dorsal-fin, toothed backwards. PLATYSTACUS, habit as Silurus ; mouth be- neath, bearded with cirri; body scaleless, depress- ed ; tail long, compressed. LORICARIA, habit as Silurus ; body mailed. SALMO, (salmon, trout,) head smooth, compress- ed ; tongue cartilaginous ; teeth both in the jaws and on the tongue ; gill -membrane from four to ten- rayed ; body compressed, furnished at the hind part with an adipose fin. ACANTHONOTUS, body elongated, without dor- sal-fin ; spines several on the back and abdomen. FTSTULARIA, (tobacco-pipe, trumpet-fish,) snout cylindric ; mouth terminal ; body lengthened ; gill-membrane seven-rayed. Esox, (sea-pike, gar-fish,) head somewhat flat- tened above ; mouth wide ; teeth sharp, in the jaws, palate and tongue ; body lengthened ; dor- sal and anal-fin (in most species) near the tail and opposite to each other. POLYPTERUS, gill-membrane single-rayed ; dor* sal-fins numerous. 38 CLASS iv. ORDER IT, ELOPS, head smooth ; edges of the jaws and palate rough, with teeth ; gill-membrane with thirty rays, and armed on the outside in the mid- ille with five teeth, ARGENTINA, teeth in the jaws and tongue ; gill- membrane with eight rays ; vent near the tail ; ventral fins many-rayed. ATHERINA, head somewhat flattened over the upper jaw ; gill-membrane six-rayed ; body marked by a silver lateral stripe. MUGIL, (mullet,) lips membranaceous ;. the in ferior one carinated within ; teeth none ; at the corners of the mouth an inflected callus; gill- membrane with six curved rays ; body fleshy : scales large ; dorsal-fins two. EXOCGETUS, (flying-fish,) head scaly ; jaws con- nected on each side ; gill-membrane ten-rayed : pectoral-fins very large, giving the power of fly- OLYNEMUS, head compressed, covered with scales ; snout very obtuse and prominent ; gill- membrane five or seven-rayed ; separate filaments or setaceous processes near the base of the pecto- ral-fins. CLUPEA, (herring, shad, sprat,) side-plates of elre upper mandible serrated ; gill- membrane eight rayed; gills internally setaceous; abdomen sharp^ and serrated generally. CYPRINUS, (carp, tench, bream,) mouth small and toothless; teeth in the throat; gill-membrane three -rayed ; ventral-fins, in general, nine-rayed. MORMYRUS, snout produced ; mouth terminal j teeth several, emarginated j. aperture without gill- cover 5 gill-membraae single-rayed j body scaly, CLASS IV. ORDER V, 89 ORDER 5. BRANCHIOSTEGUS. Skeleton cartilaginous , without ribs ; gill-mem- tranes, with or without gill-covers. LOPIIIUS, (angler,) head depressed ; teeth nu- merous, sharp ; tongue armed with teeth ; pecto- ral fins brachiated ; no gill covers. CYCLOPTERUS, (sucker,) head obtuse ; teeth in the jaws ; tongue short and thick; body thick without scales ; ventral fins united into a circle. BALISTES, (file-fish,) teeth several in both jaws; body compressed ; abdomen cariuated ; skin tough, often reticulated by scale-like divisions ; no gill-covers, OSTRACION, (trunk-fish,) teeth pointing for- ward, cylindric, rather blunt ; body mailed by a bony covering. DIODON, jaws bony, undivided ; body beset with moveable spines. CEPHALUS, (mullet, sun-fish,) jaws bony ; bo- dy terminating abruptly, so that the whole fish resembles the head of a fish. TETRODON, (sun fish, &c.) jaws bony, divided at the tip ; body roughened beneath ; ventral fins wanting. SYGNATHUS, (pipe-fish,) snout sub-cylindric, with terminal mouth ; body lengthened, jointed, mailed ; ventral fins none. CENTRISCUS, snout lengthened; body compress- ed, carinated beneath ; ventral fins united. CHIMERA, (sea-inonster,) head pointed on tho upper part, mouth placed beneath, with the upper lip five-cleft ; no gill-covers j two incisors in front above and below. CLASS It, OKBER ORDER 6. eHONDROPTERYGIOUS, Skeleton cartilaginous? without ribs ; gill-mem- Ijranes wanting, with or without gill-covers. PETROMYZO:N, (lamprey,) body eel-form ; mouth beneath, with numerous teeth in circular rows : spiracles seven on each side the neck. GTASTROBRANCHUS, (hag-fish,) hody eel-form^ mouth beneath, with numerous pectinate teeth : spiracles two, beneath the abdomen. RAJA, (ray,) mouth situated beneath the head, transverse, beset with teeth ; spiracles beneath, iive on each side of the neck ; body, in most spe- cies, subrhomboidal. SQUALUS, (shark,) mouth situated beneath the anterior part of the head, with numerous teeth dis- posed in rows ; spiracles on each side the neck (inmost species five,) of a semi-lunar shape ; body oblong, somewhat cylindric. SPATULAIUA, habit as Squalus, ; spiracles sin- gle on each side the neck and concealed by a large gill-cover ; snout produced, spatulate ; mouth be- neath the head, large and furnished with sharp serrate teeth. Acii'ENCER, (sturgeon, sterlet,) having gill- covers ; snout bearded beneath : mouth beneath the head, ovate, toothless, retractile ; body elon- gated, mailed above by tubercles. PEGASUS, having gill-covers ; snout elonged not bearded ; mouth beneath ; pectoral fins large ; ventral fins single-rayed ; body depressed, mail- ed,, with the abdomen divided into bony segments* 91 CLASS V. ANNELIDA. Remarks. Animals of this class have hereto- fore been distributed among various divisions of the Linnean verines ; but no naturalist was satis- fied with such a distribution. These animals hav- ing red blood, and soft jointed bodies, they seem- ed to be excluded from all places in the system. The French naturalists have obviated this diffi- culty by creating a new class ; and placing this class under the grand division Articulata. As these animals have no limbs for walking, it was necessary to make the definition of this division more general referring to their jointed bodies,, without specifying articulated limbs. They are all reproduced like plants with perfect flowers. ORDER i. TUBICOLA. Semi-molluscous and encased in calcareous tubes. SERPULA, (shell-worm,) animal a terebella : shell univalve, tubular, generally adhering to oth- er substances ; often separated internally by di- visions at uncertain distances. SABELLA, (cased- worm,) animal a nereis, with a ringent mouth and 2 thicker tentacula behind the head ; shell tubular, composed of particles of sand, broken shells, and vegetable substances ; united to a membrane by a glutinous cement. AMPHITRITE, body projecting from a tube and annulate ; peduncles or feet small, numerous ; feelers 2, approximate, feathered 5 eyes none* In sea and wet saml. ; Q2 CLASS V. ORDERS II. & III. DENTALIUM, (tooth-shell,) animal a terebella ; shell univalve, tubular, strait or slightly curved, with an undivided cavity open at both ends. ORDER 2. DORSIBRANCHIA. Respiratory organs distributed along one side of the body, which may be called the back. NEREIS, body long, creeping, with numerous lateral peduncles, or feet, each side ; feelers sim- ple, rarely none ; eyes 2, or 4, rarely none. In sea. APHROBITA, (aphrodite,) body creeping, ob- long, covered with scales, and furnished with nu- merous bristly fasciculate feet, each side ; mouth terminal, cylindrical, retractile ; feelers 2, seta- ceous, annulate ; eyes 4. In sea. ORDER 3. ABRANCHIA. Having no particular respiratory organs ; but the office of respiration is performed along the whole surface of the skin. LUMBRICUS, (angle- worm, earth-worm,) body round, annulate, with (generally) an elevated fleshy belt near the head, mostly rough with mi- iiute concealed prickles placed longitudinally, and furnished with a lateral aperture. In common soil, wet soil, and wet rotten wood and manure. NAIS, (glass- worm,) body creeping, long, lin- ear, pellucid, depressed; peduncles or feet with small bristles each side ; tentacular or feelers, none ; eyes two or none. In stagnant waters, rivers and wet sand. CLASS V. ORDER III. 93 HIRUDO, (leech, blood-sucker,) body oblong, truncate at both ends, unarmed, cartilaginous ; moves by dilating head and tail and contracting itself into an arch. In water and damp places. GORDIUS, (hair-worm, hair-snake,) body round, filiform, equal, smooth. In water and damp pla^ ces. 94 CLASS VI. CRUSTACEA. Remarks. These animals were placed in the class Insecta by Lineas. There was no difficul- ty in this arrangement, as the characters are defi- nite and constant. The separation is generally approbated. In truth there seems to be a wide difference between a lobster and a butterfly. But some species of the class Insecta have something of a crust, which causes many naturalists to ques* tion the beneficial uses of this subdivision. They respire by a kind of gills or lamellar py- ramids, sometimes furnished with threads. These are placed at the articulations of the body. They generally have four antennse. Their crustaceous covering is very strong in some species, as the lob- ster ; in others it is thin and tender. The crusts of some species have been found iu the state of petrifactions or relique. But I do not think Brongniard has demonstrated the trilobite to have been of this class. I have recently found trilobites in a calciferous slate, with their carbo- nate of lime shells still remaining. I believe M, Brongniard will hereafter convince himself that the trilobite was a rnultivalve molluscous animal, ORDER l. DECAPODIA. Head confounded with the trunk* CANCER, (crab, lobster,) having ten feet ; head united to the corslet, forming a shield, covering the whole anterior part of the body. CLASS VI. ORDERS II. TO V* $5 ORDERS SECOND TO FIFTH. Head distinct from the trunk. Remark. These four orders of Latreille must be united, if we retain the old Linnean genera, as adopted by Shaw, according to the plan of this text-book. SQUILLA, tail longer than the thorax ; each man- dible bears a feeler ; eyes pedicelled and movea- ble. ONISCUS, (sow-bug,) legs fourteen ; antennae setaceous ; body oval. MONNOCULUS, (swimming-bug,) feet formed for swimming ; body covered by a crustaceous tegu- ment ; eyes, in most species, approximated and Imbedded in the shell. 96 CLASS VII. ARACHN1DA. Remarks. Animals of this class also were placed in the class Insecta by Linneus. They are truly insects ; but constituting a numerous and interesting family of a peculiar character, few object to the separation. The web of the spider attracted the notice of the earliest observers ; and it forms a subject of refference in the writings of Solomon. Were it not for that ridiculous affec- tation which causes the feigned screaches and screams so often heard at the approach of spiders, nothing in the whole round of natural science would be a more favorite subject of observation and study, than the instincts and structures of these beautiful and inoffensive animals. ORDER 1. PULMONARIA. Having hollow organs or sacks, in some measure resembling lungs, which subserve the purpose qf respiration. ARANEA, (spider,) legs eight ; eyes eight ov six ; mouth furnished with two hooks or holders ; feelers two, jointed, the tips of which, in the male, distinguish the sex ; abdomen terminated by pa- pillae or teats, through which the threads of the web are drawn. SCORPIO, (scorpion,) legs eight, besides the two frontal claspers ; body ovate, elongated ; eyes eight, three on each side of the thorax and two on the back ; tail elongated, jointed and terminated by a curved pincer ; combs (toothed processes) si- tuated beneath, between the thorax and abdomen. CLASS VII. ORDER II. 97 ORDER 2. TR AC HENT A. Having no cavity resembling lungs, but respir- ing by a kind of trachea-like radiation of branched tubes. PHALANGIUM, (grey-beard,) legs eight ; eyes four, two vertical and two lateral ; front furnish- ed with cheliform antennae ; abdomen generally rounded. ACARUS, (mite,) legs eight ; eyes two, situate on each side of the head ; feelers two, jointed,, leg-form. 9 { 98 ) CLASS VIII. INSECTA. Remarks. This class comprises an immense assemblage of small animals. They are mostly of a structure which is very favorable to rapid mo- tion. Those which have wings mostly pass through four states of existence. First the egg, second the larva, third the crysalis, fourth the winged insect. In every state they are extremely interesting. In classifying insects, those which have wings are separated from those which have not. But still there are several species wherein the male and female differ in this particular. In general, however, insects are easily classified and describ- ed, and are very fit subjects for the exercise of the discriminating powers of the young naturalist. By studying insects and becoming acquainted with their beautiful structure, all those artificial horrors, excited by their presence, are changed into feelings of adoration for Him, who drew out their microscopic tubes, and set their respective fluids to flow in them. ORDER i. MYRIAPODIA. Having any number of feet above six and no wings ; head not distinct from the trunk. JULUS, (round centipede,) antennae moniliform ; feelers two, jointed ; body subcylindric ; legs num- erous, twice as many on each side as the segments of the body. SCOLOPENDRA, (flat centipede,) antennae seta- ceous ; body depressed j legs numerous, equalling CLASS VIII. ORDERS II. III. & IV. 99 the number of segments of the body on each side ; feelers two, setaceous. ORDER 2. THYSANOURA. Having but six feet, with some other organs of movement, which appear like fringes ; no wings. LEPISMA, (lepisma,) legs six, formed for run- ning ; mouth with two setaceous and two headed feelers ; body imbricate with minute scales ; tail furnished with extended bristles. PODURA, (spring-tail,) legs six, formed for run- ning ; eyes two, composed of eight; tail forked, formed for leaping, inflected ; antennae setaceous; elongated. ORDERS. PARASITA. Having six feet, no fringe-like organs ; no wings ; crawl upon other animals. PEDICULUS, (louse,) legs six, formed for walk- ing ; mouth furnished with an exsert piercer ; an- tennae the length of the thorax ; abdomen depress- ed, sublobate. ORDER 4. SUCTORIA. 5V0 wings ; beak a sucker enclosed in a cylin- dric sheath of two articulated pieces. PULEX, (flea,) legs six, formed for leaping ; eyes two ; antennae filiform ; mouth furnished with an inflated, setaceous snout, concealing a pier- cer, abdomen compressed. 100 CLASS VIII. ORDER V. ORDER 5. COLEOPTERA. Having four wings, the outer pair ( called ely- tra } crustaceans, the inner pair folded transverse- ly, or not extended longitudinally. Sec. A. Tarsus with Jive joints ; palpi six. CICINDELA, (tiger-bug,) antennae setaceous jaws prominent, denticulated ; eyes protuberant \ thorax roundish and margined. CARABUS, autennse setaceous ; thorax some what heart-form, truncated in front, margined ; abdomen ovate ; wing-sheaths margined. PYTISCUS ; (swimmer,) antennae setaceous ; hind legs villose, formed for swimming and terminated by scarcely visible claws. HYDRACHNA, (water witch, water-spider,) legs eight, formed for swimming; head, thorax and ab- domen united, or connate ; feelers two, jointed ; yes 2, 4 or 6. GYRINUS, (glimmer-cheffer,) antennae clavate^ stiff, shorter than the head, eyes apparently fouiy two above and two below. Sec. B. Tarsus with five joints ; palpi four ? antennae not enlarged at the ends nor luminated. STAPHYLINUS, (rove beetle,) antennae, monilifoi^m ; wing-sheaths halved ; wiags covered ; tail simple, occasionally protruding two oblong vesicles. BUPRESTIS, antennae setaceous, of the length of the thorax ; head half withdrawn beneath the thorax. ELATER, (snap-bug,) antennas setaceous ; body oblong, when placed on the back, springing up by CLASS VIII. ORDER V. 101 means of the pectoral spine starting from the ab- dominal foramen. LAMPYRIS, (glow-worm,) antennae filiform ; wing-sheaths flexile ; thorax flat, semiorbicular^ concealing and surrounding the head ; abdomen with the sides plaited into papillae ; female wing- less (in most species.) CANTHARIS, antennae setaceous; thorax margi- ned, shorter than the head ; wing-sheaths flexile ; abdomen plated into papillae on the sides. PTINUS, (plant-thief,) antennae filiform, with the three last joints largest; thorax roundish with- out distinct margin, receiving the head occasion- ally. Section C. Tarsus with five joints ; palpi four $ antennae enlarged at the end or laminated. HISTER, antennae headed by a somewhat solid tip, lowest joint compressed and decurved ; head retractile ; mouth forcipated ; wing-sheaths short- er than the body ; fore legs toothed. SILPHA, (protector,) antennas thickening, to- wards the tip ; wing-sheaths margined ; head prominent, thorax flattish, margined. DERMESTES, (leather-chaffer,) antennae clavate, with perfoliate tip, the three last joints larger than the rest ; thorax convex, scarcely or very slightly margined ; head withdrawn at pleasure beneath the thorax. BYRRHUS, antennas clavate, subsolid, subcom pressed. HYDROPHILUS, (driver,) antennae clavate-per- foliate; hind legs villose and formed for swim- ming. 02 CfcASS VIII. ORDER V,. SCARABJEUS, (beetle,) antennae or horns clavate* with a fissile tip ; legs generally toothed ; body thick and compact. Luc ANUS, (ox -chaffer,) antenna; clavate, with compressed tip, divided into lamellas on the inner side ; jaws stretched forward, exsert and toothed. Sec. D. Tarsi with one more joint to each of the four forward ones, than to the two hindmost* Generally four to each forward one. TENEBRIO, antennae moniliform with the last joint rounded ; thorax planoconvex, margined : head exsert ; wing-sheath stiffish. DIAPERIS, (shield-bug,) head concealed under the corslet or received in a deep excavation in its. forward end ; the sides of the corslet and of the chest project over the body. It is often very flak> oval, and in the form of a shield. MELOE, (spanish fly,) antennae moniliform, with the last joint ovate ; thorax roundish ; wing- sheaths soft and flexile ; head inflected. MORDELLA, antennae filiform, serrated ; head bent down when disturbed; feelers compressed* clavate, obliquely truncated ; wing-sheaths curv- ing downwards towards the tip ; lamina broad, before the thighs, at the base of the abdomen. Sec. E. Tarsus always with four joints. BRUCHUS, antennae filiform, gradually thicken- ing ; head retracted and inflected ; thorax attenu- ate in front ; wing-shells truncated, shorter thai%< the abdomen. ATTELABUS, head attenuated behind ; antennae thickening towards the tip. CLASS VIII. ORDER V. 10& CURCULIO, (weevil,) antennae subclavate situat- ed on the snout ; snout horny prominent. PALSUS, antennae of 2 joints, the upper very large, inflated, moveable, and hooked ; head stretched forward j wing-sheaths flexile, deflec- ted, truncate. MYCETOPHAGUS, body oval ; antennae gradual- ly enlarged, perfoHate in a great number, (they terminate in a mass of three or four articulations upon each other.) They live in mushrooms and under the bark of trees. CERAMBYX, (goat-chaffer, goat-horns,) antennae slender and gradually attenuated ; thorax either spiny or bulging ; wing-sheaths sublinear ; body oblong. LEPTURA, (wood-beetle,) antennae setaceous ; wing-sheaths attenuated towards the tip ; thorax subcylindric. NECYDALIS, antennae setaceous ; wing-sheaths smaller, shorter and narrower than the wings ; tail simple. HISPA, (prickly-beetle,) antennae spindle-form, approximate at the base, situate between the eyes ; thorax and wing-shells generally aculated. CASSIDA, (tortoise-beetle,) antennae moniliform, thickening towards the tip ; head concealed be- neath the shield of the thorax ; thorax and wing- sheaths dilated and margined; body oval, convex, flat beneath. CHRYSOMELA, antennae moniliform, thickening towards the tip ; thorax margined ; body ovate or oblong, convex. 104 CLASS VIII. ORDER YI, Sec* F. Tarsus always with three or with two joints. COCCINELLA, .(lady-bug, ladies'-bird,) antennae subclavate and truncate ; feelers with semicordate tips ; body hemispheric, with the abdomen flat beneath. ORDER 6. ORTHOPTERA. Having four wings, the outer pair generally of a leathery texture ; the inner pair plaited hngi- tudinally. FORFICULA, (earwig,) antennge setaceous ; wing- sheaths halved ; wings covered ; tail forcipated. BLATTA, (cockroach,) head inflected ; antennae setaceous ; wings flat, subcoriaceous ; thorax flat- ish orbicular, margined ; feet formed for running; hornlets- two over the tail. MANTIS, (soothsayer,) head unsteady, armed with jaws and furnished with palpi or feelers ; an- tennae setaceous ; thorax linear; wings 4, membra- naceous, convolute ; the lower pair pl&ted ; fore- legs, in most species, compressed, serrated beneath and armed with a single claw and with a setace- ous, lateral, jointed foot ; hind-legs smooth, form- ed for walking. PHASMA, (spectre,) head large ; antennse fili- form ; eyes small, rounded stemmata 8, between the eyes ; wings 4, membranaceous, the upper pair abbreviated, the lower plaited ; feet formed for walking. GRYLLUS, (grass-hopper, locust,) head inflected^ armed with jaws, and furnished with feelers ; an- teimain most species, either filiform or setaceous^ CLASS VIII. ORDER VII. 105 wings 4, deflexed, convolute, lower ones plaited ; Liud-legs formed for leaping ; claws double on all the feet. ORDER 7. HEMIPTERA. Having four wings, the outer pair mostly with the upper half crustaceous and the lower half mem- tranaceous ; inner edges generally crossing each other at an angle more or less acute. CIMEX, (bug, fruit-bug,) snout inflected ; anten- nae longer than thorax ; wings 4, cross-complicate or folded crosswise, the upper pair coriaceous on the upper part ; back flat with the thorax mar- gined ; feet formed for running. NEPA, (water-scorpion,) snout inflected ; wings 4, cross-complicate, coriaceous on the upper part ; fore-feet cheliform, (forcipated) the rest formed for walking. NOTONECTA, (boat-fly,) snout inflected ; anten- nae shorter than thorax ; wings coriaceous on the upper part and crossed over each other ; hind feet edged with hairs and formed for swimming. CICADA, (american locust, caty-did, greeh-grass- liopper,) snout inflected ; antennae very short, se- taceous ; wings 4, membranaceous, deflected , feet, in most species, formed for leaping. FULGORA, (lantern-fly,) head produced into an inflated hollow front ; antennae beneath the eyes^ of 2 joints, the exterior larger and globose ; snout inflected ; feet formed for walking. CHERMES, (gall- bug,) snout pectoral ; antennsa longer than thorax ; wings 4, deflexed ; thorax gibbose ; feet formed for walking* 106 CLASS VIII. ORDER Till. THRIPS, snout inconspicuous ; antennae the length of the thorax ; body linear ; abdomen reflexile upwards wings 4, straight, long, narrow, incum- bent on the back, slightly crossed. APHIS, (plant-louse,) snout inflected 5 antennae longer than thorax ; wings either 4, upright or none ; feet formed for walking , abdomen general- ly furnished with 2 horns or processes. Coccus, (cochineal bug,) snout pectoral ; abdo- men bristled behind ; wings 2 in males, upright; in females none. ORDER 8. NEUROPTERA. Having four naked membranaceous wings, finely reticulated ; the inn&fcpair as large as the outer, and sometimes larger one way, LIBELLULA, (dragon's needle, dragon-fly,) mouth furnished with several jaws ; antennae very short ; wings 4> extended $ tail, in the male, for- cipated. EPHEMERA, (day-fly, ephemera,) mouth without teeth or feelers ; s lemmata 2, very large, above the eyes ; wings upright, lower pair smaller; tail bristled. PANORPA, (scorpion- fly,) snout horny, cylin- dric, with 2 feelers ; stemmata 3 ; antennae longer than thorax ; tail of the female ehelated or clawed. MYRMELEON, (lion-ant,) mouth furnished with jaws ; teeth 2 ; feelers 4, elongated ; stemmata none ; antennae clavate, of the length of the tho- rax ; wings deflected ; tail of the male furnished with a forceps consisting of 2 straitish filaments. CLASS VIII. ORDER IX. 107 HEMEROBIUS, (gold-eye,) mouth with 2 teeth 4 feelers; stemmata none; wings deflected, not plaited ; antennae longer than the convex thorax, setaceous, stretched forwards. RAPHIDIA, mouth with 2 teeth ; head depress* ed, horny ; feelers 4 ; steramata 3 ; wings de- flexed ; antennae the length of thorax, which is cylindric, and elongated in front ; tail of females furnished with a recurved lax bristle. TERMES, (ticking-fly.) legs 6,. formed for run- ning ; eyes 2 ; antennae setaceous ; mouth fur- nished with 2 jaws. PHRYGANEA, (cadow-fly,) mouth without teeth, with 4 feelers ; stemrnata 3 ; antennae longer than thorax ; wings incumbent, lower pair plaited. ORDER 9. HYMENOPTERA. Having four nmked membranaceous wings ; the inner or hindmost pair always smaller than the others. TENTHREDO, (saw-fly,) mouth with jaws, with- out proboscis ; wings flat, swelled or slightly in- flated ; piercer consisting of 2 serrated and scarce- ly projecting laminae ; scutellum with 2 distant granules. SIREX, mouth with 2 strong jaws ; feelers 2, truncated ; antennae filiform, with more than 24 joints ; piercer exserted, stiff, serrate ; abdomen sessile, pointed ; wings lanceolate and all flat. ICHNEUMON, (ichneumon,) mouth with jaws, without tongue; antennas with more than 30 joints; abdomen, in most species, peduncled ; piercers xsert, with a cylindric bivalve sheath. 