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PEEFAOE.
Within a fe"w years past, extensive explorations have
been carried on throughout the East, which have resulted
in remarkable discoveries in nearly all of the ancient
and renowned cities known to sacred history.
Among the most important of these discoveries are
those made in Jerusalem, in the excavations around and
under the Temple site — among the ruins of King Solo-
mon's store cities, Baalbek, Tadmor, and Hamath — at
Babylon, Nineveh, and Shushan.
These discoveries have awakened an interest that will
not be satisfied with anything less than a description of
the ruins of all the important cities of the East.
In the ordinary works of Eastern travelers and writers,
so much space is given to incidents of travel, and the
speculations of travelers, that but little room is left for
a description of antiquities or relics.
The aim of this work is to comprise in a convenient
compass the results of all the important explorations
i^^^'jf'v^^/
and excavations made in the East;— especially among
the ruins of King Solomon's cities. To this end, this
work has been made strictly descriptive and historical;
yet containing only enough of history to render the
subject intelligible. By this plan a description of the
ruins, as now seen, of forty of the most famous cities
of antiquity is given in the space of this volume.
The Author.
f
or rn/
UNIYERS:
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I.
JERUSALEM.
ITS ORIGIN, AND A SKETCH OF ITS HISTORY.
ORIGIN— ASSAULT AND CAPTURE OP THE CITY BY DAVID— DAVID' 9
DEATH HE IS SUCCEEDED BY SOLOMON, WHO BUILDS
THE MAGNIFICENT TEMPLE, AND THE STORE CITIES
SIEGE OF JERUSALEM BY TITUS, IT IS TAKEN AT MID-
NIGHT WANTON DESTRUCTION OF THE TEMPLE BY
FIRE PAGE 17
CHAPTER II.
A SKETCH OF THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE CITY AND ADJOIN-
ING COUNTRY.
JERUSALEM — ^VALLEY OF JEHOSHAPHAT — VALLEY OF HIN-
NOM — THE TYROPCEON — WALLS — VIA DOLOROSA —
DAVID STREET. PAGE 45
CHAPTER III.
RELICS, OBJECTS AND PLACES OF INTEREST.
ANCIENT POTTERY — LAMPS — KNIVES AND OTHER RELICS
— ZION BRIDGE — ANCIENT CASTLE OF DAVID — GATES
OF THE CITY — POOLS — FOUNTAINS — VALLEY OF JEHO-
SHAPHAT — VILLAGE OF SILOAM — ANCIENT TOMBS AND
VAULTS — VALLEY OF HINNOM — ACELDAMA, THE FIELD
OF BLOOD PAGE 51
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^1
THE VALLEY OF JEHOSnAPHAT — OF HESTNOM — ACELDAMA
— MOUNT OP OFFENCE — ANCIENT SEPULCHRES— SCOPUS
niDGE — MOUNT OP OLIVES — THE ROAD OVER "WTIICn
CHRIST RODE INTO JERUSALEM. » PAGE 75
CHAPTEK Y.
CONCERNING THE TEMPLE OP KING SOLOMON.
MOUNT MORIAH — THE TEMPLE AREA, OR ENCLOSURE —
WILSON'S ARCH— ROBINSON'S ARCH — MASONIC HALL —
FOUNDATION WALLS OP THE TEMPLE— SOUTH, WEST,
AND EAST GATES — DOME OF THE ROCK — MOSQUE EL
AKBA PAGE 87
CHAPTER YI.
THE PRIVATE MARKS OP THE BUILDERS AND THE REMARK
ABLE ANCIENT QUARRY UNDER JERUSALEM.
MARKS FOUND ON STONES EN THE FOUNDATION WALLS OP
THE TEMPLE AREA — MARKS FOUND IN SAMARIA AND
HEBRON PAGE 117
i'
If^
PLACES HISTOKICALLY COKTNECTED WITH SOLOMON'S TEMPLE
AND THE BUILDERS.
ANCIENT TYKE, HIRAM'S TOMB— MT. LEBANON— A SKETCH
OP ITS HISTORY — ITS WONDERFUL TOPOGRAPHY— THE
RENOWNED CEDARS — THE FOREST WHERE THEY WERE
PROCURED FOR SOLOMON'S TEMPLE— HOW THEY WERE
CONVEYED FROM THE MOUNTAINS TO THE SEA, AND
MADE UP INTO FLOATS— THE SINGULAR INHABITANTS
OP LEBANON; THEIR MANNERS AND CUSTOMS — THE
AKALS, A SECRET ORDER, HAYING SIGNS, GRIPS, AND
WORDS SIMILAR TO THOSE IN USE AMONG MASONS —
PASS OP THE JORDAN— JOPP A— HEBRON, ITS IMPORTANT
RELICS OP ANTIQUITY, AND SINGULAR MOSQUE— KING
SOLOMON'S STORE CITIES, BAALBEK— TADMOE — HAMATH
AND GEBAL — THE RUINS OP EEEROTH — KIRJATH
JEARIM— SAMARIA, CHURCH OF ST. JOHN PAGE 141
CHAPTER YIII.
THE CRADLE OP THE HUMAN RACE. ^
THE GARDEN OP EDEN— MOUNT ARARAT— THE DISPER-
SION OP THE PEOPLE — THEIR LOCATION, OR THE
PLACES OCCUPIED BY THEM — THE FIRST SETTLE-
MENTS OP THE HUMAN FAMILY PAGE 258
CHAPTER IX.
THE FIRST CITIES BUILT, THEIR RISE, FALL, AND RUINS,
AS NOW SEEN.
THE RUINS OP BABYLON — ERECH — ACCAD — CALNETH —
NINEVEH — DAMASCUS — SHECHEM — GAZA— BEERSHEBA
— BETHEL— BETHLEHEM— SIDON — JERICHO PAGE 263
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DESCRIPTION OF THE RUINS OP SHUSHAN, CITY OF QUEEN
ESTHER, MORDECAI, AND HAMAN — DESCRIPTION OP
THE RUINS OP ATHLEET, AND THE WILD ARAB TRIBE
THAT INHABITS THE PLACE — DESCRIPTION OP THE
HAURAN, LAND OP MYSTERY, ITS RUINS OP DESERTED
CITIES AND VILLAGES — DESCRIPTION OP THE RUINS OP
THE SPLENDID ANCIENT CITY OP PERGAMOS — OP GE-
RASH — SHILOH — RABBAH — SARDIS — TARSUS — TIBERIAS
— CESAREA — SOURCES OP THE JORDAN— CAPERNAUM
— ANTIOCn— EPHESUS — GADARA — LYDDA — NAZARETH
— ATHLEET PAGE 344
hYi-v
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CHAPTER XL
THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS — ORIGIN OP THE ORDER — THE
FATAL BATTLE OP HATTIN — MASSACRE OP THE KNIGHTS
— DESCRIPTION OP THE REMARKABLE ANCIENT CITY OP
KERAK, A STRONGHOLD OP THE KNIGHTS PAGE 400
CHAPTER XII.
PYTHAGORAS — HIS BIRTHPLACE, EDUCATION, TRAVELS,
PHILOSOPHY, GREAT INFLUENCE AND RENOWN, AND
THE TRAGIC TERMINATION OP HIS CAREER PAGE 423
k
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THREE OOtTRSBS OF STONES IN THE FOUNDATION WALLS
OF THE TEMPLE ENCLOSUEE, WITH THE PEIVATB
MAKKS ON THEM.
INTEKIOK VIEW OF A GALLERY AT THE FOUNDATION
OF THE WALL. EXPLOEEB EXAMINING MAKKS.
rNTEEIOB VIEW OF THE ANCIENT QUAEEY UNDEE JERU-
SALEM, IN WHICH THE STONES WEEE QUARRIED
FOB THE TEMPLE.
PILASTER IN MASONIC HALL.
ANCIENT FIGURED PAVEMENT.
MT. LEBANON AND THE BAT FROM WHICH THE TIMBBB
WAS FLOATED FOR THE TEMPLE.
THE Cmr OF JOPPA, WHERE THE TIMBER WAS LANDBUX
THE CITY OF TYRE AS IT NOW IS.
HIRAm's tomb near the CITY OF TYRE.
hiram's well.
KING Solomon's store cities — theib buins.
BAALBEK.
TADMOE.
t
KIEJATH JEABTM.
hebeon.
SAMARIA.
BIDON.
GEBAL.
THE RUINS OF NINEVEH.
THE RUINS OF BABYLON.
THE RUINS OF SHUSHAN.
DAMASCUS.
///'
nXDSTKATIONS.
XI
EGYTIAN MYSTERIES — FIEST SCENE IN THE INITIATION
OF A CANDIDATE THE TEST BY FIRE, WATER,
AND AIR.
SECOND SCENE IN THE INITIATION THE SACRIFICE.
THIRD SCENE IN THE INITIATION THE TRIUMPHAL PRO-
CESSION.
THE BIRTHPLACE OF PYTHAGORAS — THE ISLAND OV
SAMOS.
THE RUINS OF RABBAH.
THE RUINS OF EPHESUS.
THE RUINS OF GADARA.
EXCAVATIONS AT SHUSH AN.
IMAGES.
VALLEY OF MURDER, JERICHO.
SUCCOTH.
ST. John's church.
THE PALACE AT SHUSHAN.
ABDEL KADER.
AN ACACIA TREE.
ANCIENT POTTERY LAMP AND INB! BOTTLE SUCH A8
WAS USED BY THE SCRIBES.
THE CASTLE OF DAVID.
GETHSEMANE.
ANCIENT COFFIN.
GOLGOTHA.
PLAN OF THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE.
PETHANY.
SHECHEM.
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EPHRAIM.
David's mosque and tomb.
mount akarat.
a group of captives.
king solomon, from an ancient sculpture.
collecting contributions foe rebuilding the
TEMPLE.
BATTLE-FIELD OF HATTIN.
WAR-HORSES AFTER THE BATTLE.
THE REMARKABLE RUINS OF THE ANCIENT CITY OF
GERASH.
THE RUINS OF ATHLETE.
RUINS OF PERGAMOS.
ANCIENT CITY IN THE HAURAN.
ANCIENT KITCHEN AND UTENSILS.
ANCIENT DRINKING CUPS.
ANCIENT MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.
RUINS OF THE GREAT FORTRESS OF KERAK — A FAMOUS
STRONGHOLD OF THE CRUSADERS.
SEVERAL ENGRAVINGS, GIVING VIEWS OF LEBANOM
SCENERY — ITS INHABITANTS THEIR DWELLINGS,
ETC,
^*^
IK"DEX
TO THE PLAN OF JERUSALEM AND ITS RUINa
Armenian Convent on Mt. Zion.
Episcopal Church, and Consulate of St. James.
David Tower.
Hezekiah Pool, bmlt by Herod ; now used.
Castle of David.
Greek Convent.
Coptic Convent.
Latin Convent.
Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Pilate's house (ancient citadel), now the Pasha's resi-
dence.
Bethesda Pool.
St. Ann Church.
Prussian Consulate — near the site of Herod's palace.
Ruins of an ancient temple.
Valley Gate, near the Jaffa Gate.
Ancient gate, now closed (Bethezo was neax it), on
Zion.
Essenes' Gate, on Zion South,
Tower of Siloam.
East or Sun Gate.
The Stairs of David — ^now in use.
Intermediate Gate, between the two walls at the Junction
of the Tyropoeon and Kidron Valleys.
The House of David — it spanned the Tyropoeon Valley
here.
The Tower that lieth out over the Virgin Fountain.
Water Gate ; on Ophel.
The Great Tower— Tower of OpheL
14 INDEX TO THE PLAN.
No. 26. Horse Gate, near the S. E. comer of the Temple.
27. Tower of the Flock (IVIicah iv., 8).
28. Sheep Gate — near the present St. Stephen's Gate.
29. Tower of Hananeel; N, K comer of the Temple
Area.
SO. Fish Gate — near the present St. Stephen's Gate.
31. Gate of Benjamin — North and East.
32. Cemetery.
33. Throne of the Governor.
34. Damascus Gate ; facing North.
35. Broad wall between Ephraim and the comer Gate.
36. Comer Gate — near the N. W. corner on the West.
37. Tower of Furnaces ; in the West end of the East and
West wall.
3§, First Gate ; in the first wall, near Jaffa Gate.
39. The Armory, or House of the Forest of Lebanon, in tho
N. E. comer of Zion.
40. Prison Gate ; Shallecketh, in the Temple.
41* Miphkad Gate ; the Stocks for detaining and punishing
criminals were near this Gate, at the West end of the
Tyropoeon bridge.
42. Second Gate in the Tyropoeon.
43. Tower of Hippicus ; the ruins are in the N. W. comer
of the city waU, called the Giant's Tower.
44. Phasaelus — a Tower nanaed after Herod's brother, near
the Gennath Gate.
45. Mariamne— named by Herod after his Queen ; on Zion.
46. Gennath (gardens) Gate — near the Jaffa Gate, in tht<
third wall.
47. Psephinos ; an octagon tower. North of Hippicus.
There were 90 towers in the third waU; no other
names have been recorded. In other walls there
were other gates, of which no ruins exist.
4§. Fort of Zion ; the Great Acropolis, so famed during the
Syrian Wars.
49. Castle of Zion ; taken by David from the Jebusites.
50. Zion Bridge.
51. Citadel ; was high and overlooked the city.
62. Millo; at the Junction of the Zion and Tyropoeon
Valleys.
INDEX TO THE PLAN.
15
No. 53. Road over which Christ rode iato Jerusalem.
54. Golgotha.
55. Castle of Antonia; containing the Judgment HalL
56. Baris ; the Acropolis of Akra.
57. Strabo's Tower, near Antonia.
58. Illustration showing the form of the original hiU
Mount Moriah.
59. Upper Pool of Gihon.
60. Jews' "Wailing-Place ; here are to be seen some of fcho
foundation-stones of the Temple.
61. Garden of Gethsemane.
62. Church of the Ascension.
63. Entrance to the great underground quarry, where the
stones were quarried and prepared for Kiug Solo-
mon's Temple.
64. Village of Siloam.
Besides these there are records of a great many palaces, market-
places, and synagogues for instruction in the Scriptures and tra-
ditions, of which there remains no vestige by which they can with
certainty be identiiied.
MOUNT MORLLH— SITE OF SOLOMON'S TEMPIxE.
A, A, A, A, Temple Area.
No. 1. Dome of the Rock; Ancient Christian Church: now a
mosk.
2. Mosk el Aksa; the Ancient Knight Templar's Church.
3. Mogrebins Mosk.
4. The Sea of Solomon, underground.
5. Vaults under the platform.
6. Ancient South Gate of the Temple ; now Donble Gate
7. Ancient West Gate, now Prophet's Gate.
H. Gate of the Chain.
9. Gate of the Bath.
10. Iron Gate.
11. Gate of the Inspector.
13. East or Golden Gate.
■'*,
CHAPTER I.
JERUSALEM.
ITS ORIGIN, AND A SKETCH OF ITS HISTORY.
OHgin — Assault and Capture of the City hy David
— DavicVs Death — He is succeeded by Solomon^
who huilds the Magnificent Tenvple, arid the Store
Cities — Siege of Jerusalem hy Titus, it is taken
at Midnight — Wanton Destruction of the Temple
hy Fire.
The city of Jerusalem, witli its ruins of temples,
towers, walls, and tombs, is one of the most pro-
foundly impressive localities in all the world. While
reflecting on the history of this city, wave on wave of
thought rush in on the mind from out the limitless
ocean of the past, and while contemplating its ruins
the mind is carried far back through the dim vista
of ages, to the time when Mt. Zion was the Jebusite's
stronghold, and when the site of the magnificent
Temple of Solomon was a threshing-floor.
In all other holy places there were worshiped
beasts and birds (Apis and Ibis, Egypt), the human
form (Greece), and hideous images of things foimd
neither in the heavens nor the earth (India). But
here the shepherds of Canaan, who watched their flocks
among the hills, bowed to Him who is still called the
God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. In Genesis we
I
i
read that in the beginning God created the heaven
and the earth, and, as the great Architect of the
Universe, he claims the exclusive worship of man.
Since the day when the tent of the wilderness (the
Tabernacle) was enlarged into the Temple, what
various and thrilling events have made the temple
site famous! There swiftly passes in review the
foundation of that sacred and stately edifice, with its
spacious courts and white marble walls, resplendent
with fine gold; the magnificent rites and ceremo-
nies, the solemn prayers and costly sacrifices, and the
mysterious Holy of Holies, the Shekinah.
Then follows the destruction of this sacred place
by the idolaters from Babylon, and its restoration by
Zerubbabel and Ezra, when some who had seen the
first house wept, while others shouted for joy. And
finally, Herod's Temple, larger and more magnificent
than the others, which had been forty-six years in
progress when Jesus spake in it of its final destruc-
tion, which came with Titus and the Eomans ; and of
all its precious and beautiful furniture and sacred
vessels, there remains only a time-worn sculpture of
the Candlestick and the crumbling Triumphal Arch
of Titus at Rome.
Besides these material things there is a long proces-
sion of good men and women, kings, prophets, and
priests, who frequented this place to worship, and
held the same faith with us; whose lives are our
example, and whose songs are our psalms and hymng
of praise. The dark side of the picture is stained
with frightful idolatries, de\alish wickedness, false-
hoods, blasphemies, hypocrisies, and murders, even
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in the midst of the most awful denmiciations against
sin in every form.
The view is also darkened by accounts of sieges,
famines, destructions, captivities and dispersions, des-
olations and wars unnumbered, with but a few rays
of blessings in restorations. Uncounted millions for
nearly two thousand years have directed towards this
shrine their hopes and prayers. This eventful his-
tory and its present condition lead to the inquiiy,
will the Temple ever be rebuilt ? "Will Jerusalem
ever be restored ? Will the twelve tribes ever be re-
gathered ? — questions that can only be answered by
the Great Director of human events.
From Abraham to the present time a knowledge
of the one true God has been the chief source of in-
spiration, and there have been many great teachers
who have instructed, counseled, warned, and thi-eat-
ened the people ; always magmf)dng the service and
the rewards of the true faith. Will there ever be
another great teacher there ?
OEIGIN.
The name of this famous and sacred city suggests
inquiry into its origin and history.
The name, Jerusalem, is fii'st found in Joshua x.
1, 3, 5, 23. It is next called Jebus or Ha Jebusi, and
its inhabitants Jebusites. The Greeks called it Hiero
Solyma (Holy City of Solomon) ; but Jerusalem has
been the common name since Solomon's time.
The second son of Noah was Ham, who begat
Canaan, whose descendents were the Jebusites, who
dwelt in the hill country in which Jerusalem is situa-
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tod, and had their stronghold on Mount Zion, and,
as there is no reliohle record or tradition of its oc-
cupation by any other peo]3le previous to its occupa-
tion by the Jebusites, the conclusion is very evident
that the city was founded by them ; but there exists
no data for determining the precise time.
"And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying,
Send thou men that they may search the land of
Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel —
And Moses sent them to spy out the land of Ca-
naan, and said unto them, Get you up this way south-
ward, and go up into the mountain.
" So they went up, and searched the land from the
wilderness of Zin unto Kehob, as men come to Ha-
math.
And they returned from searching of the land after
forty days.
And they went and came to Moses, and to Aaron,
and to all the congregation of the children of Israel,
unto the wilderness of Paran, to Kadesh ; and brought
back word unto them, and unto all the congregation,
and shewed them the fruit of the land.
And they told him, and said, We came unto the
land whither thou sentest us, and surely it floweth
with milk and honey ; and this is the fruit of it.
The Amalekites dwell in the land of the south:
and the Ilittites, and the Jebusites, and the Amorites,
dwell in the mountains : and the Canaanites dwell by
the sea, and by the coast of Jordan." (Numbers xiii.
1, 17, 21, 25, 26, 27, 29.)
"And the border went up by the valley of the son of
ninnom unto the south side of the Jehusite ; the same
is Jerusalem : and the border went up to the top oi
the mountain that lieth before the valley of Hinnom
westward, which is at the end of the valley of the
giants northward :
And the border came down to the end of the moun
tain that lieih before the valley of the son of Hinnom,
and which is in the valley of the giants on the north,
and descended to the valley of Hinnom, to the side of
Jebusi on the south, and descended to En-rogel,
And Zelah, Eleph, and Jebusi^ which is Jerusalem,^
Gibeath, and Kirjath; fourteen cities with their vil-
lages. This is the inheritance of the children of Ben-
jamin according to their families." (Joshua, xv. 8 —
xviii. 16, 28.)
HISTOET.
The first recorded siege was by Judah and Simeon
(about 1400 B.C.).
Now after the death of Joshua it came to pass, that
the children of Israel asked the Lorci, saying. Who
shall go up for us against the Canaanitos first, to fight
against them?
And the Lord said, Judah shall go up: behold, 1
have dehvered the land into his hand.
And Judah said unto Simeon his brother. Come up
with me into my lot, that we may fight against the
Canaanites ; and I likewise will go with thee into thy
lot. So Simeon went with him.
And Judah went up ; and the Lord delivered the
Canaanites and the Pcrizzites into their hand : and
they slew of tlicm in Bezek ten thousand men.
Nov/ the children of Judah had fought ajrainst
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22
Jerusalem, and had taken it, and smitten it with the
edge of the sword, and set the city on fire. (Judges,
i. 1, 2, 3, 4, 8.)
But they only took the lower city — the fortress of
Zion and upper city being too strong for them.
Following this was an attack by the Benjamites,
but with no better success.
These sieges and attacks were continued through
the time when Israel was ruled by the judges, and the
reign of Saul, and the reign of David at Hebron.
But the Jebusites successfully resisted every attempt
on the fortress of Zion, and thus remained practically
masters of the city until about 1049 e.g., when
David with an army of 280,000 men, choice warriors,
the flower of Israel (1 Chron., xii. 23, 39), advanced
to the siege, and with little trouble took the lower
city, but, as before, the citadel on Zion held out until
the Jebusites tauntingly said to him: "Except thou
take away the lame and the blind thou shalt not come
in hither " (2 Samuel, v. 6, Y, 8). Which roused David's
anger, and he proclaimed to his host, that tlie first who
would climb the rocky side of the fortress and kill a
Jebusite should be made chief captain of the host ;
upon which a crowd of warriors rushed forward to the
attempt, but Joab's superior agility gained him the
day, and the citadel — the fortress of Zion — was at last
taken. The fall of this hitherto impregnable strong-
hold created a great sensation throughout the length
and breadth of the land.
David at once proceeded to fortify and secure him
self in his important acquisition by enclosing the city
and citadel with a strong wall. The ark was brought
i
23
from the house of Obed-Edom, (near Kirjath-Jearim,)
and deposited here with the most impressive cere-
monies, and the city then became the religious centre
and political capital of the countiy.
Previous to this the seat of government had been
wherever the judges or rulers had their residence ;
their place of residence and the ark constituting the
capital and religious centre for the time being. These
transient capitals were successively Gilgal, Shiloh,
Shechem, Nob, and Gibeon. (Joshua, iv. 18, 19).
David was succeeded by his son Solomon 1016 b. c,
whose great works were the Temple with its east wall
and cloister, the house of the forest of Lebanon, the
walls of Jerusalem, with large towers thereon, the
great cisterns or sea under the temple area, the
throne, a palace for his Egyptian wife, 40,000 stalls
for his horses, the garden, Baalath, Beth-horon, Gezer,
Hazor, Megiddo, and Tadmor. The crowning glory of
his reign and adornment of the holy city was the Tem-
ple or House of Jehovah. The magnificence and mar-
velous beauty of this edifice did not arise so much
from its size as fi'om the whiteness of its walls, the style
and finish of its many columns and pillars, and lavish
use within and without of the gold of Ophir and Par-
vaim. (See page 499) Through the whole time that this
Temple was in building the tranquilHty of the city was
not broken by the sound of the workman's ax or ham-
mer, and the only dark shade to the picture is the fact
of the practical reduction to bondage of the strangers
in the land, the remnant of the Canaanite races ; one
hundred and fifty-three thousand of whom were sent
off to the forests of Lebanon and the quarries. Even
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the Israelites were compelled to take place by rota
tion at the same labor.
The addition of the splendid Temple, Palaces
Walls, and Towers, to<yether with other great improve-
ments made in the City by King Solomon, rendered
it at the close of his reign the most beautiful capital
of the age. Its population at this time was about
150,000.
Rehoboam, son and successor of King Solomon,
ascended the throne 976 B.C., and reigned 17 years.
Under his reign the ten tribes revolted and formed
the Kingdom of Israel, under Jeroboam, with their
capital at Shechem, Jerusalem remaining the capital
of the Kingdom of Judah.
Rehoboam was succeeded by his son Abijam, who
reigned 3 years, and was succeeded by Asa his son,
who ascended the throne 951 e.g., and reigned 41
years. In the eleventh year of his reign God gave
him the victory over the vast army of the Cushite
King Zerah.
Asa was succeeded by his son Jehoshaphat 914 e.g.
His reign was distinguished by the cleansing of the
land from idolatry, the restoration of the divine ordi-
nances, and provision for the religious instruction of
the people. The great error of his life was an entang-
ling alliance with Ahab, whose infamous daughter
Athalia early began to afflict the kingdom of Judah,
of which she was afterwards queen. Jehoshaphat
united with Ahaziah in a commercial enterprise,
which proving to be a failure, he declined a second
trial : he, however, united with Joram in a war with
Moab, in which he was assailed by a vast army of
^ii^^
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SOLOMON, KING OF ISRAEL.
o* '^\^
/A
27
Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, and Syrians, but
through his faith in God he* was victorious. After a
highly prosperous reign of 25 years, he died at the
age of 60.
Joram succeeded his father, after reigning with him
four years, then reigned four years alone ; in all 8 years.
Unfortunately he was married to Athalia, daughter of
Ahab and Jezebel, whose evil influence did much to
render his reign a curse to the kingdom. lie slew his
brothers, five in number, and seized their possessions.
He also introduced Phoenician idols and idolatry into
Judea, by which he incurred the divine displeasure,
which was shown by leaving him unaided under a
revolt of the Edomites, which was successful. His
kingdom was invaded by the Philistines and Arabi-
ans, who ravaged the country, the city, and even his
own house. His reign ended 8S5 e.g., when he was
succeeded by Aliaziah his son, who reigned but a short
time — meeting his death at the hand of Jehu while
in company with Joram, son of Ahab. After the
premature death of Ahaziah, his mother Athalia
ascended the throne and sought to secure herself on
it by the murder of all the seed royal. Joash, her
grandson, then an infant one year old, was the only
one who escaped — being concealed by his Aunt Jeho-
sheba. Six years afterwards the f aitlif ul and fearless
high-priest Jehoiada caused the blood-stained Athalia
to be put to death, and crowned Joash king. Tlie
reign of Joash began 877 e.g. Through the faithful
sare of Jehoiada, Joash served God and prospered ; but
after the death of his venerable friend and adviser
he followed less wholesome counsels, idolatry revived.
t^ (Kk4^
Km
i
If
^.
28
and Zachariah the high-priest rebuked the guilty peo-
ple, upon which the ungrateful king caused this
servant of God to be stoned to death. Misfortunes
soon multiplied on his head ; he was repeatedly hum-
bled by the Syrians, and had to buy them off with the
treasures of the Temple. A conspiracy among his
servants cut short his life, and thus ended liis reign.
Joash was succeeded by his son -Amaziah, who be-
gan to reign 838 b.c, and reigned 29 years. Having
established himself on his throne and punished the
murderers of his father with death, he mustered an
army of 800,000 men of Judah, and hired 100,000
men of Israel for a war on Edom. At the command
of Gai, he reluctantly dismissed the hired forces,
after which the victory was given him without their
assistance. Notwithstanding the divine aid in his be-
half, he carried home with him the idols of Edom,
and set them up to be his gods. For this defiance of
Jehovah, he was threatened with destruction by a
Prophet of the Lord — which came in a war in which
he was defeated and humiliated. Fifteen years
after this, a conspiracy was formed against him, upon
which he fled to Lachish, where he was overtaken
and slain.
Amaziah was succeeded by Azariah — elsewhere
Uzziah — who began to reign e.g. 808. At first hia
reign was prosperous ; but afterwards, presuming to
oifer incense in the Temple, he was smitten with
leprosy, from which he suffered till his death.
Jotham, son of Azariah, succeeded to the throne 756
B.o. No event of importance transpired during his
reign — which was wise and prosperous. He was sue
I CO/'
m
spfc|si<i^
eeeded by his son Ahaz, who ascended the throne 749
B.C., aiid reigned 16 years. He was noted for his
idolatry and contempt of God. He made his children
pass through the fire to idols ; he altered the Temple
to the Syrian model, and afterwards closed it alto-
gether. In punishment for this defiance of Jehovah
he was defeated in battle with Pekah and Rezin ; the
Edomites revolted, and his borders were harassed by
the Philistines. Turning still more away from God,
in his distress he sought aid from Pul, king of As-
syria, which fatal step made him tributary to Pul and
his successor Tio-lath-Pileser. Ahaz died at the ajye of
36, and was refused burial with his ancestors the
Kings.
Hezekiah, son of Ahaz, succeeded to the throne and
began his reign about 726 B.C. His reign is memor-
able for his efforts to restore the worship of the true
God. In the fourteenth year of his reign, the king
of Assyria marched against Jerusalem, and sent an
insulting and blasphemous message, demanding the
surrender of the city, which being communicated to
Hezekiah, he repaired to the Temple and there im-
plored divine aid against the presumptuous invader,
in response to which the Lord sent an angel that
night who smote and destroyed the Assyrians —
185,000 men — who were found corpses in the
morning.
" Now in the fourteenth year of king Hezekiah did
Sennacherib king of Assyria come up against all the
fenced cities of Judah, and took them.
And the king of Assyria sent Tartan and Pabsaris
and Rab-shakeh fi'om Lachish to king Hezekiah with
m
m
a great liost against Jerusalem : and they went up and
came to Jerusalem. And when they were come up,
they came and stood by the conduit of the upper pool^
which is in the highwa,y of the fuller's field.
And when they had called to the king, there came
out to them Eliakim the son of Hilkiah, which wah
over the household, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah
the son of Asaph the recorder.
And Rab-shakeh said unto them. Speak ye now to
tlezekiah, Thus saith the great king, the king of
Assyria, What confidence is this wherein thou trust-
est'^
'"' And it came to pass that night, that the angel of
the Lord went out, and smote in the camp of the
Assyrians a hundred fourscore and five thousand :
and when they arose early in the morning, behold,
thev were all dead corpses." (2 Kings, 17, 18, 19 —
xix. 85.)
llezekiah died 697 e.g. and was succeeded by Ma-
nasseh, who began to reign when he was twelve years
old, and reigned 55 years. The commencement of
his reign was noted for his shocking idolatries, cru-
elty, and tyranny, foi which God suffered him to
be carried a prisoner to Babylon in the twenty-
.second year of his reign, by Esar-Haddon, king of
Assyria. Here, however, he so humbled himself, that
God moved the Assyrians to restore him to his throne
as a tributary; and thenceforth, he set himself to
undo the great evil he had done. He abolished the
worship of idols and repaired the defences of the city,
enclosing with a wall more space at the west, and
Ophel on the south-east, and after a loii^ reign he died
Ah
n
\m^
\N
in peace, and was buried in Jerusalem. Manasseli
was succeeded by Amon, who began to reign at the
age of 22, 642 e.g. His servants conspired against
him and slew him in his own house ; but the people
killed the conspirators and established his son Josiah
on the throne, who commenced to reign 640 b.c.
He set himself at once to work to destroy every
vestige of idolatry out of the land. He defiled the
altars of the idols at Bethel by burning upon them
the bones of their deceased priests ; as had been fore-
told more than three centuries before (1 Kings, xiii.
2). The Temple was cleansed and repaired at his
command, and it was wliile doing this that the priest
found the Temple copy of the law ; perhaps the orig-
inal copy from Moses' own hand. Pharao-Necho,
marching to attack the king of Assyria, passed across
the territory of Josiah, who, in an attempt to stop him,
gave him battle, in which he lost his life, 609 e.g.
Josiah was succeeded by Jehoahaz, who reigned only
about three months, when he was deposed by the
king of Egypt.
Jehoiakim, second son of Josiah, succeeded Jehoa-
haz on the tkrone, and began to reign about 609 e.g.
In the third year of his reign Nebuchadnezzar took the
city and carried to Babylon a part of his princes and
treasures, A year afteft* this, his allies, the Egy]:)tian3
were defeated on the Euphrates, yet he despised the
warnings of Jeremiah and cast his book into the fire.
At length he rebelled against Nebuchadnezzar, and
was defeated and slain. Jehoiachin, son of Jeho-
iakim, succeeded to the throne 599 e.g. After
reigning three months, he was carried captive to
32
Babylon, where he remained imprisoned 36 years^
but was then released and treated with favor by Evil
Merodach.
Zedekiah. — ^When Nebuchadnezzar took Jerusalem
and carried Jehoiachin away captive, he put in hia
place Mattaniah, whose name he changed to Zede-
kiah, and made him swear that he would maintain
fidelity to him. Yet in the ninth year of his reign
he revolted and applied to Pharaoh-hophra for assis-
tance. Upon this ISTebuchadnezzar marched to Jeru-
salem, and after a siege of a year and a half took the
city 588 b. c. Entrance was gained at midnight
when the city was wrapped in the pitchy darkness
characteristic of an eastern town, and nothing was
known by the Jews of what had happened till the
generals of the invading army entered the Temple
and took seats in the middle court. Then the
alarm was given, when Zedekiah hastily collected
his remaining warriors and stole out of the city
by a gate at the sonth side — near the present Bab-
el-Mugharibeh, crossed the Kidron above the ±'oyal
gardens, and made his way over Mount Olivet
to the Jordan valley; but the Chaldeans pur-
sued and overtook them on the plains of Jericho,
Zedekiah was taken and carried to Nebuchadnezzar,
then at Riblah in Syria, who reproached him with his
perfidy, ordered his children to be slain before his
face, and his eyes to be put out; and then loading him
with chains of brass, ordered him to be sent to Baby-
ion. — (See Babylonish captivity, page 393.)
Meantime the wretched inhabitants suffered all the
horrors of assault and sack; the men were slaughtered,
<^M.
\k
old and young, prince and peasant ; and the women
violated in Mt. Zion itself. On the Tth day of tho
following month Nebuzaradan arrived, collected the
captives and booty, and on the tenth the temple, the
royal palace, and all the more impoi-tant buildings of
the city were set on fire, and the walls thrown down
and left as heaps of rubbish. This destruction of the
city and deportation left the land nearly deserted.
The subsequent history of Jerusalem may be epi-
tomized as follows : — About 332 e.g. it was taken by
Alexander of Macedon. Shortly after his death
Ptolemy Lagus, of Egypt, took it by assault on the
Sabbath, when it is said the Jews scrupled to fight.
199 B. c, Scopus, an Egyptian general, recovered
Judea to the King of Egypt. 170 b. c, it was taken
by Antiochus Epiphanes, who razed its walls, set up
an image of Jupiter in the Temple, and used every
means to force the people into idolatry. Under the
Maccabees the Jews again recovered their independ-
ence 165 B. c. About 100 years later it was con-
quered by the Romans, and Herod the Great ex-
pended vast sums in its embellishment.
A. D. 63, the Jews renounced their allegiance to
Yespasian, upon which hostilities at once began.
The insurgents held the Temple and lower city. In
the Castle of Antonia was a small Roman garrison.
Fierce contests lasted for several days, each side en-
deavoring to gain possession of the part held by the
other. At last the insurgents became masters of the
^it}'^ and Temple. Cestius Gallus, then encamped on
Scopas, advanced on the city and for six days
saulted the walls, but without success. He then d
^
off to his camp. Thither the insurgents followed
him, and in three days gave liim one of the most com-
plete defeats ever undergone by a Roman army.
The Jews then repaired the walls of the city and
made great preparations for its defense against another
expected attempt by the Romans — which was soon
made by Titns, who arrived and encarajjed on Scopas
and Mount Olivet, and commenced the siege. April
the 15th the first breach was made in the walls. June
the 11 til the Tower of Antonia was taken. July the
15th a soldier wantonly and without orders set fire
to the Temple, which was destroyed except the edi-
fice of the Sanctuary. September the 11th the city
was taken, and its destruction completed, except the
three great towers — Hippicus, Phasaelus, and Mari-
amne, which were left standing as memorials of the
massive nature of the fortifications.
A.D. 135, Adrian banished the Jews and planted a
Roman colony there. He also consecrated the city to
heathen deities, so as to defile it as much as possible,
and did what he could to obliterate all traces both of
Judaism and Christianity.
About A.D. 326, Helena, the mother of Constantino,
built two churches in Bethlehem and on Mount
Olivet. Julian endeavored to rebuild the Temple,
A. D. 363, but his design was frustrated, as contempo
raneous writers relate, by an earthquake and by balk
of fire bursting among the workmen.
A.D. 613 Jerusalem was taken by Chosroes, king
of Persia, who slew 90,000 men, and demolished the
buildings and objects venerated by the Christians. In
627 Heraclius defeated Chosroes, and Jerusalem was
w
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ill
11,
1 :ii''li
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.; n
liililil
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-
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Vwri
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RECEIVING CONTRIBUTIONS EOR REBUILDING THE TEMPLE.
, ^/'>^ 1ft a *> ' :■
■6i
recoveied by the Greeks. 637 it was taken by
Omar, the second of the Kalifs, and thus passed un-
der Mohammedan rule. The Mosque of Omar on the
Temple site was built by this Mohammedan Kalif.
From this time Jerusalem continued under the Kalifs
of Bagdad, till 868, when it was taken by Ahmed^ a
Turkish sovereign of Egypt. From this till 1099 it
was ruled alternately by Tui-k and Saracen. At this
latter period it was taken by the crusaders under God-
frey Bouillon, who was elected king. He was succeeded
by his brother Baldwin, who died iu 1118. In 1187
Saladin, Sultan of the East, took the city. In 1242 it
was restored to the Latin princes by Saleh Ismail,
Emir of Damascus. In 1291 it was taken by the Sul-
tans of Egypt, who held it until 1382. Selim, Sul-
tan of Turkey, made conquest of Egypt, Syria and
Jerusalem in 1517, and his son Solyman reconstructed
the walls of the city, as now seen, in 1534. Since
this time, with the exception of the 2 years it was
held by Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt, and two years by
the Fellahinj it has remained subject to Turkey. It
is now included in the pashalic of Damascus, but
with a resident Turkish governor.
Altogether, Jerusalem presents a history unex-
ampled in the number of its sieges and othoj* tragical
events. It has greatly declined from its former size
and splendor, and has now a population of only 20,000.
i
m
Ik
J:
A
k.
'\ \ I liu^lw'li J
^
JTerusalem— Valley of tTeliosluxphat — Sinnom — TyropoRon —
Walls — Gates — David /Street — T^ia Dolorosa — Mownt
Zion.
To render the situation and description of the
points of interest intelligible to those who are not
familiar with the subject, a slight sketch of the to-
pography of the city and adjoining counti-y will be
necessary.
Jerusalem is situated on the summit of the ridge
\vhich extends through Palestine from north to south ;
the only approach to the city being by wild moun-
tain roads. The spur or plateau on which the city is
built has a general slant to the south-east, and its av-
erage height above the Mediterranean is 2,475 feet.
This plateau is of tertiary limestone, the upper beds
of which are a hard, compact stone called by the
Arabs " Mezzeh," while the lower consists of a soft
white stone called " Melekeh." It was in this lattei
that most of the ancient tombs and cisterns were cut.
SrCN.i
C^^-1/
46
The city is nearly surrounded by two ravines or
valleys : Jehosliaphat on the east, and Hinnom on the
west and south.
THE VAiLEY OF JEHOSHAPHAT
commences well around to the north of the city, and
at first its course is nearly east for a mile and a half ;
it then makes a sharp bend to the south, which course
it follows to En Rogel, a deep well a short distance
below the city. From this point it winds its way
through the wild hilly country of Judea, twelve
miles to the Dead Sea. Through this valley nins
the brook Kedron.
THE VAXLEY OF HESTNOM
commences west of the city, and its course is at first,
south-east to nearly opposite Jaffa gate, where it bends
to the south, which course it follows to a short distance
below the lower pool of Gihon ; at this point it makes
a sharp bend to the east, and, passing the south end
of the city, joins the valley of Jehoshaphat at En
Hogel. Both of these valleys are at first very shallow,
mere depressions in the ground, but after changing
their courses, the Ilinnom to the east, and Jehosha-
phat to the south, they fall and deepen more rap-
idly, so that at En Eogel they are six hundi-ed and
seventy feet lower than at their starting points.
Between the valley of Ilinnom and Jehoshaphat
there is another ravine.
THE TTKOPCEON, VALLEY OF THE CHEESE-MONGEES,
commences near the Damascus gate, and running
nearly south, joins Jehoshaphat at Siloam. This
ravine divides the plateau on which the citj' stands
into two iniequal halves, the western spur being
one hundred and twenty feet higher than the ejist-
ern ; on the latter — Mount Moriah — once stood tlie
temples of Solomon, Zerubbabel, and Herod. On the
western was the upper city of Josephus, and here also
stood the three great towers — llippicus, Phasfelus, and
Mariamne. The sides of these valleys are now en-
cumbered with much rubbish, still they are sufficiently
steep to be difficult of access, so that in ancient times
they must have afforded a strong natural defence for
the south, west, and east sides of the city, and this it
was which gave the Jebusites such assurance when
they said to David, " Except thou take away the lame
and the blind, thou shalt not come in hither/'
The original city was built on Zion, and was sur-
rounded by a strong wall, and as the city was enlarged
a second wall was built; afterwards a third. Tiie
city is not nearly as large now as at the time of Christ,
being only about two and a half miles in circumfer-
ence. The present wall is very strongly built, its
thickness being fi-om twelve to fifteen feet, and its
height varying from thirty to seventy feet, according
to the inequalities of the surface of the ground.
There are five gates now in use: t'^:ie Damascus
gate on the north, St. Stephen gate on the east, the
Sun and Dung gates on the south, and the Jaffa* gate
on the west.
There are also five ancient gates, now closed, viz. ;
the Bab Azzahire on the north, the Golden gate on
the east side of the Temple area, and the Single,
Double,t and Triple gates on the south side.
^m
^ DAVTD STREET
runs from Jaffa gate on the west to the Temple
area on the east; Dolorosa runs from St. Stephen
gate on the east to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
North and west of David street is the Christian quar-
ter of the city; near the centre of this quarter, at
the west end of Dolorosa, is the church of the Holy
Sepulchre ; south of this is Zion, Zion gate, and the
lejDers' huts. South of this is David's resting-place,
or tomb of David. North of the Temple area is a
hill which is doubtless the Bezetha of Josephus. It
is now occupied by Moslem houses, a convent built
by the CcBurs de Sion, and the British, Prussian, and
Austrian consulates.
MOUNT ZION.
Mount Zion is in the south-western part of the city,
[t is bounded on the west and south by the valley of
* Ancient Joppa, now Jaffa gate.
f The ancient South gate of the Temple.
rt^:
,-K
7 A 1
49
Hinnom, and on the east by the Tyropoeon. From the
valley of Hinnom the sides anciently rose up in steep
rocky precipices, but the ruins from the many de
structions of the city have been tumbled into these
valleys so as to cover up, in many places, the precipi-
ces, and entirely obliterate all traces of the original
brow of the hill. This is especially the case with the
Tyi-opoeon valley, wliich is now so filled with the ac-
cumulations of ruins, that opposite to Mount Zion it
has hardly the appearance of a valley; even on the top
of the hill, where a few years since the English church
was built, nearly fifty feet of rubbish was dug through
before the original soil was reached.
The southern brow of Zion is bold and prominent,
and at the southwest corner of the city it is one hun-
dred and fifty feet above the valley, and on the south
three hundred.
Upon this mount the original city was built. Here
was the stronghold of the Jebusites, which was cap-
tured by David, and here was the palace of the kings
of Israel. But now how changed ! On ground once
thickly covered with public edifices and dwellings,
among mounds of ruins, large patches of barley
and wheat may be seen growing. " Therefore shall
Zion, for your sake, be ploughed as a field, and
Jerusalem become heaps, and the mountain of the
house as the high places of the forests." (Micah iii.
12.)
Several valleys begin north and west of the city,
and wind south and west to the sea, the larerest of
which is Wady Beit Hanina, continued in Wady
Sm-ar. The mountains round about Jerusalem
higher than the city on every side ; so it is necessary
to go ujp to the city from any direction.
The names and localities of the several hills are
plainly given on the engraving.* The walls of the
modern city are indicated by the heavy black line.
The more ancient walls are shown by dots and marks
arranged and named on the engraving.
In the Bible and Josephus there are given the
names of the gates, towers, and notable edifices,
the sites of which are laid down on the plan in
accordance with the reports of the latest ordnanc3
purveys and explorations.
* Jerusalem and its ruins— See first part of the Book.
^iM
CHAPTEE III
RELICS, OB.TECTS, AND PLACES OF INTEREST,
Ancient Pottery — Lamjps — Knims and other Belies
— Zion Bridge — Ancient Castle of David — Gates
of the Citxj — Pools — Fountains — Valley of Je-
Uoshajphat — Village of Stloam — Ancient Tombs
aiid Vaults — Valley of Hinnom — Aceldama the
Field of Blood.
In tlie description of the Subterranean Quarry, a cut
of a lamp is given,showing how the quarry was lighted
while the men were at work. It will be interesting
to notice some of the many foi-ms of lamps, with their
singular marks and inscriptions, that have been found
among the rubbish in the various excavations under
Jerusalem, in cisterns or sewers, where they have been
accidentally dropped, or in chambers where they
were left when the rooms were abandoned. Nearly
all of those found are broken, a few only being
whole, which had been lost, perhaps. Many of the
objects found in the rubbish were the work of Greeks
or Romans, and may have been imported from Europe.
But there are also specimens of Phoenician or Hebrew
workmanship, especially the most ancient articles
wliich were found in the deepest places, apparently
w
t^ <S3:#"^0!|
where they had lain undisturbed since the time of
Solomon.
Of the earthenware and terra-cotta there are five
classes of objects among those discovered.
1. Ancient Hebrew and Phoenician.
2. Greek or made by Greek colonies.
3 Koman or their colonies.
4 Christian, of the early ages;
5. Arabic, middle age and modern.
Of the first there are a large number of fragments,
the most interesting of which are vase handles Avith
curious devices stamped on the clay before it was
burned in the kiln. Some of these were found at a
depth of sixty-three feet below the present surface.
There is on nearly every one a figure of Baal with
letters above and below it, signifying that the
maker had the royal license of manufacture. Some
of these have a cross, as the potter's mark. There
was a royal guild of potters in Jerusalem, as mention-
ed in Chron. iv. 23.
Two of the Greek specimens are of the most
ancient and curious make ; they are round lamj)s with
four lips or places for wicks. These lamps were
found in a cave on Mount Olivet. Others of this
pattern have been found on the Island of Cyprus,
and in Malta and other Greek localities. The caves
of Olivet have furnished many specimens of vases,
dishes, and lamps of various patterns and of different
workmanship, Greek, Roman, and later. One of
these is saucer-shaped, ten inches across, and has
three legs, each perforated, forming rings by which
the article was hung up when not in use. Some of
Jewish lamp. No. 8.
Ancient linives, Lamps, and Ink-bottle.
V..SIYER8ITY
s -. Of
1/
the Greek articles were of yellow ware ornamented
with red patterns in the true Greek style. Simi-
lar jugs and vases may now be seen in use among the
Ai-ab Kabyles in Algeria. One piece of the upper
part of a jug was ornamented in imitation of a giri
with a shawl thrown over her shoulders figured in a
Grecian pattern, and very skillfully executed.
Six different vases were found whole or broken, of
precisely similar patterns and ornaments to some that
were found in Egypt. They are of a very hard black
substance and coated with a crimson glaze. Five are
shaped like a cedar cone, but ribbed in sections
besides the seed markings.
Third. — Fragments of several kinds of pottery of
Eoman work were found in different places, some
of which were very beautiful, and bore inscriptions.
The Romans used pottery to a great extent, and always
left fi-agments of broken ware wherever they camped,
and some interesting specimens have been found in
Jericho and other places in Palestine.
Fourth. — Among the articles of the Christian period
there are a great number of lamps, nearly all of
which are rendered interesting by the inscriptions
inscribed on them, or from the locality where they
were discovered. Judging from the material and
style of lamps the early Christians were very poor and
also very devout. The devices stamped on them are
various, and include the cross in many styles;— the
seven-branched-candlestick, formed after that which
lighted the Holy Place in Solomon's Temple, and
emblematical of Christ the light of the "World ; the
palm branch suggested by the passage in Psalma
xcii., and St. Jolin's Gospel, xii. 13, and in Tte-v^ela«
tion ii. 9. Nearly all of these lamps are pear-shap-
ed, and ornamented around the edge of the top
only. (See No. 8.) The round lamp (see No. 7)
is of Greek workmanship, and is ornamented.
Inscriptions are found on some of them, one of
which reads P H O S' ^w? Christus (xs), pheuipacin
^ENIUAKIN, and may be translated " Christ the
light of all," or "the light of Christ shines out."
Another has the legend IX©. Jesus Christ God, or
it may be the Symbol of the fish icthus meaning
Christ — in Greek also Jesus Christ Saviour.
Fifth. — Tlie Arabic pottery is interesting from its
material and designs. One pattern has a design
painted on it, in blue and black lines, and is similar
to specimens found in Egypt. Some of them have
inscriptions in the peculiar Coptic letter, and probably
date as far back as the age of Haroun al Raschid.
The wall tiles of the Mosque of the Sakkara at Jerusa-
lem are of similar materials, and also those of the
Great Mosque at Damascus, where they are orna-
mented with a pattern in blue lines on a pale green
ground.
The articles of glass that have been found are
highly interesting as antiquities, as they prove the use
of the material in ancient times. One of the glass
vessels foimd is double, and was doubtless an
ink-holder. It had three handles, one on each side,
and one on the top, the last having been broken
(see No. 6) ; the color is a pale green, ornamented
with circular and zigzag lines of a dark blue tint, re-
lieved by a darker blue. The large glass lamp, -svith
M//
m\
hi
^■^^M
THE
"iVERSfTY
^:!
I
Q
a wide open top, has three handles for suspending
chains, and is of a pale green color. The old Coptic
Convents in Egypt are lighted to this day by similar
lamps, some of which have inscriptions in the Coptic
lano-uage selected from the New Testament.
Objects in bronze, copper, and stone, are qnite
numerous, and highly interesting as specimens of
ancient workmanship, and as showing some of the
tools and implements in use at the time of the two
Hi rams.
THE ECCE HOMO ARCH,
This arch is over the Via Dolorosa opposite the Gov-
ernor's house, and is traditionally said to bear the very
chamber and window from which Jesus was shown
to the people by Pilate when he said " Behold the
Man " (Ecce homo).
This Arch spans the principal street of the city, be-
ing the one that leads from St. Stephen's Gate on the
east to the Joppa Gate on the west, along which thou-
sands of pilgrims from different countries pass in all
sorts of garb and every variety of style, on foot, on
donkeys, camels and horses. Some loaded with bag-
gage, others with books or relics, and, mingling with
these, the natives in equally varied costume and con-
dition carrying fruit, water-jars, and children. No
greater picture of confusion could be imagined than
is seen in Jerusalem about the time of Easter every
year, when nearly every nation under the sun is repre-
sented by pilgrims of every degree, from the wealthy
nabob on horseback to the poor and lame hobbling on
foot.
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60
THE ACACIA-TRISE.
Tlie Acacia Seyal is one of the most beautiful ever-
greens of Palestine. It is often found growing in the
dry bed of some extinct brook where all other trees
have died out. The wood is fine-grainedjhard, and of a
brown color. The leaves are small and pinnulate,
and its blossoms are little tufts of yellow fiber-like
hair ; the seeds are in pods.
The largest acacias in Palestine are those growing
near the fountains of Engedi, on the west shore of
the Dead Sea ; several of which are from six to eight
feet in diameter. They are found growing all along
the course of the Jordan, south of the Sea of Galilee.
The gum-arabic of commerce and medicine is pro-
duced by this tree spontaneously, and from incisions
in the bark. The Arabs use it for food in time of
scarcity. Camels eat its thorny foliage. Its use by
the fi-aternity is well known, and refers to it as an
evergreen, therefore a very appropriate emblem
of life beyond the grave.
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ZION BRIDGE. — NO. 52.
This bridge ci'ossed the Tyropceon Valley, con-
necting Mount Zion with Mount Moriah. There
is but httle remaining of this ancient structure
except on the Moriah side, where it united with the
Temple wall ; here a portion of one of the arches
still remains. This is doubtless the bridge mentioned
by Josephus, the construction of which is ascribed to
Solomon.
THE ANCIENT CASTLE OF DAVID.
The large space just inside of the Jaffa Grate, to
the south, where are seen the numbers 3, 5, 44, 48, and
61, is the area once occupied by the ancient Castle of
David, Fort and Castle of Zion, and other works of
defence. But little now remains to be seen of them
except the Tower of David, No. 3, and the Citadel,
No. 5.
The Citadel, or Castle of David (No. 5), near the
Jaffa gate, is remarkable for its great strength and
venerable antiquity. The lower part of it is built of
massive stones, from nine to thirteen feet in length,
and from three to four feet thick. Their Jewish
origin is indicated by the deep bevel round the
edges. The height of the tower above the present
level of the fosse is forty feet. It is built solid, and
recent excavations show that for a considerable
height above the foundation it is formed of the
natural rock, hewn into shape and faced with stones.
This is one of the towers saved by Titus as a memo-
es 4'
mr
rial of the almost impregnable strength of the city
he had captured.
No. 20. — The States of David are a flight of steps
cut in the native rock near the Siloam pool. (See
Nehemiah xii. 37.)
THE JAFFA GATE. — (aJTCIENT JOPPA GATE.)
This is the entrance to the city from the east
From this gate roads lead to Bethlehem, Hebron,
Gaza, and Jaffa. A little to the right of this gate,
on the outside, are heaps of ancient ruins ; but what
buildings once stood here, none can now tell.
THE DAMASCUS GATE.
The entrance to the city from the north is through
this gate. From this gate, roads lead to Mt. Tabor,
the Sea of Galilee, Damascus, and Palmyra, in the
interior ; and Tyre and Sidon on the coast.
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ST. STEPHEN GATE.
This gate is on the east side of the city, a short
distance north of the Temple area. From this gate,
h/'. roads lead to Bethany, Bethphage, Jericho, Gilgal
^^-'' and the River Jordan.
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THE lepers' HUTS,
Lepers are seen around Jerusalem now as in the
ancient time. They are mostly found at the Zion
\
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Gate, where they have their huts or dwellings. These
miserable creatures intermarry and have children,
thus transmitting and perpetuating their loathsome
and mysterious disease.
WATEK SmTLY.
Since the chief supply used in the Temple area is
now derived from Solomon's Pools, as it was in his
day, and doubtless has been ever since, with very few
intermissions, as at sieges, etc., it will be interesting
to give a short account of these pools. They are
situated at Etliam, eight miles from the city, south-
west of Bethleliem.
The Sealed Fountain (mentioned in Canticles iv.
12) is a few rods above the pools, and is 30 feet
under ground, in a rock-hewn room, containing a
fine copious fountain, and an entrance room arched
over and roughly walled ; the ^^'ork of Solomon.
This is the main source of supply for the pools.
The water first flows into the upper pool (380 by
236 feet, and 25 feet deep) ; and then from that IGO
feet to the second (423 by 250 feet, and 39 deep) ; and
tlien 248 feet farther to the third (582 by 207 feet,
and 50 deep), and from the last pool the water is
conveyed by an aqueduct to Jerusalem.
All of these pools are built of large hewed stones,
and are well lined with cement, with a rocky bottom
in terraces. Bi-oad flights of steps lead down into
them. There are rooms under the lower pool, at its
lower end, having walls and arches similar to those
at the Sealed Fountain. These arches are in a good
Btate of preservation, kej-stones and all, and arc good
evidences of the antiquity of the whole.
The aqueduct is made of cylinders of red pottery
from 12 to 15 inches long by 8 to 10 inches in diame-
ter, cemented and covered with earth over two feet.
There are several places provided with stone open
mouths, where the water can be dipped out. The
valley of Tlinnom is passed above the pool of Gihon
on 10 arches (which are now almost covered with
rubbish), and winding around Zion reaches the great
pool at Jerusalem. (See Engv*) The water-supply
of the city is not very abundant, nor of a very good
quality ; but anciently, before Ilezekiah stopped the
great fountains in Gihon, and when even the present
sources were better cared for, there must have been
plenty of good water. Nearly every house has now
one or more cisterns for holding rain or spring
water.
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THE POOL OF SILOAM.
This is one of the most noted fountains about Jeru-
salem. The Saviour, having anointed the eyes of the
blind man with a mixture of dust and spittle, said :
" Go wash in the pool of Siloam," and he went and
washed, " and came seeing." Above this pool is the
fountain of Siloam or Yirgin fountain^ from which
the water flows to the pool of Siloam through a sub-
terranean passage 1,750 feet in length, chiselled hy
the hand of man through the solid rock of Ojphel!
At the upper end of this pool is an old arched stair-
way, now tumbling into ruins, by which a descent
* EDgraving in first part of the Book.
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can be made to the mouth of the subterranean pa&
sao-e throuo;h which the water enters. Six ancient
pillars of Jerusalem marble are embedded in a por-
tion of the eastern wall of the pool, which, in con-
nection with others that have now disappeared, once
supported a roof over the pool.
THE UPPER POOL OF GraON.
This pool is in the centre of the basin which con-
stitutes the head of the valley of Hinnom, and ia
about 127 rods from the Jaffa Gate. It is 315 feet
long, 208 feet \vide, and 20 feet deep. This pool
supplies the Hezekiah pool, just inside of the Jaffa
Gate.
THE LOWER POOL OF GmON
Is in the valley, nearly opposite the southwest angle
of the city, and about 23 rods below the Jaffa Gate.
It is 600 feet long, 260 feet broad, and 40 feet deep.
These two pools are capable of holding water for
many thousands of people. There are several notices
of them in the Bible. The Prophet Isaiah was com-
manded by God to go forth and meet Aliaz " at the
end of the conduit of the upper pool in the highway
in the Fullers' Field."
