THE HOME CYCLOPEDIA, OB LIBRARY OF REFERENCE. IN EIGHT VOLUMES, EACH COMPLETE IK ITSELF. L HiSTOBT JLHTD Cheonologt. The World's Progress. By G. P. Ptttnam. IL Gbnekal Litekatttrb and thk Tint: Aets. By Geoegk Kiplet and Batabd Tatxob. III. The Useful Akts — including Agriculture, Domestic Economy, &c. By De. Antibell. rV. TJniveesai. Biogeapht — a Eecord of the Names of Eminent Persons. By Fabioi GODTVIN. V. TJnivxkbai. Geogeapht — a Comprehensive Gazetteer of the "World. By T. C. Cauj- COTT. VL SciENOE — including Natural History, Botany, Geology, Mineralogy, &c By Profecaor Samttel St. John, of "Western Keserve College. In Frees. "VIL AECHTTECTtmE — Historical, Descriptive, Topographical, Decorative, Theoretical, and Mechanical. By Eobeet Stitaet. 711L Ctclopedia of Eiteope — a Manual of European Geography — embracing valnable Sta- tistics concerning every Important place. By P. L. Ungewitteb. •»* TheM Tolumes are intended to comprise a eomprehecuTe tIcw of tie -whole circle of homan knowledge— in otbcr wordi, to fonu a General Cyclopedia in a portable ahape, for popular reference, for Family Librarie*, for Teachen and School Librariei, and for the general reader. 0? THE ^^ ^s^ X NEW YOKKr A. S. BARNES & CO., 51 JOHN-STREET. CINCINNATI*— H. "W. DERBY 1855. TEE HOME CYCLOPEDIA, CYCLOPEDIA OP UNIYEESAL GEOGRAPHY: BEING A §tltihtx 0f {\t MnxXii, bX6ed on* THE LATEST CENSUSES, AM) OTHER AUTHENTIC SOURCES OF INFORMATION. BY T. CAREY CALLICOT, A.M. SECOND EDITION, EEVISED AND OOEEEOTED. NEW YOEK: A. S. BARNES & CO., 51 JOHN-STREET. CINCINNATI:— H. TT. DERBY. 1855. rj'^xt Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, BY GEORGE P. PUTNAM & CO., In the Clerk's Office for the Southern District of New York. VBOMAB B. SMITH, STKRKOTYPKKf 216 WILLIAM BTRKKT, N. T. oar PEEFACB. There is no book of reference more useful to all classes of readers than a good Gazetteer ; and such a work was, therefore, necessarily embraced in the plan of Putnam's Home Cyclopaedia. Sensible that the utility of this volume must depend entirely upon its accuracy, the editor has spared no pains to attain that object, by careful revision, and by comparison with the best and most recent authorities. In fullness of nomenclature, it is beheved that the work will compare favorably with any that has been published. By means of a well- considered system of abbreviation, and by mentioning only the more important particulars under each head, the editor has been enabled to give some account of more places than are enumerated in M'Cul- loch's and other works of greater size. The largest gazetteers pub- lished in Europe, and reprinted, or in circulation in the United States, are exceedingly deficient, and often erroneous, respecting American geography. The fullest of these foreign publications is Johnston's Dictionary of Geography, which has been employed as the basis of the present work. Since Johnston's compilation, however, new cen- suses have been taken in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, France, Belgium, and other countries, and new places have sprung up into importance in California, Central America, and else- where. These have been duly noted, and the names of nearly all the townships and counties in the United States, which Johnston over- IV PREFACE. looked, have been incorporated. To make room for these improve- ments and additions, the names of all the parishes of Great Britain, which are of little or no interest to the people of this country, have been omitted. In short, the editor has endeavored to make the volume as useful as possible to American readers. It would be unreasonable to suppose that there are no errors of omission and commission, but the general accuracy and fidelity of the work may be relied upon. The editor acknowledges his obligations to the Hon. William H. Seward, Senator of the United States, and to his Excellency the French Minister, M. de Sartiges, for documentary information ; also to J. C. G. Kennedy, Esq., superintendent of the census bureau in the Department of the Interior, at Washington, for his kindness in permitting statistics of population, &c., to be compiled from the manuscript returns in his office. Most of the abbreviations used are so obvious that explanation is unnecessary, but to prevent misapprehension, a list is subjoined of all those that can possibly be misunderstood. LIST OF ABBKEVIATIONS. Abp. Archbishop. Affl. and Afflts. Affluent, or Affluents. Archip. Archipelago. Arr. and arrond. Arrondisseraent (French district). B. Bay. B^ r. b^ and 1. b. Right and left banks. Bor. Borough. Bp. Bishop. Cant. Canton. Cap. Capital. Cathed. Cathedral. Cath. Catholic. Centr. Central. Cent. Century. Ch. or chf. Chief. Circ. Circle. CoL Colony, or colonial. CoU. College. Coram. Commune, or Communal. Coq). Corporation. Deleg. Delegation. Dep. Department. Dioc. Diocese. Dial., Dists. District, disfcicts. Div. Division. Dom. Dominion. Elev. Elevation. £mp. Empire. Expts. Exports. Fahr. Fahrenheit. Fl. Florins. Fortfd. or fortif. Fortified. O. Gulf. Got. Government (RuMiA, Greece). Gt. Great. H. Haut, Haute (upper). H. Hessen, as H.-Darmstadt. Ho. House. Ht. Height. Hund. Himdred. Impts. Indep. Imports. Incfependent. Inf. Inferior (lower). Isth. Isthmus. Kgdm. Kingdom. L. Iiake. Tiandr. Landroostei, a division of Hanover, &.c. LSBB A district of Sweden, Lap- land. Leg. Legation. L.b. Left bank (of a rirer). Lilt. Little. Lr. Lower. Luth. Lutheran. M. Miles. Min. Mineral. Mkt. or Mkts. Market, or Markets. Mntn. Mountain. Mod. Modem. Munic Municipal. Nr. Near. Num. Numerous. 0. Ocean. Opp. Opposite. p. or Pop. Populaiion. Pa. Parish. Pari. Parliamentary. Pash. Pashalic (Turkish pro- vince). Pont, or Pontif. Pontifical. Presid. Presidency (India). Prod. Products. Prom. Promontory. Propr. Proprietor. Prov. Province. Pts. Parts. Pub. Public. R.,rt.b. Right bank. Railw. Railway. Reg. (circ, or dist.) Regierungsbezirke (Pru» sia). Reprs. Representatives. Rev. Revenue. Riv. River. Sanj. Sanjak (Turkish district). Sess. Session. Sevl. Several. Soc. Society. Sta. Station. Str. Strait. Sum. Summer. T. Town. Temp. Temperature. TemU Territory, or territorial. Tnshp. Township. Tribut. or tributs. Tributary or tributaries. Vr^?- Upper. ViU. Village. Vol. Volcano. Win. Winter. A. A A, the name of numerous small rivers in different parts of Europe. Aalborg, a seaport of Denmark, on an inlet of the Kattegat. P. 7,500. It is a bishop's see. Aar, a river of Switzerland, partly navigable, rises in Bern, falls into the Rhine. Aargau, a canton of Switzerland, on the Rhine. Area, 502 sq. m. P. 183,800 who speak German, & are about equally divided into Protestants & Catholics. Chief towns, Aarau, Laufenberg, Oberbaden, & Zoffingen. Aarhuus, a seaport of Denmark, on the Kattegat. P. 8,000. It is a bishop's see. Abaco or LucAYA, the largest of the Bahama isls., 80 m. in length by about 20 in breadth. P. 1,900. A natural perforation of the rock at its S.E. point, forms a landmark known as the Hole in the Wall. Lat. of Lighthouse, 25"^ 51' 30" N. ; Ion. 77° 10' 45" W., elev. 160 feet. Abadeh, a town of Persia, prov. Ears, 110 m. N. Shiraz, to which city it sends fruit. P. 5,000. (?) Akai, a town & harb. on the N.W. coast of Borneo. II. a riv. of Abyssinia, trib- utary of the Nile. Abakansk, a fortfd. town of Siberia. Lat. 54° N.; Ion. 91° 30' E. P. 1,000. Is regarded as the mildest & most salu- brious spot in Siberia. Abalak, a town of Siberia, on the Irtish, a celebrated place of pilgrimage. Abancay, a town of Peru. Has im- portant sugar refineries. Abaxo, a town of Lombardy. P. 2,600. Has celeb, mud baths. Abaxy, a town of Hungary, 50 m. S.E. Pesth. P. 7,784, comprising many Jews. Abb, a town of Arabia, Yemen, in a 1 mountainous tract, 77 m. E. Mocha. P. 5,000. (?) Abbadia, a port of Brazil, on the Are- guitiba, near the Atlantic. P. 1,200. Abba-Jaret, a mnt. of Abys., elev 14,918 ft. Abbeville, a district of South Carolina, between the Savannah & Saluda rivers. Surface varied, well-wstered, & fertile. P. 32,318. -II. cap. of the above dist., on Little river, 97 m. W. Columbia. P. 371. III. cap. of Henry co. Alabama, 211 m. S.E. Tuscaloosa. P. 400. -IV. a fortfd. town of France, dep. Somme, on the Railw. du Nord, & the Somme. P. 17,035. It is well built, but dirty, with houses mostly of brick, some fine public edifices, especially the cathedral, a large cloth factory founded under Colbert in 1669, & manufs. of velvet, serges, &c. Vessels of 150 tons come up the Somme to Abbeville. Abbiategrasso, a town of Lombardy, having considerable trade. P. 6,803. Abbitibbe, the name of a dist., riv., & trading-station in Brit. N. America, near Hud.^ou bay. Lat. of sta. 49° N. ; Ion. 78° 10' W. Abbot, a town of Piscatiquis co. Maine, on the Piscatiquis river, 70 m. N.E. Au- gusta. P. 661. Abensberg, a town of Bavaria. P. 1,200. Napoleon defeated the Austriana here, 20th April, 1809. Aberafon, a bor. & pa. of Walc.«, on the Afon, near Swansea bay. P. 3,665. Aberavron, a dist. of Cardiganshire, Wales. P. 13,220. Aberdeen, a pari. & munic. bor. & seaport of Scotland, between the rivers Don and Dee, at their entrance into the North sea, 90 m. N.E. Edinburgh. P. 71,945. The pari. bor. consists of the fol- lowing towns, one mile apart : Old Aber- deen, on the Don, here crossed by two stone bridges, jh descent. It is an arch- bp's see ; & was formerly the seat of a University, removed to Helsingfors in 1827. Abo has some trade with Sweden & S. Europe. Abomey, cap. of Dahomey. Lat. 7° 30' X. ; Ion. 1° 40' E. P. 24;000. (7) Aboukir, a vill. of Egypt, 15 ra. X.E. Alexandria, at the W. end of Aboukir bay, which is celeb, for XeLson's victory over the French fleet, 1st Augu.st, 1798. Abrantes, a fortfd town of Portugal, on the Tagus, 80 m. X.E. Lisbon. P. 5,000. -il a town of Brazil, 20 m. N.E. Bahin, near the Atlantic. Abrolhos, a group of low, rocky i.^ls. off the coast of Brazil. Lat. 17° 58' S. ; Ion. 38° 42' W. Abrud-Banya, a town of Transylva- nia. P. 4,100. Abruzzo, a country of Xaples, forming the provinces of Abruzzo Citra, & Abr. Ultra I. & II., on the Adriatic. Area, 5,000 sq. m. P. 783,028. M. Corno, 10,1.54 ft. high, the loftiest of the Apen- nines, is in Abruzzo Ultra. Cattle rearing employs most of the rural pop. It has no good ports. Chf towns, Chieti, Aquila, Teramo, Sulmona, Lanciano, & Civita Ducale. Abu-Arisch, a town of Arabia, cap. of the i)etty state of same name, 24 miles from the Red sea. P. 5,000. (?) Abyssinia, a coimtrv of E Africa, ex- tending betw. lat. 7° 40' & 16° 40' X. ; & Ion. 34° 20' & 43° 20' E., boun^t mtn. range is in the S.W. table-land, acr] UNIVKRSAL GAZETTEER. 3 where the peak of Abba Yaret attains a height of 15,000 ft. The temp, of Abyss. is much lowcv than that of Xubia or Egypt, owing to the elevation of the soil, the numerous rivers, & the abundant summer rains. The mineral product.s nre iron-ore, rock-salt, & a small quantity of gold. The cultivated grains arc wheat, barley, oats, maize, rice &> millet; — fruits, cotton, & cotfee arc also produced. All the wild animals indigenous to Africa, arc found in Abyss. ; & domestic animals are reared in great abundance. In industry & com- merce the Abyssinians have made some progress, they manuf. tanned skins for tents, shields of hide, agricultural imple- ments, coarse cotton & woollen cloths, & pottery ware. The imports include raw cotton, pepper, blue & red cotton cloths, gLass, & tobacco. Abyssinia, comprised in the anc. Ethiopia, appears to have been the cradle of African civilization, but the present inhabs. have pi'cserved nothing of their former power. For more than a century the empire has been divided into several petty states, the chf. of which are Shoa, Tigre, & Amhara. Ankobar is the only place deserving the name of a town. [Massouah.] AcAPULco, a seaport of Mexico, on the Pacific, 18-5 m. S.S.W. Mexico. Lat. 16° 50' N. ; Ion. 99° 52' W. P. 4,000. The harbor is one of the largest and best in the world. It formerly engrossed trade between Spanish colonies in America & those in the East ; & it is now the most important port of Mexico for steamers on the Pacific. AcARi. a town of Peru, dep. Arequipa, on a plain 20 ra. from the Pacific P. 6,000. AcARNANiA, a dep. of Greece, having N. the gulf of Arta & a 2:»art of Albania, E. the deps. of Eurvtania & Triehonia, S. JEtolia, & W. the Ionian sea. P. 25,033. Surface uneven, richly wooded, with seve- ral small lakes. Ch. riv. the Astro Pota- mo. Chf towns, Vonitza & Arabrakia. iVccoMAc, a CO. of Virginia, on the E. shore of Chesapeake Bav. Area, 480 sq. m. P. 17,890. Soil sandy, but fertile. ■ II. cap. of said co , a small village, 193 m. E. Richmond. Accra, a country of Africa, on the Guinea coast, about lat. 5° 35' N. ; Ion. 0° 12' W. The British, Dutch, & Danes have small forts here, & claim jurisdic- tion over surrounding districts. AccRiXGTON, a town of Lancashire, England, with large cotton factories. P. 7,811. AcERENz.\, a citv of Naples, & an arch- bishop's see. P. 2'000. AcERNA, a city of Naples, on the Agno P. 6,300. Here is a line cathedral. AcHAGUA.?, a town of Venezuela. P. 2,000. AciiAiA, a dep. of Greece, 65 m. from E. to W., with an average width of from 12 to 20 m. along the S. side of tlie Corin- thian gulf. The interior is mountainous, & the coast knv, with few good ports. Chf. town, Patras. AcHEx, a town of Sumatra, near its N.W. extremity, cap. of an indep. kgdm. of same name, on a riv. near the sea. Lat. 5° 34' N. ; km. 95° 34' E. It is .said to comprise 8,000 houses. It has a limited trade with Singapore, Pulo-Penang, & Malacca. The entrance is dangerous, & the port insecure. The kgdm. of Atchin was formerly a powerful state, now nearly extinct. Achen Head is the name of the N.W. point of Sumatra. AcHiLL, an isl. olT the W. coast of Ireld., CO. ]Mayo. Circumf. about 30 m. Area 35,283 ac. P. 6,392, mostly occup. in fishing. At its N.E. end is a Protest- mission. Its ^y. point forms Achill head, 2,222 feet in elev., lat. 53° 59' N. ; Ion. 10° 12' W. Achil Beg is an isl. imme- diately S. the foregoing. AcHTYs-KA, a town of European Piussia, 60 m. N.AN''. Kharkov. Has considerable trade, & an image of the Virgin, visited by many pilgrims. P. 14,205. Aci Reale, a soapt. of Sicily, 7 m. N.E. Catania. It is celebrated for mineral waters, & for the cave of Polyphemus, & grotto of Galatea, in its vicinity. The harbor is small, but trade is active, & there are manufs. here of linen, silk, &c. P. 19,800. AcKLiN, one of the Bahama isls., 120 m. N.E. Cuba. Aconcagua, a mountain of Chile, 23,200 ft. above the sea, & said to be tha highest volcano in the world. II. a province of Chile, containing wide & fertile valleys, & the towns San Felipe, Santa Rosa, & Quillota. AcooNO-CooNO, a town & dist. of Africa, on old Calabar or Cross riv. P. 4,000. AcQL'ACKANOxcK, a towu of Passaic CO. New Jersey, at the head of sloop navi- gation on the Passaic riv. P. 2,483. AcQUAPENDENTE, a town & bisliop's see, in the Pontif. States. P. 2,400. AcQUAvivA, a town of Naples, 16 m. S.S.W. Bari. P. 5,400. AcQUi, a walled town of Piedmont, much frequented for its sulphur baths. P. 7,800. Acre, or St. Jean d'Acre, a seaport CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [ade of Syria, on a prom, at the foot of Mt. Carmel. Lat. 32° 55' ?f . ; Ion. 35° 5' E. P. 10,000. (?) Bonaparte attempted to storm this place in 1799, but retreated after a siege of 61 days. It was talien by Ibrahim Pasha in 1832, & again by the comb. Engl. & Austr. squadrons in 1840. The bay 'if Acre is much frequented by French, Italian, & Austrian vessels. AcRi, a town of Naples, 15 m. N.E. Cosenza. P. 7,861. Acs, a town of Hungary, 6 m. SAY. Komorn. P. 3,237, employed in rearing sheep. Battle here July 16, 1849. AcTiEON Islands, a group of 3 low ■wooded islands in the Pacific ocean, dis- covered 1837 ; centre isl. lat. 43° 34' S. ; Ion. 146° 59' W. Acton, a town of York co. Maine. P. 1,401. II. a town of Windham co. Ver- mont. P. 170. III. a town of Middle- sex CO. Massachusetts, incorporated in 1735. P. 1,121. AcTOPAN, a town of Mexico, 65 m. K.N.E. Mexico. P. 2,800. Trade in tallow, sheep &, goat-skins. AcuL, a seaport of Ilayti, X. coast, 10 m. W. Cape Franfais. Lat. 19° 47' N. ; Ion. 72° 27' ^Y. AcwoRTH, a town of Sullivan co. New Hampshire, incorp. in 1712. P. 1,450. Adair, a co. in S. part of Kentucky, drained by Green river & branches. Soil fertile. Cap. Columbia. Area, 440 sq. m. P. 9,898. II. a co. in N. part of Missouri, drained by Chariton river. Cap. Ilopkinsville. Area, 567 sq. m. P. 2,342. Adams (Cape), at the mouth of the Columbia riv. Oregon. It is low& thinly wooded. A sand bar, which during high winds is covered b\' dangerous breakers, runs from this point to within a mile of Cape Disappointment, 7 m. distant. The sloop of war Peacock of the U. S. E tplor- ing Expedition was lost near here, 18th July, 1841. Adams, aco. in S. part of Pennsylvania. Soil fertile. Cap. Gettysburg. Area, 528 sq. m. P. 25,981. II. a co. in W. part of Mississippi. Soil hilly, but fer- tile. Cap. Natchez. Area, 440 sq. m. P. 18,622. III. a CO. in S. part of Ohio. Surface varied, with veins of iron ore. Cap. West Union. Area, 550 sq. m. P. 18,883. IV. a co. in E. part of Indiana. Drained by the Wabash & St. Marj' rivs Cnp. Decatur. Area. 336 sq. m. P. 5,797. V. a co. in W. ])art of Illinois. Cap. Quincy. Area, 768 sq. m. P. 26,503. VI. a CO. of Wisconsin. P. 187. •^^VII. North & South, two villages 5 or 6 ms. apart, in Berkshire co. Massa- chusetts. The Hoosack river supplies water power for numerous cotton fac- tories. The Adams Bank has a cap. of $250,000. Gray lock, the highest peak of Saddleback mountain in this town- ship, is 3,600 ft. above the sea. There is a curious natural bridge here worn out of the lime-stone rock by a branch of the Hoosack riv. P. of the township, 3,703. VIII. a town of Jefferson co. New York. P. 2,966. IX. a town of Coshoctin co. Ohio. P. 838. X. a town of Guernsey co. Ohio, on the Na- tional road. P. 867. XI. a town of Seneca co. Ohio. P. 1,250. There are also small towns of this name in Henry, Allen, ]Monroe, Muskingum, Dark, & Champaign cos. Ohio, Hillsdale co. Michi- gan, & Decatur & Hamilton cos. Indiana. Adam's Peak, a mountain in the central part of Ceylon. Height, 7,420 ft. Adana, a pash. of Asiat. Turkey, hav- ing on the N. Karamania, E. the pash. of Marash, W. Anatolia, & S. the Medi- terranean. II. capital of Adana, on the Sihoon riv.. 30 m. from the sea. P. 10,000. Well built & has trade in wool, corn, fruit, &g. Adare, a decayed town of Ireland, 10 m. S.W. Limerick. P. 1,095. Adda, a riv. which rises in N. Italy, flows through lakes Como & Lecco, & after a course of 80 ms., joins the Po, near Cremona. II. a Danish settle- ment on the Guinea coast. Addison, a co. of Vermont, on Lake Champlain. Soil fertile along the lake, & elsewhere adapted to grazing. Cap. Middlebury, near which is a quarry of fine marble. Area, 700 sq. m. P. 26,549. II. a town in said co., settled in 1770, on the lake op. Crown Point. P. 1,232. III. a town of Steuben co. New York, on Canister ereek. which is hero navigable for boats. P. 1,920. IV. a town of Washington co. Maine. P. 1,053. V. a town of Somerset co. Ponnsyi- vania, on the Yonghiogheny riv. P. 1,301. VI. a town of Gallia co. Ohio, on the Ohio riv. P. 692. VII. a town of Oakland co. Michigan. P. 537. Adeghem, avill. of Belgium. P. 3,534. Adel, a country of Africa, extending along its N.E. coast from Abyssinia to Cape Guardafui. P. Mohammedan, & subordinate to an Imam. It is marshy & unhealthy, but exports wax, myrrh, ivory, gold dust, & cattle. Chf. ports, Zeila, & Berbera. Adelaide, the cap. of South Australia, on the Torrens riv., near its mouth in ael] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. Gulf St. Vincent. Lat. 34° 55' S. ; Ion. 138° 28' E. P. (1849) 8,000. It stands on rising grouml, backed by woods, & is divided by the Torrcns into S. & N. Ade- laide ; was founded in 1836. -All the trade of the colony centres here. The harbor is safe, accommodating ships of 600 tons. Adelaide Lsland, the W.-most of a chain of isls. otf the S.W. coast of Pata- gonia. Lat. 67° S. ; Ion. 68° W. Adelie, a tract of barren land in the Antarctic ocean. Lat. 66° 30' S. ; Ion. 136° to 142° E., discovered by D'Urville in 1840. Adelsberg, a town of Illyria, 22 ra. N.E. Triest. P. 1,500. Celeb, for its stalactite caves. Ademuz, a town of Spain, 62 m. N.W. Valencia. P. 3,033. Aden, a seaport of Arabia, which since 1839 has belonged to the British, on the E. side of Cape Aden. Lat. 12° 46' 15" N. ; Ion. 45° 10' 20" E. P. 39,- 938. Its fortifications are greatly im- proved ; & it will probably become the Gibraltar of this part of the East. Aden is well supplied with water, and before the rise of Mocha, was the chief trading port of Arabia. It is now a station of the steam-boat passage to India, & has a magnetic observatory. Aderno, a town of Sicily, at the S.E. foot of Mount Etna. P. 14,000. Adige, a riv. of N. Italy, formed by streamlets, from the Helvetian Alps, which unite at Glurns, where it takes the name of Etsch. Near Bolsano, it is called the Adige, & receiving the Eisach, becomes navigable. It enters the Gulf of Venice after a course of 220 m. Admiralty (Island), off the coast of Piussian America. Lat. 58° N. ; Ion. 134° W., 90 m. long & 25 m. broad. {Isl- ands,) a cluster of small isls. in the Pacific, N.E. of Papua. Lat. 2° S. ; Ion. 147° 19' 52" E. (Inlet,) in Terra del Fuego. Adony, a town of Hungary, on the Danube, 28 m. S. Pesth. P. 3.'l80. Adorf, the S.-mnst town of Saxony, on the Elster. P. 2,800. Adour, a riv. of France ; rises in the Pyrenees, near Bareges, becomes navi- gable, elevated table-lands. The best known of its mnt. systems arc the range of .Mt. Atlas in. the N.W., extending, with its branches aga] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. from lat. 27° to 32° N. ; & attaining, in BOrae of its peaks, an elevation of more than 12,000 feet. The Mts. of Kons betw. Nigritia & N. (xuinca, to the E. of which extend the Kotnri or Mts. of the Moon, the existence & extreme elevation of which, are inferred from the great rivs. to which they give rise, although they have not been visited by Europeans ; ll>e Mts. of Lupata in the S.E. of Africa, those of Madagascar in the isl. of the same name, & the Mts. of Abyssinia in the N.E. The princip. rivs. of Africa, are the Nile, the Senegal, Gambia, Niger or Joliba-Quorra, the Zaire, the Orange, the Zambeze, & the Jubb. The only known lakes of importance, are L. Tchad, L. Dembea or Tzana, & L. Lou- dieh. OfL. Nyassi, in lat. 8° S.; Ion. 30° E., little is known except its great size. Owing to the position of Africa, the greater part of it being within the torrid zone, & the great extent of its arid plains, its climate is excessive, & its temp, higher than that of any other con- tinent. The great characteristic feature of Africa, is the Sahara, an immense des- ert region stretching across the N. por- tion of the continent, betw. the Atlantic & the Pted sea, composed of burning plains covered with shifting sands, or arid rocks, interspersed occasion allj' with fer- tile oases. The mineral riches of Africa are little known, but supposed to be very important. Gold dust is found in most of the rivers ; diamonds have recently been gathered in Algeria ; salt occurs in many parts of the continent and in the islands. Iron, copper, silver, lead, & tin are also among its products, & in- dications of coal have recently been ob- served. Africa presents the most striking contrasts in its vegetable productions ; in the vicinity of arid deserts, there are countries covered with the richest ver- dure ; wherever the land is sufficiently watered, as on the banks of rivers, &, on the declivities of mntns., vegetation is characterized by the utmost vigor & magnificence. Among its vegetable pro- ducts, are the baobab, one of the giants of the vegetable world ; a species of teak or oak valuable for building ; the cocoa- nut tree, the date, the palm, orange, cit- ron, olive, the jjapyrus, & nums. dye- woods, the coffee-tree, sugar-cnne, cotton & indigo. The fauj)a of Africa is still very imperfectly known ; it comprises I the chimpanzee, a species of monkey, which most resembles man ; the ele- phant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, zebra, giraffe, buffalo ; the lion, leopard, ^an- ; ther, the wolf, fox, jackall, hyena, ante- j lopes, tt bears. The chief domestic ani- j mals, are the camel, horse, buffalo, ox, ; sheep, goats, & dogs. Among the birds I of Africa may be noticed the ostrich, eagles, vultures, hawks, owls, cuckoos, & i sun-birds. The commerce of the interior of Africa is conducted by means of cara- ! vans, & consists chiefly in gold-dust, copper, ivory, coral, gums, dye-wood, dates, & indigo, which are exchanged for European goods by traders who visit I the coasts. Africa has long been the principal market for the supply of slaves to the European colonies. It is calcu- lated that 200,000 Africans are annually sold as slaves. From 1831 to 1841 inclu- sive, 150 vessels, with crews amounting to 12,501, were employed on the W. coast of Africa, in the suppression of this infa- mous trade ; 327 slavers were taken with 52,188 slaves, at a cost of 1,623,812/., or 31/. 4s. 6d. for each slave. The inhabi- tants of Africa comprise many varieties of the human species ; the most remark- able & best known of these are the Hot- tentots & Caffres i;i the S. ; the Negro races on the S.^Y., & in the interior ; the Moors on the N. ; the Caucasian races in Abyssinia, & the Copts of Egypt. Ffiticism, a degraded superstition, is the religion of the greater number of the inhabs., being professed by nearly all the negroes, & the natives of Madag.a.scar. A corrupt form of the Christian religion is professed in Abyssinia & part of Egypt, & Mohammedanism prevails in all the other regions. Africa is usually divided into the following countries : — N. Egypt & Barbary, Tripoli, Tunis. Al- giers, & Morocco, S. of Barbary, the des- ert of Sahara, with the oases of Fezzan, Dar-fur, & Kordofan ; on the W. Sene- gambia & Guinea; on the S. the Cape Colony, Caffraria, & the Hottentot coun- trj- ; on the E. Nubia, Ab^'ssinia. Adel, Zanguebar, Mozambique, & Sofiila ; & in the centre, Soudan. A notice of each of these will be found under their proper heads. The Enjjlish, French, Portu- guese, Spaniards, Danes, Dutch, tfeAmer- icans, have colonial establishments in Africa. African I.sl.a.nds, a group of low islets in the Tndiiin ocean. Lat. of N.- most isl., 4° 55' 30" S. ; Ion. 53° 33' E. Afrikeah, a seaport of Tunis, near Cape Afrikeah, on the Mediterranean. P. 3,000. AcABLY, a town of Africa, on the route from Tripoli to Tirabuctoo. Lat. 26° 40' N. ; Ion. 0° 58' E. It is a station where 8 CYCLOP^iSDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. j AHM the merchants of Morocco meet with those of Tripoli, Tunis, & Fezzan. Agades, a large city of Africa, cap. kgdm. Asben, in an oasis of the Sahara. Lat. 13° 10' N.; Ion. 13° E. Here the merchants of Soudan meet at stated pe- riods those of the N. African states. Agadir, the most S. seaport of Mo- rocco, on the Atlantic. Lat. 30° 26' 35" N. ; Ion. 9° 3.5' 56 ' E. P. 600. (?) It has a large & safe harbor. Agana, cap. of Guam, one of the La- chtones, on its W. coast. P. 3,000. It is the resid. of a Spanish governor. Agata (St.), a small town. Piedmont. P. 4,170. II. a town of Naples, with rems. of mag. amphitheatre & ruins of ancient Miaturno. P. 6,800. -III. Nuova, a town of Xaples, with cotton mills. P. 2,170. Agde, a town of France, on the Herault riv., 2 m. from the Mediterr. & 30 m. S.W. Montpellier. P. 8,834. It has an active coasting trade. Agen, a town of France, on the Ga- ronne, 73 m. S.E. Bordeau.K. P. 15,517. It is an entrepot for trade betw. Bor- deaux & Toulouse. Agger, a natural canal, formed betw. the Lymfiord & the Xorth sea, in Denmark, during a .storm in 1325. Aggersoe, a small isl. in the Great Belt. P. 700. Aggershuus, a prov. of Norway ; cap. Christiana. P. 567,833. It is the most important prov. in the kgdm. for agricul- ture, mines & commerce. Aghmat, a fortfd. town of Morocco, on the N. declivity of Mt. Atlas. P. 6,000, of whom 1,000 are Jews. Agincouiit, a vill. of France, dep. Pas de Calais, near which on 25th Oct. 1415, the English won a celeb, victory over the French. Aglie, a town of Piedmont. P. 4,300. It has a royal palace, &,c. Agnes (St.), a town of England, co. Cornwall, on the BrLstol channel. P. 7,757. The harbor can only bo entered at high water. St. Agncs's Beacon in the vicinity rises to the height of 664 ft. Agnone, a town of Naples, said to pro- duce the best copper wares in the kgdm. P. 7,460. Agon, a small seaport of France, on the N. coast opposite Jersey. P. 1,561. Agordo, a town of Lombardy, with rich copper mines. P. 3,500. Agcsta, a fortfd. city of Sicily, on a peninsula, 14 m. N. Syracuse. P. 14,000. It is well laid out & has a safe harbor. Exports, salt, oil, wines &> honey. Agra, a district of Brit. India. Area, 45,000 sq. m. P. 7,000,000. It is mostly a level plain, watered by the rivs. Jumna, Ganges & Cliumbul. Wheat &, barley are the common grains, of which there are two harvests in the year. The soil being too dry to grow rice, millet & puLse form the chief food of the i^eople. yi^gra, the cap. of the district, is a fortfd. city of great extent, on the Jumna, 115 m. S.S.E. Delhi. P. 95,250. A considerable trade is carried on Avith the W. provs. &, Persia. From 1504 to 1647, Agra was the seat of the Mohammedan emp. in India. It was taken by the British 17th Oct. 1803. Agr.\khan, a cape in the Caspian sea, Russian territ., lat. 43° 40' N. ; Ion. 43° 10' E., with a bay of same name on its N. side. AGR.\iVi, a city of Croatia, near the Save, 160 m. S.S.W. Vienna. P. 14,300. It is the resid. of the Ban, & seat of the sup. coui'ts of Croatia, Slavonia, & the Bauat. Agramunt, a town of Spain, Catalonia. P. 2,630. It has a cathed. Agreda, a town of Spain, Old Castile. P. 3,847. -II. a town of New Granada, with gold mines. Agreve (St.), a town of France, dep. Ardeche. 2,485. Agua, Volcan de, a mntn. of Centr. America, state & 25 m. S.W. Guatemala, its crater is 15,000 ft. above the sea. Aguadilla, a seaport of Porto Rico, on its N.W. coast, 65 m. W. San Juan. P. 2,500. (?) The anchorage is good. Aguano, Lake, 3 m. W. Naples, occu- pies the crater of an extinct volcano, k m. in diam. Aguas Calientes, a town of Mexico, N.E. Guadalaxara. P. 7,000. It is a hand- some town, with a cloth manufactory, & a considerable trade. It has hot springs in its vicinity. Aguilar de la Frontera, a town of Spain, 22 m. S.S.E. Cordova, remarkable for the salubrity of its atmosphere. P. 11,836. Aguilas, a town of Spain, on the Medi- terr., 37 m. S.W. Cartagena, with a small but secure port ; resid. of vice-consuls of Engld., France, & Portugal. P. 4,832. Ahiolo, a seaport of European Turkey, on the Black sea, 43 m. S.S.W. Varna. It has some trade in .salt. Ahle.n, a town of Prussian Westphalia. P. 2,750, with distilleries, oil mills, it linen weaving. Aiii.FELD or Alfrld, a town of Han- over, landr. Ilildcsheim, on the Leino «fc Warne, 27 m. S. Hanover. P. 2,370. AiiMEDABAD, a dist. of British India, AIXJ UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 9 presid. Bombay, at the head of Cambay gulf. Area, 4,072 sq. m. P. 528,073. Akinedabad, cap. above distr., on the Sa- bermatty, 120 m. N.N.W. Surat. P. estim. at 100,000. Here are the head- quarters of the N. div. of the Bo-nibay army. Ahmednuggur, a distr. of Brit. India, presid. Bombay. Area, 9,910 .sq. m. P. 667,376. Akmednus[gu}\ a city & fort, cap. above dist., on the Seena, 64 ra. N.E. Poonah. P. 20,000. (?) It Avas taken by the British Aug. 12, 1803. Ahmedpoor, the name of several towns in Hindustan, the largest of which is in the Bhawlpoor. P. 20,000. Ahrweiler, a walled town of Prussia. P. 2,600. Ahun, a town of France, dep. Creu.se. P. 2,212. In its vicinity are extensive coal mines. Ahus, a vill. of Sweden, on the Baltic, 9 m. S.E. Chrislianstadt, of which it is the port, having a good harbor at the mouth of the Helgeo. AiDONE, a town of Sicily, 35 m. S.W. Catania. P. 3,800. AiGNAN (St.), a town of France, dep. Loire et Cher. P. 3,146. II. Sur- Roe (St.), dep. Mayenne. P. 574. AiGUEBELLE, a town of Savoy. P. 1, 150. Celeb, for the victory of the French & Spanish over the troops of Savoy, 1742. Near it begins the road constructed by Napoleon over Mt. Cenis. AiGUEPERSE, a town of France, dep. Puy de Dome ; with manufs. of linen, & mineral springs. P. 2,671. AiGUEs-MoRTEs, a town of France, dep. Gard, with considerable trade in fish. It is 3 m. from the Mediterr. P. 3,965. AiGUEs-VivEs, a vill. of France, dep. Gard, with large distilleries of brandy. P. 1,637. AiGuiLLON, a town of France, at the junction of the rivs. Lot & Garonne. P. 3,994. AiLSA Craig, an insulated rock of co- lumnar basalt at the entrance of the firth of Clyde, Scotland, rising to the height of 1,000 ft. AiN, a frontier dep. in the E. of France. Area, 584,822 hect. P. 372,939. On the E. it is mountainous, & in the S. & W. marshy. The Rhone bounds it on the S., the Saone on the W., and the Ain traverses its centre. Climate temperate. Minerals, iron, asphaltum & lithog. stones. Proiiucts, corn, cattle, timber & wine. Chf towns, Bourg, Belley, Gex, Nantua & Trevoux. AiNTAB, a town of Asiat. Turkey, on 1*. the S. slope of Mt. Taurus, 60 m. N.N.E. Aleppo. P. 20,000. It has large bazaars, manufs. of goat skins, cotton & Avoollen cloths, & trade in hides, tobacco & honey. Here is an American missionary station. AiRAiNES, a town of France, dep Somme, with important manufs. of vegeta- ble oils. P. 2,080. AiRORiE, a town of Scotland, co. Lanark. P. 16,000. It is well built, & lighted with gas ; its rapid growth is owing to iron & coal in its vicinity, & to its proximity to Glasgow, in the manufs. of which city its weavers are employed. Aire, a fortfd. town of France, dep. Pas de Calais. P. 9,591. It has bar- racks for 6,000 men, & manufs. of woollen stuffs, hats, soap, &c. II. a town of France, dep. Landes. P. 4,667. It is a bishop's see. AiROLA, a town of Naples, 23 m. N.B. Naples. P. 4,260. AiROLO, a vill. of Switzerl., cant. Tes- sin. P. 1,850. This was the scene of a sanguinary battle betw. the Russians & French, 13th Sept, 1799. AisNE, a dep. in the N. of France. Area, 7,285 kil. P. (1851) 553,989. Temp, cold & humid. Surface flat, soil fertile, agriculture good, & a surplus of corn well cultivated near the river, but sandy & unproductive in the interior. P. 93,279. III. there arc numerous villages & townships of this name in diff"erent parts of the U. S. IV. a riv., fort & dist. of British N. America : the riv. connected b}' a series of lakes with L. "Winnipeg, flows E.N.E. through 8 degs. of Ion., & enters James' bay, near Fort Albany. Y. a seaport of W. Australia, on K. George sound ; l.at. 35° 3' S. ; Ion. 117° 52' 40" E. Albarracin, a town of Spain, Arragon. P. 1,530. It is a bishop's see. Albay, a town of Luzon (Phillippine Islands), cap. pro v., and residence of a governor. P. 13,115. Albayda, a town of Spain. P. 3,130, who manuf. linens. Albemarle, a central co. of Virginia, having S. James' River, & N.W. the Blue Ridge. Area, 700 sq. m. Cap. Charlottesville. Soil diversified. P. 25,800. Albemarle Island, the largest of the Galapagos. Albemarle Sound, an inlet of the At- lantic, in the N.E. pai-t of North Carolina. It is 60 m. in length, Sc from 4 to 15 m. in breadth ; & is connected with Chesa- peake bay by a canal through Dismal swamp. Albendorf, a vill. of Pru.ss. Silecia. P. 1,260. Nenr it is the sanctuary of New Jeru.oalem, .said to be visited vearly by 80,000 pilgrims. Albenga, a seaport of Italy, 44 m. S.W. Genoa, belonging to Sardinia. P. 4,735. Ar.BERONA, a town of Naples. P. 2,900. Alberobello, a town of Naples. P. 3,800. Albert, a town of France, dep. Sommo- P. 2,828. ALC] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 13 Albert-Ville, a city of Upper Savoy, founded in 1835. It has royal foundries of lead & silver, & a royal college. P. 3,406. Albi, a town of France, dep. Tarn, 41 m. N.E. Toulouse. P. 14,492. In the vi- cinity is the most important steel manuf. in France. The sect of Albigeois origi- nated here in the 12th cent. Albino, a town of Northern Italy. P. 2,200. Albion," a to^vn of Kennebec co. Maine. P. 1,604. II. cap. of Orleans co. New York, 250 m. W. Albany, on the Erie ca- nal. P. 1,400. III. a toAvn of Oswego CO. New York. P. 1,503. There are also several small places of the same name in other states. Albion (New), the name given by Sir Francis Drake to California & the adjoining coast. Albisola Marina, & Superiore, two towns of Piedmont. P. of the former, 1,569; the latter, 2,317. Alblasserdam, a vill. of Holland, 9 m. S.E. Rotterdam. P. 2,046. Albona, a town of Istria, 42 m. S.E. Triest, with a college & 1,100 inhabs. Albon, a town of France, dep. Drome. P. 2,633. Alboran, a small isl. in the Mediterr. belonging to Spain, i m. long, ^ m. broad. Lat. 35° 56' N. ; Ion. 3° 0' 40" W. In- habited by fishermen. Albostan, a town of Asiatic Turkey. P. 9,000. Albreda, a town of Senegambia, on the Gambia, below the British fort James. The French have a trading station here. Albuera (La), a town of Spain, 13 m. S.E. Badajoz. On the 16th May, 1811, the British & allies here gained a victory over the French. Aleufeira, a seaport of Portugal, on the Atlantic, 46 m. E. C. St. Vincent. P. 2,800. Its harb., which admits the largest vessels, is defen. by a citadel & batteries. Albufera, a lake of Spain, on the coast ; it communicates by a narrow chan- nel with the Mediterr. Albula, a mountain pass of Switzer- land, Grisons, from the basin of the Rhine to that of the Inn. Albuquerque, a town of Spain, near the Portug. frontier. P. 5,470. II. a town of Mexico, & 90 m. S.S.W. Santa Fe, near 1. b. of the Rio del Norte. P. 6,000. III. a viU. of Brazil, on the Pa- raguay. Albuquerque Islands (or S. W. Kevs), a group of isls. in the Carib. sea, 110 m. E. tiie Mosquito Coast. Lat. 12° 4'N.; Ion. 81° 50' W. Alburg, a port of entry on Lake Cham- plain, in Grand Isle co. Vermont, 83 m. from Montpelier. P. 1,344. Alcala de Chivert, a town of Spain. P. 4,954. Alcala de los Gazules, a town of Spain, 30 m. E. Cadiz. P. 6,116. Alcala de Guadaira, a town of Spain. P. 6,702. Alcala de IIenares, a walled city of Spain, 17 m. E.N.E. Madrid. P. 5,153. Since the removal of its university to Madrid, it is in a state of rapid decay, Cervantes was born here in 1547. Alcala la Real, a city of Spain. P. 6,843. The French defeated the Spaniards here, 28th Jan. 1810. Alcala is the name of many small Spani.-^h towns. Alcamo, a town of Sicily, with edifices of Moorish origin. P. 15,500. Alcanede, a town of Portugal. P. 2,500. A-LCANiz, a walled town of Spain, 60 m. S.E. Zaragoza. P. 5,100. Alcantara, a fortfd. town of Spain, on the Tagus, near the Portuguese frontier. P. 4,273. II. a seaport of Bi-azil, on W. side of the estuary of the oMaranhao, near its mouth. III. a riv. of Sicily. Alcantavilla, a town of Spain. P, 3,481. Alcandete, a town of Spain. P. 6,242. Alcaraz, a town of Spain, at the foot of the Sierra de Alcaraz, with mines of copper & zinc. P. 7,325. Alcazar de San Juan, a town of Spain. P. 7,540. Manufs. of soap, gun- powder, and nitre. Alcazar Kebir. a city of Morocco, 80 m. N.W. Fez. P. 5,000. Alce.ste, a small isl. in the Pacific, gulf of Pe-tche-lee, 3 m. N.W. the N.E. point of Shan-tung. Alcester, a town of Engl., co. War- wick. P. 2,399. It is the pi'incipal seat of the needle manuf. Alcira, a walled town of Spain, on an isl. in the Xucar. P. 13,000. Near it is a remarkable stalactitic cavern. Alcobaca, a town of Portugal. P. 2,000, with an ancient abbey, in which are the tombs of many kings of Portugal. Alcora, a town of Spain, 45 m. N.N.E. Valencia. P. 5,609. Exports fruit. Alcover, a town of Spain. P. 2,812. Alcoy, a town of Spain, 24 m. N.N.W. Alicante. P. 27,000. It has numerous paper and woollen factories. Alcudia, a town of Majorca, on a pen- insula at its N. e.xtrem., with a p. of 1,116, & consid. trade — Alcudia is the name of several Spanish towns. 14 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [ale Alcuescar, a town of Spain. P. 3,500. Aldabra, an isl. in the Indian ocean, N. of Madagascar, lat. 9° 26' S. ; Ion. 46° 35' E. Aldan, a riv. of Siberia, ri.*es near the Chinese frontier, and joins the Lena in lat. 63° 12' N., Ion. 129° 40' E., after a course of about 300 m. Aldan Mountains, a chain of mntns. in E. Siberia, rounding the sea of Ochot.-;k under different names, & terminating at Behring strait. Their average height is 4,000 ft. Many summits are active vol- canoes. Aldborough, a seaport of England, co. Suffolk. P. 1,557. It has become a place of resort for sea bathing. II. a town of Enghmd, co. York. P. 2,424. III. a pa. of England, co. Norfolk. Alde, a riv. of England, co. Suffolk ; joins the North sea at Or ford. Aldea Galega, a town of Portugal, on the estuary of the Tagus, 10 m. E. Lisbon. P. 4,000. Alpea Davila, a town of Spain, on the Duero. P. 1,490. Aldea Velha, a town & harbor of Brazil, on the bay of Espiritu Santo. Alden, a town of Erie co. New York, 22 m. E. Buffalo. Aldernev, an i.> other African products, hides, & a few manuf. goods. In 1840, 66,342 bales of cotton were exported, mostly to England, France, & Austria. Principal imports, cotton, woollen, &, silk good.?, hardware & ma- chinery, with timber, coal, drugs, /r., & the exports to 9,043,066 ,/>•. ; rov. is under British govt. P. 775,000. Seven eighths are supposed to he Hindoos, the rest Mohammedans. — Allahabad, cap. of prov., at the union of the Ganges & Jumna, 77 ra. W. Bena- res. Lat. 25° 27' N. ; Ion. 81° 50' B. P. 45,000, excl. of troops. Allahabad is held so sacred by the Hindoos, that at some periods 200,000 pilgrims have met there from all parts of India. II. a town of Bhawlpoor, N.W. Ilindostan. Allaire, a vill. of France, dep. Mor- bihan. P. 2.018. Allamakee, a co. of Iowa. P. 777. Allan, a riv. of Scotland, co. Perth. II. another small Scotch riv., co. Roxburgh. Allariz, a walled town of Spain. P. 1,752. Allauch, a town of France, 6 m. N.E. Marseilles. P. 1,666. Alla-yar-ka-tanda, a town of Sinde. P. 5,000. It has cotton manufs. & dye- works. Allegan, a co. of Michigan, on lake Michigan. Area, 840 sq. m., watered by the Kalamazoo, Black, & Ptabbit rivs. Great quantities of lumber & maple sugar are produced. P. 5,125. The chf. town, of same name, on the Kalamazoo, has a p. of 634. Allegany, one of the S. cos. of New York, bordering on Pennsylvania. P. 37,808. Area, 1,185 sq. m., watered by the Genesee riv. & smaller streams. Soil fertile, but better for grazing than agri- culture. Minerals, limestone & iron. The Erie railroad passes through this co. Cap. Angelica. Alleghany, or Appallachian Moun- tains, a range from 50 to 200 m. in breadth, extending from Georgia to Maine, through 11 degs. of Int., nearly parallel to & from 50 to 130 m. W. of the Atlantic (bearing the former of the above names N., & the latter S. of the Potomac riv.) The chain consists of several ranges called the Blue ridge, North, Jackson's, Laurel, Cumberland, ttc. The height of these mountains does not generally ex 18 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [all ceed 2.500 ft. They divide the waters which flow into the Missi.ssippi temala, adjoining Mexico on the S , Yucatan, & Belize. South America comprch. on the X. the republics of (}ranada, Vene- zuela, k Ecuador ; on the W. coast the rejaiblic of Peru, .t S. of this Bolivia & Chile. Jktwoen these states .t the At- lantic lie the United I'rovincos of La Plata. Tho empire of Brazil lies to the E., wa- Table of the different States and Colonies in America and th« West Indies, with their estiiii. Area and Population. States, Terr, ami Colon. Area in sq. m. Esiiin. Pop. (latest ceu.} Britisli N. America. Riis-ian AmtMicn.. . Daiiisli America } (Greenland) ... \ United Stales & ; Territories v Mexican Conteder.. Indep. Ind. Terr 951,430 371,000 3,940 2,600,000 595,820 3,000,000 2,121.1.t2 61,000 7,532 23,203,488 6,630,096 Total N. America 7,52.1,190 32,103,288 Cent. Amer. Confed. Yiiratan 203,630 50,0(0 lti,400 48,5U(J 1,900,000 472,:«76 British Honduras.. . 10,000 Total Cent. Araer. 318,.=).30 2,382,876 Hayti Spanish W. I.(Cu- [ ba,P. Rico,&c.) S British W. I. Isls... French do. Dutch d Danish do. Swedi-sh do (St. ) Banholomew) . \ 29,.500 52,840 178,043 1,345 1,060 177 25 1,000,000 l,4n),2-24 902,073 249,044 24,400 43,178 7,000 Total W. I. Isls.. . 202,990 416,620 369,630 325,000 12,000 10,980 10,400 2,74.3,380 5811,0(10 374,480 726,0(10 74,000 103,880 101,080 300,000 V 3,635,919 (Kcu.idor.. I British ... Guiana \ French . . . (Dutch .... 94.1,247 l,68(i.(t00 6011,1)00 127.t;'.i5 20.3()5 57.000 4,17(1,229 Pern (N. and S.)... Holivia Plata Confederation 1,5110.(10(1 1,030,000 67.'),(i(t0 300 (too? Uruguay TBanda ^ Oriental) \ Chile and Araucania Patagonia, Ticrra 1 del Fuefjo, and > the Falkland Is, > 250,000? 1,000,000 Total S. America 6,147,450 12.361,536 Grand Total 14,251,160 50,483,619 tercd by the Atlantic, adjoining which is the small state of Paraguay. Uruguay, or Banda Oriental, lies immediately to the S. of Brazil, ian Arcliipcl- AMO] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 27 ago, consist of the Bahama islands, Great Antilles, including Cuba, Jamaica, St. Domingo, Porto liico. Smaller Antilles includ. Uarbuda, Antigua, Guadaloupe, Dominica, .Martinique, St. Lucie, Barba- does, Granada, Tobago, St. Christopher, St. Vincent, Trinidad, &c. Americus, a small vill. & cap. of Sumpter co. Georgia, 104 m. S.S.W. Mil- ledgeville. P. 400. Amersfoort, a town of the Nether- land:?, with a port on the Eera, 12t m. N.E. Utrecht. P. 12,839. Amersham, a town of England, co. Bucks. P. 3,64.5. Ames, a vill. of Montgomery co. New York. P. 175. Ame.«burv, a town of Essex co. Mass. on the Merrimae, 44 m. N.E. Boston. P. 2,471. Large ships are built here, & floated down the Merrimae to the ocean. Here also are numerous fulling mills & other factories. II. a town of England, CO. Wilts. P. 1,171. Amesville, a vill. of Athens co. Ohio. P. 1,431. Amhara, a kgdm. of Abyssinia, cap. Gondar. It comprises all the country W. of the Tacazze. Amherst, a seaport of the Briti.sh territ. in Further India, 30 m. S.W. Maulmein. P. 5,000. Harbor spacious & secure. II. a town of Hancock co. Maine. P. . III. cap of Hills- borough CO. New Hampshire, 30 ra. S. C(mcord. P. 1,565. IV. a town of Hampshire co. Massaehusetts, 82 m. W. Boston. P. 2,250. Amherst college was founded here in 1321. It has 182 stu- dents, 12 instructors, a library of 14,000 vols., & complete philosophical appa- ratus. It.s li.-t of alumni numbers 963, of •whom 432 have been ministers. V. a town of Erie co. New York. P. 2,451. VI. a town of Lorain co. Ohio. P. 1,184 — —VII. a central co. of Virginia, on the N. side of James river. Area, 418 sq. m. P 12,699. Cap. Amherst, a vill. 115 m. W. Richmond. P. Amher.«tburg, a town of Uf). Cnnada, on the Detroit riv. 14 m. S. Detroit. Amiens, a city of France, on the Somme, & on the railway from Paris to Brussels, 71 m. N. Paris. P. 47,332. Its Gothic cathedral, founded in 1220, is one of the finest in Europe. Here are a pub- lic library of 50,000 vols., & numerous manufs. of cotton, woollen, & other fab- rics. The treaty of " the Peace of Amiens" was signed 27th March, 1302. Amiens is a bishop's see. Amirante Islands, in the Indian ocean. Lat. of the S.-raost island 6° 53' 15" S. ; Ion. 53° 8' 24 ' E. They consist of eleven small, low isls., & are visited for the land turtles, with which they abound. Amite, a S.W. county of Mi-^-sissippi. Area, 900 so. m., watered by the Amite riv. P. 9,694. Cap. Liberty. The Amite riv. runs hence through Louisiana into the Iberville riv. Amititan, a vill. and lake of Central America, state and 20 m. S. Guatemala Amity, a vill. of Aroostook co. Maine P. 169. II. a town of Allegany co New York. P, 1,354. Also, towns in Erie & Berks counties, Pa., & a vill, in Orange co. New York. Amla, one of the Andreanov isls., N. Pacific. Length E. to W. 40 m., breadth 10 m. Amlwch, a seaport of Wales, co. An- glesey, on its N. coast. P. 3,373. Ammer, two small rivs. 1. Wi\r- temberg. II. Bavaria. Ammerschwihr, a town of France, dep. II. Khin. P. 2,169. Ammon, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. St. Gall. P. 1,500. Ammokoosuc, Upper & Lower, small rivers of New Hampshire, both rising in the White mtns., & falling at diS'erent points into ihe Connecticut, after courses of about 50 m. Amoor, or Saghalin, a large river of E. Asia, formed near lat. 53° N. ; Ion. 125 E., by the union of the Shilka & Argun. It enters the gulf of Saghalin, op. the isl. of same name, lat. 52° 27' N. ; Ion. 140° E. Entire course, 2,200 m. Amoreach, a town of Bavaria. P. 2,712. Amorgos, an isl. of the Grecian archip. Length 13 m.; breadth 6 m. P. 2,800. Amoskeag, a vill. of Hillsborough co. New Hampshire. The falls of the Mer- rimae here supply much water power, which is employed in numerous cotton mills. Amou, a town of France, dep. Landes. P. 2,176. Amour (St.), a town of France, dep. Jura. P. 1,939. Amoy, a seaport of China, prov. Fo- kien, on the isl. of Amoy, in a bay of the Chinese sea, op. Formosa, & 320 m. E.N.E. Canton. Lat. 24° 10' N. ; Ion. 118° 13' E. P. 250,000. The city is separated from the suburbs by a line of rocky hills, commanded by a citadel. The harbor is excellent. This port was open to Euro- peans till 1734, when all trade with them was suppressed. On the 26tb Aug. 1841, 28 CYCLOPAEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY, [ams Amoy was taken by the English, who i held the fortilied isl. Kolungsoo, com- j mauding the entrance to the harbor, until the final paj-ment of the sum of six million dollars exacted from the .Chinese j gov. b}' the treaty of Nankin. There is 1 now a considerable trade, e.'pec. with j Formosa ; manufrf. of porcelain, grass cloths, umbrellas, paper, Ac, which, with sugar candy & congou tea, compose its principal expts. Imports comprise rice, sugar, camphor, rit. Guiana, near the mouth of the Berbice, founded by the Dutch. Three strong batteries protect the entrance. P. 6,633. Amstetten, a vill. of Austria, near the Ips, 28 m. E.S.E. Linz. The French here defeated the Austrians & Russians, 5th Nov. 1805. Amtzell, a vill. of Wiirtemb. P. 2,130. Amucu. a lake of S. America, betw. the Essequibo & the Amazon : in the dry season it nearly disappears. Amusco, a town of Spain. P. 1,743. It was nearly depopulated by pestilence in 1804. Amwell, a town of Hunterdon co. N. J. P. 3,071. Anadon, an isl. belonging to Spain, in the gulf of Guinea, 180 ra. W. Cape Lopez. Lat. of N. point, 1° 24' S. ; Ion. 5° 37' E. ; 4 m. long, 2 m. broad. P. 3,000 negroes, who profess the lloman Catholic relig. It is inntns., & affords safe anchor- age, except during equinoctial storms. Anacapri, a town of isl. Capri. P. 1,600. Anadyr, a riv. of Siberia, traversing the Tchuktchi country, N. of Kamtchat- ka. It rises in L. Ivachno, about lat. 66° 30' N. ; Ion. 173° E. ; falls into the sea of Anadyr (N. Pacific), about Ion. 178° E. Anadyrsk, the onlv station on its banks, is in lat. 65° 10' N., Ion. 167° 10' E. Anagni, a town of Pontif. sta., 37 m. E.S.E. Korae. P. 5,450. It is the seat of a bishopr. Anah, a town of Asiat. Turke}', on the Euphrates. P. 3,000. AxAHUAc. the great central table-land of ^Mexico, botw. lat. 15° & 30° N., & Ion. 95° & 110° W. ; comprising 3-5ths of the territ. of the Mexican confcd., & elevated from 6,000 to 9,000 ft. above the sea. It is bounded E. & \V. by the two great mntn. chains into which the cor- diilera of Central America subdiv. in its progress N.-ward. Many lofty mntns., including Jorullo, Popocatepetl (17,720 ft. high), & other volcanoes, rise out of this plateau, but much of its .surface is tolerably level. N. of Mexico, in the Sierra Madre, are the silver mines of Zimipan, the richest in the v.'orld. The rivs. 'Tula, Zacatula, Kio Grande de San- tiago, Rastla, rigg, to which town it has been made navigable. Anciaes, a walled town of Portug., 70 m. E.X.E. Oporto. P. 2,000. Ancobeh, a riv. of Africa, on the Gold Coast. Lat. 4° 54' X.; Ion. 2° 16' 15" W., forming the W. limit of the Dutch possessions on this coast. Ancomauca, a post station, Bolivia, S. America, 15,724 feet above the level of the sea, inhabited during summer months, & highest human residence in the world. Ancona, a marit. city of Pontif. sta., on the Adriatic, 134 m. X.E. Rome. Lat. 43° 37' 42" X.; Ion. 13° 30' 35" E. P. 36,000, exclu. of about 5,000 Jews, who inhabit a separate quarter. The port, one of the best & most frequented in Italy, is defended by several forts, & enclosed by two moles, on one of which is a lighthouse. In 1793, Ancona was taken & occupied by the French ; & in 1799, General Meunier here sustained a memorable siege. It was again taken by the French in 1801, & restored to the pope in 1802. After this it w.is incor- porated with the kgdm. of Italy till 1814, when it was restored to the Papal doms. A detachment of French troops held its citadel from 1832 to 1838. Manufs. of silk stockings, leather, paper, wax, candles, and verdigris. Princip. exports, corn, hemp, bacon, sulphur, tallow, <&c. ; chief imports, colonial goods, drugs, & metals. Ancona (Marca, or March of), an old division of territ. in Central Italy, which in the middle ages included the country betw. the Duchy of Urbino & the March of Fermo, cap. Ancona. Ancram, a town of Columbia co. X.Y., 45 m. S.E. Albany, on Punch & Ancram creeks, which supply water power for several iron forges. P. 1,770. Rich veins of lead ore in the vicinity are not much worked. Ancy, a vill. of France, dep. Rhone. P. 949. II. a vill. in dep. Moselle. P. 1,164. Ancy-le-Franc, a town of France, dep. Yonne, on the canal of Bourgogne. P. 1,423. Andalusia, a division of the S. of Spain, bounded N. by Estremadnra «fc New Castile, E. by ilurcia & the Medi- terr., S. by the Atlantic, & W. by Portu- gal. It is now div. into the following provs., which are named from their chief towns, Almeira, Granada, Jaen, Malaga, Cadiz, Cordova, lluelva, Sevilla. Anda- lusia is traversed by the sierras Morena A Xovada ; the climate on the coasts is extremely warm; its chief minerals are lead, copper, iron, &. mercury. It is and] UNIVERSAL GAZKTTEER. 31 very fertile in grain, wines, olives, figs, sugar, & cotton, & furnishes a consider- able (quantity of silk & cochineal. On its pasture is raised a celebrated breed of horses, & sheep which yield tine wool. The luanufs., formerly important, have greatly declined. Andaman Islands, a group in the bay of Bengal, betw. lat. 10° & 13° N., & nearly under the 93° of E. Ion. Total area about 3,000 sq. m. P. scanty, & in the lowest state of barbarism In 1793, a British settlement was establ. at Port Cornwallis, in the N.E. of Great Andaman, but was abandoned in 1796. Andelfixgen, a town of Switzerl., cant. Zurich. P. 2,400. Andelot, a town of France, dep. H. Marne. P. 992. Manufs. of cutlery. Andelys (les), a town of France, dep. Eure, 20 m. N.E. Evreux, & near the Seine. P. 3,4.56. Andennes, a town of Belg., 10 ra. E. Namur. P. 4,990. Manuf. porcelain, & tobacco pipes. Andeol de Bourleng (St.). a vill. of France, dep. Ardeche. P. 1,594. IE. {De Fourcfiades, St.), a vill. Ardeche. P. 1,099. Andermatt, a vill. of Switzerland, in the val. of Ursern, cant. Uri, 18 ra. S. Altorf, with 600 inhabs., & a remarkable anc. church. Near it is the celebrated Devil's bridge, crossing the Pieuss, & forming part of the route across Mount St. Gothard into Italy. Andeenach, a town of Prussia, 10 m. N.W. Coblenz, on the Rhine. P. 3,182. Manufs. of hydraulic cement made from volcanic tufa & empl. in the construction of the dykes in Holland. Anderson, one of the N.W. dist. of S. C, between the Savannah & Saluda rivs. Area, 800 sq. m. P. 10,531. Cap. same name. -11. a central co. of K}^. Area, 170 sq. m. P. 6,260. Cap. Law- renceburg. III. a central co. of E. Tenn. Area, 750 sq. m. P. 6,933. Cap. Clinton. IV. a town of Hamilton co. Ohio, on the Ohio riv., 10 m. X.E. Cin- cinnati. P. 2.311. V. a town of Rush CO. Indiana. P. 1,423. -VI. county Texas. P. 2,884. Andes, the great mountain system of S. America, extend, through 65° of lat. along its W. coast from Cape Horn to the isthmus of Panama, with a breadth of from 40 to 400 m., forming along the highest part, a length of 4,360 m., & covering with its chains, plateaus, and declivities, nearly a sixth part of that continent. From its S. extrem. the main chain runs along the W. shore of Tierra del Fuego, & consists of rocky summits, risiiigin munyplaces to 2,000 or 3,000ft., theculminu.ting point of this portion (.Mt. Sarmiento), being 6,910 ft. above the sea. The Andes are composed partly of granite, gneiss, mica, & clay slate, but chiefly of greenstone, porphyrj', & basalt, with limestone, red sandstone, & con- gUnnerate. Salt & gypsum are also found, & seams of coal at a great eleva- tion. The topaz, amethyst, & other gems are abundant. A'olcanoes are nu- merous in the Chilean Andes, where there arc no less than nineteen in a state of activity ; & the mntns. of Ecuador consist almost altogether of volcanic sum- mits, either now or formerly in active ignition. Of these, the most dreaded is (Jotopaxl. By the government returns for 1849, the amount of gold & silver coinage & of silver bars, was as follows : Peru 83,441 ,965 Bolivia 2,104,605 Mexico 12,040,000 Total value ;Eil7,58G,570 These returns, however, do not express the accurate produce of the mines, as much smuggling takes place. The limit of perpetual snow in the Andes reaches the height of 18,300 ft. in the W. Cordil- lera of Chile ; near the equator it is 15,000 ft., & in the Bolivian Andes (lat. 21° S.) 17,000 ft. above the sea. The potato is cultivated in the Andes at an elev. of 9,800 to 13,000 ft. Wheat grows luxuriantly at a height of 10,000 ft., k oats ripen in the vicinity of L. Titi- caca, at an elev. of 12,795 ft. Glaciers are numerou.s in Tierra del Fuego, k on the W. coast of Patagonia. The follow- ing are the principal summits & passes of the Andes, arranged from S. to N., with elevations in feet : Patagonian Andes. Yanteles (vole.) 8,030 Corcobado (do.) 7, .'510 Minchinadom (do.) 8,000 Chilean Andes. Antuco (vole.) 13,000? Portillo pass 14,365 Aconcagua 23,200 La Cumbre pass, between Mendoza & Santiago 12,4.54 Descabezado 12,102 Nevado de Chorolque 16,546 Bolivian Andes. Cerrode Potosi 16,040 32 CYCLOP-^DIA OF GEOGUAl'HY. [and Pass of Potosi 14, 320 aualtieri (vole) 22,000 Nevado do Chuquibamba 21,000 " Illimani 24,200 " Sorata 25,250 Pas of las Gualillas 14,830? Analache Mt 18,500 Peruvian Andes. Arcquipa (vole.) 18,400 Pas? betweeu Lima k Tarma, ex- treme h.srt 15,760? Pass of Alto de Jacaibaiuba 15, 135? " Lachagual 15,480 Andes of Qxuto. (Mean elevation) 18,380 Mountains of Assuay 15,500 Pass of do. highest point 12,385 Chiinborazo. -' 21,420 Cotopaxi (vole.) 18,887 Antisana (vole) 1 9, 137 Pichincha (vole.) 15,922 Cayambe 19,648 Earthquakes generally accompany the volcanic eruptions, & are felt over all the adjacent continent. The Andes are cele- brated for piroducing gold & silver in large quantities, with platina, mercury, copper, lead, tin, &iron. Humboldt esti- mated the annual product of the mines, at the commencement of the present centurj, at 43,500,000 dollars. Mr. Jacob calcu- lates the total product during the 20 years terminating in 1829, at 379,937,731 dollars. Andes, Delaware co. N. Y., 87 m. W. Albany, 344 \s\ Tiie surface is hillv, & the soil adapted to grazing. P. 2,672. Andoen, one of the Loffoden isls. off W. coast of Norway, 20 m. in length, 10 m. broad. Lat. 69° 20' N. ; Ion. 15° 15' E. Andorra, (Valley of), a neutral country with the name of a republic, sit. on the S. slope of the Pyrenees, betAV. the French dep. Ariege, & the Spani.sh prov. of Lerida, extend, from lat. 42° 22' to 42° 43' N., & from Ion. 1° 25' to 1° 55' E., surrounded by high mntus., on which the snow lies for six months in the year. Its climate is cold, but healthy. Soil unproductive, but contains rich mines of iron & one of lead. The valley is divided into 6 par. or comm., & contains, besides the cap., thiity-four hamlets. The govt., a mixture of monarchy & de- Jbocracy, is vested in twenty-four consuls, elect by the' whole pop. Its constitution was, til! 1848, subject to the mutual sov. of the king of the French, ', res- ins, & drugs. Some valuable woods are produced, but Arabia has no forest. The hor.se forms an im{)ort. branch of tratlic; the camel is the principal beast of burden, tt oxen, sheep, goats, &, buffaloes are the otherdomestic animals. Mineral products are onyx, emerald, basalt, blue alabaster, iron, & silver The inhabs. settled around the coast appear to have a distinct origin from the Rcdwins or true Arabs. The Wahabees, who form a distinct sect of Mohammedans, occupy the interior of the aba] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 39 country. Their cap. is at Der'ajyah. Agricul. processe.s are very rude, & manufs. perhaps at a lower ebb than in any other seini-civilized country. Holy cities, MoccaA Medina. Mocha ct Loheia are centres of a large coffee trade. Mus- cat has lately risen to eminence as an entrepot for the trade with India & the Persian gulf, itdows or ships of a superior kind are built there, which occasionally perform voyages to India. Jiddah or Djidda, the port of Mecca, is the other principal comuierc. town. Aracax, a Brit. prov. of Further In- dia, presid. Bengal, extending along the E. side of the bay of Bengal, betw. lat. 16° & 22° 30' N., & Ion. 92° & 94° E., having E. the Burmese dom., from which it is separated by a high mntn. range, & N. the Brit. dist. Chittagong. Area estim. at 16,500 sq. m. P. 247,765. Coast swamp3' ; but there are many good har- bors & large isls. Chief rivs. the Aracan, Myoo, Aeng, & Sandoway. Forests very extensive. Chief products, rice, indigo, cotton, timber, salt, oil, buffalo hides & horns, ivory, tobacco, silk, & fruits ; iron, coal, & naphtha are found along the coast. — Aracan, the cap. is situated on a branch of the Kuladyne riv., 50 m. from the baj' of Bengal. — Aracan or Kladyne river, rises in the Burmese dom., k after a course of 200 m., enters the bay of Bengal, 15 ra. N.E. Akyab, navig. for vessels of 250 tons burden. Ahacati, a town of Brazil, on the Jaguaribe, near its mouth in the Atlan- tic. P. 1,600. Aracena, a town of Spain. P. 4,370. Arad (Old), a city of Hungary, on the Maros, 59 m. E.S.E. Szegedin, cap. co., with a citadel, ^tern archipelago f the Asiatic archipel- ago. Length, 18 m.; breadth, 6 m. 00 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [bad Babek, a town of Persia, prov. Fars. Bab-el-Mandeb, a strait uniting the Red sea with the Indian ocean. Babelthuap, the larg. of the Pelew isls., Pacific ocean, 50 in. in circ. Lat. 7° 30' X. ; Ion. 134° 40' E. ^ Babenhavsen, two small towns of Germany. I. in Hesse Darmstadt. P. 1,650. II. in Bavaria, 34 m. S.W. Augs- burg P. 1,700. Babinovitchi, a town of Kussia, gov. Moghilev. Babuyan Isl., Pacific ocean. Babve, a town of British India, presid. Bengal. Babylon, the earliest post-diluvial city, & the oldest in the world of which there are any traces remaining. An- ciently the capital of the Babylonio- Chaldean empire, in an extensive plain on the Euphrates riv., pash. & 60 m. S. BagJad. The modern town Hillah occu- pies a portion of its site. According to Herodotus, the walls of Babylon were 60 m. in circumference, 87 ft. thick, & 350 ft. high, built of brick, & containing 25 gates erf solid brass, & 250 towers. The ruins of Birs-Nimrod on an elev. mount, are supposed to be the tower of Babel of the sacred scriptures, & the temple of Belus minutely described by Herodotus. The base of this tower measures 2,082 ft. in circumf. ; its remains, constructed of the most beautiful brick masonry, are 28 ft. in breadth. Babylonia, the ancient name of a prov- ince in middle Asia, now called Bagdad. The country in ancient times was famed for its fertility, now it is a desolate waste. Bacalar, a seaport vill. of Central America, Yucatan, at the mouth of (he riv. San Josef, 80 ra. N.N.W. Balize. P. 4,000. The San Josef is not navigable by other than small vessels. Baccarat, a town of France, dep. Mcurthe, on the Meurthe. P. 2,794. Bacchiglione, a riv of N. Italy. Bacharach, awalle*! town of Rhenish Prussia, on lower bank of the Rhine. P. 1,900. Bachellerie (La), a town of France, dep. Bordogne. P. 1.446. Bach-Ynys, a small isl. of S. Wales. Backergitnge, a di.'4. of British India, presid. & prov. Bengal. Area, 4,000 sq. m. P. 686,640. Backnang, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Xeckar. P. 3,600. Back's Land, British N. America, region around the Arctic circle. BAcacEviLLE, a town of France, dep. ioinelnf. P. 1,494. Bags, a town of Hungary, on a tribut. of the Danube. P. 2,770. Badagry, a town & port of Upper Guinea, on the Gold Coast. Mt. IJa- dagnj, near it. Badajos, a strongly fortfd. frontier city of Spain, cap. prov. of same name. P. '12,000. Badakhshan, a territory of Central Asia, forming a part of the Koondooz dom., betw. lat. 36° & 38° N., & Ion. 69° «fc73°E. Badalona, a town of Spain, province Barcelona. P. 3,775. Baden (Grand Duchy of), a state of the German Confederation ; cap. Carls- ruhe. Surface mountainous, covered for four-fifths of its extent by the mass of the Schwarzwald {Black Forest). The culm, points are the Feldberg, 4,675 ff.; the Kandel, 4.160 ft.; the Blauen, 3,822 ft. ; the Katzenbuckel, summ. of the Oden- wald, 2,300 feet; the Randen, 2,600 ft. The whole AV. part of the territory is a continuous plain, foi'med by the valley of the Rhine. Principal rivers, the Rhine, the Murg, Kinzig, & Weiscn-3Iayn, Neck- ar, & Danube. The lake of Constance forms part of the S E. frontier, & there are several small lakes in the interior. The climate is very mild in all the valley of the Rhine ; rigorous in the mountain districts, the summits of which are only free from snow during the height of sum- mer. The vine is cultivated at an elev. of 1,400 ft. The soil is in general very fertile, especially in the valleys of the Pfchine & Neckar. Agriculture constitutes the chief wealth of the state, & is con- ducted with more skill than in any other part of Germany. Great attention has been bestowed on improving the breeds of sheep, & cattle are extensivelj- reared. Mineral products comprise salt from springs, alum, vitriol, sulphur, it coal, iron, copper, lead, & a little silver. The duchy is extremely rich in mineral spgs. Gov. exercised by the grand duke, a chamber of peers, & a cliamber consisting of 22 deputies from towns, t an-. cient A celebrated in (Jcnnany. II. Badeiiy a town & coleb. watering place, bag] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 61 grand duchy of Baden. P. 6,000. In summer it is frequented by visitors frum all parts of Europe ; in 1845 these amounted to 32.000, of whom 5,000 were English, & 4,000 French. III. a town & watering place of Switzerland, cant. Aargau, on the Limmat. P. 1,800. Its sulphur baths are frequented chiefly by the Swiss. IV. a town & bathing place of Lower Austria, on the Schwechat. P. 4,000. It has an imp. castle, many rich private mansions, & military baths for 200 men. It has several hospitals & publ. charities, «fc has been frequented annually by 10,000 visitors. The springs are sul- phureous, & vary in temp, from 92'^ to 97° Fahr. In the baths here persons of both sexes, " attired in loose flowing robes, promenade arm-in-arm, as if at a soiree." Pop. 627. I3APEN0CH, highland dist. of Scotland. Badenweiler. a vill. of Baden, circle upp. Rhine. P. 2,050. It has alkaline thermal springs (temp. 81° Fahr.). Badia, two towns of N. Italy. 1. dcleg. Rovigo. P. 3,700. II. deleg. Verona. P. 2,000. Badolato, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. P. 3,000. Badong, the chf. coramercl. state of the isl. Bali, Asiatic archipelago. Area, 100 sq. m. It has a seaport town of same name. Badonviller, a town of France, dep. Meurthe, on the Blette. P. 2,090. Badoor, principal riv. of Beloochistan. Baelegem, a vill. of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders. P. 2.882. Baelen, a town of Belgium, on the Great Neethe. P. 3,039. II. a vill, prov. Liege. P. 1,916. Baena, a town of Spain, prov. Cordova. P. 12 944. Baerijm, a vill. of Norway. Baesrode, a vill. of Belgium, on the Scheldt. P. 2,910. Baeza, a town of Spain, prov. Jaen. P. 10,851. Baeza, a town of S. America, Ecuador, Dn the Coca riv. Baffa. a seaport town of Turkey in Asia, on the i.*l. Cyprus. Baffin Sea, a .sea of N. Amer., betw. Greenland & the lands or isls. N. of llud- Bon bay. It communic. with the Atlantic ocean by Davis strait on the S., & with the Arctic ocean by Lancaster sound & I Barrow strait on the W. Its greate.st as- i certained depth is 6,890 ft., & the tides do not rise more than 10 11. Bafra, a town of Asia- Minor, on the (Lizil-Irmak. Baganga, a seaport town & bay, on the E. coast of the isl. Mindanao (Phi- lippines). Bagaria, a town of Sicily. P. 4,000 Bagdad (Pa.shalic of), an extensive region of Asiatic Turkey, of which it forma the S.E. portion. Length from N.W. to S.E. 550 m. Breadth, 350 m. The Eu- phrates & Tigris flow through the dist. for about 950 m , when both these rivs. unite at Korna. The united riv. now called Shat-al-Arab flows into the Persian gulf. The p. of the pashalic is very mi.xed, consisting of Arabs, Kurds, Turkouuins, Armenians, Turks, Jews. Princip. cities, Bagdad, Bassorah, & Mosul. In this re- gion may be traced the sites of the anc. Babylon, Nineveh, Ctesiphon, &, Seleucia; the memorable field of Arbela, where Alexander finally broke the power of Darius, & many other localities famous in sacred & profane history, are within its limits. Bagdad, a city of Asiatic Turkey, cap. of above pashalic, & formerly of the Sar- acen caliphate, on the Tigris. P. 65,000 (?) It stands on both sides of the riv. its two portions being connected by a bridge of boats ; it is enclosed by a brick & earthen wall, flanked with large towers & is about 5 m. in circumf. Streets nar- row, irregular, & houses in gen. meanly built ; but some fine old structures re- main, comprising the " gate of the Talis- man," a lofty minaret built in 785. the tomb of 2k)beide, wife of the caliph Ila- roun-al-Ras'.hid, the tomb of a Turkish saint of the r2th century. The edifice of its famous college, founded in 1233, now serves for a caravanserai & the custom- house. There are about 100 mosques many of them with lofty domes & mina- rets. The bazaars are large, & abound with most of the goods sold in European mkts. This city, built out of the ruins of Ctesiphon, was founded by Almanzor in 763, & continued to flourif^h under suc- ceeding caliphs, until sacked by Iloolagoo in 1259. Bage, two vills. of France, dep. Ain. Bagenbun Head, a cape of Ireland, CO. We.xford. At this point Earl Strong- bow made his descent on Ireland in 1170. Bagh, or Baugh, a town of Afghanis- tan. Baghtpche-.serai, a town of S Russia, Crimea, Simferopol. P. 14,000. This interesting town is the only one in the Crimea which preserves the characteris- tics of its Tartar origin. Its inhabitants manufacture jKtttery & cutlery in primi- tive simplicity. It has 32 mosques. 02 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY, [bai Baghul, a Sikh state, N.W. Hindostan, under Brit, protec. P. 40,000. Baglf.n, a Dutch residency on the i.«l. of Java, on the S. side. Fertile. P. 300,000. Cap. Poerworedjo. Bagna, a town of Turkey, on the Maritza. Bagn .\cavallo, a town of Italy, Pontif. Lta. P. 3,491. BAGKA.LSTOWN, a town of Irel., Lein- ster, CO. Carlow, on the Barrow. P. 2,225. B.agnara, a seaport town of Kaple.-^, on the gulf of Gioja. P. 2,800. II. a town of the Pontif. sta., leg. Ravenna. Bagxarea., a town of Italy, Pontif. Bta. P. 3,000. Bagnasco, a town of Piedmont, on the Tanaro. P. 1,.500. Bagneres-de- LucHON, a town of France, dep. Garonne. P. 2,415. It has celeb, sulphureous thermal springs. Bagneres-en-Bigorre, a town of France, dep. H. Pj'renees. P. 6,401. There are 20 bathing establishments. Its waters were resorted to by the Romans, & are annunllv visited from May to Oct. by from 5,000'to 6,000 strangers. Bagxes-le-Chable, a vill. of Switzer- land, Valais, on the Dranse. P.of vail. 9,000. Bagnole.s, a vill. of France, dep. Orne. It has hot saline springs. A cold ferruginous springs & baths much frequented. Bagnoli, two towns of Naples. 1. prov. Molise. P. 4,200. II. princip. Ult. P. 4,700. Bagnolo, two towns of N. Italy. 1. cap. dist. P. 2,700. II. a town of Piedmont. P. 5,000. Bagkols, vill. of France, dep. Gard, on a rock near the Ceze. P. 3,803. Bagnols-les-Bains, a vill. of France, with warm baths, dep. Lozere. Bagolino, a vill. of N. Italy. P. 3,650. Bagulcot, a town of British India, presid. Bombay. P. 7,500. (?) Bahadurpoor, two towns of India. • 1, dom. Baroda. II. dom. Gwalior. Bahama-Bakk (Great & Little), are shoals among the W. India isls. Bahama Channel (Gulf of Florida), the narrow sea between the coast of America & the Bahama i.sls., 135 m. long & 76 wide. The currents here are most violent, formed by an inflection of the gulf stream passing at the rate of from 4 to 5 m. an hour. Bahama, a group of nearly 500 isls. & islets (called Keys), in the Atlantic, com- pri.-:ed in the W. Indies. & belonging to Great Britain. United area. 4,400 to 5,450 .sq. m. P. 27,519 (in 1851.). Disc, by Columbus in 1492. Bahar, or Bemar, one of the old Mo- hammedan provs. of India, occupying part of the valley of the Ganges, & trav- ersed by this riv., which divide* it in two nearly equal portions. Area, 52,000 sq. m. P. 12,000,000. Bahar, a town of British India, presid. Bengal. P. 30,000, Bahia, a maritime prov. of Brazil. Length, 400 m . breadth, 150 to 200 m. P. 650,000. Bahia, founded in 1.549 by Thomas de Souza, first Capt. Gen. of Brazil, is one of the most important com- mercial cities in America. Bahia Blanca, an inlet of the At- lantic, on the E. coast of S. Amer., state Buenos Ayres. Many fossil remains have been discovered here. Bahia de Todos-os-Santos, a bay of Brazil, prov. Bahia. It forms one of the best & most extensive harbors in the world. Bahia Honda, a harb. of Cuba, on its N. coast, 60 m. , the prov. of Algeria, & the beylics of Tunis & Tripoli, & the S. region called the Beled-ul-Jerid, or country of dates. Barbary &. Egypt formed nearly all of Africa known to the ancients. It attained great celebrity under the dom. of the Carthaginians; Avas afterw. subject to the Romans, & occui^. for nearly a cent. by the Vandals. The Arabs took it finally from the Romans about b.c. 697. BARBA.STE, a vill. of France, dep. Lol- et-Garonne. P. 1.530. Barbastro, a town of Spain, Aragon, on the Cinoa. P. 6,043. It has a cathe dral, with some paintings of the 16th century, & 3 convents. Barbentakne, a town of France, dep B.-du-Rhune. P. 1,831. BARBERUiO-DI-MuGELLO, a tOWn of Tu--aKWELL, a vill. of England, co. of CLmbridge. P. 6,909. — -II. S.W. dis- tnjt of S. C, contains an area of 1)680 EC?, m. It lies between the Savonnah riv. A the Edi.sto riv. Soil, moderately good. Coll'Sn is the chief i^roduciion. It coni- mtwicates with Savannah by the Savan- nas ri\'. & with Beaufort, & the adjoinmg isls. b}' the Salkahatchie r. There are several sulphur springs in the district, one of which affords water sufficient to propel an ordinary grist mill. Capital, Barnwell C. II. P. 26.608. Earoach, a dist. of British India, presid. Bombay. P 229.527. Baro- ach (probiibly the anc. Baryq^aza), cap. of the above dist , is on the Xcrbudda. Bardda, a city of Ilindostan. P. 100,000. (?) Bards, a town of the Dutch E. Indies, on W. coast of the isl. Sumatra. Barquesimeto, a city of Venezuela, cap. prov. P. 12,000. (?) It was entire- ly destroyed by an earthquake in 1802. Barr, a town of France, dep. Bas- Rhin, at the foot of the Vo.'jge.s. P. 3,585. Barra, an isl. of Scotland, Hebrides. Barra, a town of Naples. P. 5^900. II. a town S.E. Reggio. P. 2,600. Barra, scv. towns of Brazil. Barraconda, a town of Senegambia. BAnRAcKPooR, a seat of the governor- general of Brit. India, presid. & prov. Bengal, on the Hoogly. Here is a fine park 4 m. in circ, & laid out in European style, near which is a large military vil- Inge with cantonments. B A.RRAFRANCA, a towu of Sicily, dist. Piazza. P. 6,600. Barbamahl, a dist. of British India, presid. Madras. Barra Maxsa, a town of Brazil, prov. Rio-de-Janeiro, on the Parahiba. P. 6,000. Barrax, a town of France, dep. Gcrs. P. 1,S21. Bakkan'ca, a town of New Granada, on the Magdalena riv. Barranquill'i is a seaport town at the mouth of same river. Barratakia (Bat of"), an inlet of the gulf of Mexico, 50 m.W.N.W. the mou'h of the Mississippi. It is wide, shallow, & entered by an intricate channel. Previ- ously to 1S14, it was the retreat of La- fitte, the pirate of the gulf. Barrax, a town of Spain, prov. Alba^ cete. P. 2,576. By.KRAUx, a vill. of France, dep. I.*«''re. P. 1..452. Near it is a fort built i::96. Baere, p-t., Worcester CO. Mac-s., it is watered bv Ware river & its branches. P. 2.976.-^ — II. p-t., Orleans co. N. Y. The Erie canal passes through the town ; it contains several villages, the chief of which are Albion & Barre Centre. P. 5,539. III. t., Washington co. Vt. A grazing to^m, watered by Onion riv. P. 1,845. Barreah, a neatly built town of Hin- dostan. Barheges, a vill. k celeb, watering place of France, dep. II. Pyrenees, on the Gave-de-Bastan, 3,240 ft. above the sea. It consists of about 60 houses, most of them temporary' sheds, abandoned during winter on account of the cokKt the danger to which it is exposed from avalanches It is frequented annually by about 1,500 invalids, for the sake of its sulphureous springs, which have a temp, varying from 104° to 122° Fahrenheit. The baths, which for a century have enjoyed the highest reputation, were founded by Louis XV. Barrex Island, one of the Hunter isls. off the N.E. extremity of Tasmania, 1. 