108 CLASS VIII. ORDER X. CYNIPS, (gall-fly,) mouth with jaws, but with out proboscis ; piercer or sting spiral, generally concealed. GHRYSIS, (gold-wasp,) mouth with jaws, with* out proboscis ; antennae filiform with the first joint lengthened the other 11 short; abdomen arched beneath, with a lateral scale on each side ; vent dentated ; piercer subexsert ; wings flat ; body gilded. FORMICA, (ant,) head large, with diffracted fili- form antennae ; mouth with large jaws and 4 un- equal feelers ; thorax narrowed behind and furn- ished with an upright scale ; abdomen subglo- bose ; neutrals apterous; neutrals and females furnished with a concealed sting* MUTILLA, antennae filiform ; body downy ; thorax retuse behind ; wings frequently wanting ; sting concealed. SPHEX, (solitary- wasp,) mouth with jaws, with- out tongue ; antennae of 10 joints ; wings flat, in- cumbent, not plaited ; sting concealed. VESPA, (wasp, hornet,) mouth with jaws, with- out proboscis ; upper wings plaited ; sting con- cealed ; eyes lunated ; body smooth. APIS, (bee,) mouth furnished with jaws and an inflected proboscis with 2 bivalve sheaths ; wings flat, or without plaits ; sting concealed in the fe- male and neutral bees. ORDER 10. LEP1DOPTERA. Having four membranaceous wings, generally large, covered with small scales. The scales ap- pear like dust ? when brushed off under the naked eye. PAPILIO, (butterfly,) antennae thickening to- CLASS VIII. ORDERS XI. & XII. 109 wards the extremity, commonly terminating in a knob or clavate tip ; wings when sitting, erect and meeting upwards ; night diurnal. SPHINX, (hawk-miller,) antennse thickest in the middle, subprismatic and attenuated at each ex tremity ; wings deflected ; flight strong and com monly in the morning or evening. PHALAENA, (candle-miller, moth,) antennae se- taceous, gradually lessening from the base to tip j wings, when sitting, generally deflexed and bent down archwise ; flight nocturnal. ORDER 11. RH1PTERA. Having two membranaceous wings plaited into a fan, with two small elytralike moveable bodies near their origin, at the forepart of the corslet. Ji very trifling order, probably will be rejected hereafter. XENOS, tw r o brandies of antennae have no ai> ticulation ; the abdomen is horned. Under scales of other insects. STYLOPS, the upper branch of the hindmost piece of the antennas is composed of three small joints ; the abdoaien is retractile and fleshy. Under scales of other insects. ORDER 12. DIPTERA. Having but two wings. CULEX, (gnat, musqueto,) mouth consisting of setaceous piercers, within a flexible sheath. TIPULA, (crane-fly,) mouth arched over by the upper jaw extending from the head ; palpi 2, re- curved, longer than the head ; proboscis recurved, very short. 10 110 CLASS VIII. ORDER XII. ASILUS, (hornet-fly,) mouth with a straight- horny, bivalve snout. EMPIS, mouth with a horny, inflected, bivalve snout, longer than the thorax, with horizontal valves. BOMBYLIUS, (humming-fly,) mouth furnished with a very long porrected, setaceous, bivalve trunk ; with horizontal valves including setace- ous piercers. TABANUS, (ox-fly,) mouth formed into a fleshy proboscis, terminated by 2 lips ; rostrum furnished with 2 pointed palpi, placed on the side of, and parallel to, the proboscis. CONOPS, mouth with a porrected, jointed snout* OESTRUS, (gad-fly,) antennae triarticulate, very short, sunk ; face broad, depressed, vesicular ; mouth a simple orifice ; feelers 2, biarticulate, sunk ; tail inflected. Muse A, (house fly,) mouth formed into a fleshy proboscis, with 2 lateral lips ; palpi none. DIOPSIS, (stem-eye,) antennas very small, seta- ceous, eyes situated on very long footstalks. HIPPOBOSCA, (horse-fly,) mouth furnished with a bivalve, cylindric, obtuse, na,tant snout ; body depressed ; feet furnished with several claws. Ill CLASS IX. MOLLUSCA. Remarks. I include the whole grand division, Mollusca, in one class ; though Cuvier subdivides it into the classes, Cephalopodia, head-footed Pteropodia, wing-footed Gasteropodia, trunk- footed Jlcephala, headless Bracniopodia, arm- footed Cirrhopodia, fibre-footed. As this classi- fication is founded upon the anatomical structure of the fleshy interior of the animals, it is manifest that they cannot be classified by their shells ac- cording to this system. As our investigations are mostly confined to the shells, I have adopted the Linnean sections for orders ; and prefixed an or- der for naked molluscous animals, which are not of the radiated division. Could we always ob- tain the molluscous interior, the classification of Cuvier would be preferable, ORDER 1. NUDATA. Soft animals destitute of shells. SEPIA, (cuttle-fish,) body fleshy, receiving the breast in a sheath, with a tubular aperture at its base ; arms 8, beset with numerous warts or suck- ers, and in most cases 2 peduncled tentaculae ; head short ; eyes large ; mouth resembling a par- rot's beak. In sea. This is the animal called the polypusby the. ancients ; but that name Is very differently applied by modern naturalists. CLIO, body oblong, nayant, generally sheathed, and furnished with 2 dilated membranaceous arms or wing-like processes ; tentaculae 3, besides 2 in the mouth. In sea. 112 CLASS IX. ORDER X DORIS, (sea-lemon,) body creeping, oblong, and flat beneath ; mouth placed below on the fore- part ; vent behind on the back, surrounded by a fringe ; feelers 2 to 4, seated on the upper part of the body in front and retractile within their proper receptacle. TRITON, (water salamander,) body oblong ; mouth with an involute spiral proboscis ; tentacu- las or arms twelve, six on each side, divided near- ly to the base, the hind ones cheliferous. TETHYS, body detatched, rather oblong, fleshy, without peduncles ; mouth with a terminal cylind- ric proboscis under an expanded membrane or lip : apertures two on the left side of the neck. In sea. LAPLISIA, (sea-hare,) body creeping, covered with reflected membranes, with a membranaceous shield on the back, covering the lungs ; aperture placed on the right side ; vent above the extremi- ty of the back ; feelers four, resembling ears. In sea. ScYLLAEA,body compressed and grooved along the back ; mouth consisting of a terminal, toothless aperture ; tentacula or arms three each side, and placed beneath. In sea. LIMAX, (slug, smooth snail,) body oblong, creep- ing, with a fleshy kind of shield above, and a lon- gitudinal flat dish beneath ; aperture placed on the right side within the shield ; feelers four, si- tuated above the mouth, with an eye at the tip of each of the larger ones. In water, moist places, and on common soil. SALPA,body loose, nayant, gelatinous, tubular, and open at each extremity 5 intestine placed ob- liquely. In sea, CLASS IX. ORDER IK. ASCIDA, body fixed, roundish and aparently is- suing from a sheath. In sea. DAGYSA, body loose, nayant, angular, tubular and open at each extremity. In sea. PTERQTKACHEA, body detached, gelatinous, with a moveable fin at the abdomen or tail ; eyes two, placed within the head.. In sea. DERRIS, body cylindric, composed of articula- tions ; mouth terminal ; feelers two. In sea. ONCHIDIUM, body oblong, creeping, flat beneath ; mouth placed before ; feelers two, situate above the mouth ; armes two, at the sides of the head ; vent behind, and placed beneath. On leaves. LOB ARIA, body above convex, beneath flat, la*- bate. In sea. ORDER 2. MULTIVALVA. Soft animals, having shells with more than two valves. CHITON, (monoloba,) animals inhabiting the shell, adoris ; shell consisting of several segments or transverse incumbent valves, disposed in a lon- gitudinal series down the back. LEPAS, (acorn-shell, barnacle,) animal a tri- tcn ; shell affixed at the base and consisting of many unequal erect valves* Formerly called the barnacle goose-egg, PHOLAS, (piddock,) animal an ascidia ; prin- cipal shell bivalve divaricate, with several lesser differently shaped accessary ones at the hinge j hinges recurved, united by a cartilage ; in the itt^ side beneath the hinge is an incurved tooth. 114 CLASS IX. ORDER IH, ORDER 3. BIVALVA. Soft animals, having shells with two valves. MYA, (pearl-muscle, gaper,) animal an ascidiaf shell bivalve, generally gaping at one end ; hinge with broad thick strong teeth, seldom more than one, and not inserted into the opposite valve. SOLEN, (razor- sheath,) animal an ascidia; shell bivalve, oblong, open at both ends ; hinge with a subulate reflected tooth, often double, and not in- serted in the opposite valve* TELLINA, animal a tethys ; shell bivalve, gen- erally sloping on one side ; in the forepart of one Valve a convex, of the other a concave, fold ; hinge usually three teeth, the lateral ones smooth in one shell. CARDIUM, (cockle,) animal a tethys ; shell bi- valve, nearly equilateral, equivalve, generally convex ; longitudinally ribbed, striate or grooved, with a toothed margin ; hinge with two alternate teeth near the beak in the middle, and a larger re- mote lateral one each side, each locking into the opposite. MACTRA, animal a tethys ; shell bivalve, une- qual sided, equivalve ; middle tooth of the hinge complicated, with a small hollow each side, late- ral ones remote and inserted into each other. DON AX, animal a tethys; shell bivalve, with generally a crenulate margin, the frontal or ante- rior margin very obtuse ; hinge with two teeth, and a single marginal one placed a little behind^ which is rarely double, triple or none. VENUS, (common clam,) animal a tethys ; shell bivalve, the frontal mapgitt flattened with incura- CLASS IX. ORDER III. 115 bent lips ; hinge with three teeth, all of them ap- proximate, the lateral ones divergent at the tip. SPONDYLUS, (thorney oyster,) animal a tethys ; shell hard, solid, with unequal valves ; one con- vex, the other rather flat ; hinge with two recurv- ed teeth separated by a small hollow. CHAMA, (basin conk,) animal a tethys ; shell bivalve, rather coarse ; hinge with a callose gib- bosity, obliquely inserted- in an oblique hollow anterior slope closed. ARCA, (noah's ark,) animal a tethys ? shell bi- valve, equivalve ; hinge with numerous sharp teeth alternately inserted between each other. OSTRBA, (oyster, scallop,) animal, a tefchys ; shell bivalve, generally with unequal valves and slightly eared ; hinge without teeth, but furnished with an ovate hollow, and mostly lateral, trans- verse groove. ANOMIA, (thin-shell,) animal emarginate, cili- ate, strap-form, with bristles or fringe affixed to upper valve ; shell bivalve, one valve flatish, the other gibbose at the base, with a produced beak generally curved over the hinge ; hinge without teeth, but a lateral tooth within, on the margin of the flat valve ; two bony rays for the base of the animal. MYTILUS, (mother pearl, muscle.) animal al- lied to an ascidia ; shell bivalve, rough, generally affixed by a byssus or beard, of silky filaments ; hinge mostly without teeth, with sometimes a su- bulate excavated longitudinal line. PINNA, (wing-clam,) animal a limax ; shell sub-bivalve, fragile, upright, gaping at one end, and furnished with a bissus ot beard ; hinge with- 116 CLASS IX. ORDER IV. out teeth, the valves united into one. yielding byssus of which silk is sometimes made, ORDER 4, UNIVALVA. Soft animals, having shells with single valves. ARGONAUTA, (paper nautilus,) animal a sepia or clio ; shell univalve, spiral, involute, membra- naceous, one-celled. NAUTILUS, (pearl nautilus,) animal sepia ; shell univalve, divided into several departments communicating with each other by an aperture or siphunculus. CONUS, (cone,) animal limax ; shell univalve, convolute, turbinate ; aperture effuse, longitudi- nal, linear, without teeth, entire at the base ; pil- lar smooth. GYPRAEA, (gourie, sea-porcelain,) animal a li- max ; shell univalve, involute, subovate, smooth, obtuse at each end ; aperture effuse at each end, linear, extending the whole length of the shell, and toothed each side. BULLA, (dipper-shell,) animal a limax; shell univalve, convolute, unarmed with teeth ; aper- ture a little straitened, oblong, longitudinal, very entire at the base; pillar-lip oblique, smooth. VOLUTA, (mitre, volute,) animal limax ; shell one-celled spiral; aperture without a beak, and somewhat effuse ; pillar twisted or plaited, gene- rally without lips or perforations. BUCCINUM, (whelk, helmet-shell,) animal li- max ; shell univalve, spiral, gibbose ; aperture ovate, terminating in a short canal leanin i to the right, with a retuse beak or projection ; expanded, , CLASS IX. ORDER IV. 117 STROMBUS, (dinner-horn,) aniraal a limax ; shell univalve, spiral ; the lip of the aperture often much dilated ; expanding, and produced into a groove leaning to the left. MUREX, (thorn-shell,) animal limax ; shell ine- quivalve, spiral, rough, with membranaceous su- tures ; aperture oval, ending in an entire, straight or slightly ascending ('anal. TROCHUS, (top-shell,) animal limax : shell uni* valve, spiral, more or less conic ; aperture some- what angular or rounded, the upper side trans- verse and contracted ; pillar placed obliquely. TURBO, (periwinkle, stair-case,) animal limax ; shell univalve, spiral, solid ; aperture contracted, orbicular, entire. HELIX, (snail,) animal iimax ; shell univalve, spiral, subdiaphanous, brittle ; aperture contract- ed, semilunar or roundish. In dry and wet soil and water. NERITA, (sea-snail,) animal limax ; shell uni- valve, spiral, gibbose, flattish at bottom ; aperture semiorbicular or semilunar ; pillar-lip transverse* ly truncate, flatish. HALYOTIS, (sea-ear,) animal limax ; shell uni- valve, dilated ? ear-form, with a longitudinal row of orifices along the surface ; spire lateral and nearly concealed. PATELLA, (limpet,) animal limax; shell uni- valve, subconic, shaped like a basin ; without spire. TEREDO, (ship-worm,) animal aterebella, with two calcareous hemispherical valves cut off before, and two lanceolate ones ; shell tapering, flexuose ami capable of penetrating wood. 118 CLASS X. ECHINODERMA. Remarks. The organic structure of the ani- mals of this class is more complicated than that of any other class of this division. They have an organized covering, often sustained upon some- thing resembling a skeleton, which supports sharp processes or spines sometimes moveable. They have an imperfect vascular system, and their res- piratory organs are often very distinct. Some species have fibres, which seem to supply the of- fice of nerves. ORDER 1. PEDICELLATA. Having stem-like moveable processes which per* /orm the office of feet. ASTERIAS, (sea-star,) body depressed, covered with a coriaceous crust, muricate with tentacula^. and grooved beneath ; mouth central, five-rayed* In sea. E^CRINUS, (stone-lily.) a stein divided into nu- merous articulations ; its branches are like the stem, and subdivided dichetomously. Its fossil remains have been called entrochites, which are pieces of the stems and branches of this genus. ECHINUS, (sea-urchin, sea-hedghog,) body roundish, covered wdth a bony sutured crust, and generally furnished with moveable spines ; mouth placed beneath, and mostly five-valved. In sea. HOLOTHURIA, body detached, cyliridric, thick^ naked, and open at the extremity ; mouth sur- rounded by fleshy branches, tentacula or feelers. In sea. CLASS X. ORDER II. ORDER 2. APOD A. Having no organs for locomotion. SIPUNCULUS, (tube-worm,) body round, gated ; inouth cylindric at the end, and narrower than the body ; aperture at the side of the body veruciform. In the sea under stories, 120 CLASS XL INTESTINA. Remarks. This class does not include those animals which enter the bodies of other animals in maturity It includes those only whi^h reside and propagate in the alimentary canals, glands, cellular membranes and parenchymous coverings of other animals. As they have no respiratory organs, it is evident that the influence of oxygen, necessary to animal life, is, in some unexplained manner, transmitted to them through the animals which they inhabit. Their deficiency in respira- tory organs and in nerves, induce many natural- ists to consider them as morbid excrescences, not entitled to the rank of animals. ORDER 1. CAV1TORIA. Having internal cavities Jbr the reception of food] and mouths. FILARIA, (negro-eater,) body round, filiform, equal and quite smooth ; mouth dilated with a roundish concave lip. In negro's feet. TRICHOOEPHALUS, (hair-head,) body round, elastic, arid variously twisted ; head or forepart much thicker and furnished with a slender exser- tile proboscis ; tail or lower part long, capillary, and tapering to a point. In men, horses, c. CUCULLANUS, (hooded worm,) body sharp, pointed behind, and obtuse before ; mouth orbi- cular with a straight hood. In moles, buzzards, frogs, fish. ASCARIS, (spindle-worm,) body round, elastic, and tapering towards each extremity ; head with CLASS XI. ORDE& II. 121 three vesicles ; tail obtuse or subulate ; intestines spiral, milk-white and pellucid. In man, beast, fish, birds. STRONGYLUS, (horse glass worm,) body round; long, pellucid, glabrous ; the fore part globular, truncate, with a circular aperture, fringed at the margin ; the hind part of the female entire and pointed ; in the male dilated into loose, distant, pellucid membranes. In horses and sheep. LEUNAEA, (fish-eater,) body oblong, somewhat cylindrical, naked ; tentacula or armes two or three each side and round, by which it affixes it- self ; ovaries two, projecting like tails from the lower extremity. In mouths, gills and fins of fish, ORDER 2. PARENCHYMATA. Having no particular cavities for the reception of food and no mouths, but imbibe their food by pores, which seem to mix immediately with the general parenchymous mass, constituting their bodies. ECHYNORYNCHUS, body round : proboscis cy lindric-retractile, and crowned with hooked prickles. In hogs, birds, reptiles and fishes. FACIOLA, (groupd worm, fluke,) body flatish, with an aperture of pore at the head, and general* ly another at a distance beneath, seldom a single one. In man and all animals. CARYOPHYLLJEUS> (pink fish-eater,) body round; mouth dilated and fringed. In fresh water fish. PLANARIA, (eyed- worm,) body gelatinous, flatish, with a double ventral pore ; mouth termi- nal. In rivers and stagnant waters. It is divid- ed into the no-eyed, the one-eyed, the two-eyed, the three-eyed, the four-eyed, and the many-eyed. * \ 122 CLASS XI. ORDER II, TJENIA, (tape-worm,) body flat and composed of numerous articulations ; head with four orifices for suction, a little below the mouth ; mouth ter- minal, continued by a short tube into two ventral canals, and generally crowned with a double se- ries of retractile hooks or holders. In man and most mammalia, birds, reptiles and fish. FURIA, (cattle- pest,) body linear, equal, fili- form and ciliate each side with a single row of re- flected prickles pressed close to the body. In the skin of man and horse in Finland. SCOLEX, body gelatinous, variously shaped,, broadish on the forepart, and pointed behind ; sometimes linear and long, sometimes wrinkled and short, round, flexuose or depressed ; head protrusile and retractile. In fish. LIGULA, body linear, equal, long ; the fore part obtuse, the hind part acute, with an impress- ed dorsal suture. In merganser and fish. 123 CLASS XII. ACALEPHA. Remarks. These animals are often called sea- nettles ; because it is said that a stinging sensa- tion is often excited while handling them. They are the largest of the zoophytes. If there is such an animal as that described by seamen, under the name of kraken, it probably belongs to this class ; though some suppose it may be a species of the sepia, of the class Mollusca, order Nudata, The bodies of animals of this class are soft, fleshy or gelatinous. In some we perceive something of a fibrous structure ; others appear to be mere gela- tinous masses. ORDER i. AFF1XA. Having the habit and power of attaching them- selves by their bases to resting places. ACTINIA, (sea-anemone, sea-dasie,) body ob- long, cylindrical, fleshy, contractile, fixed by the base ; mouth terminal, expansile, surrounded with numerous cirri, and without any other aper ture. In sea. LUCERNARIA, body gelatinous, wrinkled, branch- ed ; mouth placed beneath. ORDER 2. LIBERATA. Never fixing themselves to a resting place, but floating or swimming upon water, by the specific levity of particular parts, or by air-bubbles contain- ed in them. 124 CLASS XII. ORDER II. MEDUSA, (sea -nettle, sea-blubber,) body gela- tinous, orbicular, and generally flat underneath : mouth central, beneath. In sea. PHYSSOPHORA, body gelatinous, pendant from an aerial vesicle, with gelatinous sessile members at the sides, and numerous tentacula beneath, In sea, 125 CLASS XIII. POLYPI. Remarks. Animals of this class are called po- lypi, because the tentacula which surround their mouths, resemble, in some degree, those of the se- pia, which the ancients called polypus. They are always cylindric, terete or conic ; but the number and form of their tentacula are very variable. There is a cavity in all to receive food ; but it is often a mere simple cavity or caliber. All ani- mals of this class are capable of becoming com- pound ; and by cutting them in a direction to se- parate an individual, the cutting will live, like an inocculated bud. But their species are reproduced fey eggs. ORDER I. NUDATA. Having no hard covering, and not producing a woody, horny or fleshy axis by combination. HYDRA, (sprouting polypus,) animal fixing it- self by the base, linear, gelatinous, naked, con- tractile and furnished with setaceous tentacula or feelers ; inhabiting fresh waters, and producing its deciduous offspring, buds or eggs, from the sides. PEDICELLARIA, (stiff-stem,) body soft and seat- ed on a rigid fixed peduncle ; aperture single. lu sea. ORDER 2. POLYPETRA. Having stony cases, made chiefly of carbonate of lime. This order embraces all the animals inhab- iting coral rocks. 