At the same place Kabshakeh stood when ho
delivered the royal message of his imperious master,
the king of Assyria, to the messengers of Hezekiah
(See Isa. xxxvi. 2 and 3.)
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EOGEL.
This is a large well, south of the Pool of Siloam
at the jiinction of the two valleys, Jehoshaphat and
Hinnom. It is 125 feet deep, and strongly walled
with large stones. This wall terminates in an arch at
the top, the whole hearing e^ndence of great antiquity.
This well is still a place of great" resort, as the water
is better than most of the water about the city. A
large flat stone with a circular hole in the centre
constitutes the mouth of the well. The water is
still drawn, as in ancient times, in leathern buckets
and earthen jars attached to ropes; deep creases are
worn into the edge of the aperture through the cap-
stone, where these ropes have for many centm-ies
been drawn up.
THE VERGIN FOimTAriSr.
This fountain is a large, deep, artificial cavity in
the hill-side, cut entirely in the solid rock. It is
reached by a broad stone stairway of 26 steps. Tlie
water is about 25 feet below the entrance on the
liill-side, and some 10 or 15 feet below the bottom
of the valley. The water is contained in a basin 15
feet long by from 5 to 6 broad, and 7 feet deep.
The usnal depth of the water is about 3 feet, the
bottom of the basin being covered with pebbles, an
accumulation of dirt, and rubbish. It is said by
some to get the name, " Fountain of the Virgin,"
fi'om the fact that these waters were considered a
grand test for women accused of incontinence. If
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Fountain, N. E. corner of Temple Area.
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iimocent, they drank it without injury ; if guilty
they immediately fell down dead ! Wlien the Virgin
Mary was accused she submitted to the ordeal, and
thus established her innocence.
73
NO. 4. THE HEZEKIAH POOL
Is in the city, near the Jaffa Gate, and is 240 feet
long by 144 feet wide. Its bottom is formed of the
natural rock, levelled and cemented. This pool sup-
plies several large baths with water.
Near the Cotton Bazar is the Well of Healing, 85
feet deep, through rock. There are several cham-
bers and passages connected with this well, whose
uses are unknown.
The Pool of Bethesda (Moat of Antonia) is 865 feet
long, 131 wide, with a branch at the south-west corner
142 feet long and 45 wide. The north half of it is
walled over by foundations for houses, and built
upon. The Mekhemeh Pool is under ground near
the "Wailing Place, and is 84 feet by 42, built against
the Temple area wall, arched over but not now used.
The Bath of Bathsheba was near the Jaffa Gate,
north, is 120 feet long by 50 wide, and 20 deep ; —
now filled up with rubbish. Helena's Cistern, near
the Coptic Convent, is 60 feet long by 30 vtdde. and
is supplied with good water the year round.
CHAPTER IV.
PLACES OF INTEREST NEAR THE CITY.
The Valley of JehosJiaphat — of Hinnom — Aceldama
— Mount of Offence — Ancient Sepulchres — Scopas,
Ridge — Mount of Olives — The Road over which
Christ rode into Jerusalein.
THE VALLEY OF JEHOSHAPHAT.
Fkom the head of this valley, on the north of the
city, to St. Stephen Gate, its fall is about one hundred
feet, and its width at this point is nearly four hun-
dred feet. Across the valley, a little below this, is the
Garden of Gethsemane. A little lower down, the
valley begins to deepen rapidly, the hills rising in
steep precipices on both sides. Passing the Fountain
of Siloam the valley again widens ; and here arc
found pleasant gardens and cultivated terraces. A
short distance from, and in strange contrast to these,
are "Tophet and Black Gehenna, called the Type
of Hell." Jehoshaphat might properly be called the
VaPey of Sepulchres. On its west side, just under
the wall of the Temple area, the Mohammedans have
a cemetery, where thousands of their singular -look-
ing tombs may be seen. On the opposite side of the
^alley is the Jewish cemetery, the great silent city
of their dead. Here generation after generation,
since the days of David and Solomon, have been
gathered unto their fathers. For thousands of years
the Jewish dead have been interred here ; the dust
of the children mingling with the ashes of their fore-
fathers, until a large portion of the east bank of the
valley, and far uj) the side of the Mount of Olives is
covered with the tombs of the countless descendants
of Abraham : the dying Jew still craving it as one
of the greatest privileges to be inten-ed here. For
here they believe the coming Messiah will stand in the
resurrection. In the bottom of this valley is the bed of
the Brook Kedron, which is now dry for a considerable
distance below the city, except in the rainy season.
V>^
NO. 64. — VILLAGE OF SILOAM.
The modern village of Siloam is nearly opposite
the Fountain of the Virgin, on the eastern bank of the
Valley of Jehoshaphat. The steep declivity on
which it stands is covered with ancient tombs.
It is a wretched place, containing about seventy
dwellings, formed by dispossessing the dead of their
tombs, M^alling up the fronts, and transforming them
into abodes for the living. Their interiors present a
gloomy and filthy appearance; human bones still
remaining in many of them. The appearance of the
inhabitants is in keeping with their miserable dwell-
ings ; and their reputation for rudeness and lawless-
Jk.
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79
ness is such, that the prudent traveler gives the place
a wide birth after nightfall.
ANCIENT TOMBS.
Just above this village in the side of the hill are
many tombs and vaults.
Among them are those of Zacheas, Absalom, and
the cave of St. James.
The tomb of Zacheas is cut in the rock, and there
was in front of it four Doric columns supporting a
cornice and a pyramidal roof (18 feet high over all).
The cave of St. James is ornamented with a portico
in front, havino; four columns cut from the native
rock. Tradition says that James, the brother of
Jesus, retired to this cave after the Crucifixion.
The tomb of Absalom is the most noted of these
valley tombs, and is also cut from the solid rock.
The dome on the roof is peculiar, terminating in a
foliated tuft. The Mohammedans have idealized this
into a monument of the hateful ingratitude of Absa-
lom, whose example is held up as a fearful warning
to all disobedient sons ; therefore every passer-by
is supposed to cast a stone at it with appropriate mal-
edictions.
Tlie whole vicinity is occupied by graves which are
covered with flat stones inscribed in Hebrew or Ara-
bic.
THE VALLEY OF HINNOM.
Opposite Jaffa Gate this valley is about one hun-
di-ed yards wide, and forty-four feet deep. From
this point its course is first south, then east around
ii
Zion, past the south end of the city to its junction
with the valley of Jehoshaphat. Above the lower pool
of Gihou it falls gradually, but at a short distance
below this pool it commences to deepen rapidly, and
continues to fall until it reaches En Eogel. A short
distance above this, it is a deep, gloomy dell. In
many places the bottom of this valley is covered with
loose stones, yet it is cultivated, and portions of it
abound with olive-trees. Along the south side of
the, valley is a steep, rocky ledge, nearly the whole
surface of which is covered and penetrated by tombs.
These tombs are of many shapes and different sizes,
some small and plainly constructed, while others are
very large, and penetrate far into the hillside. In
the upper part of the valley there is a large rock, a
part of which has been leveled and made as smooth
as a house-floor. This was an ancient threshing-floor,
Buch as Araunah the Jebusite had on Mount Moriali.
ACELDAMA. THE FIELD OF BLOOD.
This place is just across the valley of Ilinnom, near
its junction with Jehoshaphat. It is a rocky cliff, full
of tombs ; portions of the front of Aceldama have
been walled up, and behind this are deep excavations
and gloomy sepulchral passages. In some places large
quantities of human bones and skulls are seen scat-
tered about in pi'omiscuous confusion. This is the
field which was purchased with the thirty pieces of
silver received by Judas for the betrayal of Christ.
" Then Judas, which had betrayed him, when he
saw that he was condemned, repented himself, and
brought again the thirty pieces of silver to the chief
i^g^MMrfet?^
priests and elders, saying, I have sinned, in that I
have betrayed the innocent blood. And they saidj
AVhat is that to us? See thon to tliat. And he cast
down the pieces of silver in the temple, and went and
hanged himself. And the chief priests took the sil-
ver pieces, and said, It is not lawful for to put them
into the treasury, because it is the price of blood. And
they took counsel, and bought with them the potter's
field, to bury strangers in " (St. Matthew xxvii.).
MOUNT OF OFFENCE.
This mount or hill is across the valley of Jehosha-
phat to the eastward of the pool of Siloam. " He built
an high place for Chemosh, the abomination of Moab,
in the hill that is before Jerusalem, and for Moloch,
tlie abomination of the children of Ammon, and like-
wise did he for all his strange wives, which burned
incense and sacrificed unto their gods" (1 Kings xi.).
A short distance below this, in the valley, was Tophet.
Under the apostate kings of Judah this portion of the
valley became the seat of the most horrible idolatrous
services. Here "Moloch, horrid king, besmeared
with the blood of human sacrifices and parents' tears,"
had his o-roves and altars.
SCOPAS.
At a short distance north of the city is the high
ridge of Scopas. As there are none of the ravines
on this side which form the natural defences of the
other sides of the city, this side was usually the point
from which it was attacked by its enemies. The
camp of Titus was on this ridge, and from this point
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he commenced the sici:;e which ended in such destruc
tion and ruin to the city.
TUE MOUNT OF OLIVES CALLED BY THE ARABS JEBEl
ET TUE.
This mount lies east of the city, and is separated
from it by the valley of Jelioshaphat. Its height
above the valley varies from 500 to 680 feet. It ia
250 feet above the Temple area on Mount Moriali,
BO that it commands a fine view of many points of
interest ; first, Jehoshaphat, Gethsemane, and the
Kidron ; then, beyond these, the ancient walls, domes,
and minarets of the city. Far away to tlie south,
from among a group of smaller hills, rises Bethliace-
rem, where Herod had his paradise, and wliere liis
bones are supposed to be interred. To the eastward
is the hill country of Judea, with the wilderness,
gloomy and sterile; a rough mountainous region,
whose deep yawning chasms form secure hiding-
places for Bedouin robbers and beasts of prey. Olivet
was once very fertile, and was covered with beautiful
gardens and olive orchards ; but, with the exception
of small portions of the eastern side, tlie soil has
long since been exhausted, so that only a few olive
and fig trees are to be seen, and no signs of cultiva-
tion, except an occasional patch of barley inclosed by
a tottering stone wall.
rnE ROAD OVER WHICH CHRIST RODE INTO JERUSALEM.
On the Engv. will be seen the road to Bethany,
winding around the southern base of the Mount of
Olives. It was over this road that Christ rode into
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Jerusalem. " And it came to pass that when he was
come nigh to Bethphage and Bethany,* at the mount
called the Mount of Ohves, he sent two of his disci-
ples, saying. Go ye into the village over againstyoi*/
in the which at your entering ye shall find a colt tied,
whereon yet never man sat : loose him, and bring Idin
hither. And they brought him to Jesus : and they
cast their garments upon the colt, and they set Jesus
thereon, and as he went they spread their clothes in
the way" (St. Luke xix. 29, 30, 35, 36).
* These villages axe on the eastern side of the Mount of Olives.
A
CONCERNING THE TEMPLE OF KING SOLOMON.
Mount Moriah — The Temjple Area, or Enclosure—
Wilson^ Arch — RoUnson^s Arch— Masonic Ilall
— Foundation Walls of the Temjple — South, West,
and East Gates— Dome of the Boch— Mosque El
Aksa—The great Subterranean Quarry.
MOUNT MOEIAH.
This spur or plateau is between the valley of Je-
hosliaphat on the east, and the Tyropoeon valley on
the west, and is just within the walls of the city on
the east. Its hight at the Dome of the Kock above
the valley of Jehoshaphat is 140 feet, and above the
Mediterranean, 2,436. By reference to No. 58 on
the engv. an idea of its original appearance may be
formed.
To the Christian world, this is a spot of great in-
terest, for here once stood the magnificent Temple of
Kino- Solomon, which was dedicated to the worship of
tlie Most High, and was the favored house of God.
In it was the Holy of Holies, and it was the repository
of the Ark of the Covenant.
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To Masons this is also a place of great importance
and interest, as the Temple was erected by the ancient
craftsmen, of whom King Solomon and the two Hi-
rams were the first Grand Masters.
The foundation of King Solomon's Temple was
laid 1012 B.C. (a. m. 2992), in the month of May (Zif).
The history of this great edifice introduces tlie
three M'orthies, Solomon, King of Israel; Hiram,
King of Tyi-e ; and Hiram the builder (Abif ), who
formed a society for mutual assistance in counsel^
skill, and wisdom, that they might the better con-
trive and execute the designs for the various grand
structures proposed by Solomon, including of necessity
the management of the large number of mechanics,
artisans, overseers, and laborers required to carry on
all those enterprises. The peculiar wisdom of these
measures will be seen when it is stated that Solomon,
at the time of his coronation as king, was but 19 years
old.
The writings of Josephus confirm the Scripture
accomit of the friendly relations between Solomon
and Hiram, King of Tyre, and also between David
and Hiram. Tliey exchanged presents, and, accord-
ing to oriental custom, propounded problems and
difficult questions one to the other (see 2 Chron. ix.).
The correspondence between the two kings on the
building of the Temple was preserved among the
Tyrian archives in the days of Josephus (Ant. viii. 2,
8), who gives copies of the letters. Eupolemon also
mentions the letters and gives copies of those between
Solomon and Hiram, also between Solomon and
Apries (see Eusebius, Prae. Evang., ix. 30).
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Tlie long peace between the two nations, the Jews
and the Phoenicians, which was never really broken by
either side, can be safely referred to the inilneuce of the
secret and mysterious tie which bound the principal
persons of both people into a common brotherhood.
Moses was initiated into the mysteries of the Sacked
Oeder of Priests in Eg>"]3t before he was permitted
to marry a daughter of a priest. He afterwards
transmitted those mysteries to the Jewish people.
Joshua continued them • and Solomon, associated
with the two Ilirams, adapted the whole system, to
the laios and customs of the jpeojple of Palestine*
Phoenician historians give an account of a mar-
riage between Solomon and a daughter of Hiram,
Iving of Tyre. (See Tatian. Grnec. § 37.)
Jewish writers pass lightly over the fact that Iliram
the Iving was not circumcised, and have a tradition
that because he was a God-fearing man, and assisted
in building the Temple, he was translated alive into
Paradise.
Of Iliram Abif it is i-ecorded that he was of a
mixed race, Jewish and Phoenician, of the tribe of
Naphtali. His father — from whqm he inherited his
eminent abilities, and learned the details of his call
ing — was a Tyrian, skilled in the arts of working
metals, wood, and cloth, for ornamentation in architec-
ture, also articles for public and private luxury and
display. Hiram was appointed chief architect and
engineer by Hiram, King of Tyre, and sent to Jeru-
salem to assist Solomon. His title of Abif (our
father) was given as a recognition of his dignity and
* See Egyptian Mysteries, page 431.
W>t
acquirements, and his exalted and useful position,
which he adorned by faithful and excellent service.
The title was given after an ancient oriental custom
— many instances of its observance being famihar to
readers of history, as that of Joseph in Egypt, who
says, " God hath made me a father to Pharaoh "
(Gen. xlv. 8) ; and also in Maccabees (1 xi, 32), the
term is used as a mark of respect and esteem, and
nearly all Roman coins have among other titles
that of "father," as given to the emperor.
"We have preserved but few details of the life of
Iliram, King of Tyre. That he was master and over-
seer of his people who were in the service of Solomon
is recorded, and he was long remembered as such.
A complete description of the Temple of Solomon
is given in Kings, Chronicles, Ezekiel, and Jeremiah.
The two pillars, jAcnnsr and Boaz, are minutely de-
scribed in Kings and Jeremiah ; Ezekiel also men-
tions two pillars — one on each side of the entrance.
Josephus writes about the great stones and of the
foundation wall with understanding, because he saw
them (as well as Herod's Temple, which was an en-
largement of Zerubbabel's), and within a few years
past the Palestine Exploration Society ha? verified
many of his accounts.
The great stones which were* sawed with saws (1
Kings vii. 9) lie just where they were placed by the
builders, still bearing their craft-marks or direc-
tions for placing them. The lower courses w^ere pro-
tected from wear and the action of the elements, by
the dirt, mingled with stones, chips, etc., which wag
piled against them, and has never been disturbed un-
V
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til recently. The soil above this layer was full of pot
tery, glass, etc., the usual evidences of occupation and
use. Some of these stones are 6 feet or more thick;
and 15 to 30 long. Their peculiar faces are shown
on the plan — No. 58.
TEMPLE AEEA OE ENCLOSURE, MARKED A A A A ON
THE PLAN.
The Temple area is 1,500 feet long, by an average
width of 950 ; not regular, but as shown on the plan.
The walls enclosing it are from 8 to 10 feet thick at
the base, and 3 to 4 at the top, and 50 to 75 high
abov^e the present surface outside ; and 10 or 12 feet
above the floor. The ground is highest at the N.W.
corner, and slopes south and east.
The original hill (see No. 58) was very uneven and
sloping, nowhere having a level place large enough
for the proposed temple ; it was therefore necessary
to build up a large platform, which was done by piers
or columns arched over and filled in at the top with
stone and earth. (Ant., XY., xi. 3.)
These substructures are still in their original posi
tion, and are veiy minutely described by Dr. Barclay
(City of the Great King), who measured them care-
fully, when employed as an assistant to the Chief
Engineer of Repairs by the Pasha of Jerusalem.
They extend across the southern end of the
Temple area, being the highest at the s. e. corner,
and from north to south from 1S6 to 217 feet.
The piers vary in size from 3 to 8 feet square,
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and in higlit from 30 down to 2 or 3 feet, as tlie
rock slopes. The Triple Gate (51 feet wide and
25 feet high) once opened into these galleries, which
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Piers aud Vaults. — Foundations of the Temple.
are called Solomon's stables ; there are three passages
leading from them up to the area above, one of whicli
is 247 feet long, the others shorter. It is supposed
that this was the passage for the animals for the sac-
rifices, because the ascent is gradual all the way.
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Tliere is a small doorway with a pointed arch 1 05
Coot from the S.E. comer of the south wall, which
was the stable-door leading into the splendid colon-
nade. These vaults are mentioned by El. Alemi, in
1495.
THE ANCrENT GATES OF THE TEMPLE ENCLOSUEE.
No. 6. — The ancient South Gate, now Double Gate,
alluded to by Josephus (Ant., XY. xi. 5), has all the
marks of Jewish architecture, with an addition of Ro-
man work outside. Originally the doors were 18 feet
wide and 20 high. In the inside there is an entrance
hall 50 feet long and 40 wide, having in the centre a
column 21 feet high and 6 feet in diameter, of a single
block of limestone. Its capital is ornamented with
large leaves, finely sculptured in stone, but not in any
architectural order ; and resting on this capital are the
springs of four arches, which support four domeg
forminof the ceilinsj of tlie room. It has been Ro-
manized by four white marble columns which adorn
the doorway. The sides of the hall are built of huge
blocks of limestone, cut with the peculiar Jewish
panel ; the term bevelling is applied to the Jewisli
rebatement, which is a chamiel cut a half -inch, less
or more, deep all around the edge of a block on the
same level plane as the face, and never slanted or
bevelled.
Fj-om this entrance hall a flight of nine stone-steps
(in the midst of wliich stands a stone pillar oval, 6
feet high by 4 feet in diameter) leads up to a pas-
sage 259 feet long, which is divided by piers, pillars^
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and a wall ; is vaulted over each half the entire length
and bears every mark of Jewish make. Another
flight of stone steps leads to the area above. This is
the ancient South Gate of the Teisiple.
ISTo. 7. — On the west side of the Temple area is an
ancient doorway walled up, built against by modern
houses and nearly all hidden ; only half of the lintel
being in view. It was 40 feet wide and 40 deep. The
lintel is 6 feet 9 inches thick. A flight of steps in-
side formed an approach to the area above, as at
Huldah Gate. On the inside may be seen a closed
gateway, so covered up with modern rooms as to be
almost hidden. Some of the stones are very large —
15 to 25 feet long and 8 or 9 feet deep. This was
the West Gate of the Temple.
No. 12. — The ancient entrance to the Temple En-
closure on the east is now walled up and kept closed by
the Mohammedans, because of a superstitious fear that
the Christians will enter by this gate and drive them
out. The length is 70 feet and breadth 55, and it pro-
jects 6 feet beyond the wall ; two colmnns divide it
into a double arcade lighted at the west end by two
domes. The columns are formed out of single blocks
-of marble, and the walls are eleven feet thick. The
style is ancient, and its interior is ornamented -with
rich and elaborate carvings in the Grecian style. The
effect of the whole is grand and imposing. A grand
stairway of massive stone blocks leads from the gate
up to the platform, which is 25 feet above.
This was the East Gate, called by the Crusa-
ders the Golden Gate (Porta Aurea). Josephue
18 silent about gates on the north, but the Jewish Mid-
doth (Book of Measures) says the north wall was
neai-er to the Temple and had but one gate, called
Tedi. The same authority says it was a small gate
and for a special purpose.
There is a flight of stone steps in front of the
Golden Gate, now buried under rubbish and soil, the
deposit of centuries since the Crusades. The wi-iters
of that age speak of many steps " that lead down to
tlie valley." The whole of the space outside of the
wall in the Valley of Jehoshaphat, and especially on
the east of the Temple site, is used as a cemetery, and
every available foot of soil has been occupied over and
over many times, and always guarded with super-
stitious fidelity against all " infidel " intrusion. It is
therefore only possible to examine the locality by
underground passages. A Mohammedan, in a.d.
1150, describes the chief buildings very much as they
are now ; and also that the Door of Mercy (Golden
Gate) was closed, but passage was had through the
small one, El Asbat (the tribes), a bow-shot from
which was a large and beautiful church, dedicated to
St. Mary and called Gethsemane.
NO. 1, TEMPLE AREA.
THE DOME OF THE ROCK — MOSQUE OF OMAE.
This splendid edifice stands nearly in the centre
of the Temple area (see engv.*). It is eight-sided
170 feet in diameter, and about the same height, cov-
ered outside with beautifully colored porcelain tiles ;
tlie roof and dome are covered with copper ; the dome
is very symmetrical and graceful, and is tipped with
* Engraving.
a lofty bronzed crescent. The lower part of the octago-
nal sides is covered with marble of various colors and
patterns. On entering, the visitor is at once impressed
with its exquisite proportions, the simplicity of the de-
sign, and admirable finish.
The 16 stained glass windows of the circular upper
building are pecuhar in richness^ harmony of color,
and elegance of design. The lower octagon has 56
windows, over each one of which are sculptured sen-
tences fi'om the Koran in letters which are measm-ed
by feet in height. There is a harmony of color every-
^^here,— in the wmdows of stained glass, the colored
marble pillars and walls, porphyry columns, gilded
capitals, and rosettes of the ceiling; the rich canopy
of crimson and green silk over the rock in the centre;
on every side masses, and groups, and points of
blue, red, purple, yellow, gold, and crimson, intensi-
fied by the rays of the sun, or mellowed by the gloom,
which carries the beholder in imagination back to the
days of the Magnificent Caliphs, whose works have been
the wonder and delight of ages, both in romance and
reality. The central dome is ^^ feet in diameter. Oc-
cuppng the centre of this rotunda is the
BACEED KOCK.
This rock is about 60 feet long from north to south,
and about 50 broad ; it rises several feet above the
floor of the Mosque, and is surrounded by a gilded
iron fence, seven feet high and very strongly built,
while over it is stretched a rich a%vning of parti-
colored silk. What sacred and interesting associations
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cluster around this spot ! for the Kabbins say tbat thia
is the identical rock on which Jacob pillowed his
head during that eventful dream ; on which Abraham
offei-ed Isaac, and where Da^-id saw the Angel, and
wliere Jesus was laid after the crucifixion ; — the rock
that afterwards became the altar of burnt-offering for
the great Temple of Solomon, It is hollowed into a
liandsome chamber, fifteen feet square by eight feet
high, called the Noble Cave. An ornamented floor
(tessellated) covers a passage into some unkno^vn
excavations below, but the superstitious fears of the
Moslems prevents any examination, for they say
that here is the well of souls, the real opening into
Hades ! The most ancient account of tliis structure
is that it was built by Constantine the Great and his
mother Helena. A pilgrim of the 12th century
copies some inscriptions widtten by the Christians on
the places where there are now Arabic sentences
from the Komn, which were doubtless placed over the
first by Saladin. The building stands on an artificial
platform about 15 feet high, which is reached by eight
gateways (wdth stone steps) in elegant Saracen style.
The Mohammedan believes that in tliis dome, next
to Mecca, prayers are most acceptable to God, above aU
other places in the world.
NO. 2. THE MOSQUE EL AKSA.
This Mosque stands near the south-west comer of
tlie Temple area (see engv), and is a showy and
elegant building, 2S0 feet long and 1S3 broad, with
a dome nearly as large and higli as the Dome of the
Rock. It was originally in the form of a cross, bu
from additions by the Crusaders it is now a parallel-
ogram. It has been altered and remodelled so many
times that it cannot now be said to belong to any
particular style of architecture, unless it is the
Composite.
Some interesting coincidences in the style, &c., to
the Temple of Solomon, are found in an Egyptian
Temple at Edfoo, in Egypt. There is a porch with
an entrance between two pillars, leading to a court
wliich is surrounded with pillars ; and winding stairs
(by square, not spiral, steps), leading to a middle
chamber, from which the sanctuary was reached,
and only by the initiated (see 1 Kings vi. 8). Near the
Mosque El Aksa is the Mogrebins Mosque — No. 3.
Under the southwest corner of the Temple area,
beneath a part of the Aksa Mosque, there are immense
cisterns, one of which is, no doubt, the sea mentioned
by the son of Sirach, and the Commissioner of
Ptolemy. This body of water is 736 feet in circum-
ference, and 42 feet deep. — No. 4.
The roof is supported by rude stone pillars, which
were once cased with metal, but are now bare or
plastered. Its capacity is about two million gallons.
Eight openings for drawing up water were formerly
in use, but now only one is open. It ma,y be entered
from above by a flight of 44 wide stone steps, cut in
the rock. The aqueduct from Solomon's pool ended
in this great subterranean reservoir.
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Ancient Artificial Cave under the Temple Area — Noble Cave.
King Solomon's 6iH*eriia.
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WILSON S ARCH.
This arch was discovered in 1SG6 by Capt. Wilson,
R.E., when making explorations in the city for a
better water snpply. From the discovery of this arch
originated the idea of a scientific exploration in and
about the Temple area, which was developed in the
Palesthie Exploration Fund and Society, whose ex-
plorations have been carried on under the direction of
Capt. Warren, R.E., who has discovered the founda-
tion walls of the Temple enclosure in many places,
together with arches, vaults, and secret passages con-
nected therewith, outside and inside of the Temple
area,
Wilson's Arch is just outside of the gate of the
chain under the street called David, and 15 feet be-
low the present surface of the ground. This arch has
a span of 42 feet, and is 43 feet wide. Portions of
it are in ruins, and the walls are much decayed. At
3i feet below the springing of the arch, a bed of
hard concrete is found formed of small cubical stones
set in a dark cement. At 24 feet, voussoirs and
drafted stones of a fallen arch and well, are found,
the stones being similar to those in the Sanctuary
Wall.* At 40 feet water is found, which appears to
run in at the northern end of the shaft, and run
out at the southern end. At 51 feet 9 inches, the
bottom course of the foundation wall of thfe Temple
enclosure is seen resting in a groove which was cut
in the rock f for the better security of the wall.
* Wall of the Temple Enclosure.
■{• Nearly the whole siu-f ace of Moriah is a limestone rock.
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The whole of the wall exposed here is evidently in
its original position, and consists of 21 courses of
drafted stones, averaging from 3 feet 8 inches to 4
feet in hight, the wall now being 75 feet above the
rock. The corbels on the haunches of the north side
of the arch appear to have supported a balcony — the
continuation of a secret passage, which entered the
Sanctuary Wall just south of Wilson's Arch. Wlien
this wall was first built, it was exposed to view from
its foundation upwards. It is one of the oldest por-
tions of the enclosure of the Sanctuary now remain-
ing, and is held in great veneration by the Jews, as
they claim this to be the Wall of the Sanctuary.
Connected with Wilson's Arch there has recently been
discovered by Capt. Warren, a large number of
vaults, arches, and secret passages leading in various
directions, but, wdth the exception of Wilson's Arch,
probably none of them have ever been exposed to
view, as they were undoubtedly used as secret stores
for j)rovisions and water in the time of sieges.
MASONIC HALL.
In one of the passages from Wilson's Arch leading
west,is an opening that leads down into an ancient
vault or chamber, which from tradition has ac(][uired
the name of Masonic Hall. The entrance opens
down to it from the north, and the passage is steep
and shelving, and at first the explorer could only gain
access by being lowered into it by means of a rope,
but the aperture has been enlarged so that a laddej- is
tiow used. This chamber is 30 feet 8 inches in
length l^y 23 feet in width, rectangular and \ aulted ;
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the walls are built of square stones, well jointed, and
laid without cement. There were pilasters at each
corner, but only the one at the north-east angle re-
mains in a moderate state of preservation (see cut)
Nearly in the centre of the chamber is a part of a
column or pedestal sticking up. At the south-east
angle was a double entrance with lintels over it:
these have ornaments on them and on the jambs, but
they cannot now be accurately traced. This Hall
has every appearance of being one of the most an-
cient pieces of masonry in Jerusalem. Through a
small hole in the south wall of this chamber, a passage
is found leading into one of the Saracenic vaults sup-
porting the Hall of Justice. There is still another
passage leading from this vault south into another,
which is now filled with debris and earth. A short
distance from Masonic Hall is a secret passage lead-
ing under David Street ; this passage is about 12 feet
wide and is nearly filled with rubbish; it has been
traced 250 feet in the direction of the Joppa Giite,
which was doul)tlcss its ancient termination.
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EOBINSON S AKCH.
This arch is outside of the south-west corner of the
Sanctuary Wall, opposite the Mogrebin's Mosque (see
Temple Area), and is considered to have been the
entrance to the royal cloisters of King Ilerod. Sev-
enty-four feet below the springing of this arch is a
rock-cut canal, 4 feet wide, and 12 feet deep, running
south. Jammed in over this canal are two fallen
voussoii's of an arch. One of these is much de-
cayed, but the other is in a better state of preser-
vation, and measures 7 feet in length, 5 feet thick
at the extrados, 4 feet 4 inches at the intrados,
and 4 feet high. In the middle of one side is a
square joggle hole 14 inches by 11 and 4|^ inches
deep. Opening out of this canal to the south, is a
chamber cut in rock, with a segment arch. To the
south a passage leads into a circular cistern cut in the
rock, 16 feet in diameter, by 14 feet 4 inches in
hiffht. In the centre of the roof is a manhole lead-
ing down from the roof of the pavement under
Robinson's Arch. Near this are two curious rock-cut
chambers, rectangular, and measuring 16 feet by 6
feet. In one of them is a flight of steps leading up
above. Also, a base of a column which had fallen in
through the roof. Several lamps, weights, jars, and
an iron bar were found in this canal ; also an ancient
Btone roller for rolling flat roofs on houses, precisely
like the rollers now used for the same purpose.
Several excavations have been made in the vicinity
of Robinson's Arch, in making one of which at a
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depth of 21 feet 6 inches, a polished limestone slab 6
feet scpiare was found covering the main sewer of the
city. This sewer is 6 feet high by 3 feet wide, cut
in the rock, nearly full of sewage, through which a
current of water runs south. This is doubtless the
sewer through which the fellahin entered the city, in
the time of Ibrahim Pacha ;they aj^pear to have pen-
etrated up as far as David Street and found exit
through some of the vaults there. In sinking a shaft
near this the remains of a colonnade were found just
below the surface, consisting of piers built on the
rock 12 feet 6 inches apart, with fallen arches be-
tween. These piers wore built of well-dressed ashlar
of soft sand-stone, similar to the ruins of Suwaineh
in the Jordan Valley.
In sinking another shaft the debris of a stone build-
ing, and part of a white marble column twelve
inches in diameter, were found. Twenty-two feet
below this is a chamber cut in the rock, ten feet
square, and ten feet high, covered with plaster two
inches thick and very hard. Entrance to this cham-
ber was effected through two manholes through the
roof, and it has the appearance of having been used
as a secret store for grain.
Twenty feet to the south of the Gate of the Bath
is a large cistern, which runs east and west and
piei'ces the Sanctuary "Wall. Near the Effendi'a
house is another cistern or rather prolongation of the
first, but narrower. At this place it is thirty-foui
feet six inches from the surface of the ground to the
bottom, width twelve feet, and length from east to
west fourteen feet nine inches. A surface of twenty
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eight feet in Light by twelve in length of tlie
Sanctuary Wall is exposed at this place.
From an excavation made near the Sanctuary "Wall
on the east side of the Temple enclosure, a small
passage was found which leads downwards, passing
through the roof of, and into another passage, which
runs east and west. This latter passage is three feet
nine inches high by two feet wide, running nearly
horizontal, and at its eastern end opens through the
Wall of the Sanctuary, and is closed by a large stone
having three cylindrical holes through it five and one-
half inches in diameter each, tkrough which water at
some former period ran. It is probable that troops
defending this part of the wall came down here for
water.
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THE TOWER OF ANTONIA.
This tower was at the north-east angle of the Temple
enclosure, and was built up from the Sanctuary Wall ;
the outside was formed by that portion of the wall con-
tinuing to recede from four to seven inches, while
that forming the tower recedes only one and one-
quai'ter inches, so that at twenty-two feet from where
the tower begins the slant inwards is two feet, and at
the surface, forty feet above, the slant amounts to
seven feet.
DISCOVEEY AT ST. STEPHEN S GATE.
An excavation was made outside of this gate.
Wlien at a depth of six feet a flat stone was found,
which, sounding hollow, an aperture was made through
it, when a' circular cave was exposed to view that
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was found to be nine feet in diameter and four feet
high ; it is divided into five loculi by plaster partitions
about thi-ee inches thick and twelve inches high, and
had been used as a tomb.
A shaft leads down from this into another chamber
twenty-six feet long by six feet wide, which is divided
latitudinally into ten loculi. Another passage leads
into two other and similar cliambei-Sjalso divided into
loculi. A shaft forty feet deep leads from this down
into another range of these singular chambers, nine in
number, one of which has the appearance of having
been used as an ante-room, the rest were divided into
loculi. These chambei-s were cut in a very soft kind
of melekeh and are nearly on a plan with the Phoeni-
cian tombs at Saida, as they are systematically arran-
ged tier upon tier with shafts leading down through
them. In making these excavations ancient pottery
and glass vases were found at various depths.
EUmS AT DAMASCUS GATE.
One of the most interesting relics of antiquity is
found in an ancient tower at the Damascus gate.
This structure is very massive, and bears the peculiar
Jewish marks similar to the Temple area walls. The
lower courses of the city wall, for some distance on
each side of the gate, bear the same character of large
blocks, beveled edge, with the whole surface hewn
SKioothj exhibiting an earlier and more careful style
than most other walls here. In the tower on the east
side of the gate there is a flight of winding stairs of
square steps, with square turnings — not spiral — meas-
uring 7 feet long by 3 wide. This was the kind oi
stairway leading to the middle chamber in the Tern
pie porch (1 Kings vi. 8).
WAILING PLACE OF THE JEWS. — No, 60.
A short distance below David Street, in the foim-
dation-wall of the Temple enclosure, are several
courses of large stones, bearing the Jewish bevel,
and other marks of great antiquity. They were
doubtless placed here by Solomon's buildei*s when
the foundation of the Temple was laid.
These are the Stones of Wailing, and this is the
nearest that the Jews are now permitted to come to
their ancient place of worship and sacrifice. This
place is resorted to at all times by the devout, but
Friday afternoon is the set time for Jews to meet here
to mourn and weep for their departed power, the
glory of their ancient city, and the hallowed and
glorious associations of the Temple. And thus they
may be seen. Old men with white flowing beards,
young men in the vigor of manhood, aged women,
and rosy-cheeked girls ; some sitting, some standing,
some leaning their heads affectionately against these
ancient time-worn stones, frequently giving vent to
their grief in loud weeping and wailing.
Second only in interest to the Temple Area are the
ruins of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem.
This building was erected by the Knight Templars,
(Hospitallers) of Jerusalem, in the time of the Crusades,
and its magnificence may be gathered from accounts
of it by ancient writers, and fi'om ruins of it still
standing, with remains of quaint carvings, and traces
of colors. The style seems to have been that of an
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Oriental Khan, being a vast qnadrangular structure
ai'ound an interior court, the chambers opening on
the galleries. There are marks found on the walls, and
niany curious ornaments sculptured in the cornice.
The Great Hospital of St. John is described as
standing a.d. 1322, by Sir John Mandeville, as a pal-
ace supported and ornamented by 178 stone pillars.
The order of Knights Templar was gathered from
the nobles of all Europe, and M^as at first chari-
table,for the relief of pilgrims, but afterwards became
religious and military. They were recognized as an
oi'der as late as 1800, at which time Malta was restored
to them by England and France, when Paul, the Em-
peror of Russia, was the Grand Master. But England
now holds the island, and the knights have lost all
dominion and power.
The gateway of the ruined hospital in Jerusalem
is still standing, though very ruinous. It presents a
flattened pointed arch, which is succeeded by a
round arch behind, ornamented with rich historical
and emblematical carvings in stone. Among many
finely designed and chiselled figures may be seen the
Laisib, which was the peculiar emblem of the order.
There are broken stairs, a court suri-ounded by a
cloister in ruins, with the remains of several rooms,
also the remains of the chapel, large, and ornamented
with a window, with stained or painted glass. This
monastery was founded in honor of St. John the Bap-
tist (Saewolf, A.D. 1102).
These mouldering ruins are memorials of the nol)le
order of Kniglits, whose strong arms were for ages
the bulwark against the aggressive Moslems, and
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whose deeds have made the names of Acre, RhodeSj
and Malta, stir the heart of many readers of ancient
history.
Every remnant of this remarkable edifice also in-
dicates the handiwork of the same craftsmen who
erected the Temple of Solomon, as its emblems,
signs, and inscriptions are closely analogous to those
found on the ruins about the Temple Area, other
ruiuB in Palestine, and in the Cathedrals of Europe,
especially, in the ancient Cathedi-al in Glasgow,
where may be seen characters nearly identical with
those foimd on the Sanctuary Walls at Jerasalem.
1^1
THE PKIVATE MAKKS OF THE BUILDERS AND THE GREAT
SUBTERRANEAN QUARRY.
Marks found on Stones in the Foundation Walh
of the Temjple Area. — Marks found in Samaria
and in Hebron. — The Great Subterranean Quarry.
It is a matter of the highest interest, while carrying
on antiquarian researches, to discover the evidences
which preceded us in our particular calling.
Although Free Masonry is now speculative, still
there was a time when the Master Mason was the real
director of the construction of Beautiful Edifices,
of which the Magnificent Temple of Solomon, and
latterly the wonderful Cathedrals dotted all over
Europe, are specimens ; the evidences of which
work in the written record has long been familiar on
the page of history, but the symbolic private marks
of the builders, used by the master workman, for the
guidance of the craft in laying the stones in their
places, liave escaped their proper notice. Many of
these marks have been found on stones, in the founda-
tion walls of the Temple enclosure, at Jerusalem.
They are also found in other parts of Palestine, and
in every country where the Craft have since left evi-
dences of their skill and industry. These marks have
been found on a large number of stones, in different
courses in tlie Sanctuary Wall, and having been
covered with earth, were protected from the action of
the elements, and the busy hands of men.
The few of which sketches are given, give a com-
plete idea of the whole, as they are almost repetitions
of similar characters, found wherever edifices and
other works have been constructed by the Craft, and
were doubtless put on by the Master workmen to in-
dicate the position of the stones in the walls or struc-
tures where found. These marks have been found on
the east of Jordan, on the stones of Palmyra,
Bozrah, and other cities that were built since the
time of Solomon, and, wherever the characters are
found, they are of the same style and color, being
made with red paint. The base of this paint is red
chalk, which is a natural production and nearly inde-
structible by time or the action of the elements. It is
found on the Egyptian monuments, where it has
stood fresh and bright for 35 centuries.
Several of the groups of these characters were re-
cently discovered by Captain Warren, K. E., while
carrying on explorations around the south-east corner
of the Sanctuary Wall (wall of the Temple enclos-
ure). A shaft was sunk at about twenty feet south-
east of this corner of the wall, and at a depth of fifty-
three feet a gallery was excavated westward, which
reached the Wall about six feet north of the corner ;
from this point galleries and shafts were excavated
which uncovered the wall at several places, and here
were found most of the following groups of tliese
marks : —
Group No. 1 was found cut in on stones in the
third and fifth courses.
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No. 2 was found on the second stone from the
corner in the second course — made with red paint.
No. 3 was on the wall a short distance from Group
No. 2.
No. 4 was on the corner-stone in the third course
— red paint.
No. 5. This Group was found in that part of the
gallery where the explorer is seen examining the
marks on the wall. These marks resemble the letters
O Y Q — red paint.
No. 6 was on the third stone north in the second
course — red paint.
No. 7 was on the sixth stone in the third coui-se,
and on a stone in the tenth course a small cross was
found cut in.
No. 8. This group was found on stones in the west
wall of the Sanctuary, near the Jews' wailing-place ;
and at the base of the Tower of Antonia, nortli-east
angle of the wall, was found another group of marks
ill red paint.
No. 9. Found in a cave near the Coenaculum.
No. 10 is a group of marks gathered fi'om the ancient
structures of Kuryet el Enab, and also known as Abu
Gosh village, the Emmaus of the time of Christ, and
the more ancient Kirjath Jearim of Solomon's age.
Here are several very neatly made and familiar
figures, not unlike some in use at this day. They
were very clearly drawn, in red color, as nearly all of
such marks are, in every country where the craft have
had use for them.
The group No. 11, from Samaria, claims equal
attention for their peculiar design and evident anti-
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quity. The structm-es at Samaria date from the time
of Shemer, who was nearly contemporary with Solo-
mon, and in style, design, and finish, as far as the
remains liave been examined, they carry the evidence
of originality with them, and the work of the buildera
of the age of the thi-ee grand masters.
Xo. 12 is on a stone at Beeroth, and looks familiar
with its letters so like our K and R, with a cross and
arrow, and at first glance suggests some of the mono-
grams of Constantine, or Charlemagne, but a closer
insf)ection determines them to be separate and dis-
tinct signs, not connected, as if for a name.
No. 13. This cross was found on a stone among the
rubbish at the foot of the wall near the Damascus
Gate.
Nos. 14, 15, and 16 were discovered by A. L. Raw-
son, who, disguised as a Mohammedan student of law,
(Katib or Scribe) visited the ancient mosque at He-
bron, and made sketches of the interior of the tombs,
also the inscriptions, marks, and devices, which were
ctct in the wall in the different parts of this build-
ing. There seems to have been originally a small
structure, over and around which several additions
have been made from age to age, until it has grown
into a colossal mass of buildings, and finally thrown off
its character as a church and became a mosque with
lofty minarets at the corners.
The walls are very ancient and portions of tliem
are like the Sanctuary Wall at Jerusalem, and walla
at other places, where the distinctive mark is the Phoe-
nician or Hebrew bevel ; this is found on all the old
parts of the wall.
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Beneath this structure is a chamber, having for its
roof a part of the floor of the mosque ; and in a recess,
not now in use, were found the three groups of mai'ks.
No. 17. This group was found on the walls of tlie
ancient Cathedral at Glasgow. These later groups
all being very similar to those found on the Sanctu-
ary wall, tell the same story of the work of the ancient
builders.
At first glance several of the characters seen in the
different groups of marks appear very much like the
letters HMCRDKOW and others, but an exam-
ination of the Phoenician and Ilebrew alphabets will
show that these forms are only accidentally similar.
The other marks are well known to the Craft, and
need no explanation here.
Besides the ancient marks there are characters
written on the walls which were repaired or built
by the fraternity during the crusades. These are
distinctly Roman letters and numerals, with a very
small proportion of signs, that are repetitions of
those used by the ancient builders, and evidently used
for the same purpose. That purpose, it is quite cer-
tain, was, besides the proper placing of the stones
in the walls, the designation of that part of the work
which was done by any particular company or lodge.
Some used the five-pointed star, others a circle divid-
ed into four or six parts. A circle with a T occurs
very often on different parts of the works, and
cates either a large lodge, or a very industrious
The antiquity of these marks may be the more
tainly determined from the fact that there ar(
distinctive Chi-istian emblems nor Mohammedan signs
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among them, only one, the cross of the Knights Tem-
plar, being siibject to a date more recent than the age
of Christ, except those mentioned as being on parts
that had been repaired or rebuilt.
The chief interest in these antiquities centres in
the fact that they are evidences that a certain order
of men worked together for a certain purpose, in those
early times, and have left behind them, without de-
sign, these signs of their occupation and method of
working.
That they had a uniform system of marks and
signs appears from the similarity of these characteis
wherever found, both in Palestine and Europe, where
there are ancient moniunents or cathedi'als erected by
those skilled workmen.
An idea of the great extent of the systematic work
done in Jerusalem alone, can be formed from a
summary of the recent explorations and discoveries
there.
The substructions of Solomon's Temple have been
almost entirely examined, and those columns aie
found to be built of carefully cut stones, with the
characteristic rebate or bevel at the comers, form-
ing panels every few feet. These columns suppoit
arches turned in the most skillful manner, and as
solid as when built.
A large part of the massive ancient walls of the
city, has been traced out, and these, with the ruins
of aqueducts, vaults, and chambers are nearly alwa^ s
of the beveled style or Phoenician — which was the
style of the Masonic craftsmen.
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among them, only one, the cross of the Knights Tem-
plar, being subject to a date more recent than the age
of Christ, except those mentioned as being on parts
that had been repaired or rebuilt.
The chief interest in these antiquities centres in
the fact that they are evidences that a certain order
of men worked together for a certain purpose, in those
early times, and have left behind them, without de-
sign, these signs of their occupation and method of
working.
That they had a uniform system of marks and
signs appears from the similarity of these characters
wherever found, both in Palestine and Europe, where
there are ancient monuments or cathedi-als erected by
those skilled workmen.
An idea of the great extent of the systematic work
done in Jerusalem alone, can be formed from a
summary of the recent explorations and discoveries
there.
The substructions of Solomon's Temple have been
almost entirely examined, and those columns are
found to be built of carefully cut stones, with the
characteristic rebate or bevel at the corners, form-
ing panels every few feet. These columns support
arches turned in the most skillful manner, and as
solid as when built.
A large part of the massive ancient walls of the
city, has been traced out, and these, with the ruins
of aqueducts, vaults, and chambers are nearly always
of the beveled style or Phoenician — which was the
style of the Masonic craftsmen.
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It is only a few years since, that Dr. Barclay, an
American physician and missionary, resident of
Jerusalem, discovered the entrance to the ancient sub-
terranean quarry, from which the great stones
were taken for the foundation walls of the Temple
built by Solomon. Certain passages in Kings and
Chronicles were somewhat obscure until light was
thrown upon them by an examination of the place
where the workmen " sawed with saws, stones," " great
stones," and carefully chij^ped off the rough corners,
and finished the " costly stones " for those magnificent
edifices which were the admiration of the age in
which they were built, and the wonder of all suc-
ceeding ages.
The quantity of stone required for these structures
was truly immense ; that of the Temple foundations
alone requiring more than one million square yards
of stone, which are now in position in the Avails and
may be examined. This quarry is underground, and
der that part of the city just north and west of the
mple Area, now called Bezetha, and occupied by
the Mohammedans.
The entrance is a few rods east of the Damascus
Gate, outside of the city wall. The largest room in
the cave is 750 feet long, about 100 wide, and 30 feet
Ji. Large pillars of the rock were left at intervals
for the sup]K-)rt of the ponderous ceilino;. Several
1
132
smaller rooms open from the larger one ; in all of
them are fomid marks of the workmen's tools. The
stone is a soft limestone nearly as white and soft as
chalk, and may be sawed into blocks now as it was in
Solomon's time. The harder variety is a buff color,
streaked with orange, and takes a fine polish. The
white stone grows harder by exposure to air and water .
There are many little shelves cut in the walls, on which
the lamps were set, and
the smoke from the burn-
ing lamps can still be traced
on the white walls, almost
as black and sooty as though
the quarrymen had left
them last week instead of
ages ago. "Water trickles
down from the roof of the
cave in many places from
leaky reservoirs or drains
above, and has thus formed
stalactites, and the drip-
pings from these have made
their opposites from below,
rising from the floor in
some places several feet in a great variety of forms.
In the most southern cave there is a spring of water,
but in consequence of the limestone formation of the
locality it is not sweet. There is no doubt but that
the builders had an opening in the south end of the
)U2:h which the stone
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easily slid down to the Temple site, for the whole of
the quarry is higher than the Temple area. Tliis
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Plan of the Great Quarry under Jerusalem
opening has not yet been found, but doubtless will be
as soon as the Moliammedans will permit a search to
be made.
Josephus says that the Jews hid away from Titus
in a cave, and there is room enough in this quarry for
the population of the city to have gathered without
crowding. The floor is very uneven, with a general
descent south, and there are precipices formed
by the workmen taking out large blocks below the
level of the floor in different places.*
The ground is everywhere littered with chippings
and blocks of stone, large and small.
There are great blocks of stone, partly quarried,
still hanging to the native mass. One of these was
a stone about 10 feet high and between 3 and 4 feet
square. The workmen had commenced by cutting a
crease upon two sides about four inches wide, and
had proceeded until it was about two feet deep
on each side of the block. This must have been
done with a long pointed instrument having a
chisel-shaped end. They had no gunpowder in
those da^^s, and seem not to have understood how
to split them with wedges, but literally chiselled
them out ,by persevering labor. The work of
cutting out this block was nearly completed, for
the two grooves, one from the front and the other
from the side, at right angles with each other, had
* A few years since a human skeleton was found at the bottom
of one of these precipices, showing that some unknown explorer
had stumbled over there, and thus perished in a place which
thousands of years before was thronged with the busy workmen
of Solomon.
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been carried nearly to the necessary depth to allow the
upright mass to be pried from its bed. The marks
of the tool are as perfect as if made yesterday ;
but the workmen left this, with much more unfinished
work, and never returned. Who can tell why ? Was
it in consequence of an attack on the city from
an invading army? or was it found just at this par-
ticular time that no more stone were needed ?
In proof of this being the quarry from which the
stone for the Temple were procured, we have the
following facts : — First, the stone is the same in every
respect as that of portions of the old wall still remain-
ing ; second, the immense piles of chippings found in
this quarry show that the stone were not only quar-
ried, but dressed and finished here, — corresponding
with the account, that they were brought to the
Temple ready to be laid without the aid of hammer
or graving tool ; third, the extreme age of this quarry,
which dates hack in legends and traditions to the
time of Jeremiah / lastly, there are no other great
quarries near the city, from which this kind of stone
could have been taken. So then this is the place,
where nearly three thousand years ago the craftsmen
of Solomon prepared the stone for the magnificent
Temple of God. It is now a solemn and gloomy
cavern ; large numbers of bats hang to the ceiling, and,
aroused by the approach of the explorer, flit about his
head. Occasionally a pile of bones brought in by
jackals, arrest his attention, and the giving away of the
earth under his feet, indicates the places where they
burrowed. Darkness impenetrable and silence pro
found pervade the place. The grandeur of its lofty
n n
139
ceilings, its vast extent, its legends and associations,
all combine to inspire the exjDlorer with feehngs of
astonishment and awe. The Crusaders have left
many marks on the walls, showing that this qiiarrj
was kno^vn in tJieir day, also proving the antiquity of
several of the signs now in use by the craft.
To all who hold the common faith in the God of
Abraham, the historical evidence derived from this
quarry, and all the surrounding facts in proof of the
truth of Scripture history is beyond price, and must
be convincing to all reflecting minds. And to
masons who believe in the antiquity of the origin of
the order,this must be a source of great satisfaction,
as this evidence, in connection with recent discoveries
made about the temple area, including the private
marks of the builders, leaves but little room to doubt
that the order originated at the building of Solomon's
Temple.
i^s-
THt ORIENT.
141
CHAPTER YII.
PLACES HISTOEICALLY CONNECTED WITH KING SOLOMON's
TEMPLE, AND THE BUILDERS.
Ancient Tyre, Hiram^s Tomh — Jojppa — Mt. Leba-
non — Pass of the Jordan — Sebron, its important
Relics of Antiquity ; its singular Mosque, and
Fanatical Inhabitants — The ruins of Beeroth —
Kirjath-Jearim — Samaria, Church of St. John —
King Solomon's Store Cities, Baalbek — Tadmor,
and Hamath.
TYRE.
This ancient sea port is situated 8Y miles N. E. of
Joppa, and 114 N. of Jerusalem.
Accordinp^ to Josephus, Tyre was founded aLont
210 years before the building of Solomon's Temple.
It was a strong city, and a stronghold in the days of
David ; and it is called by Isaiah," a city whose anti-
quity is of ancient days."
The original Tyre stood on the mainland opposite
the present town ; and at an early period bore the
name of Palsetyrus, or Old Tyre. The present town
stands on a rocky peninsula, which was an island un-
til 350 B. C, when Alexander the Great built his
famous military causeway out to it from the main
land. Afterwards the accumulation of sand around,
and over this causeway rendered it terra firma, thus
forming the peninsula.
At the period when Phoenician civilization began
to bear sway over all the western world, Tyre was
ISO
\35
PLACES HISTOKICALLY CONNECTED WITH KING SOLOMON 3
Ancient Tyre, Siram^s Tomb — Joj>pa — Mt Leba-
non — Pass of the Jordan — Hebron, its imjportant
Relics of Antiquity ^ its singular Mosque, and
Fanatical Inhabitants — The ruins of Beeroth —
Kirjath-Jearim — Samaria, Church of St. John-
King Solomon's Store Cities, Baalbek — Tadmor,
and Hamath.
TYRE.
This ancient sea port is situated 87 miles N. E. of
Joppa, and 114 N. of Jerusalem.
According to Josephus, Tyre was founded about
240 years before the building of Solomon's Temple.
It was a strong city, and a stronghold in the days of
David ; and it is called by Isaiah," a city whose anti-
quity is of ancient days."
The original Tyre stood on the mainland opposite
the present to\^^l ; and at an early period bore the
name of Palaetyrus, or Old Tyre. The present to\m
stands on a rocky peninsula, which was an island un-
til 350 B. C, when Alexander the Great built his
famous military causeway out to it from the main
land. Afterwards the accumulation of sand around,
and over this causeway rendered it terra firma, thus
forming the peninsula.
At the period wlien Phoenician civilization began
to bear sway over all the western world. Tyre was
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the cynosure not only of all Phoenicia,but of all the
surrounding countries, and the theatre of mighty in-
fluences, and of an immense commerce. At the time
of Solomon and the Hirams, Tyre was one of the rich-
est cities in the world, its people being among the
most skillful manufacturers and builders of that
period, manufacturing many articles of luxury and
use, and having for customers maiiy nations. " Syria
was thy merchant, by reason of the multitude of the
wares of thy making : they occupied in thy fairs with
emeralds, purple and broidered work, and linen, and
coral, and agate."
Judah, and the land of Israel, they were thy mer-
chants : they traded in thy market, wheat of Minnith,
and Pannag (Genseng), and honey, and oil, and balm.
Damascus was thy merchant in the multitude of
the wares of thy making, for the multitude of all
riches; in the wine of Helbon, and white wool."
(Ezek. xxvii. 17, 18.)
Among the principal articles of export, were glass,
sugar, and the famous Tyrian dye. Sugar-cane was
cultivated to a considerable extent in the vicinity of
Tyre, and sugar made, similar to that now made in
the "West Indies, and other tropical regions.
Hiram, King of Tyre, sent cedar wood and work-
men to build David a palace (2 Sam. vii.), and he
afterwards sent Hiram the widow's son, a Jew of the
tribe of Naphtali, who cast the vessels of bronze
^or the Temple, King Hiram furnishing the metal,
also the cedar and fir trees ; and the Jews and
Phoenicians worked together, the friendship between
them continuing for over a century.
^11
Afterwards, however, the Phoenicians sold Jewish
children into captivity. (Joel iii. 6-8.)
Carthage was planted as a colony of Tyre 869 b.c.
There was a Temple at Tyre in honor of Hercules,
In which he was worshiped as a god, under the name
of Melkarth; and Arrian, the historian (b.c. 150), says
that it was the most ancient Temple in the world.
Ashtoreth was also worshiped there, who is called
Diana, and Queen of Heaven. Solomon built a shrine
in honor of this goddess on the Mount of Olives,
opposite Jerusalem, as a token of his friendship for
Hiram of Tyre.
At the time of the Assyrian invasion under Shal-
maneser. Tyre had acquired such vast opulence, and
splendor, as to be declared by inspiration " the joyous
city, the crowning city, whose merchants were prin-
ces, whose traffickers were the honorable of the earth."
But while this mart of nations was still in the full
blaze of its magnificence, at least 125 years before it
met with any serious disaster, or anything had occur-
red to humble it, a series of prophetic denunciations
began to be recorded against it by the inspired mes-
sengers of heaven, that it should be captured and de--
stroyed by the Chaldeans, etc. — prophecies which
were literally fulfilled. The history of Tyre from
the commencement of its disasters till the period
of its final overthrow, is replete with interest, both on
account of its verifying the complete fulfillment of
the prophesies against it, and of its moral lesson.
After^halmaneser had conquered the kingdom of
Israel, and carried its inhabitants into captivity, he
turned his arms against the Phcenician cities. At
(^
Byt
^^W^^S
144
this time Tyre had reached a high point of pros-
perity ; it possessed Cyprus, and had planted the
Bj)lendid colony of Carthage, but notwithstanding its
powerful condition, several of its dependencies re-
volted and joined Shalmaneser, furnishing him sixty
ships, and 800 rowers. Against this fleet the Tyrians
sailed with only twelve vessels, but with these they
completely dispersed the enemy, taking 500 prisoners.
After this engagement the King of Ass3a*ia withdrew
the main body of his army, leaving only a small de-
tachment to guard the great aqueduct, hoping to
bring them to terms by this means, but failed, as the
inhabitants supplied themselves with water from
their wells.