15 m. b. 4 ra. II. a volcani ' isl., bay of Bengal, with a cone 1,848 feet in height, frequently in eruption. Barren, co. in the S. part of Kentucky. P. 20,240. Cap. Glasgow. Staple, to- bacco. Distilleries. II. two small riv- ers of Ky. Barretsville, p-v. Lumpkin co. Ga. Barhead, a vill. of Scotl.,00. Renfrew P. 3,492. Bahrioa Negra, a town or vill. Uru- guay, S. America. In its dist. are large brci'ding estates, each stocked with from 60,000 to 200,000 head of cattle. Barrington, p-t., Strafford co. N. II There is a curious cavo in this towi^ bar] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. Y3 called tho Devil's Den, havinpr several chambers, one of which is 60 ft. long ; 15 feet hiixh & 8 ft. wide. P. 1,844. II. p-t., Bristol CO. R. I. P. 549. III. p-t., Yates CO. N. y. P. 1,86S. Baurios (Los), a town of Spain. P. Barrois, an old divis. of France, in Lorraine. Barrow, a river of Ireland, next in importance to tiie Shannon, rises in the Slievebloom mountains, Lcinster,ife after a course of about 90 m., joins the Suir to form the estuary, Watcrford harbor. Barrow (Island), Pacific Ocean, is in lat. 20° 45' S. ; Ion. 139° 3' W. It is email, but well wooded, & affords fresh water. {Rocks), off the S. coast of Arabia,about 50m. N.E.Aden. (Cape), Russian America, is a headland on the Arctic ocean, lat. 71° 23' N. (Strait), the passage from Baffin bay westward into Prince Regent inlet, lat. 74° N. Barrowford, a town.ship of England, CO. Lancaster. P. 2,630. Barry, county in the W.part of Mich- igan ; it is drained chiefly by Thorn Ap- ple riv. P. 5,072. Cap. Hastings. Com- mon grain produced. II. co. Missouri in the S.W. part of the state ; the soil is generally good. P. 3,467. Indian corn, wheat & cotton. Barry, p-t., Schuylkill co. Penn. P. 639. Barryton, cap. "Washington co. Ala. Barsac, a town of France, dep. Gi- ronde, on the Garonne. P. 1,701. Its vicinity produces the fine white Bordeaux wine. Barsch, a town of Hungary, co. Pesth. Barsoe, a small isl. & vill. of Den- i mark, in the Little Belt. Bar-.sur-Aube, an anc. town of France, dep. Aube. P. 4,134. This little town, the environs of which are picturesque, was the scene of two battles betw. Napo- leon & the allies in 1814, in consequence of which it was nearly destroyed. Bar-sur-Ornain, a town of France. Bar-sur-Seine, a town of France, dep. Aube, on the Seine. P. 2,162. This was an important town in the middle ages, & often ruined during the wars of Burgundy. It was the scene of a severe engagement betw. Napoleon & the allies, 25th May, 1814. Bart, p-t., Lancaster co. Penn. P. 1,859. Bartax, a t. of Asia- Minor, Anatolia. Barten, atownof E. Prus.sia. P. 1,600. Bartenheim, a vill. of France, dep. U. Rhin. P. 1,865. Bartenstein, a town of E. Prussia, on the Alle. P. 3,700. II. a vill. of Wurtemberg. P. 1,100 ; ct a castle, the residence of the princes of ilohcnlohe- Bartcnstein. Bartka, a town of N. Hungary, on the Tcpla. P. 4,(558. Its hot baths arc the best frequented in Hungary. Barth, a seaport town of Prus. Pome- rania. P. 4,643. BARTriK-Di:-Ni:sTE (La), a vill. of France, dep. II. Pyrenees. BARTIIELE^fY (St.), several comms.. towns, & vills. of France. 1, a coinm & town, dep. Lot-et-Garonne. P. 1,422 II. a comm. & vill. dep. Maine-et- Loire. P. 1,074. Bartholomew (St.), an iisl, in the W. Indies, ATTicE, a town ofBeloriuni. P. 4,2S0, Battle, a tovvn& pa. ofEnj^l., co. Sus- se.v. Tlic town, enclosed on three siiles by wooded hills, consists mostly of a single street, A m. in length, terminated by the fine gateway of its old abbey. In its church are numerous antique monuments & devices. It derives its present name frotn the great battle (usually called the battle of lliistings), fought on the heath butw. it it Epiton, Oct. 14, lOtiG, by which theSa.xon dynasty in England was finally overthrown by the Normans, under Wil- liam the Conqueror. Battle Abbey, foundcil by William on the locality where Harold's banner had been planted, was of great e.ttent, as is attested by its remains. On a part of its site stands the mansion of the Web.>iter.s, lords of the manor. Battleboro', p-v., Edgecombe CO. X.C. Battle Bridge, a suburb of London. Battle Field, a pa. of England, co. Salop. It derived its name from the great victory gained here in 1403 by the troops of Henry IV. & the Prince of Wales over those of the Earl of Northumberland, whose son. Hotspur, was killed in the battle, & his ally, the Earl of Douglas, taken prisoner. Battle - Creek, p-v., Calhoun co. Mich. P. 993. II. branch of Kal- mazoo riv. Batu, a volcanic isl. of the Malay archipelago. Area, 400 sq. m. II. (Jj. Bai u), a town on the E. coast Su- matra. Batum, a town & seaport of Russia, on the Black sea. Its harbor is toler- ably good. Baturin, a town of Little Russia. P. 9,000. It was the residence of the Ilet- man of the Ukraine Cossacks, from 1699 to 1708. B ATURSKA-woLA, a large vill. of Austr. Poland. P. 2,300. Batz, a vill. of France, dep. Loiro-Inf. P. 1,286. Bauco, a town of Italy, Pontif. states. P. 3,000. Baud, a town of France, dep. Morbihan. P. 1,032. Baudmannsdorf, a vill. of Prussia. Bauerwitz, a town of Pruss. Silesia. P. 2,300. Baug, a town of Hindostan, Holkar's dom. Near it remarkable cave-temples. Bauge, a town of France, dep. Mainc- et-Loire. P. 3,107. The English, under the D. of Clarence, were defeated here in 1421. Baugiiman, town, Wayne co. O. ; drained by Newman's cr, P. 1,741. Baule, a vill. of France, dep. Loiret. P. 2,095. Bailkafi, a populous coinmerc. town of British India, presid. Bengal. Baulon, a town of France, dep. Ille- et-Vilaine. P. 1,416. Bauma, a vill. of Switzerland. P. 1,.550. Baume (St.), a mntn. in the S.E. of France, dep. Var. Height 2,8.50 ft. Baumes-les-Dames, a town of France, dep. Doubs. P. 2,211, with rich quarries of gypsum. Baumgarten, a vill. of Pruss. Silesia. P. 1,250. II. a vill. of Austria, near Vienna, with a castle of the Prince Es- terhazy — & many other vills. in (Jerm'y. Baumholder, a town of llhen. Prussia. P. 1,370. Baunach, a town of Bavaria. P. 1,000. In its vicinity is the grotto of the Mag- dalene, freq. as a place of pilgrimage. Baune, a vill. of France, dep. Maine- et-Loire. P. 1,197. Baunei, a vill. of Sardinia. P. 1,4G0. Bauntwah, a town of British India, Gujerat peninsula. Baupettah, a town of British India, presid. Madras. Bauskea, a small town of Russia. Baussaixe (La), a vill. of France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine. P. 1,223. Bautsch, a town of INIoravia. P. 2,669. Bautzen, a town of Sa.xony. P. 8,676. It has a cathed. common to Rom. Catho- lics & Pi'otestants, a gymnasium, 2 pub- lic libraries, & manufs. of woollen, Imen, leather. en- Cassel, Saxe-Moningen, A CoburgGotha, the princip. of Reuss, & the kngdm. of Sa.xony ; E. by Bohemia A Austria ; S. by the Tyrol; & W. by Wiirtemberg, Baden, & Hcssen Darmstadt. The W.- 18 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [bat emmost, forming Rhenish Bavaria, or the Palatinate, the original possession of the reigning family, is situated on the W. side of the Rhine. Area. 29,637 ?q. m. P. 4,504,374. The E. part of the terr. lies betw. the Alps & the mntns. of Central Germany. All the N. part of the princip. terr. is drained by the Main. Rhenish Bavaria belongs e.xclusively to the basin of the Rhine ; it is watered by the Lauter, the Queioh, & the Nahe. A small portion of the lake of Constance belongs to Bavaria; its other principal lakes are the Aramer-See, the Wiirni-See, & the Chiem-See, formed by the riv. Alz. The country is in general elevated & mntns.; the Alps, on the S., have, in the Zugspitz, an elev. of 10,150 ft. The highest points of the Bijhmerwald, are Arber, 4,613 ft., & Rachelberg, 4,561 ft. The X.-most chain of Bavaria is the Rhongebirgc, culm, point the Kreuzberg, 3,000 ft. iu elev. In Rhenish Bavaria the chief mntn. is the llardt, the culmin. point of which, the Donnersberg, is 2,300 ft. in elevation. The soil is one of the most fertile in central Europe ; the mntns. yield excellent pasturage, & are covered with vast forests of valuable timber. Grain is cultiv. to an elev. of 3,280 ft.; forests reach to 5,300 ft.; & grazing extends to 8,500 ft., or the line of perpetual snow, which occurs only on the higher Alps. The wealth of the country consists almost entirely in its agricultural jtroduce. Salt, coal, & iron, are the principal products. ManuCg. in- dustry is but little developed in this country. Its principal branch is the brewing of beer, which is much esteemed, 6 carried on to a vast extent, there being upwards of 5.600 breweries in the kngdm. Linen weaving is carried on to a consid. extent. Bavaria is a kingdom, & its form of government is a constitutional monarchy. The throne is hereditary in the male line. The executive power be- longs to the king ; the ministers & all functionaries arc responsible. The legis- lative functions are exercised concui'- rently by the king & the two chambers of the national states, but the royal pre- rogative is very extensive. The kngdm. possesses 3 universities, 2 of which (Miin- chen & Wlirzburg) are Catholic, &, 1 (Erlangen) Protestant. In 1847 the univ. of Miinchen had 76 professors, & 1,471 studnnts, of whom 125 were foreigners ; in 1846-7, Wurzburg had 521 students, 72 of whom were foreigners; &, Erlangen had, at same diite, 364 students, of whom 7 were foreigners. The regular army of Bavaria consists during peace of 20,500^ & in time of war of 56,269 men. The country is divided into eight districts styled circ/es, viz. Upp. Bav;iria ; Lower Bavaria; L'pper Palatinate ^ [bei the mountainous regions the riches con- gist in fine forests head-quarters of a bel] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 85 div. of the Madras army. It has a square fort on a rocky height; below vvhicli is the town, with a good bazaar. II. a decayed town, presid. Bengal. It was formerly extensive, & near it are some fine Hindoo temples. Bellas, a town of Portugal, prov. Es- tremadura, on the Ancelva, with mine- ral baths, & a fine castle. P. 4,000. Belle Alliance (La), a hamlet of Belgium, prov. Brabant, 2 m. S. Mont St. Jean. It was the centre of opera- tions in the field of Waterloo. & the place where Napoleon commanded the battle called by the Prussians the Battle of La Belle Alliance, 18th June, 1815. Belle-fontaine, p-v., & cap. of Logan CO. 0. It has a court house & jail ; a weekly newspaper is published here. II. V. St. Louis, Mo., on the S. bank of Missouri riv. Bellefonte, cap. Centre co. Penn. situated on Spring cr. It has an exten- sive iron trade. P. 1,032. II. p-v., cap. Jackson co. Ala., on Paint Rock riv. Bellegarde, a hamlet of France, dep. E. Pyrenees, on the Spanish frontier, with an important citadel built by Louis XIV. II. {Pont de) dep. Ain, arr. Nantua, •with a custom house. Near it is the celeb. Perte du Rhone. III. dep. Gard. P. 1,726. Belleghem, a town of Belgium, prov. E.Flanders. P. 3,182. Belleisle, an isl. of British N. Amer., in the Atlantic ocean, at the entrance of the strait of same name, betw. Labrador & the N. extremity of Newfoundland. Wheat is said to ripen well on it, & it yields potatoes & other vegetables. Belleisle-en-Mer, an isl. of France, in the Atlantic, 8 m. S. Quiberon Point. Length, about 11 m. ; greatest breadth, 6 m. P. 9,391. The isl. is noted for its excellent wheat, & its fine breed of draught horses. It is nearly surrounded by rocks, & has a good anchorage, & several small ports. The isl. forms a canton. It was taken by the English in 1761, & held by them till 1763. • Belleisle- en- Ter re is a small town, dep. Cutes- du-Nord, cap. cant.. 10 m. W. Guingarap. P. 1,378. Bellem, a vill. of Belgium, prov. E. Flinders. P. 1,630. Belleme, a town of France, dep. Ome. P. 3,241. It has manufs. of coarse linen & cottons. Bellerica, t., Washington co. Mis- souri. Belle, r., a br. of the St. Clair, 50 m. 1. Belleview, t., Washington co. Mo. P. 173. Belleville, p-v., Essex co.N. J., situ- ated on W. side of Passaic riv.; it abounds with fine mill streams. P. 2,466. II. Belleville, p-v., cap. St. Clair co. 111., a flourishing village. P. 700. -III. v. cap. Desha co. Ark., on S. side Arkansas riv. IV. a vill. of France, dep. Seine, forming a suburb of Paris, & enclosed by new fortifications. P. 24,235. Cap. of Hastings co. Upper Canada, on the bay of Quinte, 110 m. E. of Toronto. P. 4,569. Bellevue, p-t., Eaton co. Mich. P. 529. Belley, a town of France, dep. Ain, near the Rhone. P. 3,666. In its vicin- ity are the best lithog. stones in France. It has manufs. of muslin.s, & trade in Gruyere cheese. Belley serve! as a place of arms to Civsar against the Allo- brogcs. Alaric burned it in 390 ; pos- sessed in the middle ages by the Dukes of Savoy, it was ceded to France in 1601. Bellie, a marit. pa. of Scotl., on the Spey. P. 2,434. Bellingham, a town of England, co. Northumberland. II. Bellingham, p-t., Norfolk CO. Mass., watered by Charles r. P. 1,055. Bellingshausen IsLANDjSocietyisls., Pacific ocean. Bellingwolde, a frontier vill. Neth- erlands. P. 2,784. Bellinzona, a town of Switzerland. P. 1,520. Bellou, two comms. &> vills. France, dep. Ome. Bellovar, a town & post-station of Croatia. P. 2,800. Bellow's Falls, Windham co. Vt, at the falls in the Connecticut. The river above which is about 350 ft. wide, is here compressed into a channel of 16 feet, & descends by successive pitches in a half mile. A canal has been cut in the rock around these falls. Bell-Rock, or Inch-Cape, a reef of rocks in the German ocean, off the E coast of Scotland. Bell Town, the cap. of a self-styled regal chief of Guinea, on the Cameroons riv., near its estuary. It is large, & regu- larly built, consisting of neat bamboo houses. Merchant vessels may lie in the river quite close to the town. Belluno, a city of N. Italy. P. 9,700. It is end. by old walls ; it has a fine aqueduct, a cathedral designed by Pal- ladio, a rich hospital, diocesan & high schools. The title of Duke of Belluno was conferred by Napoleon on Marshal Victor. d6 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAHHY. [ben Bellye, a vill. of S. Hungary, with a castle, CO. Baranya. P. 1,075. Belmont, county, 0., on the Ohio riv., is hilly it broken. It is an agricultural county & has two weekly newspapers. P. 34,600. Cap. St.Clairsville. IE. p-v., Waldo CO. Me. P. 1,378. III. t., Franklin co. N. Y. -IV. Belmont, a town of France, dcp. Loire. Also several small cantons & vills. Belmonte, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. P. 2.914. II. a town of Spain, prov. Cuenca. P. 2,G94. This is the name of many small towns in Italy & Portugal. III. a river of Brazil, prov. Bahia, formed by the union of two riv- er.*!, which rise in the Sierra Frio. Belobanya, a royal free t. of Hun- gary, co. Honth. P. 1,740. Bel(eil, a town of Belgium, prov. Tournai. P. 2,267. Extcns. breweries. Beloit, Rock CO. Wisconsin. Beloochistax, an extensive country of Southern Asia, forming the S.E. part of the old dom. of Persia, & extending on the S. for 600 m. along the shores of the Indian ocean. Area, 160,000 sq. m., & p. 430,000. It is subdiv. into the 6 provs.of Kelat, Sarawan, Cutch-Gundava. Jhalawan, Lus, & Mekran. Nearly the whole country is mountainous. Its mntns. in the E. are connected with those of South Afghanistan, & rise to considerable elevation ; the Bolan pass, & even the bottom of some valleys are upwards of 5,700 feet in height, & the cap. Kelat is 6,000 ft. above the sea. In the N., the peak of Takkatoo is considered to have an elev. of 11,000 ft. The rivs. are very insignificant, except after heavy rains ; the largest, the Dustee, though supposed to have a course of 1,000 m., has been found at its mouth only 20 inches deep, & 20 yards in width. In the low & wa- tered plains of Cutch-Gundava & Lus, rice & sugar-cane, with cotton, indigo, & tobacco are raised ; in other parts wheat, barley, madder, s, elev., 4,368 ft. Circumf. at base, 24 m. On its N.E. side it terminates by a precipice 1,500 ft. in height. II. y mountain of Tasmania (Van l)iemeu's Land). Height, 3,910 ft. Bennington, co. of Vermont, in the S.W. corner of the state. Maple sugar, to the amount of near 200,000 lbs. is manufactured. P. 18,589; the caps, are Bennington & Manchester. II. p-v., semi-cap. of Bennington co. Vermont. In this place the Briti^-^h were defeated by Genl. Stark in August, 1777. One week- ly newspaper. P. 3,923. III. p-t., Wyoming co. N. Y. Soil fertile. P. 2,368. IV. t., Shiawassee co. Mich. Bennisch. a town of Austrian Silesia. P. 2,686. Bennshausen, a vill. of Prussi<»n Sax- ony. Erfiirt, cir. Schleusingen, with iron forges. P. 1,775. Benoit (St.), a town of the Island Bourbon. P. 11,376. Benoit (St.), several comms. & vills. of France. 1, de Lcijssieu, dep. Ain, Belley. P. 1,221. II. dii Sautt, utown, dep. indre. P. 1,243. III. Sur Loire, arrond. Gien. P. 1,540. Benoob. Omphis, a vill. of Lower Egypt, on the E. arm of the Xile. Benowm, a town of Soudan, near the border of Senegambia,& a principal cara- van station on the route from the Senegal to Titnbuctoo. Beusalen, t. Bucks co. Pa. P. 1,731. Bensheim, an old fortfd. town of II.- Darmstadt, on the Bergstrasse. P. 4,000. Benson, p-t., Rutland co. Vt. on Lake Champlain. P. 1,703. Bentheim, a town of Hanover, on the Dutch frontier. P. 1,972. It is the seat of royal & manorial courts ; & has manu- factures of linen cloths & parchment, with stone quarries, & sulphur baths. Bentinck I.SLAND, a low, wooded isl. in the gulf of Carpentaria, 10 m. from the mainland of North Australia. Lat. 17° S.; Ion. 139° 40' E. Benton, count}', Alabama, is watered by a branch of Coosa r. & by Tallapoosa r. P. 17,163. II. county, Tenn. W. part of the state on the Tenn. river. P. 6,315. III. county, Mo. in the S.W. part of the state. P. 5,015. Cap. War- saw. IV. CO. Ark. in the S.W. part of the state, drained by White rivor &, head branches of Illinois. P. 3,710 Cap. Bentonville. Y. co. Florida. P. 926. VI. CO. Iowa. P. 672. VII. co. Indiana. P. 1,144. VIII. co. Oregon terr. P. 814. IX. co. Minnesota terr. P. 418. X. p-t., Yates co. N. Y. It has considerable water power & some manufactories. P. 3,911. XI. p-v., Lumpkin co. Ga. XII. t. Hocking co. 0. XIII. cap. Scott CO. Mo. XIV. cap. Yazoo co. Miss. XV. six towns in Mo. Bentonville, cap. of Polk co. Tenn. Ben-Wyvis, a mountain of Scotland, CO. Ross, height, 2,720 feet. Benzerta (Lakes of), N. Africa, dom. Tunis. The N. & larger, 5.\ m. in length, & salt ; & the smaller, 3j m. in length, turbid & fresh. They are the principal sources whence Tunis is supplied with fish, & are let at an annual rent of nearly 4,000/. Beodra, a town & post sta. of Hungary, Banat, Temeswar. P. 3,120. Bequia, the most N. of the Grenadines, West India isls. Berat, a town of European Turkey, Albania, on rt. b. of the Ergent, here crossed by a bridge of 8 arches. P. 10,000. It consists of an upper town or citadel, containing the vizier's palace, several Greek churches, & 250 houses ; & the lower town, mostly inhabited by Turks, with numerous mosques, & a good bazaar. Beraun, a town of Bohemia, on the Beraun river. P. 2,200. Berbera, a seaport station, E. Africa, Sotnauli, on a deep bay of the gulf of Aden. A large annual fair is held here from October to April, at which from 10,000 to 20,000 persons assemble. Berbice, the most W. district of Brit- ish Guiana, extending along the coast, & up the Berbice river. P. 22,370, of whom 670 are whites. Principal prod., sugar, coflFee, & cotton. Berchem, a town of Belgium, on the Scheldt. P. 2,342. II. a vill., prov. Antwerp. P. 2,729. III. a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant. P. 1,841. Perching, a small town of Bavaria. P. 1,354. Berchte.^gaden, a town of Bavaria, circ. Upper Bavaria, with 1,800 inhaK^. In the royal salt mines in its vicinity 200 miners are employed, &, the annual pro- duce is 16,000 cwt. of rock salt. Berck-Sur-Mer, a vill. of France, dep. Pas de Calais, on the English chan- nel. P. 2,100. 90 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [ber Bercy, a vill. of France, on rt. b. of the Seine. P. 8,641. It is an entrepOt of article.-' for con.sumptiou iu Paris, espe- cially wine & brand}'. Berea, p-v., Ca^'uga co. 0. A manual labor seminary here. Beregh, a county of Upper Hungary, this .«i(le the Theiss. P. 121,500. Chf. towns, Bereghszasz &, Munkacs. -11. a town in above co. P. 1,750. Beueghszasz, a town of E. Hungary, CO. Beregh. P. 3,560. Ijereguardo, a vill. of Lombardy. Berenice, a ruined city of Egypt, on a bay in the Red sea. It has the remains of a temple of Serapis. Bereny (Jaz), a town of Hungary, on the Zagyva. Beresina, a river of Russia, gov. Minsk. Length, 200 m. It is connected with the Diina by a canal, which thus establishes a communication between the Baltic & Black seas. This river is mem- orable for the di.^astrous passage of the French army during Napoleon's retreat from Moscow in 1812. Berezna, a town of Russia, on the Desna. P. 5,500. Berezov, a town of Siberia, gov. To- bolsk, on 1. b. of the Sosva. It is impor- tant as the sole trading station throughout a wide extent of country. II. a gold- mining village of Asiatic Russia, gov. Perm. Berga, a town of Spain, prov. Barce- lona. P. 6,333. Ber GAM A, a ruined city of Asia -Minor, Anatolia. It has extensive remains of a palace, an amphitheatre, triumphal arches, & bridges. Bergamo, a city of Lombardy. P. 30,504. It is one of the most picturesque cities in N. Italy. It has a college, athena?um. academy of the fine arts, a public library, a military asylum, with exten-sive manufs. of silk, woollen, cotton, & linen fabrics, silk twist, & iron goods. The largest fair in N. Italy is held here annually in August, the aggregate sales at which sometimes amount to 1.200,000/. Bergantino, a town of N. Italy. P. 3,000. Bergedorf, a town of N. Germany, Delonging jointly to Hamburg & Llibeck. P. 2,151. Bergen, a city and seaport of Norway, cap. prov., on a penins. at the end of a deep bay, on the Atlantic. P. 25,611. It i.s well-built & picturesijuc : it rises in the form of an am[)hithoatre, & has a cathedral, several other churche.-^, hos- pitals, charitable institution, a thoatrO; national museum, diocesan college, n.ival academy, & other schools, & 5 public libraries. It is the station of a naval squadron. Its harbor, deep &, shel- tered, but rocky, is defended by several forts ; which, with the town-wall.«, mount about 100 guns. Manufs. of earthenware, tobacco, f a Roman amphitheatre, a public library, & inanufs.of .«ilk. hosiery, dimity, parchment, gloves, verdigri^■, & confec- tionery, with tanneries, & extensive brandy distilleries ; other cotton goods are woven here, to the estimated annual value of al)out 52,000/. It is also an en- trepot for European & Indian goods. Bheer, a town of India, Dcccan. Bhind, a town of Hindostan, dom. Gwalior. Bhirjan, one of the most E. towns of the Persian dom. in the desert. It com- prises from 4,000 to 5,000 brick houses, several caravanserais, mosques small river, forming pa^t 5 of the boundary between France uth, in the gulf of Bothnia. P. 4,567. It has some ship-building, & an export trade in tim- ber, pitch, tar, & fish. BiOT, a vill. of France, dep. Yar. P. 1,267. Bir, Turkish, a walled town of Asiatic Turkey, on the Euphrates. It has from 1,800 to 2,000 houses. Birbeck-Fells, a dist. of England, co. Westmoreland. BiRBHOOM, a dist. Bi-itish India, pre- sid. Bengal. P. 1,580.600. Coal & iron mines are wrought in this dist. BiRCHiNGTON, a scaport vill. of Engl., and a member of the cinque port of Dover, co. Kent, Isle of Thanct. Bird Island, one of the Sandwich Islands, North Pacific ocean. II. one of tlie Low IsIj^ Pacific, near the middle of the group. Bird Islands, South Africa, are in Algoa bay. Birdsall, p-t., Alleghany co. N. Y., on Black creek. BiRiouTCHE, a to'ivn of Russia, on 1. b. oftheSosna. P. 5,451. BiRKENFELD, a principality of W. Germany, belonging to Oldenburg. Area, 143 sq. m. P. 28.669. Surface moun- tainous &, well-wooded. Princip. riv. the Nahe, an afil. of the Pihine. Chf. pro- ducts, cattle, iron, flax, hemp, & oil seeds. BiRKENFELD, a town of Germany, near the Nahe. P. with vill. of Eckweiler, 2,385. Birkenhead, a town & tnshp. of Eng- land, CO. Chester, on the estuary of the Mersey. P. 20,000. It has" wholly risen up since the formation of ship-build- ing docks in 1824. Birket, the name o( several lakes & places in Egypt. 100 CYCLOPAEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [bis Birk-Fell, a mntn. of England, co, Cumberland. Birmingham, oneof iLe j>rincipal man- ufacturing towns of Englanil, near its centre, co. AVarwick. P. 162,922. The town, on the river Ren, occu]>ies the decliv- ity of three uii'lulating hills. Its lower part con.si.st.s of unprcpoi.sossiiig streets, old house.s,io co. N. Y. A growing vill. IV. a manufac. vill., New Haven co. Conn. V. p-v., Oak- Land CO. Mich., on one of the head br. of the Rouge. BinNAM, a mntn. of Scotland, co. Perth. It was anciently include! in a royal forest, which Shakspcare has immortal- ized as '• Birnam Wood," in his tragedy of Macbeth. BiRNBAUM, a town of Prdss. Poland, on the Warta. P. 2,(537. BiRNKE (Old), a large town of Central Africa, Bornou, on the Yeou. P. 10.000. BiRON, a town of France, dep. Dor- dogne. P. 1,124. Birr, a vill. of Switzerland. Birr, a town of Ireland, co. Leinster. P. 6,336. Birresborn, a ham. of Rhenish Prus- sia. Well-frequented min. springs ; near it is the acidulated spring of Brudeldreis. BiRSK, an anc. town of Russia, gov. Orenburg, on the Bielaia. P. 3,500. BiRTLE, a tnship. of England, co. Lan- caster, p. 1,753. BiRZE, a town of Russia, gov. Yilna. BisAcciA, a town of Kaples, prov. princip. Ult. P. 5,700. BisACQUiNO, a t. of Sicily, with an ex- tensive trade in grain, oil, it lint. P. 8,000. BisAGXO, a fertile & highly cultivated district in the vicinity of Genoa. BisANO, an island, Asiatic archipel- ago, off the N.E. extremity of Celebe' Circum. 20 m. Bi.?cHOF-TEiN"iTz, a towD of Bohcmia. P. 2,200. BiscHwiLLER, a town of France, dep. Bas-Khin, on the Moder. P. 6,242. Manufs. of coarse woollen & linen cloths, gloves, & earthenwares. BisEXTi, a town of Naples, prov. Ab- ruzzo Ult. P. 2,500. BisENZ, a town of Moravia. P. 2,650. Bishop & Clerks, two groups of rocky islets. 1, in St George's channel, off the coast of Pembrokeshire. II. in the Pacific ocean, S.W. of New Zealand. Bishop's Castle, a town of England, CO. Salop. Bishop's Stortford, a town of Eng., CO. Hertford, on the E. co. railw. P. 4,681. BisBAL (La), a town of Spain, prov Gerona. P. 3,110. BiscARA, a town of Algeria, cap. dist. Zaab, S. of Mt. Atlas. Occupied by the French since 1844. BiscARi, a town of Sicily, on the Dirillo. P. 2,700. BiscARROssE, a vill. of France, dep. Landes. P. 1,551. Bi.scAY, a prov. of N. Spain, one of the 3 Basque provs. Area, 1,200 sq. m. P. 111,433. Cap. Bilbao. Biscay, a town of Now Mexico. Biscay (Bay of), a vast bay or gulf flivj UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 101 formed by the Atlantic, v., Lenaweed co. Mich., on the riv. Asin. P. 778. Block I.sland, Newport co. R. I., lies in the Atlantic ocean, 14 m. from Point Judith. It is 80 m. lung, iSi. from 2 to 4 m. broad. Soil gravelly loam ; it has no harbor. Population chiefly employed in fishing. Blockley, town, Philadelphia co. Penn. ; watered by Mill A Cobb crs. Here is a county almshouse ; ?omo manufs. of woollen it cotton, with dying & printing establishments. P. 3,318. Bloemendaal, two vills. of the Neth- erlands; one in S. Holl.and, the other in N. Holland; with 1,500 inhalis. Blois, an anc city of France, cap. dep. Loir-et-Cher, on both sides of the Loire, & on the railw. from Orleans to Tours. P. 13,132. Blois is situated on a steep boa] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 105 slope, crowned by its ancient castle. The most remarkable edifices arc the Hotel de Ville, episeop. palnce, old castlo of the counts of Bloi<, where Louis XII. was born, in which the States-General of 1576 & 1588 were held, & Avhere the Due dc Guise was assassinated. There is here an anc. aqueduct cut in the rock by the Romans. The magnificent dykes for the protection of the valleys from the en- croachments of the Loire, one of the most remarkable works of the kind in Europe, commence at Blois. Blokulla, a small rocky isl. in the Baltic, between Oeland & the mainland of Sweden. Blokzyl, a marit. town of the Nether- land<, prov. Ovcryssel, on the E. coast of the Zuiderzee. P. 1,666. Blomberg, a vill.of Central Germany, Lippe-Detraold. P. 1,960. Blonie, a town of Poland. P. 1,000. Blood\-Fareland, a promontory of Ireland, on its X.W. coast. Bloom, p-t., Seneca co. 0., on Honey cr. P. 1,163. II. t., Columbia co. Penn., watered by Susquehanna riv. & Fishing cr. P. 1,774. III. t., Morgan CO. 0., on the Muskingum riv. 3 saw mills & 7 schools. P. 1,388. IV. t., Sciota CO. 0. P. 913. V. t., Fairfield CO. 0. P. 2,301. VI. t.. Wood co. 0. Bloomfield, p-t., Somerset co. Me., on the Kennebec riv. P. 1,093. II. t., Hartford co. Conn., drained by Wood r. P. 936. III. p-t., Essex co. X. J., manufacs. of woollen, cotton & paper. P. 2,523. IV. v.. Perry co. Penn. 1 acad. V. p-t., Knox co. 0. P. 1,251. VI. t.. La Grange co. la. VII. cap. Greene co. la. P. 700. VIII. p-v., cap. Stoddard co. Va., contains a court house. IX. Oakland co. Mich., on N. br. of Rouge r. X. t., Trumbull CO. 0. XI. t., Richmond co. 0. XII. t., Logan co. 0. XIII. t., Jack- son CO. 0. Bloomingburg, p-v., Sullivan co. N. Y., a pleasant vill. Blooming Grove, p-t., Orange co. N. Y. Scunnemunk mt., a part of the highlands, is in this town. Soil produc- tive. P. 2,369. Bloomingtox, p-v., cap. Monroe co. la. The Indiana University is located here. P. 879. II. M'Lean co. 111., situated on the margin of a fine prairie. III. p-v., cap. 5luscatine, Iowa, on the W. bank of the Missi.ssippi. P. 200. IV. cap. ]Macon co. Mo., near Charl- ton r. V. Buchanan co. Mo. Blossbuhg, p-v., Tioga co. Penn. In 5* its vicinity is the celebratbJ Blossburg bituminous coal mine. Blotzheim, a vill. of France, dep Ilaut-Rhin. P. 2,230. Blount, countj-, Ala., in the N. part of the state, on the head- waters of the Black- warrior river. 1,650 sq. m. P. 7,367. Ciif. Blountsville. II. couniy, Tenn., in the E. part of the state border- ing on N. C. P. 12,382. Cap. Marys vilie. Blountsville, cap. of Blount co. Ala. II. cap. Sullivan co. Tenn. Bludenz, a town of the Tyrol, circ. Vorarlbcrg. P. 1,865. Bludowitz, 3 contig. vills. of Austr. Silesia. Bluefields, a riv. & town of the Mo.s- quito territory, Ccntr. America, the riv. entering an inlet of the Carribean sea. At its mouth is the town on a command- ing height, with a good harb., & the mod- ern residence of the king of the Mos- quito country. Blue Hill, p-t., Hancock co. Me. The village is on a bay. P. 1,891. Blue Mountain, t., Izard co. Ark. Blue Mountains, a range in E. Aus- tralia, New South Wales. Blue Ridge, or south mountains east- ern range of the Alleghany, a branch from the main range in N. C. Most ele- vated summits are in Bedford co. Va. Blue River, Hancock co. la. P. 731. II. t. Ilarrisson co. la. P. 1,429. Blue Rock, pt., Muskingum co. 0., on both sides of Muskingum r. Manufacs. of salt. P. 1,183. Blue-Stack Mountain, Ireland, co Donegal, elevation 2,213 feet. Blue Sulphur Springs, Green Briar CO. Va., a popular watering pi. situated in a valley with mountains on 3 sides. Scenery wild & picturesque. Bluffton, p-v., cap. Wells co. la. Blumenstein, a vill. of Switzerl., cant. Bern, with min. sj^riugs & well-fre- quented baths. Blumenthal, a vill. of Hanover, duchy Bremen, near the Weser. Also other vills. in Germany. Blythe, t., Marion co. Ark. II. t., Caldwell co. Mo. III. several small rivers of England. 1. co. Suffolk. 2. CO. Northumberland. 3. co. Warwick. Bnin, a to\vn of Prussian Poland, prov. Posen, circ. Schrimm. P. 1,210. Boa Island, in Ireland, co. Ferma- nagh, is the largest island in Lough Erne. Boad, a large vill. of British India, 106 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [b(B presid. Bengal, prov. Orissa, on the Maba- nuilily. BoARDMAN, p-t., Trumbull co. 0., watered by Mill, Indian & Yellow crs. Soil fertile. P. 929. BoAvisTA, or BoNAvisTA, an island of Africa, the most E., & ne.xt to Santi- ago, the largest of the CapQ Verd isl- ands. It is of a pentagonal form, & about 20 m. in length. The surface is flat, with two basaltic peaks in the cen- tre; soil suitable for the production of cotton & the cocoa-tree, but cultivation is neglected, the pop. being chiefly occu- pied in the manuf. of salt, which forms the principal source of wealth. BosBio, a town of the Sardinian states, div. Genoa, cap. prov., on the Trebbia. P. with comm. 3,743. BoBER, a river of Prussian Silesia, a branch of the Oder, 115 m. in length. BoBERSBERG, a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg. P. 1,460. BoBiA, a small island of Africa, in the bay of Amboises, off" the coast of Guinea. It is the rems. of a once large isl., & con- tinues to decrease by action of the waves. Shores abrupt . Cliica), the Channel, 28 m. below, & leading to the port of Cartagena, New Granada. II. {de Narios), the S. & largest mouth of the Orinoco river, S. America. III. (Grayide), a bay of the Carib. Sea, Central America, Costa- Rica, at the mouth of the Ziicar river. IV. {del Toro), Carib. Sea, Costa Rica. Boca Tigri.s, or the "Bogue," the entrance to the Canton river, China. All the estuary of the riv. S.-ward of this is called the " Outer AVaters." BocAiRENT, a town of Spain, prov. Alicante. P. 4,070. Bocca-di-Falco, a vill. of Sicily, prov. Palermo, with a rich botanic gar- den. P. 4,000. BoccHETTA (Mt.), One of the W. Ap- ennines, traversed by the road from Ge- noa to Novi. The summit of the pass is 2,556 feet above the level of t!ie sea. Bocchigliero, a town of Xaples. P. 2,200. BocHNiA, a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia, cap. circ. P. 5,300. It haa mines of rock salt, which employ 500 miners, & yield annually 250,000 cwt. of salt. P. of circ. 178,760. BocHOLD, a town of Prussian West- phalia, circ. Borken, on the Aa. P. 4,271. II. a vill. of Belg., Limbourg. BocHUM, a town of Prussian West- phalia, cap. circ. P. 4,290. It is the seat of a mining court. BocKAU, a town of Saxony, circ. Zwickau. P. 1,700. E.xtens. chemical manufs. & mines of cobalt & silver. Bockenem, a town of Hanover. P. 2,457. Bockenheim, a town of H.-Cassel, circ. Hanau. P. 3,300. It has manufs. of piano-fortes, snuff'-boxes, jewellery, Yith Crocodile r. Bog, two rivs. of Europeaji Russia. BoG.AX, or New-Vear Rivek, a riv. of E. Australia, 300 m. long. BoGARRA, a town of Spain, prov. Al- bacete. P. 2,096. BoGDO OoLA, a mntn. of S. Russia. It rises abruptly out of the flat steppe, & is hold sacreJ by the Kalmucks. On its N. side is a lake of same name, 26 m in circumf., yielding large quantities of salt. BoGEN, a town of Bavaria, circ. Lower Bavaria, on the Danube. P. 1.143. BoGENHAUSEN, a viU. of Bavaria, on the I.'^ar, with the royal observatory of Munchen, one of the best in Europe. BoGENSE, a small seaport town of Den- mark, on the X. coast of the isl. Fiihnen. P. 1,400. BoGGAH, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, on the Gunduch. BoGGs, t., Clearfield co. Penn. on the main ridge of the Alleghan3^ BoGHAz KiEui, a vill. of Asia-Minor, pash. Sivas. Here are portions of a large temple, supposed to be that of Jupiter, mentioned by Strabo (lib. xii.), forms most part of its E. boundary. The hills in the S. are inhabitel by a wild people, sup- posed to be of the aboriginal race of lliu- dostan. Boglipoor is the cap. of the above di.st. P. 30,000. BoGNOR, a marit. t., Engl. co. Su.'sex. Bogota, a city of S. Amer., cap. of the repub. of New Grenada, on a plateau 8,9.58 ft. above the sea. P. 40,000. It is built on the San Francisco riv., & has a fine external appearance ; streets regular, though narrow, undrit's. BoMDA, a vill. of iS'ai>les, ]irov. Ab- ' ruzzo Cit. P. 2,200. \ Bombay, p-t., Franklin co. N. Y., , I drained by Little Salmon Jc St. Regis rivs. Here are the reservation &. settle- ment of the St. Regis Indians. P. 1,446 Bombay Presidency, the most wes- terly, & the smallest of the three presids. of British India. Area, 68,074 sq. m. P. 6.940,277. The W. Ghauts separate the W. or marit. from the E.dists. which latter form a part of the great table- land of the Deccan. In the N. the mntns. belong to the Sautpoora al source of wealth. Bon- dou has a transit trade in slaveys, salt, iron, butter, & gold-dust. The pop., which is said to be very dense, is sup- posed to be of Arabic origin, and is mostly Mohammedan. Government mon- archical. Principal town, Bulibani. BoNDUES, a town of France, dep. Nord. P. 2,841. BoNDY, a vill. of France, dep. Seine, near the forest of Bondy. P. 2,385. BoNEFRO, a town of Naples, prov. Mo- lise. P. 3,700. Bong, prov. of Burmah. BoNi, an indep. state of the isl. Ce- lebes. S. Pacific, on E. coast of the W. penins. -culpturos. Boone, co., Ky., in the extreme N. part of the i^tate on the Ohio r. ; surface une- ven ; soil productive. Produces large quantities of wheat, Indian corn, , cap. dist. P. 4,000. BoRGO San Sepolcro, a town of Tus- cany, prov. Florence, on the Tiber. P 4,297. Its cathedral, &, nuinrs. churches are adorned with fine works of art. Borgo is also the prefix of the following towns : (^B. Taru), Parma, on the Taro. II. {B. Ticlno), Sard, dom., div. & prov. Xovara. P. 1,85L III. div. Xovara, prov. Vercelli. P. 2,586. BoRGOO, a kingJora of Africa, Soudan, W. of the Quorra. Principal towns, Boussa, Kiama, & Niki. II. a king- dom of Africa, E. Soudan. BoRGUE, a marit. pa. of Scotland. P. 1,117. BoRiNAGE, a small dist. of Belgium, prov. HainauU, important for its coal mines. P. 32,000. BoRis.?OGLEBSK, two towns of Russia. 1, gov. Tambov, cup. circ, on the Vorona. P. 2,500. II. gov. Yaroslavl, on the Wolga. P. 4,000. BoRi.s.sov, a town of Russia, gov. Minsk, on the Berezina. Near this, at the vill. of Studienka, the disastrous passage of the Berezina was clfected by the French army, 26th &, 27th Xov. 1812. — Burispol is a town of Russia, gov. Tchernigov. BoRJA, a town of Spain, Aragon, prov. Zaragoza. P. 3,242. II. a town of S. Amer., Ecuador, on the Amazon. BoRJAs, an anc. town of Spain, prov. Lerida. P. 2,019. BoRKEX, two towns of Germany. 1. Prussian Westphalia. P. 3,000. II. a town of JIessen-Cas.sel, prov. Lower lies- sen. P. 1,373. BoRKAL, a river of Rhenish Prussia, 60 m. long. — Borkulo is a town on its left bank, in Geldcrland. P. 1,200. BouKiTM, an island in the Xorth sea, belonging to Hanover, at the mouth of the Ems. P. 485. BoRMEs, a vill. of France, dep. Var. P. 1,599. BoRMiDA, a river of Piedmont. BoRMio, a town of X. Italy, Lombardy, prov. Sondrio, near I. b. of the Adda. P. 1,200. BoRXA, a towu of Saxony, circ. Leipzig. P. 3,804. BoRNAND, 2 towns of Savoy. 1. (Grand), prov. Faucigny. P. 2,500. II. (Petit), same prov. P. 2,000. Borne, a small river of England, so. Warwick. Borne, a vill. of the Xetherlands, prov. Over Yssel. P. 2,600. Borneo, an isl. of Malaj'sia, near the centre of the Eastern archipelago, in the Pacific ocean, divided by the equator into two nearly equal portions. Borneo is, next to Australia, the largest isl. on the globe. It is of a compact form, & has lew great indentations of the sea, but many extensive bays & creeks. Length 800 m., breadth 700 m. Estimated area, 300,000 sq. m. P. 3,000,000. The shores arc in general low & often marshy ; they are surrounded by numerous islets & rocks. Mt. Kini Bala is 13,693 ft. in elevation. The chief rivers arc, the Bor- neo or Brunai, the Seriboe, the Batang- lopar, a magnificent river, the mouth of which is 4 m. wide, the ^lorotaba or Sa- rawak, the Pontianak, the Majak, the Pcmbuan, Sampet, «t Mendawa, the Kahaj;in & Murong. The only known lake of importance is that of Kini Balu, about 35 m. long, & 30 m. broad. The climate is tropical in the interior, but on the X. coast it is quite European. Min- eral riches are very valuable ; they com- prise gold, silver, diamonds, antimony ore, tin, iron, printing work, a school of engineering, which his ISO pupils, & a printing press, from which issues a weekly newspaper in Arabic. Boulay, a town of France, dep. Mo- selle, arrond. :\Ietz. P. 2,894. Boulognr-Sur-Mer. a seaport t. of France, cap. arrond , dep. Pas de Calais, on the English channel at the mouth of the Lianne, (t at the head of the railway from Amiens to Boulogne. P. 29,741. It is divided into the Upper & Lower towns. The first on a hill, whence the English coast is distinctly visible. The Lower, or new town, stretching from the Upper town to the sea. This part has fine pub- lic baths, a comm. college, ct a museum, including a library of 23,000 vols., an hospital, custom-house, & barracks. Boulogne has also two English churches, scver.il e.xcellent hotels, a great number of boarding schools (both French So Eng- lish), a school of navigation, tribunal of commerce, societies of agriculture, com- merce, ct arts : manufs. of coarse wool- lens, sail cloth, cordage, bottle glass, A earthenware. In its vicinity are impor- tant marble quarries. Its fisheries ;»ro very extensive ; but the town is mainly indebted for its prosperity to its English residents. Steamers make the passage BOU] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 119 to Dover in 3J hours, k to London in about 12 hours; & the number of pas- sen;^er3 who diseinbarkeil here annually, prior to 1848, exceedel 50,000. It was on the heights of Boulogne that the Emperor Caligula, a.d. 40, encamped an army of 100,000 men for the fruitloss purpose of invading Britain, & here also in 1804, nearly 18 centuries later, the Emj)cror Xapoleon assembled an army of 180,000 men k a flotilla of 2,400 trans- ports with the same design. The Colonne Napoleon, a column 164 feet high, nearly 1 mile from the town, commemorates the latter futile attempt. Boulogne, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. H. Garonne, cap. cant. P. 1,597. I Chief trade in salted poultry, grain, & i chestnuts. II. a town, dep. Seine, arrond. S. Denis. P. 6,932. j BouLOiRE, a town of France, dep. j Sarthe. P. 2,094. I Bounty Islands, a small group, S. Pacific ocean, S.E. New-Zealand. j Bourbon, county, Ky., toward the N.E. part of the state, on S. fork of j Licking riv. Soil fertile. 13 distilleries, j «fc some manufac. of woollen & cotton. P. 14.466. Cap. Paris. II. town, Cal- loway CO. Mo. P. 1,100. in. an isl. of the Mascarene group, Indian ocean, forming a French colony, can. St. Denis. L. 33 m. ; b. 28 m. P. 10'3,000. The island is of volcanic origin, & of an ellip- tical form. It is traversed from N. to S. by a chain of mntns. which divides it into two porriims, differing in formation, climate, RANDV, town, Williams co. Ohio. Brandvwine Creek. Pa. & Del. rises in Pa, & flows througli Del. into Del. riv. It forms the harbor of Wilmington. It atfords many excellent mill-seats &, is navigable to Brandywine vill. & mills. Br.\ndywine, t., Hancock co. la. P 693. -11. Cliester co. Pa , watered b}; Brandywide& Beaver crs. Manufac. of leather tt paper. P. 1,672. III. hun- dred. New Castle co. Del. Manufac. of woollens & cotton. P. 3,387. Brandford, t.. New Haven co. Conn., on Long Island sound. On the W. bordci of the t. is S;»ltonstall's lake, a beautiful sheet of Avater. Thimble & Indian isls. in L. I. sound are within its limits. It contains 3 fine churches. Has manufac. of leather & paper. Settled, 1644. P. 1,322. Bransk, a town of Russia, prov. Bia- lystok. P. 1,350. Brantford, a town of Wentworth co., U. Canada, near Hamilton. P. 3,377. Brantome, a town of France, dep. Donlogne, caj:). cant. P. 1,413. Branxholm, the ancient seat of the dukes of Buccleugh, Scotland, co. Ro.k- burgh, on the Teviot. It has especially acquired renown as the scene of Sir Wal- ter Scott's " Lay of the Last Minstrel." Brasher Falls, p-v., St. Lawrence CO. N.Y. on Beer r., where are falls & rapids, furnishing extensive water power. P. 2,118. Brasl-A-f, a town of Russia, gov.Wilna. Bra.spart, a town of France, dep. Finesterre. P. 2,640. Bras.s, a riv. & town of Africa, Guinea, the river, one of the arms of the Niger Jit its delta. & the town on this arm. Bras.sac, several vills. of France. I. dep. Tarn. P. 1,301. II. Puy-de- Dume. P. 2,017. III. Dordogne, arr. Riberac. P. 1,910. Bra.sschaet, a vill. of Belgium, prov. Antwerp. P. 2,222. BR.A.THAY, a small riv. of England, co. Westmoreland. Brattleborough. t., Windham co.Vt. on the W. bank of the Ci)nnictiout riv. The earliest settlement in the state &> originally called Fort (xunnor. It has an E. &. W. village ; the E. village is a beau- tiful, flourishing, & wealthy place. Tho Whetstone branoh of the Connecticut i f24 CYCLOPAEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [bra here furnishes vast water power. Chief raanufae. estub. is the Brattieboro' Typo- graphic Co., which has a verj' large cap- ital. There is also a paper mill & a larjre publi:«hinj; e.stab. P. 3.816. Bratz, a t. of E. Pru.ssia, prov. Posen, circ. Meseritz, on the Obra. P. 1,410. Bratz LAF, a town of Piuss. PolauJ, gov. Podolia. P. 2,600. Bratzkoi, a town of Siberia, gov. Irkutsk. Braubach, a town of Germany. P. 1,507. In its vicinity are silver & copper mines, the mineral springs of DinkhoJd. Braunau, a frontier town of Upp. Austr., circ. Upp. Inn. P. 2.000. II. a town of Bohemia, circ. Koniggratz. P. 3,100. Braunfels, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. Coblenz, with a pop. of 1,472. Braunhirschen, a vill. of Lower Aus- tria. P. 2,000. Braunlingen, a town of Baden, circ. Lake. P. L572. Braunsbach, a town of Wlirtemberg, circ. Ja.xt. P. 1,000. Braunsberg, a town of E. Prussia, reg. cap. circ. P. 8,360. It i.s the resid. of the bishop of Ermeland, with a theol. seminary for the education of R. Cath. clergymen. II. a town of Moravia. P. 2,787. Braunsdorf, a vill. of Saxony, circ. Dresden. P. 1,834. Bracxseifen', a town of Moravia, circ. OlmUtz. P. 2,062. Iron mines. Brava, an isl. of Africa, Cape Verd archip. P. 600. Brava, a town of E. Africa, on the coast, with a port on the Indian ocean, &, active trade with Arabia & India. Braxton, county, Va., lies X.W. of the Alleghany mntns. in the X.W. part of the state, on the Elk & Little Kana- wha. P. 4.212. II. c. H.. cap. Bra.xton CO. Va., situated on the North side of Elk r. Bray, a marit. town of Ireland, on the Bray at iis mouth. P. 3,169. ir. a small dis^. of France, in the dep. Seine Inferieure. III. {Sur- Seine), a town, dep. Seine-et-Marne, on the Seine. P. 1,992. Several smaller places in France have this name. IV. a riv. of France, between deps. Sarthe & Loire- et-Cher. Buazev, en Plaine, a vill. of France, dep. Cutc-d'-Or. P. 1,836. Brazil, an e.vten.^-ive empire of S. America, occupying a large proportion of the ea.stern & central part of that country. Length from N. to S. about 2,600 m., greatest breadth 2,540 m. Tho empire is divided into 18 provinces, 14 sit. along the shores of the ocean, & 4 in the interior. P. 4,000,000. Chief cities, Porto Alegre, Dcsterro, S. Paulo, Kio de Janeiro, Victoria, Bahia(.'^.in Salvador), Sergipe or S. Christovao, Macayo, Ilecile, Parahiba, Natal, Fortaleza, Oeiras, Ma- ranhao, Belem, Cuyaba, (ioyaz. The surface of Brazil is about equally divided into uplands & lowlands, or valleys. Two parallel mountain ranges traverse the country from N. to S., forming elevated ridges of table-land. The greatest height of the central range being from 6,000 to 7,000 ft. Several miiior ranges intersect the country. The N. part of Brazil con- sists of the greater part of the vast plain through which flows the river Amazon, & its tributaries; & varying in width from 350 to 800 m. The rivers, lakes, & water courses are numerous. S.E. of this is another plain. The principal rivs. in this direction are Tocantins, Araguay, Parn ihiba, San Francisco, Belmonte, Doce, Pararba do Sul, & Rio Grande do Sul, all of large size, but of difficult navigation, in consequence of rapids, &c. The table-land on the W. is separated from the Andes of Bolivia by a large & extens plain ; the elev. of this plain is from 1,200 to 1,500 ft. On the banks of the Iriuana, & W.-ward to the N. branch of the Serra Paricis, extends a sandy and nearly barren desert, called Campos dos Parcels. From 7 lakes (Sete Lagoas) on this table-laud rises tho river Paraguay. The latter has a course of 1,000 m. The Uruguay flows S. through another table-land of smaller dimensions to the plain of the Missiones. The prin- cipal lakes are Patos, an enlargement of the Rio Grande & L. Mirim. The har- bors are generally good, particularly those of Rio de Janeiro & Bahia. The pop. of Brazil consists of Europeans, whites born in the country, who call themselves Brazilians; Mulattoes; Ma- malucoe.", or offspring of whites & native Indians; Negroes; Mestizoes, or Zim- bocs, mixed castes between Negroes & Inilians; & the Aborigines, or American Indians. There is little political division of castes; )reign trade, especially with X. Amer., -ito Crown Point. The water of the town is iinprog- n ited with Epsom salts to such a dt-groo that a pailful has been known to yield a BRi] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 129 pound. P. 1,4S0. II. a seaport town of Engl., CO. Dorset, on the Bi it or Bride riv., here crossed by sov. bridges. The town consists of 3 princip. streets, n^ ranked as the second commercial emporium of Engl., but its progress has not kept pace with that of other ports. It has, however, large iron & brass foundries ; copper, tin, zinc, & glass works; chemical & color works; sug ir refineries & distilleric.«. The Avon at Bristol, though narrow, is deep enough for large shij)S, & early in the [resent cent., its course was turned for some dis- tance, at a cost of £700,000, other important bays & harbors. The British islands include Ireland, the Isle of Wight, Angle.sea, ^'Man, the Scilly isls., Bute, Arran, the Ilcbridos, Orkney & Shetland isls. All the grain.s & gras.-ea &, the common European fruits grow in almost all districts & situations, not too elevated, & are of the best description. Of wild animals, the fox, badger, doer, m. Cath., grammar & commerc. schools, it a castle. It was made a free commerc. town in 1779, & enjoys an extensive trade with Russia, Poland. &, Turkey. Broek-in-Waterland, a vill. of the Nether'lds, prov. North Holland. P. 1,407. Broglie, a small town of France, dep. Eure, arr. Bernay. P. 1,000. Broken Bay, a fine inlet of the S. Pacific, in New South "Wales. Broken Straw, t., AVarren co. Penn. Several furnaces, about 20 saw-mills. P. 1,149. Bromberg, a town of Pruss. Poland, cap. reg., on the Brahe, prov. Poscn. P. 9.600. Bcsi les the courts for its reg., it has a. gymnasium & normal school, with manufs. of chicory, tobacco, Pruss. blue, linen & woollen fabrics, itan active tran- sit traile. Bromley, a town of I'ngl., oo. Kent, on the Ravensbourne. P. 4,325. The town consists mostly of a single neatly built street, on the road from London to Tunbridge. Bromley has a handdome Jb BRO] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 133 well -endowed college, founded in 16G6, for the resid. & support of 40 clergymen's widows. Bromsebro, a ham. of Sweden, near the mouth of the Eroinse, celeb, in his- tory for the treaties bctw. Sweden & Denmark in 1541 & 1641. Bromsgrove, a town of England, co. Worcester. Bro.mwich (Castle), a vill. of Engl., CO. Warwick. Bromwich (West), a vill. of Engl., co. Stafford. Bromyard, a small town of Engl. co. Hereford. Brondolo, a vill of North Italy. Broni, a vill. of 1 icdmont, prov. Vog- hera. P. 6,000. Bronnitza, 2 towns of Russia. 1. gov. Novgorod, on the Msta, here crossed by a large floating bridge. II. gov. Moscow, cap. circ. on the Moskwa, with an imperial stud, which in 1830 com- prised 237 horses. Bronsox, i>t., Huron co. 0., watered by brs. of Huron r. P. 1,291. Bronson's Prairie. Branch co. Mich. P. 622. Bronte, a town of Sicily, intend. Ca- tania, at the W. foot of Mt. Etna. P. 9,150. It has a college, & manufs. of coarse woollens & paper. Brooke, county, Ya., in the extreme N.W. part of the state, on the Ohio riv. Some iron ore & bituminous coal are found here. Some manufacs. of woollens, cotton goods, leather, glass, earthenware & paper. Large number of grist m. & saw ra. P. 5,054. Cap Wellsburg. Brookfield, t., Carroll co. N. II. There are large ponds in & about it. p. 553. II. t., Worcester co. Mass. P. 2,472. III. t.. Orange co. Vt.. has an inexhaustible bed of marl. 1 acad. P. 1.789. IV. t., Morgan co. 0., in the N. part of the county. P. 1,426. V. v., Stark co. 0. VI. t., Milwaukie CO. Mich. VII. Fairfield co. Conn., watered by the Housatonic. P. 1,488. • VIII. p-t., Madison co. N. Y., on the Unadilla r. & its tributaries. Soil cal- careous loam. P. 3.695. IX. Tioga co. Penn. P. 431. X. p-t., Trumbull co. 0., on the Penn. line. P. 1,302. Brookhavex, t., SuflFoIk co. Long If'land, N. Y. It has several good har- bors on Long I. sound. South Bay which borders this town on the S., affords fish, clam.s & oy.sters. P. 8,595 Brookline, t., Windham c >. Vt. A deep valle}' runs through this town, coursed by a br. of West riv-r. II. t., Hillsboro' co. X.H. It lies on the S.sido of the state, & is watered by a br. of Na.«hua r. P. 652. III. t., Norfolk CO. Mass. Brooklyn, city, & cap. of Kings co. N.Y.. situated on W. end of Long Island, opposite New York. The 2d pbico in population in the state, separated from New York by the East River, an arm of the sea f of a mile wide. The ground on which the city is built elevated ti un- even. It is regularly laid out. The streets are generally .straight. 60 feet wide & cross at right angles. Brooklyn has a beautiful situation, good air, & is a favorite place of residence. It is con- nected with New York by 5 steam ferries. Brooklyn is divided into 12 wards, & is governed by a mayor , 000,000. P. in lSo2, about 4,500. Til is place was named in lionor of Major Brown, who was killed in com- mand of a fort here during the war with Mexico, May 6th, 1846. Buo7,.\.s, a town of Spain, prov. Cace- re.-^. P. 3,711. BuuAi'., a vill. of France, dep. Nord. P. 1,506. Bkuoa. (L.\), a marit. town of Sicily, intend. Catania. BuucE,p-t,, Macomb CO. Mich. P. 1,128. BiiucHSAL, a town of VV. Germany, Gd. Duchy Baden, circ. Middle-Rhine, on theSalzbach. P. 7,386. Bkcck, " bridge,"' the name of many small towns in Germany. 1. Lower Austria, on the Leitlia. P. 2,834. H. Stvria, cap. circ, at the contl. of the Mnraiid Mnrz. P. 1,500. 111. Prussia, j)rov. Hrandenburg. P. 1.265. IV. Kloster-Jiritclt, a vill. of Moravia, circ. Znaim, on 1. b. of theTaja. V. Bava- ria, circ. Midd. Franconia, on the Re/- nitz. P. 1,173. BRUCKE^A^j, a town of Bavaria, circ. Lower Frauconia, on the Sinn. P. 1,403 BRU] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 136 Bruel, a t. of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Elev. 88 feet above the seu. P. 1,491. Bruff. a town of Ireland, co. Limer- ick. P. 1,398. Bruges, a eity of Belgium, cap. prov. W. Flanders. P. 50,272. Bruges is one of the most flourishing commercial cities in the kingdom. It owes its name to the number of its bridges (upwards of 50) which cross its canals, & is remarkable for the many fine got hie buildings which it contains. Most of these date from the 14lh cent., & are richly decorated with sculpture & paintings. It has a tribunal of commerce, espiscopal college, theolo- gical seminary, school of surgery, acade- my of painting & sculpture, a public li- brary, schools for blind, & deaf & dumb. Chf. industry the manuf. of lace. Bruges has nurars. distilleries, breweries, tanne- ries, dye-works, sugar & salt refineries, & ship-building yards. Principal exports lace & other manuf. goods, grain, &■ cattle. Imports wool, cotton, dye-woods, wine, . Lifcicski), a fortf. t. of Russia, gov. Grodno, cap. eirc, &> formerly the cap of Lithuania, on the Bug. P. 8,000. It has a famous Jewish synagogue. Brzesxica, a town of Poland, prov. Kaliscz. P. 970. Brzesnitz, a town of Bohemia, eirc. Prachin. P. 2,016. Brzezany, a town of Austr. Galicia, cap. eirc., on the Zlota-Lipa. P. 6,899. It has a castle, gymnasium, &, manufs. of leather, sail cloth, & linen fabrics. Brzezeny is a vill. of Poland. Brzezyn, a town of Poland, gov. War- saw. P. 3,167. Brzozov, a town of Austr. Galicia, eirc. Sanok. P. 2,367. Manuf. of cloth. Bu, a comm. & town of France, dep Eure-et-Loir. P. 1,519. BuA, an isl. of Dalmatia, eirc. Spala- tro, in the Adriatic, immed. opposite the town of Trau, with which it is connected by a bridge. P. 4,U00. It produces dates, wine, olives, k asphaltum. BuAcnE, an isl. of W. Australia, co. Perth, in the Indian ocean. BuAGiE, a .^ikh .>^tate of N.W. India, under Brit, protection. P. 25,000. BuARcos, a town of Portugal, prov. Beira. BuBASTis, a ruined city of Lr. Egypt, the remains situated on an arm of the Nile, at its delta, comprise some extensive bug] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 137 mounds, with the ruins of temples of Mercury & Pasht. BuBENDORF, a vill. of Switzerl., cant. Balc-Campagne, with maiiufs. of ribbons. P. 1,193. It its vicinity are saline sprinj^s. The baths, built 1764, have been recently embellished. BuBLiTZ, a town of Prussia, prov. Poraerania, circ. Fiirstenthum. P. 2,920. BuBROOAH, a town of Ilindostan. BuBRY, a comra. & vill. of France, dep. Morbihan. P. 3.611. jjuccaneer- Archipelago, a group of isls. in the Indian ocean, near the N.AV. coast of Australia. BuccARi, a free royal seaport town of Austria, Croatia, on an inlet of the gulf of Quaruero (Adriatic). P. 2,200. It has a good harb. . BuccHiANico, a town of Naples, prov. Abruz/.o Cit. P. 3,720. Excellent wine is produced in its vicinity. BucciNO, a town of Naples, prov. prin- cip. Citra, on the Botta, here crossed by a Roman bridge. P. 5,460. In its vicin. are quarries of fine marble. BucELLAs, a vill. of Portug. Estrema- dura, which gives its name to a white wine raised in its vicinity. BucH, an old dist. of France, in the Bordelais, cap. La Teste-de-Buch. Buchanan, county, Missouri, in the N.W. part of the state, on the Missouri r., & with the Little Platte passing through its centre. Prod. Ind. corn, tobacco, &, sugar; numerous SAvine are raised ; in- consid. manufac. P. 12,975. Cap. Spar- ta. II. a CO. of Iowa. P. 517. ill. v., Botetourt co. V., on James r. IV. t., Berrien co. Mich. BucHAN-NEss, the most E. headland of Scotl., CO. Aberdeen, old dist. of Bu- chan. Bucharest, a city of S.E. Europe, cap. of Wallachia, seat of the gov. & of an archbishop., situated in a swampy plain on the Dimbovetza. P. 60,783. It has a college, which in 1837 had 456 pupils ; it has also a museum with a public li- brary, & a central metropolitan seminary, both fuunded 1836, & 65 other school.*, atteaded by 1,513 pupils. Bucharest is ho entrepot fur the commerce between Austria & Turkey ; its chief trade is in grain, building timber, wool, salt, & wax. BucHAu, a tiown of Bohemia, circ. El- bogen P. 1,235. In its vicinity are manufs. of porcelain. II. Wiirtem- berg, circ. Danube. P. 1.830. Buchberg, a town of lower Austria, circ. Vienna, at the foot pf the Schnee- berg. BucHEX, a town of Baden, circ. Lower Rhino, with manuf. of cloth, & tanneries. P. 2,400. II. i. vill. & post station of Denmark. BucHHOLz, a town of Saxony, circ. Zwickau, on the Lehm. P. 2.478. It has nianuf. of ribbons & lace. II. {Franzosisch), a vill. of Prussia, reg. Potsdam. P. 440, a colony of French emigrants. III. {Wcndisck), a town on the Dehme. rog. Potsdam. P. 1,000. — Also several villages in Germany. BucHOLwiTZ, a town of Austria, Mo- ravia, circ. Ilradisch. P. 1,890. In its environs are sulphur springs & baths. BucQuoY, a comm. & town of France, dep. Pas de Calais. P. 1,561. BuczAcz, a town of Austrian Galicia, circ. Stanislawow, on the Stry, with a convent & gymnasium. P. 2,300. Buck, t., Luzerne co. Pa. BiJcKEBURG, a town of N. Germany, on the Aue, an affl. of the AVeser. It is well built, has 5 gates, a casMe &> park, gymnasium, a normal school, & a public library. In the vicinity is the summer palace of Baum. BiJcKEN, a town of N. Germany, Hanover. P. 1,105. BucKFiELD, town, Oxford co. Me., watered by a br. of the Androscoggin. P. 1,629. BucKHAvEN, a fishing vill. of Scotland, CO. Fife, pa. A\''emyss, on the firth of Forth. P. 1,526, nearly all fishermen. Buckingham, t., Wayne co. Pa. II. t., Bucks CO. Pa., inhabitants mostly Quakers. III. county, Va., in the lower central part of the state on James r. Chief prod, wheat, Ind. corn, oats, cotton, & an immense amount of tobacco. P. 13,837. Cap. Maysville. IV. c.h., Buckingham co. Va. V. mkt. town of Engl., CO. Bucks, on the Ouse. Buckinghamshire, an inland co of England. P. 143,670. Timber, espe- cially beech, is plentiful. The sheep of the vale of Aylesbury are noted for the weight & fineness of their fleeces. The CO. supplies large quantities of butter, cattle, lambs, poultry, &c., to the London mkts. Princip. manufs. are of paper, straw-jdait, & thi'ead lace. BucKLAND, t., Franklin co. Mass., on Deerfieid r. P. 1,084. IT. p-v.. Prince AViUiam co. Va. An elevated & roman- tic place. BucKOw, a town of Prussia, on the Stebberow. P. 1,336. BucKow (Xeu), a town of Mecklen- burg, near the Baltic. P. 1,468. BucKLAND Island, N. Pacific ocean. 138 CYCLOPAEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [buk Bucks county, Pa., in the S E. part of the state, on the Delaware r. It is also formerly cap. of Old Cas- tile, on 1. b. of the Arlanzon. P. 14,790. The town is clean »t handsome, but damp &, cold. Its cathed. is one of the finest in Spain. Burgos has numerous other churches, and is the seat of a college, a school of surgery, «.t some manufs. of leather, woollens k hats. Its present importance is now chiefly duo to its be- ing on the high road from Madrid to tho French frontier. BuRGSTADT, a town of Saxony, circ. Leipzig. P. 2,719. It has manufs. of stockings. BOrgstein, a vill. of Bohemia, cup. lordship of same name in the circ. Loil- meritx. P. 14,550. Important manufs. bur] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 143 of crystal are carried on in this dist., & it is the deput for the greater part of the glass miiuuf. ia the kingiloin. BuRGUETfi, a town of Spain, Navarra, Pamplona, in the valley of lloncevaux. Here the troops of Charlemagne were defeated, & his nephew, the famous Ro- land, perished in 778. LuRGUNDY, prov, of Francc. [Bour- GOGNE.] BuRHAMPOOTER RiVER. [BRAHMA- POOTRA.] BuRiAs, one of the Philipp. isls., Asiat. archip. BcRKE, town, Caledonia co. Vt., on branches of Pasumpsic r. Burke mntn. in this town is 3,500 ft. high. E.xcellcnt oil stones are manufactured here. P. 997. II. CO. N. C, in the W. part of the state, watered by Catawba r. & its branches. It is a lantnous. valley with soil generally fertile. P. 17,772. Cap. Morgentown. III. co., Ga., in the E. part of the state, on the Savannah r. Cap. Waynesboro'. BuRKERSDORF, a vill. of Lower Aus- tria, circ. & W. Vienna, on the Wien. BuKKHA, a marit. town of E. Arabia, doni. Muscat, on sea of Bab-el-Mandeb. BuRKHARDTsDORF, a vill. of Saxouy, circ. Zwickau, with manufs. of linens «t cottons. P. 1,850. BuRLATs, a comra. & town of France, dep. Tarn, on the Agout. P. 1,500. It has several paper mills. Burleson, co., Te.vas. P. 1,713. BuRLixGTON, CO., N. J. ou Del. r. but extending across the state to the Atlantic ocean. The soil chieQy alluvial. Valu- able pine timber & bog iron are found, ^larl also abounds. It is watered by a number of creeks. In this co. is a well which converts hickor}' wood into stone in 5 years. P. 43,203. II. a city & port of entry, Burlington co. N. J., on the E. bank of the Del. It has a city hall, l3'ceum, bank, library, & a free si-hoid established in 1682. It is regu- bnly laid out with .streets crossing at right angles. The residence of the Bishop of New Jersey is a handsome gothic struc- ture. Burlington was founded 1678; in- corporated as a city 1784. P. 4,536. III. port of entry & cap. of Chittenden CO. Vt., is situated on a bay, on the E. side of Lake Champlain. From the S. part of the vil. the ground rises bj' a graduiil slope, for the distance of a ui. to the height of 250 ft. above the level of the lake. The vil. is rcgul.irly laid out. Near its centre is a handsome public square, on which the court house is situ- ated. It is the largest hamo. BuBXETsoN, t., Franklin co. Mass. P. 992. BuRNHAM, t., Waldo CO. Me. Burnham-Westgate, a mkt. town of Engi., CO. Norfolk. BuRKLEY, a town of Engl., co. Lancas- ter, on the Burn. P. 10,699. Manufs. of cotton & woollen fabrics, & machiner}', witli iron & brass foundries, breweries, tanneries, rope-walks. Burns, t., Alleghany co. N. Y. P. 876. II. t., Shiawassee co. Mich. BuRXS-lIiLL, a town & mission station of Brit. Kafraria, South Africa, on r. b. of the Keiskamma river. Burntisland, a seaport town, co. Fife, on the Firth of Forth. It is clean & well built; it has a town-ho., school-ho., & the best harb. on the Firth, with a new low- water pier, a lighthouse, & a dry dock. Burra Burra, a mining dist. of S. Aus- tralia, 80 m. N. of Adelaide. [Adelaide.] Burra, & Burray, two small isls. of Scotland. Burrampoor, a town of British India, presid. Madras. It has a large bazaar or mkt. place, a street occupied by weav- ers, are of Voiie- ; ti:ai consi ruction. — The Luke o/Butriiuo^ '. N. of tlie town, is 5 m. iu leii^tu, by 2 m. in breadib. BuTiicnowiTz, a town of Au3lria,Mora- ! via. i\ 2,47J. 1 UuTTE, a CO. of Califoruia. BtnTERNCTS, p-t., Oisogo CO. N. y. drained by a riv. &, creek. Manufs. of j linen k cloth. P. 4,057. ! Jjl-tterworth, a tuship. of Engl., co. i Lancaster. P. 5,088. j iJuTTEfc-, a vill. of Switzerland, has 1,000 inhabs., & extensive manufs. of j watches. j BuTTEVANT, a tnarkt. town of Ireland, j Muiister, CO. Cork, on the Arobeg. P. } 1,524. It was formerly enclosed by walls. k it has the ruins of numerous ecclesiastic editices. BuTTiGLiERA, a town of Piedmont. P. 2,252. II. {Uj-iola), a vill. Sard. states, in the pro v. Susa. P. 1,190. BuTTisHOLZ, a vill. of Switzer., near which is a large mound, called Tcrtre Anglais, because it is said to contain the reu)ainsof 3,000 Englishmen, followers of Ingelram de Coucy, defeated herein 1376. Butts, co., Ga., in the central pnrt of the state. Borders on the Ockmulgee r. P. 6,483. Cap. Jackson. BuTTSTADT,a town of Centrnl Germany, duchy Saxe-Weimar. P. 2,060. EuTYiN, a town of Hungary, co. Arad. P. 3,775. BuTZBACH, a t. of A7. Germany, II. Darmstadt, prov. Upp. Ilessen. P. 2,246. Manufs. flannels, hosiery & leather. BuTzow, a decayed t. of X. Germany, Mecklenb, Schsverin, prineip. Schwerin, on the Warnow. P. 3,804. Manufs. paper & playing-cards. BuxAR. a town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. Bakhar, on the Ganges, & famous for a complete victory obtained in 1764, by Sir II. Monro, over a combined native army. BuxEDWAR, a strong & remarkable pass :icro l-eate spring. Buxton i.s frequence I annually bv from 10,000 to 12,000 visicors, c..i-..'liy between Jone & O^t. From l.OOJ U 1,200 pjor invalids annually avail tneiusehes of the " bath chirity," by meansot which they arc, on proper recoinmend.ition, maintained for a month, while using the waters. Many of the resident inliabs. are engage 1 in the m inuf. of alabaster, spar, &, o.hcr ornaments. II. t., York CO. ]NIe , has the Sao r. on it,s S.W. border. The riv. here has a fall of about 80 ft. furnishing a very extensive water-power. P. 2,683. BuxY, a comm. & town of France, dep. Saune-et-Loire. P. 1,954. BuzANf Ais, a comm. k town of France, dep. Indre, on the Indie. P. 3,139. Woollen manufs., & trade in wool ; in its vicinity are exten.-ive iron works. BuzET, a comm. & town of France, dep. Lol-et-Garrone. P. 1,617. Excel- lent wine produced in its vicinity. Buzzard's Bay lies on the S. coast of Mass., 30 m. I. ^pita!, & some Roman antiqs., with Hour & fulling mill-', & dye- works. II. a town of .S. Amer., New Granada, prov. Pojiayan. Cacere.s (Nueva), a town of the Phi- lippines, cap. prov. S. Camarines, in the isl. of Luzon. P. 12,000. It is well built. & U the resid. of an alcalde & a bishop. Cachao, the largest city of Anam, S.E. Asia, cap. prov. Tonquin, on the Tonquin riv. P. 100,000. 7 (Crawfurd.) It is of great extent, defended by a bam- boo stockale. Streets wide & paved. Public edifices comprise one royal palace & the ruins of another. Though its riv. is navigable only for small vessels, it has considerable trade. Cache, t., Greene eo. Ark. P. 804. II. t., Monroe co. Ark. Cached, a town of W. Africa, Sene- gambia, Portuguese territ., near the mouth of the Cacheo river. Cachoeira, a jiopulous & commercial city of Brazil, prov. Bahia, on the river Pariiguacu, cap. Comarca, of same name, & seat of an elect, college. Chf. exports, tobacco & coffee. Pop. of dist. 1.5,000. -11. prov. S. Pedro do Grande, 220 m. N.W. Rio Grande. III. a new fortfd. town, prov. Para. P. 4,000. Cacongo, a town of W. Africa, S. Gui- nea, Angola. Cadalen, a comm. & town of France, dep. Tarn. P. 2,206. Cadaques, a town of Spain, prov. Gcrona. Caddo, pa., La., in the N.W. part of the state, between Red & S.abine rivs. ; level & moderately fertile. It has Caddo lake. P. 8,884. Cap. Shreveport. II. t., Clark CO. Ark. Caddo Cove, t., Hot Springs co. Ark. Cadeac, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. II. Pvrcnt'cs, on the Nesle. It has hot sulph. springs k baths. Cadenet, a comm. & town of Franco, dep. Vaucluse. P. 2, .595. Around it are many Roman .antiquities. Cadereita, a town of the Mexican confed., dep., 42 m. E. Queretaro. P. 4,000. In its vicinity silver mines arc worked. Cader-Idris, the loftiest ranln. in Wales, after Snowdon, co. Mcri(meth. It aacends precipitously to 2,914 ft. in elev. Caderousse, a comm. A town of France, dep. Vaucluso, on the Rhone. P. 1,809. Cadiere (La), a comm. ship-building yards, the most important in the kgdm., & among the best in Eur. Cadore, a town of N. Italy, on the Piave. P. 2,000. Celeb, as the birth- place of Titian. Cads and, an isl., Netherlands, prov. Zeeland, at the mouth of the W. Scheldt, & having on it a small town of same name. P. 1,156. Caen, a city of France, cap. dep. Cal- vados, & 9 m. from the Engli.»h channel, on the Orne. P. 38,267. It is a hand- some city, it has a university academy, & a chamber of commerce, a college, normal school, &, .school of hydrography, & a rich public library. The chf. edifices are the hr»tel-de-ville, palace of justice, & the hospital with mineral springs It has manufs. of lace, blonde, black & white crape, & cutlery. Caen has an exten.r t'le p.issa^e of carriaujes ; the houses are sub-it :inf ill, &, of.eii loft}'. The city is tr.iver.-e I by a can il of irriujation, which coiniuences at (»M Cairo. Tlie remark- able e lifices of Cairo, which comprise many (if the finest remain.s of Arabian arciiitecture, all date from the reign of the Arab--, & the anc. sultans of Egypt. Among these are from 3 to 400 mosques. In the i.-l. of Kodah is the celeb. Nilo- meter, a graduated cdumn for indica- ting the heiglil of the waiter during nn inuiid:ition of the riv. ; numerous ancient cistern-* & baths srill ornament the city ; on the S., outside the walls, are the cele- brated tombs of the Mamelukes, & on the N.E. the obelisk of Ileliopolis. There are four prim, schools in Cairo, a mag- nelic observator; , a European theatre, several hospitals, & a lunatic asylum. Cairo was lon^^ the chief entrepot for the commerce of Egypt, but its trade has much declined. [Boulac] [Egypt.] Cairo \^as founded by the Arabs about A.D. 970. -EI. p-t.. Greetie co. N. Y., watered by Catskill cr. P. 2,862. III. p-v., Sumner co. Tenn. IV. p-v., Ale.xandria co. 111. on the point of land formed by the junction of the 0. with the Miss, river. An important location but liable to be overflowed. V. a town of Piedmont, div. Genoa. P. 3,492. Caistor, a market town of England, CO. Lincoln. P. 2,033. Caithness, the most northerly co. of Scotland. Area, 616 sq. miles. P. 38,.542. Cajano, a town of Tuscany in the Val Ombrone. P. 1,425. Cajarc. a conim. & town of France, dep. Lot. P. 1,074. Cajazzo, an anc. town of Naples, prov. T.-di-Lavoro. P. 3,520. Cajou, a branch of the Mahanuddy riv., Ilindosfan. Calabar (Old), a river of Africa, Upper Guinea, which falls into the bight of Biiifra by a wide c.<^tuai*y. Caladozo, a town of S. Amcr., Vene- zuela. P. 4,000. Caladria, the S. part of the kgdm. of Naples. Area, 7,200 sq.m. P. 1,083,632. It forms a long peninsula, and is trav- erse 1 throughout by the Apennines, which rise to an elev. of 3,000 or 4,000 feet. Chief products, wine, silk, it oil, wheat, rice, olives, oranges, lemons, & saffron ; cotton & the sugar-cnne are cul- tivated. Silk is the staple nianuf. Calaceite, a town of Sjiain, prov. P. 2,600. Chief iiidustry linen weaving. Calaf, a town of Spain, prov. IJarco- lona. P. 2,794. Ic has manufs. of linens. Calahorra, a city of Spain, prov. Lo- groilo. on the Ebro. P. 5,820. 11. a town in the prov., of Granada. P. 2,050. Calais, a seaport town of France, c;ip. cant., dep. Pas-de-Calais, on the stiait of Dover. P. 10,673. The town ro, on its N.E. coast, in the Str. of Mindoro. P. 2,790. Calata Bellota, a town of Sicily, intend Girgenti, on riv. of same name. P. 2,000. Calat.\ Fimi, a town in X.W. of Sicily, in a fertile valley. P. 10,000. Calata Girone, an episcop. city of cal] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 151 Sicily, prov. Catania. This is one of the rQD.xt iiidustriou-i the remainder French, Armenians, Jews, Persians, Chinese. In 1698, the seat of the East India Com- pany's factory was removed from Hoogh- ly to Calcutta, previously to which Cal- cutta was an inconsiderable villajrc sur- rounded with jungle. In 1756, an attack was made on the English factory by the natives. & 146 Englishmen were shut up in the black hole, of whom 118 died be- fore morning. Caldas, several small towns of Spain & Portugal, so named from their warm springs. Caldas, a town of Brazil, prov. Minas- Geraes. comm. Sapucahi, with a school of primary instruction. & hot sulphur springs. P. of dist. 2,000. Caldera, a small town of S. Amer., Plata confed., dep. Salta. II. a seaport of Chile, prov. Coquimbo, on the Pacific. III. a seaport of llayti, on itsS. coast. IV. a seaport of Costa-Rica, on the Pacific, extremely unheaUh3^ Caldewgate, a suburb of the city of Carlisle, Engl., co. Cumberland. P. 5,528. Caldiero, a vill. of N. Italy, gov. Venice. Caldwell, co., Texis. P. 1.329. II. CO., N. C, in the N.W. part of the state, drained by the Yadkin. P. t».317. Cap. Lenoir. III. pa., La., on the Washita r. On one side of the r. soil al- luvial ; on the other surface hilly- P. 2,815. Cap. Columbia. IV. co., Ky.,on the Tenn. r. sin ; elev. 8 800. Caimogli. a marit. town of Sard, states, on the gulf of Genoa. P. 5,809. Campagna, a town of N.iple.^, prov. prinirip. Citra, in the mi Capo Breton, from the Atlantic into NorthumlKU'land strait. L. 17 miles; av. br. 2^ mile.s. Cantabrian Mountain.s in the N. of Spain, form a prolongation of the Pyre- nees, & e.Ktend from these mntns. in the E. to Cape Finislurro on the W. lleiglit 10,000 ft. Cantagallo, a town of Brazil, prov. Rio Janeiro. P. 4,000. Cantal, a central dep. of France, formed of the S. part of the old prov. Auvergnc, cap. Aurillac. Area 2,20j sq. m. P. 253,329. It is entirely' mnlnous. The surface is almost entirely covered with the debris of extinct volcanoes ; it furnishes marble &> coal, & has numer- ous mineral springs. Chf. rivers, the Alagnon, Truyere, Celle, & the Cere. The climate is salubrious. Caxtalapiedra, two towns of Spain. Cantalbarry, a town of N. Hiudos- tan, subject to Bootan. Cantalice, 2 towns of Naples. Cantelec, a comm. & town of France, dep. Seine luf. P. 1.113. Canterbury, t., Merrimic co. X. H., on Merrimac r. It has several ponds. & a good shad fishery. Quinebaug r. is on the E. A num. of woollen & cotton facs. P. 1,643. Canterbury, a city, bor., & county of itself, Engl., & its metropolitan see, within CO. Kent, on the Stour. Its ca- thedral, erected in r2th & two following centuries, on the site of the first Christian church built in Saxon Engl., is in the form of a double cross, with a central & 2 W. towers, & presents a magnificent union of almost every style of Christian architecture. The choir is the largest & one of the finest in the kingdom, & the pavement of the chapel of the Holy Trinity is worn into hollows by the knees of the innumerable pilgrims who hero worshipped at the shrine of Thomas a Bcekct. A fine ancient gateway, & some remains of St. Augustine's abbey, & of a Norman castle, the old Clicequers' Inn, immortalized by Chaucer, it the Donjon or Danejohn field (now formed, with its mound of supposed Danish origin, into a beautiful planted walk), may be specified as objects of interest. In the immediate vicinity are several woollen mills, but the chief business is the export of agri- cultural produce. Canterbury was, pre- vious to the Roman invasion, a place of note as a religious institution. It was made a princip. station by the Romans, & in the 2d century Christianity was intro- duced. It subsequently became the e;ip of the Saxon kingdom of Kent, under the name of Caer-Cant, henca Cantuaria & Canterbury. Cantiaxo, a smnJl fortifd. town of Italy, Pontif. sta., on the riv. Cantiano, & on the road from Rome to Pesaro. P. 2,000. Cantillana, a town of Spain, prov Sevilla, on r. b. of the Guadalquivir P. 4,121. CAOJ UNIVERSAL GAZEITEER. 161 Cantire (Mull of), Scotland. Canton, a city &> seaport of China, & the gre;iterit coiuineicial emporium of Asia, cap. prov. Quangtong, on 1. b. of tlie Canton or Pearl liv., about 70 m. from its mouth, in the China sea. Lat. 23° 6' 9" N., Ion. 113° 15' E. P. estim. 1.000.000. AVilh its suburbs it occupies the N. bank of the river, extending inhmd nearly to a row of heights commanding it on the N. & X.E., but between which & the city is a broken ravine ; to the S. is an alluvial plain, formed by the delta of the river. The city is enclosed by a wall of brick, on a foundation of red sandstone, 6 or 7 m. in circ, & entered by 12 gates ; it is unequally divided by another wall with 4 gates, into the old & new tovpn. The suburbs are nearly as large as the city itself; on the S. they stretch all along the river side; &, at their S.W. corner are the hons's or Euro- pean quarter — a range of buildings about 1§ furlong in length, built upon a Hat raised on piles, & .separated from the riv. by a quay 100 yards in breadth, called Respondentia Walk. There are 13 hong.'?, including those of the British, Dutch, American, Trench, Austrian, Swedish, Danish, Parsee, & other mer- chants, -cd by a bridge of 10 arches. Tho old city stands on elev 166 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [car ground, & is interesting " as retaining uachangcd, to a greater extent perhips than any other town of France, the ;ispect of .a furtress of the middle ages.'' It is enelo-ed by walls of great solidity, por- tions «>f which are supported to be as old as the time of llie X'isiguths. It has been celeb, since the 12th cent, fur its nianufs. of cloth, whicii are stdl important. Trade in a^j-riculiur;!! i^ruduce is extensive. Carcelen, a town of Spain, prov. Al- bacete. It has a school of primary in- struction, a celebrate J annual fair in Aufu.-t, & numerous Koman ruins. Carces, a com in. & town of France, dep. Var, on the Argens. P. 2,101. Silk weaving, distilleries, & tanneries. Carculla, a town of Br. India, presid. Madras, dist. Canara. Cardaillac, a comm. & raarkt. town of France, dep. Lot. P. 1,260. Cardiff, a pari. & munic. bor. & sea- port of S. Wales, cap. co. (ilamorgan, on the Taaf, here crossed by a tine 5 arched bridge. P. 10.077. The trade of Cardiff is large & increasing, it having become the port of Merthyr Tydvil, &, the great outlet for the mining dist. of S. Wales. Cardigan, a pari. & munic. bor. sea- port town, & pa. of S. Wales, cap. co. on the Tcwy, 5 in. from its entrance into St. George's channel. P. 2,925. Vessels exceeding 300 tons can enter the harbor, but a bar at its mouth renders the pass- age dangerous in rough weather. Cardigan Bay, an inlet of St. George's channel, Wales, between Brach-y-Pwll & Stumble Headlands. CARbiGANSHiRE, a CO. of S. Wale.s. Pop. 63,766. Surface level on the coast; mninousin the interior, but intersf)er.-ed with fertile valleys. Plinlimmon, 2,463 ft. in height, is in its N.E part. Chf. rivs. the Teify, Dovy, Itidol, Ystvviih, Arth, & Towey. Princip. industry is tho renring of live stock. Cardinale, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. P. 2,500. Cardito, a vill. of S. Italy, prov. Niif.Ies. dist. Casoria. P. 3,220." Cardiva, one of the Maidive islands, Indian ocean, lat. 5° N. Ion. 73° 40' E. Cardona. a town of Spain, prov. Bar- celona. P 2,366. Careggi, a vill. of Tuscany. Carennac, a comm. & town of France, den. Lot, with 1,000 inhabs. Carentan, a comm. .t town of France, dep. Manche. P. 2,550. Manuf.