126 GLASS XIII. O^DER II. Sec. A. Inhabiting tubes, like the pith of a vege- table caulis ; open at the summit or side. TUBJPORA, (pipe-coral,) coral consisting of erect iiollow cylindric parallel aggregate tubes. TUBULARIA, (coral-tube,) stem tubular, simple or branched, fixed by the base j animal projecting from the end of the tube, and having its head crested with tentacula. SERTULARIA, (sea-moss, coral-grass,) animal growing in the form of a plant ; stem branched, producing polypes from cup form denticles or mi- nute cells. Sec. B. Each polypus occupies a cell., separated from the cells of other polypi by their partitions ; and they communicate with each other by very minute pores. CELLULARIA, (outer-celled coral,) cells dispos- ed in a manner to form branching stems, but with- out a communicating tube along the axis 5 calca- reous. FLUSTRA, (sea-mat, horn- wrack,) animal a po- lypus proceeding from porous cells ; stem fixed; foliaceous, membranaceous, consisting of numer- ous ro\vs of cells, united together and woven like a mat. CEJLLEPORA, (inner-celled coral,) presents a mass of little cells, or calcareous vesicules, dis- tributed opposite to each other, pierced with a small hole. CORALLINA, (coralline,) animal growing in the form of a plant ; stem fixed, with calcareous sub- divided branches, mostly jointed, CLASS XIII. ORDER II, 127 Sec. C. The polypi are united in the form of a dense bark, around an axis, variable in form and in texture. ANTIPATHOS, (sea-fan,) animal growing in the form of a plant ; stem expanded at the base, in- ternally horny and beset with small spines, ex- ternally covered with a gelatinous flesh, beset with numerous polypi bearing tubercles. GORGONIA, (gorgon,) animals growing in the form of a plant ; stem coriaceous, corky, woody, horny or bony, composed of glassy fibres, or like stone, striate, tapering, dilated at the base, cov- ered with a vascular or cellular flesh, or bark, and becoming spongy and friable when dry ; mouths or florets covering the surface of the stem ; and poly pi- bearing. Isis, (bush-coral,) animal growing much in the form of a plant ; stem stony, jointed, the joints longitudinally striate, united by spongy or horny junctures, and covered by a soft porous cellular flesh, or bark ; mouths beset with oviparous po- lypes. Sec. D. Having the stony or coriaceous covering branched, rounded, or in plates ; always fur- nished with stellated laminae. In the living state, the stony part is entirely covered with a living membrane, which is soft and gelatinous ^ bristled with tentacula, which are the polypi. MADREPORA, (star-coral,madrepore,) animal re- sembling a medusa ; coral with lamellate star- form cavities. PENNATULA, (sea-feather, sea-pen,) animal not affixed; of various shapes, supported by a bony 128 GLASS XIII. ORDER 11, part within, naked at the base, the upper part with generally lateral ramifications furnished with rows of tubular denticles, producing radiated po- lypes from each tube. ALCYONIUM, (mushroom-coral,) animal general- ly growing in the form of a plant, stem fixed, fleshy, gelatinous, spongy or coriaceous, beset with polypi bearing stellate cells. SPONGIA, (sponge,) animal fixed, flexile, torpid^ of various forms, composed either of reticulate fibres, or masses of small spines, interwoven to- gether, and clothed with a gelatinous flesh, full of small mouths on its surface., by which it absorbs and rejects water, 129 CLASS XIV. INFUSORIA. Remarks. Cuvier says, it is customary to placey at the end of the animal kingdom, those minute be- ings, which escape the natural eye, and which were never distinguished, until after the micros- cope had developed a kind of new world. They generally present gelatinous bodies extremely sim- ple. These may be arranged together with pro- priety. But many animals are placed here, mere- ly on account of their minuteness. Those of this description will probably be removed from this class, after farther investigation. Infusory animals are best examined under the solar microscope. To prepare them ; steep iu cold rain water almost any vegetable, for several hours ; then expose this infusion for a day or two to the sun's rays, in a situation to bring the tem- perature to that of common river water in the sum- mer months. If a drop of this is put upon a piece of glass, or between two pieces, placed in the fo- cus behind the lens of a solar microscope, the animalcula w r ill soon appear on the screen. ORDER 1. ROTIFERA. Bodies oval, gelatinous ; having mouths, stom- achs and intestines ; often having a kind of tail, and two prominences upon the neck appear to bear eyes, and organs are seen ichich appear to be concerned in respiration. VORTICELLA, (whirler,) body contractile, nak- ed, and furnished with ciliate, rotatory organs, In nil waters, 130 CLASS X1T. ORDER II. BRANCHIOXUS, (shelled jellies,) body contrac- tile, covered with a shell, 'and furnished at the head with ciliate rotatory organs. In stagnant waters. ORDER 2. HOMOGENIA. Bodies of various forms, having neither mouth? stomach, nor any other viscera. Some have ap- pendages resembling cilia, some appear like mere points, some are globular and more rapidly with- out any apparent organs of motion, some change their forms every moment. TRICHODA, (hair-head,) worm invisible, pel" lucid, hairy, or horned. In all waters. CERCARIA, (green scum,) worm invisible to the naked eye, pellucid and furnished with a tail. These insects constitute the green pellicle on stag- nant waters. LEUCOPHIA, worm invisible to the naked eye> every where ciliate. In clear marshy water. VIBRIO, worms invisible to the naked eye, very simple, round, elongated. In common water and in vegetable infusions. GONIUM, worm very simple, flat, angular, invisi- ble to the naked eye. In pure and stagnant wa- ters. COLPODA, (flat-jellies,) worm invisible to the naked eye, very simple, pellucid, flat, sinuate. In pure water, and infusions. PARAMECIUM, (oblong jellies,) worm invisible to the naked eye, simple, pellucid, flattened, ob- long. In salt and fresh water and among weeds. CYCLTDIUM, (oval jellies,) worm invisible to the naked eye, very simple, pellucid^ flat, orbiculac CLASS XIV. ORDER II. 131 or oval* Iii infusions of hay and of some other vegetables. BURSARIA, worm very simple, membranaceous, hollow. In marshes. ENCHELIS, worm invisible to the naked eye, very simple, cylindrical. In water long kept. BACILLARIA, (straw-thread,) body consisting of cylindrical straw like filaments, placed parallel to each other, and frequently changing their position. In the ulva latissima. MONAS, (jelly-points,) worms invisible to the naked eye, most simple, pellucid, resembling a point. Smallest of all animalculse yet discovered. In sea-water long kept, in fetid infusions of pears, in most animal and vegetable infusions, and ia clear pure water. VOLVOX, (globe jellies,) worm invisible to the naked eye, simple, pellucid, spherical. In com- mon water and in vegetable infusions. ZOOLOGICAL SPECIES PLACED UNDER AN ALPHABETICAL ARRANGE- MENT OF THE GENERIC NAMES. Directions. After having found the generic name of an animal in the foregoing system of genera, find the same name here by seeking its alphabetical place. Tho numbers of the class arid order stand at the left of the name, and the number of species contained in the genus at the right. The description of one species will be found under each genus, and in some cases, a considerable number. If the specimen under examination is not described (and not one twentieth of all known species are described in this text-book) find the same genus in Rees* Cyclo- paedia, Turtori's Lirineus, Shaw's Zoology, or in what- ever system comes first to hand. There look out the species. Write the name, and copy the specific charac- ter into the blank leaves, which should be bound up with this text-book at the end. Having paged the blank leaves, make a reference to the page wherein the spe- cies is copied, immediately under the printed descrip- tion of the last species. By this method the student will have a description of his collection, arranged in a man- ner to be as accessible as if it were all in print. By pursuing this course a few seasons, each student will be able to contribute considerably towards a system of American Zoology. At present but a small propor- tion of American animals, excepting those of a large size, have been sought out. Insects, in particular, are but little known. And though Mr. Say is doing much ; 12 134 ZOOLOGICAL SPECIES. without assistance, his life must be protracted to a very advanced period to afford him time to complete the work. But if every student will contribute his mite, by sending Mr. Say duplicates of all undiscribed species, we shall probably be in possession of a system, very nearly com- plete, in a few years. In writing descriptions, be particular to set down the day of the month when collected, in what particular situation found, and every thing known of the habits and instincts. Such as under stones, under bark of trees, in stagnant water, in running water, under the skin of animals, making a vertical web, digging holes in the earth, catching insects, &c. &c. Though but few species are described in this book, they will be found sufficient for a course of exercises. All the known species in some genera, such as Jlranea, &c. which are always accessible in every season of the year, and all the varieties of some species, .such as cams familiaris. are described, for the purpose of exercising students in the various kinds of analysis. The following exercise is proposed for all students in Zoology, until a system of American Zoology shall be pub- lished, embracing all the species. After finding the generic name, and searching for the specific name without success, for want of a system con* taining a description ; give the specimen a specific name, derived from Latin or Greek, expressive of its most striking peculiarity. To this name annex a full descrip- tion ; leaving out all that is contained in the generic de- scription. This name is to be changed to that which has een given by other naturalists, whenever it is ascer- tained. ACANTHUS, ACARUS. 135 By this exercise the student will acquire the habit of accurate investigation, and will become as well acquaint- ed with the science, as if he set down the right name at first. If we know a man by a wrong name for some time ; the memory is not at all embarrassed with the \vrong name, after we are enabled to substitute the right one. Much pleasure arid profit will be derived from a comparison of our own descriptions with those we may afterwards find in systematic works ; and we learn the application of terms by this method better than by any other in use. A. 4 3. A^AX^ite. Spec. i. spinus, (barley-bird,) head black, neck and back green, breast and throat greenish-yellow, belly white, tail yellow beneath. Small. Fringilla spinus of Lin. See MS. P. 1 2. ACARUS. Spec, about 100. americanus, (tick,) obovate, ruddy, scutella and joints of the legs white. A small insect on cat- tle and horses. aphidioides, (red mite,) fore legs long ; abdomen terminating in two horns ; colour red. Small. In decaying wood. ricinus, (dog-tick,) globe-ovate, livid, a round brown spot at the base. siro, (cheese- mite, Uvhitish ; head and thighs rust- colour ; abdomen bristly. scabwi) (itch-mite,) white ; legs reddish ; 4 hind ones with a long bristle. 138 ACARUS, ACTINA, telaris, (common mite,) greenish -yellow, with a brown spot on each side of the abdomen. Small. On hothouse and other sheltered plants. destructor, (museum-thief,) ovate ; tail with long bristles ; feet with one each. See MS. P. 4 6. ACIPENCER. Spec. 5. $}urio, (sturgeon,) nose obtuse, having four cirri near the tip; nostrils near the eyes, eyes small; mouth beneath, some distance back of the end of the nose, its length and breadth equal ; body elongated, pentagonal, flat beneath, covered above with rows of bony tubercles. MlthenuSy (sterlet,) nose strait, subulate, lips en- tire, cirri near the mouth. Nose four times as long as the diameter of the mouth. stellatus, (koster,) nose spatulate, somewhat re- curved ; cirri near the mouth, lips entire. Nose six times as long as the transverse diameter of the mouth. See MS. P. 3 3. ACROCHORDUS. Spec. i. javensis, (warted or granulated snake.) back black, belly whitish with black spots ; teeth in double rows. See MS. P. 12 1. ACTINA. Spec. 23. bellis, (sea-daisie,) body warty ; head resembling the calyx of a flower ; tentacula retractile, va- riegated. calendula, (sea- marigold,) stem subturbinate : disk surrounded by petal-form tentacula OK rays. See MS. P. ALAUDA, ALCEDO. 137 22. ALAUDA. Spec. 33. arvensis, (sky-lark,) two outermost quills of the tail white lengthwise externally, the intermedi- ate ones ferruginous on the inside. Males are browner, with black collars, and sing. pratensis, (tit-lark,) colour above is greenish- brown ; twa outermost tail-quills white exter- nally 5 has a white line on the eye-brows. Slender. Bill black. eampestris, (meadow-lark,) tail-quills brown, lower half, except two intermediate quills, white ; throat and breast yellow. alpestris, (shore-lark,) tail-quills half-white on the inside ; throat yellow ; black stripe under the eyes and on the breast. viibra, (red-lark,) neck, breast and lower parts redish ; space about the eyes black ; two out- ermost tail- quills white. See MS. P. 2 6. ALCA. Spetv 12. torda, (razor-bill awk,) four furrows on the bill ; a white line on each side from the bill to the eyes. See MS. P* 22. ALCEDO. Spec. 41. cristata> (crested king-fisher,) tail short; sky-blue above, redish beneath ; crest undulated with black. Bluish streak on the neck, beginning near the eyes. Five inches long. ispida, (common king-fisher,) tail short ; sky-blue above, yellowish beneath, having reddish lores, Seven inches long. See MS. P. *12 138 ALCYONIUM, AMPHITRITE. 13 2. ALCYONIU'M. Spec. 28. gelatinosum, (sea-purse,) gelatinous, yellowish* irregular. agaricum, (sea-pen.) stem filiform ; pileus reni- form. See MS. P. 4 4. AMIA. Spec. 1. cfava, (bone-head,) dorsal-fin commences between the pectoral and ventral and extends to the tail fin, on which there is a black spot. See MS. P. 4 1. AMMODYTES. Spec. i. tdbianus 9 (*iJLuA launce,) silvery white with a green- ish back. Nine to twelve inches long, See MS. P. 2 2. AMPELIS. Spec. 11. cotinga, (camelion-bird, woods-hen,) blue, beneath violet-blue ; wings and tail black. garrulus, (chatterer,) crested ; secondary quill- feathers red -tipped. See MS. P. 3 3. AMPHISBJENA. Spec. 2. alba, (cross-stripe snake,) white or yellowish- white ; head short ; eyes small ; body-rings 223, tail 16. fuliginosa, body-rings 200, 30 on the tail ; colour variegated. See MS. P. 5 i. AMPHITRITE. Spec. 8. auricoma, (sandy-tube,) having a tube formed of rounded grains of various colours. See MS. P. ANABLEPS, ANAS. 139 4 4. ANABLEPS. Spec. 1. tetropkthalmus, (snub-nose,) nose truncate ; body cylindric, covered with strong scales. See MS. P. 4 1. ANARRHICAS. Spec. 3. lupus, (sea-wolf,) brown, with dark coloured bands ; fins mostly whitish. See MS. P. 2 6. ANAS. Spec. 120. cygnus, (wild swan,) bill semicylindric, black ; cere yellow ; body white. tadorna, (sheldrake,) bill knobbed at the base, front compressed ; head greenish -black ; body variegated with white. .spectabilis, (grey-head duck,) bill compressed at the base, having a black feathery keel ; head hoary. nigra, (black diver,) body totally black ; bill gib- bose at the base. martlet) (scaup duck,) black ; shoulders waved- cinereous ;' belly and a spot on the wings white, anser, (common goose,) bill semicylindric ; body cinereous above, pale beneath ; neck striate. In wild flocks in Asia. By domestication it be- comes white, pied and variously coloured, and too thick and clumsy for flying to great distan- ces. bernicla, (brent-goose,) brown; head, neck and breast black ; collar white. canadensw, (wild-goose,) cinerious ; head and neck black ; cheeks and chin white. teiicocephala, (blue-bill duck, white-head duck,) bill broad ; tail feathers rigid, pointed, channel- led, middle ones longer. 440 ANAS, ANGUILLA, clypeata, (shoveller,) end of the bill dilated, round- ed, with an incurved nail. dangula, (gold-eye,) varied with black and white ; head tumid^ violet ; large white spot at eacl^ corner of the mouth. tuerspicillata, vblack duck,) black ; crown and nape white ; bill with a black spot behind the nostrils. acuta, (pin-taiL) tail pointed, long, black beneath; hind-head each side with a white line ; back cinereous, waved. crecca, (common teal,) wing-spot green ; white line above and beneath the eyes. Wing-spot varies to brown and black. caroliniensis, (ainerican teal,) waved with black and white ; head and upper part of the neck chesnut ; throat spotted with black ; wing-spot green ; line beneath the eyes and shoulder-arch white. fuscescens, (brown duck,) brownish j head and neck paler ; wings cinereous, spot blue, tipped with white ; tail dusky. Iwschas, (mallard duck, common duck,) cinereous ;. middle tail feathers of the male (or drake,) re- curvate ; bill strait; collar white. Size and colour varies by domestication. obscura, (dusky duck,) brown, edged with yellow beneath ; wing-spot blue, with a transverse black bar; tail wedge-form, dusky, edged with white; See MS. P. 41. AN GU ILL A. Spec. 1. Vulgaris, (common eel, silver eel,) dorsal and cau- dal fins united. Colour often greenish above and of a silvery hue below ; but its colour va- ries according to its situation. See MS. P. *" AXGUIS, APHIS. 141 3 3. ANGUIS. Spec. 24. Qentralis, (slow- worm,) yellowish-green, speckled with black above. Abdominal scales 127. See MS. P. 9 3. ANOMIA. Spec. 40. squamula, (scale-shell*,) small, orbicular, entire^ thin like a fish-scale. Adheres to other shells. tridentata, (paper-shell,) pellucid, yellowish, thin, with fine transverse striae, tricuspidate, with ta- bular points. terebratula, (stone-shell,) shell obovate, smooth, convex ; one valve with two plaits, the other with three ; one beak prominent and perforate, Most common of all petrifactions. See MS. P. i 6. ANOPLOTHEIUUM. Spec. 2, extinct. commune, (common aplothenium,) fore-feet con- tained a small accessory toe. mediun, (aplotherium,) hind -feet with two acces- sory toes. See MS. P. i 7. ANTELOPE. Spec. 29. kucophcea, (blue antelope,) horns annular, recurv- ed, roundish. Swift. See MS. P. 13 2. ANTIPATHOS. Spec. 13. flabellum, (sea-fan,) flat, spread in an oval form, Var. flava. colour yellow. Var. purpurea, colour purple. See MS. P. 8 7. APHIS. Spec, about 80. brassices, (cabbage louse,) body green, covered with mealy down ; inhabiting plants of the ge- 142 APHRODYTA, ARANEA. nus brassica. All the species of aphis, (called plant-lice) are named by the genitive case of the generic name of the plant upon which they are found. See MS. P. 5 2. APHRODITA. Spec. 9. aculeata, (prickly slug,) prickly, oval ; six or eight inches long. See MS. P. 89. APIS. Spec, about 180. inellijica, (common honey-bee,) dusky ; abdomen and escutcheon of the same colour ; a transverse grey band, formed of down, from the base of the third and following rings. terrestris, (earth humble-bee ? ) dark coloured, with the hindmost extremity of the corslet, and the base of the abdomen, yellow ; the extremity of the abdomen white. Make their nests in the earth. lapidaria, (stone-wall humble-bee,) female black. with the extremity of the abdomen reddish, wings colourless ; the male has the foreside of the head and the extremities of the corslet yel- low. Make their nests in walls and under stones. See jtfSf. P. 2 6. APTENODYTA. Spec. it. patagonica, (penguin,) tail slate-coloured above, white beneath ; a yellowish cravat on the neck. See MS. P. 1 1. ARANEA. Spec. 124. Remarks. The genus of spiders has attracted much attention of modern naturalists. The num- AllANEA* 143 ber and various arrangement of their eyes, their remarkable instincts, and curious structure, inter- est every nice observer. For these and other rea- sons 1 insert all the species of Gmelin, according to his arrangement. As some species may be ob- tained at all times of the year, they afford perpetu- al materials for the exercise of students in natural history. A. Eyes placed : : : : extensa, abdomen long, silvery-greenish ; legs longitudinally extended. The head, thorax, and legs, are reddish ; the abdomen is greenish down the back ; the first pair of legs very long ; the third very short. pallens, pale testaceous ; mandibles ferruginous, with black claws. albidorsa, black and hairy ; abdomen obovate, slender, two-horned ; thorax slender, compress- ed laterally : back of thorax and abdomen cov- ered with white hairs ; the white ridge on the abdomen interrupted. Found at Troy, N. Y. I propose it as a new species because it is not described in Gmelin. It may be described by other authors, which I have not seen. Eaton. * lobata, abdomen ovate, lobed, white, with double brown lines at the tip. longimana, ferruginous ; abdomen long, cylindric- al, brown ; the fore-legs very long, third pair very short. regia, villous, cinereous, with a yellow band on the front ; the legs are spinous. * As very few spiders have been examined and credited in this dis- trict, I have spent a few hours this day (Sept. 15,) in examining those I find about the Rensselaer School lot, I insert them as a beginning. 144 ARANfcA. virescens, green, with a black cylindrical abdo men ; the, fore legs very long. canciformis, abdomen globular, gibbous, with six spines round the margin. venatoria, glossy-black, with a blackish hairy ab- domen. guttata, black ; abdomen rounded, and spotted with red. JatenSj black ; abdomen greyish, with a black in- terrupted dorsal line. Small. signata, greenish ; sides of the thorax black ; ab- domen with two black lines. mactans, abdomen ovate, black, with a scarlet dorsal line. There is a variety whose abdo- men is distinguished with two pair of scarlet dots, and a tail. cicurea, pale-red, with a cinereous ovate abdo- men, licornis, yellowish ; the abdomen is depressed, with six impressed dots ; the head is two- horned. nigrita, black ; abdomen with two testaceous dots beneath. Middle sized. cornuta, brown; abdomen oval, cylindrical above; yellowish-white, with four pair of impressed dots and four parallel gray lines behind. It is about the size of a man's finger ; the legs are long ; the thorax truncate on each side, and ending in two small horns behind. B. Eyes placed * m glolosa, black ; abdomen globular, with crimson sides. The body is very small ; the abdomen with an interrupted white band in the middle ; the legs are black ; the hind ones are the long- est. ARANEAb 145 C. Eyes placed * * * % horrida, abdomen nearly triangular, the tip trun- cate and obtuse, the four front legs are longest, Has a retrograde motion ; it is of a singular form. maxillosa^ ferruginous, with a greenish abdomen ; the legs are pale ; the mandibles large and pro- jecting. smaragdulcij green ; abdomen paler, with a green dorsal line at the base. latro, thorax villous, cinereous ; abdomen acute, black, with ferruginous spots. viatica, brown, with a roundish flat obtuse abdo* men ; four hind-legs very short. Small* domestica? abdomen ovate, brown, with five black and nearly contiguous, spots, tlie anterior ones larger. dorsata, green ; abdomen brown on the back. tcstacea, testaceous ; the abdomen is subglobular, dull-greenish. trilineata, abdomen ovate, whitish, w r ith three longitudinal lines of blackish dots. impressa, black ; abdomen ovate, with six im- pressed dots, and two yellow dots beneath. laevipes, abdomen rhomboid, depressed, and spot- ted with black ; the legs are extended and va- riegated. tricuspidatd) greenish ; abdomen white, with a reddish tail. Head, thorax, and legs, green- ish ; eyes, especially the latter ones, elevated. D. Eyes placed : : : argentata, abdomen white, and brown behind ; the margin six-toothed ; thorax silvery, the mar- 13 146 ARANEA. gin of the abdomen is armed with three strong spines on each side. E. Eyes placed '.::.