At a latter period. Nebuchadnezzar besieged the
wdiole city, and nearly desti'oyed Old Tyre. After-
wards, Alexander the Great besieged the city, and
destroyed what remained of the old town, but the
island city offered such stout resistance that lie was
compelled to build a causeway out to it from the
main land, and used for materials the ruins of tlie
old city. When this causeway was nearly completed,
a sortie from the besieged, followed by a storm nearly
destroyed his works ; to repair the damages, and com-
plete the causeway, he scraped together the remaining
rubbish, and even the very earth of Old Tyre ; thus
fulfilling this part of the prophecies. — "And they
shall lay thy stones, and thy timber, and thy dust in
the water."
The island city was at this time surrounded by a
strong wall 120 feet high, and was otherwise strongly
fortified, but notwithstanding this, and the great dif-
P
!^/.
Acuities Alexander encountered in building the cause-
way, he succeeded after a period of seven months
in taking this insular stronghold. He then set fire to
it : 15,000 of the inhabitants escaped in ships, multi-'
tildes were slain, and 30,000 were sold into slavery.-^
Subsequently the island city was partially rebuilt, and -
continued to be a stronghold under the dominion of
the Seleucidffi ; it then stood a siege of fourteen months
from Antigonus. On the conquest of Syria by the Ro-
mans, it came under their power, and is described by
Strabo as being at this time a flourishing trading city,
with two ports, the old harbor having become perma-
nently bisected by the mole of Alexander. Jerome
speaks of it in the fourth century as the most beautiful
city in Phoencia, and as still trading with all the world.
In the seventh century it was taken by the Saracens,
and in the twelfth by the Crusaders, and remained"
nearly 170 years in possession of the Christians ; dur-
ing their occupation it continued to be opulent and-
powerful. At this time it was fortified on the land side
by strong quadruple walls, and on the sea side by .a cita-
del with seven towers, yet notwithstanding these strong
fortifications the city fell suddenly and in a singular
manner. In A.D. 1291, the Sultan of Egypt invested
Ptolemais (Acre) and took it by storm, after a siege
of two months. On the same day on which Ptolemais
was taken, the Tyrians embarked in their ships, and
abandoned tlie city, leaving it empty ; and thus the
Egyptians found it the next day. From this blow it
never recovered, but continued to sink deeper, and
deeper, until travelers of the sixteenth century describe
it as being only a heap of ruins, broken arches and
i
vaults, tottering walls, and towers, with a few misera-
ble inhabitants living in the vaults among the rubbish.
But in 1776 some Metualis from Lebanon took pos-
session of Tyre, built up the present walls, and thug
laid the foundation for its partial revival. Twenty
years later, according to Volney it consisted of poor
huts, but which covered nearly a third of the penin-
sula. Some little trade with Egypt has given it an
impulse during the present century ; but the close
proximity of the flourishing city of Beyroot, will at
present, at least, prevent it from attaining any consid-
erable enlargement.
Mr. Bartlet when passing Tyre on board a steamer
in 1842, thus alludes to it, " Tyre soon appeared, —
a low rocky point projecting into the sea, and for the
cry from her thousand ships, and crowded port, there
is nothing now but silence and a few fishing boats ;
and we should have sailed past the spot without no-
ticing it had we not known that a great commercial
city once existed there — the London of the old world."
The present town stands at the junction of the
island, and the isthmus formed by Alexander's cause-
way, and the eastern wall includes a portion of the
isthmus. On the north and west, towards the sea,
the walls are so far broken away, as to be scarcely
discernible. The inner port or basin on the north
was formerly enclosed by a wail running from the
north end of the island in a curve towards the main-
land. Fragments of this wall still remain, sufiicieht
to mark its course. The western shore is a ledge of
rugged picturesque rocks from 15 to 20 feet high,
upon which the waves of the Mediterranean dash in
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ceaseless surges. Between the houses of the town
and the western shore is a broad strip of open land
now given up to tillage.^
KUINS.
The western shore is strewn from one end to the
other, along the water and in it, with columns of red
and grey granite of various sizes, and at the N.W. point,
over forty such columns are thrown together in one
heap beneath the waves. Along this part of the
shore, the continual action of the sea appears to have
had the effect to form layers of new rock, in which
stone, bones, and fragments of pottery are found
cemented together as constituent parts.
Throughout the old city heaps of debris and rub
bish are found, in some of which piles of broken
glass* (doubtless the waste of the factories of ancient
Tyre), and broken shells, of the kind that furnished
the purple dye, are found — but one of the most in
terestino; relics now to be seen is a laro-e stone in the
sea-wall, 17 feet long, 6^ high, and nearly 5 feet
thick. This stone has the rebate, or bevel so noted in
Phoenician and Jewish works, and lies in its original
position where it was placed over 3,000 years ago.
There are also many columns, and floors of marble
buried under the rubbish all over the island and main-
land city, and thousands of whole and broken col-
iimns, capitals, and pannels have been carried away
to Joppa, Acre, Beyroot, and other cities to be built
* Robert Morris, in 1868, was so fortunate as to find a glass
bottle among the rubbish, holding about three pints, and nearly
perfect.
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into modern houses, or burnt into lime, and this work
is still going on. Those that lie in the sea, are fretted
and perforated by ages of exposure to the storms and
tempests common to this coast. The many remains
of beautiful columns and other ruins of ancient edi-
fices attest the opulence, and grandeur of this once
proud metropolis.
On the mainland there is a ruined Cathedral
Church, which dates from the earliest ages, and has
memories lingering around it of the pleasing old his-
torian, William of Tyre, who was also a bishop of
Tyre, and officiated within those walls.
It was one of the most beautiful churches which
the Crusaders built in Palestine ; its length was 205
feet, and nearly 140 wide, and has this peculiarity,
that the transept projects 15 feet on each side. The
other proportions and plans are similar to those of
other churches at Samaria and Lydda. It has three
naves and three apses, separated by a balustrade.
This church was partly constructed from the spoils of
ancient Temples. On the ground now lie prostrate
magnificent columns carved in rose granite, monoliths
which by their dimensions must have originally been
parts of a structure of the first order, and which were,
undoubtedly the central pillars of the cathedral. The
windows are curiously ornamented on the outside,
having a scroll and fretwork, indented and rectangular.
The arch rests on an abacus with a very elaborate
pattern.
The only part of this edifice now standing is the east-
ern end, and the three apses enclosed in the wall of the
modern city. The walls are built against by the mud-
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huts of the poor, like huge swallows' nests plastered
into all the corners and transepts, and the ragged
women and children fill the place with their noisy
gabble, where had been heard in eloquent tones the
voices of Paulinus its Bishop, and a brother of Euse-
bius, who wrote the consecration sermon, which we
still have, and also wrote the early history of the
church, and of William of Tyre, the bishop and his-
torian, and greater than these, Origen, who may be
said to have saved the Holy Scriptures from oblivion,
through his labors of a long lifetime, in collecting,
translating, and arranging, from every country, the
scattered frao-ments. This historic ruin now echoes
to the gossip of poor Arabs who watched its slow
decay ever since the last religious service was held in
it — almost the last held by the Crusaders in Palestine.
At the time of Christ, Tyre contained a population
of about 150,0 00 souls, but since it has been under
Turkish rule (a.d. 1291), it has rapidly declined until
it is now only a miserable Arab village of 3,000 in-
habitants, many of the dwellings being constructed
of stone, which had done service in the walls of
splendid ancient public edifices and dwellings.
The silence, desolation, and ruins of this once proud
city, all attest the complete fulfilment of the pro-
phesies of its destruction.
" And they shall destroy the walls of Tyrus, and
break down her towers : I will also scrape her dust
from her, and make her like the top of a rock."
It sliall be Q,j)lace for the spreading of nets in
the midst of the sea : for I have spoken it, saith the
Lord God : and it shall become a spoil to the nations.
WM
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And I will cause the noise of thy songs to cease
and the sound of thy harps shall be no more heard
{&eHel, xxvi. 4, 5, 13.)
KING HIEAM.
Hiram, King of Tyre, was son of a former King of
Tyre of the same name, and, like him, a friend of
David. He congratulated Solomon at the commence-
ment of his reign, and furnished essential aid in
building the Temple. He provided timber and
stones, together with gold, and received in return large
supplies of corn, wine, and oil. And when the Tem-
ple and the King's palace were completed he was
presented with twenty cities in the land of Cabul ;
but, not deeming them acceptable, he remonstrated
with Solomon, saying, " What cities are these which
thou hast given me, my brother?" (1 Kings ix. 13).
He afterwards joined Solomon in his commercial en-
terprises (1 Kings ix. 26-2S ; x. 11-22). Josephus
relates that he greatly improved his city and realm,
and died after a prosperous reign of thirty -four years,
at the age of fifty-two.
-^ Solomon's cistern.
About 3 miles South of Tyre is Kas-el-Ain, the
head of the Cisterns of Solomon. There are three
fountains, extending in a line nearly a fm-long in
length from east to west, and overflowing with clear
' water which springs as if by enchantment from a flat,
'sandy and parched soil. The mouth of tlie principal
well is an octagon, each side of which is 23 feet, 3
inches, and its hight above the plain over 15 feet,
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153
and its depth below the level of the ground 35 feet
This vast reservoir is composed of gravel and cement,
which form a wall of enormous thickness, and as hard
and durable as rock. A part of this wall projects
over the water in the form of a half arch. The water,
instead of being on a level with the surrounding
country, rises up to the brink of the cistern, and that
with such force and abundance, that after issuinof
from an outlet which has been broken in the western
side, it forms a rivulet which turns several mills on
its passage to the sea. The ancient outlet now stopped
up M^as on the east side over an aqueduct, which con-"'
nected with two smaller cisterns, one of which is 20,
and the other 12 yards square. After receiving their
contributions into its ample channel, the aqueduct
turned toward the N. E., to a small rocky eminence,
on which is the tomb of an Arab Santon, and where
in ancient times stood the citadel of old Tyre. The
ruins of the magnificent arches of this aqueduct
can be seen at a considerable distance, and the water
oozing out at the breakages, or filtering tln-ough the
cement, has encrusted them all over M^ith stahxctites
of a peculiar form, which at a little distance gives
them the appearance of being clothed with some gi-
gantic foliage.
hiram's well.
Near the termination of this ancient aqueduct in
the city there is a ruined tower over a well from
which the principal supply of water is now obtained.
This tower is on the sandy isthmus, consequently the
water, which is pure and good, must come from the
Vf
old aqueduct, although at this place it must be many
feet below the earth and rubbish, and this is further
strengthened by the fact of the water becoming troub-
led in the month of September, and of a reddish color,
simultaneously with that of the fountains at Ras-el-Ain.
Tradition claims that this well and tower were
built by Solomon, the son of David, Morning and even-
ing, long files of women with their ancient looking
water jars may be seen going to and coming from
this well with the day's: supply of its sweet water.
The traveler Sandys, writing in 1610, says of Tyre,
"This once famous Tyre is now no other than a heap of
ruins; yet have they a reverent respect: and do instruct
the pensive beholder with their exemplary frailty."
In alluding to its fountains he says, " We passed
certain cisterns some miles and better distant from
the city ; which are called Solomon's by the Christians
of this country, I know not why, unless these are they
which he mentions in the Canticles. Square they are
and large ; replenished with living water, which was in
time past conveyed by aqueducts into the orchards."
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THE FAMOUS TTRIAN PIJEPLE DTE.
This was extracted from shells, which in former
times were thrown up in great quantities along the
sea shore, in July and August. These shells are now
very scarce, still some are occasionallyfound in midsum-
mer;and at this period is celebrated the feast of Sheikh
Marshook, whose tomb stands on a rocky eminence.
At this time the children collect these shells, which, as
soon as they are withdrawn from the water, emit a slimy
matter of a pale violet color ; with this they draw re-
VNiVERsn y )
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%t\
157
gnlar stripes on white cloths, then add a little soda and
lemon juice, when the linen becomes striped with the
brightest colors. At this feast every child carries one
of these variegated banners on the end of a stick.
A very interesting discovery in connection with this
dye was made some years since. There was found a
number of round cavities cut in the solid limestone
rock, varying in size from that of an ordinary iron
pot to that of a large cauldron, the largest being
seven feet in diameter by eight feet in depth. They
were perfectly smooth on the inside, and most of
them shaped exactly like a large pot of the present
day ; broad and flat at the bottom, and contracting
towards the top. Some were found in clusters, others
detached. Tliose in clusters were connected at the
top by small channels cut in the stones. Nearly all
of these pot-holes were filled with a breccia of shells ;
in other places where the pots were empty, this
breccia lie in heaps beside the rock. These doubt-
less were the mortars or vats in which the purple
dye was manufactured ; and this breccia is the same
described by the old authors, as that from which the
color was extracted. These stone pots or vats might
also have been used for dyeing cloth ; as such pots,
either cut in the rock or formed of baked clay, and
sunk in the earth, are still found in many'parts of
the East, and may be seen in some of the back streets
of Alexandria and Cairo, and such ai-e used for in-
digo dyeing throughout JSTorthern Africa.
hieam's tomb.
About six miles fi'om the city of Tyre, among the
\\L
hills which are dotted with many villages cosil;y
bowered in groves of olive, orange, lemon, and pome-
granate trees, there stands a grand and massive sarco-
phagus lifted high on a solid pedestal of limestone,
with a deep arched well or large cistern near it. This
sarcophagus is 12 ft. 11 in. long by 7 ft. 8 in. wide, and
3 ft. 6 in. high ; the lid is roof -shaped and 3 ft. 6 in.
high. The lid is apparently unfinished in the respect
that there are none of the elevated corners so constant
a feature in all other tombs in this vicinity, and as
appears in the illustration; the shape of the stone
favors the supposition that the corners may have been
broken off. The base is formed of three tiers of
stones each 13 feet long, by nearly 11 ft. wide.
The stones forming the third course project a little
all around, and are 15 feet long, 10 wide, and 3 feet
4 inches thick. The next on which the coffin rests is
12 feet 3 inches long, and 8 feet thick.*
The view is from the west end, from which direc-
tion it is seen to the best advantage. There is no at-
tempt at finish anywhere ; the great blocks of stone
were only squared and laid over one another, without
any intentional architectural effect beyond the slightly
decreasing size of the immense blocks. The cap-
stone or lid is raised in the centre like a roof, in the
manner of other lids of sarcophagi, which are found
scattered about in many parts of Palestine.
The east end of this tomb has been broken oj)en,
but whether by robbers in search of plunder or by
curiosity-seekers is not known. With the exception
* These dimendons were taken by Robert Morris in 1868, who
made the most accurate measurement of them ever yet taken.
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of the break tins monument has not been injured, and
only shows the touches of time during the many cen-
turies it has been exposed to the severe winter storms
of this coast.
The site was well selected for the sepulchre of the
great Phoenician king, being high on the brow of a
hill, or rather on the crest of a range of hills, where
the eye may look over the plain to the sea and the
city, which once boasted of its rule on that sea as a
god.
The commanding location of this tomb, its massive
proportions and neighboring ruins, are strongly cor-
roborative of the tradition that this was the last rest-
ing place of King Solomon's friend. It is of great
antiquity, and the surrounding ruins indicate that this
was only the central body, around and over which
was a structure adorned in a style befitting the pur-
pose, the age, and the wealth of the nation, which
boasted of its advanced position among the culti-
vated nations.
There are several other tombs scattered about in
the fields in this vicinity, which are popularly said to
have been those of various members of King Hiram's
family.
These stone coflSns are still quite numerous in thiB
part of Palestine, although the Mohammedans have
been breaking them up for building purposes, or
burning them into lime for ages. Several hundred
are still lying about the hill near Klian Khuldeh,
twelve miles south of Beirut. Some of them are or-
namented with carvings of flowers, wreaths of leaves,
cherubs, Baal head figures of warriors, very well de-
;f!^
signed, and nearly all have raised coruers, somewhat
hke a horn.
But nowhere is there any instance of an inscription,
mark, or character, except on the coffin of the King
of Sidon, which was brought to light a few years
since.
The whole vicinity of Hiram's tomb abounds in
ruins of Phoenician character, the most important of
which is a pavement in colored marble covering the
whole inside area of a heathen temple, with figm-es of
Greek and Phcenician deities, each with the name cut
in ancient Greek or Phoenician letters on each side of
the head and inside of a circle. There are altogether
40 gods and goddesses porti-ayed ; besides on one side
48 circles containing fishes, animals, and fowls, and
on the other 64 circles of the same character. Be-
tween the columns are animals chasing each other,
such as leopards, lions, bears, chasing deer, boars, rab-
bits, etc. There is quite a natural history in this
pavement. Some Greek words and names found here
may help to fix the date of the structure, which has
not yet been determined.
The number of important ruins in this part of
Phoenicia is so great as to fill a large volume, with
even a slight notice of each, proving that the Phoeni-
cians were a highly-cultivated, skillful, and wealthy
jieople, fond of the fine arts and full of public spirit.
Their descendants who now occupy the country are
simply barbarians in comparison, caring little for the
arts, bent only on a fanatical display of veneration
and devotion to God, and — his prophet Mohammed.
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LEBANON.
A SKETCH OF ITS HISTOBT. ITS WONDEKFtJL TOPO-
GKAPHY. THE KENOWNED CEDARS. THE FOREST
WHERE THEY WERE PROCURED FOR SOLOMOn's TEMPLE.
HOW THEY WERE CONVEYED FROM THE MOUNTAINS
TO THE SEA, AND MADE UP INTO FLOATS. THE SINGU-
LAR INHABITANTS OF LEBANON ; THEIR MANNERS
AND CUSTOMS. THE AKALS, A SECRET ORDER, HAVING
SIGNS, GRIPS, AND WORDS ANALOGOUS TO THOSE IN
USE AMONG FREEMASONS.
Lebanon is first mentioned in the covenant pro-
mise given by the Lord to Israel (Deut. I, 7 ; xi. 24).
To tlie inhabitants South, the cool streams and ver-
dant forests must have been an earthly paradise
when contrasted with their parched and thirsty
country .
The mountains were originally inhabited by a
number of independent war-like tribes, some of-
whom Josiiua conquered on the banks of lake
Merom. Further north were the Ilivites, Giblites,
and Arkites, whose names still cling to the ruins of
their ancient strongholds. The Israelites were never
able to subdue them ;but the Phoenicians had them
under their power, or in their pay, for they got tim-
ber from the mountains, and were able to supply
Solomon with cedars from their forests. During
the conquests of David, and the commercial prosper-
ity of the Jews under Solomon, they became ac-
quainted with the riches, grandeur, and luxuriant,
foliage of Lebanon ; and ever after, that mountain
was regarded as an emblem of wealth and majesty
During the reign of the Selencidae several hai'g(
cities were founded, and others rebuilt in these
mountains. At the commencement of the Christian
era, Lebanon, with the rest of Syria, passed into the
hands of E.ome ; and under its rule great cities were
built, and beautiful temples erected. The hights
on which Baal fires had burned in primeval times,
and the groves where the rude mountain tribes wor-
shipped their idols, became the site of noble build-
ings whose ruins, to this day, excite the admiration of
every traveller. The temples of Baalbek and Chal-
cis were not surpassed even in Greece.
Owing to the almost inaccessible nature of this
mountain country, its inhabitants have enjoyed great
immunity from the wars and persecutions that have
desolated other portions of Palestine ; and while
Christianity was nearly extirpated from the rest of
Syria, it has retained its hold here ; and the Maron-
ites and Druzes, who still occupy the greater part of
the range, are the lineal descendants of the ancient
Syrians.
The Maronites now number over 200,000. The
Druzes, their hereditary foes, dwell towards the
southern end of the range, and number about 80,000.
The jealousies and feuds of these rival sects often
desolate Lebanon with fire and sword. The whole
range is now under the authority of the Pasha of
Damascus.
GEOGKAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY.
The mountain chain of Lebanon commences in
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Galilee near Acre, lat. 33° and extends in a nortli
easterly direction, and nearly parallel with the Med
iterranean, to the plain of Ilamath in lat. 34° 40',
making its extreme length 100 geographical miles,
and the average width of its base is about 20 miles.
The highest peak, Dahr el Kudib, is 25 miles from
the northern extremity, and jnst above a grove of
the cedars. Its elevation is 10,051 feet; 23 miles
to the southward of this is the massive round sum-
mit of Sunin, — 8,500 feet high ; and the next highest
peak is Jebel-Keniseh, 6,824 feet. The twin peaks,
the highest peaks of Southern Lebanon, are about
6,700 feet high. From these the fall is rapid to the
ravine of the river Litany.
The view of Lebanon from the Mediterranean
is grand and picturesque. It appears to rise
from the deep like a vast wall ; the top covered
with snow during winter and spring; and the highest
peaks capped with ice and snow throughout the sul-
triest days of mid-summer. The slopes facing the
Mediterranean are long and gradual, and furrowed
from top to bottom with deep rugged ravines, —
broken everywhere by lofty cliffs of white rock, and
tens of thousands of terrace walls rise like steps of
stairs from the sea to the snow capped peaks far
above.
Nearly the whole mass of the mountain consists of
a whitish limestone, or at least the rocky surface, as
it everywhere exhibits a whitish aspect. The moun-
tains of Lebanon teem with villages, and are culti-
vated more or less nearly to the top. Yet so steep and
rocky is the surface that the tillage is carried or
«
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mostly by means of terraces built up with great labor,
and covered above with soil. In looking upwards
from below the vegetation on the terraces is not seen,
so that the whole mountain side appears as if com-
posed of immense rugged masses of naked rocks, and
one ignorant of the topographical peculiarities and
ao;ricultural resources of this region would not sus-
pect that among these rocks there existed a multitude
of thrifty villages, and a numerous population of
hardy, industrious, and brave mountaineers. But on
reversing the view, and looking down the western
slope from the brow of one of the projecting bluffs,
a totally different, and highly picturesque scene is
presented to view. The small areas at the tops of
the terraces are green and golden-hued with vines,
corn, and the foliage of the mulberry. The steeper
banks and tops of ridges have their forests of pine
and oak ; while far away down in the glens, around
the villages and convents, are groves of olives.
Cultivation extends only to the hight of about 6,000
feet ; above that line the mountains are nearly desti-
tute of vegetation.
-1^
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RIVERS.
The southern end of Ccele-Syria is divided by a
low ridge into two branches. Down the eastern
branch runs the Wady el-Teim, a tributary of the
Jordan, and down the western flows the Litany. The
latter branch soon contracts into a deep wild chasm,
whose banks are in some places over a thousand
feet high, of naked rocks, and nearly perpendicular.
At one spot this ravine is only 60 feet wide, and is
, I
A
169
spanned by a natural bridge about 100 feet above tho
stream. Above it,rises vast walls of naked limestone,
pierced with numerous caves. At this place the
scenery is strikingly magnificent. The high cliffs
nearly meet overhead ; and rugged masses of rocks
shoot out from dizzy bights above, and appear as if
about to plunge into the chasm below ; the mad river
far down in the depths dashing along from rapid to
rapid, in sheets of foam. In wild grandeur this has
but few equals in the world.
The other rivers of Lebanon are the Nahr-el-Kelb
(Dog River), Nahr-el-Kebir, Kadisha, and the Adonis.
These rivers are fed by the eternal snows on the sum-
mits of the mountains, and their waters are all re-
freshingly cool until far down the mountain sides.
Among the most noted is the Nahr-el-Kelb, which
rises high up on the flank of the peak of Sunnin
and dashes down through a deep glen. To the Mason
the mouth of this river is a place of great interest,
as being one of the two places where the cedars were
made up into floats to be conveyed to Joppa for the
Temple of Solomon.
The Leontes — The sources of this river are at
Baalbek, and Chalcis. The upper section of this
stream is now called the Litany, and the lower sec-
tion, the Kasimiyeh.
The Kadisha, or Sacred River, — has its highest
source around the most important grove of cedars,
and decends through a deep, grand ravine 1,000 feet
deep. Here, on opposite banks, are two villages the
people of which can easily converse across the chasm,
but to reach each other would require a toilsome
walk of hours. In a wild cleft of this ravine is the
convent of Kanobin, the residence of the Maronile
patriarch. The mouth of this river is a short dis-
tance below Tripolis, and here also a considerable
portion of the cedar-timber for the Temple was
brought from the mountains to be conveyed to Joppa.
The Adonis — was famous Jn ancient fable as the
scene of the romantic story of Adonis and Venus.
Adonis was said to have been killed by a boar on its
banks, and his blood dyed the waters, which have ever
since, on the anniversary of his death, run red to the
sea. The source of this stream is a noble fountain
beside the ruins of a temple of Yenus, and near the
site of Aphica. The Adonis empties into the sea, a
short distauce south of Gebal.
11
CLIMATE.
There is a great difference in the climate between
the base of the mountains and their summits. In
the plain of Dan, at the fountain of the Jordan, the
heat and vegetation are almost tropical ; and the ex-
halations from the marshy plain render this region
unhealthy ; and the semi-nomads who inhabit it are
as dark in complexion as Egyptians; but in the
plains of Coele-Syria, 3,000 feet, and Damascus, 2,500
feet above the level of the sea, more or less snow falls
every winter, and often to the depth of six and seven
feet. The main ridges of Lebanon are generally
covered with snow from December till March— some-
times so deep that the roads are impassable for weeks
together. During the whole summer the higher
parts of the mountains are cool and pleasant, and the
in
air extremely dry. From the first of June till about
tlie 20th of September rain never falls, and clouds
are seldom seen. About the 20th of September the
M'inter rains begin, usually accompanied with vivid
lightning. The coldest months are January and
February. The barley harvest begins about the first
of August. Between an elevation of 2,000 and 5,000
feet the thermometer seldom rises liigher than 70°
to 80° Fahr. in the hottest months of the year. The
nights are cool and pleasant. In fact, the climate of
this region in summer is enchanting. The air is so
dry and pure, that objects are seen at a greater dis-
tance than in most any other part of the world ; and
by night the stars glow with unparalleled splendor in
a firmament so clear that one almost fancies that the
eye can penetrate further into its marvellous depths
than in any other land.
Beyroot, being next to the foot of these mountains,
enjoys a very equitable and salubrious climate, which
is a gi-eat inducement to invalids, or famihes travel-
ling in pursuit of health to stop there ; and such per-
sons find it a very pleasant and healthy residence. The
close proximity of the mountains affords the means
of changing the temperature at will ; and the inter-
esting country of the Druzes is but a short distance
up the mountains, and Baalbek but forty miles distant.
Visits to these places, and to the cedars, form highly
interesting excursions, while to the cave of St.
George is only a morning walk. The great health-
fulness of the climate will be seen from the fact that
the natives are a peculiarly robust race, most of them
possessing great muscular strength. It is no uncom-
1
m
mon thing to see a porter on the Marina, at Beyroot,
walk away with a bale of cotton-twist on his shoulders
weighing 600 lbs.
PRODUCTIONS.
The principal productions of Lebanon are wheat,
barley, maize, melons, pumpkins, peas, beans, carrots,
turnips, potatoes, cucumbers, tobacco, cotton, walnuts,
figs, olives, and grapes.
Where water is plenty, irrigation is extensively
practised, and the crops are luxuriant. The flowers
are the tulip, pink, anemone, ranunculus, geranium,
crocus, lily, star of Bethlehem, convolvulus, etc. ; all
of which are bright and beautiful.
THE KENOWNED CEDAES OF LEBANON.
The cedar is frequently mentioned in the Bible,
and in several passages it is styled the glory of Lelja-
non ; and in the 29th Psalm, how grand is the intro-
duction of the cedar ! " The voice of the Lord is
upon the waters ; the God of glory thundereth ; the
voice of the Lord breaketh the cedars of Lebanon."
Well might the cedar be called the glory of
Lebanon. The mag-nificence of the living; tree, and
the beauty, fragrance, and durability of the timber
distinguish it among all the trees of the mountain
forest. Religion, poetry, and history have equally
consecrated them. They furnish a class of images
which inspired writers used with especial preference.
Its great durability is astonishing, as it has fre-
quently been found as sound as when cut, after being
in use over two thousand years. According to Pliny,
cedar- wood of near two thousand years old was found
in the temple of Apollo at Utica.
In the times of David and Solomon the cedar was
flinch used in the construction of palaces and tem-
ples ; consequently, in the aiTaiigement between
Iliram of Tyre, and King Solomon, by which the
former agreed to furnish the cedar timber for the
Temple, there was nothing out of the ordinary course
of the business arrangements of that period. On the
pai't of King Hii-am it was stipulated that King Sol-
omon should furnish a certain number of craftsmen
and laborers, who were to work under the more ex-
perienced woodcutters of Tyre ; and the payment
was to be in provisions, partly for the use of the labor-
ers, and partly for the supply of the Tyrian market
Nothing could be fitter for the purpose required
tlian cedar wood. Its size and straightness, and
above all, its durability, were most essential for edi-
fices that were designed to last. The beauty of the
wood, the high polish of which it was capable, and
its fragrance, all recommended it foi- the Temple.
The ancient cedar forests of Lebanon were of great
extent, and contained a vast amount of timber, but
they never recovered from the thinning made by Sol-
omon's 80,000 hewers; and they have been dwind-
ling away for many centuries, until the words have
been literally fulfilled : " Lebanon is ashamed and
hewn down ;" '' The high ones of stature sliall be hewn
down, and the trees of his forest be few, that a little
child may write them."
The region of the famous cedars is near the north-
ern end of the range, principally around aid be-
SrO^^iri^
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WWrf^^^M^^^p^
tween the sources of the rivers Kadislia and Nahi
el-Kelb. The timber for the Temple of Solomon
was procured near the heads of these two streams,
the first of which is sixteen miles from the sea, and
the second, fourteen. After the trees were cut and
hewn, the timber was conveyed down the courses of
the rivers (doubtless floated) to their mouths, w^here
it was made up into floats and conveyed to Joppa,
thence overland to Jerusalem/
At the mouths of both of these rivers are small in-
lets or harbors, which made them convenient places
for making up the floats and getting them ready for
sea ; the mouths of these streams are also historic
localities of considerable impoi-tance. The bay at
the mouth of the Nahr-el-Kelb is a short distance
north of Beyroot, the situation of which will be
miderstood by reference to the illustration. In the
foreground is the bay, and on the right are the
points which jut out into it north-east of Bej^root,
The mouth of the river is discovered just beyond
the rocky promontory, across tlie bay. On the pro-
montory are inscriptions and sculptures engraved
by the conquerors of Syria, from Egypt, Assyria,
Macedonia and France ; and above, far away in the
distant sky, the peaks of Lebanon ai-e seen, whitened
with eternal snows.
The mouth of the Kadisha is thirty-five miles
north of the mouth of the Nahr-el-Kelb, and here is
an ancient port, also the ruins of ancient buildings.
The town of Tripolis is a short distance up the river.
Wliat interesting recollections cluster around this
little harbor! Here nearly three tliousand yeai-s ago
I 1(1
the craftsmen of King Solomon and Hiram might
have been seen busily engaged, making up the frag-
rant cedar timber into floats, preparatory to its jour-
ney to Jerusalem, where it was to become a part of
the chosen house of God. In the forest, fifteen
miles above here were many thousands of men at work,
clad in their ancient costumes, and using their curi-
ous ancient tools ; some felling the trees, othei-s
squaring and preparing them for their respective
places a]\d uses in the Temple ; others, again, con-
veying the timber down the mountain to the sea ;
altogether making a scene full of life and replete with
interest.
Of all the magnificent ancient forests of Lebanon,
there now remain only three small groves, and a few
scattered trees, and only in one of these are there any
of the old cedars. This grove is the one around the
source of the river Kadisha, about sixteen miles S.E.
by S. from Tripoli. The u]>per part of the valley
of the Kadisha is quite broad and flat, and across it
extends a row of low, rocky hills, which are only
from 60 to 100 feet high, but the whole is 6,500
feet above the level of the sea. On these hills
is the grove of cedars, and there are here son:ie
400 trees, but of the original patriarchs of the
forest, that were here in the time of Solomon, there
remain only about a dozen trees, and the trunks of
these have been much injured by travelers cutting
their names on them. The largest of these relics
measures forty-five feet in circumference ; another,
which is nearly three-sided, measures about 12 feet
on each side ; others measure from 40 feet down to
20 feet in circumference. So that these giants are
more remarkable for girth than stature, as the high-
est does not exceed 70 feet.
The stately bearing and graceful repose of the
younger cedars contrasts singularly with the wild
and fiantic attitude of the old ones; these appear
as if flinging about their knotty and inuscular limbs
like so many Laocoons, while . others lie rotting at
their feet. Their tenacity of life is marvellous, and
they look as if they had been struggling for existence
for thousands of years after they had reached matur-
ity. The very air of the cedar impresses the beholder
with the idea of its comparative immortality. There
is a firmness in the bark and a stability in the trunk,
in the mode in which it lays hold of the ground, and
in the form of the branches and their insertion intc
the trunk, scarcely found in any other tree. The foli-
age, too, is superior to that of any other of the forest
tribe, each branch being perfect in its form. The
points of the leaves spread upwards into little tufts,
and the whole upper surface of the branch has the
appearance of rich green velvet.
The remaining relics of this once noble forest are,
certainly, the most celebrated natural monuments in
the universe ; and to Masons, among the most highly
interesting, as they were living though silent wit-
nesses of the preparation by the craftsmen of Solomon
of their mates and contemporaries, for supports and
adornments of the wonderful Temple on Mount
Moriah.
Their evergreen boughs, and the imperishable na-
ture of the wood, are typical of the imperishable prin-
I^^KSgf
ciples of the ancient order, and of the immortality of
the soul.
The natives of Lebanon have a traditional venera-
tion for these ancient cedars. They believe that an
evil fate will surely overtake any one who shall dare
to lay sacrilegious hands on these " saints," as they
fondly call them. Every year at the feast of the trans-
figuration, the Maronites, Greeks and Armenians
mount to the cedars, and celebrate mass on a rude altar
of stone at their feet. How many prayers have re-
sounded under their branches ! and what more sub-
lime temple, what altar nearer the heavens ! What
fane more majestic and holy, than this lofty level of
Lebanon, the trunks of those primeval cedars, and the
canopy of those sacred branches, which have shaded,
and still shade so many human generations, pronounc-
ing the name of God in different languages, but
recognizing him everywhere in his works, and ador-
ing- him in the manifestation of his creation !
Kums.
The ruins of ancient templet have been discovered
in various parts of Lebanon ; some of them high up
the mountain, where it must have been very difficult
to build ; all exhibiting a style of architecture simi-
lar to the remarkable structures of Baalbek. The
ruins of one of these temples are visible from Bey-
root. It was built of immense hewn stone, without
cement, and with large columns in front. It is now
little more than a heap of ruins. Among the heights
of Lebanon, near Lake Limon, are the ruins of another
ancient temple. They are in the centre of an area
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forming a square of about 80 paces across, bounded
bj' a massive wall of well-hewn stones, laid without
mortar. From this extreme boundary, through which
a large ruined gate-way gives admission, the ground
everywhere rises by a regular ascent to a mass of
fallen ruins, resting on a basement elevated by three
steps above the adjacent soil. These ruins exhibit
fi-agments of Doric columns, pieces of entablature,
and many other parts of large columns, and stones
thrown together in a confused heap, apparently by
the shock of an earthquake. These are evidently
the remains of a very ancient edifice. The portico
had faced the entrance, and a wide flight of stairs,
connecting the entrance with the temple, was half-
buried beneath the shattered architraves and broken
columns. Every part had been massive ; the cella
had consisted of five or six columns on each side,
and of large diameter ; the whole completely over-
thrown. But from the scattered fragments every-
where visible, the plan of this ancient structure may
be very accurately made out.
TOWIf AND CASTLE OF TKIPOLIS.
Tripolis is situated a short distance above the mouth
of the river Kadisha, and 35 miles N. E. of Beyroot.
It was down the course of this river that much of the
timber for Solomon's Temple was brought, and in the
little port at its mouth it was made up into floats to
be conveyed to Joppa. Tripolis consisted originally,
as its name imports, of three towns, formed severally
by colonies, from Tyre, Sidon, and Aradus, which
ultimately coalesced into one. It is situated about a
.»i?3^^^^
Tripolis.
JC?^'^. .■^'^-'
Aiab Dance. — Tripolis.
rtic '
mile and a half from the shore of the Mediterranean,
on one of the lowest spurs of Lebanon, and is sur-
rounded by an old fortress built by Raymond de
Toulouse, which commands the town and environs.
This place retains many marks of the age of the
Crusaders ; among them sevei-al high arcades of
Gothic architecture, under which the streets run.
The houses are white and generally well built ; and
the whole place has a' light and clean appearance.
The river Kadisha flows through Tripolis, and is the
life of the town. Tlie Wady Kadisha, higher up
than Tripolis, is one of the most picturesque valleys
in the world. It is crossed a short distance above the
town by an aqueduct built on arches, and on one of
the arches is a Latin cross carved in relief, which in-
dicates that the aqueduct was constructed by the
Counts of Tripolis in the times of the Crusaders. This
aqueduct is 130 paces long and a little over 7 feet
wide. The fall being considerable, the water flows
as rapidly as through a sluice-way, so that it may
well be imagined that even a pedestrian feels con-
siderable trepidation at crossing it, as it has to be
done along the narrow, unguarded ledge not occupied
by the waters ; yet it is related that in 1802, a Mar-
onite, belonging to one of the chief families of Le-
banon, being hotly pursued by the soldiers of the
governor of Tripolis, galloped his horse across this
aqueduct at full speed.
Raymond de Agile, one of the oldest chroniclers,
speaking of a battle fought here between the Crusa-
ders and the Saracens, says coolly that " it was a
delectable thing to see the little stream of the aque-
m
186
duct carrying into the city the mangled bodies of
both nobles, and men of the commoner sorts."
The road leading from Tripolis to the mountains
affords an admirable view. It winds along the banks
of the river, enclosed between hills, and overshadowed
by beautiful trees, and orange groves. A kiosk or
cafe, built beneath these trees, offers its perfumed
terrace to promenaders, who" resort thither to drink
coffee, smoke, and enjoy the fragrance of the air
wafted from above the stream. From this spot a fine
view is had of the sea, the numerous vessels in the
roads, and the picturesque Syrian towers along the
coast.
i!
THE SINGULAR PALACE OF BTEDDIN.
This unique oriental palace is about half-way be-
tween Beyroot and Seyde, and stands on a bold spur
of the mountains. It was built by the Emir Beshir,
whose sway, previous to the war, extended over nearly
all of Lebanon. This palace is of great extent, and
of various and singular shapes, and elevations, form-
ing long, wide terraces, clustei-s of cupolas, square
towers, spreading out their tops into overhanging
battlement, and galleries piled on galleries, present-
ino; Ions: ranojes of slender columns and arcades. The
broad courts descend like immense flights of stairs-
from the highest platform to the outer wall of the for-
tifications.
In former times the large marble staircase
leading to the harem, and the gorgeous portal, were
thronged with black slaves, magnificently dressed,
and bristling with splendid arms. The vast court-
Palace of Bteddin,
Mouth of the Nahr-el-Kelb.
189
yards <.)f tlie palace were crowded with domestics, re-
tainers, priests, aud soldiers, in all the various and
picturesque costumes of the different peoples of Le-
banon. Five or six hundred horses, covered with
brilliant housings of every color, were tied to ropes
stretched across the court. Groups of camels were
standing, lying down, or kneeling to be loaded or un-
loaded ; and on the highest terrace of the inner court
young pages might be seen pursuing each other on
horseback, and Hinging the jreed or bent low on the
saddle to avoid the blow ; then wheeling around, they
galloped at full speed at their disarmed antagonist,
and went through all the rapid evolutions of their
warlike o-ame, with admirable o-race and address :al-
together presenting a scene of oriental and barbaric
life and splendor.
THE INHABITANTS OF LEBANON THEIR MANNERS AND
CUSTOMS.
As the wonderful topogra})hy of Lebanon, its
famous and almost sacred cedars, its singular history
combine to render the subject both interesting and
edifying, a description of its inhabitants will not be
found uninteresting in this connection.
The inhabitants of Lebanon are divided into three
distinct sects, viz. : Maronites, Drnzes, and Metualis.
The Maronites inhabit that part of Lebanon to the
north of the river Nahr-el-Kelb, including Kesrouan
and Bsherray, they are also found in cities and lai'ge
towns as far north as Aleppo, and as far south as
Nazareth; but as cultivators of the soil thej' are at
home only in Lebanon. They number nearly 200,000.
SCd
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100
The Druses occupy the country from the river Dar-
monr, between Beyroot and Seyde, as far as the lati-
tude of the mouth of the Kadisha, in towns and
viHages solely belonging to them, or which they share
with Greeks, Mai-onites, and Armenians. They num-
ber about 80,000.
The Metuali villages are in the south part of
Lebanon, towards the Cape of Sarfend, or Sarepta.
There are also nearly a thousand families of them in
Baalbek and vicinity. They number 40,000.
The Mai'onites derive their name from Marroun,
a hermit, who flourished in the odor of sanctity in
the fifth century. In A. D. 681, his followers were
condemned by the general council of Constantinople,
as holding the monotheistic heresy ; and being driven
from the greater part of Syria, they took refuge on
the mountains of Lebanon. For several centuries
after this Lebanon continued to be an asylum from
religious persecutions of every cast, and in this way
pagans and Christians amalgamated for many ages,
and were governed even by a single head.
The Maronites, although they adhered to the Latin
Church, still remained under the authority of their
own Patriarchs ; and in the events which followed the
Crusades, their attachment to the Church of Rome
became much diminished ; but they were won back
by able negotiations in the year 14-03 ; and in 1405
they renewed their recognition of the supremacy
of the Pope, since which time they have prided
themselves on their fidelity to the Holy See. Mass is
celebrated in Syriac, although but few of them un-
derstand it. The communion is administered in
Horsemen. — Lebanon.
Peasants. — Lebanon.
of i Jr
both kinds. The host is a small round loaf of the
thickness of a finger, and about the size of a crown
piece. On the top of it is the impression of a seal,
which is eaten by the priest, who cuts the remainder
into small pieces, and, putting it into the wine in the
cup, administers it to each person with a spoon.
Celibacy is not strictly imposed on the Maronite
priests, who may be ordained though married, but
cannot marry a second time if the first wife die.
The Patriarch is elected by the bishops, subject to
the approval of the Pope. The Patriarch's authority
is unlimited; and all the Christians of the mountains
pay him great respect and deference. He has but to
speak to be obeyed implicitly. The influence of the
bishop is- also very great — so much so that the Turkish
authorities are careful not to offend them, knowing
that a word from their lips would be enough to raise
the whole population. The bishops and clergy are
held in such awe and respect that whoever approaches
them is expected to kiss their hands, which they never
fail to present ; and they are displeased if Europeans
withhold this mark of reverence. The simple man
ners prevailing among this people are doubtless
attributable to the potent influence of the clergy.
Retribution speedily follows every offence, however
slight, and the clergy are rigorous in preventing dis-
order or scandal among the members of their flocks.
Befoi-e a young man can marry he must get the con-
sent of both his pastor and his bishop. If they dis-
prove of the marriage they prohibit it, and the Maron
ite has no remedy. If an unmarried girl becomes a
mother, her seducer is compelled to marry her ; if he
Vt3'75>
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194
refuse, he is forced to comply by measures of severity
— imprisonment and bastinadoing. The influence of
the clergy extends to every detail of domestic life,
and they have at their command a fearful word of
execration — a vt^ord that excites unbounded horror
whenever uttered. This word applied to an indi-
vidual would instantly bar every door against him ;
as no one would have any communication with, or
sell, or give anytliing to one accursed Wee him — this
word of such terrible import \%—frainassoon {free-
7naso7i). A Maronite believes in his heart that a
freemason is a horrible being, whose soul is doomed
to irretrievable perdition, that he has constant deal-
ings with Satan, and that he is endowed with a thous-
and infernal qualities, that he possesses atrocious
means of making mischief, of casting malignant
spells, inflicting disease on the faithful, making them
give way to temptation, and dragging them down
with himself to the bottomless pit.
Among the Maronites there are, besides the clergy,
two general classes, the Sheikhs and the common peo-
ple ; the Sheikhs derive their superiority from the an-
tiquity of their families, and from their wealth; but
all the different classes are husbandmen, as every man
cultivates with his own hands the little domain he
owns or farms. In this respect the Sheikhs live in
the same manner as the common people, and are only
distinguished from them by the possession of a good
horse, and a display of better wearing apparel ; also
some advantage in houses and food. Property is as
secure here as in Europe, and the traveller may
journey through these mountains with perfect safety.
195
and always be hospitably received. Keading, writ-
ing, arithmetic and the catechism are taught among
them, yet their ignorance on other subjects and of
the outsjjde world is really curious. A French traveller
was asked by a Maronite, *' had they a moon in his
country?" and a lady travelling here excited such
curiosity among her sex,that they laid violent hands
on her that they might satisfy themselves whether
the women of Europe and those of Lebanon were of
the same species.
THE DEUZES,
Although not so numerous as the Maronites, are the
most courageous and warlike people in Lebanon.
Everything belonging to this singular people is cal-
culated to excite curiosity and interest : their man-
ners and customs, their bravery, their stability of
character, and, above all, the mystery that has so long
hung over their moral history; for even at this day
but little is known of the Druzes' doctrines and their
religious rites and ceremonies, as they are kept secret.
The founder of the Druze religion was the Caliph
Hakim Bi-Amar-Alah, the third of the Fatemites,
who became Caliph of Cairo in the j^ear of. the II e-
gira 386. His reign was distinguished by great ex-
travagances; he forbade women even to go out of
doors, and forbade shoemakers making any kind of
foot-gear for their use, on pain of death ; all neces-
sary supplies were to be conveyed to them through
loop-holes in the walls, by means of long poles, so
that none might see them. Not contented with such
follies, he styled himself God, and the founder of a
196
new religion, which was to supersede that of Mohain*
med ; but after an execrable reign of twenty-four
years he was murdered by his minister, Hamiz ; and
the succeeding Caliph persecuted those who believed
in his divine character, when many of the sect fled
to Syria, and there propagated their doctrines anew.
Each Druze family religiously preserves, and trans-
mits from father to son, what is called the purse of
faith. This is a small sum of money, carefully sealed
up in a small black bag, which is to serve as a token
of recognition on the transmigration of the soul of
the head of the family into another body. Should a
Druze return to life after several successive transmi-
grations, he could make himself known as a true be-
liever by means of the purse of faith. When the
father dies, the son, selected by the father (usually
the eldest), succeeds to the sacred purse, which he
is forbidden to open, even in his most urgent need.
During a revolt, some years since, a few of these purses
were found, that had been thus sealed up in parch-
ment for hundreds of years, without ever having been
opened. The other children of the deceased father
receive each a small black stone of jet or agate, in
token of hope, union, and recognition.
There is an order among the Druzes, the members
of which have signs and tohens for Dm iil recogni-
tion, which are analogous to those used a,... free-
masons. The initiated everywhere recognize each
other ; \vlien tv/o Druzes meet, and discover, by certain
signs, that they are both Akals, they proceed to inter-
rogate as follows : — One of them inquires : "Dost thou
know, in thy country, a plant of peGuliar excellence
above all others f"* "Yes," is the reply: "it is the
alilege." "Where does this marvellous plant grow?"
" In the hearts of the faithful Druzes, who believe in
the unity of the God Hakim Bi-Amar." Although
they have now recognized each other as belonging to
the initiated, the proof is not yet complete, so they
next grasp each other'' s hands, the one giving the left
hand, and the other the right, and then whisper the
W2ixne?> oi the five prophets, or Itedouhs ; also three
other mystic words, intelligible only to those who
have reached these degrees of the Akals. The in-
quiry and recognition are now complete, and they
salute each other, laying their hands on their hearts.
Among no other people is there to be found so
strong a faith in amulets (itedjabs) as among the
Druzes.* They possess a great number of them ;
and such implicit confidence do they repose in the
virtue of their talismans, that when armed with an
itedjab, even in the most desperate engagements,
their courage is often exalted to an indescribable
degree. The wealthiest among them wear signet
rings, called Katem Suleyman, believed to have been
enchanted by virtue of the name of Solomon. These
rings are usually of silver, on one surface of which is
inscribed stars and cdbalistic figures.
In addition to the portion of Lebanon occupied
by the Druzes, the}'' have about seventy villages in
Anti-Lebanon, and their capitals are Ammatour and
Bachlin, in Lebanon, and Ilasbeya and Kasheya, in
Anti-Lebanon. Each of these places is a rallying
point for the nation, and possesses a religious edifice
* Sylvester De Sacy. Religion des Druses.
198
(Khalueh) in which are deposited their sacred books
and their war standards. The Druzes, like the other
races of Syria, are distinguished by a peculiar cast
of features ; the natives of the country recognize a
Maronite, a Druze, or a Metuali at a glance, Tlie
physiognomy of the Druze is noble, grand, and
sometimes even tinctured with ferocity. The men
are well made, active, musciilar, and possessed of
extraordinary powers of endurance. To this is added
the most dauntless intrepidity. The women, of whom
they are very jealous, are taller in pro]>ortion than
the men, with fine figures and clear, rosy-white com-
plexions, luxuriant raven hair, and eyes of clearest
blue. The character of the Druze is quite contradic-
tory. Yindictive, sanguinary and haughty by nature,
tliey conceal these traits under an exquisite suavity
of demeanor, and fully compensate for these traits
by their unbounded hospitality, genei-osity, and lofti-
ness of soul. Their code of morals is extremely
rigid, and the greatest good faith prevails in their
mutual dealings ; their word once passed becomes a
sacred oath, as binding as the most solemn contract.
Points of honor are strictly insisted on by them, and
the least insult is instantly avenged with the khanjai',
or rifle ; M'hereas among the people of the plains an
insult or slight only provokes abusive retort.
Though the Druzes inhabit many villages in com-
mon with the Christians, yet they have but little
intercourse with them ; never marrying with them,
and holding them in sovereign contempt. The
Druzes so despise Europeans that the worst insult one
can put on another is the exclamation, " Ma}' God
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put a hat on you!" Still their hospitality is extended
to all, and the traveler who presents himself at their
doors is sure of being entertained with food and lodg-
ing in the most generous manner; and when they
have once partaken of bread and salt with their guests,
no subsequent event can induce them to violate their
hospitality. Many instances in point are related.
ToM^ards the close of the eighteenth century, an Aga
of the Janisaries having been engaged in rebellion
fled from Damascus and retired among the Druzes.
The Pasha demanded him of the Emir, threatening
war on him in case, of refusal. The Emir demanded
him of the Sheikh wlio had received him, who in-
dignantly replied : " AVTien have you known the
Druze to deliver up or betray his guest? Tell the
Emir that as long as I shall possess my beard, not a
hair of the head of my guest shall fall."
Although the Maronites are far more numerous
than the Druzes, yet the latter being so brave and
warlike a people, are more than a match for tiie
former ; consequently, the moral influence the Druzes
exercise over the other mountaineers is almost in-
credible.
When war is resolved on, every man, whether
Sheikh or peasant, able to bear arms, is called upon
to march. He takes with him a yataghan, musket,
some powder made in his native village, and his
commissary department, which consists of a small
bag of flour, and some blankets, and repairs to the
rendezvous. If it be a civil war, each clan rallies
around the standard of its chief ; and when engaged
with the enemy, each man fights with desperate
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valor, and never thinks of retreating nnless over-
wliehiied with numberSj or so completely defeated as
to leave no possible chance of retrieving the disaster.
The father bequeaths his opinions and his party to
his son ; and there is hardly an example of a Druze,
or a Maronite espousing a quarrel, or adopting a
party, other than that of his ancesters. The gather-
ing of the clans for war is described by an eye
witness as being something marvellous. Cries went
up at night to the summits of the cliffs, and thence
over the country, " To war ! to war ! take your guns,
take your pistols, arm yourselves with the lance and
yataghan : rendezvous at Deir-el-Kammar. Zeal of
God, zeal of combats." These cries, from the still-
ness of the night and their long resounding ech(^es,
had something awful in their effect ; and, as if by
magic, an army was immediately assembled at the
appointed place.
In regard to matrimony the Druzes are very ex-
clusive, as their clannishness renders them averse to
forming such alliances outside of their own people.
They invariably prefer their own relations, though
poor, to the wealthy stranger ; and indigent peasants
frequently refuse their daughters to the rich merchants
of the large towns.
The Druze takes but one wife. The young men
usually marry at the age of 18, and the girls at 14.
Three days before that fixed for a marriage, the
bridegroom, accompanied by some young men of his
own age, all well armed, proceed to formally demand
the bride of her father, who awaits the party armed
cap-a-pie, on the threshhold of his door ; and there
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gives his final sanction to the contract. The young
men fix the dowry (maahr) to be settled by the
bridegroom on his intended, and he promises her
family that he will make her happy. The betrothed
girl appears, but closely veiled, and accompanied by
her mother, and other female relatives, when the
mother guarantees the unblemished honor of her
cliild. Upon this the young man pops the question
to the fair one himself, who replies, — " ueUe tak " (I
accept you), at the same time presenting him with a
khan jar sewed up in a red and white kefileh, usually
of wool, and wrought with her own hands. The
Khanjar is a token of the protection she expects
from her husband; but it is likewise an instru-
ment destined to expiate her guilt if she has trifled
with her maiden honor, violates her marriage vow, — ■
or even fails in her duty as an obedient and duteous
wife. All parties then enter the house; and the
bride proceeds to the bath, where she spends the day
with her companions ; while the men mount their
horses and amuse themselves with their favorite games
Of remain smoking and drinking in the house. This
ceremony is twice repeated. On the night of the
wedding, the women conduct the bridegroom to the
nuptial chamber where the bride awaits him, covered
from head to foot with a red veil spangled with gold;
the bridegroom removes this, upon which the women
run out of the room screaming and gabbling
at the top of their voices, — this is the signal for a
great uproar throughout the house, which is kept up
for several hours, the men assisting in the din by
performing the dance of arms, capering about, and
'i
putting themselves in all sorts of wild and ludicrous
attitudes, clashing their sabres and yataghans together,
and feigning to be in a towering passion. All this
noise and confusion is made to drive away the djins
and other evil spirits which are believed to be very
busy about the house on such occasions.
Although the marriage ceremony occupies from two
to three days, yet it requires but an instant to dissolve
the contract, as every Druze possesses absolute power
to repudiate his wife on paying the dowry stipulated
when he takes her, and the only divorce necessary is
for the husband to oj)en his door and say to her " go."
Even if a wife asks permission of her husband to
visit her relatives, and it is given without requesting
her to return, it is considered tantamount to a di-
vorce. Yet notwithstanding this facility, divorces
are very rare, and seldom occur without grave
reasons. The woman who is convicted of conjugal
infidelity is punished with death, — not by her hus-
band, for he only returns her to her relatives with
the khanjar he received from her when they were
married, but by her relatives themselves : for her
guilt reflects shame on them, for the Druze holds
that dishonor follows the line of blood, and does not
devolve on a man or family of the other blood. The
khanjar sent back to the family of the wife without
its sheath is a significant hint to theni of their dis-
grace, and its dire consequences to their daughter.
On receiving the khanjar, the father and brother of
the guilty wife repair to the house of the husband to
investigate the case, when if proofs be wanting the
husband's oath is held snfiicient. The relatives then
203
return home and put the unhappy woman to death ;
then, as a proof to the husband that justice has had its
course, a lock of the woman's hair dyed in her blood,
is sent him.
THE METUALIS.
The Metualis are followers of Ali, and belong to
the same great division of Islamism as the Persians
and Shiites, yet there is something very peculiar in
the tenets vvliich distinguish them from all other
Mohammedans. They recognize twelve Imans as
founders of their religion, the first of whom is Ali,
and the rest his descendants to the eleventh genera-
tion. These Imans they call the twelve doctors of
the universe. All the Metualis look forward to the
speedy coming of Mouhdi (guide) of the race of Ali.
This Monlidi or Messiah will rule over the whole
world, and put all who have denied him to a fearful
death. Another Messiah they expect is Mohammed-
el-Mehady, who suddenly disappeared from the earth
after giving battle to the Caliph of Babylon, near
Kabela. Magnificent horses are always kept ready,
saddled, and caparisoned by the Metualis of Irak, in
expectation of his return ; and no one is ever allowed
to mount these steeds, as they are held in high
veneration by this sect.
Some of the Metuali families were formerly of
princely rank, and deeds of great daring and ferocity
are related of some of their emirs and chiefs. Emir
Can jar, the head of an ancient family near Baalbek,
underwent the indignity of being conscripted in 1834,
and enrolled in the Egyptian army like a common
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peasant, but he soon deserted and returned home,
where lie quietly remained until after 1840, when a
favorable opportunity presented itself of avenging
the great indignity put upon him. He, at the head
of a band of horsemen of his clan, joined the
Maronites, who had revolted, and were then en-
camped before Beyroot. His attacks were so fierce,
and his blows so well directed against the enemy,
that his name soon became famous throughout
Lebanon, for courage, strategy, and great bodily
strength, and the great injur}' he did the Egyptian
army, fully justified this reputation. He cut off
numerous convoys of provisions and other military
supplies, and for a long time blockaded the road to
Damascus. When the allied fleet appeared before
Beyroot, he applied for arms, which he distributed
among his followers, and then played an imj^ortant
part in the events that led to the expulsion of Ibrahim
Pasha from Syria.
The famous Metuali chief, Hussein-el-Shibib, i-en-
dered himself notorious by unparalleled acts of
daring and ferocity as a highway robber, having been
exasperated beyond measure by Egyptian violence
and tyranny. For over four months he infested the
route between Acre and Beyroot, killing all he could
capture. His retreat was the ruined fortress of
Medjel Ziwouin, situated on an almost inaccessible
escarpment, about seven miles from Sour. There
perched like a hawk on the lookout for prey, he
waited the appearance of travelers on the road, and
when any appeared, he pounced upon them at a place
called White Cape, near Nakoura. Once hemmed in
within that narrow pass the victim conld not escape,
as the road was a mere ledge on the perpendicular
face of a rocky wall, with the sea dashing against it
more than two hundred feet below. Here he put
them to every species of torture that savage ingenuity
could invent, and then pitched their mangled bodies
down into the sea, and their beasts after them.
Twice were detachments of Egyptian soldiers sent in
pursuit of him, but when they had reached the
perilous delile they were met by a shower of balls,
^dlich fell upon them like hail from the clouds,
whilst they themselves were unable to use their arms
to any advantage against their invisible assailants.
