THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES V ^ - / rite r, UZT K^. SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED REVISED AND ENLARGED A COMPLETE TEXT-BOOK ON PHONOGRAPHY PRESENTING THE SUBJECT IN A VERY CLEAR AND COMPREHENSIVE MANNER ; ALSO CONTAINING A SPECIAL CHAPTER ON CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATION GEORGE W. DAVIS THE BRYANT & STRATTON PUBLISHING CO. BUFFALO, N. Y. 1906 Copyrighted 1906, by George W. Davis BUFFALO N Y THIS revised edition of Shorthand Simplified is the result of an earnest effort on the part of the author to further make the study of shorthand easier, particularly to the pupil of only average ability, and at the same time to make it much more interesting to all. The work has been thoroughly tested in the 2 i schoolroom and found in every way satisfactory. >* The arrangement of the subject matter, and the divi- oo g sion of the lessons make the book particularly adaptable CQ 3 to High Schools and Colleges. No changes of moment have been made in the system 2 as presented in former editions, so no confusion will be in z experienced in taking up the new book by those who have used the old. "Position" is taught from the beginning, and the pupil soon writes words in their natural position without P apparent effort. The sentences in both the reading and writing ex- ercises, which begin with the second lesson, have been selected with great care and only such words or outlines used as will not conflict with subsequent principles. 452258 The arrangement of the words in columns in the writing lessons, with each one numbered, will be found ad- vantageous to both teacher and pupil, while the questions at the end of each lesson will be serviceable to the pupil in enabling him to determine for himself how thoroughly he understands the lesson. The large amount of additional matter, in the form of sentences, both to read and to write, which has been added, will be found ample for those who desire much of this work to do. If there is more than some teachers require, part may be omitted. The high character of the engraving and printing will be appreciated by all, and it is hoped, will inspire in the pupil a desire to do neat and accurate work, which is so essential to success. tn WHEN YOU ENTER upon the study of Short- hand, do so with a determination to stick to it till you can do good work. Do not get the erroneous idea that shorthand can be learned only by a talented few. There is nothing of mystery about the art ; its principles are simple, and a given degree of pro- ficiency in it can be obtained more quickly than in either grammar or arithmetic. MASTER EACH LESSON If you will accept advice of the utmost importance, you will master each lesson as you proceed, no matter how long it may take you. Do this, and you will be surprised at the ease with which shorthand can be learned. Many, in their eagerness to "get through the book," skim over the lessons, and, as a result, get the principles confused ; are unable to write correctly, con- sequently cannot read their notes. PAPER PENCILS Use good paper and good pencils ; they are necessary to good work. Shorthand note books opening at the end are generally preferred. Beginners will find the use of double or triple lined paper of assistance in getting their strokes of uniform length, which is very important. Make your outlines small, and make them well. About one-eighth of an inch is the standard used in this work, and that size is found very satisfactory to most pupils. PACK LESSON No. i 1-5 Consonants, I ; Remarks, 2 ; Method of Writing, 2-4 ; Joining Consonants and Reading Exercise, 4 ; Writing Exercise, 5 ; Questions, 5. LESSON No. 2 6-13 Heavy Dots Long Vowel Sounds, 6-8 ; Position of Words, 8-9 ; Placing of Vowels, 10 ; Reading Exercise, n ; Writing Exercise, 12 ; Questions, 13. LESSON No. 3 14-19 Heavy Dashes Long Vowel Sounds, 14 ; The and A, 15-16 ; Reading Exercise, 17 ; Writing Exercise, 18 ; Questions, 19. LESSON No. 4 20-23 Light Dots Short Vowel Sounds, 20 ; Reading Exercise, 21 ; Writing Exercise, 22 ; Questions, 23. LESSON No. 5 24-28 Light Dashes Short Vowel Sounds, 24-25 ; Reading Exercise, 26 ; Writing Exercise, Questions, 27-28. LESSON No. 6 29-35 Diphthongs, 29-30 ; Vowel Word Signs, 30-31 ; Punctua- tion, Accent, 32 ; Reading Exercise, 33 ; Writing Exer- cise, Questions, 34-35. LESSON No. 7 36-40 Simple Consonant Word Signs, 36-38 ; Reading Exercise, 39 ; Writing Exercise, 40. LESSON No. 8 41-46 Pronoun /, 41-42 ; Tick for He, 42 ; The, A, An and And, 43 ; Reading Exercise, Writing Exercise, Questions, 44-46. LESSON No. 9 47-54 Brief Signs for S and Z, 47-50 ; Use of S and Z Strokes, 50- 51 ; Reading Exercise, Writing Exercise, Questions, 52-54. vi LESSON No. ro.... 55-59 Uses of Ar and Ray, 55-56 ; Reading Exercise, 57 ; Writ- ing Exercise, Questions, 58-59. LESSON No. n 60-65 Uses of El and Lay, 60-61 ; Uses of Ish and Shay, 62 ; Reading Exercise, 63 ; Writing Exercise, Questions, 64-65. LESSON No. 12 66-71 H Represented by a Dot, 66 ; Uses of H Stroke, 66-67 I Word Signs, 68 ; Reading Exercise, 69 ; Writing Exer- cise, Questions, 70-71. LESSON No. 13 72-79 W Stroke and Semicircles, 72-73 ; W Hook and When to Use; 73; Weh and Wuh, 74; Circle Prefixed to Weh and With, 74-75; When to Use Weh and Wuh, 75; Brief Signs for F, 75-76 ; Reading Exercise, 77 . Writing Exer- cise, Questions, 78-79. LESSON No. 14 80-86 Brief IF and F in Vowel Places, 80-81 ; Affix Signs, 81-82 j Word Signs, 83; Reading Exercise, 84; Writing Exer- cise, Questions, 85-86. LESSON No. 15 87-92 The L Hook, 87-88 ; General Use, 88 ; Vocalization of L Hook Consonants* 88 . Imperfect Hooks, 89 ; Iss Joined to L Hooks, 89 ; Reading Exercise, 90 ; Writing Exercise, Questions, 91-92. LESSON No. 16 93-98 The R Hook, 93-94 ; Vocalization, Use and Names of, 94-5 ; Circles Prefixed, 95 ; Reading Exercise, 96 ; Writing Exer- cise, Questions, 97-98. LESSON No. 17 99-104 Special Use of L and R Hooks, Special Vocalization, 99- 100; Circle and R Hook Between Strokes, 100-101 ; Guide to Use of L and R Hooks, 101 ; Reading Exercise. 102 ; Writing Exercise, Questions, 103-104. LESSON No. 18 105-111 Enlarged L and R Hooks, Vocalization, 105-106; In, Un or En, 106 ; Unnecessary to insert all Vowels, Word Signs, 107-108; Reading Exercise, 109; Writing Exer- cise, Questions, no-ill. vii LESSON No. 19 112-117 Hooks for F, V and N, Vocalization, 112-113 ; Circles and Loops Added, 113-114; When to Use, 114; Reading Exer- cise, 115; Writing Exercise, Questions, 116-117. LESSON No. 20 118-122 Shon and Tiv, 118; Eshon Hook and Vocalization of, 119; Reading Exercise 120; Writing Exercise, Ques- tions, I2I-I22. LESSON No. 21 123-129 M Shaded to Add P or B, 123 ; Lengthened Strokes and Vocalization of, 123-125; There, Their, etc., Added, 125; Reading Exercise, 126; Writing Exercise, 127-128 ; Ques- tions, 129. LESSON No. 22 130-132 Word Signs, 130 j Writing Exercise, 131-132. LESSON No. 23 133-142 Shortened Letters and Method of Reading, 133-135 ; When Not to Shorten, 135-138 ; Derivatives, 138 ; Reading Exer- - cise, 139 ; Writing Exercise, Questions, 140-142. LESSON No. 24 143-144 Half Length Word Signs, 143 ; Writing Exercise, 144. LESSON No. 25 145-152 Brief Prefix Signs, 145-148 ; Reading Exercise, 149 ; Writing Exercise, 150-151 ; Questions, 152. LESSON No. 26 i53-!59 Affixes, 153-155 5 Lapping, 155 ; Reading Exercise, 156 ; Writing Exercise, Questions, 157-159. LESSON No. 27 160-165 Phrase Writing, 160 ; When Not to Phrase, 160 ; Position of Phrases, 161 ; Omission of Consonants, 162 ; Reading and Writing Exercises and Questions, 163-165. LESSON No. 28... 166-171 Omission of Words, 166-168 ; Brief W and Y Enlarged, 168-169 ; Reading and Writing Exercises and Questions, . 170-171. LESSON No. 29 172-180 Reporting Expedients, 172-176 ; Reading and Writing Exercises and Questions, 177-180. Advanced Word Signs, 181-99; Exercise on Word Signs, 200-01 ; Shorthand Notes", 203- 16 ; Translation of Shorthand Notes, 217-28 ; Guide to Use of Capitals, 229-31 ; Punctuation, 232-47. viii Lesson No. 1 Learn the following phonographic characters : Phonographic Consonant Sound Phonographic Consonant Sound Character. it Represents. Character. it Represents. \ (called chay) ch (called gay) g V^ f y as in thin (called ith) th ( \ as in then (called the) th -Jj (called ish) sh .X (called zhay) zh (called lay) 1 (called ray ( " 1 ''.;...-- two signs r (called way) w __^ (called ing) ng x^ (called hay) h NOTE. The arrow is used above merely to show the direction in which the stroke is written. I REMARKS 1 . The foregoing list contains the consonants of the phonographic alphabet. It will be noticed that these consonants are represented by light and heavy strokes. These correspond exactly with the sounds ; thus, p, hav- ing a light sound, is represented by a light stroke, and b, having a heavy sound, is represented by a heavy stroke, and so on through the alphabet. 2. In writing the characters, make the light lines very light and give just pressure enough to the heavy ones to make them distinguishable. Form the letters with one stroke of the pen or pencil ; never go over a line to ' ' touch it up " or to make it heavy. The heavy curves should taper to a light line at each end. 3. Hold the pen between the thumb and first finger, the same as for longhand, but less inclined. Do not clinch the pen, as that hinders speed and makes the writing stiff and tiresome. 4. The alphabet should be written and re-written until the characters can be formed readily and well. Page after page may be filled with profit. 5. Use a fine pen or a sharp, stenographic pencil. When practicing, have several well-sharpened pencils, so that as soon as one becomes dull another may be taken. METHOD OF WRITING 6. Two of the characters, 1 and sh, are written both upward and downward. (a.) When / is written upward it is called Liy, and when written downward it is called el. (6.) When 1 stands alone, that is when it is the only stroke in the word, it is always written upward. (c.) When sh is written downward it is called ish, and when written upward it is called shay. (d. ) When sh stands alone, that is when it is the only stroke in the word, it is always written downward. 7. All horizontal strokes (, gay, m, n? ing) are written from left to right. 8. Hay, and the straight line for r (ray), must always be written upward. All other inclined strokes (except lay and shay) are written downward. 9. Ray, being written upward, is more slanting, when standing alone, than chay, which is always written downward. They are thus easily distinguishable. The slant of an inclined stroke may sometimes be varied slightly, in order to secure a sharper angle with the stroke to which it is joined. chay-ray ray-k ray-p f-n f-p lay-s lay-m 10. The pen or pencil should not be lifted in writing any group of consonants ; thus, p-t p-chay p-ray p-p p-b b-p m-m ^ > V \ \ \ ~ n-m-lay b-ar-k f-k lay-shay m-ish f-v ray-el 11. In writing pb (see preceding illustration) begin with a light line and gradually increase to a heavy one. In writing bp begin with a heavy line and gradually taper to a light line. Pp is one continuous light line. 12. Two or more consonants joined together are called an outline. 13. Read the following exercise over and over until every outline can be read without hesitation. READING EXERCISE LESSON No. 1 14. Write again and again the phonographic outlines in the following exercise until you can form the charac- ters quite readily and well. Give but little extra pressure to the pen or pencil in writing the heavy lines. Make all the characters the same size as shown in the Reading Exercise. Notice particularly the slant of the curves and the degree of curvature. 4 WRITING EXERCISE. LESSON No. 1 B-k, b-k-m, b-k-n, b-k-lay, lay-b, t-chay, j-b, ray-n, shay-k, ar-m-n, ray-d-m, p-p, p-b, d-d, d-t, lay-ray, lay- ar, ith-m, v-m-n, t-d, ish-p, hay-ray, shay-k, z-k, m-lay- shay, f-t, f-n, chay-gay, ray-el, ray-ith, f-gay, chay-s, f-ish, f-shay, lay-m, f-ing, f-v, k-ray, t-n, chay-k-el, ray-s, m-n-k-el, zhay-ar, n-hay, hay-n, b-d, d-b, j-b, b-j, hay-ing. QUESTIONS LESSON No. 1 1. What letters may be written either upward or downward? 2. How are ray and chay distinguished ? 3. In what direction must ray always be written ? 4. What name is given to / when written upward ? 5. Is ray ever written downward ? 6. What is an outline ? 7. In what direction are the horizontal letters written ? 8. What name is given to ch ? 9. Name the horizontal letters. 10. Why is b written with a heavy stroke and p with a ligat one ? 11. In what direction is chay written ? Lesson No. 2 VOWELS 15. There are twelve vowel sounds and four diphthong sounds used in phonography. The vowel sounds are represented by heavy and light dots and by heavy and light dashes. The diphthongs are represented by wedge- shaped marks. The consonants of a word are written first, the vowels afterward. HEAVY DOTS LONG VOWEL SOUNDS 1 6. The sounds of e, a and a h are each represented by a heavy dot. 17. The heavy dot for the sound of long e (as heard in eat and eve) is always written opposite the beginning of a consonant stroke. 1 8. The heavy dot for the sound of long a (as heard in ale) is always written opposite the middle of a con- sonant stroke. 6 1 9. The heavy dot for the sound of ah (as heard in calm and arm ) is always written opposite the end of a consonant stroke ; thus, Sound. Example. Sign. e (as in eve) I (Called a long first-place vowel.) a (as in ale) '( (Called a long second-place vowel.) ah (as in calm) .( (Called a long third-place vowel.) 20. The t stroke in the above illustration is used merely for the purpose of showing the position of the vowel, but i s no part of the vowel. 2 r . Remember that the dots do not represent letters, but sounds. For instance, a heavy dot written at the beginning of a stroke does not represent the letter e, but only the long sound of e (e) as heard in the words eat, eel, pier, etc. Another sign will be used to represent the short sound of e (e) as heard in Ed, fed, etc. 22. In learning the vowel sounds always remember the words given as examples ; they will serve as ' ' keys ' ' in case of doubt. 23. As lay, shay, ray and hay are always written upward, a first place vowel beside these strokes will always be at the bottom (which is the beginning of the stroke) ; thus, lee reed Hebe sheath C A 24. in phonography, or shorthand as it is commonly called, all words are spelled by sound and all silent letters omitted ; thus, day is spelled da ; tea, te ; make, mak ; came, kam ; dough, do ; phrase, fraz ; knave, nay ; pay, pa ; rough, ruf ; etc. The ordinary spelling, therefore, often gives no guide as to the phonographic spelling. At first the pupil may find spelling by sound somewhat difficult, but after a little practice he will be surprised to see how easy it really is. POSITION 25. For reasons which will be made apparent here- after, the consonant outlines of words are written in three positions, as follows : 1. In the first position, which is above the line. 2. In the second position, \vhich is on the line. 3. In the third position, which is through the line, ex- cept for horizontal consonants, which are written below it. RULE FOR WRITING WORDS IN THEIR POSITION 26. The first perpendicular or inclined stroke of a word is written in the position denoted by the vowel (or the accented vowel when there is more than one vowel) , without regard to the position of the other strokes ; hence, it is not always the first stroke, but the first perpendicular or inclined stroke of a word that is written in the position denoted" by the vowel : thus, keep wreak beneath veal vale cape balm "\ I" Y~" "-\^j (a.) When the vowel (or accented vowel) of a word is a first place vowel, the consonant outline is written above the line, in accordance with the above rule ; thus, beam meek sheep repeal Pelee kneel V-N <~^ NOTE. For first position words, the general rule is to rest the bottom of the first perpendicular or inclined stroke half the height of a t above the line. But when horizontals are the only conso- nants in a first place word, they are written the full height of the t above the line. The exact distance above the line of a first place word is, however, largely a matter of convenience of the writer. (6.) When the vowel (or accented vowel) of a word is a second place vowel, the consonant outline is written on the line in accordance with the above rule (No. 26); thus, bake came rake fame name became decay (c.) When the vowel (or accented vowel) of a word is a third place vowel, the consonant outline is written through the line, in accordance with the above rule (No. 26), unless the consonants are all horizontals, in which case they are all written below the line ; thus, far becalm bath arc Czar ma calm t ... HOW TO PLACE THE VOWELS In shorthand we read the same as in longhand ; namely, from the top down, and from left to right ; hence, 27. A vowel to be read before a consonant, must be placed : (a.) Above a horizontal stroke or to the left of a perpendicular or inclined stroke. A vowel to be read after a consonant, must be placed : (&.) Belo w a horizontal stroke or to the right of a perpendicular or inclined stroke. NOTE. The small cross in the Reading Exercise is used to indi- cate the end of a sentence. Two parallel lines under a word indi- cate a proper name. READING EXERCISE LESSON No. 2 T "A / /n /TV r (r- n / /. \ ^ j' x-l ' ("_ ^y^ ^/ WRITING EXERCISE LESSON No. 2 i peak 15 sheep 29 decay 43 make 2 beam 16 eel 30 jay 44 aim 3 ease 17 me 31 Jake 45 maim 4 teak 18 neap 32 cape 46 May-day 5 teeth 19 knee 33 cage 47 knave 6 teem 20 pay-day 34 came 48 name 7 pewee 21 take 35 gauge 49 weigh 8 deem 22 Abe 36 game 50 palm 9 cheek 23 bake 37 fame 51 balm 10 fee 24 eight 38 faith 52 calm ii Phoebe 25 tape 39 vague 53 ma 12 eve 26 tame 40 shape 54 ha 13 thee 27 aid 41 shake 55 a ha 14 sea* 28 dame 42 ale 56 Ada i. They came each May. 2. See Phoebe take aim. 3. They say, aha ! 4. Take me, teach me, keep me. 5. They see Eva each day. 6. She may teach Mayme. 7. Faith may make Ray meek. 8. Each team may take eight. 9. See Lee ape May. 10. They name each game. ii. She may pay me, they say. 12. Vague aim may delay fame. 13. They became tame. 14. Each may name eight. 15. They bathe babe each day. QUESTIONSLESSEN No. 2 1. How many vowel sounds are used in phonography ? 2. How many diphthongs are used ? * 3. What is used to represent the long sound of e ? 4. Where is it always placed ? 5. What sound is represented by a heavy dot placed opposite the end of a consonant stroke ? 6. Do the heavy dots represent letters or sounds ? 7. What two consonant strokes are always written upward and never downward ? 8. How are words spelled in shorthand ? 9. In how many positions are words written ? 10. If a word is written above the line, in what position is it? 11. Which stroke, of a word composed of both horizontal and perpendicular or inclined strokes, is written in the position de- noted by the accented vowel ? 12. If a word is composed entirely of horizontal consonants, which one takes the position of the vowel ? 13. If a vowel is placed above a horizontal consonant when is it read ? 14. If placed at the left of an inclined stroke when is it read ? 15. What sign is used in the dictionary to indicate the long sound of a vowel ? Lesson No. 3 HEAVY DASHES LONG VOWEL SOUNDS 28. The sounds of a\v, o and oo are each represented by a heavy dash. The dash for the sound of aw (heard in Jaw and all) is always written opposite the beginning" of a consonant stroke. The dash for the sound of 6 ( heard in no and lo ir ) is always written opposite the middle of a consonant stroke. The dash for the sound of oo ( heard in doom and mo re) is always written opposite the end of a consonant stroke , thus, Sound. Example. Sign. o.