-*. of laco ct cotton, & export trade in cattle, hogs, &, corn. Carentoih, a oomm. &, vill. of France, cap. cant., dep. Morbihan. P. 5,277. Trade in cider A, butter. Care.sana, a vill. of Piedmont, div. Novara. P. 2,716. Carhaix. a comm. & town of France, dep. Firiistere. P. 1.827. Cariaco, a m;irit. town of S. Amcr., Venezuela, prov. & 40 m. E. Cumana, in a fine plain watered by the Cari:ico riv., near the head of the gulf of Cariaco. P. 7,000.— The Gulf of Cariaco is 40 m. in length AV. to E., by 10 m. in greatest breadth, has in all pts. good anchorage, & has richly wooded shores. Cariati, a seaport town of Naples, prov. Calab Citra. P. 1,400. Caribbean Sea, that portion of the Atlantic ocean which extends between Central & S. Amer., &, the isls. of Cuba, llayti, &. Porto Rico, communicating on the W. with the gulf of Mexico. Carife, a town of Naples, prov. Prin- cip. Ult., in tho Apennines. P. 2,230. It has a colleg. church & superior school. Carignan, a comm. rov. Bahia, on 1. b. of the San Francisco, A at the mouth of the Carinhenha. P. 2,000. Carinola, a town of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro. P. 4,815. Its vicinity pro- duces esteemed wine. Caripe, a town & valley of S. Amer., Venezuela, prov. Cumana, the valley noted for a cavern frequented by a spe- cies of night hawk, tho young of which are destroyed in vast numbers for the sake of their fat. Caul.\-le-Comte, a comm. & town of Franec, dep. Ariege. P. 1.842. Cahlee, a vill. of British Indin, pre- sid. Bombay, famous for some remark- able cave temples, probably of Buddhio car] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 167 origin. The principal of these 6,000 ft. tibove the seii, is one of the finest exca- vations <;f its kind in India. Oarlentini, a town of Sicily, intend. Syraiuiae. Caulet, a town of Spain, prov. Va- lencia, on the Requena. P. 3,822. Tr:ule in grain, fruit, & wine. Linen weaving. Caklingford. a marit. town of Ire- land, CO. Louih, on the S. shore of Car- lingfurd bay. P. 1,110. (Jarlinville, p-v., cap. of Macoupin CO. ill. Here is a Presbyterian theolo- gical seminary. Carlisle, t., Middlesex co., on Con- cord r. II. p-t., Schoharie co. N. Y. In its vicinity are numerous caverna. P. 1,850. III. p-v., cap. Cumberland CO. Peun. The place is regularly laid out with streets crossing at right angles. Dickinson college is located here. It has a president, 7 professors, 600 alumni, & a iibri.ry of 10,600 vols. P. 4,351. IV. p-v., cap. Nicholas co. Ky., on a small branch of Licking r. V. t., Lor- raine CO. 0., watered by branches of Black r., which afford good mill seats. P. 1,094'. Carlisle, a city & river-port of Eng- land) cap., CO. Cumberland, on a gentle eminence, near the confl. of Eden, Cal- dew, & Petrie rivs., at the termination of the London & N.W. railway. P. 23,- 012. Its principal streets diverge from an irregularly shaped mkt. place, & are wide, handsome, & well-paved, & sup- plied with water. Carloforte, a town, Sard, sta., on the isl. San Pietro, near the S.W. coast of the island Sardinia. P. 3,235. It has e.xtensive fisheries & important salt works. Carlopago, a seaport town of Aus- trian Croatia, on the Adriatic. P. 960. Active trade in wine, timber, & fish. Carlopoli. a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Lit. P. 2,200. Carlos (San), a town of S. Amer., Chile, cap. prov. & on N.W. coast of Chi- loe Island. Carlos (San), a town of S. Amor., Venezuela, in a valley on the Aguare. P. 10,000. (?) Caklota (liA), a town of Spain, prov. & 17 in. SS.W. Cordova. P. 3.252. Carlow, an inland co. of Ireland, Leinster. Area 346 sq. m. P. (in 1840) 86,228, (in 1850) 68,157. Surface, ex- cept in the S. flat. Princip. rivs., the Barrow & Slaney. Carlow, a town of Irel., cap. above CO., at the confl. of the Burren with the navig. Barrow. P. 8,731. It is clean & well-budt. Carlsbad, a town of Bohemia, circ. Elbogen, on the Topel, Pra.^uo, famous for its hot springs. Inhab. 3,000. Ii is the most arislocratic wateriug-pl.ice in Euro))e. Carlscrona, a marit. la;n or prov. in the S. of Sweden, between hit. 50" & 56° 30' N., having S. & E. the Baltic. Area 1,132 sq. m. P. 95,807. Principal towns Carlscrona & Carlshamn. Carlscrona, a seaport town of Swe- den, & the principal station of the Swedish navy, cap. lion, near the S. e.Ktremily of the kg Im., on 5 small isls. in the Baltic, connecled by bridges with each other & the mainland. P. 12,200. It has an ex- tensive rtifd. city & seaport of S. Amer , New Granaf the latter were Icf' standing. II. a town of S. Amer., New (iranada, dep. Caut-n, prov Popayan, on the Vieira, an atUt. of the Cauca. P. 3,000. It is hand«.mo, A has some trade in fruits, coifee, cocoa, tobacco, cattle, A dried beef. CAs] UNIVRRSAL GAZETTEER. lYl Cartama, an anc. town of Spain, prov. Miila^a, on the Giuidaljorc. P. 1,993. Cahtaya, a town of Spain, pro\'. Huelvii. P. 4,097. Manufs. of linens. Carter, county, Tenn., in the N.E. part of the state, draine 1 by Wataus^a r. Contains 540 ?q. tn. Surface rocky & mountainous. P. 6,296. Cap. Elizabeth- town. II. county, Ky., in the N.E. part of the state; drained by Little Sandy riv., & Tygard's cr. P. 6,241. Cap. Graysing. Carthage, t., Franklin co. Mo.; waterel by Webb's river. II. p-v., Jeffonson co. N. Y., on the N.E. side of Bl.ick River. III. p-v., llarailtun co. 0. IV. p-v., cap. Moore co. N.C V. p. -v., cap. Leake co. Miss. VI. t., Athens co. 0., in S.E. part of the co. VII. v., Monroe co. N. Y., at the lower falls of (lenesoe riv. VIII. p-v., cap. Hanciick co. 111. Carteret, county, N. C, in the S.E. part of the state, continuing 600 sq in. It lies along the Atlantic, with sandy isles, & reefs in front, on one of which is Cape Lookout. Soil m irshy. P. 6,803. Cap. Beaufort. II. isl.. Pacific oc.;an, Solomon archip.. is in lat. 8° 50' S., Ion. 160° 43' E. III. a coinm. & vill. of Frame, dep. Manche, on bay of same namo, opp. Jersey, in the Engl, channel'. Carthage Cape, a promontory of N. Afric-.i, in the Mediterranean. L'-vt. 36° 52' 22" N., Ion. 10° 21' 49" E. Traces of the celeb, city of Carthage, the great rival of Home, are found »>n the prt)mon- tory N. of the lagoon of Tunis, which formed its port. Cartmel, a market town of Engl., co. LaniMSier^. on Morc(^ombe bay. Area of pa. 22,960 ac. P. 4,927. Carupano, a seaport town of S. Amer., Venezuela, cap. prov. & 65 m. N.E. Cuin;ina, on the Caribbean sea, at the mouths of two small rivers, defended by a fort. Carvalho, a town of Portugal, prov. Boira, at f »ot of mntn. of same name. Carvint-Epinoy, a comra. & town of Fnini-e, dep. Pas-de-Calai.=?. P. 4,033. Manufs. beet-root, sugar, ^ta.. prov. Turin. P. 2,091. V. {Butt(ino), Lombardv, deleg. Cremona. P. 3,903 Vr. (Cipriani), Naples, prov. Moli.^e. VII. {di Principe), prov. T. di Lavoro. VIII. (dani), prov. Molise. P. 2700. Casale, a city of the Sardinian sta., Piedmont, div. Alcssandri;)., cap. prov., on rt. b. of the Po. here cros.-t-line irregular. It h;is no tides, & in winter its N. part is covered with ice. Stur- geons, salmon, sterlets, & seals are abun- dant, & many active fisheries are carried on in this sea. It forms the chief mean.-^ of communication bctw. Russia, Persia, ly. 1. Pontif. sta. P. 2,000. II. a town, gov. Venice, on rt. b. of the Musone. P. 4,220. Silk & woollen m.a- nufs. III. Naples, prov. Princip. Ult. P. 2,.500. IV. {di Sotlo), Tu.'^c-.iny, prov. Florence, on the Arno. P. 3,280. Ca.stel-Gandolfo, a vill. of Italy, Pontif. sta., on the N.W. sile of Mount Albano. P. 1,120. It is picturesquely situated on a volcanic peak, 431 feet above the lake. Castel-Goffredo, a town of Lom- bardy. P. 3,463. It has an hospital & manufs. of silk. Castel-Gomberto, a vill. of N. Italy. P. 2,398. Castelgrande, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata. P. 3,080 Castelguelfo, a vill. of N. Italy, duchy Parma, on 1. b. of the Taro. Castel-Guglielmo, a vill. of N. Italy, gov. Venice. 2,900 inhab. Castel-Jaloux, a comm. «fc town of France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, on the Avance. P. 1,643. Iron it copi)er forges, manufactures of paper, glass, A woollen fabrics. Castellamoxte, a town of Piedmont, div. Turin. P. 5,050. Castellana, a town of Naples, prov. Bari. P 6,300. Castellaneta, a town of Naples, prov. Otranto. P. 4,750. Cotton is raised in its vicinity. Castellanne, a comm. «fc town of France, dep. B.-Alpes, on the Verdon, here cros.^ed by a remarkable single arched bridge. P. 1.454. It has man- ufs. of coarse woollens, & a trade in pre- served fruits. Castellaro, a town of Lombardy. P. 2,071. Also three vills. in Sardinia. Castel-Lastu.\, a vill. of Palmatia, with a lazaretto & quarantine station on the Adriatic. Castellarquato, a town of Italy, duchy Parma. It has a vast gothic pal- ace. P. 2,860. CAs] UNIVERSAL GAZKTTEER. 175 Castellazzo, a town of Piedmont, prov. Ale.'SMidiiii. P. 5.236. Castel-Leone, a vill. of Lombardy. P. 5,71 -i. It is wtill built «fc eneloied by old walls. Castelletto, sevl vills. of the Sard, stii., Pifdinont. Castellina, two vills. of Tuscany. Castello. a prefixed name of several towns & vills. in S. Europe. —I. (C. Brancu)^ a town of Portugal, prov. Beira, cap. Comaica. P. 0,000. IE. (della Baronia), a vill. of Naples, prov. Princip. Ult., with 2,300 inhabs., a castle, liiine- ral spiiugs. «fc a manuf. of ooar.-ie wool- lens. III. {cV Act). Sicily, on the Med- iterranean. IV. {de Vide), Portugal, 5,800. Y.{di San prov. Otranto, 7 m. prov. Alemtejo. P. Cataldu), Naples, N.E. Leece, with a small harbor on the Adriatic. VI. {Melhor), Portugal, prov. Beira, on 1. b. of the Douro. VII. {di Quatro), a t. of Tusc'y. P. 1,350. Castellon-de-Ampurias, a town of Spain, prov. Gerona, on 1. b. of the Muga. P. 2,706. Castellon-de-la-Plana, a town of Spain, cap. prov. of same name, 4 m. from the Mediterranean. P. 16,952. It is situated in a fine plain ; is enclosed by walls, is well built, & has a remark- able octagon tower 260 feet in height. Castelloxe, a town of Naples, on the Appi:in Way, & on the gulf of Gaeta. P. 3,430. Castellote. a town of Spain, prov. Teruel. P. 2,475. Castellucchio, a vill. of Lombardy. P. 3,161. Castelluccia, a vil!. of Naples, prov. Princip. Citra. P. 2,000. Castelluccio, sev. small ts.of Naples. Castelmarv, a com m.& vill. of France, dep. Aveyron. P. L088. Castelmorox, a comm. & town of Franco, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, on r. b. of the Lot. P. 1,013. Castelnau is the prefixed name of several cnmms., towns & vills. of France, in the S.W. deps. Ca.stelnaudary, a town of France, dep. Aude, on a declivitv, near the Canal duMidi. P. 8,215. It has ship-building yards, & manufs. of woollen & silk fabrics, cotton twist, & earthen-wares. It was founded by the Visigoths. Castelnovo, a town of Italy. 1 deleg. Modena. P. 1,400. II.Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro. III. Sicily, intend. Messina. P. 3.230. IV. Sard, sta., div. Genoa. P. 2,626. Castelnuovo, .sev. towns, 4c., of Italy. Castelnuovo, a seaport of the Aus- trian Em[)ire, Dalmatia. P. cuiniii. 7,019. Ca.stelouizo. a small isl. oIF the S coast of Asia-Minor. Surface rugged It has a pretty good port. Casteu-Pagano, two vills. of Naples, prov. Molise. Castel-Rodrigo, a small town of Portugal, prov. Beira. P. 400. Castel-Sagrat, a town of France, dep. Tarn-et-(Jaronne. P. 1,300. Castel San, a prefix of the names of the following towns. 1. {Giorgio)^ Poniif. sta. P. 1,500. II. {(Jiuvanni), deleg. Parma. P. 2,000. III. {Lo- renzo), Naples, prov. Princip. Citra. P. 2,300. IV. (Pietro), Pons if. sta., on the Eiuiliun Way, near the Silaro. P. 3,100. Ca.stel Saraceno, a town of Naples, prov. Basilicata. P. 3,200. Castel-Sardo, a seaport of Sardinia, the strongoht on the island. P. with comm. 2,092. Castel-Sarrasin, a town of France, dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, on the Songuine. P. 3.400. Castel-Termini, a town of Sicily. E.xten-ive mines of sulphur & rock salt. P. 4.600. Castelvetere, several towns of Na- ples. 1, prov. Calab. Fit., II., near the Mediterranean, with 3,370 inhabs. II. prov. Molise. P. with comm. 3.578. • III. prov. Princip. Ult. P. 1,860. Castelvetrano, a town of Sicily. P. 1,-500. Castenedolo, a town of Lombardy. P. 3,000. Castera-Lectourois, a comm. the uniform mildness of the atmosphere, it is called the " paradise of Brazil." II. an i.-l. of Brazil, forming the superb bay of same name, off the coast of the above prov., between lat. 27° & 23° S. ; len. 30 ra., br. 8 m. P. 12,000. Catharines, p-t., Chemung co. N. Y. Drained by cr. of same name. P. 2,424. II. (St.), a flourishing town of the Niagara dist. of U. Canada, on the WeJ land canal. P. 4,363. 178 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [CAO Cati, » modern town of Spnin, prov. Ca-fellon de la Plana. P. 1.666. Catmandoo, cap. of Nenaul. Catli.v, t., Chemung CO. N.Y. P. 1,119. Cato, p-t., Cayuga co. X. Y., on Seneca riv. P. 2,380. Catoche (Cape), a headld. on the N. coast of Yucitan. Centr. Amer. ; lat. 21° 31' X., Ion. 87° AY. C.\TON-, t., Steuben co. X. Y'. P. 797. Catorche, a town of Mexico, state & 120 m. X. San Luis de Potosi. Catral, a town of Spain, prov. Ali- cante. P. 2.268. It has linen inanufs. Catrine, a vill. of Scotland, co. Ayr. P. 2,659. Catskill, a tnshp., Xew Y'ork, cap. CO. Greene, on the Hudson, 31 m. S. Albany. P. .5,454. It has co. offices, a bank, & several churches. AVithin its limits, 2,212 feet above the Hudson, is a vill., Pine Orchard, much frequented by visitors, on account of the magnificent views which it commands. Catskill viountains are in the vicinity, & bend in the form of a crescent towanls the Mo- hawk river. Round Top, the loftiest peak, is 3,840 feet above tide-water in the Hudson. The scenery of these mntns. is very picturesque ; tt in their recesses the wolf, bear, «t wild deer are still met with. Cattaraugus, a co., in AV. part of New York. Area, 1,232 sq. m. P. 38,9-50. Soil fertile, fc adapted to grazing. E.k- ports cattle tfe wood. The Genesee valley canal, n the Adriatic. Cavan, an inl.ind co. of Irel., Uls*er. Area 746 sq m. Inhab. houses 40,964. p. (in 1851) 174.303. Surface mountain- ous on the borders, enclosing an open country, interspersed with bog. Princip. rive s the Woodford, Ujpper Eme. Cavan', a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Coies-du-Nord. P. 2,124. Cavarzere, a viil. of N. Italy, gov. Venice, on the Adige. P. 3 300. Cavaso. a vill. of N. Italy, gov. Ve- nice. P. 2,500. Cave Hill, t., "Washington co. Ark. Cavendish, co., Vt. Watered by Black r. P. 1,427. Cavery, or Cacvery, a river of India, Deccan, rises near lat. 13° 10' X., & Ion. 76° E., flows tortuously S.E.-ward. L. 470 m. Cavebypauk, a town of British India, pre-id. Madras, dist. N. Aroot Cavery'poham, a town of British In- dia, presid. Madras, on the banks of the Cavay. Cavi, a town of Italy, Pontif. sta. P. 2,000. Caviana, an isl. of Brazil, prov. Para, moutii of the Ama/.on, on the equator. Length 35 ra.; breadth 20 in. It is level ; & fertile, & well stocked with cattle. j Cavite, a fortified seaport town of Lu- j zon, Philippines, in the bay of Manila. P. of town 5,115, of port 530. Cavor, or Cavol'r, a town of the Sard states. Piedmont, div. Turin. P. with comm. 7,543. It has manufs. of silk twist, linens, & leather, ;t3 of part of the territory of Nabob of Oude, eede-h, yg 2,000 divers for three weeks in spring. Cej'lon was known to the Greeks in the time of Alexander, as also to the Romans. It was visited by traders in 6th cent., by Marco Polo in 13th cent., & by Sir J. Mandeville in 14th. The Portuguese formed a settlement at Co- lombo in 1520. They were superseded by the Dutcl) in 17th cent. It has belonged to England .since 1815 Ceze, a riv. of France, dep. Gard. L. 50 ra. Cezimbra, a seaport town of Portugal, prov. Estreinadura, on a bay of the Med- iterranean. P. 5,000. It has active fish- eries. Chabanais, a coram. & town of France, dep. Charentc. P. 1,895. Chabeuil, a comm. & town of France, dep. Drdme. P. 1,496. Manuf. silk. Chadlais, the most N. prov. of Savoy, on the lake of (ieneva. Surface mntnous. Princip. rlv. the Dranse. Chf. towns. Thonon, Evian, & Notre Dame d'Abond- anee. P. 54,690. Chabli.s, a comra. & town of France, dep. Yonne, on 1. b. of the Seray. P. 2,583. Chabhis, a coram. & town of France, dep. Indre. P. 2,077. Chacabuco, a town of Chile, prov. N. Santiago, en the Colina. Chacao, a small seaport town of Chile, with a good port, on the N. coast of the isl. Chiloe. Chacapoyas. a town of Peru, dep. Truxillo, near the Ecuador frontier. P. 4,000. Chaco (El Gran), a wide region of S. America, in the centre of the continent, territs. Bolivia & La Plata, bounded E. by the river Paraguay, & travarsed by its tributaries the Pilcomaj'o, Vermejo, &c. Chad (Lake), Cent. Africa. [Tchad (Lake) ] CiiADDA, a riv. of Guinea, flows W. & joins the Quorra. Chagny, a comra. A town of France, dep. Saone-et-Loir. P. 3,072. It is re- markable for quaint & curious architec- ture. Chagbes. a river of S. America, New Granada, isthmus of Panama, rises about 30 ra. N E. Panama. CiiAOKEs, a seaport town of Central America, on the N. coast of the isthmus of Panama, at the mouth of the Chagres river, in the Caribbean sea. The Amer- ican steamers carrying the mails for California, stop hero. Chaikal, a considerable vill. of Af- ghanistan, chief^hip \eii. Saithe. P 1,533. 111. {(T An<^illon), a town, dep Cher. P. 766. IV. {aux PoU), dep Oi?e, with extensive manuf. of pottery ware. V. {au.v J3ou>), Vo.sge:j. P. 1,258 VI. {Basse Mcr), Loire Inf. P. 4,336. VII. {(VArtncntieres). Nord. P. 2,000. VIII. {des Marais).' Loire Inf. P. 1,941. IX. (e;i TccorA), DrO me, cap. cant. P. 1,343. X. {.Tanso)i), Ilic- et-Vilaine, Fougcres. P. 2,031. XI. {La Heine), dep. Seinc-et-Marne. P 976. XII. {St. Denis), Seine. P. 12,911. — r-XIII. {St. Saureiir), SaOne-et-Loire. P. 1,900. XIV. {St. Mesmin), dep. Loiret. P. 1,271. XV. {sur Erdre), Loire Inf. P. 2,294. XVI. {Volant), Jura. P. 1,907. Chaplin, t., Windham co. Conn.; watered by Natchaud riv. P. 704. Chapman, p-t.. Union co. Penn. Some water power. P. 1,297. II. t., Clinton CO. Penn. Chapniers, a vill. of France, dep Charente Inf. P. 4,257. Chapoo, an important marit. town of China., prov. Che-kiang. Chapola, riv., Florida & Ala., a branch of the Apalachicola, 45 m. long. Chaprung, a town of Tibet, on tho Sutleje. Charalan, &'■ Charapoto, two towns of S. America; the former N. Granada; the latter Ecuador, near the bay of Cha- rapoto, Pacific oc*»an. Charbar, a large which has eight professors, an observatory, a museum, &, lib. of 16,000 vols., attended by about 300 students. Charlotte-Town, the cap. of Prince Edward I.<1., Brit. America, on Hillsbor- ough river, near the S. coast, with one of the best harbors in the adjacent seas. P. 3,500. Charlton, t. , Worcester co. Mass. Some manufs. P. 2,015. II. p-t., SHra!o;;a CO. N. Y., drained b}' a branch of tlie Mo- hawk. Some manufs. P. 1,933. Charly, several vills. of France ; the chief in dep. Aisne, cap. cant. P. 1,603. Charmes-sur-Moselle, a comm. & town of France, dep. Vosgcs, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Moselle, here crossed by a bridge of 10 arches. P. 3,011. Charneux, a. vill. of Belgium, prov. Liege. P. 2,300. It his manufs. of cloth, & the anc. abbey of Val-Dieu. Charnock-IIeath. a tnshp. of Engl., CO. Lancashire. P. 1,062. Charxv, a comm. &, town of France, dep. Yonne. P. 1,065. CuAROLAis, an old subdivision of France in the prov. Burgundy. Charolles, a comm. & town of France, dep. Saone-et-Loire. P. 2,962. Charonne, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Seine. P. 5,433. Manufs. of chem- ical products, wa.x candles, & colors. Charost, a comm. &, town of France, dep. Cher. P. 1,239. Charpev, a coram & town of France, dep. DrOme. P. 2,770. Charroux, a comm. & town of France, dep. Vienne. P. 1.740. Chars, a comm. & town of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, on the Viosne. P. 1,019. Charshambah. a town of .A.sia-Minor, pash. Sivas, on the Yeshil Irmak river. (Iris.) Chartiers, a small riv. of Ponn., 30 m. long, flowing into the Ohio. II. t., Washington co. Penn. Cvial abounds. P. 1,616. Chartre (La), a comm. .t town of France, dep. Sarthe, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Loir. P. 1,620. Trade in cattle & grain. Chartres. a comm. «.fe city of France, cap. dep. Eurc-et-Loir, on a steep decliv- ity beside t!ie Eure. Charwah, a town of India, Hindostan, prov. Candeish. CfiASGO, a cluster of vills. Afghanistan, 8,697 feet above the .sea. Chasma, a river of military Croatia, 55 m. long. Chasselas, a coram. . Loire Inf. P. 3,088. Chateau-Chalon, a comm. »fetown of France, dep. Jura, on r. b. of the Seille. Excellent wine produced in its vicinity. Chateau-Chinon, a comm. . Vienne, on rt. b. of the Vieune. 1'. 1,768. Chaux-de-Fond (La), a town of Swit- zerl., cant. Xeulchatcl. P. 8,481. It is situaleil at the foot of a narrow & savage gorge of the Jura, at anelev. (if 3,070 ft. above the sea, each cottage being sur- roundeJ bj- a garden. With Locle, this is the chief seat of the manuf. of the cele- brated watches of the canton. Chavanges, acomm. & town of France, dep. Aube, cap. cant. P. 1,081. Chaves, a town of Portugal, prov. Tras-os-Montes, on rt. b. of the Taiuega. P. 6,000. There is here a Roman bridge of 18 arches on the riv. It has hot saline springs (temp. 129° Fahr.). Chaves, a marit. town of Brazil, prov. Para, on the N. coast of the isl. Marajo, at the mouth of the Amazon. II. The cap. town of the island St. Thomas, guif of Guinea. P. 1,137. Chaville, a vill. of France, dep. Seine- et-Oise, on the Seine. P. 1,562. Chayanta, a town of Ijolivia, dep. Potosi, cap. i^rov. Chayar, a t. of Chinese Turkestan, on the Chayar riv., affl. of Erghen. Chayenpoor, a town of Xepaul. Chaylahd (La), a comm. & town of France, dep. Ardeche, on rt. b. of the Dome. P. 2,353. Chazelles-sur-Lyon, acomm. & town of France, dep. Loire. P. 1,920. Chazy, a township. New York, on Lake Charaplairi, & watt-red by Chazy river, which falls into the lake. ' P. 3,584. Cheadle, a town of England, co. Staf- ford. The town is pleasantly situated in a valley. Coal & 1 mestone abound in the vicinity. Copj er, brass, & tin works. Cheaput, a small town & important joilitary {)ost, Scinde. Cheat, riv., Va., a branch of the Mo- Dongaliela. Chebucto, two bays. Nova Scotia ; the former near Halifax, the latter at the E. extrem. of the isl., opposite Cape Breton. CheIjYN, a vill. of Lower Egypt, prov. Menouf, with a gov. school, & a cotton factory. Checa, a town of Spain, prov. Quada- laxara. P. 1,201. Checing, a town of Poland, on the Czarna. P. 3,000. There arc quarries of fine nuirbic in its vicinity. Checo, a vill. of Chile, dep. Coquimbo, with some rich copper mines. Cheduba, an isl., Further India, Brit, prov. Aiacan, in the bay of Bengal. Area, 300 sq. m. P. 5,000. Chee-choo, a city of China, prov. Ngan-liuli, cap. dejj., near the Yang-tze- Kiang. Cheera, a city of Chinese Turkestan. Cheerun, a town of British Imlia, prc- sid. Bengal, dist. Sarun, on the Gauges. Chef (St.), a comm. & town of France, dep. Isere. P. 3,411. Chef-Bol'tonne, a comm. &, town of France, dep. Deux- Sevres, cap. c. int. P. 1,372. It has manufactures of druggets. Chehl, a lofty mountain, Bcloochislan, immediately S. Moostung. Che-kiaxg, a maritime prov. of China. P. 26,256,784. Surface greatly diversified, & the prov. is traversed by the (.ireat canal. Coasts abrupt & greatly indented. It is one of the most fertile & commercial provs. of China. Silk is the piincipal article of export : other products are tea in the S., cotton, indigo, fruits, camphor, & coal. Its manufs. silk, crape, gold e. P. 985. ! 111. p-t.. New JIaveu 00. Conn. Waier- j ed by Vuinnipi .c r. Tauneiicn, disfille- I lies, t4 powder mills. 1 acad. P. 1,529. i IV. p-t , Gallia co., 0. Chesil Bank, a sand & gravel sh'ial in ttje Englisli chanuei, winch coiineeta the isl. Portland with the mainland. Chesnut Hill, a township, Peunsyl- I vania, Munroe co. P. 1,318. ' Chester, an efdscop'jl city, co. of it- self, & river port of England, cap. co., on ! the Dee. P. 22,961. It stands on a I rocky elevation, in great part enclosed } by anc. & massive walls, which form an oblong quadrangle. The cathedral is an irregular massive structure, with a tower I 127 feet in height ; it has many fine monuments, with a handsome chapter- house, & adjacent to it are the remains of an ancient abbey, partly used for the i grammar sthool. The bishop's palace culiar stone, are carried on. 196 CVCLOPXDIA OF GEOGRAPriY. [CHI Chica-Balapoor, a town of In^lia, Deican, Mysore doui. CmcACOLE, a lown of British Infiia, pre>iil. ^lii'lras, on N. bank of Chicacole riv., near the ba}' of IJengal. It is larc^e, irregularly built, has some neat barracks, seveial bizaars. n:any mosques, «t its muslin manufs. liave liingeiijoj-ed repute. Chicago, riv., forming harbor of Cbi- cago, is composed of 2 branches — the one 40 L. long, tt I he other G. II. city, & Oftp. Cook CO. III., on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Chicago iiv. Tbe riv. here i.i t'om 50 to 75 yds. wide, & from 15 to 25 ft. deep ; though the bar at the mouth huj only about 3 ft. of water. An arti- ficial harbor, however, ha.s been made by the construction of piers. Chicago is very flouri>hing. Its growth has been raost rapid. Its navigation interest is extensive. Tonnage 23,103 45. Numer- ous steamboats S BulLilo cr. It contains an Indian reservation belong- ing to the Seneca trilic. P. 3,012. Chiclana, a town of Spain, prov. «fc 12 m. S.E. Cadiz. P. 7,144. It has numer- ous countr^'-housi'S of inhabs. of Cadiz, li near it a ruined Moorish castle. Chiclayo, a town of N. Peru, dep. Truxillo, ])iov. Liimbayeque. Chicot, co., Aik., in the S.E. part of the state, contains 1,800 sq. m. Drained by several rs. Surface level. Cap. Co- lumbus. Staple commod. cotton. P. 5,115. Chicova, a town of S.E. Africa, Mono- motapa. on r. b. of the Zambezi. It was formerly celebrated for its silver mines. Chiem-see, a lake of Upper Bavaria, 42 m. S.E. Munich, celebrated for its fish. Length 12 m , breadth 9 m., height above the sea 1,549 ft., greatest depth 480 ft. It has 3 small isls. Chienti, a riv., cent. Italy, Pontif sta. P. 1,680. Chieri, a town of Sard, states. Pied- mont, cap. mand., on a hill, prov. Turin. P. 13,272. It has manufs. of silk, cot- ton, & linen fabrics. It is one of the most ancient manufacturing towns of Europe. Chiers, a riv. of Europe, rises N.W. Esch in Luxemburg, & flows through the French deps. Meuse, Ardennes, «t joins the MeuSe, 4 m. S. Sedan, after a W. course of 50 miles. Chiesa, a riv. of the Tyrol & N.Italy, rises W. of Arco in the Tyrol, flows S., forming the lake of Idro, «t joins the Oglio, 18 m. W. Mantua. Length 75 m. Asola, Condino, Jc Montcchiaro are on its banks. CiiiETi, an archiepiscopal city of Naples, cap. prov. Abruzzo Cit., on a hill, near the Pescara. P. 12,700. It is badly laid out, but has some good edifices, compris- ing a cathedral, college, «fc handsome theatre; tlio adjacent country is pleas- ant. Chievres, a town of Belgium, prov. Hainault. P. 3,107. Chiktlik, a vill. of Turkish Armenia. Chignecto Bay, an inlet of British N. .-Vmcr., between Nova S'^i.lia tfr. Now Brunswici^, forming the N. extremity of the bay of Fundy. Length 30 m., av. bieadtb ^ m. CHl] U N I VE l{S A L G AZK TIE liJl. 197 Chignolo. a town of Lonibnnly. P. 3,992. Chihuahua (pron. Cliiirau-a), a state, Mexic. cunfed., having E. a desert, & the Rio Bravo del Norte dividing it fioni Texas. Area 107,500 sq. ni., & p. 190,- 000. It is a nintn. t;iblc-l/ind, mostly in- fertile, but abounding in nitre & other salts, & ricli in mines of gold & silver. Chief towns, Chihuahua & San Jose del- Piirral. — Chihuahua, the cap. of above state, in an arid plain. P. 12,000, is of great extent & well built, but declining. It is the chief mart for the trade between Santa P"e it the U. States. Near it are many rich but unwrought mines, «fc ex- tens, cattle-farms. Chilapa, a t. of Mexico, 58 m. N.E. Acapulco. Chilapa, 0 107,!(7O (■)4,554 27,990 28,95H 14,0(14 2:<,o:i7 ;{7,H4:< .S4,h;h :«),42t» I4,';77 2().-2.'>t!, .S7.:n(i ]8,(i52, 10,207 15,I9:{, 21.4:15 19,147 7.3i:i 5.5()l, 5,281 871 Pekin. ,7()4 'I'ssi-nan. ,210 Tai-jaen. ,171 Kei-luiig. ,.>0I Nankin. 059 i\ •rail-king. 999 Naii-chaii!,'. 41(1 Full clidi). 7^'4 llaii!,'-rliO(). (.98 V(in-(:liaii{:. .507 Chang-fha. .'2iH\ Si-n;.'an. 1.15 Lan-choo. ()7.-' ('hinu-ioo. (i:{() (Janlon. H!I5 (iiiei-liii. 320 Yuii-nan. 219 Kevi-yang. Ttital, 1, •-•98,000 :{t)7,r):{2,907 China, so far as Europeans have been able to n.^certain, con.-^ists of an elevated region in the N.; a great alluvial plain in the centre ; &, in the S. a region inter- spersed with broad valleys <& loftj moun- tains. It is estimated that 2-3ds of tlie country are nioutitainons. It has nu- merous large rivers. Lakes are both nu- merous & e.xtensive ; that of Tong-tmg, in rhe [irovinoe Ilou-nan, is stated to be nearly 300 in. in circuit. The coa^t line has been estim. at 2,500 ra. in length, &, it is alternately bold & rocky, or low & swainpy ; it presents, however, many good liarbors at the mouths of the rivers «t elsewhere. There are no active volcanoes in China Proper ; but in sev'l localities there are hot springs & emissions of gas. The vegetable productions of the country belong chiefly to the temper, zone. The tea-[)lant is peculiar to this region, & the adjoining territory of A.ssain. Tlie cam- phor tree grows to the height of 50 feet, &, is a good timber tree. The wild ani- mals of China, if they ever abounded, have been long since almost extirpated by the cultivation of the land, i the den.se population. Rice is the principal article of culture, & being the main food of the pop., its export is prohibited ; wheat, barley, millet, & other grains of temper- ate climates are raised. Of the article of tciJ, it has been estimated that upwards of 72 millions lbs. are annually exported into foreign countries, of which amount, 52 millions are taken by the Biitish em- pire, the other principal customers being I Pvus.sia, the United .States, the Xetlicrl'ds, 1 & Hamburg. Manufs. are of the most I varied, !! an affluent of the Goesfra. Chinapatam, a town of India, Dcccan. Chincha Islands. I. A irroup of small isl."<. off the coast of Peru tt belonj^insr to that country; lat. 13« S8' S; Ion. 76^25' W. They are granitic ld & dilRciilt of access, but rich in defiosits of guano, for which vessels come from Europe and tiie U. S. Chiyicha town and river are on the mainland of Peru, nearly op. the isls. Chinchilla, a city of Spain, prov. Al- bacete. P. 12,609."^ It has an old castle and anc. walls. Manufs. coarse cloths. Chixchon, a town of Spain, prov. Madrid, between the Tagus &. the Tajun^x. p. 5,392. It has min. :-prings «& baths. Chin-Choo, a marit. region of China betw. lat. 23" & 26° N., comprising partj of the provs. Fo-kien Sc Quang-tong. & inhabited by a hardy asca. Chippewayan Mntns., a name of the great X.W. American range, including the Rocky mntns. Chiquimula (dr la Sierra), a town of Cent r. America, state Guatemala, cap. dep. P. 6,000. Chiquimula (Isthmus of), Central America, comprehending about 70 m. of coast, on the Caribbean sea, between the mouth of the Uio Motagua &, the inner- most cornur of the bay of Honduras. The distance across from the Atlantic to Pa- citie 0. is here 1.50 m. Greatest eleva- tion of the laud, 2,000 feet. Chiquitos, a territory of Bolivia, dep. Santa Cruz, & forming the middle part of the great Lons^itudinal Plain, which extends N. & S. of the eastern base of the Andes. Chirac, a comm. & town of France, dep. Lozere. on 1. b. of the Rioulone. P. 1,550. Chircari, & Chirgong, two towns of Hindostan, Bundelcund. Chirens, a comm. & town of France, dep. Isere. P. 2,030. Chirico (San;, two mkt. towns of Naples, prov. Basilicata. 1. (iYuoro), on a hill. P. 1,500. II. {Raparo), cap. cant. P. 3,580. Chiriqui, a riv., lagoon, & archip. of Centr. America, state of Costa Rica, dep. Veragua. The river, after a N.-ward course, enters the lagoon, which is sepa- rated from the Caribbean sea by the Chi- riqui archipelago. Chirra, a vill. of Cossyah country, Further India, presid. Bengal. Elev. 4,000 feet. Chirripo, a volcano »bul, a riv. of India, rises in the Vindhyan mntns , & joins the Jumna, 85 m.3.fil. Agra. Total course estim. at 500 m. Chumleigh, a small market town of Engl., CO. Devon, on the Dart. P. 1,647. Chumpaneer, a t. of India, Gwalior dom., on an isolated rock. Chumpawut, a town of N. Hindostan, &, the old cap. of Kumaon. Chunargur, a town -t , Onondaga co. N. Y". Bor- ders on Oneida lake. P. 2,980. CiECHANOW, a town of Poland, prov. Plook, on I. h. of the Lidinia. P. 2,400. CiECHANOwiEC, a town of Russian Po- land, prov. P.ialystok, on 1. b. of the Nur- zek. P. 3,000. CiEMPOzuELOS, a town of Spain, prov .»] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 205 Madrid, near rt. b. of tha Jarama. P. 2,044. CiENFUEGOS, a town of the isl. Cuba, cap. jurirfd. same name, dep. Oentro. P. 2,437. CiERP, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. H. Garonne. P. 1,141. CiERS (St.), several comms. it vills. of France, the principal St. Ciers-la-Lande, dep. Gironde, cap. cant. Blaye. P. 2,825. Cjeza, a town of Spain, prov. Murcia, ne;ir 1. b. of the Segura. P. 6,917. CiFUENTEs, a town of Spain, prov. Guadalajara. P. 1,465. CiGLIANO & CiLAVEGNA, twO Small towns of Piedmont, div. Novara ; the former, prov. Vercelli. P. 4,475. The latter, prov. Lor.iellina. P. 3.251. OiLAVEGNA, a town of the Sardinian atate.s, prov. Lomellina. P. 3,251. CiLLY, a town of Styria, cap. circ. on the San. P. 1,660. CiMBEBAsiA, a country on the S.W. coast of Africa, between Cape Frio, in S. Guinea, & the country of the Hottentots. CiMBRisHA3i, a town of Sweden, lajn Christiiiustadt, on the Baltic. P. 1,032. CiMiNN.\, a town of Sicily, cap. circ. Palermo. P. 6,000. CiMiTiLE, a town of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, 1 m. X. Nola. P. 2,500. CiNALOA, a dep. of the Mexican con- federation, on the W. coast, now united with Sonora. P. 9,500. Cincinnati, a city & port of entry, & cap. of Hamilton co. Ohio, the most populous city west of the Alleghany mountains, is situated on the Ohio, near the S.W. corner of the state. P. in 180<;, 750; in 1850, 116,108. It is built on a slope rising from the river, & has broad handsome streets, mostly intersecting at right angles. The princip. buildings are a court-house, bnnk.^, medical & other colleges, & market-houses. Cincinnati has raanufs. of iron, cabinet work, hats, cottons, woollens, chiefly conducted with steam-power. Large distilleries, flour Tnill.'^. & docks for building steamboats. It is • ho largest pork market in the world. Its trade is extensive. The shore of the Ohio here forms a good landing for boats at all seasons of the year. The principal landing being paved at low water mark in a substantial manner, Ohio Tonnage, 1,418,718. Its trade is greatly facilitated by the Miami railroad & the Miami canal. Cincinnati was founded in 1789, on the site of Fort Wash- ington. Its rapid increase has been much aided by European emigration. CiNCiNNATUS, p-t., Cortland co. N. Y. Watered by Ostelie creek. P. 1/206. ^ CiNEY, a town ot Belgium, prov Na- mur, on the Ualjou.x. P. 1,435. CiNGOLi, a town of Central Italy, Pon- tif. states, on the iMusone. P. 2,440. CiNisELLO, a market town, Lombardy, P. 2,408. CiNLsi, a town of Sicily, near the coast. P. 3,400. Cinq- Mars, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, near r. b. of the Loire, with 1,728 inhabs. CiNauEFRONni, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. I. P. 3,000. CixVauE-PoRTs (The), cos. Kent &, Sus- sex ; had formerly important privileges, & consisted of the five ports, Dover, Sand- wich, Romney, Hythe, & Hastings, to which were afterwards added Winchelsea, Sea ford, & Rye. Cintegabelle, a comm. & town of France, dep. II. Garonne, on rt. b. of the Ariege. P. 3.971. CiNTi, a town of S. Amer., Bolivia, cap. dep. P. 2,000. Trade in wines. C INTRA, a town of Portugal, prov. Es- tremad>ira, on the slope of the mntn. chain of Cintra, which terminates at Cape Roca. P. 4,000. CiNTRUENiGO, a town of Spain, prov. Navarra, on rt. b. of the Alhama. P. 2,396. It has manufs. of woollens. CiOTAT (La), a marit. comm. & town of France, dep. B. du Rhone, on the W. side of a bay in the Mediterranean. P. 4,093. CiRcARs (Northern), several dists. of British India. CiRCAssiA, a country comprising the N. slope of the Caucasus, & also a part of its S. slope, now nominally composing a part of the Russian empire. Its N. frontier is formed by the Kuban & Terek rivs. The people are, physically, amongst the finest of the human race, but very little civilized, living partly by brigand- age, & the sale of slaves. The pop. is various, amounting in all to 650,000. Circello, a headland of S. Italy, on the Mediterr., near the S. extremity of the Pontif. sta. Ht. above the sea, 1,713 feet. Circlevllle, p-t., cap. of Pickaway CO. 0. The V. lies on the E. bank of the Scioto r. Some manufs., 3 newsp., 1 acad. P. 3,411. CiRENCEtiTER, town of England, co. Gloucester, on a branch of the Great 206 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. toi> Western railway, & on the riv. Churn. It \v;i8 a town ot" the unc. Britons, & oc- cupies a portion of the site of the ancient Roman town, the walls of which, about 2 ui. in circ, are still traceable. CiREY, a connn. it vill.of France, dap. Meurthe. P. 2,347. It has glass works, & luanufs. of mirrors. II. dep. II. Marne, on rt. b. of tbe Blaise. CiRiE, a town of the Sard, sta., Pied- niont div. prov. Turin, cap. mand., on a branch of the Stura. P. 3.353. CiKO, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. II., dist. Cotrone, 3 m. from the Med- iterr. P. 2,900. CisoiNG, a comra. & vill. of France, dep. Nord. P. 2,400. CisTERX.\, several vills. of Italy. CiSTERNiNO, a market town of Naples, prov. Bari. P. 3,600. OisTRiEREs, a comm. &, vill. of France, dep. II. Loire. P. 1,G70. Cjtara, a mkt. town of Naples, prov. Principato Cit., on the G. of Salerno. P. 2,550 II. (or Ouibdo), a town of New Granada, dep. Cauca, on the Atrato. P. 3,000. CiTEAL'x, a hamlet of Fraricc, dep. Cute-d'Or, arrond., on r. b. of the Vouge. Cith.«:ron (Mount), a famous mntn. of Greece, forming part of the bounlary between Attica & Thebes. Height above the sea 4,020 feet. CiTTADELLA, a town of N. Italy, gov. Venice, on r. b. of the Bretitella. P. 6,599, partly engaged in paper & wool'n fact'ies. CiTTA-DELLA-PiEVE, a town of the Pontif. sta. P. 3,395. CiTTA Di Castello, a town of the Pon- tif. sta., on 1. b. of the Tiber. P. 5,339. CiTTA Ducale, Naples. CiTTA-NfOVA, a town of Illyria, gov., circ. Triest, on a headland in the Adri- atic, with a good barb. P. 1,000. II. a mkt. town of Europ. Turkey, sanj. Ochrida, on an afll. of the Drin. CiTTA Vecchia, a city of Malta, near the centre of the isl. It stands on a limestone hill, in which extensive cata- combs have been excavated at a remote period. On its S.W. side is the suburb Rabato, in which is the grotto of St. Paul. I[. a .eeaport & mkt. town, on an inlet of the isl. I.esina, Dalmatia. P. 3,046. City Point, a port of Virginia, at the junction of the .latne.s' tt Appomattox rivs., 20 m. S K. Richmoml. (ireatquan- tities of tobacco are ship])ed at thi.s place, which is at the head of the navig. on James' riv. City West, p-v., Porter co. la., on Lake Michigan. It has a good harbor. ClUDAD DE LAS CASA^ X own Mcx) can confederation, cap. dep. Chiapas. P 3,800. It has a caihod , jevl. convents, au hospital, coll., seminary, .-u CiUDADEi.A, a city &, seapcit of tho isl. Minorca, on its W. coast. P. 7,800 It was formerly capi. of tho isl., & retains portions of its ancient walls. CiuDAP Real, a city of Spain, cap. prov. of same name, i formerly cap. of La Mancha, between the Guadiana & the Jabalon. P. 8,300. It h.is a large hos- pital, with several schools; its maiiufs of woollens & leather, formoriy impor- tant, have greatly declined. Chief com- merce in wine, fruits, oil, &, mules; large annual fair in Augusc. CiL'DAD Real, a town of S. Amer., Venezuela, dep. Cumana, on the Ori- noco. CiuDAJi RoDRiGO, a fortified frontier city of Spain, prov. Salamanca, near r. b. ^f the AgueJa, here croasud by a bridge of 7 arches. P. 4,612. It was taken by the Portuguese in 1706, by the French in 1810, the mainland, varies in breadth I'rom T; to 13 m., & is studded with isls. Clarendon, t., Rutlnna co Vt., watered by other crs. Some water power. Marble is found here. P. 1,549. II. p-t Or- leans CO. N. Y. Drained by several crs. Surface broken. P. 2.251. Clarens, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Vaud, on the lake of Geneva. Claridon, p-t.. Geauga co. 0. Graz- ing town. P. 1,200. II. t. Marion "o. 0. P. 1,487. Clarion, county. Pa., in the N.W. part of the state. Contains 530 sq. m. It has the Alleghany r. on the S.W., Red Bank cr. on the S., & drained centrally by Clarion, or Toby's r. & branches. The 208 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [CLA southern portion is moderately undulat- ing &. fertile, tlie northern part, uneven & ri)ugh, abi>undi:i<^ in iron ore & pine timber. There are 11 furnaces in the county. P. 23,565. II. p-t. & cap. of Chirion CO. l*a. Surfnce hilly. WatereJ by .''everal crs. The u:Jual co. buiMing.s. III. r., Pa., 75 m. long. Clark, county, Oregon. P. 643. Clarke, county, Vii., .situated in the N.E. pirt of the .state, & contains 225 sq. m. The Shenandoah r. passes centrally through it. Surface, diversified. It has the BI;ie Ridge on the E. Soil, first rate. Cap. Berryville. Staple cotnmod. wheat A Ind. corn. Tanneries & distilleries. 9 acad. P. 7,35 *> II. county, (la.. situated centrally in the N. part of the state, & contains 414 sq. m. "Watered by branches of Oconee riv. Cap. Athens. Staple comnioditj', cotton. Distilleries, grist & saw mills. 1 college. 7 acad. P. 11,119. III. county, Ala., .situated between the Tombigbee & Alabama rivs. in the S.W. part of the state. & contains 1,200 sq. m. The surface is uneven, & the soil indififerent. Cap. Macon. A cot- ton growing co. 5 acad. P. 9,786. IV. county. Miss., situated toward the E. border of the state, & contains 650 sq. m. Watered by Chickasawha river & branches. Surface generally level. Cap. Quitman. Staple commod. cotton. P. 5,477. V. county, Ky., situated cen- trally in the E. part of the state, having Kentucky r. on its S. border. It contains about 300 sq. ra. Capital, Winchester. Sta^.K- cotnmod. Ind. corn, & flax & hemp. UiHtilleries, & woollen & rope fac. 2 acad. P. 12,688. VI. county, 0., situated toward the S.\V. part of the state, & contains 412 sq. m. It has a very fertile soil. Watered by Mad riv., Be iver & Buck crs. The national road runs through the co., as will also the Mad r. & Lake Erie railroad. Capital, Spring- field. The conimon agricultural fruits, with some hops & sugar. Distilleries, tanneries, potteries, & woollen fac, & oil mills. 1 rowsp. 1 acad. P. 22,178. VII. county, la., in the S.E. part of the state, on the Ohio r. Cap. Charleston. Chief prod, wheat, Ind. corn, oats, with "jTsid. sugiir. Some manufs. 6 acad. P. 15,828. VIII. county. 111., in the E. part of the state. Contains 1,080 sq. m. Cap Marshall. Common agricultural prod. P. 9,532. -IX. county, Mo., in the N.E. part of the state, on the Miss, river. Cap. Waterloo. Drained by Fox A Wyaconda rivs. Chief prod, wheat, Ind. com, «fc tobacco. 1 acad. P. 5,527. X. county, Ark., toward the S. part of th.; state. Watere 1 by AVaciiita riv. Surface uneven. Cap. Greenvilie. Ind. corn & .otton. P. 4,011. XI. t., Lin- coln CO. Mo. P. 1,218. XII. t.. Cole CO. Mo. P. 853. XIII. t., Gasconade CO. Mo. P. 621. XIV. t., Johnson co. Ark. XV. t.. Brown co. 0. P. 1,290. XVI. t., Montgomery co. la. XVII. t., Clinton CO. 0. P. 1,297. Clarksburg, p-v., cap. Harrison co. Va., on the Monongahela r. The usual county building.s. 1 newsp. P. 800. II. p-v., cap Louis co. Ky., on Salt cr., 4 m. S. of the Ohio r. The usual county buildings. III. t., Berkshire co. Mass. Clarksfield, p-t., Huron co. 0., on Vermillion r. P. 1,437. Clarkson, p-t., Monroe CO. X.Y., drain- ed b3' Little Salmon «fc Sandy crs. The V. is on the Rilge road. Some manufs., 1 acad. P. 4,556. Clark's River, Oregon terr., rising in the Rocky mtns., and after a N.W.-ward course of 500 ms., joins the Columbia. In its course, it expands into a lake 35 m. in length, and at its mouth is nearly as large as the Columbia. Clarkstown. p-t., cap. Rockland co. N. Y. It is b(mnded E. by the Hudson, and has Rockland lake on the N. The usual county buildings. P. 3,111. Clarksville, t., Coos CO. N. II. It was granted to Dartmouth col'i;e in 17S9. II. t., Alleghany co. N. Y . P. 663. III. p-v., cap. Habersham co. (ja. The usual county buildings. 1 acad. IV. cap. Clark CO. Ala. It has a court-hou.«e. V. p-v., cap. Montgomery co. Tenn., situated at the junction of Red r., with Cumberland r. It contains a court-house, 3 churches, 1 acad., & 2 banks. VI. p-v., cap. Johnson co. Ark. 3 m. N. of Arkansas r. Clary, a coram. & vill. of Franco, dep. Nord. P. 2,230. Clashmohe, a vill. of Irel., I\Iunster, CO. Waterford. P. 3,777. Clatsop, county, Oregon terr. P. 462. Claud (St.), a cimm. Sc market town of France, dep. Cliarente, cap. cant., on r. b. of the Son. P. 2,0U0. Claude (St.), a ccuim. nme. P. 26,738. It has a university, academy, normal school, & botanic garden, a cham- ber of commerce, rium of ^»'urthern Ohio & ne.vt to Cincinnati, the most important town in the state. It possesses a commanding situation on Lake Erie at the mouth of Cuyahoga river, rained by Droad riv. Cap. Shelby. P. 10,396. III. p-v., cap. 13radley CO. Tenn. Cleve.s, a town of Rhenish Prussia, reg. Uusseldorf, cap. circ, near the Rhine, & theXctherlandl^ontier. P. 8,000. It stands on a declivit}' (whence its name), & is neatly built in the Dutch stj-le. It has a college, with manufs. of silk it woollen fabrics, hats, leather, hosiery. &c. ClewI3ay, Irel., Conniiught,co. Mayo, is an inlet of the Atla;itic ; it extends inland for about 15 m., with a nearly uni- form breadth of 8 m. Cley near the Sea, a small seaport of Kngl., CO. Norfolk. Clichy-la-Garonne, a comra. & vill. of France, dep. «fc on r. b. of the Se.ne. P. 5,425. It has important manufs. of chemical products. Clifden, a seaport town of Ireland, Connaught, dist. Connemara, co. Oiil.vaj', on an inlet of Ardbear harbor. P. 1,509. Clifton, Green co. 0. It has exlens. water power. II. a watering placs of Engl., CO. Gloucester. P. 14,177. Clifton Park, Saratoga co N. Y. has the Mohawk riv. on the S. P. 2,719. Clinch, river, 200 m. long, i uniting with the llolston forms the Tannessee. II. t.. Van Buren co. Mich. Clinton, county, N. Y. Situated in the N.E. part of the state, es centrally through it. Cap. Car- Ivle. Agricultural county. P. 5,139. VII [. county, Mo. Situated in the N.W. part of the state. uco. N. C. Situated en a branch of Black r. It contains a court-house. XX. ]t-v., cap. Jone.s co. Ga. A court-house. 1 aead. XXI. p-v., Hinds count}', iMiss. ^Ilssissippi college is located here. 1 fe- male seminary. XXII p-v., cap. Van Buren co. Ark. Situated on Little Ked r. XXIII. p-v., cap. Anderson county, Tenn. Situated on the N. bank of Clinch river. It contains a court-house. XXIV. p-t., Vermillion co. la. P. 1,296. The V. is situated on the W. bank of the Wabash riv. XXV. cap. De Witt co. 111. Situated on Salt creek, a branch of the Sangamon. XXVI. t., Macomb CO. Mich., bordering on Lake St. Clair, watered by Red riv. 2 ncw.«papers. XXVII. t., Franklin co. 0. XXVllI. t., Putnam co. la. P. 1,218. XXIX. v., cap. Rives co. Mo. Situated near the N. bank of Grand river. XXX. town, Jackson co. 0. P. 824. XXXI. town, Seneca co. 0. 2 newspapers. P. 219. XXXII. Shelby co. 0. 1 newspaper. P. 783. XXXIlt. t., Franklin county, 0. P. 966. XXXIV. t., AVayne co. 0. P. 873. XXXV. p-t., Knox co. 0. P. 920. Clintoxville, p-v., Clinton co. N. Y. Extensive iron works. Clion', twe comms. & vills. of France. 1, dep. Loire Inf. P. 2,110. II. dep. Indre. P. 1,600. Clisheim, or Clis.?eval, the highest mountain in the outer Hebrides, Scotland, isl. Harris. Height, 2,700 feet. Clissa, a small fortified town of Dal- matia. Clissox, a comm. & town of France, dep. Loire Inf. P. 1,372. Manufs. wool- len cloths, paper, & yarn. Clitheroe, a mkt. town of England, CO. Lancaster, on the Ribble, at the base of Pendle hill (which rises to 1,800 feet above the sea). P. 11,324. Clogheen, a mkt. town of Ireland, Munster, co. Tipperary. P. 2,049. Cloxakilty, a mkt. town of Ireland, Munster, co. Cork, on the Foilagh, noai its mouth in Clonakilty bay. P. 3,993. Town once flourishing, but now in decay. Clonderalaw Bay, Ireland, Munster. CO. Clare. Clones, a mkt. town of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Monaghan, & near the Ulster canal. P. 2,877. Clonmel, a town of Ireland, ]Munster, on the Limerick & Waterford railway, A 212 CYCLOPAEDIA OF GEOGRAfUV. [COE on both bnnks of the Suir, & some isls. in that riv., its several parts connected by 5 bt■idgt>^•. Clontarf, a small town of Ireland. Leinstcr. co. & 3 m. E.X.E. DuVjlin, on the N. ^ide of its bay. Clonthal, a liike of .Switzerland, in the beautiful val. of same name, eant.(«larus. Clotze, a vill. of Pruss. Saxony, reg. Mag Icburg. P. 2,320. Ci.ouD (St.), a comin. & town of France, dej). Scine-et-Oi.-;e, on the slope of a hill near 1. b. of the Seine, & on the railway Tom Paris to Versailles. P. 3.051. The fine chateau of St. Cloud, originally the property of the dukes of Orleans, was long the favorite summer residence of the kings of France ; it has an extensive park & elegant fountains. Cloyd, a riv. N. Wales, cos. Denbigh 6 Flint. Cloves, a coram. & town of France, dep. Eure-et-Loire, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Loire. P. 2,0S0. Cloyne, a market town, & formerly an episcopal citj-, Ireland, Munster, co. Cork. Clugnat, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Creuse, on 1. b. of the Yeraux. P. 2,120. Cluis, two contig. vill?. of France, dep. Indre. United pop. 1,950. Clcn, a market town of England, co. Salop, on a small riv. of same name. Clun'y, a comm. & town of France, deps. Saune-ct-Loire, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Grune, here crossed by two stone bridges. P. 3,467. Cluses, a town of Savoy, prov. Fau- cigny, cap. mand. near rt. b. of Arve. Clu.soxe, a town of Lombardy, near the Serio. P. 3,200. In the vicinity are copper foundries & vitriol works. II. a riv. (anc. Cluso), Sard, states, div. Turin. Clwyd, a small river of N. Wale.s. Clyde, p-v., Wayne co. N. Y. P. 1,000. II. on<^of the largest & most impor- tant rivs. in Scotland. It takes its rise from numercms streams flowing from the mountain range in S. part of Lanarkshire, & expands into ajlrtk averaging about 32 m. in width, k. ;it the distance of 48 m. becomes identified with the N. channel. L. 75 m. III. riv. in Wayne co. N. Y., falling into Seneca lake. L. 20 m. Clymer, p-t., Chautauque co. N. Y. P. 1,127. Clytiie-ne.'^h, a hoadlanil of Scotland, on the (Jerman ocean, co. Caithness. CoA. a riv of Portugal, prov. Boira. L. BO m. Coahoma, co., Miss., in tn- Tr.W. part of the -^tate. Area, 680 «q. m. SartV-co level A' low. Chf. prod, cotton, r . .?,7H'. CoAHL'iLA, or Cohauila, a dc": . o* IMexican confederation, separated N. a. N.E. from Texas by the Kio Bravo uej ^vorte. »t having on other i«ides the deps. 2suevo-Lcon, Zacateca-. it L>ur»ngo. Area, 30.740 sq. m. P. 75.340. Surface of N. jiart mntnous., with fertile valleys. It has some silver mines. S. part level «t fitted for }»asturage ; A cattle rearing is tlj^ chief branch of industry. Chief towns. Salt ilia, Coahuila, Sc Santa Kosa — Coahuila. or Montelovcz, is a consider- able town in the above dep., 130 m. N.AV Monterey. P. 3,600. Coal, t, Northumberland co. Pa. P. 914. CoANZA, a riv. of W. Africa, Lower Guinea, enters the Atlantic after a rapid course of 500 m. CoARRAZE, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. B. Pyrenees. P. 1,3S8. Linen weaving. Coatzacoalcos, a considerable river of Mexican confed., rises in the Sierra Madre, dep. Oaxaca, ^ows tortuously X. between Vera Cruz & Tabasco, &, enters the bay of Coatzacoalcos (Caribbean sea), 130 m. S.E. Vera Cruz. It is of interest as connected with the projected commu- nication across the isthmus. [Isthmus OF Panama.] CoAzzE, a mkt. town of the Sardinian states, div. Turin. P. 3,996. CoBAN, a city of Central America, siaie & 90 m. N.X.W. Guatemala, cap. dep. Vera Paz, on the Rio Dulce. P. 14.000, mostly Indians, who are statc:'^ to be more wealthy than the inhabitants o.*" most cities of Central Americr.. Cobb, co., Georgia, towards the N. part of the state. Contains 4S(- sq. m. Cap Marietta. Staple prod, cotton. Somo manufs. P. 13,Si3. CoBi, a widb desert of Central Asia. [Gobi.] CoBiJA, or Poi?T La Mar, the only legal seaport of Bolivia, cap. dep. La Mar, on the Pacific, with a vill. in the dist. Atacama. P. 793. It is a wretched place, & has been destitute of water until the very recent discovery of a spring, but it has some ship-building docks A mining estabs. CoBLENz. a strongly fortified city of Rhenish Prussia, caj;. reg. on I. b. of the Rhine, at the influx of the Moselle, the former river hero cros^^cd by a bridge of boats. 485 yards across, «k the latter by a stone bridge, 336 yarJ.i in length. H■>^^l UNIVERSAL GAZKTTEKR. 213 p. exclrisi^B ot' (^M,rr!8on, 18.730. It is well built, i' th-; loniier electors of Treves, .in an*;. Jc.3U ts' college, a Roman Catholic .seminar >■. hospital, orphan asy- lum, & thpMtre. la'-Dufs. of cotton &, wool- len fibric.«. &. an acri-o general trade. CoPLt-sKiLL, t., Sch-barie co. N. Y. A stream here enters a subterranean pas- 83. CoBOUPG, cap. of Northumberland & Durham cos., li. (j-nada, on Lake Ontario, o7 m. E. T.w .t.o. P. 3,871. t^hR^., a tOwn of the i.sland of Cuba, l^. C'^K. P. 2,661, of whom 614 are Eu- ropeans. ConuRG, a town of Central Germany, cap. princip. of Cohurg (a portion of the duchy of Sa.xe-Coburg-Gotha), on the Itz, an afiluent of the Regen, and on the railway from Dre.'den to Munich, 26 m. N. Bamberg. P. 10,092. It is irregularly built, but has some good edifices, &, public walks separating it from its suburbs. CoBURG Peninsula, N. Australia, is an irreg. penins., 50 m. in length E. to W., by 20 m. across, connected S.E. with the mainland by a narrow isthmus, & separated W. from Melville isl. by Dun- das strait. CoccoNATO, a town of Piedmont, div. Alessandria, prov. Asti. P. with comm. 2,528. CocHABAMBA, a dcp. of the republic of Bolivia., named from the riv. Cocha- bamba, the head stream of the Guapey. Area, 55,120 sq. m. P. 250,000. It was formerly regarded as the granary of Peru, rov. Biella, on 1. b. of the Sessera. P. 2,056. 214 CYCLOP-^ta., div it 14 ni. \V. (lenoa. P. 2.06.0. Cvlebrated as the birth-phice of Chrititopher Colurabus, in 1447. CoGORNO, a vill. of the Sard. sta. prov. Cbiavari. P. 3,738. CoHAssET, a tn?hp. & port of Massa- chusetts, 20 m. S.E. Boston. P. 1,471. It has considerable shipping, but a dan- gerous harbor. CoHOES, a vill., New York, on the Mohawk riv., co. & 8 m. N. Albany. P. about 2,000. It has a cotton factory & a bra.'^s foundry. In its vicinity, the Mohawk riv. has a perpendicular fall of 70 feet. CoiMB.\TOOR, a dist. of British India, presid. Madras. Area, 8,392 sq. m. P. 807,964. It is a table-land, between the W. & E. Ghauts, averaging 900 feet in elevation ; the Caverj' forms its E. limit. Products comprise rice, cotton, tobacco, salt, nitre, & live stock. Principal towns, Coimbatoor, Caroor, & Darapooram. — Coimbaloor, cap. above district, is situ- ated on an affluence of the Cavery, 90 ra. S. Mysore. CoiMBRA, a city of Portugal, cap. prov. Beira, on r. b. of the Mondego, here crossed by a long stone bridge. P. 1.5,000. It is enclosed by old walls, TREAM, a border town of Scotld., CO. A 15 m. W. Berwick, on the N. bank of the Tweed, here crossed by a 5-arched briugo. -t on the main route from Scotland into England. P. 2.063. Cold Water p-t., cap. of Branch co. Mich. 1 newsp'. P. 1,123. Cole, county, Mo. in the centre of state it along I ho S. bank of the Missv)uri It contains 650 sq. ni. Cap. Jetfer.^on city. Stajde cnmmod. Indian orr.i it 'o- bnc^o. .*^(>me sugar. Tanneries ora- Itiparia. P. 1,776. CoLERAiN', t., Franklin co. Ma.'j.s. A grazing town. Some manufs!. P. 1,971. II. t., Koss CO. 0. in the X.E. corner of thecounty. P. 1,281. III. p-t., Lan- caster eo. Pcnn. Some uianufj!. of iron, wooilcnrf A leather. P 1.'153. 1\^ t.. Bedford co. Penn. P. 5,190. V. t.^ Hamilton co. 0. on tht? Great Miami riv. P. 2,272. VI. p-t , Belmont co. 0. CoLERAiNE, a seaport town of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Londonderry, on the Banu. P. 6,25.5. CoLEROON', the most N. & largest br'h of theCavery river, Briti.sh India, at its delta, enters the Indian ocean at De- vicotta. CoLEs, county. 111., in N.E. part of state. Contains 1,2^8 sq. m. Drained by Kaskaskia& Etnb?^rra.-JS rivs. It has extens. prairies. Some mill seats. Cap. Charleston. An agricultural county. A large number of swine are reared. Tan- neries & distilleries. P. 9,335. II. c. H , post offi. Charleston riv. Cap. Coles CO. 111. It has a court-house. CoLESBERG, a dist. of the Cape colony, S. Africa. Area, 11,654 sq. m. P. 8,828. CoLESHiLL, a mkt. town of England, CO. Warwick, on the Cole (an afflt. of the Tame. CoLESviLLE. p-t., Broome co. N. Y. on both sides of the Susquehanna riv. P. 3,061. CoLGONG. a town of British India, presid. Bengal, dist. beautifully situated on the Ganges. CoLico, a vill. of Lombardy, gov. Mi- lan, near the N. extremity of the lake of Como. in an unhealthy .^^ifuntion at the foot of Mt. Legnano. P. 2,700. CoLiGNY, a comm. & mkt town of Franc-i dep. Ain, cap. cant. P. 1.764. CuLfJ'wS. LAAT, a vill. of the Nether- lands, prov. Zeelar.u on the N. coast of the isl. Be vela no 1-, 1,688. CoLiMA. a territory, Mexican eonfed., '< s:ictching 100 m along the coaJtilleries f the Rocky mntns. near the river Columbia. CoLVTON, a small mkt. toAvn of Engl., CO. I>evoii, on the Coly. CoMAccHio, a town of Italy, Pontif. sta., ill the midst of the marshes termed Valli-di-Coma'.chio, 3 in. from the Adri- atic. P. 5,783, chiefly employed in fish- ing eels, &..•., ill the surrounding lagoons. CoMAHEnRV, a mntn.of Ireland, Lein- ster, CO. Wicklow. Elcv. 2.26S feet. Comal, county, Texas. P. 1,723. CoMAVAGUA, a city of Cent. America, state & 170 m. E. Guatemala, cap. dep. Honduras, on a river flowing to the Pa- cific. P. 12,000.(7) Chief edifices, a ca- thedral, a college, & a richly endowed hospital. Comber, a town of Ireland, Ulster, co. Down. P. 1,964. CoMBiN, a mntn. of Europe, between Switzerland &, the Sardinian states, one of the culminating points of Ihe Pennine Alps, E. of Great St. Bernard, 14.124 ft. in elevation. CoMDLEs, a comrn. & vill. of France, dep. Somme. P. 1,677. CoMBOOcoNUM. a town of Brit. India, p^c■^i•l. Madras, in tlic de'ta of the Cavery. Comhocrg. a comm. & town of France, dep. Illc-et-\ilaine. P. 1,247. CoMBRAiLLEP, an old divis'n of France, in the piov. Bassc-Auvergiio. the cap. of which was Evreux. CoMBHONOE. a comm.it mkt town of Fr.-uice, dep. Puy-de-Duine. P. 1,4S9. CoMEBcoLLY, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, near a branch of the Ganges. CoMiLLA, A iown of Briti.-h India. CoMiSA, a town of U.ilmatia, circ. Spalatro, di^t. & on the W. coust of the isl. Lissa. P. 2,619. CoMiso, a town of Sicily, intend. Sy- racuse. P. 10,000.(7) CoMiTAN, a town of Mexico, confede- I ration, state Chiapas, on the Grijalva, 40 I m. S.E. Ciudad Real. P. 10,00J.(?) It has a superb church, >m"; elev. 70*2 feet. P.' 18,600. It has a public library of 15,000 vols., a botanic garden, 3 gym- nasia, k a museum of antiquities. CoMODO, an isl. of the !Malay archip., between Sambawa it Flores. Length, 35 m.; av. breadth, 16 m. CoMORiN (Cape), the S. extremity of India, state of Travaneore, in the Indian ocean. CoMORX, a town «if Hungary. Comoro Isles, a gr<»np of volcanic islanils in the .Mozambique channel, 350 111. from the N.W. coast of Madagascar «fe 200 m. from the E. coast of Africa P. estim. at 80.000. CoMPiiiGNE, a comm. k town of France, dep. Oise. on 1. b. of the Oiso. P. S.lOf It is a tribunal of commerce, k ha5 a comm. colloiTP, k public lihraryof 28,l/0 CoNDAT, several corams. & vills. of France. I.dep Conozo. P. 1.730. 11. dcp. Puy-de-Druue. P. IJOO. III. {en Feniera), dej). Cantal. P. 3,C30. CoNDATCHY, ii biiy &, viil. of Ceylon, on it.s W. co:i. li.siderable town 0: Briti.sh India, presid. A. 42 m. S.W. Ma- dras & on the riv. Pulp/jr. CoNKLiN, p-t., Brv'..'..io CO. N. Y. P. 1,475. CoNLiE, a comm. <.t market town of France, dop. Sarthe, cap. cant. j. . 1,627. Connaught, the most W. & smallest of the 4 provs. of Ireland, bounded on N. & W. by the Atlantic. Greatest 1 ngth from S. to N., 86 m. ; greatest breaaih, 81 ra. P. 1,418,659. The nuuuroua bays & sounds afford commodiou" h:.-Oors The W. part of the prov., including the isls. is mntnous., the elevation in many parts amounting to 2,000 feet, forming highly picture.-que scenery. CoNNEAUT, t., Crawford co. Fa. P. 1,531. II. t., Erie co. Pa., contains lake of same name. P. 1,776. ITT t., Ashfiibula co. 0., in the N.E. part of the state. 1 acad. Considerable shipping. P. 2.612. Co.N'NECTicuT, the southernmost of tho Eastern U. S., is bounded N. by Mass., con] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 221 S. by R. 1'., S. bv L. I. sound, ns of coal, 2,B()r) 7,912 Val, of raw mat'l, o 500,t)6'i 3,325,709 Males employed, 2,708 2,907 Females " 3,473 2,581 Wages of males per nonih, 51,679 70,141 Wages of females per month. 41,060 33,216 Av'ge for males, 19 OS 24 12 •' females, 11 81 13 25 Entire val. of prod., 4, 257,522 6,465,216 No. yds, sheeting. &c.. 51, 780,700 9,408,777 Total amnt. of cap. invested in U.S., 74,501,031 28,118,650 In cotton manufactures, Connecticut ranks the 5th state. In woollen manufactures, Connecticut ranks the 3d state. I'l^ iron. Iron castirifrs. Capitid invested, $225,r00 $.^84)800 Tonsof ore UM!"I, H5 4.'ii> pig iron ll,:t9r) Buonels chaic'l, 2,870.000 30,fi(»0 Yal. ;t.w mai'l, 289,225 351,369 rift iron. Irtn casOgB. No. hands em- ployed, males. 148 942 Wages per nio., 3,967 Averjige wnges. 26 80 27 02 Tons ot iron made. 13.4J0 11.210 Entire value. 41.5,600 981,400 Total capital iit- vested in U. S., $17,34(5,425 §17,416,361 This stale has 3 colleges. Yale college, founded 1701 at Saybrook, removed toNew ILiven 1717. Itisoneof the most flourish- ing institutions of the kind in the U. S. Washington college & Episcopal insti- tution was founded at Hartford 1326. The Wesleyan University at Middletown, a Methodist Institution. There are also 127 acads. & grammar schools in the state. Connecticut has a school-fund of over ^'2,000,000. Connecticut has no state debt. There is 1 canal & numerous rail- roads. Connecticut was settled in 1633 at Windsor. II. river, the largest in New England, rises on the N. border of New Hampshire, separates that state from Vermont, traverses Massachusetts & Connecticut, & enters Long Island sound, 30 m. E. New Haven, after a S. course, estimated at 410 m. It is dis- tinguished for its shad fisheries. CoxNELsviLLE, p-t., Fayette co. Pa. P. 1.436. CoxxERN, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, reg. Merseburg. P. 2,730. CoxxERsviLLE, a township, Fayette co. Indiana. P. 1,436. CoN'QUEs, two small towns of France 1, dep. Aveyron, cap. cant. P. 1,360. IL dep. Aude, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Orbiel. P. 1,740. CoxQUEsT, p-t., Cayuga co. N. Y., on Seneca r. CoxdUET (Le), a maritime coram. & town of France, dep. Fini'^tere, with a port on the Atlantic. P. 1,312. CoxsELicE, a market town of Central Italy, Pontif. states. P. 2,000. CoxsELVE, a market town of N. Italy, gov. Venice, prov. Padua. P. 4,678. CoxsTABLE, town of Franklin co. N. Y. Drained by Trout riv. CoxsTAxcE (Lake of), a lake, Europe, between Switzerland & Germany. L. 42 m. ; b 9 m.; elev. above the sea. 1,250 ft. ; depth, 964 ft. II. a fortfd. city of the grand duchy of Baden, cap. circ. Lake, on the S.W. shore of the lake of Constance, at the influx of the Rhine. 35 m. N.E. Zurich. P. 6,379. It is highly pictur- esque in its architecture. Chief edifice, a magnificent cathed., founded in the 11th century, &> the Kaufhaus^ in which tho 222 CTCLOP-fiDlA OF GEOGRAPHY. [co> famou!5 council of Constance sat from 1414 to 14 IS (& which (lepo?efl three anti-popes, & cuiideiniie 1 IIuss & Jerome of i'ragut*). It lias iDiinufactures of cotton good.«i, watche-!, «t «iilk fabrics. CONSTANTIA. j!-t., Oswej^O CO. X. Y. Oneida lake bounds it on the south. P. 1,476. II. a vili. of the Ca[)e Cohmy, South Africa, at the E. base of the Table ninrn. CoN.STANTiNA, a town of Spain, prov. Sevilhi, near the Sierra de Constantina. P. 6,986. — The Sio-ra de Constantina, between Andalusia & Estremadura. CoNSTANTiXE, a fortified city of Alge- ria, Ciip. prov. of same name, on a de- tached height, surrounded on three siiles by ravines, one of which is crossed by an aoc. Rnnian liridge. P. 20,822, of ■whom 1,919 are Europeans. CoxsTAN'TiNOPLE, the Cap. city of the Turkish, as formerly of the Bj-zantine, or Lower Roman, empire, near the E. extremity of European Turkey, separated bv the Bosphorus from Asia-Minoi". Lat. of Sr. Sophia's 41° 0' 16" N. ; Ion. 28° 59' 14" E. P. estimated at 400.000, com- posed of 150,000 Greeks & Armenians, 20,000 Europeans, & 60,000 Jews, k the remainder Turks «t Arabiiins. The city proper occupying a triiino^ular promon- tory of land between the Bosphorus & its inlet the "Golden Horn," is enclosed by a triple range of walls 12^ m. in circ, & entered at present by 28 gates. The city is builton an unilulating declivity, highest on the land side. Externally it hns an imposing fippearnnce with its mosques, cupdas, & minarets, interspersed with cypresses, &, its port crowded with ship- ping; but internally it consists mostly of a lab^'rinth of crooked, ill-paved, & dirty lanes, & a crowd of low built & small houses, formed of wood or roughly hewn stone. This capital, including its suburbs, contains 14 royaJ & 332 other mosques, 40 Mohnmniedan colleges, 183 hosj)itiils, 36 Christian churches, several synagogues, 130 public baths, rii\ it rebuilt by Constautine, a.d. 323, since which time it has been rei>eafedly besieged, but only twice taken ; viz. in 1204 by the Crusaders, who retained it till 12til, k by the Turks under Moham- med II., May 29th, 1453 — an event which marked the tinal extiuciion of the Roman empire in the East. CoNSTiTucioN (La), a small seaport town of Chile, dep. Maule, at the luouth of the river of same name. CoNSTiTUicAO, a modern town, Brazil^ prov. San Paulo, on r. o. of the Piracica- ba. P. 2,500. CoxsuEGBA, a town of Spain, prov. Toledo, on r. b. of the Ainarguilla. P. 5.124, :nanufs. coarse woollens. CoNTAMiNEs (Les), a viU. of Savoy, prov. Faucigny. P. 1,000. CoNTEssA, a town of Sicily, intend Palenm). P. 2,500. II. a vill. P. 1,000. III. a vill., European Turkey, Kumili, on the N. shore of gulf of Cor- tessa. CoNTESsA (Gulf of), Turkey. CoNTHEY, a town of Switzeiland, cant. Valais, on the Morge. P. 2.239. CoNTicH, a vill. of Belgium, prov. Antwerp, cap. cant. P. 3,640. CoxTOOcooK, riv., N. H., a branch of the Merrimae. Contra Costa, county, Cal. CoNTRES, a comm. & town of Frr..nce, dep. Loir-et-Cher, cap. cant. P. 1,817. CoxTROGVERRo. town <(f Naplcs, prov. Abruzzo lit. I. P. 2,500. CoxTROXE, a town of Naples, prov. princip Citra. P. 2,000. CoNTURPi, a town of Naples, prov. principato-Cifra, on the Sale. P. 3,000. Coxversaxo, a town of Naples, prov. Bari. P. 7,720. Conway, co , Ark., in the central part of state, contains 125 sq. miles It has Arkansas riv. on the S.W. border. Sur- face uneven. The common agrii-ultiiral fruits. P. 3,583. Cap. L»jwisburg. CHl] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 223 II. p-t., Carroll co. N. II. A sulplmr spring here is resort eil to. Magnesia A fuller's earth arc also found. P. 1,801. III. p-t., Franklin co. Mass. Some mantifs. P. 1,400. IV. seaport town of N. Wnle.s, CO. Carnarvon, on the estuary of the above riv., here ero.ssed by a noble tubular suspension bridge, 327 feet in length. CoNWAYBOnouGH, p-v.. Cap. of Horry district, S. C, situated on Waccaniaw riv., at the head of steamboat navigation, con- tains a court house. CoNZA, a town of Naples, prov. Princi- pMto-lU. P. 2,000. Cooch-Bahar, a rajahship of C India, presid. IJengal. Cook, co., 111., in the N.E. part of the state, on Lake Michigan. It consists of prairie, timber land, &> swamp, drained by Caiumic, Chicago, & Des Plaines rs. Cap. Chicago. The common grains are produced. Some trade in nianufs. 5 news- p'rs. P. 43,384. II. co., Texas. P. 220. Cook Islands, Pacific ocean, S. Poly- nesia, in S.W. of the Society isls , be- tween the archip. of Tonga on the W.. & Tahiti on the E. The principal are Mangcia, Atiou, Harvev, & Raratonga. P. 50,000. (?)— (/«/e/),'Russ. Amer., is between lat. 58° & 61°, opposite the isl. Kodiak. L. 130 m , br. 70 m.— (Strait), New Zealand, separates the two principal isls. CooKSTOWN, an inland town of Ire- land, Ulster, CO. Tyrone, on the Ballin- derry. P. 3,006. CooLOO, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, prov. Orissa, & an inland mart for traffic in cotton & salt. CooLscAMP, a vill. of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders. P. 2,554. Cool Spring, p-t., Mercer co. Penn. P. 1,934. CooMAssiE, the cap. town of the Ash- anteedom., (luinea, about 120 m. N.N.W. Cape Coa.st Castle. P. 18,000. CooNDAPOOR, a marit. town of British India, presid Bombay, on the Malabar coast. Cooper, county, Miss., in the central part of the state on Missouri r. Soil ex- cellent. Cap. Booneville. Staple cora- inod. wheat, Indian corn, tobacco. Tan- nerif's & distilleries, 2 newsps , 3 acad. P. 12,950. II. r., S. C, unites with Ashley r. to form Charleston harbor. CooPERSTOWN, p-v.. cap. Otsego co. N Y., situated on a plain at the outlet of Otsego lake; a neat village. It has great water power. The usual county buildings. 1 icad. P. 1,498. CooRG, a subdivision of Ilindostan, ex- tending from the Tambacherry pass on the S. to the riv. Ilcmavutty on the W. Coo.«, CO., N. II., situatetl in the N. part of the slate, & has Lower Canada (.n the N. Area 1,600 sq. m. The White mountains occupy the S. part of this co. Surface rough. Cap. Lancaster. The common grains are raised, reach its warehouses in the centre of the city. Its commerce extends to all Y)arts of the world. It is al.-o the istation for the naval force of the kingdom, &, has a can- non foundry, an arsenal, & extensive ship-building docks. CoPENSAY, or CoPEN.sHAW, One of the small Orkney islands. CoPERTiNO, a town of Naplc.«, prov. Otranto, cap. cant. P. 3,500. CoPET, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Vaud, on the L. of Geneva. Copiah, co., Miss., towards S.W. part of the state, on Pearl r. Contains 900 sq. m. Cap. Gallatin. Staple pr()duc- tions, rice i cotton. 1 newsp. P. 11,791. CopiAPO, a volcano, riv , town, & di.st. of Chile; the volcano in the Andes, the riv. flowing W.-ward from it to the Pa- cific, which, after a course of 120 m., it enters at Copiapo bay; the dist. is 200 m. in length by 100 m. in breadth, rich in metallic products, but with a barren soil, & scantily peopled. The town of Copiapo, the most northerly of Chile, dep. Co- quinto on the Copiapo riv., 30 m. from its mouth in the Pacific. A railway ter- minates here. P. 3,000. CopPENBRUGGE, a Small t. of Hanover. Coppermine River, Brit. N. Amer., enters an inlet of the Arctic ocean N.E. of the Great Bear lake, after a course estimated at 250 m. W. of it are the Coppermine mntns. CoPUL, a town of India, Deccan, Ni- zam's dom. Coquet, a small riv. of Engl., co. Northumberland. CoQUiMDO, a dep. of Chile. Estimated area 31,840 sq. m., & pop. 30,000. Sur- face bare & unwatered, but it contains some of the richest mines in S. America. Coqulmbo, or La Serena, is one of the chief seaport towns. & cap. of the depart- ment situated on the Pacific, at the mouth of the Coquimbo riv. P. 6.000.(7) Cora, the cap. town of the isl. Samos, Asiat. Turkey. Coral Sea, is that part of the Pacific ocean, bounded W. by Australia, A E. by the archip. of New Hebrides. CoRATO, a city of Naples, prov. Bari, cap. dist. P. 11,680. CoRAY, a comm. &> market town of France, dep. Finistere. P. 1,850. CoRBACH, a walled town, Cent. Ger- many, cap. principality Wiildeck, on the Itter, whicli divides it into an old .t a new town, 28 m. S.W. Cassel. P. 2,200. CoRBEiL, a coinm. A town of France; dep. Seine-et-Oise, cap. arrond., on the Seine. P. 4,001. CoRBETTA, a vill., N. Italy, gov. Ven- ice. P. 3,734. Corbie, a comm. & town of France, dep. Somme, cap. cant., Sc the railw. de Nord. P. 1,819. CoRBiGNY, a comm. & town of France, dep. Nievre, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Ar- guisson. P. 1,729. ConciEux, a comm. «fe mkt. town of France, dep. Vosges, cap. cant. P. 1,640. Coudemai.s. a comm. & mkt. town of Friin(;e, dep. Loire Inf. P. 2,233. CoRDE.s, a comm. & town of France, dep. Tarn, cap. cant. P. 2,413. CouniLLERA, the Spanish name of a, mountain chain. [Andes?.] Cordovan (Tower of), a light-house at the mouth of the Gironde, on a rock. Cordova, a city of Spain, cap. prov. of same name, «t formerly cap. kgdm. in a salubrious plain on the Guadalquivir, 86 m. N.E.Sevilla. P. 41,976. Its Moorish walls, built on llom. foundations, enclose a large area, much of which is now occu- pied by gardens or by ruins, except one large square, bordered by loftj' & hand- some edifices. It communicates with a suburb across the riv. by a noble stone bridge of 16 arches, built by the IMoors in the 8th century, it commanded by a Saracenic castle, still kept in a state of defence. The famous Cordovan rnanufs. of leather (hence called Cordicuin) have declined into insignificance; but the sil- versmiths & filigree workers of this city maintain their repute. Cordova was taken by the Moors in 672, k for many centuries afterwards remained the splen- did cap. of the "Caliphate of the West.'" It was taken by Ferdinand III., king of Castilla, in 1236, & became cap. of one of the 4 old provs. of Andalucia, with the title of kgdm. Cordova, a town of the Mexie. confed., dep. Vera Cruz, on the S. route to Mexi- co. P. 5,000.(?) Cordova, a republic, Plata, confed., S. Amer., near its centre. P. 86, Ot10. Sur- face mostly mountainous, rising in some places to 2.500 feet in elevation. — Cor- dova, the cap., is in lat. 31° 26' 14". Estim. pop. 14,000. Cordovado, a vill. of N. Italv, gov. Venice. P 2,400. Core Sound, on the roar Alan. Corn%vall is rich in metals, its tin mines have been known A wrought I'rom remote antiquity. The capital invested in the Cornish mines is esiimatcd at nearly 2^ millions sterling, A about 7LO00 hands are employed. The tin produced is esti- mated to average 4,000 tons annually Nearly all the ores are .>enr intoS. Wales to be smelted. About 5.000 tons of soap- stone, A 7,000 do. of porcel.iin clay, are shipped annually from Coruwall for the potteries. Cornwall (New), a country of Biit X. America, Columbia, on the Piwcific CoRNWALLis, a CO. of Lower Ca'ia-Ui, extending 160 m. along the S.E. b. of Lie St. Lawrence, at present thinly inhal'ited. II. a town of Nova Scotia, King's CO., on an inlet of the bay of Fundy. III. {Island), British N. Amer., Arctic ocean, E. of Bathurst isl. IV. New Shetland, S. Atlantic. V. Mulgrave archip.. Pacific. N. of lladack isl. CoRO, a marit city of S. Amer., Vene- zuela, of which it was once the cap., now cap. prov., in a sandy plain near the gulf of Maracaybo. P. 4,000. CoRO.MANDEL CoAST, India, extends along the side of the peninsula, through nearly 6° of lat., from Point Calymero to the mouth of the river Kistnah. It has no good harbor, A is heavily surf- beaten. CoRONATA, an isl. of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, circ. Zara. Coronation Gulf, Arctic ocean, Brit. N. America. Coronation Island, New S. Shetland, S. Atlantic ocean. II. Kuss. Amor., W. of Prince of Wales's archi[)elago. CoHONiL, a town of Spain, jirov. So- villn, on a crown-shaped hill. P. 3,920. CoiiP.s, two towns of Franco. 1, dep. Iscre, cap. cant., on the Drac P. 1,414. oor] UXIVEUSAL GAZETTEER. 221 II. (Nud^-les-Vrois-ATaisons), dep. Ille-et-Vilaine. P. 2,342. Corpus Christi I5ay, a lagoon of N. America, Te.xii-s, co. Refugio, forrijing I he N. extremity of the Laguna del Mailre, a, separated by Mustang isl. from the gulf of Mexico. II. t., San Patricio CO. Te.Ka?. Corral dk ALMAciUER,a town of Spain, prov. 'I'ldudo. p. 3,378. CoRREGAUM, a vili. of Brit. India, pre- fid. Bombay, on the Beeinah. CoHREGio, a town of N. Italy, duchv Modeiia. P. 4,000. CoRREgE, a vill. of Cent. Italy, Pontif. state, near river of same name. CoRREZE, a dep of France, formed of part of tlie old prov. Limousin, near its centre. Area, 2.290 sq. ra. P. 317,569. Suifaoe hilly, climate temperate. Princip. riv.s. the Dord-igne & Vezere. Soil poor. Corn is raised for exportation, but many of the pop. fitibsist on chestnut Hour. CoRRKZE, a town of p'ranco. dep. Cor- reze, cap. cant., ^'ith 1,7G0 inhabs. CoRRiB (Lough), one of the largest lakes in Ireland, Connaught. Shape very irregular. CoRRiENTES, a dep. of the Plata con- fel. Area, 20 000 sq. m., <.t pop. from 35,000 to 40,000. Chf. towns Corricntcs & St. Lucia. — Corrientes. the cap. is situ- &,ted on the Parana, near the cond. of the Paraguay. P. 45,000. A riv., same state, & eev. capes in Cuba, Me.vico, k N. Granada have same name. CoKRiEVREKiN, a foriuid ible whirlpool off the W . coast of Scotlund. !'c!»\'.-!n the islands Jura A Scarb;), occasioned b* the tide-stream being or.poscd to a pyramidal rock, which rises 15 fathoms below the surface. CoARiPKiN (Loch), a small lake of :5"'")tl , ia the isle of Skyo. CoRHOPon, a t: wa of Naples, prov. Abruzzo lli.I. P. 2,000. CoHSEUL, a comm. & vill. of France, dejj. Cotes-du-Nord, with 4,23G inhabs. CoRSEWALL Point, a headland of Scotland, on its S.W. coast, co. Wigton. CoR.sicA, an island in the Mediterr., separati'd S. from Sardinia, by the strait of Bonifacio. Length N. to S. 120 m.; greatest breadth 45 m.. cap. Ajaccio. P. 230,271. Shores mostly low; centre mountainous ; culminating point, Monte Rotondo, 8,7G0 feet in elev. Soil in most parts very fertile, hut agriculture is very baiUy conducted. Rearing live stock is ^ho chief branch of industry. Corsica is rich in minerals, but ^cw mines are wrought. Pupulalioo mostly uf Italian descent, Paoli k Napoleon were bom in the island CoRsico. a vill. of Lombardy, gov. Milan, on the Naviglio Grande. CoRsoER, a uiarit. town of Denmark, prov. Seeland, on the (ireat Belt op- posite Nyeburg, with 1,600 inhaV»s. CoRTALE, a town of Naples, j>rov. Ca- lab. Ult. II., cap. cant. P. 3,030. CoRTK, a comm. k town of Corsica, near its centre. P. 4,164. CoRTEGANA, a town of Spain, prov. JIuelva. at the foot of the Sierra Ara- cena. P. 3,295. CoRTEMARca. a market town of Bel- gium, prov. W. Flanders. 1'. 4,015, who manufacture woollen f.-ihries. CoiJTEMiGLi.A, a town of the Sardinian states, Piedmont, div. Coni, prov. Aiba. P. 2,640. Cortes de la Fkonteka, a town of Spain, prov. ]\ialaga. P. 2,970. Manu- factures of leather. II. a bay on the S.W. coast of the isl. Cuba. CoRTLANi^, county, N. Y., in the cen- tral part of the state, contains 500 sq. m. Surface elevated ; soil good; drained by Tougimiogo k Ostelic rivers, which aifoni extensive water power. Iron ore ifesnme beds of marl are found; 2 sul])hur k 1 salt spi'ings. Staple products wiieat. po- tatoes k sugar. Many cattle & swino, k 100,000 sheep are kej/l. IManufs. of iron, woollens, cottjn.'