After many acts of daring and ferocity, and after
having twice made his way, single-handed, into the
midst of his enemies' camp by night, and cut the throats
of several soldiers, this bold brigand was compelled to
seek safety in flight, as a hea^y price was put upon his
head. He lied to the Hauran, intending to take
refuge in the Ledja, that secure asylum of outlaws ;
and had nearl}' reached the place when he was im-
})rudent enough to demand hospitality of the Sheikh
of a village. The temptation of the promised reward,
and the desire of getting the large sums Hussein was
known to carry with him, were too strong for the
Sheikh's sense of the duties of hospitality, con-
sequently, in the middle of the night, Hussein found
himself surrounded by Bedouins, disarmed, bound
hand and foot, in spite of his frantic resistance, and
carried to Damascus, where, after he had been bas-
tinadoed without mercy, by order of Sherif Pasha, he
was taken to the gate of the Medan, where his head
M
i^ 2::::l._jjb2J22«sMi23
206
was, cut off. A tlionsand similar examples might be
adduced in evidence of the sanguinary character of
tlie Metualis ; dull, quiet, and servile in appearance,
but when goaded by a sense of wrong or insult, they
display the ferocity of the tiger.
The Metualis have a horrible custom, tolerated by
their laws. In case of urgent necessity the father is
allowed to expose his children for sale in the slave
market ; and instances are not rare in which this in-
human privilege has been exercised. After the
Syrian campaign, when the Egyptian government
exacted all arrears of taxes with great rigor, many
girls from twelve to fifteen years af age were sold by
poor Metualis. Nineteen were thus sold at one time
at prices varying from TOO to 900 piasters, but the
father has the right to redeem his children at any
time by paying back the purchase mone}^
HOUSES IN LEBAJION.
The better class of dwellings are of a quadrangular
form, built around a court-yard, to which admission
is gained from the street by an arched doorway and
a low, dark passage. The latter usually has two
turnings, so that no prying eyes may look through
the open door into the mysteries of domestic life
within. In the centre of the court a jet of water
falls back bubbling into a marble basin. The rooms
in the upper story of the house constitute the harem
or private apartments of the family ; those on the
ground are often without any external opening to
admit the light, and are used only as store-rooms and
domestic offices. In the houses of the wealthy there
'i:2il_NI
luteiior of a House. — Lebanon.
Khan or Hotel.
Kf/i
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M
M
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are reception rooms for the male guests in the base-
ment story.
The next best class of dwellings is the flat or ter
raced roof ; there the women and children pass the
day and frequently the night also. These houses
are commonly divided into three apartments: one
for the family, one for the servants, and one for the
animals; but the largest class of dwellings are the
low, square habitations occupied by the common peo-
ple. These are mostly built of rough, square blocks of
stone, one story, and with a flat roof. The interior
consists of two nearly equal divisions; the front
being occupied by horses, cows, asses, and other ani-
mals, while the rear apartment, which is elevated a
few feet, is occupied by the human inhabitants.
There is no partition between the front and rear
rooms. The floor of the rear apartment consists of
earth trodden hard, and covered with mats or cheap
carpets, according to the ability of the owner. There
is a fire-place in the corner with a sloping flue, and
the room is usually lighted by pieces of burning
pine wood supported by irons driven into the wall.
The sleeping arrangements are very primitive, being
only a few mats spread down inside of the room ;
and when the family has guests they occupy the
other side of the floor, furnishing their own mats or
blankets, and where the family is large or the guests
numerous the inside sleepers are necessarily brought
into close proximity to each other.
KHAN OK HOTEL.
The Khan differs but little from the private dweil
m.
M
m
210
Ing, except that the walls are higher, the interior
being divided into three apartments, all on the ground.
The largest apartment is used for the animals, the
middle is the servants' quarters, and the rear one the
quarters of the guests ; of the three divisions, the
stable is frequently the most comfortable. These
hotels are conducted on the, most democratic plan
known to civilization, far ahead of the European j)lan
in this respect. The guest has the privilege of fur-
nishing his own provisions, building his own fire and
cooking his meals, and when it is time to retire he
spreads his own blankets and sleeps upon them ; the
compensation, or hotel bill is for these privileges.
Sometimes the landlord has coffee and a few other
articles of food which he will cook and serve for his
guests if required ; but as his culinary apparatus has
not the appearance of being so scrupulously clean as
to tempt the traveler to try his viands, the latter usu-
ally prefers to cook his own meals.
The scene at a khan when there is but one guest,
or one party, is tranquillity itself, compared with the
meeting of several different parties at a hotel the
same night. First, in the animals' apartment, each
horse and. ass appear to evince all the clannishness
of its masters, consequently each one of them guards
its rights with jealous care, and fiercely repels with
heels and teeth any tres^^ass on its space or forage,
while in the apartment of the guests the scene is
no less lively and unique. Half-a-dozen hungry
travelers trying to cook their meals over the one
small, smoky fire, and frequently wrangling in dif-
ferent tongues for precedence or room ; but to cap
211
the climax it is only necessary that a belated traveler
arrive after the otliers are all asleep ; his arrival
will first be announced by the frantic yelps of the
dogs, who act as advance pickets of the camp, next
the asses begin to bray, and the horses to neigh, which
wakes up their masters who rush out, arms in hand,
ready to defend themselves against the imaginary
enemy ; altogether creating a scene, both wild and
ludicrous in the extreme.
COSTUMES.
In point of costume there is but little difference
throughout Lebanon. The dress of the male Druzes
consists of a coarse woollen frock, which reaches to
the knees. This garment is black with white stripes,
and is without sleeves. The trousers are of the same
stuff, baggy, gathered in below the knees, and falling
in folds halfway down the leg. The undergarment
is a long tunic (kombaz) of linen, with sleeves reach-
ing to the wrists. A sash of white or red cotton, or
silk with fringed ends, tied around the waist, sup-
ports a powder-flask, a brace of pistols, and a long
dirk ; a musket and a cartridge-box are slung over
the shoulders. A broad turban, flat on the top,
swells out from the head, shading their bronzed vis-
ages, and coal-black eyes, adding much to the pe-
culiar grandeur, and wild energy of their features.
This is the uniform costume of the Druzes, except
the emirs and the aJcalsor initiated \ the former dress
like Turks of rank ; the costume of the latter is simi-
lar to that of the uninitiated, except that their colore
are white or black, and they carry no weapons.
wi
;h
m
The dresses of the Maronites are more gay, being
of various forms and every color, except the forbid-
den ereen, the sacred color of the Moslems. Around
the waist they wear a crimson or yellow sash, which
sustains a small arsenal of silver-mounted khanjars,
yataghans and pistols.
The usual apparel of the women consists of an
outer pelisse, generally blue, and fringed with silk
cord ; it is open in front, and has sleeves to the el-
bow ; under this is another robe with sleeves open
to the wrist. A shawl around the waist, long and
full trousers, and yellow slip])ers complete the cos-
tume. But the most remarkable peculiarity in the
dress of the women is the immense silver earrings
hanging forward on the neck. The head-dress of the
girls is very becoming, and they wear their veils witli
as much grace and effect as a Spanish belle does her
mantilla.
FUENITUBE, COOKING UTENSILS AND FOOD.
The furniture required by a common family is very
limited in variety, and« primitive in style. A cheap
carpet, a mattress, a few blankets, some dishes, and
plates, one or two platters, a small wooden box for
salt, another for pepper, a small leathern bag or bottle
for oil and melted butter, a few pipes, a stone mortar
for pounding coffee, and a churn ; this latter article
can justly lay claim to great simplicity of construction,
and great antiquity. It is formed of a goat skin peeled
off as nigh whole as possible, and the openings all
Eewed up but an aperture at the breech, which is
the mouth of the churn. Wlien in use it is suspended
Pipe and Box.
Khanjars.
CofEee Mill.
Grinding Com.
or rHc ^^\
/' ^'"oF THE
UNIVERSITY
PASS OF THE JORDAN.
fr(;m a sketch recently made on the spot
218
\k
PA88 OF THE JORDAN.
Tlie difficulties in the way of determining the
place where the army of Jephtha held the ford of the
Jordan againt the Ephraimites, disappear on an ex-
amination of the topography of the country on each
bank of the river.
Its tributaries on the east and west side, all run
between ranges of rocky hills, the ravines all running
south-east or south-west, towards the river. At the
junction of the Wady Ferah with the Jordan, a sand-
ba.'- has been formed, which constitutes this ford or pass.
The travel between two important cities — Shechem
on the west side of the river, and liamoth Gilead on
the east, was over a main highway, which leads to
the river at this ford. This is also the most reliable
ford between tlie Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea,
especially after a rain, when the other fords are sni-e
to be impassable, this one, from the great width of
the river at this place, is practicable ; this, with the
historical and traditional evidence, leaves no room to
doubt that this is the pass at which the guards were
stationed to intercept the Ephraimites.
BATTLE WITH THE EPHRAIMITES.
" And the men of Ephraim gathered themselves to-
gether, and went northward, and said unto Jephthah,
Wherefore passedest thou over to fight against the
children of Amnion, and didst not call us to go with
thee ? we will burn thine house upon thee with lire.
And Jephthah said unto them, I and my people
were at great strife with the children of Ammon ; and
Fold
Out
'•7l'
218
PASS OF THE JOKDAU.
The difficulties in the way of determining the
place where the army of Jephtha held the ford of the
Jordan againt the Ephraimites, disappear on an ex-
amination of the topography of the country on each
bank of the river.
Its tributaries on the east and west side, all run
between ranges of rocky hills, the ravines all running
south-east or south-west, towards the river. At the
junction of the Wady Ferah with the Jordan, a sand-
bar -has been formed, which constitutes this foi-d or pass.
The travel between two important cities — Shechem
on the west side of the river, and Kamoth Gilead on
the east, was over a main highway, wliicli leads to
the river at this ford. This is also the most reliable
ford between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea,
especially after a rain, when the other fords are sui-e
to be impassable, this one, from the great width of
the river at this place, is practicable ; this, with the
historical and traditional evidence, leaves no room to
doubt that this is the pass at which the guards weie
stationed to intercept the Ephi-ainiites.
BATTLE WITH THE EPHKAIMITEg.
" And the men of Ephraim gathered themselves to-
gether, and went northward, and said unto Jephthah,
Wherefore passedest thou over to fight against the
children of Amnion, and didst not call us to go with
thee ? we will burn thine house upon thee with fire.
And Jephthah said unto them, I and my people
were at great strife with the children of Ammon ; and
■'//AN
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when I called yo\\, ye delivered me not out of their
hands.
And when 1 saw that ye delivered 'iiif- not, I put
my life in my hands, and passed over against the
children of Ammon, and the Lord delivered them
into my hand : wherefore then are ye come up unto
me this day, to fight against me ?
Then Jephthah gathered together all the men of
Gilead, and fought with Epln-aim : and the men of
Gilead smote Ephraim, because they said. Ye Gilead-
ites are fugitives of Ephraim among the Ephi-aimites,
and among the Manassites.
And the Gileadites took the passages of Jordan
before the Ephraimites: and it was so, that when
those Ephraimites which were escaped said. Let me
go over; that the men of Gilead said unto him, Art
thou an Ephraimite ? If he said, Nay ;
Then said they unto him. Say now Sliibboleth : and
he said Sibboleth: for he could not frame "to pro-
nounce it right, Tlien they took him, and slew him
at the passages of Jordan : and there fell at that time
of the Ephraimites forty and two thousand.
And Jephthah judged Israel six years. Then died
Jephthah the Gileadite, and was buried in one q/'the
cities of Gilead." (Judges xii. 1 to 8.)
jephtha's daughter.
" Then the Spirit of the Lord came upon Jephthah,
and he passed over Gilead, and Manasseh, and passed
over Mizpeh of Gilead, and from Mizpeli of Gilead
he passed over unto the children of Ammon.
And Jephthah vowed a vow unto the Loid, and
ii
said, If thou shalt without fail deliver the children of
Aniinon into mine hands,
Then it shall be, that whatsoever cometh forth of
tlie doors of my house to meet me, when I return in
j)oace fi'om the children of Ammon, shall surely be
the Lord's, and I will offer it up for a burnt offering.
So Jephthah passed over unto the children of Am-
mon to fight against them ; and the TiOrd delivered
them into his hands.
And he smote then fi'om Aroer, even till thou come
to Mmnith, even twenty cities, and unto tlie plain of
the vineyards, with a very great slaughter. Thus the
children of Ammon were subdued before the children
of Israel.
And Jephthah came to Mizpeh unto his house,
and, behold his daughter came out to meet him with
timbrels and with dances : and she was Ids only child ;
beside her he liad neither son nor daughter.
And it came to pass, when he saw her, that he rent
his clothes, and said, Alas^ my daughter ! thou hast
brought me very low, and thou art one of them that
trouble me : for I have opened my mouth unto the
Lord, and I cannot go back.
And she said unto him, My father, if thou hast
opened thy mouth unto the Lord, do to me according
to that which hath proceeded out of thy mouth ; for-
asmuch as the Lord hath taken vengeance for thee of
thine enemies, even of the children of Ammon.
And she said unto her father. Let this thing be
done for me : let me alone two months, that I may go
np and down upon the mountains, and bewail my
virginity, I and my fellows.
Ml
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223
And he said, Go. And he sent her away^br two
inontlis : and she went with her companions, and be-
wailed her virginity npon the mountains.
And it came to pass at the end of two months, that
she returned imto her father, who did with her accord-
ing to his vow which he had vowed : and she knew
no man. And it was a custom in Israel,
That the daughters of Israel went yearly to lament
the daughter of Jephthah the Gileadite four days in
a year." (Judges xi, 29 to 40.)
JOPPA
is on the coast, and 35 miles n.w. of Jerusalem.
In the distribution of the land by Joshua it was given
to Dan, and has been known to history ever since.*
The city is situated on a promontory which rises to
the higlit of 150 feet, is crowned M'ith a fortress, and
presents views of historic interest in every direction.
Towards the north Sharon and Oarmei are seen. To
the south the plains of Philistia. To the east the hills
of Ephraim and Judea raise their towering heads, and
to the west is extended the Mediterranean. The city
is walled around on the south and east towards the
land, and partially so on the north side, towards the
sea. The site is very steep, so that, viewed from
sevei'al points, the buildings have the appearance of
standing on one another. The present population of
the city is 15,000. With the exception of Csesarea,
this was the only harbor possessed by the ancient
Jews, and was then, as it is now, the seaport of Je-
rusalem The harbor is formed by a low ledge of
* About 1443 B.C.
it
P
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224
rocks which extend from the promontory into tlie sea,
and is shoal and insecure.
The cedar timber from Lebanon and materials
from Tyre for Solomon's Temple Avere landed here,
and with the insecurity of the harbor and the hight
of the cliffs where they were landed, the undertaking
must have been both hazardous and laborious.
HEBPwON.
ITS SINGULAR MOSQUE AND QIPOETANT RELICS OF
ANTIQUITY ITS FANATICAL PEOPLE.
Hebron is 16 miles s.s.e. of Jerusalem, and is beauti-
fully situated among the mountains, in a valley run-
ning from north to south. Hebron is one of the very
oldest cities in the world still existing — being a well-
known town when Abraham entered Canaan, 3783
years ago. Its original nam^ was Kiijath Arba, and
was sometimes called Mamre. This cit}' was the favor-
ite residence of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and the
Bcene of some of the most striking events in their
lives. Upon the death of his wife, Sarah, Abraham
l)ought from Ephron the Ilittite the field and cave of
Machpelah, to serve as a family tomb.
Hebron was taken by Joshua from the Canaanites,
and was afterwards assig-ned to the Levitcs and made
a city of refuge. Here David dwelt during the seven
and a half years of his reign over Judah. It was
also here that Absalom raised the standard of revolt
against his father.
A sliort time before the capture of Jerusalem, this
.,rii'fff.iii''n::!rjfri"s«i
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or THE
UNIVERSITY
city was burned by an officer of Vespasian; and
about the beginning of tbe 12th century it was taken
by the crusaders. In 1187 it reverted to the Mos-
lems, and has since remained in their hands.
At present Hebron is an nnwalled city, containing
nine mosks and two synagogues. The streets are
narrow, and the houses are built of stone with flat
roofs, surmounted by domes. The manufactories of
glass are in the narrow, dark lanes near the north
part of the city. The principal articles made are
lamps, and rings of colored glass, the latter worn by
women on their arms and fingers as ornaments.
Large crates of these articles may be seen standing
in the streets ready to be loaded on camels for trans-
portation to Egypt and various parts of Palestine.
The environs of the city are very fertile, f m-nish-
ing the finest vineyards in Palestine ; also numerous
plantations of olive-trees, and excellent pasturage.
The population is now about 5,000, and the inhabi-
tants are the wildest, most lawless, and desperate
people in the Holy Land ; and it is a singular fact that
they now sustain the same mutinous character as did
the rebels of ancient times, who armed with David
against Saul, and united with Absalom ao-ainst David,
Among the remains of antiquity are those of two
stone reservoirs ; the largest being 133 feet square
and 21 feet deep. They are still in daily use, and
one of them tradition says was the " pool in Hebron"
above which David hung the assassins of Ishbosheth.
But by far the most ancient relic here is the cave of
Machpelali — Abraham's family tomb, and the burial-
place of the Patriarchs. It bears evidence of great
'^ ^£^9
r|^35^^^^^^^^
228
antiquity; and both tradition and the best anthorities
concur in locating the cave of Machpelah here. It is
covered by a Mosk — a large and singular structure,
with lofty minarets at the corners. The exterior build-
ing is large and lofty, and is in the form of a parallelo-
gram 200 feet in length by 115 feet in width. The
walls are built of very large stones, beveled and
finished similar in all respects to the most ancient
parts of the temple enclosure at Jerusalem ; indi-
cating the high antiquity of the structure, and that
it was built by the same people, and the same class
of builders as the temple of Solomon.
No Christian is allowed to enter this building; but
at the left of the principal entrance of the Ilaram is
a small hole in the massive wall througli which the
Jews are permitted at certain times to look into the
interior, and here they may be seen wailing and read-
ing prayers.
The Mohammedans of Hebron are very bigoted,
and jealous of strangers, especially Jews. A few
years since a couple of travelers — a Jew and a Chris-
tian — stopped for a moment to look up at the marble
stairs leading to the tomb of Abraham, when imme-
diately a crowd came out of the bazars, and with
threats and fierce gesticulations drove them away.
Another very interesting relic is found up the
valley, about a mile from the town. It is an im-
mense oak tree, one of the largest in Palestine, as its
bran(;hes extend over a space of nearly a hundred
feet in diameter. This is believed by some to be the
veritable oak under which Abraham pitched his tent
—it still bears his name.
"-"THE '^ ^
^'NJVER8/Ty
ANCIENT TADMOR.
Tliis city was founded by king Solomon about 995
B.C., and is 245 miles n.e. of Jerusalem, in lat. 3-4°lS',
and 8S°13' e. Ion. from Greenwich. It is situated on
the borders of the Arabian desert, in the midst of a
dreary wilderness, remote from human habitation.
Tadmor was about 10 miles in circumference, and the
ruins show that it once contained some of the most
splendid edifices of antiquity.
To facilitate trade and commerce, king Solomon
built store cities along the great trade routes through
his dominions, in which provisions and other supplies
for caravans and travelers were -collected. Tadmor
was one of those store cities.
" And Solomon went to Hamath Zobah, and prevail-
ed against it.
" And he built Tadmor in the wilderness, and all
the store cities, which he built in Hamath." — (2
Chron. viii.)
Its original name was preserved till the time of
Alexander, who extended his conquest to this city,
and changed its name to Palmyra.
In A.D. 211, it become a Roman colony under Cara-
calla. Subsequently, in the reign of Gallienus, the
Roman Senate invested Oleanthus— a senator of Tal-
jnyya— with the regal dignity, on account of his ser-
vices in defeating Sapor, king of Persia. On the
assassination of Oleanthus, his celebrated wife, Zeno-
bia, conceived tlie design of erecting Palmyra mto
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an independent monarchy ; and in the prosecution of
this object, she for a while successfully resisted the
Roman armies, but was at length defeated and taken
captive hy the Emperor Aurelian (a.d. 273), who left
a Roman garrison in Palmyra. This garrison was
massacred in a revolt, and Anrelian punished the
city by the execution not only of those who were
taken in arms, but likewise bommon peasants, old
men, women, and children. From this blow the city
never recovered.
The present appearance of Palmyra is indeed most
striking. An awful stillness pervades the ruins ;
they stand as lonely and silent as when tlie last Pal-
myrenes left their city forever. The long lines of
Corinthian columns, seen at a distance, are peculiarly
imposing, and seem like sentinels guarding the tomb
of the dead city.
The principal ruins are: the great Temple, the
Temple of the Sun, the„great Colonnade, supposed to
have consisted of 1500 cdmnns, and the Necropolis.
In the space around the riins, sometimes a palace
is found, of which nothing remains but the court and
walls ; sometimes a temple whose peristyle is half
thrown down ; then a portico, a gallery, and a trium-
l)hal arch. Lying around in every direction are
vast stones, half buried, with broken entablatures,
mutilated friezes, disfigured reliefs, violated tombs,
and altars defiled by dust. The grand old ruins of
the ancient city contrast strangely with the Tadmor of
the present day — mud huts inhabited by Arabs,
The Necropolis of Palmyra lies a short distance
N. w. of the Temple of the Sun, in the side of a rav-
ii
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=^W^
SS^^^^^^g^^l^
235
ine. The tombs are very numerous and of shigulai
foi-m, being towers of from two to live stories liigli.
One, the tomb of Jarablichus, built in a. d. 3, is still
recognizable, but very much dilapidated, its stairs
crumbled away, and the top story gone. An inscrip-
tion in honor of the deceased is engraved on a tab-
let over the door-way. The tomb of Manaius is one
of the most curious structures found here. It is a
l<tfty tower, fifteen feet square, the principal apart-
ment of which is ornamented with four Corinthian
pilasters, one on each side, with recesses between
them for mummies. Each recess is divided into five
tiers by shelves, only one of which remains in position.
There was formerly a large number of mummies
in these sepulchres, but the Arabs have carried them
away and destroyed them in hopes of disco verin<r
ti'casure.
Some of the sculptures, now remaining in their
original position in the palaces and tombs in Palmyra,
are models of decorative art. These works indicate
a period of high art culture, when architecture, sculp-
ture, and painting were employed to a great extent
in public buildings, for both ornamentation and re-
ligious purposes. The solidity of the walls, and the
excellence of the workmanship, of columns, cornices,
and sculptures, and the completeness of the designs of
the several structures, are marks of great weah.h and
tine taste.
t/>m
I
f^mi.
m
the guandeuk and beauty of its kuins — king solr
omon's seal.
Baalbek is 195 miles n. n. e. of Jerusalem, on the
slopes of Anti-Lebanon, at the opening of a small
valley into the plain El Buka.
In extent Baalbek was inferior to many Eastern
cities ; but in the size and magnificence of its public
edifices, and the immense size of many of the stones
with which they were built, this ancient city was with-
out a rival.
The grand ruins of Baalbek stand at the western
extremity of the town, and just within the modern
wall. There are three orders of architecture, evident-
ly belonging to as many distinct eras. First, the
stupendous walls and platforms, built of hewn stones
of enormous size, and traversed by vaulted passages
in several directions ; secondly, two very large tem-
ples, of a later date, sm'mounting the platforms;
thirdly, the modern or Saracenic walls and towers, in-
corporated with the original structures when the place
was converted into a fortress. The modern additions
are oddly built up of cornices, architraves, and pillars,
and incongruously contrast with the venerable relics
which they encumber and obscure.
The site of the ruins is nearly a dead level, on
which has been reared a platform 1000 feet long, 600
broad, and varying from 15 to 30 feet in higlit. This
platform is composed of huge cut stones, tlu'ee of
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237
w^liich are so large that it seems incredible that they
con Id have been quarried, and brought from the
quarry — a mile distant — and placed in position (25
feet above the foundation) by any human agency.
One of these stones measures 64 ft. 8 inches in length,
3 9 feet in width, and 14 feet thick ; the others do not
vary much from it in size. In the quarry is another
of these great stones finished, ready to be moved,
which is GOfeet long, 17 wide, 14 thick, and estimated
to weigh 1135 tons. Many other stones in the plat-
form are from 25 to 30 feet long, or nearly half the
size of the above. These stones are cut with the
beveled edge exactly like the stones in the foun-
dation walls of the Temple enclosure at Jerusalem,
from which it would appear that both structures were
the work of the same people, and the same class of
builders. Among the cities mentioned in the 8th
chapter of Chronicles, as being built by King Solo-
mon, is Baalath, in Lebanon. The similarity of names
and situation very clearly identifies it with Baalbek.
Josephus also mentions Baalath as one of the jilaces
of pleasure built by Solomon in Syria, on account of
its temperate climate and water, and the delicacy of
its fruits.
The Arabs of the present day believe that the
founder of Baalbek was a great magician, and reared
these huge structures by the power of cabalistic
words, and that if the famous Seal of Solomon could
be found, the same power could now be used.
The pi-incipal ruins of Baalbek are the great
Temple, and the Temple of the Sun. The main
walls of the temples and the enclosures correspond
C^«2S
1 I
to the four cardinal points of the compass. The
main entrance fronts the east, and was formerly ap-
proached by a grand staircase, leading to a portico
flanked by handsome pavilions on the right and left.
To the westward of this is a hexagonal court 180
feet in diameter, strewn with columns, mutilated
capitals, and the remains of pilastej-s, entablatures,
and cornices ; around it is a row of ruined edifices
which fifty years ago displayed all the ornaments of
the richest architecture — but they are now very much
weather-worn and broken. Further to the west is a
quadrangular court 350 feet wide by 336 in length.
At ojie end of this court are six enormous and
majestic columns — the glory of Baalbek, and nearly
all that is left of the temple dedicated to the " Great
God of Ileliopolis" (Baal). They are tlie principal
objects in e^'ery view of the ruins. The shafts of
these columns are 21 feet 8 inches in circumference,
and 50 feet high, which with base and entablature
gives the hight fj-om the ground to the top of the
pediment, 120 feet. The length of this edifice was
292 feet by IGO in width. In 1751 there were nine
of the columns standing ; but three have since fallen.
In the modern wall are found several bases, and
other fragments of the fallen columns.
Flanking the court of the great temple are the
ruins of several smaller structui-es, forming a sort of
gallery with chambers, several of which are traced
in each of the principal wings. These chambers were
decorated with most beautifully sculptured niches
and pediments, friezes, and cornices. The beauty of
Bome of the friezes is beyond all praise. A bold cor-
THE GREAT TEMPLE AT BAALBEK.
TEMPLE OF THE StTN, AT BAALBEK.
, » R A A? V
or THE
.V
UNIYERSITY
^L I FOR Nit*
nice all along the wall gives a fine effect to the whole
by forming alternately a semicircle and pointed pedi-
ment over each recess. Fragments of the columns
that formed the front of these chambers are of beau-
tiful granite.
Various are the conjectures as to the use of these
apartments: "Were they chapels or skrines for tlie
worship of subordinate deities ? — or recesses for the
philosophei'S to sit and lecture in ? — or was the great
court a forum, and these places intended for the con-
venience of merchants or civil functionaries ?
The Temple of the Sun stands south of the great
temple, and the platform on which it stands adjoins
the great one, but is considerably lower. The Temple
of the Sun is one of the most perfect monuments of
its kind in Baalbek, if not in the whole world. Its
dimensions are 192 feet in length by 96 in width.
It was formerly surrounded by a peristyle of Corin-
thian columns, the shafts alone of which were 45
feet high and 5 feet in diameter. They each con-
sisted of three pieces of stone so admirably fitted
together that not space enough can be found between
them to admit the point of a penknife. The north
and south sides were each ornamented by fourteen of
these magnificent pillars — of which nine on the north
and five on the south are still standing. At the west
end were eight, of which the three most southerly are
perfect — the others broken or prostrate.
The frieze and cornice are elegant and complete.
The sofiit of the peristyle is concave, and the panels
are sculptured in imitation of network, a series of
large busts and mythological designs running down
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242
the centre — each in the middle of a larf^e diamond,
and smaller busts occupying the angles formed bj
the interlacing comj)artments — a most intricate and
indescribable design, but very beautiful.
The portico consisted of two rows of columns, of
which only four remain perfect. The frieze and
cornice above these four columns are in the same ex-
cellent style and finish. A battlomented tower has
been built over them by the Saracens, who have bar-
barously raised a huge wall directly in front of the
gate of the temple. The width of this portico is 22
feet ; it is composed of nine stones, six forming the
sides and three the top ; the key-stone has slipped
partly through, and hangs ominously overhead. The
injuries the temple has sustained have most of them
resulted from barbarian violence ; the columns es-
pecially have been destroyed for the sake of the iron
bars by which they were held together. But the
tottering condition of the beautiful portal was pro-
duced by a concussion more destructive than even the
mutilatino; hand of the Mohammedan — the ffreat
earthquake of 1750, \
About 450 feet from the south-east angle of the
Temple of the Sun is a beautiful little Corinthian
temple — circular, and pierced externally with niches,
each flanked by two columns, so as to give the struc-
ture the appearance of an octagon. Eailhquakes
have sadly shaken this little edifice, so that now only
four pillars are standing. Beneath the great plat-
form on which the two temples stand are spacious
vaulted passages of very massive architecture, and
solidly constructed. Two of them run parallel with
A\
each other from east to west, and are connected bj a
tliird riinnino' at right ano-les to them from north to
south. They are now used as storehouses and grana-
ries. Beneath the Temple of the Sun there are sub-
terranean chambers, with flights of steps leading
down to them from the interior of the temple ; they
are lighted from above, and by openings in the side
of the platform. Wliat the original destination of
these chambers was, it is now impossible to tell; but
the Arabs, who ascribe the whole structure to the
great magician King Solomon, and the Djins who
wrought his behests, imagine them to be deposi-
tories for treasure. Indeed, it is the universal belief
among the Turks and Arabs, that every great mass
of ruins covers mighty heaps of treasure ; nor can
tliey be persuaded that travelers visit them for any
other purpose than that of carrying away the spoils.
At a short distance west of the great ruins stand
eight stumpy columns of Egyptian granite, highly
polished, and for the most part without a scratch on
them. One of these columns is distinguished from
the rest by its green quartz. These columns are true
Egyptian granite, and as no such rock is found any-
where in Syria, the query is suggested — how could
pillars fifteen feet long and three feet in diameter be
brought over Mt. Lebanon, which is difficult for
travelers to cross, even unencumbered ?
Baalbek is now a wretched Syrian callage, with a
population of less than 200 ; and the day is not far
distant when the jackal and hyena will be undi&-
puted masters of this once splendid city.
HAMATH.
ONE OF KINO SOLOMON S STORE CITIES.
namatli is a very ancient city ; and was tne princi-
pal city of upper Syria at the time of the exodus (B.a
1491). This city, like Jerusalem and Damascus, has
retained considerable importance from the very earli-
est times to the present day.
It is 250 miles n. n. e. of Jerusalem, and is si-
tuated in the valley of the Orontes, about half way
between its source, near Baalheh and the bend which
it makes at Jisr Hadid. A part of the valley of the
Orontes at one time constituted the kingdom of
riamath.
King Solomon took the kingdom of Hamath, and
made the city a depot for stores and supplies. He
also huilt other store cities in the district.
The government of Ilamath includes about 120
inhabited villages, and 75 that have been abandoned,
comprising most of the ancient kingdom of Ilamath.
The city now, as of old, stands on both sides of the
river, which is spanned by four bridges. The upper
part of the city is supplied with water from the river
by means of immense water wheels, in the rim of
which buckets are so arranged as to empty themselves
into stone aqueducts, which conduct the water to
the houses and gardens. There are about a dozen of
these wheels, the largest being nearly 70 feet in
diameter. Extensive ruins of the ancient parts of
the city are found scattered about here, but so much
decayed as to be scarcely recognizable. The chief
iia^iitr,,,,,..
■ V
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247
trade of Hamath is with the Arabs, who buy here
their tent furniture and clothes ; there is also a con-
siderable trade in cotton, woolen, and silk. The
present population is 30,000.
GEBAL.
I
ITS STONE SQUAREKS.
Tliis was a very ancient seaport of Phenicia, 20
miles N. of Beiiiit, and 182 miles from Jerusalem, via
Joppa and the Mediterranean.
Gebal was situated on a spur of Lebanon, close to
the shore, and had a fine harbor, but which is now
filled with sand, ruins of quays, and buildings.
The inhabitants were called Giblites — " stone-
squarers." Hewers of stone from Gebal were em-
ployed on Soloinon^s Temple.
The ruins consist of the remains of a castle and
extensive walls, and of beautiful columns. The ruins
of the castle exhibit some of the best specimens of
ancient masonry to be found in Palestine. The stones
in its walls are beveled, and some of them are 20 feet
in length. The style of the columns, and the extent
of the walls, indicate the size and importance of the
city.
m
L
A delegation of the inhabitants of this city —
Kirjath-jearim, Chephirah, and Gibeon — by resorting
to the stratagem of wearing old tattered garments,
and representing themselves as having traveled from
a far country, deluded Joshua into a treaty of peace
with them. Eeeroth is again mentioned in connec-
tion with Kirjath-jearim and Chephirah, in the list of
those who returned from Babylon. The murderers
of Ishbosheth belonged to this city.
The modern town stands at the foot of a ridge, and
contains about 700 inhabitants. Euins of considerable
exter.t are found here, the stones having the Jewish
bevel — the same as those in the foundations of Solo-
mon's Temple at Jerusalem; and on one of the
stones was found a groujp of the private marks of
the huilders.
KIRJATH-JEARIM.
This city is first mentioned as one of the four cities
of the Gibeonites, and is 9 miles n. w. of Jerusalem,
on the road fi-om Jerusalem to Jaffa. Near Kirjatli-
jearim the band of Danites pitched their camp be-
fore their expedition to Mount Ephraim and Laish,
leaving their name attached to the spot long af ter-
wai'ds. One of the first names it bore was that of
the Canaanite deity, Baal ; and it was doubtless the
sanctity implied by its bearing that name that in-
duced the people of Beth Shemoth to appeal to its in-
habitants to relieve them of the Ark of Jehovah.
\8 Ra1>
or THE '^
^NiVERsrry
VNIYERSfTY )
^^4
<>lUroR^l^^-'
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253
which was bringing such calamities on their untutored
experience. The Ark remained in the house of Abi-
nadab, at Kirjath-jearim, 20 years; at the end of this
time it was removed by David a short distance to the
iiouse of Obed-edom, where it remained until its re-
moval to Jerusalem. There are but few of the ruins
of this ancient city remaining, but those of the largest
buildings indicate that they were built by the same
class of men who erected the Temple of Solomon, as
the stones have the same bevel and finish as those in
the foundations of the Temple. On one of them was
found a group of the private marks of the builders.
The site is now occupied by the village of Kuryet-
el-Enab, usually known as Abu Gosh, from the noted
robber chief whose headquarters it used to be.
SAMAKIA,
rrS BEAUTIFUL SITUATION AND GREAT STKENGTH
THE TOMB AND CITUKCH OF ST. JOHN.
Samaria is 40 miles n. by w. of Jerusalem, and 6 miles
N.w. of Shechem. Its situation is strong by nature, and
very beautiful. It stands on a large hill, surrounded
by a broad deep valley, that is enclosed by four
hills — one on each side ; which are cultivated in ter-
races to the top, sown with grain and planted with fig
and olive trees, as is also the valley.
The hill on which the ancient city was built,
was chosen by Omri as the site of the capital of
the kingdom of Israel. " He bought the hill of
Samaria of Shemer for two talents of silver, and
254
I
built on the hill, and called the name of the city
which lie built, after the name of the o\\Tier of the
hill, Samaria."
This city was highly adorned with public buildings,
and became the favorite residence of the Idngs of
Israel instead of Shechem and Thirzah, the former
capitals. Ahab built here a palace of ivory, and a
temple to Baal — which Jehu destroyed. The natural
strength of the position, and its strong fortifications,
rendered it nearly impregnable against the then sys-
tem of warfare. The Sp-ians twice invaded it ; the
first time b. c. 901, and again b. c, 892, but were both
times repulsed, b. c. 724, it was attacked ])y the
powerful Shalmaneser, kiug of Assyria ; but he did
not succeed in taking it until after a siege of three
years — when he carried its people away captive.
About 667 B. c. it was repeopled by Esar-IIaddon with
Cuthites from beyond the Tigris. The city was
afterwards taken by Alexander the Great, who put a
large part of the inhabitants to the sword, and per-
mitted the remainder to settle in Shechem. He re-
placed them by a colony of Syro-Macedonians, and
gave the adjacent territory to the Jews to inliabit.
Afterwards the city came into the possession of Herod
the Great, who colonized it with 6,000 veterans and
others. He built a wall around it, and a magnificent
temple in the centre. How long it maintained its
splendor after Herod's improvements does not appear,
and henceforth its history is uncertain. Septiraius
Severus planted a Roman colony there in the begin-
ning of the third century. During the siege of Jeru-
salem it fell into the hands of the Moslems. The
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present village is small and poor, and contains about
200 inhabitants.
The most conspicuous ruins are those of the
church dedicated to St. John the Baptist, erected over
the spot which tradition claims to he thepilace of his
hurial. The walls remain entire to a considerable
hight, and enclose a large space, in which are now
a mosk and the small building over the tomb. The
tomb is a small chamber cut deep in the rock, to
which the descent is by twenty-one steps. It is said
that during the reign of Julian the Apostate, the
heathen broke open this sepulchre, burnt the bones
and scattered the ashes to the winds. Other ruins
are found on three terraces, and consist of a number
of columns, twelve of which stand in a row, the others
are scattered about. These columns are said to have
belonged to the Serai, or Palace. On the second ter-
race, heaps of stone, lime, and rubbish are found
mixed with the soil in great profusion. On the third
terrace but few traces of ruins are found.
Most of the public edifices at Samaria appear to
have been the work of the same class of builders that
built the Temple of Solomon at Jerusalem ; the
Jewish rebate and bevel being the prevailing style,
and thejprivate marks of the builders found on the
stones here are similar to those on the stones in the
Tem/ple substructions.
fm
m
The Garden of Eden. — Mount Ararat. — The disper-
sion of the jpeojple. — Their location^ or the jplacc^
occupied hy them. — First settlements of the human
family.
The region embraced between the Black and Cas-
pian Seas on the north, and the Mediterranean Sea
and Persian Gnlf on the south, may well be regarded
as the cradle of the human race, as it comprises the
Garden of Eden, where man made his advent on
earth ; and Mount Ararat, where the Ark rested after
tlie flood subsided, and from whence the remnant of
the human family went forth to repeople the earth.
In this region their first settlements were made, and
here the ruins of the first cities they built are found ;
particularly on the banks of the Euphrates and Tigris,
and on the east coast of the Mediterranean.
THE GARDEN OF EDEN.
The only data for determining the location of this
important spot is found in Gen. ii. 8, 11, 13, 14. As
to the true interpretation of this account, the best
authorities are about equally divided ; some claiming
that it was in the district at the head waters of the rivei'S
^-^'y^ \ 8 R A /.
Of THE
<
UNIVERSITY ;
261
Euphrates and Tigris, and the Araxes and Phosis;
while others beheve that it was between the Euphrates
and Tigris, near their junction — about 130 miles n. of
the Persian Gulf. That one of these localities con-
tained the Garden of Eden there can be but little
doubt, as there is no other place which so nearly
meets the requirements of the Scripture account.
MOUNT AKAEAT
is in Armenia, 775 miles n.e. of Jerusalem, about
300 E. of the Caspian Sea, and is in 39° 30' n. lat. and
4:3° 40' E. Ion. fi-om Greenwich. It rises directly out
of the plain of the Araxes, and is the loftiest and
most imposing mountain in this region, being 17,560
feet above the level of the sea. About 1,200 feet be-
low the highest summit is a secondary summit, and
between the two there is a gentle depression, in which
it is believed the ark rested.
Arguri is the only village known to have been
built on the slopes of this mountain, and according to
tradition it is the place where Noah planted his
vineyard. At the foot of the mountain is Nachdje-
van, where the patriarch is reported to have been
buried.
M:
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THE niMEDlATE DESCENDANTS OF NOAH, AND THEIB
LOCATION, OE THE PLACES OCCUPIED BY THEM.
" And the sons of Noah that went forth of the ark
were Shem, Ham, and Japhet these are the
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262
sons of Noah ; and of them was the whole earth over-
spread." — (Gen. ix.)
Of the descendants of Ham, were Nimrod and
Canaan. Nimrod settled in the land of Shinar, a dis-
trict above the junction of the rivers Euphrates and
Tigris. "And the beginning of his kingdom was
Bal)el, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, m the land
of Shinar." — (Gen. x.)
Canaan occupied the east coast of the Mediterra-
nean, from Sid on to Gaza, including the hill country
in which Jerusalem was built.
The descendants of Shem were distributed from
Mesha on the Persian Gulf, and towards Sephar,
a mount of the east. " By these were the isles of the
Gentiles divided in their lands ; every one after his
tongue, after their families, in their nations."
CHAPTER IX.
THE FIRST CITIES BUILT — THEIR KISE, FALL, AND RUINS
AS NOW SEEN.*
Bahylon, its vast extent — its fall — its remarkdblf
ruins — Erech — Accad — Calneh — Nineveh^ a sketch
of its history — Its wonderful ruins and inscrip'
tions — Damascus — Shechem — Gaza — Bethel — •
Bethlehem — Sidon — Jericho.
BABYLOK
ITS VAST EXTENT ITS FALL ITS KEMABKABLE EUINS.
Babel, or Babylon, is the first in order of the four
cities built or occupied by Nimrod. It is 300 miles
N. \v, of the Persian Gulf, 200 above the junction
of the river Euphrates with the Tigris, and 530 miles
E. N. E. of Jerusalem. Herodotus, who visited Baby-
lon after its conquest by Cyrus, is considered the
best authority as to a description of the city, as his
account is corroborated by the testimony and re-
searches of all subsequent writers, and by the explo-
rations and excavations of the present age.
He describes the city as a quadrangle of 15 miles
on each side, surrounded, first, by a deep, wide moat,
filled with water ; and next by a wall 87 feet wide
and 60 feet hiffh. The 30 lower courses of brick in
* Hebron, Beeroth, Hamath, Jerusalem, and Tyre, are also
reckoned araong the first cities.
>WB'
the wall were wattled with reeds, and the whole
cemented by hot asphalt. On each side of the top
of the wall was a row of dwelhngs facing each other,
the passage between being of sufficient width to admit
of turning a chariot with four horses.
In the great wall there were 100 gates of brass, 25
on each side of the city ; and between every two gates
a tower 10 feet high. Although the outer wall was
the chief defense, there was a second wall within, not
much inferior in strength, but narrower.
The city was divided into two nearly equal parts,
by the river Euphrates running from north to south ;
and the wall, with wide quays outside, was carried
along each bank, the sides of the river being lined with
brick. In the middle of each division of the city
were fortified buildings; in one the royal palace, with
a spacious and strong enclosure ; and in the other the
precinct of Jupiter Belus — a square building of 2
furlongs on each side. There were 50 streets in all,
running from gate to gate ; each street was 150 feet
wide and 15 miles long.
The houses were three and four stories high. A
bridge, admirably constructed of stones, bound to-
gether with plates of lead and iron, was built across
the river about the middle of the city. At each end of
the bridge was a palace, the old palace being on ilia
eastern, and the new on the western, side of the river.
The Temple of Belus occupied an entire square of
the city. In the middle of this precinct was built a
solid tower of one stade, both in length and breath, and
on this tower rose another, and so on to the number of
eight. An ascent to these was by spiral staii-s, winding
Q^
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Rronnd the outside of the tower. About the middle
of the ascent was a landing-place, with seats, where
those ascending could rest themselves ; and in the top
tower stood a spacious temple, and in the temple a
beautiful couch, and by its side a table of gold. No
statue was erected in it ; nor was any mortal allowed
to pass the night there except only a native woman
chosen by the god out of the whole nation. The
Chaldeans, who were priests of this deity, say the
Temple did not attain its full splendor until the time
of Nebuchadnezzar, who greatly enlarged and beau-
tified it. The summit of the temple was devoted t<j
astronomical purposes. Herodotus states that the
Greeks learned from the Baby lonians,of the pole star,
the sun-dial, and the division of the day into twelve
parts ; and Calisthenes the philosopher obtained for
Aristotle, Chaldean observations for 1903 years — from
the origin of the Babylonian monarchy to the time
of Alexander.
Berosns, a priest of Belus, appears to have sketched
a history of the earlier times, from the delineations
upon the walls of the Temple.
From Strabo we learn that Alexander attempted
to repair the tower, and employed 10,000 men two
months in clearing away the rubbish, but he did not
live to accomplish the undertaking. With the ex-
ception of the stone bridge across the Euphrates, all
the great works of Babylon were constructed of sun-
dried and kiln-dried bricks, generally stamped with
figures or letters. Straw or reeds were laid between
the courses, and the whole cemented with bitumen,
mortar, or slime.
Wi
266
The country around Babylon was intersected bj
numerous canals ; the largest of these, the royal canal,
connected the Euphrates with the Tigris, and was
navigable for merchant vessels. Strabo tells that
Alexander inspected the canals, and ordered them to
be cleared out, and that in clearing one in the marshes
near Arabia, he discovered and examined the sepul-
chres of the kings, most of whicli were situated
among the lakes.
Later writers — Diodorus and Strabo — describe yet
more wonderful monuments in Babylon than are
mentioned by Herodotus. Among these are a tunnel
under the Euphrates, subterranean banqueting
rooms of brass, and the famous hanging-gardens.
The palace connected with the hanging-gardens was
unequaled in size and splendor. Its outer wall had
a circuit of six miles, while within it were two other
embattled walls and a large tower. All the gates
were of brass. The interior of the palace was splen-
didly decorated with statues of men and animals,
and furnished with vessels of gold and silver, and
with every species of luxury, accumulated by Ne-
buchadnezzar in his conquests.
The population was estimated by Pliny to be
-1,200,000, but others placed it at a much lower
figure, as a considerable portion of the squares within
the walls of the city was used for agricultural pur-
poses, so as to render the city self-sustaining in the
time of sieges; consequently the population would
not be in proportion to the area. Under the reign
of ISTebuchadnezzar, Babylon was the Mistress of
the East. Pharaoh Necho was the first to take up
arms against her, and marched as far as Carchemish,
on the Euphrates, where he was defeated by the Baby-
lonian army. It was immediately after this great
battle that the Chaldeans marched upon Jerusalem,
and carried captive to Babylon the Jewish nobles,
among whom were Daniel and his three friends,
riananiah, Michael, and Azariah, while Judea re-
mained a province of the Babylonian monarchy.
ITS DECLINE.
B. 0. 556, Babylon was taken by Cyrus. Alexan-
der the Great made it his capital, b. c. 324, and
died there b. c. 323. On the division of his con-
quests, Babylon became the kingdom of Selencus
and his successors. Seleucus I^icator transferred the
seat of empire to Seleucia, 300 stadia distant, on
the Tigris; after which Babylon rapidly declined, so
that in the early days of Arab power it had dwindled
to a mere name, and a. d. 1101 the present tovni of
milah was founded on a part of its site.
EUEsrs.
vast in extent, indescri-
The ruins of Babylon are
bably grand and desolate, the extensive plain for miles
around being covered with lai'ge mounds of earth
and brick. Among the rubbish are found fragments
of pottery, glass, marble, and vitrified bricks, many of
the bricks bearing inscriptions, while the soil itself is
BO impregnated with nitre as to destroy all vege-
tation.
The most extensive ruins are five miles above Ilil-
lah, on the left bank of the Euphrates. Here are
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found a series of artificial mounds of enormous size
consisting chiefly of three great masses of biiildini^^s:
the high pile of unbaked brick-work, called by the
Arabs Babil; the building denominated the Kasr, or
palace; and a lofty mound, upon which stands a mod
em tomb.
The principal ruins are surrounded by lines of ram-
parts, and an embankment along the river-side
Scattered over a large area, on both sides of the Eu-
phrates, are a number of notable mounds, nearly all
standing single. The most remarkable of these is
the vast ruin called Birs Nimroud — the Temple of
Belus. This mound is 198 feet high, and has on irs
summit a compact mass of brick- work, 37 feet high
by 27 broad — the whole being 235 feet in hight. 1 1
is rent into two parts nearly the whole of the way
down, and the base is surrounded by immense pile-,
of bricks bearing unmistakable evidence of fire.
It is laid out in the form of seven terraces, ar-
ranged in the order in which the Chaldeans supposed
the planetary spheres to exist, each terrace being
painted in a different color, representing its respec-
tive planet.
The lowest stage was black, and consists of bricks
covered with bitumen.
The second stage represented the earth, and is of
brownish bricks.
The third stage, Mars, and is of red bricks.
The fourth stage, the Sun — yellow bricks.
The fifth. Mercury — green bricks.
The sixth stage, Yenus — blue, and the ruined tower
on the summit, gray bricks.
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A passage has been discovered in the second
Etao-e, leading within tiie brick-work ; at the northern
and eastern corners of the third stage were found two
terra-cotta cylinders inscribed with the history of the
building — stating that having fallen into decay in the
course of 504 years since it was erected, it had been
repaired by Nebuchadnezzar ; this would fix the date
of the original structure at 1100 b. c. -
The next ruin of importance is the mound
of the Kasr, — the site of the great palace of Nebu-
chadnezzar. This is an irregular square of about
700 yards each way, apparently the old palace
platform, on which are still standing portions of
the ancient palace or Kasr. The walls are of pale
yellow burnt bricks of excellent quality, laid in lime
cement. No plan of the palace can be made, as the
ruins lie in great confusion on the highest part of the
moimd.
The sculptures, inscribed bricks, and glazed and
colored tiles found at the Kasr, have caused it to be
generally regarded as the site of the large palace
celebrated for its hanging-gardens.
From the portions of wall standing, and from the
surrounding detached masses, it would appear that
all the bricks used in this structure were baked, and
that the face of each was invariably placed down-
wards. In this mound there was found a rudely ex-
ecuted elephant, crushing a man beneath his pon-
derous weight. On the north side of the Kasr stands the
solitary tree called by the Arabs Atheleh, and which,
notwithstanding its great antiquity, still bears spread-
ing green branches. According to tradition, it shel-
(A
tered the Calipli Ali wlien sinking with fatigue af tei
the battle of Hillah.
In the time of Alexander, antique monuments
abounded in the Lamlum marshes, 76 miles south of
Babylon ; these monuments were said to be the tombs
of the Assyrian kings. In confirmation of this, there
has recently been discovered in some of them glazed
earthen cofiins.
In the excavation of these mounds, tens of thou-
sands of bricks have been found, all stamped with
the combination of characters which reads Nebu-
chadnezzar.
Stamped bricks are not only found in the ruins of
Babylon, but among ruins of towns and cities within
an area of 100 miles in length by 40 in width, bear-
ing the legend : Nebuchadnezzar, son of Nabopolassar,
King of Babylon.
The composition of these bricks is such as to
render them nearly imperishable, and the inscrip-
tions on them, and on the cylinders found here,
furnish many chapters of the long-lost history of
those remote times — names of kings, and events in
their order.
Since Darius destroyed the walls of Babylon, over
2300 years ago, its ruins have furnished a never-fail-
ing supply of bricks. City after city has been built
from its materials. Celeucia, Ctesiphon, Al Median,
Kufa, Kerbela, Bagdad, Hillah, besides many other
towns and villages, have risen in succession from the
ruins of the once vast and proud Babylon.
The modern town of Hillah, on the right bank of
the Euphrates, stands nearly in the centre of the site
!¥^/
BABYLON-ITS MOUNDS OF ETJINS.
THE KASB^BABYLON.
'■ A /? i.-
or THE
VNIVERSITy
V ^ or
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273
of Babylon. It is surrounded by wide walls, and a
deep ditch, and has four gates.
The city being built from the Babylonian bricks,
there is not a room where may not be seen bricks
stamped with the name of Nebuchadnezzar.
The Euphrates at Hillah, in its medium state, is 450
feet wide and 7^ feet deep, with a velocity of 2^ miles
an hour. It annually overflows its banks ; inundating
the country for many miles around. The soil is very
fertile, and the air salubrious.
EEECH''
is about 100 miles 8. e. of Babylon. It is now
called Irak. The most noted ruins found here are
the immense mounds. El Assayah, and the remains of
coffins and bricks, scattered over a large district — in-
dicating that it was a city of considerable size and
importance.
ACCAD
is about 70 miles n. w. of Babylon, and is now
known as Akari, Babel, and a primitive monument
found here is still called Tel Nimrud, wliich signifies
the hill of Nimrod. The most remarkable ruin con-
sists of a mound or platform on which stands a mass
of building, having the appearance of a tower. It is
400 feet in circumference at its base, and 125 feet in
lilght above the mound. It was built of bricks ce-
* Some authorities believe tiiat Erech, Accad, aud Calneh
were suburbs of Nineveh.
mented by bitumen, and was divided into layers of
from 12 to 20 feet thick, by reeds. There are also
remains of reservoirs, canals, and other works, that
show the importance of this very ancient city.
CALNEH
was the last in order of the four cities that were
the beginning of Nimrod's kingdom. Its site cannot
be determined, but it is believed to be at what was
afterwards Ctesiphon, on the banks of the Tigris,
about 20 miles below Bagdad. Among the ruins
found here are those of a remarkable ancient palace,
now called Tank Kesra, which struck the Arab con-
querors with amazement and delight.
NINEYEH.
A. 8KETCH OF ITS HISTORY — ITS WONDERFUL RUINS AND
INSCRIPTIONS.
Far away in the East is a country, now inhabited
principally by tribes of ISTestorians, and roving bands
of Arabs, that was once an empire whose power and
magnificence were both the terror and marvel of the
ancient world. The capital of this empire lay buried
in the sands of the earth, with no certain marks of its
sepulchre. The extent of our knowledge of the loca-
tion of this city was no more than vague tradition —
which said that it was hidden somewhere on the
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275
•
river Tigris ; but for many centuries it had existed
only in name, a name that suggested the idea of an
ancient capital of fabulous size and splendor, a
walled city containing many fortifications, palaces,
and temples ; a city which had witnessed the tears
of many princes and peoples, brought hither captive
by its warlike kings.
After over two thousand years, the grave of this
dead city was found, and its shroud of sand and ruin
thrown off — ^revealing to an astonished world its
temples, palaces, and idols — its tablets, covered with
records of its conquests and power. The Nineveh in
which the captive tribes of Israel had labored and
wept, and against which the prophecies had gone
forth, was, after a sleep of over twenty centuries, again
brought to light ; and the proofs of its ancient splen
dor beheld by mortal eyes.
The site and ruins of this ancient city are on the
river Tigris, 510 miles from its mouth, and 550 miles
N, E. of Jerusalem. Nineveh was one of the oldest,
largest, most powerful, and splendid cities in the
world; and contained at one time a population of
600,000. Traditions of its unrivaled size and magni-
ficence were equally familiar to the Greeks and
Liomans, and to the Ai-abian geographers.
The Assyrian Empire at one time included Media
and Persia, and was then bounded on the nortli by
the Caspian Sea and Ai'menia, on the east by Media,
on the south by Arabia, on the s. w. and w. by the
river Euplu-ates and Syria.
The Assyrians were one of the greatest commercial
and manufacturing nations of the East. Assyria, from
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its proximity to the Persian Gulf, with which it was
connected by the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, natu-
rally became the great highway of trade between the
sea-faring nations of the Indian seas and Central Asia,
Consequently, Nineveh was a great centre of trade
and manufactures, and here the merchants of nearly
all the nations of the earth assembled.
Assyria was mentioned by Ezekiel as trading in
" blue cloth and embroidered work." In these stuffs
gold thread was introduced into the woof of many
colors, and were the " dyed attire and embroidered
work " so frequently mentioned in Scripture as the
most costly and splendid garments of kings and
princes. The cotton manufactures were equally cel-
ebrated and remarkable, and were mentioned by Pliny
as the invention of Semiramis, who is mentioned
hj many writers of antiquity as having founded
large weaving establishments along the hanks of the
Tigris and Euphrates. They also acquired the art
of manufacturing glass; several bottles, and vases
of elegant shape, were found among the ruins of the
city.
The result of its immense trade, and the number
of nations paying tribute to the kings of Assyria, was
the accumulation of a vast amount of treasure in Nin-
eveh, and the most extraordinary traditions were ol>
lerved in antiquity, of the enormous amount of gold
collected in that city.
As the recent discoveries of Botta and Layard,
among the ruins of Nineveh, are exciting great inter-
est and attention, a brief sketch of its history will
help to render the subject intelligible. This citj
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was first known to history only as Nineveh ; but it af-
terwards became the capital — first of the kingdom of
Assyria, then of the Assyrian empire. According to
Scripture, it was founded by Asshur about 2230 b.c,
but according to Diodorus Siculus (quoting Ctesias),
it was founded by Ninus 2183 e.g. This agrees
with other good authorities, according to whom As-
shur was the founder of tlie monarchy of Assyria,
while Ninus founded the Assyrian empii^e and city of
Nineveh. Justin, the Roman historian who abridged
the history of Trogus Pompeius, in the second cen-
tury, gives the following account of Ninus. lie says,
" By his lust for empire he first brought wars against
the people, as yet unused to resistance, to the very
borders of Libya — which name was anciently applied
to all Africa " His neighbors there-
fore being subdued, when by accession of strength
he was stronger, he passed to others, and every new
victory being the instrument of the next one, he sub-
dued the whole East.
" His last war was with Oxyartes, king of the Bac-
trians. Here he met with a more powerful resistance
than he had yet experienced, but after several fruit-
less attempts upon the chief city, he at last conquered
it by the contrivance and conduct of Serairamis, wife
of Menon, president of the king's council, and chief
of Assyria." .... "The ability, courage,
and beauty of Semiramis so captivated Ninus, that
he used every imaginable persuasion and threat to
induce her husband to bestow his wife upon him.
Menon, however, would not consent, but in a fit of
distraction he destroyed himself, and Semiramis waa
280
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f
mi
advanced to the regal state and dignity. Niniishad a
Bon by Serairamis, named Ninyas, and died after a
reign of fifty-two years, leaving her the government of
his kingdom. In honor of his memory, she erected in
the royal palace a monument, which remained till
long: after the ruin of Nineveh." Of the size of this
monument, Diodoras speaks in extraordinary terms.