* fasciata, silvery ; abdomen with a yellowish band ; legs annulate with brown. angulata, abdomen ovate, sides angular and acute on the forepart ; the thorax has an excavated centre. Web perpendicular, colour variable. diadema, reddish-brown ; abdomen gibbous, and marked with white drop-shaped spots in the form of a cross. Body varies much in colour from a darker to a lighter reddish-brown ; the legs are annulated with brown. marmorea, brown ; abdomen ovate ; varied with white and brown. Web on the ground ; the legs are yellow, annulated with brown. rcticulata, abdomen globular, reticulate, above purplish, clouded with brown. cucurbitina, abdomen subglobular, yellow, with a few black dots. Web lax. cayana, abdomen globular, pale yellowish. octo-punctata, abdomen roundish, yellow, with four black raised dots on each side ; tail rufous. It is thought by some writers not to belong to this division. bi-punctata, abdomen globular, black, with two hollow dots. riparia^ abdomen ovate, black-bronze ; tail pale- yellow, and two-horned. ( quadrata,) abdomen sub-globular, yellowish -ru- fous, with a white line at the base and four spots. liturata, testaceous ; abdomen pale black, with # white margin and marks. ARANEA. 147 ijuadri-punctatG) abdomen oblong ; the back black and flat with four excavated dots. militarist black ; with four spines, the hind ones longer and spreading. spinosa, back with eight spines, the two hind ones spreading; abdomen conic beneath; body brown triangular. aculeata,) back with six spines, the hind ones spreading. tetracantha, abdomen globular, with four spines round the margin ; head and thorax ferrugin- ous ; abdomen with impressed dots at the base. hexacanthd) abdomen transverse, with six spines round the abdomen. fomicata, sides of the abdomen a little vaulted, Yrith two spines, the posterior ones the longest, labarinthica, abdomen ovate, brown, with a whit- ish pinnate line. Web horizontal on the ground^ with a cylindric cavity. quadri-hneata, abdomen roundish, yellow, with a purplish line on each side, and four dots. Hya- line with a yellow front. redimita, abdomen oval, pale-yellow, with a crim- son oval crown or ring on the back. Legs long, white, and transparent. corollatdj abdomen oval, black, with a white oval ring on the back. montana, abdomen oval, white, with grey spots ; thorax and legs pale ; fore legs long and ex- tended. wnguinolenta, abdomen ovate and scarlet, with a longitudinal black line. nigra, abdomen ovate, and scarlet above. fiotata, abdomen ovate, brown, with white trans- curved lines. 148 ARANEA. rufipes, abdomen brown ; legs rufous. nocturna^ abdomen black, with two white dots, and a white lunule at the base. sex-punctata, abdomen oblong, with three pair of excavated dots. palmtris, thorax and abdomen with a snowy line on each side ; tip of the thorax before the eyes ends in a white line. aquatica, brown ; abdomen ovate, cinereous ; the back brown with two impressed dots. Dives in search of food. Jaws large, strong, black, with scarlet nails. obscura, abdomen sub-conic, dusky, with a whit- ish dorsal line. scalaris, thorax testaceous ; abdomen snowy on the back, with an oblong indented snowy spot at tlie tip. trigutta, yellowish ; abdomen black, with three white spots. ScorpiJbrmiS) black ; abdomen whitish, with two black lines ; fore-legs very long. Small and retrograde. varnifex, ferruginous ; abdomen grey, with a dor- sal line. Jlavissima, abdomen oblong, of a fine rich yellow colour, and smooth. bimaculata, abdomen roundish, chesnut-browu colour, with two white dots. Less than a flea. truncorurri) black, with white dots on the back* It springs to a great distance on its prey. mpestris, abdomen with a black spot, edged with red, with white in the middle. Springs on its prey. mrescens 9 abdomen oblong, yellow-green, with la teral white lines. ARANEA, 149 spinipes, pale, with spinous legs. A variety has spinose legs with ferruginous joints. opitionoides, grey with very long and extremely slender legs. Web lax irregular, the threads cross each other ; gregarious. osbtckii, pale-yellow ; abdomen with impressed dots in pairs, with an odd one ; the fore-legs are longer. ivilkii, varied with black and grey ; legs cinereous^ annulated with black ; the hinder ones are shorter speciosci) thorax grey, with two brown spots ; the abdomen is oval-oblong, with transverse black curves ; beneath it is reticulated with black^ with two yellow bands. A very beautiful spe- cies. F. Eyes placed . V. .. clavipes} abdomen oblong, yellow, dotted with white ; all the shanks, except the third pair,. clavated and hairy. Web strong, spreading ; a beautiful species. saccata, abdomen ovate, rusty brown. Carries its bag of eggs behind it. Under stones about Troy, New- York. fumigata, abdomen ovate, brown, with two white dots at the base. . Gr. Eyes placed ' .. ; Jimbfiata 9 black ; abdomen oblong, with a white line on each side. dorsalis, black ; thorax compressed, with a whit- ish dorsal line ; abdomen ovate, whitish at the base ; the legs are livid. Found ia Sept. air Troy, New -York. 1:50 ARANEA. sanguinalenta, black ; abdomen red, with a black dorsal line. fwpillrtta, testaceous ; abdomen brown on the back, with subocellar fulvous spots. $cenica,\)}&ck : abdomen subcylindrical, with three semicircular white lines on each side. Body covered with silvery hair ; legs short, hairy, black and white. ehlorolabd) black ; long black and white hairs dis- tributed over the body and legs ; abdomen ovate, with three orange or yellowish lunulate spots on the posterior part of the back ; legs with yellowish bands; mandibles bright green. Builds a kind of membranaceous cot under etones, about Troy, N. York. I propose this as a new species ; because it is not in GrmeMn. Eaton. fulvate, bl^ck ; hind margin of the thorax fulv ous ; abdomen with three fulvous bands. pubescensf abdomen ovate, brown, with four cine- reous spots, the hind ones larger. cinerea, cinereous ; abdomen brown on the back 5 with eight cinereous dots. trilineatu, brown ; thorax with paler margin, and lateral dorsal line ; abdomen ovate, cinereous^ beneath brown. tarantula, abdomen with triangular black spots on the back ; the legs are spotted with black Large. H. Eyes placed :: avicularia, thorax orbicular, convex with a trans- verse central excavation. So enormous that its fangs are equal to the talons of a hawk ; and its eyes are used. as microscopes. ARANEA. 154 I. Eyes placed ..::.. pulchra, oval-oblong ; thorax white, villous, ab- domen arid h>gs black, with yellow bands. Very common at Troy, New- York, in August and September. Web vertical, in concentric polygons attached to numerous rays ; rebuilt daily in fair weather, or chiefly renewed. K. Eyes placed ;; goezii, black ; abdomen ovate ; front white. The abdomen is marked with two impressed dots. L. Eyes placed .. iruncata, grey, ferruginous, slightly clouded ; tlio* rax globular, and slightly heart-shaped; the ab- domen is something triangular and marked with an obsolete longitudinal cross, (syn. angu? lata,} M. Eyes placed : : : : : conica, abdomen ovate, obscurely conic behind, va* ried with brown and whitish, and black beneath. Common in Sept. at Troy, N. York. Web iu corners, horizontal, dense, intangled and perma- nent ; with a cylindrical retreat. N. Eyes placed : : albifrons, hairy ; body ovate and variegated with black and chesnut- brown. O. Eyes placed : : taunts, abdomen flat, with two very long recurved opines. 152 ARANEA. arcuata, brown ; abdomen with six spines, the middle ones curved and six times as long as the body. Small. maculata, thorax silvery ; abdomen cylindrical ; legs very long and black. ) brown; abdomen cylindrical with silvery lines ; legs very long and hairy. Large. myropa, greenish ; abdomen red on the back, with a few black dots ; the sides are yellowish ; the mandibles are tipped with black ; the thorax ivith two darker lines ; abdomen ovate, pubes- cent ; textorial papillae tipped with black ; legs long, pale greenish; the fore-shanks tipt with black. A beautiful species. longipes, black ; abdomen cylindrical, brown, with six impressed dots ; the legs are very long. rufipesj ferruginous ; abdomen ovate, pale cinere- ous ; legs rufous. senoculata, abdomen greenish, with black dots, and a yellow line on the sides. scopulorum, abdomen brown, with a pennate white dorsal line. lusea, pale ; abdomen silvery, with black branch- ed lines. parallel^ brown ; sides of the thorax and abdomen white ; mandibles projecting and parallel. scrofa, hairy, brown ; abdomen semi-orbicular ; mandibles black, exerted, and hooked at the tips. Size of a pigeon egg. bicoims, abdomen two- horned. caspia, thorax sub-globular ; abdomen oblong, va- ried with yellow and black bands. argentea, thorax orbicular, depressed, white, with two black fillets ; abdomen is ovate, lobed, sil~ ARANEA, ARCA. 153 very, with two pair of dots in the middle, and four rows behind. Web perpendicular. P. Number and position of the eyes unknown. noblllis, thorax orange, with six black spots ; ab- domen yellow, with seven black spots. calceata, hairy, grey ; legs with two black spots at the tip above, beneath silky, with a green gloss. Very large. holosericea, abdomen ovate-oblong, silky livid brown, with two yellow tubercles beneath. Spinimubilis, abdomen roundish, yellowish brown, with four rows of blackish dots ; thighs with black movable spines. cruentata, black, with a yellow band at the base of the abdomen : the breast i of a HaAn iwjr sex-cuspidata, brown ; back of the thorax six toothed, with a lateral fulvous spot. hirtipes, black ; feelers and legs hairy, and palt$ testaceous. tribulus, head three-toothed on the forepart ; ab- domen covered with numerous spines. elegans, black, with two white curves on the fore- part of the thorax, and a white dorsal line on the abdomen. ocellata 9 pale ; abdomen clouded, with a black ring ; the thighs are marked with three double ocellate spots. alba, white ; abdomen with five impressed dots ; two-horned and depressed at the base, and glo- bular at the tip. See MS. P. 9 4, ARCA, Spec. 36. (noah's ark,) oblong, striate, tip emarginate ; beaks very remote ; mardn See MS. P, 154 ARCTOMYS, ARDEA. 1 4. ARCTOMYS. Spec. If. monax, (marmot,) ears short, round ; nose bluish : tail longisb, hairy ; body grey, cmpetra, (Canadian marmot,) ears short, round ; tail hairy ; body mixed grey above, orange be- neath. About 11 inches long. Very gentle but hisses. lpinuS) tail short ; colour greyish -yellow, becom- ing ash-coloured towards the head. About the size of a rabbit, and inhabiting high mountains; near the limits of perpetual snow. See MS. P. 2 5. ARDEA. Spec. 87, Section A. Head bald* eanadtnsisi (brown crane,) forehead naked, papil- lose ; body cinereous ; wings testaceous on the outside. Three feet long. (common crane,) hind-head naked, papil- lose ; cap and quill feathers black ; body cine- reous ; tail-feathers jagged. 5 feet long. americana, (hooping crane,) crown, nape and na- ked temples papillose ; front, nape and prima- ry quill-feathers black ; body white. 4 feet 6 inches long. Section B. Middle claw serrate inwardly. major, (common heron,) hind-head with long pen- dant crest ; body cinereous ; line on the neck beneath the pectoral bar black. Head of female smooth. stellaris,( heron,) head sraoothish ; body testaceous above with transverse spots, pater beneath^ with oblong brown spots. ARGENTINA, ASfclDlA. i55 4 4. ARGENTINA. Spec 4. Carolina, (argentine,) anal fin with fifteen rays. See MS. P. 9 4. ARGUNANTA. Spec. 5. ergo, (ancient nautilus,) keel or ridge of the shell slightly toothed each side. See MS. P. 11 J. ASCAIUS. Spec. 78. lumbricoides) (human lumbricus, bowel- worm,) bo- dy long, smooth, cylindrical, tapering to both ends, with three protuberances at the fore end, and a depressed band around the body. Infests the human intestines ; most frequently in young persons. From four to ten inches in length. vermicularis, (thread-worm,) body filiform ; fore end with three papillae or vesicles ; whole ru- gose, pellucid, annular ; tail commences at an aperture, and is two-thirds of the whole length. The whole worm is about half an inch in length. They originate in the lower part of the alimen- tary canal ; but often extend up to the stomach and penetrate all parts adjoining the intestines. A person may have several thousands of them, and still remain for a season in tolerable health. Remarks Animal oil mixed with spirits of turpentine, administered in small quantities, ac- companied with tonics, is the French practice in removing both species. See MS. P. 9 1. ASCIDIA. Spec. 34. rustica, (spirting jelly,) oblong, brownish with flesh-coloured apertures ; extremities rougb ; middle smooth. Sec MS. P. 156 ASILUS, 8 12. ASILUS. Spec 48. tfstuans, (hornet-fly,) cinereous, having the three last segments of the body white. tfstivus, cinereous, having three black lines on the thorax ; legs dark coloured ; shanks testaceous. See MS. P. 10 1. ASTERIAS. Spec. 37. aculeata, (sea-star,) rays five ; disk orbicular, covered with glabrous prickles. aranciaca, rays somewhat depressed and prickly along the margin : disk broad. caput medusae, (medusa's head,) five rays perpetu- allv bifurcate into numerous branches. See i\jS P. 4 4. ATHERINA. Spec. 5. menidia, (silver-fish,) anal fin 24-rayed ; body- small, pellucid, Spotted. See MS. P. 8- 5. ATTELABUS. Spec. 37. pensylvanica, black ; shells reddish, with a black band in the middle and at the tip. See MS. P. B. 14 1. BACILLARIA. Spec. 1. paradoxa, (straw-threads,) perpetually changing its appearance, so that it might at one moment be taken for a different species from that of the preceding moment. See MS. P. 1 8. BALJENA. Spec. 8. nysticetusj (common whale,) nostrils flexuous, on the forepart of the head ; dorsal fin none. 1 Var. BALJENA, BLENNEUS* 157 black. 2 Var, large spiracle. From 50 to 100 feet long. North seas. ) (fin-whale,) spiracles double on the mid- dle of the forepart of the head ; a soft fin at the extremity of the back. 4 feet long. Temperate zone. loops? (pike-head whale,) spiracles double on the snout ; a horny protuberance at the end of the back. 46 feet long. North seas. gibbosa, (bunched whale,) back gibbose ; dorsal fin none. 1 Var. one bunch on the back. 2 Var. six bunches on the back. United States coast, musculus, (round-lip whale,) spiracles double on the forehead ; under jaw very broad. 78 feet long. Norwegian seas. rostrata, (beaked whale,) nose elongated to a peak; dorsal fin fat. 25 feet long, Norwegian seas. See MS. P. 4 5. BALISTES. Spec. 24. americana, (prickle -fish.) dorsal and ventral rays very low, second dorsal fin and triangular anal one larger. See MS. P. 86. BLATTA. Spec. 42. orientalist common cock-roach,) yellowish-brown, without spots ; wing-cases abbreviated, with an oblong groove. americana, (sugar cock-roach,) ferruginous; shield of the thorax whitish behind. See MS. P. 42. BLENNEUS. Spec. 18. phyciS) (hake,) nostrils subcrested ; lower lip with a cirrus ; back with two fins. See MS. P. 14 158 BOA, BOS. 33. BOA. Spec. 14. constrictor, (speckled giant-snake,) plates of the belly about 240, of the tail 60. Often 36 feet long. See MS. P. 4 3. BODIANUS. Spec. 15. serranus, (sea-perch,) having prickly apercules. See MS. P. 8 12. BOMBYLIUS. Spec 9. major, (humming-fly,) black, with thick yellowish down ; wings with a broad sinuate black outer margin. Antennas united at the base. &qual\s, body covered with cinereous hairs, with a broad equal black outer margin. Antenna* united at the base. See MS. P. 17. Bos. Spec. 9. taurus, (ox, bison,) horns round, turning outwards from their origin ; having lax dewlaps or fold- ed skin before the breast. Var. bison, horns bent forward ; back gibbous, having a long mane. americanus, (spanish ox,) horns round, distant, pointing outwards ; inane long, woolly ; back gibbous. bubulus, (buffalo,) horns resupinate, turned in- wards, flat on the foreside. moschatus, (musk ox,) horns approaching at the base, broad, bent inward and backward ; tips bent outwards and pointed, See MS. P. BRACHIONUS, BULLA* 159 14 1. BRACHIONUS. Spec. 12. urceolaris, ( shell-jelly,) bell -form, with the shell many-toothed at the tip and rounded at the base ; tail long, bifid at the end. See MS. P. i 5. BRADYPUS, Spec. 3. tridactylus, (three-toed sloth,) feet 3 or 4-toed. didactylus, fore feet with two toes ; tail none, pentadactylus, feet with five toes ; tail short. See MS. P. 8 5. BUUCHUS. Spec. 27. i, (pea-bug,) shells black, spotted with white 3 tail white with two black dots. Very destruct- ive to fields of pease. See MS. P. 23. Bucco. Spec. 17. fumatid) (barbet,) tawny-brown ; taw r ny-white beneath, spotted with black. Inhabits torrid zone, like most of the species. See MS. P. 9 4. BUCCINIUIL. Spec. 190. strorriboides, (conk-whelk,) shell glabrous with distinct whorls ; lip prominent ; base obliquely striate ; shell yellowish-brown. See MS. P. 2 2. BUCEROS. Spec. 16. bicornisj (hornbill,) front bony, flat, two-horned at the forepart. Size of common hen. See MS. P. 9 4. BULLA. Spec. 50. ampulla, (bubble-shell,) rounded, obtuse at one 160 BULL A; CALLIONYMUS. end ; crown umbilicate. 2 or 3 inches long. In sea. fontinalis, (river bubble-shell^) ovate, pellucid, with an obsolete spire ; whorls turning from right to left ; aperture ovate-oblong. One fourth of an inch long. See MS. P. 22. BUPHAGA. Spec. 1. africand) (beef-eater,) brown above ; beneath and the rump yellowish ; 8 or 9 inches long. See MS. P. 8 5. BUPRESTIS. Spec. 125. rustica, (gold-bug,) shells emarginate, striate ; body bright greenish-gold colour. See MS. P. 14 2. BURSARIA. Spec. 3. truncatella, ventricose, truncate at the top. In marsh water. See MS. P. 8 5. BYRRHUS. Spec. 13. pitula, brown ; shells with black interrupted striae, See MS* P- C. 3 -3. CJSCILA. Spec. 2. tentaculata, wrinkles of the body 135 ; none on the tail. 12 inches long ; one-third of an inch diameter. See MS. P. 4 2. CALLIONYMUS. Spec. 7.. tyra, (dragonet,) first ray of the first dorsal-fin a& long as the body ; 12 inches long. See MS. P: CAMELOPAUDALISj CANCER. 161 1 7. CAMELOPAIIDALIS. Spec. 1. guaffa, (giraffe-camel,) whitish-tawny, with scat- tered rusty spots ; horns short, blunt. See MS. P. t 7. CAMELUS. Spec. 7. dromedarius, (araftian camel,) back-bunch single 5 8 feet and a half high. bactricanus, (bactrian camel,) back-bunches two. glama, (lama camel,) bunch on the breast ; back smooth. 4 feet 6 inches high. huanaciiS) (huanaco,) body hairy ; back gibbous ; tail erect. 4 feet 3 inches high. Eatable. arcucanus, (peru camel,) body woolly, smooth ; nose turned upward ; tail pendulous. Resem- bles a sheep. Eatable. vicugna, (andes camel,) body woolly, smooth ; nose flat, blunt 5- tail erect. Wool soft, fine and silky. pato, (purple camel,) no bunches ; body woolly ; nose oblong. Wool long and coarse. See MS. P. 6 i. CANCER. Spec, about 300. pagnruS) (eatable crab,) thorax with nine obtuse plates at each side ; pincers of the hand-claw black at the tip. pisum, (pea-crap,) thorax orbicular obtuse ; tail as large as the body. Found in muscels about the size of a pea. gammarus.; (eatable lobster,) thorax smooth j pro- boscis toothed at the sides, with a double tooth, at the base, on each side ; hands smooth, Sec MS. P. 162 GANCROMA, CAMS, 2 5. GANCROMA. Spec. 2. cochlearia, (boat-bill,) crested ; ash-colour, having a black crown and lunule on the neck. See MS. p. 13. CANIS. Spec. 21. Jamiliaris? (dog,) tail recurvate^ inclining to the left. See MS. P. Varieties, 34* 1. Shepherd dog. Ears erect ; tail woolly be* neath. 2. Wolf dog. Hair of the head long ; ears erect; tail much curved on the rump. 3. Siberian dog. Ears erect ; hair all long. 4. Iceland dog. Ears erect with pendulous tips j hair long, except on the snout. 5. Water dog. Hair long, curled, appearing like a sheep. 6 Dwarf water dog. Hair long, curled ; around the ears it is long, hanging down. 7. King Charles dog. Head smallish, rounded, snout short ; tail curved back. 8. Spaniel dog. Ears long, woolly, pendulous. 9e Maltese dog. Hair soft, silky, very long. 10. Lion dog. Very small ; hair on the belly and tail shorter. 11. Danish dog. Ears small, sub-pendulous j snout small, acute ; legs slender. 12. False pug-dog. Ears small, sub-pendulous ; nose thick, flatish. 13. Pug-dog. Nose crooking upwards ; ears pendulous ; body square. 14. Bull-dog, Sides of the lips pendulous ; body robust, and about the size of a wolf. GANIS. 163 15. Mastiff. Very large ; sides of the lips pen- dulous j. body robust. 16. German hound. Ears pendulous ; a spurious claw on the hind feet. 47. Common hound. Ears pendulous ; a spurious claw on the hind-feet, whitish, or white with spots. 18. Blood-hound, Any hound that is very saga- cious in pursuit. 19. Pointer. Tail truncate, spotted. 20. Barbet. Tail truncate, hair long, coarse. 21. Gaunt grey-hound. Head long; snout ro- bust ; ears small, sub-pendulous ; legs long, stout ; body long, slender. 22. Irish greyhound. Body curved ; snout nar- rowing ; size of a mastiff. 23. Turkish greyhound. Body curved .; snout tapering ; hair a little curled ; size of a mastiff* 24. Common greyhound. Body curved ; snout tapering ; size of a wolf. 25. Rough greyhound. Body curved ; snout ta- pering ; hair longer, curled ; size of a w r olf. 26. Italian greyhound. Body curved ; snout ta- pering ; small. 27. Naked dog. Body nearly destitute of hair ; mostly small. 28. Oriental dog. Tall, slender ; ears pendulous ; hair on the tail hanging down very long. 29. Lurcher. Body narrow ; legs stout ; tail strong, strait ; hair short, thick-set. 30. Rough lurcher. Body narrow ; legs stout ; tail thick, strait ; hair long, rough. 31. Bear lurcher. Head and snout thick ; body narrow behind j feet long ; hair long, rough. 32. Turnspit. Legs short ; body long, often spot* ted. The feet are strait or curved ; hair varies in length, and is strait or curled, 33. Alco dog. Head small ; ears pendulous ; back curved ;- tail short ; size of a maltese dog* It is sometimes very fat, neck short, belly large. 