?, k leather. 2 acnd. 2 new.-papers. P. 25,140. Cap. Cortland- ville. II. p-t., We^tchester co. N. x., watered bj' Croton river, which supplies the city of New York with water. CoRTOisE, t., Crawford co. Miss. P. 703 CoKTOXA. a town of Tuscany, In anc. times one "f the 12 principal cities of Etruria, prov. Florence, on a hill facing the lake of Tiira.symene. Pop., exclu- sive of .suburbs, 3,400. Its ancient Cydo- jiean wails, supposed to have been erect- ed 3,000 3'ears ago, remain perfect in two thirds of their extent. CoRUCHE, a town of Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, on the Erra. P. 2,520. CoRUNA, a fortified city k seaport of Spain, cap. prov. of same name, in the bays of Betanzos k el Fcrrol (Atlantic) It stands on the E.side of a small penin- sula, k consists of an upper k a lower t..wn. P. 18,849. Its barb, is safe. CoRUNNA, p-v., cap. Shiawassee co. i\Iich., on Shiawassee r., which affords good water power. It has a court house. In the vicinity are beds of stone k coal, lime it sandstone; the last suitable for the manufacture of glass. !28 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [cos CoBvo, the most N. A smallest of the Azores islands. ConwKX, a market town of N. Wales, on the Dee. P. 2,129. ConvciAN Cave, Greece, gov. Boeotia, is a fine stalactitic cavern on the S. slope of Mt. Parnassus, 12 m. E.N.E. Salona, said to be capable of containing 3,000 persons. CcRYDo:?, p-v., cap. Harrison co. la., on the E. bank of Indian cr., which flows into the Ohio. Good county buildings. Cos, an isl. of Asiatic Turkey, in the Mediterranean, 21 m. long & 5 m. in breadth. CosALA, a town of the Mexican confed., dep. Sinaloa, 65 m. S. Culiacan. CosciLZ, a river of Naples, prov. Ca- lab. Cit., which, after an E. course of about 20 m. joins the Crati, 4 m. from the G. (f Taranto. CosEL, a fortified town of Prussian Si- lesia, reg., on 1. b. of the Oder. P. 3,600. CcsENZA, a city of Naples, cap. prov. Calab. Cit., at the confl. of the rivs. Crati & Busento, 12 m. E. the Mediterranean. P. 8,000. It is enclosed by walls, 4 has a fine court-house, a cathedral, diocesan seminary, royal college, academics of science & literature, manufs. of earthen- ware & cutler}', an active trade in silk, rice, wine, &c. Alaric died, while be- sieging this city, a.d. 410, & was buried in the bed of the Busento beneath its walls. CosFELD, a town of Prussian West- phalia. P. 3,510. II. a pa. &> vill., same circle. P. 3,000. CosHOCTOx, county, 0., situated cen- trally in the E.part of the state, watered by several creeks. Some parts exceed- ingly fertile. There are salt wells, min- eral coal, k iron k, lead ore in the county. Cap. Coshocton. Staple prod., wheat A iLdian corn. Tanneries & distilleries. 1 newsp. P. 25,674. II. p-v., cap. above county, situated at the head of the Muskingum r. It is laid out on 4 ter- races of land each rising 9 feet above the other; the first three about 400 feet wide A the last three 1,000 feet. County buildings. Cosi, a riv. of Hindostan, tributary to the Ganges, which it joins in Bengal, after a S.-ward course estimated at 300 miles. C6.SLIN, a town of Pnissia, prov. Pom- crania, cap. reg., 7 m. from the Baltic. P. 8,230. CosME (St.). a coinin. & town of France, dep. Sarthe. P. 2,028. CosNK, a town of France, dep. Nievre, cap. arrond. on the Lclre. P. 6,376, who forge anchors ccies of democratic republic. Cossacks (Country of the Don), a vast plain of S. Russia traversed by the river Don. Cap. Tcherkatj-k. Territory fertile, but ill cultivated. Soil an ele- vated plateau. Though subjected to Russia, the Cossacks are governed by their own laws, I.^^•cHE, a eomin. & vill. of Trance, dep. Saithe. P. 1,660. CoL'iiiEKRE.s, a coram. «fe vill. of France, dep. Pa.-'-ac-Calais. P. 2.53S. CouRLAND, a gov. of Ku.->ia. having S. the gov. ^Viina, E.Vitebsk, N.Livonia, & the gulf of Kiga, A AV. the Baltic. Area, 10,660 .. 700, a magnif. cathedral, containing 20 chapels & the tombs of the most celebrated Polish kings, the bish- op's palace, council-house ; a univer.^ity founded in 1364, has attached U) it a bo- tanic garden, an observatory, ortant of the Dan'sh P'^>.«sessions in the W. Indies. Area, 100 sq. HI. P. (184.5) 25,600, of whom 18,400 were slaves. Cap. Chri.stian>:ted. Crolles, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Isere. P. 1,550. Cromarty, a small co. of Scotl., form- ing the promontory called Ardmeanach, or "Black Isle." Area, 17.^ acres. II. a seaport town, cap. above co., situated on Cromarty firth, at the S. side of its entrance. Cromarty Firth, an inlet of the N. sea, Scotland, & one of the finest bays in Britain, on its X.E. coast. Cromer, a small seaport town & watering-place of England, co. Norfolk, on its N. coast. Cromford, a neatly built mkt. town of England, co. Derby, in the picturesque valley of Matlock-dale, at the terminus of the Peak forest railw. P. 1,409. Crompton, a township of England, co. Lancaster. P. 6,729. Cromwell, t., Huntingdon co. Pa. P. 1,140 II. t., Middle.se.K co. Conn. Cronberg, a town of Nassau. P. 2,133. CnoN.sTADT, a fortfd. (own of Russia, gov. St. Petersburg, of which it forms the port, on a small island in the gulf of Finland. Lat. of cathedral 59° 59' 46" P. in summer, 53 000. Its vast port, the most important of the Russian marine, is divided into 3 parts, — that on the E. is the military port, which usually contains the greater part of the Russian fleet ; the middle port is used for refitting ship* of war, & that on the W. for the landing 70 m. S.W. La Ptubln. Cuba, tho largest of the W. India isls., situiile.l between I it. 19° 50' A 23° 9'N., A Ion. 74° 8' & 64° 5S' W. It is of an elongated narrow shape, greatest length 7l'4 m., breadth varying from 25 to 130 in. Aren, including its dependent isls., about 32,800 sq. m. The following was tho classitication of the pop. of Cuba in 1850 :— reole whites, 520,000 Spiiniarvls, 3.'),()0() Troops and marines, i23,(iU() Fur(L),'ners, ](l,,5iiO Fioaiina; population, 17,(100— —605,560 Free mulaiioes, ] 18,-iOO Fret! Ijlack.^, 87.370- —205,870 ?l)ive iimiaitoos, 11,100 Slave blacks, 425,000 43li,IOO — -641,670 Tola', 1,247,230 "Whole number capable of bearing arras, including whites, Spaniards, slaves, &c.., 393,000. In 1850, the number of sugar estates in the isl^nid amounted to 1,442; coffee estates, 1,618 ; tobacco plan- tations, 9,101 ; with 9,930 grazing farms, & 223 towns. Large quantities of wa.x & honey are produced. It is estimated that there are 900,000 head of cattle, 200,000 horses, & 50,000 mules in the island. In minerals the island is very rich; of copper mines no less than 114 Lave been discovered ; & the mine at Cobre, worked by an tlnglish company, has shipped from 27,000 to 43,000 tons annually. Coal, iron, & silver have also been discovered. During the five years ending 1850, there were e.xported from this island, 5,340,768 boxes of sugar ; 364.183 quintals of tobacco, in leaf; 896,008 millares of cigars; 960,306 quintals of coffee ; 1,200,777 hogsheads of njolasses ; 68,268 pipes of spirits ; 2,993.233 quintals of copper ore; & 60.226 quintals of wax, besides other merchandise. The coasts are surrounded with reefs & shallows, & only \ of them accessible to vessels ; on this part, how- ever, there are several excellent harbors. The S.E. p.art of the Island is infcrscctcd by a mountain range, the Montafioi del Cubre, the highest parts at:ai»iing an elevation of 7,UU0 ft. ; thi.s cliaiii e.Yieads along the greater part of the length of the island. 'J he noithern part is more level, with rich valleys & plains. E.vten- sive lagoons & salt mar.-^hes lie along the flat shores. There arc no large rivers. Some are navigable for a few miles in- ward for boats. Only a small proportitm of the l.md, about 2,000,000 of aces, is yet under cultivation, but it produces abundant crops of maize, yams, bananas, potatoes, sugar, coffee, tobacco, «fc to a small extent, cotton, cocoa, and indigo. The uncultivated j>ort.i'-n.-* <;o?>.tain e.vten- sive &. fertile prairies, where upwards of I5 million.-; of cat.tie are reared. Cuba is divided into three provs. {intend cncias)^ the N. m{ of the.'^tate, A conltiitjs 524 square m. Organized in 1748. It vhas Delaware bay on the S.S W. Drained by Stow & Cohanse^'crs., & Maurice & Tuckah'ic rivers. It con- tains iiOM ore & beds of mail. Soil light. Cap. liridgeiown. Chief prod, wheat duce unnually. Some carpets, silks, &> cotton goods are made. Cyr (St.;, numerous vills. of France. 1, dep. .Seiiie-ot-Olse. Its famous militia school established 1803, occupies part of the royal abbe}' founded by Louis XIV. in 16s!6. II. dep. Seine-et- Mar.ie, Coulominiers. P. 1,402. III. dop. Var. P. 1,704. IV. (au Mont 'T Or), dep. KhOne, near 1. b. of the Sa- f))C P. 1,830. V. {da L'rtiV/ewO.dep. Manche. P. 1,500. VI. {en Fail), dep. Mayenne. P. 1,400. Cv.^OiN'G, a comm. the .»ea of M irmora, 5.E. of the isl. of Marmora, & 70 miles S.W. Constantini>ple, connected by a narrow neck with the mainland. Length S to N. about 9 m., breadth 18 m. CzAUNiKow, a town of Prussia. P. 3,510. Mauufs. of linen fabrics. CzARNowo, a vill. of Poland, 80 ra. E.N.E. Ploek, on r. b. of the Orz, celeb, for a victory bv the French over the Rus- sians, Dec. '23,' 1806. CzAsLAU, a town of Bohemia, cap. circ. P. 3,400. CzEGLED, a large vill., centr. Hungary, CO. Pesth. P. 16;650. CzEMPiN, a small town of Prussiaj Poland. CzENSTOCH.\u, a town of Poland, prov Kalisz, with 3,500 inhabitants, woollen manufs. & a fortfd. convent. CzENSTOCHOw (.\lt & New), two con- tiiruous towns of Poland. Joint pop. 6,500. CzEREKWE, two Small towns of Bo- hemia. CzERN-iEJEVO, a town of Prussia, Po- land, reg. Bromberg. — Czersk is a town of Poland, prov. Warsaw. CzERNOwiTZ, a town of Austrian Po- land, Bukowina. cap. circ. same name, on a hill near the Pruth. CzORTKOW, a town of Austrian Gali- cia, cap. circ. on the Sereth, with 2,300 inhab. D. Daber, a fortifd. town of Prussia. P. 1,560. Dabo, a comm. k vill. of Fran^'e. dep Meurthe, cant. Phal.'^boiirg. P. 1,226. Dabul, a town of Bri'ish India, presid. Bombay, dist. Concan, 85 m. S.E. Bombay. Dacca, a city of British India, ranking as the second in the prov. of Bengal. Estim. pop. 200,000. It has an imposing external appearance, with its numerous minarets amar, a town of Arabia, Yemen, with a citadel, a college, & 5,000 houses. Damaran, an isl. of Asiatic archip., E. Palawan. Damariscotta, r.. Me. It is nav. 16 m. for large vessels. Damascus, the largest pashalic of Syria, comprising all that country be- tween Lebunon & the Euphrates. Sur- face mostly level, except in the W.; in parts it is extremely fertile. Princip. rivs., the Orontes heba, or Bir-saba, 140 m. distant, forming its S. limit). The site of Dan ha.< been fixed by Robinson at the Tell- el-Kady, 3 m. W.X.W. Banias. Daxa, p-t., Worcester co Mass. Ex- ter...ivo manufs. jf palm leaf hats. P. 691. II. a vill. f N. Syria. Daniiury, t., semi-cap. of Fairfield co. Conn. It was burned by the British in the rc\.-lutionary war. In the skirmish here Gen. Woo.ster was killed. Cap. in manufs. about $200,000. 1 newsp., 1 acad. P. 5,964. II. t., Grafton co. N. II. P. 600. Dandy, t., Rutland co. N. Y. It has extensive dairies. P. 1,379. TI. p-t., Tompkins co. N. Y. Drained by Catta- toni,' c:r. P. 2,.570. Dakpe, a riv. of S.W. Africa, enters the Atlantic, 60 m. N. tho mouth of the Coanza, after a N. course estimated at 200 m. (?) — Dande is a vill. near it.s mouth. Dandbidge, jj-v., cap. of JeflFerson co. Tenn. It contains the co. buildings. Dane, county, Wis., central in the S. part of the state. Area 1,234 sq. m. The Four Lakes are near the centre of the CO. Cap. Madison. The coiumoD grains are produced. Lead is found here. 2 newsp. P. 16,641. Dangeau, a comm. k vill. of France, dep. Eure-et-Loir. P. 1,500. Dangerous Archipelago, a group of isls. Pacific 0., comprising the Palliser, Resolution, Harp, & numerous other isls. — The Isles of Dansrer are a small group in the Pacific. Lat" 11° S , Ion. 166° W. Daniele (San), a mkt. town of X. Italy, gov. Venice. P. 3,500. Danielsville, p-v., cap. of Madison CO. Ga. It has the usual co. buildings h, an academy. T)anilisha, a populous vill. of Russia, gov. & adjacent to Perm. Dankara, a town of W. Africa, Upp. Guinea, cap. kingdom of same name, on the Gold Coast. Danilov, a town of Russia, gov. Ja- roslavl, cap. circ, on the Pelenda. P. 1,764. Danische-Wald, a country, Denm'k, Schleswig, between the gulfs of Eckernfi- orde & Kiel. Dankov, a town of Russia, gov. Rin- zan, c:ip. circ, at the confluence of the Vesovaja with the Don. P. 2,500. Dannaikencotta, a town of British India, presid. Madras. Dannemarie, a comm. al forest it is now reduced to 22,000 ac , about 5 m. S.W. Newnham, & of which about J is under enclosure for navy timber. P. 10,(;92. Dearborn, county, la., in the S.E. part of the state, on the Ohio r. Surface liilly &, broken, with rich bottom lands on the rivs. Cap. Lawrenceville. "Wheat & Indian corn, with considerable sugar. Manufs. woollens, cotton, & leather. Tanneries &, distilleries. 1 newsp. 4 acads. P. 29,166. II. t., Wayne co. Mich. The Rouge r. passes through it. P. 1,248. Dearbornville, p-v., Wayne co. Mich. U. S. arsenal here. Dease Inlet, Arctic ocean. Russian America. Deba, a town of Tibet, cap. a division, near the I'pp. Sutleje, 14,918 feet above the sea. It is built of stone, & has a large temple of Vishnu, & monastic estab- lishment, with some trade in wool & salt. II. a seaport town of Arabia, on the Arabian sea, dom. &, 100 m. N.W. Muscat. Debalpoor, a town of India, Punjab, between the Sutleje &. Ravee rivs. De Bastrop, town, Chicot co. Ark. P. 270. Debenham, a mkt. town of England, CO. Suffolk. P. 1,667. Deco (Lake), a lake of Central Africa^ Nigritia, 150 m. S.W. Timbuctoo, & trav- ersed by the Joliba riv. On its S.W. shore is a town of same name. Debreczin, a royal free town of E. Hungary, & next to Pesth, the largest in the kingdom, cap. co. Bihar, in a sandy plain, 116 m. E. Pesth. P. 63,000, mostly xMagyars. ti nearly 43,800 of whom are Calvinists. Decatur, county, Ga., in the S.W. part of the state, & bounded W. by Chat- tahoochee r. Soil inditfercnt. Cap. Bainbridge. Tobacco, sugar & cotton. Tanneries. 4 acaJ. Area 1,675 sq. m. P. 8,262. II. county, la., towards the S. part of the state. Area 340 sq. m., adapted to grain. Cap. Greenburg. P. 15,107. III. p-t., Otsego CO. N. Y. A hilly t. P. 927. IV. t., Mifllin CO. Pa. P. 767. V. p-v., cap. of De Kalb CO. Ga., rail r. from Augusta termi- nates here. VI. t., Marion co. la P. 961. VII. p-v., Morgan co. Ala., on the Tenn. r., at the E. termination of the Tuscumbia & Decatur railroad. ^'III. p-v., cap. of Adams co. la., on the Wa- bash r. IX. p-v., cap. of Newton co.. Miss, on the head-waters of Chickasawha. X. p-v., cap. Macon co. 111., on the N. fork of Sangam(»n r., on the borders of an extensive prairie. XI. p-v., cap. of Meigs CO. Tenn., 2i m. E. of Tenn. r. Decazeville, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Avoyron, with extensive iron forges. P. 4,290. Deccan, a term formorl}' applied to the whole of Ilindostan, S. of the Net- DXK UNIVERSAL OAZKTTEEK. 247 bucidah, but latterly limited to the coun- tr}' between that riv. & the Kistnnh, or from lat. 16° to 23° N. Deception Island, near S. Shetland, Antarctic ocean, i.s volcunic, & consists of alteniate layers of ashes & ice, with a deep lake, 5 m. in circ, & hot springs, temp. 140° Fahr. Dechkin, a town of Russia, gov. Orel, on the Oka. P. 2,000. It has a harbor & salt magazines. Dechtchin, a mkt. town of Russ. Po- land, gov. Volhynia. P. 1,050. Decize, a comm. & town of France, dep. Nievre, cap. cant. P. 2,828. Dectan, a town, India, dom. & N.W. In do re. Deddington, a mkt. town of England, CO. Oxford. P. 2,025. Dedham, t., Hancock co. Me. P. 455. II. p-t., cap. of Norfolk co. Mass., on Charles r., which atfords good water power. The v. on Charles r. contains fine county buildings & a bank. A railroad from the v. 2 m. long, connects with the Boston & Providence road. Manufs. of woollens & cottons. 1 newsp., 3 acad. P. 4,447. Dedilova, a town of Russia, gov. & 2U m. S.E. Tula. P. 1,000. Dee, sev. rivs. of Britain. Deeg, a town of Hindostan, dom. Bhurtpoor. Deegoa, a large walled town of Bor- nou. Cent. Africa, cap. a chfshp., 60 m. S. Kouka. P. 30,000. (?) Deep Creek, p-v., Norfolk co. Va., at the termination of Dismal Swamp canal. Exports lumber. Deep River, p-v., Middlese.t co. Conn., on Conn. r. Manufs. of combs. Deer Creek, t., Pickaway co. 0. Deerfield, p-t., Rockingham co. N.H. Surface uneven; soil productive. A large pond in the X. part. P. 2,022. II. p-t., Franklin CO. Mass., on the Conn. Deerfield r., 50 m. long, runs through it. On the rs. are some e.xcellent meadows. The V. is on a plain separated from the Conn, by a high chain of hills. 2 rope fac. 1 acad. P. 1,912. III. t., Onei- da CO. N. Y., 4 m. N. of Utica. P. 2,287. IV. t., Cumberland co. N. J. Drain- sd by Cohansey cr. & Muddy run. Dis- tilleries & manufs. of woollens, glass, paper, & earthenware. 3 acad. P. 2,621. V. t., Tioga co. Pa. Drained by several crs. P. 615. VI. p-t.. Portage co. 0., on the Pa. & Ohio canal. "Watered bv Mahoning r. P. 1,184. VII. t, Warren co. 0. P. 1.871. VIII. t., Morgan co 0. P. 1,235. Deerfield Street, p-v., Cumberland CO. N. J. Deering, p-t., llillsboro' co. X. II. Watered by Contoocook r. Manufs. of brick. P. 1,124. Deer Isle, p-t., Hancock co. Me. The t. consists of an island on the E. side of Penobscot bay, with two or three small adjoining islands. These islamls afford good harbors. 1 acad. P. 2,841. Deerpark, t.. Orange co. N. Y. On the E. it is mountainous, but on the W. where it is washed by the Delaware; level. Watered by tributaries of the Delaware. Del. & Hudson canal, & N.Y. &, Erie railroad pass through it. 3 acad. P. 4,032. Dees, a mkt. town of Transylvania, at the confl. of the Great &, Little Szamos. P. 5.300. It is a depot for salt raised in its vicinity. Deesa, a town of India, Gujerat. Defiance, p-v., cap of Williams co. 0., at the junction of Maumee & Aug- laize rs. It is traversed by the Wabash & Erie canal; «& also by the Miami lj)hia market with vegetables. Cap. Chester. TluM'om- mon grains are jiroducod. It yields over 200 lbs. of silk cocoons. Extens. manufs. DEM UNIVERSAL GAZRTTEKR. 249 of woollens A cottons, «fc paper. 2 newsp. I culle;?fis. P. 24,679. VI. co. Ohio, in the central part of state. Area, 610 sq. m. Watered by the Scioto A Whet- stone rivs. & by several creeks. Mill seats abound. A crood farming county. Cap. Delaware. Exports, wheat «fe Indian corn. Consid. tobacco k sugar produced. Tanneries & distilleries, 1 acad. P. 21,817. VII. CO., la., in the E. part of state. ArcM, 384 sq. rn. Soil produc- tive. Caj). Muncietown. Chief prod, wheat i Indian corn, with 100,000 lbs. of sugar. Tanneries. P. 10,843. VIII. CO., Iowa, in N. part of state. Area, 576 sq. m. Watered by Macoquetais riv. Excellent timber abundant. Iron ore is found. P. 1.759. IX. t., Hunterdon CO. N. J., on the E. side of Delaware riv. Tanneries, distilleries, & an oil mill. P. 2,305. X. t., Mercer co. Pa. Drained by several creeks. P. 2,024. XI. c. h. p-v., cap. Delaware co. Ohio, on a branch of Whetstone riv. Here is a white sul- phur spring ; also several chalybeate springs. XII. t., Hancock co. Ohio. P. 451. XIII. t., Hamilton co. la. P. 753. XIV. p-v., Ripley co. la. P. 1,258. XV. city k p-v., Newcastle co. Delaware, on the W. bank of Delaware river, at the entrance of the Chesapeake & Delaware canal. P. 908. Delbruck, a market town of Prussian Westphalia, reg. Minden. P. 1,110. Manufacture of tobacco, important for its antiquities. ! Dendermonde, a fortified town of , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, at the confl. of the Bonder k the Scheldt. Benia, a marir. town of Spain, prov. A 45 in. N.E. Alicante, on the Mediter- ranean. P. 2,980. Benis (St.), a comm. A town of France, dep. Seine. P. 9, 166. It is well built, <& has a theatre, public library, very vari ous mauufs., «t several annual fairs ; but it is chiefly celebrated for its church, which, from the 7th century, was the principal burial-place of the kings of France. This is a noble Gothic edifice, 415^ feet in length, 106i ft. in breadth, with two towers, k a spire 85 feet in height ; in the vaults are some of its anc. tombs, which escaped destruction in the first revolution. Its ancient abbey is now used as a house of instruction, founded by Napoleon, for the daughters of members of the legion of honor. — The canal of St. Benis is a short branch of the canal d'Ourcq. II. a vill. of Bel- gium, prov. llainault, with cotton spin- ning works in the ancient abbey. III (67.), cap. town of the French colony of the isl. Bourbon, Indian ocean, on the N. coast of the isl., at the mouth of the riv. St. Benis. P. with dist. 19,140, of whom 10,096 are slaves. It is the re>idence of the governor of the isl. IV. (5^), nu- merous comms. k vills. of France. Benizli, a town of Asia-Minor, Ana- tolia, in a fertile valley surrounded with gardens, with 1,350 houses, k several j bazaars. i Benkendorf, a mkt. town of Wiir- temberg, on the Kersch. P. 1,459. j Benmark (KiNonoM of), a state of I N. Europe, cap. Copenhagen. It is j composed of three distinct part*, I. the i isls. in the Baltic & Atlantic, II. the pe- ninsula of Jutland, k 111. its dependen- cies, the duchies of Sehleswig, llolstein, k Lauenburg. Area, 21,651 sq. m. P. 1,378,200. It is bounded N. k W. by the North sea, E. by the Cattegat k the Baltic, k S. by the Elbe. The coasts are greatly indented, k the country is pcr- iectlv flat ; in the N., some parts of it are below the level of the sea, from the invasions of which it is defended by dykes. The highest i)art of the peninsula is 500 feet, k of the isls. 400 feet above the sea. Among the isls., only Seeland & Fiihnen have rivers. E.xtensive marshes e.\ist in all the valleys of the peninsula k the islamls. Next to the Elbe, which forms the S. boundary' of the kingdom for 80 m., the Eider is the largest k most im- portant river. The largest lake is tho Arve in Seeland. Between the islands A jer] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 251 the peninsula of Denmark & Sweden, there are several passages called sounds, the chief of which are Ore :Sund (the Sound), it the Great & Little Belts. Tlie climate of Denmark is humid & cloud3^ Soil almost entirely alluvial, covered with a vegetable mould well adapted for cultivation. Agriculture has been great- ly improved of late years. Cattle are extensively reared in N. Jutland «fc the duchies. Horses of an excellent breed, & valuable for military purposes, are reared on a great scale, t., Oxford co. Me. Pro- duces excelient wheat. P. 1,143. II. p-t., Lewis CO. N. Y., on Black river. Manufs. of woollens & leather. 1 ncad P. 2,824. Dennewitz, a vill. of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg. It has an iron monument to commemorate the battle between the French & allies, 6th Sept. 1813. Dennis, p-t., Barnstable co. Mass., extending aeross Cape Cod. Salt is made here by the evaporation of sea-water. Consid. shipping owned. Chief industry, fishing. P. 2,942. II. p-t., Cape May CO. N. J. Sandy plains in the northern part. P. 1,35U. Dennison, t., Luzerne co. Pa. P. 976 Denta Gyenta, a market town of Hungary. P. 5,110. Dent-du-Midi, a mntn. of the Alps, on the frontiers of the Valais & Savoy, 10,771 feet in elev. Dentila, a state of W. Africa, Sene- gambia, between the rivs. Gambia & Faleme. Denton, county, Texas. P. 641. II. p-v., cap. of Caroline co. Md., on Choptank riv. D'Entrecasteaux (Channel), Aus- tralasia, Tasmania, separates Bruny isl. from the mainland. L. 35 m. ; br. varies from 3 to 9 m. — {Islands), Pacific ocean. Lat. 10° S., Ion. 151° E.—{Poi7it), W. Australia. Deobund, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, upper pruvs. Deoghur, the name of several towns, &C., in India. Deola, a fortified town of Hindostan. Deols, a comm. & town of France, dep. Indre, on rt. b. of the Indre. P. 2,180. Depedelen, or Tepeleni, a town of European Turkey, Albania. Depere, p-v., cap. of Brown co. Wis. Depevster, p-t., St. Lawrence co. N. Y., on Black riv. P. 906. Deptford, a parliamentary b)r. oav\ lishery. Dbbeh.^m (East), a n»kt. town & pa. of England, CO. Norfolk. P. 3,834. The town, situated in a dist. noted for its gardens & orchards. Derenburg, a town of Pruss. Saxony, reg. Magdeburg. P. 2,400. Derendah, a town rugged, though inter- spersed with fertile valleys, well watered. Hot & sulphureous springs abound. Soil fertile, & well suited for coffee -e. Pop. 2,250. DoNzDORF, a town, Wiirtemberg, circ. Danube, on the Lauter. P. 1,659. DoNzENAc, a comm. & town of France, dep. Correze, cap. cant. P. 1,800. DoNZERE, a comm. & town, France, dep. Drome, on the Rhone. P. 1,707. DoNZY, a comm. & town of France, dep. Nievre, cap. cant., on I. b. of the Nonain. P. 2,196. DooDPUTLEE, a town of Further India, Cachar, 40 m. E. Sylhet, & where, in 1824, a British detachment was repulsed by the Burmese. DooiSH, a mntn. of Irel., Ulster, co. Donegal, height 2,143 feet. DooLEA, a consid. town of British In- dia, presid. Bombay. DooLEY, county, Ga., towards the S. part of the state. Area 1,600 sq. m. It; lies between Ockmulgee & Flint rs., cap. Vienna. Staple, cotton. 1 acad. P. 8,361. DooLURiA, a town, Brit. India, presid. Bengal. DooN, a riv. of Scotland, co. Ayr. — — Loch Doon, 22 m. S.S.E. Ayr, is about 5 m. in length <& f m. in breadth, is en- closed by mntns., & has an islet on which are the ruins of a castle. DooNGURPOOR, a town of W. Hindos- tan. DooRN (Great & Little), two rivers of S. Africa, Cape Colony, tributary to Elephant river. — Doom is the name of communes in the Cape Colony &, the Netherlands. DooRNsPYK, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, on the Zuyder-Zeo. P. 2,815. DoosnAK, a town of W, Affghanistan. II. a walled village of W. Aftghanis- tan. Dor, or Dore (Mont), a group of mntns. in France, comprised in the mntns. of Auvergne, dep. Puy-de-Ddme The principal summit \i the pic de Sancy, 6,188 feet in elevation. Doha, two rivs. of N. Italy, Piedmont, tributary to the Po. Dorak, a town of Persia, prov. Khu zistaa. DOR UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 261 DoRAMA, a town of Central Arabia. It is a place of i)rovisioning for the Mecca caraviin.s. DoRAN, a town of Arabia, Yemen, on a mntn. It has some remarkable tombs. DoRAT (Le), a comm. & town of France, dep. II. Vienne, cap. cant. P. 1,852..' Dorchester, a town of Englan'l, cap. CO. Dor,«et, on an eminence on the r. b. of the Frome. II. a vill. of Fngl., co. Oxfor.l, on the Thames. P. 1,078. Dorchester, a S.E. county of Md., between Chesapeake bay & Choptank r. Area 648 sq. m. Capital, Cambridge. Wheat, Ind. corn, tobacco, & over 500 pounds of silk cocoons. 1 new.'^p., 2 acads. P. 18,877. II. t., Norfolk co. xMass., on Dorchester bay, in Boston harbor. Chief industry, whale & cod fishing. Consid. manufs. of cottons, paper, & leather. 1 newsp., 1 acad. P. 7,969. III. t., Grafton co. N. H., between Conn. & Mer- rimac rs. P. 769. Dordogxe, a dep. in the S.W. of France Area 3,520 sq. m. P. 503,557. Chief rivers, Dordogne & Vezere, both navigable, H. Vezere &. Isle. It is cele- brated for haras. The principal manufs. are iron, paper, brandy, & liquors. DoRDOGXE, a riv., S.W. of France, formed by the junction of the Dor & Dogne. L. 220 m. DoREBAT, a town of Abrabia, Yemen, & the residence of a sheikh. DoRE l'Eglise, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Puy-de-Dome. P. 2,090. DoRGALi, a vill. of the isl. Sardinia, cap. dist., prov. Xuovo. P. 3,356. Dorjeling, a vill. & watering place of N. Ilindostan. Dorking, a market town & pa. of England, co. Surrey. DoRLA (Upper & Lower), two con- tiguous vilis. of Prussian Saxony. Uni- ted pop. 2,170. Dormagen, a vill. of Rhenish Prussia, near the Rhine. P. 1,486. DoRMAXs, a comm. France, & connects the English channel with the X. sea. It e.vtends from Dungeness (co. Kent), & Cape Gris Xez (dep. Pas-de-Calais), X.E. to the S. Foreland & Calais. L. 22 m. ; breadth (where narrowest) 21 m. DovY. a river of AVales. L. 30 ra. DowLETABAD, a town of India, Deccan, Nizam's dom . & with a remarkable rock fortress, about 50^ feet high. Down, a maritime co., Irelaml, Ulster. Area, 9,.=i60 sq m. P. 317,778. The rural population are said to be better off in this than iu most other Irish cos. Principal crops, potatoes, barley, oata & flax. Tim- ber is scarce. Estates large ; farms mostly small. DowNE, t., Cumberland co. N. J. It has several port villages. P. 1,920. Downham-Market, a market town of England, co. Norfolk, on the Ouse. DowNiNGTOWN, p-v., Che.stcr co. Pa., on a branch of Brandywine creek, 12 m. from the scene of the battle of Brandy- wine, fought Sept. 11, 1777. Dow.vPATRicK, a seaport town of Ire- land, Ulster, cap. co. Down, near the mouth of the Quoyle. P. 4,651. Town well built, consists chiefly of four streets stretching up hills from a centre in a confined valley, & is divided into English, Irish, & Scotch quarters. Downs (The), a portion of the N. sea, off the SE. coast of England, co. Kent, between the N. & S. Foreland. DowNTON, a town, England, co. Wilts, on the Avon, which here divides into three arms, each crossed by a bridge. DOYLESTOWN, p-b., Cap. of Bucks CO. Pa. 1 male & 1 female acad. In the town there are 5 acad., 4 newsp. P. 2,127. Drag, a riv. in the S.E. of France, rises in the Alps A.joins the Isere, after a N.W. course of 70 m. Drachenfels, a celebrated mountain peak, one of the range of the Sieben- gebirge, in Rhenish Prussia, on r. b. of the Rhine. Elev. 1,056 feet. Dracut, p-t., Middlesex co. Mass., on the N. side of Merriraac riv. 1 acad. P. 2,188. Dragomestre, a seaport town, Greece, Hellas, gov. Acarnanin, on an inlet of the Ionian sea. The bcnj of Dragomestre, sheltered on the S W. by the Dragonera isls.. is 6 m. in length by 1 m. across. Dragomirna, a vill. of Austrian Po- land, Bukovina, on the frontier of Mol- davia. Dragonera, sevl. isls.. Mediterranean. Dragoni, a town of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro. P. 2,400. Dragon's Mouth is the passage be- tween the isl. of Trinidad & the peninsula of Paria, S. America, 12 m. across from E. to W., & interspersed by islets. — The Boca del Brago is a passage, N. Granada, prov. Veragua, leading from the L. Chi- riqui into the Carilibean sea. Dragor, a maritime vill. of Denmark, on the sound, 7 m. S. Copenhagen. P, 1,800. Dragten. a town of the Netherlands, prov. Friosland. P. 4,400. Draguignan, a comm. ove the X. sea. The old town, on the S. bank of (he river, is old fa.-hioned. The new town is handsomely laid out ; «fe the whole vicinity of the city is very pic- turesque. The royal palace is a vast antiquated building containing a royal library, a Roman Catholic church with a tower 378 feet in height, & the state treasury, with an immense collection of valuable property. The far-famed Dres- den gallery of paintings is considered the finest collection N. the Alps. Other principal objects of interest are the Briihl palace, many splendid churches, & roi-i- dences of noblemen, rich in works of art, an opera house seated for 8,000 specta- tors, the mint, arsenal, hall for the annual exhibition <& sale of works by Sa.xon art- ists, an acad. of arts, various colleges, schools <, I't on the railway du Nord. P. 24,562. Har- bor, chiefly artificial, is shallow, but the dur] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 269 roadstead is good, & since Dunkerque was made a free port in 1826, it has had a brisk &■ inereasinf:^ trade. Dunkirk, p-v., Chautauquc co. N. Y., on Lake Eric. Its linrbor has a depth of 12 ft. on the bar. The N. Y. & Erie rail- road terminates here. Distance from N. Y. 470 ra. P. 987. DuNMANWAY, a mkt. town of Ireland, Munster, co. Cork. 1\ 3,086. DuNMOW (Great), a market town of England, co. Es?e.x, on the Chelmer. DuNNET, a marit. pa. of Scotland, co. Caithnes.*, on Pentland tirth, with a vill. P. 1,880. Dunnet-liead in this pa. is a rocky peninsula, forming the N. extrem. of Gt. Britain. DuNSE, a market town, co. Berwick. P. 2,656. DuNsiNNANE, One of the Sidlaw hills, Scotland, co. & 7 m. N.E. Perth. Elev. 1,114 ft. DuNsiNSK, a vill., Ireland, Leinster. CO. Dublin. Dunstable, a mkt. town of England, CO. Bedford. II, t., Middlesex co. Ma^s. P. 603. III. t., Clinton co. Pa. Coal abounds. P. 841. Duxstaffnage, an anc. royal castle, Scotland, co. Argyle, on Loch Etive. Dunster, a mkt. town of England, co. Somerset. P. 1,078. Dunvegan, a bay & headland of Scotland, on the W. coast of the isle of Skye.' Dunvegan Fort, British N. Amer., on the Peace river. Dunwich, a seaport of England, co. Suffolk, on the N. sea. P. 237. Du Page, county, 111. P. 9,290. Duplin, S.E. county, N. C. Area, 600 sq. m. Level -. II. an anc. city has the tomb of St. Cuthbert, the 210 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [dY8 chapel of the renerablo Bede, a fine "W. front with a Galilee chai'cl & two riflily ornamented towers, 143 feet in height. The trade the metrojjolis of Scotland, is ."situated on the S. bank of the estuary of the Forth, ia lat. 55° 57' 3" N. ; Ion. 3° 1 r W. ; 392 m. N. of London. P. 158,115. The city is most picturesquely situated upon two ridges of hills. Elev. of High street, at Tron church, 255 ft. ; do. Register house, 217 ft. The old town occupies the more elevated ridge which terminates on the W. by the bold rocky eminence of the Castle hill (elev. 383 feet). Between the old & new town is a deep ravine, now converted into gardens, & crossed on the E. by a spacious bridge. The new town extends to the N. of the old, & forms an extensive parallelogram, with wide & straight streets intersecting each other at right angles. The old part, built on the old continental system, are verv lofty, &, each story divided into distinct dwelling apartments orjlats. The castle, built on a precipitous rock, contains an ariuorj', & the crown & regalia of Scotland. The university, founded 1580, by charter of James VI., is a noble institution. The building, founded 1789, contains a library with 90,854 printed books & 310 M3S., museum & class-rooms for the professors, who amount in number to 31. Annual average of students (since 1800) 1.636. There is also a Free church college, & a theological college of United Presby- terians. Tlie most remarkable public buildings of the new town are Lord Mel- ville's monument. 139 ft. high, Sir Walter Scott's monument, the national monument on the Calton hill, an astronomical ob- servatory, genenil post-oBice «fc stamp- oflBce. The charitable institutions are numerous k well endowed. The princip. banking estibli.-hments arc the bank of Scotland, Royal bank, British Linen co.. Commercial, National, Edinburgh and Glasgow, Union & Clydesdale, City of Glasgow, We.'-tern, it a savings' bank. Edinburgh hss never been famous as a manufacturing city. Edinburgh is the central point where the gre;it lines of milwiiy meet, A a part of the new town is traversed by an extensive tunnel of the Northern railway. Simeon of Dur- ham, writing in the year 854, mentions the fortress or castle under the mime of Edtciiiesburch, or cattle of Edwin, prub- ably so cilled after E Iwio, prince of Northuinborland. In 1123 the t o v.- n re- ceived a charter from David 1. In 1215, Alfwaiider 11., !M)n of ^\'■illiam the Lion, held a parliament here for the first time. After this it frequently became the resi- dence of the kings of Scotland, &, latterly lie CYCLOP^fiDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [egl the permanent seat of the Scottish par- liament, courts of justice, & executive government. Edinbubghshihe, or Mid-Lothian, is situated in the eastern part of the S. division of Scothind, bounded on the N. by the firth of Forth. P. 258,824. The greater part of the co. belongs to the coal formation, & coal is extens. wrought. The CO. is chiefly agricultural, A farming is conducted on the best modern princi- ples. Edinbubgh (New), a seaport of S. Amer., prov. it 118 m. E.S.E. Panama, on the gulf of Darien. Edisto, a river, S. Carolina, rises in Edgefield distr., & flowing S.E. & S., en- ters the Atlantic by two branches, which enclose Edi.>to isl. (Tim. in length) about 20m.S."\V. Charleston. The ris'cr is nav- igable for 100 m. Edmeston, p-t., Otsego co. N. Y. P. 1,907. Edmonson, central co. of Ky. Wa- tered by Green riv. & several crs. Cap. Brownsville. A good agricultural co. P. 4,038. Edmonton, a fortified vill., British N. America. Lat. 53° 45' N., Ion. 113° 20' W. Edolo, a vill. of Lombardv, on rt. b. of the Oglio. P. 2,000. Edwabds, S. Eastern co. 111. on Little Wabash riv. A farming co. Cap. Al- bion. P. 3,524. II. p-t., St. Lawrence CO. P. 956. Edwardsville, p-v., cap. Madison co. 111. It has a U. S. land office & 1 acad. Eegholm (Great & Little), 2 small isls. of Denmark, in the Great IJelt. Eechank, a town, India, presid. Bengal. Eeckeren, a town of Belgium, cap. cant., prov. Antwerp. P. 3,934. Eecloo, a comm. & town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, on the post-road be- tween Ghent & Bruges. P. 9,151. Eejmut, a small town of Scinde, near the Indus. Eel, riv., la., a branch of White. Eemnes, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov. Utrecht, near the Eem. P. 1,396. Eesavghc'r, a town & strong fort, Hin- dostan, dom. Gwalior, cap. of a per- gunnah. Efferping, a town of Upper Anstria, near the Danube, with an old stronghold of the princes of Starkeinberg. P. 1,300. KfFiNGiiAM, a S.-e:it-t(;rn co. of Ga., on Savannah r. Cap. .Springfield. Chief produc. rice A cotton. 1 acad. P. 3,864. ■ II. a central county, 111. Area, 486 sq. m. Drained by Little Wabash r. Cap. Ewington. A good farming co. P. 3,799. 111. t , Carroll co. N. H. It has large ponds on it.<5 borders. P. 1.195. 1 acad. Ega, a town of Brazil, prov. Para, on r. b. of the Teffc, near the Amazon. Egadi, a group of islands in the Med- iterranean, W. of Sicily. Ege.\ de Los Caballeros, a town of Spain, prov. Zaragoza. P. 3,082. Egedesminde, a dist. of N. Greenland, comprising numerous islands. Egeln. a town of Prussian Saxony, on the Bode: P. 2,800. Egelshofen, a vill. of Switzerland. P. 1,000. Egenseubg, a town of Lower Austria, circ. Krems. P. 1,262. Eger, a riv. of E.Germany. A branch of the Elbe, 125 m. long. Eger, a frontier town of Bohemia, on r. b. of the Eger. P. 10,500. In its old castle, in 1634, the principal friends of Wallenstein were put to death, while Wallenstein himself was assassinated in a house in the market place. Egerdir, a lake ark of 1,200 acres. Eghsau, a small town of Switzerland, cant. Zurich, on rt. b. of the Rhino. P. 1,600. egy] UNIVERSAL GAZKTTEKR. 277 Eglok, an ancient city of Palestine, identified with the vilhigc Ajlan, pash. Gaza. Egmojtd-aan-Zee, a marit. vill. of the Netherlands, on the X. sea. P. 1,338. Egmont (Bay), an inlet of the gulf of St. Lawrence, N. America, on the S.W. coa.st of Prince Edward island. II. (Island), Low archipelago. Pacific. III. (Island), the largest of the Santa Cruz nrchipelago, or Q. Charlotte isls., Pacific. L. 20 m. ; br. 10 m. IV. (Mount), an active volcano of New Zea- land, N. isl., 18 in. S. New Plymouth, & rising to about 8,840 feet above the sea. V. (Port), W. Falkland isl., off its N. coast. Egremont, a market town of England, CO. Cumberland, on the Ehen. P. 1,750. II. t., Berkshire co. Mass. 1 acad. P. 1,038. Egcilles, a comm. & town of France, dep. Bouches-du-Rhone. P. 1,587. Eguisheim, a comm. & town of France, dep. H. Rhin. P. 2,149. Egypt, the Misraim of scripture, & Massr of the Arabs, a country of N.E. Africa, bounded N. by the Mediterranean, E. by the isthmus of Suez k the Red sea, S. by Nubia, & "W. by Barbary & the Sahara. Length, N. to S., 520 m. Area uncertain. P. 2,895,500. Cap. Cairo. The territory of Egypt is composed of a long narrow valley, enclosed by a double range of hills, which e.xtend from Assouan to Cairo, & traversed by the Nile. There is a triangular space enclosed by two branches of the Nile, having the sea for its base, 0 m. from its mouth. It is very populous, 6 on it the French formerly had fort Po- dor. — {Kiver), S. Africa, Cape Colony, enters the Atlantic after a course of 140m. Elephanta, a small isl. of British In- dia, presid. & in the harbor of Bombaj', 7 m. S.W. the citj-^. It is 6 m. in circ. Elephantine, an isl. of Upper Egypt, in the Nile, opposite Assouan (Syene). Eleusis, an ancient & famous city of Greece, the remains of which e.\ist near Lepsina, gov. Attica, at the mouth of the Sarandaporo, in the G. of iEgina. Eleuthera Royal Island & Keys, one of the Bahama isls., ^Y. Indies. Length, 80 m. ; breadth, 10 m. P. 2,568. Eleutheropolis, an ancient city of Palestine, identified with Beit-Jibriu, a vill., pash. Gaza. Elfdalen, a vill. of Sweden. 72 m. N.W. Fahlun. P. 2,700. Elfeld, a town of Central Germany, duchy Nassau, cap. dist. Rheingau, on the Rhine. P. 2,234. Elfsborg, a fortress of Sweden, now a pri.-ion, on the Kattegat. Elgar, an islet Orkney, Scotl., S. of Shapinsay. Elgg, a vill. of Switzerl., cant. Zurich. P. 3,000. Elgin, an ancient city of Scotland, cap. CO. Moray or Elgin, on the Lossie, 108 ra. N. Edinburgh. P. 6,336. It is famous for its cathedral. Elgiob.ar, a town of Spain, prov. Gui- puzcoa, on the Deva. P. 2,035. El-1Iayz, a small oasis in the Libyan desert. Lat. 28° 8' N., Ion. 28° 53' E. El-IIelleh, a vill. of I'pper Egypt, prov. Keneh. on rt. b. of the Nile, opp. Esne. Eliangoody, a large c- ports shingles, staves, pitchpinc & lum- ber. P. 2^000. Elizabethport, p-v., Esse.x co. N. J., on Staten Islanil sound. Steamboat comniunication with N. Y. Elizabethtown, p-t., cap. Esse.x co. N. Y. The Clinton range runs through it. Elev. 1,500 ft. E.xcellent iron ore is found. V. is on Boquet r. 1 acad. P. 1,635. II. pb., E.sse.K co. N. J , «>n cr. of same name, 2i m. froni its entrance into Staten Island sound. It is a place of considerable wealth &> some business. P. 2,500. III. p-v., cap. Marshall co. elm] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 281 Va., on Grave cr. Hero are very ex- tensive ancient tumuli, scattered over a large plain, consisting of one main mound, 106 ft. high, ct 400 yards in circumference, surrounded by a ditch, &, encompassed by other similar & smaller mounds. IV. p-v., cap. Hardin co. Ky. V. p-v., cap. Bladen co. N. C VI. p-v., cap. Carter oo. Tenn. VII. p-v., cap. Har- din CO. 111. Elizoxdo, a town of Spain, Navarra. P. 1,100. El-Jemm, avill.of Barbary, dom. Tunis. Elk, river, Md., navigable, 15 ra. to Elkton. II. r., Ala., joins the Tenn. river, near Muscle shoals. El-Kab, Eilethyas, a town. Upper Egypt, on rt. b. of the Nile. El-Ka.sr, a large vill. of Upp. Egypt. Elk Creek, p-t., Venango co. Pa. P. 785. II. town, Athens co. Ohio. P. 1,261. III. p-t., Erie co. Pa. P. 1,645. Elk Fork, town. Van Buren co. Mo. P. 360. II. town, Pettis co. Mo. P. 454. El-Khargeh, a town, Upper Egypt, cap. the Great Oasis. P. 6,000. Elkhart, N. co. la. Area 460 sq. m. Watered by St. Joseph's & Elkhart rs. Cap. Goshen. It yields the common agricultural prod. & 150 pounds of silk cocoons. Tanneries, distilleries & pot- teries. P. 12,690. II. r., la., br. St. Joseph's. El Khatif, a maritime town, Arabia, on the W. side of the gulf of Bahrein. Elkhorx, r., br. of the Ky., 30 m. long. II. p-v., cap. Walworth CO. Wis. Elkland, p-t., Tioga co. Pa. P. 710. Elk Lick, p-v., Somerset co. Pa. P. 1,495. El-Kos, a river of Morocco, prov. Fez, enters the Atlantic at El-Araish, after a N.W. course. El-Kosh, a market town of Asiatic Turkey, Kurdistan, at the foot of the Sote mountains, 30 m. N. Mosul. P. 3,000. Elk Ridge Landing, p-v., Anne Arundel co. Md., on Patapsco r. 7 m from Baltimore. The AVashington branch r. r. here cross^es the r. over a viaduct 700 ft. long, &, 58 ft. above the r., on 8 granite arches. P. 1,000. Elkton, p-v., cap. of Cecil co. Md., at the junction of the 2 main branches of Elk r. P. 1,128. II. p-v., cap. Todd CO. Ky. Elle. a riv. of France, enters the At- lantic 30 m. S.W. Quimper, after a S. course of 38 m. Ellejay, p-v., cap. of Gilmer co. Ga. 1 acad. Ellenbuhg, p-t., Clinton co. N. Y. P. 1,504. Ellery, p-t., Chautauque co. N. Y. P. 2,242. Elle.smere, a market town of Eng- land & Wales, cos. Flint &, Salop. P. 7,081. Ellice Islands, a group of islands on a coral reef, surrounding a lagoon in the Pacific, discov. 1819. Lat. 8° 30' S.; Ion. 179° 13' E. P. 250. Ellichpoor, a city of India, Nizam's dom. Ellicott, t., Chautauque co. N. Y. Some manufs. P. 3,523. Ellicottsville, p-t., cap. of Catta- raugus CO. N. Y. The v. is on Great Val- ley cr. The t. has one newsp. P. 1,726. Ellingen, a town of Bavaria, circ. Middle Franc, on the llezat. P. 1,329. Ellington, t., Tolland co. Conn. 1 acad. II. p-t., Chautauque co. N. Y. P. 2,001. Elliot, t., York co. Mo. P. 1,889. Ellisburg, p-t., Jefferson co. N. Y., on Lake Ontario. It has a small v. on Sandy cr. Some manufs. P. 5,524. Ellis Island, in N. Y. harbor, off the mouth of Hudson r. Ellisville, p-v., cap. Jones co. Miss., on a branch of the Pascagoula. Ellore, a considerable town of British India, presid Madras. Ellrich, a town of Prussian Saxony. P. 2,600. Ellsworth, p-t., cap. of Hancock co. Me. The v. is on Union r. 1 acad. P. 4,009. II. t., Grafton co. N. H. P. 300. III. p-t., Trumbull co. 0. P. 988. IV. p-v., cap. of Wright co. Mo. Ellwangen, a town of Wiirtemberg, cap. circ. Jaxt, on the Jaxt. P. 2,933. Elm, a ])a. & vill. of Switzerland, cant. Glaris. P. 1,013. El Masarah, a vill. of Egypt, prov. Ghizeh, opposite the site of ancient Memphis. El Metemneh, a town of Xubia, on 1. b. of the Nile. Elmina, a town & fort, cap. of the Dutch possessions, on the Guinea coast, Africa. The fort is in lat. 5° 4' 45" N. P. 10,000 blacks. Elmira, p-t., cap. of Chemung co. N. Y. The V. on Chemung r. h.as exten- sive water power. Chemung canal ter- minates here. Exports lumber. Ma- nufs. P. 8,166. Elmore, p-t, Lamoile co. Vt. Iron ore here. P. 476. Elmshorn, a town, Denmark, Hol- stein, on the Elbe. P. 5,600. 282 CYCLOPAEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [emb Elmunchilly, a vill. of Brit. India, presiti. Madras, in a valley. Elnbogen, a town of Bohemia. Elne, a eomiu. i town of France, dep. Pvren. Orient., on 1. b. of the Tech. P. 2,303. El-Obeid, the cap. town of Kordofan in Africa, in a plain. Ei^tim. P. 30,000. El Oos, an isl. i town in the Eu- phrates, Asiatic Turkey. The isl. is 1 m. in length, with 500 houses, & some mosques. Elora, a vill. of Hindostan, Xizam's dom. Elorrio, a town of Spain, prov. Bis- cay. P. 2,280. Eloy (St.), a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Puy-de-Dome, is an exten. coal ba.sin, the mines of which furnish ann. 40,000 quintals. Elphix, a mkt. town of Ireld., Con- naught, CO. Roscommon. P. 1,551. El Rosakio, a town of Me-xicnn con- federation, dep. Sinaloa. P. 5.000. Elsdon, a mkt. town of Engl., co. Korthumberland. Elsfleth, a mkt. town of Oldenburg, on the Weser, at the influx of the Hunte. P. 2,000. Elsinborough, t., Salem co. N. J. P. 526. Elsixore, a seajjort town of Denmark, isl. Seeliind, on its E. coast, at the nar- rowest part of the sound, 24 m. N. Co- penhagen. Lat. 56° 2' 11" N.; Ion. 12° 36' 49" E. P. 8,000. Here the sound- dues are levied from all mertihant ships, except Danish & Swedish, passing into or out of the Baltic, which perform quaran- tine in a roadstertd. Elson's Bay, an inlet of the Arctic ocean, Russian America. — Elson Isl. in the Pacific is one of the Gambier isls. Elster, 2 rivers of tiermany 1. (White), rises in Voigtland. flows N., & joins the Saale. Length 110 m. II. {Black), rises in Saxony, flows N.W., the adjacent cos. are especially famous. The stock of horses (in England & Wales") has been lately estimated at 1,500,000; 2-3ds of which are employed in farm la- bor. Homed cattle are estimated at 4,000,000, l-4th of which stock is an- nually slaughtered Tho number of sheep has been eslimatoil at 26,000,000. Total annual produce of wool in Eng- land, has been estimated at 470,000 packs, of 240 lbs. each (upwards of 1,000,000 cwt.). England is generally well wooded, & 62,620 ac. of royal forest lands are enclosed for the growth cf timber. The fisheries, though they have never been chief sources of national wealth, are highly important in some localities. England is indebted for th«* high rank she holds, in a great degree, to her extraordinary mineral wealth. The abundant supply of coals obtained in Lancashire, W. Yorkshire, Northum- berland, Durham, StafiFordshire & War- wickshire, have rendered those cos. the seats of the largest & most flourishing manufs. in the world. Manufs. are in the greatest variety. By far the most important are those of cotton goods, the great seat of which is S. Lancashire, & it is estimated that cotton fabrics ?, on the Tarcza. P. 8,600. Eperxay, a coinm. & town of France, dep. M.irne, near 1. b. of the Marne. P. 5,926. Epernon, a town of France, dep. Eure- et-Loir. P. 1,.5.53. Epfig, a oomin. & town of France, dep. Bas-Khin. P. 1,946. Ephesus, a famous ancient city of Asia- Minor, Anatolia, the ruins of which exist on the banks of the Mendere, near its mouth in the gulf of Scala. Its remains comprise a magnificent theatre, a sta- dium 637 feet in length, ancient walls & towers of the Greek, Roman, & Byzan- tine period-s, Sc in a marshy tract the tra- ces of a vast edifice, apparently those of the celebrated temple of Diaiia, or of a church subsequently erected on its site. Ephesus was anciently the cap. il.-<. Dago, "Worms, utler co P. 2,171. XII. t., Highland co. 0. XIII.' t., Huron co. 0. P. 1,076. XIV. p-v., cap. AVayne co. 111. JVIanufs. of castor oil. Fairford, a mkt. town of England, co. Gloucester, on the Colne. Fair Haven, t., Rutland co. Vt. P. 633. II. t., Bristol CO. Mass., opposite to New Bedford. Interested in the whalo fi.shery. P. 3,951. III. p-v., New Haven co. Conn., 2 m. E. N. H. P. 1,000. E.icports vast quantities of oysters in the winter. 1 acad. Fair Head, a lofty promontory, N. coast of Ireland, Ulster, co. Antrim. It is an immen.se body of columnar green- stone, 530 feet in elevation. Fair Lsle, Scotland, between Orkney & Shetland. Fairlee, t., Orange co. Vt. P. 644. Fairview, p-t., Erie co. Pa. P. 1,481. II. t., York CO. Pa. P. 1,993. Faihweather, a cape & mntn. of Ru.«sian America. Fai.sans (Ile des), n small isl., formed by the Bida.ssoa, on the borders of France & Spain, near Irun. Fajemmia, a fortified town of Africa, Senegambia. Fakenham-Lancaster, a mkt. town of England, co. Norfolk, on the Wonsum. P. 2,164. Fal, a riv. of England, co. Cornwall. 1 Falaba, a fortified town of "W. Africa, Sencgambia, cap. state Sulimana. P I 6,000:(7) j Falaise, a comm. & town of France, dep. Calvados, cap. arrond., on r. b. of Ante. P. 8,621. Falalu, one of the Caroline island.--, Pacific ocean. Falce.s, a town of Spain, prov. Pam- plona. P. 2,310. It has mineral s-pring.s. Falcet. a town of Spain, prov. Tarra- gona. P. 2,995. Falconara, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Cit. P. 1,666. Falconera, a small isl. of the Grecian archipelago. Faleme, a river of Sencgambia, W. Africa, affluent of the Senegal. L. 200 m. Falkenau, a town of Bohemia, circ. Elnbogcn, on the Eger. P. 1,900. Falkenbekg, a fortified town of Pruss. Silesia, cap. circ. P. 1,632. II. a seaport town of Sweden. P. 1,660. Falkenburg, a town of Prussian Po- mcrania. P. 3,050. Falkenstein, a town of Saxony, circ. Zwickau. P. 3,346. Falkirk, a market town of Scotland, CO. Stirling, on an eminence at the S.W. extremity of the fertile tract called the Carse of Falkirk, on the Edinburgh & Glasgow railwaj',& Scottish Central rail- Avay. P. 8,769. The great Carron iron works are Avithin 2 miles of the town. Traces of the Roman wall of Antoninus. Here was fought, a.d. 1298. a battle between the trof)ps of Sir W. Wallace & of Edward I., when the latter was victo- rious ; also, in 1746, an engagement between the Highlanders under Prince Charles Edward, & the English army. Falkland Islands, a group in the S. Atlantic, consisting of 2 large &, 200 small isls., about 310 ra. E. the strait of Magellan, Patagonia. Estimated area, 13,000 so. m. The E. Falkland isl. is nearly IIJO m. in length, by 60 m. in greatest br. ; «fc the W. Falkland about 90 by 50 m. ; they are separated by Falkland sound, from 9 to 12 m. in br. Grass lands are extremely luxuriant, & these isls. arc well adapted for roaring live stock, already very numerous in a wild state. Birds A fish are also exceed- ingly numerous. These islands belong to Great Britain, & there is a small set- tlement at Port Louis, on the E. island. Pop. scanty. Falkoping, a small town of Sweden, near which, in 1388, Albert, king of Swe- den, was defeated A made prisoner by Margaret, queen of Denmark. far] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 295 Fali.owfield, town, Crawford co. Pa. P. 1,673. Fall River, t., port of entry, Bristol CO. Mass. Fine water power. Consid. shipping in the whaic fi-^^hery. E.xtcns. manufs. of cotton fabrics. P. l\,ryZi. Falls, p-t., Wyoming co. Pa. P. 2,103. II. t., Bucks CO. Pa. P. 2,058. Falls of St. Anthony, on the Missis- sippi, are 9 m. above the influx of St. Peter's river, 60 m. below the Big Falls, & 1,200 above the mouth of the Mis-sis- sippi. Lat. 45° X., Ion. 93° 14' W. The river here flows in two channels from 200 to 300 feet in breadth, & falls 16 feec in perpendicular height, over a limestone rock. Fallsburgh, p-t., Sullivan co. N. Y. P. 2,626. Falmouth, t., Cumberland co. Me. Chief indu.^tr}', coasting & fishing. P. 2,.589. II. t., Barnstable co. Mass., on the S.W. point of Cape Cod. P. 2,621, engaged in coasting & fishing. III. p-v., cap. of Pendleton co. Ky. IV. a seaport town of England, co. Cornwall, on a branch of the estuary of the Fal. P. 22,042. The harbor is formed by the estuary of the Fal, has numerous creeks, A is about 5 m. in length & 1 in breadth. Its position, at the entrance of the Eng- lish channel, has rendered Falmouth for the last 150 years, a principal station for foreign mail packets, & the great rendez- vous for fleets proceeding to the S. & W. V. two seaport towns of British W. Indies, one on the W. coast of Jamaica, & the other on the S. coast of Antigua. Falour, a town of India, Punjab, on rt. b. of Sutleje. False Bay, an extensive inlet of the Atlantic, S. Africa, Cape Colony, the W. side of which is formed by the cape of Good Hope. L. & br. 22 m. each. False cape is a little E. of its entrance. II. a bay of New Zealand, on the W. side of North island. III. an inlet of the bay of Bengal. — Cape False is the name of various headlands of California, N. Gra- nada, Hayti, Honduras, Ac. Falster, an isl. of Denmark, on the Baltic. L. 30 ra.; b. 2 to 13 m. P. 22,000. Noted for fine orchards. Falsterbo, a .small seaport town of Sweden, near its .S. extremity. Falterona (Mount), a summit of the Apennines, Tuscany. Height, 5,557 ft. Faltsi, a frontier town of Moldavia, on the Pruth. Falu, a raarit. prov. of Sweden, having W. Norway. Area, 12,232 sq. m. P. 138,141. Famagusta, a seaport town of Cyprus, on its E. coast. The town, with its palace & numerous churches, is mostly in ruins; its harbor is choked up, & useless except for small craft. Famatin.\, an extensive valley of S. America, Plata confed., dep. La. Ri'>ja, about 150 m. in length, & 30 m. in breadth, bounded E. fisTERRE (Cape), a promontory of Spain, forming the N.W. angle of the peninsula. FiNLAGAN, a lake of Scotland, isl. of Islay. Finland (Principality of), an ad- ministrative division of the Russian em- pire, cap. Ilelsinfirors, situated between lat. 59° 48' & 70° 6' N., & Ion. 20° & 32° E. Area, 136,000 sq. m. P. 1,411,952. Surface flat ; traversed in centre by a chain of low hills, separating the ba-sins of the White sea & the Baltic. Highest point, 1,300 feet. The S. part of the country is nearly covered with water, forming a remarkable system of lakes & marshes. Rivers mostly small. Chief lakes, Ladoga, Saima, & Ulla. Climate healthy on the coasts. Chief crops, rye & barley. The potato, introduced in 1762, is extensively cultivated. Chief educational establishment, the university of Helsingfors. II, {Gulf of), one of the great arms of the Baltic sea, bounded N. by Finland, & E. & S. by the Russian govs. St. Petersburg & Revel. L. E. to W., 260 m. ; br. N. to S., 25 to 90 m. It contains numerous isls., principal Cron- stadt. FiNMARK, an extensive prov. of Nor- way, forming the N.-most portion of continental Europe, situated between the Arctic ocean town of France, dep. Marne, cap. cant. P. 2,190. FissATA, a .seaport of N. Africa, dom. Tripoli. FiTATs, a town of Japan, isl. Niphon, cap. prov., on a river near the E. coast, 90 ra. FiTCHBURG, p-t., "Worcester co. Mass. Manufs. of woollens, cottons, & paper. P. 5,120. FiTCHViLLE, p-t., Huron co. 0. P. 1,292. FiTERO, a town of Spain, prov. Na- varra, Pamplona, on 1. b. of the Alhama. P. 2,263. Fitful-Head, a headland, S. coast of Shetland, W. of Quendal bay. Elev. 400 feet. FiTTRE, a lake. Central Africa, Ni- gritia. FiTZHUGH Sound, a strait of N.W. Amer., separating Calvert isl. from the mainland; 18 m. long, 3 m. broad. Fitzwilliam, p-t., Cheshire co. N. H. P. 1,366. FiuMARA-Di-MuRO, a vill. of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. I. P. 1,400. FiuME, a seaport town of the Austrian dom., cap. the Hungarian Littorale (Cro- atia), on the gulf of Quarnero, at the mouth of the Fiumara, in the Adriatic. P. 11,000. Harbor small, & large ships lie in a deep & tolerably sheltered road- stead. Fiurac, a free port, is the imme- diate outlet by sea for the produce of Hungary. II. a vill. of N. Italy. P. 2,000. III. {di Nisi), a seaport vill. of Sicilv, prov. & on the strait of Mes- sina. P. 2,200. Fiume-Freddo, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Cit., cap cant., near the Mediterranean. P. 2,400. II. a vill. of Sicilv, on the little riv. of same name. P. 2,840. Fiumicello, a vill. of N. Italy. FiUMiciNO, a small seaport vill. of Central Italy, Pontif. sta. Five, a prefi-x of 1. {Fire Fitiv;'crs Point), a headland of New Zenbind, Mid- dle Isl., on it.s W. coast. "Tlio Five Finger.s" U another point, on the same eoast, about 16 m. S. Capo Foulwind. II. (Fire Hummocks Point). Lower California, on its W. coast. 111. (Fire Islands Harbor), a bay on the W. coast of the isl. Antigua, Brit. W. Indies. IV. (Fire MerVs sound), in Frobisher strait, British N. America. FivizzANo, a town of Tuscany, on 1. b. of the Rosaro. P. 1,800. Flagstad-oe, a small isl. off the .S.E. coast of Norway. II. one of the Loff- oden isls., S. of Vest-Vaagen. Flanders, an extensive country of Europe, comprised between the Lower Scheldt, the German ocean, Artois, Uai- nault, & Brabant. Flanders (East & West), two con- tiguous provs. of Belgium. Having N.W. the N. sea. United area 2,503 sq. m. P. 1,634,276. II. an old prov. of France, of which the cap. was Lille, is now comprised in the dep. Nord. Flannan Isles, a group of islets, Hebrides, Scotland. Flatbush, p-t.. Kings co. N. Y., 4 m. S.E. of Brooklyn. The scene of a battle of the revolution. P. 3,176. Flatholm, an islet of Engl., in the Bristol channel, co. Somerset. Flat (Island), a small isl., Mergui archip., S.E. Asia. — (Islands), two islets off the W. coast of Sumatra. — {Flat- Point) is the S. extremity of the isl. Su- matra, & a headland on the S. coast of Borneo. Flatlands, t.. Kings co. N.Y. P. 1,155. Flatow, a town of W. Prussia, Ma- rienwerder. P. 2,320. Flattery (Cape), a headland of U. S. territory, Oregon, at the entrance of the strait of Juan de Fuca, S. side. II. a cape of E. Australia. Flavigny, a comm. & town of France, dep. Cr»te d'Or, cap. cant., with 1,234 in- habitants. Flavy-le-Martel, a comm. A vill. of France, dep. Aisne. P. 1,553. Flayosc, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Var, arrond. Draguignon. P. 1,826. Fleche (La), a comm. & town of France, dep. Sarthe, cap. arrond., on rt. b. of the Loir. P. 5,838. Fleckeroe, an Ul. off the S. coast of Norway. Fleet, a small riv. of Scotland. II. {Loch), an arm of the sea, S.E. coast of CO. Sutherland. Fleetwood, a now seaport «t watering place of England, co. Lancaster, on the Wyrc. P. 2,833. Flekkefiord, a marit. town of Nor- way, on an ink't of the N. tea. P. 873. Fleming, N.E. county of Ky. Area, FLOJ UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 303 570 sq. m. A fine agricultural co. Cap. Flemingsburg. P. 13,914. II. p-t., Cayuga co. N. Y., on Owaaco lake. P. 1,193. Flemingsburg, p-v., cap. of Fleming CO. Ky. Flemington, p-v., cap. of Hunterdon CO. N. J. Flensburg, a seaport town of Den- mark, prov. Schleswig, on its E. coast. P. 16,500. It has a harbor fitted for the largest vessels, yards for building W. India merchant ships, sugar refineries, distilleries, dye-works, foundries, chicory, vinegar, & tobacco factories, & an active general trade. Flers, a comm. & town of France, dep. Orne. P. 4,063. Flesselles, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Somme. P. 1,693. Fletcher, p-t., Franklin co. Vt. P. 1,014. Fleurance, a comm. & town of France, dep. Gers, cap. cant. P. 2,250. Fleurbaix, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Pa.s-de-Calais. P. 3,041. Fleurieh, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Neuchatel. Fleurs Castle, the seat of the duke of Roxburgh, in Scotland, co. Roxburgh, on the Tweed. Fleurus, a vill. of Belgium, prov. Hainault, in a wide plain, 7 m. N.E. Charleroi. P. 2,370. Sanguinary bat- tles took place in its vicinity in 1622, 1670, 1794, & 1815. Fleury, numerous comms. & vills. of France. 1, dep. Aude. P. 1,305. II. Yonne. P. 1.420. III. {sur An- delle), Eure. IV. {sur Loire), on the Loire. Flinders (Land), is a name formerly given to the coast of S. Australia. — (Raus^^e), S. Australia, is a rantn. system, extending, with its ramifications, through the peninsula, surrounded by Lake Tor- rens. Mount Serle is its chief summit. Flines, two vills. of France, dep. Nord. I. {lez Rack), N.E. Douai, with 3,574 inhabs. II. (les Mortagne), on rt. b. of the Scheldt. P. 1,832. Flinpberg, a vill. of Prussian Silesia, on the Queiss. P. 1,700. Flint, a seaport & watering place of N. Wales, cap. co. Flint, on the estuary of the Dee. II p-t., Genesee co. iMich. P. 984. III. cr., an afiluent of Lake Ontario. IV. r., br. of the Saganaw, 100 m. long. V. r., Ga., br. of the Chattahoochee. L. 300 in. Flintshire, a marit. co. of N. "Wales, having N. the Irish sea. Area, 244 sq. m. p. 4,153. Its lead mines are now the most extensive in the empire. Flitsch, a mkt. town of Illyria, circ. Triest, on the Isurg. P. 5,714. IV. S. -eastern co. of la Area, 144 sq. m. Cap. New Albany. P 14,875. V. t., Oneida oo. N. Y. Manu- factories of woollens the return of the inland communications show the con- veyance of a vast amount of merchandise. The external commerce of France though not so great is yet highly important. The following are the imports «t ex- ports of France from & to the principal countries in the world during the year 1851: Imports. Exports. F. F. England, 69,000,000 293,000,000 United States, 110,000,000 145,000,000 Belgium, 114,000,000 123,000,000 Sardinia, 74,000,000 59.000,000 Spain, 27,000,000 54,000,000 Switzerland, 23,000,000 55,000,000 Germanv, 38.000,000 44.000,000 Turkey,' 34,000,000 20,000,000 The principal ports are Marseille, Ha- vre, Bordeaux, Nantes, La Kochelle, Dunkerque, Boulogne, Dieppe, St. Ma- lo, L' Orient, Bayonne, & Cette. The most remarkable events in the history of France since the abdication of Napo- leon are, the restoration of the Bourbons in 1815, the abdication of Charles X in 1830, the election of Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, as king of theFrenth in 1830, the revolution &, his abdication in February 1843, & the proclamation of a republic, ifc the election of Louis Napo- leon as president in 1849, & his subse- quent election to the same office for ten years, with a form of government fashion- ed after that ot the consulate. Louis Napoleon will probably re-establish the empire & as.sume the imperial crown on the coming anniversary of the coron.a- tion of Napoleon the (Ireat. Franco is divided into 86 deps., 85 of which are now on the continent, «i the island of Corsica forms the 86th. The deps. are subdi- vided into arrondi.^sements, cantons, & communes; each dep. is governed by a prefect, each arrond. by a sub-prefect, & each comm. by a mayor. There are 80 Roman Catholic dioceses. The faeulty of theology has six schools. The faculty of law has 9 schools; the faculty of medi- cine has 3 schools of medicine. The most important colonial posscs-sions of Franco aro Algeria A, Guadeloupe. fra] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 311 Fbancescas, a comm. «!Ir town of France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne. P. 1,244. Franche Comte, an old prov. in the E. of France. Francistown, t., Ilillsboro' co. N. H. The {jreat road from Boston to Windsor, Vt. passes through. P. 1,307. Fhancofonte, a town of Sicily, prov. Syracuse. P. 3,480. FuANfois (St.), a town of the French W. Indies, isl. Guadeloupe, on the S.E. coast of Grande-Terre. P. 6,598, of whom 5,603 are slaves. II. a cnmm. of the French isl. Martinique, with a good port on the E. coast. P. 5,966, of whom 4,272 arc slaves. Franconia, an old duchy, afterwards a circle of the Germanic Empire. Fraxconia, t., Grafton, N. II. It has Profile mountain which is 1,000 ft. high. There are extensive iron works in this t. P. 523. II. p-t., Montgomery co. Pa. P. 1,183. Fraxconville, a coram. & vill. of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise. P. 1,193. Franeker, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Friesland. P. 5,149. Frangy, a vill. of Saxony, prov. Ge- nevese, on an affl. of the Rhone. P. 1,434. II. a comra. & vill. of France, dep. SaOne-ct-Loire. P. 2,035. Fraxkenau, two vills. of Germany. 1. Hessen-Cassel, on the Eder. P. 1,042. II. Bavaria, prov. Middle Franc. Fraxkenberg, two towns of Germany. 1. Saxony, circ. Leipzig, on the Zscho- pau, an affl. of the Mulde. P. 6,273. II. a town of llessen-Cassel, prov. Upper He^sen, on rt. b. of the Edder. P. 3,253. Frankexhausen, a town of Central Germany, on the Wipper. P. 4,873. Fraxkexsteix, a town of Prussian Silesia, cup. circ, on a branch of the rail- way from Berlin to Dresden. P. 6,042. Fraxkexthal, a town of Rhenish Ba- varia. P. 4,656. FRAXKEx\vALD,asmall chain of moun- tain.'', in the N.E. of Bavaria. Fraxkford, a mkt. town of Ireland, Leinster, King's co. P. 1,345. II. t., Sussex CO. X. J. p. 2,410. -III. p-b., Phila. CO. Pa. It has calico printing works. P. 2,376. IV. t., Cumberland CO. Pa. There is a sulphur spring in the centre. P. 1,263. Fraxkfort, a famous commercial city of Germany, cap. state of same name, (t . famous as the residence of Cicero, Lucullus, & Maece- nas. Fraserdurgh, a seaport town of Scot- land, co. Aberdeen. 1'. 4,280. The town is very neatly built, has a harbor con- structed at a cost of about 50.000/., & considered one of the best on the N.E. coast of Scotland. Eraser Rivek, Oregon ter., British N. Amer., W. the basin of the Columbia, enters the gulf of Georgia, opposite Van- couver isl., in lat. 45° N. Frasnes, a town of Belgium, prof. Hainault, cap. cout. P. 4,643. fre] UKIVEBSAL GAZETTEER. 313 Fbassinetto, a comni. k vill. of Pied- mont, div. Alessandria. P. 2,087. FfiAsso, a town of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro. P. 4,000. Fratta, a small town of Central Italy, Pontif. sta., on the Tiber. P. 1,226. II. {La), a vill., N. Italy, with 2,000 in- hdb. III. (Maggiore), a city of Na- ples, dist. Casoria. P. 8,500. Fratte, two vills. of Italy. 1. Na- ples, prov. T. di Lavoro. P. 2,900. It. Pontif. sta. P. 1,072. Frauenburg, a town of E. Prussia, on the Frische-llaflf. P. 2,380. Frauenfeld, a town of Switzerland, cap. cant., on the Murg. P. 2,853. Frauenstein, a town of Saxony, with 1,107 inhab. Fraurunnen, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Bern. Fraustadt, a frontier town of Prus- sian Poland. P. 5,310. Frayles (Los), several small isl. groups in the Caribbean sea, off S. coast of Hayti. Frechen, a vill. of Rhenish Prussia, reg. Cologne. P. 2,640. Frechilla, a market town of Spain, prov. Palencia. P. 1,704. Fredensborg, a Danish fort, on the Guinea coast, with the vill. Ningo. Frederic, a western CO. of Md. Area, 750 sq. m. Cap. Frederic. Produces abundant crops of wheat, Ind. corn & tobacco. Yields 1,400 pounds of silk cocoons annually. Iron woi'ks & woollen fac. P. 40,987. II. a N.-eastern co. of Va. Area, 660 sq. m. A railroad extends from AYinchester, the capital, to the Baltimore & Ohio r. r., at Harper's ferry. Distilleries & manufs. of woollens & leather. P. 15,975. IIL p-t., Montgomery co. Pa. P. 1,217. Frederic City, p-v., cap. of Frederic CO. Md. It is the second place of im- portance in the state. It is regularly laid out with wide streets; & its public buildings are handsome. The great r. r. from Baltimore to Wheeling passes through the place ; & it has a branch r.r. connecting with the Baltimore & Ohio r. r. The country around is very fertile, & the trade of the place is extensive. Various manufs. P. 6,028. Fredericia, a fortfd. town of Den- mark, prov. N. Jutland, at the N. en- trance of the Little Belt. P. 4,600. Frederick IIexry, a bay on the S.E. coast of Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land). Fhedericksberg, a vill. of Denmark, prov. Seeland. — Frederickshorg is a cita- del of Sweden, 15 m. E.N.E. Stockholm. 14 Frederick.sburg, a city, Virginia, on the Rappiihannock riv., 50 m. S.S.W Washington. P. 4,062. It has a court ho., jail, 5 churches, a mkt. ho., an ann. export of corn, flour, <& tobacco, said to e-vceed 4,000,000 dolls, in value. Fredericksburg, a vill. of S. Africa, Cape Colony. j Frederickshald, a marit. town of Norway, on a small river, near the N.E. angle of the Skager-rack. P. 5,503. It is famous for its strong fortress, Freder- ickstein, at the siege of which Charles XII. of Sweden was killed, December 11, 1718. Frederick's Oord, a pauper colony of the Netherlands, prov. Drenthe. Fhederickstadt, a town of Denmark, prov. Schleswig, on the Eider. P. 2,500. II. a town of Norwaj', at the mouth of the Glominen, in the Skager-rack. P. 2,673. III. a town of Russia, gov. Courland, on the Dwina. Fredericksvaern, a marit. vill. & fortress of Norway, on the Skager-rack. It has a harbor cap. cant. P. 1,403. Gacs, a market town of W. Hungary, circ. Neograd. P. 4,300. Gad AMES, an oasis of the great African de-sert, S.W. of Tripoli, & S. of the main chain of the Atlas, with a town. Gaddada, a river of Hindostan, after a S. course through Bnotan, estimated at 150 m., during which, it forms numerous cataracts. The vills. Tassisudon, Pauga, & Chuka are on its banks. Gade, a river of England, co. Herts. Gadebusch, a walled town of N. Ger- many, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, cap. dist. P. 2,284. Gadjatsch, a town of S. Rus.«ia, gov. Poltava, cap. dist., on the P.^iol. P. 3,641. Gador, a town of Spain, prov. Alraeria, on rt. b. of the Alraeria. P. 1,954. Gadsden, a central co. of Fla. It ex- tends from Ga. to the gulf of Mexico. Cap. Quincy. Produces rice, cotton, to- bacco f the Med- iterranean, on the W. coa.^t of Italy. Gafsa, a town of N. Africa, Tunis, on elevated ground. Gagliano, three vills. of Naples. T. Abruzzo, Ult. II., dist. Aquila. P. 1,500. II. Calab. Ult. II., dist. Catanzaro P. 1,400. III. Otranto, dist. Gallipoli P. 2,700. Gaidaronisi, an island oil the S.W. coast of Atia-Minor, in the ^Egean sea. Gail, a river of Illy ria, joins the Drave after an E. course of 65 m. (iAildorf, a town of Wlirtemberg, circ. Jaxt, on the Kocher. P. 1,510. Gaillac, a comm. & town of France, dep. Tarn, cap. arrond. P. 5,507. II. a vill., dep. Aveyron. P. 1,243. III. {G. Toulxa), dep. H. Garonne. P. 1,723. Gaillan & Gaillon, two comms. & vills. of France. 1, dep. Gironde. P. 1,793. II. dep. Eure, cap. cant. P. 2,596. Gaines, p-t., Orleans co. N. Y. P. 2,722. Gainsborough, p-v., cap. of Jackson CO. Tenn. II. a seaport, market town, & pa. of England, co. Lincoln, on the Trent. P. 27,264. Gainsville, p-t., "Wyoming co. N. Y. P. 1,760. II. p-v., cap. of Hall CO. Ga. • III. p-v., Sumpter co. Ala. Gairsa, one of the Orkney isls. Gais, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Ap- penzell, 2,900 feet above the sea. Galacz, a town & the port of Molda- via, on 1. b. of the Danube, between the mouths of the Sereth & the Pruth. Pop. 12,000. (7) Since 1834, when Galacz was made a free port, its trade has rapidly increased. Galadzet Hills, a range in the Bur- mese dom.. Further In;lia. Gala Water, a river of Scotland. Galam, a town of W. Africa, on the Senegal river. Galantha, a fortified vill. of W. Hun- gary. P. 2,870. Galapagos Islands, a group of the Pacific ocean, on & near the equator, be- tween Ion. 89° & 92° AV., 730 m. W. the coast of Ecuador, S. Amer., & consisting of 6 principal & 7 small isls., the largest Albemarle isl., being 60 m. in length, by 15 m. in breadth, & reaching an elevation of 4,000 ft. II. an unimportant group of the W. Indies, Bahamas, N.of Abaco. Galashiels, a burgh of barony of Scotland, cos. Roxburgh & Selkirk. Galata, tho largest suburb of Con- stantinople, on the N. side of the Golden Horn. It is about 4 m. in circumference, enclosed by walls, & entered by numer- ous gates, which are shut at sunset. Tho inhabs. are mostly European Chri."«tians. ■ II. a vill. of Greece, gov. .Etolia, near tho Pliidaris. III. a vill. tobacco. P. 19,548. II. a S.W. county of la. Area, 450 sq. ra. Cap. Princeton. The common grains with some tobacco & sugar. P. 10,771. III. p-t., Susquehanna co. Pa. P. 1,219. IV. town, Gasconade co. Mo. P. 808. GiDEA, a river of Sweden, enters the gulf of Bothnia, after a S.E. course of 100 m. GiEN, a comm. & town of France, dep. Loiret, on 1. b. of the Loire. P. 5,107. GiENGEN, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ. Jaxt, on the Brenz. P. 2,000. GiEsiM, a town of Nubia, on the Ra- had, tributary of the Nile. GiEssEN, a town of Germany, grand duchy Ilessen-Darmstadt, on 1. b. of the Lahn. Its university, founded in 1607, has recently become famous for its school of organic chenii.'itry, under Baron Liebig, whose class is attended by students from all parts of AV. Europe. The university has a library of 36,000 vols., Sc some MSS. collections in natural hi.«tory, Ac. In 1847 it had 40 professors & teachers, Jb 570 students. 832 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [gio GiETHOORN, a y\U. of the Netherlands, prov. Ovcryssel. P. 1,570. GiFHOHN, a town of Germany, Hano- ver, at the confluence of the Ise & AUer. P. 2,269. GiGHA, one of the Ilebride?, ScotlanJ. GiGLio, an isl. in the jNIediterranean, belonginjij to Tuscany, prov. Siena. P. 1,530. It is 5 m. in length. GiGNAc, a comui. & town of France, dep. Ilerault, cap. cant., on 1. b. of the Herault. P. 2,471. Gijox, a fortified seaport town of Spain, prov. Oviedo, on the bay of Biscay. P. 6,522. Gila, a river of California, rises in the Sierra- jMimbre.^, & after a "W. course, estimated at 400 m., enters the gulf of California. Gilbert Lslands, S. America, are off the S.W. coast Ticrra-del-Fuego, with a good harb. ift Doris Cove. 11. a group, Pacific ocean, Mulgrave archipelago. Gildas (St.), two comms. & vills. of France. 1, (f/e Ruis), dep. Morbihan, near the sea, with 1,182 inhabs. II. (des BoLs). Loire Inf., cap. cant. P. 1,474. GiLDONE, a market town of Naples, prov. Molise. P. 2,300. Gilead (Mount), Syria, pash. Damas- cus. II. t., Marion co. Ohio. P. 1,150. Giles, a county of W. Va. Area, 935 sq. m. Mean elev. 1,600 feet above the ocean. It has white & sulphur springs, which are much celebrated. Cap. Paris- burg. P. 6,570. II. a southern co. of Tenn. Area, 600 sq. m. Cap. Pulaski. P. 25,949. Gilford, t., cap. of Belknap co. N. U. P. 2,425. GiLGHiT, a small independent territory of Central Asia, on the N. declivity of the Hindoo Koosh, with a vill. GiLING-AUTING & GlLION, tWO Small islands, Malay archipelago, off the E. end of Madura. Gill, a lake of Ireland, Connaught, co. Sligo. L. 4 m. II. t., Franklin co. Ma>=s. P. 798. Gilles-le-s-Boucheries (St.), acomm. & town of France, dep. Gard. cap. cant. P. 5,278. Gillespie, a county, Texas. P. 1,240. Gilles-Sur-Vie (St.), a comm. & town of France, dep. VciuU'c, cap. cant., on the Vie, near the Atlantic. P. 1,061. Gilles (St.), a comm. & town of Bel- gium, prov. E. Flander.s!, cap. cant., near the Dutch frontier. P. 3,.590. II. a vill., prov. S. Brabant. GiLLV, a comm. & vill. of Belgium, prov. Ilainault. P. 5,618. GiLMANTON. p-t., Belknap co. N. H. Gilmantown theological sem. is located here. P. 3,232. Gilmer, a N. co. of Georgia. Area, 680 .>^q. m. Cap. Ellijav. P. 8,440. • II. county, W. Va. P. 3,475. GiLOLO, a considerable island, Malay archipelago, on the equator, Ion. 123° E. Estim. area, 6,500 sq. m. Shape very eccentric. Coasts resorted to by pirates. — The fossa ge of Gilolo is from 100 to 140 m. across. GiLPAiGox, a town of Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi. Gimena, a town of Spain, prov. Cadiz. P. 5,878. GiMONT, a comm. & town of France, dep. Gers, cap. cant., on rt. b. of the Gi- mone. P. 2,071. GixGEE, a fortified town of Brit. India, presid. Madras. Gingerbread Ground, a dangerous reef, Bahama isls., 35 m. S. the Great Bahama island. Lat. 25° 56' N. ; Ion. 78° 25' E. GioiA, a city of Naples, prov. Bari. P. 9,500. II. a vill. Abruzzo lit. II. P. 1,900. III. a vill., T. di Lavoro. P. 2,400. GiojosA, a town of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. I., cap. cant., arrond. P. 6,000. II. a town of Sicilv, intend. Messina, on its N. coast. P. 3,300. Giorgio (San), numerous vills. 8 m. N.E. Zwickau, on rt. b. of the Mulde. P. 8,184. Glazov, a small town of Russia, gov. Viatka, cap. circ, on rt. b. of the Tcheptza. GLEH>r, a vill. of Rhenish Prussia, circ. Dusseldorf, with mines of copper, lead, & iron. P. 1,250. Gleiwitz, a town of Prussian Silesia, on the Klodnitz. P. 7,350. Glex, two rivers of England. 1, co. Northumberland. II. a riv. in the Fens, CO. Lincoln. Glen'a, a beautiful vale ia, on the Katzbach. P. 7,350. About 6 m. E. is the hamlet of Wahlstadt, where the troops under Blii- cher deleateil the French un ler Macdon- ald, Aug. 2Gth, 1813. II. Meclden- bur^-Schwerin, on the small lake of Gold- berg. P. 2,646. Gold Coast, a country of Guinea, W. Africa, extending along the Atlantic ocean, from the river Volta on the E., to Cape Lahu on the W., & bounded N. by Ashante. It was discovered by the Portu- guese, who founded an establishment at Fort Elmina in 1482. Golden- Bridge, a vill. of Irel., Lein- ster. P. 1,090. Goldex Vale, England, co. Hereford. Goldingex, a town of Russia, gov. Courland, on the AVindau. P. 2,624. GoLDSDOROUGH, t., llancock CO. Me. It has good harbors. P. 1,193. GoLEGA, a town of Portugal, prov. Estrerandura, on rt. b. of the Tagus, with 2,600 inhabs. GoLEK-BoGHAZ (the " Ciliclan gates" of antiquity), a pass in Asiatic Turkey, through the Bulghar-Tagh (Taurus). GoLFO DuLCE, a lake of Central Am- erica, state -les of Shoals. GossELiEs, a vill. of Belgium, prov. HainauU, cap. cant. P. 4,686. GossNiTZ, a vill. of Central Germany, duchy Saxe-Altenburg, on the Pleisse. P. 1,528. Go.sTyN, a town of Prussian Poland. P. 2,320. — Gostynin is a vill of Russian Poland, gov. War.