Following Ninus, Assyrian records give the names
of thirty -four kings who reigned in Nineveh before
the reign of Sardanapalus — whose throne was over-
turned by an invasion of the Modes, a people who
dwelt on the shores of the Caspian Sea.
Arbaces, king of the Modes, led his army across
the mountains, and made himself king of Assyria,
about 804 e.g.
After the death of Arbaces the Mede, the Assyri-
ans regained their independence. The first of the
new line of kings was Pul. In his reign Menahem,
king of Israel, invaded Assyria, and gained some
temporary successes. In retaliation for which, Pul
marched in the following year into Samaria. The
frightened Israelites could make no stand against
him, and purchased a peace at the price of 1,000
talents of silver.
Pul was succeeded by Tiglath Pileser, who also in-
vaded Samaria B.C. 753.
Tiglath Pileser was succeeded by Shalmaneser
(called by the prophet Ilosea, Shalmo). In the ninth
year of his reign, he invaded and conquered the king-
dom of Israel, and carried the people away captive,
725 B.C.
Shalmaneser was succeeded by Sennacherib ('b.o.
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,, or
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720). lie invaded Judea in the fourteenth year of
tlie reign of Ilezekiah. In his old age Sennacherib,
while worshiping in the temple of the Assyrian god
Nisroch, was murdered by two of his sons, and was
succeeded by his third son, Esarhaddon (about 683
B.C.), who was succeeded by Sardochseus (e.g. 667),
who reigned over Nineveh, Babylon, and Israel twenty
years. During his reign, Media revolted and gained
its independence. The bright days of Nineveh's
glory were now past ; disaster followed disaster in
quick succession.
(e.g. 647) Chyniladan succeeded Sardochseus, and
reigned twenty years — Babylon was taken by the
Chaldees, and in the year 625 e.g. their leader, Na-
bopolassar, ruled that city and the lower half of the
valley of the Euphrates and Tigris. Two years later
he marched northward against Nineveh, which he
stormed and sacked. The city was then laid waste,
its monuments destroyed, and a large portion of its
inhabitants carried away into captivity or scattered.
It never rose again from its ruins, (e.g. 401) Xeno-
phon, with 10,000 Greeks, encamped during his re-
treat on or very near its site, but does not mention its
name. The great victory by Alexander over Darius
(e.g. 331) was won almost over the ruins of Nineveh.
During the Roman period, a small castle or fortified
town stood on a part of the site. The Eoman settle-
ment was in its turn abandoned, for there was no
mention of it when Heraclius gained the great vic-
tory over the Persians in the battle of Nineveh,
fought on the very site of the ancient city, a.d. 627.
Frequent allusion is male to Nineveh in the Old
s^^BSffl^P^'*^^^
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Testament. The first is in Genesis x. 11, and has
reference to its origin. Jonah was sent to this city
about 800 B.C. to warn it of its destruction (Jonah i.
1, 2; iii. 1 to 10). The Book of Nahum is devoted to
" the burden of Nineveh." Isaiah speaks of the
destruction of the Assyrian army by the angel of the
Lord — of Sennacherib's return to Kineveh, and his
murder by his two sons (Isaiah xxxvii. 36, 37, 38).
The last mention of it is by Zephaniah, 630 e.g.,
" And he will stretch out his hand against the north,
and destroy Assyria ; and will make Xineveh a
; Besolation, and di-y like a wilderness " (Zepli. ii. 13).
The ruins of Nineveh are mostly on the east bank
of the Tigris, opposite the city of Mosul, which also
stands on a part of the site of the ancient city. Nine-
veh covered an area of nearly 16 miles, being the
longest on the river, or from north to south. The
ruins consist of shapeless heaps, and mounds of earth
and rubbish, some of which are of enormous dimen-
sions, and appear in the distance more like natural
hills than like the work of men's hands. Upon and
around them were found scattered many fragments
of pottery, sculpture, and building materials. Some
of these mounds had been selected by the natives as
sites for their villages and small mud-built forts. The
summits of others were sown with barlej' and corn.
These mounds differ greatly in size and form ; some
are mere conical heaps, while others have a broad,
flat summit, very steep sides, and are from 50 to ISO
feet high. There are several groups of enclosures
and mounds, the principal of which are called Khoi*-
sabad, Kouyunjik, Nebbi Yunus, Keramles and Nim
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rnd. Tliey take their names from the villages in theij
vicinity. Mosnl is on the west bank of the Tigris,
and at the north-west corner of the site of Nineveh.
From Mosul, by the aid of a good glass, a view of
most of the ruins of Nineveh may be had. Directlv
opposite, on the other side of the Tigris, are the mounds
of ruins called Kouyunjik, and Nebbi Yunus ; to the
N. E. are the monnds of Khorsabad ; to the s. e. are
those of Keramles ; and 17 miles s.s.e. is the impor-
tant mound, Nimrud,
The ruins opposite Mosul consist of an enclosure,
formed by a continuous line of mounds, resembling a
vast embankment of earth; but marking the remains
of a wall, the western face of which is interrupted by
the two great mounds of Kouyunjik and Nebbi
Yunus. East of this enclosure is an extensive line of
defense, consisting of moats and ramparts. Here
and there a mound riiore lofty than the rest covers
the ruins of a tower or gateway. A part of the
mound' Kouyunjik is very steep, and is 96 feet high ;
the top of it is flat, and a small Arab village, now
abandoned, stands upon it.
Nebbi Yunus is smaller in area than Kouyunjik,
but about the same hight; upon it is a Turkoman
village, containing the apocryphal tomb of Jonah,
and a burial-ground held in great sanctity by the
Mohammedans. Eemains of gateways have been
discovered in the north and east walls. In addition
to the inner wall, there is an enormous outer rampart
of earth, — in some places 80 feet high: a few
mounds outside of the ramparts were probably de-
tached towers.
284
That part of the ruins known as Khorsabad, covers
an area of 975 feet by about 800. Near the middle
of the south-west side is a cone, which is the most
elevated point, being 50 feet higher than the rest of
the mound, and presents quite an imposing and
singular appearance. Near the northern angle of the
mound is an ancient well, the, bottom of which is
covered with a stone with seven holes, through which
pure fresh water gushes forth in great abundance.
^Yllen first discovered by Botta, a village covered
most of the top of this mound. As the countiy is
infested with roving bands of freebooters, who do not
hesitate to use the sci meter or rifle to obtain plunder,
those disposed to make a permanent settlement chose
elevated positions ; hence all of the largest of these
mounds, when first discovered by Europeans, were
covered with villages and scattered habitations.
The fortified enclosure of Khorsabad forms a
large and very regular rectangle ; the Avail surround-
ing it, and which looks like a long tumulus of a
rounded shape, is surmounted at irregular intervals by
elevations which indicate the existence of towei-s.
From the northern angle the wall stretches very
regularly to the south-east, becoming more elevated
and distinct until it assumes the aspect of a largo
causeway ; a great number of fragments of bricks
and gypsum being observable on the surface of the
soil. Outside of the outer wall a part of a ditch was
found ; and in one place a brick wall, containing
twelve laj'Crs of bricks, similar to those comprising
the mass of the mound.
The ruins in this mound consist of parts of halls,
EXCAVATIONS AT NINEVEH.
f °^ The
s^s^^^^^^^^^^^^^
■ 1
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287
chambers, and passages, for the most part wainscoted
with slabs of gray alabaster, sculptured with figured
in relief. The calcined limestone, and the great ac-
cumulation of charred wood and charcoal, showed
that the building, or at least its roof, had been de
stroyed by fire.
The mounds of Nimrud, notwithstanding their dis-
tance f I'om the northern ruins, are believed by many to
be a part of Nineveh. These mounds are about 4 mile*
in circumference and terminate at the northwest angle
by a great mound 777 feet in circumference, and
14:4: feet in hight, once coated with bricks. Some of
these have been found, and are about the same size as
tht)se of Babylon, and are inscribed with the arrow-
head characters. At the southeast angle of this en-
closure is a group of fifty mounds, called by the Ara]:)s
the mounds of Arthur. The mound of Nimrud is as
clearly defined as that of Khorsabad, which it resem-
bles in the quadrangular form of its line of consecu-
tive mounds.
The great interest in these discoveries cetitres in
the inscriptions, illustrations, and sculptures found
in the courts, halls, and historical chambers of pal-
aces and temples, the most important of which were
found in the mounds at Khorsabad, Kouyunjik, and
Nimrud. The inscriptions were found on slabs of
stone and marble, arranged against the walls ; on
cylinders of pottery, images, and on obelisks. These
inscriptions are nearly all in cuneatic charactere,
which are neither simple nor numerical figures, but
alphabetical ; and the inscriptions, like English wri-
ting, read from left to right. The character em-
f
A '
f
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ployed was the arrow-head, or cuneiform, so called
from each letter being formed by marks or elements
resembling an arrow-head, or wedge. This mode
writing prevailed throughout the Assyrian, Babyloni-
an, and Persian Empires. The Assyrian or Babylo-
nian alphabet contained over 200 signs or characters,
of a very complicated and imperfect nature, some
characters being phonetic, others syllabic, and others
ideographic. The inscriptions were all systematic-
ally arranged, so that in many instances they gave a
very full and connected account of public events —
principally chronicles of the king who built the edifice
where they were found, including a record of his
wars and expeditions into distant countries — of the
amount of spoil taken, and tribute exacted from the
conquered peoples ; of the building of temples and
palaces, and of invocations to the gods of Assyria:
altogether furnishing a complete key to the long-
lost history of the Assyrian Empire and the city of
Nineveh. Many remarkable events are represent-
ed by figures and ilhistrations, so ingeniously con-
trived and arranged, that by the aid of a short in-
scription, the story is as plainly told as it could
have been by any written account. Among the first
discoveries made in the mound' Khorsabad was a hall
or entrance chamber between two courts. This cham-
ber was 46 feet long by 10 wide, and its entrance
was guarded by six colossal bulls, with human heads
and eao;les' wina^s — three of the bulls on each side of
tlie entrance.* At the front end of the chamber was
* The entrance to all of the palaces and temples in the ruins
of Nineveh were found similarly guarded.
i!'>f^l^^^^^
289
formerly a strong gate, of one leaf, whicli was fasten-
ed by a huge wooden lock, like those still in use in
the East (the key to which is as much as a man car
well carry), and by a bar which moved into a square
hole in the wall. It was doubtless to a key of this
description that the prophet alluded : " And the key
of the house of David will I lay upon his shoulder ;"
and it is remarkable that the word for key in this pas-
sage of Scripture — nnsia (IVIuftah) — is the same
in use all over the East at the present day. The
pavement of this chamber was of slabs of gypsum ;
and in the floor, at the entrance between the bulls,
was a slab engraved with a long cuneiform inscri|>
tion: there were likewise inscriptions between the
fore and hind legs of the bulls. Farther on there
were holes in the pavement, in which metal bars
had been inserted to keep the door open at cer-
tain anoles. Arrang-ed ao-ainst each side of this
chamber were two rows of marble slabs, each row
having two lines of illustrations, which were divided
by a band of cuneatic writing, the whole so nearly
entire, that it afforded a very complete record of the
annual tribute brought by two different peoples to the
Assyrian King who occupied the palace Avithin. This
chamber, with its colossal bulls, and rows of illusti-a-
tions and inscriptions, is a fair sample of many other
chambers and passages found in palaces and temples
in the mounds — Kouyunjik, Ivhorsabad, and Nimrud ;
— and may properly be called historical chambers. In
one of these, in the mound Khorsabad, a procession
is represented moving do^vn a narrow hall, in two
lines, headed by an officer who is conducting it
k^^^'-^c
290
into the presence of the King. The tith cf the
officer is indicated by the word "inin (Tartan).
The first eight persons who follow Tartan, wear the
close turban, and are dressed in long tunics, with
short over-garments. The first carries the model of a
city, indicative of his office of governor of a pro^*ince.
At the head of the processio;i is an officer, who is fol-
lowed by three persons, the first two each bearing two
cnps, the produce of the manufacture of the pro-
vince ; and the third bears a sealed bag upon his
shoulders, containing the amount of tribute in gold-
dust or precious stones furnished by the prince, ruled
by the governor at the head of the procession.
The arrangement of the procession appears to have
been one chief to four men bearing tribute, and con-
tained in all thirty persons.
The second line of illustrations in this chamber
represents another procession, and which, like the first,
is headed by a chief officer of tribute. These are
evidently a different people from the first ; their hair
is arranged in cork-screw curls, their tunics are scanty,
and confined at the waist by a sash formed of a col-
lection of cords. Over the tunic is a covering made
of sheep and leopard skins. The first person is a chief
of this people, as signified by his long beard, and his
bearing the model of a city ; he is followed by a
groom carrying two spears, and leading two horses
richly caparisoned, having elegant crested ornaments
upon their heads, and tasseled bands across their
chests. Following this is a chief, attended by a groom
with two spears and two horses, one of which the
groom is forcing back into the line of march. After
291
this comes anotlier chief wearing a leopard-skin robe,
but not bearing any insignia of office — his hands are
held up in the attitude of astonishment and awe. In
the last .slab on this side of the chamber is an areh-
shaped cavity which received the wooden lock when
the valve was completely open.
In another line of these illustrations are seen eiglit
cliiefs, ten grooms, and fourteen horses. All of the
chiefs are in an attitude of surprise. The sculptures
on the last slab on this wall are entirely obliter-
ated, ha\ang been destroyed by the burning of the
door, which was of wood, and probably stood open
against the wall when the building was destroyed.
In a part of the ruins of the royal palace was found
the court of reception, where the offerings were pre-
sented, and where justice was administered ; the
King's Gate — the gate of Judgment, the " porch for
the throne where he might judge, even the porch of
judgment." It was in a court of this kind, called
:!:'n, teragn, gate in the royal abode of Babylon, that
in after-times the prophet Daniel sat when Nebuchad-
nezzar had made him "jbirn, " the Sultan or ruler
over the whole province," ri--'-|, medinet of Eabylon.
Most of the words are even now cur-
rent in the couutrj', so that if they were written in
Arabic characters, an Arab could read and compre-
bend them.
Many of the illustrations found represent sieges of
cities by the Assyrians — who are always represented
as being successful. One of these represents the
siege of a strongly fortified place belonging to tlie
jteople who wear the sheep-skin garments. Their
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cfistle is fortified by a double wall, and built upon an
irregular hill, up the sides of which are urged two
battering-rams, at which the besieged are throwing
lighted torches to set them on fire. In a part of this
ilkistration are seen tents, and various implements
hung to the poles of the tents, as is still the practice
here among the natives ; the descendants of those
ancient people.
Another series of illustrations and figures repre-
sents the siege of a city situated in a plain, and pro-
tected on one side by a shallow river. On one
side a satrap, attended by his shield-bearer, is vig-
orously pressing the attack. He is habited in a long
fringed and embroidered robe, sandals, bracelets, and
circlet on his head, and long sword, and is dis-
charging arrows under cover of the shield held by his
attendant, who wears a helmet, and is partially
clothed in mail. From the top of the battlements the
besieged are seen pouring some inflammable liquid
upon the war-engines of the enemy, who in turn are
discharging water from a movable tower to extin-
guish the fire. On a lofty tower of the gate the
women are seen tearing their hair in the agony of
despair, while the men are still making strenuous
efi^orts to defend the city. Beneath the towers of the
gate are two men disputing the possession of a trea-
sure, which they have discovered while undermining
the wall. Notwithstanding the resolute defense, the
outer works appear to be fatally bombarded, and the
people are falling from the walls in every direction.
Further on, a number of women and a boy are being
led into captivity by a soldier. The women are bare-
293
footed, and wear long robes peculiarly ornamented ;
around their necks are scarfs, and their hair hangs
over their shouldoi's in long tresses, which they are
tearing in despair. "1 will cast thee out and the
mother that bare thee into another country. For lo !
our fathei-s have fallen by the sword, and our sons,
and our daughters, and our wives are in captivity."
This piece of history doubtless represents the reali-
zation of the prophecy of Amos — " and the people of
Syria* shall go into captivity unto Kir, saith the
Lord." " For the king of Assyria went up against
Damascus and took it, and carried the people of it
captive to Kir, and slew Rezin." The situation of
Damascus resembles that here represented ; and the
liquid tire used by the besieged was doubtless the
petroleum with which that country abounds.
in another representation is seen the fate which
befell Zedekiali, king of Judah, as recorded in the
second book of Kings. In the centre of the group
stands the king ; before him are three persons, the
foremost of whom is on his knees imploring mercy,
and the two others standing in a humble position.
The king is represented thrusting the point of a spear
into one of the eyes of the suppliant, while he holds
in his left hand the end of a cord attached to rings
in the under lips of all the captives, who are likewise
both manacled and fettered ; and above their heads a
cuneatic inscription — perhaps the very words of their
supplication for mercy.
In another historical chamber is represented a for-
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tified city, built upon a considerable elevation, oppo-
site to wlii ;h is a still higher hill, surmounted by a
castellated tower, from the base of which a narrow
stream flo-ns down into the valley that separates the
two hills. It is especially to be observed that olive-
trees are growing on the hill on which is the tower ;
and on the hill in the city is a walk or road, about
half-way up, below which, and at the side of the
stream, is a row of tombs. The relative situation of
these objects exactly resembles the position of simi-
lar objects visible in approaching Jerusalem from the
east. On the left is Mount Moriah and the high
wall of the Temple ; at the foot, the brook Kedron
and the tombs of the Valley of Jehoshaphat ; and
on the right, the Mount of Olives.
In a hall occupied by representations of divinities,
is one wliich appears to be connected with the wor-
sliip of the Assyrian Yenus, or Astarte. Lucian be-
lieves it to be identical with the Moon, or queen of
heaven. From the situation of this frieze in the
deepest recess of the chamber, and from its having a
square slab of gyjDSum in the pavement before it,
with a hole communicating with a drain, there can
be but little doubt that some mysterious rites were
enacted before it.
In another place is a representation of cavalry in
pui-suit of an enemy ; another scene of pursuit and
tliglit, two horsemen armed with spears, and wearing
the conical cap, are pursuing one whose horse is
fallen. Behind is a falling figure ; overhead is a
vulture, beiriiig evidence of ha^-ing preyed upon
the slain.
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In a 1 the sculptures and representations, the swift-
ness of the horses, and the ferocity of their riders, ia
particularly portrayed. " Their horses also are swift-
er than the leopards, and more fierce than the even-
ing wolves : and their horsemen shall spread them-
selves, and their horsemen shall come fi-om far ; they
shall fly as the eagle that hasteth to eat." The Chal-
dean cavalry were proverbial for swiftness, courage,
and cruelty.
Among the most important discoveries in the ruins
of Nineveh, is the black obelisk found in the north-
west palace at ISTimrud. This obelisk furnishes a
chapter of the long-lost history of the Assyrian
empire, and a specimen of the style of writing of
that period.
The inscription on it gives neai'ly a complete
history of the reign of Shalmaneser, son of Sar-
danapalus, comprising a period of thirty-one years,
dating fi'om 891 b. c. It is given in the language
of the king himself, and commences with the follow-
ing declaration : " This is the palace of Sardana-
palus, the humble worshiper of Assarac and Beltis."
Then follows an invocation to several deities, with
Assarac at their head, as the supreme god of Ileaven.
The king gives his titles and then says : — " At the
commencement of my reign, after that I was estalj-
lished on the throne, I assembled the chiefs of my
people and came down into the plains of Esmes,
Avhere I took the city of Ilaridu, the chief city belong-
ing to K^akharini. In the first year of my reign, I
3rossed the upper Euphrates, and ascended to the
tribes who worshiped the god Ilusi ; my servanta
erected altars in that land to my gods. Then 1
went on to the land of Khamana, where L founded
palaces, cities, and temples. I went on to the land
of Malar, and there 1 established the worship of my
kingdom.
" In the second year, I went up to the city of Tel
I'arasba, and occupied the cities of Ahuni, son of
llateni. I shut him up in his city. 1 then crossed
tlic Euphrates, and occupied the cities of Dabagu
and Aburta, belonging to the Sheta, together with
the cities which were dependent on them.
" In the third year Ahuni, son of Hateni, rebelled
against me, and having become independent, estab-
lished his seat of government in the city of Tel Ba-
rasba Then I went out from the city of
Nineveh, and crossed the Euphrates. I attacked and
defeated Ahuni in the city of Sitrat, which was situ-
ated up the Euphrates, and which Ahuni the son of
llateni, had made one of his capitals. The rest of
the country I brought under subjection, and Ahuni,
son of llateni, with his gods, and his chief priests,
his horses, his sons, and his daughters, and all his
men of war, I brought away to my country of
Assyria.
" In the fifth year I went up to the country of Aby-
ari ; I took eleven great cities ; I besieged Akitta of
Erri, in his city, and received his tribute.
" In the sixth year I went out from the city of
Nineveh, and proceeded to the country situated on
the river Belek. The ruler of this country having
resisted my authority, I displaced him, and appointed
Tisimba to be lord of the district ; and I there estab-
lished the Assyrian sway From the citj
of Unien I went ont and came to the city of Barbara.
Tlien Hem-ithra of the country of Atesh, and Arhu-
lena, of Ilamath, and the kings of Sheta, and the
tribes that were in alliance with them, arose ; setting
their forces in battle array, they came against me.
By the grace of Assarac, the great and powerful god,
I fought with them, and defeated them ; 25,000 of
their men I slew in battle, or carried away into
slavery. Their leaders, their captains, and their men
of war I put in chains.
" In the seventh year I proceeded to the country be-
longing to Khabni of Tel-ati, the chief city of Tel-ati,
which was his chief place, and the towns which were
dependent on it I captured and gave up to pillage,
I went out from the city of Tel-ati, and came to the
land watered by the head streams which form the
Tigris. The priests of Assarac in that land raised
altars to the immortal gods. I appointed priests to
reside in the land to pay adoration to Assarac, the
great and powerful god, and to preside over the na-
tional worship
" In the eighth year, against Sut Baba, king of
Taha-Dunis, appeared Sut-Bel Herat, and his fol-
lowers
" In the ninth year a second time I went up to
Armenia, and took the city of Lunanta. By the
assistance of the gods Assarac and Sut, I obtained
possession of Sut Bel-herat, in the city of Umen — I
put him in chains. Afterwards Sut Bel-herat,
together with his followers, I condemned to slavery.
Then 1 went down to Shinar, and in the city of
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Shinar, of Borsippa, and of Ketika I erected altars,
and founded temples to tlie great gods
" In the tenth year, for the eighth time, I crossed the
Euphrates. I took the cities belonging to Ara-lura of
the to"wai of Shalumas, and gave them up to pillage. . .
... I took the city of Arnia, which was the capital of
the country, and I gave up -to pillage 100 of the de-
pendent towns. I slew the wicked, and carried of(
the treasures. At this time Hem-ithra, king of
Atesh, Arhulena, king of Hamath, and the twelve
kings of the tribes who were in alliance with them,
came forth, arraying their forces against me. They
met me, and we fought a battle, in which I defeated
them, making prisoners of their leaders, and their
captains, and their men of war, and putting them
in chains
" In the thirteenth year I descended to the plains
dependent on the city of Assar-animet. I went to
the district of Yata. I took the forts, slaying the
evil-disposed, and carrying off all the ^vcalth of the
country
" In the sixteenth year I crossed the river Zab, and
went against the country of the Arians. Set Mesitek,
king of the Arians, I put in chains, and brought his
wives, and warriors, and his gods, captives to my
country of Assyria ; and I appointed Tanvu, the
son of Khanab, to be king over the country in his
place.
"In the twenty-first year, for the twentieth
time, I crossed the Euphrates, and again went
up to the country of Khazakan of Atesh. I occu-
pied his territory, and while there received tribute
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from the countries of Tyre, of Sidon, and of
"In the twenty-second year, for the tM'enty-first
time, I crossed the Euphrates, and marched to the
country of Tubal. Then I received the submission
of the twenty-four kings of Tubal
" In the twenty-third year I again crossed the Eu-
phrates, and captured the city of Huidara, the strong-
hold of Ellal of Meluda ; and the kings of Tubal
again came in to me, and I received their tribute.
" In the twenty-fourth year I crossed the river Zab,
and passing away from the land of Ivharkhar, went
up to the country of the Arians. Yanvu, whom I
had made king of the Arians, had thrown off his
allegiance, so I put him in chains.
" I then went out from the land of the Arians and
received the tribute of the twenty-seven kings of
the Persians. Afterwards I removed fi-om the Per-
sians and entered the territory of the Medes, going on
to Katsir and Kharkhar I established
the authority of my empire in the city of Kharkhar.
Yanvu, the son of Khaban, with his wives and his
gods, and his sons and his daughters, his servants,
and all his property, I carried away captive into my
country of Assyria
" In the thirtieth year, whilst I was still residing
in the city of Calath, I summoned Detarassar, the
general of my army, and sent him forth to war in
command of my cohorts and forces.
" Huelka, of Minni, had thrown off his allegiance,
and declared himself independent, establishing his
Beat of government in the city of Tsiharta. My
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general therefore put him in chains, and carried ofi
his flocks and herds, and all his property, and gave
his cities over to pillage.
" In the thirty-first year, a second time whilst I
abode in the city of Calah, occupied in the worship of
the gods Assarac, Hem, and ISTebo, I summoned the
general of my army, Detarassar of Ittana, and I sent
him forth to war, in command of my troops and co-
horts. He went ont accordingly, in the first place to
the territories of Daten of Hubiska, and received his
tribute ; then he proceeded to Enseri, the capital city
of the country of the Bazatsera, and he occupied
the city of Enseri and the thirty-six other towns of
the country of Bazatsera. And he afterwards moved
to the country of the Arians, where, by the help of
the gods Assarac and Sut, he captm'ed their cities,
and continued his march to the country of Kharets,
taking and despoiling 250 towns, until at length he
descended into the plain of Esmes, above the city of
Umen."
RELICS.
Many curious relics have been discovered among
the ruins of Nineveh. At Nimrud fragments of
bronze furniture were found belonging to the palace
— terra-cotta vases, some of which were glazed with
a blue vitrified substance ; three engraved cylinders
or rolling seals, one of which is of transparent
glass ; a silver ring ; fragments of ivory, delicately
carved, some being gilt. Many painted bricks were
found, some of them cylindrical in form. On the
sides of these bricks were stamped cuneiform writ
ings, showing that a very near approach to the art of
printing was made by the Assyrians over 3000 year
ago. Besides the letters on the bricks, there was dis-
covered on one of them the footprints of a weasel,
which must have sported over the brick before it had
been baked. Thus the little animal and the mighty
king had stamped the record of their existence on
the same piece of clay.
In excavating in the mound Khorsabad, a large
gate was discovered, which appears to have been one
of the entrances to the city ; two long rows of columns,
also the cellar of the palace, containing regular rows
of jars, which had the appearance of having been
filled with wine, for at the bottom of the jars there
was a deposit of a violet color. In.another place cop-
per nails, of various shapes and sizes, were found,
which doubtless belonged to the roof, as some of
them had undergone the action of fire when the roof
v^as burned, and were partially melted. A ring was
found fixed in the wall above a bronzed lion. A
fragment of a circle was also found, which was doubt-
less a part of a wheel, as on its inside the ends of
spokes are still to be seen. One of the courts was
paved with square kiln-baked bricks, on which was
stamped a cuneatic inscription containing the name
of the king who built the palace. Before the three
doors of the fa9ade forming the porch are holes the
size of one of the bricks, and about 14 inches in depth.
These holes are lined with tiles, and have a ledge
round the inside, so that they might be covered by
one of the bricks without betrajang the existence of
302
the cavity. In these cavities were found small imagea
of baked clay of frightful aspect, some with a human
head and a lion's body, others with a lynx's head and
human body.
At the entrances of temples and palaces were found
— first, either symbolic bulls or winged divinities, on
^vhich were long inscriptions, always the same, prob-
ably incantations or prayers followed by the aforemen-
tioned secret cavities, in which images of a compound
character were hidden. Thus the sacred and tlie
royal precincts were trebly guarded by divinities, in-
scriptions, and hidden gods, from the approach of any
subtle spirit, or more palpable enemy that might
have escaped the vigilance of the guard.
In a floor beneath a mystic basso-relievo was found
a slab 10 feet by 8, and two feet thick, which was
ascended by steps, the sides being inscribed, and
appeared to have been used in connection with some
sacrifice. Around the slab was a conduit, to carry off
the blood of the victim, and under the stone there
were found some bones, and some fragments of gold
leaf. Besides this there were two other hollowed
square stones, in the north-eastern corner of the
chamber.
The ground on which the city of Mosul stands is
also a part of the site of Nineveh ; and here too are
several mounds of ruins, the sculptures and inscribed
slabs from which have been used as building mate-
rial by the natives ; but the authorities have not yet
permitted an examination to be made here.
Beker Effendi, while disffins in the mound Kou-
yunjik for stone to build the bridge at Mosul, found a
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sepulcliral chamber in which was an inscription,
and among the rubbish the following articles: A
woman's (Idial khal) ankle bracelet of silver coi"d
with turquoise, colored with rust ; a bracelet of
gold beads, quite perfect; and some pieces of
engraved agate.
Among the latest discoveries made at Nineveh
are those by Layard in the mound' Nimrud. lie
effected an entrance into the old Nimrud palace,
where he found an extraordinary collection of relics
— swords, shields, bowls, crowns, caldrons, orna-
ments in ivory and mother-of-pearl. The vessels were
formed of a kind of bronze, some of them perfectly,,
preserved, and as bright as gold when the rust was
removed. The engraving and embossing on them
comprise mystic subjects, and are very elaborate and
beautiful. In excavating in another part of this
mound, he penetrated a mass of masonry, within
which he discovered the tomb and statue of Sarda-
napalus, accompanied by full annals of that monarch's
reign engraved on the walls. He also f oimd tablets
of an sorts — all of them being historical. But the
crowning discovery made by Layard was in the mound,
Kouynnjik. The great palace there had evidently
been destroyed by lire, but one portion of this edifice
seemed to have escaped its influence ; and in exca-
vating in that part, he found a large room filled
with what appeared to be the archives of the empire,
ranged in successive tablets of terra cotta, the writ-
ings being as perfect as when the tablets were first
stamped. They were piled in huge heaps from
the floor to the ceiling. From the progress already
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made in reading the inscriptions, the contents of these
tablets will doubtless be made out. There is a jpaS'
sage in the hooh of Ezra, where the Jews, having
heen disturbed in building the temjyle, prayed that
search might be made in the house of records for the
edict of Cyrus, permitting them to return to Jeru-
salem. The chamber above mentioned might be
presumed to be the house of records of the Assyrian
kings, where copies of the royal edicts were didy de-
posited.
The condition of the ruins of Nineveh is highly
corroborative of the sudden destruction that came
upon that city by fire and sword, and the representa
tions and inscriptions found on the walls of the many
chambers and courts afford a strong confirmation of
the prophecies. "Then shall the fire devour thee,
the sword shall cut thee off." It is evident from the
ruins that the city was first sacked and then set on
fire. " She is empty and void, and waste." " For the
stone shall cry out of the wall, and the beam out of
the timber shall answer it. Woe to him that buildeth
a town with blood and establisheth a city by iniquity"
— the latter prophecy unmistakably indicating the
rapacity and cruelty of the Assyrian nation,.
The veritable descendants of the ancient inhabi-
tants of Assyria and Nineveh are found in the
Chaldean or Nestorian tribes, inhabiting the moun-
tains of Kurdistan, and villages in the neighborhood
of the ruins of Nineveh. Most of the so-called Arabs
here are also descendants of the ancient inhabitants of
the provinces of the Assyrian empire. These people
Btill speak a Shemitic dialect, almost identical with
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the Chaldee of Daniel and Ezra. Their physical
character also marks them as the same race.
Although the soil is rich and fertile, and capable of
sustaining a vast population, still a curse appears to
hang over the land, and the number of its inhabi-
tants is yearly diminishing, so that there seems to be
no prospect that for generations to come this once
favored country will be other than a wilderness.
DAMASCUS.
ITS GREAT A^"TIQUn'Y A SKETCH OF ITS HISTOEY ITS
SINGULAB ANCIENT RUINS.
This is the oldest city in the world still standing,
and was an ancient city in the time of Christ. For
over four thousand years Damascus has been a spec-
tator of the events of the world. She takes note of
time not by months or years, but by the kingdoms
and empires she has seen rise, flourish, and pass away.
From villages she saw Baalbek, Thebes, and Ephesus
grow into cities that amazed the world with their
size and grandeur — then witnessed their decay and
desolation, and saw their ruins inhabited by owls
and bats. She saw the kingdom of Israe' lise, estab-
lish its capital at Jerusalem, become mighty, build the
^^onderful Temple of Solomon, and she saw it anni-
hilated. She witnessed the advent of Greece amon»
the nations of the earth — witnessed her career of
two thousand years ; then saw her perish. In her old
age Damascus saw Kome built, the Roman Empire
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rise and overshadow the world with its power, then
Baw it perish. She has noted the rise and fall of a
thousand empires, and will doubtless see the tombs
of a thousand more.
According to Josephus, Damascus was founded by
Uz, son of Aram, grandson of Shem, and although it
dates so far back in the history of the world, still but
little is known of this city until the time of David,
1041 B. 0.
Damascus was formerly the capital of the kingdom
of Syria, and in the reign of David the Syrians of
Damascus came to assist Hadadezer, with whom
David was at war, but were completely defeated, and
their territory garrisoned with Israelites by David.
In Solomon's time, however, the Syrians threw off
the foreign yoke, and in a few generations became a
formidable rival of Israel.
The two Benhadads — father and son — wao-ed long
and bloody wars with the kings of Israel, and when
Hazael killed his master and seized the throne of
Damascus, it fared still worse with the Israelitish
territories. He defeated the united forces of Israel
and Judah, seized the country east of the Jordan,
made the king of Israel his tributary, and even levied
a contribution on Jerusalem.
In New Testament history, Damascus is chiefly cel-
ebrated as having been the scene, not precisely of St.
Paul's conversion, but of his residence for a short
time after his conversion, and his first labors in the
cause of Christ. At that time the city contained a
large Jewish population. Afterwards it became the
seat of a Chi-istian bishop, who ranked next in that
.^
A2fCIENT WALLS OF DAMASCUS.
DAMASCUS, FEOM SALAHITEH.
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quarter to the patriarch of Antioch, and among the
bishops who took part in the Council of Nice (a. d.
325) was Magnus of Damascus. But in process of
time the Christian influence in Damascus was over-
shadowed by the Mohammedan, a. d. 635, the city
fell into the liands of Khalif Omar — the Khalifs of
the house of Ommyah even fixed their residence in
it — so that Damascus again became the capital of a
powerful empire. For nearly a century it sent forth
armies that spread terror from the plains of Langue-
doc to those of Hindustan. But the dynasty of the
Onmiyades at length gave way to that of the Abas-
sides, which fixed its seat at Bagdad and governed
Damascus by a prefect. Subsequently, the city shared
in the manifold vicissitudes which passed over the
provinces of Western Asia, till a. d. 1516, when it
fell into the hands of Sultan Selim I. ; from which
time it has remained under the sway of Turkey, the
head of a large pashalic, and the most populous and
flourishing city in Asiatic Turkey.
In tenacity of existence, and the power of retain-
ing a certain measure of prosperity under all dynas-
ties, and through the most varied successions of for
tune, this city stands uniivaled in the world's history.
Damascus is 150 miles n. e. of Jerusalem, and is
situated in a plain at the foot of the most eastern
range of Anti-Libanus — 2300 feet above the level of
the sea, which gives it a temperate climate and cool
breezes. The plain in which the city stands is 50
miles in circumference — open to the desert of Arabia
on the south and east, and bounded on the north and
west by the mountains.
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The river Barada (ancient Abana) and its branches
run through the city — which, with the river Pharpar,
water and render very fertile a tract of country 30
miles in extent. The traveler, approaching Damas-
cus from any direction, is fascinated by the view.
In the midst of a vast plain is seen an island of deep
verdure, walnuts and apricots waving above, — corn
and grass below, and in the midst of this mass of
f(jliage Damascus, with its white streets and lofty
minarets. It is the most purely Oriental city remain-
ing of all that are named in the Bible. Its public
buildings and bazars are fine; and many private
dwellings, though outwardly mean, are decorated
within in a style of the most costly luxury. Its posi-
tion has made it from the first a commercial city.
The cloth called damask originated here ; the Damask
rose is a native ; and Damascus steel has never been
equaled. It still carries on an extensive traffic in
woven stuffs of silk and cotton, in fine inlaid cabinet-
work, in leather, fruits, sweet-meats, and every
branch of Eastern commerce. For this purpose,
huge caravans assemble here at intervals, and traverse
as of old the desert routes to remote cities. Here,
too, is a chief gathering-place of pilgrims from the
north to Mecca.
The principal street is the one which tradition
claims is the street called Straight in the Bible, and in
which Saul took up his abode after his conversion.
This street runs through the city nearly east and west,
?ind is about a mile in length. It is not now by any
means what it was in ancient times. In the Roman
age, and up to the time of the Mohaminedan con-
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315
quest, it was a noble street, extending through the
city, much longer and wider than at present. It was
divided by Corinthian colonnades into three avenues,
opposite and corresponding to the three portals. The
remains of these colonnades have been traced over a
third of the length of the street. Wherever excava-
tions are made in the line of the street, bases of col-
umns are found, and fragments of shafts lying pros-
trate under accumulated rubbish. This street was
like those seen in Palmyra and Jerash; but the
devastations of war, and the vandalism of Turkish
rulers, have destroyed most of its ancient grandeur.
Saul of Tarsus was particularly bitter against the
then new sect called Christians, and started on a cru-
sade against them. He went forth " breathing threat-
enings and slaughter against the disciples of the Lord."
"And as he journeyed he came near Damascus,
and suddenly there shined round about him a light
fi-om heaven. And he fell to the earth and heard a
voice saying unto him, ' Saul, Saul, why persecutest
thou me ? ' And when he knew that it was Jesus that
spoke to him he trembled, and was astonished, and said,
'Lord, what wilt thou have me to do ? ' " He was told
to enter the city, and one would tell him what to do.
Saul rose up and found that he was blind, so " they led
him by the hand and brought him to Damascus, where
he lay three days blind in the house of Judas * (which
was in the street called Straight), during which time
he neither ate nor drank. Then there came a voice
to Ananias, saying, * Arise and go into the street called
Straight, and inquire at the house of Judas for one
* Not the Jndas who betrayed his Master.
called Saul of Tarsus; for behold he prajeth. ''
Ananias went as ordered, found Paul, and ordained
him to preach. At a short distance from the street
called Straight is the reputed house of Ananias, and
in a part of it is a room some 14 feet under ground,
the masonry of which bears evidence of great an-
tiquity, and is doubtless a part of the house of Ana-
nias. The house of Naaman is also pointed out.
Naaman was commander of the Syrian armies, but
was a leper. The house said to have been his, is now
a hospital for lepers.
Among the most important public structures is the
castle in the n. w. part of the city, and above all the
great Mosque of the Ommyades, which was originally
a heathen temple, and afterwards the church of
Si. John the Baj>tist. It occupies a quadrangle of
489 feet by 324 ; is of various styles of architecture,
divided into naves and aisles by Corinthian pillars ;
has a floor of tesselated marble, and three minarets.
Besides this there are 80 smaller mosques, the domes
and minarets of which are among the chief archi-
tectural ornaments of the city.
The Gates of the city are the Gate of the Camels,
leading to the Arabs' rendezvous; the Paradise
Gate, a large gate with a gloomy archway leadino-
into a bustling bazar, near the centre of the south
wall, and " Bab Tooma" or Gate of Thomas, so called
in memory of the brave Christian champion who so
nobly withstood the Saracen besiegers.
The bazars of Damascus present varied and strik-
ing scenes ; and the traveler is bewildered amid the
gay colors of the various articles exposed for sale.
i^i
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317
and the groups of people that are seen passing and
repassing in all the different and singular costumes
of the East. Here may be seen Agas moving with
slow and stately tread, dressed in white turbans and
scarlet silk cloaks edged with costly fur, with
diamond-hilted kandjars and yataghans gleaming
in their girdles : they are followed each by five
or six obsequious retainers, and a black slave car-
ries their pipes and scarlet tobacco-bags. Swarthy,
grim-visaged Arabs and Bedouins from the great
desert, with their coarse cloaks hanging upon them
like the drapery of an ancient statue, congregate
round the tobacco-shops, tlie armorers, and saddlers.
Frequently the crowd is compelled to make way for
a procession of great men on horseback ; or culprits
led about the streets preceded by an officer shouting
their crimes, and calling upon all to take warning.
The bazars are graced with the presence of women,
who make all the purchases for the household ; and
the gallantry displayed by the shopmen in dealing
with their fair customers seems to invite them to
linger over their purchases, very much as their more
civilized sisters do in London and New York.
In the day-time the narrow streets swarm with
men, women, and children. But at night there is but
little travel, as the streets are not lighted, and those
who do go out carry lanterns as in ancient times.
The present population of Damascus is 150,000, of
which 130,000 are Moslems, 15,000 Christians, and
5,000 Jews.
The Moslems are very fanatical and vindictive
against Christians and all who are not Mohammo-
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dans: and in July, 1860, they massacred 6,000 of
the Christian population, and burned their quarter
of the city. Their thirst for the blood of Christians
extended to the mountains of Hermon and Anti-
Lebanon, and in a short time 25,000 more were
slaughtered and their possessions laid waste.
Among the Christian population were members of
the ancient Order of Masons, and this fearful uprising
and massacre was checked by one of their number —
Abd-el-Kadir — a Mohammedan himself, but of large
and noble nature. This man saved many thousands
of lives by his prompt and resolute action, at the
yl'^ I time when Moslem fanaticism threatened the destruc-
tion of every Christian in Damascus, and indeed in
all Syria. Tliis may well be regarded as one of
the most brilliant and chivalric acts of fraternal de
votion that has been exhibited in modern times.
SHECHEM,
NOW NABULUS — ^JACOb's WELL THE TOMB OF JOSEPH.
This ancient city is 29 miles north of Jerusalem,
between mounts Gerizim and Ebal. It is first men-
tioned in the history of Abraham, who here erected
his first altar in Canaan, and took possession of the
country in the name of Jehovah, When Jacob
arrived here fi-om Mesopotamia, Shechem was a
Ilivite city, of which Ilamor, the father of Shechem,
was the head man. At this time the patriarch pui--
chased from that chieftain " the parcel of the field,"
which he subsequently bequeathed to his son Joseph.
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The value of tliis field was greater on account of the
well which Jacob had dug here, so as not to be de-
pendent on his neighbors for water. The defilement
of Dinah — Jacob's daughter — the capture of She-
chem, and the massacre of the male inhabitants by
Simeon and Levi, are events of this period. Joshua
assembled the people here shortly before his death,
and delivered to them his last counsel. After the con-
quest of Canaan, Shechem became a Levitical city,
a city of refuge in Ephraim and a gathering-place
of the tribes. After the ruin of Samaria by Shal-
maneser, Shechem became the capital of the Samari-
tans ; and at the present day it is the seat of a small
remnant of that people. The enmity between the
Samaritans and Jews is still as great as in the time of
Christ.
The present population is about 10,000, consisting
of 150 Samaritans, and between 500 and 600 Chris-
tians, 100 Jews, and the rest Arabs and Mohamme-
dans. The main street runs e. and w., and contains
a well-stocked bazar. Most of the other streets cross
the main street, and in the cross streets are the small
shops and work-stands of the artisans. Many of the
streets are narrow and dark, as the houses hang over
them on arches, very much the same as in the closest
parts of Cairo. There are no public buildings of any
note except the Keniseh, or Synagogue of the Samari-
tans, and five mosques. The synagogue is a small
edifice about four centuries old, containing nothing
remarkable except an alcove screened by a curtain,
in which their sacred writings are kept.
The houses are high, built of stone with flat roots,
322
and surmounted by small domes. Tliere are man^
springs and natural fountains in and about the city,
and some of the many beautiful gardens are watered
from the fountains, while others have a soil suffi-
ciently moist. Figs, almonds, walnuts, oi*anges, grapes,
and pomegranates are abundant. But the olive now,
as in ancient times, is the principal tree.
This city being, as it were, the gateway between
Jaffa and Beirut, on the coast and the interior, is the
seat of an active commerce and of a comparative
Inxury to be found in but few Oriental cities. Here
are manufactured many of the coarse woolen fabrics ;
cloth of camel's hair, and delicate silk goods.
The most remarkable antiquity here is Jacob's
well. It is covered by an arched stone chamber,
entered by a narrow hole in the roof. The mouth of
the well is covered by a large flat stone with a cir-
cular aperture, and its depth is 105 feet. This well
is on the road from Jerusalem, and is visited by
many pilgrims every year. It bears every mark of
great antiquity, and is so clearly marked by the
Evangelist, that if no tradition existed for its iden-
tity, the place could not be mistaken. Wearied
with his journey, the Saviour sat near this well and
taught the Samaritan woman, saying — " God is a
spirit, and they that worship him must worship him
in spirit and in truth." Upon the return of the
woman to the city she reported her remarkable inter-
view with Jesus to the people, upon which they
flocked out to hear him. In addressing them, Christ
pointed his disciples to the waving fields of grain
the plain around, exclaiming, " Say not ye there
fry
1: 1
are yet four months, and then cometh the hai'vest?
Behold, I say unto you, lift up your eyes and look on
the fields ; for they are white already to harvest."
The tomb of Joseph is about a quarter of a mile
north of the well. It is a small square enclosure of
high walls surrounding a tomb of the ordinary kind.
An altar black with the traces of fire is at the head,
and another at the foot of the tomb. In the walls are
two slabs with Hebrew inscriptions, and the interior
is almost covered with the names of pilgrims in He-
brew, Arabic, and Samaritan. The base of Mt. Ebal,
opposite the city, is full of ancient excavated tombs,
and on Mt. Gerizim are the ruins of a strong fortress.
i
GAZA
is in the s. w. corner of Palestine, 45 miles s. w.
of Jerusalem. It is first mentioned in Genesis as a
border town of the Canaanites (b. c. 1920). It was
one of the chief cities of the Philistines, and is re-
markable for its continuous existence for over 3,800
years. Gaza is situated on the main road between
Syria and the valley of the IMile. Its commanding
position and strong fortifications rendered it import-
ant in a military as well as commercial sense. Its
name (=the strong) was well elucidated in its siege by
Alexander the Great, which lasted five months, and
in which he was wounded. In the conquest of Joshua
the territory of Gaza is mentioned as one he was not
able to subdue. Samson carried away its gates, but
afterwards perished under the ruins of its vast
temple. At subsequent periods Gaza was occupied
R
by Chaldeans, Persians, and Egyptians. The Jewish
king, Alexander Jannseus, captured it about 96 b. q
In A. D. 634 it came nnder Moslem rule.
The modern town stands partly on an oblong hill
and partly on the low ground, and contains a popula-
tion of about 15,000 inhabitants. The climate of
this place is nearly tropical, but it has deep wells of
excellent water.
The ruins of the old city cover a large hill, which
is about three miles fi'om the sea. Among the ruins
are those of the fortress that so long withstood Alex-
ander the Great.
BEERSHEBA.
Beersheba (the "Well of the Oath) is 28 miles south-
west of Hebron — at tlie southern extremity of the
Holy Land ; Dan lay at the northern extremity ; so
that the phrase, from Dan to Beersheba, meant from
the northern to the southern end of Palestine. Abra-
ham dug a well here, and gave the name Beer-
sheba, because here he and Abimelech, King of the
Philistines, "sware" both of them, but the compact
was ratified by the setting apart of " seven ewe lambs,"
and from the Hebrew word, Sheba, — seven, the name
of the place.
The town that rose here was first assigned to
Judah, and then to Simeon. It was a seat of idolatry
in the time of TJzziah. After the captivity it was re-
peopled by the Jews, and continued a large village
many centuries after the coming of Christ, There
are at present on the spot two large wells and five
SH5fc.
'rfp)
329
smaller ones. The large wells are 100 yards apart,
and are visible from a considerable distance. The
larger of the two is 12^ feet in diameter, and 44:
feet to the surface of the water, which is excellent.
These wells are surrounded by drinking-troughs of
stone, for camels and flocks ; such as they doubtless
have been from patriarchal times.
The curb-stones round the mouth of these wells,
like those of a few other ancient wells in Palestine,
have deep grooves worn in them by the action of the
ropes used in drawing up the water during so many
centuries. North of the wells, on some low hills, are
the ruins of a town of considerable size, the name of
which is unknown.
Beersheba is interesting from its associations, ra
ther than from its intrinsic importance as an inliab-
ited place.
Here Abraham planted a grove, and worshipped
Jehovah, the ever-living God. From here he set out
to offer up Isaac as a sacrifice on Moimt Moriah ; the
place where Isaac resided when he was bowed down
under the infirmities of age ; where Jacob stole the
blessing from him, the blessing that was meant for
Esau ; the place where the two brothers met to con-
vey the remains of their aged father to the cave of
Machpelah.
BETHEL,
NOW BEITIN,
is 10 miles north of Jerusalem, on the right of the
ancient road to Shechem. It occupies the spot near
where Jacob slept and had his remarkable dream, in
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330
which he saw the ladder reaching from earth to heav
en, and the angels of God ascending and descending
npon it.
Abraham first pitched his tent in Palestine on the
high ground eastward of this spot, still one of the
best tracts of pasturage in the whole land.
After the destruction of the Baal worship by Jehu,
Bethel comes more prominently into view, and in the
time of Jeroboam II. it was a royal residence, with a
"king's house," and altars. Another mention of
the altar of Jeroboam, with its last loathsome fire of
" dead men's bones " burning upon it, is found in the
account of Josiah's iconoclasm (xxiii.). The men
of Bethel and Ai returned with Zerubbabel from
Babylon.
The ruins of the ancient city are found on the south
side of a hill, and cover nearly four acres of ground.
They consist of many foundations, and crumbling
walls of houses and public buildings. On the
highest part of the hill, towards the n. n. w., are
the remains of a square tower, and near the southern
Doint are the walls of a church, standing within the
foundations of a larger and much more ancient struc-
ture. The ruins of other churches are also found in
this vicinity. Near by are the remains of one of the
largest reservoirs in Palestine, measuring 314 feet in
length by 217 feet in width. The walls were built
of massive stones, and the southern wall is still entire.
The bottom of this reservoir is now a grass-plot, hav-
ing in it two living springs of good water. "Whether
they are natural springs, or whether they are fed by
a buried aqueduct, has not yet been discovered.
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BETHLEHEM.
BrETH-PLA(,"E OF DAVID, AND OF JESUS 0HKI8T.
Bethlehem is south of Jerusalem, about 4 milea
distant, but by the route through Joppa gate and the
valley of E-ephaim the distance is greater. The road
from Jerusalem to Bethlehem is through a wild,
uncultivated tract, but beautiful and full of interest.
On each side are well-known hills and monuments.
On the plain near Bethlehem is the tomb of Kachel,
in a solitary spot, without palm, cypress, or any tree
to spread its shade.
Bethlehem is situated on the brow of a high hill,
and commands an extensive view of the surrounding
country. In the time of Christ the hills around it
were terraced and clothed with vines, iig and almond
trees, and the valleys bore rich crops of grain.
This city is rendered memorable and holy as the
birth-place of David, and of Jesus Christ. Over that
spot the guiding star hovered ; there the eastern sages
worshipped the infant Redeemer ; and there, where
David watched his flocks and praised God, were heard
the songs of an angelic host at the Saviom^'s birth.
The modern town is on a hill facing the east. The
village is triangular, and walled in, having one prin-
cipal street. The roofs of the houses are flat, and
upon the house-tops are dovecotes constructed of a
series of earthen pots. The sides of the hill, and
the slopes without the town, abound in figs, almonds
olives, and aromatic plants.
w^^^^^ss^^^
333
Tlie plain to the eastward is that on which tra-
dition says the angels appeared to the she})herds, and
is called the Shepherds' Field. As the plains were
cultivated, it is probable that the shepherds would
have been found on the hill, where they now may bo
found with their flocks.
A chm-ch, containing the monuments of the three
shepherds, is mentioned by Arculf us as standing in
the midst of the fields and terraced gardens. Jerome
lived here in a cell, which is now pointed out, where
he wrote his Commentaries, and compiled the Latin
Yulgate — the best ancient version of the Scriptures.
The present population is about 3,000, nearly all
Christians, who manufacture and supply pilgrims with
crucifixes, beads, and models of holy places.
A little beyond the northern extremity of the town
is the magnificent Church of the Nativity, said to
have been built by the Emperor Justinian. The roof
of this church is supported by numerous Corinthian
columns. The lofty roof of the nave is formed of
cedar-wood of most admirable finish, and is still in
good preservation. Between the columns lamps are
hung, and a chandelier is also suspended from the
roof. Two spiral staircases, of 15 steps each, lead
down to the grotto of the Nativity, which is some
twenty feet below the level of the church. This
crypt, which is 39 feet long, 11 feet wide, and 9 feet
high, is hewn out of the rock, and the sides and floor
are lined with various kinds of marble. A rich altar,
where lamps continually burn, stands over the place
where the Saviour is said to have been born ; the spot
being marked by a silver star inlaid with gold, and
^^^r^^^jyj^
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335
studded with gems, bearing the inscription — Sic de
Virgine Maria Jesus Christus est.
In a small recess in one side of the crypt, a little
below the level of the floor, is a block of white
marble, hollowed out in the form of a manger.
The Prophet Micah thus foretold the birth of Christ
— "But thou Bethlehem Ephratah, though thou be
Httle* among the thousands of Judah, yet out of
thee shall he come forth imto me that is to be Euler
in Israel; whose goings forth have heen from of
old, from everlasting."
SIDON,
NOW SAIDA.
Sidon is on the coast 20 miles n. of Tyre and 145
miles N. of Jerusalem.
This is another of the first settlements of the
human family, as it was founded by Zidon, the oldest
son of Canaan. In the time of Homer the Zidonians
were eminent for their trade and commerce, their
wealth and prosperity, and their skill in na\agation,
astronomy, and the manufactures of glass and metals.
Upon the division of Canaan among the tribes by
Joshua, Great Zidon fell to the lot of Asher; but
that tribe never succeeded in gaining possession of it.
The Zidonians continued long under their own govern-
ment and kings, though sometimes tributary to the
kings of Tyi-e. But they were at length successively
subdued by the Babylonians, the Egj^tians, and the
Seleucidse. Sidon was the station of the navy of An-
* In point of numbers compared with the other cities in Judea.
^hnr .
tiochns on the eve of a battle witli the Khodian fleet.
At the close of the war with Antiochiis it passed into
the hands of the Homans ; who deprived the inhabit-
ants of their freedom.
Jesus thus alludes to Tjre and Sidon, when
preaching to the Jews : " Woe unto thee, Chorazin !
woe unto thee, Bethsaida ! for if the mighty works
which have been done in you,^had been done in Tyre
and Sidon, they would have repented long ago
in sackcloth and ashes. But I say unto you, It shall
be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of
judgment than for you" (Matt, xi, 21, 22).
Saida is situated on a peninsula, running from n.
E. to s. w. On the high ground stands the citadel ;
an old square tower. A wall protects the city on the
land side, running across the peninsula from shore to
shore. The ancient harbor was formed by a long,
low ledge of rocks lying parallel to the shore, and
affording space enough to accommodate quite a fleet
of small vessels ; but the chief, Fakr-ed-Din, to pro-
tect himself against the Turks, caused the harbor to
be partially filled up, since which time vessels have
to lie outside to the n. of the ledge. On a rock here
is an old castle, which is connected with the shore by
a stone causeway.
The streets of Saida are narrow and crooked, but
the houses are built of stone, and many of them are of
good size, and well built. A curious feature of the
city is that some of the houses are built on the wall,
and constitute a part of it. Within the city are six
khans for the use of travelers and merchants. The
environs of Saida are watered by a stream fi'om Leb-
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anon, and are famous for tlieir beautiful gardens of
fruit-trees of every kind. The present population
is about 5000.
The most notable ruins here are those of an im-
mense theatre. Tills theatre was one of the largest
in Asia Minor — capable of containing 15,000 spec-
tators. The lower half of it was excavated in the
solid rock, and the seats were of white marble, beau-
tifully wrought ; many of them remain, and ai^ in a
good state of preservation. There are also ruins of
buildings in and around the town, and of a wall that
extended into the sea. The place of sepulture of the
ancient Sidonians was on the adjacent mountain ;
which is honey-combed with cells cut in the rock,
and connecting with one another by arched doors.
These cells are all rectangular, from 10 to 15 feet
square, and contain three niches, one in each wall ;
the niche opposite the door usually exhibits sculptures
in white marble surmounting a sarcophagus. Many
of these cells have their walls covered with Phoenician
inscriptions in bright colors. These cells are very
similar to the Egyptian Catacombs, especially those
of Sakara. In one of these sepulchral caves there
was discovered in 1855 a singular Phoenician anti-
quity. It is a sarcophagus of black cyanite, with a
lid carved in human form ; bandaged like a mummy,
the face being bare. On the lid and on the head are
inscriptions in which the king of Sidon is mentioned.
It evidently belongs to the 11th century b. c. Thia
relic is now in the Louvre, Paris.
The Maronites have a small chapel in a garden at
the gates of the town; and the tradition rung that
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340
here stood the house in which Mary, the sister of
Lazarus, died.
JEEICHO,
THE VALLEY OF MUKDER.
Jericho was a city of great antiquity and considerable
importance — 13 miles e, n. e. of Jerusalem, and 7 miles
from the Jordan. It was situated at the moutli
of "Wady Kelt, and where the road from Jerusalem
comes into the plain. The Jericho destroyed by Joshua
was nearer to the fountain of Elisha ; the present
A in Sultan. On the west and north of Jericho rise
high limestone hills; one of which, the dreary
Quarantina, rises 1,500 feet above the plain. The walls
of Jericho were so wide that houses were built on
them. The entrance to the city was through several
gates, which were closed at dark, the same as is the
practice in the East at the present day.