34. New-Holland dog. Tail bushy, pendulous ; ears short, erect ; snout pointed. Remarks. These are all the distinct varie- ties recognized by Linneus, his editors and translator. These, however, are variously in- termixed ; so that it is impossible ever to give a catalogue of all the intermediate shades of char- acter among dogs. I insert these varieties as a specimen of the effects of domestication, for the instruction of students in Natural History. lupus, (wolf,) tail bent inwards, bushy, pendulous, black at the tip. Nose pointed, ears erect, sharp, head and neck cinereous ; body pale- brown, tinged with yellow. Colour of the hair differs in differentcountries In France yellow, in Russia white, in Canada and Northern states often dark brown, at the Cape of Good Hope grey and striped. aureus, (jackal,) tail strait, body pale tawny ; ears short, erect, pointed ; tail tapering both ways, tipped with black. lycaon, (black fox,) tail strait ; body black ; hairs often silvery at the tip. vulpesi (common fox,) tail strait, tipped with white; body tawny ; lips white. virginianus, (grey fox,) tail strait ; body whitish- ash. crucigera, (crossed fox,) tawny ; a black cross on, the shoulders ; fur thick, soft. CANTS, CAPRIMULGUS, 165 vustralis, (australis,)tail bushy, hanging down, tip- ped with white ; ears short, erect, pointed, See MS. P. 8 5. CANTHARIS. Spec. 100.. Ihida, body entirely testaceous. See MS. P. 1 7. CAPRA. Spec. 3, Qegagrus, (goat,) horns keeled, arched backward? throat bearded. Variety, domestica, horn with an outward curvature at the end. V. angora, hair long, soft, silky. V. syriaca,. horns reclin- ed, ears pendulous ; chin bearded. V. afrieana, horns short, depressed, reclining on the skull, V. whidawia, horns erect, turns forward at the ends. V. capricorna, horns short, turned for- ward at the tips, annulate at the sides. caucasica, (Caucasian goat,) horns turned back- ward and outward, verging inwards at the tips ? slightly triangular, knotty behind. See MS. P. 2 2. CAPRIMULGUS. Spec. 19. $uropoeus 9 (night-hawk, goat-sucker,) black, varied with cinereous, brown, ferruginous and white j beneath reddish-white with brown bauds. Ten inches long. virginianuS) (whip-poor-will,) brown, transversely varied with greyish brown and somewhat cine- reous ; beneath reddish white, transversely streaked ; chin with a triangular white spot ; area of the eyes and neck above spotted with \ orange. 8 inches long. Its night song is monoto- nous, but very agreeable to those whose child* hood has been spent among them, Sec MS. P. 166 CARABUS, CAVIR. 8 5. CARABUS. Spec. 365. cyanus, no under wing ; black with a violet gloss ; elytra with rough confluent dots. See MS. P. 9 3. CARDIUM. Spec. 52. edule, (eatable cockle,) shell of an old appearance, with about 28 depressed ribs, and obsolete re- curved scales. Shell whitish with a bluish or yellowish cast. In sandy beach. See MS. P. 11 2. CARYOPHYLL.EUS. Spec. 1. pisdum, (pink- worm,) body clay-colour, rounded behind, broad before. An inch long. In the intestines of fish. See MS. P. 8 5. CASSIDA. Spec. 84. viridis, green ^ body black ; thorax entire. See MS. P. 1 4. CASTOR. Spec. 2. fiber, (beaver,) tail ovate, flat, naked ; ears short r covered with fur ; hair soft, short, dusky. Two or three feet long. huidobrius, (chilese beaver,)tail compressed, lance- olate, hairy ; fore feet lobed, hind feet palmate. See MS. P. 1 4. CAVIA. Spec. 7. cobaya, (guinea-pig,) tail none ; variegated with white and tawriey or black ; body thick, neck short. About 12 inches long -5cfi MS. P CELLEPORA, CERCARIA. 167 13 2. CELLEPORA. Spec. 8. pumicosa, (cellepore,) irregular, brittle, erect, with gibbous, mucronate, crowded cells. See MS. P. 13 2. CELLULARIA. Spec. 1. -salicornia, (samphire coral,) articulations cyliu- dric, hollow within ; pitts over the whole sur- face arranged in fives. See MS. P. 4 5. CENTRISCUS. Spec. 3. scolopax, (snipe-fish,) body scaly, rough ; tail strait, extended. 6 or 8 inches long. See MS. P. 4 5 CEPHALUS. Spec. 1. mola, (round sunfish,) unarmed, rough, compress- rounded ; dorsal and anal fins connected ; spi- racles oval. Var. oblongus, has moonfurm spi- racles ; body oblong. See MS. P. 4 3. CEPOLA. Spec. 3. tatnia, (tape-fish,) caudal fin tapering, wedgeform : head very obtuse* 4 to 5 feet long. See MS. P. 8 5. CERA MB YX. Spec. 470. tfdilis, (goat- horn,) thorax spinous, with four pale- yellow dots ; elytra or shells obtuse, grey, shaded with brown ; antennae very long. See MS. P. 14 2. CERCARIA. Spec. 13. mutabilisj (cameleon scum,) changeable, red or green, cylindric ; tail pointed, somewhat bifid. /Sec MS. P. 168 CEItTHIA, 22. CERTHIA. Spec. 78. JainilidfiS) (creeper,) grey, beneath white ; quill- feather brown, ten of them with a white spot, See MS. P. 1 7. CERVUS. Spec. 11. nlces, (moose, elk,) horns palmate, with sholi beams or none ; throat carunculate ; ears long, large, upright, slouching ; upper lip hanging over the mouth ; neck short, slouching, with an upright mane; tail short. dephas, (stag,) horns branched, round, recurvate ; body tawny above, whitish beneath. tarandus, (rein-deer,) horns branched, round, re- curvate ; summits palmate. Casts its horns in November. Three or four feet high ; used for drawing sledges. Brown above, white beneath. dama, (fallow-deer,) horns branched, recurved, compressed ; summit palmate. Colour varies by domestication from red to white. Lives 20 years. Females hornless. virginianus, (american deer,) horns branched, turn- ed forward, somewhat palmate. Taller than the fallow deer, and brighter coloured. mexicanus, (mexican deer,) horns three-forked at the tip, turned forward ; body tawney. capreolus, (roe,) horns branched,, round, erect, summits bifid ; body brown. See MS. P. 4 3, CIUSTODON. Spec. 70. alepidotus, tail bifid ; dorsal spines 3 ; ventral fins none. See MS. P. CHAMA, CHRYSIS. 169 9 3. CHAMA. Spec. 28. gigas, (giant shell,) shell plaited, with arched scales ; posterior slope gaping. The largest of all shells. The two valves including the ani- mal is said to weigh above five hundred pounds. There is one valve of vast size now in the Alba ny museum vntiquata, shell subcordate, longitudinally groov ed, and transversely striate. See MS. P. 25, CHARARDRIUS. Spec. 33. hiaticulus, (plover,) breast black ; front blackish., with a white band ; crown brown ; legs yellow. See MS- P. 87. CHERMES. Spec. 33. graminis, (grass-gall,) on grasses. Remark. All the species are named by the genetive of the generic name of the plant on which they make the gall. See MS. P. 4 5. CHIMAERA. Spec. 2. monstrosa, (sea- monster,) snout with porous folds beneath. See MS. P. 9 2. CHITON. Spec. 28. tuber culatus, shell seven- valved, thickly set with short hairs. See MS-. P. 89. CHRYSIS. Spec. 31. smaragdula, (golden-fly,) green ; tail six-toothed^ blue. See MS. P. 15 170 CHRYSOMELA, CLUPEA, 8 5. CHRYSOMELA. Spec, 340. tenebricosa, no under wing, oval, black ; antennae and legs violet. See MS, P. 8 5. CICINDELA. Spec. 60. camptstrisi (tiger insect,) greenish-gold colour ; shells with six white dots. See M8. P. 8 7. CICADA. Spec. 296. septendecim, (american locust,) black ; wing-caps whitish with a yellowish rib. See MS P. 87. CIMEX. Spec. 823. lectularius) (house-bug, bed-bug,) wingless ; body ferruginous. See MS. P. 9 1. CLIO. Spec. 6. pyramidata, sheath triangular, pyramidal ; mouth obliquely truncate. See MS. P. 4 4. CLUPEA. Spec. 15. harengus, (herring,) body without spots ; lower jaw longer. sprattus, (sprat, box-herring,) dorsal fin 17-rayed ; belly strongly serrate. alosa, (european shad,) sides with round black spots placed longitudinally ; gill-covers striate ; snout bifid. sapidissima, (american shad,) no spots on the sides ; snout entire. About eighteen inches long. pseudo harengiiS) (american herring,) body ash- CLUPEA, COLPODA. 171 colour above, inclining to dull greenish -blue ; sides and belly silvery ; no spots on the sides ; under jaw a little longest. See MS. P. 4. 4. COBITIS. Spec. 6. tania, (groundling,) cirri six ; a forked spine un- der each eye. heteroclita, (mudfish,) head without cirri ; dorsal and anal fins spotted with white ; tail barred with black. See MS. P. 8 5. COCCINELLA. Spec 164. hcptapunctata, (tooth-ache lady-bug,) wing-cases red with seven black dots. Said to cure the tooth-ache, by mashing it between the fingers and then applying it to the tooth. Remarks. Twenty-eight species of this genus are distinguished by the number of dots on the elytra or shell wings ; and named by prefixing a latin numeral expressive of the number of dots, to punctata. See MS. P. 8 7. Coccus. Spec. 46. cacti, (cochineal,) body depressed, downy, trans- versely wrinkled ; abdomen purplish ; legs short, black ; antennse subulate, a third shorter than the body. The female is the cochineal of the shops ; which when ground is sold under the name carmine. See MS. P. 14 i. COLPODA. Spec. 7. meleagris, (turkey feather,) changeable: forepart hooked, hind part folded up. See MS. P. 172 COLIUS, COLYMBUS. 2 2. COLIUS. Spec. 7. capensiS) (coly,) exterior tail-feathers white out- side ; body cinereous whitish beneath. See MS. P. 3 3. COLUBER. Spec. 176. vipera, (egyptian viper,) subferruginous, spotted with brown ; beneath whitish ; tail short, mu- cronate. About sixteen inches long. Supposed to be the asp of Cleopatra. constrictor, (black snake,) shining black, body long and slender ; abdominal scales 186, cau- dal 92. Remark. Most of our snakes are of this genus, See MS. P. 24. COLUMBA. , Spec. 82. migratoria, (common pidgeon,) orbits naked, san- guineous ; body cinereous ; breast rusty red. earoliniensisf (mourning dove,) body reddish-cine- reous, reddish beneath ; orbits blue. canadensis, (american turtle-dove,) body greyish- brown, whitish beneath ; primary quill-feathers yellowish at the tip ; tail feathers white at the apex. 12 or 13 inches long, See MS. P* 2 6, COLYMBUS. Spec. 25. glacialiS) (loon, speckled diver,) head and neck violaceous black ; a white interrupted band on the chin and upper part of the neck. Some- times three feet long. cristatusj (grebe,) fuscous, white beneath ; head rufous ; collar black ; secondary quill-feathers white. About 23 inches lone. See MS, P. COMEPHROUS, CORVUS. 4 1. COMEPHROUS. Spec. 1. a soft fatty substance, above a foot in length. See MS. P. 812. CONOPS. Spec. 22. vesicular is, blackish ; hind-head vesicular ; ab- domen yellow with black base. Woods. See MS. P. 9 4. CONUS. Spec, 83. ammiralis, (cone shell,) shell with rough punctures at the base. This species contains about forty varieties. The variety americanus, has irregu- lar bands, is brown, cloudy or spotted. See MS. P. 22. CORACIAS. Spec. 25. garrula, (roller,) blue, back red ; quill-feathers black ; legs short, dirty yellow. See MS. P. 13 2. CORALLINA. Spec. 38. officinaliS) (coralline,) sub-bipinnate, and usually trichotomous, with the joints of the stem sub- cuneate or turbinate j those of the branches round, and some of the terminal ones capitate. See MS. P. 25. CORRIRA. Spec. 1. /falica, (messinger,) bill arched, yellowish ; legs brown ; head brown streaked with white. See MS. P. 2 2. CORVUS. Spec. 48. cor 'ax -, (raven,) black ; back bluish-black 5 tail roundish. Often two feet long. *15 174 eoRYus, COTTUS* corone, (carrion crow,) entirely black, with a vio- let-blue gloss ;. tail rounded, feathers pointed at the ends. 12 to 18 inches long. frugilegus, (rook,) black ; front subcinereous ; tail roundish ; skin about the nostrils, and base of the bill bare. montdula, (jackdaw,) black-brown ; hind-head hoary ; front, wings, and tail, black. glandarius, (jay,) wing-coverts blue, with trans- verse black and white lines ; body ferruginous, inclining to vinaceous. About ten or twelve inches long. cristatuS) (blue-jay,) blue, collar black ; wing- coverts with transverse black lines. pica, (magpie,) variegated with black and white ; tail wedgeform. See MS. P. 4 3. CORYPJL&NA. Spec. 19. psittacus, (parrot fish,) lateral lines intercepted : fins with longitudinal coloured lines. See MS. P. " 4 3. COTTUS. Spec. 10. cataphractus, (armed bullhead,) body eight-an- gled, mailed ; upper jaw with two upright bifid spines ; throat with numerous cirri. scaber, (prickly bullhead,) head and lines down the body with serrate scales j lateral line acu- leate. scorpius, (father-lasher,) head armed with numer- ous large spines ; upper jaw rather longer than the lower. Sec MS. P. GRAX, CULEX. 175 24. CRAX. Spec. 6. alcctor, (curassow,) cere yellow ; body black ; bel- ly white. See MS. P. 3 3. CROTALUS. Spec. 6. horriduS) (rattle snake,) plates on the belly 167 ; of the tail 23. About 5 or 6 feet long ; body covered with triangular spots. Thick and clumsy. See MS, P. 2 3. CROTOPHAGA, Spec. 4. major, blackish violet ; feathers edged with green > quill-feathers dusky-green ; feet climbers. See MS. P. 11 1. CUCULLANUS. Spec. 7. lacustris, body rufous and truncate before. In- habits the liver and intestines offish. See MS P. 2 3. CUCULUS. Spec. 55. mnorus, (cuckow,) cinereous ; whitish beneath-, transversely streaked with brown ; tail round- ed, blackish, dotted with white. americanus, (anurican cuckow,) tail wedge-form ; body cinereous above, white beneath 5 lower jnandable pale yellow. See MS. P. 8 12. CULEX. Spec. 14. (musquetoe,) cinereous, with eight brown rings ; antennae of the male, pectinate. Makes a shrill buzzing noise. The English call our musquetoe the gnat, 176 CULEX, CYPRJEA, ciliatus, (Carolina musquetoe,) black, with twoyel* low dorsal lines on the thorax ; legs yellow, Sec MS. P. 8 5. CURCULIO. Spec. 754. gigcis, thorax and elitra rough ; antennae tipped with white. Sec M*. P. 14 2. CYCLIDIUM. Spec. 7. radians, ovate, with distinctly visible intestines. Pellucid. In vegetable infusions. See MS. P. 4 5. CYCLOPTERUS. Spec. 10. lumpus, (lump-sucker,) body made angular by rows of sharp bony tubercles. See Mb. P. 89. CYNTPS. Spec. 35. fagi, (beech gall-fly,) black, without spots ; pro- duces pyriform galls on the under side of beech leaves. Remark. Species are mostly made by the gen- itive case of the generic name of the plant on which the insect makes the gall. The generic and spe- cific names are both used in the genitive case for the specific name of the insect when necessary, See MS P. 9 4. CYPRJEA. Spec. 118. arabicd) (lettered porcellane,) shell slightly tur* binate, with irregular graphic characters ; stripe down the back simple. 3 inches long. argus, (ocellate porcellane,) shells slightly turbi- nate, subcylindric, speckled with eye-form spots ; 4 browu spots beneath, CYPRJEAj DASYPUS. 177 tigris, (tigris porcellane,) shell ovate, obtuse be- hind and rounded before, ferruginous with deep brown spots and a yellowish longitudinal dor- sal line. See MS. P 4 4. CYPRINUS. Spec. 56. barbus, (barbet,) anal fin 7-rayed ; cirri or beards^ 4 ; second ray of the dorsal fin serrate each side carpio, (carp,) anal fin 9-rayed ; cirri 4 ; second ray of the dorsal fin serrate behind. tinea, (tench,) anal fin with 25 rays ; tail entire ; body mucous ; cirri two. Weighs 4 to 8 pounds. cephalus, (chub,) anal fin 11-rayed ; body nearly cylindric. May weigh 5 pounds. entrains, (gold-fish,) anal fin double, placed like the ventral. A Chinese fish, kept in glass ves- sels in houses. leuri-scus, (dace.) anal fin 10-rayed, dorsal -fin 9- rayed. 6 to 18 inches long. rutilus, (roach,) anal fin 12-rayed, reddish ;' late- ral line bent down, having 36 dots, See Mb, P. D. 9 1. DAGYSA. Spec. 1. notata, body marked at one end with a brown spot, 3 inches long. Sec MS. P. 1 5. DASYPUS. Spec. 10. tricinctus, (three- banded armadillo,) bands three> moveable ; toes 5. Remarks. The species are named by prefixing the latin numeral expressing the number of bands to cinctus. As 4-banded, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 18, See MS. P. 178 DELPHINUS, DIDELPHIS. 1 8. DELPHTNUS. Spec. 4. phocoena, (porpoise,) body subconic ; back broad ; snout bluntish ; bluish above, white beneath ; 46 teeth in each jaw. Appear like old stumps and roots tumbling in water. ddphis, (dolphin,) body oblong, roundish ; snout narrow, sharp. Swims fast. 9 or 10 feet long, area, (grampus,) snout turned up ; teeth broad, ser- rate. Var. Sword grampus. Snout subtrun* cate ; teeth pointed. See MS. P. 5 1. DENTALIUM. Spec. 22. dephantinum, (elephant-tooth shell,) shell with 10 ribs, slightly curved, striate ; green with dark bands, tip white. See MS. P. 8 1. DERMESTES. Spec. 85. lardarius, (leather-eater, book-eater,) black, shell cinereous above. Larva oval, hairy. Very destructive to libraries, museums, bacon, &c. See MS. P. 9 1. DERUIS. Spec. 1. sanguined) body cylindric, tapering to a point be- hind ; palpi white. In sea. See MS. / J . 8 5. DIAPERIS. Spec. 1. piolacea, blackish-blue ; antennse ferruginous at the tips. See MS. P. 1 3. DIDELPHIS. Spec. 25. opossum, (american opossum,) tail hairy near the base ; region of the eyebrows paler ; teats 5 to DIDELPHIS, DORIS. 170 7. Sometimes the back is dark broTrn, belly yellowish. See MS. P. 2 5. DIDUS. Spec. 3. ineptus, (dodo) black waved with whitish ; head hooded ; feet four-toed. Three feet long. See MS. P. 4 5. DIODON. Spec. 3. hystrix, (porcupine fish) nearly spherical ; spines triangular. Sometimes conic with long spines. See MS. P. 2 6. DIOMEDEA. Spec. 4. cxulans, (albatrass, man-of-war) white ; back and wings with white lines ; quill-feathers black. See MS. 8 12. DIOPSIS. Spec. 1. ichnenmoniu, (false ichneumon) body reddish ; an- tennse small, setaceous ; thorax black. See MS. P. 1 4, DIPUS. Spec. 10. canadensis, (american jerboa) fore toes 4, hind ones 5 ; tail longer than the body, covered with bris- tles. See MS. P. 93. DONAX. Spec. 19. trunculus, shell smooth in front, violet within 5 margins crenate. See MS P. 9 1. DORIS. Spec. 24. argo, (dory) body oval, smooth, with two small palpi at the mouth ; body red, with black and yello\v dots, See MS. P. 180 BRACO, ELATER. 3 2. DRACO. Spec. i. volans, (flying dragon) fore legs distinct from the wings ; body ash-colour. See MS. P. 8 5. DYTISCUS. Spec. 147. marginalis^ (water-beetle) black ; edge round the thorax and outer margin of the shells yellow. See Mb P. E. 4 3. ECHENEIS. Spec. 3. remora, (sucking-fish,) tail forked ; head with 18 streaks. 12 to 18 inches long. Adheres firm- ly to ships, &c. at one end, and fish, &c. at the other. See MS. P. 10 1. ECHINUS. Spec. 109. csculentus, (sea-hedgehog, sea-urchin,) subglobu- lar ; with ten avenues or pores, the spaces be- tween covered with small tubercles supporting the spines ; body reddish or yellowish. See M- P. 11 2. EcHiJsoRYNCHus. Spec. 48. gigQS) (hog- worm,) clear white ; proboscis sheath- *ed, having numerous rows of hooked prickles 3 suction orifices seven. Remarks. The species of this genus are nam- ed, generally, by the genitive case of the generic names of the animals which they inhabit. See M; ; .< P. 85. ELATER. Spec. 183. tessellatus, (snap-bug,) shell brassy, with crowded paler spots ; claws red. ELATER, ENCRIXUS. 181 stelandicus, (bronze snap-bug,) purple-bronzed, \vitb grey down ; shells striate, punctered. An inch and a quarter long. Very common about Troy. Perhaps not the Danish seelan dicus. See MS. P. 1 6. ELEPHAS. Spec. 1. tnaximus, (elephant,) body cinereous, seldom red- dish or white, very thickly set with hairs ; pro- boscis flat beneath, tip truncate. Often weighs 1500 pounds See MS. P 4 4. ELOPS. Spec. 1. saurus, tail armed above and beneath ; tail deep cleft. See MS. P. 2 2. EMBERIZA. Spec. 6J. nivaliS) (l)unting,) quill-feathers white, the prima- ries black on the outer edge; tail feathers black, the three lateral ones white. See MS. P. 8 12. EMPIS. Spec. 29. borealis, black, with roundish, rusty-brown wings ; wings large ; tail bifid. See MS. P. 14 2. ECHELIS. Spec. 15. punctifera, green, subcylindric, obtuse before* pointed behind. In marshes. See MS. P. 10 1. ENCRINUS. Spec. 1. (encrinite,) body conic or eliptical ; mouth 16 182 ENCRINUS, ESOX. in the middle of the base ; branches eylindricj with rings. Common petrifaction. See MS. P. 8 8. EPHEMERA. Spec. 21. vulgatd) (ephemera, day-fly,) wings reticulate, spotted with brown ; body yellowish, spotted with black ; having three threads at the end of the abdomen. Species communis of some au- thors. It appears by millions, ascending and descending, for a few days. See MS. P. 4 3. EQUES. Spec. 2. americanus, rays of the first dorsal-fin elongated ; teeth smooth ; the floating vesicles large. See MS. P. 1 6. EQUUS. Spec. 6. caballus 9 (horse,) hoofs solid ; mane and tail with long flowing hair. liemionus, (wild mule,) hoofs solid ; colour uni- form, no cross on the back ; tail hairy at the tip only. asznus, (the jack,) hoof solid ; tail bristly at the extremity ; a black cross on the shoulder of the male. See MS. P. 13, ERINACEUS. Spec. 6. europteus, (hedgehog,) ears rounded ; nostrils with, a loose flap. About ten inches long. See MS. P. 4 4. Esox. Spec. 15. Qsseus, (bill-fish, sea-pike,) upper jaw longer ; scales bony ; tail quadrangular. ESOX, PALCO. 183 Snipes, (sea-pike,) dorsal fin in the middle of the back ; gill-membrane five rayed. lucius, (bill-fish,) snout depressed ; jaws neatly equal. lelonc, (gar-pike,) each jaw Ions:, subulate. See MS. P. 4 4. EXOCCBTUS. Spec. 3. Qolitans, (flying-fish,) belly keeled each side ; flies from wave to wave by its pectoral fins. Sez MS. P. F. 2 1. FALCO. Spec. 126. Section A. Feet generally rough. inelantftos, (black eagle,) cere yello w ; feet yellow* somewhat downy ; body rusty-black with yel- low streaks ; outer part of the tail white witit blackish spots. 8 feet long. teucocephalus, (bald eagle,) cere and legs yellow ; legs somewhat downy ; body brown ; head and tail white ; claws black. 3 feet long. fiilvus, (ring tail eagle,) cere yellow ; legs downy, rusty ; back brown ; tail with a white band ; breast with a triangular spot. lagopuS) (rough- leg hawk,) cere, and downy legs, yellow ; body black spotted with white ; tail feathers white, black towards the tip. 2 feet long. (kite,) cere yellow ; tail forked ; body ferruginous ; head whitish. 2 feet long. (bald buzzard,) cere and feet blue ; body brown above, white beneath ; head white. 2 feet lonsr. 184 FALCO, Sec. C. Legs naked. borealis, (ainerican buzzard,) cere and legs pale- yellow ; body brown above, white beneath ; tail pale rusty, with a transverse rusty bar near the tip. 20 inches long. palumbanus, (goshawk,) cere black, edged with yellow ; leg* yellow ; body brown ; tail-feath- ers with pale bands ; eyebrows white. 22 inches long. gentilis., (gentle falcon,,) cere and legs yellow 5 body cinereous with brown spots ; tail with four blackish bands. About 2 feet long. communis, (common falcon,) body brown ; feath- ers rusty-edged ; tail with dark transverse bands ; bill ash-blue ; cere, iris and legs, yel- low. Colour varying in different countries, hyemalis, (winter hawk,) cere yellow ; head and back black brown ; neck streaked with white : breast and belly white with heart-spots. 20 inches long. cyaneiiS) (hen harrier, hen hawk,) cere white ; legs tawny ; body hoary blue ; a white arch over the eyes surrounding the chin ; pale-brown spots on the hind-head ; breast and belly white. 