\v (as in law and all) | ( First place, long vowel ) 6 (as in no and low) ~| (Second place, long vowel) 66 (as in doom and move).. _| (Third place, long vowel) 29. The dashes represent sounds, not letters. They should be made about one- fourth the length of a t stroke, and written at right angles to the stroke beside which they are placed. They should be written close to the stroke, but should not touch it. 14 VOWELS BETWEEN STROKES 30. All first place vowels dots or dashes occurring between two consonant strokes should be written after the first stroke. (a.) All third place vowels dots or dashes occur- ring between two consonant strokes should be written before the second stroke. (6.) Long" second place vowels dots or dashes occurring between two consonant strokes are written after the first stroke. balk beam boom calm bake choke rogue NOTE. By observing the foregoing rules when writing, accuracy in reading will be greatly facilitated. If they are disregarded, confusion will often result. For instance, if the first place e, in beam, were written beside the second stroke m, the vowel would come in the angle between the b and the m, and we could not tell whether it was meant for e or ah, and the word might be read either beam or balm. THE AND A 31. The word the is represented by a light dot above the line. The word a is represented by a heavy dot on the line, the law the dome the team a joke a game a load ...I'C Ub> :J~ ,.-.L- ,.._-^ ,_/L 15 32. The most rapid progress will be made by him who masters every principle and lesson as he goes along and reviews frequently all that he has been over. He who does this will find the study more interesting and less difficult as he proceeds, and will lay the foundation for future success. Do not be in too great a hurry to advance. The first requisite in shorthand is accuracy, and accuracy only comes through perfect familiarity with the subject. Master each principle as you go along so that you can apply it readily. 33. Read the "Reading Exercise" over and over till each word can be read without hesitation. Write the ' ' Writing Exercise ' ' time after time till every outline can be formed readily. Follow this plan with all subsequent Exercises. 16 READING EXERCISE LESSON No. 3 3 4- l_.-l_ 6 SENTENCES ...*.//. .. -ri>* \_yJ X. ". " " ^7" ^^~- ........ .......... -._. v .^_... .... ^... /y ... , 5 . ...-CI...Z i-....x ( 11^? ^r...: .[-..,' .X.-. 17 WRITING EXERCISE LESSON No. 3 i paw 12 booth 23 sew 34 dough 45 doom 2 both 13 poke 24 pope 35 haw 46 gnaw 3 foe 14 go 25 comb 36 coach 47 J ke 4 coo 15 coop 26 tomb 37 tooth 48 Job 5 jaw 1 6 daw 27 awed 38 daub 49 talk 6 doe 17 oat 28 toe 39 obey 50 beau 7 Zona 18 so 29 Otho 40 veto 51 foam 8 woo 19 move 30 shoo 41 zoo 52 ooze 9 law 20 yaw 31 Shaw 42 saw 53 thaw 10 choke 21 ode 32 denote 43 dome 54 owed ii boom 22 awl 33 donate 44 mope 55 show i. They say so. 2. Obey the law. 3. They both saw cook make the cake. 4. Asa may take May a bouquet. 5. They saw the hobo hoe. 6. Joe came, so Ada may go. 7. The chalk may make Esau choke. 8. Show me page eight. 9. They know she may say no. 10. Show me the way they came. 1 1 . They saw no foe. 12. Each day she came beneath the oak. 13. They know the law. 14. She saw no joke. 15. They took the comb. 18 QUESTIONS LESSON No. 3 1. What length should the dash vowels be written ? 2. A dot or dash vowel, placed opposite the middle of a stroke, is called what place vowel ? 3. If a vowel is placed opposite the beginning of a stroke, what place vowel is it ? 4. Where is a first place vowel, occurring between two conso- nant strokes, written ? 5. Where is a third place vowel, occurring between two conso- nant strokes, written ? 6. What is used to represent the word " the " ? 7. In what position is it always written ? 8. What word is represented by a heavy dot on the line ? Lesson No. 4 LIGHT DOTS SHORT VOWEL SOUNDS 34. There are three light dot vowel sounds, repre- sented as follows : Sound. Example. Sign. Short i,(l) as in it (Light first place vowel) Short e (e) asin Eclor her ' (Light second place vowel) Short a (3.) as in at J (Light third place vowel) 35. In learning these sounds it is important to re- member the examples or "key words;" for instance, in giving the sound of the light first place dot, say "I as in it," not I as in it. For the second place light dot, say " eh as in Ed," not e as in Ed, etc. Do not forget that the dots represent sounds, not letters. 36. When a light second place vowel occurs between two consonant strokes it is written before the second stroke. 37. Condensed rule for placing" vowels between strokes : All first place and long- second place vowels are writ- ten after the first stroke. All others are written before the second stroke. READING EXERCISE LESSON No. 4 3 ^^-...6^.._^_._^...^.A /) 5 1/: :...^....^.....v^...^..^._./7..../^...A...^t // < 7 ^J .^^f. I - (^.-.J ' fyitS-^r^ 9 SENTENCES .^T^..........\ //J Jt__V...rr7*= // ju^aL.|^__!yL.i- ^N.... /3 .V-X.... y/ ... _1^... ..._J.... VA.^x_^ w .'. .A. z^?..^xx /5 .J......I....JC ...._ r .. ... y/ 21 WRITING EXERCISE LESSON No. 4 i pitch 15 king 29 death 43 abbey 57 pick 2 fifty 16 deck 30 bang 44 pith 58 victim 3 eddy 17 tag 3i pony 45 zinc 59 depth 4 tack 18 pink 32 ship 46 check 60 tank 5 big ^ shaky 33 gem 47 tabby 61 baby 6 ill 20 edge 34 cab 48 tick 62 Minnie 7 keg 21 catch 35 Timothy 49 mimic 63 egg 8 cap 22 dim 36 nip 50 many 64 cavity 9 ditch 23 inch 37 meadow 5i gap 65 chip IO ink 24 envy 38 gang 52 chick 66 peck I i enemy 25 chap 39 Jim 53 peg 67 pack 12 Jack 26 beck 40 apathy 54 jam 68 jig J 3 back 2 7 ebb 4i sham 55 kick 69 Betty *4 bag 28 match 42 map 56 anthem i. Ask Daisy if she saw Dick g back. 2. Tim n lay take Jennie in the canoe. 3. Anna came in May. 4. Fetch me the heavy cape. 5. They ship a package each day. 6. See naughty Jennie mimic Katie. 7. Jesse may teach anatomy at Teck Academy. 8. If they go they may see Anna at Owego. 9. Both bathe in the bay. 10. They pay the indemnity in cash. 1 1 . Eddie and Angie may go if they each take a pear. 12. Many big fish came up the bay. 13. They pack eight in each bag. 14. Take Edna so she may see if May came. 15. Auntie may go back if they see Etta at Attica. 1 6. Ella came back in the coach. QUESTIONS. LESSON No. 4 1. What sound is represented by a light, second place dot? 2. When a light, second place vowel occurs between two conso- nant strokes, where should it be placed ? 3. Where should a light, third place vowel, occurring between two strokes, be placed ? 4. Where are all first place vowels written when occurring between two consonant strokes ? 5. What sound is represented by the light, first place dot ? 6. What mark in the dictionary is used to denote short a ? 7. Is the same mark used to denote the short sound of all vowels ? Lesson No. 5 LIGHT DASHES SHORT VOWEL SOUNDS 38. . Three vowel sounds are represented by light dashes, as follows : Sound. Example. Sign. Short o (6) as in on I (Light first place vowel) Short u (u) as in up (Light second place vowel) Short oo (65) as in foot. _| (Light third place vowel) 39. Remember that all first place and long second place vowels, occurring between two consonant strokes, are written after the first stroke, and all others before the second stroke. 40. The above rule should not be used when its ob- servance would bring a vowel into an angle, as would be the case in camera and calmly , one of the objects of the rule being to keep the vowels out of the angles. 41. The great importance of the vowels must not be overlooked. The whole list should be reviewed by the pupil again and again until every dot and dash can be determined and placed in its proper position without hes- itation, 24 The idea, at this stage of advancement, is to write accurately and neatly, rather than rapidly. Make the outlines to the best of your ability. Cultivate an even, steady movement. Do not hurry your work. 42. An or and These words are represented by a light dot on the line of writing ; thus, an ape an Eskimo an appeal and see and take A.. _-L^ -JL JL L. READING EXERCISE LESSON No. 5 (\- a A ( L. ' ..( ^. IT. A.L _ \ ... t ,^.z\..^ 4 /> L 26 WRITING EXERCISE LESSON No. 5 1 poppy 2 body 3 boggy 4 botch 5 Tom 6 tonic 7 top 8 topic 15 Jog 1 6 copy 17 coffee 1 8 cog 32 pug 19 comma 33 Puck 20 comic 34 putty 21 comedy 3 5 bung 29 knotty 43 tongue 57 mug 30 punk 44 Dutch 58 among 31 puppy 45 duck 59 muff 46 dummy 60 money 47 funny 61 honey 48 jug 49 judge 22 fop 36 bug 50 junk 9 dockage 23 fog 10 dog n dock 12 dodge 13 domino 14 chop 24 fob 25 shock 26 shop 27 knob 28 notch 53 gum 37 budge 51 cub 38 bunk 52 cup 39 tug 40 tub 41 touch 42 tuck 62 gummy 63 bush 64 took 65 cookie 66 cooked 67 shook 54 thumb 68 nook 55 annum 69 goody 56 muddy 1. If they take in enough money, Jacob may go in a month. 2. Edna saw the big dog among the sheep in the meadow. 3. Auntie took the bonnet back a month ago. 4. Tommy ate the cookie and Ella ate the peach. 5. Hattie and Johnny may go and see the duck. 6. Take the key and the book. 7. The dog ate the chop. 8. Show Johnny the bunch in the attic. 9. Ada and Jennie go back May fifth. 10. The knave took off the knob. 1 1 . Emma may pack the tea and the coffee. 12. Copy the funny page in ink. 13. The cook kicked at the shaggy dog. 14. Fudge may make Hattie ill. 27 15. Eddie saw the judge go by in a buggy. 16. Show me the Dutch coffee mug auntie took. 17. Knock at the door and see if Otto may go. 1 8. Bobby saw a big bug in the bush. 19. A thick, heavy fog came up the bay. QUESTIONS LESSON No. 5 1. What sound is represented by a light, first place dash ? 2. What sound is represented by a light, third place dash ? 3. When a first place vowel occurs between two consonant strokes, where should it be placed? Along, second place? All third place ? 4. Should the rule be followed when its observance would bring the vowel into an angle? Give an illustration where the vowel would come in the angle. 5. What mark in the dictionary is used to represent the short sound of a vowel ? 6. What two words are represented by a light dot on the line? 7. What mark in the dictionary is used to represent the sound of a as heard in arm ? 28 Lesson No. 6 DIPHTHONGS 43. There are four diphthong sounds, represented as follows : Sound. Example. Sign. Vl I (as in ice or by) (Called first place diphthong) Al oy (as in oil or boy) (Called first place diphthong) oa (as in out or owl) J (Called third place diphthong) , cw (as in due or hew) <| (Called third place diphthong) 44. The diphthongs are written in the first and third positions only. They are governed by the same rules as are the vowels. 45. The position of the diphthongs and the direction in which they point are never changed. 46. It is sometimes convenient to join the diphthongs to the consonant strokes, thereby avoiding lifting the pen ; thus, Ida Isaac oil bough cue avow I "L /" -V ^ V 29 47- When two vowels, or a vowel and a diphthong, occur between two consonant strokes, it is advisable, whenever possible, to place one to each stroke ; thus, chaos vowel "poem Viola v. Cr 48. When two vowels, or a vowel and a diphthong, have to be written to one consonant, the one which is sounded next the consonant should be written close to it, and the other a little farther away ; thus, iota payee I^eo Noah towel Maria duel ",,- - Y VOWEIy WORD SIGNS 49. The following signs, which are always used to represent the respective words they indicate, must be so thoroughly memorized that they can be expressed instantly. These words are of such frequent occurrence that they have been provided with the briefest possible signs. They should be made only one-fourth the length of a consonant stroke. The tendency with all beginners is to make them too long. The signs are written down- 30 ward in the direction of p, t or chay, except "on," which is sometimes written upward when joined to other words. all \ already awe ought I / of \ or ! on / two oh who too owe whom to but should NAMES OF THE VOWEL WORD SIGNS 50. It is quite important, for the purpose of convers- ing between teacher and pupil, to know the names of the shorthand characters and combinations. These are very easy to learn, and the pupil should familiarize himself with them. 51. The names of the dash- vowel word signs are forined by adding " et-oid " to the simple consonants, as bet-oid, det-oid, chet-oid, jet-oid, etc. ; thus the sign for all is bet-oid 1 ; the sign for who, jet-oid 2 ; the sign for of, pet-oid 1 , etc. The small figure at the right indi- cates the position of the sign. PUNCTUATION ACCENT Punctuation : The following are the punctuation marks most used in shorthand : Period Interrogation , Parenthesis.. . Dash.. 52. If other punctuation is desired, the ordinary char- acters may be used. 53. Emphasis may be indicated, as in longhand, by drawing one or more lines beneath the word to be emphasized. 54. Accent. Occasionally it may be found conven- ient to denote an accent. This may be done by writing a small cross near the accented vowel ; thus, Au'gust august' x I ,, READING EXERCISE LESSON No. 6 A ^ x ^ ^ 7 ' I ) 1 A n 7 ^ ^\ \. V 6 SENTENCES ~\ )'^ / V ._x... 44 WRITING EXERCISE LESSON No. 8 NOTE. In this, and all following exercises, words connected by a hyphen are to be joined together in a phrase. Be careful to join only the words so connected. i I-was 13 and-choke 25 chalk-the 2 he- was 14 a-key 26 cook-the 3 I-had 15 a- few 27 fee- the 4 he-had 1 6 a- thaw 28 think-the 5 I-shall 17 a- sea 29 see- the 6 he-shall 1 8 and-show 30 shall-the 7 I-became 19 and-may 31 will- the 8 he-became 20 a-knock 32 are- the 9 I-have 21 and-ink-the 33 may-the 10 he-saw-the 22 and-say 34 in-the ii should-be-the 23 tip- the 35 ink-the 12 and-pay 24 take- the 36 hoe- the I. 2. 3- Ohio. I-saw him and I-think he-saw me. I-will-be at home in a-day or two. I should-be much annoyed if he- should go to 4. Should-he do so Ida will object. 5. I- will give it to-him if he- will take it. 6. I-know he- will-be at home. 7. He-should do much for us. 8. If he- will come here, he and- Johnny may go together. 9. I-will ask him if he-will give me enough money to pay my way to Nassau. 10. Should-he do so, I-will-be here to-go at any time. 45 11. The object I-had in view at-the time I-came, was to see if he- was at home or if -he and- Ezra had come back. 12. I-saw him go to- the house. 13. He-may take- the buggy. 14. I-think he-should be here. 15. I-will take- the book to-him. 1 6- I-know he-saw me go away. QUESTIONS LESSON No. 8 1. What is used to represent the pronoun / when standing alone ? 2. In what position must it always be written ? 3. May the tick for / be joined to following words ? 4. When so joined, in what direction is it written ? 5. What are two or more words joined together called ? 6. Will all words of a phrase be in their natural positions ? 7. What word of a phrase is usually written in its natural position ? 8. When he begins a phrase, in what position must it always be written ? 9. May he be joined to preceding as well as to following words ? 10. In what directions may the ticks for a, an, or and be written ? n. What is the name of the outline for "he will?" For "I wish?" 12. Give the name of the outline for " and see." For "and do." 13. Give the name of the outline for " for the." Lesson No. 9 BRIEF SIGNS FOR S AND Z 77. On account of the frequent occurrence of s and z, a brief sign has been provided in the small circle, which is used to represent both s and z. 78. No confusion will result from employing the small circle for both s and z, as the context will readily indicate which one was intended. 79. The small circle is called iss, to distinguish it from the stroke, which is called es. 80. When joined at the beginning or end of a straight line, the circle must be made with a left motion con- trary to that of the hands of a watch. This will bring the circle on the upper side of k and gay, and on the right side of all other straight strokes except ray and at the end of hay; thus, iss-t t-iss iss-k iss-ray iss-hay* iss-hay-iss __ _______ -I ___________ Q _________ .O/ __________ __________ <&*_ ______ 81. *When iss is joined at the beginning of h, the hook is made into a circle, thus making an exception to the foregoing rule. See preceding illustration. 82. Iss-hay is never used unless a vowel occurs be- tween the s and h, as in soho. 47 83. When joined at the beginning or end of a curve, the circle is made on the concave (inner) side ; thus, iss-f the-iss m-iss ar-iss lay-iss 84. When the circle occurs between strokes, it should be written in the most convenient mannei ; thus, ray-iss-k m-iss-n n-iss-m f-iss-lay-t . f-iss-el _J^ ________ ^__ _^^__ _^__ _ I _ 85. Between two straight lines the circle will come outside the angle. See illustration above. ST, STR, SEZ 86. St or zd may be represented by a small loop, called steh, which may be joined at the beginning or end of any consonant stroke ; thus, steh-t f-steh state boast fast rest amazed raised t k 1 * W ...._.Z ~*J. 87. The steh loop is used to express the ending of such words as paced, raced, dazed, etc. 88. A circle or loop at the beginning of an outline is read first ; at the end of an outline, last. 48 89. Sir is represented by a large loop, called ster, and may be joined at the end of any consonant. It is never joined at the beginning of a consonant stroke. faster rooster Hester pastor master yesterday Amsterdam - V /-- ~ 90. A large circle, called sez, is used to represent two s or z sounds when a vowel occurs between them, usually forming a syllable, as sys, sus, sis, sez, zez, etc. system Susan desist races diseased dazes possessive ^ x? . fe 91. The vowel sound occurring between the s or z sounds may be expressed by writing the vowel sign inside the circle. It is, however, unnecessary to insert ihe vowel when the circle comes at the end of a word, and a little practice will enable the pupil to omit it altogether. 92. The small circle may be added to the loops and to the large circle ; thus, t-steh-iss t-ster-iss t-sez-iss tests dusters possesses recesses 1 4 .-h __* i: k __ 49 NOTE. The pupil should pay particular attention to the names of the outlines or he will be seriously handicapped when he at- tempts to converse with the teacher or others regarding shorthand outlines. Should the teacher ask the name of the outline for "season," the answer should be prompt, "sez-n ;" for states, "steh-t-iss ;" for diseases, "d-sez-iss," etc. On the other hand, should the pupil ask the teacher the outline for ask, and the teacher answered, "es-k," he should know at once that the teacher meant the s stroke and the k stroke. WHEN TO USE THE S AND Z STROKES 93. Use the stroke when s or z follows an initial vowel ; also use the stroke when s or z precedes a final vowel ; thus, escape essence racy cozy - _______ L^ _________ i* ..... . ..... ^ ......... __3L ______ 94. Use the stroke for s or z at the beginning of a word when two sounded vowels follow ; also use the stroke for s or z at the end of a word when two sounded vowels precede. science seance sayings Siam chaos bias 95. Use the stroke for s in compound words formed from sea, as sea-sick, sea-moss, etc. 50 96. When the sound of z begins a word, it must be represented by a z stroke ; thus, zest zeal zenith Zona _ );. ^ 97. Use the stroke for s or z when it is the only con- sonant in the word. 98. When the only consonants in a word are two or more s or z sounds, one of them must be represented by the stroke ; thus, cease sauce sues sighs says seize size cJ a v v ----<--- 99. Use the circle in all other cases. NOTE. The iss circle is added to the singular word signs to indi- cate the plural number or possessive case ; thus, add the circle to advantage for advantages ; to homeior homes ; etc. The circle is also used to indicate a change in expression ; as / come, he comes; I give, she gives ; they refer, he refers ; etc. READING EXERCISE LESSON No. 9 A_^ZL^ V.l... s 4 ^ & /* X N h* 1^ fa. " f 6 LA_^ ^... f ^. ^--^--/ ^.