Jericho is first mentioned as the city to which
the spies were sent by Joshua ; they lodged in the
house of Kahab, upon the wall, and departed after
promising to save her and all that were found in her
house from destruction. In the annihilation that
ensued, this promise was religiously kept. TJiis v.-as
the first city taken by the Israelites west of the
Jordan. Its walls are said to have snpernaturally
fallen down before the Jews, after being compassed
about seven days ; it was then burnt with fire : after-
wards it was rebuilt, and gradually rose into
importance again.
Over against Jericho, beyond the Jordan, "Elijah
went up by a whirlwind into heaven." In its plaiiiii
THE VALLEY OF MTJBDEIi, K'EAB. IEiUGB.O.
Zedekiah was overtaken and captured by the Chal
deans. In the return under Zerubbabel, the childreu
of Jericho, 345 in number, were included.
Jericho was fortified by Bacchides, and afterwards
adorned with palaces, castles, and theatres by Herod
the Great. He also founded a new town higher up
the plain, and called it Phasaelis.
Christ visited Jericho, and between Jerusalem and
Jericho was laid the scene of the parable of the good
Samaritan. All that is left to represent ancient
Jericho is the village of Riha, containing about 60
huts and an old square tower, occupied by a small
garrison. The houses are built of stones from the
ancient ruins, and are merely four walls with a flat
roof. Each house has a garden around it enclosed by
a hedge of the thorny boughs of the Nubk, a species
of thorn-tree. A strong heds'e of the same kind
surrounds the whole village. The plain on which the
village stands is rich and capable of easy tillage,
with a climate to produce anything ; but it now lies
neglected, and the palm-trees, balsam, and honey for
which it was famous, have long since disappeared.
The inhabitants now, as in the earliest time, are
noted for their lewdness. In consequence of this the
Arabs, when approaching the place, fi-equently pro-
vide themselves with a written paper or charm, as a
protection against the wiles of its women.
The ruins about here are quite extensive, but so
dilapidated that none of them can be recognized as
belonging to any kno^vn structure. The most singular
relic is a block of sienite red granite, the frag-
ment of a large circular stone laying partly buried
n
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344
in the earth. The diameter of this stone, when whole,
could not have been less than 8 or 10 feet. Its cir-
cular edge is full of small nnind holes. Xear by are
the remains of a circular foundation, on which it once
])robably lay. This stone has every appearance of
l)eing Egyptian sienite.
About two miles from Jericho is the fountain Ain
Sultan. This fountain bursts forth at the east side
of a group of mounds. It appears to have been once
surrounded by a ]-eservoir of hewn stones, but this is
now mostly broken away and gone. These mounds
are covered with heaj)s of unhewn stone.
TJie route from Jericho to Jerusalem ascends
through narrow rocky passes and deep ravines, and is
a difficult and dangerous one, robberies being more
frequent in it now than in the time of Christ ; and
the dusky robbers who lie in wait here for travelers
are believed to be the veritable descendants of the
ancient inhabitants of this district. A short distance
up this road, is a deep dell called the Valley of
Murder ; the traditional scene of the event related in
the parable of the good Samaritan. JSTear this are
found some massive ruins, in which is a deep arched
vault or chamber, the entrance to which is nearly
closed by debris.
CHAPTER X.
OTHER EENOWNED CITIES, AND PLACES IN THE EAST.
Shushan, now Susa — City of Queen Esther, Morde-
ca% and Haraan — Shiloh — Rahhah — Sardis —
Tarsus — Tiberias — Cesarea — Sources of the Jor-
dan — Capernaum — Antioch — Ephesus — Gadara
— Lydda — Nazareth — Athleet — Pergamos — Ge-
rash — The Hauran, Land of Mystery.
SHUSHAN.
This ancient and royal city was 800 miles e. of
Jerusalem and 120 n. of the Persian Gulf, in
what 18
world.
It wa8 situated net ween the rivers Eulseus and
Shapur ; where <^a&t mounds of ruins have been
found.
Shushan was ongraally the capital of the country
called Elam (first mentioned in Gen. xiv). The
Hrst distinct mention of the city is in Dan. viii. 2.
In the inscriptions of Asshiir-bani-pal, the son and
successor of Esarhaddon — he states that he took the
place, and exhibits a ground plan of the city upon
his scuiptures. It was next in the possession of the
Baljylonians After the conquest of Babylon by
Cyrua it was transferred to the Persian dominions ;
this transfer was probably the work of Darius Hy stas-
pes. Shortly afterwards the Achsemenian* princes
made it the capital of their whole empire, and the
chief place of their residence.
ShuRhan accordingly became the capital of Persia.
The city retained its pre-eminence from this time
antil the period of the Macedonian conquest. When
taken by Alexander he found there sixty millions of
dc liars and all the regalia of the great king.
Alexander's preference for Babylon caused the neg-
iect of Susa by his successors, until it at length fell
into the hands of Antigonus, b. c. 315. The town,
but not the citadel, was taken by Milo in his rebellion
against Antiochus the Great, b. o. 221. At the Ara-
bian conquest of Persia, a. d. 640, it was bravely de-
fended by Hormuzan.
This city was the scene of tlie remarkable events
* Median.
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narrated in the Book of Esther; here Haman con-
spired against Mordecai and his people, the Jews,
and procured an edict for tlieir extermination, but
was defeated by Mordecai and Queen Esther. Dan-
iel had the vision of the ram and he-goat at Shushan
the palace. Nehemiah was at Shushan when he ob-
tained from Artaxerxes permission to return into
Judea and repair the walls of Jerusalem.
The extent and character of the ruins found here
indicate the great size and splendor of the city.
They cover an area of over 7 miles in circumfer-
ence, and consist principally of four great artificial
mounds or platforms. Of these the western, although
the smallest in extent, is much the highest ; being 119
feet above the level of the river Shapur. It was con-
structed of sunburnt bricks, earth, and gravel. In
the centre of the top of this mound is a deep circular
depression, doubtless a large court, surrounded by
elevated piles of buildings, the fall of which has given
the present configuration to the surface.
This mound appears to have been the citadel or
fortress. To the west of the citadel is the great
central platform, covering upwards of 60 acres, 70
feet high, and very steep. The heavy rains of winter
have worn deep ravines down the sides of this mound
in many places ; thus disclosing much of the work
of its ancient builders. The northern platform is a
square mass, about 1,000 feet each way, and from
50 to 60 feet high. East of the others is another very
extensive platform, but lower than the rest. Beyond
these a number of smaller mounds are found, ex-
tending nearly to the Dizf ul river.
The most important discoveries made here wore
in the western mound.
This was the platform on which the king's palace
stood. Here were discovered the bases of several of
the columns, and the position of the whole of the
seventy-two columns which supported the edifice. On
the bases of four of these were foimd inscriptions,
according to which this palace was built by Darius
Hystaspes, and repaired by Artaxerxes Longimanus.
It consisted of a central hall, about 200 feet square,
and three great porches on the exterior of this, and
separated from it by walls 18 feet thick. These were
doubtless the great audience halls of the palace. The
great central hall was probably used for all great
ceremonies, such as the coronation of the kings, re-
turning thanks, and making offerings to the gods for
victories. The "king's gate," where Mordecai sat,
was doubtless a hall measuring about 100 feet square,
with its roof supported by four pillars, and standing
150 feet from the northern front of the portico. The
inner court, where Queen Esther appeared to implore
the king's favor, was probably the space between the
" king's gate " and the northern terrace wall. The
"royal house and the house ot the women," it is
supposed, were situated behind this great hall, and
were connected with it by a covered bridge over the
ravine.
As the hight of this splendid palace was 120 feet, and
stood on a platform over 60 feet high, surrounded by
subordinate palace buildings adorned with trees and
shrubs, the whole reflected in the river at its base, the
effect must have been truly grand and imposing.
Large blocks of marble covered with hieroglyjiliicg
are still found by Arabs when digging for liiddcn
treasure ; and at the foot of one of the mounds stands
the tomb of Daniel, erected on the spot where the
relics of that prophet are believed to rest.
The site of this once beautiful capital is now deso-
late, its only inhabitants being lions, wolves, lynxes,
and jackals.
m
^1
SniLOH.
This was a famous city of Ephraim; about 18
miles north by east of Jerusalem, and 10 south of
Shechem. The Ark of the Covenant remained here
from B. c. 1444 to 1116 b, c. In honor of the presence
of the Ark, there was a feast of the Lord in Shiloh
yearly, in one of which the daughters of Shiloh were
seized by a remnant of the Benjamites.
The ruins found here consist of fragments of
columns, and large stones of various shapes. An
immense oak, evidently of great age, stands among
the ruins. Just beyond the precincts of Shiloh stands
a dilapidatea edifice, called by the natives the mosk
of Seilun. At a short distance from the ruins is an
ancient fountain, which first flows into a pool, and
thence into a large stone reservoir — from which flocks
and herds are watered — presenting a scene the same
as might have been witnessed here 2000 years ago.
KABBAH.
This was a very strong place east of the Jordan,
g^4^fe:^^i
1 a n A
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353
and as far back as the fourth century it was esteemed
one of the most remarkable cities in Coele — Syria.
When first mentioned this was the chief city of the
Ammonites, and was said to contain the bed, or sar-
cophagus, of the giant Og.
The site of Rabbah is 35 miles e. n. e. of Jerusa-
lem, and 23 miles e. of the Jordan. It was situated
near the southern source of the Jabbok, on the
road between Heshbon and Bostra, and was the last
place at which a stock of water could be obtained
for the journey across the desert. Its position was
such as to render it an important garrison station for
repelHng the incursions of the wild tribes of the
desert.
At the commencement of David's first campaign
against the Ammonites, a part of the army under
Abishai was sent as far as Eabbah to keep the Am-
monites in check, but the main force under Joab re-
mained at Medeba.
After the defeat of the Syrians at Helam the Am-
monite war was resumed, and this time Kabbah was
the main point of attack. Joab took the command,
and laid siege to the city. The siege lasted nearly
two years, as the inhabitants made a determined resist-
ance, which was characterized by frequent fierce sal-
lies. After Joab had taken the lower town, he sent
for David, as he desired that Tie should have the
honor of taking the citadel or stronghold of the place.
David shortly after arrived, when the citadel was ta
ken, and its inmates, with great booty, including the
idol of Moloch, fell into his hands.
It was during the time of this siege by Joab that
Criah, by order of David, was placed in the fore-
front of the battle, where he was slain (Sam. II, xi. 15,
16,17).
In the time of Amos, two and a half centuries la-
ter, it again had a wall and palaces, and was still the
sanctuary of Moloch. At this period it is frequently
mentioned in such terms as imply that it was of equal
importance with Jerusalem. From Ptolemy Phila-
delphus (b.c. 285) it received the name of Philadel-
phia, but afterwards resumed its ancient name. b.c.
30 it was taken from the Arabs by Herod the Great.
"When the Moslems conquered Syria they found this
city in ruins ; ruins remarkable for their extent and
desolation. The principal ruins are those of a thea-
tre and a fortress. The theatre was very large, and its
walls are quite well preserved. The ruins of the for-
tress show that it was built of large square stones, put
together without cement. The remains of private
houses are also quite extensive.
w
SAEDIS
is about 100 miles e. of Smyrna, and was formerly
the capital of Croesus, king of Lydia, proverbial for
the immensity of his wealth.
Sardis, now Sart, is situated at the foot of Mount
Tmolus. The route of Xerxes to Greece lay by Sar-
dis. From its convenient position, and the fertile re-
gion surrounding this city, it was a commercial mart
of considerable importance in the very earliest times.
It was also a slave mart.
The art of dyeing wool is said to have been in-
iX^
M
855
vented here, and it was the entrepot of the dyed
woolen manufactures. This was also the place
where the metal electrum was procured, and here
the Spartans sent, in the sixth century b, c, to pur-
chase gold for gilding the face of the Apollo at
Amyclte. This gold was probably furnished from
the auriferous sand of the Pactolus, a brook which
ran through the forum by the side of the great tem-
ple of Cybele. This city changed hands several times
during the contests after the death of Alexander. It
was taken and sacked by the army of Antiochus the
Great in 214 b.c. In the time of the Emperor Ti-
berius, Sardis was desolated by an earthquake, and a
pestilence followed. It was taken and nearly de-
stroyed by Tamerlane, a.d. 1400.
It is now a small village, but contains a large khan
for the accommodation of travelers, it being on the
road for the caravans coming out of Persia to Smyrna
with silk.
The ruins of the ancient city are to the southward
of the town, chief among which are those of the
massive temple of Cybele, a theatre and a stadium.
Two columns of the temple are still standing, and are
6 feet 4^ inches in diameter, at about 35 feet below
the capital. One stone in their architrave was cal-
culated to weigh 25 tons. The present soil is more
than 25 feet above the pavement. The ruins of the
theatre and stadium are on the north side of the Acro-
polis, overlooking the valley of the ITermus. The
diameter of the theatre was 400 feet, and that of the
stadium 1,000. The hight on which the citadel waa
built is badly shattered by an earthquake. The
^^^^^g^^^:^
356
rums and the countless sepulchral mounds in the vi-
cinity indicate what Sardis was before earthquakes
and the sword had laid it waste.
The Turks, in their hatred of all images, have
sawn to pieces and burnt into lime nearly all of the
beautiful sculptures which adorned the Temple and
other public buildings, of which there were thousands
of figures of men and animals in the best style of
Greek art.
TARSUS
is 385 miles from Jerusalem via Joppa and the
Mediterranean. It is situated in a fertile plain, on
the banks of the river Cydnus, 12 miles from its
mouth. This city was at one time the metropolis of
Cilicia, and a place of considerable importance. It
was distinguished for the culture of Greek literature
and philosophy. In the number of its schools and
learned men it rivaled Athens and Alexandria. It
was also illustrious as the birth-place of the Apostle
Paul (Saul).
It is now called Tarsous, and though much decayed
and full of ruins, it still contains a population of
7,000 inhabitants in the summer, and 30,000 in the
winter, mostly Turks. The excessive heat of summer
drives a large part of the people to the highlands of
the interior.
As the ancient city contained no public edifices of
any considerable size, none of the many ruins can be
identified.
1
was a city of Galilee, rebuilt by Herod Antipas,
and named by liim in honor of the Emperor Tiberias.
It is 68 miles n. by e. of Jerusalem, and is situated
on the western shore of Lake Gennesareth, not far
from where the Jordan issues from the lake. On the
shore, about a mile south of the town, are the cele-
brated warm baths which the Eoman naturalist record •
ed among the greatest known curiosities in the world.
Tiberias was the capital of Galilee from the Roman
conquest until the reign of Herod Agrippa II. Many
of the inhabitants were Greeks and Romans, and
foreign customs prevailed to such an extent as to give
offence to the stricter Jews. Herod Antipas built
here a palace, and established a race-course. In the
Jewish war, which ended in the destruction of Jeru-
salem, Tiberias bore a conspicuous part, especially
during the command of Josephus, in Galilee, who for-
tified this city. At that time there was here an im-
mense Z&w'i^ proseucha — a house of prayer, in which
he convened a public meeting of the people.
This city and Tarichsea still belonged to Agrippa,
and Yespasian marched against them to subdue \\\qv[\
again to his allegiance. On his approach to the city,
the principal inhabitants went out and made their
submission to him, and the Roman army occupied the
town. They afterwards erected a fortified camp at
Emmaus, which continued to be the headquarters
during the siege of Tarichgea. That city was at
length taken by troops under the command of Ti-
tus ; great numbers of the inhabitants having escape<3
1
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by water in boats, Yespasian had boats built, pursued
aud overtook them, when a battle was fought, in
which the Jews were totally overthrown. In thia
battle, and in the capture of the city, the slain
amounted to 7,700, of whom 1,200, being too old or
too young to labor or bear arms, were put to death in
cold blood in the stadium of Tiberias.
Celebrated schools of Jewish learning flourished
here through a succession of several centuries, and
the Mishna was compiled here by the great Rabbi,
Judah Hakkodesh (a.d. 190).
During the reign of Constantine this city passed
into the possession of the Christians ; and during
the Crusades it was lost and won repeatedly by
the different combatants. Since that time it has been
possessed successively by Persians, Arabs, and Turks,
and is now under the rule of the latter. During its
occupation by the Crusaders they erected a church ;
in which the Arabs have since housed their cattle.
The modern to^vn, Ttibariyeh, stands on a part of
the site of the ancient city ; and was half destroyed
by an earthquake in 1837. It has now a population
of only 2,500 inhabitants, one-fourth of whom are
Jews, and the rest Mohammedans and Christians.
The inhabitants now, as of old, draw a considerable
portion of their subsistence from the lake, fish being
quite plenty in it.
The walls of the town are little better than heaps of
ruins, the castle is much shattered, and tiie whole
place has an aspect of extreme wretchedness. South
of the town are numerous ruins of a still more ancient
city, probably Chinneroth, extending for a mile and a
Vc.
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half nearly to the hot springs. The waters of these
springs are salt, and too hot for immediate use, but
thej are still much resorted to by invalids.
CESAKEA.
BTKATO'S TOWEE.
Cesarea was situated on the coast, 28 miles north
of Joppa, and QG fi-om Jerusalem via Joppa.
In Strabo's time there was on this part of the
coast merely a town, called " Strato's tower," with
a landing-place. Afterwards Herod the Great built
a city here, on which the utmost care and expense
were lavished ; a vast breakwater protected its harbor.
Here the Herodian kings resided, also Festus Felix,
and other Roman Procurators of Judea. Here were
the headquarters of the military forces of the pro-
^^nce. The population consisted chiefly of Jews,
Greeks, and Romans. Constant feuds took place be-
tween the Jews and Greeks. At the Jewish S}Tia-
gogue the Old Testament was read in Greek.
At Cesarea, Yespasian was declared Emperor of
Rome. This city was a place of considerable impor-
tance even as late as the time of the Crusades ; but
it is now utterly desolate, and its ruins have long
been a quarry fi'om which materials for building
other towns have been drawn.
SOURCES OF THE JORDAN".
PAKEAS, NOW BANIAS — SOIIRCES OF THE EIVEK JORDAN.
Paneas is 120 miles n. n. e. of Jerusalem, at the
base of Mount Hermon.
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The annals of this city run back from Herod's time
into the age of heathenism. It was the Panium of
Josephus, and the Paneas of the Greeks and E/imans,
and the inscriptions are not yet obliterated which
show that the god Pan had a sanctuary there. Titus
exhibited gladiatorial shows in this city, in which he
made the captive Jews fight and kill each other.
The modern village is called Banias, the Arabic
form of Paneas. It is small and poor, containing
only 150 houses. Just north of the village is a well-
built stone bridge.
The ruins of the ancient city are extensive, and
consist of heaps of stone and architectural fragments.
The vast castle above the site of the city is still the
most remarkable fortress in Palestine.
At the base of the mountain, at the n. e. side of
the village of Banias, is a spacious cavern, from which
issues the eastern source of the Jordan. Niches have
been cut in the face of the rocks directly above the
cavern, and in other places, apparently to receive
statues. When these niches were cut they had each
an inscription, but they are now so obliterated that
only a part of one can be made out. The second
source of the Jordan is at a place called Tell el-Kady,
three miles w. n. w. of Banias. Here is a small ele-
vation, having a flat space on its top, in which are two
springs, one of which is very large. The united wa-
ters of these springs form a considerable stream, which
unites with that from Banias, 5 miles below. The
third source is about 3 miles w. by n. from Hasbeiya.
Here is a fountain, the waters of which are confined
by a dam, forming a large basin ; just below the dam
SOURCE OF THE KIVEK JOUUAN— l:'A>EAs.
or THE
UNIVERSITY
V Of
13 a bridge. At a short distance -west of this fonn
tain are the remarkable pits or mines of solid as-
phaltiira.
The locations of the sources of the Jordan are aa
follows — viz,, the main eastern source, at Banias, is
in Lat. 33° 17', and 35° 40' east Lon. from Greenwich ;
and the western source — Ilasbeiya — is in Lat. 33° 30'
and Lon. 35° 41'.
Banias is 120 miles n. n. e. of Jerusalem, and
Ilasbeiya is 135
CAPER]N"AUM.
The site of Capernaum is near the n. w. shore of
the Sea of Galilee ; 78 miles n. by e. from Jeru-
salem. It was on the frequented route from Damas-
cus to the Mediterranean. This was a chief city of
Galilee in the time of Christ. It had a synagogue ;
also a customs station where dues were collected
both by stationary and itinerant officers.
Capernaum was the residence of Christ during a
considerable part of his ministry, and the scene of
many of his wonderful works. It was here he worked
the miracle on the Centurion's servant, on Simon's
Mnfe's mother, the paralytic, and on the men afflicted
with an unclean spirit. The brothers Simon Peter
and Andrew belonged at Capernaum. In conse-
quence of the unbelief of the people of this and other
cities of the plain, the Lord pronounced their doom :
" And thou, Capernaum, which art exalted unto
heaven, shalt be brought down to hell : for if the
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mighty works which have been done in thee had been
done in Sodom, it would have remained until this
day."
The ruins said to be those of Capernaum consist of
walls and foundations, covering a space of one-half
a mile in length by one-fourth of a mile in width.
ANTIOCH.
DAPHNE THE FAMOUS GEOVE OF APOLLO. '
Antioch is 300 miles n. by w. from Jerusalem, and
30 miles east of the Mediterranean Sea. Antioch was
founded 301 b. c, by Seleucus Nicator, who named
it after his father, Antiochus. It is situated on the
left bank of the Orontes, in the midst of a fertile and
beautiful plain, nearly surrounded by high hills. The
neighborhood of these hills and the Mediterranean im-
I)art a freshness and salubrity to the climate of An-
tioch to be found in but few places in Syria. Its
commercial advantages also were great ; for the Oron-
tes was navigable for small vessels to the sea, thus
bringing it in easy communication with the traffic of
the Mediterranean ; wliile on the other side it was
conveniently situated for a large caravan trade with
the countries in the interior, especially Damascus.
Although Seleucus founded Antioch, the part
built in his time was only what ultimately formed
about one-fourth of the city ; the other three parts
were successively added — the last by Antiochus Epi>
])lianes, to v\hom some of its chief embellishments
were due ; in particular a magnificent street of about
four miles in length, with double colonnades, and
crossed at right angles by other streets. Subsequent
monarchs added public buildings, among which waa
a splendid museum built by Antiochus Philopater.
The city grew under the Seleucid (Greek) kings, un-
til it became a metropolis of great extent and re-
markable beauty. In its most flourishing period its
population is estimated to have been over 300,000.
From the fij'st the Jews formed a considerable portion
of the population, and enjoyed equal privileges with
the Greeks.
At the commencement of the Christian era, Antioch
had lost but little of its greatness and refinement ;
being then a place of high culture, and renowned for
the cultivation of the arts and sciences. It was no
less noted, however, for its luxurious living, effemi-
nate manners, jocular humor, gross superstition, and
licentious idolatry. Kot only did the city itself con-
tain unusual incitements to false worship, with their
accompanying pollutions, but adjoining the city, and
forming a kind of a subui'b, was Daphne, with the
famous temple and grove of Apollo. This suburb
was deeply bosomed in a dense grove of laurels
and cypresses, which was ten miles in circumference,
and formed a cool and impenetrable shade. Many
streams of the purest water, issuing fi-om the liills,
preserved the rich verdure of the earth, and tempera-
ture of the air ; the senses were gratified with har-
monious sounds, and aromatic odors. This peaceful
grove was consecrated to health, luxury, and love.
The vigorous youth pursued like Apollo the object of
liis desires ; and the blushing maid was warned by
the fate of Daphne to shun the folly of unreasonable
li^^tr^^r^
.'<^1
^ ^"—-^ ^ - ' ' — fs
368
coyness. The philosopher and soldier wisely avoided
the temptation of this sensual jiaradise, where plea-
sure, assuming the character of religion, imperceptiblj'
dissolved the firmness of manly virtue.
Notwithstanding the city was so corruj)t and de-
structive to public decency, it not only enjoyed a large
stated revenue from public pleasures, but was con-
tinually receiving fresh gifts from emperors and
nobles, to increase the splendor of its edifices and the
attractions of its peculiar suburb. Yet in the face of
these corrupting agencies, and the powerful support
they were receiving, Christianity found in Antioch
one of its firmest strongholds ; and in the course of
time completely turned the tide against the long con-
tinued and richly endowed idolatry of the place. So
that when the Emperor Julian went, on the occasion
of the animal festival, after great preparations and
apparent enthusiasm, to prove his devotions to the
Daphnian Apollo, no offering was presented along
with his, except a single goose, which was provided at
the expense of a priest, who was the pale and solitary
inhabitant of the decayed temple.
Antioch, the Queen of the East, from the beauty of
its situation and the splendor of its buildings, might
well deserve the dedication to Apollo which it ob-
tained from Seleucus. But to the Christian it has a
higher interest, as being the greatest Archiepiscopal
see, filled by St. Peter himself ; and the place where
the disciples of Christ were first emboldened to adopt
the name of the Divine Master. From its own im-
portance as the finest and largest city in that part of
Asia Minor, also from its commanding position, it
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can readily be understood how the first heralds of the
Gospel should have sought to carry the tidings of
salvation, and lay there the foundation of a Christian
church. The efforts of the Apostles were crowned
with such success, that this city became distinguished
for the variety of its gifts, the liberality of its spirit,
and its forwardness in the cause of Christianity.
Ignatius, who suifered martyi'dom under Trajan at
Eome, was bishop of Antioch forty years ; Chrysos-
tom, the eloquent preacher, was born here.
Antioch has suffered greatly by earthquakes, and
has had its share in all the vicissitudes that passed
over the district in which it is situated : conquered
by the Saracens, retaken by the Greeks, again in the
hands of the Moslems ; during the wars of the
Crusaders the scene of terrible battles, sieges, and
brilliant exploits ; again taken from the Moslems, and
finally retaken by them.
In 1822 Antioch contained a population of 20,000,
but in that year an earthquake destroyed one-
fourth of its inhabitants. It is now an Arab village
with a population of about 6,000, and occupies only
about one-fourth of the area inclosed within the
ancient wall ; the houses have sloping roofs, are
covered Avith tiles, and are very slightly built, — the
heavy snows that often fall in this part of the coun-
try, and the frequency of earthquakes, have taught
the inhabitants to adopt this style of building. The
Orontes is here headed back for the purpose of turn-
ing an enormous wheel to raise water, which is con-
ducted by troughs to the farthest extremity of the
town ; which, dripping in its passage over the
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streets, renders many of them impassable except
under the cover of an umbrella.
The few Chi-istians remaining in Antioch have no
church ; and the only external mark that has survived
its ancient Christianity is the name borne by its prin-
cipal gate — St. Paul. Many broken and scattered
remains of its greatness are still to be seen among the
ruins; and on the s. w. side of" the town there is a
steep mountain ridge, upon which a considerable
portion of the old Roman wall is still standing, of great
hiffht and thickness. At short intervals are hio-b
towers, containing a staircase and two or three
chambers ; probably guard-rooms. There were 400
of these towers. The wall runs in a direct line up
the steepest part of the mountain to its top. The in-
tervals between the towers were formed into stairs, by
which the soldiers marched to and from their stations
and the citadel above. The wall runs along two dis-
tinct hill-tops, separated from each other by a deoi)
ravine, across which it was continued upon an arch
for the water to pass, called the " L-on Port." But
time and repeated earthquakes have nearly demolish-
ed this part of it.
After heavy rains, antique marble pavements are
vdsible in many parts of the town, and gems, corne-
lians, and rings are fi-equently found.
During the present year — 1S72 — a terrible earth-
quake overthrew a pail of the city, and destroyed
several hundred of the people.
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EPHESUS.
THE EENOAVNED TEMPLE OF DIANA.
The site of this ancient city is about 40 miles 8. n
of Smyrna, and 600 n. w. of Jerusalem. It was
situated near the mouth of the river Cayster, and
stood partly on the level ground, and partly on the
hills Mt. Prion and Coressus. Its harbor at the
mouth of the Cayster was admirably constructed, and
was at one time capable of accommodating a large fleet
of the shipping of the day. In the Roman times
two great roads led eastward from Ephesus; one
through the passes of Tmolus to Sardis and Galatia,
and the other round the extremity of Pactyas to
Magnesia, and up the valley of the Meander to
Iconium, from whence the communication was direct
to Syrian Antioch and the Euphrates. Corresponding
with these roads, there appear to have been, on the
E. side of Ephesus, Sardian and Magnesian gates.
There were also coast roads leading northward to
Smyrna, and southward to Miletus. By the latter
tlie Ephesian elders traveled to meet Paul at the
latter city. St. Paul's first visit to Ephesus M^as about
A. D. 54:, and on his return from the second mission-
ary circuit. On his second visit he remained over
two years, during which time he labored in the
synagogue, schools, and in private houses. Here
also the Apostle John spent the latter part of his life.
At the head of the harbor stood the great Temple
of Diana, the tutelary divinity of the city. In conse-
quence of the swampy nature of the ground, immense
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372
substructions were built, on wliicli the temple waa
erected. The first temple was burnt — this liaj^pened
the night that Alexander the Great was born (u, o,
356). But by the enthusiastic co-operation of all the
inhabitants in this part of Asia, another temple was
erected, which in many respects surpassed the first.
The dimensions of the second temple were 425 feet
long by 220 feet broad. It was built of white mar-
ble, cedar, and cypress, and was profusely ornamented
Mdth gold. It had 127 columns, each 60 feet high.
The magnificence of this edifice was proverbial
throughout the world, and the devotion to the god-
dess Diana was such that criminals were exempted
from arrest at the temple, or even within an eighth of
a mile of it. Another consequence of the worship of
Diana at Ephesus was, that a large manufactory of
portable shrines grew up there. These shrines were
eagerly purchased by devotees, who set them up in
their houses or carried them with them on their jour-
neys.
The next remarkable structure at Ephesus was its
theatre — the largest of its kind ever built. — It was 660
feet in diameter, and could accommodate 50,000 spec-
tators.
Asia at this time was a proconsular province, but
Ephesus was a free city, and had its own assemblies
and magistrates. Conspicuous mention is made of the
most important municipal ofiicer of Ephesus — the
Town Clerk, or heejper of records, who was a person
of great responsibility and influence.
The ruins of the city are of vast extent, and the
outlines of the theatre still remain in the solid rock.
A4
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Vosti"-es of the Temple of Diana have been traced
only the present year by the Eev. J. T. Wood.
Sculptures of great beauty and value have been
brought to light, and it is expected that the explora-
tions now going on will uncover many valuable rehcs
of this ancient city.
GAD'A-KA
was a strong city 7 miles s. e. of the Sea of Galilee,
and 65 n. n. e. of Jerusalem. It was situated near
the river Hieromax, on the level sunnnit of a steep
limestone hilL
The first mention in history of Gadara is its cap-
ture by Antiochus the Great, b. c. 218. During the
Jewish civil wars it was destroyed— and rebuilt by
Tompey b. c. 63, and afterwards made the capital
of a district by Gabinins. On the first outbreak of
the war with the Jews, Gadara was captured by Ves-
pasian, its inhabitants massacred, and the city witli
its surrounding villages burnt.
The ruins are extensive, and comprise the remains
of two theatres, a city gate, part of the wall of the
city, a straight main street, with its pavement nearly
perfect, and prostrate columns on both sides of the
street. But the most curious and interesting ruins
here are the ancient tombs. They are very nmnerous
in the cliffs around the city, and are cut in the solid
rock ; chambers fi'om 10 to 20 feet square, with
doors of stone tiirnmg on stone hinges. In the sides
of these rooms are recesses in which the bodies were
placed. Many of these sepulchi-al chambers have
changed their character of tombs of the dead for habi-
tations of the living, as the present inhabitants of
the place use them for dwellings.
M LYDDA
is nine miles from Joppa, on the road to Jernsalem.
In the time of Josephus, Lydda .was a place of con-
siderable size and importance, b. c. 45, this city,
with the neighboring places, became the prey of the
insatiate Cassius, by whom the inhabitants were sold
into slavery to raise the exorbitant taxes imposed ;
but Antony soon restored them to their city and
liberty. St. George was a native of Lydda, and after
'^m his martyrdom his remains were buried there, over
/|i| which a church was built and dedicated to his honor,
^he English Crusaders adopted him as the Patron
Saint of England, and many fabulous legends are
told of his exploits.
The modern town is small, but for a Mohammedan
place is prosperous.
The ruins of the stately Church of St. George pre-
sent a remarkable appearance.
NAZAEETH.
This place is 67 miles north of Jerusalem, 6 miles
w. N. w. of Mount Tabor, and nearl}- half way from
the Jordan to the Mediterranean. Nazareth is situ-
ated on the side of a hill overlooking a fertile and
beautiful valley surrounded by hills, with a narrow
outlet towards the south. The surrounding hills vary
m hight from 100 to 500 feet above the level of the
valley. Tbe soil is rich and well cultivated, pro-
ducing a great variety of fruit, grain, vegetables, and
flowers, which ripen early and in rare pei-fection.
From the summit of the hill on which Nazareth
stands is a magnificent prospect. Towards the north
are seen the many hills of Galilee, and tJie eye
vnivershy
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377
reposes on the majestic and snow-crowned ITermon.
On the east, the Jordan valley may be traced ; and
beyond it the dim hights of ancient Bashan. Tow-
ards the south spreads the broad and beautiful
plain of Esdrffilon, with the bold outline of Mount
Tabor, with parts of Little Ilermon and Gilboa visible
on its eastern border, and the hills of Samaria on the
south, while Carmel rises on the west of the plain,
and dips his feet in the blue waters of the Mediter-
ranean.
Nazareth derives its celebrity from its connection
with the history of Christ. At Nazareth Joseph and
Mary lived ; here the angel aimoiniced to the Virgin
the Messiah's birth ; to Nazareth the Holy Family
returned after their flight into Egypt ; here Jesus
lived from infancy to manhood ; here He taught in
the synagogue, and was twice rejected by his towns-
men, who attempted on the. last occasion to cast him
down from " the brow of the hill on which the city
was built." The title on the cross designated him
as " Jesus of Nazareth." At the Fountain of the
Virgin, at the north-eastern extremity of the town,
according to tradition, the mother of Jesus received
the angel's salutation. A remarkable precipice, nearly
j^erpendicular and 50 feet high, near the Maronite
church, is said to be the identical one over which his
infuriated townsmen attempted to hurl Jesus.
The modern Nazareth belongs to the better class of
Eastern villages. Most of the houses are well bnilt
of stone, and appear neat and comfortable ; but the
streets are narrow and crooked, aud after a rain are
so full of mud as to be nearly impassable. Its popu-
lation is between three and four thousand. A few
are Mohammedans, the rest Latin aud Greek.
The country around is the best cultivated in Pales-
tine ; and in the season of rains is fresh and green
everywhere, carpeted with flowers, and shady with
orchards and groves.
P
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ATHLEET.
The ruins of this singular ancient city are a short
distance south of Mt. Carmel, on the sliore of the
Mediterranean. The traveler approaching them
from the north first sees a vast column, which seems
to spring from the waves, but on a nearer approach
it is found to be a part of a mass of magnificent
ruins. First of all is found an immense wall, per-
fectly similar, in its form and the finish of its stones,
to the Coliseum at Kome ; behind it is seen the beau-
tiful fretted remains of a monument, a mosk, and
the ruins of divers ancient buildings — parts of some
of them standing and in a good state of preservation.
About half a mile from this the shore rises abruptly,
and changes from sand to soft rock. In this rock
many curious apartments are found cut. This might
have been a primitive town, which was cut in the
rock before mankind had learned the art of raising
stones from the ground, and erecting their dwellings
on its surface ; and is doubtless one of those subter-
ranean towns of which the earliest historians speak.
Many of these artificial caverns are of great extent,
with elevated entrances, approached by broad steps ;
and are lighted by openings pierced through the
rock, and the entrances and windows open upon
streets deeply cut in the bowels of the hill. Several
of these streets, deep and wide, can be plainly
traced, and the marks of chariot wheels are still
visible. In some places canals had been dug to
the sea, through which glimpses are obtained of
the gulf behind the town. The only inhabitants
now are vultures and starlings, multitudes of which
start up at the approach of the explorer. Passing
through these wonderful labyrinths, an opening
through the ancient wall of the city is found ; pass-
ing through this, the traveler is equally astonished
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at the wonderful relics of the past, and the fierce
tribe of Arabs which now inhabit the place. In
every direction are seen ruins of public edifices,
towers, monuments, and private dwellings ; and
among these, in every conceivable kind of shelter,
are the families of the wild tribe which make
this their citadel and place of abode some living
in a room that was once a part of a splendid dwell-
ing, some under an immense block of stone, one end
of which rests on another, while others have tents,
made by stretching skins of the black goat from the
base of one column to another.
On an elevation at the entrance to the town are
the ruins of a Roman temple, several of the columns
of which have fallen together in such a way as to
form a large cave, which is occupied by the Sheik
and his family. Swarthy, ferocious men, women,
horses, and black goats may be seen, in groups and
singly, in all directions ; the scene is novel and strik-
ing. The dwellings of this tribe are mingled and
confounded with the ruins of theatres, churches, and
ancient dwellings. Women are seen milking she-
goats on the steps of a theatre. In another direction
a flock of sheep may be seen, jumping one by one
through the deep windows of a palace or a church,
and Arabs, seated cross-legged, are smoking their
pipes under the carved arch of a Roman gateway.
At the end of the town, near the edge of the sea,
are the ruins of an immense temple, — which the
Arabs hold in great reverence. The traveler ap-
proaching this spot is met with fierce threats from
the men, and floods of abuse from the women and
children. This edifice appears to have served in
turn as a heathen temple, (Christian church, and
JMohammcdan niosk ; but time, which sports "uith
the productions of men, is fast changing these ruins
to dust ; and the knee of the camel now bends on
flags on ^^llich many generations in religion ha\e in
turn bent before different gods ; and climbing vines
hang in leafy and flowery tufts from the tops of
broken arches and columns.
PERGAMOS.
ITS FOEMEE MAGNIFICENCE AND GEAND AECHITECTU*
RAL EEMAINS.
Peegamos stood on the river Caicus, and about 64
miles north of Smyrna. This city was the capital of
ancient Mysia, and was long the centre of a consider-
able empire. It was a city of high antiquity and
great magnificence. Six successive kings reigned in
it from 283 to 133 b.c. It then fell under the power
of the Romans ; a usurper subsequently re-erected its
throne, but it was again brought under subjection by
the Romans, who destroyed many of its inhabitants
by poisoning the public waters. A famous library of
200,000 volumes was collected at Pergamos by its
kings, and was afterwards carried away by Cleopatra
and added to the library at Alexandria. Parchment
was invented and first used at Pei'gamos. It was also
remarkable as being the birthplace of Galen the
physician, and Apollodorus the mythologist, and as
the chief scene of the worship of JEsculapius.
The ruins of this ancient city are many and grand ;
and the situation indicates the people who selec-
ted it. It embraces in its view the plain of Per-
gamos, with its chain of mountains, and is lit by the
rising sun. There is in the middle of the city a
group of ruins of great extent, they appear to be tho
381
remains of a palace. The river was spanned by five
bridges, one of which was of splendid masonry, and so
wide that it forms a tunnel a furlong in length, upon
which a portion of the great palace stood. Many vaults
and several mosks and khans occupy the buildings
of the ancients. The walls of the Turkish houses, being
built of the ancient ruins, are full of relics of marble
with ornaments of the richest Grecian art.
All the works standing are magnificent. The
amphitheater southwest of the castle, though in ruins,
is a wonderful building ; a river runs through it, and
the arches under ground are beautiful specimens of
masonry. The arches above ground were equally fine,
but although they now stand tier above tier, all the
joints have been chipped as in the Coliseum at
Rome, and not a seat remains ; but the stupendous
works under ground will defy the efforts of the Turks
to remove them. Triumphal arches and houses in
ruins are to be seen in the modern town, among
which are the huts of the Turks, bearing about the
same proportion to them as the nests of the storks to
the ruined palaces in which they alone now reign.
Many fine relics are found in the Turkish cemeteries ;
and one of these cemeteries in the vicinity of the
ancient theatre has for ages been supplied with marble
embellishments fi'om the ruins of that great structure.
Cohimns and ornamented stones are used by the Turks
for building material and a great variety of other
purposes. Many beautiful marbles and other relics
have been carried away for the museums of Europe.
The ancient Acropolis crowns a hill, and, including
the citadel and a heathen temple, covers an area of
over eight acres and commands the city, also a grand
and picturesque view of the surrounding country.
Burgamo, the modern town, has a population of
only 15,000 inhabitants, of whom 13,000 are Turks,
1,500 Greeks, and the rest Armenians and Jews. The
only representative of the immense ancient library is
a collection of about 50 volumes — and a dirty Italian
quack is the chief physician in the city of Galeu
and -^sculapius.
GERASH.
This splendid ancient city was situated on the
river Jabbok, about 23 miles east of the Jordan, and
38 miles south-east of Lake Tiberias. It was one of
the ten cities of the Roman colony of Decapolis. In
the wars of the Jews with the Romans it was stormed,
taken, and pillaged by Alexander, chiefly on account
of its wealth ; and was afterwards fired and destroyed
by the enraged Jews, in revenge for the massacre of a
number of their nation at Cesarea. Afterwards it
was attacked, nearly demolished, and a large number
of its inhabitants slain, by a detachment of the Roman
army during the preparation for the siege of Jeru-
salem. Sul)sequently it was restored and served as a
frontier fortress of the Lower Empire, along the side
of the Syrian provinces. But it finally received its
death-blow from the Saracens, and sank into pro-
found oblivion, and only within a few years past has
it again been known to the civilized world. Its site
and ruins were first discovered by Dr. Seetzen ;
and has since been visited by several eminent travelers
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The size and magnificence of this ancient city are
attested by its ruins, which are nnrivalled even by
those of Baalbek and Tadmor. Fallen as the ruins are
now, enough is left to prove that the banks of a stream
of that oft-derided land were once so enriched and
adorned, and that too by a people given up to idolatry,
as to challenge in their magnificence, though in ruins,
any spot in Europe. The streets of Gergesha were
lined with colonnades from end to end, and opened a
way to public edifices which yet lost not their distinc-
tion, while statelier or fairer columns were doubled or
multiplied around them.
The ruins are found on both sides of a stream
which divided the city nearly in the middle. The
walls, where not almost entire, form a distinct lineal
mound of hewn stones of a considerable height, and
enclose an immense space, almost entirely covered
with ruins. The principal street extends nearly from
one end of the ruins to the othei*, and was lined on
both sides with splendid columns, many of which are
now fallen, many fractured and shortened, and not a
few are still standing unbroken — some 30 feet high,
others 25, and the lowest about 20. On one side of
the street, in less than a third of its length 34 columns
are yet standing. Behind the columns there are in
some places vaulted apartments which appear to have
been shops. Cross streets diverging from the long
central street, had also their colonnades and were
adorned with public edifices or bridges, while the
more distant spaces on each side are covered with in-
discriminate ruins of the habitations of the lower class
of people. The remains of pavement found in many
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of the streets would put to shame that in use in the
capital of France. One of the bridges was built yery
high, so as to render the acclivity less dangerous ; and
transverse lines were found cut in the pavement, in
places where the grade was steep, to prevent the
horses from slipping. Not far from the centre of the
ruins is a copious fountain of the clearest water, and
near this are the ruins of a large building, with massive
walls, consisting of arched chambers similar to Roman
baths, and which was doubtless a public bath. Oppo-
site to the large bath, in a straight line across the
city, is an arched gateway facing the principal street,
which leads to "the splendid remains of a magnificent
temple, such as few countries have ever shown. The
fallen roof now covers the base of this edifice ; three
of the walls are still standing, and in the sides of
which the niches for images are seen. The front of
the temple was adorned with a noble portico, having
three rows of grand Corinthian columns 40 feet in
height, the capitals of which are beautifully orna-
mented with acanthus leaves. The spacious area in
which it stood was surrounded in like manner by a
double row of columns, the total number of which
could not have been less than 200. This temple was
built in the form of an oblong square, and is about
140 feet in length by 70 in width. Its front is open
to the south-east, and there is here a noble portico of
12 columns disposed in three rows. All of the col-
umns of the great portico are still standing, and these,
being nearly 6 feet in diameter and 50 feet in height,
have an air of great grandeur, and present a happy
combination of strength and beauty.
Near the great temple stands a theatre which haa
16 rows of benches, with a tier of 6 boxes, between
every two of which is a niche, forming a very elegant
ornament, and as befitting a place for idols as the
walls of a church. But the transformation this theatre
has undergone is such, that in 1839 a fine crop
of tobacco was raised in the arena, which is about
50 paces in diameter.
On an eminence at one end of the city, opposite to
the termination of the grand street are another tem-
ple and theatre. The hill on which they stood was
connected with the princely street by a magnificent
semicircle of Ionic columns, 57 of which are still
standing. Their height was varied with the rising
ground, to give a uniform level to the whole entabla-
ture. This immense theatre, larger than that of
Bacchus at Athens, and capable of containing 8,000
spectators, was partly cut in the rock and partly built.
The proscenium is very perfect, and embellished
within by five richly decorated niches, which are con-
nected together by a line of columns, of which there
is another parallel range within. The remains of a
beautiful temple stood near this theatre ; it was
ornamented with pilasters surrounded by Corinthian
capitals ; without it was surrounded by a peristyle of
grand columns of the same order supporting an en-
tablature ; and facing the city there was a noble por-
tico of two rows of columns, to which a grand fiio-ht
of stairs led from below.
The view from this spot is still wonderful ; but in
the days of Gergesha's glory, it must have been a
spectacle of unequalled magnificence. The whole
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town, including a vast area and surroundod by an im-
mense wall, is embraced in the view. Immediately
below is the noble Ionic crescent, from the centre of
which the main street extends. Of the lines of col
umns on each side, eighty-three are now standing with
their entablatures, and portions and pedestals of the
remainder are plainly visible. Around them on ev-
ery side are. confused heaps of ruins, which have only
fallen from the violence of ruthless barbarism. These
columns, raising their slender forms among the gen-
eral wreck, and stretching in long lines amidst the
remains of former magnificence, produce an effect
hardly surpassed by anything found in Egypt,
Greece, or Italy. A traveler thus describes the gen-
eral effect : " The circular colonnade, the avenues of
Corinthian pillars forming the grand street, the south-
ern gate of entrance, the naumachia, and the tri-
umphal arch beyond it, the theatres, temples, aque-
ducts, and all the assemblage of noble buildings which
presented their vestiges to view, seemed to indicate a
city built only for luxury, splendor, and pleasure." It
would be vain to attempt a pictm-e of the impres-
sions produced by such a sight.
THE HAUEAN.
Land of Mystery — Its Rijins of Ancient Cities — •
Its many Deserted Villages.
Hattran is the general name of an extensive plain
which begins about thirty miles east of the river Jor-
It is sometimes level, sometimes undulating,
with oc<jasionally a low round hill.
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This district is covered in every direction with the
ruins of ancient cities, and deserted towns of a more
recent date ; the later being of Roman origin. Most
of the remains of ancient cities are mere heaps of
ruins and rubbish, while many of the buildings in the
Roman towns are nearly as perfect as when left cen-
turies ago by their original occupants. Owing to a
want of timber, the buildings were almost entirely
constructed of stone, mostly black basalt. The doors
are thick slabs of stone, fixed into their sockets when
the houses were built, and many of the roofs rest on
arches. The present inhabitants-Arabs, occupy the
same houses and enter by the same doors as did the
old Romans. The best of these houses are found at
Zarava — modern Ezra. This town is of great extent,
and the buildings are in a good state of preservation,
even whole streets being still in good repair. At
Nedjraun is a mansion of unusual size, being large
enough to accommodate half a dozen families. It
was doubtless built by a wealthy Roman, perhaps
the principal man of the place. The courts of this
building are large and nearly square. The front door
was very large, and above it is a square window ; it
had also a window on each side. The upper rooms
are small, very numerous, and now occupied by sev-
eral families of Arabs, whose appearance would
doubtless astonish the original occupants. The up-
per story recedes the width of the hall, leaving a
small terrace on which the doors of the several apart-
ments open. The wings are also full of rooms ; the
ground floor of that to the right is in part occupied
by a beautiful stable, seven paces long by nine deep,
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392
and spanned by an arch. This stable, which ages ago
sheltered Roman steeds, is now filled with the horses
of the Arabs. This whole mansion is extremely well
built of hewn stones, and nearly all the rooms are
entire. Most of the large towns in the Hanran ex-
hibit traces of architectural magnificence, which
ivome so freely lavished on her remotest colonies ;
but what is still more striking here is the considera-
tion evidenced and pains taken to promote the wel-
fare and comfort of her people. There is scarcely a
village witliout its stone tank, for holding rain-water,
and stone bridge ; structures so solidly built that
many of them are still as good as new.
A striking peculiarity in the manners and customs
of the inhabitants of the Hauran is, that the richest
live like the poorest, the only difference being that
the former makes a display of his M^ealth on the
arrival of strangers, while the hospitality of the latter
is unattended with any display.
The ancient buildings afford spacious and conve-
nient dwellings for a large portion of the modern
inhabitants, and those who occupy them may have
three and four rooms for each family ; but in newly
built villages the whole family, with its furniture,
horses, saddles, guns, and yataghans, are all huddled
together in one apartment. Here also they keep
their wheat and barley in a reservoir (formed from a
clay called hawara), which is about five feet deep by
two in diameter. The chief articles of furniture are
a hand-mill, some copper kettles, and mats. In the
richer houses some coarse woollen stuffs used princi-
pally for carpets and horse-cloths are met with ; real
■ '^ Of .r.:.
VNIYERSITY
Of .
carpets are seldom seen, except on the arrival of
strangers of consequence. Each family has a large,
singular shaped earthen jar, which is filled every
morning by the females at the birket, or spring, for
the day's use. In every house of any considerable size
is a room set apart for the nse of strangers, and has
in the midst of it a fire-place for boiling coffee : hos-
pitality being a characteristic of the people of the
Ilauran. A traveler may alight at any house he
pleases, a mat will be spread for him, coffee made,
and breakfast or dinner set before him. It often
happens on entering a village that several persons
will present themselves to the traveler, each begging
that he will lodge at his house, and the same care is
taken of the horse or camel as of tlie rider.
Wealth is estimated by these people by the num-
ber of horses, camels, and oxen a man has. If it is
asked if such a one has property, the answer is, " A
great deal," he drives six oxen, or he has camels,
horses, and oxen, a great many. The Fellahs often
cultivate one another's fields in company, but the
Turkish and Christian proprietors cultivate their
lands by hired laborers, or let their fields for a share
of the produce. A laborer who has a pair of oxen
usually receives one gharara of corn at planting-time,
and at harvest takes one-third of the crop. The mas-
ter i^ays the tax, called the miri, to the government,
and the laborer pays 10 piasters annually. A con-
siderable portion of the agricultural population of the
Ilauran consists of day-laborers, and they generally
earn their living very hardly. A young man was once
met with here who had served seven years for his
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food and clothing, but at the expin.ticn of that period
obtained in marriage the daughter of his master, for
whom he would otherwise have had to pay from
seven to eight hundred piasters. Daughters are paid
for according to the respectability and wealth of the
father, from seven to fifteen hundred piasters.
The Druses are the most superior race in this
country; then* Sheiks and elderly men are always
well and often handsomely dressed, while their wo-
men are neatness itself ; and they never go out with-
out veiling their faces, as the stern morality of this
people forbids the slightest indication of boldness or
levity. A fearful instance of the uncompromising
severity with which the Druses visit female fi-ailty is
related by a recent traveler, to whom the deputy of
a local governor told the tale as follows : — " I was
asleep in bed, when in the middle of the night I
heard a knock at the door of my room. ' Who is
there?' I said. A voice answered, ' Nas-reddin.' I
opened the door and in came a Druse with a sack on
his back. ' What brings you here at this untimely
hour ? ' I said. ' My sister has had an intrigue, and
I have killed her ; there are her horn and other orna-
ments in the sack, and I am afraid the governor will
do something to me : I want your intercession.' ' Why,
there are two horns in the sack,' said I. ' I killed her
mother too ; she knew of the intrigue.' ' There is no
power but in God Almighty : if your sister was im-
pure, was that a reason for killing your mother ?
but lie down and sleep.' In the morning I said to
liim, ' I suppose you were too uneasy to sleep ? '
' By Allah ! so unhappy has dishonor made me, thai
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for a year I have not slept soundly till last night." I
then went with him to the governor, and said, ' Will
you give Kas-reddin the handkerchief of amnesty ? '
The governor said to Nas-reddin, ' Speak without
fear ; ' upon which he recounted his story, when the
governor said, 'La bas' (no harm), on which he
kissed the governor's hand and went away."
The whole of this region was once thickly stud-
ded over with to^vns and cities, and appears to have
been one of the most fertile and densely populated
countries on the face of the earth ; but, in conse-
quence of bad government, the population is rapidly
decreasing, and many once flourishing villages and
cities now contain only empty dwellings and deso-
late ruins. The present population is estimated to
be only about 50,000.
The view over the Hauran is at all times most
striking, and fi'om many points extremely beautiful.
Gebel Sheik, or Hermon, the last mountain of the
chain of Anti-Lebanon, is always visible to the n.w.
Gebel Ilauran — a range of hills — limits the view to
the E., but to the s.e. it is boundless. The soil is
naturally excellent ; numerous corn-fields surround
every village, while in many places the pasturage is
good, and is grazed by the flocks of the Bedouins, who
visit the Hauran in swarms every spring.
E.N.E. of the Ilauran is a very singular region called
the Szaffa ; it is a stony district, much resembling the
Ledja, except that the rocks with which it is covered
are larger. Its circumference is equal to two or three
days' travel, and it is a place of refuge for the Arabs,
who fly from the Pasha's troops, or from their ene-
m
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mies in the desert. The Szaffa has no springs, the
only supply being rain-water collected in cisterns.
There is but one entrance into this region, and that
is through a narrow pass called Bab-el Szaffa — a cleft
between high perpendicular rocks, not more than two
yards wide — which none dare to enter as enemies.
Many sanguinary encounters between pui-sued and
pursuers have taken place at this pass, as is attested
by numerous skeletons and human bones met with
here.
CHAPTER XI.
THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS.
Origin of the Order — The Battle-field of Ilattin —
Massacre of the Knights — Ancient Kerak, a
Stronghold of the Knights.
After the conquest of Jerusalem by the Crusa-
ders, pilgrims and other travelers from all parts of
Europe visited the Holy Land in great numbers ;
many of whom, when traveling from one place to
another, especially when going fi'om the coast to
Jerusalem, were robbed, and subjected to various
outrages and indignities by the Mohammedans, who
regarded them as interlopers and Christian dogs, and
treated them as such whenever an opportunity pre-
sented itself. From this state of things arose the
necessity of an organization for the protection of
pilgrims and others, while traveling in the Holy
Land. Hence, in 1118, a society was formed, called
-^?=^
"^WW^.
the " Poor Soldiers of Jesus," whose duty it was to
act as escort and guard for the Christian travelers ;
especially those visiting Jerusalem. This humble
society soon became so popular, that to belong to it
was esteemed an honor ; and its accessions in num-
bers and wealth were such as to eventually render it
the most powerful and wealthy organization the
world had ever seen.
KNIGHTS TEMPLAES.
The buildings allotted to the " Poor Soldiers of
Jesus " were in the Temple enclosure, and some of
them on the site of Solomon's Temple, from which
circumstance they received the name. Knights Tem-
plars. In time this order embraced in its ranks
many of the best architects of the day ; and the
ruins of castles, fortresses, and fortified towns, built
by them, are monuments of the skill and energy of
this warlike and mechanical order.
CAUSES WHICH LED TO THEIK DESTRUCTION.
At this period, Palestine was covered with castlea
and fortified towns, which were occupied and com-
manded by petty barons, Knights of St. John, and
Knights Templars ; but all subject to the king at Jeru-
salem. Tet the commanders of these fortresses de-
clared war and made peace at their own will and
pleasure — not only against the common enemy but
against one another ; and what renders this state of
anarchy more surprising is, that the Christian
occupants of Palestine were nearly surrounded by
402
warlike and watcliful enemies, ready to imprcve the
first opportunity for their destruction. Yet at this
time, under the leadership of a man of even ordinary
capacity, order might have been restored, and the
Christian rule perpetuated in the Holy Land. But
this opportunity for consolidating their power was soon
lost ; for, in 1180, the throne -was usurped by Guy
of Lusignan, who had many enemies, and at least one
powerful rival. Among the petty rulers at this
time were Count Raymond of Tripolis, and Raynald
of Chatillon, Lord of Kerak and other castles, and
who had associated with him a large number of
Knights Templars. Raymond was a bitter enemy
and rival of the king, and had even entered into
negotiations with Saladin, and received aid from
him. Notwithstanding the situation among the
Franks* was snch as to invite attack, a truce had
been concluded with the Sultan, which might have
been followed by a period of repose. But this peace
was soon terminated, and that too by the Christians ;
for the reckless Eaynald of Kerak, disregarding the
compact with the Sultan, fell upon and plundered a
large caravan of merchants passing from Damascus
to Arabia, imprisoning the women and children,
and massacreing many of the men. Enraged at
this, Saladin swore a solemn oath to put Raynald to
death with his own hands, should he ever get him
into his power ; and immediately commenced mak-
ing inmieuse preparations for avenging this breach
of faith on the part of the Franks ; and in response
to his call hosts of the swarthy and fierce warriors of
* A general name applied to Europeans by the Turks.
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the Crescent were soon assembled at Damascus froni
all parts of the empire.
BATTLE OF HATTIN — MASSACEK OF THE KCaGHTS TEM-
PLARS.
Mount Hattin, on the slopes of which the great
battle was fought, is sixty-five miles north-by-east
from Jerusalem, and twenty-four miles east-south
east of Acre ; and is nearly on a line between Tabor
and Ilermon.
The dire intelligence of the preparations of Sal-
adin for war, soon reached the Christian princes, and
induced them to cease their strife, and unite at
once for mutual defence. They established their
rendezvous at the fountain of Sefurieh, fifteen miles
south-east of Acre, wliere were soon assembled the
most chivalric host which had ever fought aa-ainst
the Saracens in the Holy Land. The Hospitalers
and Teinplars came with many troops from their
castles; Raymond, with his forces from Tiberias
and Tripolis ; Raynald, with a train of knights from
Kerak and Shobek ; other barons from Sidon,
Antioch, and Cesarea, and the king from Jerusalem,
with a host of knights and hired troops, altogether
making an army of over 50,000 men.