^aw. P. 1,300. GoTA, a town of India, Sattarah dom., Bejapoor. GoTHA, a town of Central Germany, cap. princip.ality Saxe-Gotha, on the Thuringian railway. It stands on the declivity (if a hill, & is one of the best built town'' in Germany. P. 18,874. Gotii.a.-Canal, Sweden, unites the lakes Wtner & Wetter, & the Baltic sea, with the Kattegat. L. 25 m. ; br. 40 ft. GoTiiARD (St.), a group of mountain.*, in the Lepontiue Alps. The several peaks of the St. Gothnrd, which are all above the snow line, vary in height from 8,750 to 10,900 ft. The ;;a.ss of St. Go- thard is one of the best (EDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [ORA Ohanby, t., Essex co. Vt. P. 105. II t., ILiinpshire co. Mass. P. 971. Iir. t., Hartford co. Conn. P. 2,498 IV. p-t., Oswego CO. N. Y. P. 3,358. V. t., Marion co. 0. P. 605. Grand, a comm. «fc market town of France, dep. Vosges. P. 1,314. Gbandas-de-Salime, a vill. of Spain, prov. Oviedo, on tlie Navia. P. 1,426. Grand Blanc, t., Genesee co. Mich. P. 782. Grand-Bourg, a coram, ife town of France, dej). Creuse, arrond. Gueret. P. 2,464. II. a town, Marie-Galante. Grand Canal, Ireland, Leinster, pro- ceeds from Dublin W.-ward, ct joins the Shannon ne.ir Banagher. L. 85 m. ; b. at surfiice 40 ft. ; depth 6 ft. Begun in 1765, & completed at a total cost of 2,000,000/. Ann. amount of tolls, 40,000/. Grand-Champ, a coram. & t. of France, dep. Morbihan, cap. cant. P. 4,797. Grandcocr, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Yaud, near the lake of Xeuchatel. Grand-Fontaine, a coram. & vill. of France, dep. Vosges. P. 1,623. Grand Gulf, p-v., Claiborne co. Miss., on Grand gulf, a remarkable bend in the Miss. P. 1,000. Grand Haven, p-v., c*ip. Ottawa co. Mich., on Grand river, ^ ra. from its en- trance into Lake Michigan. Grand Isle, N.W. county, Vt. Area, 80 .«q. m. It consists chiefly of 2 large islands in Lake Chaniplain. Cap. North Hero. P. 4,145. II. t., Grand Isle co. Vt. P. 724. Grand Island, New York, is in Nia- gara riv., 3 ra. above the Falls. It is 9 ni. long by 6 m. broad. II. an isl. of Brazil, S. of Rio Janeiro. Grand Lieu, a lake of France, dep. Loire Inf. L. 8 m. ; av. b. 4 m. Grand Luce, a comm. & t. of France, dep. Sarthe, cap. cant. P. 2,316. Grand Pre. a comm. & town of France, dep. Ardennes, cap. cant., on rt. b. of the Aire. P. 1.300. Grand Kiver, Michigan, rises near centre of state, & after a W. course of 150 in., enter.s Lake Michigan ; nav. for 40 m , «fc floats 240 m. II. a river rising in Iowa, & flowing S.E. through Missouri, into the Missouri river. L. 200 m., for 100 in. of which it is nav. III. t., Carroll co. Mo. P. 1,064. IV. t., Henry co. Mo. P. 999. (jrand-Serhe (Le), a comm. & vill. of France, dep. DrOrae, cap. (»*int., with 1,765 inhabs. Grande-An.«e, a viU. A pa. of Mar- tinique, on its N. coast. Grande-Chartreuse (Le), a famous monastery of France, dep. Isere, in the Alps. It was founded in 1034. Grande Isle, the collective name of the isls. S. Hero, N. Hero, La Motte. & the peninsula Alburg. in the Lake Cham- plain. Grande-Parois.se (La), a comm. «t vill. iif France, dep. Seinc-et-Marne, near rt. b. of the Seine. P. 1,2.56. Grande-Riviere, various rivers of British America, U. States, Hayti, & Zanguebar. Ghandes Ventes (Les), a comm. villa, of France. The chief, dep. Vosges. P. 1,335. Grangemouth, a seaport town of Scotl., CO. Stirling, on the Carron, & the Forth & Clyde canal, near the Firth of Forth. It is well built, & has a custom- house & bank. Granger, an E. countv, Tenn. Area, 320 sq. m. Cap. Rutledge. P. 12,370. II. p-t., Alleghany co. N. Y. P. 1,064. III. p-t., Medina co. 0. P. 1,000. Granicus, a small but famous river of Asia-Minor, Anatolia, enters the sea of Marmara, after a N.E-ward course of perhaps 60 m. Granja (La) de Torrehermosa, a town of Spain, prov. Badnjos. P. 2,500. Grannoch (Loch), a lake of Scotl. L. 3 in. ; br. i m. Granollers de Valls, a town of Spain, prov. Barcelona. P. 3,092. Gran Sasso d'Italia, a group of mutns. in Naples, between the provs. Abruzzo lilt. I. it II., in which is situated the Monto Cavallo, or Mity, re-opeiiod in 1827, has a library of 38,500 printed vols. & 7,500 .M.SS.. & in 1842 it had 2S pro- fessors r. C. VI. p-v., cap. Merri- weather co. Ga. VII. p-v., cap. Butler CO. Ala. VI n. p-v., cap. Clark co. Ark. IX. p-v., cap. Greene co. Tenn. Greenville college is located here, one of the oldest in.stitutions W. of the Alleghanies. X. p-v., cap. Muhlen- burg CO. Ky. XI. p-v., cap. Darke CO. Ohio. P. 500. XII. p-v., cap. Bond CO. 111. XIII. p-v., Wayne co. Mo. XIV. c. H. p-v., cap. Greenville dist. S. C, near the head of Reedy riv. P. 100. Greenwich, t., Hampshire co. Mass. P. 824. II. t., Fairfield co. Conn., incor- porated by the Dutch in 1665. P. 5,036. — III. p-t., Washington co. N.Y. P. 3,803. IV. t., Warren co. N. J. P. 2,902. V. t.. Gloucester co. N. J. P. 2.958. VI. p t., Cumberland co. N. J. P. 918 VII. t, Berks co. Pa. P. 1,629 346 CYCLOP JEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [qri VIII. p-t., Huron co. Ohio. P. 1,116. IX. a town of England, co. Kent, on the iS. bank of the Thames. Its chief edifice is the magnificent nuval ho.spital. This hospital contains durmitories & dining-halls for about 2,700 (^Id or dis- abled seamen. P. 99,404. — Greenicic/i island, New S. Shetland. Greenwood, t., O.xford co. Me. P. 836. II. p-t., Steuben co. N. Y. P. 1,185. III. t., Columbia co. Pa. P. 1,217. iV^ t., Crawford co. Pa. P. 1,171. V. t., Juniata co. Pa. P. 1,237. Gregg, town. Centre county, Pa. P. 1,071. Ghegoire (St.), a comra. & vill. of France, dep. llie-et-Vilaine. P. 1,237. Gregorio (San), a market town of Naples, prov. princip. Citra. P. 4,000. — A vill., prov. T. di Lavoro, an island of Dalmatia, <& a bay of Patagonia, have this name. Greifenberg, several town.«, Prussia. 1, prov. Pomerania, on 1. b. of the Rega. P. 4,470. II. Silesia, on the Quei'S. P. 2,720. III. prov. Branden- burg, on the Sarnitz. P. 1,300. Greifenstein, several vills. of Ger- many. I. Rhenish Prussia. II. Lower Austria, on the Danube. III. Prussian Saxony. Greiffenhagen, a town of the Prus- sian prov. Pomerania, near the Oder. P. 6,000. Greif-swalde, a town of Prussia, prov. Pomerania, on the Ryck, near its mouth, in the Baltic. P. 11,420. It is enclosed by walls, & has a harbor fitted for small vessels, & a university, founded 1456, With a library of 20,000 vols.— Greifs- wald-oe is an islet in the Baltic sea, 9 m. S.E. Riigen. Greig, town, Lewis county, N. Y. P. 1,074. Grein, a considerable town of Arabia, on the Wady Doan. Greitz, a town of Central Germany, oap. principality Reuss- Greitz, on rt. b. of the ^yhite Elst«r. P. 6,215. Grenaae. a marit. town of Denmark, prov. .Jutland. P. 1,000. Grenada, a West India isl , belonging to Great Britain, windward group. Lat. of St. George 12° 2' 9" N. ; Ion. 61° 48' W. Area, 138 sq. m. P. 28,923. Chief towns, St. George the cap., Charlotte- town, St. Mark, & St. .'Vndrew. Grenade, two coram?, tt vills. of France. 1, dep. Garonne, cap. cant. P 2,783. II. dep. Landos, cap. cant. P. 1,442. Gbenadimes, a group ^t' islands, W. Indies, belonging to Great Britain, ex- tending from lat. 12° 30' to 13° N , A con.-isting of Bequia, Carriacou, & Union, besides some smaller islands. Ghendelbruch, a comtn. & vill. of France, dep. B. Rhin. P. 1,575. Grenelle, a coram. & vill. of France, dep. Seine. P. 3,938. Grenna, a small town of Sweden, on the E. shore of Lake Wetter. Grenoble, a coram. & city of France, cap. dep. Isere, on both sides of the Isere. P. 23,227. Town irregularly laid out, & badly paved, but has many good resi- dences. Here is a good public garden ; & in a principal square is a colo.«sal bronze statue of the Chev. Bayard. Gre- noble is the seat of a national court. From 4,000 to 5,000 hands, in & about the city, are engaged in the manuf. of kid gloves. Greoux, a coram. & vill. of France, dep. B. Alpes. P. 1.340. Gresivaudan, one of the most pictur- esque & productive valleys of France, dep. Isere. Gre.ssic, or Gresik, a marit. town of Java, on its N.E. coast. Gresy, a town of Upper Savoy. P. 1.441. Greta, a small river of England, co. York. Gretna, a vill. of Scotland, co. Dura- fries, on the Sark. P. 1,761, partly era- plo3'ed as cotton weavers. — The vill. of Gretna Green, situated on the boundary line between Scotland & England, has long been celebrated as the resort of par- ties bent on clandestine marriages, to avoid the English marriage law. Greussen, a town of Central Germany, on the Helbe. P. 2,165. Grevenmacher, a town of the Neth- erlands, prov. Luxemburg, on the Mo- selle. P. 2,200. Grevismuhlen, a town of N. Ger- many, Mecklenburg-Schwerin. P. 2,6o0. Grevno, a town of European Turkov. Grevstones, a headland of Ireland, Leinster. Grez, a vill. of Belgium, prov. S.Bra- bant, on r . b. of the Dylc. P. 2,150. Grez-en-Bouere, a coram, tfe market town of Franco, dep. Mayenne, cap. cant. P. 1,338. Grezzana, a vill. of N. Italy, gov. Venice. Griazovetz, a town of Russia, gov. Vologda. P. 1,900. (iRiEGEs, a comin. & vill. of France, dep. Ain. P. 1,214. — Gries is a comra A vill., dep. B. Rhin. P. 1,398. aRo] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 347 Gbies (Mont), an Alpine summit be- tween Piedmont t. P. 5.100 Grottamare, a town of Italy, Pontif. sta., on the Adriatic. P. 4,050. Grotta-Minarda, a vill. of Naples, prov. Princip. Ult. P. 2,800. Grotte, a vill. of Sicily, cap. caut. P. 4,-170. GnoTTERiA, H vill. of Naples, prov. Calab. Ult. II., cap. cant. P. 3,G00. Gbottkau, a town of Prussian Silesia, cap. circ. P. 3,083. Grottole, a vill. of Naples, prov. Ba» silicata, on the Basiento. P. 2,300. Grotzingen, two market towns of Germ' v. 1. Baden, circ. Middle Rhinej on the'Pfinz. P. 2,061. II. Wiirtem- berg, circ. Black Forest. P. 1,030. Grouw, a vill. of the Netherlands, prov Friesland, on the Grouw. P. 1,780. Groveland, t., Livingston co. N. Y. P. 1,724. Grubbenvorst, a comm. A vill. of Dutch Limburg, on the Maese. P. 1,286. Grube, a vill. of Denmark, duchy Ilol- stein, near the Baltic sea. P. 600. Grubenhagen (Princip. of), an old division of N. Germany. Grudek, a market town of Russian Poland, gov. Podolia. P. 2,700. U. a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia. Grugliasco, a coram. & market town of Piedmont. P. 2,074. Gruinard (Loch), a bay A islet of Scotland, on the N.W. coast of the co. Ross. II. an inlet on the N.W. coa^t of the isle of Islay, co. Argyle. Gruissan, a comm. & seaport vill. of S. France, dep. Aude. P. 2,510. Ghulich, the most E. town of Bohemia. P. 2,490. Grumbach, 2 vills. of Germany, doms Baden & Reus. — Grumberg is a vill. of Moravia. Grumello, two vills. of N. Italy. I. deleg. Cremona. P. 1,660. II. de- leg. Bergamo. P. 1,440. Grumo, two towns of Naples. 1. prov. Naples. P. 2,800. II. prov. Bari, cap. cant. P. 3,900. Grunau, a vill. of Prussian Silesia. P. IM^.— Grunhach is a vill. of Wiir- temberg. P. 1,398. Grunberg, two towns of Germ'y. I. Ilessen-Darinstadt, prov. Upper Hes- sen, on a height. P. 2,439. II. Prus- sian Silesia, cap. circ. P. 10,420. Grund, a small mining town of Han- over, in the Harz. P. 1,416. Grcndv, N.E. CO. 111. Area, 324 sq. m. P. 3,023. II. N. coxmty of Mo. Cap. Trenton. P. 3,066. III. county, Tenn. P. 2,773. Ghunhain, a town of Saxony, circ. Zwickau. P. 1,336. Grunmngen, a vill. of Germany, Hes- sen-Darmstadt. P. 566. II. a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Zurich. P. 1,600. GnuNSFELn, a vill. of Central Oerm'y, grand duchy Baden. P. 1,165. Gri/nstadt, a. town of Rhenish Bara- ria, cap. cant. P. 3,522. OTTa] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 349 Grutli, a patch of meadow-land, Swit- zerland, cant. Url, on the W. shore of the lake of Lucerne. Gruyehe, a smalltown of Switzerland, cant. Fribourg, with 1,000 inhabs. In its vicinity, about 40,000 cwt. of the famous Gruyere cheese, worth 72;000^., are made annually, most of which quantity is ex- ported. Grybow, a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia. P. 1,400. Grzegorzew, a small town of Poland, gov. Warsaw. — Grzymalow is a small town of Galicia. GsHATSK, or Gjatsk, a town of Kus- sia, on the Gjat. P. 2,600. GsTEiG, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Berne. P. 5,522. GuA (Le), a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Charente Inf. P. 2,056. GuACARA, a town of S. Amer., repub- lic <& dep. Venezuela, prov. Carabobo, on the lake Tacarigua. P. 4,000. GuACHiPE, a consid. riv. of the Plata confederation, dep. Salta, formed by several rivs. rising in the Andes. It flows E N.E. for 190 m., & about 33 m. S. Salta takes the name Salado. GuADALAViAR, a river of Spain, after a S.E. course of 130 m., enters the Medi- terranean. GuADALAXARA, a city of Spain, cap. prov. on 1. b. of the Henares, here cross- ed by a bridge partly of Roman archi- tecture. P. 5,170. II. the second city of the Mexican confederation, cap. state Xalisco, on the Rio Grande de Santiago, 140 m. W. Guanaxuato. P. 60,000.(7) It covers a wide extent of surface, the houses being mostly of only one story. Gaudalcanal, a town of Spain, prov. Sevilla, in a plain near the Sierra More- na. P. 3,884. Its celeb, silver mines, which have been under water for 150 years, were purchased ari. Guardia (La), several towns, itc, of Spain. 1, prov. Jaen. P. 1.448. it. Biscay, prov. Alva, with 2,374 in- habs. III. prov. Toledo. P. 3,316. IV. {Sta. jl/arm-c/c), a seaport town, prov. Pontevedra. P. 2,590. Guardo, a mkt. town of Spain, prov Palencia. gue] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 361 QcARENA, a vill. of Spain, prov. Ba- dajos. P. 4,020. GuARENE, a coram. N. parts on a wilderness. Iron ore abounds. P. 2,188. II. S.W.co. 0. Area, 400 sq. m. Cap. Cincinnati. Extei;sive trade & manufs. P. 156,843. III. a S.E.co. Tenn. Area, 464 sq. m. Cap. Dallas. P. 10,075. IV. N. CO. Fla. Cap. Jasper. P. 2,419. V. a central co. la. Area, 400 sq. m. Cap. Nobbsville P 12,684. VI. a S.E. co 111. Area, 432 sq. m. Cap. McLean's- boro'. P. 6,362. VII. t., E«ex co. Mass. P. 818. VIII. p-t., Madison co. N. Y. P. 3,599. The Hamilton Literary & Theological Institution is here. IX. t., Atlantic co. N.J. It is covered with pine forest. P. 1.565. X. t., Adams co. Pa. P. 1,069.— XI. p-v., cap Butler CO. 0., on the Great Miami. P. 2.000 XIL t., Franklin CO. 0. P. 1,119 — Xlll.t., Jackson co.O. P. 1,711. XIV. t., Warren co. 0. P. 2,457. XV. p-v., cap. Harris co. Ga. XVI. t.. Franklin co. Pa. P. 1,719. XVII. t.; Monroe co. Pa. P. 1,503. XVIII. a market town of Scotland, co. Lanark, on the Clyde. It is well built, thmigh ir- ergular. Hamilton hag been the princi- pal seat of iinittition cambric weaving since the introduction , 630 sq. m. Cap. Hanover. P. 15,153. II. t., Grafton co. X. II., on the Conn. P. 2,611. Dartmouth College, founded in 1770, is located here. III. t., Ply- mouth CO. Mass. P. 1,488. IV. p-t., Chautauque co. N. Y., on Lake Erie. P. 5,144. V. p-t., Morris co. X. J. Manufs. P. 4,000. VI. t., Burling- ton CO. N. J. P. 3,045. VII. t., York CO. Pa. P. 1,071. VIII. t., Dauphin P. 2,772. IX. t., Lehigh P. 1,341. X. t., Beaver co. 1,662. XI. p-t., Washington P. 2,002. XII. t., Luzerne P. 1,938. XIII. t., Butler CO. P. 1,680. XIV. t., Columbiana co. P. 2,539. XV. t., Shelby co. la. 1,433. XVI. c. H., cap. Hanover CO. Va. XVII. kingd. of, a country of Germany, in the X., on the German ocean, cap. Hanover. It is of a very ir- regular form, «fe competed of 2 principal portions, separated by Brunswick. The N. portion is bounded N. b}' the Gorman ocean. The S. portion is bounded N. by Brunswick, S. lead ore. P. 2,887. Hardinghen, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Pas-de-Calais. P. 1,334. Hardinsbuhg, p-v., cap. of Brecken- ridge CO. Kj'. Uardinxveld, a vill. of the Nether- lands, prov. S. Holland, on the Maas. P. 3,155. Hardwich, t., Caledonia co. Vt. P. 1,3.54. Hardwick, t., Worcester co. Mass. P. 1,789. II. t., Warren co. N. J. P. 1,954. III. mountains, E. Australia, are in lat. 30° S., elev. 3,500 feet. IV. (Bay), S. Australia, in an inlet of Spencer gulf. V. {Island), British N. Amer., in Charlotte sound. Hardy, N. co. Va. Area, 1,156 sq. m. Cap. Moorfield. P. 9,543. II. t.. Holmes co. 0. P. 1,982. Hardy Island, British India, off the coast of Aracan. Hardyston, t., Sussex co. N. J. P. 2,831. Hareid, an isl. of Norway, in the At- lantic, lat 62° 22' N. L. 1 1 m. ; br. 8 iv. 362 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [har Hahfleuh, a coinm. & seaport town of France, clep. Seine Inf., on the Lczarde. P. 1,611. Uabfohd, N.E. CO. Ind. Area, 480 sq. ni. Cap. Beloir. P. 19,356. 11. p-t., Susquehanna CO. Pa. P. 1,179. Haringvliet, a mouth of the Rhine or Maese, prov. S. Holland. Br. 2^ m. Uarios, t., Centre co. Pa. P. 2,002. IIaripoor. several towns of the Punjab, at the base (if the Himalaya mntns. Harlan, S.E. co. K3'. Area, 480 sq. m. Cap Mount Pleasant. P. 4,268. Harlaw, a locality in Scotland, co. Aberdeen. Harlech, a mkt. town, X. Wales, co. Merioneth, on the Irish sea. Harleston, a small market town of England, co. Norf having 3,666 inhabs. Harmony, t., Somerset co. Mo. P. 1,096. II. p-t., Chautauque co. N. Y. P. 3,749. III. p-t., Warren co. N.J. P. 1,602. IV. t., Clark co. 0. P. 1,660. V.t.,Wa?h'gtonc().Mo. P. 789. Harnes, a comm. & vill. of Franco, dep. Pas-des-Calais. P. 2,150. Haro, a town of Spain, prov. Logroiio, near 1. b. of the Ebro. P. 5,928. Harp, Pacific ocean, Low archipelago, is in lat. 18° 6' S., Ion. 140° 10' W. Harper's Ferrv, a vill., Virginia, at the junction of the Shenandoah with the Potomac (which latter is here crossed by a long bridge), & on the Baltimore & Ohio railway, 50 m. N.N.W. Washington. It is verj' picturesquely situated, has 3 churches, an iron foundry, & a national armory. 80 or 90,000 stand of arms are u=u illy kept here. P. 1,747. Harpersfield, p-t., Del. co. N. Y. P. 1,708. II. p-t., Ashtabula co. 0. P. 1,604. Harpeth, riv., Tenn.br. of the Cum- berland, 60 m. long. Harponellv, a town of Briti.sh India, presit characters of this century, including the late Lord By- ron & Sir R. Peel, were educated. It was founded b.y John Lyon, a wealthy yeoman, in 1571. 1Iar.sewinkel, & IIarsleben, two vills. of Prussia, the former, prov. West- phalia, with 1,042 iidiabs., the latter, prov. Saxony. P. 1,700. Harsin, a v?ll. of 300 houses, Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi. IIarson Island, Upp. Canada, is at the entrance of the liver into the L St. Clair. Hart, S.W. co. Ky. Area, 432 sq. m. Cap. Mumfordsville. P. 9,093. II. t, Warwick CO. la. P. 900. Harta, a town of Saxony. P. 1,941. Hartberg, a town of Styria. P. 1,500. IIartenstein, a town of Saxony, near the Mulde, with 1,947 iiihabs. IIartfell, a mountain in the S. of Scotland, elevation, 2,635 feet. Hartford, a central co. Conn. Area, 727 sq. m. Organized in 1666. Cap. Hartford. A rich farmi ig co. Various &, extensive manufs. P. 69,966. II. citj', semi-cap. of the state of Conn., on the W. side Conn, river, 56 m. from its mouth. Pop. in 1840, 9,468 ; in 1850, I7,y66. It is mostly well-built ; has a covered bridge across the river, 1,000 ft. in length; a handsome state-house, a large city-hall, college, with library, bo- tanical garden, museum, &c., A about 60 students; a wuU-enilowcd deaf & dumb asylum, the first established in the U. S., an excellent lunatic asylum, an arsenal, museum, athenivum, with manufs. of shoes, saddlery, woollens, cottons, brass- work, & a large inland trade. It is an ambitious little city. Hartford was .set- tled in 1633 & incorp. in 1784. III. t., Windsor CO. Vt. P. 2,174. IV. t., O.xford CO. Me. P. 1,472. V. t., Sus- quehanna CO. Pa. P. 1,179. VI. p-t., Washington CO. N.Y. P. 2,051. VII. p-t., cap. Trumbull CO. 0. P. 1,123. VIII. p-v., cap. of Ohio co. Ky. IX. t., Licking CO. 0. P. 1,355. X. vill., Pulaski CO. (xa., on the Ockmulgec. XI. p-v., cap. Blackford co. la. Harthau, a vill. of Saxony, circ. Zwickau. P. 1,256. — Gross Harthau is a vill in the circ. Dresden. Hartland, t., Somerset co. Me. P. 1,028. II. t., Windsor co. Vl. P. 2,341. III. t., Hartford co. Conn. P. 1,060 IV. p-t., Niagara co. N. Y. P. 3,028. V. t, Huron co. 0. P. 925. VI. a mkt. town of Engl., co. Devon. P. 2,223. Hartlepool, a seaport of Engl., co. Durham. Hartley, t, Union co. Pa. P. l,8G6. Hartsville, p-v., Sumner co. Tena P. 300. Hartville, cap. Wright co. Mo. Hartwick, p-t., Otsego co. N. Y. P. 2,352. The v. has 400 inhabs. Hartwick Seminary, p-v., Otsego co. N. Y. Here is Hartwick sem., a Luthe- ran institution. Harvard, t., Worcester co. Mas.s. P. 1,571. Harvey Islands, Pacific ocean, are in lat. 19° 17' S., Ion. 158° 30' W. Harwich, a seaport & mkt. town of Engl., CO. Essex. II. t., Barnstable CO. Mass. A fishing t. P. 3,258. Harwington, t., Litchfield co. Conn. P. 1,201. Harwood, a twnshp. of Engl., co. Lancaster. P. 1,990. Har/, a mountain system of N.W. Germany. With its ramifications, it is estimated to cover 1,350 sq. m., Elbe >ti mated area, 29, .500 sq. m , & pop. nearly 1,000,000, mostly composed of blacks . Brownsville. P. 17,259. IIazarybaugh, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bengal. Hazebrouck, a comm. & town of France, dej). Nord, on the Beurre. P. 4,422. Uazerswoude, a vill. of the Nether- lands, prov. S. Holland. P. 2,739. Headford, a market town of Ireland, Connaught, co. Gal way. P. 1,647. Hean'd (St.), a comm. & town of France, dep. Loire, cap. cant. P. 1,200. Heaud, W. CO. of Ga. Area, 175 sq. m. Cap. Franklin. P. 6,923. Heath, t., Franklin co. Mass. P. 895. II. t., Ilairison co. la. P. 1,354. Heath-sville, p-v., cap. Northumber- land CO. Va. P. 400. Hebden Bridge, a y)opulous vill. of England, co. York, W. Kiding. Hebride.«, or Western Islands, a series of isls., off the AV. coa.st of Scot- land, sau, on the Dille. P. 2,267. JIeiibrechtixgen, a vill. of Wurtem- berg, circ. Jaxt. P. 1,524. ilERBSLEBEN, a market town of Cen- tral Germany, duchy Saxe-Gotha, on the Unstrut, with 1,480 "inhabs. IIerbstein, a town of Ilessen-Darm- Btadt, prov.Upp.IIesscn, cap. dist. P. 1.616. IIerck, a town of Belgium. P. 1,763. Herculaneum, an anc. & buried city of S. Italy, prov. A. 7 m. E.S.E. Naples, near the l)ay of Naples, &, at the W. de- clivity of Mt. Vesuvius, during the erup- tion of which, ad. 79, it was .submerged by showers of ashes. Its site was dis- aovored in 1713. II. a vill., Missouri, i on rt. b. of the Mississippi, 28 m. S.S.W. St. Louis, & having shot factories, &> a trade in lead. IIerdeke, a town of Prussian West- phalia, on the Ruhr. P. 2,308. Hereford, a city of England, cap. co., on the Wye. It lies in a richly culti- vated & beautiful valley. Streets gene- rally broad ; houses well built, though in great partantdent. P. 33,158. II. p-t., Berks co. Pa. P. 1,235. Herefordshire, an inland county of Engliind. The apple crop is the largest in England, estimated to yield not less than 20,000 hhds. of cider. P. 99,112. Herencia, a town of Spain, prov. Ciu- dad Real. P. 6,400. Herent, a comm. & vill. of Belgium, prov. S. Brabant. P. 2,120. Herenthals, & Herenthout, two comms. & small towns of Belgium, prov, Antwerp, the former, cap. can* with 3,162 inhabs., the latter with 2,15'( mhabs. Herford, a town of Prussian West- phalia, cap. circ, on tlie Werra. P. 5,550. Hergnies, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Nord, on the Scheldt. P. 1,522. Heric, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Loire Inf. P. 3,927. Hericourt, a comm. & town of E. France, dep. 11. Saune, on 1. b. of the Li- zene. P. 3,060. Heringex, a town of Prussian SaxonVi on the Ilclme. P. 2,120. II. a mkt. town, H.-Casscl, prov. Fulda, on r. b. of Werra. P. 1,224. Herinnes, two comms. & vills. of Belgium. 1, prov. S. Brabant. P. 3,720. II. prov. Hainault, on the Scheldt. P. 1,700. Herioor, a town of India, Mysore. IIeris.\u, a town of Switzerland, cant. Appenzell, cap. of the dist. Outer Rhodes P. 2,500. IIerisson, a comra. & town of France, cap. cant. P. 1,407. Herkenbosch, a vill. of the Nether- lands, prov. Limburg. P. 1,231. Herkimer, central co., N. Y. Area, 1,370 sq. m. Cap. Herkimer. P. 38,- 244. II. p-t., cap. of above co. P. 2,601. The V. is on the N. side of the Mohawk r. Herm, one of the smaller Channel isls., from the coast of Guernsey. P. 33. Hermagor (St.), a petty town of II- lyria, on the Gail. Herman, p-v., cap. of Gasconade CO. Mo Hermannstadt, a town of Hungary, Transylvania, cap. Saxon- land, on the Zibin." P. 17,000. It is enclosed by walLi, the upper town on an eminence, com- her] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 371 municating with a lower town by flights of steps. IIermies, a comm. tween lat. 34° & 36° N., (EDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [hum Hudson, a river, in the state of New York, rising above lat. 44° X., flowing through its eastern part in a S. direction, after a course of 260 miles, into thtj At- lantic, lat. 40° 40' N., where its broad es- tuary forms the harbor of New York, &, is navigable for the largest ships tollud- 6on, 118 m., tfe for large steamboats to Albany, up to which tlie tide runs, 145 m. from its mouth. Chief tributaries, the Mohawk <& Sacandaga. II. a city «t river port, New York, on the above river, 108 m. N. New York. It is built on a bold promontory, lined on either side with quays, accessible to the largest ves- sels ; has spacious after a total course of 30 m., enters the Ilum- ber. HuLME, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Lancas- ter. P. 26,982. II. {Lcvens), a town- ship. P. 1,231. IIuLPE, a coram. & vill. of Belgium, prov. S. Brabant. P. 1,040. HuLST, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Zeeland, cap. dist , on an affl of the Scheldt. P. 2,369. HuLTscHiN, a town of Prussian Sile- sia, reg. Oppeln, 1. b. of the Oppa. P. 2,538. HuLWUD, a town of Ilindostan, in the peninsula Guzerat. HuMBER, an estuary of the E. coa.st of Engl., formed by the junction of the Ouso & Trent rivers. Hume, p-t., Alleghany co. N. Y. P. 2,303. Hume River, S.E. Australia, flowi N.W. from the Australian .Vlps. lIu.MPHREYs, N.W. CO. Ti'on. Area, 475 sq. m. Cap. Reynoldsville. P. 6,422 Hump Isle, E. Archip., is in the Groat bay, N. coast of Papua. Lat. 1° 30' N., Ion. 135° 30' E. hun] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 383 HuMPOLETz, a town of Bohemia. P. 4,139. IIuNDSRucK, a mntnous. region of Germany. It rises in some places to 3,000 feet above the sea, & is mostly cov- ered with woods. HiJNFELD, a town of Germany, Hessen- Cassel, prov. Fulda. P. 2,118. — Ilangen is a town of H.-Darmstadt, prov. Upper- Hessen. P. 1,033. HuNGARV, acountry of Central Europe, bounded N. by the Carpathian mountains, which separate it from Galicia, E. G. of Penjinsk. Lima, a river of N. Russia. L. 190 miles. Ik, two rivers of Russia, gov. Oreu- ill] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 387 burg, the principal of which joins the Ka- ma. 200 m. long. Ikarma, one of the Kurile islands, Pacific ocean. Ikazni, a mkt. town of Russia, gov, Minsk. P. 1,200. Ilanmoee, an isl. of the Hebrides, Sci^tlanii. Ilanroant, & Ilanterach, two small islaiiLs, Hebrides, Scotland. Ilche.ster, a nikt. town of Engl , co. Somerset. Ildefonso (San), a town of Spain, prov. Segovia, a headland on the E. coast of Luzon, Pbilippine Isls., lat. 15° 15' N., Ion. 121° m' E. Ile de France, an old prov. of France. Ile, vlux- Moines, an island off the N. coast of Brittanv. — d' Yeu, a smiU f»rti- fied islani, dep. Vendee, in the Atlantic, 10 m. from the coast. — Ves Roches, one of the Seychelles islands, Indijin ocean. Iles d'Institut, a group of isls. off the N.AV. coast of Australia. Ilekskoi-Gorodek, a fortified town of Russia, at the confl. of the Ilek Terie Haute. The con- stitution of this slate went into ojieration in 1851. Governor & lieutenant governor hold office for 4 3'ears. Senators must not exceed 50, nor representatives 100 in number. Indiana was admitted into the Union in 1816. 11. W. co. Pa. Area, 770 sq. ra. Cap. Indiana. P. 27,170. III. p-b., cap. the above co. 155 m. from Ilarrisburg. IV. t., Alleghany co. Pa. P. 2,697. Indianapolis, t., cap. state Indiana, on White river, a navigable affl. of the Wabash, crossed by a large bridge, 158 m. WS.W. Columbus. It is regularly laid out, & in its centre is a large square area, frcmi which 4 streets diverge, & in which i.s the governor's residence, on an elevated site. The state house is on the model of the Parthenon at Athens. P. 8,090. Indian Key, an isl., Florida, off its S. coast, 75 m. S.W. Cape Florida, & now resorted to as a watering place by visi- tors from the more N. states. Indian Lake, Ilamilton co. N. Y., is 4 m. long, & 1 m. wide. Indian Ocean, a vast oceanic basin, separated from the Pacific on the E. by the Asiatic archipelago & Australia, bounded on S. by a lino drawn from the cape of Good Hope to Bas.s' strait, divided from the Atlantic by Africa on the W., & enclosed by the countries of Asia, on the N. It communicates with the China sea by the strait of Malacca, Runda strait, & the strait of Flores. The monsoons, or periodical winds, prevail in the N. part of the ocean, blowing from the S.W. between April <& October, A S.E. from I October to April. Tempests arc general at the periods of change ; & between lat. ] 5° & 40° S. violent hurricanes frequently occur. j Indian, riv., N. Y., enters Black Lake. | • II. riv., Fla., in a vast lagoon. L. ! 100 m. III. riv., N. II., a head branch ' of the Conn. .Indian River, hund., Sussex co. Del. 1 P. 1,755. I Indian Springs, p-v., Butts co. Ga. A fa^hionable watering place. Indian Terhitorv, is situated W. of Mo. &, Ark., it S. of Platte river. It is 600 in. long, & from 300 to 600 broad. Area of habitable dist., 120,000 sq. m. The climate is healthy. The principal tribes that have been removed here from E. of the Mississippi are the Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, Seminoles, &, Shaw- nees. Total number of Indians removed to this territory, or whose removal is being effected, 113,426. Indies (East), a collective name given to the peninsulas of Hither & Fur. India, & the Asiatic archipelago. Indighirka, a river, E. Siberia, gov. Yakutsk. L. 750 m. Indio, a river of the isthmus Panama, New Granada. Indje-Kara-Su, a river of European Turkey, Macedonia. L. 110 m. Indjighiz, a town of Europ. Turkey, Rumili, 33 m. W.N.W. Constantinople. Indjih (Cape), the most N. point of Asia-Minor. Indore Dominion, a state of Central llinddstan. Area, nearly 4,250 sq. m. P. 3,000 men. — Indore, the cap., is situ- ated on a wooded table-land. Elevation nearly 2,000 feet. Indraghiri, a navigable river of Su matra. Indramayo, a cape, river, & town of Java. Indrapura, a point, river, town, state, k volcano of Sumatra. Indre, a river of France. L. 115 m. Indre, a dcp. of N.W. France. Area, 2,749 sq. m. Surface uniformly level. P. 271,833. This dep. furnishes the best lithographic stones in France. Indre-et-Loire, a dep. in the N.W. of France. Area, 2,400 sq. m. P. 315,641. Indret, a small isl. of France, dep. Loire Inf , formed by the Loire. Indus, one of the great rivs. of S. Asia, forming the W. boundary of Ilin- dostan. L. 1,560. Its source is supposed to be 18.000 feet above the sea, its bod at Leh, 10,000 feet, A at Att..ck, 940 m. from its mouth, it is 1,000 feet above the ocean level, 800 feet across, 60 fi-ct in depth, A has a current of 6 m. an hour. Mean ann. discharge of water sujiposed to bo 150,212,079,642 tons. The Indus is navigable from the sea as high as the influx of the Cabool river, near Attock, at 942 m. from the sea, «fe its tributaries are mostly so to the foot mntns., about 700 m. ; but the channel is encumbered by shifting banks. INV] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 391 Industry, t., Franklin co. Me. P. 1,036. Ineboli, a marit. town of A^ia-Minor, Anatolia, on the Black sea. P. 3,000. Ines (Santa), an isl. in the N. part of the gulf of California. Lat. 27° 23' X., Ion. 111^40' W. Inficionado, a vill of Brazil, prov. Minas-Greraes. P. 4,500. Ingelfingex, a town of Wiirteraberg, circ. Jaxt, on the Kocher. P. 1,500. Ingelheim (Lower & I'pper), two contiguous mkt. towns of Germany, H.- Dann,stailt, prov. Rhenish Ilessen, on the Selz. P. of former, 2,000 ; of latter, 2,212. Ingelmunster, a comm. & town of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, cap. cant. P. 5,985. Ingenoe, an isl. of Norway, prov. Finmark, in the Arctic ocean. Ingehsheim, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. II. Rhin. P. 2,268. Ingham, S.co. Mich. Area, 560 sq. m. Cap. Vevay. P. 8,631. Ingleton, a vill. of England, co. York, W. Riding. Ingoda, a riv. of Siberia, gov. Irkutsk. L. 300 m. Ingolstadt, a fortified town of Upper Bavaria. P. 9,189. Ingouville, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Seine Inf., cap. cant. P. 12,060. Ingovhem, a comm. & vill. of Belgium, prov. W. Flanders. P. 2,205. Ingrande, a comm.& town of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, on the Loire. P. 1,500. Ingre, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Loiret. P. 2,905. Ingria, an old prov. of Russia. Ingrowitz, a mkt. town of Moravia, circ. & 32 m. N.E. Iglau, with 1,390 inhab. Inguiniel, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Morbihan. P. 2,204. Ingul, & Ingui-Etz, two rivers of Ru-ssia, gov. Kher.ter. P. 9,700. Interl.\chen, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Bern, on 1. b. of the Aar. Intr.a, a town of Piedmont, div. Novara, on the W. side of the Lago Maggiore. P. 3,743. Inverary, a seaport town of Scotland, cap. CO. Arcryle, on a bay on the W. shore of Loch Fyne. Tnverbury, a bor., co. Aberdeen, Scotland. Invergowrie, a vi'.l. of Scotland, co. Forfar, on the tirth of Tay. Inverkeithing, a seaport town of 392 CYCLOP.f:DlA OF GEOGRAIMIV. [IQU Scotland, co. Fife, on the N. shore of the firth of Forth. Inverness, ?t., on 1. b. of the Kilia. Ismaliyah, a small town of Persia, on fche Karun. IsMER (St.), a comm. & vill. of France, iop. Isero. P. 1,325. I Ismid, a marit. town of Asia-Minor, : Anatolia, at the head of the gulf of Ismid. It is finely placed, &, comprises 1,000 houses. II. The gulf of Jsmid, is an inlet forming the E. e.xtremity of the sea of Marmora, 45 ra. in length. IsMiL, a large vill. of Asia-Minor, pash. Karamania. I IsNELLO, a town of Sicily, intend. Pa- i Icrmo. P. 1,600. j IsNiK (Lake of), a beautiful lake of I Asia-Minor, Anatolia, 17 m. E. the gulf of Moudania. L. 14 in.; br. 4 m. II. Isnik, is a vill. & ruined city on the E. extremity of this lake. The vill. com- ; prises about 150 houses. The first gene- ral ecclesiastical council met at Nicajn, in 325, on which occasion the "Nicene creed" was framed; another council was held here in 787. Is'oglou, a town of Asiatic Turkey, on the Euphrates. IsoLA, several towns of Naples. I. prov. Calab.-Ult., near the Mediter- ranean. P. 2,000. II. prov. T. di La- voro, on an isl. formed by the river Liri. P. 2,600. III. prov. Abruzzo Ult. I. P. 1,100. IsoLA, a large market town of Illyria, gov. Triest, on the S.E. shore of the gulf of Triest. P. 3,430. II. a vill., Pied- mont, 25 m. S.W. Alexandria. IsoLA DELLA ScALA, a towH, N. Italy, on the Tartaro. P. 3,400. IsoLA Grossa, an isl. in the Adriatic sea, off the coast of Dalmatia. L. 27 m. ; br. 3 m. P. 12,000. IsoNzo, a river of Ill^'rio, forming the boundary between N.E. Italy «t Illyria. Ispahan, a famous city, & formerly the cap. of Persia, 215 m. S. Teheran. P. 100,000. It .stands enclosed by orchards & plantations, in a fine plain on the Zeiidarood, here crossed by several noble bridges. IspiNGLEE, a town of Beloochistan, in the Bolan pass, 65 m. N. Kelat. P. 2,000. — Tspunglee is a vill. in the same pass. Israel, t., Preble co. 0. P.l, 547. Issaquena, co.. Miss. P. 4,478. IssoiRE, a town of France, dci>. Puy- de-Domo. on the Crouze. P. 5.462. IssoUDUN, a comm. it town of France, dep. Indre, on the The(»ls. P. 10,184. IssuM, a vill. of Rhenish Prussia. P. 1,000. Issus, a riv. & town of antiquity in N. Syria. Issy, a comm. & vill. of France, dep Seine. P. 2,027. II. (/' ErequcY dep. Saone-et-Loire, cap. cant., on the Som- me. P. 1,890. 896 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [iTA IsTABOLAT, the modem name of a ruined city of Asiatic Turkey. IsTAKHAR, a vill. of Persia, prov. Fars, on a part of the site of Persepolis. IsTALiF, a town of Affghanistan. P. 15,000. IsTANOs, a town of Asia-Minor, Ana- tolia, on an affl. of the Sangarius, with about 800 houses. IsTAPA. a small town, N. Amer., con- fed. Mexico, near the Pacific ocean, 85 m. E.S.E. Zacatula. Isthmus, a dep. of Xew Granada, S. Auier. Area, 25,000 sq. ra. Es- tim. p. 100,000. Chief towns, Panama, Chagres, Puerto Bello, & Veragua. IsTip, a town of European Turkey, Rumili, on 1. b. of the Bagranitza. P. 8,000. IsTREs, a comm. & town of France, dep. Bouches-du-Rhrme, ciip. cant, near AV. side of the lagoon of Berre. P. 2,608. IsTRiA, a peninsula in the N. of the Adriatic sea, forming a circle of the Austrian gov. of Triest, in the kingdom of Illyria. Area, 1,810 sq. m. P. 230,- 000. It is divided into Austrian & Ve- netian Istria; the former in the N., formed part of the Germanic confedera- tion. IsTURGATEH, a town of Affghanistan, dom. Cabool. IszNY, a town of Wiirtemberg, circ Danube. P. 1,863. Itabaianna, a mountain, & a market town of Brazil, prov. Sergipe. P. 2,000. Itabira, a town of Brazil, prov. 3Ii- nas Geraes, or r. b. of the Velhas. P. 4,000. II. Itablra-de-Mata- Dentro, a gold mining town. P. 3,000. Itacolumi, several mountains of Brazil. Itaguahi, a town of Brazil, prov. &, 40 m. W. Rio de Janeiro. P. 4,000.— Jtaipu, is a maritime vill., prov. Rio de Janeiro. P. 2,000. Italy, a country of S. Europe, formed of a continental portion, a peninsula, & numerous islands. Considered geogra- phically, it extends from the extremity of Sicily to the Rh.Ttian Alps, between lat. 36° 35' & 47° N., A from the W. point of the Cottian Alps to the E. ex- tremity of Terra d'Otranto. between Ion. 6° 35' A, 18° 35' E. Politically, it ex- tends 1° farther AV., to include the prov. of Savoy in the Sardinian states. It is bounded E. by the Adriatic A the Ionian sea, S. by the Mediterranean, AV. by France & the Mediterranean, & N. by Switzerland & Austria. Its natural con- fines are the Alps & the sea. TVithin these limits, Italy comprises 13 separate divisions, including Italian Switzerland : — the canton Tessin (Ticino), & a part of the Grisons (Grigione), «fc VaU\is ; Aus- trian Italy : — the Italian Tyrol, the king- dom of Lombardy & Venice, Istria, Tri- est, &c.; French Italy, island of Corsica — & English Italy, the Maltese islands ; the entire area of which is estimated at 100,000 Italian sq. m., & the pop. at up- wards 22 millions. The continental portion of the country is separated from the rest of Europe by the chain of the Alps, & its waters belong entirely to the basin of the Mediterranean sea. The chief islands are Sicil}', Sardinia, Corsica, Elba, Malta, & the Lipari islands. Italy has some of the largest mntn. lakes in Europe, which are celebrated for their picturesque beauty. From its position, form, & con- figuration, Italy enjoys a varied & ex- cellent climate, which permits the pro- ductions of the temp. & some of those of the torrid zone to mingle on its almost uniformly fertile surface. Italy is rich in mineral products, but has few metals, except iron & lead. The^fauna resembles that of the rest of Europe in similar lati- tudes, except that it embraces the buffalo, & among vipers, the asp, scorpion, &, ta- rantula. Fish are abundant in the rivers. The manufs.. except in the N., unimport- ant. The principal imports are colonial goods, linen, woollen «fc cotton fabrics, jew- ellery, & dried fish. Chief exports, silk, ■wool, oil, honey, straw hats, A Parmesan cheese. The arts & sciences are still cultivated with considerable success. II. t., Yates CO. N. Y. P. 1,627. Itamarac.\, an island of Brazil, in the Atlantic, 20 m. N. Pernambuco. L. 9 m.; br. 6 m. P. 8,000. Itanh.\en, a marit. town of Brazil, 40 m. S. San Paulo, on a bay of the Atlantic. P. 1,200. Itaparica, an island of Brazil, in the bay of Bahin, immediately opposite that city. L. IS m.; br. 6 m. Itapemirim, a vill. of Brazil, on the river of the same name, near its mouth, in the Atlantic. P. 2,000. — Itapera is a mkt. town, 160 m. W. San Paulo. P. 2,200. Itapicuru, two rivs. of Brazil. 1. prov. Maranham. L. 410 ra. II. prov. Bahia, enters the Atlantic, 90 ra. N.E. Bahia. L. 350 m. Itapua, a town of Paraguay, S. Amer., on the Pariina. Itasca (Lake), about 170 m. W. Lake Superior. It is 8 m. across. jaaJ UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 397 Itaska, county, Minnesota. P. 97. Itata, a river of Chile, dep. Concep- cion. L. 150 m. Itavy, a mkt. town of the Plata con- federation, S. Ainer., on the Parana. Itawamba, N.E. co. Miss. Area, 900 sq. m. Cap. Fulton. P. 13,528. Itchapoou, a town of British India. Itchen, a river of England, co. Hants. Itchliman, a town of European Tur- key, Bulgaria. Itenes, a river, S. America, a tribu- tary of the Mamore, in Bolivia. Ithaca, one of the Ionian Islands, among which it holds the 5th rank, in the Mediterranean, 2 m. E. Cephalonia. L. 14 m. ; b. 4 m. Area, 44 sq. ra. P. 9,744. LI. p-v., & cap. Tompkins CO. N. Y., at the S extremity of Cayuga lake, 27 m. N.N.W. Oswego. It has an active gene- ral trade with Pennsylvania. P. 6,909. III. a large vill. of British Guiana, near the Berbice river. P. 2,000. Ithome, a mntn. of Greece, Morea, 3,865 feet in elevation. Ithon, a river of S. Wales, co. Randor. Itinivixi, a branch of the Cassiquiare river, S. America, Venezuela. Itox, a river of France, joins the Eure, after a X. course of 58 m. Itri, a town of Naples, prov. T. di La- voro. P. 4,100. Itsatsou, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. B. Pyrenees. P. 1,550. Itshil, a pashalic of Asia-Minor, com- prising ail its S. coast between Anatolia & N. Syria. Itskhini-Itskali, a river of Asiatic Russia, Transcaucasia. Itthngex, a vill. of Baden, circ. Mid- dle Rhine, on the Elsenz. P. 1,821. Itu, a town of Brazil, prov. San Paulo, on the Tiete. P. 10,000. Iturup, the largest of the Kurile islands, N. Pacific ocean,belonging to Rus- sia. Lat. of N. peak, 45° 38' N., Ion. 149° 15' E. L. 140 m. ; av. b. 20 m. Itzehoe, a town of Denmark, duchy Holstein, cap. dist., on the Stdr. P. 6,000. IvAHi, a river of Brazil, prov. San Paulo, joins the Parana. L. 250 m. Ivan - Gorod, two market towns of Russia. 1, gov. Tohernigov, on the Otser. P. 1,200. II. 78 m. S.W. St. Petersburg, on the Xarova. P. 1,000. Ivanovo, a market town of Russia, near rt. b. of the Uvot. Iv ANY. a m arkct town of W. Hungary, CO. Oedenburg. P. 1,449. IvEL, two rivers of England. 1, co. Bedford. L. 20 m. II. (or Yeo), co. Somerset. L. 27 m. Ives (St.), a seaport town of England, CO. Cornwall, on its X. coast. Ives (St.), a market town of England, CO. Huntingdon. P. 3,514. IviJE, a mkt. town of Russian Poland, 55 ra.S.S.E Vilna. P. 1,440. IviNGHOE, a market town of England, CO. Bucks. P. 1,448. IvizA, the smallest & most W. of the three principal Balearic islands, belong- ing to Spain, in the Mediterranean, 54 m. S.W. Majorca. L. 22 m. ; av. b. 12 m. P. 11,000. Ivoy-le-Pre, acomm.& vill. of France, dep. Cher. P. 2,666. Ivrea, a town of Piedmont, 29 miles N.N.E. Turin, cap. prov., on 1. b. of the Dora Baltea. P. 7,000. Ivry-la-Bataille, a comm. & town of France, dep. Eure. P. 1,010. Ivry-sur-Seine, a coram. & vill. ot France, dep. Seine, 3 m. S.S.E. Paris. P. 5,880. IwuY, a comm. . XLVI. t.. Union CO. Ark. XLVII. CO. La. P. 5,556. XLVIII. t , Preble co. 0. P. 1,260. XLIX. t., Wavne co. 0. P. 1,645. L. t., Ham- ilton co. la. P. 1,209. Jacksonborough, p-v., cap. Scriven CO. Ga. Jackson c. h., cap. Jackson co. Va. II. p-v., cap. Jackson co. Miss. Jackson, r. Va., a fork of the James. Jacksonville, cap. Telfair co. Ga. on Ockmulgeo riv. II. p-v., cap. Ben- ton CO. Ala. III. p-v., cap. Morgan CO. III., situated in a fine prairie. Illi- nois college is located here. Jacmel, a town of Hayti, on its S. coast, 30 m. S.W. Port Republicain. P. 6,000. Jacobina, a town of Brazil, prov. & 210 m. W.N.W. Bahia. P. 10,000. Jacobshagen, a town of Prussian Po- merania. P. 1,633. Jacob (St.), a hamlet of Switzerland, scene of tlie battle between 1,600 Swi.s.s, & 16,000 French, out of which only 10 Swiss escaped. Jacobstad, two towns of Russia. 1. gov. C'uirland, on the Diina. P. 2,343. II. Finland, on the gulf of Bothnia. P. 1,600. Jacotta, a maritime town of S. India, dom. Cochin. Jacova, a town of European Turkey, Albania, on the White Drin. P. 18,000. Jacques (St ), several comms. & vill.s. of Franco. 1, dep. Calvados, arrond Lisioux. P. 1,700. II. dep. Cantal jam] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 399 P. 1,000. III. {sur Darnetal), dep. Seine Inf. P. 1,246. JAcauEs-CARTiER, a river of Lower Canada, after a S.S.W. course of 50 m. joins the St. Lawrence. Jacuhy, a river of Brazil, prov. S. Pe- dro de Rio Grande, enters the lake of Patos. L. 250 m. Jacut (St.), two comtn. & vills. of France. 1, dep. Morbihan. P. 1,278. ' II. (Landouart), dep. COtes-du- Nord. P. 1,000. Jadraque, a market town of Spain, prov. 18 m. N.E. Gnadalaxara. P. 1,428. Jadrin, a town of Russia, gov. Kasan. P. 1,750. Jaen, a city of Spain, cap. prov, of same name, 37 m. N. Granada. P. 17,327. It is enclosed by turreted walls. Jaen de Bracamoros, a town of S. America, Ecuador, dep. Assuay, on the Chinchipe. P. 2,000. Jaffa, a small maritime town of Pal- estine. 45 m. N.E. Gaza, on a tongue of land projecting into the Mediterranean. It is built on a declivity, crowned by a fortress. II. (Script. Japhia), a vill., 2 m. S.W. Nazareth. Jaffatine Islands, a group in the Red sea, near the entrance of the gulf of Suez. Jafferabad, two towns of India. I. Deccan, Nizam's dom. II. Gujerat, on the gulf of Cambay. Jaffiergunge, a town of British In- dia, presid. Bengal, on the Ganges. Jaffnapatam, a seaport town of Cey- lon, near its N. extremity, on a navigable inlet. P. 8,000. Jaffrey, town, Cheshire co. N. H. P. 1,411. Jagax, a small town & fort of the Punjab, in its N. part. Jagepoor, a vill. of British India, pre.«id. Bengal. Jagerndorf, a town of Austrian Si- lesia. P. 4,800. Jaghatu, a r. of N. Persia. L. 130 m. Jagodin', a town of Servia, near 1. b. of the Morava. Jagotiv, a large mkt. town of Russia, gov. Poltava. Jagua (Bahia de), a fine bay on the S. coast of Cuba, 45 m. N.W. Trinidad, & defentled by a strong castle on Cape de los Angel OS. Jahde, a river of N. Germany. Jahil, a town of N.W. India, 58 m. K.W. Ajmere. Jahjou, a vill. of British India pre- sid. Ben°:al. Jah-Jerm, a town of Persia, prov. Khorassan. Jaicza, a fortified town of Turkish Croatia, on the Verbas. P. 2,000. Jailum, the mostW. of the "five riv- ers" of the Punjab, tributary to the In- dus. L. 350 m. The town Jailum E. bank of this river, is large & clean. Jaimpoor, a small town of AfiFghan- istan. Jaitpoor, a town of India, Barodi dominion. Jajarcote, a town of India, Oude. Jakau, a seaport town of some im- portance in India, Cutch. Jal (St.), a coram. & vill. of France, dep. Correze. P. 1,672. Jalap A, a city of the Mexican confed., state & 60 m.W.N.W. Vera Cruz, on the route to Mexico. P. 10,000. It is beau- tifully situated at an elevation of 4,340 feet. Jalk, a town in the sandy desert of N. Beloochistan. Jallais, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Maine-et-Loire. P. 3,247. Jallieu, a comra. trian Poland. Galicia, on a lake, with 921 inhab. III. ou an island in the Sered. P. 1,000. Jantra, a river of European Turkey, Bulgaria. L. 75 m. Januchov & Januchpol, two market towns of Russian Poland. 1, gov. & 70 m. X.W. Vilna. II.gov. Volhynia. P. 2,000. Janze, a comm. &, vill. of France, dep. Illo-et-Vilaine. P. 4,304. Japan, an empire of E. Asia, com- prising the islands Xipbon, Kiusiu, & Sikokf, with the dependencies Yesso, the S. part of Tarakai or Saghalien, & many smaller islands, situated between lat. 26° 35' & 49° N., & Ion. 129° & 150° E., hav- ing W. the strait of Corea, & sea of Ja- pan, &, on other sides the Pacific ocean. Area, 266,500 sq m. P. 25 to 50 millions. The mountains Fusi & Siro-Jama in Ni- phon are active volcanoes, it rise respec- tively to 12,000 & 8,000 feet above the sea, & snow clad. Rivers numerous, A generally wide at their mouth.-*, but their courses are short & not navigable for many miles inland. Of the lakes, tho principal appears to bo Fakoni, re- garded by tho Japanese with supersti- tious reverence. The interior of Japan, however, remains quite unexplored by Europeans. Some traile is sulTored with Chine.trait of Bali, it W. from Sumatra by the strait of Sunda. L. 570 ra.; br. varies from 48 to 115 m. Ertim. area, including the contif^uous inland of Madur;i. 50,000 ?q. m. P. 9,530J31 ; of these, 16,000 are Europeans &> their de- scendants. A mountain chain extends through the centre from. W. to E.. with a mean elevation of 1,000 feet. Rice is the principal grain. Coffee is the great staple of export. Few minerals are known to exist, but iron, salt, sulphur, & nitre, are obtained. Manufs. of cotton fabrics, & other household necessaries are gene- ral. Trade with Holland absorbs 5-7ths of the whole. Batavia, the cap., is the centre of at least half of the general trade. Gov. administered by a governor general, assisted by a secretary general, & a coun- cil of 4 members, of Dutch descent. Java is divided into 22 residencies. The Java- nese are of the Malay family, are short, thick-set, tt robust. They are superior in civilization to other nations of the Indian archipelago. Java, p-t.. cap. Wyoming co. N. Y. P. 2,245. Java (Sea of), is that part of Pacific ocean having E. the strait of Macassar & sea of Flores, S. Java & Bali, N. Bor- neo, & W . Sumatra. Javana, a town on N. coast of Java. Javron, a coram. & vill. of France, dep. Mayenne. P. 2,523. Jaworow, a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia. P. 3,935. Jawud, a large town of Ilindostan, 78 m. E. Odeypoor. Jaxartes, a large river, Independent Turkestan. L. 900 m. Jaxt, a river, Wiirtemberg. L. 80 m. Jay, E. CO. la. Area, 870 sq. m. Cap. Portland. P. 7,147. II. t., Franklin CO. Mo. P. 1,733. III. p-t., Essex co. Vt. IV. Jay, c. H, p-v., Iowa. Javghur. a marit. town of Brit. India, pre.>^id. Bombay. Jayne (San), or S. Jaime, a town of S. Amer., Venezuela, dep. Apure, on the Portuguosa. P. 7,000. Jazlowiec, a mkt. tnwn of Austrian Poland, (Jalicia. P. 2,100. Jean (St ), numerous comms., towns, & vill.s. of France 1. {J. lionncfond), dep. Loire, 3 m. N.E. St. Etienne. P. 4,890. II. (./■. iV Anally), dep. Cha- rente Inf., cap. arrotwl., on the navigable river Boutonne. 5,443 inhab.-;. III. (./. dc Bolsseau), dep. Loire Inf., on the Loire. P. 2,570. IV. {dc Boumay), dep. Isere, cap. cant., 12 m. E. Vienne. P. 3,492. V. (./. de Brcrelay), dep. Mor- bihan, cap. cant., near the Ciaye, having 2,230 inhabs. VI. {J. de Fos), dep. Jb near the Ilcrault. P. 1,540. VII. (./. de Livcrsay), dep. Charente Inf., 15 m N.E. La Kochelle. P. 2,230. VIII. (J. de Losne, al.^io called Belle Dtlfense), dep. Cute-d'Or, cap. cant., on rt. b. of the Saone. P. 2,134. IX. (J. de Liiz), dep. B. Pyrenees, cap. cant., at the mouth of the Nivelle, 11 m. S.W. Bay- onne. P. 2,124.^ X. {J. de Marsacq), dep. Landes. P. 1,264. XI. {J. de Mont), dep. Vendee, cap. cant., near the '\ Atlantic. P. 3,680. XII. {J. des 01- lieres), dep. Puy-de-Dome, 13 m. S E. Clermont-Ferrand. P. 2,490. XIIL ! (./. de Valeriscle), dep. Gard, on the Au- j zonnet. 1,880 inhabs. XIV. {J. du I Bruel), dep. Avevron, 14 m. E.S.E. Mil- I hau. P. 1,449.-^— XV. (J. du Doigt), dep. Finistere, 9 m. N.E. Morlaix. P. 1,402. XVI. (.7". du Gard). dep. Gard, on the Gordon d'Anduze. P. 2,865. XVII. (J.-en-Royaiis), dep. Drome, on rt. b. of the Lionue. P. 2,710 XVIIL (X la Bussiere), dep. Rhone. P. 1,770. XIX. (X le Vieux), . Ki-v. P. 1,000. Jekimania, a luirket town of Pvussia, gov . una. P. 1,000. Jelabuga, a town of Russia, gov. , 4.292 sq, ra. P. 150,477. JoNKOPiNG, a town of Sweden, cap. locn of the .«aiuc name, at the S. extremity of Lnke Welter. P. 4,294. JoNQiriKKEs, a comm. k vill. of France, dep. Vaucluse. on an island formed by the Ouveze. P. 1,140. JoNZAC, a coinm.«& town of France, dep. Charente-Inf, on the Seugne. P. 1,985. JooBUL, a small town enters the Dead sea. L. 120 m. Jord.\n, p-v., Onondaga co. N. Y. Jorge (San), one of the Azores isls., Atlantic, AV. Terceira. L. 25 m., b. 5 m. P. 4,000. Jorge (St.), a river of S. Araer., New Granada. L. 180 m. II. {d' 0/ancho), a town. Central America, state Hondu- ras, 80 m. S.S.W. Truxillo. III. (dos Ilheos), a maritime town of Brazil, prov. Bahia. JoRKAU, a small town of Bohemia, on the Bleiabache. Jorquera, a town of Spain, 19 m. N.E. Chinchilla. P. 2,876. JoRUK, a riv. of Asiatic Turkey, enters the Black sea. L. 170 m. JoRULLO, a volcano, Mexican confed., dep. & 75 m. S.S.W. Valladolid, 80 m. from the Pacific ocean, having been thrown up from a plain, with an elev. of 2,890 feet, to the height of 4,265 feet above the sea. by a violent irruption, Sept. 23th & 29th,' 1759. Joseph (St ), a lake of British N. Amer. L. W. to E. 35 m. ; av. br. 10 m. II. an isl. of Upper Can.ada. in the channel between lakes Suporinr &, Hu on. L. &, br. 15 m. e;ich. III. a peninsula in the gulf of San Matias, on the E. coast of Patagonia. IV. one of the Seychel- les isls., Indian ocean. V. (r/' Onain), a town of Trinidad, 5 m. E. Port of SpaiD 408 CYCLOPEDIA OF GKOGKAPHY. [jUL Josephs (St ), a bay of the gulf of Mexico, Florida, immediately X.W. Cape San Bias. JosEPHSTADT, a fortified town of Bo- hemia, on the E. bank of the Elbe. P. 1,800. .TosiMATH, a vill. of N. Iliiidostan, among the sources of the Ganges. JosLowiTZ, a mkt. town of Moravia. P. 1,688. JossELiN, a comm. & town of France, dep. Morbihan. P. 2,665. JossE-TEN-NooDE, a vill. of Belgium, prov. S. Brabant. JouAN (St.), a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine. P. 1,770. II. {de r lUe), a vill., dep. Cotes du Nord, on the Ranee. P. 670. JouARRE, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Seine-et-Marne. P. 1,343. — Jouarre-Fontchartraiii is a town, Seine-et-Oise. P. 1,450. JouDPOOR, a state of N.W. Hindostan, subsidiary to the British, & the most ex- tensive & powerful in Rajpootana. Area estimated at 34,132 sq. m. — Joudpoor, the cap., above state, 100 m. W.S.W. Ajmere. P. 60,000.(7) II. a small town of British India, presid. Bengal. JouE, several comms. & vills. of France. 1, dep. Indre-et-Loir, 3 m. S.S.W. Tours. P. 1.770. II. dep. Loire Inf.. on the Erdre. P. 2,660. III. {du Bois), Orne, 17 m. N.W. Alen- 9on. P. 1,540. J-ouGXE, a coram. & mkt. town of France, dep. Doubs. P. 1,114. JouiN (St.), a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Seine Inf., 12 m. N. Havre. P. 1,540 II. a vill., dep. Deux-Ser- ves. P. 1,360. Jou-NiNG, a city of China, prov. Ho- nan. JouQUEs, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Bouches-du-Rhone. P. 1,830. Joux, a lake of Switzerland, cant. Vaud. L. 7 ra. ; breadth 1 m. ; ove the ocean. The solitary residence here for 4 years of a Scotch- man, named Alexander Selkirk, is sup- po.-ed to have formed the basis of De- foe's well-known tale of "Robinson Cru- roe." Mas-a-fuera is another rocky A precipitous island, lying to the W. JuANPOOR, a dist. town of France, dep. H. Garonne. P. 1,015. Julian (St.), an island of the E. ar- chipelago, W. Borneo. II. a harbor on the E. coast of Patagonia. III. a fort of Portugal, at the entrance of the Tagus. JuLiANsHAAB, a maritime station in Greenland, on its W. coast. JiJLicH, a fortified town of Rhenish Prussia, 15 m. N.E. Aix-la-Chapelle, on the Roer. P. 2,890. JuLiEN (St.), numer. comms. iid. Heng.il, on tlie 1. b. of the Ganges. Kadirgunge, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bengal, in the Doab. I Kadnikov, a town of Russia, 28 m. ] N.N.E. Vologda. It has 1,000 inhabi- j tants. I Kadom, a town of Russia, gov. & 123 I m. N.N.E. Tambov, on the Moshka, with ' 6,000 inhabs. Kaferthal, a vill. of Baden, 3 m. N.E. Mannheim. P. 1,543. Kaffa, a seaport town of the Russian empire, gov. Taurida, on the S.E. coast of the Crimea. P. 7,250. Kaffraria, an extensive region of S.E. Africa, bounded E. & S. by the In- dian ocean, S.W. & W. by the Keiskama (which separates it from the dist. Victo- ria), the Chuinie, & the Kliss Plaat rivs., & N. indefinitely, by a chain of moun- tains in a direction from E. to W. The CatTres are described as hospitable, intel- ligent, acute, & brave, but dishonest & superstitious. They practice the rite of circumcision. They are divided intc hordes, & governed by hereditary chiefs, who exercise absolute rule. There is now a bloody war raging between them ussa, on an affl. of the Yeu, 13.5 m. E.X.E. Kano. P. 8,000. Katahdix, mt., Me., 5,300 ft. above tide water. Katanska, a riv. of Siberia, enters the gulf of Katan St Clair, cyp. town Chatliam, on the Thames. IX. a maritime co., W. Australia, extond ker] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 417 Area, 150 sq. m. P. 17,038. II. ing W. from Doubtful Island bay. X. a CO. of Tasmania, S.AV. the rv. Iluon. Co. town Ramsgate, on Kecherche bay. —Kent islands arc a group at the E. end of Bass' strait. Kenton, N. co.. Ky. Cap. Independence, p-v. cap. Hardin co. 0. Kentucky, one of the U. S., in the central part of the union, mostly between lat. 36° 20' & 39° N., & Ion. 82° A 89° 20' W., having N. & AV. the Ohio river, sep- arating it from the states Ohio, Indiana, & Illinois; E.Virginia, S. Tennessee, & W. the Mississippi, dividing it from Mis- souri, (ireatest leng., 400 m., br., 170 m. Area, 41,000 sq. m. P. in 1840, 779,828, of whom 182,258 were slaves; in 1850, 982,405, of whom 210,981 were slaves. Sur- face in the SE. is broken by the Cumber- land mntns., a branch of the Alleghanies ; in the centre is a rich undulating tract, bordering the Ohio, it is hilly & well wooded, as in the level lands of the W. Principal rivers, besides the Ohio & Mis- sissippi, are the Cumberland, Green, Ken- tucky, Licking, & Tennessee, all affls. of the Ohio. Soil rests throughout on a bed of limestone, apertures in which greatly diminish the rivers in dry seasons. Oats, wheat, tobacco, & hemp, are staple pro- ducts. The crop of tobacco is second only to that of Va. The rearing of hor- ses, mules, cattle, & hogs, for export, may, however, be ranked as the prime object of rural industry. The horses amount to nearly half a million, & the breed is greatly esteemed throughout the Union. Salt, from mineral springs, is exported in large quantities ; iron, coal, marble, lime, & nitre, are other mineral products. Manufs. of cottons, woollens, iron- wares, cordage, India, presid. Bnmbav. 1, dist. S. Concan, 93 m. S.S.E. Bombav. II. dist. Can- deish, 104 m. E.S.E. Surat. Khelidokia, a cape & group of islets Asia-Minor, Anatolia, on S. cnast. Khelmos, a mountain of Greece, Mo- rea. gov. Kyllenia. Elev. 7,654 ft. Kheml.a^ssa, a town of India, doui. & 140 m. S. Gwalior. Khengcnpoor, e kiang riv., nearly opposite the mouth of the Grand Canal. KiN-TCHOu, a town of Manchooria, near the frontiers of China & Corea, nearly 8 m. from the N. shore of the gulf of Lcao-tong. KiNTYRE, a peninsula of Scotland, be- tween the firth of Clyde «fc the Atlantic ocean, forming the S. extrem. of the co. Argylc. L. 40 m.; av. br. 6i m. P. 19,318. Kin-yang, a city of China, prov. Kan- su, cap. dep., in lat. 30° 42' N., Ion. 105^ 42' E. Kin- YUEN, a city of China, prov. Quang-.«i, cap. dep., in lat. 24° 26' N., Ion. 105° 50' E. KiNziG, 2 rivs. of Germany. 1. Wiirtemberg & Baden, joins the Khine. L. 45 m. II. Ilessen-Cassel, joins the Main near Hanau. KiOGE, a marit. town of Denmark, isl. Seeland, on Kicige bay, an inlet of its E. coast, 21 m. S.S.W. Copenhagen. P. 2,300. KiOLEN, a mountain chain of Scandi- navia, between Sweden k Russian-Lnp- land & Norway & Finmark. Mount Su- litelma, its highest point, is 5,956 ft. in elevation. KiONG-TCHOu, a maritime city of Chi- na, cap. the isl. Hai-nan on its N. coast. P. 100,000. Kio-TsiNG, a city of China, prov. Yun- nan, cap. dep., 70 m. E.N.E. Win-nan. KiPCHAK, a vill. of Central Asia, dom. & 70 m. N.E. Khiva, on the O-xus. KipPENHEiM, a market town of Baden, circ. Upper Rhine, 11m. E.N.E. Zell. P. 1,917. KiPPURE, a mountain of Ireland, Leinster, 11 m. S.S.W. Dublin. Elev. 2,473.ft. KiRCHBERG, nums. small towns & vills. of Germanv. 1- Saxony, circ. Zwickau, 23 m. S.W. Chemnitz. P. 4,149. II. Rhenish Prussia, reg. A'6?/- Stephev, a market town, co. Westmore- land, 22 m. S.E. Penrith. P. 1,345.— Kirkdale a township, co. Lancaster, 2 m. N. Liverpool, within which pari. bor. it is included. P. 4,268. — Kirkhmn, a market town, co. Lancaster. Si m. W.N.W. Preston. P. 2.903. It is hand- somely built. — Kirkintilloch, a burgh, of baronv, mkt. town, Dumbartonshire, 6j m. K.N.E. Glasgow. P. 6,698. It is very irregularly built — Kirkland, a town.ship, CO. Westmoreland, pa. & ad- joining the town of Kendal. P. 1,222. Kirk-Adhadj, a town of Asia-Minor, Anntolia, 52 m. N.E. Smyrna. Kirkcaldy, a seaport & manufactur- ing town of Scotland, co Fife, on the N. shore of the Firth of Forth, 11 m. N. Edinburgh. P. KiRKCunDRiGHT, a seaport town of Scotliind, cap. co., on the estuary of Dee, 6 m. above its junction with the Solway firth, 28 m. S.SV. Dumfries. P. 2,774. Kirkcudbrightshire, a marit. co. in the S.W. of Scotland, forming the E. half of the district of Galloway. Area, 855 .<-q. m. P. 43,310. KiRKKiLis.siA (the "forty churches"), a large p. Grant co. Wis. XII. c. u. cap. Lani-.aster co. Va., S3 m. from Rich- mond. XIII. c.H. p-v., cap. Lancaster dist., S C, 72 m. from Columbia. XIV. a seaport tf)wn of England, cap. above co.. on the Lune, 20 m. X.X.W. PrC'ton. 1*. 25,817. It is picturesquely situated on an eminence, crowned by the church A castle. Houses stone built & handsome. Lancava, an island off the W. coa.«;t of the iMalay peninsula. Lanchang, the cap. town or city of the Laos country, S.E. Asia. Lanciano, a town of Naples, cap. dist., 6 in. from the Adriatic. P. 13,000. Lancut, or Landshl't, a town of Austria, Galicia. P. 1,862. L.A.NDAK. a Chinese settlement on tho island of Borneo, near its W. coast. Landas, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Nord, 17 m. N.E. Douai. P. 2,405. Landau, a strongly fortified town of RhenLsh Bavaria, on the Queich, 18 m. N.W. Carlsruhe. P. 6,074. Landean, a coram. & vill. of France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, 5 m. N.E. Fou- geres. P. 1,845. Landeck, a town of Prussian Silesia, reg. Breslau, on the Biala. P. 1,530. ■ II. a vill. of the Tyrol, on the Inn, 40 m. W.S.W. Innsbriick. P. 1,000. Landeleau & Landelles. 2 comms. & vills. of France. 1, dep. Finistere. P. 1,203. II. dep. Calvados, 6 m. N.W.Vire. P. 1,641. Landerneau, a seaport town & comm. of France, dep. Finistere, 12 m. EN.E. Brest. P. 4,099. Landeron, a town of Switzerland, cant. & 8 miles N.E. Neuchatel. P. 1,000. Landes, a marit. dep. of S.W. France. Area, 3,436 sq. m. P. 302,196. Surface covered by offsets of the Pyrenees in tho S. North of the Adour it is occupied by heaths {Landes), whence its name. Landevant, a comm. & vill. of Franco, dep. Morbihan, 11 m. E. Loricnt. P. 1,500. Land IRAS, a comm. & vill. of W, France, dep. Gironde, 21 ra. S.S.E. Bor- deaux. P. 2,321. Landivisiau. a comm. & town of France, dep. Finistere, 12 m. W.S.W. Morlaix. P. 1,810. Landivy, a town of France, dep. «fc 22 m. N.W. Mayenne. P. 2,020. Landouba, a town of British India presid. Bengal. Landport, a large suburb of Ports mouth, England, co. Hants. Landrecies, a comm. «fc fortfd. town of France, dep. Nord, on the Sambro. P. 3,483. Landriano. a town of Lombardy, deleg. & 10 m. N.N.E. Pavia, on the Lambro. P. 2,000. Land&berg, a town of Prussia. 40 m. N.E. Frankfurt. :;ap. circ, on the Warta. P. 11,621. 436 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [lak Landsberg, several small towns of Germany. I.Bavari;i, on the Lech, 22 m. S. Augsburg. P. 3,215. II. E. Prussia, 28 m. S. Konigsberg. P. 1,967. -III. prov. Brandentiurg. P. 1,507. IV. Prus.sian Saxony, 9 in. N.E. Hallo. P. 1,002. V. Prus. Lacchstadt, two towns of Pruss. Laudun. a comm. & town of France, dep. Gard, on the Tave. P. 1,980. Laud A, a w^alled town of Baden, on the Tauber. P. 1,077. — Laudtuhach is a vill. of Wiirtemberg, circ. Jaxt. P. 1,136. Lauder, a town of Scotl., co. Berwick, on the Leader, 23 m. S.E. Edinburgh. P. 1,105. Lauderdale, N.W. co. Ala. Area, G72 sq. m. Cap. Florence. P. 17,172 LAU] UNIVERSAL GAZE'ITKRR. 439 • II. E. CO. Miys. Area, 700 sq. m. Cap. Marion. P. 8,717. III. W. co, Tenn. Area, 375 sq. m. Cap. Kipley. P. 5,169. LauenburGj a duchy of Denmark, bounded N. by Liibeck, E. Mecklenburg fcschwerin, S. by the Elbe, & W. by llol- stein. Area, 400 sq. m. P. 46,480. — Lauenburg, the cap., is situated on rt. b. of the E!be, 27 m. S.E. Hamburg. P. 1,200, with suburbs 3,800. II. a town of I'russia, prov. Pomerania, 63 m. E.N.E. Koslin. P. 3,810. Lauenstein, t., Hanover, E.S.E. Hil- desheim. P. 1,012. Lauf, a town of Bavaria, 10 m. E.NE. Nurnberg. P. 3,008 — Laufach is a vill., 8 m. E.N.E. Aschaffenburg. P. 1,077. Laufen, a frontier town of Upper Ba- varia, on the Salzach, 10 m. N.N.W. Salzburg. P. 1,800. II. a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Neckar. P. 3,960. — Lauftnburg is a vill. of Baden. III. Switzerland, cant. Aargau. Laugharne, a seaport town of South Wales, CO. & 9 m. SS W. Carmarthen. Laughery, t.. Dearborn co. la. P. 1,501. Lauheim, a rakt. town of Wiirtemberg, 13 m. S.S.W. Ulm. P. 3,100. Lauingin, a town of Bavaria, on the Danube, 26 m. N.W. Aug.-=burg. P. 3,816. Laujar, a town of Spain, 18 m. N.W. Almeira. P. 2,980. Laun, a town of Bohemia, 10 m. N.E. Saaz P. 2,100. Launceston, town of England, co. Cornwall, on the Kensey, 22 m. N.N.W. Plymouth. P 16.819. 11. the most N.E. di&t. of Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land). III. cap. co. Cornwall, & sec- ond town of Tasmania, 32 m. S.E. Port Dalrymple. P. 5,000. Laupex, a small town of Switzerland, 11 m. W.S.W. Berne. Laureana, a town of Naples, cap, cant., 10 m. E S.E. Nicotera. P. 2,050. Laurel, S.E. co. Ky. Area, 400 sq. m. Cap. London. P. 4,145. Laurel Mountains, are a branch of the Alleghany range, extending from Pennsylvania across Virginia into Ken- tucky. Laurence-Kirk, t., Scotland, co. Kin- cardine. P. 1,365. Laurens, N.W. dist., S. C. Area, 920 sq. ra. Cap. Laurensville. P. 23,407. II. S.E. CO. Ga. Area, 780 sq. m. Cap. Dublin. P. 6,442. III. p-t., Otsego CO. N.Y. P. 2,168. Laurent (St.), comm. &, vill. of Bel- gium, 16 m. N.W. Ghent. P. 2,580. Laurent ( St.), numerous comms., towns, & viils. of France. 1, {de la Salangue), dcp. E. Pyrenees, 7 m. N.E. Perpignan. P. 3 526. II. {du Pont), dep. Isere, 14 m. N. Grenoble. P. 3,156. III. {dc Mcdoc), dep. Gironde, cap. cant., 25 m. N.N.W. Bordeau.v. P. 2,750. IV. {sur Gorre), dep. H. Vienne, cap. cant., 14 m. W.S.W. Limoges. P. 2,619. V. {de Cerda), dep. E. Py- renees. P. 3,302 VI. {de Chamouset), dcp. KhCme, cap. cant., 17 m. W. Lyon. P. 1.690. VII. {d'U/t), dep. Aveyron, on the Lot. P. 2,130. VIII. {de Ter- ra Gaile), dep. Manche. P. 1,390. IX. {de la Plaine). dep. Maine-et-Loire. P. 1,530. X. {de I'Ain), dep. Ain. P. 1,370. XL {de Nesie), dep. 11. Py- renees, near the Neste. P. 1,409. XII. {en Royans), dep. Drome, 23 m. E.N.E. Valence. P. 1,240. XIII. {da Pape), dep. Ardeche, on the Erieux. P. 1,250. XIV. {des Bains), same dep., 16 m. W.N.W. Largentiere, celebrated for its saline thermal baths. XV. {sur Sevre), dep. Vendee, 3 m. S.E. Mortagne. P. L066. Laurenzana, a town of Naples, chp. cant., 15 miles S.S.E. Potenza. P 5,000. Lauria, a town of Naples, 7 m. S.S.E. Lagonegro. P. 6,700. Lauriere, a comm. . 3,805. Lenoir, SE. co. N. C. Area, 390 sq. m. Cap. Kingston. P. 7,828. II. p-v., cap. Caldwell co. N. C, on the Yadkin. Lenola, a vill.. Naples, 16 m. N.N.W. Gaeta. P. 2,160.' Lenox, t., cap. Berkshire co. Mass. P. 1,313. II. p-t., Madison co. N. Y. P. 7,507. Lens, a coram. & town of France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, 9 m. N.E. Arras. P. 2,768. Here, in 1648, the Prince of Conde gained a signal victory over the Spanish forces. II. a vill. of Belgium, prov. Hainault, 7 ra. N.N.W. Mons. P. 1,800. III. a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Valais, 5 m. N.E. Sion. P. 1,622. Lentini (Lake of), Sicily. Lentini, a town of Sicily, 5 m. S-S.W. Catania. P. 5,100. Leny, a romantic mountain pass of Scotland, co. Perth. Lenzburg, a town of Switzerland, cant. Aargau, cap. dist., 7 m. E. Aarau. P. 1,760. Lenzen, a town of Prussian Saxony, 83 m. N.W. Potsdam. P. 3,000. Lenzkirch" (Upper & Lower), two vills. of W. Germany, Baden. Leo (San), a small town of Central Italy, Pontifical states. P. 1,200. Leoben, a town of Au.'5tria, Styria, 9 m. W.S.W. Bruck, on the Mur. P. 2,000. Leobschutz, a town of Prussian Sile- aia, 33 m. S.W. Oppeln. P. 6,230. Leogane, a maritime town of Ilayti, on its W. coast, 20 m. W. Port-au-Prince. Leominster, a town of England, co. & 12 in. N.N.W. Hereford, on the Lugg. II. t., Worcester co. Mass. P. 2,069. Leon, an old prov. & formerly a king- dom, in the N.W. of Spain. II. a city of Spain, cap. prov., on the Bernesga, 60 m. S.E. Oviedo, & 174 m. N.N.W. Mad- rid. P. 5,720. III. a comm. i vill. of France, dep. Landes. P. 1,402. IV. a city. Central America, cap. state Nica- ragua, near the N.W. extremity of the lake ('f Leon, 10 m. from the Pacific ocean. P. 25.000. It had formerly 50,000 inhabs. V. a town of the .Mexican confedera- tion, state &■ 30 m. W.N.W. Guanaxuato. • VI. a central co. of Florida. Area, 1,824 .«-q. m. Cap. Tallaha.s.-^ee. P. 11,442. VII. CO., Texas. P. 1,946. VIII. p-t.. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. P. 1,340. IX. a river of Central America, enters the Caribbean sea. L. 30 m. Leon (Isla de), a long, narrow island, S. Spain, prov. Cadiz, in the Atlantio. L. N. & .•>., 10 m., br. about 2 m. Leon, Managua (Lake of), a lake of Central America, state Nicaragua, 35 m. in length, by 15 m. in greatest br'dth. Leon (Nuevo, or New), a dep. of the Mexican confederation. Area, 21,000 sq. m. P. 101,108. Leon (St.), numerous comms. & villa, of France. Leonard (St.), a comm. & town of France, dep. H. Vienne, 11m. E. Limo- ges. P. 3,808. II. {des BlOis), a vill., dep. & on the Sarthe. P. 1,810. III. a vill., dep. Loir-et-Cher, 17 m. N. Blois. P. 1,170. Leonard's (St.), watering-place of England, co. Sussex. P. 768. — St. Leo- nard's Forest, co. Sussex, occupies about 10,000 acres. Leonardstown, p-r., cap. St. Mary's CO. Md. Leonberg, a town of Wiirtemberg, 8 m.W.N.AV. Stuttgart. P. 2,200. Leondari, a town of Greece, Morea. Leonessa, a town of Naples, prov. Abruzzo-Ult , on the Corno. P. 6,500. Leonforte, a town of Sicily, intend & 37 m. W.N.W. Catania. P. 1 1 ,000. Leonhard (St.), sovl. small towns of Germany, &c. Leoni, p-t., Jackson co. Mich. P. 1,067. II. a town of Naples, prov. Principato-Ult., 4 m. S. St. Angelo. P. 4,000. Leopoldova, & Leopoldau, two vills. of the Austrian empire. 1. S. Hun- gary', Banat, near the Danube, with 2,257 inhabs. II. Lower Austria, 5 m. N.N.E. Vienna. Leopoldstadt, a strongly fortified town of Central Hungarv, 90 m. N.W. Pesth, on the Waag. P. 1,700. Leovo, a town of S. Russia, on the Pruih, 50 m. S.W. Kishencv. P. 2,000. Lepanto, a seaport town of Greece, W. Hella.^ 12 m. N.E. Patras. P. 2,000. Lepanto (.Strait of), the entrance to the gulf of C\)rii)th, Greece. Lepe, a seaport town of Spain, prov. & 11 m. W. lluelva, near the Atlantic. P. 3,024. Lepel (New & Old), two towns of Bussian Poland. 1, cap. circ, 62 m. W.S.W. Vitebsk, with 2,700 inhabs. II. about 3 m. N.W. Now Lopel. Lepers' Isle, one of the New Heb- rides, Pacific ocean. Lepton, a tnslip., England, co. York, W\ Riding. P. 3,875. Lequeitio, a marit. town of Spain, leu] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 445 prov. Biscay, 17 m. E.N.E. Bilbao, on the bay of Biscay. P. 2,335. Le Ray. t., JefiFerson co. N. Y. P. 3,654. Lerici, a marit. town of Sardinia, on the gulf of Spezzia, 5 m. E.S.E. Spezzia. P. 5,217. Lerida, a fortified town of Spain, cap. prov. Lerida, on the Segre, 82 m. W. Bar- celona. P. 16,634. Lerin, a town of Spain, 34 m. S.S.W. Pamplona. P. 2,398. Lerins (Isles), a group of islands in the Mediterranean, belonging to France, dep. Var. Lerma, a town of Spain, 23 m. S. Bur- gos. P. 1,395. Lero, a small island of the Grecian archipelago, ofiF the coast of Asia- Minor, 35 m. S. Samos. L. 6 m., gr. br., 4 m. P. 2,000. LeRoy, p-t., Genesee co. N.Y. P. 3,472. Lerwick, the chief town of the Shet- land islands, Mainland, on Bressay sound, 21 m. N.N.E. Sumburgh Head. P. 2,287. Lesaca, a town of Spain, 28 m. N. Pamplona. P. 2,180. Lesbos, island. Grecian archip. [Mi- tylene.] Lescar, a comm. & town of France, dep. B. Pyrenees, 4 m. N.W, Pau. P. 1,796. Leschenault (Port), a marit. settle- ment & inkt of W. Australia. Leschxitz, a small town of Prussian Silesia, 21 m. S.S.E. Oppeln. P. 1,290. Lescure, two comms. & vills. of France. 1, dep. Tarn, 2 m. N.E. Albi. P. 2.070. II. dep.Ariege, 5 m. E.N.E. St. Girons. P. 1,776. Lesignano di Bagni, a vill. of Italy, 14 m. S.W. Parma, celeb, for its mineral springs. Lesina, an island of Dalamatia, 23 m. S.E. Spalatro, in the Adriatic. L. 40 m., br. 2 to 6 m. P. 12,539. Chief town Lesina. P. 2,000. 11. a town of S. Italy, Naples, 29 m. N.W. Foggia. Leslie, a bor. of barony of Scotl., co. Fife. P. 3,635. Lesneven, a comm. & town of France, iep. Finistere, cap. cant., 16 m. N.N.E. Brest. P. 2,734. Lesxo, a town of Lombardy & Venice, 11 m. S. Brescia. P. 3,400. Lesparre, a comra.e Liverpool, is the name of a headlaml, Lancaster sound, & of another bounding the inlet Liverpool bay, Arctic ocean. Liverpool Plains, a '' hilly, pictur- esque, more swampy than those of the oth r S. states. Panthers, deer, Ac, are numerous, &, alligators Hwarm in the waters. Climate in winter mild & moist; In summer hot. Country liable to vis- itations of yellow A bilious intormittoDt fevers. Soil on the rivers, very fertile, & laid out in fine plantation-. Chief products, cotton, sugar, rice, maiz , A tobacco. Oranges, wn of France, dep. Correze, 21 m. N.N.W. Brives. P. 1,431. LuBiN DEs JoNCHERETs (St.), a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Eure-et- Loire, 12 m. W. Dreux. P. 1,540. LuBLAu, a town of N. Hungary, co. Zips, on the Poprad, 15 m. N.E. Kes- mark. P. 2,100. Lublin, a prov. of Poland. Area, 11,975 sq. m. P. 1,008,292.— Lu6/m, a city of Poland, cap. gov. & prov., in a marshy tract, on 1. b. of the Bistritza, 95 m. S.E. Warsaw. P. 16,000. LuBLiNiTz, a town of Prussian Silesia, 34 m. E.N.E. Oppeln. P. 2,150. LuBNAiG (Loch), a lake of Scotland, CO. Perth. LuBxiJ, a town of Russia, 80 m. W.N.W. Poltava. P. 5,500. LuBOML, a mkt. town of Rus.sian Po- land, 38 m. N.N.W. Vladimir. P. 2.815. LuBRiN, a town of Spain, 29 m. N.E. Almeria. P. 4,815. LuBTHEEN, a mkt. town of N. Ger- many, 10 m. S.S.W. Ilagenow. P. 1,500. LuBz, a town of N. (Jermanv, on the Eldc, 8 m. E.N.E. Parchim. P' 1,874. Luc (Le), a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Var, 13 m. S.W. Draguig- nan. P. 2,805. lud] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 463 Lucas, N.W. co. 0. Arofi, 600 sq. m. Cap. Toledo. P. 12,363. LufAY-LE-MALE, a coiDm. & town of France, dep. Indre. P. 1,686. Lucca (Duchy of), a small territory of Cent r. Italy, bounded E. & S. by Tu.s- cany, "W. by the gulf of Genoa & duchy Mas.«ia; N. by Modena. Area, 435 sq. m. P. 168,198. It occupies the central valley of the Serchio, & is considered one of the finest & most fertile regions in Italy. — 'Lucca, the cap. of above duchy, is situated on the Serchio, 11m. N.E. Pisa. P. 24,092. It is well built & clean. Lucca, a vill. of Sicily. P. 3,000. Luce Bay, a broad & deep inlet of the Irish sea, S.W. coast of Scotland, co. Wigton. Luce (Sainte), a small town & coram, on the S. coast of the French W. India isl. Martinique, 13 m. S.E. Fort Royal. P. 1,226. Lucea, a maritime vill. of Jamaica, on its N.W. coast, co. Cornwall, 17^ m. W S.W. Montego. Lucea u, a comm. k vill. of France, dep. Sarthe, 21 m. S.W. St. Calais. P. 1,362. Lucena, a city of Spain. 32 m. S.S.E. Cordova. P. 16,652. II. prov. & 15 m. N.W. Castellon-de-la-Plana, on riv. Lu- cena. P. 2,903. LucENAY, several comms. & vills. of France. 1, {les Aix), dep. Nievre, 25 m. S.E. Nevers. P. 1,579. II. (/' Evique), dep. SaCme-et-Loire, 8 m. W.N.W. Autun. P. 1.221. LucENDA, a considerable town of S. Africa, cap. territory Cazembe, on W. affluent of Lake Nyassi. LucERA, a town of Naples, prov. Capi- tanata, on a height 12 miles W.N.W. Foggia. P. 11,000. Lucerne (Lake of), a lake of Switz- erland, near its centre. L. 24 m. ; br. ^ a mile to 2 m.; height of surface above the sea, 1,380 feet. Lucerne, a cant, of Switzerland, near its centre. Area, 588 sq. m. P. 124,521. Surface mountainous in the S., level in the N. Principal river, the Emmen. Lucerne, a city of Switzerland, cap. cant. Lucerne, «fc one of the three seats of the Swiss Diot, on the Reu.ss, 25 m. S.S.W. Zurich. P. 8,200. It is highly picturesque, enclosed by a wall h. II. CO., upper peninsula of Micti. P. 3.508. Cap. t. of same name. Ill r, br. of the 111. MacLean, N.E. CO. 111. Cap. Bloom- ington. Area, 1,296 square miles P. 10,163. MacLeansborough, p-v., cap. Hamil- ton CO. 111. Macleay, a navigable river of E. Australia. 468 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [mad Macleod, a lake of British N. Amer. MacMinn, S.E. CO. Tenn. Area, 608 sq. m. Cap. Athens. P. 13,906. McMiNviLLE, p-v., cap. Warren co. Tenn. McXairy, S.W. Tenn. Area, 960 sq. m. Cap. Purdy. P. 21,864. Macnean (Upper & Lower), 2 lakes of Ireland, Ulster & Connauf^ht. IVIacomb, E. CO. Mich. Area, 485 sq . m. Cap. Mount Clemens. P. 15,530. II. p-v., cap. McDonoughco. 111. III. t., Macomb co. Mich. P. 1,000. Macon-, W. co. N. C. Area, 900 sq. m. Cap. Franklin. P. 6,339. II. 8.W. CO. Ga. Area, 420 sq. m. Cap. Lanier. P. 7,052. III. E. CO. Ala. Area, 970 sq. m. Cap. Tuskegee. P. 26,898. IV. a central co. 111. Area, 1,400 sq. m. Cap. Decatur. P. 3,988. V. N. co. Mo. Area, 846 sq. m. Cap. Blooming- ton. P. 6,565. VI. CO., Middle Tenn. P. 6,948. VII. city & cap. Bibb co. Ga., 30 m. S.W. Milledgeville, on the Ockmulgee r., at the head of steamboat nav. Ships avast amount of cotton. P. 4,982. VIII. p-v., & cap. Noxubee CO. Mis.s. IX. p t., Lenawee co. Mich. P. 1,146. Macoupin co., 111., br. of the 111. r. II. S.W. CO. 111. Area, 864 sq. m. Cap. Carlinville. P. 12,355. Macowal, a town of British India, Punjab, 40 m. N.E. Loodianah. Macquarrie, a co. of New S. Wales, having S. the Manning river. Area, 2,800 sq. m. P. 1,973. Lakes numer- ous, but small. II. a considerable river of E. Australia. L. 280 m. III. a river of Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land), flows N. through the co. Soraer- eet, & join.s Lake river. IV. {Harbor)^ Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land) is on its W. coast. — (Island), S. Pacific. L. 25 m. ; br. 4 m. — (Lake), E. Australia, New S. Wales, CO. Northumberland. — {Moun- tains), a range, W. of this colony. V. {Pu7-t), a harbor of E. Australia, 190 m. N.N.E. Sydney. VI. New Zealand, is an inlet of Foveau.x strait, at the S. extremity of the Middle isl. — Macrigny is a vill of European Turkey, on the sea of Marmora, 2 m. from Con- stantinople. Macroom, a market town of Ireland, Munster. co. AV. Cork. P. 4,794. Mactan, a small isl. of the Philip- pines, Asiatic archip. Macugnaga, a vill. of Piedmont, near the head of the Val d'Anzasca, 19 m. 8.W. Domo d'Ossola. Madagascar, an inland of the Indian ocean, separated from the S.E. coast of Africa by the channel of Mozambique, situated between lat. 11° 57' (C. Amber) A 25° 38' (C. St. Mary) S., & Ion. 43° 20' (C. St. Vincent) «fc 50° 31' (C. East) E. L. 1,030 m., gr. br. 350 m. P. from 1,600,000 to 4,000,000. Surface flat on the coasts, but in the interior elevated mountains divide the island into numer- ous well-watered valleys. Climate hot on the coasts, temperate in the interior, but everywhere unfavorable to Euro- peans. The inhabitants consist of Malag- ashes, Ovas, k other tribes of Papuan, Malay, Arabian, & Kafir origin. The island is divided into 23 provs.. each hav- ing a chief subject to one of the Ovas, with the title of king, whose cap., Tana- narivo, is situate near the centre of the isl. Tamatave is the chief commercial town. Madain, a town of Asiatic Turkey, 20 m. S.E. Bagdad, on the 1. bank of the Tigris. Madapoll.