- IT-. , ^...!^... ^.....^...^^....5p_.l....t...f 7 ffL| // LETTER.... 52 WRITING EXERCISE LESSON No. 9 1 50tlp 19 mouse 37 adduces 54 encased 2 spoke 20 nest 38 loses 55 voiced 3 abuse 21 stake 39 houses 56 housed 4 device 22 steal 40 voices 57 kissed 5 shows 23 stools 41 sausage 58 missed 6 mason 24 yeast 42 season 59 noosed 7 dusk 25 stout 43 disease 60 asp 8 suppose 26 pastor 44 insist 6 i assist 9 palms 27 pester 45 successive 62 asks 10 dispose 28 roaster 46 devices 63 Asa ii sketches 29 castor 47 chests 64 easy 12 schemes 30 coaster 48 costs 65 oozy 13 cousin 31 Lester 49 diseases 66 mazy 14 chosen 32 Baxter 50 tasters 67 gauzy 15 yes 33 Rochester 51 excesses 68 Jesse 1 6 shies 34 Custer 52 bossed 69 Zeno 17 oils 35 lustre 53 effaced 70 sower 1 8 spies 36 vases 1. He- wishes me to-come Tuesday and-stay all day. 2. The snow came thick and- fast. 3. I-saw her in Rochester last month. 4. He-says he- will-be here on-Sunday. 5. She sought to see cousin Jessie and-missed-the speech she was so anxious to hear. 6. He- will dispose of -these things if-he decides to-go. 7. Many ships sought safety in-the bay. 8. I-think she will come to-the house. 9. The pastor visits- the homes of -the sick each day. 10. All-the boys came back but Chester. 53 1 1 . Hester will stay a-month at-the seaside. 12. I-suppose she will dispose of- the best. 13. He-will study- the sciences for a- few months. 14. He- thinks he- will visit Mississippi and-Texas on- his-way home. QUESTIONS LESSON No. 9 1. What brief sign has been provided for s and z ? 2. What name is given to the small circle ? 3. How must the circle be joined at the beginning or end of straight strokes ? 4. How is iss joined at the beginning of h ? 5. When /ss is joined to a curve, on which side is it written ? 6. When iss is written between two straight lines, should it be placed inside or outside the angle ? 7. By what may st or zd be represented ? 8. When is the circle or loop at the beginning of an outline read ? At the end ? 9. What is the name of the large loop ? 10. Is the large loop ever joined at the beginning of a stroke ? 11. Is the circle or loop ever used after an initial vowel? Before a final vowel ? 12. How may word signs in the singular number be changed to the plural ? 54 Lesson No. 10 AR AND RAY 100. The general rule is to use the curve sign when a vowel precedes the r, and ray when a vowel follows the r; but when a difficult junction or loss o speed would result, use whichever one will give the better junction. SPECIFIC RULES FOR THE USE OF AR AND RAY 101. Use the curve sign for r after an initial vowel, except when the r is followed by t or d ; chay orj; for v ; or th. array orb arm error arise 1 02. Use ray after an initial vowel when followed by t or d ; chay or j; for vf or th. aright arrayed arch urge orifice Irving earth ..A A. j. ^_..._..:.^-.--^s^._....A....- 103. Use ar before 122, and ray after 122. Rome disarm remiss mar mires resume miser NOTE. A circle occurring between the m and r does not affect the above rule. See resume and miser, above. 55 104. Use ray for r beginning a word, unless m follows. rug ruin rich row risk wreck /I /. 105. Use the curve sign for final r, or rs (when no sounded vowel occurs between the r and s), unless the preceding stroke is k or gay; ray or hay; m or th. peer dire fire buyers desires sours \ r (r s: r /"" " / " " "Y~ rf~ *3~~ 1 06. Use ray for final r or rs when preceded by k or gay; ray or hay; m or th. coerce gayer roar hewer moor Thayer NOTE. In a few words, such as answer, officer, etc. , where /ss comes between f, v, or n, and r, rar forms a better junction than ar, is faster, and is preferred by many. 107. Use ray before a final vowel ; also use ray before a vowel and final s. Peru tarry theory desirous berries ferries READING EXERCISE LESSON No. 10 -JL. 57 WRITING EXERCISE LESSON No. 10 i ark 1 6 Arabic 31 erased 46 rum 2 mar 17 four 32 richer 47 rarer 3 Jury i 8 store 33 ream 48 arrow 4 renew 19 roar 34 barrier 49 steamer 5 aroma 20 irate 35 curry 50 sherry 6 shower 21 soar 36 rake 51 ray 7 story 22 readiness 37 arnica 52 arena 8 wrong 23 hewers 38 marrow 53 nigher 9 aright 24 roomer 39 bureau 54 sorrow 10 Verona 25 berry 40 rainy 55 rebuke ii ramify 26 wretch 41 arch 56 source 12 furrier 27 bar 42 far 57 repay 13 remedy 28 Peru 43 Darrow 58 carry 14 moor 29 rapier 44 arrayed 59 rich 15 furry 30 urge 45 rack 60 rowing I. 2. roses. 3- 4- 5- He-erases too-much on-the books. The company carries in stock a-large variety of I -see no reason why they should-ask Mary so much. He-desires to tarry here for a-time. If they take-the steamer Missouri at four, they- may reach Perry in-time for-the parade. 6. Take-the narrow road to-the right. 7. I-fear-the officer will-be severe. 8. Lay sorrow aside and- make merry. 9. He-ought to-be sincere. 10. Urge him to desist and-take no risk. 1 1 . Archie possesses many books, both of stories aud-research. 12. Hear- the fire roar. Sirs : In answer to-yours of-the fourth, the rates will-be-the same on-tlie house, but higher on-the store, since- the store- house for oil in- the rear makes- the risk hazardous. I wrote- the home office yesterday for- the cheapest rate, and-hope to-receive an-answer by to- morrow. I-desire to-keep your business, and-will-do my best to-make-the rate low. QUESTIONS LESSON No. 10 1. What is the general rule for the use of ar and ray ? 2. Why cannot this rule always be followed ? 3. Which sign should be used before m ? 4. Which after? 5. Which sign is generally used for final r ? 6. Which sign is used before a final vowel ? 7. What is the name of the outline for rest* ? For miser ? For desire ? 59 Lesson No. 11 RULES FOR EL AND LAY AT THE BEGINNING OF A WORD 108. Use lay for initial 7; also use lay when / is the only stroke consonant in the word. lap lad latch lack lime lay Ella lost C 109. Use lay after an initial vowel when followed by any perpendicular or inclined stroke, except/ Alps allude alfa also always alarm no. Use el after an initial vowel when followed by any horizontal stroke, or j. alike elm alum Elma Allison Elmira allege NOTE. On account of its easier junction, and consequent greater speed, many stenographers prefer to use the downward / before n or ing; thus, el-n for lion or Leon; cl-ingior lung; el-iss-n for lesson, etc. 60 AT THE END OP A WORD in. Use lay when a vowel follows, unless preceded by n or ing. below dally chilly fellow easily galley baseless ii2. Use Jay for final 1 after all strokes, except f, v ; n, ing; k, gay ; ray and hay. pool tile chill thill zeal mile muscle tussle 113. Use c/ for final 1 after ^ v; k, gay; ray or hay. file vale scowl roil Howell 114. Use el after n and ing in all cases. Nelly kingly wrongly kneel nail snail L BETWEEN STROKES 115. Use whichever will give the better junction. 61 WHEN TO USE ISH AND SHAY 1 1 6. Ish is written downward and shay upward. Shay is generally used when preceded or followed by 1, as in lash and shell. 117. Shay is also generally used when preceded by t or d. In other cases use whichever will give the more satisfactory outline. 62 READING EXERCISE LESSON No. 11 1 e-$-3 [ -X. 8 LETTER L V.. \s ./- - c -/> _ r > r ^ 'I /\.~ >r^_..\. A3 LETTERS. L' _ : JL r ^ X x WRITING EXERCISE LESSON No. 11 i meal 15 slash 29 looser 43 comely 2 mellow 1 6 fowl 30 alimony 44 tile 3 relay 17 ideal 31 fizzle 45 weasel 4 lace 1 8 elbow 32 muzzle 46 wisely 5 bell 19 allayed 33 lustre 47 police 6 feel 20 loath 34 slashed 48 alack 7 slack 21 thill 35 assail 49 billow 8 lame 22 ledge 36 counsel 50 illness 9 knoll 23 allure 37 elm 51 null 10 poll 24 scale 38 alarm 52 polish 1 1 pale 25 abolish 39 solicit 53 elope 12 gull 26 foil 40 solve 54 viol 13 mealy 27 excels 41 solitary 55 Elias 14 kneel 28 laces 42 reveal 56 cowl 1 . The storm rages in- the valley. 2 . The counsel says- the whole thing is a- tissue of lies. 3. He-thinks much of-the social life of our cities, shallow. 4. The law, in-this-case, seems unjust and-severe. 5. The boys are big, manly fejlows. 6. I-fear I-shall have to-go, but Lulu may stay. 7. Leslie and-Olive came yesterday. 8. A-foul ball lost-the game. 9. The pear was mellow and-juicy. 10. Misers lead lives of-misery. 1 1. The police say-the whole thing was a-fizzle. 12. I-think Ezra should- go to- the mill for meal. 13. The air seems raw and-chilly. 64 14. Ask Nellie if she will carry these lilies of- the valley to Viola. 15. He-goes to-the office early for-the daily mail. 1 6. The bill was for tallow. 17. He- thinks they should abolish- the lash. 1 8. The lame lady lost her latch-key in-the lobby. 19. Paul says it-is folly to take a-pail. QUESTIONS LESSON No. 11 1. How many rules are there for the use of lay at the begin- ning of a word ? 2. What is the name of the outline for lack ? 3. What is the name of the outline for always ? 4. What is the name of the outline for peal ? for lead? 5. Should el or lay be used in the word dallied ? 6. What rule is applied in writing elk ? 7. Is ish written upward or downward ? 8. Would you use ish or shay in writing lash ? 9. Which would you use in writing shawl? 10. When sh follows t or d, should you use ish or shay ? Lesson No. 12 H REPRESENTED BY A DOT 1 1 8. A convenient and very satisfactory method of representing h before a vowel is by a light dot written beside the vowel ; thus, head hum Hume whistle whey WHEN TO USE THE H STROKE 119. Use the h stroke in the following- cases ; the dot in all others. (1) After an initial vowel, as in ahead; also when it is the only stroke consonant in the word ; thus, ahead hay . hew high _a_ C' (2) When initial h is followed by s, as in housed hustle hoister hasp c ^ -/- A ^-- -A- 66 (3) When initial h is followed by a vowel, a conso nant and another vowel, as in halo harrow holiday Hollis (4) When followed by two vowels, as in Ho well, haying, etc. (5) When it precedes a final vowel, as in Lehigh. 120. Write the h dot beside a dash vowel, but before a dot vowel, so that a line drawn through the two dots would be at right angles to the consonant stroke. 121. Experienced writers almost invariably omit the h dot. When deemed necessary, the vowel following the dot is inserted. This, together with the context, is suf- ficient to indicate the word. 122. The student, from the beginning of his writing, should omit the h dot, at least from all familiar words, and he will soon be able to read readily without it. NOTE. Exceptional cases may arise where a departure from the rules for the use of /, r and h will give some special advantage in joining, in speed, or in the forming of derivatives ; but the rules here given will be found to cover, in the best manner, nearly every case. Those who follow the rules closest will be most certain of their notes when it comes to reading them, for the rules are made, for the most part, for the accurate reading of, rather than for the writing of, shorthand. 67 WORD SIGNS S^. several S-\Q refers or reference because /~ highly, I will \ subject-ed ** - 4 - * J _ notwithstanding x> . . ... this ^C. nevertheless / those or thus \ _ object-ed , . ^v objector o^ as or has \ peculiar-ity first \__ irregular-itv - f> influence / regular-ly-ity influences 6-^.s something _S \ represent-ed I nothing o is as, or is his _2! knowledge o his is, or his has \ bpprvme ... Q. as his, or as is k... disadvantage D. has his, or has as - ^_-A now V. never v_y new, knew ... forever ^~^\ \ into v~ ) especial-ly S_4 unto 68 READING EXERCISE LESSON No. 12 1 ! 7 ffi 5 W.S, j.( X~_ ,/.: a' 7 .- / ,, SENTENCES.... /'..^...^ '/ L e 9 WRITING EXERCISE LESSON No. 12 i hops 12 Hicks 22 horseshoe 32 hostile 2 hooks 13 hums 23 Ohio 33 horrify 3 hacks 14 hunks 24 hoes 34 horrid 4 hawks 15 hank 25 Hyson 35 harrassed 5 hoed 1 6 halves 26 hussar 36 highway 6 ham 1 7 hubs 27 Harris 37 hissing 7 hate 1 8 hoops 28 hazy 38 hobbyhorse 8 heel 19 hides 29 hyacinth 39 honey -box 9 whew 20 hang 30 hurried 40 huffish 10 wheezes 21 huckster 31 housetop 41 hallowed ii hedge 1. The poor horse was hopelessly stuck in-the mud- dy highway. 2. He- thinks he-saw-the head of- the hyena. 3. The host and-hostess receive at- the head of- the stairs. 4. Harry lives on-the hill half a-mile away. 5. Hasten, for I-hear Horace whistle. 6. In-the heat of-the day he-sits by-the hedge. 7. Now, in shame he-hangs his haughty head. 8. Ask Hugh if he- will harness-the horse. 9. Haste makes waste. 10. Harriet will make wreaths of holly and-hang them in-the hall. 11. The hole in-the hull will soon cause- the ship to sink. The dog howls and-the hare scurries for-the hills. He-hung his hat on-the hinge of-the door. The high heel came off her shoe on-the- way to-the 12. 13- 14. house. 70 15. Never have I seen so many subjected to these disadvantages. 1 6. The way is-as familiar as ever. 17. He-refers to-the many peculiar influences which first took him away. 1 8. The whole thing was irregular. 19. Several came to hear- the subject discussed. 20. Many are now familiar with-the disadvantages of -the system. 21. Anything in-the-way of knowledge may become an-advantage. 22. They think highly of-his reference. 23. Several have already objected because of irregu- larities. 24. Nevertheless they refer to several causes. 25. Is-his case now on? QUESTIONS LESSON No. 12 1. What two methods are employed for representing h ? 2. How many ruleo are given for the use of the h stroke ? 3. When initial h is followed by s, should you use the stroke or the clot ? 4. Would you use the stroke or the dot in writing the word In.od? 5. In writing the word hose, would you use the h stroke or the z stroke ? What is the rule governing this ? 6. When h is followed by a vowel, a consonant and another vowel, should the h dot or stroke bs us^;l? 7. Should the dot or stroke be used in hill ? In hilly? In halls f Lesson No. 13 THE W STROKE AND SEMICIRCLES USES OF THE W STROKE 123. Use the w stroke after an initial vowel ; also when w is the only stroke consonant in the word. awoke await Owego Iowa .if. 1 24. Use the w stroke when s follows, in such words as waste wiser wisely edgewise always whiskey 125. Use the \v stroke for initial sw when followed by m, n or 1. swim swale Sweeney swallow swells <*yC 126. Use the Y Stroke when it is the only stroke consonant in the word, or when it is followed by s, as in yes, yeast, etc. The stroke should also be used for y following an initial vowel, as in over. 72 BRIEF SIGNS FOR W 12 7. For convenience and speed, wis also represented by three brief signs ; a small initial hook, and two semi- circles. The semi-circles are (c) weh, opening to the right, and (a) with, opening to the left. THE W HOOK 128. A small hook for w is used on five strokes only; lay, el, ray, m and n ; thus, wail Wilson queer whim wine twin unwell 129. The names of the strokes with the w hook attached are wel, irer, wem and wen. 130. Use the w hook for initial w when followed by any of the five strokes to which it may be joined ; namely, lay, el, ray, m or n. weal welcome weary we may whine 131. Use the hook for initial sw preceding r, as in swore, etc. (Zss is not joined to any other \v-hook consonant. ) 73 Also use the hook for iv between consonants when it is followed by lay, el, ray, m or n, providing it can be conveniently joined. swore unwieldy twenty acquire quench beware NOTE. The names of the above outlines? are iss-wer, n-wel-H, t-wen-t, k-wer, k-wen-chay and b-wer. 132. Well or wuh may be joined to any stroke, except h, not taking the \v hook. Wuh is always used before ing, k and gay. 133. In choosing between \veh and wuh, always use weh when it will form fin angle with the stroke to which it is joined. When it will not so join, use wuh. weep weed witch wave Waith wash week wing wig Ji 1 1 X....-L ISS JOINED TO WEH AND WUH 134.. The small circle may be joined to wch and wuli, and to the w hook on my ,' thus, switch unswayed swirl 7 vXe 74 135- In joining iss to these signs, the best results will be secured by slightly flattening the circle, that is, making it more like a loop than a circle. See preceding illus- tration. 136. The names of the consonants with weh and wuh attached are weli-t, \\eJi-chtiy, wuli-k, \vuh-ing, etc. 137. If the iss circle is added to weh and wuh, the names would be iss-weh-t, iss-weh-chay, iss-wuh-k, J83-wub-iDg, etc. WHEN TO USE WEH AND WUH 138. Use weh or wuh for initial w or sw, unless fol- lowed by s or z, or by one of the w-hook consonants, (7, m, n, ray}. wipe Swede switch swing swish swath 139. Use weh or wuh, joined, in the middle of such words as unweighed inweave unswayed beeswax dissuade I BRIEF SIGNS FOR F. 140. Y has two brief signs ; ( >-> ) yeh, opening up- ward, and ( o ) yuh, opening downward. 75 141. Use yeh or yuh as may be most convenient, but join so as to form a sharp angle with the consonant to which it is attached. yon yell unyoke youngster Yates 142. When y begins a word, it is represented by yeh or yuh joined, unless followed by s, in which case the y stroke is used. REMARKS. The foregoing rules for the use of brief w and y, refer to these signs when joined to consonant strokes. In the fol- lowing chapter they will be given disjoined. It is, therefore, very important that this lesson be thoroughly mastered before proceed- ing further. Do not be weary in your practice, nor become impatient to pro- ceed. Master every principle as you advance and practice the Reading and Writing Exercises until every word can be read with- out hesitation and written quite readily. Do this with all subse- quent lessons, and you will reach the desired goal in the shortest possible time. Furthermore, you will have the ultimate satisfac- tion of being able to read your notes readily. Failure awaits him who passes to a new lesson before mastering the preceding one. 76 READING EXERCISE LESSON No. 13 L fe y..... - V- --^- - 152. ING THE. The affix ing and a following the may be expressed by writing a light dash in the place of the dot for ing. The dash should be written in the direction of p or chay ; thus, paying the doing the shaping the seeking the choosing the \ I J- ..-/--- -V- <~~ ; 153. 7YG A, AN or AND. The affix ing, and a following a, an or and may be expressed by writing a light dash in the direction of t or k in place of the dot for ing ; thus, eating an making a seeking a pa3 r inga giving a knowing an 82 WORD SIGNS- CONTRACTIONS. c we or with ~ c were . " ^.. -/-... x^. x^ ---. 2 3 4 ^ . o V r> 'T-V < i |7 A. * 4, ... c o ---Vj *^ " *\ 8 SENTENCES .-./!_ _._"\.._ .....^.._. ...\.. 90 WRITING EXERCISE LESSON No. 15 49 fly-wheel 50 evil 51 cloak 52 blazing 53 civil 54 saddle 55 display 56 displease 57 plausible 58 noticeable 59 plastering a 60 pleasing the 6 1 clasping a 62 playing and 63 blessing the 64 shoveling the 1 . Please replace- the two missing panels in-the closet door. 2. On- the- way we saw Noble with a-load of apples, plums and-pickles. 3. On- Wednesday we- will visit- the new tunnel with- my uncle, who-is one of-the officials. 