The position chosen by the Christians was a good
one, and had water and other resources in abundance.
They were also inspired by the presence of the Holy
Cross, which had been brought from Jerusalem by
the Bishops of Ptolemais and Lydda. Thus pre-
pared, the army waited the approach of the Saracena
for over a month, when suddenly the hosts of Saladin
i
w.
appeared on the west side of the Jordan, swooped
around the northern end of Lake Tiberias, and
thence, southerly, do^vn its west side to the lieights
north of the village of Tiberias ; where they en-
camped, in the hope of drawing the Franks from
their position. Light detachments had preceded the
maia army ; these penetrated to the neighborhood of
Nazareth — to Jezreel, and Mount Gilboa, laying waste
the land with fire and sword. Upon finding that
the Franks did not advance, Saladin sent a detach-
ment of light troops and took possession of Tiberias,
the residence of Count Raymond, whose wife, with
her children, retired to the castle. On the 3d of
July, intelligence of the capture of Tiberias reached
the Christian camp. The king immediately called a
council of war, to decide upon the measures to be
pursued. At first a large majority were for march-
ing at once for the deliverance of Tiberias ; but
Raymond, although of all others personally the most
interested, advised to remain where they were, fortify
their camp, and act on the defensive ; as experience
had taught him that the Fabian policy was the most
successful against Saladin. Here, in their fortified
position, Math abundance of resources of all kinds,
they had every reason to hope for complete success
against the attacks of the undisciplined hordes of
the Sultan ; but if they marched on Tiberias, they
would expose themselves to constant attacks of
myriads of Saracenic cavalry, in a region without
water, under the burning heat of summer, where,
harassed and exhausted, their retreat might be cut off.
This advice was imanimously approved by the king,
-'^■•,
S^^H5l
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M:
RAYNALD, LORD OF KERAK,
\ UNIVERSITY
S. - or
409
barons, and all, with but one exception — the Grand
Master of the Templars ; who, listening only to the
dictates of chivalry, went to the tent of the hing,
after the council had broken up, and conjured hira
not to let such a stain of cowardice rest upon the
Christian name, and fame of the Knights, of which
the army was so largely composed, but to march at
oiice to the attack of the Mohammedan hosts. To
this the king at length yielded, and gave the order
to arm, and march upon Tiberias.* Upon receiv-
ing this unexpected order, the barons repaired
to the quarters of the king, to endeavor to dissuade
him from this step ; but he would not even give them
an audience, and his order to advance was immedi-
ately carried out. Sal ad in had great confidence of
victory, could he but draw the Franks from their
position, and bring on a general engagement ; con-
sequently their advance fell in completely with his
wishes and plans. He immediately despatched nis
light troops to harass the Christian army on its
march, and posted his main army along the high
ground between Tiberias and Tell Hattin. This
was on Friday. In the afternoon the Christian army
reached the open ground around el Ltibieh, when
immediately a sharp engagement between the light
troops of the two armies took place, but with no
results of importance, as the King's soldiers were so
exhausted by their long march under the scorching
Bun, and suffering so much from thirst, that they
made no headway against the fierce Saracens. Pre-
* But few of the military terms in use now were known at the
period in which this battle took place.
mmm ^m^
410
vious to making the advance, the Christians were
iilled with confidence in their superior prowess and
tactics, consequently the result of the first onset
not only astonished them, but filled them with fear
and dismay ; and instead of pressing on at once, and
attacking the army of Saladin, and at least breaking
througli to the lake, where a supply of water miglit
be obtained, the king gave orders to encamp on
the rocky plain, where there was no water, and thus
deferred a general engagement until the next da3\
This was a fatal step, and was said to have been
counselled by Raymond, from treachery ; and, from
the manner of his escape at the termination of
the battle, it would appear as though there was some
collusion between him and Saladin. The night
was a dreadful one for the Christians : suffering
from thirst, and not a drop of water within their
reach, and in such fear of a night attack that sleep
was out of the question. Added to this, the Saracen
scouts succeeded in approaching verj- near their camp
and setting fire to the dry shrubs round about it,
the heat and smoke of which increased still more
their distresses. In this situation the night was
passed ; and at early dawn they found themselves
closely surrounded by the hosts of Saladin, flusned
with confidence, and eager for the conflict — which
commenced by their attacking the more exposed parts
of the Christian army, which brought on a general
engagement ; and wlienever the Franks pressed for-
ward in solid masses, or made a well-directed charge,
the Saracens gave way at once, but would again return
to the conflict ; and, by hovering around and making
A
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or
constant charges against vulnerable points, they suc-
ceeded in exhausting and demoralizing the Franks
so that the foot-soldiers broke their ranks. Some
threw down their arms and surrendered ; others fled,
and were pursued and cut to pieces ; while the great
body retreated in confusion to the summit of Mount
Hattin, from which the king attempted to rally them
to support the knights in protecting the Holy Cross,
but without avail. An attempt was then made to
encamp around the Cross ; but the Saracens now
pressed upon them, and discharged a shower of
arrows, by one of which the bearer of the Cross was
slain. In this extremity the king gave orders to re-
new the fight ; but it was too late, as they were now
so exhausted and disheartened that they were but
little better than a confused mob ; and, in this ex-
tremity, Raymond and his followers, when ordered to
advance, put their horses to full speed over the dead
bodies of their fallen comrades, and rushed through
the ranks of the enemy, which ojpened to let them
pass, and thus escaped, by a shameful flight, in the
direction of Tyre. The king then withdrew to the
height of Tell Ilattin, with a few knights and other
brave followers, where, for a time, they maintained
tbeir position against the fearful odds against them,
but were at length obliged to yield, when some were
dri\en headlong over the steep precipice on the north-
ern side of tlie Inll, and others were taken prisoners.
Among the latter were the King, Raynald of Chati-
llon, Ilonroy of Toron, the Bishop of Lydda, and
the Grand Master of the Templars. The latter
though his advice to advance might have been ini
m
PI
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1
cioiis, yet by his conduct throughout this bloody con-
flict, he added new luutre to the reputation of tho
Knig'hts Temj)lars for chivah-ic courage and fortitude.
Immediately after the battle, the captive princes
were led before Saladin, who received them in the
antechamber of his pavilion, and with the respect
due to their positions — except Kaynald, on whom his
eye fell fiercely, for he remembered him as the bitter
enemy of his people, and as the immediate cause of
this conflict, in w^hich so many of his best warriors
had lost their lives. At the order of Saladin, cool
sherbet was presented to the king ; but when the
latter passed it to Raynald, Saladin said to him,
" Thou givest him drink, not I," in accordance with an
Arab custom, that whoever gives drink or food to
another, is bound to protect him at all hazards.
After the other prisoners had received refreshments,
Saladin addressed Raynald, upbraiding him for
his cruelty and insolence against the Mohamme-
dans and their religion, and for breaking the truce ;
and ended by inviting him to embrace Mohamme-
danism. Kaynald replied that he had lived, and
would die, only in the Christian faith ; upon which,
Saladin rose from his seat, drew his scimitar, and at
a blow cleft through ilaynald's shoulder; when the
attendants rushed upon and despatched him. Sala-
din then assured the king and princes that their
lives were safe, that the massacre of Kaynald was
only the punishment due his atrocities ; but, smart-
ing under the remembrance of the many chastise-
ments his people had received at the hands of the
Knights Templars, and also that on that day scores
i!
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WAR HORSES AFTER THE BATTLE.
<"
Of T'
. or
of his warriors had been laid low by the strong arms
of these same knights, he ordered them to be put to
death ; when the captive knights were all beheaded
without mercy ; but the king and princes were sent
to Damascus. Thus ended this great battle, and dis-
aster to the Christian army, and, as a consequence,
the Christian sway in the Holy Land. For in pre-
paring for this struggle with Saladin, the fortresses
throughout the country had been weakened by draw-
ing off the principal part of their garrisons, so that
they fell an easy prey to the Sultan, and surrendered,
one after another, until the third of October, when
the Holy City itself capitulated.
AmoniT the results of this battle were the loss of
the Holy Land to the Christians, and its return to
semi-barbarism ; and the almost total annihilation of
the Knights Templars — rendering it, in its effects on
civilization and its tragic termination, one of the most
important and remarkable battles ever fought in this
quarter of the globe.
m
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ANCIENT KEEAK.
Kerak is noted as being the stronghold of Raynald
of Chatillon ; and is situated in a wild and singular
region, bordering on Arabia. It is fifty miles south-
east of Jerusalem, and ten east of the south end of
the Dead Sea.
The principal approach to this place is from the
south, np the side of rugged hills, and through deep
and narrow defiles. In one place the route leads
through a very narrow and deep pass, which could
be held by a dozen resolute men against an army.
OJi
^^^^^^
Kerak is very strong by nature, as the platform on
which it stands is 3,720 feet above the level of tlie
sea, and two deep valleys from 1,000 to 1,350 feet
deep, with rugged sides, flank it north and south.
In the time of the Crusades, Kerak was strongly for-
tified, and a strong wall surrounded the whole place.
The lower part of this wall appears to be much older
than the Crusading or Saracen times ; and the wide
bevel is similar to the Phoenecian and Jewish rebate
or bevel. The main entrance into the city and for-
tress is through a tunnel, probably natural at first,
but enlai-ged, and with a well built pointed arch
over its entrance, above which an Arabic inscription
has been let into the face of the rock. This tunnel
is about 240 feet in length, and enters the town near
the nortLwest castle. This castle is called " El Melek,"
from an Arabic inscription of great size cut into its
walls ; ascribing the inscription to El Melek. The
walls of this castle are massive and flanked with
lofty towers. The wall is 27 feet thick in its lower
stories ; and the upper stories are studded with long
loop-holes, and an open ledge for the garrison to
connnunicate along the whole. The loop-holes and
chambers are now nearly all converted into rude
stores. Above this the wall contracts. There are
loop-holes again ; and a platfcnin about seven feet
wide runs along near the top. These lofty ledges
are the resort and lounge of the men and boys of
Kerak.
The fortiflcations of Kerak were very strong, and
against the warfare of that period impregnable.
The most important and extensive of these works ia
,.'\ i
419
the great castle at the southern angle ; this, being tho
most exposed point, was strongly and carefully forti-
fied. The interior of this castle is one mass of vaults,
arches, and galleries, and all of the most massive
construction. The most remarkable portion of this
castle, and which tells the history of its construc-
tion, is a crypt chapel, with an eastern apse ninety
feet long. It is reached by descending a circular
staircase ; and another staircase leads to the roof.
There are four small, narrow windows, high up, but
giving so little light, that lamps must have been
necessary during the services. A few fragments of
columns are built sideways into the walls, and also
some remains of inscriptions. Patches of fresco are
also to be seen on the walls, ])ut all in a state of decay.
In addition to the above, there are long ranges of
structures like casemates, barracks, and magazines ;
story above story, and solidly vaulted. These were
originally four or five stories high ; but the upper
portions are now much ruined. There were several
gateways on the side of the town with the necessary
defenses ; these still remain in a fair state of preser-
vation. Under the great crypts are numerous vaulted
reservoirs, capable of containing an ample supply of
water for a long siege ; and there are also several deep
wells sunk in the castle. Between the two great
fortifications of Kerak there is a subterranean com-
munication, but of which little is known.
The most noted ruin of Kerak is a ruined mosk ;
which was once a basilica. The roof is gone, but the
liars and arches remain. The doorway is pointed,
Saracenic, and the upper part of the arch is filled
M
in with masonry, wliich was once covered with Chris-
tian symbols.
Another highly interesting relic is a portion of a
beautiful tesselated pavement of marble quite per-
fect, also some marble bases of ancient columns still
in their places at the edge of the pavement. This
beautiful pavement, that had doubtless once done
service in a splendid temple,' or other grand edifice,
was now the floor of a miserable hovel, but only
the centre of the pattern had been broken up to
make a place for the hearth. Ancient Koman lamps
are found here, also ancient gold and silver coin.
Altogether the great castle of Kerak is the grandest
and most complete monument of military engiueer-
ing and energy left by the Crusaders. It was built
by a predecessor of Eaynald, about A. D. 1131, and
afterwards strengthened, so that in 11S3 it completely
baffled the fierce assaults of Saladin.
Birth-jplaoe of Pythagoras. — His education.— Tra-
vels^ Philosojyhy, and the tragic termination of
his career.
Tins celebrated philosopher was born in the island
of Samos, 600 b.c. His early history is not definitely
known, except that his father's name was Mnesar-
chus, who is said to have emigrated from Phoenicia.
Being a merchant, and of some distinction, he took
care that his son should receive such an education as
would enlighten his mind, and develop and strengthen
his body. He was taught astronomy, geometiy, music,
and poetry. Pythagoras first attracted attention m
Greece, at the age of 18, by his great strength and
skill in the gymnasium, and where he won the prize
for wrestling in the Olympic games.
Having been sent to Egypt for further instruction,
he gained a knowledge of the arts and sciences as
taught by the priests. After having been duly ini
tiated into the mysteries of the sacerdotal order, he
then made himself master of their mythology, and
the system of symbolical writing by which they
governed themselves, and held their power over the
people.
I
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it.
,11
i
424
After completing his investigations in Egypt he
visited Babylon, Assyria, Persia, and India, every-
where gathering knowledge of the opinions of wise
men as to the nature of their gods, and on the ques-
tion of the immortality of the soul. After several
years of travel and study, he returned to his native
island, Samos, but the tyranny of Polycrates soon
made his life so stormy that he sought peace else-
where.
lie is credited with being the first who nsed the
name philosopher, which he applied to himself.
When having been saluted as a sophist, or wise man,
he replied that he was not yet wise, but was a friend
of wisdom. Being asked by Leon, king of Achaia,
in what a philosopher differed from other men, he
replied, that at the Olympic games some are attracted
by a desire of obtaining crowns and honors, others
come to dispose of their different commodities, while
another and wiser class come to contemplate what-
ever deserves notice in that celebrated assembly.
Thus, on the more extensive theatre of the world,
while many struggle for the glory of a name, and
many strive for the advantages of fortune, a few, and
indeed but a few, who are not desirous of money nor
ambitious of fame, are sufficiently gratified to be
spectators of the wonder, the hurry, and the magnifi-
cence of the scene.
From Olympia the philosopher went to Elis, in
Sparta, and finally, when about 40 years of age, he
went to Magna Grecia, where he settled in the port
of Crotona. Here he founded a new sect, and his
knowledge of astronomy, mathematics, and other
higher branches of education, his extensive research
and the reputation he had acquired from his travels,
and by being crowned at the Olympian games, gave
him such a recommendation as drew about him an
immense number of pupils, and his eloquence and
the boldness with which he attacked the vices and
follies of society, astonished and influenced both old
and young, and a great reformation took place in
Crotona.
Pythagoras taught his followers both by precept
and example. He went regularly at an early hour to
his devotions ; he lived on the plainest and simplest
food ; his continual purifications and offerings,
his religions deportment, his intellectual achieve-
ments, seemed to raise him above the rest of man-
kind ; and to keep himself at a still greater distance
from his pupils, several years were required to try
their various dispositions — if they were talkative they
were not allowed to speak in the presence of their
master for five years, while those of a taciturn mind
were allowed to speak with him after two years. He
had certain doctrines which he taught only to his
choice followers, and which being known only to
those within, were called esoteric, the other doctrines
given to i\\o^e without, or the people in general, were
called exoteric. When his select pupils had ad-
vanced sufilciently to receive the secret instruc-tions
of the philosopher, they were instructed in the use of
ciphers and hieroglyphic writing, so that his follow-
ers might correspond in unknown characters through-
out the world in any language ; the secret language
being intelligible to all the initiated, whatever their
3^£z^p^fe^^^^s
426
native speech ; by certain signs and words they made
themselves known to each other wherever they went.
Pythagoras taught his pupils to perform their de-
votions in solitary places in the mountains, early in
the morning ; and after a rigid self-examination they
rejoined their friends and refreshed themselves with
light food, for the philosopher forbade his disciples
eating flesh, because he believed it to have been pro-
duced from the same purified matter from which,
at the creation of the world, man was formed.
The conversation and amusements of his followers
were of the most innocent kind ; both philosophy and
politics were discussed, but never with warmth. In
the evening, after arranging a course to be pursued
the day following, they performed the same religious
ceremonies as in the morning.
So profoundly respected, and even revered, was
he by his pupils, that to dispute his authority was a
crime, and to differ with him was a great offense.
The most stubborn were brought to admit a position,
or concede a point, when it was said the master held
that opinion, and, to use the teacher's own words, was
to carry conviction. His great influence in and
through his school soon spread abroad in the world,
so that it was esteemed a high honor to be counted
among his pupils, and so renowned was his school,
that the rulers and legislators of Greece, Italy, and
other neighboring nations boasted of having been
members of it. In maiiy instances the highest posi-
tions of honor and profit were attained as a direct
result of his teachings put into practice by his pupils.
The doctrine of metempsychosis — the transmigra-
427
tion of the soul of man into the lower animals, he
brought from India, and taught it as being possible
and even probable. In his theological system, he
declared that the universe was created from a shape-
less mass of passive matter, by a being who was the
soul of the world, and of his substance the souls of
men were a portion.
Numbers were considered as an exponent of all
things, and harmony, beauty, order, and their oppo-
sites, the necessary results of the action of nature.
In his doctrine of morality he perceived in the
mind propensities common to the brutes, and besides
these and the passions of avarice and ambition, he
recognized the noble quality of virtue. He believed
the most perfect qualifications w^ere to be found in
the exercise of the moral and intellectual pleasures.
He further believed that no enjoyment could be
had where the mind was disturbed by guilt or fears
of the future. He distinguished himself by his dis-
coveries in Geometry., Astronomy, and Mathematics.
It is to him that the world is indebted for the discovery
that the three angles of a triangle are together equal
to two right angles, and that in any right angled tri-
angle, the square formed on the hypothenuse is
equal to the sum of the squares formed on the two
sides. This is the famous forty-seventh problem of
Euclid, which was not demonstrated before his
time. He was also the discoverer of many other
problems.
According to his astronomy, the sun was the centre
of the universe, and all the planets moved in an
elliptical order around it. This was deemed impossible
by the philosophers of that tirae, but subsequent re-
searches of astronomers have proved that he was cor-
rect, and consequently far in advance of his contem-
poraries.
Many of the most wealthy and influential citizens
having joined the " Brotherhood," it soon became the
controlling power in the State ; but from the zenith of
their popularity and power the fall was sudden and
tragical ; as its extraordinary success rendered its mem-
bers so proud that they became objects of jealousy
and hatred to the people, which culminated in their
being attacked, while holding one of their general
meetings ; their building was set on fire and great
numbers perished in the flames, and according to
one account, Pythagoras himself perished with his
pupils, at that time ; but others say he died at Meta-
pontum, about 497, B. C.
The reaction at Crotona extended to adjoining
countries, and many of his followers were killed,
and others were driven into exile.
View in the Island of Samos. — Birthplace of Pythagoras.
or THE
VNIVERSITy
431
r!
CHAPTER XIII.
MYTHOLOGY, AND MYSTERIES OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS.
The first form of Initiation ever practised.— The
mysterious rites and ceremonies pertaining there-
to. — The first ceremony of Initiation^ the test hy
fire, water and air.— The second ceremony of Ini-
tiation, the Sacrifice.- The final ceremony, the Tri-
umphal Procession.
The religion of the Ancient Egyptians was a vast
and complicated system of mythological ideas, and
mysterious rites, and ceremonies.* Astronomy and
mathematics were extensively used in its culture,
and its creed was broad enough to admit people from
every nation under the sun, and accessions were wel-
comed without question as to their origin, provided
only that they believed in the God of Egypt. Emi-
nent men from India, Syria, and other parts of the
world, brought their contribution of creeds, ideas,
rites, and ceremonies, all of which were given their
proper place and consideration in the great whole,
being grafted into the religious system of Egypt.
* In the preparation of this chapter the following works have
been consulted :— " Life and Work at the great Pyramid," by C.
Piazzi Smyth. " The Ancient Egyptians," by Sir Gardner Wilkin-
son ; also the works of Champollion, Baron Bunsen, and Colonel
Howard Vyse.
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432
As the people progressed towards civilization tliey
passed through several phases of culture in the arts
and sciences, vrhich may be studied in the remains
of those periods, and the religious ideas, and opinions
kept pace with their material and intellectual advance-
ment, and in the age that was ruled over by the famous
nineteenth dynasty of Pharaohs, the nation reached
its culmination, and at that time had developed its
system of worsliip of deified human beings, now called
anthropomorphism.
Before this wonderful worship had been perfected,
there had been practised the rites of the Sabians, a
worship of the heavenly bodies similar to that of the
Persians and Chaldeans ; and still more anciently
there are evidences of the practice of the dark rites
of Fetichism.
The mythology of the Egyptians is so full of names
of gods and demons, that it would require a large
space to describe them, and the data is also imperfect,
as the Egyptian priests invented a system of secret
writing called hieroglyphic (sacred writing) on pur-
pose to conceal their knowledge from all but the i^ii-
ated. But within the last half century these hiero-i
glyphics have been so far deciphered as to afford us
a fair knowledge of their esoteric teachings, rites, and
ceremonies.
Kneph is the great creator, appearing under the
symbol of a man with a ram's head and horns, always
seated when in the act of creating.
The central myth was that of Osiris and Isis, the sun
and moon, and of Hermes, and contains the ideas and
notions concerning the three most important deities.
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433
Osiris was worshiped under the form of an ox, and
was the god of the siin, and the source of life and
fertility, and all fruitfulness. He taught man the
use of tools in agriculture, and was greatly beloved in
return. His envious brother Typhon (the nighty as
Osiris was the day)^ conspired to kill and destroy
him, and would have succeeded but for Isis who con-
tended for Osiris, and gathered the fragments of the
slain body.
Osiris, after making the people of the Nile valley
rich and happy, visited the rest of the world with his
blessings, chiefly agriculture, and the arts, music and
eloquence.
Anubis is the dog-headed divinity, who was wise
and good, and assisted Isis in the contention between
Osiris and Typhon. The story of this contest is the
probable foundation on which that of Moses and the
ark of reeds was made.
HoEus was a son of Osiris and Isis, and was also a
god of the sun, and equal to the Greek Apollo. He
is often represented as a child seated on a lotus flow-
er, wath his finger on his lip, and from this is called
the god of silence.
The ox was called Apis, and was always a black one,
with a triangular spot on the forehead, and another
on his right side, crescent-shaped. He was kept in a
stall facing the east, and fed chiefly on milk. On
the death of the favored animal another was imme-
diately installed in the sacred temple, and saluted as
the god, beginning at Nilopolis, and finally ending at
Memphis, where sacrifices were made at his shrine.
A.n ancient historian (Marcellinus) says, " during this
a.na
' live
that
ter
re-
festival of the annual installation of the Apis, the
crocodiles forgot their ferocity, became gentle,
harmed nobody." ISio sacred bull was allowed to
longer than twenty -five years, and if alive after
'^lfk\ period he was drowned.
The Amun of the Egyptians was called Jup
'^V I Aiimion by the Romans, and Zeus by the Greel
isi^J; and was the highest of all the divinities, and was
presented under the symbol of the ram, with the disc
of the sun on his head. He was also a god of the sun,
:/^j! whose name in Coptic is Ram.
\i[%\ Athor is the mother of the material world, the
W0: ' Egyptian Yenus, and is usually seen with the dove,
which was sacred to her,
Phtha was the god of fire and life, as Prometheus
was to the Greeks. From him were descended
Mendes and Neith, the last of the first order of the
gods.
To each of these twelve great deities there was one
of the twelve signs of the Zodiac assigned.
The second order consists of twelve also, the sun,
moon, and planets, and also some of the principles of
nature.
The third, of seven deities.
- The starry heavens were divided into two sections,
said to be ruled by a god of light and purity, and the
other by a demon of darkness and evil.
There were six orders of demons, ruling over or
influencing, according to the permission of the great
gods, all other living things.
Every planet, star and object, animate or inanimate,
had its own peculiar guardian spirit or tutelary genius,
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435
and this was the origin and nse of their sytem of
AsTEOLOGY. The Egyptians believed that the soula
of men had once been alive on the earth in ani-
mals or men, and would return again after a term
of years of great duration — ten thousand years or
more.
The belief of the Eg^-ptians as to the creation of
mankind was, that after the several orders of gods
and demons were created man was devised, and wo-
man was the first made, and that there were many
thousands of souls created in the image of Osiris,
which were divided into sixty classes. These have
procreated their descendants, filling the world, being
animated by the breath of the creator.
Another myth says that these creations of gods,
demons, and man were made in the heavens, and
that the habitation of the earth was an after-thought,
and that Hermes gave man the soil for a covering,
thus forming the body over what had been created
in the soul, and man became a living being in a mor-
tal body in the earth.
Mankind having fallen into sin by breaking the
laws of the creator, the great host of diseases fol-
lowed him like a swarm of flies, destroying his peace
and happiness, and his very life, when Osiris and
Isis were sent by the creator to the earth to be born
as man and woman, and redeem the fallen race.
They appeared in Egypt, the chosen land of the gods
above all others.
According to this belief, each soul while in the
body is attended by a guardian angel, and is given a
choice whether to stay in heaven, or visit the earth
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and live in a body. If the choice is for a life on
earth, it traverses the Zodiac until it reaches the
sign of the Lion, the gate of corporeal existence.
The period of 3,000 years is passed before the soul
finds an exit from earth in the sign Aries, where
after a probation of three days it enters once more
the regions of bliss.
These myths were the symbolic language in which
the priests hid the real truth, which was carefully
kept within the sacred circle of the initiated. The
rites and ceremonies were enforced on all citizens
without exception, from the king down to the lowest
subject, and foreigners were permitted to join on
certain conditions. This external religion was the
basis of the priestly and kingly authority, but the
creed, lielief, and practise of the initiated order
of priests, were very different and much more
elevated.
The use of animals and reptiles as symbols of
divine things was probably a relic of some older sj^s-
tem of nature worship or fetichism. Various symbols
were used for the same duty when considered under
different characters, as the creator, preserver, destroy-
er, fruitful, and others. Osiris is at one time repi-e-
sented as a boy with a hawk's head sitting on a cow ;
at another, with a lion's head, and a third, with a
bull's head bearing a crescent above the horns. This
lion-head is the symbol of the god of the Nile. ]Ie
is also clothed in a long garment and holds a staff,
and a corn measure on his head. As god of Tartarus
he has the Serapis serpent, and as such is the healing
demon, the ^sculapius of the Greeks. As god of
the Nile he was ruler of the elements, and he was
also judge of the dead.
Isis was also symbolized under many forms. The
famous great sphinx is a statue to Isis, bearing
her image, clothed in the national headdress,
which has remained in fashion from most ancient
times to the present. Among the many symbols of
Isis the most distinct are these : 1. A girl seated on
a lotus, resting her feet on a bud, holding a whip, her
head bearing a tuft of three leaves (or petals), and
her body wrapped in the sacred yestments, fitting
closely with many folds. 2. An ancient medal bears
her image in a bust with many breasts (like the Greek
Diana of Ephesus), and around which, like a constel-
lation, are symbols of four gods, rulers of the four
elements, eagle, of the air, salamander, of the fire,
lion, of the earth, and a fish, of the water. 3. As
queen of the ocean Isis is represented on a coin as a
girl holding the sistrujn, and unfurling a sail ; around
her are the stars of heaven, and in the distance the
great lighthouse of Alexandria, the Pharos. When
so displayed Isis was named Pharia, the light of the
mariner, and as such was placed on coins and medals.
4. As the mother of all living beings she is a wo-
man seated, nursing a boy, — Osiris or Horus, with a
3rescent on his head ; two hoopoes rest on the top of
her chair back; offerings of bread and wine are
placed before her. The vessel shown on the coins is
the sacred Krater or Kelebe, with the serpent handle,
and used only in the sacred rites. 5. Tlie body of a
woman (or bust, if on a coin), with the head of a cow ;
or sometimes the head and features of a woman, with
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438
the horns, eai-s, and rough shoii hair of a cow. The
coins bear this symbol surrounded by several six-
pointed stars, each of which stars has a disc in the
centre. 6. In one group (painted on the temple wall
at Karnak) Isis is represented as a mother, crowned
with the sacred bird and serpent symbol, bearing the
crescent and sphere, giving suck to a boy (Horus)
who stands beside her; priests offer the lotus, and
Hermes records the progress of affairs behind the
throne, while Osiris is seated as the god of the Nile,
bearing the staff tipped with a lotus, and is crowned
with the sacred ostrich plume. 7. Isis seated, holding
the infant Horus on her laj), nursing him. 8. As a
draped woman, holding a lotus in her left hand, her
head adorned with a gorgeous dress of plumes, with a
crown. 9. As a woman draped with a very full cos-
tume, and a cloak with fiinges, holding a sistrum in
one hand and the sacred cruse in the other, her head
draped with a shawl and crowned with a shell.
It is supposed that gratitude to the cow and ox, and
fear of the noxious animals and reptiles, prompted
their worship. The same animals were differently
esteemed in upper and lower Egypt, and in various
sections of either, depending on local influences. In
one section crocodiles were worshiped, while in an-
other they were killed and eaten. Every house in the
land had its bird, sacred to some deity, and when it
died its body was embalmed, blest by the priest and
buried.
The sphinx was a fabled animal, represented with
a lion's body and a woman's head, covered with the
national type of head-dress. The body is stretched
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i39
out as at rest. The great sphinx at Ghizeh has a small
temple placed between its forepaws, and the head is
more than sixty feet high, the grandest mythical
figure ever sculptured. A very curious combination
of animal forms is found on a coin of Hadrian, in
which are the body of a lion, with a serpent tail, with
a head of Isis crowned with the sacred horns and two
flags, and a second head and neck projecting from
the breast of the lion, the mane being braided on the
back of the lion ; beliind the woman's head is a griffin
holding a wheel. The whole group stands on a ser-
pent which has a crocodile's jaws. This probably had
a typical meaning, similar to those of the Gnostics of
the early centuries of the Christian era.
At Karnak there were avenues of sphinxes, lead-
ing to the entrances of the great temples, where hun-
dreds of these mythological things were arranged in
solemn grandeur on either side the paved way on
which the initiated and the candidate for the honors
of the mysteries marched in procession.
One of the most important minor symbols was the
lotus flower, the most sacred flower of the Nile, the
emblem of the creation of the world, and. of the fu-
ture life, a beautiful reminder of their faith and hope
in immortality and happiness beyond the tomb.
The two serpents coiled around a globe or red disc,
with outspread wings, were emblems of eternity and
motion, and of kingly power, and as such were
sculptured over the entrance to a temple, tomb, or
as an ornament to the king's crown.
The all-seeing eye was an emblem peculiar to om-
niscience.
440
The sacred ship or ark was an object of general
reverence. It was provided with emblems of the gods,
ornamented with great care, and carried in procession,
and was probably a remembrance of the ark in which
the body of Osiris was laid after he was killed by
Typhon.
A minute description of the offices and attributes
of the populous pantheon of Egypt would swell a lai-ge
volume, and range through every department of na-
ture, the earth and the heavens.
The most sacred vessels used in the service of the
temple were the canopoe, jugs, made of brass, with a
full rouud body, narrow neck, and fitted with a head
of some deity, and often covered with inscriptions in
the sacred writing.
The priesthood were a separate and favored class,
whose duties were to keep the sacred mysteries, teach
the popular theology, and perform the duties of the
temple, to which end they cultivated the arts and
sciences, and exercised legislative and judicial power,
and advised the king. They even furnished from
among their number a successor to the throne when a
dynasty became extinct. The priests prescribed rules
for the training and education of the children of the
king, and also for the guidance of the king himself,
both in his ofiicial and domestic affairs, even to the
appointment of the times when it was proper for him
to eat, drink, walk and bathe.
The caste was divided into classes of different ranks ;
1. Prophets, 2. Stolists, 3. Scribes, 4. Astrologers,
5. Musicians, 6. Physicians. Besides these there wa8
% college in the honor of every great divinity. The
priesthood was hereditary, and all temple property
also; and their dress and mode of living were pre-
scribed by strict rules, regulating and directing every
act of their entire lives, as well as theirs did for the
king.
The priest shaved his head weekly, or daily, accord-
ing to the rule, except when in mourning for the king
or'a member of his family. He dressed in white linen
or cotton, and shoes of reeds, and he bathed twice
both day and night. His food was selected with the
greatest care, and his diet was carefully prepared,
strictly avoiding pork, and all other articles known to
be indigestible. The priest and the king were per-
mitted the use of wine in prescribed quantities at cer-
tain times.
The duties of the priesthood were various. The
prophets were directors of the temple services, and
had charge of the revenues of the kingdom. The
stolists placed the mark of the sacred order on all
things set apart for sacrifice. The scribes kept the
sacred archives, wrote the current history of the king-
dom, and were instructors in the arts and sciences ;
the astrologers were a part of the last-named class ;
they were not scientific but rather idealists. The
musicians wrote and arranged the sacred chants, and
led all processions. The physicians were the learned
men who made the healing art a life study, and as
Herodotus and other ancients say, with great success.
It appeai-s that animal magnetism was well known in
the ancient days, but did not hold a very high rank
as a healing power.
The moral and religious instruction of the people,
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442
in preceding ages, was confided to a select order
of men who were educated and trained to tliat line
of duty, and their peculiar work was termed the
arYSTEEiES, because the most essential features were
mysterious and untaught to the people. Before the
establishment of Christianity the people were kept
in ignorance of the true doctrine of the divinity and
man's accountability, and were only permitted to
have dim visions of the truth as shown in symbols,
myths, and certain rites and ceremonies, typical but
not explanatory of the hidden meaning.
The priesthood sought to keep as mysterious and
secret the arts and sciences, for by such knowledge
they added to their power over the working classes,
and were able to rule with greater severity and cer-
tainty.
The excuse offered by the priesthood for this course
is that the generality of mankind are too profoundly
ignorant of divine things to understand the simple
truth, and it is therefore necessary to present it in
parables and symbols. That may have been the case
to a certain extent in those ages, from a lack of edu-
cation and culture, but cannot hold equally true now
that the masses can read and think for themselves.
The result in ancient times was that the people
misunderstood the symbols for the truth that was
behind them, and never dreamed of a hidden mean-
ing, and so a sphinx, an obelisk, or a statue of a god
was a real sphinx, obelisk or statue, and nothing
more.
The great advantages this condition of affairs gave
the priests, stimulated them t(^ great care in keeping
concealed the precious mysteries, the sonrce of their
power and station in life.
The first requisites therefore in a candidate for the
mysteries, were a mind well stored and broadened
with knowledge, and sufficiently cultivated and en-
lightened to value the lessons taught by them to their
disciples, and that his inclinations should be towards
a pure and moral life.
In order to ir)\])ress in the most solemn and pro-
found manner the importance and sacredness of the
'mysteries on the mind of the candidate, there v)as
required a Jearful and solemn oath of secrrecy and
silence hefore initiation.
The initiation itself was conducted with great de-
liberation, and with the most solemn and impressive
ceremonies, whose object was to lead the mind of the
neophyte to reflect on the great problems of life,
duty, destiny ; the brevity and vanity of life; the cer-
tainty of death and judgment; on virtue and truth,
and their heavenly beauty and brightness, as contrast-
ed with the darkness and repulsiveness of vice and
falsehood.
The novice was instructed first, gradually, in sym-
l)ols, and was advanced by degrees only towards the
true meaning of the sacred mysteries. The most
binding obligations were laid on the initiated, re-
quiring a faithful discharge in charity, love of his
kind, and inflexible honor, as the most acceptable to
the gods, and the most beneficent to mankind.
The candidate was required to pass a certain
time in meditation, in solitude; frequent purifica-
tions of the body, by certain prescribed methods,
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444
were also required. After this preparation he waa
taken in charge by conductors apf)ointed to lead him
through the several ways, ascents, descents, turnings,
dangers and difficulties of the mystic journey of ini-
tiation which was typical of secresy, and of the march
of humanity upwards from the realms of ignorance
and degradation, towards civilization and enlighten-
ment. The ceremonies were emblematical of the
development of man, progressively from lower to
higher degrees of knowledge and usefulness, and as
a type^ were intended as a help towards such eleva-
tion. They were also prophetic of the golden age
which has been looked for in every nation as a result
of culture and progress in virtue and morality, wlien
virtue without vice, and truth without error, shall
guide all mankind in every relation, securing health,
haj)piness and long life.
The opinion of all the ancient teachers of religion
was that future punishment was purgatorial, and
therefore not endless, but continuing only so long as
there was need of its purifying service. It was a
healing balm, and not a bitter finality. The initia-
tory ceremony included lessons in its rites and sym-
bols inculcating the value of sorrow and affliction as
teachers of the soul, and the means of elevating it
from the troubled life of the earth to the peaceful
and blessed existence in Elysium. The idea was that
the only way to perfection was through trials, gloom,
and suffering, and that the highest good, and most
peaceful- repose of the soul were to be expected as a
reward for tears, mortification, sacrifice, and even self-
abnegation in death itself.
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Therefore the highest efforts of the priesthood were
applied to the production of the most grand and im-
pressive effect upon the mind of the neophyte during
his initiation. Herein is seen the necessity that the
candidate he of full age, sound in body and mind,
educated, cultured, and of fine qualities, adapted to
receiving these sublime impressions.
The ancients were sincere and earnest in their
faith in the unseen and spiritual, and believed in the
necessary blending of the truths of science and reli-
gion. Some modern philosophers hold the same opin-
ions, and claim that religion will only be pure and
acceptable to the masses when science is respected
by its teachers, and the teachings of both science and
revelation are harmonized. The present deplorable
condition of the church in the midst of a people whose
pride and boast is in irreligion and disbelief of the
dogmas, can be charged mainly to the separation of
science and religion, and the antagonism resulting
therefrom.
The religion of the ancients embraced all the facts
of physical science, while art and philosophy were
essential elements, and rested on a spiritual basis,
since all combined were necessary to a right under-
standing of the phenomena of nature, the motion of
the heavenly bodies, the grand cosmogony of the uni-
verse, the mystery of existence, and the notions of the
future.
The<^elements were generally grouped under four
heads — earth, fire, water and air. These represented
the universe of material things with which the soul has
to contend in this life. The material world, in their
estimation, was the reflection of the real existences,
the spiritual realities now unseen but represented by
nature in its varied aspects, laws', motions, and quali-
ties, which science aided by religion attempts to un-
derstand.
The initiation was, therefore, a great scientific, phi-
losophic, religious drama, which had for its direct
object the instruction of the candidate, and indirectly
his culture in the verities of religion, a personal ac-
countability to God, himself, and his fellow-beings,
and a continuance of this state into the future life.
In all their meditations, in every rite and ceremony,
in sacrifice, public, or personal and private, in sorrow,
affliction, suffering, or even in joy, they saw the sha-
dow of the great unseen and mysterious One, who is
present with every soul as its creator, preserver, and
beneficent help.
INITIATION.
The first step in the initiation of a candidate was
an introduction to the stern realities of the powers of
the earthy elements. Gates of solid iron refused to
open until by proper supplication and prostration, at-
tested by his companion and witness, he had humbled
himself before the guardian deity. These opened, the
candidate proceeded through a low passage down
wards on his hands and knees to a subterranean room,
where he was received by three guards, who were dis-
guised as tutelary deities of the pj^ramid. ^^hey ques-
tioned him in set terms, and the answers having been
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447
given in proper form, he was directed to continue on
througli another descending passage to a series of
underground apartments specially designed for the
various steps in the progress of the ceremonies.
Over the door of entrance to these rooms was en-
graved the sentence : —
" The courageous soul which travels alone this
fearful way, without hesitation or timidity, after
jpiirifioation hy earth, fire, water, and air, shall
be enlightened by the glorious mysteries of Isis."
Then these guardians, disguised as the keepers of
the gates of death, with jackal heads, recounted the
several trials awaiting; his onward march.
THE FIRST STAGE IN THE INITIATION — THE TEST
BY FIEE.
His courage sustaining him, he was permitted to
pass on into the Hall of Fire, where every device
was resorted to for the deception of the senses, giv-
ing the appearance of fire and danger without the
realities. Jets of flame in the walls and ceiling,
heightened by mirroi-s, intensified by colored glass,
threw a many-tinted light over a floor of iron bars,
painted in imitation of hot grates over intense fires.
This bursting suddenly on the eyes after the long
dark passage must have been appaling.
In the Hall of Fire the candidate learned this
lesson. To the coui-ao^eous and true all difiiculties
The courage of the neophyte sustaining him, he
passed forward unhurt into the Hall of Water.
THE TEST BY WATEK.
The Hall of "Water was also so designed as to
present that element in all its aspects of steam, mist,
rain, waterfall, and rushing stream, with but one way
directly through the swift current to the opposite
shore, where stood other guardians, armed with the
sjanbols and weapons of the keepers of the dead,
whose awful shapes are associated with the rites of
sepulture, and suggest most gloomy and awful vis-
ions, and who opposed his further progress by refus-
ing to open an iron door which was vast and solid,
and covered with inscriptions and emblems, teaching
the value of fortitude, perseverance, and integrity.
THE TEST BY AIE.
After satisfying the guardians of his right to ad-
vance, the door was opened, and he entered the Hall
OF Winds. Here he was at the mercy of swift winds
blown upon him from every direction, and so con-
trived as to whirl him off his feet, and carry him about
the apartment helplessly, teaching him the power of
the unseen, the unknown, and enforcing the rule of
humility. On the enunciation of the required pray-
ers he was relieved from his peril, and light being
admitted, in the hands of an attendant, this inscrip-
tion was visible on a door.
^\8 RaT>
or THE
" He that would be exalted must humble himself."
The door was then thrown open, and he was led
hi to the sanctuary of the goddess Isis", where before
the high altar were arranged in full dress the band
of priests and attendants, solemnly chanting as if in
supplications for his deliverance from trials and dan-
gers.
Before the altar he knelt and repeated the solemn
oath of secrecy, after which he was received on pro-
bation for half a year, during which time the most
seductive temptations of wine and women were dis-
played before him, as a test of his moral strength and
endurance. Some say that valuables, such as gold
and jewels, were laid in his way as if carelessly, as
a temptation to break the law of right of possession.
THE SECOND STAGE — THE SACKIFICE.
If he passed through all these trials and remained
cliaste, pure, and honest, he was admitted to a further
advance which was called the manifestation. In this
series of ceremonies, which were continued for twelve
days (one for each sign of the Zodiac), he was dedi-
cated to the great gods, and invested with the twelve
mystic scarfs, also a sacred cloak, embroidered with
zodiacal signs and symbols of the starry heavens, the
abode of the gods and happy spirits, and the reward
of the faithful and pure.
He was crowned with palm leaves as symbolic of
the new life given him, and a lamp was placed in his
hand, signifying his office of teacher and guide, and
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452
in thts Gondition he was again led to the alter, where
the oath of secrecy was repeated, and the gods were
invoked to visit him with their direst wrath if ha
should ever, even accidejitally, reveal the mysteries to
any prof ane one.
THE LAST STAGE THE TRIUMPHAL PROCESSION.
After these days of preparation and ceremonies of
the Greater Mysteries, he was entitled to receive
instruction in the Lesser Mysteries, called also the
Institutes of Isis. During these ceremonies, which
continued for a longer or shorter term of days, ac-
cording to the dignity of the candidate, or his propos-
ed station in the priesthood, he was made acquainted
with the writings of Thot, the god of eloquence,
the inventor of writing, of philosophy, and he recei\ ed
a collar embroidered with emblems of his pnigress
and acquirements, and became after due examination
entitled to appear as a Yictor before the people in a
solemn procession, called the Triumphal March of
the Initiated.
This occasion was often made a most magnificent
affair, in which many orders of men and women took
part in great numbers, and particularly the priests of
tihe great gods who wore disguises in imitation of the
statues of their several divinities, which were sym-
bolical of their peculiar attributes.
The most precious treasures of the sanctuary were
displayed, and sacrifices prepared to Isis, her statue
being vailed in a black gauze, c/er a drapery of
i I
457
wliite silk, embroidered in gold, with appropriate
emblems of her attributes.
The procession formed in the court of the Temple
of Isis, and after the sacrifice moved westward in a
certain order. Fii-st in the train was seated a young
woman with a mask in imitation of the head of the
goddess Isis as the divine mother, the car being drawn
by white horses ; after which the priests walked in
the order of their rank, in their most gorgeous attire,
bearing their sacred symbols, the vessels of the tem-
ple, tlie Holy "Writings of Thot, the tablets of Isis,
which were her mysteries engraved on silver, and fol-
lowing these were the people in the order of their sev-
eral stations in public or private life, dressed in white
linen or cotton. The newly initiated walked in the
midst of these, distinguished only by his head veil being
longer than that of the others, reaching to the feet.
The houses along the route were decorated with
banners and flowers as on festal days, and perfumes
were showered over the passing multitude by wealthy
residents. Music both vocal and instrumental, and
dancing by professional experts accompanied them
to the end, where a general shout proclaimed tlie
arrival.
The ceremonies were continued in the temple by
elevating the novitiate to a throne, and investing
him with a white linen suit in place of the holiday
garb jnst discarded, when he was declared a member
of the order.
The closing scenes consisted of feasts, which were
kept up during three days, in which the newly ad-
mitted brother occupied the seat of honor.
On the occasion of the initiation of a distinguished
person from a foreign country, the mystic tragedy of
Osiris was enacted, consisting of appropriate cere-
monials, chants, processions, and parts by special
players, altogether reproducing the story of the
death, burial, and resurrection of Osiris, and tlie de-
struction of Typhon. The whole was a symbol of
the contest between Good and Evil, and the victory
of the good after trial and proof of purity.
The initiated then became one of the priests of the
lowest order, and a student in the schools, where he
had a choice among several arts and sciences, any
one of which he might select as his calling.
The results of this system are to be discovered in
the most wonderful remains of Egyptian art, and the
written accounts of their achievements in science,
some of which have not yet been more than equalled
by modern researches. In astronomy, physics, and
literature they were the admiration of the world,
attracting the wisest and best men from every quar-
ter of the earth, and benefiting mankind by dis-
seminating the truths of their system throughout the
civilized nations. Greece and Rome borrowed their
choicest ideas in art, science, philosophy and religion
from Egypt, and through the Hebrews, Christianity
owes to them much of its knowledge of the One God,
all-wise, all-good, all-powerful.
CHAPTER XIV.
PIiACES CONNECTED WITH THE CKTJCIFIXIOlir.
David's Tomb, The Last Supper — The Garden of Gethse-
viane, Christ^ a Agony — BaII of Evil Counsel — Church
of the Soly Sepulchre — Place of Crucifixion — Holy
Sepulchre — Place of Ascension.
DAYId's tomb, OB EESTING-PLACE, THE LAST SUPPEE.
This place is on tlie southern slope of Monnt Zion, a
short distance from its summit, and is covered by a pile
of bijildings, in one of the most ancient of which, it is
believed, was the room where Jesus held his last sup-
per with his disciples. " He will show you," said the
Saviour, " a large upper room." This room is about
fifty feet long and thirty wide. The great antiquity of
this building none can question. Epiphanius, towards
the close of the fourth century, states that this build-
ing, with a few others near it, escaped destruction
when Titus overthrew the city.
JfJh, No. 61. —THE GABDEN OF GETHSKIVIANE, CHRISt's AGONY.
^ I i Just east of the Kidron, at the foot of the Mount of
Olives, is the Garden of Gethseraane. A part of it is
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enclosed by a strong stone wall about ten feet higL
Tills enclosure is shaded by eight venerable old olive
trees, and planted with beds of flowers and various
kinds of shrubbery. Its close proximity to the city,
and the nature of the grounds, would point it out as
a suitable place for a public garden. The place is so
plainly indicated in the Scripture narrative, as to
leave no room to doubt but that this enclosure is a
part of the ancient Garden of Gethsemane. And he
said, "Abba, Father, all things are possible unto thee ;
take away this cup from me : nevertheless, not what
I will, but what thou wilt." (St. Mark xiv. 36.)
HILL OF EVIL COUNSEL.
This hill takes its name from a tradition that the re-
sidence of Caiaphas was located upon its summit, and
that here the chief priests and scribes assembled
together to take counsel against Jesus. It rises to a
height of nearly five hundred feet above the pool of
Siloam, and is situated near the lower part of the
valley.
THE PLACE OF CRUCIFIXION.
The question as to where the Crucifixion did take
place has been carried on until recently without any
reasonable determination.
It has been supposed that the Holy Sepulchre
Church included the place of the Crucifixion, but the
course of the ancient walls, which have now been
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463
very accurately traced out, has settled that point
against the claim that this church covered the true
site, although there is undoubted historical evidence
that it was originally built in the fourth century,
and on a site which was traditionally said to have
been the Calvary of the Gospel narrative. But
two or three hundred years must have impaired the
tradition, for it can be safely said that the name and
skull-shaped hill over the Jeremiah Grotto should
have pointed out the right place to all observing eyes.
We Imow from a comparison of the plans of the city
in the time of Arculf, a.d. 700, of the Crusaders,
1190, and also in Sandys, 1610, that the location of
St. Stephen's Gate had been changed fi-om the north
side of the city, now called Damascus Gate, to the
east side, where it is now, and which was known as
the Little Gate, a.d. 700, and Jehoshaphat Gate in the
Crusades.
Attention was called to the probability of the true
Bite being north of the city 20 years ago by Thenius,
whose views were adopted by other scholars such as
Fisher, Eobinson, Howe (Oriental Scenes, 1854) ; A.
L. Eawson (Map of Palestine, 1856) ; Robert Morris
(Youthful Explorers in the Holy Land, 1870).
The ]-equirements of the Scripture narrative as to
the place will be seen from the following.
And he bearing his cross went forth into a place
called the place of a slcull, which is called in the
Hebrew, Golgotha.
And Pilate wrote a title, and put it on the cross.
And the writing was, Jesus of ^azaketh the King
OF THE Jews.
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464
This title then read many of the Jews: fci' the
place where Jesus was crucified was ni(jh to the city :
and it was written in Hebrew, and Greek, and Latin.
Now in the place where he was crucified there
was a garden / and in the garden a new sepulcln-e,
wherein was never man yet laid. St. John, xix. 17,
19, 20, 41.
And they bring him unto the place Golgotha^ which
is, being interpreted, the place of a skull (St. Mark,
XV. 22).
And as they came out they found a man of Gyrene
Simon by name : him they compelled to bear his cross.
And when they were come unto a place called
Golgotha^ that Is to say a place of the shull (Mat-
hew, xxvii. 32, 33).
Wherefore Jesus also, that he might sanctify the
people with his own blood, suffered without the gate
(Hebrews, xiii. 12).
MEETING THE KEQUIEEMENT8.
GOLGOTHA.
This name is derived from the Hebrew for skull,
and being translated into Greek is Kranium, and
into Latin is Calvaria, which also means skull. All
of these terms apply to a skull-shaped hill which
has been known as the Grotto of Jeremiah, thouo^h
without any connection with that prophet historical
or traditional. This hill is very distinctly skull-shaped
as may be seen in the engraving, and it also answers
most, if not all, of the requirements of the text.
1. The place is said in the Gospel account to have
been out of the city ; this place is so now, and there
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is little doubt that it was at that time outside of
the walls. The city may have been extended beyond
this place after the CrucifixioD, but it certainly did
not include the high plain around Golgotha before
that event.
2. It is described in the text as being "nigh
unto the city," and it is about 500 feet from the
wall near the Damascus Gate (formerly St. Stephen's
Gate).
3. The Gospel account mentions a garden, and
this place is now, and doubtless was then, capable of
cultivation.
4. It is near one of the most traveled roads both
at that time and at present, being the one leading
from the Damascus Gate north towards Shechem,
and to Joppa by Beth-horon.
5. As there is no other, site or place that meets the
foregoing requirements of the Scripture narrative,
tlie conclusion is very evident that this is the spot
which was hallowed by the blood of the Saviour.
CHTJECH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHEE. — 'No. 9.
This church is in the Christian quarter of the city,
at the termination of Dolorosa. (See plan.) Tradi-
tion, and some of the earliest written records, point to
the area occupied by this structure as the place of the
burial, if not the crucifixion of Christ. Yet because
of its being so far within the walls of the city it has
been claimed by many that it could not be the place.
This place was originally the side of a slight eleva-
tion or hill, but its summit and sides have been
graded down to accomodate the surface to the im-
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mense structure that now occupies it. The origin of
this church is credited to Constantine, who completed
and dedicated it a.d. 335 ; in a.d. 614 it was destroy-
ed by the Persians ; rebuilt, it was again destroyed,
and completely demolished by the Kaliph Hakim in
1048 ; rebuilt again, it stood until 1808, when it was
destroyed by an accidental fire. It was again rebuilt
and dedicated in 1810.
The present Church of the Holy Sepulchre is a col-
lection of buildings under one roof, without regard to
order or style of architecture ; 350 feet long by 280
wide, including many sacred places, presided over by
different sects in separate chapels.
Like its predecessors, this church was erected to
cover and enshrine the Holy Sepulchre and the place
of crucifixion.
The extent and number of interesting objects in-
cluded within this building can best be indicated on
a plan, and it may not be without interest to remark
that this plan is nearly identical with one engraved
in the work of Sandys, 1610, so few have been the
chancres in the last two centuries.
No. 1. Entrance from Yia Dolorosa.
2. Chapel of the Angel.
3. The Holy Sepulchre.
4. The centre (or navel) of the world — according
to the Greek interpretation of Ezekiel v. 5.
5. The Latin Church.
6. 49 steps cut in the solid rock leading down to
the Chapel of the finding of the Cross.
7. Calvary — which is reached by finely cut marble
steps from near No. 1.
In addition to these the following are pointed out
as veritable antiquities, miraculously preserved.
The spot where the Saviour was nailed to the Cross.
The Chapel of the Sacrifice of Isaac.
Chapel of the Altar of Melchizedec.
The spot where the garments of Jesus were divided
by the soldiers.
Where the Lord was confined in prison.
The stone of unction, on which Jeeus was prepared
for the tomb ; tomb of Melchizedec ; tomb of Adam,
and of John the Baptist ; the place where the Virgin
Mary stood at the Crucifixion ; Chapel marking the
spot on which the Angel stood who appeared to Mary
Magdalene; tombs of Joseph and Nicodemus ; and
the pillar of flagellation — to which Jesus was bound
to be whipped.
THE CHAPEL OF THE CRUCIFIXION.
In this chapel, at the eastern end, is a platform ten
feet long, six feet wide, and elevated about eighteen
inches above the floor. On this platform is a richly
decorated altar ; under it, in the middle of the marble
floor, are three round holes, cased with silver; be-
neath these holes is the spot on which it is claimed
the crosses stood. The one on which Christ was cruci-
fied in the centre, and those of the two malefactors
on the right and left.
. THE HOLT SEPULCHKE.
The Sepulchre was originally a grotto, cut in the
rock like other Jewish tombs, but is now detached
from the hillside, and is all above ground, and
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elevated a little above the level of the floor. It stauds
in the centre of the great rotunda, and directly under
the dome of the church. The Se23ulchre is covered
by a small structure of yellow and white marble,
twenty-six feet long, and eighteen feet broad ; a small
dome in the form of a crown surmounts the top.
The house of the Sepulchre -is profusely orna-
mented. The whole exterior is nearly covered
with pictures, crucifixes, and images, and hung
j-ound with gold and silver lamps. There are
also standing by its sides several wax candles,
nearly as large as a man's body, and about ten feet
high. A low, narrow opening in the wall, only large
enough to admit one person at a time, leads to a
chamber about twelve feet square. This is the outer
room or vestibule of the tomb, and is called " The
Chapel of the Angel." At the western side of this
room is a low, narrow opening, barely large enough
to admit a medium-sized person, and such only can
effect an entrance by bending very low and crawling
through. The Sepulchre is a room six feet one way
by seven the other, and is covered by a dome roof,
which is supported by marble pillars. Forty-two
lamps of gold and silver, richly wrought, are suspend-
ed around the sides of this grotto, and kept continu-
ally burning. A small platform of stone, about two
feet high, stands on the right side of the entrance ;
on which is a plain marble slab, bearing evidence of
great antiquity. Such slabs were used for the recep-
tion of the dead, and on this, it is believed, the Sa-
viour was laid.
Among the few genuine antiquities found in this
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church are the tombs of Godfrey de Bouillon, and
Baldwin his brother, who were buried near the cross
for which they fought so valiantly ; and in the Latin
sacristy the sword and spurs of Godfrey are preserved.
The Superior of the Franciscans, called the Eever-
endissimo, uses the sword in conferring the order of
Knight of the Holy Sepulchre, an order instituted
by Godfrey himself.
BETHAIfY — THE PLACE OF ASCENSION.
This place is called by the Arabs Laazeiyeh, and
is situated on the eastern slope of the Mount of
Olives, and near its base. It is now a small Arab
village, containing about twenty houses, all of which
have the appearance of being ancient and time-worn.
This is the place where Mary and Martha, with
then- brother Lazarus, had their home, and to which
Jesus was wont to return at night fi'om Jerusalem for
refi-eshment and rest. This is also the place of the
Ascension. "And he led them out as far as to
Bethany; and he lifted up his hands, and blessed
them. And it came to pass, while he blessed them,
he was parted from them, and carried up into
heaven." (St. Luke xxiv. 50, 51.)
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CHAPTER XV
SCRIPTURB ACCOUNT OF BUILDING KING SOLOMON S TEMPLE
Mt. Moriah—BavicTs preparation for building ih^
Temple and Charge to Solomon.— Solomon builds
the Temple— Its Dedication.— Destruction.
"And God sent an angel unto Jerusalem to destroy
it : and as he was destroying, the Lord beheld, and ho
repented him of the evil, and said to the angel that
destroyed it, It is enough, stay now thine hand. And
the angel of the Lord stood by the threshing-floor of
Oman the Jebusite.*
And David lifted up his eyes, and saw the angel of
the Lord stand between the earth and the heaven, hav-
ino- a drawn sword in his hand stretched out over
J erusalem. Then David and the elders of Israel, who
iv&re clothed in sackcloth, fell upon their faces.
And David said unto God, Is it not I that com-
manded the people to be numbered? even I it is that
have sinned and done evil indeed ; but as for these
sheep, what have they done? let thine hand, I pray
* On Mount Moriah.