^m, amarit. town of British India, presid Madras. Madarasz, a market town of Hun- gary, CO. Szabolcz, 12 m. W.S.W. Sze- gedin. P. 7,517. Madawaska, t., Aroostook, Me. Part of this place is in Canada. Madpalena (La), an island oflF the N. coast of Sr.rdinia. P. 1,200. Maddaloni, a city of Naples, prov. T. di Lavoro, 15 m. iST.N.E. Naples. P. 11,700. Maddehjee, a considerable vill. of Scinde. Maddy (Loch), a large bay of Scotl., in the Hebrides. Madeira Isles, a group in the At- lantic ocean, belonging to Portugal, from the S.AV. coast of which they are distant; 660 m. S.W. They consist of the isls. Madeira the Guapore. IV. the most S. of the Marquesas isls.. Pacific ocean. It has a harb. on its S. side. V. an island of Senegambia,* near the coast, S. of Cape Verd. VI. a bay, Lr. California. VI [. a cavern, Illyria, Carinthia. 3 m. from the cavern of Adebberg. — Santa Mas^dahna is a bay on the N.E. coast of Malta. Magdeburg, a fortified town of Prus- sia, cap. prov. Saxony, 80 m. W.S.W. Berlin, on 1. b. of the Elbe. P. 54,500. Its citadel is built on an island in the river, & it is one of the strongest fortifi cations in Germany. Mage, a town of Brazil, 16 m. E.N.E. Rio de Janeiro, on river Mage. Magenta, a town of Austrian Italy, 24 m. N.W. Pavia. P. 4,000. Mageroe, an isl. of the Arctic ocean, belonging to Norway. Maggeri, a town of Hindostan, My sore dom., 22 m. W. Bangalore. Maghera, a market town of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Londonderry. Magherafelt, a mkt. town of Irel., Ulster, CO. Londonderry. P. 1,560. Maghribee, a considerable vill. of Scinde. P. 5,000. Magistere (La), a comm. k mkt. town of France, dep. Tarn-et-Garonne. P. 1,848. Magliano, several vills. k a town of Italy. 1. Pontif. sta. P. 1.380. IL Naplc.'. prov. Abruzzo Ult. II. P. 1,400. III. {Grande), a town of Naples, 36 m. S.E. Salerno. P. 3,000. IV. {di Mondovi), Piedmont, 5 m N.W. Mon- dovi. P. 1,518. Maglie, a citv of Naples, prov. Otran- to, 19 m. E.N.E.Gallipoli. P. 3,400. Magnac- Laval, a comm. k town of Franco, dep. il. Viennc, 9 m. N.E. Bollao. P. 1.108. n. Magnac le liOurg is a mkt. town, snmo dep., 11 miles N.E. St. Yriex. P. 1,420. Magne, it Magni, a market town «% a vill. of France. ^^^op- Deux-Sevrea^ MAl] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 471 4 m W. Niort. P. 1,316. 11. dep. Orne. P. 2,892. Magnetical Island, an isl. off the E. coast of Australia, in Halifax bay. Magnus (Bay of St.), a spacious bay on the AV. coast of the mainland of Shet- land, Scotland. Magny, a coram. Jk town of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 11 m. N. Mantes. P. 1,300. Magog, a town of Persia, 56 m. N.N.W. Khoi. Magra, a river of N. Italy. Magstadt, a rakt. town of Wiirtem- berjr, 11 miles W.S.W. Stuttgart. P. 1,937. Maguelonne, a lagoon of S. France, dep. Ilerault. L. 17 miles. Mahabalipoor, & Mahabalipoobam, two towns of British India. 1, presid. Bengal. II. presid., dist. », the Pe- nobscot, Kennebec, Androscoggin, St. Croix, & St. John, which last, with the St. Francis, forms most part of the N. boundary. It has more good harbors than any other state of the Union. Pro- ducts are maize, wheat, barley, rye, fiax, pine & other timber, apples, cherries, & other fruits, & salt provisions. Annual value of wool has been estimated at 2 million dollars. Mineral products com- prise marble, iron ore, & lead. P. in 1840, 501,796; in 1850, 583,088. Ex- ports in IS.oO, $1,556,9P2; imports same year, §3.56,411. Pub. rev. §638,692 41. State debt, 8600,500. Maine has 6 repre- sentatives in Congress. There are 283 m. railways in operation & 175 m. in course of construction in the state. Prin- cipal towns, Augusta, the cap., Portland, Bangor, Bath, & Ilailowell. Maine is divided into 13 cos. It became an inde- pendent state in 1820, having previously belonged to Massachusetts. Gov. & sen- ate elected annually. Maine, an old prov. in the W. of France. II. a river of France, dep. Vendee. L. 31 m. III. a river, dep. Maine-et-Loire. Maine-et-Loire, a dep. of France, in the N.W. Area, 2,784 sq. m. Climate temperate. Surface diversified by hills A plains. P. 515,452. Maintenon, a comm. & town of France, dep. Eure-et-Loire, 10 m. N.N. E. Chartres. P. 1,442. Maisdon, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Loire Inf., 13 m. S.E. Nantes. P. 2,100. Mai.sdy & Maissy, two towns of India. 1. Berar dom., 30 m. N. Ellichpoor. II. 52 m. N. Patna. Maisons, 2 comms. & vills. of France. 1. {M. sur- Seine), dep. Seine-et- Oise, 10 m. N. Versailles. II. {M. Al- fort), dep. Seine. Maitea, one of the Society isls., Pa- cific, E. Tahiti. Circuit 8 m. Maitland (East largest of the Balearic island.s, Mediterranean, belong- ing to Spain, whence it is distant 110 miles S.E. Area, 1,430 sq. miles. P. 181,805. Cap. Palma. Majori, a marit. town, Naples, 6 m. W.S.W. Salerno. P. 2,800. Majumba, a marit. town of Africa, 100 m. N.W. Loango. Majunga, a marit. town of Mada- gascar. Makallah, a seaport town of Arabia, on its S. coast, in a small bay, 300 m. E.N.E. Aden. P. about 4,500. Makahiev, two towns of Russia. I. 46 m. E S.E. Nijnii Novgorod, on the Volga. P. 2,350. II. 110 m. E. Kos- troma, cap. dist. P. 2,850. Makariko, a town of Russia, 60 m. E.S E. Nijnii Nvogorod, on 1. b. of the Volga. Makhnovka. a town of Russia, 95 m. W.S.W. Kiev. P. 5,000. Makian, a small volcanic isl., Malay archipelago, off the E. coast of Qilolo. Circ. 18 m. Makiniyat, a straggling vill. of Cent. Arabia, 120 m. W.S.W. Mu.scat. Makkum, a mkt. town of the Nether- lands, on the Zuyder Zee, 9 m. S. Uar- lingen. P. 1,850. Mako, a market town of E. Hungary, on the Maros. P. 17,148. Makov, a town of Poland, prov. & 63 m. E.N.E. Plock. P. 4.000. II. a town of Russia, 9 m. N. Kameuetz. P. 1,420. Makowar, two islands of the Red sea. 1, off the coast of Nubia, near a small port of the same name II. or Emer- ald isl., off the coa.00. Malgrat, a seaport town of Spain, 37 m. N.E. Barcelona. P. 2,839. Malguenac, a comm. Sc vill. of France, dep. Morbihan, 4 m. W. Pontivy. P. 2,009. Malham, a township of England, co. York, AV. Riding. Malicorne, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Sarthe, cap. cant., 8 m. N. La Fleche, on I. b. of the Sarthe. P. 1,094. 474 CYCLOPAEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [mam Malik IT e ad, a promontory of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Donegal. Malinooka, a market town of Russia, 23 m. E S.E. Kharkov. P. 2,000. , Mallavilly, a town of S. India, My- ; sore doin., 25 in. E. Seringapatain. Mallemort, acoinin. & vill.of France, dep. Bouches-du-IlhCine. P. 2,150. j Mallicollo, an isl. of Pacific ocean. New Hebrides. Estiui. area, 600 sq. m. —Another isl. 300 m. N. (properly Ma- niccllo.) Mallow, a town & watering-place of ■■ Ireland, Munster, co. & 17 in. N.N.W. Cork. P. 9,965. Malmaisok, a chateau in France, dep. Seine, 4h m. AV. Paris, celebrated as having been the i'avorite residence of the empress Josephine. Malmedy, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 25 m. S. Aix-la-Chapelle, on the Warge. P. 4,090. Malmesbury, a town of England, co. Wilts. P. 2,367. Malmisk, a town, Russia, gov. Yiatka, 80 m. N.N.E. Kasan, on the Viatka. P. 2,000. Malmo, a \xn of Sweden, at its S.W. extremity. Area, 1,781 sq. miles. P. 221,670. Malmo, a strongly fortified town of S. Sweden, on the sound, 16 m. E.SE. Co- penhagen. P. 8,769. Malo, a mkt. town of Austrian Italy, 10 m. N.W. Vicenza, on the Torlo. P. 3,950. Malo (St.), a fortified seaport town & coram, of France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine. on the English channel, 40 m. NN.W. Ren- nes. P. 8,469. Maloi, several small towns of Russia. 1. {Archano;elsk), 46 m. S E. Orel. P. 1^300. II. (M. didskaja), Don Cossack countrv, 230 m. N.E. Tcherkask. P. 2.500. III. (Jlf. Jaroslavitz), gov. & 33 m. N. Kaluga, on the Lusha. Malone, p-t., Franklin co. N. Y. P. 4,549. Malonno, a vill. of Aui^trian Italy, 42 m. N E. Dergarao. ¥. 1,600. Maloo, a town of N.W. Ilindostan, dom. & 25 m. W. Shirliind. Malpartida-de-Caceres, a market town of Spiin, prov. . side of the isthmus of Pan.ama. Mandingo Country, W. Africa, Sene- gambi.i, is mostly between lat. 10° & 14° N., & Ion. 13°&'16°W. Mandow, a ruined city of India, dom. & 35 m. S.W. Indore. Manduel, a conira. & vill. of France, dep. (5ard. P. 1,519. Manduria, a town of Naples, 54 m. W.N.W. Otranto. P. 5,200. Manerbio, a town of Austrian Italy, 13 m. S.S.W. Brescia, on the Mella. JP. 3,232. Maneroo, a dist. of E. Australia, New S. Wales & Vietoria. Estim. area, 10,000 sq.ra. P. L916. Manetin, a town of Bohemia, 18 m. N.X.W. Pilsen. P. 1,112. Maxfalout, a town of Upper Egypt, cap. dep.. on 1. b. of the Nile, 20 m. N.W. Siout. Manfouah, a town of Arabia, 450 m. N.E. Mecca. Manfredonia, a fortfd. seaport town of Naples, on a bay of the Adriatic, 22 m. N.E. Foggia. P. 5,000. Manfredonia (Gulf of), an inlet of the Adriatic sea, in S. Italy, Naples, 15 m. in length, & 30 m. wide. Manga, a town of Brazil. P. 3,000. Mangalore, a seaport town of British Ind., on the Malabar coast, 80 m. N.N.W. Cananore. P. 30,000. Mangaratiba, a maritime town of Brazil, 53 ra. W.S.W. Rio-de- Janeiro. Manglieux, a coram. & vill. of France, dep. Puy-de-Dume, 18 m. S.E. Clermont- Ferrand. P. 1,660. Manhattanville, vill.. New York co. 8 m. N. city hall. P. 600. Manheim, p-t., Herkimer co. N. Y. P. 1.902. II. p-t., Lancaster co. Pa. P. 1,829. in. t., Schuylkill co. Pa. P. 3,441. IV. t., York co. Pa. P. 1,.52.'). Mania.s, a vill. of A.sia-Minor, Ana- tolia, 55 m. W.S.W. Bru.sa. Manica, a town A petty state of S.E. Africa, tributary to the Portuguese, the town 140 m. X.W. .Sofala. Manice, a river of E. Africa, falls into the N. side of Delagoa ba^'. L. 50 in. Manickpoor, a town of Hindo.stan, on the (Jaiiges, 80 tn. SS.E. Lucknow. Manicouagan, a river, lake, & bay of Lower Canada. Manikyala, a vill. of the Punjab, 145 m. N.W. Lahore. Manila, a fortified city of the Philip- pines, & the cap. of the Spaniiih posses- sions in the Ea.>t, »»n the S.W. coast of the isliind Luzon, at the head of the bay of Manila. Lat. of cathe.lral, 14° 35' N., Ion. 121° 2' 4" E. P. 15,000, but inclu- ding the populous suburbs, upwards of 140,000. Manila has a university, a missionary college, numerous schools A hospitals, & a large gov. cigar factory. Its harbor is impeded by a bar with 13 feet of water at low ebb. Manimajra, a town of British India, Punjab territory, 3,910 feet, & 60 m. N.E. Loodianah. Manipa, a small island, Malay archi- pelago, about 20 m. in circuit. Manisa, a town of Asia-Minor, Ana- tolia, on the N. side of Mount Sipylus, 23 m. N.E. Smyrna. P. 12,000.(7) Manistee, co. Mich., the N.E. shore Lake Michigan (unorganized). Manitoba Lake, British N. America, immediately S.W. of L. Winnipeg. L. 110 miles, br. 25 m. Manitouwoe, N.E. co. Wis. Area, 468 sq. m. P. 3,702. II. p-v., cap. of the above co. Maniyas-Gal, a lake of Asia-Minor, about 10 miles S. the peninsula of Cyzi- cus. Manjanik, a ruined city, Persia, 60 m. S.E. Shuster. Manjee, a town of British India, 44 m. N.W. Patna. Mankiam, a small isl., Malay arch- ipelago, off the W. coast of Gilolo. Manlius, p-t., Onondaga co. N. Y. P. 6,298. Manliu.s Centre, in the above t., is a V. with 300 inhabs. Mannedorf, a vill. of Switzerland, ou the L. of Ziirich. 11 m. S.E. Zurich. P. 2,350. Mannersdorf, several market towns of Austria. Mannhartsberg, a wooded mountain range of Anstria, terminates near the Danube, about 25 m. W.N.W. Vienna. Mannheim, a town, W. Germany, grand duchy Baden, cap. circ. Lower Rhino, on the Rhino, 34 m. N. Carlsruhe. P. 1,700. The cheapnes.s of living has attracted hither permanently about 300 Engli.sh families. Manningham, a tnshp. of England, CO. York, W. Riding. P. 5,622. Mannington, t., Salem co. N. J. P. 2,064. Manninotreb, a mkt. town of Engl., MAll] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 411 CO. Essex. 9* m. S.S.AV. Ipswich, & E.N.E. Colchester. P. 1,255. Mannu, a river of the island of Sar- dinia. L. 40 ra. — Cape Mannu, Sardinia, is near the centre of its W. coast. Makoe, a small isl. of Denmark, 10 m. W.S.W. Kibe. P. 50 families. Man'opello, a town of Naples. 9 m. S.W. Chieti. P. 2,400. Manor, p-t., Lancaster co. Pa. P. 4,152. Manor-Hamilton, a market town of Ireland, Connaught, co. Leilrim. P. 1,507. Manosque, a comm. & town of France, cap. dep. B. Alpes, 30 m. S.W. Dio^ne. P. 4,714. Manresa, a town of Spain, 30 m. N.N.W. Barcelona. P. 13,339. Mans (Le), a comm. go, in the Celebes sea. Maravaca (Mount), S. America, Co- lombian Guiana, is from 10,000 to 11,000 feet in height. Maravi, a lake of Africa. II. a port of Cuba, on the X. coast, near its E. end, at the mouth of the river Maravi. Marbach, two towns of S. Germany. 1. Wiirtemberg, on the Xeckar, 15 m. S. Heilbronn. P. 2,340. II. a town of Lower Austria, on the Danube. ]\Iarbella, a walled town of Spain, 29 m. S.W. Malaga. P. 5,850. Marblehead, t., & port of entry of Mass., 18 m. X.E. Boston. It has a good harbor. Tonnage, 4,351 51. P. 6,177. Marble Island, Hudson bay, Brit. X. Amer. Marbletown, a town, Ulster co. X. Y., on the Delaware & Hudson canal, 7 m. S.W. Kingston. P. 3,839. Marboz, a comm. & town of France, dep. Ain. P. 2,410. Marburg, a town of Il.-Casscl, on the Lahn, 48 m. S.AV. Cassel, P. 7,954. i If. a town of Austria, Styria. on the Dravc, 36 miles SS.E. Gratz. P. 4,500. Marc (St.), a town of Hayti, on its W. coast, 44 m. X.X.W. Port Republi- cain. — St. Marc le Blanc is a town of France, dep. Illc-et-Vilaine, 9 m. W. Fougeres. Marcaria, a town of Austrian Italy, 13 m. W.S.W. Mantua, on the Oglio. P. 3,000. Marcel (St.), a comm. ;table co. Ma?,^. An ancient settlement of the Indians, & still occnpied by their descendants of a mi.ved blood. P. 300. Marsico Xuovo, an episcopal city of Naples,- 18 lu. S. Potenza. P. 7,400.— Marsico Vctere is a town, 4 m. E.S.E. MnrsicoNuovo. P. 3,000. Marsigliana, a vill. of Tuscany, 19 m.S.E. (Iro.^seto. P. 2,000. Marsillargues, a coniin. & town of France, dep. Jlerault, 15 m. E.N.E. Montpellier. P. 3,429. jMarsivan, a laro;c vill. of Asia-Minor, 24 m. W.X.W. Amasia. It is stated to comprise 5,000 houses. Marstal, a seaport town of Denmark, duchv S<-hleswi<;. on the E. eosist of the island .Eroe, in the Baltic. P. 2,100. Mar .STRAND, a seaport town of W. Sweden, 20 ni. N.W. Gothenbursr, on an i.sbind in the Katte.2;at. P. 1,200. Martaban, a frontier town of the Burmese dora., cap. prov., on the Saiuen river, near its mouth, 10 m. N.W. Maul- main. Martaban (Gulf op-), an inlet of the bav of Beuijal. Martan'o, a town of S. Italv, Naples, 12 m. W.N.W. Otranto. P. 2,500. Martee-Khan-Ka-Tanda, a town of Scinde, near the Indus, 16 m. S.W. Khyr- poor. M.\RTEL, a comm. & town of France, dep. Lot, 35 m. N.N.E. Cahors. P. 1,776. Marthalen, a vill. of Switzerland, 18 ni. N.N.E. Ziirich, near the Rhine. P. 1,140. .Martha's Vineyard, an island, lies off the S. shore of Mas.S!ichusetts. AV.N.W. of Nantucket island. It i.«! 21 ni. in lenj^th, &, contains 3 towns, Edgartown being the cap. Martie, town, Lancaster co. Pa. P. 2,453. IMartignano, a vill. of Austrian Italy, deleg. ivoly from the W. to the sea, where it teriuinatcs in the peninsula of C;ipe Cod : the state comprises tiie i, town of France, dep. Ardeche, 14 m. S.W. Tour- non. on the Doux. P. 2,432. Mastuch, a town of Central Asia. Ma.stura, a town nf Arabia, Iledjaz, near the Red sea, 140 m. S.S.W. Medina. Masui-ii'ATAM, a dist of British India, presid. Madras, having E. the bay of Bengal. Area, 4,810 sq. m. P. 332,039. — MasnUpatairiy the cap., on the Coro- mandel coast, is 220 in. N.N.E. Madras. Mata. a lake of Brazil, ])rov. & 170 m. S.S.W. Maranham. L. 20 m. II. a river of E. Africa, enters the channel of Mozambique. Matagorda, a small seaport town of Te.vas, at the month of the Colorado, in Matagorda bay, 85 m. S.W. Houston. It has a brisk foreign trade. The bay is an inlet of the gulf of Mexico, 55 m. in length av. br. 7 m., S.W. is Matagorda island. Matala (Cape), the most S. hea-, with a port on the Zuyder-Zee, 9 m. N.W. Enkhuysen. P. 2 S07.— J/ee- dcn is a vill., 9 m. N.W. Delfzvl. P. 1,174. Medford, t., Middlesex co. Mass. P. 3,449. Medgyes, a town of Transylvania, Saxonland, 37 miles E. Karlsburg. P. 5,900. Media, a country of .antiquity, com- prising the N. «fc W. pro vs. of the modern Persian dom. Medicina, a large town of N. Italy, Pontif. sta., 15 m. E. Bologna. P. 6,700. Medina, a river of England, Isle of Wight. Medina, a fortified city of Arabia, in the Hedjaz, 24ij m. N. Mecca. P. 13,- 000. (7) Mohammed fled from Mecca to Medina a.d. 662, &, from this epoch, calleil the Hegira, the Mussulmans reck- on dates. Medina, several towns of Spain. 1. {de las Torres), 43 m. SS E. Bad.ijos. P. 2,370. II. {del Campo). 28 m. S.S.W. Valladolid. P. 2,760. III. {de Po- mar), 38 m. N.N.E. Burgos. P. 1,248. IV. {de Rio Scco). 25 m. N.W. Val- ladolid, on the Sequillo. P. 4,700. Medina, N. co. 0. Area, 425 sq. m. P. 24,441.— il/ec/inrt, vill., the cap. is 117 m. from Columbus. P. 700. Medinaceli, a town of Spain, 33 m. S. Soria, near the Jalon. P. 1,500. Medina-Sidonia, a city of Spain, 22 m. S.E. Cadiz. P. 10,534. Medinet Abu, a vill. of Upper Egypt. Medinet-el-Favoum, a town of Cen- tral Egypt, cap. prov. Fayoum, 52 m. S.S.W. Cairo. Estimated p. 5,000. Mediterranean, an inland sea, en- closed by Asia on the E., Africa on the S., & Europe on the N., & communicates with the Atlantic by tho strait of Gibral- tar on the W., situated between lat. 30° 20' & 43° N. The winds of this sea arc very variable ; tho tides are little felt & very irregular. Mediterranean, is a name applied generally to all sesis nearly surrounded by land, as tho Baltic. Mediyad, a .small town of Turkish Di.irl>ckir, 35 m. S. Sert. Medjerda, a river of N. Africa, Al- geria Si, Tunis. L. 200 m. Medjiboj, a town of Russian Poland, on the Bug, 55 m. N.E. Kamenetz. P 4,000. mek] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 491 Mednoi, ar. island belonging to Rus- sia, in Behring sea, E. of Behring island. L. 30 m. ; bi*. 5 ni. MEnoc, an old dist. of France, in tho N.W. of Guyenne. IMedreac, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. lUe-et-Vilaine, 10 in. N.N.W. Mont- fort. P. 2,123. Medvejii-Ostrova. two groups of islands in Asiatic Russia. Medvieditza, a river of Russia, Don- Cossnck country, after a S.W. course of 300 miles, joins the Don. Length 330 miles. Medway. a river of England. II. t., Norfolk CO. Mass. P. 2,278. Medynsk, a town of Russia, 40 m. N.N.AV. Kaluga. P. 2,000. Medzibox, a town of Prussian Silesia, 35 m. N.E. Breslau. P. 1,310. Meegissee, unorganized CO. Mich., E. of Grand Traverse bay. Meen (St ), a comm. it vill. of France, dep Ille-et-Vilaine, lOm.W.N.W. Mont- fort. P. 1,395. Meengana, a town of the Punjab, 20 m. W. Jhung. Meerane, a town of Saxony, 21 m. W. Chemnitz. P. 5,470. Meerat, a town of Hindostan, 42 m. W.N.W. Ajraeer. Meergurh, a town of ^Y. Hindostan, 72 m. E.S E. Bhawlpoor. Meerhout, a comm. & vill. of Bel- gium, 15 miles S.E. Turnhout. P. 3,250. Meerpoor, a town of Scinde, near the Pingaree, a branch of the Indus, 45 m. S. Hyderabad. P. 10,000. II. a town, Punjab, 115 m. N.W. Lahore. Meersbuhg, a town of Baden, 5 m. N.E. Constance. Meerssex, a town of the Netherlands, 4 m. N.E. Maestricht. P. 2,008. II. a vill. of Belgian Limbourg, 3 m. E. Mae.^tricht. P. 1,826. !Meerut, a dist. of British India, pre- sid. Bengal. Area, 2,250 sq.m. — Mcerut the cap. (if dist., is 35 m. N.E. Delhi, on an iiffl of the Ganges. Mees (Les). a C'>nim. r. of barony of Scotl., CO. Ro.xburjih, on the Tweed, 11 miles N.N.W. Jedburgh. Mels, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. St. Gall. P. 1,000. Melsungen, a town of Germany, II.- Cassel, on the Fulda, 13 m. S. Cassol. P. 4,020. M£LTON-MowBRAv, a market town of men] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 493 England, co. *ia, cap. prov Khorassan. P. 50,000. It stands in a fertile plain, is enclosed by strong walls. Mesjid, several towns of Asiatic Tur- key, formerly an im- portant city of Greece, Morea, gov. Mes- senia. 16 m. S.E. Kyparissia. Messenia, a gov. of Greece, consist- ing of the S.W. peninsula of the Morea. Messina, a city & seaport of Sicily, cap. intend., on the strait of Messina, 8 m. N."\y. Reggio. P. 83,772. It is built on the W. side of a noble harbor, en- closed by old walls ; has wide handsome streets, paved with lava, & lined with white stone houses. — The strait of Mes- sina separates Sicily from S. Italy, & unites two basins of the Mediterranean. L. N. to. S. 22 in., br. 10 m. to 2i m., at its N. extremity, between the Faro tower, Sicily, & the rock of Scylla. Messines, a town of Belgium, 6 m. S. Ypres. P. 1,500. Me.s.si.';, a large vill. of Asia-Minor, pnsh. & 18 m. E. Adana. ^Iestanza, a town of Spain, 30 m. S.S.W. Ciudad-Real. P. 2,670. Me.'^tchovsk, a town of Russia, 40 m. W.S.W. Kaluga. MEffTRE, a town of Austrian Italy, 5 in. N.W. Venice. P. 6,000. Mesurada (Cape), a headland of Li- beria, W. Aliica. — Mesurada River, W. Africa, flow.^i S.V*'. 300 m., k eutors the Atlantic at Monrovia. Meslrata, a marit. toy\-n of N. Africa, dom. «t 112 m. E.S.E. Tripoli, at the en- trance of the gulf of Sidra. — Cape il/csu- rata. near it, is in lat. 32° 25' N., Ion. 15° 10' E. Meta, a river of S. Araer., New Gra- nada, rises about 40 m. S. Bogota, k joins the Orinoco, after a N.E. course of 500 miles. Metal, t., Franklin co. Pa. P. 1,113. Metapa, a town of Central Amer., state re7?ne), comm. nsist of about 400 grottoes excavated in a moun- tain, & inhabited by a sect of schismatio Mohammedans. min] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. i03 Minas-Geraes, a prov. of Brazil, having E. Bahia. Area, estirn. 253,600 fq. m. P. 730,000. It occupies t!ie highest table-hmd in Brazil, & is the must populous of its provinces. MiNAs Novas, a modern town of Bra- zil, prov. jMinas Geraes, 230 m. N.N.E. Ouro Preto. P. 3,000. MiNAVA, a town of Spain, 31 m. N.W. Alb;iccte. P. 2,312. MiNCARLO, one of the Scilly islands, 4 m. W. St. Mary's. MiNCHiNHAMPTON, a mkt. town of En, 64,0U0 sq. in. Pup. in 1S40, 383.702, of whom 58,210 were slaves ; in 1850, 682,044, of whom 87,- 422 are slaves. Surface very much di- versifieiJ, mostly undulating, & covered with prairies. Along the banks of the Osage, &, N. the ^Missouri river, which in- tersects the state from W. to E., there is a good deal of rich land. Vegetable pro- ducts comprise tobacco, cotton, maize, wheat, rye, oats, barley, & the soil «t cli- mate adapt the country to yield all the products of the S. states, except sugar. Large herds of cattle, hogs, & horses are reared, & beef, pork, tallow, hides, & live stock, with lead, furs, timber, & maize, constitute the chief exports. A very rich mineral district extends over about 3,000 sq. m., around Potosi, & the lead pro- duced in 1640 amounted to upwards of 5.295,000 lbs., besides which, iron, coal, antimony, zinc, manganese, & cobalt, are obtained. State debt (1850), $922,261. Public rev. about $400,000. Imports. $359,643. The state is divided into 106 COS., & sends 7 representatives to Cong. 249 miles railw. in course of construction. Constitution formed in 1820. Gov. «fc lieut.-gov. & senators elected for four years. Principal towns, St. Louis, St. Charles, Jackson, Winchester, New Ma- drid, & Louisiana. Cap. Jetferson city. Constituted a territory in 1804, & admit- ted into the Union in 1821. II. t., Boone co. Mo. P. 3,000. Mistaken Point, the S.E. extremity of Newfoundland, 65 m. S.S.W. St. John's. Mlstek, a town of Moravia, 50 m. E.N.E. Olmutz. P. 2,610. MisTELBACH, a town of Lower Aus- tria, on the Laya, 27 m. N.N.E. Vienna. P. 2,468. MisTERBiANCo. a town of Sicily, 4 ra. N.W. Catania. P. 3,000. Mlstissinny (Lake), British North America. L. N.E. to S.W. 60 m. ; gr. br.. 30 m. MiSTRA, a town of Greece, Morea, 30 m. S. Tripolitza. About 6 m. N.E. are the remains of ancient S])arta, scattered for al)out a mile over five low hills. P. 1,500. Mi&TRETTA, a town of Sicily, 67 m. W S.W. Messina, on the Kegitano. P. 8,400. MiTAu, or MiTTAU, a town of Russia, on the Aa, 26 m. S.W. Riga. P. 28,100. MiTciiELLSTOWN, a mkt. town of Ire- land, Munster, co. &■ 25 m. N.N.E. Cork. MiTiA, an island. Pacific ocean. MiTLA, avill.of the Mexican confed., state & 26 m. E. Oaxaca. Mitre Lsland, Pacific ocean, Iat. of S.E. point, 11°55'S., Ion. 170° 20 W. MiTRi, a walled town of Beloochistan, N. of Bhag. MiTROwicz, a mkt. town of the Au-s- trian dominions, Slavonian military fron- tier, 24 m. S.S.W. Peterwardein. P. 5,200. MiTTELWALDE, two towns of Prussian Silesia, reg. Breslau. 1, on the Neis. cape, on the N. coa.st of Jamaica. P. 4,000. Monte-Grakaro, a vill. of Central Italy, Pontif. sta., 6 m. N.W. Fermo. P. 4,000. Montegrosso d'Asti, a mkt. town of Piedmont, 6 m. S.S.E. A.sti. P. 2,177. MoNTEHERMOso, a town of Spain, 52 m. N. Caceres. P. 2,860. MoNTEiTH, a picturesque dist. of Scot- land, in S.W. of the co. Perth. L. 24 m. 22* MoNTEJAQUE, a town of Spain, 4 m. W. Ronda. P. 1,363. MoNTEjicAR, a town of Spain, 27 m. E.N.E. Granada. P. 2,455. MoNTELEONE, a town of Naples, cap. dist., 11 m. E. Tropea. P. 2,500. II, a town, 7 m. S.W. Bovino. P. 2,500. MoNTELiMAR, a city of France, dep. Drome, 26 m. S. Valence. P. 6,366. MoNTELLA. a town of Naples, cap. cant., 12 m. E.S.E. Avellino. P. 5,800. MoNTELLANO, a town of Spain, 32 m. S.S.E. Sevilla. P. 4,013. MoNTELUPO, a mkt. t. of Tuscnny, 12 m. W S.W. Florence. P. 1,370.— jl/on^e Luponc is a mkt. town of Pontif. sta., 6i m. NN.E. Macerata. P. 3,660. Monte Maggiore, a mkt. town of Sicily, 29 m. S.E. Palermo. P. 5,860. Monte-Marano, a town of Naples, cap. cant , 10 m. E. Avellino. P. 1,800. Monte Marciano, a mkt. town, Italy, Pontif. sta., 10 m. W.N.W. Ancona. P. 4,485. Monte-Mayor, a town of Spain, 14 m. S S.E. Cordova. P. 3,192. Monte-Miletto, a town of Naples, 9 m. N.E. Avellino. P. 2,400.— Mo/j/emi- lone is a mkt. town, 9 m. E.N.E. Venosa. MoNTEMOR, 2 towns of Portugal. I. (0-iYoro), 22 m. W.N.W. Evora. P. 3,000. II. {0-Velho), 12 m. W.S.W. Coirabra. P. 2,550. MoNTENDRE, a comm. &> mkt. town of France, dep. Charente Inf., 11 m. S. Jonzac. P. 1,041. Montenegro, a small independent country of European Turkey, bounded E. by Herzegovina A Austrian Albania (Cattaro) & on the other sides by Turk- ish Albania. Area, 450 sq. m., & p. 100,000. Montenotte, a vill. of Sardinia, 26 m. W. Genoa. Here the French defeat- ed the Austrians 11th April, 1796. Monte- Pag ANO, a mkt. town of Na- ples, near the Adriatic, 15 m. E. Te- ramo. Montepeloso, a town of Naples, 24 m. E.N.E. Potenza. P. 3,100. MoNTEPULCiANO, a town of Central Italy, Tuscany, 26 m. S.W. Arezzo. P. 2,814. MoNTEREALE, a towu of Naples, 14 m. N.W. Aquila. P. 5,600. MoNTEREAu, a comm. ort town of Scotl., CO. Forfar, 34 m. S.W. Aberdeen, on a penin.sula between M(mtro.''e basin ^, cap. cant., 21 ra. E. Alen^on. P. 4,392. II. a omm. & town, dep. Manche, 45 m. S.W. St. Lo. P. 1,614. III. a comm. & town, dep. Nord. P. 1,318 IV. {M. sur Gironde), dep. Charcnto Inf P. 1,436. V. {M. sur S'inre), a comm. & town, dep. Vendee. P. 1,404. MoRTARA, a town. Piedmont, 25 m. N.N.E. Alessandria. P. of comm. 5,316. MoRTfiAu, a oomm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Doubs 16 m. N.E. Pontar- lier. P. 1,550. MoRTEFONTAiNi, a comm. (t vill. of France, dep. Oise. MoRTESo, a small isl. of Dalmatia, 26 m. S.E. Zara, in the Adriatic. MoRTLOCK Islands, a group of small islands in the Pacific ocean, N. of the Solomon isles. MoRTREE, a comm. & mkt. town of Franco, dep. Orne, 14 m. N. Alenf on. P. i,.590. MoRTY Isle, Malay archipelago, is off the N.E. extremity of Gilolo. L. 60 m. ; av. br. 25 m. — The strait of Morty, between it ct Gilolo, is 30 m. across. MoRUMBiDGEE, a riv. of Australia, joins the riv. Murray. L. 1,000 m. MoRVAN, an old divis. of France, in the Nivernais. MosALASK, a town of Russia, 48 miles W. Kalouga. P. 1,200. MosBACH, several small towns of Ger- many. 1, grand duchy of Baden, 32 m. E.S.E. Mannheim. P. 2,400. II. on the Rhine, 2 m. S Wiesbaden. MosBOROUGH, a twnshp. of England, co. Derby. P. 1,044. MosBURG, a town of Upper Bavaria, 29 m. N.E. Miinehen. P. 1,739. MoscHENiTZA, a maritime vill. of Is- tria, 12 m. S.W. Fiume. MoscHiANO, a town of Naples, 11m. N.E. Terauio. P. 1,500. MoscHiN, a town of Prussian Poland, S. Posen. P. 1,020. MoscisKA, a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia, 16 m. E. Przeraysl. P. 2.900. Moscow, a gov. of Cent. Russia. Area, 12,380 .«q. m. P. 1,374,700. Surface an extended plain with few undulations. Moscow (Russ. Moskica), a city of Europe, former cap. of Russia, and now of the gov. Moscow, near its centre, on the Moskwa, 397 m. S.E. St. Peters- burg, in lat. (Ivan Veliki) 55° 4.^' 13" N., Ion. 37° 37' 54" E. P. 350,000. Elev. 781 feet. It covens a large circular area, & consists of the Kremlin, or cita- del, surrounded by other quarters, en- closed by wallvS, beyond wliich are several suburbs. Since 1812, it lias boen relniilt on a regular plan, but it is still imistly of wood. The principal edifices were the Kremlin, the ancient residence of the Czars, A now npiaced by a magnificent structure, the new Kremlin, completed in 1850, & ornitinentod with the finest statuary &, sculpture ; the orplian ho.«pi- tal, bazaar, cathedral, k the church of the Annunciation, in v.iiicli the sove- reigns of Russia are re-oruwued. TUa mot] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 521 great bell of Moscow, the largest ever founded, 21 feet high, 20 feet in diameter, & weighing 1,600 tons, long buried under the soil, was raised & placed on a ped- estal in 1S36. Moscow is the residence of the wealthiest & most ancient noble families, the seat of a seo*. II. Moulins Engilbert, a comm. & town, dep. Nievre, on the Gaza, 30 m. E. Nevers. P. 1,542. MouLTON, p-v., cap. Lawrence co. Ala. MouLTONBOROUGH, t., CarroU co. N.II. P. 1,752. Mount Carmel, p-v., cap. Wabash co. 111. P. 1,200. Mount Clemens, p-v., cap. Macomb CO. Mich. Mount Desert, isl.. Me. L. 15 m. ; br. 12 m. It ha.s several good harbors. II. t., llanc<.ck co. Mo. P. 1,887. Mount Edgecumbk, Engl., co. Corn- wall, is a hilly promontory. II. a mntn. of New Zealand, N. isl., about 10,000 feet above the sea. amount Holly, t., Rutland co. Vt. P. 1.356. II. p-v., cap. Burlington co. N. J. P. 1,000. Mount Hope, p-t., Orange co. N. Y. P. 1,512. II. bay, R. I. in the N.E. part of Narragansett bay. III. hill, Bristol, R. I. It was the residence of King Philip. Mount Joy, t., Adams co. Pa. P. 1,031. II. p-t., Lancaster CO. Pa. P. 2,375. Mount-Leinster, a mntn. of Ireland, Leinster, co. Carlow, 2,610 feet elev. Mount Marcy, highest peak of the Adirondack mountain, Essex co. N. Y Elev., 5,467 feet. Mount- Mellick, a mkt. town of Ire- land, Leinster, 6 m. N.AV. Maryborough. P. 4,755. Mount Mitchell, the loftiest summit of the Darling Downs, E. Australia. Mount Morris, p-t., Livingston co. N.Y. P. 4,531. Mount of Olives, a celebrated hill of Palestine, immediately E. Jerusalem. Mount Pleasant, t., Westchester co. N. Y. P. 3,323. II. t., Adams co. Pa. P. 1,588. III. p-t., Westmoreland co. Pa. P. 2,123. IV. t., Wayne co. Pa. P. 1,359. V. t., Washington co. Pa. P. 1,203. VI. p-t., Jefferson CO. N.Y. P. 1,667. VII. p-v., cap. Harlan co. Ky. VIII. p-v., cap. Martin co. la. IX. p-v., cap. Henry co. Iowa. P. 500. Mountrath, a mkt. town of Ireland, Leinster, Queen's co. P. 3,000. Mount's Bay, an inlet of the Atlantic, extreme S.W. coast of Engl., co. Corn- wall. Mount Seward, mntns., a group of the Adirondack mountains, Franklin co. N. Y., 4,000 feet high. Mount-Sorrel, a mkt. town of Eng- land, CO. Leicester. Mount Sterling, p-v., k cap. !Mont- gomcry co. Ky. P. 600. II. p-v., cap. Brown CO. 111. Mount Tom is near Northampton, Ma<8. Mount Vernon, t., Kennebec co. Me. P. 1,475. Mount Vernon, Va., 6 m. below Alex- andria, on the Potomac, was the seat of George Washington. II. p-v., cap. Montgomery co. Ga. -III. p-v., cap. St. France-s co. Ark. IV. p-., cap. Rockcastle co. Ky. V. p-v., cap. Knox CO. 0. VI. p-v., cap. Posey co. MUC] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 623 la. P. 1,000. VII. p-v., cap. Jeffer- son CO. 111. MouRA & MouRAO, two towDS of Por- tugal, both near theGuadiana. 1, 32 m. S..S.E. Evora, with 4,000 inhabs. II. 29 m. S.E. Evora. P. 2,200. MouRA, a town of Brazil, on the Rio Negro, 47 W.N.W. Airao. MouRiES, a coinm. & vill. of France, dep. IJ.-du-RhOne, 6 m. S.S.E. St. Remy. P. 1,850. MouuoM, a town of Russia, 72 m. S.E. Vladimir, on the Oka. P. 6,000. MouRoux, a conim. & vill. of France, dep. Scine-et-Marne, 2 m. W.N.W. Cou- lommiers. P. 2,010. MouRZUK, a city of Africa, cap. of Fezzan. P. 3,500. MouscRON, a vill. of Belgium, near Menin. MousTiERs, a coram. artificial island Desima, off the shore, & only 600 feet in length by 240 feet across. Nangis, a comm. & town of France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, 13 m. W. Provins. P. 1,719. Nanjimoy, p-v., Charles co. Md., on bay of same name. Xaxka 1sland.s, a group of islets of the Asiatic archipelago, in the strait of Banc a. Nankin, city, & ancient cap. of China, cap. prov., near the Yang-tze-kiang, 90 m.from its mouth. P. 400,000. Its ancient walls can be traced over hill ct dale for 35 m., but the modem walls are of much less extent, & the city scarcely occupies l-8th part of the surface enclosed by them. It is divided, as usual in Chinese cities, into a Chinese vill. of France, dep. Lozere, 16 m. N.W. Marvejols. P. 1,300. Nasca, a marit. town of Peru, on the Pacific, 30 m. S.E. Palpa. Nash, N.E. co. N. C. Area, 640 sq. m. Cap. Nashville. P. 10,657. Nashawenna, one of the Elizabeth isls. Mass. Nashawn, one of the Elizabeth isls. Mass. L. 9 m., br. 2. Nashua, r., N. II., enters the Merri- mac. II. p-t., Ilillsboro' co. N. H. P. 5,820. Nashville, a city, cap. state Tennes- see, on the Cumberland river, 160 m. SS.AV. Louisville. It has numerous churches, an university, academies, & other schools. The river is navigable to it for vessels of 400 tons, except during the dry season. P. 8,000. II. p-v., cap. Nash co. N. C, 44 m. from Raleigh. III. p-v., caj). Brown co. la. IV. p-v., cap. Washington co. III. Nasielsk, a town of Poland. Naso, a town of Sicily, intend. & 44 m. W.S.W. Me-ssina. P. 4,400. Nassau, r., Fla., enters. [I. N.E. CO. Fla. Area, 576 t>q. m. Cap. Nassau c. H. P 2,164. III. p-t., Ptensselaer CO. N. Y. P. 3,236. Nassau (Duchy of), a state of Ger- n^any in the W., bounded E. by II. Darm- stadt, W. & N. by Khenish Prussia ; cap. Wiesbaden. Area, 1,751 sq. m. P. 424,817. The duchy produces excellent wine in the district called the Rheingau, & in the vineyards of Steinberg, Iludes- heiin, Ilockheim, & especially Johannis- berg. In 1806, the states of Nassau were divided into 2 branches, iV. Usingen & N. Wcitburg. It now forms a consti- tutional monarchy. — Nassau, cap. of the duchy, is asmall town on r. b. of the Lahn, 25 m. N.W. Wiesbaden. P. 1,600. Nassau, the cap. town of New Provi- dence, Bahama isls., on a declivitv near the N. coast. P. 7,000.— Fort Nassau, British Guiana, is on the Berbice river, 45 m. from the sea. — (Isles), E. archi- pelago. — (River), N. Australia, enters Nassau bay, gulf of Carpentaria on the E. side of the latter. Nassuck, a large town & place of pil- grimage, Brit. India, 95 m. N.E. Bom- bay. P. 30,000. Nastatten, a town of W. Germany, duchy Nassau, 19 m. N.W. Wiesbaden. P. 1,557. Nata, a town of S. Araer., New Grana- da, on the W. side of the isthmus of Panama, 64 m. S.W. Panama. Natal, a colonial possession of Great Britain, on the S.E. coast of Africa, hav- ing S.E. the Indian ocean. E.stim. area, 18,000 sq. m. P. uncertain. Timber in the interior grows only in clumps, but the sea-coast is bordered by a belt of mangroves. Climate most healthy. Cot- ton & indigo grow wild. Superior coal has been found in the interior. Natal, a town of Brazil, lat. of its fort 5° 45' S., Ion. 35° 15' W. P. 10,000. II. a t. of Sumatra, on its S.W. coast. Natchez, a city, state & on the E. bank of the Mississij pi, 300 m. from its mouth. It is built partly on the sum- mit, & partly at the foot of a hill rising to 150 feet above the river. The upper town is well laid out. Depth of river 90 feet, being accessible for large ships. It has an extensive export trade in cotton. P. 4,434. Natchitoches, pa. La., in the N.W. part of tlie state. Area, 4,000 sq. m. P. 14,201. — Natchitoches, pronounced Naki- tosh, the cap. is a p-v., on the lied river, 200 m. ahove its junction with the Miss, r. P. 2,000. Nathdora, a town of W. Ilindostnn, 28 m. N. Odoypoor. NAW] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 533 Natick, t., Middlesex co. Mass. P. 1,285. Natividao, a small island of Lower California, in the Pacific. II. a vill. of Me.vico, near Tezcoco. — Natividade is .a town of Hrazil, 75 m. N.N.W. Ar- rayas. P. 2,000. Natron Lakes of Egypt, are situ- ated in a v;illey of the Libyan desert, 60 in. A\'^.N.W. Cairo, -, on the Macse, 4 m. N. Roermoud. P. 1,455. Neerwinuen, a vill. of Belgium, prov. NEP] UNIVERSAL OAZETTEER. 535 Liege, 2 m. N.W. Landcn, memorable for the victory of the Marechal de Luxem- bourg over the army of William III. of Englnnd, 29th July, 1693. Neew-wgon, W. CO. Mich. Area, 864 sq. m. P. 510. Neft, a town of N. Africa, dom. Tunis, 20 ui. S.S.W. Tozer. Negapatam, a decayed maritime town of India, 43 m. E S.E. Tanjore, on the Coromnndel coast. Negombo, a town of Ceylon, on its W. coast, 18 m. N. Colombo. NEGnAis, an i.sland & harbor, Burmese dom., kingdom of Pegu. — Cape Negrais is the S. extremity of the Burmese dom. Xegrepelisse, a coinm. & town of France, dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, 8 m. E.N.E. Montauban. P. 1,224. Negril (North & South), two head- lands of Jamaica, 8 m. npart. Negropont (Channel of), an arm of the ^gean sea, Greece. L. 40 m. Negros (Esla de), one of the Philip- pine isls., Asiatic archipelago. Estim. area, 3,780 sq. ra. P. 85,622. II. an island, Pacific ocean, near the N. coast of Admiralty island. Negwegan, N.E. CO. Mich. Area, 660 sq. m. Neh, & Nehavend, two towns of Persia. Neheim, a town of Prussian "Westpha- lia, 6 m. N.W. Arnsberg. P. 1,970. Nehou, a comm. acious public i>rom- enades. Its manufs. are very exten- sive. Vessels of 100 tons can come up to the city. P. 38,893. Tonnage, 5,733 73. III. p-v., Wayne co. N. Y. P. 1,200. IV. p-v., Cap. Licking co. Ohio. P. , 3,000. V. t. Tioffa co. N. Y. P. : 1,983. VI, vill. Newcastle co. Del. Here is Del. college, founded in 1833. New Athens, p-v., Harrison co. 0., is the seat of Franklin college. } New Baltimore, p-t., Greene co. N.Y. ] P. 2,306. ! New Bedfokd, a city and port of en- ' try, Bristol co. Mass. on Buzzard's bay, 55 in. S. from Boston. The inhabitanta engaged in the whale fishery in 1764, and have since taken the lead in that pursuit. The shipping of the dist. reg- isters about 140,000 tons. In 1852, the oil and whalebone iniported here was valued at $3,412,658. It has 20 churches, 4 banks, 2 daily & several weekly papers, a custom-liouse, town iiall, etc., and rail- roads to Fall River, Providence and Bos- ton. P. (in 1853) about 17,500. New Berlin, p-t., Chenango co. N.Y. P. 2,562. Newbern, a port and vill. If.C, on the Neuse, 98 rn. E.S.E. Raleigh. P. 3,900. Nkwberrv, N. W, (list., S.C. Area, 540 sq.m. Cap. Nevvberrv o. h. P, 20,143. II. t., York CO. Pa'. P. 1850. III. c. H., cap. of Newberry (list., S. C. New Boston, t., Hillsboro' co. N. H. P. 1,569. New Britain, an archipelago, Pacific ocean, bet. lat. 40" and 60° 30' S., Ion. 149" and 152° E., ami consisting mainly of 2 larsrc isls. NE'.f Britain, a vill., Connecticut, 10 m. S. W. Hartford. P. 1,500. The State Normal School is established here. New Brunswick, a Brititih colonial territory, N. America, having W. Maine & Lower Canada, N. Chaleur bay, E. the gulf of St. Lawrence |ier Can- ada «!i:^ the state of New York, unites lakes Erie & Ontario, the river having a N. course of 35 m. from the f >rmer to the latter, & a total descent in that ilist:inco of 334 feet. It encloses numerous islands, the largest. Grand isIiMvl, hnving an area of 17,000 acres, * 15 m. from Luke Erie it forms the famous Fall.'; ok Niagara, where the river is precipitated over a vast ledge of Silurian limestone, forming two NIc] UNIVERSAL GAZKTTEKR. 547 cataracts, separated by Goat island, 500 feet in width. The llorse-slioo fall, on the Canadian pide, 1,800 feet across, & 153 feet in perpendicular depth, & the American falls GOO feel in breadth, 163 feet in depth, & above which a strong rude bridge crosses to (loat island. The banks rise to 180 feet in perpendicular elevation, & on both sides of the falls, for some distance below, the stream forms a rapid, enclosed within a bed only 160 yards acro.ss. It has been estimated that the falls discharge 100 millions of tons of water per hour. A cable suspension bridge, 800 feet span, f), the capital town of the island Tinos, Grecian archipelago. P. 4,000. NicoLOsi, a town of Sicily, 8 m. N.W. Catania, on the S. slope of Mt. Etna. P. 3,600. NicopoLis, a town of European Tur- kev, Bulgaria, on the Danube, 56 ra. W. llilstchuk. P. 10,000. Nicosia, a city of Sicily, 14 m. N.E. Castrogiovanni. P. 13,000. II. the cap. city of Cyprus. NicoTER.\, a town of Naples, cap. cant., near the gulf of Gioja, 13 in. S.W. Tropea. P. 3,800. Nicoya, a peninsula, bay, river, & two towns of Central America, state Costa Rica. NiDAU, or Nydau, a town of Switzer- land, 16 in. N.W. Bern, at the N. ex- tremity of the lake Bicnne. P. 1,228. Nidda, a riv. of Cent. Germany, joins the Maine, 6 m. AV. Frankfurt. L. 50 m. II. a walled town of II. Darmstadt, on the Nidda, 19 m. S.E. Giessen. P. 1,871. NiDGULL, a town of British India, Deccan, 45 m. E. Chittlcdroog. NinoKi, a market town of Ru.ssian Poland, 49 jn. W.N.W. Vilna. P. 1,600. NiED, a riv., France ;sia, 194 m. E. Vologda, on the Jug. P. 1,000. Nikopol, a town of Russia, on the Dnieper. P. 3,470. NiKSAR, a town of Asia-Minor, pash. Sivas, 30 m. N.E. Tokat. NiKULiNO, some small places in Rus- sia,& Russian Poland. Nile, a great river of E. Africa, formed by the union of the Bahr-d-Ahlad (White river), «fc the Bahr - el - Azrek (Blue river). The first, which is regarded as the true Nile, is supposed to rise on the E. edge of the table-land of E. Africa, about lat. 2° S., Ion. 34° E , but its source is unknown. Its length from supposed source, following its bends to the sea, is about 3,000 m. (direct di.stance 2,300 m.) The delta of the Nile commences at lat. 30° 7' N., where its waters spread out into numerous streams in the form of a triangle, extending at its base on the Mediterranean, over a space of 120 ra., the two principal raouths are the AV. or Rosetta branch, & the E. or Damietta branch. The others are the Bourlos water- courses. It has well-supplied shop-s, a temple of large size, hexagonal tower, 150 feet high ; a missionary hospital ; an active trade in junk-building, &, a large manuf of silks for export to Japan. NiNOVE, a town of Belgium, on the Dender, 20 m. S.E. Ghent. P. 4,,500. Nio, an isl. of the Grecian archipel- ago. 17 in. S.W. Naxos. Area, 20 sq. m. P 3,700. L. 11 m. ; b. 5 m. NiORT, a comm.& town of France, cap. dep. Deux-Scvros, 31 m. E.N.E. La Ro- chclle. P. in, 860. It is agreeably situ- ated on the slitpt!s of two hills, enclosed by well-planted promenades. NiPHON. the prini'ip. island of Japan, lat. of S. part, 3.J° 2li' X., & Ion. 13.j° 36' E., separated N. by the strait of Matstnai from the isl. Jes'^o, S. by narrow straits from the islands Kiusiu A Sikokf, A S.W. from Corea by the strait of Corea, 120 m. across. Shape irregular; length about 850 m., breadth varies to 200 m. Pop. uncertain. Shorei steep, & greaflj' in- dented by inlets. A mntn. chain trav- erses the island lengthways, it^ principal peak, Fusi, rising to 12,000 ft. in height. Niphon contains the principal river of Japan, the sacred lake Fakonea, & sev- eral volcanoes. Products comprise wheat, barley, buckwheat, almonds, figs, pep- per, ginger, tobacco, cotton, & camphor, with pearls, ambergris, an excellent breed of horses, gold, silver, copper, coal, naphtha, & porcelain clays. It is subdi- vided into 53 provinces ; in it are Yeddo 6 Miako, the two caps, of Japan, & the seaport towns Osaki, Fitats, &, Foyama. NiPissiNG (Lake), Upper Canada, is on the N.E. side of Lake lluron. Shape irregular ; shores bold. L. 50 m., gr. br. 35 m. Nirgua, a town of S. America, Vene- zuela, prov., 50 m. W.S.W. Valencia. NiRis, a town of Persia. 85 ra. E. Shiraz. NisHApooR, a city of Persia, & in one of its finest valleys, 40 m. W.S.W. Meshid. P. 8,000. Nishnedewitzk, a town of Russia, 33 m. W.S.W. Voroniej. P. 1,900. Nishnii-Devitzk. a town of Russia. 34 m. W.S.W. Voroniej. P. 1,900. NisHNii-LoMOv, a town of Russia, 63 m. N.W. Penza. P. 6.990. NisHOWRA, a large vill. of India, Pun- jab, 37 m. N.W. Lahore. Nisi, a riv. of Sicily, enters the Med- iterranean near Ali, after an E. course of 10 m II. a vill. of Greece, Morea, 7 m. W. Calainata. NisiB, a vill. of N. Syria, 63 m. N.E. Aleppo, W. the Euphrates. NisiBiN, a town, or vill. of Asiatio Turkey, 90 m. S.E. Diarbekir. NisiTA, an island of Naples, 3 m. S.E. Pozzuoli, in the gulf of Naples. Mi.'?KAvuNA, t., Schenectady co. N. Y. P. 783. NissA, a fortified citvof Servia, on the Nissava, 130 m. S.E. Belgrade. P. 4,000. NissAVA, a river of Servia, after aW. course of 80 m., joins the Morava, 8 m. W. Nissa. Nissu.M-FiORU, nn inlet of Denmark, on the W. coast of Jiitland, 15 m. N. Rin- kioiting, 13 m. in length, by 4 in br. Ni.sTELRonE, a vill. <>f the Netherlands, 12 m EB-ds-le-Duc. P. 2,136. NiTJi, a river of Scotland, ri.'^es in co. Ayr, fc joins Solway firth. L. 60 m. 'Niti-Ghaut, a pasa across the Hima- nol] UNIVERSAL GAZETIEKR. 551 laya, between Tibet & the British dist. Kumaon, & in one part 16,814 feet in elev. The village Niti is on its S. side. NiVE, a river of S. France, dep. 1>. Py- renees. L. 45 m. NivELLE, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Nord, 25 m. E.N.E. Valenciennes. P. 1,570. II. a river of Spain. L. 20 m. NiVELLEs, a town of Belgium, prov. S. Brabant, 17 m. S. Brussels. P. 7,926. NivERNAis, an old prov. of France, near its centre. NiviLLAc, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Morbihan, 27 m. S.E. Vannes. P. 2,890. NixDORF (Gross), a vill. of Bohemia, 33 m. N.N.E. Leitmeritz. P. 5,090.— Klein Nixdorf is an adjacent village. NizA, a town of Portugal, 21 m. N.W. Portalegre, near the Tagus. P. 2,250. II. a vill. of European Turkey, Al- bania. NizAMPATAM, a marit. town of Brit- ish India, 30 m. S.S.E. Guntoor. Nizam's Dominion, India, Deccan, subsid. to the British, occupies nearly the centre of the peninsula of India. Estini. area nearly 88,900 sq. m., A 9.500,000. On the N. it is enclosed by the S^iutpoo- rah mountain ranges, & S.E. ward hy the E. ghauts, & it is traversed by the Goda- very k, Kistnah rivers. Principal cities, Hyderabad, the cap., Kurnool, Aurunga- bad, N EUichpoor. NiziER (St)., several comms. & vills. of France. 1, dep. Loire, 16 m. S. Montbrison. P. 1,276. TI. {cV Azer- gues), a market town, dep. Ilhrme, 14 m. W.S.W. Villefranche. P. 1,869. III. (le Bouchoux). dep. Aid, n m. S.W. Bourg. P. 1,665. N1ZZA.-M0NFERRAT0, a town of Pied- mont, 17 m. S.W. Alessandria. P. 4,376. Njurunda, a river of Sweden. L. 170 m. Noakote, a town, X. Ilindostan, Ne- paul, 17 m. N.W. Khatmandoo. NoALE, a market town of Austrian Italy, 14 m. N.E. Padua. P. 3,300. NOANAGUR & NoAPOORA, twO tOWUS of AV. Ilindostan, 22 m. S W. Jooria. NoDEND-JAN, a ruined city of Persia, N. of Kazeroon. NoBB, N.E. CO. la. Area. 432 sq. m. Cap. Augusta. P. 7,916.-11 c. h., p-v., 159 m. N.E. Indianapolis, la. P. 300. III. t., Morgan co. 0. P. 1,308. IV. t.. Shelbv CO. 0. P. 2,210. V. t., Rush CO. la." P. 1,191. NoBBSBOHOUGH, t., Liucolu CO. Me. p. 2,210. NoBDsviLLE, p-v., cap. Hamilton co. la. P. 200. NoBRA, a divi.^ion of Middle Tibet, elev. mostly above 11,000 feet, but popu- lous tfe well cultivated. NocERA, a decayed town of Central Italy, Poiitif. sta., 21 m. E. Perugia. P. 1,114. II. a town of Naples, 11 m. N.W. Nicastro. P. 2,300. NocERA DEI Pagani, a town of Na- ples, on the Sarno, 8 m. N.W. Salerno. P. 7,400. Noci, a town of Naples, 29 ra. S.E. Bari. P. 6,000. Nockamixon, a tnshp., Pennsylva- nia, 40 m. N. Philadelphia. P. 2,055. Nodaway, r , Mo., enters the Mo. r. L. 200 m. II. CO., Mo. P. 2.118. III. p-t., Buchanan co. Mo. P. 1,169. Noel (or M-wig, on the i.«land Al.sen, 13 m. E.N.E. Apenrade. P. 1,100. NoRDEN. a town of Hanover, 14 m. N.W. Auri.h. P. 5,651. NoHDENBURG, a town of E. Prussia, 48 m S.E. Kiinigsberg. P. 2,350. NoRDERNEY & NoRDEROOG, two islands in the N. sea. NoRDHALBEN, a market town of Ba- varia, circ. Upper Franc., on the llodach, 30 m. N. Baireuth. P. 1,354. NoRDHAusEN, a fortified town of Prus- sian Saxony, 38 m. N.N.W. Erfurt, on the Zorge. P. 12,950. NoRDHEiM or NoRTHEiM, scvcral towns of Germany. 1. Hanover, principal- ity & 12 m. N. Gottingen, on the Ruhme. P. 4,033. II. Saxe-Weimar, on the Fulda, N.E. Eisenach. P. 1,4S0. NoRDHORN, a town of Hanover, 44 m. AV.N.W. Osnabriick, on the Yechte. P. 1,411. NoRDKOPiNG, a town hy, but mostly a light sandy loam, well suited to turnips i barley, which form the chief crops. P. 433,603. II. A seaport town of Virginia, on Eliz- abeth river, R m. aV)ove Hampton roads, Chesapeake bay, & 24 m. S.W. the mouth of the bay. It occupies a luw site, A is irregularly built, with numerous churchea nor] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 553 & schools, & near it a marine hospital, -oiinds, having between them the great Alligator swamp. N. of this, extending intcj Virginia, is the great Dismal swamp. The cultivated portion of the state is undulating Sc tolerably fer- tile ; it its E. part comprises a portion of the Appalachian mntn. chain, which here rises in sev. peaks to upwards of 6,000 ft. in ht. Princip. rivers the Koan- oke, Chowan, Xeuse, Cape Fear, Pamli- co, Yadkin. The climate of the low swampy plains is unhealthy; on the ele- vated parts of the siate the air is pure & salubrious. Rice & cotton are the chief crops in the lowlands ; wheat of inferior quality, rye, barley, oats, & flax are pro- duced elsewhere ; tobacco, maize, l'l- which last produces to the value of 8250,000 annu- ally. Cap. in manufs. about $4,000,000. 249 m. of railways are in operation, & 223 m. in conri-e of construction. State debt $977,000. Rev. $219,000. Owing to the want of harbors, most part of the foreign trade is conducted through the adjacent states. The first permanent set- tlement tnarle in N. Carolina was about 16G0 ; it & S. Carolina were called the country of Albemarle. The constitution (adopted 1776) consists of a senate of 50 & a house of commons of 120 members, m Prince Edward's island by Northumber- land inlet. Si by a narrow strait from Cape Breton on the N.E., having on other sides the Atlantic «fe tho bay of Fuudy. NOv] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 567 Estim. area, 15,620 sq.m. P. 276,117. Surface greutly diversified, & well wa- tered. Coal abounds in hi AV. part. Rivers iiuincrou?, «t Lake Rossignol in the S. is 30 miles in length. Shores ir- regular, abrupt, & present numerous harbors, with deep water clo-e to land. Only a very small portion of the soil is under culture, but in some parts it is very fertile, yielding most of the grains raised in Great Britain, Avith potatoes. Principal towns are Halifax, the cap., & chief ^eat of commerce, Annapolis, Liv- erjxiol, Pictou, & AVindsor. Nova Zembla (properly Novaia Zem- LIA, "new land"), an insular region, in the Arctic ocean, considered to be com- prised in Europe, & dependent on the Russian gov. Arkhangel. L. 470 m., Sc av. br. 56 ra. It consists of two islands separated by the channel Matotshkin- shar. Its coasts are frequented by wal- rus hunters in summer, but nowhere per- manently inhabited. Subterranean stone labyrinths of great antiquity have been discovered here. XovAWEsz, a vill. of Prussia, 2 m. E. Potsdam. P. 3,150. XovELDA, a town of Spain, 13 m. "W. Alicante. P. 8,095. NovEixARA. a town of Italv, duchy & 16 m. 'N'.AV. Modena. P. 4,070. KovEMiASTO, several towns of Poland. 1. Prussian Poland, 32 m. AY.N.AV. Posen. P. 2,400. II. 47 m. S.S.AY. Warsaw. P. 2.100. III. prov. & 40 m. E.N.E. Plock, on the Sonna. P. 500. IV. Pruss. Poland, 32 m. S.E. Posen, on the Warta. P. 1,000. V. Austrian Poland, Galicia, 31 m. E.N.E. Sanok. VI. {Kovczyn), 39 m. S. Kiclce. P. 1,100. NovENTA, two vills. of Austrian Italy. 1. 18 m. S.S.AV. Vicenza. P. 3,900. II. {di Piave), on the Piave, 17 m. N.E. Venice. P. 2,000. NovEs, a town of Spain, 15 m. N.W. Toledo. P. 2,450. NovEs, a comm. occasionally in summer, it is so aug- mented b}' floods that vessels drawing 12 feet of water can then navigate it down- wards from Pittsburg. Ohio, a W. state, between lat. 38° 23' & 41° 50' N., & Ion. 80° 30' & 84° 47' W., having E. Pennsylvania & Virginia, S. Kentucky, W. Indiana, & N. Michigan & Lake Erie. Area, about 40,000 sq. m. P. in 1840, 1,519,467; in 1850, 1,980,- 401. Surface mostly level, & in parts Bwampy ; but nearly 3-4ths are highly fertile, & 9-lOths supposed to be culti- vable. Principal rivers the Ohio, & its affls. the Scioto, Miami, & Muskingum, & the Maumee, Sandu.sky, & Cuyahoga. Between the Scioto & Miami are some wide prairies; forests are extensive. Ohio is rapidly becoming a thickly set- tled country of moderate-sized freeholds, & as an agricultural & cattle rearing state, it ranks amongst the first in the Union. Wheat, maize, & barley are the chief crops ; other products are, tobacco, hemp, flax, hay, potatoes, fruits, silk, & wine. Hogs are reared in large num- bers, & Cincinnati is the largest pork market in the Union. Large droves of fat cattle are sent every autumn to the markets of the E. . of the Douro, 2 m. from its mouth, & 175 m. N.E. Lisbon. P. 80,000. The city proper extends over hill & dale for 1 m. along the bank of the river, & is enclosed by walls flanked with towers, beyond which some quarters extend. It is well built, generally clean for a Portuguese city, & improving. It has good squares & open space.«, in which are some of its principal public build- ings. It is the seat of a medical college, & other superior schools. Oporto is the chief manufacturing city in Portugal. It is accessible from the sea for vessels of from 200 to 300 tons, & the Douro is navigable for river-craft to 100 m. above the city. Opot.shka, a town of Russia, 79 m. S. Pskov, on an isl. P. 2,265. Oppa, a riv. forming a part of the boundary between Prussian & Austrian Silesia, joins the Oder 8 m. S.W. Oder- berg. L. 60 m. Oppeln, a town of Prussian Silesia, on the Oder, 51 miles S.E. Broslau. P. 7,600. Oppenau, a town of Baden, 11 m. E.N.E. Offenburg. P. 2,100. Oppenheim, a town of the grand ducliy II. Darmstadt, on the Rhine, 11m. S.S.E. Mayence. P. 2,360 II. p-t, Fulton CO. N. y. P. 2,1G9. Oppido, a town of Naples, 10 m. E.S.E. Palmi, cap. cant. P. 2,000. II. (Opi- nuw), U m. N.E. Potcnza. P. 3,400. Op.slo, an old town of Norwaj-. Oquawka, p-v., cap. Henderson co. III. Oradour, several comms. iarbekir. Es- timated p. 30,000. Orford, a market town of England, CO. Suffolk, near the Xorth sea, 18 m. E.N.E. Ipswich. P. 1,109. II. t., Grafton o.. N. H. P. 1,406.— —III. a t , New Hampshire, 56 m. X.N.W. Con- cord. P. 1,707. Orgaos, a mntn. cordillera of Brazil. — The Scrra des Orgaos (Organ mntns.), is a part of the chain, prov. &, 40 m. N.E. Rio de Janiero, so called from their peaks, as seen from Rio, resembling the pipes of an organ. Highest point, 3,800 feet. Orgaz, a town of Spain, 15 m. S.S.E. Toledo. P. 2,670. Orgelet. a comm. & town of France, dep. Jura, 10 m. S.S.E. Lons-le-Saulnier. P. 1,826. Orgeval, a comra. & vill. of France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 11m. N.W.Versailles. P. 1,640. Orgiano, a market town of Austrian Italy, 12 m. S.S.W. Vicenza. P. 2,000. Orgon, a comm. & town of France, dep. B.-du-Rhune, near 1. b. of the Du- rance, 21 m. E.N.E. Aries. P. 1,907. Orgo.solo, a vill. of the island of Sar- dinia, 8 m. S.S.E. Nuovo. P. 2,000. Ohia, a town of Spain, 40 m. N. Al- meria. P. 5,670. Oria, a town of Naples, prov. Otranto, 22m.W.S.W. Brindisi. P. 4,300. Origny, a coram. & vill. of France, dep. Aisne, on the Thon, 7 m. N.E. Ver- vins. P. 1,457. II. {St. Benoite), 8 m. E. St. Quentin. P. 2,192. Orihua, one of the Sandwich islands. Orihuela, a city of Spain, 32 m. S.W. on the Segura. P. 17,452. It stands at the foot of a ridge of rocks, in a tract termed, from its fertility, "the garden of Spain." Orikhova, a town of European Tur- key, Rumili, 18 m. N.W. Ipsala. ORiNOco, one of the principal rivers of S. America, ranking in size & import- ance immediately after the Amazon & Plata, N. of which former its basin lies. It rises in the Sierra Nevada., Venezuelan Guiana, enters the Atlantic by numerous Tuouth.s, in li.t. 8° 40' N., A "ion. 61° W. Total course cstim. at 1,600 m., for more than the latter half of which, or to the rapids of Atures, it is uninterruptedly navigable. Area of its ba.sin, 252,000 sq. m. Orinoco (Dri'.artment of), one of the great divs. of the reiuiblic of Vene- zuela. Estimated p. 185,000. Chf. towns, Varinas, Angostura, & San Fernando da Apure. Orio, a mkt. town of Spain, prov. Biscay, u ra. W.S.W. San Sebastian. • II. a vill., Lombardy, 11m. S.S.E. Lodi. — Oriolo is a vill , Pontif. sta., 26 m. N.W. Rome. P. 1,168. And a town 11 m. N.W. Roseto. P. 2,900. Oriskany Creek, enters the Mohawk. Oris.sa, a prov. of Ilindostan, having E. the bay of Bengal. Oristano, a town of the island of Sardinia, on the Oristano, 3 miles from its mouth, 55 m. N.N W. Cagliari. P. 10,000. — The gulf of Oristano, between Capes Fra.sca & San Marco, is 10 m. in length, by 5 m. in breadth, & receives the river Oristane. L. 80 m. Orizaba, a town of the Mexican con- fed., dep. & 70 m. S.S.W. Vera Cruz, & 25 m. S. the volcanic Peak of Orizaba (elev. 17,374 feet.) P. 15,000. (?) Orjib-a., a town of Spain, 32 m. SE. Granada, on the Guadalfeo. P. 3,220. Orjitza, a market town of Russia, 86 m. W.N.W. Poltava. P. 1,450. Orkhei, a town of S. Russia, 25 m. N. Kishenau. Orkhox, a river of Mongolia, joins the Selenga. L. 380 m. Orkxey Islands, an archipelago off the N. coast of Scotland, separated from the CO. Caithness by Pentland firth. Aggregate area, 600 sq. m. P. 30,507, 16,141 are in Mainland, & 14,366 in the N. & S. Isles. There are 29 islands, the principal is Pomona, or Mainland. Orkney & Shetland, the most N. co. of Scotland, comprising the islands of same names. Area, 1,325 sq. m. P. 61,065. Orkub, a town of European Turkey, Rumili, on the Morava, 19 miles S.W. Nissa. Orlamijnde, a town of Germany, on the Saalo, here joined by the Orla, 43 m. S.W. Ivahla. P. 1,154. Orland, t , Hancock co. Me. P. 1,381. Orle.\ns, N. CO. Vt. Area, 675 sq. ra. Cap. Irasburg. P. 15,707. II. N.W. CO. N. Y. Area, 372 sq. m. Cap. Albion. P. 23,501. III. S.E. pa. La. Area, 160 sq. m. Cap. New Orleans. P. 145,- 000. IV. t., Barnstable co. Mass. P. 1,974. V. t., Jefferson co. N. Y. P. 3,265. VI. a comm. «fe city of France, cap. dep. Loiret, on rt. b. of the Loire, 53 m. S.S.W. Paris. P. 41,507. Orleans (Isle of), Lower Canada, ia in the St. Lawrence r.. N.W. Quebec, A 2C m. in length S.W. to N.E., by 6 m. in gr breadth. ORU] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 571 Orlov, a name of the Russian gov. Orel. Orlov, seveiiil towns of Russia. 1. gov. & 28 m. W S.W. Viatka. P. 3,600. ir 19 m. E.N.E. Voroniej. P. 3,500. — Orlovka is a market town, 32 m. S.AV. Novgorocl-Scverskoi. P. 1,560. Ormea, a town i^f PieJniont, 18 m. S. Mondovi, on tlie Timaro. P. 4,750. Orme's Head (Great), a peninsular headlaiiil of N. Wales, co. Carnarvon, projecting into the Irish sea, 5 ra. N.N.W. Conway. Orm.sa Island, one of the Hebrides, Scotland. Okmskirk, a market town, England, eo. Lancaster, 13 m. N.N.E. Liverpool. Ormuz, an island in the Persian gulf, on its N. side, near its entrance, 45 m. due N. Cape Mussendom (Arabia), & now belonging to the iinaum of Muscat, who is stated to rent it of the shah of Persia. It is a mere barren rock, about 12 ra. in circumference. Ornain, a river of France, joins the SaiiLv, on r. b. L. 65 m. Orn'Ans, a coram. & town of France, dep. Doubs, 10 m. S.E. Besanfon, on the Loue. P. 3,089. Ornavasso, a market town of Pied- mont, 12 m. S.E. Domo d'OssoIa. P. 1,652. Orne, a dep. of France, in the N.W., formed of part of Normandy. Area, 2,497 sq. m. Surface agreeably diversified with ranges of low hills, presents along the riv. courses rich pasture land. P. 439,884. Orne, a small river of France, enters the English channel. L. 70 m. Orono, a township of Maine, on the Penobscot river at its falls, 75 m. N.E. Augusta. P 1,521. Oronsay, a small island of the Heb- rides. Orontes, a river of N. Syria, enters the Mediterranean. L. 240 ra. OnoPESA, two towns of Spain. 1. 65 m. N.E. Caceros. II. 13 m. N.E. Cas- tellon de la Plana. Oropo, a vill. of Greece, 24 m. E. Thebes. Orosei, a coram. & vill. of the island of Sardinia, 18 m. E.N.E. Nuovo. P. 1,703. Oroshaza, a large vill. of E. Hungary, 27 m. S.W. Bekes. P. 9,581. Orotava, a tf)wnof the Canarv islands, on N. coast of Teneriffe. P. 8,315. Orphano. a marit. vill. of European Turkey, on the gulf of Orphano, 50 m. E. Salonica. The gulf of Orpliano is also called gulf of Contessa. Orrell, a township of England, co Lancaster. P. 2,478. Orrin, a river of Scotland, joins the Conan. L. 27 ra. Orhington, a township, Maine, 60 m. N.E. Augu.sta. P. 1,580. Orsara, a town of Naples, 5 m. N.W. Bovino. P. 4,200. Orsha, a town of Russia, 44 m. N. Moghilev, cap. dist., on the Dnieper. P. 2,000. Orsk, a fort of Asiatic Russia, 155 m. E.S.E. Orenburg, on the river Ural. P. 1,260. Orsova (New), a frontier town of Little Wallachia, on an island in tlio Danube, 4 m. above the "Iron gate," & 36 m. E. Moldova, on the borders of Hungary. — Old Orsova is a vill. of Hun- gary, 3 m. S.W. New Orsova, on I. b. of the'Danube. P. 990. Orsoy, a town of Rhenish Pru.^sia, 21 ra. N.N.W. Dlisseldorf, on the Rhine. P. 1,625. Ort, a market town of Lower Austria, 16 m. E.S.E. Vienna, on the Danube. P 1,400. Orta (Lake of), Piedmont, 7 ra. W. of the Lake Maggiore, into which it dis- charges its surplus waters. L. 8 m. ; br. \h m. — Orta is also a market town of Naples, 13 m. S.S.E. Foggia. P. 1,500. Orte, a decayed town of Italy, Pontif. states, 15 m. E. Viterbo, on rt. b. of the Tiber. P. 2,339. Ortegal (Cape), a headland of Spain, in the N. of Galicia. Ortelsburg, a town of E. Pru.ssia, 82 m. S.S.E. Kcinigsberg. P. !520. Ortenberg, a town & vill. of Ger- many. 1, grand duchy, H. Darmstadt, on the Nidder, 24 m. N.E. Frankfurt. P. 1,097. II. grand duchy, Baden. P. 981. — Oricnburg is a market town of Lower Bavaria, 10 m. W. Passau. P. 1,000. Orthez, a coram. some smaller forts. A large por- tion of the trade between the U. S. & Upper Canada, passes through the town. P. 12,205. Tonnage, 26,323 21. II. formed by the junction of the Seneca & Oneida rivs., enters Lake Ontario. III. N. CO. N. Y. Area, 923 sq. m. Caps. Oswego & Pulaski. P. 62,108. CswESTRY, a town of England, co. Salop. P. 8,840. Otago, a colonial settlement of New Zealand, on Otago bav, SE. side of Mid- dle Isle, 320 m. S.W." Port Nicholson. Otaha, one of the Society isls.. Pacific ocean. Otaki, a market town of S. Russia, on the Dniester, 3 m. S. Mohilev. P. 1,570. Otavalo, a town of Columbia, Ecua- dor, 40 m. N.N.E. Quito. Otego, p-t., Otsego CO. N. Y. P. 1,792. Othrys (Mount), a mntn. chain form- ing the N. frontier of Greece. Height varies from 4,500 to 5,700 ft. Otis, town. Berkshire co. Mass. P. 1,177. Otisco, lake, N. Y., lies in the W. part of Onondaga co. II. p-t., Onondaga CO. on Otisco lake. P. 1,804. Otisfield, t., Cumberland co. Me. P. 1,307. Otley, a market town of England, co. York, W. Riding, 9§ m. N.W. Leeds. ^ Otoqoe, a small i.^land of S. America, in the bay of Panama, Pacific ot-ean. 674 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [OUD Otranto, a seaport town of Naples, on the stra., of Oiranto, opposite Cape Linguctta (Albania), 23 m. S.E. Lecce. P. 4,500.— Cape Otranto, lat. 40° 8' N., Ion. 18° 29' E., is on the strait r^f Otranto, a channel 44 ra. across, & which connects the Adriatic with the Mediterranean sea. Otrau, a town of independ. Turkes- tan, on the Sihon, 93 m. N.W. Tunkat. Otsego, a lake of the U. S., N. Amer., New York, 60 m. W.N.W. Albany. L. 9 m., br. 2 lu. II. a central co. N. Y. Area. 892 sq. m. Cap. Cooperstown. P. 48,638. III. t., Otsego co. N. Y. P. 3;901. Otsehc, p-t., Chenango co. N. Y. P. 1,800. Otshakov, a seaport town of S. Russia, on the Black sea, at the mouth of the Dnieper, 40 m. E.N.E. Odessa. P. 3,420. Ottajaxo, a town of Naples, at the N.E. foot of Mount Vesuvius, 12 m. E. Naples, cap. cant. P. 14,000. Ottakring, a vill. of Lower Austria, 3 m. ^Y. Vienna. P. 3,690. Ottawa, a consid. river of Canada, enters the Lake of the Mountains, about 40 m. W. Montreal, after a total course of at least 600 in. It traverses several small lakes. Ottenheim, two market towns of Ger- many. 1. Upper Austria, on the Dan- ube, 6 m. AV.N.W. Linz, with 1,250 in- habs. II. Baden, 6 m. N.W. Lahr, on the Rhine. P. 1,340. Ottensen, a vill. of Denmark, 2 m. W. Altona, with 1,500 inhabs. Ottenstein, two mkt. towns of Ger- many. 1, duchy Brunswick, on the Weser, 5 m. S.W. Rodenwerdcr. P. 1,200. II. Prussian Westphalia, & 30 m. W.N.W. Munster. P. 940. Otter, a river of Engl , enters the Engl, channel near Otterton. L. 24 m. II. a river of Germany, Rhenish Bavaria, joins the Rhine near Neupforz- heim. III. {Peaks of), Va., are the fiutnmits of the Blue Ridge, A the highest land in the state. Height 4,260 ft. Otterbach, two ccntig. vills of Rhe- nish Bavaria, on the Otter, S. Landau. Unit. pop. 2,176. Otterderg, a town of Rhenish Ba- varia, 63 m. N.W. Spires. P. 2,580. Otter Creek, a river of Vermont, flows mostly N.W., ou. OwEoo, a township. New York, cap. CO. Tiosa, on the Owego, & Su.squehanna, 132 m.^V S.W. Albany. P. 7,054. Owen, N. co. Ky. Area, 320 sq^. Cap. Liberty. P. 10,444. II. S.W la. Area, 396 sq. m. Cap. Spencer. 12,106. OwENSBOBo', p-v., cap. Daviess co. Ky. OwiNGsviLLE, p-v.. Cap. Bath co. Ky. Owsley, co. Ky. P. 3,774. OwLA, Aula, a decayed town of Brit India, 16 m. N.W. Bareily, en the S.W. of the Nawaul nullah. OwRA, a town of India, on the Chum- bul, 75 m. S.S.AV. Kotah. I OwRAM (North E., by hills, but opens towards the N. into a champaign country, & pre- sents a magnificent appearance, with its numerous spir(fs &, domes ; that of the Radcliffo library being the most conspic- uous. The High street, proceeding from E. to W., & entered by a handsome .«tone bridge over the Cherwell, is one of the noblest thoroughfares in Europe. The cathedral of O.xford, attached to Chri!»t church college, it t)n the site of a priory founded in the 8th cent., is an edifice of diflfcrent styles, between the 12th A. 16th centuries, with a spire 146 ft. in height. — The University of Oxf'OHD consists of 19 colleges, A 5 halls, ns follow : Unirerslty cullege, reputed to have boon founded in 872, "revived in 1249; JJaliol. PAC] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 577 founded between 1263 & 1268, k of which WicklilTe was once ranster ; Merlon., founded ut Maiden in Surrey, in 1264, &, r^inovel to Oxford in 1274 ; Exeter., founded 1314 ; Oriel, a handsome 'pecially towards the N., where it communicates with the Arctic ccean by Behring strait ; & in- clu ling the Indian ocean, it contains up- wards of 70 millions of sq. m., or more than all the dry land on the globe. The great equatorial current of this ocean, originates in the Antarctic dnft current, which flows N. along the shores of Soutli America, & then W. through the Pacific, where it occupies the entire space between the tropics. Strong land currents sweep round the shores of E. Australia &. Japan. The N.E. trade-wind prevails uninter- ruptedly between lat. 5° & 23° N. ; the S.E. trade-wind commonly blows from the equator to lat. 26° S., between tliem is the region of calms, extending over 5°, A var3'ing in position according to the season. Greatest equatorial temperature of Pacific, 88°.5 Fahrenheit. Pacolet, r., N. C. & S. C, enters Broad river. Pacoha, a riv. of the isthmus Panama, New Granada, unites with the Indio to form a considerable river which enters the Pacific E. of Panama, k is navigable for large ships to Sauibaja. Pactolu.s, a river of Asia-Minor, Anatolia, joins the llermus 50 m. E. Smyrna. I'Acv-Bun-EuRE, a comm. & inarkei town of France, dep. Euro, 10 m. E. E\ - reux. P. 1,460 Padang a Dutch settleuu-nt, Sumatra, on its W. coast. — Padang il/cir is a town, Burmese dom., on the Irrawadi, W. b., 10 m. S.W. Prome. Paderbobn, a town of Prussian West- phalia, 41 m. S. Minden, on the railway from Berlin to the Rhine. P. 8,720. Padkield, a township of England, co. Derby. P. 1,656. Padiham, a township of England, co Lancaster. P. 3,789. Padilla, a vill., Mexican confed, dep. Tamaulipas, 12 m. W.N.W. New Santau- der. Padbia, a vill. of Sardinia, 20 in. S.E. Alghero. P. 1,850. Padron, a town, Spain, prov. Coruna, 19 m. S.S.W. Santiago. P. 6.090. Padstow, a seaport of England, co. Cornwall, on tlie Camel, at its mouth in St. George's channel, 29 m. N.N.E. Fal- mouth. P. 2, 145. Padua, a fortified city of Austrian Italy, in the Lorab. -Venetian kingd., cap. deleg., gov. i 22 in. W. Venice. P. 60,- 000. It is of a triangular form, is sur- rounded by walls &, fosses, <& has seven gates. Chief objects of interest, the vast & curious place called Pratodella- Valle. where the fair is held, «fc which contains an island, encircled by a canal, the banks of which are decorated by numerous sta- tues ; a cathedral, with a monument to Petrarch, & a library of 100,000 vols. The celebrated university of Padua, founded in 13th century, had, in former times, i^tudents from every part of Eu- rope, & their number frequently amount- ed to 18,000, among these were Tasso f the Philippine islands of the E. archipelago. L. 18 m. Panaraga, a town in the S. part of the i>land Java. Panaria, one of the Lipari island.«, Mediterranean, 5 miles N.E. Lipari. P. 200. Panaro, a river of N. Italy, enters the Po on the right, 12 m. N.W. Ferrara. L. 75 m. Panaroocan, a town of Java, 85 m. E.S.E. Surabaya. Paxay, an island of the Asiatic archi- pelago, Philippines. Estim. area, 4,560 eq. m. Pa.vcalieri, a vill. of the Sard, sta., Piedmont, 18 m. S. Turin, prov. Pinerolo. P. 2,838. Pancorvo, a town of Spain, prov. & 31 in. N.E. Burgos. P. 1,217. Pancsova, a fortified market town of S. Hungary, Banat. P. 11,710. Paneas, a vill. of Palestine, pash. & 45 m. W.S.W. Damascus. Pangansane, an isl. of the Malay archipelago, off the S E. extremity of Celebes. L. 60 m., br. 16 m. P.angoutaran, an isl. of the Malay archipelago, Sooluo group. L. 10 m.; br. 4 m. Pa.viany, a town of British India. Paniput, a town of British India, 55 m. N.N.W. Delhi. Panissiere, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Loire, 18 m. N.E. Mont- briscM. P. 1,100. Panjang, an i.^land off the W. coast of tlie Malay peninsula, 20 m. in length, N. to S., by 4 m. in nv. br. Panjim, or New (Joa, a town of Por- tuguo-e Ilindostan, 5 m. W. Qoa. Pannah, or Pu.NNAif, a town, Britif^h India, in the Bundclcund table-land. 110 m. S.W. Allahabad. Pankanich, a vill. A ceh-b. mineral §pa of ScDilaiid. co. & 39 m. W. Abcrdi^en. Panola, N.W. ro. Mi- contains the great- est number of public oflices. It is alao the richest A, most commercial, its centre being occupied by the bourse. The finest & most fashionable promenades are the par] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 58d Boulevards commerce, but it is especially distin- guished for objects of taste & fashion. Paris, town, cap. O.xford co. Me. P. P. 2,832. II. p-t., Oneida co. N. Y., 8 m. S. Utica. P. 4,283. III. p-v., cap. Ueury co. Tenn. P. 250. IV. p-v., 25* cap. Bourbon co. Ky., on Licking r. P 1,384. V. t, Slark co. 0. P. 2,474 VI. p-v., cap. Edgar CO. 111. P. 350. VII. p-v., cap. Monroe co. Mo. P. 500. Parisburg, p-v., cap. Giles co. Va. Parish, p-t., Oswego co. N. Y. P. 1,799. Parishville, p-t., St. Lawrence co. N. Y. P. 2,250. Parita, a marit. town of S. America, New Granada, dep. Isthmus, on the gulf of Parita, 100 m. S.W. Panama. Paritchi, a mkt. town of Russia, 108 m. S E. Minsk, on the Beresina. P. 1,600. Parkany, a mkt. town of Hungary. P. 1,374. Parke, "W. co. la. Area, 450 sq. m. Cap. Rockville. P. 14,968. Parker, town, Butler co. 0. P. 1,364. Parkersburg, p-v., cap. Wood CO. Va., on the Little Kanawha river. Parkgate. a tnshp. of Engl., co. & 12 m. N.W. Chester, on the Dee. Parkhead, a vill. of Scotland, co. Lanark. P. 1,150. Parkmax, town, Piscatiquis co. Me. P. 1,205. II. p-t., Geauga co. 0. P. 1,181. Parkur, a dist. of W. Ilindostan, on the N. side of the Runn of Cutch. Parkuta, a town of Central Asia, Little Tibet, Bulti, 22 m. E.S.E. Iskardo Parma, two tnships., U. S. 1. New York, 10 m. N.W. Rochester. P. 2,652. II. Ohio, 6 m. S. Cleveland. P. 963. Parma (Duchy of), a state of N. Italy, having N. Austrian Italy, E. the Modenese dom., W. Piedmont, S. the Ap- ennines. Area, 2,274 sq. m. P. 496,- 803. Surface slopes to the N., where the Po forms the boundary. About 12,300 quintals of salt are made annually. Silk fabrics in the larger towns, iron wares, glass, earthenware, paper, straw hats, & gunpowder are the principal manufs. The duchy is subdivided into the 5 dista. Armed force about 1,300 men, mostly infantry. — The city of Parma, cap. of the duchy, is situated on the Parma, an afil. of the Po, 72 m. S.E. Milan. P. 40,927. It is of a circular form, surrounded by walls & entered by 5 gates. Chf. public eilifices, a cathedral with valuable paint- ings, the ducal palace with a library of 90,000 vols., an academy of the fine arts, museum of antiquities, botanic garden, & public library of 34,000 vols. II p-t., Monroe co. N. Y. P. 2,946. Parn'Ac, a comin. . 6,000. Parr, a township of England, co. Lan- caster, 3 m. W.S.W. Newton-in-Maker- field. P. 3,310. Parrainder, a town of India, Deccan, 210 m. W.N.W. Hyderabad. Parras, a petty town of the Mexican confcd., 32 m. N E. Mapiini. Pahret, a river of W. England. L. 40 miles. Parry (Cape), British N. America, is on the Arctic ocean, near lat. 69° N., Ion. 123° 35' W. II. W. coast of Green- land, near the N. extremity of Baffin bay. III. E. coast of Greenland. — The Parry Islands are the N. cluster of the Arzobi.-'po islamls, Pa'^iQc ocean. Parsonsfield, a tnship. of Maine, 68 m. S.W. Augusta. P. 2,442. Partanna, a market town of Sicily, 19 m. S.E. Trapani. P. 8,000. Parte.sico, a city of Sicily, 14 m. W.S.W. Palermo. P. 11,000. Parthenav, a comm. k town of France, dep. IJeux Sevres, 24 m. N.N.E. Niort. P. 3,9U9. Partick, a beautiful vill. of Scotl., CO. Lanark, 2 m. N.W. Glasgow. P. 2,747. Partridge Island, New Brunswick, is ill .St. John harl)., an inlet of the bay of Fundy, S. St. John. Paru, a river of Brazil, tributary to the Amazon. L. 350 m. Paruro, a town of S. Peru, 18 m. 6.S.W. Cuzco. Parvich, an island of Dalmatia, in the I gulf of Quarnero, 7 m. S.W. Zeng. L I 4 miles. j Parys, a mountain of Wale.«. co. A on I the X. side of the island Anglesey. I Pasages, a town k port of Spain. 3 m. I E. St. Sebastian. P. 895. Pasav, a maritime town of Sum.\tra, on its N. coast, about 140 miles E.S.E Acheen. Pasc.\goula, a river of Mi.^sissippi, formed by the confl. of the Chicka', foxes, & great numbers of mice, are the principal quadrupeds. The condor, hawks, an ibi?-, & a few others, are among the scanty number of birds. The Indians who arc thinly scattered over this region are remarkable for their lofty stature. Patak (Saros-N\gy), a market town of Hungary, 20 m. N.E. Tokay. P. 5,083. Patan.\go, a town of Burm ih, on the E. bank of the Irrawadi, 75 m. N. Prome. Patany, the S.-most, prov. of Siam, Further India. — Cape ratany is a head- land, N.E. the town. Patapsco, a river, Maryland, rises in CO. Baltimore, flows rno4ly E., -t., 17 ni. .S.W. Milazzo. P. 5,000.— The srulf of Patti is a serai- circula,r bay, 20 m. across, between the promont. of Milazzo & Cape Calava. Pattialah, a large town of N.W. Hindo.stan, 125 m. N.N.W. Delhi. Patun, two vills. of India. 1. Ne- paul, 3 Ml. S. Khatmandoo. II. Raj- poofana, 11 m. N.E. Kolah. Patuhages, a coinm. A market town of Belgium, prov. Ilainault, 4 m. S.W. Mons. P. 6,108. Patuxext, a river of Maryland, after a S.E. sivo terra- ces, tho lower 1,390 feet square, consists of an eight-sided pagoda, each side 162 feet in length, A tapering to 360 feet in height, surrounded by spires, ornaments, & bolls, tt surmounted by a golden rod &, jKMinant. Pei-ho, China, rises near tho Great Wall, flows S.E. & enters the gulf of Pe- pel] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 591 chi-li. It is navig. for boats to 20 miles from Peking. Peilau, a vill. of Prussian Silesia, 33 m. S.S.W. Breslau. P. 1,335. Peine, a town of Hanover, 17 m. N.E. Hildeshoim. P. 2,991. Peinghee, a town of the Burmese doni., 25 m. SS.W. Prorne. Peipus (Lake), a large lake of Rus- sia, is surrounded by the govs. Esthonia, Livonia, St. Petersburg, contains many isls. II. N. CO., Me. Cap. Bangor. P. 63,089. III. t., Hancock co. Me. P. 1,474. Penomping, a town of Siam, 130 m. S. Camboja. Penon deVelez, a fortified maritime town belonging to Spain, on an elevated rock, on the Afiican side of the strait of Gibraltar, 80 m. S.E. Ceuta. Penrhyn Islands, a group in the Pacific 0., lat. 9° 2' S., Ion. 157° 35' W. Penuhyn (L'ort), a tnshp. of N.Wales, CO. Carnarvon, at the mouth of tho Ogwen in Menai strait. It has a good quay for vessels of 300 tons, & largo exports of slate from a quarry employing about 2,000 men. Penrith, a market town of England, CO. Cumberland, 15 m. S.SE. Carli.slo. Penryn, a market town of England, CO. Cornwall, at the head of Falmouth harbor. P. 3,337. Pensacola, a city ccies common in Europe, & the camel, wild ass, & argali sheep, with some formidable predatory tribes, are native in Persia. Princifial manufs. are of silk fabrics of all kinds; in the chief cities, shawls of goat's hair, espe- cially in Kerman, carpets, felts, cotton cloths, cutlery & arms, glass, pottery, leather, & saddlery. Commerce extcn- five, notwithstanding the absence of any roads but mule tracts. It is chiefly with the adjacent countries, with Russia by way of the Caspian, & with British India & England by way of the Persian gulf. The s/tah is assisted by a grand vizier, who exercises control over the military some towns in Kerman, where they still retain fire-worship. Persia, township of Missouri, co. Boone. P. 2,222. Persian Gulf, an arm of the Indian ocean, between Arabia & Persia. L. 550 m. ; br. varies to 220 m. Person, N. co. N. C. Area, 440 sq. m. P. 10,781. Perth, a city, & manuf. town, formerly the metropolis of Scotland, cap. co., in a plain on the r. b. of the Tay, here cross- ed by a noble bridge of 9 arches, 680 feet in length, 33 m. N.N.W. Edinburgh. It is partially enclosed by richly wooded hills, well & substantially built, & has altogether a wealthy & elegant appear- ance. The Tay is navigable to the city for vessels of considerable burden, & ex- tensive works have been undertaken for forming a new harbor & wet-dock. Prin- cipal manufactures are those of colored cotton stuffs, ginghams, shawls, Ac. Ship building is an extensive A increasing em- ployment, & the salmon fisheries in the Tay are very valuable, about 225 tons of fish being sent to London annually- Perth, a dist. of W. Australia, having W. the Indian ocean. II. a township of Upper Canada, dist. it 40 m. W. Johns- town, on an affluent of the Rideau. Perthshire, a largo & important co. of Scotland, occupying its centre. It has a compact circular form. L. fT (Principality of), N. Italy, the metropolitan k central portion of the Sardinian states. [Sardinia.] On the N.W. k S the region is enclosed by the Alps k the .Vpennines, & con.sists of the upper valley of the Po, by which river k its aflls. it is wholly drained. Its E. part forms a portion of the great plain of Lombardy, is carefully irrigated, k of high fertility. PiEnRAnuEN.