4. It-is possible they-may settle-the claim now, but a-legal battle for-the title seems likely. 5. I- wish Michael would pluck a- few clusters of- those pink and-white blossoms for me. 6. Come with-me and I-will show you-the samples of blue and-white flannel, which we-are now displaying. 7. When we settle-the affairs of-the company we- will place your claim first. 91 i plea 17 Bible 33 flannel 2 clip 1 8 buckle 34 flesh 3 clash 19 kennel 35 funnel 4 plague 20 stumble 36 fluster 5 outfly 21 replace 37 likely 6 joggle 22 double 38 clue 7 classed 23 vocal 39 bevel 8 cable 24 flag 40 peddle 9 blackness 25 cluster 41 camel 10 table 26 thickly 42 clams ii fluid 27 flume 43 closed 12 smuggle 28 nimble 44 panel 13 pluck 29 bluster 45 cling 14 reclaim 30 noble 46 glazes 15 pleases 31 staple 47 oblige 1 6 enable 32 legally 48 final 8. To make-the scheme feasible, his influence is most desirable. 9. Our research discloses but a-small supply. 10. The " Camels" will play- the final game with-the ' ' Elmwoods ' ' on- Wednesday 1 1 . The company should employ him as he- will make a-most amiable official. 12. She-is feeble and I-fear may stumble. 13. The business places close at six. 14. Please ship at once one fly-wheel for our duplex blower, and-much oblige. 15. If-you-will come with-me we-will place a-new panel in-the double door. 1 6. I-will show you our samples of blue enamel ware. 17. Please show us- the clay model. QUESTIONS LESSON No. 15 1. A small initial hook on the upper side of k and gay repre- sents what letter ? 2. What letter is represented by a small initial hook on the right side of downward straight lines ? 3. In what manner do she! and zhel differ from fel and \cl? 4. What letters do not take the 7 hook ? 5. How does the / hook on m, n and ray differ from the / hook on other strokes ? 6. Why is the / hook on m, n and ray made large ? 7. What is the name of m with an 1 hook ? 8. Is the / hook ever written at the end of a stroke ? 9. How is a stroke vocalized with an / hook attachment ? 10. How is an imperfect / hook formed ? 1 1. How may the /ss circle be joined to the 1 hook ? 12. May the loops or the large circle be added to the / hook ? 13. What is the name of the outline for settle f For disclose ? 92 Lesson No. 16 THE R HOOK 164. A small initial hook on the lower side of k and gay, and on the left side of any downward straight line adds r; thus, kr gr pr br tr dr chr jr e- \ \ 11 / / 165. Notice that the r hook on these letters is ex- actly opposite the / hook ; the 7 being on the right side, the r hook on the left side. 1 66. A small hook on an inverted f, v or th adds r; thus, fr vr thr 167. The above characters cannot be confused with ar, w, SOT z, because these strokes never take an initial hook. 1 68. A small initial hook on a shaded ni or n adds r; thus, mr nr rumor dinner L 93 169. A small hook at the top of sh and zh adds r ; thus, shr zhr shriek measure 170. Remember that in s&r and z/zr the hook is at the top, and the strokes are always written downward. On shl and z/j/ the hook is always at the bottom, and the strokes are written upward. There is, there- fore, no coufliction between sher and shel, or zher and zbel. VOCALIZATION, USE, ETC. 171. Strokes with r hooks are vocalized and used the same as strokes with 7 hooks, and are governed by the same rules. The hook is always read after the conso- nant stroke. When a circle is prefixed to an /or r hook, read the circle first. 172. When it is impossible to make a perfect hook between strokes, an imperfect hook may be formed by retracing the stroke preceding the hook ; thus, cheaper baker digger dauber 173. CAUTION. The r hook on m and n must be made small, and the m and n shaded, or confliction will result with the w and / hooks on the same letters. Note the difference. nr mr wn wm nl ml 94 174- The names of the r hook consonants are per, her, ter, der, cher, jer, her, ger, ner, mer, sher, zher, ther, etc. ISS, SEZ, AND STEH PREFIXED TO R HOOKS 175. Writing a small circle in place of the r hook on straight lines prefixes s ; writing a large circle in place of the hook prefixes sez ; writing a small loop in place of the hook prefixes steh ; thus, straw seeker suppress sister - r .jr 2, a __ stutter stupor steeper stitcher j _ v _ :\_ :L NOTE. The ster loop is never prefixed to an r hook. 176. N is the only curved r hook sign taking initial iss ; hence, the r in such words as summer and suffer should be expressed by the stroke r, not with an r hook. sinner sooner summer suffer 177. Per, bel, kel, ter, ner, etc., with iss prefixed, should be called iss-per, iss-bel, iss-kel, iss-ter, iss-ner, etc. If more convenient, and the syllable can be spoken, they may be called sper, sbel, skel, etc. NOTE. When sh followes per, her, ter or der, use shay. When sh follows pel or bel, use ish. That is to say, write the sh on the side opposite the hook on these strokes. 95 READING EXERCISE LESSON No. 16 Y- ~yf 4 r* , _ .Vrrr-_.._ _/l.._A. / i 10 ...Ai..!^.... ....S:..^ .15^ - -A...' b ^ V = ? C I 96 WRITING EXERCISE- LESSON No. 16 i shriek 27 treaty 53 thresh 2 decry 28 grassy 54 tray 3 riramer 29 crouching 55 pricing 4 author 30 prying 56 crop 5 eagerly 31 cream 57 powder 6 broker 32 trigger 58 brim 7 precise 33 shaker 59 drumming 8 pepper 34 knocker 60 bother 9 rubber 35 jobber 6 1 dinner 10 depressed 36 thrash 62 maker ii crying 37 stunner 63 freely 12 crust 38 silvery 64 feathery 13 growth 39 shrug 65 drawer 14 copper 40 bray 66 oppressed 15 prior 41 praising 67 drying 1 6 crawl 42 groom 68 priced 17 teacher 43 gripping 69 greedy 1 8 bookmaker 44 creeping 70 editor 19 appraise 45 depressing 71 prairie 20 trash 46 crime 72 soaker 21 freer 47 truck 73 suppress 22 slipper 48 drier 74 secrecy 23 thrasher 49 crush 75 stripper 24 cooperage 50 thrush 76 scrabble 25 propose 51 throb 77 supervise 26 free 52 lover 78 screeching 1. The editor proposed many pressing measures. 2. I-presume we-shall hear-the author of-this new play speak at- the club dinner, Thursday. 97 3. At last-the dreary day drew to a-close, and sup- perless, the weary soldiers sought repose. 4. This foolscap is scarcely suitable. 5. The brickmaker was making bricks and- the baker was frying crullers. 6. Please ask Roger to bring me-a-small crock of- cream for breakfast. 7. The stripes on-the funnel were black and-white. 8. The author eagerly proposed many striking measures at-the teachers' dinner. 9. I-have yours of yesterday with-the samples en- closed, and-thank-j-ou for your trouble. 10. You-may purchase three pieces each of- the damask tablecloth, and- the navy blue flannel at-the prices you name. If, however, you are able to-make-the terms, two off for cash, I-would like it. Ship Saturday. Yours truly. 1 1 . My daughter Clara, who-is now in Denver, saw- the partial eclipse of-the sun oil-Friday of last week. 12. Your display of papers is nice and-as your prices are reasonable your 'sales should-be large. QUESTIONS LESSON No. 16 1. Explain the difference between kel and her. 2. May the r hook be prefixed to any downward straight line ? 3. What letters are inverted when taking the r hook ? ^. Which side of downward straight lines takes the r hook ? 5 How does met differ from wem ? 6. How many initial hooks does 777 take ? 7. How may iss be prefixed to the r hook on p ? On k ? 8. To what curved r hook sign may iss be prefixed ? 9. How is scz prefixed to the r hook on straight lines ? 10. Is the ster loop ever prefixed to the r hook ? 11. What is the name of the outline for sister? 98 Lesson No. 17 SPECIAL USE OF L AND R HOOKS 178. Long or unsatisfactory outlines may frequently be avoided by the use of / and r hooks, even when there would be a distinct vowel sound between the 1 or r and the consonant stroke, as in recourse, portray, etc. SPECIAL VOCALIZATION 179. In placing a vowel that is to be read between a consonant stroke and an 1 or r hook, observe the follow- ing rules : (a) When a dot vowel is to be represented, make the dot into a circle and write the circle before the stroke when the vowel is long, or after if the vowel is short. Occasions will arise, however, where this cannot be done. In such cases, place the circle on whichever side of the stroke will be most convenient ; thus, barely merely tearless shellac poineer veneer V (6) When a dash vowel is to be read between a stroke and an 7 or r hook, the dash should be struck through the stroke ; thus, Turk doorway correct coarsely 99 (c) When a diphthong, or a semi-circle, is to be read between a stroke and an 7 or r hook, it must be struck through the stroke, or written at the beginning or end of the stroke ; thus, qualify procure figures THE CIRCLE AND R HOOK BETWEEN STROKES 1 80. \S may be represented between any downward straight line (p, b, t, d, chay, j) and ker or ger, by making the circle on the right side of the downward line and joining the k or gay from the top of the circle. S may also be added between chay orj, and pr or br by joining the p or b in the same manner, that is, from the top of the circle ; thus, superscribe disgrace subscriber Jasper 181. Iss or sezmay be prefixed to the r hook between two straight lines in the same direction, by turning the circle on the lower side of k or gay, and on the left side of the downward strokes ; thus, execrable prosper disaster destroy Boasberg or, if preferred 1 82. In other cases the circle for iss is written dis- tinctly within the hook ; thus, extra Passover designer listener L L C " GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE L AND R HOOKS 183. Use the hook in all cases where no vowel sound, or one of but minor importance, would come between the stroke and hook. (a) The hook may also be used in words of three or more consonants, and occasionally in words of two con- sonants (even where a strong vowel sound occurs between the stroke and hook), providing the hook would give a better or more rapid outline than the stroke. (6) Do not, however, use the hook where the 1 or r stroke could be written to equal advantage and would make a plainer outline ; thus file should be written f-el, not fel ; re- file, ray- f-el ; bar, b-ar, not her; door, d-ar, not der; but doorway could safely be written der- \vay, and bark, ber-k, thus giving a more compact and easier outline than d-ar- w and b-ar-k. lot READING EXERCISE LESSON No. 17 SENTENCES . -y. ** .^ ? <\~ > I - f_ ...Ze ^r^.... 1 02 WRITING EXERCISE LESSON No. 17 i coal-black 13 seashore 25 outstretch 37 discourage 2 coarsely 14 filthy 26 disastrous 38 suitor 3 burst 15 fork 27 pasture 39 feasible 4 charm 1 6 firmly 28 curb 40 distressed 5 foolscap 17 forsake 29 pearl 41 disagreeable 6 occurs 1 8 forkless 30 carboy 42 discourses 7 shark 19 term 31 sharp 43 Turk 8 shares 20 car 32 courage 44 pioneer 9 gore 21 verily 33 foolish 45 nearly 10 careless 22 qualify 34 slavery 46 charcoal ii church 23 unfurl 35 endures 47 doorway 12 portray 24 curable 36 descry 1. Such a-discourse is scarcely suitable for- the time and-place. 2. The officials are now at- the scene of -the disastrous wreck on-the L,ake Shore. 3. The firm will engage two extra designers, March first. 4. They suppressed all telegrams. 5. Charley will take a-course in engineering at Ann Arbor. 6. The prisoner was courageous, but coarse aiid- vulgar. 7. He- will purchase books and-have recourse to-the knowledge he-desires. 8. Strong drink is a-curse. 103 SIR : Since Driscoll's telegram of yesterday, promising to ship your automobile on Thursday, our engineer has noticed a- fracture in- the rim of- the rear right wheel. The tire also is weak, he-says, and-is liable to burst at any time on being subjected to increased pressure. Both must be replaced. This will require time, but we- will get a-new rim at-the factory today and-by working extra will-be-able to ship your car by-the steamer Empress, which sails at three o'clock Friday and reaches Plymouth early Saturday. Yours truly, QUESTIONS LESSON No. 17 1. Are the initial hooks ever used when a strong vowel sound comes between the stroke and hook ? 2. What is the object in using the hook when a strong vowel sound conies between the hook and stroke ? 3. How can a dash vowel be written so as to be read between the stroke and hook ? 4. If you wished to read the vowel " a " between a hook and stroke, how would you represent it? 5. In writing the word Jasper how would you indicate the r ? 6 How would you indicate a circle and the hook for r between two k strokes ? 7. What is the name of the outline for disgrace f 104 Lesson No. 18 ENLARGED L AND R HOOKS 184. Any r hook may be enlarged to add the sound of 7. The names of the enlarged r hooks are as follows : prel trel cherl krel frel threl shrel merl nerl ...<\ ....... .0 ............ 2 ........ ,cr_ 185. The small 1 hook may be enlarged to add the sound of r. R is not added to the large 1 hook oir m, n, and ray. The names of the enlarged / hooks are as follows : pier tier chler kler fler thler shier ..... S, .......... L ....... Z! ......... o_ ...... _ .......... e 1 86. The enlarged / and r hooks are called the rel and ler hooks. 187. S may be prefixed to any rel or ler hook by writing the iss circle within the hook. VOCALIZATION 1 88. The rel and ler hooks are vocalized the same as the simple 1 and r hooks, except that when a vowel is 105 placed after the rel or ler hook it is read between the 7 and r. See April and /7oo;' below. April floor clear abler collar settler scholar _. !k SL_= _ 5r .... AY, t/AT OR 189. The initial syllable, in, un or en, when followed by s, may frequently be represented to advantage by a small initial hook, called the In hook, prefixed as follows : i. To any straight line r hook sign, and occasionally to an 1 hook sign ; thus, unsprung unstring inscribe insecure unsettle uncivilized . t 2. To any other stroke in order to avoid turning a circle on the back of n ; thus, unsullied unseemly unsunnised 190. The names of the above outlines are ; in-slay-d, in-sem-lay, in-ser-emst. 191. The In hook should not be used where the n stroke could be employed to better advantage. The hook is used on unsettle and uncivilized to avoid a change of outline. 106 192. It is sometimes unnecessary to insert all the vowels of a word. Certain unimportant vowels may safely be omitted, as eh in abler ; eh in babbler ; a in liberal, etc. It will be noticed that the words can be read quite as readily without these vowels as with them. NOTE. The In hook is sometimes employed to represent the word in ; as, in securing, in suppressing, etc. ./. WORD SIGNS ...I. till, tell, it will P.. until, at all ... < T777... call, equally ...c difficult-y .JL- full, fully . ^.-. value - ^ ....principle, principal ~_JB surprise -A ....member, remember ..^ number-ed I dear _...!. truth ... 1 . during 107 every, very through ). ..... ..their, there, they are J\_. ......................... other ____ /_ ........... ....sure, surely ._-/__. .................... pleasure ..... Mr., mere, remark .near, nor ....Messrs, capable-y ..c ^.-. care ... A-. from __J over .-l.-n transgress ....in reference .influential __._. proper .____\_. capability _._\._. probable-ility REMARKS. Derivatives of the words in the above list may be formed by adding to the word sign, the consonant or consonants necessary to form the derivative ; thus, to difficult, add iss for difficulties ; to remark, add bel, for remarkable-y ; to full, add ens, for fulness ; to mere, add lay, for merely ; etc. 108 READING EXERCISE LESSON No. 18 109 WRITING EXERCISE LESSON No. 18 i hflmbler 1 6 clerical 31 insuperable 2 nimbler 17 buckler 32 inseparable 3 dabbler 1 8 implore 33 insoluble 4 droller 19 level er 34 gambler 5 stickler 20 enslave 35 clearness 6 nibbler 21 unstrung 36 colorless 7 tattler 22 instructress 37 smuggler 8 jumbler 23 temporal 38 clergy 9 unstruck 24 lustral 39 cobbler 10 unscrew 25 timbrel 40 glare 1 1 unsalable 26 Charles 41 scribblei 12 clairvoyance 27 saddler 42 inscribe 13 scrupler 28 straggler 43 unsling 14 quibbler 29 flourish 44 insomnia 15 strangler 30 simpler 1. Have-you seen- the editorial in-the April number of McClure's? 2. He- is both liberal and-influential. 3. His manner is very charming and-many members of-the Ramblers' Club will probably be there to hear his remarks on " The Travelers of Africa." 4. The principal difficulty, as I remember it, was to secure capable trailers. 5. We-had-the pleasure of seeing Mr. and- Mrs. Sad- dler and-the Misses Saddler during our stay at Geneva. 6. Until they tell us more, it- will be difficult to fig- ure-the value of-the full cargo. 7. It- was a-clear, warm day in Apiil, and-m^ny flowers were in-bloorn. no 8. The trouble seems-to-be over ; some of-the mem- bers have already passed through on-their-way home; others are waiting to hear from-the officials and-will take- the last car. 9. We deplore her unseemly and unsisterly course. 10. The simpler-the nicer. 11. Charles writes- the editorials for- the Saturday Chronicle each week. DEAR SIR : We-have your telegram, saying you wish-the body of- your cutter black and-the gear red. It-will take fully two weeks to do a-nice job, but we- will rush it as fast as possible. We-have a-cutter in stock just like yours in-every-way but with a-blue-black body and-red gear, which we-are- sure will suit you. If-you wish this cutter wire us and we- will ship Saturday. Yours very truly, QUESTIONS LESSON No. 18 1. What is added by enlarging an r hook? 2. May any r hook be enlarged ? 3. What is added to the small 1 hook sign by enlarging? 4. What 1 hooks are not enlarged to add r ? 5. What name is given to the enlarged / and r hooks ? 6. How may s be prefixed to these enlarged hooks ? 7. If a vowel is placed before a stroke with an enlarged hook, when is it read ? 8. If a vowel is placed after such a sign, where is it read ? 9. How may the initial syllables in, en and tin be represented when followed by s ? 10. To what series of hook signs are they principally joined? in Lesson No. 19 FINAL HOOKS FOR F, V. AND N 193. A small hook at the end, and on the circle side of any straight line consonant, adds for v ; thus, puff cover rave huff chief The names of the above outlines are ; pef 2 , kev 2 -ray, rev 2 , hef 2 , chef 1 . 194. With the aid of the context, and a little practice, no confusion will result from employing the same hook for /"and v. NOTE. The y hook may be used on the perpendicular curves to denote the addition of have. The v hook may also be used on th in writing the word thief, and its derivatives, thievish, thievery, etc. 195. A small hook at the end of any straight line con- sonant, and opposite the circle side, adds n ; thus, den cleaner ran gun chin 196. The above will bring the n hook on the under side of k, gay, ray and hay, and on the left side of all other straight strokes. The names of the above outlines are ; den 2 , klen-ar l , ren 3 , gen 2 , chen 1 . 112 197- N may also be added to any curve sign by a small final hook on the inner or concave side ; thus, fine vainer minute Orrin assign VOCALIZATION 198. A vowel placed after a stroke with an f, v or n hook, must be read between the stroke and the hook. In other words, the hook must be read after any vowel placed beside the stroke. See preceding illustration. CIRCLES AND LOOPS ADDED TO FINAL HOOKS 199. S may be added to the /"and v hooks and to the 12 hook on curves, by writing the small circle distinctly within the hook ; thus, raves puffs means fans thins The names of the above outlines are; ref-iss 2 or re/s 2 , pefs 2 , mcns 1 , fens 3 , thens 1 . 200. A circle or loop may be added to the n hook on any straight line, by writing the circle or loop in the place of the hook ; thus, pens Kansas chanced spinster glanced i ........ _,.._ A ......... ^-p y ^- "3 CAUTION. The loops and the large circle are never added to the for v hooks. 201. The loops and the large circle are never added to the n hook between strokes. 202. The small circle may be added to f, v and n hooks between strokes, but only when it can be written distinctly within the hook ; thus, lonesome ransack ransom calfskin sponsor WHEN TO USE THE F, V AND N HOOKS 203. Use the f, v or n hook when these letters are final, or when immediately followed by s. cough coffee puff puffy fun funny pens pennies dives device ^ The names of the above outlines are ; kef 1 , k-f l ; pef 2 , p 2 -f; fen 2 ,f-n 2 , pens 2 , p-ens 2 ; defs 1 , d-vs l . 204. The hook should be used between strokes when- ever the junction will permit, and when it will make a better outline than the stroke would. provoke devote panic pinery Greenwood preference READING EXERCISE LESSON No. 19 WRITING EXERCISE LESSON No. 19 i gave i 6 graver 31 vainer 46 thinish 2 rave 17 engraves 32 cleaver 47 spinsters 3 roof 1 8 drivers 33 brownish 48 bobbins 4 staffs 19 endeavors 34 vacancy 49 frowns 5 braver 20 beverage 35 dens 50 kinsman 6 rebuffs 21 gloves 36 dances 51 cancer 7 calf 22 retrieves 37 punish 52 swollen 8 siphon 23 preferences 38 French 53 adjourn 9 heaves 24 rougher 39 quinsy 54 ferns 10 cloves 25 typhoon 40 gleans 55 France 1 1 roofless 26 doorman 41 Spencer 56 stanza 12 divers 27 wooden 42 ozone 57 oceans 13 cleaver 28 urn 43 tenth 58 moonshine 14 devoid 29 seven 44 thrones 59 bounced 15 devote 30 economy 45 pancake 60 expanse 1 . The weapon is a- very fine one. 2. The decline is very sharp and I-fear a-panic. 3. Several clergymen from Maine will remain there to study-the Spanish language. 4. Do-you think these thin iron frames will sustain- the strain ? 5. Many of-the oranges were rotten and-the lemons were green. 6. The Guaranty Block is a-granite structure of Spanish design and-fine finish. 7. Several foreigners will visit- the clinic on-Monda3 r . 8. If-you-go down town this noon, please bring me a-box of pens and-ten or a-dozen pencils. 9. Please sweeten- the lemonade to your taste. 10. The country seems- to- be volcanic. 116 n. " There-is-no obstacle more in-the-way of success in life than trusting for something to turn up, instead of going to- work and-turning up something." 12. The gunsmith is a-kinsman of-mine, a-profane fellow but a-fine mechanic. 13. We-are enclosing with-this our check for- the balance due you to June first. 14. The policeman on-duty at-the time of- the runaway says both Mrs. Madden and-the coachman were thrown against-the stone curbing. 15. We-have this-day drawn on-you at seven days' sight as per your telephone message of-this morning, and- thank-you very much. QUESTIONS-LESSON No. 19 1. What three consonants are represented by small hooks at the end of straight line strokes ? 2. How do you distinguish between the /"and n hook on straight lines ? 3. Is there any way you can distinguish between the / and v hook on straight lines ? 4. Is the f hook added to curves ? 5. A vowel placed after a stroke with an for n hook is read when ? 6. How is a small circle added to the f hook ? 7. Is the circle added to the n hook on curves the same as to the n hook on straight lines ? 8. Why is it necessary to write the circle distinctly within the n hook on curves ? 9. How are st and str added to the n hook on straight lines? 10. May the large circle be added to the n on straight lines ? 11. What is said about the addition of the small circle to the n hook between strokes ? 12. What is the order of reading a straight stroke with a small loop written in place of the n hook ? 117 Lesson No. 20 SYLLABLES, SHON AND TIV 205. The syllable Shon (spelled tion, don, dan, sion, etc. in different words) may be added to any con- sonant by a large, final hook, written on the circle side of straight strokes, and the inner or concave side of curved strokes ; thus, motion coercion magician diffusion visionary -^ fe ^ The names of the above outlines are; m-shon 2 , k-ray-shon 2 , m-j-shon*, d 3 -f-shon, v-shon l -ray. 206. The syllable tiv, which is added to straight lines only, is indicated by a large hook written .opposite the circle side ; thus, active defectiveness dative collective 207. The small circle may be written within the shon and tiv hooks to add s. 118 SMALL HOOK FOR SHON CALLED ESHON 208. When the syllable shon is preceded by a sounded vowel and s, it is usually best represented by a small hook added to the iss circle ; thus, physician transition transitional suppositions succession ^e 1 1^ % The names of the above outlines are ; f-iss-eshon l , trens-eshon 1 , trens-eshon l -lay, spes-eshons 1 , skays-eshon 2 . 209. The small circle may be written inside the eshon hook to add a final s. See suppositions in preceding illustration. . VOCALIZATION OF ESHON 210. Vowels, occurring between the s and shon, may be written at the left of the hook if first place, and at the right if second or third place. In practice it is rarely necessary, however, to vocalize th 2 eshon hook. 119 READING EXERCISE LESSON No. 20 / . 2 .. 3 . 7 SENTENCE'S 9 . "i // ,.,!. 12 L ...'^....^ ....)..-> 15 120 WRITING EXERCISE LESSON No. 20 1 remission 2 rotation 3 delusion 4 logician 5 ineffective 6 Russian 7 ruination 8 submission 9 inattention 10 auction ri attraction 12 negative 13 division 14 perfective 15 radiation 1 6 deception 17 regulation 18 palliation 19 assertion 20 irrigation 21 inspiration 22 illustration 23 activeness 24 professional 25 receptive 26 suppression 27 instruction 28 duration 29 mansions 30 extermination 31 prosecution 32 deprivation 33 fermentation 34 desolation 35 desecration 36 electioneer 37 subsection 38 seclusion 39 friction 40 veneration 41 captivity 42 restorative 43 distillation 44 execution 45 defective 46 opposition 47 persuasion 48 procession 49 acquisition 50 indecision 51 precision 52 authorization 53 relaxation 54 disposition 55 deposition 56 dispensation 57 depreciation 58 crystallization 59 pulsation 60 preposition 1. All say-the reception was a- most enjoyable oc- casion. 2. His assertions are positive and-his remarks pleas- ing and-full of persuasion. 3. He-will give large remuneration for instruction. 4. There-seems-to-be friction among- the members. 5. Dissipation and-speculation are- the ruination of many. 6. In-his deposition he states-the depreciation was simply normal. 121 7- The cessation of active operations is sure to- occasion deprivation and-stiffering at this season. 8. I-fear-the musician in-his devotion to duty was- the cause of-the sensation. 9. The proposition which-you make for supplying us with-coal for-the coming three years is receiving our attention. 10. We- will, however, be unable to-give-you a-deci- siou for some days. QUESTIONS LESSON No. 20 1. What syllable is represented by a large hook at the end, and on the circle side, of straight strokes ? 2. What syllable is represented by a large hook at the end of curved strokes ? 3. When the syllable tiv follows a curve, how must it be rep- resented ? 4. What consonant always precedes the eshon hook ? 5. May the eshon hook be added to both curved and straight strokes ? 6. Is the tiv hook added to curves? 7. Can the tiv hook be confused with the shon hook ? Why ? 8. When a long vowel occurs between the s and shon, where should it be placed ? 9. May the small circle be added to the shon and tiv hooks, and the eshon hook ? 10. May these hooks be written between strokes ? 122 Lesson No. 21 M SHADED TO ADD P OR B 211. M may be shaded to denote the addition of the sound of p or b ; thus, imp ambition bump stamp impose '""^ ^ \ i - .V x -s-T*- <7~v 212. Shaded 773 is called emp when p is added, and emb when b is added. 213. Emp and emb never take an initial hook, hence, they will not conflict with mer. 214. Three final hooks, n, s/?o/2 and esAon, may be added to emp and emb. 215. P may be omitted when it occurs between m and s/JO/7, in such words as presumption assumption preemption ~ '""^ LENGTHENED STROKES 216. Doubling the length of emp or emb adds er ; thus, romper timber jumpers / V N U N 123 217. Doubling the length of ing adds kror gr ; thus, finger flankers linger angers, anchors 2 1 8. Doubling the length of any other curved stroke adds tr, dr or thr ; thus, fetter older neither enters VOCALIZATION 219. A lengthened stroke is vocalized the same as any simple consonant stroke, but the sound denoted by lengthening must be read after any vowel placed beside the stroke, and before a final hook, loop or circle. See preceding illustration. CAUTION. In those words where gr, tr, dr, etc. , are followed by a final vowel, or by a vowel and s, the stroke and r hook must be used ; thus, hungry sentries mattress fortress 220. It is allowable, in a few words, to lengthen a stroke even when a vowel following tr, dr or thr cannot be expressed ; as in, alteration moderation federation . The above principle should be confined to a few very familiar words. 124 22i. The first position for a lengthened downward stroke is on the line, or a little above it ; the second posi- tion is slightly through the line ; the third position is half the stroke, or less, above the line, and the remainder below it. ist position 2d position 3d position THERE, THEIR, THEY ARE OR OTHER 222. Any curve or straight line, without a final hook, loop or circle, may be lengthened to add thr for there, their, they are, or other ; thus, in their by their in there by there among their in other by other check their among other 223. The context will readily indicate the word added. 224. Straight lines may occasionally be lengthened to add tr, dr, or thr, as in quarter, injector, rather, pros- pector, etc. This principle is rarely used when the consonant is initial. NAMES. The name of lengthened ing is ingger or ingker, ac- cording as gr or kr is added. Thus the name of the outline for finger, is f-ingger ; for drinker, der-ingkcr ; etc. The name of any other lengthened stroke is the name of the consonant prefixed to that of the added syllable. The name of the outline for mother, is emthr 2 ; for fetter, eftr 2 ; for enters, entrs 2 ; for modern, emdrn 1 ; etc. 125 READING EXERCISE LESSON No. 21. fS ^kAk. 1 1. .JC 126 WRITING EXERCISE LESSON No 21. i vamp 26 pamper 51 wilder 2 impute 27 sombre 52 dissenter 3 ambitious 28 whimper 53 defender 4 impede 29 tramper 54 metrical 5 clamp 30 hanker 55 nitrate 6 shampoo 31 fingerless 56 supporter 7 shrimp 32 canker 57 woodcutter 8 trump 33 sinkers 58 spectre 9 cramp 34 clinkers 59 orderly 10 imbues 35 anchorless 60 promoter ii embody 36 franker 6 1 shatter 12 clump 37 smother 62 shelter 13 pomp 38 render 63 cinder 14 tramp 39 slender 64 stockholder 15 mump 40 disorder 65 surrender 1 6 emperor 41 flutter 66 waterproof 17 empty 42 literary 67 wintry 1 8 redemption 43 loiters 68 Andrew 19 simper 44 water 69 angry 20 limber 45 diameter 70 artery 21 hamper 46 swelter 71 paltry 22 plumper 47 wandered 72 laundry 23 cumber 48 Arthur 73 propagator 24 stamper 49 smoother 74 speculator 25 clamber 50 engender 75 debater 1. The little imp has broken-the pump and-also-the pitcher. 2. His presumption was very embarrassing to- the ambassador. 127 3. It-is an-imposition to ask them to camp in-this damp place. 4. The emperor plans to enter-the fortress on- Monday. 5. Mr. Alexander, whom we just passed, is a-large dealer iii-timber and-lumber. 6. The new company has already proposed several alterations in-the original plans. 7. The steamboat is now at anchor in-the harbor. 8. She is more slender than her }^ouuger sister whom we saw at-the theatre. 9. Andrew will order a- new and- modern stamp in place of-this cumbersome and worn out one. 10. As-the water is rising fast, their position is inse- cure and-they must flee while-there-is yet time. 1 1 . The poor girls are both fatherless and-motherless. 12. He-is a-molder and-is always engendering strife by his eccentric ways. 13. A-decision in-their suit for damages will likely be rendered Wednesday. 14. Walter had a-bottle of nitric acid and a- phial of ether which he-gave to-the leader. 15. If-the weather is moderate I-think both father - and-mother will go. 1 6. I-hope we-may linger and-look for-their hand- kerchiefs. - 17. If-they go in-there they-are likely to suffer for- their folly. 1 8. This is smoother than-the one Arthur had. 19. He- was hungry and I-think rather angry, too. 20. Luther said he-would-be at-the eastern entrance at four with several maps aud-illustrations. 128 QUESTIONS LESSON No. 21 1. What two sounds may be added to m by shading? 2. What name is given to m when shaded? 3. What letters may be added to emp and emb by lengthening ? 4. Do emp and emb ever take an initial hook ? 5. May they take an initial circle, or the small loop? 6. What final hooks do they take ? 7. What is added to ing by doubling its length ? 6. If a vowel is placed beside a lengthened stroke, when is it read ? 9. When is it not allowable to lengthen a curve to add tr, dr, etc. ? 10. What is the name of lengthened ff Of w ? 11. Are straight lines ever lengthened to add tr, dr or thr ? 12. Is it customary to lengthen a straight line when it is initial, or the only stroke in the word ? 13. What is a lengthened ing called ? 14. Where should a lengthened perpendicular or inclined curve in the first position rest? 15. Where should the first half of a perpendicular curve in the third position rest ? 129 Lesson No. 22 WORD SIGNS CONTRACTIONS .A A above _TT?-- again ^*~ <^- another ..\ before been rrs. question-eel, can crrA careful-ly ._L differeiit-ly entire c--. -^y.. farther, further it.. general-ly importance opinion _Si_ objection .....^. objective io _,. often, phonograph-y _ .si phonograplier ..__>J7i: phonographic ._...\... remembrance ../7\).. representation .../^.o representative _.\i subjection .'...jo subjective .A... truthful-ly 130 improve-ment, may be impossible-ility investigation .as soon as upon whatever whichever, which ? ve .__ who have, whoever .,_. within ....fo. as well as __._P , as much as 225. Too much importance cannot be given to the word signs. They must be studied and practiced until they can be written instantly. A good plan is to review each day all the word signs you have been over. Do this and they will soon be at your ready command. If you do not learn the word signs you will have to write the words out in full, which would frequently mean a long or cumbersome outline, and sometimes aconflictiou with some other word. WRITING EXERCISE- LESSON No. 22 1. Above all, be truthful, and-remember-the farther you wander from-the objective in phonography, the more difficult it- will-be to become a-phonogragher. 2. This question has-been before us again and-again. 3. Study- the question carefully before you decide upon what to do. 4. The improvement makes it impossible. 5. The principal objection came from-the phono- graphic member. 6. The men should-be more careful generally. 7. We-can see as-well-as they can. 8. Whatever is done by-the man must be done quickly. 9. Another important opinion upon-the question may-be looked for from Representative Evans. 10. Whichever way they go they- are sure to see some who-have gone before. 11. In my opinion they will ask for-another investi- gation within a-year. 12. By adding- the shon hook to " subject " we have " subjection." 13. Again- the question arises: "Can we further improve upon this plan before another winter ? ' ' 14. It- will-be to our advantage if-we-can study this question more carefully before proceeding further. 15. The importance of- the subject is often overlooked. DEAR SIR : Your-letter to-the Eastern Motor Company has-been referred to us as being headquarters for fine automobile leather. We-have a-new process for tanning our leather which makes it exceedingly flexible, waterproof and- stronger than any-other leather produced. Our orders are three months ahead now, and-the factory is taxed to its utmost. We-are enclosing samples and-will-be-pleased to enter your order for July ist. Yours truly, 132 Lesson No. 23 SHORTENED LETTERS 226. T or d may be added to any consonant stroke, except w and ,r, by making it half its usual length ; thus, pet spade spent plants refined .X S I-.. ... ^ 227. The context will enable one to determine readily whether t or d is added. The names of the above outlines are, pet 2 , spet 2 , spent 2 , plents* , ray 1 -fend. METHOD OF READING 228. The t or d denoted by shortening, must be read after a final hook, but before a final circle ; thus, band tufts bands rents heft The names of the above outlines are, bend 3 , tefts 2 , bends 3 , rents 2 , heft 2 . 229. Emp and emb are halved only when they take a final hook. 230. Shortened el, m, n and fir may be shaded when d is added, but are written light when t is added. old late made mate send sent hard heart T.. /T. ^^- ^^ a> fti_. }- -7y- The names of the above outlines are, eld 2 , let 2 , med 2 , met 2 , iss-end 2 , snet 2 or iss-net, ard 3 and art 3 . 231. Wem and wen must not be shaded when short- ened, as they would conflict with shortened tner and ner. mrd wmt-d nrd wnt-d The names of the above outlines are, mere? 2 , wemt 2 , nerd 2 , went 2 . 232. The ray stroke is not shortened when standing alone; hence such words as right, rate, rod, etc., should be written ray-t or ray-d, not ret or red. Ray may, however, be shortened when it has an initial or final hook ; thus, word rent rafts rounds 233. A shortened s may sometimes be written upward to advantage when joined to an n or shon hook ; as in, fashionist factionist canonist The names of the above outlines are, f-shon 3 -est, f*-kshon-est, and k*-ncn-est. 134 234- Final ted or ded may be disjoined when pre- ceded by a downward stroke to which it cannot be joined at an angle ; thus, treated deeded awaited averted 235. For final rd after k, gny, f, v, m or lay, use shortened ray (ret), not shortened ar (ard) ; thus, lured veered moored afford WHEN NOT TO SHORTEN 236. Do not shorten when the junction would not show the addition of the shortened letter, as in looked effect minute' fatigue /^\ -v_- rr^i net NOTE. From the above outlines it will be seen that, even with the greatest care in writing, the halving principle could not be employed in words of this class, as one could not tell where the full stroke ended and the shortened one began. 135 237- Do n t shorten when the t or d is followed by a final vowel, or by a vowel and final s ; as in, windy naughty Sundays NOTE. By observing " Method of Reading," it will be noticed that the above words could not be written with the shortened principle, even if desired, as the t or d denoted by shortening must be read after any vowels placed beside the stroke, and in these words the t or d would come before the vowel. It would be well, however, to notice the distinction in outline which this gives in a certain class of words, as wind, windy ; naught, naughty ; sends, Sundays ; etc. ' 238. Do not shorten a stroke that follows an initial vowel, and is in turn followed by a vowel and final t or d ; in other words, do not shorten a simple consonant that is preceded and followed by a vowel ; as in, afoot avowed abed NOTE. The above rule not only makes the reading easier but gives a distinction between such words as foot and afoot ; vowed and a vo wed; bed and abed ; etc. 239. Do not shorten a stroke which is immediately followed by t\vo sounded vowels and final t or d ; as in, Druid fluid quiet Hyatt -JD. ..... I 136 240. Do not shorten /, r or n when preceded by a vowel and a consonant, and followed by a vowel and final d, (not t ) ; as in, mellowed married renewed flurried NOTE. The above rule makes a distinction between such words as marred and married ; ruined and renewed ; etc. If the vowels were always inserted, there would be no need of the foregoing rules, but as the advanced phonographer writes only an occasional vowel, such distinction in outline adds materially to the easy and accurate reading of shorthand notes. 