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thee, O Lord my God, be on me, and on my fatlicr'a
house ; but not on thy people, that they should be
plagued.
Then the angel of the Lord commanded Gad to say
to Da\dd, that David should go up, and set up an
altar unto the Lord in the threshing-floor of Oman
tlie Jebusite.
And David went up at the saying of Gad, which
he spake in the name of the Lord.
And Oman turned back, and saw the angel ; and
his four sons with him hid themselves. Now Ornan
was threshing wheat.
And as David came to Oman, Oman looked and
saw David, and went out of the threshing-floor, and
bowed himself to David with his face to the ground.
Then David said to Ornan, Grant me the place of
this threshing-floor, that I may build an altar therein
unto the Lord : thou shalt grant it me for the full
price : that the plague may be stayed from the people.
And Oman said unto David, Take it to thee, and
let my lord the king do that which is good in his
eyes : lo, I give thee the oxen also for burnt-offerings,
and the threshing instruments for wood, and the
wheat for the meat-offering ; I give it all.
And king David said to Ornan, Nay ; but I will
verily buy it for the full price : for I will not take
that which is thine for the Lord, nor offer bumt-offer-
Lngs without cost.
So David gave to Oman for the place six hundred
shekels of gold by weight.
And David built there an altar nnto the Lord, and
offered burnt-offerings and peace-offerings, and called
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upon the Lord ; and he answered him fi-om heaven
by tire upon the altar of burnt-offering.
And the Lord commanded the angel ; and he put
up his sword again into the sheath thereof.
At that time when David saw that the Lord had
answered him in the threshing-floor of Oman the
Jebusite, then he sacrificed there.
For the tabernacle of the Lord, which Moses made
in the wilderness, and the altar of the burnt-offering,
were at that season in the high place at Gibeon.
But David could not go before it to inquire of God :
for he was afraid because of the sword of the angel of
the Lord. (1 Chron. xxi. 15 to 30.)
David's peepakation foe building the temple, and
charge to solomon.
And
David commanded to gather together the
strangers tiiat were in the land of Israel ; and he set
masons to hew wrought stones to build the house of
God.
And David prepared iron in abundance for the
nails for the doors of the gates, and for the joinings ;
and brass in abundance without weight ;
Also cedar-trees in abundance : for the Zidonians
and they of Tyre brought much cedar-wood to
David.
And Da^'id said, Solomon my son is young and
tender, and the hou^e that is to be builded for the
Lord must he exceeding magnifical, of fame and of
glory throughout all countries : I will therefore now
make preparation for it. So David prepared abun-
dantly before liis death.
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Then he called for Solomon his son, and charged
him to build a house for the Lord God of Israel.
And David said to Solomon, My son, as for me, it
was in my mind to build a house unto the name of
the Lord my God :
But the word of the Lord came to me, saying, Thou
hast shed blood abundantly, and hast made great wars ;
thou shalt not build an house unto my name, because
thou hast shed much blood upon the earth in my
sight.
Behold, a son shall be born to thee, who shall be a
man of rest ; and I will give him rest from all his
enemies round about : for his name shall be Solomon,
and I will give peace and quietness unto Israel in his
days.
He shall build a house for my name ; and he shall
be my son, and I will he his father ; and I will estab-
lish the throne of his kingdom over Israel for ever.
Now, my son, the Lord be with thee ; and prosper
thou, and build the house of the Lord thy God, as he
hath said of thee.
Only the Lord give thee wisdom and understand-
ing, and give thee charge concerning Israel, that thou
mayest keep the law of the Lord thy God.
Then shalt thou prosper, if thou takest heed to f ul
fill the statutes and judgments which the Lord charged
Moses with concerning Israel : be strong, and of good
courage ; dread not, nor be dismayed.
Now, behold, in my trouble I have prepared for the
house of the Lord a hundred thousand talents of gold,
and a thousand thousand talents of silver ; and of
brass and iron without weight ; for it is in abundance.
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485
timber also and stoue have I prepared; and thou
niayest add thereto.
Moreover, there are workmen with thee in abun-
dance, hewers and workers of stone and timber, and all
manner of cunning men for every manner of work.
Of the gold, the silver, and the brass, and the iron,
there is no number. Arise therefore, and be doing,
and the Lord be with thee.
David also commanded all the princes of Israel to
help Solomon his son, saying,
Is not the Lord your God with you ? and hath he
7wt given you rest on every side ? for he hath given
the inhabitants of the land into mine hand ; and the
land is subdued before the Lord, and before his
people.
Now set your heart and your soul to seek the Lord
your God ; arise therefore, and build ye the sanctuary
of the Lord God ; to bring the ark of the covenant of
the Lord, and the holy vessels of God, into the house
that is to be built to the name of the Lord. (1 Chron.
xxii. 2 to 19.)
Then David gave to Solomon his son the. pattern
of the porch, and of the houses thereof, and of the
treasuries thereof, and of the upper chambers thereof,
and of the inner parlors thereof, and of the place of
the mercy-seat,
And the pattern of all that he had by the Spirit,
of the courts of the house of the Lord, and of all the
chambers round about, of the treasm-ies of the house
of God, and of the treasuries of the dedicated things:
Also for the courses of the priests and the Le-
vi tes, and for all the work of the service of the house
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of the Lord, and for all the vessels of service in the
house of the Lord.
He gave of gold by weight for things of gold, foi
all instruments of all manner of service : silver also
for all instruments of silver bj weight, for all instru
ments of every kind of service :
Even the weight for the candlesticks of gold, and
for their lamps of gold, by weight for every candle-
stick, and for the lamps thereof ; and for the candle-
sticks of silver by weight, hoth for the candlestick,
and also for the lamps thereof, according to the use
of every candlestick.
And by weight he gave gold for the tables of shew-
bread, for every table ; and likewise silver for the
tables of silver:'
Also pure gold for the flesh-hooks, and the bowls,
and the cups : and for the golden basins he gave gold
by weight for every basin ; and likewise silver by
weight for every basin of silver:
And for the altar of incense refined gold by weight ;
and gold for the pattern of the chariot of the cheru-
bim, that spread out their wings, and covered the ark
of the covenant of the Lord.
All this, said David, the Lord made me under-
stand in writing by his hand upon me, even all tlia
works of this pattern.
And David said to Solomon his son. Be strong and
of good courage, and do it : fear not, nor be dis-
mayed, for the Lord God, even my God, will he with
thee; he will not fail thee, nor forsake thee, until
thou hast finished all the work for the service of the
house of the Lord.
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And, behold, the courses of the priests and the Le-
vites, even they shall he with thee for all the service ol
the house of God : and there shall he with thee for
all manner of workmanship every willing skillful
man, for any manner of service : also the princes and
all the people will he wholly at thy commandment.
(1 Chron. xxviii. 11 to 21.)
Furthermore Da%nd the king said unto all the con-
gregation, Solomon my son, whom alone God hath
chosen, is yet young and tender, and the work is
great : for the palace is not for man, hut for the Lord
God.
Now I have prepared with all my might for the
house of my God the gold for things to he made of
gold, and the silver for things of silver, and the brass
for things of brass, the iron for things of iron, and
wood for things of wood ; onyx stones, and stones to
be set, glistering stones, and of divers colors, and all
manner of precious stones, and marble stones in
abundance.
Moreover, because I have set my affection to the
huuse of my God, I have of mine own proper good,
of gold and silver, which I have given to the house
of my God, over and above all that I have prepared
for the holy house,
Even three thousand talents of gold, of the gold of
\\ Ophir, and seven thousand talents of refined silver,
to overlay the walls of the houses withal :
The gold for things of gold, and the silver for
things of silver, and for all manner of work to he
made by the hands of artificers. And who then is will-
ing to consecrate his service this day mito the Lord 1
^
48S
Then the chief of the fathers and princes of the
tribes of Israel, and the captains of thousands and oi
hundreds, with the rulers of the king's work, offered
willingly,
And gave, for the service of the house of God, of
gold five thousand talents and ten thousand drams,
and of silver ten thousand talents, and of brass eight-
een thousand talents, and one hundred thousand tal-
ents of iron. j^
And they with whom jfyredous stones were found
gave them to the treasure of the house of the Lord,
by the hand of Jehiel the Gershonite,
Then the people rejoiced, for that they offered
\\illingly, because with perfect heart they offered
willingly to the Lord : and David tlie king also re
joiced with great joy.
Wherefore David blessed the Lord before all the
congregation : and David said, Blessed l)e thou, Lord
God of Israel our father, for ever and ever. (1 Cliron.
xxix. 1 to 10—26, 27, 28.)
Thus David the son of Jesse reigned over all Is- iF^^i
rael.
And the time that he reigned over Israel was forty
years ; seven years reigned he in Hebron, and thirty
-and three years reigned he in Jerusalem.
And he died in a good old age, full of days,
riches, and honoi-: and Solomon his son reigned in
his stead.
Then Solomon sat on the throne of the Lord aa
king instead of David his father, and prospered ; and
all Israel obeyed him.
And all the princes, and the mighty men, and all the
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491
sons likewise of king David, submitted themselves
unto Solomon the king.
And the Lord magnified Solomon exceedingly in
the sight of all Israel, and bestowed upon him such
rojal majesty as had not been on any king before
him in Israel. (1 Chron, xxix. 23, 24, 25.)
Then Solomon spake unto all Israel, to the cap-
tains of thousands and of hundi'eds, and to the judges,
and to every governor in all Israel, the chief of the
fathers.
So Solomon, and all the congregation with liim,
went to the high place that was at Gibeon ; for there
was the tabernacle of the congregation of God,
which Moses the servant of the Lord had made in
the wilderness.
But the ark of God had David brought up from
Kirjath-jearim to the place which David had pre-
pared for it : for he had pitched a tent for it at Jem
salem.
Moreover the brazen altar, that Bezaleel the son of
Uri, the son of Ilur, had made, he put before the
tabernacle of the Lord: and Solomon and the con
gregation sought unto it.
And Solomon went up thither to the brazen altar
before the Lord, which was at the tabernacle of the
congregation, and offered a thousand burnt-offeriuge
upon it.
In that night did God appear unto Solomon, and
said unto him, Ask what I shall give thee.
And Solomon said unto God, Thou hast shewed
gi-eat mercy unto David my father, and hast
me to reio-n in his stead.
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Now, O Lord God, let thy promise unto David mj
father be established : for thou hast made me king
over a people Kke the dust of the earth in multi-
tude.
Give me now wisdom and knowledge ; that I may
go out and come in before this people : for who can
j udgo this thy people, that is so great ?
And God said to Solomon, Because this was in
thine heart, and thou hast not asked riches, wealth,
or honor, nor the life of thine enemies, neither yet
hast asked long life ; but hast asked wisdom and
knowledge for thyself, that thou may est judge my
people, over whom I have made thee king :
Wisdom and knowledge is granted unto thee ; and
I will give thee riches, and wealth, and honor, such
as none of the kings have had that have heen before
thee, neither shall there any after thee have the like,
(ir Chron. i. 2 to 12.)
And Solomon's wisdom excelled the wisdom of all
the cliildren of the east country, and all the wisdom
of Egypt,
For he was wiser than all men ; than Ethan the
Ezrahite, and Heman, and Chalcol, 2nd Darda, the
sons of Mahol : and his fame was in all nations round
about.
And he spake three thousand proverbs: and his
songs were a thousand and five.
And he spake of trees, from the cedar-tree that is
in Lebanon even unto the hyssop that springeth out
of the wall : he spake also of beasts, and of fowl, and
of cre(,'ping things, and of fishes.
And there came of all people to hear the wisdom
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of Solomon, from all kings of the earth, ^vhich had
heard of his wisdom.
And Iliram king of T}Te sent his servants unto
Solomon; for he had heard that they had anointed
him king in the room of his father: for Hiram was
ever a lover of David.
And Solomon sent to Hiram, saying,
Thou knowest how that Da\ad ray father could
not bnild a house unto the name of the Lord his
God, for the wars which were about him on every
side, until the Lord put them under the soles of his
feet.
But now the Lord my God hath given me rest on
every side, so that there is neither adversary nor exdl
occurrent.
And behold, I purpose to build a house unto the
name of the Lord my God, as the Lord spake unto
David my father, saying. Thy son, whom I will set
upon thj' throne in thy room, he shall build a house
unto my name.
Now tlierefore command thou that they hew me
cedar-trees out of Lebanon; and my servants shall be
with thy servants: and unto thee will I give hire for
thy servants according to all that thou shalt appoint:
for thou knowest that there is not among us any that
can skill to hew timber like unto the Sidonians.
And it came to pass, when Hiram heard the woi-ds
of Solomon, that he rejoiced greatly, and said,
Blessed he the Lord this day, which hath given unto
Da\id a '«ise son over this great people.
And Hiram sent to Solomon, saying, I have con-
sidered the thintrs which thou sentcst to mc for: an<i
sg^^^^'^n^X
496
I will do all thy desire concerning timber of cedar^
and concerning timber of fir.
My servants shall bring them down from Lebanon
unto the sea ; and I will convey them by sea in floata
unto the place that thou shalt appoint me, and will
cause them to be discharged there, and thou shalt
receive them: and thou shalt accomplish my desire,
in giving food for my household.
So Hiram gave Solomon cedar-trees and fir-trees
according to all his desire.
And Solomon gave Hiram twenty thousand meas-
ures of wheat for food to his household, and twenty
measures of pure oil: thus gave Solomon to Hiram
year by year.
And the Lord gave Solomon wisdom, as he promised
him : and there was peace between Hiram and Solo-
mon; and they two made a league together.
And king Solomon raised a levy out of all Israel ;
and the levy was thirty thousand men.
And he sent them to Lebanon, ten thousand a
month by courses: a month they were in Lebanon,
and two months at home: and Adoniram was over
the levy.
And Solomon had threescore and ten thousand that
■ bare burdens, and fourscore thousand hewers in the
mountains ;
Besides the chief of Solomon's officers which %oere
over the work, three thousand and three hundred,
which ruled over the people that wrought in the work.
And tlie king commanded, and they brought great
stones, costly stones, and hewed stones, to lay the
foundation of the house.
1.^;'-?
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And Solomon's builders and Hiram's builders did
hew tJiein, and the stone-squarers : so they prepared
timber and stones to build the house. (1 Kings! v.
30 to 34 ; also v.)
SOLOMON BUILDS THE TEMPLE.
And it came to pass in the four hundred and eigh-
tieth year after the children of Israel were come out
of the land of Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon's
reign over Israel, in the month Zif, which is the second
month, tliat he began to build the house of the Lord.
And the house which kiug Solomon built for the
Lord, the length thereof was threescore cubits, and
the breadth thereof twenty cuhits, and the height
thereof thirty cubits.*
And the porch before the temple of the house,
twenty cubits was the length thereof, according to the
breadth of the house ; aiul ten cubits was the breadth
thereof before the house.
And for the house he made windows of nari'ow
lights.
And against the wall of the house he built cham-
bers round about, against the walls of the house round
about, hoth of the temple and of the oracle: and he
made chambers round about.
The nethermost chamber was five cubits broad, and
the middle was six cubits broad, and the third was
seven cubits broad: for without in the wall of tlie
house he made narrowed rests round about, that the
beams should not be fastened in the walls of the
house.
Aud the house, when it was in building, was built
Cubit — 18 inches.
t Vvi
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of stone made ready before it was brought thither: so
that there was neither hammer nor axe nor any tool
of iron heard in the house, while it was in building.
The door for the middle chamber was in the right
side of the house: and they went up with winding
stairs into the middle chainl>ei\ and out of the middle
into the third.
And then he built chambei's against all the house,
five cubits high : and they rested on the house with
timber of cedar.
And the word of the Lord came to Solomon, saying,
Concerning this house which thou art in buildhig,
if thou wilt M'alk in my statutes, and execute my
judgments, and keep all my commandments to walk
in them ; then will I perform my word with thee,
wdiich I spake unto David thy father :
Audi will dwell among the children of Israel, and
will not forsake my people Israel.
And he built the walls of the house within with
boards of cedar, both the floor of the house, and the
walls of the ceiling : and he covered them on the in-
side with wood, and covered the floor of the house with
planks of fir.
And he built twenty cubits on the sides of the houst ^
both the floor and the walls with boards of cedar : ho
even built them for it within, even for the oracle, even
for the most \\o[^ jplace.
And the house, that ^5, the temple before it, wjis
forty cubits long.
And the cedar of the house within was carved
Vv'ith knops and open flowers : all was cedar ; there
was no stone seen.
And the oracle he prepared in the house within, to
Bct there the ark of the covenant of the Lord.
And the oracle in the forepart was twenty cubits in
length, and twenty cubits in breadth, and twenty cubits
in the height thereof: and he overlaid it with pure
gold ; and so covered the altar which was (t/ cedar.
So Solomon overlaid the house within with pure
gold : and he made a partition by the chains of gold
before the oracle ; and he overlaid it with gold.
And the whole house he overlaid with gold, until
he had finished all the house : also the whole altar
that toas by the oracle he overlaid with gold.
And within the oracle he made two cherubim of
olive-tree, each ten cubits high.
And five cubits was the one wing of the cherub,
and five cubits the other wing of the cherub : fi'om
the uttermost part of the one wing unto the uttermost
part of the other were ten cubits.
And the other cherub was ten cubits : both the
cherubim were of one measure and one size.
The height of the one cherub was ten cubits, and
so was it of the other cherub.
And he set the cherubim within the inner hcuse :
and they stretched forth the wings of the cherubim,
BO that the wing of the one touched the one wall, and
the wing of the other cherub touched the other
wall ; and their wings touched one another in the
midst of the house.
And he overlaid the chenibim with gold.
And he carved all the walls of the house round
about with carved figures of cherubim and palm-trees
and open flowers, within and without.
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And the floor of the house he overlaid with goldj
within and without.
And for the entering of the oracle he made doora
of olive-tree : the lintel a7id side posts we7'e a fifth
part of the wall.
The two doors also were o/*,olive-tree ; and he
carved upon them carvings of cherubim and palm-
trees and open flowers, and overlaid them with gold,
and spread gold upon the cherubim, and upon the
palm-trees.
So also made he for the door of the temple posts q/*
olive-tree, a fourth part of the wall.
And the two doors were of fir-tree : the two leaves
of the one door were folding, and the two leaves
of the other door were folding.
And he carved thereon cherubim and palm-trees
and open flowers : and covered them with gold fitted
upon the carved work.
And he built the inner court with three rows of
hewed stone, and a row of cedar beams.
And king Solomon sent and fetched Hiram out of
Tyre.
He was a widow's son of the tribe of Naphtali, and
hig father was a man of Tjtc, a worker in brass : and
he was filled with wisdom, and understanding, and
cunning to work all works in brass. And he came
to king Solomon, and wrought all his work.
For he cast two pillars of brass, of eighteen cubits
high apiece : and a line of twelve cubits did compass
either of them about.
And he made two chapiters of molten brass, to set
npon the tops of the pillars : the height of the one
K
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503
chapiter loas five cubits, and the height of the other
chapiter was five cubits :
And nets of checker work, and wi-eaths of chain
work, for the chapiters which wei^e npon the top of
the pillars ; seven for the one chapiter, and seven for
the other cliapitcr.
And he made the pillars, and two rows round about
upo]i the one network, to cover the chapiters that
were upon the top, with pomegranates : and so did
he for the other chapiter.
And the chapiters that were upon the top of the
pillars were of lily work in the porch, four cubits.
And the chapiters upon the two pillars had pome-
granates also above, over against the belly which vxis
by the network : and the pomegranates were two
hundred in rows round about upon the other chapiter.
And he set up the pillars in the porch of the tem-
ple : and he set up the right pillar, and called the
name thereof Jachin : and he set up the left pillar,
and called the name thereof Boaz.
And upon the top of the pillars loas lily work : so
was the work of the pillars finished.
And he made a molten sea, ten cubits from the
one briui to the other : it ivas round all about, and
his height was five cubits : and a line of thirty cubite
did compass it round about.
And under the brim of it round about there were
knops compassing it, ten in a cubit, compassing the
Bca round about : the knops wei^e cast in two rows,
when it was cast.
It stood upon twelve oxen, three looking toward
the north, and three looking toward the west, and
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504
three looking toward the south, and three looking to-
ward the east : and the sea was set above upon thenij
and all their hinder parts were inward.
And it was a handbreadth thick, and the brim
thereof was wrought like the brim of a cup, with
flowers of lilies : it contained two thousand baths.
And he made ten bases of brass, four cubits was
the length of one base, and four cubits the breadth
thereof, and three cubits the height of it.
And the work of the hsiBes> was on this manner:
they had borders, and the borders were between tie
ledges :
And on the borders that were between the led "•( s
were lions, oxen, and cherubim : and upon the ledg'\^.
there vms a base above : and beneath the lions and
oxen we7'e certain additions made of thin work.
And every base had four brazen wheels, and plateo
of brass : and the four corners thereof had underset-
ters: under the laver zvere undersetters molten, at
the side of every addition.
And the mouth of it within the chapiter and above
was a cubit : but the mouth thereof was round a/7er
the work of the base, a cubit and a half: and also
upon the mouth of it we?'e gravings with their bor-
dei-s, foursquare, not round.
And under the borders were four wheels ; and the
axletrees of the wheels we)'e joined to the base : and
the height of a wheel was a cubit and half a cubit.
And the work of the wheels was like the work of
a chariot wheel : their axletrees, and their naves, and
their felloes, and their spokes, were all molten.
And there were four undersetters to the four corners
\W.
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505
of one base : arid the undersetters were of tlie vei-y
base itself.
And in the top of the base was there a ronnd com-
pass of half a cubit high : and on the top of the base
the ledges thereof and the borders thereof were f-f
the same.
For on the plates of the ledges thereof, and on the
borders thereof, he graved chej-nbim, lions, and palm-
trees, according to the proportion of every one, and
additions round about.
After this manner he made the ten bases : all of
them had one casting, one measure, and one size.
Then made he ten lavers of brass: one laver con-
tained forty baths : and every laver was four cubits :
and upon every one of the ten bases one laver.
And he put five bases on the right side of the
house, and five on the left side of the house : and he
set the sea on the right side of the house eastward,
over against the south.
And Hiram made the lavers, and the shovels, and the
basins. So Iliram made an end of doing all the work
that he made Idng Solomon for the house of the Lord :
The two pillars, and the two bowls of the chapiters
that were on the top of the two pillars; and the two
net-works, to cover the two bowls of the chapiters
which were upon the top of the pillars ;
And four hundred pomegranates for the two net-
works, even two rows of promegranates for one net-
work, to cover the two bowls of the chapiters that
were upon the pillars ;
And the ten bases, and ten lavers on the basea ;
And one sea, and twelve oxen under the sea ;
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506
And the pots, and the shovels, and the basins : and
all tliese vessels, which Iliram made to kinp- Solo-
mon for the house of the Lord, were of' briglit brass.
lu the phiin of Jordan did. the king cast them, in
the cUiy ground between Succoth and Zarthan.
And Solomon left all the vessels itnweighed, be-
cause tlicy were exceeding maiiy : neither was the
weight of the brass found out.
And Solomon made all the vessels that jpertained
unto tlie house of the Lord: the altar of gold, and
the table of gold, whereupon the shew-bread '\oas^
And the candlesticks of pure gold, five on the right
side^ and five on the left, before the oracle, with the
flowers, and the lamps, and the tongs f>/*gold,
And the bowls, and the snuffers, and the basins,
and the spoons, and the censei's of pure gold ; and
the hinges o/gold, hoth for the doors of the inner
house, the most holyj?Z(2C«, and for the doors of the
house, to ivit, of the temple.
So was ended all the work that king Solomon
made for the house of the Lord. And Solonu/n
In-ought in the things which David his father had
dedicated ; even the silver, and the gold, and the
vessels, did he put among the treasures of the house
of the Lord. (1 Kings vii. 13 to 51.)
Ill the foui'th year was the foundation of the house
of the Lord laid, in the month Zif :
And in the eleventh year, in the month T>nl, which
is the eighth month, was the house finished through-
out all the parts thereof, and accoi'ding to all the
fashion of it. So was he seven years in building it
(1 Kings vi. 37, 3S.)
S^
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or THE
VNIVERSfTY
^!^^^S^^^P^?^?5^S
509
DEDICATION OF THE TEMPLE.
Then Solomon assembled the elders of Israel, and
all the heads of the tribes, the chief of the fathers
of the children of Israel, unto king Solomon in Jeru-
salem, that they might bring up the ark of the cove-
nant of the Lord out of the city of David, which is
Zion.
And all the men of Israel assembled themselves
unto king Solomon at the feast in the month Ethanim,
which is the seventh month.
And all the elders of Israel came, and the priests
took up the ark.
And they brought up the ark of the Lord, and the
tabernacle of the congregation, and all the holy ves-
sels that were in the tabernacle, even those did the
priests and the Levites bring up.
And king Solomon, and all the congregation of
Israel, that were assembled unto him, were with him
before the ark, sacrificing sheep and oxen, that could
not be told nor numbered for multitude.
And the priests brought in the ark of the covenant
of the Lord unto his place, into the oracle of the
house, to the most holyj??ac6, eve?i under the wings
of the cherubim.
For the cherubim spread forth their two wings
over the place of the ark, and the cherubim covered
the ark and the staves thereof above.
And they drew out the staves, that the ends of the
staves were seen out in the holy place before the ora-
cle, and they were not seen without : and there they
are unto tliis day.
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510
There was nothing in the ark save the two tal3lcg
of stone, which Moses put there at Iloreh, Avlien tlio
Lord made a covenant with the children of Israel,
when they came out of the land of Eg}^)t.
x\nd it came to pass, when the priests were come
out of the holjj;Z«6'd, that the cloud filled the house
of tlie Lord,
So that the priests could not stand to minister
because of the cloud : for the glory of the Lord had
filled the house of the Lord.
Then spake Solomon, The Lord said that he would
dwell in the thick darkness.
I have surely built thee a house to dwell in, a
settled place for thee to abide in for ever.
And the king turned his face about, and blessed
all tne congregation of Israel : (and all the congrega-
tion of Israel stood ;)
And Solomon stood before the altar of the Lord
in the presence of all the congregation of Israel, and
spread forth his hands towards heaven :
And he said, Lord God of Israel, there is no God
like thee, in heaven above, or on earth beneath, who
keepest covenant and mercy with thy servants that
, walk before thee with all their heart:
Who hast kept with thy servant David my father
that thou promisedst him : thou spakest also with
tliy mouth, and hast fulfilled it with thine hand, as it
is this day.
Therefore now, Lord God of Israel, keep with thy
servant David my father that thou promisedst him,
saying. There shall not fail thee a man in my sight
to sit on the throne of Israel; so that thy children
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take liccd to tliolr way, that they walk before me aa
thou hast M'alkcd before me.
And now, O God of Israel, let thy word, I pray
tlicc, be verified, which thou spakest unto thy ser-
vant David my father.
JBut will God indeed dwell on the earth? behold,
the heaven and heaven of heavens cannot contain
thee; liow nmch less this house that I have builded?
And it Avas so, that when Solomon had made an
end of jiraying all this prayer and supplication unto
the Lord, lie arose from before the altar of the Lord,
from kneeling on his knees with his hands sj)read up
to heaven.
And he stood, and blessed all the congregation of
Israel Avith a loud voice, saying,
Blessed he the Lord, that hath given rest unto his
people Israel, according to all that he promised : there
hath not failed one word of all his good promise, which
he ])romised by the hand of Moses his servant.
The Lord our God be with us, as he was with our
fatiicra: let him not leave us, nor foj'sake us :
That he may incline our hearts unto him, to walk
m all his ways, and to keep his commandments, and
his statutes, and his judgments, which he commanded
our fathers.
And let these my words, wherewith I have made
supplication before the Lord, be nigh unto the Lord
our God day and night, that he maintain the cause of
his servant, and the cause of his peo])lc Israel at all
times, as the matter shall require :
That all the people of the earth may know that the
Lord is God, and that there is none else.
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512
Let your heart, therefore be perfect ^vith the Lord
our God, to walk in his statutes, and to keep his com-
mandments, as at this day.
And the king, and. all Israel with him, offered
sacrifice before the Lord.
And Solomon offered a sacrifice of peace-offerings,
which he offered unto the Lard, two and twenty
thousand oxen, and a hundred and twenty thousand
sheep. So the king and all the children of Israel de-
dicated the house of the Lord.
And it cam'e to pass, when Solomon had finished the
building of the house of the Lord, and the king's house,
and all Solomon's desire which he was pleased to do,
That the Lord appeared to Solomon the second time,
as he had appeared unto him at Gibeon.
And the Lord said unto him, I have heard thj"
prayer and thy supplication, that thou hast made be-
fore me : I have hallowed this house, which thou hast
built, to put my name there for ever ; and mine eyes
and mine heart shall be there perpetually.
And if thou wilt walk before me, as David thy
father walked, in integrity of heart, and in upright-
ness, to do according to all that I have commanded
thee, aiid wilt keep my statutes and my judgments ;
Then I will establish the throne of thy kingdom
upon Israel for ever, as I promised to David thy father,
paying, There shall not fail thee a man upon the throne
uf Israel.
But if ye shall at all turn from following me, ye
or your children, and will not keep my commandments
and my statutes which I have set before you, but go
and serve other gods, and worship them ;
^-u""
Then will I cut off Israel out of the land which 1
have given them ; and this house, which I have hal-
lowed for my name, will I cast out of my siglit ; and
Israel shall be a proverb and a by-word among all
people :
And at this house, wJiich is high, every one that
passeth by it shall be astonished, and shall hiss ; and
they shall say, why hath the Lord done thus unto this
land, and to this house ?
And they shall answer, because they forsook the
Lord their God, who brought forth their fathers out
of the land of Egypt, and have taken hold upon other
gods, and have worshiped them, and served them:
tlierefore hath the Lord brought npon them all this evil.
And it came to pass at the end of twenty years,
when Solomon had built the two houses, the house of
the Lord, and the king's house,
{J^ow Iliram the king of Tyre had furnished Solo-
mon with, cedar-trees and fir-trees, and with gold,
according to all his desire,) that then king Solomon
gave Hiram twenty cities in the land of Galilee.
And Iliram came out from Tyre to see the cities
which Solomon had given him ; and they plea,sed him
not.
And he said, Wliat cities are these which thou hast
given me, my brother? And he called them tlie land
of Cabul unto this day. (1 Kings viii. 1 to 14. — 22
to 27.-54 to 64.— Also ix. 1 to 13.)
\\ r
in the tenth month, in the tenth day of the month
t/iat Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came, lie, and
all his host, against Jerusalem, and pitched against it ;
and they built forts against it round about.
And the city was besieged unto the eleventh year
of king Zedekiah.
And on the ninth dciT/ of the foin'th month the
famine prevailed in the city, and there was no bread
for the people of the land.
And the city was broken up, and all the men of
vKir fled by night by the way of the gate between two
walls, which is by the king's garden : (now the Chal-
dees were against the city round about :) and the king
went the way toward the plain.
And the army of the Chaldees pursued after the
king, and overtook him in the plains of Jericho : and
all liis army were scattered from him.
So they took tlie king, and brought him up to the
king of Babylon to Riblah ; and they gavQ judgment
upon him.
And they slew the sons of Zedekiah before his eyes,
and put out the eyes of Zedekiah, and bound him with
fetters of brass, and carried him to Babylon.
And in the fifth month, on the seventh day of the
month, which is the nineteenth year of. king Nebu-
chadnezzar king of Babylon, came Nebuzar-adan,
captain of the guard, a servant of the king of Baby
Ion, unto Jerusalem :
And he burnt the house of the Lord, and the king's
house, and all the houses of Jerusalem, and every
great man\ house burnt he with fire.
And all the army of the Chaldees, that were with
&I
519
the captain of the guard, brake down the waUs of
Jerusalem round about.
Now the rest of the people that were left in the
city, and the fugitives that fell away to the king of
Babylon, with the remnant of the multitude, did Ne-
buzar-adan the captain of the guard carry away.
But the captain of the guard left of the poor of the
land to he vine-dressers and husbandmen.
And the pillars of brass that were in the house of
the Lord, and the bases, and the brazen sea that was
in the house of the Lord, did the Chaldees break in
pieces, and carried the brass of them to Babylon.
And the pots, and the shovels, and the snuffers, and
the spoons, and all the vessels of brass wherewith they
ministered, took they away.
And the firepans, and the bowls, and such thmgs as
were of gold, in gold, and of silver, in silver, the
captain of the guard took away.
The two pillars, one sea, and the bases which Solo-
mon had made for the house of the Lord ; the brass
of all these vessels was without weight.
The height of the one pillar was eighteen cubits,
and the chapiter upon it was brass : and the height
of the chapiter three cubits ; and the wreathen work,
and pomegranates upon the chapiter round about, all
of brass : and like unto these had the second pillar
with wreathen work.
And the captain of the guard took Seraiah the chief
priest, and Zephaniah the second priest, and the three
keepers of the door :
And out of the city he took an officer that was set
over the men of war, and five men of them that were
/^
^.^
in the king's presence, which were found in the city
and the principal scribe of the host, which mustered
the people of the land, and threescore men of the
people of the land that were found in the city :
And Nebuzar-adan captain of the guard took these,
and brought them to the king of Babylon to Tiiblali :
And the king of Babylon smote them, and slew
them at Kiblah in the land of Ilamath. So Judah
was carried away out of their land. (II. Kings, xxv
1 to 21.)
EETUKN FKOM THE CATTIVITT AND COIklMENCEMENT OF
BUILDING OF THE TEMPLE OF ZERUBBABEL.
Now ill the first year of Cyrus king of Persia, that
the word of the Lord by the mouth of Jeremiah
might be fulfilled, the Lord stirred up the spirit of
Cyrus king of Persia, tha.t he made a proclamation
throughout all his kingdom, and j9ii^ it also in writing,
saying,
Thus saith Cyrus king of Persia, The Lord God of
heaven hath given me all the kingdoms of the earth;
and he hath charged me to build him a house at
Jerusalem, which is in Judah.
Wlio is there among you of all his people ? his God
be with him, and let him go up to Jerusalem, which
is in Judah, and build the house of the Lord God of
Israel, (he is the God,) which is in Jerusalem.
Then rose up the chief of the fathers of Judah and
Benjamin, and the priests, and the Levites, with all
them whose spirit God had raised, to go up to build
the house of the Lord which is in Jerusalem.
And all they that were about them strengthened
1^
i
-'la
m
^"
Of THE
UNIVERSITY
OF
their hands with vessels of silver, with gold, with
goods, and with beasts, and with precious things, be-
sides all that was willingly offered.
Also Cyrus the king brought forth the vessels ol
the house of the Lord, which Nebuchadnezzar bad
brought forth out of Jerusalem, and had put them in
the house of his gods :
Even those did Cyrus king of Persia bring forth
by the hand of Mithredath the treasurer, and num-
bered them unto Sheshbazzar, the prince of Judah.
And this is the number of them : thirty chargers
of gold, a thousand chargers of silver, nine and twenty
knives.
Thirty basins of gold, silver basins of a second sort
four hundred and ten, and other vessels a thousand.
All the vessels of gold and of silver were five
thousand and four hundred. All these did Shesii-
bazzar bring up with them of the captivity that were
brought up from Babylon unto Jerusalem.
Now these are the children of the province that
went up out of the captivity, of those which had been
carried away,
whom Nebuchadnezzar the king of
Babylon had carried away unto Babylon, and came
again unto Jerusalem and Judah, every one unto his
city;
Which came with Zerubbabel : Jeshua, Nehemiah,
Soraiah, Reelaiah, Mordecai, Bilshan, Mizpar, Bigvai,
Fvehura, Baanah. The number of the men of the
people of Israel :
Tlie whole congregation together was forty and two
thousand three hundred and threescore.
And some of the chief of the fathers, when thej
"ry
i
;V?'
.■^•-
rx^.t,
k
came to the house of the Lord wliich is at Jerusalem,
offered freely for the house of God to set it up iu hi3
place :
They gave after their ability unto the treasure ol
the work threescore and one thousand drams of gold,
and five thousand pounds of silver, and one hundred
priests gannents.
And when the seventh month was come, and the
children of Israel were in the cities, the people gathered
themselves together as one man to Jerusalem.
Then stood up Jeshua the son of Jozadak, and his
brethren the priests, and Zerubbabel the son of Sheal-
tiel, and his brethren, and builded the altar of the
God of Israel, to offer burnt offerings thereon, as it is
written in the law of Moses the man of God.
And they set the altar upon his bases ; for fear was
apon them because of the people of those countries :
and they offered burnt-offerings thei-eon unto the
Lord, even burnt-offerin2;s mornino: and evenina;.
They gave money also unto the masons, and to the
carpenters; and meat, and drink, and oil, unto them
of Zidon, and to them of Tyre, to briug cedar-trees
from Lebanon to the sea of Joppa, according to the
grant that they had of Cyrus king of Persia,
Isow in the second year of tlieir comiug unto tlio
house of God at Jerusalem, in the second month, be-
gan Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and Jeshua the
Bon of Jozadak, and the remnant oi their bi'cthren the
priests and the Levitcs, and all they that were come
out of the captivity unto Jerusalem ; and appointed the
Levitcs, from twenty years old and upward, to set for-
ward the work of the house of the Lord.
Of THE \
VNIVER8ITY
527
Now when the adversaries of Judah and Benjamin
heard that the children of the captivity builded the
temple unto the Lord God of Israel ;
Eehum the chancellor and Shimshai the scribe
m-ote a letter against Jerusalem to Artaxerxes the
king in this sort :
Then sent the king an answer unto Rehum the
chancellor, and to Shimshai the scribe, and to the rest
of their companions that dwell in Samaria, and unto
the rest beyond the river, Peace, and at such a time.
The letter which ye sent unto us hath been plainly
read before me.
Give ye now commandment to cause these men to
cease, and that this city be not builded, until anotlier
commandment shall be given from me.
Now when the copy of king Artaxerxes' letter wa?
read before Eehum, and Shimshai the scribe, and
their companions, they went up in haste to Jerusalem
unto the Jews, and made them to cease by force and
power.
Then ceased the work of the house of God which
is at Jerusalem. So it ceased unto the second year
of the reign of Darius king of Persia.
Then the prophets, Haggai the prophet, and Zecha-
riah the son of Iddo, prophesied unto the Jews that
were in Judah and Jerusalem in the name of the God
of Israel, even unto them.
Then rose up Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and
Jeshua the son of Jozadak, and began to build tho
house of God which is at Jerusalem: and with them
were the prophets of God helping them.
At the same time came to them Tatnai, governor on
^
^U72t
m^
this side the river, and Shethar-boznai, and their com-
panions, and said thus unto them, AVlio hath com-
manded you to build this house, and to make up this
wall?
Then said we unto them after this manner, Wliat
ai'C the names of the men that make this building?
But tlie eye of their God was upon the elders of the
Jews, that they could not cause them to cease, till the
matter came to Darius : and then they returned answer
by letter concerning this matter.
The copy of the letter that Tatnai, governor on this
side the river, and Shethar-boznai, and his companions
the Apharsachites, which were on this side the river,
sent unto Darius the king:
They sent a letter unto him, wherein was written
thus ; Unto Darius the king, all peace.
Be it known unto the king, that we went into the
province of Judea, to the house of the great God,
which is builded with great stones, and timber is laid
in the walls, and this work goeth fast on, and pros-
pereth in their hands.
Then asked we those elders, and said unto them
thus. Who commanded you to build this house, and
to make up these walls?
Wc asked their names also, to certify thee, that we
might write the names of the men that were the chiel
of tliem.
And thus they returned us answer, saying, "We are
the servants of the God of heaven and earth, and
build the house that was builded these many years
ago, which a great king of Israel builded and set up.
But after that our fathers had provoked the God of
ggas^pm^
lieaven nnto wrath, lie gave tliem into the hand of
Nebucliadnczzar the king of Babylon, the Chaldean,
who destroyed this house, and carried the people away
into Babylon.
But in the first year of Cyrus the king of Babylon,
the same king Cyrus made a decree to build this house
of God.
And the vessels also of gold and silver of the house
of God, which Nebuchadnezzar took out of the temple
that was in Jerusalem, and brought them into the
temple of Babylon, those did Cyrus the king take out
of the temple of Babylon, and they were delivered
unto one, whose name was Sheslibazzar, whom he had
made governor ;
And said unto him. Take these vessels, go, carry
them into the temple that is in Jerusalem, and let the
house of God be builded in his place.
Now therefore, if it seem good to the king, let there
be search made in the king's treasure house, which is
there at Babylon, whether it be so, that a decree was
made of Cyrus the king to build this house of God at
Jerusalem, and let the king send his pleasure to us
concerning this matter.
Then Darius the king made a decree, and search
was made in the hou?e of the rolls, where the treasures
were laid up in Babylon.
And there was found at Achmctha, in the palace
that is in the province of the Modes, a roll, and therein
loas a record thus written :
In the first year of Cyrus the king, the same Cyras
the king made a decree concerning the house of God
at Jerusalem, Let the house be builded, the place
mm
I
m
IP
nm
:1
where they offered saci-ifices, and let the foundations
thereof be strongly laid ; the height thereof threescore
cubits, and the breadth thereof threescore cubits ;
With three rows of great stones, and a row of new
timber: and let the expenses be given out of the
king's house:
And also let the golden and silver vessels of the
house of God, which Nebuchadnezzar took forth out
of the temple which is at Jerusalem, and brought unto
Babylon, be restored, and brought again unto the
temple which is at Jerusalem, every one to his place,
and place them, in the house of God.'
Let the work of this house of God alone ; let the
governor of the Jews and the elders of the Jews build
this house of God in his place. (Ezra i. — ii. 1, 2,
64, 68, 69.— iii. 1, 3, 7, 8.— iv. 1, 8, 17, 18, 21, 23, 24.
-vi. 1, 5, 7.
531
^'f!
OHEOlSrOLOGT OF
REMARKABLE EVENTS IN THE HISTORY
OF JERUSALEM.
PROM THE EAKLIEST KECORDS OP THE. CITY TO 1844.
^>J(
1041
lop.s-s';
1036-']^
1033
1031
1025
First notice, and first accounts of Jerusalem. Josh.
x-xv.-xviii.
First siege. Judges i. 8, 21.
Zion repeatedly besieged from this time till 1049, but
without success.
David takes the stronghold of the Jebusites, and
makes Jerusalem his capital. 1 Chron. xi.
David removes the ark from Kirjath-Jearim to the
house of Obed Edom; thence to Jerusalem. 1
Chron. xiii.
Victories over Moab, PhiHstia, Syria, and Edom. 1
Chron. xviii.
David defeats Ammon and Syria. 1 Chron. xix.
David's adultery ; siege of Rabbah ; murder of Uriah.
2 Sam. xi.
Birth of Solomon. 2 Sam. xii.
Absalom kills Amnon, and flies. 2 Sam. xiii.
Absalom raisea a revolt against David, his father. 2
Sam. XV.
f^
hi
v^'t^'^
>32
David retreats to Mahanaim.
Joab defeats and slays Absalom.
David returns. 2 Sam. xix.
The three years' famine. 2 Sam. xxi.
Last wars with the Philistines.
David subdues his enemies.
David numbers Israel ; the plague. 1 Chron. xxi.
David collects materials, and instructs Solomon as tc
the building of the Temple. 1 Chron. xxii.
Rebellion of Adonijah; Solomon ' proclaimed David'f
successor ; Adonijah submits. 1 Kings 1.
David's final charge to Solomon; directs Joab and
Shimei to be put to death. 1 Kings ii.
King Solomon's reign begins.
Adonijah and Joab put to death. 1 Kings ii.
Solomon collects men and materials for building the
Temple. 1 Kings v.
Solomon marries Pharaoh's daughter. 1 Kings iil
Commences building the Temple.
The Temple completed and dedicated. 2 Chron. v.
The Queen of Sheba's visit to Solomon. 2 Chron. ix.
The wives of Solomon seduce him into idolatry.
Death of Solomon. 1 Kings xi.
Rehoboam succeeds his father on the throne. 1 Kings
xii.
The revolt of the ten tribes, under Jeroboam, they form
the kingdom of Israel, with their capital at Shechem.
Judah and Benjamin remain with Rehoboam, anO
form the kingdom of Judah. 1 Kings xii.
Rehoboam fortifies his kingdom. 2 Chron. xi.
Jerusalem plundered by Shishak. 1 Kings xiv.
Death of Rehoboam; he is succeeded by Abijah. 1
Kings xiv.
Abijah defeats Jeroboam in battle. 2 Chron. xiii.
Death of Abijah ; he is succeeded by Asa.
Asa puts away idolatry. 1 Kings xv.
Asa defeats the Ethiopians. 2 Chron. xiv.
Asa bribes Benhadad, king of SjTria, to attack Baasha
1 Kings XV.
Death of Asa; succeeded by Jehoshaphat. 1 Kings xv
W\t— s-'~fw ' \>-5rS
^^^—ijr
Disastrous expedition to Ramoth.
Jehoshaphat and Ahab unite in battle against the Syri
ans. 2 Chron. xviii.
Jehoshaphat joins Ahaziah in a commercial expedition •
his ships wrecked ; refuses to join in another expedi
tion. 1 Kings xxii. , 48, 49.
Jehoram begins to reign with Jehoshaphat.
Death of Jehoshaphat.
Jehoram continues to reign.
Ahaziah reigns as viceroy to his father.
Death of Jehoram.
Ahaziah joins Joram against HazaeL
Ahaziah slain by Jehu.
Athalia usurps the throne, and destroys all the seed
royal except Joash, who is concealed by his aunt,
Jehosheba. 2 Kings xi.
Joash begins to reign ; Athalia slain. 2 Kings xi.
Joash and the people fall into idolatry; Zachariah
reproves them, and is slain in the Temple court.
2 Chron. xxiv.
Joash slain by his servants ; Amaziah succeeds him on
the throne. 2 Kings xii.
Hires an army of Israelites to assist him against the
Edomites; but, at the prophet's command, sends
them back.
Amaziah then defeats the Edomites and worships theii
idols.
Afterwards provokes the King of Israel to battle, and
is taken prisoner by him. 2 Kings xiv.
Amaziah slain ; succeeded by Azariah. 2 Kings xiv.
Increases his army.
Struck ^xith leprosy for invading the priest's office.
Jotham made regent. 2 Kings xv.
Death of Azariah ; Jotham king.
Syria and Israel begiu to afflict Judah ; Jotham dies,
and is succeeded by Ahaz. 2 Kings xvi.
Judah devastated ; Jerusalem taken by Syria and
Israel ; Ahaz, being hard pressed, hires Tiglath
Pileser, the king of Assyria, against them. 2 Kinga
xvi.
Death of Ahaz ; succeeded by Hezekiah.
Sennaclierib comes up against Judah, but is pacified
by a tribute and returns. 2 Kings xviii.
Sennacherib again invades the kingdom of Judah ; his
army destroyed near Jerusalem by an angeL Isa.
xxxvii.
Death of Hezekiah ; succeeded by Manasseh.
Jerusalem taken by the King of Assyria ; Manasseh
carried away captive to Babylon.
Death of Manasseh. 2 Chron. xxxiii.
He is succeded by Amon. 2 Kings xxi.
Amon slain by his servants ; succeeded by Josiah. 2
Chron. xxxiii.
Josiah prepares to repair the Temple. 2 Kings xxii.
A solemn celebration of the passover by Josiah. 2
Kings xxiii.
In attempting to stop the King of Egypt from crossing
his territory, Josiah is slain in battle. 2 Chron.
xxxv.
Jehoahaz succeeds him ; reigns three months, then de-
posed by Pharaoh Necho, and taken to Egypt ; Jehoi-
aldm succeeds him. 2 Kings xxiii.
Nebuchadnezzar takes Jerusalem ; puts Jehoiakim in
fetters ; afterwards releasing him, makes him tribu-
tary; spoils the Temple. 2 Kings xxiv. 2 Chron.
xxxvi.
Orders the master of his eunuchs to select and send to
Babylon some of the royal family and nobility to
stand in the king's palace.
Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, Azariah, Shadrach, Mesh-
ach, and Abednego are selected, and taken there.
Dan. i.
Death of Jehoiakim ; succeeded by Jehoiachin.
Jerus.alem again taken by Nebuchadnezzar ; Jehoiachin,
with many of his subjects, carried to Babylon ; Zede
kiah made king. 2 Kings xxiv. ; Jer. 52 : 1, 2 ; 24.
Zedekiah rebels ; Nebuchadnezzar lays siege to Jerusa-
lem for the third time. 2 Bangs xxv.
The Chaldeans raise the siege to march against the
approaching Egyptian army. Jer. xxxviL
''^^X
^h\
t.
535
536
535
534
520
516
445
413
373
332
330
300
385
216
200
199
198
176
170
105
161
in
The Chaldeans return ; Jerusalem taken ; the Temple
burnt, and the people carried away captive ; Gedaliah
appointed governor; Ishmael slays Gedaliah. 2
Kings XXV.
Decree of Cyrus for rebuilding the Temple, and resto-
ration of the Jews. 2 Chron. xxxvi.
Zerubbabel commences to build the second Temple.
Ezra iu.
The work on the Temple interrupted by the Samari-
tans. Ezra iv.
The buildirig of the Temple resumed. Hag. i.
Dedication of the second Temple . Ez. vi.
Nehemiah receives a commission from Artaxerxes to
visit Jerusalem and rebuild the wall ; the wall com-
pleted and dedicated. Neh. ii.
Jehoiada high -priest.
Johanan high-priest.
Alexander visits Jerusalem ; plants Jews in Alexandria.
Ptolemy Lagus captures Jerusalem ; plants Jews in
Alexandria and Cyrene.
Simon the Just high-priest.
Version of the Seventy commenced, at Alexandria.
Ptolemy Philopater prevented from entering the Holy
of Holies ; he attempts to destroy the Jews at Alex-
andria, but is miraculously prevented.
The sect of the Sadducees founded.
Scopas, an Egyptian general, recovers Jerusalem to
the King of Egypt.
Antiochus regains Judea.
Heliodorus attempts to plunder the Temple, but is pre-
vented by an angel.
Antiochus Epiphanes takes Jerusalem, and slays 40,000
persons ; he also profanes the Temple.
Judas Maccabaeus purifies the Temple, and institutes
the feast of dedication.
Judas Maccabaeus slain ; succeeded by his brother
Johnathan.
Johnathan murdered by T3T)hon ; is succeeded by
Simon, his brother, who is made ruler by Demu-
trius.
■ im;
mw
Simon murdered ; succeeded by his son, John Hyr-
canus.
John Ilj'rcanus throws off the Syrian yoke, and estab-
lishes his independence ; he destroys the Temple on
Mt. Gerizim.
Aristobulus succeeds his father Hyrcanus.
Alexander Jannreus succeeds his brother Aristobulus.
Janua;us dies ; is succeeded by Alexandra, his wife,
who makes her son Hyrcanus high-priest.
Death of Alexandra ; is succeeded by Hyrcanus, who
is forced to yield the crown to his younger brother
Aristobulus.
Pompey the Great reduces Syria to a Roman province ;
Hyrcanus endeavors to regain the crown.
He and his brother appeal to Pompey, who decides for
Hyrcanus ; Pompey takes Jerusalem.
Aiistobulus and his son raise disturbances, and are
vanquished by GaBinius, the Roman governor oi
Syria.
Crassus jjlunders the Temple.
Julius Ciesar appoints Antipater procurator of Judea ;
who makes his son Herod governor of Galilee, and
Phasael of Jemsalem.
Walls of Jerusalem rebuilt.
Antipater poisoned ; Herod and Phasael revenge his
death.
Jerusalem taken by the Parthians, who slay Phasael,
and place Antigonus upon the throne ; Herod flies to
Rome, and is appointed King of Judea.
Herod takes Jerusalem, beheads Antigonus, and ia
established King of Judea ; he makes Aristobulus,
brother of his wife Mariamne, high-priest, but aftei-
wards murders him.
Herod begins to rebuild and enlarge the Temple.
Nativity op Jesus Christ.
Jesus \'isits Jerusalem.
Pilate sent from Rome as Governor of Judea.
John the Baptist begins his ministry.
Jesus baptized by John.
^r'-^''»»5T
ISM^&
S-^^ES^i^x^
h^^
537
-^/n
m
70
135
32G
3C2
453
029
1043
1099
The craciSxion.
Ananias and SajAphira stmck dead-
Stephen stoned, and the church persecuted.
Herod Agrippa made King of Judea.
James beheaded by Herod ; liberation of Peter by an
angel.
Paul sent a prisoner to Rome,
The Jewish war begins; siege of Jerusalem by tho
Romans.
Jerusalem besieged and taken by Titus; 1,100,000
Jews perish by the sword, fire, famine, and cruci-
fixion, besides 97,000 who were sold as slaves.
Jerusalem razed to its foundations.
John banished to the Isle of Patmos by Domitian.
John writes the Revelation.
John liberated.
John, the last surviving Apostle, dies.
The Jews revolt, and become masters of Jeru-
salem.
Jerusalem retaken by the Romans,
The Empress Helena visits Jerusalem, and builds two
churches.
The attemjit to lay the foundation of another Tem-
ple.
Jenisalem made an independent patriarchate.
The Emperor Justinian founded at Jerusalem a splen-
did church in honor of the Virgin.
The Persian army, under Chosroes, takes Jeru-
salem,
Chosroes defeated by Heraclius ; the city recovered by
the Greeks.
Jerusalem taken by the Khalif Omar ; commencement
of the reign of Mohammedanism.
Jerusalem talcen by Ahmed, a Turkish sovereign of
EgJTt.
Ortok made ruler of the city by Tutush.
The crusaders under Godfrey Bouillon take the city ;
tho conqueror made kiug ; is succeeded by his
brother Baldwin,
Baldwin dies.
ii
itl
'^.
M
\'<-y^^,
^i.
(9 m
i>/A^
COUESE A^^D DISTANCE
PROM THE CENTRB
OF THE CITY OF JEEUSALEM
TO THE FOLLOWING PLACES.
^^
DISTASCE, VXBT NEAR.*
J.Q COUnSE. GEO. MILES.
Askelon W.S.AV. 34
Acre N.N.W. 80
Antiocli N. byW. 300
Bethany E.S.E. 2
Bethleliem S. 4
Beeroth ..N. 7
Bethel N. 10
Beersheba S.S.W. 40
Bethsaida N. by E. 85
Baalbek N.N.E. 195
Babylon E.X.E. 530 Air-line.
Chorazin. N. by E. 80
Capernaum N. by E. 78
Cajsarea N.N.W. 66 Via Joppa.
Dead Sea S.E 12
Damascus. . ...... N.N.E. 150
Ephesus N.W. 600 Via Joppa, and Medl-
Gaza S.W. 45 terranean.
Gadara N.N.E. 05
Gebal N. by E. 180 Via Joppa.
Hebron S. byW. 17
Hamath N.N.E. 250
* As but few of t^ese roads or routes have ever been Burveyed, the exact dis-
tances cannot be Riven.
, ^IM
DISTANCB,
TO COUnSE. GEO. MLLEd.
Jericho E.N.E. 13
Joppa N. W. 35
Kiijath- Jearini N. W. 9
Lydda N.W. 25
Nazarcti N. G7
Nine veil N.E. 550 Air-line
Palmyra N. E. 245
Rabbath E.X.E. 43
Shilob N. byE. 18
Shechem N. 29
Succoth .N.E. 40 Air-line.
Samaria N. by "W. 40
Sidon N. 145
Sard is N. by W. GOO Via Joppa and Med,
Shusban E. 8C0 Air-line.
Tiberias N. by E, G8
Tarsus N. 385 Via Joppa and Med.
SOURCES OF THE JORDAN.
Paneas ..N.X.E. 120
Hasbeiya N.N.E. 135
MOUNTAINS.
Ararat N.E. 775
Lebanon Summit. . ..N. by E. 195
Harbor from wbicli
tlio cedar timber
was floated to
Joppa N. by W. 1G5 Via Joppti
(Jarmel N. W. G8 Air-liae,
Gilboa N. byE. 50
Gerizira N.E. 35
Ilcrmon N.N.E. 118
Pisgah E. 25
Ramoth Gilead N.E. 86
Tabor N. by E. 60
Hor S. byE. 100
Uoreb S. by W. 225
^^^^^^^s
List of Ihtekesting A2^d Valuable Works on the
Holy Land.
Vn cB
Rotinson. Piesearches, 3 vols. Maps $10 00
Stnnley. Bgyiit and Palestine 7 00
Thompson, The Land and the Book, 2 vols. Maps 5 00
Tristram. Natural History of Palestine 5 00
" The Land of Israel 12 00
The Bible, Atlas of. Maps and plans 13 00
Van D. Velde's Map of Palestine 13 00
Recovery of Jerusalem — Ordnance Survey. By Captain
WUson, R.E 3 50
Barclay, Rev. T. J. City of the Great King* 10 00
Rawson, A. L. Bible Hand-Book 3 00
Bur, N. C. ,D.D. Sacred History and Geogi-aphy of Palestine 3 00
Kitto. Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature, 3 vols. Engi-av-
ings ^51 00
(Abridged) 7 00
McLeod, Norman. Eastward. Engravings 1 2 00
Layard, A. H. Nineveh and its Remains, 2 vols. 8vo. En-
gravings 18 00
The Publishers will forward any of the above works on receipt
of its price,
* Dr. Barclay was for many years Resident Missionaiy at Jenisa-
lem, during which time he made a thorough exploration of the
city and surrounding country, the results of which may be found
in his vahiable work.
Prof. Rawson has also had the benefit of several years' residence
in Jerusalem and vicinity, and as Christians are excluded from the
sacred places of the Mohammedans, he adopted the dress and
customs of the Arabs, thus for the time becoming one of them —
joining a lodge of Eastern Dervishes, visiting, as a Jlohammedan
pilgrim, their holy places, taking notes, and making sketches of
places and objects of interest that could not otherwise have been
reached .
n
CATALOGUE
REDDING 8l CO.,
PUliLISUERS OF
Standard Masonic Works,
757 Broad-may, New York.
o
Practical Monitor and Compend of Masonic
Law and Jurisprudence. * Containing the Blonitorial instructions
pertaining to the first three degrees, unincumbered with mat-
ter not practised %\'ith the Work, everything not used in con-
nection with the Work and Lectures being excluded, while the
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