17 inches long. jiiscus, (american hawk,) cere cinereous; legs yel- low ; body waved with black, wings hyaline, not coloured ; body red, spotted, blue, cinereous or blueish-green. See MS. P. 11 2. LIGULA. Spec. 2. abdominalis, (fish-worm,) pale-ash, broad. From 6 inches to 5 feet long. In the intestines offish. See MS. P. 9 1. LIMAX. Spec. 15. ater, (black slug, naked snail,) body black and furrowed with deep wrinkles. From one to five inches long. Crawls slowly leaving a sli- my track. maximus, (large slug,) body cinereous, with or without spots. 4 or 5 inches long. agrestis, (field slug,) body whitish ; with black antennae. Half an inch long, See MS. P. 9 1. LOBARIA. Spec. 1, quadrilobd) tail with four lobes. See MS. P. 4 3. LONGHURUS. Spec. 1. barbatus, brown, with two cirri under the chin : body brown. About ten inches long. See MS. P, LOPHIUS, LUMBRICUS, 207 4 5. LOPHIUS. Spec. 8. y, (fishing-frog, angler,) body depressed j head rounded. Sometimes seven feet long. See MS. P. 4 4. LORICARIA. Spec. 2. cvtaphracta, (harness fish,) dorsal fin single ; cirri two ; tail forked, with one bristle-form ray. See MS. P. 22. LOXIA. Spec. 100. curvirostra, (crossbill,) mandibles crossing each other ; body varying in colour ; wings and forked tail brown. 6 inches long. pyrrhuld) (bullfinch,) cinereous ; head, wings and tail black; coverts of the tail and hindmost quill- feathers white. Black or white. 6 inches long, abscura, (dusky grosbeak,) middle of the throat and double band on the wing-coverts white ; quill- feat hers green; flanks white, spotted with brown. See MS. P. 85. LUCANUS. Spec. 27. cervus, (stag beetle,) jaws exsert, forked at the tip, a small branch near the middle within. Larva fat whitish, with ferruginous head and legs. bee MS. P. 12 1. LUCKRNARIA. Spec. 3. finadricornis, body long, coiled, with four forked arms, tentaculate at the tip ; no head or eyes. See MS. P 5 3. LUMBUICUS. Spec. 16. terrestris, (angle-worm, earth-worm, dew-worm,) $08 LUTRA, MADREPORA. body red, with eight rows of prickles which are invisible to the naked eye ; 140 rings with four pair of prickles to each. See MS. P. i 3. LUTRA. Spec. 8. canadensis, (otter,) hind feet palmate; black ; fur smooth ; tail long, tapering. CWnmuntS) (common otter,) hind feet palmate, na- ked ; tail half as long as the body ; fur deep brown ; whiskers large ; ears short 5 feet five- toed. 2 feet long. See MS, P. M. i 3. MACHOPUS. Spec. 3. inajor 9 (kangaroo,) tail long, thick ; hind feet three times as long as the fore feet ; three-toed. See MS. P. 4 3. MACROURUS. Spec. i. mpestris, dorsal fins two, the first ray of the first fin toothed backward. Three feet long. See MS. P. 93. MACTRA. Spec. 16. solida, shell opake, smoothish, sub-antiquated, lutraria, shell oblong-oval, smooth, without late- ral teeth. Resembles a Mya. See MS. P. 13 2. MADREPORA. Spec. 118. Section A. Composed of a single star. turbinata, (stone knot,) turbinate, sessile, with a a hemispherical concave star. Found fossil* MADUEPORA, MASTODON* 209 c.ornutci) (stone horn,) turbinate, elongated, curv- ing towards one side. From half an inch to two inches in diameter at the base and tapering upwards to a point. Found fossil. Section B. Composed of numerous stars. phrygia, with long narrow undulations, and per- pendicular prominent ones ; stars confluent ; partitions simple, lamellate, lobulate ; laminae rather remote. Found both recent and fossil. porites, (fungus-stone,) slightly branched ; stars separate, crowded ; composite, rough. White or grey ; branches clavate, very obtuse. Found recent and fossil. Stc. Mo P. 1 5. HANTS. Spec. 2. pentadqctyla, (scaly ant-eater,) feet five-toed, 6 or 8 feet long. See M6. P. 8 6. MANTIS. Spec. 64. calamus, (walking slir.k,) body filiform, cylindric- al, apterous, greenish ; thighs striate ; anten- nae yellowish. ftispinosa, winged-stick, spectre,) thorax roundish, with two spines on the fore part ; wing-ca&es very short ; wings rose-colour. See MS. P. 1 6. MASTODON, Spec. 2. giganteum, (extinct,) the truncate ends of the teeth are rhombic or diamond-form. fingustidens, (extinct,) ends of the teeth ed, or like the club-spot on cards. See MS. P. 210 MEDUSA, MERGUS. 12 2. MEDUSA. Spec. 45. cruriata, (crossed jelly,) body marked with a milk- white cross, jelly-like, transparent, surrounded at the margin with fine fibres. See M*. P. 1 5. MEGATHERIUM. Spec. 2. americanum, (extinct,) occiput elongated, flatten- ed, convex above the eyes; whole forefoot touches the ground. See MS. P 2 4. MELEAGRIS. Spec. 2. gallipavo, (turkey,) front and chin carunculated ; breast (of the male,) tufted. Three and a half feet long. Found wild in many parts of this country. When domesticated it varies inuch in colour. See MS. P. 8 5. MELCB. Spec, about 60. pensylvanica, (black Spanish fly,) entirely black, opake. vesicatoria, (spanish-fly,) green ; antennas black. On ash and elder trees. CANTHARIS of Olivier. LYTTA of Fabricius. See Latreille, p. 816* and on. See JUS, P. 2 6. MERGUS. Spec 10. merganser, (goosander,) subcrested ;. white; head, neck, upper part of the breast and wings glossy- black ; tail cinereous. castor, (dun-diver,) crested, cinereous ; head and upper part of the neck bay ; chin, middle quill- feathers and belly white. Two feet long, See MS. P. MEROPS, MONOPTERUS. 2 2. MEROPS, Spec. 26. apiaster, (bee-eater,) back ferruginous ; belly and tail bluish -green ; two of the tail-feathers lon- ger ; chin pale-yellow ; bill black ; crown^ hind-head and neck bay. See MS, P. 13 2. MILLEPORA. Spec. 34. polymorpha, (common coral,) crustaceous, solid, irregularly shaped, but generally branched and tuberculatej and without visible pores. See MS. P. 2 2. MOMOTUS. Spec. 1. brasiKensis, (motniot,) green ; front bluish-green ; hind-head violet ; crown black. See MS. P. 14 2. MONAS; Spec. 5. lens, transparent, with sometimes a greenish mar- gin ; a mere round pellucid dot See MS. P. 62. MONOCULUS. Spec. 68. Cyclops, (horse-foot,) shell convex with three lines of raised spines ; tail very long and unarmed. Sue MS; P. 18. MONODON. Spec, 1. tnonoceros, (narwal,)skin white, spotted with black on the back; no dorsal fin, two small pectoral ones. 18 to 40 feet long. See MS. P. 4 1. MONOPTERUS. Spec. 1. noioptcrus, silvery with a cilt hue : fins pale ash. See MS. P. 212 MORBKLLA, MOTACILLA. 8 5. MORDELLA. Spec. 34, $culeata, tail ending in a short point ; body black* without spots. Sec MS. P. 4 4. MORMYRUS. Spec. 3. anguilloides, tail bifid, obtuse ; dorsal fin with 63 rays. See MS. P. 1 7. MOSCHUS. Spec. 6. moschiferxs, (musk,) a musk-bag near the naval: tail short; fur soft, blackish-brown and white. Two and a half feet long. See MS. P. 2 2. MOTACJLLA. Spec. 200. luscina, (nightingale,) rufous-ash, white-ash be- neath ; tail-feathers rufous-brown ; bracelets cinereous. 6 inches long. Sings from April till fall. modidaris^ (hedge-sparrow,) above grey-brown ; wing-coverts tipped with white ; breast bluish- ash. Five and a half inches long. Sings all winter. albd) (tipe-up ? wagtail,) breast blackish .; two late- ral tail-feathers obliquely half white. Some- times whitish and cinereous. About 7 inches long. rubicola, (robin-redbreast,) grey ; throat and breast ferruginous. troglodytes, (wren,) grey; eyebrows white ; wings waved with black and cinereous ; bill darfe* brown. Three and a half inches long, .* MS. P. MUGIL, MUS. 213 4 4. MUGIL. Spec. 5. (mullet,) first dorsal fin 5-rayed. See Mb. P. 4 3. MULLUS. Spec. 6. surmuletus, (surmullet,) cirri two ; body with four longitudinal yellow lines. From 6 to 24 inches long. See MS. P. 4 1. MUR^NA. Spec. 8. ophis, (spotted sea-serpent, snake-eel,) body slen- der, spotted ; tail round, spear-form, naked. 8 to 4 feet long. See MS. P. 9 4. MUREX. Spec. 182. tribulus, (thorny woodcock,) shell ovate with a tripple row of setaceous spines ; beak elongat- ed, subulate, with spines, erinaceous, (hedgehog oyster,) shell subangular j whorls crowned with tubular and subspinous raised scales or points ; beak short and covered, See MS. P. 1 4. Mus. Spec. 46. zibethecus, (musk rat,) tail long, compressed, lan- ceolate ;. .feet cleft. A foot long. decumanus, (norway rat, dock rat,) tail very long, scaly ; body bristly, grey above, whitish be- neath. Body nine inches long, tail seven. Tail lias about 200 rings. rattus, (black rat, ship rat,) tail very long, scaly ; body black, hoary beneath. Eight inches long 5 tail same length. 214 MUS, MUSCA. americanus, (american rat,) tail long, scaly; head long ; nose pointed ; upper jaw longest ; ears large, naked. About 8 inches long, or smaller. tnusculuS) ( house- mouse,) tail long, naked is h ; fore- feet four-toed, hind feet five-toed, thumb with- out a claw. '6 inches long. sylvaticus, (field-mouse,) tail long, scaly ; body yellowish-brown, white beneath, breast yellow- ish. Var. albus, entirely white. inessorius, (harvest mouse,) tail long, scaly ; body rusty-brown, belly white, colours divided by a straight line. Vifginianus, (pasture mouse,) tail all hairy, thick at the base, long, tapering ; body whitish or white, nose black. Qmphibws, (water rat,) tail middle length ; ears hardly above the fur ; feet three- toed, with the appearance of a fourth. Sometimes hind feet five-toed. Dark or blackish. Body 7 inches long, tail three. See MS. P. 8 12. MUSCA. Spec, about 530. domestica, (house-fly,) with two short feelers ; sucker with a single bristle without sheath j hairy, black ; thorax with five pale lines ; ab- domen tessilate, pale at the base beneath. cadtfverin(i) (carrion eater,) body polished ; thorax blue ; abdomen green. Feelers and suckers like domestica. mortuorum, (death fly, epidemic fly,) thorax black; abdomen green bronze ; legs black ; thorax with a few faint lines. Feelers and suckers like domestica, MUSCA f MYA. 215 futris, (maggot fly,) black ; wings white with a black rib. Feelers and suckers like domestica. Deposits eggs, which become the common white skipper. &e M:x P. 2 2. MUSCICAPA. Spec. 97. striata, (fly-catcher,) green-ash ; back streaked with black, yellowish beneath ; chin and sides of the neck spotted with brown ; three outer- most tail-feathers tipped with white. 5 inches long. canad'ns^S) (northern fly-catcher,) cinereous, pale- yellow beneath ; lores yellow ; crown spotted with black. 4 inches long. Btra, (bee-catcher,) olive-ash ; breast cinereous ; belly whitish-yellow ; head, tail and quill- feathers black, the secondaries at the edge and outmost tail-feathers on the outer webs white. See MS. P. "8 9. MUTILLA. Spec. 38. ffuropea, (wingless fly,) black ; thorax rufous ; segments of the abdomen with white margins. Stt MS. P. 9 3. MYA. Spec, about 60. Remarks. This genus and Mytilus have been cut up into several new genera. Unio is the prin- cipal genus taken from Mya. Masmadonta, Mo- nodonta, &c. are proposed. But the unsettled state of the numerous proposed subdivisions, even among some of the best zoologists of our times; demonstrates the absurdity of the modern rage for innovation. Perhaps future naturalists will fix the boundaries of these subdivisions on definite 216 MYA. S&J.U Ji X A grounds ; it will then be early enough to adopt them. I have retained the original name, and made sections of the genera, which appear to be unsettled. All the species, here described, are found in our fresh waters, excepting the first. Taken from Say in Nicholson, and Barns in Silliman. Sec. A. Shell without cicatrices, margaritiferci) (false pearl oyster,) shell ovate, a little contracted in the middle of the thinner mar- gin ; primary tooth of the hinge conic ; protu- berant part near the hinge decorticated. Sec. B. Shell with three deep cicatrices. Shell transverse ; hinge with a strong irregular tooth and two lateral ones. UNIO of JBruguieres. cornutd) (horned muscle,) shell sub-spheroidal, di- vided longitudinally by a regular row of large distant tubercles. Shell thick, rounded behind j cardinal teeth furrowed ; pearly-white and irri- descent within. Dimensions an inch and three- fourths by an inch and a half. verrucosd, (warted muscle,) shell subtruncate be- fore, irregularly tubercled ; the tubercles trans- versely compressed : brownish-red within. Sub- quadrangular, thick, rounded behind ; beaks elevated and recurved ; cardinal teeth crenate or furrowed ; cavity of the beaks deep. Di- mensions about two inches by one and two thirds. nodosa, shell subquadrangular, emarginate before, knotted, ri^gy, corrugated ; lateral tooth ter- minating abruptly ; shell thick and heavy ; beaks distant, eroded ; hinge margin straitish 5 MYA. epidermis horn- colour ; surface irregularly cor* rugated and tubercled ; tubercles largest near the center of the disk, and often eroded ; car- dinal teeth furrowed and crenulated ; lateral teeth short, thick, crenate. Dimensions three inches by two and a half. tuberculata, shell long-ovate, surface corrugated^ undulate-tubercied, ribbed ; disks compressed^, base falcate ; shell thick and rugged ; beaks flat near the posterior end ; hinge-margin strait- ish ; epidermis dark brown or horn-colour ; elongated tubercles are thickly scattered over the surface ; cardinal teeth crenated, lateral ones long and striated ; pearly white, with ir- regular greenish spots within. Dimensions about four inches by two and a fourth. mgosdi shell broad-ovate ; surface wrinkled tu- berculated, ribbed, undulated ; disks swelled ; base falcate ; shell compressed and thin before ; beaks slightly elevated ; hinge-margin com- pressed, keeled ; epidermis dark brown, pearly white under it ; surface rough and scaly, wrink- led transversely and undulated lengthwise. Dimensions two inches and a quarter by three. crassa, (thick-shell muscle,) shell varying in form and surface, very thick and heavy ; epidermis liorn-colour, different shades of brown and black ; beaks carious, often much eroded, pure pearly or silvery white. Dimensions some- times four and a half inches by three. purpurea, (purple muscle,) shell suboval, and somewhat compressed ; smaller wrinkles be- tween larger ; colour dark- brown ; beaks cari- ous, not prominent, near to one end ; often wax- yellow under the epidermis ; reddish purple 19 318 MYA. within, varied with green ; no cavity under the beak. Dimensions two and a half inches by one and two thirds. ovata, shell but middling, suhovate, convex, not remarkably thick, horn-colour, not radiated, flattened and fuscous on the anterior margin : beaks decorticated and placed nearer central ; boss prominent ; pearly within ; cavity of the beak capacious ; primary teeth very oblique, almost parallel to the posterior margin and much compressed. Dimensions four inches by three. cariosa, shell but middling thick, long forward, short back of the beaks ; olive-green, sometimes radiated with green and with interrupted wrink- les in longitudinal rous ; beaks somewhat pro- mine.nt, distant, carious, wax-yellow beneath the epidermis ; concavity bluish-white ; teeth often subconic and crenate. Dimensions two inches and a quarter by one and a half. ochrocea, shell thin, fragile, translucent, suhovate : hinge margin straitish ; pale-olive or orange ; often with green wrinkled radii ; anterior mar- gin wrinkled ; beaks decorticated and near, with two or three concentric undulations ; bluish- white or yellowish within, reddish near the base ; teeth very oblique and much compressed. Dimensions an inch and a quarter by an inch and three quarters. nasuta, shell thin, oblong, compressed, beaked, horn-colour or fuscous, wrinkled, with green radiations ; bluish-white within ; teeth crenate ; scarcely any back-cavity. Dimensions about one inch by two and a half. MYA. 219 alata, sliell moderately thick, subtriangular, gen- erally gaping at the back part of the base, fus- cous, wrinkled ; beaks near the back part, de- corticated ; base straitish ; hinge- margin ob- lique with a winged process ; red-purple with- in ; teeth crenate. Dimensions five inches and a half by three and three fourths. cylindrica, shell very thick, subcylindric, emargi- nate forward ; pale horn-coloured and greenish; hinge-margin undulated obliquely across the wrinkles ; rough on each side ; beaks broad and prominent ; pearly within ; teeth thick and crenate ; cavity of the beaks very deep. Di- mensions three inches and a quarter by one and a quarter. undulata, shell subrhombic, with undulations, which radiate from the beaks ; shell thick, obtusely rounded behind ; hinge -margin somewhat wing- ed ; epidermis blackish. plicata, shell subquadrangular, tumid, sinuous before with distant oblique folds ; hinge-mar- gin elevated, compressed, keeled ; shell thick* n-ndata, shell sub triangular, very tumid, undu- lated ; lateral teeth two in each valve ; shell thick, beaks projecting backwards ; epidermis horn-colour approaching yellowish-green ; teeth deeply furrowed and crenate, lateral teeth two in each valve. clliptica, regularly oval, thick, convex, glabrous ; beaks depressed ; teeth elevated, triangular, striated ; shell long before and short behind ; epidermis yellowish- brown, obscurely rayed ; teeth deeply divided, finely striated ; pedrly white, iridescent or flesh-colour within. Di- mensions about four inches by two and a half. 220 MYA. earinata, shell oblong-oval, two-angled before^ rayed, hinge- margin strait, compressed, keel- form ; teeth finely striate ; shell elongated trans- versely ; epidermis greenish-yellow with broad dark-green rays ; surface glabrous ; white, ira- descent within. Dimensions about three inches by two. prtflonga, shell much elongated transversely, nar* row, thick, tumid, beaks flat ; lateral tooth long, thin ; purple within ; epidermis blackish* brown with fine interrupted wrinkles in longi- tudinal rows. Dimensions about three inches by one and a quarter. gibbosa, shell elongated transversely, thick gib- bous ; lateral tooth very thick, incurved ; pur-* pie within ; shell thick and heavy, suddenly narrowed so as to appear beaked before, nar- row and rounded behind, so as to appear sub- cylindric ; epidermis blackish-brown finely stri- ated and deeply wrinkled transversely ; purple within ; lateral tooth very thick. Dimensions about four inches by two. cuneata, shell ovate, wedgeform, thick, gibbous ; disks tumid, anterior lunule furrowed ; lateral tooth thin ; purple inside ; shell elongated, sub- triangular, thick and heavy ; beaks low and distant ; epidermis blackish-brown, subferru- ginous, surface in fine wrinkles. Dimensions three inches and three quarters by two and a quarter. radiata, shell broad-ovate, thin, finely striated, glossy rayed ; bluish-white within, or tinged with red ; shell with the anterior side broad thin ; fragile ; beaks slightly elevated and ap MYA, 221 proximated ; epidermis greenish-yellow or ol- ive-brown, with dark-green rays finely striated transversely ; surface smooth and shining. Di- mensions about one inch and a half by two and a half. Viucronata, shell ovate, broader behind ; base compressed, falcate ; beaks small, elevated; acute ; purple within ; anterior lunule long, posterior one small ; epidermis horn-colour and obscurely rayed, smooth. Dimensions one inch and a quarter by two and a quarter. inflate, shell oval, thick, tumid ; beaks broad ob- tuse behind, wedge-form before j pearly- white within ; epidermis yellowish-green, rayed. Di- mensions one inch and three quarters by three and a quarter. ventricosd) shell large, thick, triangular, ovate, convex ; bosses large, round, prominent ; beaks recurved ; cavity capacious ; epidermis yellow- olive, with green rays ; surface smooth and shining ; pearly-white within. Dimensions about three inches by four. tiiliquoidea, shell long-ovate, subcylindric, thick, regularly rounded, rayed; beaks elevated ; cavi- ty small ; inside white ; epidermis yellowish- olive, rayed with distant dark-green lines Di- mensions two inches by three and a quarter. plana, shell rhomb-oval ; thin, beaks depressed ; disks flattened compressed ; teeth slightly ele- vated, smooth ; epidermis brown-yellow, deeply wrinkled Dimensions two inches and three fourths by four and three fourths. triagguiaris, shell triangular, gibbous-inflated, ray- ed, gaping ; anterior slope flattened, ribbed, caa- MYA, eellate, white within ; epidermis yellowish- green, rayed with dark-green, finely striate transversely. Dimensions three fourths of an inch by an inch and a quarter. gracilis, shell triangular-ovate, very thin and fra- gile, hinge- margin elevated into a wing ; valves connate ; ligument concealed ; epidermis sea- green, obscurely radiated ; bluish-white within and tinged with violet. Dimensions two inches and a half by four. parva, shell oblong-ovate, small, convex, sides rounded; beaks slightly elevated ; pearly-white and iridescent within ; epidermis brownish ; very brilliant within. Dimensions one inch by two thirds of an inch. Section C. Hinge with prominent cardinal teeth? but without lateral ones ; posterior cicatrice compound. ALASMODONTA of Say. arcuata, shell ovate, elongated transversely, thick : base arched, ligament elevated, beaks depressed, cicatrices rough ; epidermis brownish-black ; surface smooth in the young state, eroded and scabrous when old ; teeth two in the right and one in the left valve ; bluish-white within. Di- mensions two inches by four. rugosa, shell oblong-oval, anterior side with deep diverging folds ; epidermis chesnut-brown with a silky lustre ; surface of the fore part folded in a pinnate form ; cicatrices smooth ; pale flesh- colour in the center within, pearl white on the margin with a dark narrow border. Dimen* eions two inches by three and a half. complanata, shell ovate-quadrangular, hinge-mar- gia elevated into a large wing ; valves connate : MYCETOPHAGUS; MYTILUS. 223 ligament concealed ; epidermis brown, glossy, surface wrinkled and striated transversely ; blu- ish-white and iridescent within. Dimensions three inches by five. Sec MS. P. 8 5. MYCETOPHAGUS. Spec. 14. quadrimaculata, thorax and shells black, striate, the latter with two rufous spots ; body rufous. See MS. P. 2 5. MYCTERIA. Spec. 3. americana, (jabiru,) white ; quill and tail-feathers purplish- black. 5 or 6 feet long. See MS. P. 1 4. MYOXUS. Spec. 4. muscardinus, (dormouse,) body tawny ; throat whitish ; hind thumbs without claws. 3 inches long. See MS. P. 8 8. MYRMELON. Spec. 16. formcariusi (lion-ant,) wings clouded with brown ; with a white marginal spot behind. See MS. P. i 5. MYRMICOFHAGA. Spec. 7. jubata, (ant-eater,) four toes on the fore feet ; five on the hind feet ; tail bushy. See MS. r. 9 3. MYTILUS. Spec, about 70. Sec. A. Compressed and slightly eared, margaritiferus, (pearl oyster, mother-of-pearl,) shell flattened, suborbicular, with a transverse base imbricate with toothed tunics. 224 MVTILU3, NAUTILUS. Sec. B. Convex or ventricose. Shell transverse / hinge simple, destitute of teeth ; shell with three obsolete muscular impressions. ANODOMTA of Bruguieres. cataractus, (toothless muscle,) shell thin, fragile, translucent, oblong-oval, convex ; covered with a radiated olive-green epidermis ; pearly with- in ; beaks nearly central ; front margin brown* Length about two inches and a half, breadth four and a half. jnarginatus, shell very thin, fragile, somewhat compressed, translucent, subovate ; epidermis olive-green, paler on the disk and greener be- fore ; anterior margin fuscous ; beak nearer to the posterior end ; bluish-white within, edges whitish. See MS. P. N. 53. NAIS. Spec. 10. firoboscidea, with single lateral bristles and very long proboscis. Three-fourths of an inch long* In clear water an inch long. $erpentaria, body serpentine, with red spiral in- testines and triple black collar. In stagnant water. An inch long. vermicularis, without lateral bristles ; chin beard- ed. In stagnant water. One-sixth of aa inch long. See MS. P. 9 4. NAUTILUS. Spec. 31. (nautilus,) aperture of the shell cor- date, with obtuse and smooth whorls, Pearly within. Sec MS, P. NECYDALISj NUMIDIA. 