\, a town of Spain, 14 m. W.N.W. Ciudad-Kcal. P. 2.308. PiEDHAs, a town of S. Amor., Vene- zuela, dep. Orinoco, 65 m. W.S.W. Angos- tura. II. a headland, gulf of Mexico, pie] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 603 a head- in. S.E. 65 m. N.W. Vera Cruz. III land, Plata confederation, 90 Buenos Ayres. PiELis, a lake of Finland, lajn & GO m. E.N.E. Kuopio. L. 56 m. ; gr. br. 16 m. The riv. Pielis carries its surplus waters S. into Liike Orivesi. PiENZA, a town of Tuscan}-, 5 m. S.W. of lAIontcpulcinno. P. 3,000" PiERMONT, t , Grafton co. N. II. P. 1,057. II. p-v., Rockland co. N. Y. P. 1,000. PiEnnE-BuFFiERE, a comm. &, town of FraMce, dep. H. Vicnne, 10 m. S.S.E. Lirnoge.^. P. 1,012. PiERRELATTE, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Drume, 13 ui. S. Monteli- uiart. P. 2,240. Pierre-Pertuis, a naturally excava- ted pas.-^age in the Jura luntns., Switzer- lantl, cant. & 19 m. N.W. Bern. Pierre (St.), numerous coinms., towns, & vills, of France. 1. {d'Allcvard), dep. Isere, 17 ra. N.E. Grenoble. P. 1,964. II. {de Corrneilles), dep. Eure, 10 ui. S.AV. Poiit-Audemer. P. 1,111. III. {de MailU'), dep. Vienne. P. 2,161. IV. {dc Flcscruen), dep. Ille- et-Vilaine, 14 in. S.S.E. St. Malo. P. 2,084. V. {de Quilbion), dep. Charente Inf., on the island Oleron, 17 m. SS.W. La Rochelle. P. 4,770. X. {du Champ), dep. H. Loire, 14 m. X. Le Puy. P. 1,700. XI. {du Chemin), dep. Vendee, 17 m. N.XE. Fontenay. P. 1,842. XII. {d' Es^lise), dep. Manclie, cap. cant., 9 m. E. Cherbourg. P. 2,300. XIII. {Ey- nac)^ dep. H. Loire, near the Suinene, 7 ra. E. Le Puy. P. 1,700. XIV. {la Cour), dep. Mayenne, 20 m. E S.E. May- enne. P. 1,057. XV. {le JMoutier), dep. Nievre, 13 m. N.W. Moulins. P. 1,710. XVI. {les Calais), dep. Pas-de- Cal:.i.<, & a suburb of Calais. P. 8,943. XVII. {sur- Dives), dep. Calvadoi*. 19 m. S.E. Caen. P. 1,728 XVIIL {Louviercs), dep. Seine Inf., 21 m. S S.E. Rmuom. Pierre (St.), the cap. town of the i.-;!. of M:irtini(^ue, on its W. coast, 12 ra. N.W. Port R-.yal. P. 20,424. It i.s the large-t town of the French W. Indies, & the chief entreput of thuse islands. II. a town of the isl. of Bourbon, Indian ocean, 34 in.S. St. Denis. P. 14,135. ■ III an island, Indian ocean, 240 m. N.E. Madagascar. IV. an isl., in the lake of Bicnno, Switzerland, cant. Bern, & celebrated as the residence of Rousseaa : in 1765. ! Pierre (St.), an island of N. America, off (he S. coast of Nowfoumlland. — St. I jPieri-e, a small town on its S.E. side, is I the cap. of the colony. — Pierrefond is a ! comm. & market town, dep. Ui.se, 8 m. : S.E. Compiegne, P. 1,510. Pierrefort, a comm. f the great ple] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 609 rivers, or rather a ^reat estuary of S. America, Plata confctl., fornicil by the junction of the Parana & Uruguay rivers, in lat. 31° S., Ion. 58° 30' AV. The estu- ary resulting from their union is 200 in. in length N.W. to S.E., & where it joins the Atlantic ocean, is 170 ni. across ; its centre being about lat. 35° 30' S., Ion. 56° W. Its muddy waters can be traced in the ocean 200 miles from its mouth. The total length of the Plata & the Pa- raguay, 2,500 m.; for at least 1,250 m., tliere is a continuous & safe navigation for vessels of 300 tons. Plata (La), a town of S. America, Kew Granada, dep. Cundinamarca, 62 m. S.S.W. of Neyva, on an aftl. of the Mag- dalena. — Plata is sin island, Pacific ocean, off the coiist of Ecuador, 20 m. S.W. Cape San Lorenzo. Platjea. a ruined city of Greece, its remains on the W. slope of Mount Cithae- ron, 7 m. S.W. Thebes. Near it, b.c. 479, the Greeks under Pausanias totally de- feated & nearly annihilated the grand Persian army under Mardonius. Platamona, a marit. town of Europ. Turkey, Thessal}', on the "W. coast of the gulf of Salonica. P. 1,500. Platana, a small marit. town of Asia- Minor, 7 m. W. Trebizond, with a road- stead which is the winter anchorage of large ships trading to that port. Platani, a river of Sicily, enters the Mediterr. L. 60 miles. Plate, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 37 m. N.E. Stettin, on the Rega. P. 1,740. II. a vill., grand duchy Meck- lenburg-Schwerin, 6 m. S.S.E. Schwerin. Platel, a mkt. town of Russian Po- land, 15 m. AV.X.W. Telsh. P. 1,500. Plato, a vill. of S. America, New Granada, 12 miles S.S.E. Tenerife. P. 2,000. Platte, river, in the U. S., W. terri- tory, rises in the Rocky mntns. by two principal heads, & joins the Mis.«ouri near Ion. 95° 40' W. Total course 600 miles, breadth in its lower part from 1 to 3 m. It is full of islands, & too shallow & rapid for safe navigation. — The Liltle Platte river joins the Missouri nearly opposite the Kansas. L. 50 miles. Plattk, N.W. CO. Me. Area, 420 sq. m. P. 16,815. — Platte city, the cap. is on the W. side of Little Platte riv. II. N E. CO. 111. Area 440 sq. m. Cap. Monticcllo. P. 1,606. Plattekill, p-t., Ulster co. N. Y. P. 1,998. Platten, a town of Bohemia, 14 m. N. Elnbogen, in the Erzgebirge. P. 1.800. 26* Platten See, a lake of Hungary. Plattling, a market town (.f Lower Bavaria, on the Isar, 16 m. S.E. Strau- bing. P. 2,019. Plattsburg, a tnshp. of New York, cap. CO. Clinton, on the tsaranac riv., 145 m. N. Albany. It has a court hout^o jail, bank, lyceum, academy, several churches, & water power on the Saranac river, Avhich here has several falls. P. 5,618. II. p-v., cap. Clinton co. Mo. P. 300. Platz, two m.arket towns of Bohemia. 1. 22 m. E.N.E. Budweis. P. 1.323. II. 14 m. N.W. Saatz. P. 1,323. Plau, a walled town of N. Germany, on Lake Plau, 37 m. E.S.E. Schwerin P. 2,625. Plauen, a town of Saxony, on 1. b of the White Elster, 61 m. S.W. Leipzig P. 10,628. Plauzat, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Puy-de-Dume, 11 m. S. Clermont P. 1,296. Plazac, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Dordogne, 6 m. AV.S.W. Montignac P. 1,690. Pleasant, t., Clark co. 0. P. 1,091. II. t., Brown co. 0. P. 1,970. III. p-t., Switzerland co. la. P. 1,662. Pleasant Valley, p-t., Dutchess co. N. Y. P. 2,226. Pleaux, a comm. & town of France, dep. Cantal, 18 m. N.W. Aurillac. P. 1,516. Plechatel, a comm. nii. Celeb, for its man- ufs of clocks P. 2,563. V. p-t., Che- nango CO. N. Y. P. 1,551. VI. p-t, Luzerne co. Pa. P. 1,765. VII. t., Montgomery co. Pa. P. 1,417. VIII. p-v., cap. Washington co. N. C, 162 m. E. Raleigh. P. 800. IX. p-v., cap. Marshall co. la. X. p-t., Richland co. Ohio. XI. p-t., Wayne co. Mich. P. I 2,163 XII. a seaport town ?h India, in the bay of Ben- gal, 90 miles S.W. the mouth of the Hooghly river. Point-Pedho, the N. extremity of Ceylon. Point Pleasant, p-v., cap. Mason co. Va. P. 300. Point-Romania, the S.E. extremity of the Malay peninsula. Poire, a comm. & market town of W. France, dep. Vendee, cap. cant., 7 m. N.W. Napoleon Vendee. P. 3,543. PoiRiNO, a market town of N. Italy, Piedmont, 14 m. S.E. Turin. P. with comm. 5,668. PoissY, a comm. & town of France, dfep. Seine-et-Loire, on 1. b. of the Seine, 10 m. N.N.W. Versailles. P. 2.735. Poitiers, a comm. & town of France, cap. dep. Vienne, 58 m. S.S.W. Tours. P. 22,647. It is enclosed by old walls, -s., 45 m. N. Natches. P. 400. Port Glasgow, river- port town of Scotland, co. Renfrew, on the 1. b. of the Clyde, 3 m. E. Greenock. P. 6,930. Port (or Harbor) Grace, a small marit. town of Newfoundland, on the W. side of Conception bay, 25 m. N.W. St. John. Pout Henry, p-v., Essex co. N. Y., on Lake Champlain. P. 300. Port Hope, t., Canada. P. 2,476. Port Howe, a landing place on the E. coast of San Salvador, Bahama islands, supposed to be that where Columbus first set foot in the new world, 12th October, 1492. Port Hunter, an inlet of New S. Wales. Port Huron, p-t., St. Clair co. Mich., 59 m. N.E. Detroit. P. 1,113. II. t., Middlesex co. Conn., 15 m. S. Hartford, opposite Middletown. P. 2,836. IIL p-t., Chautauque co. N.Y. P. 2,136. IV. t., Erie co. 0. P. 1,433. PouTtci, a town of Naples, at the N, foot of Vesuvius. P. 4,900. PoRTiLLO, a town of Spain, 13 m. S.E. Valladolid, on a height commanded by a ruined castle. P. 1,467. Port Jackson, an inlet of New South Wales, its entrance being between two lofty cliffs. Portland (Isle of), a peninsula of England, co. Dorset, insular only at cer- tain times of the tide, & extending into the English channel. 4^ m. in length, N. to S., by 2 m. in breadth. P. 2,852. Portland, a city «fc seaport of Maine, on a peninsula in Casco bay, 50 m. SS.W. Augusta, lat. 43° 39' N., & Ion. 70° 15' W. P. 20,815. It has a very picturesque appearance, rising like an amphitheatre from the sea, between two hills, *fc it is regularly & elegantly built. It has nu- merous churches, an academy, & gram- mar ."chools, an elegant school house, «fc almshouses, custom &, market houses, a theatre, an athenajum, with a library of about 4,000 vols. ; various printing-offices, & several banks. The harbor, one of the best in the U. States, is saffi, spacious, f an extensive foreign 17 m. S S.W. Lancaster. PouncAiN (St.), a comm. ter, 8 ni. E.N.E. Liverpool. P. 56,073. a. t., Canada. P. 2,156. Pheservation Harbor, a fine bay of Kew Zealand. Presque Isle, N.E. co. Mich. Area, 720 ^q. in. pREssATH, a mkt. town of Bavaria, 20 m. S.E. Baireuth. P. 1,756. pRESTEiGN, a mkt. town of England & Wales, on the Lugg. P. 2,228. Preston, a town of Engl., co. Lancas- ter, on the N. bank of the Kibble, 30 m. N.N.E. Liverpool. P. - . The town has a broai main street, & a large mkt. place, & is well built, drained, & lighted, & near it are good public walks. LL. a northern co. Va. Area, 501 sq. m. Cap. King wood. P. 11,708. III. t., New Londini co. Conn. P. 1,728. IV. p-t., Chenango co. N. Y. P. 1,082.— Preston cape is a headland of N.W. Aus- tralia, Iviti's Land. — Preston river, W. Australia, disr. Wellington, after a N.W. course enters Leschenault ba}', S.W. Au- stralind. V. p-v., cap. Floj-d co. Ky. Prestonpans, a seaport town of Scotl., CO. Hadilington, on the firfh of Forth, 8J m. E. Edinburgh. P. 1,659. Pretsh, a town of Prussian Saxony, 43 m. N.E. Merseburg, on the Elbe. P. 1,850. pRETTiN, a town of Prussian Saxony, & 45 in. E.N.E. Merseburg, on the Elbe. P. 1,636. Preuilly. a comm. f European Turkey, Alhaui I, on the Rieka, it 80 m. E. Scu- tari. P. from 15,000 to 20,000. pRisTEN, a market town of Russia, 9 m. S. Kupiansk, on the Oakol. P. 1,500. Pri.stina, a town of European Tur- kev, Rumili, 42 ni. N.N.W. l.'skup. P. 12;000. Puitzehbe, a town of Prus.^ia, 8 m. N.W. Brandenburg, on the Havel. P 1,005. Pritzwalk, a walled town of Prussia, 65 m. N.W. Potsdam, on the Domnitz. P. 3,900. Privas, a coram. A. town of France, cap. dep. Ardtiche, 26 ra. S.W. Valence. P. 3,203. Privat (St.), several comms. -en, W. by Brunswick, Hanover, h Bavaria, & parts of Oldenburg «t Hum- burg ; AV. by tho Netherliinds, Belgium, it Luxemburg ; «t N. by Hanover. Be- sides these great portions, Prussia pos- sesses some small dists. in the duchies of Saxony &- the princips. of Hessen. The distance between the E. & W. extremities of Prussia, is 715 m. ; the E. portion is 550 m. long, E. to W., & 185 to 435 m. broad, X. to S. ; & the W. portion 250 la. in length, N. to S., «t 45 to 120 m. in breadth, E. to W. Area, 107,958 sq. m. P. 16,865,000. The surface of Prussia is in general flat, except in the AV. (prov. Saxony), «t in the S. between Silesia & Bohemia. The E. provs. belong to the basin of the Baltic. The AV. provs. be- long to the basin of the North sea. The islands of Prussia are Iliigen, Usedom, & AA'ollin, in the Baltic. The soil is fertile in many places, tobacco ; fruit is not widely cultivated. The vine is cultivated in Rhenish Prussia, on the banks of the Moselle & Rhine. «t to a small extent in detached districts of Central «t E. Prussia. Amber (a government monopoly) isfound on the shores of the Baltic. The manufs. of Prussia are very extensive, & have recently become important. Commerce is very active in Prussia, it hits been greatly developed by the establishment of the commercial customs union (Zoll- verein). The p. of Prussia comprise two principal races, — 1, the Germans, who form the miijority ; ins the Tiber. PuGMAN, a town of Affghani.sfan, 13 m. W. Cabool. Puicelev, a coram. & town of Franco, dep. Tarn, 11 miles N.W. Gaillac. P. 2,153. PuiG, a town of Spain, 12 m. N.E. Va- lencia. P. 2,050. PuiGCERDA, a fortified frontier town of Spain, 52 m. N.W. Gcrona, at the foot of the Pyrenees. P. 1,'^24. PuisEAUx, a coram. &, town of France, dep Loiret, 12 miles E. Pithiviors. P. 1,876. — Puisse.rguier is acomm. A vill , dep. llcrault, 9 m. W.N.W. Eeziers. P. 1,745. Pujols, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, 13 miles N.N.E. Agen. P. 1,.570. PuKANTZ, a mining town of N. Hun- gary, CO. llonth. P. 2,350. PuLA. a comm. & marit. town of Sar- dinia, 15 m. S.W. Cagliari. P. 1,235. Pulaski, a central co. Ga. Area, 680 sq. m. Cap. llawksinville. P. 6,627. II. S.W. CO. Va. Area, 350 .^q. m. Cap. Newbern. P. 5,118. III. S.E. CO. Ky. Area, 600 sq. m. Cap. Somerset. P. 14,195. IV. N W. CO. la. Area, 342 sq. m. Cap. Winamac. P. 2,595. V. S. CO. Mo. Area, 1.332 sq. miles. Cap. Waynfesville. P. 3,988. VI. a central co. Ark. Area, 2,050 sq. m. Cap. Little Rock. P. 5,658. VII. t., semi- cap. Oswego CO. N. Y. P. 700. VIII. p-v., cap. Giles co Tenn. P. 900. IX. CO. 111. P. 2,265. Pulham, a town of Ensl., co. Norfolk, 3i ra. N.W. llarle.Hon. P. 1,155. PuLicAT, a marit. town of India, 20 m. N. Madras. PuLLY, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Vaud, cap. circ, 1 m. E. Lausanne. P. 1,000. PuLO, " an island," the prefixed name of many islands of the Asiatic archipel- ago. PuLO Anaphi, an islet, Grecian ar- chipelago, 15 m. S.E. Santorin. PuLO LoNTAu, an island of the Indian 0., off the S.W. coast of Lr. Siatn. PuLSNiTZ, a town of Saxony, 16 m. N.E. Dresden. P. 1,986. PuLTNEv, t., Steuben co. N. Y. P. 1,784. II. t., Belmont CO. 0. P. 1,747. PuLTOWA, a town &, gov. of Poland. PuLTUsK, a town of Pcdand, prov. «& 60 m. E.N.E. Plock, on an island formed by the Narow. P. 4,500. Puna, an island off the W. coast of S. America, Ecuador, dep.- it 40 m. S.W. Guayaquil. L. 30 m., br. 10 m. Pu.Ncii, a small town of tlie Punjab. Punoerpoor, a town of India, dom. k 89 m. E. Sattarah, on tho Beemah. P 25,000. (?) Punga.voor, a fortified town of Brit India, 60 m. N.W. A root. PU\] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 631 PuNHETE, a mkt. town of Portugal, on thi Tagus, at the head of ifs navig., 9 m. W.N.W. Abrantcs. P. 1,100. PuNiTz, a town of Prussian Poland, 44 m. S. Po.sen. P. 1,G20. Punjab, an extensive territory of N.W. Hindustan, embracing the country water- ed b}' tlie " five great waters," of which the Indus is the most wcsterl}', & the Sutleje the most easterly. The outline of the district is angular, the apex being at the point where the Indus & the Punj- nud meet, in lat. 28° 55' N., Ion. 70° 28' E. Length from N.E. to S.W., 600 m. ; breadth from Ranipur to Derbend, 350 m. P. 4,740,000, consisting of Sikhs, Cash- merians, & Affghans. The N.part of the state is a range of mntns., with elevation from 20,000 to 27,000 feet. Principal towns, Lahore, the cap., Araritzir, Seri- nngur, Mooltan, Peshawer, Jullinder, Jelalpoor. The Punjab was the scene of Alexander the Great's oriental con- quests. The Punjab has been formally annexed to the British possess, in India. PuNJGOOR, a town of Beloochistan, on the Dustee, 74 ra. N.N.E. Kedje. PuNJNUD, a name applied to the con- joined stream of the Ghara & Chenab rivers. PuNNAH, a rojahship of Hindostan, subsidiary to the British, & having an area of 683 sq. ra. P. 67,500. PuNNAiR, a river of S. India, enters the sea at Cuddalore, 93 m. S.S.W. Madras, after an E.-ward course of 220 m. Pu>fo, a dep. of S. Peru, having E. Bolivia. Estimated area, 21,540 sq. m., A p. 156,000. It is neatly enclosed by Cordilleras of the Andes, comprises the greater part of the Lake Titicaca. Chief towns, Puno, Chucuito, Asangaro, & Lampa. II. a city of S. Peru, cap. dep. & prov., on the bay of Puno, W. shore of Lake Titicaca. *P. 9,000. It is built mo.slly of stone, fG, the most S. prov. of China. P. 19,174,030. Surface very varied. Soil generally fertile ; & it has excellent water communication. QuANO, a marit. town of Japan, on the E. coast of the island Niphon, 56 m. E. JNIiako. — Quanta is one of the 5 divisions of Niphon. QuANTOcK Hills, a range in England, CO. Somerset. Greatest height, 1,428 ft. QuARANTE, a market town & comm. of France, dep. Herault, 13 m. W. Be- ziers. P. 1,266. QuAREGNON, a viU. of Belgium. 4 m. W.S.W. Mons, with coal mines. P. 2,300. QuARNERO (Gulf of), Adriatic sea, between Istria & the Hungarian Litto- rale, is 15 m. in length & breadth. QuARRE-LEs-TOMBES, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Yonne, 9 m. S.S.E. Aval- Ion. P. 2,323. QuARRi, a town of Cent. Africa, Hous- sa, 96 m. E. Saccatoo. P. 6,000.(?) Quarto, a riv. of the Plata confed., S. Amor. L. 280 miles. Quarto, a t. of Sardinia, 4 m. E.N.E. Cagliari. P. of comm. 5,748. — Quartuc- irio is a vill.. 1 m. N. Quarto. P. 1,801. 27* QuATRE Bhas, a vill. of Belgium, 3 m. S S.E. Genappe, .nd. P. 1,343. Reetz, a town of Prussia, on the Ihna, 42 m. E.S.E. Stettin. P. 2,400. II. a vill., 9 m. W.S.W. Belzig. Reevesby Island, S. Australia, Spen- cer's gulf. Regalbuto, a town of Sicily, 25 m. W.NW. Catania. P. 6,200. — Res^al- muto is a town, intend. & 10 in. NE. Girgenti. Regan, a small fortified town of Per- sia, near the Belooch frontier. Regen, a river of Bavaria, enters the Danube, 1. 68 m. II. a mkt. town of Bavaria, on the Regen, 32 m. N.N.W. Pa.^sau. p. 1,220. — Regenslauf is a mkt. town of Bavaria, 8 m. N.N.JE- Rat- isbon. I'. 1,570. Regensperg ue<-h, 26 m. S.S.W. Gap. P. 1,397. RiBLEH, a vill. of Syria, pisli. Damas- cus, on the Oronte.s, S.S.W. iloms. RiBNiTZ, a town of N. Germiny, Meck- lcnb;irg-Schwcrin, 31 m. N.N.E. Gustrow. P. 2.634. PiicciA, a town of Naples, cap. cant., 13 ni. S.K. Campoba.'isn. P. .'-).800. Rice Lake, I'ppcr Canada, di.-t. Now- ca.<;tle, is 20 m. in length, by 3 m. in av. breadth. RicEvs (Les), three contiguous comms. & vills. of France, forming together a town in the dep. Anbe. P. 3,519. Richardson's Hiver, Briti-h North America, enters Back's inlet, Arctic 0. RiCHBOROUGH, a decayed viil. of Eng- land, CO. Kent, on the Stour. R I CHE, a comm. ^milian ways. P. 9,539, but, including its vicinity, 27,000. It is enclosed by walls, &, well built. It has sevl. remains of anli([uity, including a triumphal arch, &, a bridge over the Marecchia, both built uudor Augustus, A portions of an amphi- theatre. ItM port, though shallow, ia I frequented by numerous fishing vessels, I & it has an active trade in fish, manufs. j of silk, glass, &, earthenwares. It was j the seat of a great ecclesiastical council I in A.x). 359. i RiMiTARA, an isl. in the Pacific ocean, • S. the Society islands. / I RiMMON, a vill. of Palestine, p-ish. ' Gaza, on a steep conical height, 13 m. N.N.E. Jerusalem. — The Rimmon of I Zebulon (modern Rummaneh) is a vill., I pash. Acre, 6 m. N. Naz:ireth. j RiMNiK, two towns of Wallachia. ' I. on the Kimnik, 75 m. N.E. Bucharest, it where the Austrians a new town, the latter of which dates from 1808. Streets generally straight, but narrow and ill-paved. Many of the houses are built of granite, & it has some hand- some squares & monuments. Its gen- eral aspect is that of an European city. The city is supplied with water by means of a magnificent aqueduct, which trav- erses a deep valley 7 m. in length, & has numerous public fountains. The en- virons of Kio arc celebrated for pictu- resque beauty, & arc provided with excellent promenades. The churches, of which there are upwards of 50, have no external elegance, but are mostly richly decorated in the interior. The chief pub- lic edifices are the imperial palace, a plain brick building, the old palace on the shore, used for public offices, the na- val Sl military arsenal greatly extend- ed in 1843, & a vast public hospital. Its educational establishments are the imperial college of Don Pedro II., the college of St. Jose, schools of medicine & surgery, military & naval academy, A many public schools. The national libra- ry has 80,000 printed volumes A valua- ble MSS. From its position, Kio is natu- rally the great mart of Brazil, & espe- cially of the provs. Min;is Geraes, ."^t. Paul & (ioy.v/., &, its advantages are such as to fit it for concentrating the com- merce of the globe. In 1851 the foreign arrivals were 1,210, of which 292 were American. — The bay, or inlet of Itio, 17 m. in length, All m. in extreme width, forms one of the noblest harbors in the world. Its entrance, 2 m. S. of the city, is H m. wide between fort Sta. Cruz on the E., & a fort on the sugar-loaf rock on the W. The bay contains many small i-ls., the Itirgest of which is Ilha do Gov- ernador, G m. in length. Kio de la Pasion, a river of Central Amcr., rises in the Lake Lacandon, Brit- ish Honduras, & in 72 ra. N.W. Cohan ((Juatemala), having been joined by the rivers Santa, Isabel, Mata(|uece, & Sa- capulas, acquires the name of Usuma- sinta. Kio de las Casas Grandas, a river of the Mexican confed., dcp Chihuahua, after a N. course of 100 m. enters the Lake Guzman. Kio (del) IIacha, a marit. town of S. America, New Granada, at the mouth of ■the IIacha, in the Caribbean sea 90 m. E.N.E. Santa Martha. Kio del Key, a large shallow bay in the bight of Biafra, Guinea, E. the Old Calabar riv., & opposite the isl. Fernan- do Po. Kio Dulce, the outlet of the Golfo Dulce, Central America, state Honduras, enters the Caribbean sea W., after a winding course of 23 m., during which it expands into El Golfete, or the Little Gulf, 9 m. in length by 2 m. across. At its mouth is a bar with less than 6 feet water. Kio Grande, a river of W. Africa, Scnegambia, rises in Futa Jallon, lat. 11° 20' N., Ion. 11° W., flows W. A en- ters the Atlantic by an estuary 10 m. across. II. a riv. of S. Amer., Bolivia, rises by sev. heads near Cochabamba, & near lat. 15° 10' S. receives the Chapare, after which it is called the Mamore. III. a river. New Granada, dep. Isthmus, rises N.W. Panama, about 2 m. from which city it enters the Pacific ocean. IV. a river, Mexican confed., enters the Pacific at San Bias, after a N.W. course of 400 m. across the Anahuac ta- ble-land. It is greatly interrupted by cataracts, & is very rapid. -V. a river of the Mosquito territory, Central Amer., enters the Caribbean sea. Kio Grande (or Kio Bravo) del NoHTE, a river of N. America, rises in 654 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [rip the mountainous region, lat. 41° N., Ion. 110° W., fluws inusiiy S.S.E., & enters the gulf of Mexico at El Refugio. Total cuur.-e, 1,600 tn 1,800 m. Its nnvigatinn is imi)e(ieil by rajiiils «t by shoals for more than 100 m. below Santa Fe ; at its mouth ii< a bar vvhieh has often not more than 3 feet water. Rio Grande do Norte, a marit. prov. of Brazil, having N. & E. the Atlantic. Area, 31,230 .«q. ra. P. 100,000. Its name is derived from a river which en- ters the Atlantic. Natal is the cap. Rio Grande do Sul, a town of Brazil, on a low peninsula at the S. extremity of Lake Pato.s. P. 3,590, or including dist l'i,000. It has a considerable trade on the lake, in which 300 or 400 small ves.sels are engaged. Rio Hacha, a town of S. Amer., New Granada, 200 m. E.N.E. Carthagena, with a small port at the mouth of the Hacha in the Caribbean sea. Rio Honda & Rio Hondo, two small rivers of Amer. 1, in Texas, dist. Bex:ir. II. forming the N. limit of British Honduras. Rio Mayor, a mkt. town of Portugal, at the E. foot of Mount Junto, 43 m. E.N.E. Lisbon. Rio Negro, or Parana, a river of Co- lotnl)ia & Brazil, is the principal tributa- ry of the Amazon, & under the name of the Guainia, rises in New Granada, near lat. 2° N., Ion. 72° W. It. flows generally E.S.E., enters the prov. Para, & joins the Amazon. Total course, 1,000 m. At its mouth it is .scarcely ij m. in breadth, but a little higher up it is nearly 9 m., & opposite Barcellos, 15 m. across. Rio Negro (or Sauces), a river of S. America, forming the whole boundary between the territory of the Plata con- fed. & Patagonia. It appears to rise in a hike at the foot of the Chilian Andes, & after an E. course of 600 or 700 m., en- ters the Atlantic ocean 90 m. S.AV. the mouth <'f the river Colorado. At its mouth it is 2 m acro.ss, but at Carmen, 16 m. inland, its breadth is less than 300 yjird.'j, & 4 m. higher it bccojnes wholly innavigable. Its bed aboumJs with shoals &, islands, course rapid, &, 4h m. from its mouth is a dangerous bar. II. a river of Uruguay, the central part of which it drains, enters the I'ruguay riv., BO m. N. Buenos Ayres, after a W. course of 2.')0 m. III. a river of the Plata confed , tributary to the Vermejo. IV. a town, Colombia, New Granuda, 20 m. E.S.E. Medelliu. Rio Tinto, a river of Spain, ri.oes near Aracena, ic Hows S. to the Mediterra- nean, whicli it enters in the bay of Hu- elva. L 60 m. Near its rnouth is the port of Palos, whence Columbus sailed on his voyage of discnvory. II, ;i riv. of Central America, Mo.^quito territory, after a N. course of 120 m., enters the sea E. Cape Cameron. Rioja (La), a dep. of the Plata cnn- fed., S. America, extending from Ion. 66° 20' W. to the Andes. E=tim. p. 19,000.— Rioja, the cap. town, is situated in a wide plain, 118 m. S.S.W. Catamarca. P. 4,000. RiOLs, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Ilerault. P. 2,121. RiOM, a comm. & town of France, dep. Puv-de-DOme, on a hill, 8 m. N.N.E. CleVmont. P. 9,583. It is well built, A paved mostly with basalt & lava, from the quarries of Volvic. It has a com- munal college, a library of 10,000 vols. II. {Riom-es- Monttigne), a comm. & mkt. town, 16 ra. E.N.E. Mauriac. P. 2,370. RiONERO, a town of Naples, 5 m. S. Melfi. P. 9,600. II. a mkt. town, prov. Molise, 9 m. N.W Isernia. P. 1,400. RiONs, a comm. ;sac P. 1,275. — Roquecoiirbe i.s a mkt town, dep. Tarn, 19 m. S.S.E. Albi. P. L613. Roquefort, a comm. A town of France, dep. Liindes, 13 m. N.E. Mont-de-Mar- Ban. P. 1,721. Roquemaure, a oomm. ! in Rivaria, tt joins the Elbe. Total course, 212 m., navig. fur large vessels from the Elbn to 6AC] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 671 Halle. III. Upper Austria uuri, th of which for a the Appalachee. It is the port of Tallahas- see, distant 20 m. N., several open spa- ces adorned with fountains. It has a florid Gothic cathedral of the 16th cen- tury, with a riclily decorated interior, & 25 other churches. Salamanca is the Ox- ford of Spain, & in 1812, it had 25 col- leges. The battle of Salamanca, in which the English, under Wellingion, totally defeated the F*4inch under Mar- mont'ct Clusel, 22d July 1812, was fought on the heights of Arapiles, 4 m. S.E. the city. Salamanca, a town of the Mcsican confed., dep. & 20 m. S. Guanaxuato. II. a long & narrow island of New Gra- nada, off the mouth of the Magdalena. S.^LAMi.s, an island of Greece, gov. At- tica, in the gulf of iEgina, 10 miles W. Athens. Area, 30 sq. m. P. 5,000. The- mistocles gained a memorable naval vic- tory over tlie Persians, bc. 480. Solon & Euripides were natives' of Salamis. Salanpra, a market town of Naples, 12 m. S.E. Tricarico. P. 1,900. The Salandrella, a contiguous river, enters the gulf uf Taranto. Course, 50 m. Sala.vga, a point & island off the W. coast of S. America, 80 m N.W. Guaya- quil. II. a name of the i.sland Junk- SEYLON. S.ALANGORE, a petty state of the Ma- lay peninsula, stretching for about 120 m. alimg its W. side. P. 12,000. The cap. town Salangore is on a river near the sea. Salankemext, a vill. of Austria, Sla- vonia, on I. b. of the Danube, 21 milea E.S.E. Peterwardein. Salanty, a mkt. town of Russ. Poland, 26 m. W.N.W. Telsh. P. 1,200. 616 CTCLOPiEDTA OP OEOGRAPHr. [sal Salares, a t. of Spain, 24 m. E.N.E, 3Iala;r,t. p. Ij530 — Salas is a town in the prov. i 46 in. N.N.E. Lerida. P. 992. Salas-y-Gomez, a small island of the Pacific ocean. Salat, a river of S. France, dep. Aritige, joins the Garonne. L. 62 ra. Sai.aty, a mkt. town of Rii.s^i:in Po- land, 37 m. S.E. Mitau. P. 1,000. Salawatty, an island of the E. ar- chipelago, off the W. extremity of Papua. L. 35 m., br. 25 in. Salayer, an island of the E. archip., off the S. extremity of Celebes. L. 40 m. by 8 m. in av. br. Salazar de las Palmas, a small town of S. America, New Granada, 40 m. N. Pamplona. Salbris, a coram. & market town of France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, 14 miles N. Vierzon. P. 1,676. Salcito, a town of Naples, on the Trigno. P. 3,000. Saldana, a town of Spain, 37 miles N.N.W. Palencia. P. 1,015. Saldanha Bay, S. Africa, Cape Colo- ny & dist., 60 m. N.N.W. Cape Town. L. 15 m. ; entrance 3 m. in br. Saldao, a riv. of Portugal, enters the bay of Setubal. L. 110 m., for the last 40 of which it is navig. Saldinsk, two contiguous mkt. towns of European Russia, 15 m. S.S.E. Ver- khoturia. United p. 2,000. Sale, a township of Eugl., co. Chester. P. 1.309. Sale di Tortona, a market town of N. Italy, Piedmont, 6 m. N.N.W. Tor- tona. P. 5,094. Salem, a seaport city, Mass., on a low tongue of land between two inlets of the Atlantic, termed N. «fc S. rivers, the for- mer crossed by a bridge 1,500 feet in length, 15 m. N.E. Boston & S. Newbury- port, & connected with both towns by railways. Lat. 42° 31' N. ; Ion. 70° 54' W. P. 20,264. It is now pretty well built, & has a large planted open space, numerous churches, an academy, & va- rious other .sehool.s, a court-house, jail, athenaeum with a library of 10,000 vols., E. Indian society with a valuable muse- um, mechanics' library, several news- papers, numerous bank Sc insurance com- panies ; two harbors, the S. having two light-houses, tt defended by two forts ; tanneries, corn & saw mills. Its E. India trade, formerly very important, is stii! consi leral)le, «fe it has an active coasting trade, A share in the whale fisheries. Its inhabitants took a spirited part in the revolution, St during that period it was distinguished for the num- ber & success of its privateers. II. t., Rockingham co. N H. P. 1,408. III. t.. New London co. Conn. P. 811. ! IV. p-t., & semi-cap. Washington ; CO. N. Y. P. 2,855. V. p-t., Mer- : cerco. Pa. P. 1,930. VI. t.. Luzerne CO. Ph. p. 1,009. VII. t., "Wc-tmore- : land CO. Pa. P. 1,892. VIII. p-v., cap. Roanoke co. Va. P. 300 IX. ; p-v., Stoke co. N. C. P. 1,000. X. p-v., cap. Crittenden co. Kv. P. 250. XI. p-t., Columbiana co. 0. P. L9U0. XII. t., Champaign co. 0. P. i;402. , XIII. t., Ili-h!and co. 0. P. 2,004. . XIV. t., Jefferson co. 0. P. 2,044. I XV. t., Muskingum co. 0. P. 1,002. I XVI. t, Shelby co. 0. P. 1,158. XVII. t., Tuscarawas CO. 0. P. 1,121. XVIII. t., Washtenaw co. Mich. P. 1,364. XIX. p-v., cap. Washington co. la. P. 1,083. XX. p-v., cap. Marion CO. 111. XXI. p-v., Henry co. Iowa. P. 1,500. XXII. a dist. of Brit. India, having S.W. & W. the Cavery river. Area, 6,518 sq. m. P. 905,190. Surface upland; in 1836 upwards of l-4thof the land was under culture. XXIII. S.W. CO. N. J. Area, 320 sq. m. P. 19,467. — Saleyn the cap. is a p-t., with a v., on Salem cr., 3i m. from its mouth on Del. bay. P. 2,0"07. Salemi, a town of Sicily, 15 m. N.E Ma'/zara. P. 11,000. Salemow, town of India, 70 miles E. Bhopaul. Salen, a town of Burmah, 55 m. N.W. Patanago. Salerne.s, a comm. ife town of France, dep. Var, 11 m. W. Draguignan. P. 2,287. Salerno, a seaport city of Naples, on the N. shore of the gulf of Salem-., 30 m. E.S.E. Naples. P. 11.000— Gulf of Salerno is an inlet of the Mediterranean, separated from the bay of Naples by Cape Campanella. Br. 36 m. Salers, a comm. & town of France, dep. Cantal, 15 m. N.N.E. Aurillac. P. 1,243. Saletto. a vill. of Austrian Italv, 21 m. S.W. Padua. P. 2,040. Salford, a town of England, co. Lan- caster. Salgado, a town of Brazil, on the San Francisco. P. 4,000. Salghiu, the principal river of the Crimea, rises at the foot of Mount Eila, enters the gulf of Sivach (Putrid sea), after a course of 100 ra. Salian, a small t<)wn of Asiatic Russ., on an island in the Kur, 15 m. above its mouth in the Ca.>ecula- tion. P. 800. VIIL p-t., Meigs co. 0. P. 1,509. IX t.. Merrimac co. N. H. The birth-place of Daniel Webster. P 1,329. SALiyBURV Island, Hudson strait, Briiisli A. America. Salisblry Plain, an elevated undu- lating tract of open downs, co. ^V'ilt.>, but the term is now generally held to apply mainly to that portion between Saliabui'y & Devizes. Salla'nches, a town of Savoy, on the Arve, 42 m. N.E. Chambery. P. 2,035. Sallee, a fortified se.iport town of Morocco, kingdom & 106 ni. W. Fez, on the Mediterr., at the mouth of the Bu- Regreb. P. 14,000. It stands on a low sandy point, enclo.sed by wall.-, & having a lung battery guarding the entrance to the river. Sal^"!".?. numerous comm.s. & vills. of Fniuce, cDie/ly in tlie S. &> W. deps. I. (Curan), dep. Aveyron, 15 m. W.N.W. Milhau. P. 2,439. 11. {la Source), dep. Aveyron, 7 m. N.N.W. Rode/,, with 1,102 inhabs. III. {sur I'llcrs), dep. Aude. P. 1,189. Sallier, a town of Brit. India, 78 m. E.N.E. Damaun. Salm (Alt), a town of Belgium, 31 m. S.E. Liege. P. 2,600. Salmon River, New York, enters Lake Ontario near its E. end, after a W. course of 35 miles. II. river, Ccuin., an afll. of the Conn, river, at E. lladdam. SalmOnster, a walled town of Ger- many, 11. Cassel, 24 m. S.W. Fulda. P. 1,6^00. Salo, a town of Austrian Italy, 14 m. E.N.E. Brescia. P. 5.600. Jl. a pass in the Pyrenees, between Conflans in France, & Izabare in Spain. Salobrena, a small town of Spain, 34 m. S.S.E. Granada, with 1,450 inhabs Salon, a comm. al law- courts iu Java. P. of rcsideujy, 530,000. Samarcand, a city .)—{.J uande Jue- bal), a small town of S. America, Plata confed. San Juan de Nicaragua, a seaport town of Central .\mer., state Costa Rica, at the mouth of the San Juan, in the Caribbean sea, lat. 10° 55' ' N., Ion. 83° 43' 0" W. It is stated to have the best port on this coast between Cape Gra- cias a Dios A the Boca del Toro. — {Juan del Sul), a port of Central America, on tho Pacific 0., state a. P. 2,000. III. a market town, on the Sino. P. 1,400. IV. a small i.^land, 40 miles E.N.E. Maranhao, & an island in the prov. Goy- az, f>rmeil by 2 branches of the riv. Ara- guiiy, 210 m. long, k 40 m. broad. — Barbara, is a town, 30 m. N.N.E. Ouro Preto. P. 4,000.— 6'ri/z, a town, 120 ui. SE. Goyaz, on the Pari. P. 3,000.— Helena, a town in the prov. Maranhao, — Isabel, a town in the province & N.E. of San Paulo. — Luzia, a town in the prov., 120 m. ES E. Goyaz. P. 3,000 — Rita, a market town, S.E. San Joao d'el Rei. P. of diit. 5,800. — Se, a town in prov. Bahia. Santo (Amaka), a city in the prov. & 40 m. N.N.W. Bahia. II. a town, on 1. b. of the Jacuhi. P. 2,600. — Antonio d'Amarantho, a market town, near the river A below the town Cuiaba. P. 1,400. —A. da Patrulha, is a t., E.N.E. Porto Alegre. P. 3,103. — A. de Sd or Macacu, a town, 30 m. N.E. Bio-de-Janeiro. P. with di>t. 7,000. — A. dos Guarulkos, a mkt. t., on l.b. of the Parahiba. P. 6,000. Sao (Bento), a market town, Brazil. P. 3.000. — Bernardo, a city of the prov. Ceara, 70 m. S.S.E. Ciara P. 6,000.— Christovao, cip. city of the prov. Sergipe. P. 2,000. — Felis, a town in the prov. & 290 m. N.N.E. Goyaz. Sao Francisco, a large & important river, S. A., enters the Atlantic by two moutlis. L. 1,250 m. Its navigation is impeded by the falls of Paulo Affonzo, a series of magnificent cataracts, 160 miles "rom its mouth. 1 1, a small riv. which 2nters the Atlantic opposite the isl. S. Francisco. L. 100 m. III. an isl. in the Atlantic, .separated from the prov. Santa Catharina by a narrow channel. L. 20 m. ; br. 10 m. Its cap. is of same name. Sao (G0NC.4.10), a market town in the prov rtified town of Japan, isl. Kiusiu, 55 m. X.E. Xangace, in the N.E., formed of part of the old prov. Franc'he-Comte, cap. Vesoul. Area, 1,792 sq. m. P. 347,469. Saone-et-Loire, a dep. of France, in the E., formed of part of the old prov. Burguixly, cap. MiLcon. Area, 3,321 sq. m. P. 574,720. Surface mntnous., traversed S. to N. by the inntns. of the Cote-d'-Or, which separate the basins of the Saone & Rhone. Saorgio, a town of N. Italy, Sardinian dom , 25 m. N.E. Nice. P. of coram. 2,689. Saowlee, a town of ^Y. Hindostan, 18 m. N. Baroda. Sapan Tagh, a mountain of Asiatic Turkey, 40 m. N.W. Van. Estim. elev., 9,500 to 10,000 feet. Saparoua, one of the small Amboyna isls., E. archip. about 20 miles in circuit. Sapata, a small isl. of the China sea, 90 m. S. Cape Pailaran. II. an isl. ofi" the W. coast of Borneo. Sapienza, one of the small Greek isls., off the S.W. coast of the Morea. L. 5 m. ; br. 2 in. Saponara, a town of Naples. 11 m. S.E. Marsico Nuovo. P. 3.400. Saposhok, a town of Russia, 59 m. S.E. Riazan. P. 4,000. Sapri, a market town of Naples, 6 u. E. Policastro. P. 15,000. Sapucahi, a river of Brazil, joins the Rio Grande, after a course of 200 miles. The town Sajxicclii, on its banks, is ISO m. S.W. Ouro Preto. P. 3,000. Saquahema, a town of Brazil, 29 m. E. Rio-de-.Janeiro. P. 7,000. Sahabat, a river of Asia- Minor, Ana- tolia, after a W. course of 180 m. enters the gulf of Smyrna. Saracena, a town of Naples, 8 m. W.S.W. Cassano. P. 3,000. S.^RAieK, a town of Russia, 35 m. W.N.W. Riazan. P. 5,670 Sarakino. an islet of tho Grecian archipelago, 6 m. lung. Sabamaca, a river uf Dutch Guiana^ bar] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. C89 after a N. course of 200 m. enters the Atlantic. Saramon, ii comm. & town of France, dep. Gers, 12 m. S.E. Auch. P. 1,276. Saranac, p-t., Clinton co. N. Y. P. 2,582. — Saranac lake, 5 m. in length, gives efflux to Saranac river, which en- ters Lake Champlain at Plattsburg, after a N.E.-ward cour.-ie of 55 m. Saransk, a town of Russia, 70 m. N. Penzn. P. 8,780. Sarapilly, a town of British India, 10 in. S. NoUore. Sarapiqui, a riv. of Central America, tributary to the San Juan de Nicar;igua. Sarapul, a town of Rust^ia, 195 ni. S.E. Viatka, on the Kama. P. 6,000. It is the centre of a large trade in timber & masts. Upwards of 20,000 persons annually attend its large fair. Saraswati, a riv. of W. Ilindostan, enters the head of the gulf of Cutch. It is held sacred by Hindoos. Length, 100 miles. Saratoga, an E. co. N. Y. Area, 800 sq. m. Cap. Ballston spa. P. 45,6-16. II. (Lake), Saratoga co. N. Y., 9 in. long. III. t., Saratoga co. N. Y. — (Springs), p-t., Saratoga co. N. Y. P. 4,650. -IV. p-v., Saratoga co. N. Y., containing the most celebrated spa in the U. States, 32 ni. N. Albany. P. 3,492. Here"*are 7 principal springs, strongly impregnated with saline matters & iron ; & the vill. has many large hotels & boarding houses, churches & academies. Near it the British troops under Burgoyne surren- dered to the American General Gates 1777. Saratov, a gov. of Russia. Area, 74,730 sq. m. P. 1,718,000. Surface in the W. hilly, & in many parts fertile ; but the E. is a wide desert steppe. Prin- cipal towns, Saratov, the cap , Petrov.^k, Kamuschin, & Tzaritzin. — Saratov, the fortified cap., is situated on rt. b. of the Volga, 290 m. E.Voroniej. P. 45,000. It consists of an upper & a lower town, built chiefly of wood. Sarawak, or Sarwa, a town of the Burmese dom., Pegu, on 1. b. of the Irra- wadi, 80 m. N.W. Rangoon. Sarawak, a country of Borneo, on the N. coa.«t of the island, near its W. side, cap. Saraicak, formerly Kuchin. P. 12,000. Sarawan, a prov. of Bcloochistan, having N. Aftghnni.-itan. Estim. area., 15,000 .^q. m. P. 50,000. Surface most- ly mountainous S V Evcquc, dep. Sarthe, 7 m. N.E. Le Mans. P. 2,614. Savigny, numerous comms. Ac., of France. 1, dep. Loir-et-Cher, 13 m. W.N.W. A^endume. P. 3,065. II. {en Revermont), dep. Saone-et-Loire. P. 2,322. III. (e/i Sancerrc), dep. Cher, 6 m. N. Sancerre. P. 1,665 IV. {sous JJeaune), dep. COte-d'-Or, 3 ni. N.Beaune. P. 1,703. Savin (St.), several comms., &c., of France. 1, a market town, dep. Gi- ronde, 10 m. E. Blaye. P. 1,926. II. a town. dep. Vienne, cap. cant.. 24 miles E.S.E. Poitiers. P. 1,447. ^11 1, dep. Isere, with a vill., 8 m. N.W. La Timr- du-Pin. P. '2,359. IV. dep. H. Pyre- nees, 2 m. S.S.E. Argeles. Savintroog, a strong hill fortress of S.India, Mysore, 20 m. W.S.W. Banga- lore. The rock upon whiL-h ii i.^ formed rises half a mile in perpendicular height, from a base of 8 or 10 miles in circum- ference, &, is surrounded by impcnetr;ible jungle. Savinien (St.), a comm. A, mkt. town 694 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [say of France, dep. Charente Inf., 9 m. N. SaKite.^. P. 3,507. Saville, t., Terry co. I'a. P. 1,263. Savio, a riv. of Italy, Puntif. sta., en- ters the Ailiiatic. L. 50 m. Savoca, a vill. of Sicily, 8 m. N.N.E. Taoruiinn. P. 3,000. Savona, a town & senport of N. Italy, Sardinian do n., 25 ra. S.W. Genoa. P. g of comiu. 16,200. Its harbor is formed by a mole projecting into the sea. Savov, a duchy & one of the conti- nental divisions of the Sardinian states, separated by the Alps from Italy on the E., & Piedmont on the S., by the Rhone frum Fr;>nce on the W., & partly by the lake of Geneva from Switzerland on the N. Area, 4,270 .itimated public rev(Mino. 8749,715 annually. Pub lie debt, 33,795,906. Saxiciobino, a seaport town of Den- mark, on the isl. Laaland. P. 900. Saxony, an old division of N. Ger- many, which extended botw. the Baltic & the N. sea in the N., & Bohemia* Ba- varia in the S. II. a kingdom u( Cen- tral Europe, in the middle of (Jcrmany, between lat. .50° 10' & 51° 23' N., & Ion. 11° 55' & 15° 3' E., bounded E A S. by Austria, W. & N. by Bavaria, Saxe AVei- niar, Saxe Altenburg &, Prussia ; cap Dresden. Extreme length, 133 miles, greatest br. 50 m. Area, 6,777 sq miles P. 1,336,433. Soil fertile in grain, INAVIA, tba classio namo of the great peninsula of N. Europe, consisting of Sweden & Norway. — Scania was an old prov. of Sweden, at its S. c.xtrcfnity. Scanfs, a populous vill. of the Upper Engadino, Switzerland. Scanno, a town of Naples. . P. 3.000. II. a vill., 12 ra. .S.E. Lake Fucino. ScANSANO, a market town of Tusc:inv, 12 m. S.E. Gro.sseto. P. 3,000.— iSmn- 2ano is a vill. of Naples, near Custel-a- Mare. Scar, a mountain of Ireland, Leinster, CO. Wicklow. Height, 2,105 feet. Scarborough, a seaport town of Eng- land, CO. York, N. Riding, on the S. slope of a headland extending into the N. sea, 37 m. N.E. York. P. 24,611. It has a striking appearance, its streets rising steeply from the sea towards a ruined castle on an abrupt cliff. It is well built & handsome. — Scarborough, or Gilbert islarjcls, Pacific ocean, between lat. 1° & 3° N., & Ion 172° & 174° E., comprise Marshall, Matthews, Gilbert, & Charlotte islands. II. t., Cumberland co. Me. P. 1,837. ScARDA & Scardizza, two Small isls. of Dalmatia. 1, between the islands Premuda & Isto. II. 3 ra. \V . Pago. ScARDONA, a decayed town, Dalmatia, 6 m. N.N.E. Snbenico, on rt. b. of the Kerka. P. 1,200. ScARNAFiGi, a market town of Pied- mont, N.E. Saluzzo. P. of comm. 2,854. Scarp, an island of the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, CO. Inverness. P. 129. ScARPAKTO, an island of the Mediter- ranean, belontfing to Turkey, 28 m. S.W. Bho.les. L. 30 m. ; br. 8 m. ScARPE, a navigable river of France, joins the Scheldt on the frontier of Bel- gium. L. 25 m. — Scarperia is a small town of Tuscany, 16 m. N.E. Florence. ScATARY, an islet of Brit. N. America, off the E. coast of the isl. Cape Breton. L. 6 m. ; br. 2 m. ScEAUX, a comm. & town of France, dep. Seine, 4 ra. S. Paris. P 1,051. ScEY (SuR Saone), a coium. &, market town of France, dep. II. Saone, 9 milea W.N.W. Vesoul. P. 1,897. ScHAAFHEiM, a market town, Ilcssen- Darmstadt, 8 miles E.N.E. Dieburg. P 1,338. ScHAAFSTADT, a town, Pruss. Saxony, 10 m. W.N.W. Mcrsoburg. P. 1.900. ScHAFA, a market town of Moravia, 14 m. W.N.W. Znaym. P. 1,243. ScHAFFHAusEN, the most N. cant, of Swilzerbind. Area, 1 16sq in. P. 32,582. — Scliaffliausen, the cap , is situated on rt. 1. of the Ilhine, 23 m. N.E Zurich. P 696 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [sen 7,500. It is cneloserl by old walls on the site of nn ancient Roman fortress. — The falls of Sc/iajj'hausen, a cataract of the Rhine, 3 m .S.S.W. the town, has a total dejseent of about 100 feet. ScHAGEN, a town of the Netherlands, 11 in. N. Alkniaar. P. 1,8S5. ScHAGUTicoKE, p-t., RcDsselaer co. N. Y. P. 3,369. ScHALE, a vill. of Prussian Westphalia, 33 in. N. Miinster, on the Aue. P. 1,570. ScHALKAU, a town of Central Germany. Saxc-Meiningen, on the Itz, 7 m. N.AV. Ncustadt. P. 1,037. — Alt Schalkoicitz, is a vill., Prussian Silesia, 11m. N.W. Oppeln. P. 1,740. ScHALL, a lake of N. Germany, about 9 m. in length. Schan'ck(Mount), a conspicuous table shaped hill of S. Australia, near the coast. ScHANDAu, a town of Saxony, 21 m. S.E. Dresden, on the Elbe. P. 1,63S. Schank's Island, Pacific ocean, is in lat. 0° 25S., Ion. 163° E. ScHARDiNG, a town of Upper Austria, 8 ra. S.S.W. Passau. P. 3,500. ScKARNiTz, a vill. & pass in the Tyrol, 10 m. N.W. Innsbriick. ScHASSBURG, a town of Transylvania, 24 m. E S.E. Neumarkt. P. 6,250. ScHATTAu, a market town of Moravia, 5 m. SS.W. Znaim. P. 1,716. ScHATZLER, a town of Bohemia, 32 m. N. IConiggratz. P. 1,073. ScHAUMBURG-LiPPE, a principality of N.W. Germany. Area, 207 sq. m. P. 31,870. Principal towns, Biickeburg, the cap., & Stadthagen. Public revenue, 130,000 Prussian dollars. The state is free from debt. ScHEEMDER, a viU. of the Netherlands, 16 ra. E.S.E. Groningen. P. 3,439. ScHEiBENBERG, a vill. of Saxony, 5 m. E. Schwarzenberg. P. 1,836. ScHEiDECK, a mntn. of Switzerland, 8 m. S. Brienz. Height above the sea, 6,473 feet. — The Lesser Scheidec/c, is a mountain S.W. the foregoing. ScHELOT, a river of France & the Netherl.ind.-, &, enters the North sea, in the Dutch prov. Zeeland, by two mouths — the E & W. Scheldt — which enclose the two i.^land.s Bevehind & Walcheren. Total cour.-e, 200 m. ; at its mouths it is from 2i to 3i leagues acro.'s. ScHELE.STADT, a comin. f the two kingdoms took place in 1707. By this treaty 16 peers, elected from the whole body of Scottish peers, represented the country in the House of Lords ; & the cos. returned 30 & the bors. 15 members to the House of Commons. In 1832 the bor. members were incrensed to 23. The elective franchise nearly cor- responds to that of England. II. N.E. CO. Mo. Area, 936 sq. m. Cap. Edina. P. 3,732. Scott, co. S.W. Va. Area, 624 .<;q. m. P. 9,829. C:)p. E>tilvillc. II. S.E. CO. Miss. Area, 576 sq. m. Cap. Iliilsbo- ro'. P. 3,761. III. a N. co. Ky. Aresi, 252 sq. miles. P. 14,946. Cap. Georgetown. IV. a S.E. co. la. Area, 200 sq. m. Cap. Lexingt m. P. 5,885. V. a W. CO. 111. Area, 240 sq. m. Cap. Winchester. P. 7,914. VI. a S.E. CO. Mo. Area, 936 .-q. m. Caj). Benton. P. 3,132. VII. an E. co. Iowa. Area, 540 sq. m. Cap. Davenport. P. 5,936. • VIII. a W. CO. Ark. Area, 950 sq. miles. Cap. Booneville. P. 3,083. IX. a CO. E. Tenn. P. 1,905. X. p-t., Cortland co. N. Y. P. 1,332. ScoTTsviLLE, p-v., cap. Powhatan co. Va. II. p-v., cap. Allen co. Ky. Scrape, a mountain of Scotland, co. Peebles. Height above the sea 2,800 ft. ScRiBA, p-t., Oswego CO. N. Y. P. 2,738. ScHivEN, a S.E. CO. Ga. Area, 748 sq. miles. Cap. Jack.^onboro'. P. 6,817. ScHUB I.SLAND, ono of tho Virgin isls., British W. Indies. ScuncoLLA, a town of Naples, 22 m. S.S.W. Aquila. Near this, in 1268, Charles of Anjou gained tho battle of Tagliacozzo. ScuAE OF EiG, a vast basaltic moun- I tain of the island of Eig, Inner Hebrides, CO. Invcrne.-s, ri.^ing fo 1,340 feet. In itt perpendicular side, facing the sea, is a cavern termed the "bone cave," from 400 of the inhabs. of Eig having been smothered here by the clansmen of Skye. ScLTARi, a town of Asia-.Minor, (^n iho Bosphorus, immediately (opposite Con- stantinople, of which it is usually con- I sidered a suburb. P. 60,000. It is built on several hills, k has, both externally A internally, a great re.-emblance to the Turkish capital. It is the great rcndez- ' vous for caravans from Asia trading to Constantinople, A betw. it & Chalcedon ; 1 I5 miles S.-ward is the plain where the I Turkish forces u.siially a.^scmble for Asi- I atic campaigns. Here, in 325, the troops i of Cunstantine the Great finally defeated I those of Licinius. II. a town of Euro- pean Turkey, Albania, on the Boyana, at the S. extremity of the lake of Scutari, 45 m. S.E. Cattaro. P. 40,000. Imme- diately adjacent is a lofty height crowned by a citadel, k containing the residence of the governor, with an arsen.il &, bar- racks. Sea-going vessels only a.^cend the Boyana to Hobotti some miles fiom Scu- tari, &, where are extensive warehouses, & a custom-house. HE. (or Skutari), a vill. of Greece, 3Iorea, gov. Alistra. Scutari (Lake of), European Tur- key, Albania, is 20 m. in lengih from N. to S. ; av. br. 5 m. ScvLLA, a town of Naples, 11 miles N.N.E. Eeggio. Near it are the rock of Scylta, & the whirlpool of Chanjbdis. Sdili, two islets of the Grecian ar- chipelago. Se. a prefixed name of many cities in China. 1. {Se- FJng), on the Tonquin frontier, 12 m. S.W. Se-Ming. II. {S. Ming), on a river 115 m. from its mouth in the gulf of Tonquin. III. {Ngan),^ cap. dep., 45 m. >i.N W. Nan-ngin. IV. (Nan), lat. 28° N., Ion. 108° 25' E. V. {Tching), lat. 24° 20' N., Ion. 106° 15' E. VI. i^Tchou), on the bor- der of Hou-nan. Seabrook, t., Rockingham co. N. 11. P. 1,392. Seaford, a cinque port of England, co. Sussex. P. 953. Seafoiith (Loch), an arm of tho sea in tho Hebrides, Scotland. Sea 1Ioh.se Lslands, a chain of islets, Arctic ocean, olf the coast of Kussian America. — Sea-llurse Point, Briti.sh N. America, is tho E. extremity of South- ampton island. Seal, t., Pike co. 0. P. 1,835. Seal Island, British N. America, is bed] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 703 in the Atlantic, 18 ni. W. Cape Sable. II. a granite rock off the S. ci>ast of Aus- tralia. III. S.W. Africa, off the Hot- tentot coast. — Seal river, Brit. N. Aiuer., enters Ilu'Json bay on its W. side. L. 200 miles. Sealer's Cove, an inlet of the S. coast of Australia, 13 ui. E. Wilson prom- ontory. Sealkote, or Shalkote, a town of the Punjab, 65 m E N.E. Lahore. Searey, a N. C). Ark. Area, 850 sq. miles. Cap. Lebanon. P. 1,979. IL p-v., cap. White co. Ark. Searsmont, t., Waldo co. Me. P. 1,374. Sebago, lake, Cumberland co. Mo. 12 m. long. Sebastiansberg, or Basberg, a town of Boheini;i, 18 m. N.W. Saatz. P. 1,583. Sebasticook, r., Me., enters the Ken- nebec. Sebee, t., Piscataquis co. Me. P. 1,116. Sebee, a town at the S. frontier of Aff- ghani.stan, 15 in. E. Dadur. Se-Beero, Indian ocean, off the W. coast of Sumatra, is 60 m in length. Sebex, a walled town of Ilunir^'ry, co. Saros, on the Tari.i^, 9 m. N.N.W. Epe- ries. P. 2.200. Sebenico, a town of Dalmatia, 42 ra. SE. Zara, on an inlet of the Adriatic. P. 6,000. Sebesh, a town of Russian Poland, 95 m. N.W. Vitebsk. P. 2,100. Sebha, a town of Central Africa, Fez- zan. Sebnitz, a town of Saxony. 24 miles E.S.E. Dresden. P. 3,309. Sebon'court, acomm. & vill. of France, dep. Ai.sne. P. 2,007. — Sebours;^ is a comm. & vill., dep Nord. P. 1,707. Sebou, a river of Morocco, prov. Fez. Sebus, a river of Morocco, kingdom Fez, after a tortuous W. course of 210 m., enters the Atlantic. Sebustieh, a vill. of Palestine, pash. Acre, on a hill rising out of a fine plain, 6 m. N.W. Nablous. It is tolerably well built, ^h India, pre- sid. Beng:e of 60 m. II. joins the MoseJle at Metz, after a N. course of 60 Kilf/» III. an affl. of the latter. 30* Seilux, a vill. of Palestine, pash. Acre, 10 m. S.S.E. Nablous. Seim, a riv. of Russia, joins the Desna, after a cour.-c of 300 miles. SEiMARRAir, a ruined city of Persian Kurdistan, in a fine plain. Sein {Sena), an islet in the Atlantic, off the N.W. coast of France. Seine, a river of France, rises in Mt. Ta.«selut, & enters the English channel by an estuary 7 miles wide. L. 414 m., for 350 of which it is navigable. Its banks are highly picturesque in the lower part of its course. II. the smallest but most wealthy amietta branch of the Nile. Semenov, a town of Russia, caj). clrc on an alll. of the Kerjenetz. P. 3,000.— Seinenooka & Semciiors/caia are two mkt. towns. 1. 90 m. S.E. Voroniej. II. in gov. Moscow. Semile, a town of Bohemia, 23 miles N.K. Jung-Buuzlau, &, 1.720 iuhabs. sen] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER, 101 Seminara, a town of Naples, 2 m. S.E. Palmi. P. 2,500. Semipalatixsk, a fortified town of Siberia, 140 m. SE. Yamishevsk. Semitch Islands, a group of the Aleutian isls., N. Pacific ocean. Semliank, a town of Russia, gov. & 25 m. N.AV. Voroniej. P 2,500. Semlin, a fortified fionticr town of the Austiian empire, co. & 40 m. S.E. Pefer- wardein, on r. b. of the Danube, 3 miles N.W. Belgrade. P. 10,200. It is the chief entrepot of the trade between Aus- tria & Turkey. Semmed, a town & fort of Arabia, Oman, 55 m. S.W. Muscat. Semoy, a riv. of Belgian Luxembourg & France, joins the Meuse. L. 100 ra. Sempach, a decayed town of Switzer- land, 8 m. N.W. Lucerne, at the E. ex- tremity of the lake of Sempach. P. 960. In its vicinity 1,400 Swi.ss routed 4,000 Austrians, 9th July, 1336 ; & the action ■was rendered memorable by the heroic death of Arnold von WinXelreid. — The lake of Scmpack, 4 m. in length by I m. in breadth. Sempronius, p-t., Cayuga co. N. Y. P. 1,266. Sempst, a vill. of Belgium, on the Senne, & on the Brussels & Antwerp railw., 10 miles N.N.E. Brussels. P. of comm. 2,040. Semur (En-Auxois), a comm. & town of France, dep. Cute-d'-Or, 35 m. W.N.W. Dijon. P. 4,057. — (e/i Brionnais), a comm. & town. dep. SaOne-et-Loire. P. 1,615. Sena, or Senna, a town, & the former snp. of the Portuguese dom. in E. Africa, 110 m. W. Quilimane. Sendenhorst, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 12 m. S E. Miir ster. P. 1,610. Sene, a comm. k vill. of France, dep. Morbihan. P. 2,476. Seneca, riv., S. C, enters the Tuga- loo. L. 50 m. IL a central co. N. Y. Area, 303 -sq. m. Capt. Ovid & Water- loo. P. 25,441. lir. t., Ontario co. N. Y., on the border of Seneca lake. P. 7,500. IV. t., Seneca co. 0. P. 1,373. V. t , Guernscv co. 0. P. 1,339 VL t., M..nroe co. 6. P. 1,348. VIL a N. CO. 0. Area, 540 sq. ni. Cap. Tif- flin. P. 27,103. VIII {Lake), in the W. part of the state of New York, be- tween Cayuga .-\vard. It was ruined in 1731 by Nadir Shah, but having been made cap. of Shirvan in 1841, it is now thriving, «fc is celebrated for its silks. P. 18.500. Shamlf-e, a town of Brit, India, presid Bengal, 53 ra. N. Delhi. { 8He1 UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 713 Shamokin, a tnshp., Penn , 70 m. N. Harrisburg. P. 1,9S3. Shamshadil, a prov. of Asiat. ilussia, Transcaucasia, S. the Kiir. Shandaken, p-t., Ulster co. N. Y. P. 2,307. Shang-hae, a seaport city of China, & one of the live now open lor European commerce, prov. Kiang-su, on the Woo- sung river. 14 miles from the sea, it 160 miles E.S.E. Nankin. P. 120,000. Its coasting trade is also very extensive, & 3,000 junks are often crowded together in its river. It has a mint, & nourishing manufs. of flowered silks of a peculiar kind, &> of iron wares, glass, paper, & wares in ivory, bone, gold, & silver. It is an important entrepot of the commerce between the N. & S. provs. of China. Shannon, the principal river of Ire- land, through the centre & W. of which it flows. It rises in a pond called the Shan- non Pot, close to the base of Cuilcagh nintn., & joins the Atlantic b^' an estu- ary, 10 m. in width at its entrance im- nitsdiately N. Tralee bay. Total course, 221 m., for nearly all of which it is navi- gable. It is tidal for the last third of its course, & may be ascended by vessels of 400 tons to Limerick. II. a S. co. Mo. Area, 2,400 sq. m. Cap. Shannon c.h. P. 1,199. Shan-si, a prov. of China, having N. Mongolia. Estim. area, 55,268 sq. m. P. 14,004,210. Shan-tung, a marit. prov. of China, having E. the Yellow sea & gulf of Chi- li, which it separates by a large penin- sula. E-;tim. area, 65,104 sq. m. P. 28,958,764. Shaoor, a town of Brit. India, presid. Madras. Shapinshay, one of the Orkney isls., Scotland. Shapleigh, t., York CO. Me. P. 1;510. Shapoorah, a town of N.W. Ilindos- tan, Odeypoor dom. Sharabad, a considerable town of Hin- dostan, 70 m. N.W. Lucknow. — Sharaha- bad is a town of Cashmere. Sharapan, a town of Russian Trans- caucasia, on the Phasis, 30 m. E. Kutais. Sharon, town, Windsor co. Vt. II. t., Norfolk CO. Mass. P. 1,076. III. t, Litchfield CO. Ct. P. 2,507. IV. p-t., Schoharie co. N. Y. P. 2,632. V. t., Medina CO. 0. P. 1,315. Sharples, a township of England, co. Lancaster. P. 2,830. Shary, a river of Cent. Africa, after a N. course of uncertain length, enters Lake Tchad. Shat-ul-Arab, a river of W. Asia, formed by the junction of the Euphrates & Tigris, enters the Persian gulf, after a S.E. ci'urse of 120 m. Shatzk, a tdwu of Russia, gov. Tam- bov, 38 m. N. Morshansk. P. 6,000. Shavli, a town of Russian Poland, 50 m. S.S.W. Mitau. Shawangunk, a township, Ulster co. New York, 24 m.W. Kingston. P. 4,036 Nine mammoth skeletons have been dug up among the Shawangunk mountains, & one is in Peale's museum, Philadelphia Mountain of same name in Sullivan co. N. Y., & or. of same name in Orange co. N. Y. Shawgur, a town of India, Nizam's dom., on the Godavery. Shawl, a town of Beloochistan, near the Afighan frontier, 20 m. N.W. the Bholan pass. P. 2,000. Shawnee, town. Fountain co. la. P. 1,439. Shaneetown, p-v., Gallatin co. 111., on the Ohio riv. P. 1,764. Shawono, a N. co. Mich. Area, 576 sq. miles. Shayook, a considerable river of Cent. Asia, Little Tibet. L. 118 m. Sheboygan, r.. Wis., enters Lake Mi- chigan. II. E. CO. Wis. Area, 500 sq. m. P. 8,373. Sheboyge, the cap. is at the mouth of Sheboyge r. Sheelly. a town of Brit. India, presid. Madras. Sheep-Head Cape, Ireland, Munster. Sheep Islands, are a cluster of isls. in Lake Urumiyah, N. Persia Sheepscot, r.. Me. L. 35 m. Sheergotty, a town of British India, presid. Bengal, 80 m. S.W. Patna. Sheerness, a seaport town -Stour, a market towq of Enghmd, 30 m. E.S.E. Worcester. P l,84(j. Siuhaz, a city & formerly the cap. of j Persia, cap. prov. Fais, in a valley fa- I mous for its gardens &, fertility, 4,500 ft. above the sea, & 115 in E.N.E. Bushire. i Lat. 29° 36' N., Ion. 5i° 44' E. P. 40,- I 000. It is enclosed by bastioned walls nearly 4 m. in circumference, & entered I by (j gates, flanked with towers. Until [ recently, it had an imposing external appearance; but many of its best edifices were ruined by an earthquake in 1824. Its commerce is extensive. Shirinki, one of the Kurile isls., S.W. Porumushur. It is a conspicuous rock, 25 m. in circuit. Shirley, t., Middlesex co. Mass. P. 957. II. t., Huntingdon co. Pa. P. 1,174. Shirvan, a prov. of Asiatic Russia, Transcaucasin, having E. the Caspian sea. Principal town Shamaka. Shisdra, a town of Russia, 80 m. S.W. Kaluga, on the Shisdra, an affluent of the Oka. P. 8,000. Shishewan. a vill. of Persia, on the E. shore of Lake llrumiyah. Shoa, the most S. of the three princi- pal states of Abyssinia. Surface mostly mntnous. Some parts from 8,000 to 9,000 feet above the sea. Principal towns, Ankober, the cap., Angolalla, A Tegulet. Shoal (Bay), E. Australia, lat. 29° 25' S., Ion. 153° 20' E. II. N. Aus- tralia, at the S. extremity of Apsley strait, between Melville & Bathurst islands. — Shoal-basin is a circular bay, a little further up Apsley strait. — (Creek), Illinois, joins the Kaskaskia, 40 miles S.S.W. Vandalia, after a rapid S. course of 60 m. — (Ness), a headland of Russian America. Shoalhaven, a consid. river of New S. Wales, enters the Pacific by a large mouth 75 m. S.W. Sydney. Shogre, a town of N. Syria, pash. Aleppo, on the Orontes, 25 miles S.S.E. Antioch. Shoreditch, a quarter of the British metropoli.5, immediately N. the city of London, & included in the bor. Tower Hamlets. Shoreham, t., Addison co. Vt. P. 1,601. II. (New), seaport town of England, co. Sussex. Shorkote, a town of the Punjab, be- tween the Chenab «fc Ravee rivers. 716 CYCLOP-^EDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [SIA Short Creek, p-t , Harrison co. 0. P. 2,02-i. Showy, a town of Central Africa, on I. b. of the Sliary, 23 m. S.E. its mouth in L:tke 'l\h nl. Shreveport, p-v., cap. Caddo pa. La. P. 500. Shrewsbury, a town of England, cap. CO. Salop, 33 m. S. Chester. P. 17,688. It has a handsome external appearance, & many good residences. The battle be- tween the troops of Henry IV. & the Percies, &c., A; in which Hotspur was killed, was fuught near it in 1403. II. t., Rutland CO. Vt. P. 1,218— after a course of 120 m , enters the gulf of Bothnia. Skelugs, three rocky islets off the S.W. coa;t of Ireland, co. Kerry, in the Atlantic ocean. The Ureat Skellig rises abruptly to 710 feet in height. Skeneateles. a tnshp. Onondiga co. N. Y., on Skeneateles lake, 13 m W.S.W. Onondaga. P. 4,030. The lake is 15 m. in length. Skerrie.s, a fishing town of Ireland, Lein-ter, co. & 17 m. N.N.E. Dublin. P. 2,417. If. an islet in the Irish sea, off the N.W. coast of Anglesey — The Out Skerries are three islets in the ex- treme E. of Shetland, 10 m. S.E. Fetlar, each about 1 m. in lenijth. P. 122. Skerrow (Loch), a highly picturesque lake of Scotland, Kirkcudbright. Skerton, a tnshp. of England, co. N. Lancaster. P. 1.665. Skiatho. one of the N. Sporades, Gre- cian archipelago. L. & br. 4 m. each. Skibbereen, a mkt. town of Irelaml, Munster, co. & 90 m. S.W. Cork. P. 4715. Skiddaw, a mntn. of England, co. Cumberland. Elev. 3,022 ft Skielskor, 11 town of Denmark, on the S.W. coast of the island Seeland, on a deep arm of ths Great Belt, 10 m. S. Skagelse. P. 1,000. Skierniwice, a town of Poland, 42 m. W.^.W. Warsaw, on the Bzura. P. 2,300. Skinosa, a small island of the Grecian archipelago, gov. Sc 5 in. S. Naxos. Skippach, a tnshp. IMontgomerv co. Penn., 66 m. E. Ilarrisburg. P. 1,435. Skipton, a mkt. town of England, co. York, W. Riding. P. 28,764. Skircoat, a tnshp. of England, co. York, W. Riding. P. 5,237. Skive, a town of Denmark, prov. Jiit- land. J'. 1,200. Skivra, a town of Russia, 60 m. S.W. Kiev, cap. eirc , wi(h 4,100 inhabs. Skopelo, one of the N. Sporade.s isls., Greece, gov. it 15 m. N. Euboea, in the iEgeaa sea. Area, 32 sq. m. P. 2,500. fiLl] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 723 II. a town on the S.E. coast of the island. Skopin, a town of Russia, 52 m. S. lli- azan. P. 6,000. Skotschau, a town of Austrian Sile- sia, on the Vistula. P. 1,800. Skowhegax, a tnshp. Somerget co. Me., on the Kt-nnebec, 36 miles N. Au- gusta. P. 1,,584. Skripu, a vill. of Greece, Boeotia, 7 m. N.E. Lebadca. Skkopha (Cape), a headland of Greece, W. Jlellas, Acarnaiiia. Skulany, a large market town of S. Russia, (in the Furth, 14 m. N.E. Jassy. Skutsch, a town of Bohemia, 12 miles S.E. Chrudim. P. 3,403. Skye, t!ie largest islanl of the Inner Hebrides, Scotland, co. Inverness. P. 23,082. Surface mntnous. ; many heights in the centre rise to betw. 2,000 & 3,000 feet abos'e I lie sea, amongst which the Cuchulliii hills are conspit-uous ; its N. part &, shores are bold & strikingly pic- turesque. The inhabitants are mo&tly of Gaelic descent. The i.^land contains many Dani.sh antiquities; belongs chiefly to Lord Macdonald &, the Macleod fam- ily. Skyros, an island of the Grecian ar- chipelago, in the ^gc'an sea, 24 m. N.E. Cape Kili, Eiiboja. L. 17 m. ; br. 2 to 7 miles. Estimated aren, 60 sq. m. P. 2,630. It is separated into two parts by an isthmus. Its S. peninsula rises to 2,566 feet above the sea. The bay of Kalainitza, on the W. side, receives large vessels. The only town, St. George, stamls on the N. siile of the isl. Seven m. W. is Skyro-poulo, a rocky islet, 617 feet in height. Slagelre, a town of Denmark, island SeelamI, 10 m. N.E. Corsoer. P. 3,600. Slane, a market town of Ireland, Leinster, co. Meath, on the Boj'ne, 8 m. W. Drogheda. P. 2,510; do. of town, 555. The celebrated battle of the Boyne was fought near Slane, on the E. Slaney, a river of Ireland, Leinster, expands into Wexford harbor. Total course, 60 m., tidal for 10 m. Slano, a market town of Dalmatia, 16 m. N.W. Ragusa. P. 1,400. Slatina, a town of Wallachia, cap. Upper Wallachia, on the Aluta, 90 m. W. Bucharest. Slave Coast, is that portion of the Guinea coast, W. Africa, between the Volta & Lagos rivers, which separate it respectively from Benin on the E. & the Gold coast on the W. Slave Lake (Great), a considerable lake of British N. America, N.W. terri- tory, between lat. 60° 40' &, 63° N., & Ion. 109° 30' & 117° 30' W. Shape very irregular. L. E. to W. 300 m. ; gr. br. 50 in. Shores, on its N. fide e.-peri;il!y, precij)itoiis ;seck, the cap., Vukovar, & Gradiska, are other principal towns. Slavuta, & Slawatyce, two market towns of Russian Poland. 1 on the Gorin, 13 m. N. Zaslav. II. 54 m. S.E. Siedlee, on the Bug. — Slavciszyn is a walled town of Poland, 10 m. N. Kalice. P. 1,000. Slawkow, a town of Poland, 31 miles N.W. Cracow. P. 1,520. i Sleaford (New), a market town of ■ England, co. Lincoln, on the Slea. P. 3,382. Shore, a vill. of Norway, 95 m. N.W. Christiania, on the Beina. P. 3.100. j Sliedrecht, a vill of the Netherlands, on thtj Maas, 4 m. E. Dort. P. 1,856. Slieve, numerous nintns. of IrelanJ, among which are 1. (i>ef), co. Down. Height, 2,384 feet. II. "(Car), Con- naught, CO. Mayo. Height, 2,368 feet. ^III. {Donard), Ulster, co. Down. Height, 2,796 feet. Sligo, a maritime co. of Ireland, Con- naught, having N. the bays of Killala, Sligo, & Donegal. Area, 721 sq. m. P. 128,769. Principal crops, oats & potatoes, with some wheat. Estates large, farms ' n)ostly small. Average rent of land, 10*. I 8d. an acre. — Sligo, tiio cap., is a .^. SoGLAH (Lake), Asia- Minor, pash. & 63 m. W. Karaman, is 11 m. in length; br. 7 m. SoHAGEPOOR, a town of British India, presid. lieiigal, S.W. territory. SoHAM, a market town of England, CO. Cambriilge. P. 4,091. SoHAR, a town of Arabia, dora. & 120 m. W.N.W. Muscat, on the sea of Bab- el- Mandeb. SoHAUL, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bengal. SoHL, a CO. of Hungary, N.B. the Danube. P. 91,499. Cap. Neu-Sohl. SoHNA, a town of Brit. India, presid. Bengal. SoHO, a suburb of Birmingham, Eng- land. SoHRAU, a walled town of Prussian Siie-sia. P. 3,950. SoiGNiEs, a town of Belgium, on the Senno, 10 m. N N.E. Mons P. 6,350. The Forest of Solgnies, S.E. Brussels, is 15 m. in length, & 6 ra. in breadth. At its S. e.xtremity are the hamlet of Mont St. Jean, ti the field of Waterloo. SoissoNS, a fortififtd town of France, dep. Aisiie, 18 m. S.W. Laon, on 1. b. of the Aisne. P. 7,900. It has an ancient castle, two ruined abbeys, a college, a cathedral, manufs. of fine carpets, «fc an exten.sivc trade in grain. Clovis made Soissuns his residence at the commence- ment of his reign. SoJ, or SoJA, a navig. river of Russia, joinsi the Dnieper, after a course of 240 ni. SoK, a river of Russia, joins the Volga. Course 130 m. SoKAL, a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia, 33 miles N.N.E. Zolkiev, on the Bug. P. 3,100. SoKO, a state & town of Guinea, N. I Ashantee. — Sokota is a town of Abyssinia, ! state Tigrc; lUO m. S W. Antalo. I SoKOLKA, a market town of Ru<.«ian I Poland, 22 m. X.E. Bialystok. P 2,-l00. II. a market tosvn, 7 m. S. Kobyli- aki. SoKOLOVA, & SoKOLOVKA, two market towns of Kus.'jia 1. 20 m S. Khaikov. ir. 22 m. N.N.W. Uman. SoKOLQW, a town of Poland, 17 m. X. Siedlec P. 3,035. II. a market town of Austria, Galicia, 15 miles XX.E. PiZCSZOW. SoLAXA, a town of Spain, 27 miles E. Ciudad-Keal. P. 4,375. SoLAN'DER Island, an i.iERSET. a div. of the Cape ddonv, S. Africa. Area, 4,000 sq. m. P. 5,200. II. the cap vill. of this div.. 80 m. N.W. Graham Town, at the base of the B was the place where the Romans, under Scipio, were defeated by Hannibal, short- ly after hi.s pa.^sage of the Alps. II. 9 ^m. E. Naples, at the foot of Monte-Som- ina, the N. flank of Mount Vesuvius. P. 7,400. — Soinma Campagna is a vill. of Austrian Italy, 8 m. W.S.W. Verona. SoMMARivA, two comms ,&c., of Pied- mont. 1, {del Bosco), a town, Smiles S.E.Carmagnola. P. 5,333. II. {Par- no), ci>ntiguou.s on the X.E. P. 1,995. SoMME, a river of France, enters tho English channel. Chief utll. the Arve, on 1. L. 115 m. SoMME, a marit. dep. of France, in the N.W., formed of part of the old prov. Picardy. Area. 2,368 .*q. m. P. 570,641. Surf.ice flat. The Somme is the only river of importance. SoMMEE, a town of W. Hindostan, 9 m. S.E. Ruhdiinpoor. SoMMEN, a lake of Sweden, 15 m. E. Lake Wetter. L. 25 m., br. 8 m. SoMMEROA, a walled town of Pru.esian Sa.^ony, 13 m. X.N.E. Erfurt. P. 3,330. SoMMERFELP, a town of Prussia, 44 m. S.S E. Frankfurt. P. 3,648. SoMMiERES, a comm. & town of France, dep. Gard, 14 m. W.S.W. Ximes. P. 3,623. II. a comm. & vill , dep. Vi- enne, 9 m. X.N.E. Civ ray. P. 1,000. SoMNACTH, a marit. town of W. Hin- dostan, Baroda dom., in the peninsula of Gujerat, 28 m. X.W. Dieu Head, & famous for a temple which was long a principal place of Hindoo pilgrimage, & celebrated for its vast wealth. The ori- ginal temple was sacked by Mahmood of Ghuznee in 1024, & its gates carried to Ghuznee, where they were afterwards attached to Mahmood's tomb. SoMORROSTRO, a viU. of Spain, 15 m. N.W. Bilbao, with a fortified harbor on the bay of Biscay. — Somoserra is a vill., 40 m. N.W. Guadalaxara, where on 30th Nov. 1803, the French routed an array of 12,000 Spaniards, & opened to Napo leon the route to Madrid. SoMOSTZE, a mkt. town of Russia, 63 m. N.W. Kharkov. SoNAiL, a town of Hindostan, 56 m. S. Kotah. SoNciNO, a market town of Lombardy. — Sondalo is a vill., prov. & 22 m. N.E. Sondrio. SoNDERBORG, a seaport town of Den- mark, on the S.W. side of the isl. Alsen. P. 3,300. SoNDERSHAUSEX, a towu of Central Germany, 28 m. N.N.W. Erfurt. P 3,500. Sondrio, a town of Austrian Italy, on tho Mallero, near its mouth in the .\dda, 34 miles N.E. Bergamo. P. 4,.500. Its deleg. between tho Grisons & the Tvrol has an area of 1,100 sq. ra. P. 97,000. SoNE, a riv. of India, tributary to tho Gange.<, which it joins 25 m. W. Patna, after a N.E. course of 440 m. SoNEHbT, a town of Briti.^h India, pre sid. Bengal, 45 m. S. Saipoor. — Sons- kutvh is a town, Gwalior dom. SoNEPOOR, a town of British India, prcsid. Bengal. SoNEPUT, a town of Brit. India, prcsid Bengal, 27 m. N.W. Delhi. SoNGARi, a river of Manchooria, joing iop"! UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 129 the Amoor or Saghalin riv. Total course estirn. at 800 m. SoNGEONS, a comra. & market town of France, dep. Oise, 12 m. N.W. Beauvais. P. 1,082. SoNG-KiANG, a city of China, 30 miles S.W. Su-chew. SoNGROOR, a town of British India, presid. Bengal. SoN'Ho, a town of S.AV". Africa, Congo, on the S. bank of the Zaire. SoNMEANEE, a scaport town of Beloo- chistan, on the N.E. near the frontier of Scinde. P. 2,000. It consists of about 500 wretched houses. SoNNEBERG, a town of Germany, 12 m. N.E. C.burg. P. 3,782. SoNNENBURG, a town of Prussia, 19 m. N.N.E. Frankfiirt, on the Lonitz. P. 3,100. SoNNENWALDE, a town of Prussia, 11 m. SS.W. Luckau. P. 1,000. SoNORA, the most N.W. dep. of the Mexican confed., W. the gulf of Califor- nia. Principal towns, Arispe the cap., Sonora, Guaymas, Ilorcasites, Pitic, & Oposura. II. a town of this dep., on the river Sonora, 35 m. S. Arispe. P. 8,000. Near it are some silver mines. — The river Sonora, giving name to the dep., has a S.W. & W. course, & enters an inland lake, lat. 29° 30' N., Ion. 111° W. Total length about 300 m. SoNSBECK, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 33 in. N.N.W. Diisseldorf, on the Sons. P. 1,470. SoNsoN, a town of S. America, New Granada, 75 m. SSE. Antioquia. SoNsoNATE, a town of Cent. America, state & 50 m. W.S.W. San Salvador. P. 10,000. It is in one of the richest dists. of the state, «i has some superb churches. SoNTHOFEN, a mkt. town of Bavaria, 4 m. SE. Immenstadt, on the lUer, with 1,863 inhabs. SoNTRA, a town of Germany, H. Cas- sel, prov. Lower JEIessen, 25 m. S.E. Cas- sel. P. 1,746. SoNYE, a town of Ilindostan, Rajpoo- tana, 20 m. N.N.E. Ahmednuggur. SooKERTAL, a fortified town of British India, presid. Bengal, on the Ganges, 35 m. S.W. llurdwar. SooKSAGOR, a town of British India, presid. & prov. Bengal, 31 miles N. Cal- cutta. SooKULTEERtTT, a town of Brit. India, pre: & Sa- lerno, 15 miles in length, terminates in Cape Campanello, opposite Capri. SoRso, a market town <»f the island Sardinia, div. & 6 m. N. Sassari. P. of comm. 4,073. SoRTELHA, a fortified town of Portu- gal, 7 m. E. Belmonte. Sos, a walled town of Spain, 56 m. N.N.W. Zaragoza. P. 2,822. SosA, a mkt. town, Saxcmy. P. 1.757. SofcNA, two rivers of European Russia, aflBuents of the Bon. 1, gov. Orel, alter an E. course of 130 m., joins the Don. II. after an E. course of 100 m., joins the Don, 16 m. N.E. O?trogoi.-k. SosNiTZA, a town of Russia, 64 m. E. Tchernigov, cap. circ P. 5,000. SospELLO, a town of N. Italy, Sard, sta., div. & 16 m. N.E. Nice. cap. mand., on the Bevera. P. of comm. 4,000. SosvA, two rivers of Siberia. 1. gov. Perm, after a S.E. course of 170 m. joins the Lovda to form the Tavda. II. gov. Tobol.'-k, joins the Obe from the W. at Berezov. after a>;ourse of 350 m. Soto-la-Marina, a vill. of the Mexi- can cimfederalion, 25 m. W. its mouth in the gulf of Mexico. Soto- Mayor, a town of N.W. Spain, 8 m. S.E. Pontevedro. P. 1,790. Sotteghem, a market town of Bel- gium, 13 m. S.S.E. Ghent. P. 1,600. Sotteville, several comras. A vills. of France, dep. Seine Inf., Ac. 1, {les Rouen), 4 m. 8. Rouen. P. 3,971. II. (.su?- il/er), near the English channel. P. 3,877. SoTTO Marina, the most S. of the islands in the Venetian lagoon, N. Italy, 15 m. S. Venice. sou] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 731 SoTUTA, a town of Yucatan, 60 m. S.E. Meriila, & pretty well built. SouBisE, a coinm. & town of France, dep. Cliarcnto Inf. P. 678. It has min- eral springs in its vicinity. SouoAN, Iwocomnis. & vills. of France. 1, dep. Deux-Sevres, 12 m. N.E. Melle. P. 834. II. dep. Loire Inf. P. 2,161. — Souday is a comm. land Madura. A at the mouth of the Kadiii. P. 60,000. It has a handsome government hou.-e, a mint, & large storehouses. Its harbor is the be.-t in Java. SouRBOURG, a comm. ^sing. On the N. roaJ it is entereil by a noble avenue of tree.^ ; & its main street, upwards of 1 m. in length, equals in beauty almost any in London. P. 34,092. The new docks, on the E. of the town, opened in 1842, have an area of 208 a-ri'S, &, have admitted steamers of more than 700 tons burden. Keg. shipping of port 4,965 tons. Here 732 CYCLOPAEDIA or GEOGRAPHY. [sou are some manufs. of silks . Lusiiania, in the W. The Visigoths overran the country in the 5th centur}-, & were driven from most of it by t!ie Arabs in 711. The kingdom of Portugal was founded in 1095. During 8 centuries the Chri-tian princes were engaged in continual warfare with the Mohammedans. From this state the country was delivered, under Ferdinand & Isabella, by the conquest of Granada in 1492. This was followed by the pillage & expulsion of the Jews, who had pos- sessed themselves of most of the com- mercial riches of the country. In the same year Columbus discovered the new world, & Spain became mistress of the greater part of America as then known. Of these vast colonial possessions, Spain has now only the islands of Cuba, Puerto Rico, & some smaller islands in America, the Philippine & Marianne islands in the Pai;ific, the Canary isls. in the Atlantic, Fernando Po, & the island of Annabon in the gulf of Guinea, oiia. Total length estiin. at 3,00U ui. TLiis chain separates the b:isin.< of Lake Baikal &, the Lena on the N., from that of the Aiuuor on the S.E. Stanz, a town of Switzerland, 7 miles S.S E. Lucerne. P. 1,200. Its town hall, of historic celebrit}-, contains a scries of historic portraits ; in its mkt. place is the statue of Arnold von Winkelried, a native of Stanz. Staphorst, a vill. of the Netherlands, 11 m. N.E. Zwolle. P. 4,054. Stapleton. V , Richmond co. N. Y., Staten is!., 2 miles N the " Narrows." Here is the Seamen's Retreat. The building is 208 feet long, 52 wide. & 3 stories high, with wings 32 feet deep & 2 stories high, & cost $100,000. Attached to the building are 37 acres of land, which cost $10,000. Staraia-Russa, a town of Russia, 36 m. S. Novgorod, on a river which flows into Lake llmen. P. 8,700. Starasol, a town of Austrian Poland, Galieia, 10 miles W.S.W. Sambor. P. 1,066. Starbruck Island, Pacific 0., lat. 5° 20' S.. Ion. 155° 56' W. Stargard, a walled town of Prus.«iia, on 1. b. of the navigable Ihna, 21 miles E.S.E. Stettin P. 13, 100. II. a wall- ed town of W. Prussia, 27 m. S.W. Dan- zig, on the Ferse. P. 3,600. III. a town of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 14 m. N.E. Neu-Strelitz. P. 1,410. Staria, a town i)f European Turkey, Albania. — Stari-Maidania a vill., Turk- ish Croatia, on the Sanna. Staritza, a town of Russia, 41 miles W.S.W. Tver, on the Volga. P. 2,400. Stark. N.E. co. 0. Area, 640 sq. m., cap. Cauton. P. 39,878. II. a N.W. CO. la. Area, 432 .'•q. m. P. 557. III. a central co. III. Area, 288 .«q. ra. Cap. Toulon. P. 3,710. IV. t., Somer- set CO. Mo. P. 1,559. V. t., Coos co. N. H. P. 350. VI. t., Herkimer co. N. Y. P. 1,576. Starkendach, a town of Bohemia. P. 2,056. Starkenburg, a prov. of Hessen- Dariiistadt, Central Germany, E. the Rhine. Area, 1,202 sq. miles. P. 317,- 093. Starkepdorougii, t., Addison co. Vt. P. 1,263. Stark Ev, p-t., Yates co. N. Y. P. 2,675. Starkville, p-v., cap. Leo co. Oa. Star-Krum, a town "f S. Russia, gov Tauri la, 10 m. W. KifTa. Starobielsk, a town of Russia, 30 m W.N.W. Biclovodsk, on the Aidar, with a cathedral &, an imp. stud. P. 1.100. Starodub, a town of Rus.^ia, 1.00 milej N.E. Tchernigov, on the Babintza. P. 9,000. Staroi-Oskol, a town of Russia, 70 miles E.S.E. Koursk, on the Oskol. P. 5,000. Staro-Koxstaktinov, a town of Rus.*. Puland, 75 miles W.N.W. Jitomir. P. 4,000. Start Point, a headland, near the S extremity of the co. Devon, England. Stassfvrt, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, 20 m. S.S.W. Magdeburg, on the Bode. P. 2,040. Staszow, a walled town of Poland, 30 miles W.S.W. Sandomir, on the Czarna. P. 3,985.