241. Do not shorten lay when followed by a vowel and d, (not t) ; thus, laid lied lewd lead laud ] (. \ i- \ late _. n light loot c lit r lot c 242. In words of one syllable, ending in the sound of Id, use the downward /, shaded ; thus, old ailed hold sailed _ ..:/:. .. .._: NOTE;. Observance of the above rules will give a distinction between three classes of words, and will be found very helpful in reading when the vowels are omitted. 243. The shortened letters are called bet, ret, chet, met, let, art, etc., or if d is added, bed, red, ched, rued, eld, ard, etc. Shortened ish is called isht, and shortened shay, shet. 244- For the sake of greater speed or legibility, the rules governing the use of r and 1 are sometimes disre- garded when these letters are shortened ; thus, peeled retard redeem boiled 245. Derivatives of words represented by word signs, may be formed by adding to the sign of the primitive the consonant necessary to form the derivative ; thus, value valued call called world worldly ....... .......... ........... ~ .......... - ........... r ............ - ~ NOTE. When a word sign does not contain the last conso- nant of the primitive word, the derivative is rarely formed by shortening; hence, the signs for object, remark, etc., should not be shortened for objected, remarked, etc. In these cases use the primitive sign for the derivative word, or add the t or d stroke. Great care should be taken to make the shortened letters only half the length of the full strokes. If you train yourself to do this from the beginning it will soon become a habit and it will be easy to make the distinction, even in the most rapid writing, but if you allow yourself to be careless, confusion is sure to result and you will experience difficulty in reading your notes. 138 READING EXERCISE WESSON No. 23 \* \f f-^-s- T -^ s. Or-.D-.-d-.. 5 . 6..:..!... *-l 10 .... I \ 13 14 15 16 '7 18 139 WRITING EXERCISE LESSON No. 23 I pad 30 rounds 53 barred 86 forgot *> boot 3i fashioned 59 defined 87 rowed 3 taught 32 stride 60 hardened 88 reed 4 dude 33 stained 61 peeled 89 route 5 chide 34 moment 62 loomed 90 slacked 6 dot 35 potato 63 resigned 9i liked 7 jot 36 secrete 64 descend 92 evict 8 caught 37 staggered 65 elocutionist 93 collect 9 cute 33 fitly 66 windward 94 clicked 10 foot 39 lived 67 twined 95 cracked ii void 40 skilled 68 wand 96 gagged 12 thought 4i roiled 69 vainest 97 bobbed 13 eased 42 lightness 70 ward 98 roared 14 shod 43 coiled 7 1 wired 99 lattice 15 light 44 glands 72 round IOO meadows 1 6 hired 45 protection 73 around 101 veto 17 hunt 46 dedicate 74 rents IO2 allude 18 bound 47 bottom 75 strutted 103 assayed 19 spent 48 illegitimate 76 retreated 104 aside 20 saddened 49 legitimate 77 defrauded 105 allied 21 stunned 50 modify 78 inverted I O6 elate 22 fanned 5i agitated 79 undated 107 omit 23 funds 52 metal 80 treated 1 08 buried 24 paved 53 indicated 81 mired ICQ denied 25 breathed 54 ultimate 82 mart I 10 dallied 26 defeated 55 sold 83 suffered II I ferried 2 7 islands 56 bored 84 leered 112 carried 28 bumped 57 reasoned 85 fortified H3 hurried 2 9 studied 140 1. Every thought, word and-action will-be brought into judgment. 2. Two points remained to-be settled. 3. I-atn much gratified at-the result. 4. It-is hard to estimate what more will-be needed, until we receive a-copy of-the-orders. 5. He-does-not need a-guide, as he-can easily find his way to-the detective's office. 6. Peace of mind is easier lost than gained. 7. Very fruitful trees often need to-be propped. 8. Indolence and-pride never lead to honored age. 9. He recently moved here from-the East. 10. I-find they suffered him to-be treated shamefully. 11. His statement shows, and- he admits, he-has-not kept-the agreement. 12. The debt to which you-refer was settled on-the second, and-we hold a-receipt. . 13. Mr. Ward was with-me in Scotland on-the day- the instrument was executed. 14. The large plant of -the Bertrand Light Company was-destroyed by-fire shortly before midnight last night. DEAR SIR : This is to remind you that your note becomes due on- the third, and-as we-are depending on-this money to use in-the settlement of an-estate which-is to-be-made on-the ninth, we ask you to remit promptly ou-the date of pay- ment as agreed upon. Yours truly, 141 QUESTIONS LESSON No. 23 1. Name the letters that are not shortened. 2. When is the t or d in a shortened stroke read? 3. When may emp and emb be halved ? 4. What letters may be shaded when halved ? 5. What outlines would you write for ailed, late and laid ? 6. May shortened wem and wen be shaded ? 7. When may shortened s be written upward ? 8. Is the simple ray stroke ever halved ? 9. When may final ted and ded be disjoined? 10. What is the outline for lard ? 1 1. How should slacked be written ? 12. When a straight line follows a curve, without an angle between them, why cannot the straight line be shortened ? 13. How should you write the word putty ? 14. Why could not putty be written with a shortened p ? 15. Is a final hook on a shortened letter read before or after the the added t or d? 142 Lesson No. 24 WORD SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS /-v ...imrnediate-ly \ , account j ...inconsistent acknowledged . _indiscriminate according-ly V^ after i .indispensable that till it P , told r 2 ........... ... b_....V. Vj ..___ 3 .__.___.! .T. * ...y....jL...t...?....H .1 7 -TQ-^^->V^ p^-^y^p ^ ^ ^= ^7 // SENTENCES _. __..\.._L -.-./..*. ^r^( > / V - ^_ - "" '/' <^6 " /' 1 /^\ /r -, i J^.y... L-v/o^-JuA* x^ n \ n p X^ 1. ^. ^-^ * ' . *\ \ 17 u...s... L...J.... ...b-3-A> =- ..-^\-^ ....Y...^.... . /- ^Q>> A ' / D 149 WRITING EXERCISE LESSON No. 25 1 confuse 2 conceit 3 commend 4 commit 5 cognomen 6 communication 7 competition 8 complainer 9 comrade 10 conceivable 11 concoction 12 concurrent 13 condescend 14 confederate 15 confinement 1 6 congratulation 1 7 accomplishment 1 8 condone 19 complaint 20 will commence 21 will accompany 22 discomfort 23 disconnection 24 discontent 25 disconsolate 26 decomposed 27 inconsiderately 28 inconsumable 29 inconsolable 30 inconvenience 31 incomplete 32 incognito 33 unconcern 34 uncomfortably 35 uncoiicealable 36 in reducing 37 irreconcilable 38 recommend 39 recompile 40 recommit 41 reconstruct 42 recumbent 43 noncommittal 44 nonconductor 45 nonconformity 46 misconduct 47 misconstrued 48 miscompute 49 magnetize 50 magnify 51 controvertible 52 counterpart 53 counterbrace 54 counterfeit 55 counterpane 56 intercept 57 interjection 58 interval 59 intervene 60 foretaste 6 1 foreseen 62 foreclose 63 forerunner 64 foresight 65 foreshorten 66 foretop 67 forelock 68 foreshadow 69 forgiven 70 forgave 71 .self-reproach 72 self-possession 73 self-denial 74 self-conscious 75 self-confident 76 uninterested 77 understood 78 undersigned i. We-think-you misconstrued our meaning as we- are-not cognizant of having made any complaint. 150 2. They would better discontinue-the quarrel and- cease further intercourse. 3. Such a-thing as-a reconciliation between them seems incomprehensible to me. 4. In-consideration of a-small compensation he-said he-would accompany-the conductor to-the theatre and-to other convenient places. 5. He complains continually of-his accommodations. 6. In-conclusion, I- would recommend that-he re- commence at-the beginning and-reconsider each statement. 7. I-would-not intercede for-him, neither would I introduce him to my companions. 8. It-is-now conceded that-the counterfeiters had been forewarned and-were cognizant of-the whole plan of-the detectives. 9. Take time by-the forelock and-concentrate your thoughts upon self-improvement. 10. His conversation was charming and-his manner convincing. 1 1 . Did I-understand you to say ' 'discommode' ' or "in- commode ? ' ' 12. Some recognition should-be-made for his magnifi- cent efforts, and-it-is incumbent upon us to show our appreciation. 13. In-consequence we- are all accused. 14. We-are judged by our conduct, conversation and- intercourse with men. QUESTIONS LESSON No. 25 1. What prefix is represented by a light clot written at the beginning of an outline ? 2. What prefix is represented by a heavy dot ? 3. What is used to represent the prefix contra f 4. Where is it written ? 5. When incon and uncom are followed by s, how may they be expressed ? 6. What distinction is made in writing recom and irrecom ? 7. How would you write in receipt f 8. What is used to represent the prefix mis-con ? 9. What sign is used to represent contro ? 10. By what sign are inter and intro represented ? 11. How are the prefixes magne, magna, etc., represented ? 12. How would you write unforeseen ? 13. May prefixes be sometimes joined to the remainder of the word ? 14. Give an illustration of a prefix join 152 Lesson No. 26. AFFIXES 257. As has been previously explained, ing may be expressed by a light dot ; ings by a heavy dot, or the stroke ings ; ingly by a heavy dash, and ing the or ing- a by a light dash in the place of the ing dot. 258. Ble and bly, when bel can not be conveniently used, may be expressed by b joined. 259. Bleness, fulness and someness may be represented by asniall circle at the end of the consonant outline ; thus, feebleness faithfulness lonesomeness tangibleness ............ -'- ..... -- --------------- ^ ....... - ....... br ...... - 260. Lessness may be represented by a large circle at the end of the consonant outline ; thus, lawlessness thanklessness carelessness 261. Ality, ility, erity, etc. These terminations may \)2 represented by disjoining the stroke immediately pre- ceding them ; thus, principality disability prosperity stability ......... v .............. ^ ......... --X ............... .4 ..... 153 262. For and fore, when terminating a word, may be represented by / joined ; as ther-f for therefore ; \ver-f for wherefore ; etc. 263. Ology and alogfy may be represented by j, usually joined to the preceding part of the word ; thus, phrenology genealogy zoology 264. Ship may be represented by ish joined to, or written near the preceding part of the word ; thus, partnership hardship penmanship - - v >- V-- 265. Soever may be represented by iss-v joined, or /ss disjoined ; thus, wheresoever whosoever whithersoever whosesoever 266. Self and selves may be represented, respectively, by a small and a large circle, joined if the junction is con- venient ; thus, myself thyself himself ourselves - ( -- - 4 267. Word signs may frequently be used as affix signs ; thus, thereto thereafter wherever whenever -1 1 154 268. In. This affix, while generally written with the n stroke joined, may be very conveniently represented by an n hook in the following words : am for herein ; arn-bef for hereinbefore; arn-fet for hereinafter; arns-ted for hereinstated ; etc. 269. Lapping. It is sometimes necessary, or advan- tageous, to disjoin the last part of a word from the pre- ceding part. This is termed lapping. hereafter particularize actively thereon thereof 155 READING EXERCISE LESSON No. 26 5 -.XI 6 SENTENCES k^- 'O 3 i- - cjLJL ar~ O *r|. c c > n 170 WRITING EXERCISE LESSON No. 28 1 bill (of) sale 24 he-ought (to) have done 2 bill (of) notions 25 he should-have-done 3 list (of) premiums 26 over (and) above 4 day (of) sale 27 after (a) time 5 price (of) coal 28 time (and) again 6 price (of the) books 29 to (the) road 7 days (of the) week 30 to (the) leader 8 members (of the) company 31 to (the) river 9 many (of the) passengers 32 to (the) shoulder 10 width (of the) passage 33 (from) hour (to) hour 11 force (of the) blow 34 (from) time (to) time 12 one (of the) members 35 (from) sea (to) sea 13 sanction (of the) president 36 (from) city (to) city 14 I-wish (to) take 37 (from) tree (to) tree 15 anxious (to) make 38 more (or) less 16 (to) those-who-may 39 great (or) small 17 (to the) pressure 40 big (or) little 1 8 (to the) driver 41 ten (or) twelve 19 (to the) mill 42 eight (or) nine 20 we ought (to) have 43 six (or) eight 21 they are said (to) have 44 five (to) nine 22 she sought (to) have 45 four (to) seven 23 he may (have) done 46 three (to) five QUESTIONS-LESSON No. 28 1. How may o/"be implied when occurring between words ? 2. How may to be implied ? When can to not be implied ? 3. When may have be omitted ? 4. Give an example where a, or and may be omitted. 5. When may the be omitted ? 6. How may or be implied between two numbers ? 171 Lesson No. 29 REPORTING EXPEDIENTS 297. The speed of writing may be further increased by employing the following expedients. If thoroughly memorized and practiced they will also tend to greater legibility as well as to increased speed. The pupil should study the list till he has fully mastered it and then he should apply the principles in all of his writing. 298. All or will may be added by an / hook to any sign taking that hook ; thus, by all they will to all and all in all their \ C ..... ________ A. ..... . ........ ~s. ____ ______ c ____ ......................... _____ (a) All or will may also be added to the simple r hook signs by enlarging the hook ; thus, there will, or they are all which are all from all .................. .1 ........................ _ ..... 2 .................... 5} ............ ..... 299. Are or our may be added by an r hook to any sign taking that hook ; thus, by our which are at our but are 172 (a) Are or our may also be added to the simple / hook signs by enlarging the hook ; thus, for all are, or our at all our by all our s. .....p.. _!_ 300. Have or of may be added by a v hook to signs taking that hook ; also to the brief w word signs ; thus, all of were to have what of which have all have they have were of what have L _* .( * 1 301 . Had, what or would may sometimes be added to full length signs by halving them ; thus, which would it had or would in what had had which had I - I- Perpendicular and inclined strokes, when shortened to add had, what or would, are written in the third position. 302. How may be represented by a light tick just below the line, written either upward or downward in the direction of ray or chay. Use whichever will give the better junction with the following word. how how many how much how soon 303. In and in the may sometimes be represented to advantage by an in hook ; thus, in some place in the simplest in the smallest in the surroundings 173 304. Ing thr may be expressed by a heavy dash at the end of the preceding part of the word ; thus, facing their eating their raising their placing their V JT ^ ....... -H ......... - ..... --"-- -% --------- No confusion will result between ing thr and ingly as the con- text will indicate which is intended. 305. It may frequently be added to full length signs by halving them ; thus, if it for it until it wish it (a) To the signs thus formed the small circle may be added to represent is, as or has ; thus, if it is if it has for it is for it has until it is Vo ^ -**- -** ....... 6- 306. Is, as, has or his may be joined to a preceding or following word, beginning or ending with a circle, by en- larging the circle ; thus, as soon has seen as certain pays his 307. Not may be added by an n hook to the dash vowel and half length signs. Not may also be added to full length signs by halving them and attaching the n hook. or not ought not if not be not have not .J ............. " ................. 1^ ______________ ..... V... ...... . ....... ^ ...... 308. Own may be added by an n hook to a full length or lengthened curve stroke. (a) Own may also be added by an n hook to any stroke to which our or their has been added ; thus, ^ our own my own in their own at our own by their own .................. .3 ......... _ u 309. One may often be added to advantage by an n hook to full length or lengthened strokes ; thus, any one at one another one each one J 310. Than may be added to comparatives by an n hook ; thus, greater than sooner than more than better than 311. In practice, no confusion will result from rep- resenting not, own, one and than by the same hook, as the context and the nature of the word will make dis- tinction easy. 312. Thr tick. There, their, they are or other may often be expressed to advantage by a heavy tick joined to the preceding word ; thus, since thr face thr upon thr gave thr ^- -V- ___________ _\ ___________ ..... ..-*......__ 313. Us may sometimes be conveniently represented by a small circle joined. If the word ends in a circle, the circle may be enlarged ; thus, give us before us gives us upon us 175 314- We, you and were. The signs for these words are sometimes reversed in order to secure a phrase ; thus, shall we come there were since you you have I ^ begun began _J* behind ___. behindhand _.*.: behold ..A..- belief ..._\___ belong .__.\.-- believe \ beneficence-nt V." _._}> be not . \_ ._ betake S bold-ness 183 bounty-ful brethren brilliant -\ brother -5V Brooklyn build-ing .A built ...\ - Buffalo .5S. burdensome .3 but are not by it by our C California ....call off, call forth Catholic-ism certain-ty _._ certificate __-. characteristic --- cheer cheerful-ly child-hood __/-. children christian-ity f - circumstance-tial , city-citizen , ...civilization co-executor , collateral combine-d-ation comf ort-ed-able commence-ment commonest commercial company r 184 s; c complete completion compliance , - comply-ied !^> comprehend-ed . _>-.._ comprehension-ive _r_vL_ concern _ conclude concluded conclusion conclusive-ness _L/_. condition-al jrr?.. congress j_s\ _ conscientious-ly .!TI?L. consequence _ . consequent ._!.... consider-able-ness considerate-ness P .._ consist P __*__ consistence _* ....constituent P U constitute-ed constitution-al construct-ed U construction T -**- in (in the) construction consume ... consumption contain I contract-ed IL _ contraction . .contradict-ed-ory contradiction contrive-ance L control-led controversy "_... converse-ant . convert-ed correct-ed-ness _ correction corrects 7TU_s counsel for the defense 185 1 counsel for the def'd't .^.counsel for the pl'nt'f countenance-ed country - countryman rrT3_ countrymen r=..~ - county en-- court ..c iO>. ... cross-examine-ation cure cures-curious cr-o D / danger ....ft. dangers-ous ...Jj_ dark 1 darken-ed 1 Dear Sir t^,-^ Dear Madam .. Jrs December . j defeat ....defendant ..defense-ive defer . deficient-cy -V-- deform-ed-ity defraud-ed degeneration degree delight-ed delinquent-cy delinquents I deliver-ed-y fL , deliverance _Jsrx. democrat-ic-cy __2 denominate-d-ion I depravity V -- derived-derivative 1 ....-_:.... derive-derivation determine determination U_ develop-ment 4 L . describe-d 186 - description I direct-ed ... -U direction .A... directness _Jk discharge _ I dissatisfy -ied-action ._.... examine-d-ation example --...- ....^ except-ed .Si... exception ....executor 187 f i... . . exchange-d V fail <=> < exhibit V f a n ^ exhibition ^ _ fallen fall in 5 ^ false s fault-y ^ 'N favor % V^ February in (in the) experience V. feature if it * explain-atory-ation j; feel explained feel it <0 explicit-ness ^ felt 5 explore-d-ation ^ fell in express-ed-ive \>_^ financial o_^> exquisite i footstep \ extraordinary V-, for instance q extravagant-ce C for all "~'\>" extreme \^ for all are V_ for the plaintiff V fact V_ for the defendant iSS ...