225 8 5, NECYDALIS. Spec. 39. major, (carrion eater,) shells ferruginous, with- out spots ; antennae short ; head black ; wings longer than the body, See MS. P. 87. NEPA. Spec. 14. finerca, (water scorpion,) tail ending in two bris- tles, half as long as the body ; body ovate-, brown. See MS. P. 5 2. NEREIS. Spec. 30. tlDctiluca, body blue-green, with twenty-three seg- ments ; scarcely visible to the naked eye. lu sea. See MS. P. 9 4. NERITA. Spec. 76* gfaucina) shell smooth, glossy ; spine somewhat obtuse ; umbilicus partly closed by the pillar lip, which is gibbous and two-coloured. See MS. P. 8 7. NOTONECTA. Spec, 17. $triat&) (boat fly,) upper wings pale brown, with numerous dots and streaks of dark-brown. All the species swim on the back. See MS. P. 2 4. NUMIDIA. Spec. 4. 1ficleagri$i (guinea-hen,) caruncles at the gape doubled ; no gulor fold ; breast white. Some- times the whole body is white ; but it is gene- rally speckled. About eighteen inches long. See MS. P, 326 ODONTOGNATHUS, (ESTRUS. O. 4 1. ODONTOGNATHUS. Spec. 1* acideata, compressed ; lower jaw longest See MS P. 812. (ESTRUS. Spec. 12. bowls, (gad-fly,) wings brown without spots ; ab- domen with a black band in the middle, and orange-yellow hairs at the tip. Deposites its eggs under the skin of cattle, which causes them to run and bellow when in the larva state* ) (leg nitter,) wings whitish with a black band in the middle and two dots at the tip. Depo- sites its eggs on the hairs of horses' legs in the the summer months. h rufous beneath ; feathers of the shoulders va- riegated blue and green ; cheeks naked, wrink- led. Between 2 and 3 feet long. severus, (common parrot,) green ; cheeks naked : quill and tail feathers blue, purplish beneath. Sometimes dusky-green ; front brown ; crown greenish-blue. About 17 inches long. See MS. P. 9 1. PTEROTRACHIA. Spec. 4. coronata, abdomen and tail furnished with fins : head with a round perpendicular proboscis, and a coronet of ten spines on the front. See MS: P. 85. PTINUS. Spec. 39. puhdtot) (death-watch,) feelers clavate ; lip en- tire ; subvillous, dusky, with irregular grey- brown spots. Makes a ticking noise in 7, 9 or 11 strokes at a time. Resides in old wooden ceilings, furniture, &c. fur, (plant-thief,) testaceous; thorax four-toothed: shells with two white bands, Very destructive to collections in Natural History. See MS. P. 84. PULEX. Spec. 2. 'tritans, (flea,) proboscis shorter than the body. Makes its way under the hair of dogs, cats, &c. and under the cloathes of men. penetrans, (toe flea,) proboscis as long as the bo- dy ; reddish brown. Creeps into the toes, &c>. See MS, P. IIAJA, RANAv 245 R. 46. RAJA, Spec. 19. pastinaca, (sting ray,) body smooth ; tail with a long sharp spine, serrate on the forepart, and another on the back. Sometimes having two back- spines ; and sometimes the body is cover- ed with spots. From one to two and a half feet long, and two-thirds or three-fourths as broad. See MS. P. 2 5. RALLUS. Spec. 81. crex, (rail, crake,) wings rusty-red j mostly rus- ty-red or rusty-grey or brown. jj&rzana, (gallinule, spotted rail,) two middle tail- feathers edged with white ; bill and legs pale olive. See MS. P. 3 4. RANA. Spec, about 40; Section A. Body warty, puffed up ; legs shorter. Toads, bufo, (common toad,) body lurid and brown. Sometimes brown-olive with a yellowish-red band ; sometimes spotted with green, &c. rubeta, (rain load,) vent obtuse ; a yellowish line on the back ; body beneath spotted with black. From one to two inches long. Body pimpled, dirty yellow. Section B. Body smooth, more oblong ; legs longer. Frogs. fiipens, (croaking frog,) green with numerous ocel- Jate spots, surrounded with a yellowish ring* #21 f246 RANA, RHINOCEROS. Four to six inches long. Leaps to a great dis- tance ; croaks loudly in the spring season. lemporaria, (common frog,) back flattish, suban- gular ; sometimes dirty-olive above, with large warty spots, and very large, esculenta, (eatable frog,) body angular ; back transversely gibbous ; belly emarginate. Body green with three yellow lines. The male croaks at evening. Section G. Hind feet very long ; claws lenticu- lated* Chirping toads. arborea, (tree-toad,) body greenish-brown, or ci- nereous, granulate beneath ; feet cleft, having obicular flattened claws secreting an adhesive mucus. boans, (croaking chirper,) body smooth with con- tiguous dots beneath ; feet palmate. See MS. P. 88. RAPHIDIA. Spec. 2 ophiosus, thorax cylindric ; wings without spote. See MS. P. 2 5. RECURVJROSTRA. Spec. 3. americana, (avocet,) head and neck reddish : back black, white beneath. See MS. P. 2 3. RHAMPff-Asros. Spec. 17. tfiridis, (toucan,) green ; belly yellow ; rump red, About fourteen inches long. See MS. P. 1 6. RHINOCEROS. Spec. 2. (one-horned rhinoceros; ) one horn 0& RHYNCHOPS, SALMO, 247 the nose, growing from the skin, like the briar prickle from the bark. licornis, (two-horned rhinoceros,) horns two. See MS. P. 2 6. HHYNCHOPS. Spec. 1. nigra, (skimmer,) blackish, white beneath ; bill red at the base. See MS. P. 5 1. SABELLA. Spec. 25. alveolata, (case-worm,) with numerous parallel tubes communicating by an aperture, forming in the mass the appearance of honey-comb. Two or three inches long;. 3 4. SALAMANDRA. Spec. 11. palustris, (warted newt,) body blackish ; sides speckled with white ; belly orange, with irregu- lar black spots. lacustris, (swamp newt,) black ; tail lanceolate ; spotted with white, black, yellow or saffron. aquatica, (water newt,) tail roundish, middle-size ; brown or yellowish. salamandra, (proper salamander,) tail roundish, short ; body porous, variegated with black and yellow, also sometimes brown or white. A small variety is brown and has the tail considerably compressed. 4 4. SALMO. Spec. 56. Section A. Body variegated ; teeth apparent. salar y (common salmon,) upper jaw extending be- yond the lower ; first dorsal firt cinereous; spot- ted. All lengths, even to six feet, 248 SALMO, SCARAB^EUS. trutta, (salmon trout,) body with black spots en- circled with brown ; pectoral fin with six dots ; palate with three rows of teeth. From one to two feet long. fario, (common trout,) body with purple-red spots ; lower jaw a little longer. Sometimes it has violet spots above on a brown ground ; sides whitish-yellow with red spots surrounded with white, and a brown area; white beneath. About a foot long and moves with great velocity. Pal- ate with three rows of teeth. Section B. Teeth scarcely visible or none. lavarctus, (lavaret, gwiniad,) upper jaw longer: dorsal fin fourteen -rayed. Qtsego, (otsego bass,) jaws without teeth 5 dorsal fin with nine softish rays over the ventral fins, also a second dorsal fin over the anal ; caudal fin forked ; lateral line obscure ; under lip bi- fid ; iris of the eye silvery. From one to two feet long. A new species proposed by Dock Clinton, senior. See MS. P. 9 1. SALPA. Spec. 11. natata, body marked at one end with a brown spot* See MS. P. 4 3. SCARUS. Spec. 8. nvulatus, jaws continuous, smoothed, serrate, with minute teeth at the edges. See MS. P. 8 5. SCARABJEUS. Spec, 544. S) (clock beetle,) thorax and head with? SCARABJEUS, SCIURUS. 249 out horns or prickles ; black ; shield rhombic ; crown a little prominent ; shells grooved. inelolontha, (tree beetle,) thorax and head without horns or prickles ; testaceous ; thorax hairy ; tail inflected ; a triangular white spot at each incisure of the abdomen. Feeds on leaves of trees ; while in the larva state it remains in the earth about three years, and is very destructive to corn and other vegetables. See MS. P. 4 3. SCUENA. Spec, 29. cirrosa, upper jaw much longer, lower one with a cirrus. See MS. P. 14. SCIURUS. Spec. 38. vulgaris, (common squirrel,) ears bearded at the tip ; tail colour of the back. niger, (black squirrel,) ears not bearded ; body black. Sometimes the nose, neck and tip of the tail are white. cinereus, (grey squirrel,) ears not bearded ; body cinereous ; belly white. striatus, (ground squirrel,) body yellowish, with five brown longitudinal stripes. A variety has the body pale with four stripes. Five and a half inches long. volucettuS) (flying squirrel,) having a membrane (made by a doubling of the skin) extending from the ears to all the legs and tail ; being attached to the forelegs as far as the toes, to the hind- legs as far as the ancles. By spreading this the squirrel sails through the aK v 50 SCOLEX, SCOLOPAX. from the top of a tree, descending at an angle of 45 or 50 degrees to the ground. See MS. P. li 2. SCOLEX. Spec. 2. fleuronectidiS) head with four auricles, pellucid. In fish. See MS. P. 2 4. SCOLOPAX. Spec. 50. arguata^ (curlew,) bill arched, blackish ; legs blueish ; wings blackish with snowy spots. Nearly two feet long. fusca, (dusky snipe,) bill bent in at the tip ; body black, waved with white ; rump and wings white beneath. About a foot long. Migratory. grisea, (brown snipe,) bill, legs, wing-coverts and quill-feathers brown ; head, neck and shoulders brown-ash, spotted with black ; back and belly white. 11 inches long. nigrd) (black snipe,) bill and legs red ; body black. Jlavipes, (yellow-shank snipe,) bill black ; legs yellow ; body whitish spotted with black ; throat and breast varied with black and white ; belly ana tail-coverts white. 11 inches long. rusticola, (w r ood cock,) bill straight, reddish at the base ; legs cinereous ; thighs covered ; head with a black band each side. 15 inches long. Body sometimes white or pale straw-colour or spotted. Head sometimes reddish ; wings brown or white. minor, (little wood-cock,) bill straight ; legs brown- ish ; front cinereous ; hind-head black, with four transverse yellowish lines ; chin white : SCOLOPAX, SCOMBER. 25i body black and tawny above, yellow beneath. 1 i inches long. gallinago, (common snipe,) bill straight, tubercu- late ; legs brow r n ; body varied with blackish and tawney, white beneath ; front with four brown lines. About a foot long. glottis, (greenshank snipe,) bill straight, the low- er base red ; body snowy beneath ; legs green* ish. 14 inches long. calidrisj (redshank snipe,) bill straight, red ; legs scarlet ; secondary quill-feathers white. A foot long. tatanus, (spotted snipe,) blackish with white spots, white beneath ; lines on the breast, and bands on the lateral tail-feathers blackish ; legs red. Sometimes the wings have triangular white spots, See MS. P. 8 1. SCOLOEENDRA. Spec. 13. lagura, (flat centipede,) legs twelve on each side ; body oval ; tail with a white pencil of hairs ; body brown, head black. Jbrficata, (centipede.) legs fifteen each side ; body reddish-brown, gigantea, legs seventeen each side ; tail with two hooked styles. electrica, legs seventy each side ; body linear. occidentalism (thousand legs,) legs 123 each side. See MS. P. 4 3. SCOMBER. Spec. 22. scomber, (mackerel,) spurious fins five. From 1 to 2 feet long. Sec MS. P. 25% SCOPUS, SERPENTARIUS. 2 5. SCOPUS. Spec. i. umbretta, (umbre,) body brown; tail obscurely barred. Twenty inches long. See MS. P. 4 3. SCORPJSNA. Spec. 9. parcus, cirri near the eyes and nostrils. See MS. P. 7 i. SCORPIO. Spec. 10. amcricanlis, (scorpion,) combs with fourteen teeth ; hands subciliate with filiform claws; body spot- ted with brown. See MS. P. 9 i. SCYLLJEA. Spec. 2. pelagica, body fixed ; four extreme arms alike, the middle ones papillose. Among sea-weeds. See MS. P. 2 3. SCYTHROPS. Spec. 1. psittaceus, back, wings and tail cinereous ; feath- ers mostly with dark dusky tips. 2 feet long. See MS. P. 9 1. SEPIA. Spec. 8. officinalis) (cuttle-fish,) body without tail or ap- pendage, and surrounded by a margin ; tenta- cula (longer arms) two. toligo, (calamary,) body subcylindric, subulate, furnished with a flattish sharp-edged rhombic membrane at the tail each side. From one to two feet long, See MS. P. 2 1. SERPENTARIUS. Spec. i. (snake-eater,) body black ; hind-head SERPULA, SILPHA. 253 crested ; tail-feathers white at the tips ; legs very long. 3 feet high. See MS, P. 5 1. SEUPULA, Spec. 48. spirorbis, (spiral shell- worm,) shell regular, spi i ral, orbicular ; the whorls slightly caniculate above and inwardly, and growing gradually less towards the center. See MS. P. 13 2. SERTULARIA. Spec, about 60. Gperculatd) (coral grass, coral wheat-heads,) deit- tides opposite, pointed and nearly erect, vesi- cles obovate, covered with a lid ; branches al- ternate. See MS. P. 81. SILPHA. Spec. 122. nigosa^ (carrion beetle,) lip dilated, bifid ; jaw one-toothed ; blackish ; shells ridged with three raided lines ; thorax ridged, sinuate be hind. See MS. P. Remarks. This genus is a remarkable fair specimen for affording the student an opportunity to compare the method of dividing an extensive genus into sections, and that of cutting it up int6 new genera, according to Cuvier, Lamarkj La- treille, &c. They stand thus : Sec. B. Lip rounded, entire ; jaw one-toothed* Or genus MYCETOPHAGUS. 14 species. Sec. C. Lip horny > entire; jaw bifid. Or genus 3 species, 254 StLPHA, SIMTA. Stee. D. Lip emarginate, conic ; jaw bifid* Or genus IPS. 1 6 species. Sfec. E. Lip cordate, emarginate, crenate. Or genus NicROPHOitus. 5 species. Sec. F. Lip square, emarginate. Or genu SfHJBRimuii. SO species. Sec. G. Lip long, entire ; antennae serrate. Or genus HYPPOPHL^US. 6 species. The question seems lo be simply this : Is the introduction of these six new names a valuable ac- quisition to the science, without being accompa- nied with a new discovery or a new thought of any kind ; excepting that of a new combination of uu- cooth sounds ? Nature decides in favor of some subdivisions of the Linnean genera; but vanity makes a score of new genera where nature and expediency hesitatingly decide in favor of one. Set MS. 1\ 4 4. SILURUS. Spec. 28. glanis, (bearded-fish,) having six cirri or beards ; dorsal iin single, unarmed ; head spatulate, dusky-green. All sizes up to 300 pounds weight. See MS. P. 1 2. SIMTA. Spec. 64. Section A. Without a tail Apes. satyrus, (orang-outang,) rusty-brown ; hair of the fore-arms reversed, haunches covered ; body erect generally. From three to five feet high. SIMTA. 255 Section's. Tail short. Baboons. sylvatica* (wood baboon,) face, hands and feet, naked, black, smooth ; nails white. Body 3 feet high ; tail 3 inches long. Sec. C. Tail not prehensile ; cheecks pouched; haunches naked. Monkies. diana, (spotted monkey,) bearded ; forehead pro- jecting ; head pointed. Sec. I). Tails jprehinrite ; cheeks not pouched ; haunches coveted. Sapajous, or modest mon- kies. capucina, (capucin monkey,) no beard ; skin brown ; hair and limbs black ; tail shaggy, "Very docile. Size of a cat. sciurea, (orange monkey,) no beard, greenish-grey ; bind part of the head prominent; nails of the four smaller toes ungulate ; haunches covered. Very beautiful and graceful in its movements. Always look persons in the face who speak to it. Sec. E. Tails not prehensile ; cheeks not pouch- ed ; haunches covered. Sagoins, or playing monkies. rosalia, (silk monkey,) beardless ; head hairy ; outer edge of face and feet red ; nails subulate j body yellowish-white. Body 8 inches Ions, tail 13. See MS. P, 256 SIPUNCULUS, SOLEfiT. 10 2. SIPUXCULUS. Spec. 2. nudus, (tube- worm,) body covered with a skin, and globular at the lower end. In the sea and under stones. 8 inches long. saccatus, body covered with a loose skin and rounded at the lower end. Appears as if en- closed in a bag. See MS. P. & 4. Si KEN. Spec. 1 mcertina, (siren,) body eel-form ; branchise rami- fied. From 8 to 18 inches long. It is said that Capt. La Conte has discovered another species in Louisiana, and that another was discovered in Maj. Long r s Expedition. See MS. P. 89. Si REX. Spec. 26. gigas, (tailed wasp,) abdomen yellow at the baser and tip ; body black-blue. See MS. P. 22. SITTA. Spec. 12. europoza, (nuthatch,) cinereous, beneath reddish : tail-feathers black, the four lateral ones beneath tipped with white. 6 inches long. canndensis, (american nuthatch,) cinereous, pale* rufous beneath ; eyelids white. 5 inches long. See Mb. P. 93. SOLKX. Spec. 23. vagina, (razor-sheath,) shell linear, straight* roundish, one end margined : hinge with a sin- gle opposite tooth in each valve. 6 qr7 inches long. fifce MS. P.. SOKEX, SPHINX. 257 1 3. SOREX. Spec. 17, eristatuS) (shrew-mouse,) nostrils cartmculate ; tail short. 4 inches long. aquaticiiS) (water shrew,) hind feet palmate ; fore feet white ; tail short, white. Size of a mole. bicolor, (swamp shrew,) tail middle length, naked* ish ; hody blackish, cinereous beneath ; toes fingered. 4 inches long. See MS. P. 4 6. SPATULARIA. Spec. 1 or none. [A bad genus, taken from SQUALUS.] S t MS. p. 4 3, SPARUS. Spec. 39. auratus, (gilt-head,) a semi-lunar golden spot be- tween the eyes. Sometimes weighs 10 pounds. See MS. P. 4 1. SPHAGEBRANCHUS. Spec. 1. restrains, (pike-nose,) the nose extended so as'to have the appearance of a beak. See MS. P. 8 9. SPHKX. Spec. 129. tnaculata, (solitary-wasp,) thorax spotted; first segment of the abdomen with a white dot each side, second edged with white. See MS. P. 810. SPHINX. Spec. 175. Remarks, This genus resembles the genus Phalaena, and approaches the Papilio. All the species of Papilio fly in the day time only ; those of the Phateua ia the night ; and of this genus* 258 SPHINX, SPOSGUk. early in the morning or near evening. The larra fiave sixteen feet ; and are pretty active. ocellata, (hawk-moth,) .wings angular, lower ones rufous with a blue eye-spot. Chrysalis dark chesnut- brown. See MS. P. 9 3. SPONDYLUS. Spec. 4. gtfderopus, (thorney oyster,) shell slightly eared and spinous : one valve extends hack beyond the other ; colour variable. See MS. P. 13 2. SPONGIA. Spec. 49. officinal! s, (common sponge,) irregular or subgto- bular, porous, tough, lobed, woolly. Linneus supposed that the large serpentine cavities in this species were made by marine animals gnaw- ing their passages into it ; though their regular- ity and the prominences at their superficial ter- minations seem to indicate that they are an es- sential part of the organic structure of the ani- mal. prolifera^ (branched sponge,) base flat, spread ; branches numerous, subpalmate, ending in fin- ger-like divisions. Grows in large bunches up- on oyster shells, &c. ; sometimes six inches high. JluviatiKs, (river sponge,) green, erect, fragile, con- sisting of numerous irregular branches. Very abundant in the upper lake on Catskill moun- tain, near the Mountain House. Has a fishlike smell. 8ee MS. P. SQUALUS, STE11KOPTRIX. 146. SQUALUS. Spec. 34. a 9 (hammer shark/; head broad, resembling a hammer. 6 feet long. Rapacious. snipes, (fox shark,) upper lobe of the tail as long as the body. 7 feet long* Exceedingly vora- cious. glaucus, (blue shark,) sides of the tail smooth : lower part of the back with a triangular dent. 3 to 14 feet long. earchariat) (white shark,) teeth triangular, serrate. Grows to 30 feet long. Most dreadful of all sea animals. See MS. P. 6 2 to 5. SQUILLA. Spec 6. mantis, (false craw-fish,) hands with a single fang^ compressed, falcate, serrate ; body subangular : tail serrate with spines. Eatable. See MS. P. 8 5. STAPHYLIKUS. Spec. 156. murinus, (rove beetle,) pubescent, cinereous, cloud- ed with black ; abdomen deep black j legs black ; shells blue. See MS. P. 2 6. STERNA. Spec. 25* hirundo, (swallow tern,) two outer tail-feathers half black, half white. Sometimes outer tail- feathers white. A foot long. See MS. P. 4 1. STERNOPTRIX. Spec. 1. (amber fish,) compressed; truncate be- 360 STinx. fore, narrowed and silvery behind ; eyes large,, amber-colouiv See MS. P. % 1. STRIX. Spec. 50. Sec. A. Eared oicls. tmbo) (giant owl.) body tawny. A variety ha& brownish wings with dark body Another has naked legs. Another is blackish-yellow, vari- egated with white* virgiriiana, (bro^vri owl,) body brown above, va- ried with tine zigzag tawny and cinereous lines, pale ash beneath with transverse brown streaks ; throat and sides of the breast orange, streaked with brown. (gurnard, piper,) appendages three ; nostrils tubular ; tail lunate. Two feet long. See MS. P. 2 5. TRINGA. Spec. 48.. vanellus, (lapwing,) legs red, crest pendent ; breast black. Colours greatly variegated ; flesh and eggs delicious. interpres, (turnstone, sea dottrel,) legs red ; body black varied with white and ferruginous ; breast and belly white. novce'uoracensh, (sandpiper,)dusky, white beneath; breast spotted with brown ; tail cinereous ; tail with black and white lines. lobata, (phhkirope,) bill subulate,, bent in at the tip ; feet pinnate ; breast waved with white ; feet lobate. cinclus, (sanderling, purre, stint,) bill and legs black ; lores white ; body and rump grey and brown. Seven and a half inches long. $ MV. r. 272 TRITON, TUBIPORA. 9 1. TRITON. Spec. 1. littoreitS) (water salamander,) body oval ; head oblong ; proboscis long. In sea. See MS. P. 4 1. TUIURUS. Spec. 1. trifurcus)( trip pie- tail,) the last fin above and below extending beyond the tail, gives the appearance of three tails. See MS. P. 2 2. TROCHILUS. Spec. 65. coining, (american hum bird*) green gold ; tail- feathers black, the three*, lateral ones ferrugin- ous tipped with white ; chin flame-colour. 3 and a half inches long. The female is brown above and whitish beneath. See MS-. P. 94. TROOHUS. Spec. 133. magus, (top-shell,) shell obliquely umbilicate and convex : the ridges of the whorls rising into ob- tuse tubercles. Shell with zigzag red stripes. See MS. P. 23. TROGON. Spec. 9. wrucui, (curuke,) green gold, tawny beneath ; chin black. 10 inches long. Colours variable. See MS. P. 13 2. TUBIPORA. Spec. 10, wrpens, (pipe coral,) with erect cylindrical very short distant axillary tubes, and a creeping dichotomous divaricate base. Minute^ white or pale red. Adheres to fuci^ &e. .See MS. -P. TUBULAUIA, TURDUS* 278 132. TUBULARIA. Spec. 26. Jistulosa. (coral whistle,) stems dichotomous, with small cylindrical joints, and lozenge-form cells. 5 inches long. See MS. P. " 9 4. TURBO. Spec, 151. corticaria, (wreath snail,) shell dextral, cylindri'Cj. obtuse at the apex ; whorls fine smooth ; aper- ture suborhicular ; a tooth on the pillar near the outer angle ; inner angle with an angular pro- jection. The tenth of an inch long. Under bark. The Odostoi&a of some. An American shell. See MS\ P. 2 2. TUIIDUS. Spec. 136. minor, (little thrush.) tawny, white beneath ; breast yellowish, with black spots. 7 inches long. migratorius, (redbreast thrush,) grey ; belly ru~ fous ; eyelids white ; outermost tail feathers white on the inner tip. 9 inches long. polyglattus, (mocking thrush,) dusky-ash, beneath pale ash ; primary quill-feathers white on the outer balf. ?lovoeboract;f(s?s, (thrush,) waved with black and pale ferruginous, blackish beneath ; wings and tail glossy-green, a black stripe above and be- low the eyes. Size of a black-bird. fuscus, (brown thrush,) olive-brown ; breast and belly whitish, spotted with brown ; primary quill-feathers and legs black. see MS. i\ 274 UPUPA, U. 2 2. UPUPA. Spec. 10. epep$) (hoopoe,) variegated with blackish and ru~ fous- white, reddish-white, beneath ; crest pale- orange tipped with black ; tail black with a white bar. A foot long. See MS. P. 4 2. URANOSCOPUS. Spec. 2. $cabex 9 (star-gazer,) back smooth ; head spriak- led over with minute warts. A foot long. 8.