- Staten Island, an island, state «t 8 m. S.W. New York, & forming the co. Richmond. L. 14 m., br. 4 to 8 miles. Area, 63 sq. m. Surface hilly in the N., & Richmond hill, 307 feet above the ocean, commands a fine view of New York. Surface productive, &, it has several villages & country re.-f Poland, 32 miles S.S.E. Kitlce. P. 1,578.— Stobi/chva is a mkt. town of Russian Poland, 22 m. N.E. Kovel. Stochod, a river of Ru.ssian Poland, joins the Pripet, 27 m. S.W. Pinsk, aftef a course of 90 m. Stockach, a walled town of South Germany, Baden, 15 m. N.W. Constance. P. 1,655. Stockbridge, t., Windsor CO. Vt. P. 1,418. II. t., Berkshire co. Mass. P. 1,932. III. p-t., Madison co. N. Y. P. 2,081. Stockerau, a market town of Lower Austria, on an arm of the Danube. P. 3,659. Stockheim, a comm. & town of Bel- gium, 5 m. S.W. Maaseyck. P. 1.000. Stockholm, the cap. city of Sweden, on its E. coa^t, at the junction of Lake Maelar with the Baltic, lat. of observatory, 59° 20' 6" N., Ion. 18° 3' 7" E. P. 84,- 160. Mean temp, of year. 42° .2 ; win- ter 26°, summer 60°, Fah. It covers an area of 4^ sq. m., partly on the main- land, but chiefly on a number of islands, united by many bridges. On the three principal islands most of the houses are of stone, & there are clustered the chief public edifices. The cathedral is an im- posing edifice, with fine paintings & stat- uary ; & in the Riddarholra church are the tombs of the kings of Sweden, -v., port of entry, Liberty co. Ga. P. 250. SuNDA Isles, Asiatic archipelago, comprise Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lom ok, Florcs, k the other isls. of the same chain as far E- as Timor, «fe separate the seas uf Java it Florcs, with the rest of the Asiatic archipelago, from the Indian ocean. The alriiil of Sunda is a pas- sage bctw. the isls. Sumatra k Java, from the Indian ocean into iho sea of Java. Breadth 70 to 90 m. bur] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 1^1 Sunday Island, Pacific ocean, is a lofty & rugi:jed isl. Sunday River, S. Africa, Cape Colony, enters Algoa bay, IS m. N.E. Port EUza- beih, after a course of 200 in. SuNDEELA, a town of llindostan, Oude, 31 in. N.AV. Lucknow. Sunderland, seaport, Durham co. England. P. 70,561. The harbor is defended b3' batteries, etta. P. 4,000, SuTHEUL.\ND, a highland marit. co. of Scotland, near its N. extremity, extend- ing from the sea, having N. & W. the Atlantic ocean. Area, 1,801 .sq. m. Sur- face, excepting along the E. shore, rugged & mountainous, & intcr.-persed with morasses, ^ia, S. by the Bal- tic, W. by Norway, the Kattegat, & the Sound. Cap. Stockholm. Area, 170,- 096 sq. m. P. 3,443,803. The Scandi- navian Alps traverse the country in the W., & separate it from Norway ; many of their summits are constantly snow- clad. From tliis mountain region the country slopes E. to the gulf of Bothnia, forming in its descent two elevated table- lands, the 1st or W.-most is 2,000 feet, ?t of the Athmtic ports of S. America, & the iAIediterr:ine.in. Government is a constitutional monarchy. The established religion is Lutheran, but all sects are tolerated. Education is generally dif- fused. There are universities at Upsala & Lund. Army, 39,436 men; of whom 26,700 are infantry, 8,000 cavalry, 5,140 artillery, besides a militia of 95,000 men. Navy, 21 ships of the line, 8 frigates, 8 brig.s, & 250 small vessels. In 1397, by the treaty of Calmar, the crown of Swe- den was united to those of Denmark & Norway by Margaret of Denmark. The Swedes recovered their independence under GustavusYasa in 1521. The House of Vasa ascended the throne in 1523, & gave to Sweden the celebrated Gustavus Adolphus. It was succeeded by the House of Deux-Ponts, which furnished the fa- mous Charles XII., to this succeeded the Houses of Hessen-Cassel, & Holstein- Gottorp. In 1810, Marshal Bernadotte was chosen crown prince, & ascendcil the throne as Charles John XIV. in 1813. Norway was annexed to Sweden in 1814, retaining its own laws. Sweden, a township of New York, co. Monroe. P. 3,623. Sweet Springs, p-v., Monroe co., one of the oldest watering places in Yirginia. SwiLLv (Lough), an inlet of the At- lantic, in the N. part of Ireland, Ulster, CO. Donegal. Swindon, a market town of England, CO. Wilts. P. 2,459. SwiNEFOnD, a market town of Ireland, Connaught, co. Mayo. P. 1,016. SwiNEMiJNDE, a marit. town, Prussia, prov. Pomerania. in the island Uscdom. P. 4,600. Since 1817, its harbor has been much improved by the erection of piers, on one of which is a lighthouse. SwiNESHEAD, a market towu, England, CO. Lincoln, in the fens, 6 miles W.S.W. Boston. P. 2,079. The sea formerly reached this town, which had a harbor near its present mkt. place. — Siciiiesund is an inlet of the Skager-rack, between Norway tt Sweden. SwiTZEHLAND, a country of Central Europe, between lat. 45° 50' & 47° 50' N., & Ion. 5° 55' & 10° 30' E., having E. the prinoip. of Lichtenstein & the Tyrol, S. Lombardy & Sardinia, W. France, N. A N.E. Baden, ^Vlu•telnberg, it Bavaria. L.216m.; br. 75 to 140 m. Area, 15,261 eq. m. P. 2,320,000 Switzerland belongs to the region of the Central Alps, extend- ing between Mont Blanc in Savoy & the Gru«-s Glockner in the Tyrol. The im- mense lUiiss of Mount St. Gothard forms the c^ect ; & the Yezidis, towo. P. 3,200. SzEGKDiN, a town of S.E. Hungary, cap. CO. Csongrad, in a marsh, on both tab] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 153 banks of the Theiss, at the influx of the Maros, 58 miles W.N.W. Arad. P. 34,000. Szekely-Keresztur, a mkt. town of Transylvania, 12 m. N.E. Segesrar. P. 4,600. SzEKLER-LAND, a subdiv. of Tran- sylvania. SzEKTso, a mkt. town of Hungary, on rt. bunk of the Danube. P. 3,247. SzENTA, a market town of Hungary, near rt.b. of the Theiss. P- 13,997. It is celebrated for the victory of Prince Eugene over the Turks in 1696. SzENTEs, a town of E. Hungary. P. 15,800. SzERED, a town of N.W. Hungary, co. & 30 mile.s E.N.E. Presburg. P. 2,900. SzESzuppE, a river of Poland & E. Prussia, joins the Niemen. L. 140 m. SzEXARD, a town of Hungary, near the Danube, 50 m. S.E. Lake Balaton. P. 8,150. SziGETH, a town of Hungary, on the Theiss. P. 7,000.— Sziget-Gyonj is a vill., CO. & 6 m. N.W. Raab. P. 2,700. SziGETVAR, a vill. of S.W. Hungary. P. 3,520. SzivAcz, two united villages of Hun- gary. P. 6,865. SzoBOSZLd, a free town, E. Hungary. P. 13,806. SzoLLQs (Nagy), a mkt. town of N.E. Hungary. P. 2,052. SzoLNA, or ZsoLNA, a walled town of N.W. Hungary, on the Waag. P. 2,400. SzoLNOK, a mkt. town of Hungary. P. 11,600. — Inner & Middle Szolnok are cos. of Transylvania. SzONY, a mkt. town of Hungary, 3 m. S.E. Comorn. P. 1,702. SzRENSK, a town of Poland, 35 miles N.N.E. Plock, on the Wkra. P. 1,000. SzTANicsics, a mkt. town of Hun- gary, 11 m. N.N.E. Zambor. P. 4.572.— Sztapar is a vill., same co. P. 3,040. SzuRUL, the highest moimtain of the Lower Carpathians. Height, 7,547 ft. SZYDLOW ific 0., New Hebrides. L. 18 m., by 8 m. in br. Tanna Y, a comm. & town of France, dep. Nievre, 7 m. S.E. Clamccy. P. 1,396. Tannroda, a town of Central Ger- man v, on the Ilm, 9 m. S.S.W. Weimar. P. 9,"lll. Tanore, a town of Brit. India, presid. Madras, on coast, 20 m. S. Calicut. Tans (Desert of), a dreary waste of S. Africa, Damaras country. T ANT AH, a town of Lower Egypt, in the Delta, prov. & 5 m. S.S.W. Menouf, on the Damietta branch of the Nile. Tantalem, a consid. island of Further India, dom., arating the Marc Piccolo, its inner harbor, from the gulf of Taranto, 44 m. W.S.W. Brindisi. P. 15,000. The city, j on the site of the anc. citadel, is of an ' oval shape, *, on the Tliout*, 22 m NN E. Parlhenay. P. 2,227.— T/jou/ir- sais is a comm. & vill., dep. Vendee. P 1,312. Thourout. a town of Belgium. P 8,405. Thousand Islks, the most numerous tibJ UNIVERSAL GAZKTTERR. 769 collection of river islands in the world, between the United States & Upper Can- ada, consist of about 1,500 rocky islets, in an expansion of the St. Lawrence, at its emergence from Lake Ontario — henco called the Lake of the Thousand Isles. Thrapston, a market town of Engl., CO. & 18^ m. N.N.E. Northampton. P. 1,131. Three Brothers, a group of moun- tains of E. Australia. Three Kings, a group of islets in the Pacific ocean. Three Rivers, a town of Lower Can- ada, in which it ranks after Quebec & Montreal, between those cities, on the W. bank of the river St. Lawrence. P. 5,000. Thringstone, a township, of Engl., 00. Leicester. P. 1,232. Throg's Point, projects into E. river, 16 ra. E. New York. Thuevts, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Ardeche. P. 2,141. Thuin, a town of Belgium, prov. Hai- nault, on the Sambre, 9 m. S.W. Charle- roi. P. 4,123. Thuir, a comm. & town of France, 8 m. S.W. Perpignan. P. 2,310. Thulain, a vill. of Belgium. P. 1,600. Thum, a town of Saxony, 20 m. S.E. Zwickau. P. 2,095. Thun, a town of Switzerland, cant. & 16 miles S.S.E. Pern, on the Aar. P. 5,000.— The lake of Thun is 10 m. in length, average breadth 2 miles. Thunder 13 ay, an inlet of Lake Hu- ron, on its W. side. — Thunder moun- tain, on the N. shore of Lake Superior, is a "black rock," 1,200 ft. above the lake. Thur, a river of Switzerland, after a N. & W. course of 70 miles, joins the Rhine. Thure & Thuret, two comms. & vills. of France. -I. dep. Vienne. P. 1,653. II. dep. Puy-de-DGme, 9 m. N.E. Riom. P. 2,100. Thurgau, a canton of SwitzerLand, in its N.E. part. Area, 270 sq. m. P. 84,- 124, of whom 4-5ths were Protestants. Thurgoland, a township of England, .CO. York, W. Riding. P. 1,333. Thuria, an ancient city of Greece, Morea. Thuhingian Forest, a mntn. range of Central Germany. Thusles, a market town of Ireland, Mun.*ter, co. & 21 m. N.E. Tipperary. P. 7,523. Thur: I. tone, a township of l^ngl., co. fork, W. Elding. P. 1,872. 3.'] Thurm, a vill. of Saxony, circ. Zwickau. P. 1,118. Thurmaston, a tnshp. of England, co. & 3k m- N.N.E. Leicester. P. 1,229. Thurnau, a market town of Bavaria. P. 1,425. Thurr, or Indian Desert, a region occupying the W. part of llindostan. Thurso, a seaport town on the N. coast of Scotland, co. Caithness, on Thur- so bay. Thurstonland, a tnshp. of Engl., co. York, W. Riding. P. 1,286. Thurzofalva, a vill. of Hungary, with mineral baths, co. Trentschin. P. 6,569. ThyatipA, an anccity of Asia-Minor, seat of one of the " seven churches." Tiaguanuco, a decayed town of Peru, dep. Cuzco. TiAGUR, a fortified town of Brit. India, presid. Madras. TiBAGi, a riv. of Brazil, joins the Pa- rapanema, after a N.W. course of 200 miles. TiBBOo CouNTBV, a region of Central Africa. Tiber, a celebrated riv. of Cent. Italy, rises in the Tuscan Apennines, & flows S.S.E. to within 20 miles of Rome, where it turns S.AV., & after a course of 185 m. enters the Mediterranean, 17 m. below Rome, by two mouths, which enclose a small delta, the ancient Isola Sacra. It is navigable at certain seasons as far a« the coniiuenco of the Nera, 30 miles N. Rome. TiBESTY, a subdivision of the Tibboo country. Central Africa. Tibet, an extensive region of Central Asia, included in the Ciiinese empire, stretching from Ion. 78° to 104° E., & from the great chain of the Himalaya to an unascertained distance northward. P. supposed to exceed one million. Tho W. part, which alone has been explored by Europeans, is a loft,v table-land, with a very drj' climate. Tibet is tho head- quartdrs of Buddhism, which here exists in greatest purity. The country abounds with temples, & it is stated that 84,000 lamas, or priests, are supported at the expense of the government. Amongst the inhabitants there are believed to be about 8,000 Roman Catholics. The Chi- nese armed force consists of G0,000 men, of whonj 50,000 are infantry. Besides Lassa ari islands. TiLBURu, a town of the Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant. P. 13,348. Tildeslev-cu.m-Shakfrlv, a tnshp. of Kngl., CO. Lancashire. P. 4,718. Till, a river of Engl., co. Northum- berland, rises S. the Cheviot hills. Hows N., joins the Tweed- L. 30 m. TiLLANcHONG, oue of the Nicobar isbinds. TiLLiKREs, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Euro. P. 1,304. II. a :lp] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 771 comm. & vill., dep. Maine-et- Loire, 9 m. S.W. Beaupreau. P. 1,457. Tilly, several conims. & vills. of France, the principul, T. sur Seniles, dep. Calvados. P. 1,174. Tilsit, a town of E. Prussia, cap. circ, on 1. b. of the Xicuion. P. 13,800. Tim, a town of Ru.«sia, on the Tim. p. 2,000. II. a river of Siberia, joins the Obe. Course W.-ward, 250 m. TiMANA, a town of S. America, New 'Granada. TiMBALiER, bay, La. L. 30 m. TiMBO, a town of W. Africa, Sene- ^anibia. TiMBUCTOo, a town of Central Africa, Soudan, near the border of the desert Sahara, 8 m. X. the Joliba (Niger), lat. 17° 10' N., Ion. 2° W.(?) P. 12,000.(7) It is a very poor town, in a wretched coun- tr)', situated amid burning & moving sands, on the verge of a morass. The walled enclosure, about 3 m. in circum- forence. TiMERYCOTTA, a town of Briti.sh India. TiMOK, a river of European Turkey, forms part of the boundary between Bul- garia & Servia, & joins the Danube, after a N.E. course of 100 m. II. a town of Servia. Timor, an isl. in the Malay archipela- go, between lat. 8° & 10° 20' S., & Ion. 123° 3U' & 127° E., separated from N.W. Australia by the Timor sea. L. 300 m.. br. 40 to 70 m. Estim. area, 8,800 sq'. m. It appears to be very populous ; in the interior the inhabitants are mostly of the Papuan negro race ; on the coast, Malays, with anintermi.vture of Dutch & Portugue.'^^e settlers. The Dutch possess the settlement of Coepang in the S.W., which is a free port. Dilli, on the N.W. coast, is a settlement belonging to the Portuguese. Timor-Laut, an island of the Malay archipelago, 260 m. E. Timor. L. 90 m. TiNCHEBRAi, a comm. & t. of France, dep. Orne. cap. cant., 13 m. N.X.W. Dom- front. P.' 1,916. TiNDALE-WARD, the largest of the six wards of the co. Xorthumberland. Engl., in the W. of the co. P. 44,233. TiNDAno (Cape), a headland off the N. coast of Sicily, in the gulf of Patti. TiNDFiELD, a mountain range of Nor- way. TiNG-HAE, the cap. city of the island Chusan, off the E. coast of China, prov. Che-kiang, near the S. coast of the isl., 70 m. E.N.E. Ning-po. TiNiAN, Pacific o-:ean, one of the Ma- rianne islands. TiNicuM, a township, Pa., 37 m. N. Philadelphia. P. 1,770. TiNiscHT, a town of Bohemia. P. 1,688. TiNNEVELLY, a maritime dist. of Brit. India, prcsid. Madras. Area, 5,590 sq. m. P. 850,891. 11. a town in this dist., immediately N.W. Palamcottah. TiNOS, an island of the (Jrecian ar- chipelago, 10 m. N.E. Syra, & forming, with Andros & some islets, a gov. of the Cyclades. Area, 87 sq. m. P. 15,800. Principal town.s, St. Nicolo, Panormos, & Oxomeria. TiNTA, a small town of S. Peru, dep. & 60 ra. S.E. Cuzco. TiNTENiAc, a comm. & market town of France, dep. llle-et-Vilaine. P. 2,000. TiNTJERN Abbey, a celebrated ruin in England, co. Monmouth. TiNTO, "//je Hill qfjire,'' a mountain of Scotland, co Lanark. TicERN, an island of Sweden, 20 miles N.W. Gothenburg, in the Kattegat. L. & br. 10 m. e.ach. Tioga, a river of Penn. & New York, flows N. & E. & joins the Susquehanna. Total course 90 m., for the last 45 m. of which it is navig. Tioga, a co.. New York, in its S. part, on the Susquehanna ; cap. Owego. Area, 490 sq. m. P. 24,880. II. a township in this CO., on the river Tioga. P. 2,464. III. a CO. Penn., in its N. part, on the Tioga is well built «.t thriving. Tipton, a W. co. Tenn. Area. 415 sq. •772 CYCLOPAEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. f?01 m. Cap. Covington. P. 8,887. II. eo. la. P. 3,532. III. p-v., cap. Ce- dar CO. Iowa. TiRA, or Shah-Jehaxpoor, a town of the Punjab, British India, on the Beas, 75 m. N.S'.E. Loodianah. P. about 5,000. TiRAJANA, a town of the Canary Isl^s., on the S. coast of the island Gran Cana- ria. P. 3,656. TiRAN, a small island in the Red sea, off the Arabian coast, at the entrance of the gulf of Akabah. Tirana, a town of Europ. Turkey, Al- banin, on the Jacon. P. 10,000. Tiraspol, a fortified town of Russia., gov. Kherson, on 1. b. of the Dniester, 53 m. N.W. Odessa. P. 5,100. TiREE, one of the Inner Hebrides, Scotland, co. Argyle. L. 12 m., br. va- ries to 6 m. P. 4,391. TiREHBOLi, a marit. town of Asiatic Turkey, 50 miles W. Trebizond, on the Black sea, about 3 m. W. the mouth of the Kharshoot. — The Tirehholi-su, a deep & rapid river which passes W.N.W.- ward by Gumish-khaneh. TiRGOSHYL, a town of Wallachia, on the Chyl. — Tirgu-formos is a small town of Moldavia, 30 m. N.W. Jassy. TiRHEE, arnjahship of India, Bundel- cund. Area, 2,160 sq. m. P. 192,000. TiRHOOT, a dist. of Brit. India, presid. Ben<;al. Estim. area, 10,236 sq. m. P. 1,660,000. TiRLEMONT, a town of Belgium, prov. 5. Brabant. P. 8,975. TiRMEz, or TuRMuz, a town of Cent. Asia, Bokhara, on the Oxus. TiRNOVA, a town of Europ. Turkey, Bulgaria. P. 8,000. TiRscnENREUTH, a town of Bavaria, on the Nab, 15 m. S. Eger. P. 2,300. TiRscHTiEGEL, a town of Prussian Po- land. P. 1,376. TiRYNs, a ruined city of Greece, Mo- rea. TisBURY, a township, Mass., 23 miles S.E. New Bedford. P. 1,520. TiscuNOwiTz, a town of Moravia. P. 1,500. TisHAMiNGO, N.E. CO. Miss. Area, 1,300 sq. m. Cap. Jacinto. P. 15,490. TisHEET, a t. of Cent. Africa, Sahara. Ti.SMA.NA, a town of Little Wallafrhui. TiTicACA (Lake), the most elevated, 6, one of the largest lakes of S. America, forming a part of the boundary between S. Peru it Bolivia. Estim. area, 2,225 geog. sq. m. TiTiuiBi, a town of S. America, New Granada, dep. Cundinamarca. Tito (El), a town of Naplei P. 3,400. I TiTTEL, a vill. of Hungary, co. Bace. I P. 2,840. i TiTTERi, a marshy lake of Algeria, 80 I m.S.S.W. Algiers. TiTTi.is, one of the Swiss Alps, on the limits of the cants. Bern, Uuterwalden, k Iri. TiTTMONiNG, a town of Upp. Bavaria. i P. 1,200. ! TiTu.s, CO. Texas. P. 3,636. I TiUMEN, a town of Siberia, 120 miles i S.W.Tobolsk. P. from 10,000 to 12,000. Tiverton, a town of England, co. De- i von. P. 21,727. Tiverton, a township, Newport co. Rhode Island, on the Narragaiisett -tan. ToKAT, a city of Asia-Minor, pash. town of France, dep. Correze, on the Vez^re. P. 2,010. Treigny, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Yonne. P. 2,303. Treis, a mkt. town of Khenish Prus- sia, on the Moselle. P. 1,330. Treisam, a river of Baden, after a N.W. course of nearly 30 m., joins the Elz. Treja, a town of Central Italy. P. 7,910. II a small riv., joins the Tiber from the W. Trelawny, a river of England, co. Cornwall, flows S.-ward, & enters the English channel after a course of 16 m. Trelon, a comm. &, mkt. town of France, dep. Nord, 8 miles S.E. Avesnes. P. 1,915. Tremadoc, a gmall market town of N. Wales, co. Carnarvon. The harbor, Port-Madoc, admits vessels of 300 tons burden. Tremblade (La), a comm. at the head (if its slooj) navig., 27 miles i N.E. Philadolphia. P. 6,4GG. It wa,s ' first settled in 1720, & incorporated as a city in 1792. The battle uf Trenton, 25th December, 177l>, was gained by | "Washington & his troops over the united British & llessian forces. II. t., Han- cock CO. Me. P. 1,002. III. p v., cap. Jones CO. N. C. IV. p-v., cap. l^ado CO. Ga. V. p-v., cap. Gibson co. Tenn. VI. p-v., cap. Grundy co. Mo. — Trenton J'alls are in W.Canada creek; in the township, fDHJEM (or Drontkeim). a fortfd. seaport city of Norway, at the mouth of the Nid, in Trondhjem-fiord, here crossed by a wooden bridge. P. 12,780. — The Trondlijem Fiord extends from the At- lantic inland for 80 miles. — The stlft or vrov. of Trondhjem comprises the amts. N. & S. Trondhjem, & Romsdal. Area, 19,735 ."q. m. P. 226,355. Trons, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. Grisoiis, on the Rhine. P. 800. Tronto, a river of Central Italy, Pon- tif. states, enters the Adriatic, 17 m. E. Ascoli. Course, 54 miles. Tronzano, a town of N. Italy, Pied- mont. P. of comm. 3,300. Tromoon, or Taruman, a marit. town of Sumatra, on its W. coast. Troon, a seaport town of Scotland, co. Ayr. P. 1,409. Tropea, a town of Naples, 12 miles W.S.W. Monteleono. P. 4,500. Tropez (St.), a coram. & marit. towa of France, dcp. Var, on the gulf of Gri- maud. P. 3,327. Trophonius (Cave of), Greece. Troppau, a fortified town of Austrian Silesia, on the Oppa, 36 m. N.E. Olmiitz. P. with suburbs, 11,651. Trosachs, a picturesque valley of Scotland, co. Perth. Trossingen, a mkt. town of Wiirtem- berg. P. 2,367. Troup, a W. co. Ga. Area, 430 sq. m. P. 16,879. Trov^ay, a tnshp. of Engl., co. Derby. P. 1,467. Trowbridge, a mkt. town of England, CO. Wilts. P. 11,050. The town stands on the declivity of a rocky hill, beside the Wene. Troy, a ruined city of Asia-Minor, which has been rendered famous by the Iliad of Homer. Its site is supposed to have been on a height at the S. extremity of the Plain of Troy, 9 m. S.S.E. the en- trance of the Hellespont from the JEgean \ sea, close to the modern vill. Buiiarbashi. j On that height are still some vestiges of ancient walls & cisterns, & around it are I numerous artificial mounds. — The Plain i oj" TroT/, between this site & the Helles- j pont, about 10 m. in length, by 3 m. in I greatest width, is watered by three riv- ers, two of which are the Simois & Sca- mander of antiquity. Troy, a citj'. New York, cap. co. Rensselaer, on 1. b. of the Hudson, here crossed by a bridge, 6 miles N. Albany. It stands on an alluvial flat, & is regu- larly laid out; streets mostly lined with trees. P. 28,785. It has Troy female institute, & various other academies A, literary associations ; manufs. of ma- chinery, ropes, hardwares, cutlery, wool- len & cotton stuffs, leather, & carriages; distilleries, breweries, iron-works, ral !"• rts. TnuxTON, a township, N. Y., Cortland CO. P. 3,658. Tryberg, a town of Baden. P. 1,114. TsANG <& TsAo, numerous cities & towns of China. TsANTA, a fortified city of China, 50 m. N.E. Bhaino. Tschernembel, a town of lUyria, Carniola. P. 1,000. TscHERNOwiTz. a towia of Austrian Poland. P. 12,000. TsE-KEE, a town of China. T&E-TCHOU, a city of China. 40 m. N. the river lloang-ho. TsHustov.'.JA, a river of the Russian dom., ri.*es 50 m. S.S.W. Ekaterinburg, flows N. «k W., & joins the Kama. T.siA2»u'A, a small state of S.E. Asia. Chief town, Nha-trang. TsiBx, a prefixed name of many towns in China. Tsi-NAK, a city of China, on 1. b. of Ta-tsin riv., 100 m.from the gulf of Chi-li. TsiN-TcHOU, two cities of China, caps, of deps. TsiuEN-TcHou, a maritime city of China, 30 m. N.E. Amoy. T-siTsiKAR, a town of Manchooria, near the border of Mongolia. Tskhinvali, a town of Russian Trans- causia, 55 m N.W. Teflis. TsuNG-MiNG, an island of China, off the W. coast, at the mouth of the Yang- tse-kiang. L. 36 m., br. 10 m. Tsun-hoa & TsuN-Y, two cities of China. TsvsiMA, an island of Japan, in the strait of Corca. L. 45 m., br. 12 m. — Tsntsi-Yainma & Tsura are other isls. of Japan, of much less size. Tsu-YuNG, a city of China, 70 m. W. Yun-nan. TuA, a river of Portugal, joins the Douro, after a S.W. course of 70 m. TuAM, an episcopal town of Ireland, CO. & 19 m. N.N.E. Galwav, on the Clare. P. 6,034. The town consists of 5 principal streets, mkt. -place, & some squalid straggling thoroughfares. TuAT, an oa.sis Cent. Africa, Sahara. TuBAi & Tubuai-]Manu, two of the Society i.>ls. in the Pacific ocean. TUBBUS & TUBBERAN, tWO tOWnS of Persia. 1. Khorassnn, 160 m. N.E. Yezd. II. prov. & 100 m. N.N.E. Kir- man. TiJBiNGEN, a walU'd town of Wiirtem- berg, on the Ncikar. P. 7,500. TuBizE, a mkt. town of Belgium, 13 m. S.S.W. Brussels. TuBNAn, a town of Algeria, 120 m.S.W. Constantino. TucnAN, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Audc, 25 m. S.W. Narbonna P. 1,220. TucHEL, a town tim. p. 2,000. TuRANGA, or Poverty Bay, an inlet on the E. coast of New Zealand, N. isl., extending inland for 10 m., with a cir- cular ba?in. Br. at entrance, 8 m. TuRBACo, an Indian vill. of S. Amer., New Granada, 12 m. SE. Cartagena. TuRBENTHAL, a vill. of Switzerland, cant. & 16 miles E.N.E. Ziirich, on the To.>^s. P. 2,230. TuRBUT, a town of Persia, GO miles S. Meshed. II. a tnshp., Northumber- land CO. Penn. P. 3,872. TuRCKHEiM, acomra.«fc town of France, dep. II. Khin. P. 2,843. TfRENNE, a conun. & town of France, dep. Correze, 7 m. S.S.E. Brive. P. 1,876. TuRETz, a market town of Russian Poland. P. 1,550. TcRFAN, a town of Chinese Turkestan, 180 miles W. Khamil. II. an active volcano in a mntn. chain N. this town. TuRi, a town of Naples, prov. Bari, 18 ra. S.S.E. Bari. P. 3,600. II. a town of Brazil, 40 m. N.N.W. Guimarens. P. 5,000. TuRiA, a river of Spain. [Gcadala- VIAR.] Turin, the cap. city of the Sard, dom., N. Italy, Piedmont, on 1. b. of the Po, 79 miles W S.W. Milan. P. 72,469, but with sul urbs, Ac, 117,072, exclusive of ji garrison of 6,820 men. It is 4 m. in circumference, & though formerly forti- fied, is now an open city, in a rich & well-watcreil plain stutlded with villas. It i.s approached by 4 fine planted roads, &, regularly built, with elegant houses. The cathedral, a Gothic structure, was formerly very wealthy in plate »t jewels, which Napoleon sold, & applied the pro- ceeds to embank A build the bridge over the Po ; univer.-ity, with five faculties, which had in 1852, 42 profossors, 1,120 students, A a library of IIO.OOO vols.; royal academy of sciences with a very rich collection (-f Egyjiiian antiquities, medals, minerals, A natural hi.-tory ; an arsenal, observatory, A royal academy tur] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 787 of painting. II. a township, Lewi."? co. N. v., 110 111. N.W. Albany. P. 1,82(3. TuHiNaK, a tnvn of Siberia, 14U riiles W.S.W. Tuooldk, on the Tura. P. 2,000. TuRiNSK (NiJNii, & Vehknii), two contiguous towns of As-iatio Kus&ia, E. the L'rul mountains. TuRis, or TiJRUis, a vill. of Spain, 20 m. W.S.W. Valuuoia. P. 3,900. TuRi.sK, a market town of Russian Poland, on the Turija, 10 m. S.W. Kovel. TuRivicARY, a fortfcl. town of S. India. TuRKEbTAN, a region occupying the centre of Asia. Turkestan (Chinese), called also Thian-Shan & Little JJucharia, an extensive region forming the W. portion of the Chinese empire, & including L)zoun- garia, comprised between lat. 30° & 50° N., & Ion. 22° 30' & 100° E., surrounded by Mongolia, the Ko-ko-nor country, Tibet, W. Siberia, & the table-land of Pamir. Area & p. uncertain, as it is little known to Europeans. It is an elevated table-land, traversed by several lofty mountain chains, & watered by rivers which terminate in extensive salt lakes. Much of its surface forms part of the desert of Grobi. It was conquered in 1758 by the Chinese, but their rule here has been repeatedly disturbed. Turkestan (Independent), a region of Central Asia, between lat. 31° & 50° N., & Ion. 51° & 75° E., having E. the Pamir table-land, N. Western Siberia, W. the Caspian sea, & S. Persia & Afif- ghanistan. Estim. area, 720,800 sq. m., & p. about four millions. Turkestan, a town of Central Asia, 220 m. N.N.W. Kiiokan. Turkey-Foot, a tnshp., Somerset co. Penn., 15 m. S.W. Bedford. P. 1,422. Turkey, properly the Ottoman Em- pire, a vast country occupying the S.E. part of Europe &, the W. of Asia, & com- prising, at least nominally, the Hedjaz in Arabia; Egypt, Nubia, & the beyliks of Tripoli &, Tunis in Africa ; cap. Con- stantinople. The budget of the Turkish empire shows a revenue of 750,000,000 Turkish piastres, say $35,000,000, & about an equal expenditure. Turkey in Europe extends between lat. 39° & 48° 20' N.. & Ion. 15° 40' &, 29° 30' E. ; bounded E. by the Black sea; S. by Greece, the archipelago, & the sea of Marmora ; W. by Austria, the Adriatic, & the Ionian sea ; ign()r, is regarded as absolute sovereign ot the .state, &, Su- preme Pontiff. The pruvs. are placed under pasha.'^, whoso authority is exer- cised with great caprice, «fc is frequently most oppressive, tfevl. towns & S-uall communities form a species of republics in the middle of this despotic state. Area, 437,000 sq. m. P. 10,000,000. TuRKHEiM, a nikt. town of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, on the "»\'ertach. P. 1,494. — Ober & Unter Turkheim are contigu- ous vills. of Wiirtemberg. United pop. 3,000. Turk's Island, British AV. Indies, the most S.E. of the Bahamas. TuRNA, a fortified town of Wallachia, on the Danube. TuRNAu, a walled town of Bohemia, circ. Bunzlau, on the Iser. P. 4,500. TuKNEFF, a group of islets in the Ca- ribbean sea, near the coast of British Honduras. Turner, a township, Oxford co. Maine, 3 m. W.S.W. Augusta. P. 2,479. TuRNHOUT, a town of Belgium, 25 m. E. Antwerp, cnp. arrond., in a wide heath. P. 13,250. TuRON, a t. of Anam, Further India, on a river, near its mouth in a One bay. TuRON, a vill. of Spain, 54 m. S.JE. Grenada. P. 2,655. TuROvo, a nikt. town of Russia, gov. Minsk, 60 m. W. Pinsk. P. 2,000. TuRRAH, a town of W. Hindostan, com- prising 2,500 houses. TuRRi, a vill. of the isl. Sardinia. II. a vill. of Naples, near the Pescara. Turriff, a town of Scotland, co. Aber- deen. P. 1,309. TuRRiTANO, a river of the island .Sar- dinia, div. Sassari, after a genl. N.N.W. course of about 35 m., enters the Med- iterranean. TuRSHiz, a t. of Persia, 76 m. S.S.W. Mushed. TuRsi, an episcop. city of Naples, prov. Basilicata. P. 3,900. Turtle (Bay), W. coast of Africa, Lower (iuinea, Bcnguela, is N. Little- fi.«h bay. — {Creek), Pcnn., flow.s into the MonoTigahela river. — (Island), Feejee group. Pacific ocean. — (Inlands), W. Africa, W. the islaiid Sherboro. — Also a group of islets in the sea of Banda. — (Lake), U. States, near the source of the Mississijjpi. — (Point), a headland, N. Australia. — (River), U. States, is an affluent of tlie Upper Mississippi. TuRTUKAi, a town 3 wiis confined in 1569-70, & from 158" tD 15&o. TuricoRiN, a marit. town of British India, presid. Madras. TuTTLiNGEN, a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Danube. P. 5,160. TuTUiLA. an island of the Pacific 0., lat. 14° 19' N., Ion. 170° 37' W., length 17 m., br. 5 m. Estiiu. p. 8,000. Sur- face niountninous, & Matafoa is a peak 2,327 feet above the sea. TuxFORD, a market town of England, 22 m. N.N.E. Nottingham. P. 1,079. Tuy, a walled frontier town of Spain, prov. & 27 miles S.S.E. Pontevedra. P. 4,212. II. a river of S. Auier., Vene- zuela, flows E.-ward, & enters the Carib- bean sea, 60 miles E. Caracas. Total course 90 m. Tuz-Ghieul (Gol, or Choli), a large salt lake of Asia- Minor. L. 45 m., br. varies to 16 m. Tuz-GuL, a lake of the Chinese em- pire, Dzoungaria. L. E. to W. 90 m., br. 30 m. TczKURMATY, a large vill. of Turkish Kurdistan. Tver, a gov. of Paissia. Area. 25,988 sq. m. P. 1,327,700. Principal towns, Tver, the cap., Rshev, Torshok, Ostash- kov, & Vishnii-Volotchok. — Tver, the cap., is situated on the Volga, here cross- ed by a wooden bridge, 550 ft. in length, & joined by the Tvertza, 90 miles N.W. Moscow. P. 24,000. Since its almost total destruction bj' fire in 1763, it has been rebuilt with much regularity. Tvertza, a river of Pvussia, gov. Tver, after a S.E. course of 110 miles, joins the : Volga. Tweed, a riv. of Scotland seld(.rf. P. 3,000. Uetikok, a vill. of Switzerland, 10 m. S.E. Zurich. P. 1.100. Uka, a river of Kuropean Russia after a total course of 400 miles, joins the Bio- UMZJ UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 791 lay a. II. a town on the Ufa «fc the Bielaya. P. 5,900. Uffenheim. a walled town of Bavaria, on the Gollach. F. 1,646, Uffholtz, a comin. ( Germany, 13 m. E. Darmstadt. P. 2.699. Umzinvati, or Buffalo River, a river of S.E. Africa, joins the Tugela, 50 792 CrCLOP.(EDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [UNI m. from its mouth in the Indian ocean. — The Umzimkulirana riv. forms the S.W frontier of Natal. Unadilla, a tnshp., Otsego co. N. Y. on the Unadilla, a tributary of the Sus- quehanna, 83 m. W.S.W. Albany. P 2,463. Unare, a riv. of S. Amer., Venezuela enters the Caribb. sea. L. 120 m. Uncastillo, a town of Spain, 43 m N.N.W. Zaragoza. P. 2,113. Underhill, a tnshp., Chittenden co Vermont, 15 m. N.E. Burlington. P 1,441. Undermillbeck, a township of Engl. CO. Westmoreland. P. 1,033. Underdo, or Anderov, Indian ocean the largest of the Laceadive isls. Unghvar, a market town of N.E Hungary, cap. co. P. 5,000. Unie, an island in the Adriatic, Ifi m S.E. Islria. L. 6 m., br. 2 m. P. 300. Unieh, a marit. town of Asia- Minor, on the Black sea. Uniox, a central co. Pa. Area, 520 sq. m. Cap. New Berlin. P. 26,083 II. a N.W. dist., S. C. Area, 650 sq. m. Unionville is the cap. P. 19,852 III. a N. CO. Ga. Area, 600 sq. m Cap. Blairsville. P. 7,234. IV. a N pa.. La. Area, 1,200 sq. m. Cap. Far- mersville. P. 8,203. V. a N.W. co Ky. Area, 450 sq. m. Cap. Morgan- field. P. 9,012. VI. a central co. Area, 450 sq. ra. Cap. Marvsville. P 12,204. VII. a S.E. co. la. Area, 168 sq. m. Cap. Liberty. P. 6,944. VIII. a S. CO. 111. Area, 380 sq. miles Cap. Jonesboro'. P. 7,615. IX. a S CO. Ark. Area, 2,600 sq. miles, P 10,248. Cap. Union c. h. — Also, numer- ous tnships., U. States. 1. Maine, 31 m S.E. - Augusta. P. 1,784. II. New York, with a vill. on the Susquehanna 10 m. N.E. Jericho. P. 3,165. III New Jersey, 6 m. S.W. Newark. P 1,482. IV. CO. Fayette. P. 2,723. V. Ohio, CO. Belmont. P. 2,126, with others of the same p. Union, a seaport town. Cent. America, state «t 70 m. E.S.E. St. Salvador, on the W. coast of Conchagua gulf. — Union isl- and. Grenadines, British W. Indies, is 5 BQ. N. Carriacou. Uniontown, several vills., U. States, k a bor. Pennsylvania, cap. co. Fayette, in W. part of state, with 1,710 inhabitants, many churchc.*, & Madi.son coll., founded by the Methodists in 1825. — Union rale, New York, on Fi.shkill creek. P. 1,498. United SrATEy of NoRTii America, a federal republic, occupying the middle division of the N. continent of America, bef^Tcen lat. 25° Jc 49° N., ± Ion. 67° A 130° W. ; bounded on the N. by Canada &, the British possesions, from lat. 42°, &, extcndinj^ W. to the Pai:itic in the par- allel of 49° N. ; k on the S. bounded by the Mexican republic k gulf of Mexico. L. from E. to W. 3.000 in.; br. N. to S. 1,700 m. Area, 3,250.000 sq. m. P. in 1850, 23.257,723, of whom ;5,1'J8,825 wure elaves. Kxnort^ in 1853 $2.30,4.52,250; im- ports, $267,618,647. Cotton crop of I8.'l was estim. at the value of $112,315,317. Public debt, 862,228,223. Pub. revenue about $50,000,000. Tonn. 3,772,439 43. The army of the United States at present numbers 10,129; commissioned officers, 896 ; non-commis.sioned officers k pri- vates, 9,233. The number of commis- sioned officers in the militia is 74,962 ; A of non-commissioned officers, musicians, & privates 2,105,524, making a total of 2,180,486 fighting men. The navy con- sists of 11 ships of the line, 15 frigates, 21 sloops of war, 15 steam vessels, 4 brigs, 3 schooners, k 5 store ships. The first permanent settlement in the United States was at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607, which continued an English colony till the Declaration of Independence. July 4th, 1776. After a war of seven years' duration, peace was made, k Inde- pendence acknowledged by treaty with England in 1783. The articles of con- federation were entered into in 1777. The present United States constitution, framed in 1787, went into operation March 1st, 1789, after being approved of by the thirteen original states of the L^nion. Louisiana, comprising the states k territories now belonging to the United States west of the Mississippi, was pur- chased of France in 1803, k Florida of Spain in 1819. Texas was admitted into the Union by "joint resolutions" of Con- gress, passed March 1, 1345. New Mex- ico k Upper California were acquired by treaty with jNIexico, ratified in 1d48. The present number of organized states is thirty-one. In the district of Columbia, originally formed by cessions from Mary- land & "S'irginia, is situated Washington city, the I'nited States scat of govern- ment, being first occupied in ISOO. The district k cap. are exclusively under the jurisdiction of the Federal government. Congress meets on the first Monday in December in every year, unless otherwise directed by law. Unity, t., Waldo co. Me. P. 1,457. II. t., Sullivan co. N. II. P. 1,238. III. t.,Westmoreland co. Pa. P. 3,003 ura] UNIVEllSAI. GAZKTTEER. 793 IV. t., Columbiana co. 0. P. 1,89G. V. p-v., cap. Alexander co. 111. Unja, a river ol" Russia, after a south course of 250 m., joins the Volga. II. a town, on r. b. of the Unja. Unkxar-Skelessi (" landing-place of the emperor"), a vill. of Asia- Minor, on the Bosphorus. Unna, a town of Prussian Westphalia. P. 5,300. Unna, a riv. of Turki?h Croatia, after a tortuous N. course of 110 m., joins the Savf. Unhuhstadt (Pol. Karge), a town of Prussian Poland, 50 m. S.W. Posen. P. 1,879. Unst, the most N. of the Shetland isls., Scotl. L. II m., av. br. 3A m. Area, 36 sq. m. P. with Uyea, 2,831. Unstrut, a river of Prussian Saxony, after an E. course of 110 m., joins the Saxon Saale. Unter-see, the W. & detached portion of the lake of Constance, S. Germany. L. 10 m. Unterseen, a small town of Switzer- land, cant. & 26 m. S.E. Bern, having 1,000 inhabs. Unterwalden, a cant, of Switzerland, in its centre, having N. the lake of Lu- cerne. Area, 263 sq. miles. P. 22,571, nearly all R. Catholics. It consists of 4 valleys. It formed, -with Uri & Schwytz, early in the 13th century, the nucleus of the confed., in which it holds the 6th place. Unvebre, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Eure-et-Loire. P. 2,453. Unyeh, a marit. vill. of Asiatic Tur- key, on the Black sea, 50 m. E.S. E.Sam - sun. Ufa, a river of Russia, joins the Oka, 38 ra. S. Kaluga. Course 130 m. Upadrang, a town of Nepaul, N. Ilin- dostan. Upernavik, the most northern Danish settlement in Greenland. Upolu, one of the Samoan isls.. Pacific ocean, lat. 14° 2' S., Ion. 171° 21' W. Estimated area, 60sq.m.,. 1.490 VIJI. {Mario7i), CO. iMnntgomcry. P. 2,804. IX. {MU- ford), CO. Lehigh. P. 3,081. X. {Mt. : JJethcl), CO. Northampton. P. 2,643. ! XL {2'a.vton), 22 in. S. Ilarri.-^burg. P. I 1,814. XII. (Providence), c-o. Mont- I gomery, on the Schuylkill. P. 2,244. j XIII. (Saiicon), 6 m. S.E. Northampton P. 2,072. XIV. (SI. Clair), co. Alle- ghany. P. 2,302. XY.(Tulpebocken), i CO. Berks, on the Union canal. P. 2,941. I Uppingham, a market town of Engl., CO. Rutland. P. 2,034. Upsal, a prov. of Sweden, having N.E. i the gulf of Bothnia. Area, 2,067 sq. m. i P. 85,294. II. a city of Sweden, on the : Sala, 45 m. N.W. Stockholm. P. 5,000. Princip. edifices, governor's palace, new buildings of the university, & a vener- j able cathedral, in which the Swedish ; kings used to be crowned, <& in which are many of tlieir tombs, including those of Gustavus Vasa & of Linnaus. The uni- versity, founded in 1478, has a library ! of 100,000 vol., & numerous anc. MSS., a botanic garden, observatory, «t good museums. In 1843, it was attended by 1,367 students. Upshur, co. Texas. P. 3,394. Upson, a S.W. co. Ga. Area, 225 sq. m. Cap. Thomaston. P. 9,424. Upton, a township, Worcester co. Mass P. 1,466. Upton-upon- Severn, a market town of England, co. of Fr:ince, uep. H- Mame. P. 9,817.— j St. Urban U a vill. of Styria, & a famous Cistercian abbey of the Swiss cant. Lu- , ccrne. Uhbania, a town of Central Italy, i Pontif. sta. P. 3,716. Urban'na, 2 tn.shp.>!., U. S. 1. Steu- i ben CO. New York, on Crooked lake, with a landing-place at its extremity, 10 m. S.S.E. Prattsburg. P. 2,079. II. Champaign en. Ohio. 40 m. W N.W. Co- ; lumbus. P. 1,386, of whom 1,070 are in the vill. III. a p-v., cap. Champaign CO. 111. IV. a p-v., cap. Middlesex co. Va. Ubbino, a city of Cent. Italy, Pontif. sta. P. 7,000. UncizE (St.), a coram. .:^:ji)) ^ town of Germany. Nassau. P. i,W2. Urseren. orl.HSEH.v (Tmal), a valley of Switzerlatd, oJinpnsing the S. part of the cant. Uri. Urubamba, a town of S. Pern, dep. A 40 m. N.W. Cuz.^o. P. -a. 000. Uruguay, a large river of S. Amer., one of the chief tributaries of the Plata, rises in Brazil, Sc joins the Param-, to form the Plata estuary, 40 m.N. Buenos Ayres. Total course estimated 800 tn. Its chief tributary, the Rio Negro from the E., is 250 m. in length. Uruguay, or Banda-Orientai., a maritime republic of S. America, on the N.E. side of the Plata estuary, which separates it from luenos A^-res, has W. the Uruguay river, N. Brazil, ;ng the rivers, but the country is mostly high, undulating, &> with » soil not so fertile as in some parts of Austra- lia. Timber is plentiful. Coal, with iron, copper, & several other metallic ores, are met with, but few, if any, mines are wrought. Principal town, Ilobart Town, the cap., & Launcciton. In 1803, it began to be a British penal settle- ment; the convict ataiions arc now almost wholly confined to Maria island & Tasman peninsula. Van Dyke (Jcst & Little), two Brit. W. India islands. Virgin isls. Vani.a.mbaui)v, a town of Brit. India, presid. & 105 m. W.S.W. Madras, on au island in the Palaur. Vanikoro or Pitt's If-LAND, Pacific ocean, New Hebrides, is in lat. 11° 37' S., Ion. 166° 49' E. Vannes, a coram. & seaport town of France, cap. dep. Morbihan, near the lagoon of Morbilian, on the S. coast of Brittany. P. 9,546. Vanosc, a comm. , a deep inlet of the Arctic ocean, between Russian Lapland & Norway (Finmark). Varano, a lagoon of Naples, prov. Capitanata, on the Adriatic shore. L. 5 800 CYCL0P.15DIA OF GEOGIiAI'HV. [vat m. ; br. 4 m. On its E r^ide is the village Varano. TI. (:rlrv. '/armtov), a vill. of N. Hungary, co. ZoJiplin, on the On- dava. — Varapod-i, is a market town of Naple?. lU m. S.E. Gioja. P. 1,200. Varazze, or Varaggio, a comm. & market town of the Sardinian dom., N. Italy. P. 7,779. Varberg, a seaport town of Sweden, 37 miles N.N.W. Helmstadt, on the Kat- tegat. P. 1,090. Vardar, a river of European Turkey, Macedonia, after a S. course of 170 m. enlcr.< the u:Egoaii sea. Varde, a totvn of Denmark, prov. Jiit- lan.l, 23 m. N.N.W. Kibe, on the Varde. P. 1,400. Vardce, an island of Norway, in the Arctic ocean, off Fininark. Varel, a market town of N. Germany. Oldenburg, 35 miles N.W. Bremen. P. 3,164. Varela. an islet in the strait of Ma- lacca, 60 m. E. Belli, Sumatra. — Cape Vai-eUa, or Avarella, Anam, is the most E. headland of Cochin-China, 76 miles S.S-E. Quinhonc. — The false C Avarella is another headland, 90 m. further S. Varenna, a vill. of Austrian Italy, deleg. Como, on the E. side of the lake of Como. P. 2,000. A^arenxes, numerous comms., towns, & vills. of France. f. (sur Allier), dep. AUier. P. 1,468. II. (eJi ArgoJine), dep. Meu.«e. P. 1,538. Here Louis XVI. & his f.iraily were delected & seized in their attempted flight, 20th June, 1791. III. {St. Sauveur), dep. Saone-et- Loire. P. 1,934. IV. (sous Dun), same dep. P. 1,435. V. {sous Montsoreau), dep. Maine-et- Loire. P. 2,596. Varese, a town of Austrian Italy, Lombardy, 13 miles W. Como. P. 8,300. II. a market town, Sard, dom., 14 m. N.E. Chiavari. P. of comm. 0,600.— The lake of Varese, Lombardy, is 4 miles E. Lago Maggiore. Varhelv, a vill. of Transylvania. Varick, a township. New York, Sene- ca CO., between Cayuga & Seneca lakes, 8 m. S. Waterloo. P. 1,872. Varignana, a town of N. Italy, Pon- tif. states. P. 3,C0D. Varilles, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Ariege, on the Ariege. P. 1,700. Varinas, a town of S. America, Vene- zuela, on the St. Domingo. P. 4,000. Vahkhan, a large vill. of Turki.-jh .\r- menia, pa.^h. Van, 22 m. W.S.W. Bit!i.>!. Varna, a fortified seaport town of European Turkey, Bulgaria. P. from 16,000 to 20,000. It Is wretchedly built, but has one <>f the best port.s on this coast, k is the eiitrcp'it for the produce of Bul- garia sent to Constantinople. Here the Hungarian army of Ladislaus k John Huniades wag totally defeated by the Turks imder Amurath 11., 10th Nov. 1444. The town was taken by the Rus- sians in 1828. Varnavik, a town of Kussia, on the Betluga. P. 1,600. Vars, a comm. & market town, Franco, dep Charente. P. 2,035. ^''ARZI, two towns ()f N. Italy. 1. duchy & 25 m. S.W.Parma. P. 1,500. il. Sard dom , div. Genoa. P. with comm. 2,045. Varzy, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Nievre. P. 2,058. Vapa, a se.'iport town of Finland, on a small bay of the Baltic. P. 3,340. Vasarhely, several large nikt. towns of Hungary, village of France, dep. -Lot. P. 1,730.- - Vayres is a comm. V vill., dep. Gironde. P. 1,588. Vazirarad, a town of the Punjab, near the Chenab. Yechr:lde, a vill. of Germany, duchy & 6 m. W. Brunswick. Yecht, an arm of the Rhine, in the Netherlands, separates from the Old Rhine at Utrecht, & enters the Zuyder- Zee. L. 18 m. II. a river of Prussian Westphalia, Hanover, enter? the Zuyder- Zee. L. 90 m. Vechta, a walled town of N.W. Ger- many, 28 miles S. Oldenburg. P. 1,976. Veckehkagen, a market town of Ger- many, H. Cassel, oo the AVeser. P. 1,833. 34* Yeendam & Veenendaal, two villa, of the Netherlands. Yeer, a marit. town of the Nether- lands, on the N.E coast of the island Waloheren. P. 1,082. Yega (La), a town of Hayti, 78 miles N.W. St. Doiuingo. Yegesack, a mkt. town of Germany, on the Weser. P. 2,000. Yeglia, an island of the Adriatic, compris-'xl in the Austrian kingdom of Illyria, in the gulf of Quarnero, E. Is- tda. h. 23 m., gr. br. 12 m. P. 15,000. — Feglia, the cap. town, on its S.W. side, has a small harbor. P. 3,600. Yejle, a town of Denmark, Jutland. P. 2,000.— Veilejiord is an inlet on the E. coast of Jutland, 15 m. in ler.gth. Yeit (St.), a town of Illyria, Carin- thia, on the Glan. P. 1,509. II. a mkt. town of Lower Austria. Yejer, a town of Spain, 27 m. S.E. Cadiz, on the Barbate. P. 8,3C0. Yelay, an old div. of France, of which Le Puy was the cap. Yelazgherd, a town of Persia. Yelden, a town of Bavaria. 22 m. N.E. Niirnberg. II. a market town on the Yils. III. a vill. of C-trinthia, 10 m. E. Yillach. Yelestina, a town of European Tur- key, Thessaly. Yelez, a town, S. Amer., New Grana- da. Also several towns of Spain. 1. (F. Blanco), 60 m. N.N.E. Almeria. P. 7,546. II. {de Benaudalla) 30 m. S.E. Granada. P. 3,150. — Velez de Gomera is a town of Morocco, on a rock near the Mediterranean. Yelez Malaga, a town of Spain, 14 m. E.N.E. Malaga, on the river Yelez. P. 16,000. Yelez Rubio, a town of Spain, prov. k 54 m. N.N.E. Almeria. P. 12,342. Yelij, a town of Russian Poland, 47 m. N.E. Yitebsk, cap. circ, on the Dvi- na. P. 6,800. Yelikaia, a river of Russia, enters the lake of Pskov, S.E. extremity, after a course of 160 m. Yeliki-Luki, a town of Russia, 132 m. S.E. Pskov, on the Lovat. P. 4,000. Velilla (de Ebro), a market town of Spain, 35 m. S.E. Zaragoza. — Vclille is a town of S. Peru, 70 m. S. Cuzco. Yelino (Monte), a mountain of Cent. Italy, Naples, 785 feet high. II. a river, rising on its N. declivity, flows N.N.W. past Rieti to join the Nera. Course 54 m. The falls of the Yelino, called the Cascata del Marmore, near its junction with the Nera, are celebrated oa 802 CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY. [vex amongst the finest cascades in the world, A the more curious as being artificial for drainage. They consist ol" three sepa- rated leaps. Total height 850 feet. Vellano, a village of Tuscany. P. 2,500. Vellaur, a river of British India, presid. Madras, enters the Indian ocean, after an E.-ward course of 100 lu. Vellebitz, a mountain range in the Austrian empire. Velleia, a buried city of antiquity, "the Pompeii of N. Italy," duchy Par- ma, on the Xura, 13 m. S. Piacxjuza. It is supposed t ' have been submerged by the crumbling of an adjacent mountain about the end of the 3d century, & it re- mained concealed till the year 17G0, when, & subsequently, an amphitheatre, temples, a forum, & many dwellings were discovered. Velletri, a walled town of S. Italy, Pontif. sta., 21 miles S.E. Rome. P. 10,000. Vellore, a town & fort of British In- dia, pre:iid. Madras. Velsk, a town of Kussia, on the Vaga. P. 1,800. Veluch: (Mount), the principal sum- mit of Mount CEta, N. Greece, & 7,657 ft. in elevation. Velzex, a vill. of the Netherlands, on the Y. P. 2,083. Vbmentry, one of the small Shetland islands, Scotland. Venachoir, or Vennachar (Loch), Scotland. CO. Perth. Venafro, a town of Naples, prov. T. di Lavora, 27 miles N.W. Capua. P. 2,800. Venaissin, an old co. of France. Venango, a co. in N.W. of Pennsyl- i^ania. Area, 1,120 sq. ni. P. 18,360.— Also several townships, the principal in Penn., co. Crawford. P. 1,299. Venant (St.), a comm. & town of France, dep. Pas-de-Calais. P. 2,467. Venasca, a town of N. Italy, Pied- mont, 8 m. S.W. Saluzzo. P. of comm. 2,650. Venasque, a town of Spain, 45 miles N.E. Iluesca. II. a comm. & market town of France, dcp. Vaucl use. P. 983. — Vena)is is a comm. & vill., Sardinian dom.. Piedmont. P. 1,428. Vencatigherry, a town of British Imlia, piesid. Madras. Vence, a comm. &, town of France, dep. Var. P. 3,101. Vendee, a marit. dcp. of Franco, in whe W., having N. the Atlantic. Area, 2,L4Gsq. m. P. 383,734. Surface plain N. & W., &, mar.«hy toward the coast, elsewhere unilulaling & wooded. II. a river of France, giving name to this dep., the S.E. part of which it traverses, after a course of 46 m. joins the Sevre- Niortaise. Venden, a town of Russia, gov. Li- vonia, on the Aa, 50 m. N.E. Riga. P. 2,000. Vendel'vre, a comm. & town of France, dep. Aube. P. 1,841. II. a comm., dep. Vienne. P. 1,955. Vendome. a comm. & town of France, dep. Loir-et-Cher. P. 6,709. It has a ruined, but once strongly-fortified castle of the dukes of Vendume. Vendotena, iin island of the Mediter- ranean, belonging to Naples. P. 500. Vendrell, a town of Spain, 17 m. N.E. Tarragona. P. 3,932. Veneri.v, a town of N. Italy, 6 milea N.W. Turin. P. 3,207. Venev, a town of Prussia, gov. Tula. P. 3,400. Venezuela, the most N. of the repub- lics in S. Amer., its territory chiefly be- tween lat. 2° & 12° N., & Ion. 60° A 73° W., having E. British Guiana, S. Brazil, W. New Granada, & N. the Caribbean sea. Estimated area, 416,600 sq. m. P. (1839) 945,247, consisting of whites, Indians, negroes, & mi.xed races, & very thinly distributed. The lakes Maracay- bo it Valencia, A islands Margarita A, Tortuga, belong to this republic. All the finest tropical products grow lu.\uri- ously. Government vested in a senate & house of representatives ; the execu- tive power being in the hands of a pres- ident & vice-president. The territory is divided into five deps., & into 13 provs. Chief cities, Caracas, the cap., Valencia, Maracaybo, & Barqnesimeto. Venice, a fortified city of Austrian Italy, & one of the two caps of ihe Lom- bardo- Venetian kint;dom, in the lagoons of Venice, a sort of vast lake, separated from the Adriatic by a long Iselt of low land, &, 2 m. from the contincnr, with which it is connected by a stupendous bridge of 222 arches, forming part of fho railway to Padua; lat. of St. Murk 45° 25' 9" N., l..n. 12° 20' 2" E. P. 110,000. Mean temperature of year 55° .3 ; win ter38°; summer 73° ; Fahr. It is the see of a Roman Catholic primate, Greek & Armenian bishops, »t the residence of the viceroy during part of the winter ; the centre of the maritinje establishments of Au.^tria, connected by the bridge of the liialto. built of white marble, & consisting of a pingle arch. Tiie streets or lanes are so narrow <& intricate as to render the city a vast labyrinth, & being fit only for foot- passengers, the place of wheel-carriages is supplied by small barges, called ^on- dolas, the peculiar form &, great number of which constantly traversing the princi- pal canals, forms one of the chief charac- teristics of the city. The largest street, the Merceria, in which are the best shops, is only 15 feet wide. Venice contains a vast number of magnificent churches & palaces, adorned with the painting.s of Titian & the frescoes of Tintoretto & Paul Veronese. The old library of St. Mark occupies a magnificent hall, & in the same building is the Zecca, or mint, where, in 1284, the celebrated ducat of Venice, the most ancient coin in Europe, was struck. The former palace of the doge, built by Marino Faliero in the 14tli century, is re- markable for its architecture, mar.shes. Storms & violent N. winds here often in- jure shipping; but Vera Cruz has an ex- tensive trade. Vera Cruz was bmnbard- ed it taken by the army of the U. S., N. America, ia 1847. — Old Vera Cruz is a vill., 15 miles N.W., where Cortez disem- barked in 1518. Veragua (Santiago de), a town of Central America, but belonging, with its prov., to the republic of New Granada, dep. Isthmus. P. 5,000.— The prov. Ve- ragua, the most W. of the state New Granada, extends from the Pacific ocean to the Caribbean sea. Vera Paz, a prov. of Central America, state Guatemala, having S. the prov. Guatemala, & N. Peten & Brit. Honduras. Verawow, the principal toAvn in the desert of Parkur, Scinde, on a fresh water lake, 3 m. in circ. Verbas, a river of European Turkey, Bosnia, joins the Save. L. 100 m. Verberie, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Oise. P. 1,321. Vehbicaro, a market town of Naples, 28 m. N. Paola. P. 4,000. Verbicz, a mkt. town of N. Hungary, on the Waag. P. 2,010. Vercel, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Doubs. P. 1,259. Vercelli, a city of N. Italy, Pied- mont, 14 m. N. Casale. P. with comm. 18,253. Verdachellum, a town of Brit. India, presid. Madras. Verde, two rivers of Brazil, one tribu- tary to the river Paranil, the other to the San FrancLsco. Veruen, a town of Germany, Han- over. P. 4,670. Verdon, a river of France, joins the Durance after a course of 100 m. Verdun, several towns, comms., Ac, of France. 1, dep. Meiiso, on the Meusc. P. 10,.596. In 1792, it was bombarded & taken by the Prussians, but restored to the French after tho bat- tle of Valmy. II. {sur Garonne), dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, on 1. b. of the Garonne. P. 1,876. III. {sur Sdone), dep. Sa- one-et-Loire, on the Saone. P. 2,050. — Verdunois, an old division of France. Vereja, a town of Russia, gov. Mediterranean. P. of comm. 2,974. III. Sicily. P. 2,500. IV. {die PiemoiUe), Sard. dom. P. of cotnm. 8,572. Villa Franca, a town on the S. coast of the island St. Michael, Azores. P. 3,000. ir. a town of Brazil, proy Para. P. 4,000. ^'ILLAGA«cIA, several market towns of Spain. 1. prov. Badaji>z P. 2,000. II. prov. Pontevedra, 20 miles X. Vigo, on the S. coast of the bay of Arosa. P. 1,443. III. prov. Cuenca, 7 miles E.N.E. Tarazona. IV. prov. & 30 m. W.N.W. Valladulid. P. 1,8.59. ViLLAGORDA, two towns of Spain. I. {de Gabriel), 50 in. S.E Cuenca. II. {de Jucar), prov. Albacete, on the Jucar. P. 1,422. — VUlagrasa, prov. Le- rida. ViLLAHERMOSA, a town of the Mexi- can confed., dep. Tabasco, on the Gri- jalva. Villaine-la-Juhel, a comm. . II. Garunne, on rt. b. of thre Tarn. { P. 5,4-2S. I ViLLENA, a town of Spain, prov. & 32 I m. N.W. Alicante. P. 8,224. YiLi-ENAUXE, a comm. «maU walled town of Switzerland. P. 1,096. Vin.ERs, several coram?., towns, & vills. of France. 1. (Bretonneux), dep. Somme, 10 miles E. Amiens. P. 3,125. II. [Conerets),dep. Aisne. P. 3,465. III. (Guislain), dep. Nord, 11 miles S.S.W. Cambrai. P. 2,073. ViLLETTE (La), a comm. e of 50 miles, joins the Nab. ViL.sniBCRu, a walle I town of L')wer Bavaria, on the Vils. P. 1.246.— Vilseck is a small town, circ. Upper Palatine, oc the Vils. P. 1,218. ViLSHOFEN, a. walled town of Lower Bavaria, on the Danube. P. 2,150. ViLVESTRE, ."-everal market towns of Spain. P. 1,400. ViLvoouDEX, a town of Belgium, 6 m N.N.E. Bru.ssels. P. 5,200. ViMERCATE, a town of Austrian Italy, P. 2,300. ViMiEiRA, a petty town of Portugal, near the coast, famous for the defeat of the French by the duke of Wellington, 21st August, 1808. — Vimiero is a village, 20 miles N. Evora. ViMioso, a fortified town of Portugal, near the Spanish frontier. P. 1,000. ViMOUTiERs, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Orne, on the Vire. P 4,117. ViNADio. a town of N. Italy, i ied- mont, on the Stura. P. of comm. 3,114. ViNALHAVEN, a township, Waldo co. Me. P. 1,950. ViNARoz, a town of Spain, near the mouths of the Ebro. P. 10,600. ViNAY, a comm. & town of France, dep. l^eve. P. 3,386. ViNcA, a como. So town of France, dep. E. Pyrenees. P. 2,021. ViNCENNES, a comm.. town, & castle of France, dep. Seine, 4 m. E. the Bar- riere du Trone, Paris. P. 3,773. The castle, erected in 1339, in the midst of a forest, was used a? a royal residence till the time of Louis XV. It was afterwards made a state prison, & has a square tur- retted keep, is enclosed by dry ditches, & entered by two draw-bridges. The great Conde, Diderot, Mirabeau, 4 many other distinguished persons, have been con- fined in this fortress, outside of which the duke D'Enghien was shot by the order of Napoleon, 21st March, 1804. It con- tains a fine armory, depot of artillery, & the tomb of the duke D'Enghien. The wood of Vincenncs is a favorite holiday resort of the Parisians. \'iNcENNEs, a vill., cap. Knox co. In- diana, on the Wabash, here 230 yards across, 28 m. N.E. Palmyra. P. 2,070. It is the oldest town in the state. Vincent, a township, I'. S., N. Amer- ica, Penn., 30 miles N.W. Philadelphia. P. 2,426. ViNCEXT (St.), a Britibh W. India VI x] UNIVERSAL GAZKTTEiU. 813 islnr.;!, 'VinJv^'-.-:. groiT^. lit. 15*^ 23' N., Ion. 61° 13' W., '42 OQ. S. St. Lucia, & 90 in. W. Barbadoes. Area. 130 .sq. jniles. P. 27,213. Tlie centre of the isl:inte d'Or, on the Brenne. P. 1,888. — Vittn/ieiir is a comra. A vill., dep. Seine Inf. P. 1,255. ViTTEL, a coram. & market town of Franco, dep. Vosges. P. 1,426. ViTTORi A, a tojfn of Sicily- P. 1 1,000. ViTTORiosA, a strongly ibrtified town (k suburb of La Valletta, Malta. ViTULAiro, a town of Naplts. P. 2,500. Viu, a Till, of N. Italy, Piedmont, on the Chiara. P. of coram. 3,745. VivARAis, an old dist. of France, in Lansfuedoc, of which Viviors was the cap. — Vuara is an islet of S. Italy. VivEHO, a town of Spain, at the raouth of the Landrova in the bay of Biscay. P. 4,606. VivEROLs, a comm. & market town of France, dep. Puy-de-DOme, 10 miles S.E. Ambert. P. 1,325. ViviERs, a comm. gen, a town of the Nether- lands, cap. dist., with a port on the Maas. P. 7,234. Vlapi-Kavkas, a town & fort of Cir- cassia, N. the Caucasus range. Vladimir, a t^ov.. Russia, nearlv in its centre. Area, lti.317 sq.ra. P. 1,246,500. Manufactures extensive. Princip towns, Vladiinir, the cap. Murom, Shuya, Pe- reslavl, Suzdal, A Viaznikov. VLADtMtR, two towns of Ptussia. 1. cap. ab»ve gov., on the Klir.^ma, 120 m. E.N.E. Mo:^c w. P. 7,400. It has a Cathedrnl with 5 domes. II. cap. dist., on the Lui. P. 5,500. Vlielanu, an island of the Nether- laiids, off the entrance to the Zuyder-Zec. L. 10 m. Vlotho, a town of Prussian Westpha- lia, on the Wcser. P. 2,200. VocKLABRiJCK, a town of Upper Aus- tria. P. 1,500. VoDiNA, a town of European Turkey, Rumili. P. 12,000. VoDLA, a lake & river of Russia ; the lake, 25 m. N.E. Pudoj, 30 m. in length, by 12 ra in breadth, discharges its sur- plus waters by the river which enters lake Onega on its E. side, after a course of 120 miles. Voel (Loch), a lake of Scotland, co, : Perth. ! Vogelsberg, a mountain range of i Germany. Voghera, a town of N, Italy, Pied- mont. P. 10,706. ■ VoGOGNA, a comra. & market town of I N. Italy, Piedmont. P. 1,656. VoHBURG, a wal'.ad town of Upper Ba- varia. P. 1,195. VoHL, a market town of Germany. Void, a market town of France, dep. Meuse. P. 1,561. VoiGTLAXD, an old subdivision of the kingdom of Saxony. Voiron, a coram. & town of France, dep. li-c^re, on the Morge. P. 8,255. — Yoisey is a coram. &, vill., dep. H. Marne. P. 1,873. VoiTsiERG, a town of Styria. P. 1,000, Voje. a lake of Russia, at the N.E. extremity of the gov. Novgorod. L. 25 m. ; br. 10 m. VoKHAN, a town of Central Asia. VoLANO, a market town of Italy, Pon- tif states. VOLCAN UE AgUA, V. DE FuEGO, & V. DE P.ACAVA, three remarkable volcanoes of Central .America, state r the sea of Azov ; but most of the naval os tablishmonts have been removed to Tav WACj UNIVERSAL GAZETIEER. 817 rov & Rostov. Since his time, however, Voronej has become one of (ho chief com- mercial towns in S. Russia. VoRSELAER, acouim. «fc vill., Belgium, prov. Antwerp, 2 m. W.S.W. Turnhout. p. 1,500. — Vorsfelde is a market town of German3', on the AUer, with 1,300 inhabs. VoRSKLA, a river of Russiji, & after a. course of 150 m., joins the Dnieper. VoRST, a vill. of Rhenish Prussia. P. 1,070. VosGEs, a chain of mountains in the N.E. of France, the S.E. of Belgium, «fc the W. of Germany. VosGEs, a dep. of France, in the N.E.. formed of the S. part of the old prov. Lor- raine. Cap. Epinal. Area, 2,304 sq. m. P. 427,409. VosKRESENSK, a town of Russia, 34 m. W.N.W. Moscow. P. \,mO.— Vosnes- ensk is a large market town, -v , cap. Galloway co. Ky. Wador, a town of Alighanistan. Wadowice, a town of Austrian Poland, Galieia. P. 3,090. Wadsworth, t., Medina co. 0. P. 1,481. II. a township, England, co. York. P. 5,533. Wady (.A.rab. a valley), the prefixed name of numerous localities in the East, &> in Africa. "Waereghem, & Waerschoot, 2 vills. of Belgium. Wagexin&en', a town of the Nether- Ian 1.^, on the Rhine. P. 2,000. Wager River, a large estuary or inlet of British N. America. Wagkam, a vill. of Lower Austria, on the left bank of the Ros-^baek, 11 miles N.E. Vienna. It is famous lor the vic- tory of Napoleon over the Austrian?, 6th July 1809, which wa.s followed by the treaty of Schonbriinn. Wahlstatt, a vill. «k monastery of Prussian Silesia. Here, in 1241, Henry of Leignitz was defeated by the Mongols ; & here, 26th August, 1813, the French were defeated by the Prussians under BliJcher, who thence derived his title of prince of Wahlstadt. Wahnahta, CO., Minnesota. P. 160. Wahring, a vill. of Austria, adjoining Vie. ma on the W. P. 1,300. Wahungen, a town of Germany. P. 3,400. ^VAIBLINGEN, a town of Wiirtembcrg, on the Rems. P. 3,100. Waibstadt, a town of Baden. P. 1,854. Waidhofen, two towns of Lower Aus- tria. 1, on the Ips. P. 3,000. II. on the Thaya. P. 1,400. Waigiou Island, Pacific ocean, N. of New Guincii. Wai-ho, Sl Waikahourounga, a riv. & estuary of New Zealand, N. isl. Waikato, the principal river of New Zealand, N. island, enters the ocean at Waikato harbor. Total cuur Iluns ; it foriued a separate kingdom in 1290; in 1479 it wa^ con- quered by Mohau)mcd II. ; it regained its independence for a short time, &■ after- wards formed a prov. of the Ottoman empire till 1829. By the treaty of Adrianoplo in 1830, it was placed under the protection of Russia, & its va,«salage to Turkey is merely nominal. Its gov- ernment is independent, but it pays tri- bute to the Porte. The hospodar, or governor, is elected for life. Walauia (El), a maritime town of Morocco, with a harbor at the mouth of a river in the Atlantic. Walchen-see, a lake of Upper Bavaria. Walcheren, the most W. of the isKs. of the Netherlands, prov. Zealand, botw. the E & W. Scheldt. L. 1 1 m. ; br. 10 m. P. 45,000. Waldboc KELHEiM, a market town of RhiMiish Prussia. P. 1,270. Walueck, a town of Germany, on the Eder. P. 1,000. II. a mkt."town of Bavaria. III. Lower Austria. wal] UNIVERSAL OAZKTTEER. 810 Waldeck-Pvrmont, a princip. of Ger- many, enclosed by Prussian AW-irtphiilia & Hessen Cassel ; Pyrniont, (letached 30 m. N.-warJ. United area, 4GI sq. m. P. 58,753. Chief towns, Arolsen, the cap., in "Waldcck ; f Transylvania. P. 8,450. Walterborough, p-v., cap. Colbtton dist. S. C. Waltersdobf, several vills. of Ger- many. Waltershausen, a town of Central Germany, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. P. 3,148. Waltham, t., Middlesex co. Mass. P. 4,464. Waltham Abbey, or Holy Cross, a market town of England, co. Essex, on the Lea. P. 4,177. Waltham (Bishop's), a market towa of England, co. & 10 m. E.N.E. South- ampton. P. 2,193. Waltier, a maritime vill. of British India, presid. Madras. Walton, two cos. U. S. 1. Georgia, cap. Monroe. Area, 320 sq. miles. P. 10,821. II. in W. part of Florida, Area, 1,584 sq. m. P. 1,379. IIL p-t., Delaware co. N. Y. P. 1,846. Walvisch, a harbor of S. Africa. Walworth, a co. in south part of Wis- consin. Area, 675 sq. ra. P. 17,801. II. .a township. New York, Wayne co., 18 m. N.W. Lyons. P. 1,981. Wambrechies, a comm. & mkt. town of France, dep. Nord. P. 3,542. Wanas, a t. of Sweden, lain Linkoping. Wandersleben, a market town of Prussian Saxony. P. 1.025. Wandipoor, a town of Bootan, 18 m E. Tassisudon, on an isolated rock. Wand I wash, a town of British India, presid. Madras. Wandre, a vill. of Belgium, 4 miles E.N.E. Liege. P. 2,000. Wansbek, a market town of Denmark, duchy Ilolstein, on the Wands. P. 4,200. Wandsworth, a large vill. of Eng- land, co. Surrey, on the Wandel. P. 7,614. Wanfried, a walled town of Germany, on the Werra. P. 2,045. Wanganui, a river of New Zealand, N. island, enters the ocean on its W. coast. Wangari, Wangaruru, &> Wanga- roa, three bays of New Zealand, on the E. coast of North Lsland. Wangen, a town of Wiirtemborg, on the Ober-Argcn. P. 1,456. II. a town of Switzerland, on the Aar. P. 1,710. Wangerin, a town of Pru.'tula, across which it coram unicafes by a bridge of boats with its fortified suburb Praga. Lat. of ob- servatory, 52° 13' 5" N„ Ion. 21° 2' 9" E. P. 154,078, of whom 35,000 were Jews. Mean temp, of yenr, 44° .1 ; winter, 24° .9 ; summer, 63° .2 Fahr. The city, surrounded by ramparts & trenches, e of 450 m. Warta, a town of Poland, on the Warta. P. 2,000. II. a town of Prus.-;ian Silesia, on the Neisse. P. 1,110. AVartenbukg, a town of E. Prussia. P. 3,100.— Alt- Wartenburg is a vill. ad- jacent, on the W. IE. a village, Prus- sian Saxony. Here, in 1S13, Bliicher defeated the French. — Wurten/els is a mkt. town of Bavaria. Warwick, a town of Engl., cap. co., near its centre, on rt. b. of the Avon. It is regularly laid out, & well built. At either end of the town is a gateway, the we.-^tern surmounted by a beautiful an- cient chapel. P. 41,932. Between the town & river, on a steep acclivity beside the Avon, is Warwick castle, seat of the earl of Warwick, it perhaps the most perfect & magnificent feudal fortress in England, still used as a residence. It is supposed to have been founded by Ethel- fleda, daughter of king Alfred, has some conspicuous portions named Guy's &, Caesar's towers, contains a fine collection of pictures, & is surrounded on both sides of the river by grounds, in a part of which is kept the noble Warwick vase, found in a lake near Tivoli. II. co. E. Va. Area. 95 sq. m. Cap. Warwick c.H. P. 1,546. III. t., Franklin co. Mas."?. P. 1,071. IV. p-t.. Kont co. R. I. Has good harbor. P. 7,740. V. t., Bucks CO. Pa. P. 1,259. VI. t., Lancaster co. Pa. P. 3,725. Warwickshire, a co. in tho centre of England Area, 897 sq.m. P.' 479,979 was] UNIVERSAL GAZETTREU. 823 Wash, an estuary on the E. coast of Englnnd, between the cos. Norfolk & Lincoln, 20 miles in length by 15 m. in breadth. II. (or Gu-as/i), a riv. chiefly in CO. Rutland, joins the A\''elland. L. 23 miles. Washington, numerous cos. of the U. S. 1, in S.E. part of Maine, bor- dering New Brunswick ;kaakia river. Area, 656 .«q. ra. P. 6,953. Cap. Nashville. XVIII. Wis- consin, bordered on the W. by Lake Mi- chigan. Cap. Washington. Area, 675 sq. miles. P. 19,484. — ^XIX. lowii, cap. Washington. Area, 648 sq. miles. P. 4,957 XX. Missouri, in its S.E. part, cap. Potosi. Area, 820 gq m. Here is a mountain of magnetic iron ore. P. 8,811. XXI. Ark;insa.s, S. the Ozark mntns. Area, 900 sq. m. P. 9,970. XXII. CO. Te.xa.-5. P. 5,983. XXIII. CO. Oregon. P. 2,651. XXI\'. co. Minnesota. P. 1,056. XXV. a pa. in E. part of Louisiana. Area, 792 sq.m P. 4.348. Cap. Franklinton. Washington, the cap. city of U. S., N. America, in the federal dist. of Colum- bia, on the Potomac, at the inllux of the Anacostia, each here crossed by a l)ridge, 3") m. S.W. Baltimore. Lat. of Capitol, 38° 53' 34" N., Ion. 77° 1' 30" W. P. 40,000. It is laid out with perfect regu- larity, &. on an extensive plan, but only some of its streets &, avenues arc com- pleted. Public edifices are amongst the most splendid in the Union. The capitol, or the seat of the U. States' legislature, on a hill 75 feet above the Potomac, is of freestone, with a front 352 feet in length, a noble portico with 22 Corinthian col- umns, & several domes ; it contains the chambers of the Senate & the House of Representatives, the Congress library, & supreme court of the U. S. ; is surrounded by grounds covering 22 acres, & wiis erected at a cost of nearly §2,600,000. It is decorated internallj^ with works of art. A new wing is now being added to it. About IJ m. totlie N.W. is the house of the President, an eleguit edilice nldo on a height, & near which are four large structures for the chief department.-i of the general government. The " Nation- al Institution for the promotion of Sci- ence," organized in 1840, has incorpora- ted with it the Columbian In.f.r-Teck), a town of S. Germanv, Wnrtcmberg, on the Lin- dach, 26 m." X.W. Ulm. P. 3,450 — Trc.7- miinstcr, is a vill. of Nassau, on the Weil- bach. P. 1,124. Weimar, the cap. city of the grand duchy Saxe-Weimar, Central Germany, on 1. b. of the Ilm. P. 11,144. It 'ia surrounded by hill.», & is handsomely though irregularity built, & no city in Germany of its si/.e has so many good public building.s & excellent public estab- lishments, or is a more agreeable plice of re.^^idence. The grand ducal library comprises 140,000 vols. MSS., medals the em- press Matilda. Weprit, a town of Russia, gov. Pol- tava. P. 1,800. Werben, a town of Prussian Saxony. P. 1,790. — Werhach is a vill. of Baden, on the Tauber. P. 1,157. Werdau, a town of Saxony. P. 6,218. Werden, a town of Rhenish Prussia, on the Ruhr. P. 4,300. "Werl, a town of Pru.ssian Westphalia. P. 3,600. Wermsdobf, a vill. of Saxony. P. 1,609. Werne, a town of Prussian Westpha- lia, on rt. b. of the Lippe. P. 1,850. Werneth, a township of England, co. Chester. P 3,904. Wernigerode, a walled town of Pruss. Saxony, on the Ilolzemme. P. 5,600. Wernitz, a river of Bavaria, after a S- cour.«e of miles, joins the Danube. — Wernstadtel is a town of Bohemia. P. 1,453. Werra, a river of Central Germany, joins the Fulda to form the Weser. Total course, 150 m., for 120 of which it is nav- igable. — The iVen-e, after N. & E. course of 35 m, joins the Weser. Werribee, a river of the British col- ony of Victoria, Australia, flows S.E. for 50 m., & enters Port Phillip. AVertach, a river of Bavaria, flows N.E., & after a course of 70 m., joins the Lech. Wehtheim, a walled town of Baden. P. 3,434. Werther, a town of Prussian West- phalia. P. 1,915. Wertingen, a town of Bavaria, circ. Swabia, on the Zusam. P. 1,590. Wesel, a town of Rhenish Prussia, on r. b. of the Rhine. P. 11,860. Wesenberg, a town of Mecklenburg- Strclitz, on Lake Woblitz. P. 1,370. II. a town of Russia, gov. Esthonia. P. 1,500. Weser, a river of Germany, its basin lying between that of the Elbe on the E. & those of the Ems, Rhine, & Main, W. 6 S. It is formed by the union of the Fulda & Werra, joins the N. sea in con- junction with the Jahde, by an estuary 24 miles across at its entrance. Total course 250 m. It is navigable for boats nearly to its source, for vessels drawing 7 feet water to Bremen. Wessel Islands, a group off N. Aus- tralia, N W. of the gulf *>f Carpentaria. Wesseli, a town of Moravia, on an ial. formed by the March. P. 2,543. Wes.?em, a town of the Netherlands, on the Maese. P. 1,050. West, for names with this prefix not here, see the additional word. West, two tn.'shps., U. S. 1. Ohio, on the Sandy &, Beaver canal. P. 1,915. II. Penn., 8 m. N. Huntingdon. P. 1,629. — It is also a prefixed name of the following places : 1. {Bethlehem), a tnshp., Penn., 12 m. S.E. AVashington- borough. P. 1,743. II. {Bloomjietd), New York, co. Ontario, 198 m. W. Albany. P. 1,698. III. a vill.. New Jersev, 56 miles N.E. Trenton. P. 1,800. IV. a tnshp., Michigan, 32 miles N.W. Detroit. P. 938. V. (Bradford), Pennsylvania, on Brandywine river, 11m. S.W. Ches- ter. P. 1,562. VI. (Bridifcwater), Massachusetts, 25 m. S. Boston. "P. 1,201. VII. (Brook), Maine, on the Pen- obscot river, 52 m. S.S.W. Augusta. P. 4,116. The Cumberland »i loiico of the bishops, built im the plan I'f the palace of Versailles, with fine gardens. It^ university, founded 1403, has a library of 100,000 vols. xen] UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 843 "WuRZEN, a walled town fvf Saxony, 15 E. Leipzig, on tlie Mulde. P. 4,145. — Wiisiensachsen is a market town of Ba- varia. P. 1,160. WusTERHAusEN, a walled town of Prussia, on an isi. in the L)ossc. P. 2,800. II. a market town ou the Notto, 18 m. S.E. Berlin. WusTWEZEL, a vill. of Belgium, 14 m. N.E. Antwerp. P. 1,700. Wyalusing, a township, Penn., on Wj'al using creek, an atfl. of the Susque- hanna, 105 m. N. Ilarrisburg. P. 1,400. Wyanuot, a CO. Ohio. P. 11,292. Wycliffe, a pa. of England, co. York, N. Riding. P. 165. In the rectory- house is a fine portrait of WyclifTe the reformer, who is believed to have been born here in 1325. Wycombe (Chipping, or High), a munic. bor., &, market town of England, CO. Buckingham. Wye, a river of England & Wales, en- ters the estuary of the Severn 2 m. S. Chepstow. Total course 130 m., for 70 of which, to Hereford, it is frequently navigable for vessels of 40 tons burden, & to Hay, 100 m. from the Severn, for Email craft. II. r., Md., enters Chesa- peake bay. III. a vill. of England, co. Kent. P. 1,648. Wyk, a seaport vill. of Denmark, duchv Schleswig, on the S.E. coastof the island Fohr. P. 800. Wyk, numerous pas. -:e, but is navigable by boats for about 20 miles. Yeadon, a township of England, co. York, W. Riding. P. 3,379. Yebenes, a market town ol Spain, 21 m. S. Toledo. P. 3,063. Yebleron, a comm. & vill. of France, dep. Seine-Inf. P. 1,187. Yebuah, a small & lofty island in the Red sea, off the Arabian coa.^t. Yecla, a town of Spain, 44 miles N. Murcia. P. 9,333. Y^DO, Yeddo, or Jeddo, a city & the second cap. of Japan, it being the resi- dence of the Sio-gun, or military emperor, on the gulf of Yedo, S.E. coast of the isl. Niphon. Lat. 35° 40' N., Ion. 139° 40' E. P. 700,000.(7) It is stated to be en- closed by a trench, & intersected by nu- merous canals & branches of a river, navigable for vessels of moderate burden. It has a fortified palace with very exten- sive grounds, many noble residences ornamented externally with sculptures & painting, some large temples & other public edifices, & numerous conventual establishments ; but its dwellings are mostly of wood, & it suffers frequently from destructive fires. Outside of the city are two large suburbs. — The gulf of Yedo is an inlet of the Pacific ocean. L. S. to N. 70 m. breadth at entrance, 40 miles. At its N. extremity are the city Yedo & the mouths of several rivers. Yejubbi, a large commercial town of S. Abyssinia. Yell, one of the Shetland islands, Scot- land, the second of the group in size. L. 17 m.; extreme breadth, 7^ m. Area, 94 sq. m. P. including the island Fetlar, 3.450. II. a N.W. co. Ark. Area, 935 sq. ra. P. 3,441. Cap. Danville. Yellow Creek, a river, Mississippi, ioins the Yazoo, after a S.W. course of 70 miles— The Ydloic- knife, Briti.n. P. 11,139, chiefly engaged in ship-building f N. Africa. Zafra, a town of Spain, 37 m. S.E. Ba- Jajoz. P. 4,894. Zagora, a mkt. town of Albania, on the boundnry of Epirus. II. a vill of European Turkey, Thessaly. — Cape Za- gora is a headland, 2 ra. .N.E. this vill. ; & Mount Zagora is the modern name of Mount Pelion. Zagros (Mount), a mountain range of Asia, forming a part of the boundary be- tween Persia & the Turkish pash. Bag- dad. Zagyva. a river of Central Hungary, joins the Theiss at Szolnok, after a course of 90 m. Zahna, a town of Prussian Saxony. P. 2.140. Zahu, a town of Asiatic Turkey, on the Khabur. Zaikany, a vill. of Transylvania. Zainah, a town of Algeria, 70 miles S.S.W. Constantine, supposed to occupy the site of the ancient 2ama. Zainsk, a mkt. town of Russia, on the ZiJi. P. 1,700. Zaire, or Congo, a river of W. Africa, Lower Guinea, after a W. course of un- certain length, enters the Atlantic by several wide mouths. At 90 leagues in- land it has been found 4 m. across. Zaisan (Lake), a lake of Chinese Turkestan. Length E. to W. 80 m., br. 20 miles. Zaklikov, a town cf Poland, on the Sanna. P. 1,600. Zakotnaja, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. Voronej. P. 1,500. Zalamea, Ilipa, a town of Spain. P. 3,980 It. {la Real), a town, prov. A 34 m. NB. Huelva. P. 4,180. Zalathna, a market town of Tran- sylvania, on an affl. of the Maros. II. CO. Upper Weisenburg. Zaleszczyky, a town of Austrian Pohind, Galicia, on the Dniester. P. 5,000. Zalinaf, a group of islets, strait of Maciis.sar, W. of Celebes. Zalosze, a market town of Austrian Poland, Galicia, on the Sered, 23 miles S.S.E. Brody. Zamreze, or CuAMA, a river of E. Af- rica, enters the Indian ocean by numer- ous mouths, after an E. course of uncer- tain length. Zamocha, a mkt. town of Russia, gov. Minsk. P. 1,550. Zamora, a city of Sp.^in, cnp. prov. Zamora, on the Douro. P. 9,926. Zamora, a town of S. Amer., Ecuador, dep. Assuay, on the Zamora river. II. a mkt. town, Mexican confed. III. a town of S. Peru, dep. & 20 m. N. Cuz- co. IV. a mkt. town, Portugal, 20 ra. N.E. Li.sbon. V. a small town of Al- geria, 105 m. S E. Algiers. Zamosc, a strongly fortified town of Poland, 45 m. SE. Lublin, on the Wieprz. P. 5,000 — Stari-Zamossc is a town, 13 m. N.AV. Zamosc, with 1,000 inhabs. Zandvliet, a fortified town of Belgi- um, near rt. bank of the Scheldt. P. 1,200. Zanen (Cost & West), two vills. of the Netherlands, prov. N. Holland. Zanesville, a tnshp., Ohio, cap. co. Muskingum. The vill. on E. bank of Muskingum river, here crossed by two bridges, 52 m. E. Columbus. P. 7,929. It has an elegant court-house, co. offices, a jail, market-house, athenaeum, free school, public library, mm. & vill. of France, dep. Pas-de-Calais P. 1,862. ZuTPHEN, a town of the Netherlands, on the Y.ssel. P. 11,113. ZuviA, a town of Spain, 4 m. S.E. Gra- nada, on 1. b. of tho Genii. P. 3 095 ZvERiNGOLOVSK, a town of Siberia, oq the Ui. ZvoBNiK, a fortified town of European 850 CYt'LOPiEOIA OF GEOGRAPHT. [ead Turkey, Bosnia, on the Drin, 30 m. from its mnuth in the Save. P. 15.000 (?) Zwart-Berg (the '' black mountain"), two mount iiin ranges of S. Africa, Cape Colony. — The Zicart-Doorn, a river, en- ters the Atlantic. ZwARTKOPs, a riv. of S. Africa, Cape Colony, tributary to the Little Doom river/which it joins after W.S.W. course of 100 m. — The Zicartland, is a fertile tract of the same colony. ZwAHTSLUis. a town of the Nether- lands, on the Zwarte Water. P. 3,650. ZwEiBRL'CKEN, a town of Rhenish Ba- varia, on the Erbach. P. 6,920. Zw'ELLENDAM, the most S. division of the Cape Colony, S. Africa. Area, 7,616. sq. m. P. 19,847. — Zicellendam, the cap. is 110 m. E. Cape Town. ZwENKAU, a town of Saxony, on the Elster. P. 2,612. ZwETTEL, a town of Lower Austria, on the Kamp. P. 2,150. Zwickau, a town of Saxony, cap. circ, on 1. b. of the Mulde, 60 m. S.W. Dres- den. P. 8,837. It has a church, with a loftv tower, a gymnasium, with a library of 30,000 vo!.-^. II. a town of Bohe- mia. P. 3.835. — Zxciesd, Is a market town of Lower Bavaria, on the Regen. P. 1.245. ZwiNGENDERG, a town of Germany, at the foot of the Melibocus mountain. P. 1,445. ZwiTTAU, a river of Moravia, after a S. course of 55 miles joins the Schwarza. II. a walled town of Moravia. P. 3,699. ZwoLLE, a fortified town of the Neth- erlands, cap. prov. Over-Yssel, on the Zwarte- Water. P. 16.950. ZwoLLEN, a town of Poland, 19 miles E.S.E. Radom. P. 2,026. Zv/OMiTz, a town of Saxony, on he Zwiiraitz. P. 2,012. ZwYNDRECHT, a comm. & market town of Belgium, on the Scheldt. P. 2,200. Zydaczow, a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia. P. 2,141. Zydowo, a town of Prussia, 6 milea S. Gnesen. P. 530. ^^?^ 0? THE [XJiriVBIlSITTj ?, o CDM=i7bb55ti