^. , for all it, or for all had _i.__ form-ed __L fonnal-ly Jr formation .S^. former-ly formless (^ ........... found-ed-ation .._^ ............ fortune-ate-ly _Io .............. . ......... fraction .................... freedom frequency frequent .5rTX- .................... from all JL ....................... fuller 5\ _____ ................ frank-ness \*' 5N _____ .................. Franklin _(>. _____ ...................... frantic _^ ................... from one ^Vr>... ..................... from it __TA> ___ ........... furnish-ed-ture .\. ..... .................. future-ity G give it ~-J>- gave it ...&_ , glory, glorify ... c_o. .. glorious => govern-ment *~ governor >-- e T- grandchild ^^1" granddaughter ~--^ henceforth >._ rl A heretofore 189 history -ical immortalize / holy / holier ../^>... impatience j^> impatient " c / holiest ^ horticulture-al in all o/\ House of ^-^ ... . .indefatigable "6 Representatives \ hopeful-ness T >^_x .indenture "-^ ..independent V '~H/ I am in receipt of \ indescribable your letter 1 idle-ness ^ indignant ;r_ . if all are, or our s ~^- individual identical v ~^ k . inhabit-ed-ant _-_!~So. if the court please ... ... inquire .ignorance ..insignificant ^ ignorant instant J- illegible-ity ^z~ ...integrity x. imagine-ary-ation / imaginative ^~ intellectual U in ( or in the) , ... imagined consideration Y inconsiderate-ness ^^. iuimoral-ity information e ~~ imiiK)rtal-ity inf orm-ed-ant 190 in it in one, any one in our in relation '..... .in reply to your letter <^-< jrv.in reply to your favor inscribe-d inscription insecure v-P _:f__ in so far as .... in the first place . in (in the) second place interior interpret-ed-ation intestate intolerable ^^- _ invite-ation 6 irreligious is known, or none ....IT , is said ___LL.... ... is said to have / is there . is it . _J issue ../... issued t ...<.. is just at hand .it had or it would -----I ..... i ____ ....it had or would not . ___ Jr. ____ .................. it is good .A... kr.l~ .................. it is great _A. ..... .................. it is plain ..Lrr^.- ......... it may have been (L ....... it is questionable I itself L* ___ .................... January *_ ___ .................... Jehovah / ....................... Jesus /^, ............... Jesus Christ (^j, ....... Jesus of Nazareth ___L.__ ................. joint stock ___J_ ........................ judicial 191 y ^ niagnet-ic-ism ' ~~? _ . majority JTTrij: manufacture-r-ory ,!_JL_ Massachusetts _^r> mechanic-al-ism J Mediterranean memoranda-am mental -ity 192 --"^ri. neglect <^"~i. .... .. mercy- iful ^0- New Jersey _^">Xv- merchandise ^y- - New York ..Z... messenger >^. , New York City x" > \ metropolitan 1 _ -^Y_ New York State \> metropolis D _^=^\- nobody A microscope-ic-al . , North Carolina mifhtv JH\^_. November million-th _ no one misfortune no other mistake no other one _ moral ity . movement . _S ...obligatory err:.. occur <^" 7 ,...rT .................. perfected perfection Pennsylvania .-. ......... perfonn-ed-ance - ........ pernianent-ly-ce ...... perpendicular-ity _.>... ..................... person ___ I .._.. ..... philanthropy-ic-ist _V sS ^s, ...... phenomena-on-al _...... punish-ed-ment \ purpose \> R . real-ity realize .//. recollect-ed-ion / . . . recover-ed . reform-ed-atory religion religious -C/-- relinquish-ed-ment remonstrate-d _^2^. republican .... / /^\... repute-d-ation -^\.. respect-ed-ing-ful __ ^ retake ,. revenge-d ^. reveal-ed C. revelation (3.- revolution _}/! rhetoric-al ...(y/.. rule-d _.__\ .Roman Catholic s u said to have /T. salvation ... s_GU=. San Francisco ft satisfy-ied 195 _.P_ satisfaction fill).. scripture-al .crrf?.... Secretary of State -.~ sometime b south-east ...K^..... south-eastern .....C southern ...rV^!- south-western .^ south-west .^ south-wester __j> speak, superior-ity - spontaneous ^.... standard statistic __. stepping-stone ^ stenography-er-ic , stranger strength 196 .3. .............. stupendous-ness ..'. \ .................. stupid-ity * _i _____ ............... sublime-ity ../^ ____ ..... subordinate-d ation substantial . ...... substantiate-d-ation Ap ___ ............... substitute-d .V-^- ........... sufficient-cy-ly ..__. ........... suggest-ed-ion 5^- ...... superintend-ed-ent t . ............... supenor-ity ...A ___ . ........... . supreme-acy (__ ............... swindle-d-r T ._J__ ....................... take it __J ____ ................. , ..... taken __4_^. __ .................. tendency _.HO_ .............. telegraph-ic b ___ ............. testament-ary ___ k ____ ....................... testify / _____ that thr ... thanksgiving ___. thenceforth there ought s^ there ought to / have been . ..A the other ./-. ...there will !) there would or had /._ they are all f they had or would ..../. they had not ^ thousandrth ._ \ to have been [ tolerate-d-ation _ d tolerance ,...5j... transient C~ twelve-fth I tragedy n -.(Crr.- trans-Atlantic (j^.... transcend-ed _L transfer-red n _...J\. __ transform-ed 197 u ~ 5 -' under United States -- -a - universe-al ....universalisni \ university unless _^r?^y uniform r-^f... unimagined V S^._ vegetate-d-ion ._S^7_.. vegetable-rian . V^ vengeance . Nov vice-versa Virginia virtue , virtuous virtuously ....visible . warrant-ed-able .was to have ...was thr we are in receipt of your valued favor we are to have ,. we know we have known L welcome f we made ^ we may be we may have been we may, with me or my we may not, we meant we mention t/_ were it o,... were made 7a.._. were meant -.srs..- were mentioned su^i.. were no _ 3 ~A v } what is your \ ~ occupation _(/ ...where do you reside 6. which are to have : which will not ,./,,.., which would have while it ... wish it f J with him women -...T^>..__ woman .c/-.-.. work-ed _ t/L. :workman-men year-s -D. yes sir ^~- your valued favor -\L~ your letter at hand s^- ..your communication ...your esteemed favor 199 EXERCISE ON WORD SIGNS The following letter, composed of word signs, should be written over several hundred times, great care being exercised to use the proper sign and to put it in its proper position. It is suggested that not more than one-third of this exercise be taken at a time, after which the whole may be written together. Words connected by hyphen are represented by one sign. Imply of, of the, to and to the, wherever they can be implied. MY-DEAR-SIR : I-am-in-receipt-of-your-letter of the I2th of Septem- ber, which, you may-be sure, was very welcome. I shall be delighted to accept your invitation to become a mem- ber of the special party you expect to superintend through this little world of stenographic forms. When Professor Hope, of the University of Virginia, first suggested that I ought to inquire some- what more fully in-relation to this important subject, I dreaded the expenditure of mental application which I believed would be essential to learn them. Your communication, however, combined with his description of the comprehensive and intelligent manner in which you present the characters, to-the delight of ever}' -one concerned, together with the advantage to-be derived from a per- fect knowledge of phonography as set-forth, have influenced several prominent ladies-and-gentlemen, formerly of Brooklyn, but now of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to begin with-me ; and we-will all come at-the-same-time. Already there is much interest exhibited, and each-one, without exception, is-said-to-have determined to attain that standard of perfection which has been put before us for example. I heard through the governor's granddaughter that Mrs. Pleasure has accepted, and that the Messrs. Long, who have never yet been found averse to any movement where intellectual improvement was in-order, are impatient to set-off immediately. They-are par- ticularly interested now in contractions, and the correct application of principles. Your explanations have revealed to them their de- ficiency in several respects. Dr. Christian and Mr. I/ord, with a number of Presbyterian and Roman-Catholic brethren from New- York-State, are at present assembled at the metropolis for the purpose of directing an investi- gation of the large amount of drunkenness and consequent de- pravity in New- York-City. These distinguished men are of dif- ferent religious beliefs, but-are-not at-all prejudiced in opinion. Upon the transfer of-their memoranda and the completion of the preliminary examination of certain evidence given before the justice, they expect to take the Southwestern Express and over- take us at San-Francisco, California. The popular and efficient stenographer of the County Court here, whom you will remember as the brother of the Assistant Secretary- of-\Var, called during the evening to signify his satisfaction at the organization of the company and referred with particular interest to his having-been under your direction a number of years before. He told us it was absurd to think any-one could do good work without careful preparation and indefatigable practice, as they-are indispensable. His associate, who has become equally skilled after long expe- rience in the United-States House-of-Representatives, where the work is often difficult in the extreme, was astonished that any person should be satisfied with ordinary attainment or fail to im- prove every opportunity for advancement. No-one having imper- fect transcripts should ever hope to become anything above the ordinary. I hope to hear from you again in the near future with further information. 201 TO THE STUDENT You have now been over all the principles and it is presumed you have a good knowledge of them. Much work, however, remains to be done before you will have sufficient speed to do practical work. Let your motto be practice, practice, study, study. Remember that accuracy must go hand in hand with speed. Speed without accuracy is valueless. In all your writing hereafter use only such vowels as are necessary to enable you to read your notes readily. Be very careful to write each word in its proper position. Make use of all the ' ' Reporting Expedients. ' ' Do not use a long outline where a short one would do as well. Many things, apparently small in themselves, constitute a considerable factor when getting up speed. The following pages are given as samples for your guidance. It would be well to study part of a page till it can be read without hesitation, then write it over at least twenty-five times; one hundred would be much bet- ter. Cultivate an even, steady movement, and make each character well. Use good paper and keep your pencils sharp. When you have finished the first part of a page, take another part, and so on. A great deal more benefit will be derived from writing a certain amount of matter twenty-five times than from writing twenty-five times the same amount of matter only once. 202 PRACTICE LETTERS R Y*"~-""-~ ^--i V \ f r^~^ ) ,-\. (-/-. P -./5 ( it ) _i o ire ^^ ^...-.A-LXH - t u ^_^L , A 203 PRACTICE LETTERS i -zjy^v /^ } \ - D ' r> T^-"/- P % . ~U / ^ r 5.L4 ) vrzi _ .. A^Z 204 PRACTICE LETTERS 2 // 3r... L . X-ZS.../...1 % / I \ lr-3 c^ 6~> / 4 b-./v/.^.-.-Tj^v/. ..1 _Q__/L..\_-'^- ( 1--^- -T- o / v "*X 6 J..!So ^.a.-' !!7!...l....rrr-^. *J // -^ \ * rTT \^ 7 ^ Vn 9 VJP V / \ l A x ~- C // .-fv... VS i/ !^L^lx^ -fiu, ) r N ... 7...1.. ... r .^..-v,..l.zv. c) f ~\ 205 BENT GLASS 3 -b..: . x?. _^A.--V /-T- /5 Q OL 206 NEW MONEY FOR OLD V- V- ,/f V /A.i^ X -Ctx- X 7 207 GOOD MONEY FOR OLD CONTINUED ^-/ / ....... ?JL~/2^*fi-^^ _-xy .?.... S_^_ /. . e.S \_ /^ L \> ..- -V 'JUL^a -P 208 GOOD MONEY FOR OLD CONTINUED 209 THE MOON CONTINUED 5.-N.. Lxvr. a/L^z; .. T \ A...L 210 211 ^r.A V ^ i v_ r t _ 7 ^ >3 yOJ./j 4- - / AMBER 213 y- _U_^-_Vl A+^L+^-2. -/l_^_!v^^_ k_ pfc _n _>rr v~u-- s ..*__!> . PRACTICE LETTER T C'7 <~ _>t/^Jt: j)_h^Z^ -V-^- ^ ) -^ ..L.to_.|>_. -. _^ .-i-/r... .v..^..n..z. v> T J -T^V^ x:/t^A_ .ru^>j,jL v i^2J^ / ^v^ X, ^S P v ! /-/" ^\ Vy /^~ <<. f .L R__Jw_V I ./ No Y, ^ .^o... ne- i ^^ s / 7 216 TRANSLATION OF SHORTHAND NOTES ( PAGE 203 ) GENTLEMEN : We have decided to accept your offer of this morn- ing for one thousand bushels No. i Red Wheat at $1.04 per bushel, delivered at our Lake Street mill not later than January igth. Terms to be one-half on delivery, and the balance in thirty days. Yours truly, DEAR SIR : Replying to yours of the 6th inst., we note your re- marks in regard to instructions received from Mr. Anderson to send our shipments via Anchor Line as soon as they commence running their boats. You state that the first boat leaves Duluth on the I4th .inst., and that you could probably ship the last two cars for which you now have orders that way. As we had an unusually large lead business during the month of March our stock here is quite low, and it certainly would not do to hold any of our orders for lake shipments ; and you may, there- fore, continue to ship by rail as fast as you can, until such time as the Anchor Line boats are running regularly. As soon as they do this, so that you can depend on their dates of sailing, then you may commence making shipments via that line. Truly yours, DEAR SIR : A long time ago we sent you for collection the account of our client, The James E. Bennett Company, versus Nelson & Wells, amounting to $8.40. It is not a large matter, but one which is entitled to some consideration, nevertheless. We enclose postage with this, and request that you give us by return mail the details of the debtor's financial condition and the prospect of making a settlement of the account. You have no right to accept this account for collection unless you intend to give us the same attention which you would give to any of your local clients ; and unless we are favored with an answer by return mail, shall acquaint our surety company and the Attorneys' National Clearing House with your methods of doing business. Respectfully, 217 DEAR SIR : In checking over the invoice of books which you sent on the zgth ult., I find that you have omitted "The Prince of India " and " Monte-Cristo." The set of Thackeray's, which was to be in morocco binding, you have sent in cloth binding. "The Prince of India" I ordered for a customer who leaves town tomorrow for several weeks ; and as I had positively assured him that the book would be here tonight, I have lost the confidence of a good customer, and, perhaps, his patronage as well. This is the third time within five weeks you have made errors or omissions in filling my orders, and you must do better in the future if my trade is of any object to you. The set of Thackeray's is returned to you by American Express today, and you will oblige by sending through same company the books which you omitted, and the morocco set of Thackeray's in place of the cloth binding. You should pay expressage both ways. Respectfully, DEAR SIR : We are in receipt of your favor of the 3ist ult., also telegram and letter of the 1st inst. As per your instructions, we will cancel your order for one special and one gentleman's bicycle. We are very sorry to learn that you should be influenced by any rumors that our '98 machines were not giving entire satisfaction. We do not wish to sell you any wheels unless you have perfect confidence in them, so return your check for $ 12.00, which you sent as advance charges. We wish to say, however, that the report which you heard is not true, as you will certainly find out. You may be sure it was started by some person who had an object in trying to injure the reputation of our wheels, but we defy any one to prove that our machines are not thoroughly high-grade in every respect. We have decided that the best thing for us to do under the circumstances is to open a branch store in your place the com- ing summer, where we can demonstrate to the people the many new and excellent features of our wheels and convince them of their superior wearing qualities. Respectfully, 218 DEAR SIR : We have just received notice from our factory that there is likely to be a considerable advance on all rubber goods after October ist. We have expected this for sometime, as there is an enormous increase in the demand for rubber which is exceeding the supply. It is not our object to use this as an argument to solicit your orders but as you are an old customer, we offer it sim- ply as a suggestion, believing you will think it to your interest to order what you possibly can and have shipment made before the rise. It would be impossible for us to accept of any long term contracts at present prices but we can take care of any orders for immediate delivery. Yours truly, DEAR SIR : Your attention has been called repeatedly to the mat- ter of making repairs to cars and overlooking defect cards at- tached thereto, authorizing bill for this work. It is a daily occur- rence to have these cards come to this office with the information that the damage covered by defect card has been repaired and the card not removed at the point or shop where the work was done. We are persistent in trying to locate where the work is performed but invariably are advised by all the shops that they have no record of such repairs, although the card is evidence that the damage must have been in existence when the car was delivered to us by our connections. Whether this is the result of an imperfect record of repairs made at the shop I leave you to judge, nevertheless the fact remains that the repairs were made at some point on our road and there should be a record from which such matters could be gleaned. It is not only annoying but burdensome to be compelled to trace these repairs and I would specially request that you en- deavor to stop this carelessness. BENT GLASS Bent glass was at one time more commonly used for show case fronts than for anything else, but it has come to be employed for a variety ot purposes and it is now used far more extensively than 219 ever before. Its use in store fronts is becoming more and more familiar, very large plates being bent for this purpose. It is now used more than ever before in the construction of buildings for dwelling purposes, in windows on rounded corners, and in towers. It is used in coach fronts ; it is used in the rounded front china closets, and in making glass cabinets. Either plain glass or beveled glass may be bent to any curve. For one use and another, glass is now bent in many forms. The number of molds required for current use in a glass-bending establishment is large and the accu- mulated molds number thousands. Glass is bent in a kiln. Glass melts at 2300 degrees. The heat employed in bending is 1800 degrees. No pyrometer would stand long in that heat. It might last an hour, but it would not last a day, and so the heat of the kiln is judged from the color of the flame, and other indications. By long experience and observation the expert glass bender is en- abled to estimate the heat in this manner with accuracy. The smaller pieces of glass are put into the kilns with forks made for the purpose, but the great molds used for bending large sheets of glass are mounted on cars so that they can be rolled in and out of the kilns. The glass is laid upon the top of the mold over the cavity and it is bent by its own weight. As it is softened by the heat it sinks into the mold and so is bent into form. It may take an hour or two to bend the glass. NEW MONEY FOR OLD There are several experts employed by the government to inspect the currency offered for redemption. In fact, every person em- ployed in the bureau is, in some degree, an expert, because each one of them has to pass on the genuineness of the money presented for redemption, and this is a