*e MS. P. 1 3. URSUS. Spec. 10. aretes, (common bear,) blackish- brown ; tail short t thumb narrower than the after toes. Colour varies, even to white. inaritimus, (white bear, polar bear,) white ; tail short ; head and neck lengthened ; fur long and soft. 'americanus, (american bear,) black ; throat and cheeks rusty-brown ; ears longer ;, snout sharp er. meles, (badger,) body cinereous above, black be- neath ; a longitudinal black stripe including the eyes and ears ; tail the colour of the body, 2 feet long. totor, (raccoon,) tail annulate ; a black transverse stripe by the eyes. Sleeps by day and goes out at night. Destroys indian corn rapidly in the field. luscus, (wolverene,) tail long; body rusty-brown ; snout blackish. (glutton,) tawny -brown, tail same colour ;. middle of the back black, See MS. P. VAGINALIS, VESPA* 275 V. 2 5. VAGINALIS. Spec. i. alba, (white sheath-bill,) bill black at the base ; sheath a yellow or black horny plate nearly covering the nostrils ; feathers white. 15 inch- es long. See MS. P. 43. VANDELLIUS. Spec. 1. eorpensis, (sword-body,) slender, compressed la- terally. Sec MS P. 9 3. VENUS. Spec. 154. mercenaria, (common clam, round clam,) shell thick, strong, with slight transverse striae and covered with a brown cuticle, (which sometimes becomes pavonine,) pale violet or white within ; depression on the outside behind the beaks ovate or subcordate ; margin crenulate. Shell four inches by three, and about two inches thick. A very cheap and good article of food among the indigent class in New- York and other sea- ports in the northern states. Twenty-five cents for clams, and five cents for potatoes, will fur- nish a comfortable meal for fifteen persons, with no seasoning excepting a little common salt. See MS, P. . 89. VESPA. Spec. 213. crabro, (hornet,) thorax black the fore part rufous without spots ; incisures of tbe abdomen with a double contiguous black dot. Nests are attach- sd to house and barn timbers, &c. 276 VESPA, VESPEfeTILIO. vulgaris, (common wasp,) thorax black with ail interrupted yellow line each side ; scutel with four yellow .spots ; abdomen yellow, the incis- ures with distinct black dots. Live in large societies, and construct a pendent cone with woody fibres in an incipient slate of decay. The fibres are manufactured into thin concentric membranes, laid over each other at a distance sufficient to leave a passage between them. The combs are placed in the base of the cone. Remarks, Five of the genera abdopted by Latreille are the sections of this genus. Thus : Sec. B. Lip ovate, as long as the jaw, is the MELLINUS. 8 species. Sec. C. Lip compressed, rounded, longer than the jaw, is the PHIL AM THUS. 14 species. Sec. I). Lip short, horny, is the CRABRO. 56 species. Sec. E. Tongue bifid, retractile, is the MASARIS. 2 species. Sec. F. Torque inflected, five- cleft, is the BEM- BEX. 17 secies Each of these might be subdivided again and again : and so might every genus in every depart- ment of natural history, if it contains more than one species. See MS. P. 1 3. VESPERTILIO. Spec. 25. murinus, (common bat,) tailed ; nose and mouth simple ; ears less than the head ; mouse-colour tinged with red. Two and a half inches long. Flies at night only. Upper fore teeth four in immber ; lower six. YESPEHTILIO, VIVERBA. 277 novoehoracensis, (american bat,) tail long ; nose short, acute ; ears short, round ; bright tawny above, paler beneath ; a white spot at the base of each wing. Length same as the last. Remark. Both of these species are torpid dur- ing the winter and hang up by their hind claws in ctfvertis, &c. They are found in the five cav- erns of the Helderbergh in Albany county every clay in summer as well as winter, hanging in bunches like bees before swarming. They fly out during the night in the summer season. See MS. P. 14 2. VIBRIO. Spec. 20. &nser, (goose animalcula,) oval with a long neck^ and a tubercle on the back. In stagnant water where Lemna grows. *&> MS. P. i 3. ViVERiiA. Spec. 52. Hemarks. Shaw, whom I have followed, con- siders the distinction between the Viverra and Mustela as not founded in nature. He has there- fore included all the species of Mustela under the Viverra ; excepting those of the Mustela, whose hind feet are palmate. These, including the ot- ters, minks, &c. constitute the genus LUTKA. vulpecula, (southern weesel,) entirely chesnutf snout elongated. Odour filthy. putorius) (striped weesel,) blackish, with five dor- sal parallel whitish lines. Sleeps by day and prouls by night. Tail white at the tip. Odouv intolerable when irritated. memphitis, (skunk,) back white, with a longitudi- nal black line from the middle to tRe tail. 16 24 278 VIVERRA, VOUTICELLA. inches long. Defends itself by the most pungent and intolerable odour. civetta, (civet,) tail spotted above, brown towards the tip ; mane cbesnut ; back spotted with cine- reous and brown. Size of a cat. Produces the civit odour. genetta, (genet,) tail annulate ; body spotted, blackish -tawny. 7 inches long. martes* (martin,) body blackish-tawny ; throat and breast yellow. ztbellina, (sable,) body dark-tawny ; forehead white ; throat cinereous. Sometimes snow- white ; sometimes it has a collar of white or yellow spots. Jbetidus, (polecat,) body blackish-yellow : mouth and ears white. Sleeps by day and wanders by night. Emits a fetid odour. furo, (ferret.) eyes red, fiery ; body long, slender ; pale yellow. vtitgaris, (white-bellied weesel,) body white, or tawny-brown above, white beneath ; tail the colour of the body. Prowls by night. Fetid and dirty. See 318. P. 9 4. VOLUTA. Spec. 144. pallidd) (mitre, volute,) shell entire, oblong-ovate, with an elevated spire ; pillar with four plaits. See MS. P. 14 1. VOLVOX. Spec. 9. globator, (globe jelly,) spherical, niembranaceous, with various sized homogeneous molecules. In stagnant water and vegetable infusions. See MS. P. 11 1. VORTICELLA. SpCC. 57. racemosa. fwhirler,) compound with a rigid stem VULTUR, ZEUS. 279 and very much branched, long pedicels. In stagnant waters. sic MS. P. 21. VULTUR. Spec. 17. gfyphus, (condor,) of vast size ; a caruncle on the crown as long as the head ; throat naked. Wings spread 16 feet in some cases. aura, (carrion vulture,) body grey-brown ; quill- feathers black ; bill white. Fetid and lazy. X. 8 11. XENAS. Spec. 2. peokii, oval-obloii ;, without claws or rings, with the anicrior end dilated in the form of a head. See MS, P. 4 I. XIPHIAS, Spec. 2. gladiuS) (sword-fish,) dorsal fin falcate ; back black, belly white ; upper jaw four times as long as the under and pointed. 20 feet long. Scs MS. P. Y. 2 3. YUNX. Spec. 1. toryuilla, (wry-neck,) green, varied with brown and blackish spots ; tail-feathers waved with black spot&; streaks and bars. Sec Mb. P. z. 43. ZEUS. Spec. 10. gallus, (doris,) tenth ray of the dorsal, and second ray of the anal fin longer than the body. Sec Mb. P. 280 SUMMARY. Four hundred and sixty-one genera are des- cribed in this text-book. These embrace every known species of the Animal kingdom. Lecepede^ Cuvier and others of the French School, have subdivided most of these genera, until their list is extended to thousands, including their subgenera, In numerous cases they have merely given Greek and Latin names to the Linnean sections of species. The student should be told at the outset of his course, that all the animals are embraced under these 461 genera, which are included in the French genera. The genera described in this text-book are af* ranged according to the classes of Cuvier, as fol- lows : Under Class 1, are 54 genera Class 2, 91 Class 3, 16 Class 4, 92 Class 5, 10 Class 6, 4 Class 7, 4 Class 8, 88 Class 9, 48 Class 10, 5 Class 11, 14 Class 12, 4 Class 13,. 16 Class 14, 15. Total 461. At the commencement of the present century ? about 21,300 species had been described. I have set down the number of species described at that time under each genus, as nearly as it could be ascertained. Though the number has been en- creased several thousands since that time ; the student may form an estimate of the relative ex- tent of each genus, by that number. The genera at that time stood thus, under the Linnean classes, Class 1, 49 genera Class 2, 90 Class 3, 12 Class 4, 72 Class 5 ; 423 Class 6, 118, Total ( 281 ) DIRECTIONS FOR STUDENTS. This text-book embraces not only a system of to be used for ascertaining the names of animals : but also the most important elementary principles of the science of Zoology, given in a concise fami- liar manner. The student should commence at page 7 and study the whole attentively to the middle of page 41. Then read the remarks on pages 53, 62, 76, 79, 91,94, 96, 98, ill, 118, 120, 123, 125 and 129. Also the directions on pages 133, 134 and 135. Also the sections and remarks upon the spe- cies, under the generic names Silpha, p. 253, and Vespa, p. 275. Several species of American fresh- water shells are described for the purpose of exercising students in the study of shells; chiefly from Say and Barnes ,> most of which they propose as new. More might have been copied from Say, in Long's Expedition, But I think that most of these new species require reviewing. On comparing the characters with, descriptions of European species, I should be in- clined to recommend an exchange of specimens with European naturalists, before they are offered as new, and in some cases a comparison of the proposed new species with each other, especially some of the new species of Mya, of the section 282 DIRECTIONS. Unio. They may all be tenable ; and I would riot in any case, set up my doubts against the con- victions of these industrious naturalists. But I prefer delaying any farther adoption of their new species, until they have extended their collections and made farther comparisons. I have the same objections to the adoption of other proposed new species of animals from other naturalists, which I might have introduced for students* exercises. I consider this part of Natural History as very un settled in America ; and that it is, as it were, just emerging from a chaotic state it is so, at any rate^ in mi/ own mind. INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES AND OF ELEMENTARY TERMS., N. B. The elementary terms are printed in italics, A, PAGE. PAGE. PAGF, Abdominal, 31 Barnacle, 113,204 By ssus, 30 Abdominal fins, 31 Basse, 85.241,248 Abdominal rings. 31 Bat, 275 C. Acorn-shell, 113,204 Bear, 55,274 Cachelot, 60,240 Alasmodonta, 222 Beard, 30 Cadow-fly, 107 Albatross, 74,179 Searded fish, 254 Calomary, 252 Alligator, 202 Beaver, 57,166 Camel, 60,161 Amber- fish, 82,259 Bedbug, 170 Carassow, 69 Amphibiology, 27 Bee, 108,142 Carp, 88,177 Anal-fins, -, 31 Bee-catcher, 215 Carrion-eater, 225 Analogous parts, 28 Bee- eater, 67,21 i \ Caruncle, 34 Anemone, 123 Beef-eater, 66J60 Cuscd-worm, 91,247 Angler, 89,207| Beetle, 102,180,207,248 Cassowary, 70 Angle-worm, 92,207 Bill-fish, 182 [253,259 Cat, 56,186 Anodonla, 224 Bison, 60,158 Cataphracted, 34 Anoplotherium, 59 Bittern, 71 Cat-bird, 63 Ant, 108,187,267 Blackbird, 64,228 Caty-did, 106 Ant-eater, 58,209,223 Blackfish, 234 Caudal fins, 33 Antelope, 60,14] Blenny, 83 Cellepore, 167 Antenna, 33 Bloodsucker, 93,197 Centipede, 98,201,251 Ape, 54 Boat-bill, 71,105,162 Cere, 29 Aphrodite, 92 Boat-fly, 225 Chameleon, 77,202 Aplotheriurrij 141 Bo dion, 86 Chameleon bird, 138 Appendages, 29 Bone-head, 138 Channel bird, 68 Argentine, 155 Booby, 7;> Chatterer, 63,138 Ark, 115,153 Bookeater, 178 Armadillo, 58,177 Bot, 54 Chelaie claws, 32 Chub, 177 Articulated, 11,32 Bot-fly, 226 Cinereous, 34 Asp, 77 Bream, 88 Civet, 56,278 Aululet, 31 Bronchial, 30 Clam, 114,115,275 Auricles, 29,30 Bubble-shell, 159 Classes, 8,37 Austral is. 165 Buffalo, 60,158 Classification, 37 Avertcbral, 27 Bug, 105,170 Clavale, 33 Avoucet, 72,246 Bullfinch 207 Cloaca, 31 Awk, 74,137 Bullhead, 84,174 Coby, 65 Bunting, 65,181 Cochineal bug, 106,171 B. Bush-coral, 127 Cockle, 114,166 Babboon, 255 Bustard, 71,229|Cockroach, 104,157 Badger, 55,60,274 Butcher-bird, 63i Codfish, 83,189,205 Band-fish, 83 Butterfly, 108,230 Coly, 172 Barbate, 34 Butterfly-worm, 187 Condor, 279 Burbet ; 68,159,177 Buzzard, 63,183 Cone, 11 6 ; 173 284 INDEX. PAGE PAGE PAGE. Coot, 73,189 Dragon-fly, 106,205 Fr outlet, 29 Coral, 126,128,167,201 Dragon's needle, 106 Fruit-buo-, 105 211272 Dromedary, 60 Fungus-stone, 209 Coral-grass, 126, 253 Duck, 75,139,140 Fusiform, 83 Coralline, 123,1 7-^ Duck-bill, 241 Cormorant, 75 G. Corvoret, 233 E. Gad-fly, 110,226 Crab, 94,161 Eagle, 63,183 Gail, 169 Crake, 7^,245 Earth-worm, 92,207! Gall-bug, 105 Crane, 71,154,233 Earwig, 194,187|Gall-fly, 108,176 Crane-fly, 109,27'. E.-l, 80. 140,192,213,264 Gallinule, 70,188,245 Creeper, 67,168 tiffus.., 30 Garnet, 233 Cricket, lyi Elementary, 27 Gaper, 114 Crockodile, 77,202 Elephant, 59,181 Gar-fish, 87 Crossbill, 67,207 Elk, 60,168 Genet, 278 Crow, 6o,174 Elytra, 3:. Girint-sriake. 77 Cuckoo, 68,175 Emmet, J87 ^iant shell, 169 Cultrate, oO Enerimte, 181 Gill-covers, 30 Curlew, 72,250tEttfomo/0y, 27 titll-membrane, 30 Currassow, 175,234 Epheoj era, 106,182 Gilt-head, 257 Curuke, 68,272 \ Escutcheon, 31 Giraffe, 60.161 Cuspidates, ftt'iEznanxile, 33 Glass-worm, 92,262 Cuttle-fish, 111,252 Ex-serb, 80 Glimmer-chaffer, 100 Eyed- worm, 121,241 Globe-fish, 267 D. G!o f -jelly, 278 Dace, 177 F. G o \ v - vv o rm , 101 ,202 Darter, 75.24-2 Falcon, 184 Giijf.on, 274 Day-fly, 116.182 Faculties, 21.25 Gnat, 109 Death watch, 196.244, Father- lasher, 174 Goat, 60,165 267 Futher long-legs, 2<39 Goat-chaffer, 103 Decipede, 2oi Fe.M'-et, 278 Goat-horns, 103,167 Deer, 69,168 Ffttertd, 32 Goat sucker, 64,165 Deftex, 32 File-fish, 85 Goby, 84,190 Diffracted, Dinner-horn, 117,26^ Filiform, 33 Gold-bug, 'l60 Finch, 65,187|GoldeM-thrush, 68 Dipper-shell, 116 Fins, 79 Gold eye, 107,140 Directions, 133,281 Fire-bird, 64 Goldfinch, 65,188 Diver. 73,101,139,172, Fish eater, 121 Gold-fish, 177 2101 Fish-worm, 206 Gold-fly, 169 Divisions, $\ Fissile, 34 Goosander, 75,210 Dodo, 70, 179, Flamingo, 73,239 Goose, 75,139,277 Dog, 56,16$ Flea, 99,192,244 Gorgon, 127 Dolphin, 60,178 Flounder, 84,242 Gourie, llfr Dormouse, 57,22-3 Fluke, 121 Gourd-worm, 185 .Dorsal, 31 Flv, 214,215 Grackle, 64,191 Dory, 84,179,280 Fly-catcher, 63.215 Grampus, 178 Dottrel. 271 Flying-cat, 55 ; 189,'204 Grand divisions, 9 Dove, ' 70,172 Flying-dragon^ 180 Grasshopper, 104,105, Dragon. 77,78 Flying-fish, 88,183 192 Dragonet, 82,160 Fox, ^ 56,164 Grebe, 73,172 Dragon-fish, 233 Frog, 78,207,245 ; 2'16 Green-scum, 130 INDEX. 285 PAGE. PJLQZ. PAGE. Gressoral, 32 Hyaline, 31 Launce, 61,138 Grey-beard, 97,238 Hydatid, 264 Leather-chaffer, . 101, Grosbeak, 65,207 178 Groundling, 171 I. Leech, 93,197 Ground- worm, 12 J Ibex, 61 Legs, 32 Grous, 70,269 Ibis, 72,265 Lenticular, 34 Guan, 234 Ichneumon, 107,179, Leopard, 186 Guinea-hen, 70,225 201 Lepisma, 99,204 Guinea-pig, 58,166 Ichthyology, 27 Limpet, 117,232 Gull, 74,203 Idiots, 20 Linnet, 65,18S Gurnard, 86,271 Imago, 35 Lion, 66,186 Gwinard, 248 Imminset, 84 Lion-ant, 106,223 Incisors, 30 Lizard, 77,202 H. India-pig, 68 Lobster, 94,161 Haddock, 83,189 Indistinct^ Soroche, 86 Hag fish, 90,190 Insanity, 26 Locu3t,104,105,170,192 Hair-head,120,130,270, Interscapulars, 34 Loon, 73,172 271 Itch-worm, 77 Lores, 29 Hair-snake, 93,191 Louse, 99,106,141,228, Hair-worm, 93 Hake, 157 J. Jabiru, 71,223 238 Lymnrea, 195 TTc,n<* 91 Jacamar, 189 Lynx, 56,180 Hare,' 59,112,205 Jacana, 22,232 Harness-fish, 207 Jack, 182 M. Hawk, 63,183,184 Jackall, 164 Mackerel, 86,251 Hawk-moth, 258 Jackdaw, 66,174 Madrepore, 127 Hedgehog, 65,182 Helmet-shell, 116 Jacu-turkey, Jay, 7<> 66,174 Magpie, 66,174 Mailed, 34 Hdminihology, 27 Jellies, 130, 131,156, Man, 63,193 Hen ? 70,138,235 157 ,199.210 Manakin, 64,241 Hen-hawk, 184 Jerboa, '179 Mandibles, 29 Heron, 71,154 Man-o-war, 77,17& Herring, 88,170 K. iMarmot, 154 Hippopotamus, 59 Kanguroo, 57,208 Martin, 64,278 Hog, 263 King-fisher, 67,137 Martin-bird, 197 Hollibut, 84,242 Kite, 63,183 Mastodon, 59 Hoopffi, 67,274 Knee-pan, 232 Meal worm^ 266 Hooded-worm, 120 Knight-fish, 85 Medusa, 156 Horn-bill, 67,159 Koster, 136 Megatherium, 58 Hornet, 108,275 Merganser, 75 Hornet-fly, 110 L. Messenger-bird, 67,173 Horn-wrack, 126,187 Lacunose, 35 Miller, 109,236 Horse, 60,182 Ladies' bird, 104 Missile-tongue, fyc. 30 Horse-fly, 110,196 Lady-bug, 104,171 Mite, 97,135,136 Horse-foot, 21 1 Lamb, 60 Mitre, U6,278 Horse glass-worm, 121 Laminated, 35 Molar 3, 30 Horse-leach, 197 Lamprey, 90,234 Mole, 55.265 House-fly, 110,196 Lantern-fly, 105,138) Molluscous, 10 Hum-bird, 67,272 Lapwing, 271 Momliform, 34 Humble-bee, 142 Lark, 65,137 Monkey, 54,255 humming-fly, 110,158 Larva, 28,30 Monolaba, 113, 386 INDEX. PAGE. PAGE PAGE, Monster, 169 Oviparous, 35 Foiwr, 91 Moor-hen, 188 Ovum, 35 Polecat, 278 Moose, 60,168 Owl, 63.260 Polypus, 125 Morris, 81,204 Ox, 60,150 Force! lane?- 116,176 Morse, 56,57,270 Ox-chaffer, 102 Porciifine, 58,200 Moth, 109,236,258 Mother-of-pearl, 223 TI/T *. Ox-fly, 100,264 Oyster, 115,213,229,258 Porcupine-fish, Porpoise, 179 60,178 Motmot, 67,211 Oyster-catcher, 71,192 Pratincole, 190 Mouse, 57,214,232 Prehensile, 38 Mud-dragon, 78.243 P. Prickle-back, S3 Mudfish, 171 Paleotherium, 60,230 Pricks-fish, Mule, 182 Palpi, 34 Pricklv-beetle, 1^)3 Mullet, 88,89,213 Pangolin, 59 Prismatic, 34 Muricate, 35 Museum-thief, 136 Panther, 56,186 Paper-shell, 141 Proboscis, Protector, 34 101 Mushroom-coral, 128 Papillose, 35 Proteus, 73 Musk, 60,212 Paradise bird, 66,231 Protrusile, 30 Musk-rat, 21M Parrot, 69.244 Pruinose, 35 Musquetoe, 109,175 Parrot fish, 'l74 Purre, ari Mussel, 114,115,^16, Partridge, 70,269 Pupa, 35 217,224 Pea-bug, 169 3Iustela ; see Yirerra, Peacuck, 6g,233, & irenrl. 115,216,223 Quail, 70,239 N. Pearl- muscle, 114 Narwhal, 60,211 f-V.-;W>, 34 T> JWr/an/, 32 Pcc.toruf-fois, nose, 257 River-horse, 59,200 Ordtrs, 41 Pmtail, 140 Roach, 177 Oriole, 64,22}=' Pine-fish, 89,264 Robin, 64,212 Ostrich, 7>,2a2 Piper, 271 (Rock-hen, 241 Otter, 56,208 lanorbis, 194 Roe, 168 Ounce, 1 Plaut-Uiief, 101,244 Roller, 66,173 Offtbjg-outang, 54,25"* Plover, 71,169 Rook, 174 INDEX. 287 PAGE. PAGE. PAGE. Rove-beetle, 100 Setaceous antenna;, fyc. Starling, 66,26*3 Ruffe, 85,234 3 Star-slone, 201 Rump, 33 Shad, 88, 70! Stem-eye, 110 Shag, 75.233 Stemmatctj 30 S. Shark, 90.259 Sterlet, 90,136 Sable, 278 Sheath-bill, 72.275 Sickle-beck, 86,189 Salamander,7S,l 12,247 Sheep, 60,229 Stiffstem, 125 Salmon, 87.247 Sheep-bug, 196 Slint, 271 Sanderling, 271 Sheep-head, 86 Sloloniferous, 85 Sandpiper', 71,271 Sheldrake, 139 Stone-horn, 209 Sandy-tube, 1-8 Shell-worm, 91,253 Stone-knott, 208 Sawfly, 107,267 Shepherd, 238 Stone-lily, 118 Scale-shell, 141 Shield-bug, 102 Stone -shell, 140 Scallop, 115,228 Ship jack, 189 Stork, 71 Scaly lizard, r.-9 ^hip-vorm, 117,267 Sucker, 89,176 Scaiisoralj Shoveller, 140 Sucking-fish, 83,180 Seapulars, 34 Shrew-mouse, 55,257 Summary, 280 Scooper, 72 Shrike, 63,203 Sunfish, 89,167 Scorpion, 90,252 Silver-fish, 156 Surmullet, 86,213 Scorpion-fly, 106 Siren, 78,256 Swallow, 64,197 Serai;, 30 Skimmer, 74,247 Swan, 75,139 Screamer, 73,230 Skunk, 66,277 Swim-bug, 96 Scum, 167 Sloth, 58, 15^ Swimmer, 100 Sea-blubber, 124 Slow-worm, 77,141 Swine, 59 Sea-calf, 239 Slug, 112,142,206 Sword-body, 276 Sea-cow, 06 Snail, 117,193,206,273 Sword-fish, 82,279 Sea-dasie, 123,136 Snake, 77,136,138,158. Systematic zoology, 8 Sea-car, 117,193 172,175 Sea-fan, 127,141 Snake-eater ? 63,252 T. Sea-hare, 112,203 Snap-bug, 100,180 Tail- coverts, 33 Sea-hedgehog, 118,180 Snipe, " 72,250,251 Tail-feathers, 33 Sea-horse, 56 Snipe-fish, 167 Tariager, 63,265 Seal, 56,239 Snub-nose, 139 Tape fish, 167 Sea-lemon, Sole, 84,242 Tape-worm, 122,264 Sea-marygoldj 136 Soothsayer, 104 Tapir, 60,265 Sea-mew, Sowbug, 95,227 Tarsus. 33 Sea-monster, Spanish-fly, 102,2101X631, " 75,140 Sea-nettle, 124 Sparrow, 64,65,188,212 Tecirics, 31 Sea-pen, 127,138.234 Spectre, 104,209,239 Tellina, 266 Sea-pie, 102 Spider, 96,143 Tench, . 88,177 Sea-parse, 138 Spindle-worm, 120 Tentaculce, 34 Sea-serpent, 2J3 Sponge, 128,258 Ttrmesy 27 Sea-snail, Spoonbill, 72,241 Tern, 74.259 Sea-star, 118,156 Sprat, 88,170 Thin-shell, 'li5 Sea-swallow, 7 Spring-tail, 99,242 Thorn-shell, 117 Sea-urchin, HS.lSl B quail er, 65 Thousand-legs, 251 Sea-wing, 2-'! 1 . Squirrel, 58.249 Thread. ' 131,186 Sea- wolf, * 1>& Stag, 60.168 Thread -tail, 81,263 Sentient-principle, 16! Stair-case, 117 Thrush, 64,273 Serrate, 34] Star-gazer, 83,274 Tick, 135 288 INDEX. PiGE. PAGE. Ho*. Ticking-fly, 107 Unicorn-fish, 85 Wattles, 30 Tiger, 56,186 Unio, 216 Weaver, 83,270 Tiger- bug, 100,170 Uropygial) 33 Weesel, 56,277 Titmoase, 65,232 Weevil, 103 Toad, 245.246 V. Whale, 60,156,240 Tobacco-pipe, 87,187 Vandal, 83 Wheat-fly, 269 Tody, 67,270 Vtnt, 31 Wheat-head, 253 Toothshell, 92,178 Ventricles, 30 Whelk, 116,159 Top-shell, 117,272 Vermes, 8.9,27 Whip-poor-will, 64,165 Torose, 35 frrtcbral, 13,27 Whirl er, 129 ; 279 Tortoise, 70,268 Vibrissa, 30 Winged-stick, 209 Tortoise-beetle, 10o Viper, 77,172 Wolf, 56.161 Toucan, 68,246 Viviparous, 35 Wolf- fish, 82 Tripple-tail, 81,272 Volute, 116,278 Wolverene, 274 Tropic-bird, 75,235 Vulture, 279 Woodbeetle, 103,225 Trout, 87.248 Woodcock, 72,213,250 Trumpeter, 71,243 W. Woodeater, 267 Trumpet-fish, 87 Walking-stick, 209 Woodpecker, 68,240, Truncate, 32 Walrus, 56,270 241 Trunk-fish, S9,<228 : Warbler, 64 Woodshen, 139 Tube-worm, 119,256 Wasp, 108,256,257,276 Worm, 155.166,180 Turkinatc, 31 Water-bug, 200 Wren, ' 64,212 Turbot, 24i> Water-clock, 200 Wry -neck, 68,279 Turkey, 69,210 Water-hen, 73 Turkey-feather, 171 Water- moth, 240 Y. Turnstone, 27 Ij Water-scorpion, 105, Yelper, 72 Turtle, 268 Water-serpent, 272 Turtle-dove, 70,172 223 Z. Water-spider, 100,200 Zebra, 60 U. Water-witch, 100 Zoology, 7 Umbre, 71,252 Wattlebird, 65,190 Zoophytes, 9 Correct the following errors with the pen. Page 44. Under the order Thoracic!, change the word (( vertebral'* to ventral. Same page. Under order Abdominales. change " long" to bony. Page 47. Order a Sutoria," change to Suctoria. Page 78. Under genus Proteus, strike out all line third, and add the words, without claws, to the end of the description. Page 100. Sec. B. change " luminated"to laminated. Page 135. Acanthus. This genus was taken from Fringilla. Cross it out, and leave its species under the old genus. Page 151. Sec. M. From the six upper dots strike out one pair. Page 191. The species under Gordius, change to aquaticus. Page 205. Change " Lencophia" to Leucophia. Page 207. Change the species under Lucernaria to quadricorms. Page 243. Add to the bottom line the words, four toes to eacii foot. ' # v . < ^ - ? Co J s . V,, t +4 cytr^> <.- i ( "J 5? v*^ ^ v 'TT 4 _ * 4. ,*> ^ A <~>~<-^<~4 / s I ^ .<-,. c ^*.jr v u 7* W<,J C * r^ N i- f ' r |K Y s . //A > V" > 1 ' >' - > ^ 'V rs , 1 P* ^ ; r f A P N I A :f ? r 2&. s FV ^ ' rs ^ ? f J ft ^s if &A > . ''- I N \: A'. V /P N /A /A i * > I \ >" -v \ X I k A s 9 V f' s* ' : * t 33 m c 3D O 33 O I O z O m m