difficult task. Remember that this money comes to the treasury, as a rule, only when it is so badly worn that it will not pass current. This dirty, torn, greasy, ragged money the experts have to handle and decide whether it was issued by the government and should be redeemed at its face value, or whether it is the work of counterfeiters and should be rejected. It is not at all to the discredit of the experts of the bureau that some bogus money has got past them and been detected in one of the offices to which the pieces of money go for further examination. This does not occur often. The peculiar province of one expert is not to de- tect bad money though she is expert at that but to put together torn pieces of money sent in for identification and redemption. These pieces of money come from all parts of the country and ar- rive under most extraordinary conditions. This is not surprising, in view of the fact that they come from experiences with fire and water and gastric juices, and many other powerful agents. A not infrequent accident to money is to be left in a stove from which it is taken in a badly charred condition with only ashes to represent the greater part of it. Often it is used by rats to make their nests, or, buried in the dampness of a cellar, it rots away. Here are the rules of the Treasury Department for the redemp- tion of mutilated money : For a piece of currency greater than two-fifths and less than three-fifths of the original note, one-half of the face value of the note is given. For a piece as great as three- fifths, the whole value of the note is given. For a piece two-fifths in size of the original, nothing is given. But this last provision is limited by the law which gives discretion to the Treasury Depart- ment to give full value for a note, if the owner can prove to the sat- isfaction of the authorities that the note, or the missing part of it, was destroyed. This last provision opens the door to possible fraud, and many are the efforts made by dishonest persons to take advan- tage of it. The fragments of money which come to the treasury are turned over to one of the experts and sorted out under the microscope for identification. They are picked apart and each tiny piece is assigned to its place like the parts of a puzzle. This is usually done on glass, and the fragments are eventually put be- tween pieces of glass to hold them together while they are meas- ured to see whether there are two-fifths or three-fifths of the note identifiable, or whether it is so little that the owner can recover nothing. Sometimes it is a very serious matter to the owner. The poor are not the only applicants for assistance to recover for damaged money. At the time W. K. Vanderbilt's beautiful home at Newport was destroyed by fire, Mrs. Vanderbilt sent in about $1000 in mutilated currency, out of which the experts were able to identify for redemption all but a fraction of the sum. It is not alone mutilated money that comes to the treasury, but dirty and worn money of all kinds to the extent of nearly five hundred mil- lions a year. Sometimes counterfeits get past the experts in this bureau and are caught in the other bureaus to which the halves are sent when the packages of old notes have gone under the knife and been divided for counting and identification before they are destroyed. But this is not the most frequent form of attempted fraud. The mutilated money offers the easiest path to this sort of crime. Some of the experiences of the redemption division with would-be thieves are interesting. One man in Kansas sent to the treasury the halves of some small bills with the edges nicely charred, accompanied by an affidavit from the sender that he had put the money in the pocket of his coat and hung the coat on the fence where it was burned, to the destruction of part of the notes. It happened that the treasury had redeemed the other halves of these notes just two and one-half years before for a money broker on the Bowery in New York, and, thinking the case suspicious, had kept an eye out for the possibility of attempted fraud. The Kansas man was a member of good busi- ness standing, and his bankers threatened the treasury officials with dismissal if they questioned his affidavit. The case was put in the hands of the Department of Justice, and eventually the man plead guilty and was fined $ 1,000. A banker in Alabama re- ceived from a depositor a fragment of a ten- dollar bill, and the treasury paid five dollars for it. Later came a claim, accom- panied by the other part of the bill a little charred, and with an affidavit saying the sender had burned the remainder of the note by mistake. A Chicago man sent in fragments of two twenty dol- lar bills and one ten dollar bill with an affidavit telling how the other halves had been destroyed. In the same mail the other halves of these bills came in from a Chicago banker. The maker of the affidavit, who proved to be a tool of some swindlers, was sent to prison for one and one-half years. Washington Star. THE MOON The moon, turning on its axis once in a little more than twenty- seven days, presents every part of its surface in succession to the sun in that time, as the earth does in twenty-four hours. The day of the moon is consequently nearly a fortnight long and its nights of the same duration. The light of the sun, falling upon the moon, is partly absorbed into its body, but a small portion is reflected or thrown back and becomes what we call moonlight. The illumi- nated part from which we derive moonlight, is at all times increas- ing or diminishing in our eyes as the moon proceeds in her revo- lution around our globe. When the satellite is at the greatest distance from the sun, we, being between the two, see the whole of the illuminated surface which we accordingly term full moon. As the moon advances in her course, the luminous side is gradually averted from us, and the moon is said to wane. At length, when the satellite has got between the earth and the sun, the luminous side is entirely lost sight of. The moon is then said to change. Proceeding in her revolution, she soon turns a bright edge to- ward us, which we call new moon. This gradually increases in breadth till the moiety of the circle is filled up ; it is then said to be half moon. The luminary, when on the increase from new to half, is termed the crescent. In the early days of the new moon we usually see the dark part of the body faintly illuminated, an appearance termed the old moon in the new moon's arms. This faint illumination is produced by the reflection of the sun's light from the earth, or what the inhabitants of the moon, if there were any, might be supposed to consider as moonlight. The earth, which occupies one invariable place in the sky of the moon, with a surface thirteen times larger than the apparent size of the moon in our eyes, is then at the full, shining with great lustre on the sunless side of its satellite. CORK Cork, which is used so much for stoppers for bottles, is the bark of an evergreen oak growing in the south of France, Spain, and some other countries. The bark is first taken off when the tree is about twenty-five years old. The cork tree requires a warm climate, yet it is found in Spain at an altitude of 1,600 feet, and in Algeria at 3,200 feet. The lowest annual temperature at which it flourishes is about sixty degrees. It grows best on slopes where it has an 223 abundance of light and free circulation of air. The trees continue to grow and be of service for their bark for two hundred years. In Spain the maximum height is sixty feet, the trunk having a girth of ten or twelve feet. The cork is obtained in the following manner : An incision is made through the bark and around the tree near the ground and another near the branches. These cuts are followed by perpendicular ones dividing the bark into broad strips. The cuts stop the circulation of the sap, and the bark soon begins to dry and curl outward, and each strip is then peeled off by hand. The tree is not killed by this process, which may be repeated every ten years. DIVING SUITS The diving suit is generally made of India rubber, covered with cloth, and envelopes the whole body of the diver. The helmet, or headpiece, is made of copper, and is fitted with three strong plate- glass windows. The inlet valve, to which the hose is attached that supplies the air from a force pump above, is so constructed as to freely admit the air ; but should anything happen to the hose or pump, the valve at once shuts, enclosing sufficient air in the dress to last until the diver can be drawn to the surface. The boots are made with leaden soles and weigh about forty pounds, while the breastplates at the front and back weigh nearly eighty pounds. The cost of a suit is $600. THE UNITED STATES The Stars and Stripes, the flag of the United States, came into existence on June 14, 1777, nearly a year after the battle of Lex- ington ; and the place of its birth was the house of Mrs. Betsy Ross, at 239 Arch Street, Philadelphia, a two-story structure that is still standing and looks good for another hundred years of life. So rapid has been the march of events since the Stars and Stripes were first unfurled, and so populous and great have the states become, that it seems almost an eternity of time since Betsy Ross sat in her humble home and made the flag ; and yet there are living in Phil- adelphia today descendants of Betsy Ross who heard the story from her own lips. 224 In the spring of 1777, a committee was appointed by Congress to design a suitable flag for the nation. Accompanied by General Washington, the committee visited Mrs. Ross, and giving her as a model a pencil sketch made by Washington, they requested her to make a flag in accordance with the design. The act by which the flag made by Mrs. Ross was chosen as the emblem of the United States is as follows : ' ' Resolved : that the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, with thirteen stars of white in a blue field, representing a new constel- lation." The act passed by Congress on April 4, 1818, provides that on the admission to the Union of a new state, one star should be added, the addition to be made on the 4th of July following the admission of the state. Thus the thirteen stripes on the United States flag represent the original number of states comprising the Union. Now there are forty-five stars, but the stripes will ever remain the same seven red, six white. Its proportions are per- fect when properly made one-half as broad as it is long. The blue field for the stars is the width of a square of the first seven stripes four red, three white. The colors are in beautiful relief, and it is altogether a splendid national emblem. The five-pointed star was suggested by Mrs. Ross, and has always remained the same, though the number of points has never been the subject of legislative enactment. AMBER A valuable collection of amber is being exhibited in London, which is attracting much attention from both naturalists and people generally. Most people know that amber, away in the dim ages, was gum of a most transparent and liquid kind which oozed from the pines growing in the countries near to what is the Baltic Sea of our day. The trees decayed and mingled with the soil, but the resin was stored up by nature, and when, as the centuries rolled on, the earth began gradually to sink, and the sea washed over what was once dry land, the wood soil was upheaved and the hard gum carried off by the waves to be dropped to the bottom of the ocean. There the action of the water, in the course of further ages, slowly converted the lumps of resin into the fossil which ocean currents have since disturbed and often cast back on the coasts. 225 It was in oozing from the pine trees that the liquid resin caught up in its course insects and other things, which have been wonderfully preserved. Ants and spiders, leaves, flowers, and fruit of species and kinds unknown to recorded history, are to be examined with as much facility as if they stood on an object glass ; and of such delicate consistency was evidently this trickling gum, that the winged insects have been imprisoned without the slightest damage to their fragile forms. The finest specimen in the London collection contains a fly, very much like the species which today is common the world over. It seems to be poised in mid-air, the wings outstretched in the most natural fashion, with the light playing on their gauzy texture and showing them in ever changing hues. The legs are long, and the fine hairs covering them are plainly discernible. Even the eyes are preserved. There are some ten insects in another piece of amber about an inch square, including a couple of spiders and an insect looking very much like a mosquito. Another specimen con- tains five flies, and while it is evident from the peaceful attitude of four of them that the overwhelming process was immediately effect- ual, one appears to have given a last kick, and that death struggle of an insect many thousands of years ago is plainly recorded today in the disturbed appearance of the fossilized gum. Mr. Jas. H. Cole, Box 29, Numla, N. Y. My dear Sir : I am in receipt of your letter of the I3th inst., and am pleased to learn that your progress has been so rapid. Let me caution you, however, to be very sure that }-ou understand the principles thoroughly. If you do, and can apply them readily, you may congratulate yourself on having accomplished the first, and perhaps most important step, in the study of Shorthand ; if you do not, review carefully from the very beginning of the book. Any attempt at further progress before the principles have been mastered will be quite likely to result in failure. Resolve to become a good stenographer. The market is over- stocked with poor ones. It will pay you to put forth earnest and persistent effort, as the higher speed you obtain, and the more pro- 226 ficient you make yourself, the better place and the larger salary you will be able to secure. Make it a practice, not only to read over a large portion of everything you write, but to make frequent transcripts, exercising the utmost care in spelling, punctuating and capitalizing. These are very important, and if you find yourself deficient in this part of the work, take immediate steps to remedy the defect. The demand for competent stenographers was never so great as at the present time, and you need have no fear that your services will not be needed, if you prove yourself capable. Do not, however, expect a position until you can do good, and fairly rapid work. Yours truly, ADDRESS OF CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW TO THE YALE LAW STUDENTS I do not propose to pursue any of the subjects upon which you have been instructed by this learned faculty, nor am I prepared to compete with you with a thesis upon some legal question, as a part of the exercises of graduation. The commencement orator usually addresses himself to the professors and the elder members of the profession, but I am here to speak to you. The most joyous of days is that which closes the doors of the school, and opens the gateway to the world ; the most apprehensive, the one which marks the opening of your clientless office ; the happiest, the first return, after the future is secure and success is assured, to college scenes and associations. It is the privilege of age and experience to indicate paths in the field you are yet to explore, to point out the dangers which beset them, and the methods of safe and com- fortable travel. Most of the ideals of these closing hours, devoted to the confidential interchange of aspirations and hopes, will be shattered against the stern realities of practical life, but their destruction will furnish the lessons for sure foundations and per- manent construction. At this hour, all your thoughts are concentrated in one word, success. If your construction of success were honestly analyzed, it would probably mean, to most minds, the getting of money. The desire to acquire property is the most potent force in the 227 activities of our people. It is the mainspring of our marvelous development, and the incentive and reward of intelligent industry. It is alike the cause of the noblest efforts and the most revolting crimes. That man would be unfaithful to his family, and to his own independence, who did not use every honorable effort, and practice every reasonable economy, to secure home and competence for declining years. But the lawyer who makes this his sole aim is an uuworthy member of the noblest of professions, and will never win its honors or rewards. * * * * Messrs. Johnson & King, West I4th St., New York City. Gentlemen : Yours is just at hand. In reply will say that we ran your "Ad." in the December 5th, igth, and 26th issues, and then again in the New Year number ; but were not able to get it in the issue of the i6th of January, as that number was full before your order for continuance was received ; so it had to be carried one week later, and went in the 23d of January, and then again in the first issue in February, and again in the February 2oth number. This will be followed by the first issue in March, March 6th, then'in the issue of the 2Oth. It really carries it forward one week on each insertion. We could not get it in the i6th, as you originally wished it, and which would have been two weeks after the first issue in January, but could use it in the 23d, and since that time have used it every other week, which brings it, for February and March, in the first issues of the month. These are both especially good numbers, and we have many calls for extra copies of the first issues of each month. We trust this will be satisfactory and as you wished. If, during your best season, you would run some large "Ads." giving us the option oi two or three dates in which to use them when w r e could do the best for them, we believe it would pay you well. We are not able, ever, to promise any particular dates, ex- cept in the special numbers ; the regular issues being always full far in advance. Kindly notify us by return mail how much space you are likely to need in the April numbers. Very respectfully, 228 Guide to the Use of Capitals The following rules for the use of capitals have been very carefully prepared, and, with the copious illustra- tions, will be found of much assistance to the young ste- nographer. 1. Every Sentence and Every Line of Poetry should begin with a capital. 2. Proper Names should begin with capitals ; as, John and James went to the White Mountains. The city of Cincinnati is on the Ohio river. 3. Proper Adjectives and Words derived from Proper Names should begin with capitals ; as, American, Roman, Bostonian, Swedish, Smithsonian, to Chris- tianize. 4. Direct Quotations. When the exact words of a speaker or writer are used, the first word should begin with a capital ; as, James said, " Come with me." 5. The pronoun I and the interjection O should be capitals. 6. Names of God, words denoting or referring to the Deity, should begin with capitals ; as, " Trust in Provi- dence." " For in Thee, O Lord, do I hope." " Thou wilt hear, O Lord my God." " Trust in Him and He will give you rest." Jehovah, Creator, Almighty. 229 7. Months of the Year, Days of the Week, Holi- days, and Special Seasons should begin with capitals ; as, January, Monday, Christmas, Fourth of July, Good Friday, Lent, Advent, Trinity. Spring, summer, fall, autumn and winter should not be capitalized unless personified. 8. Titles of Honor and Office should begin with capitals; as, Dr.; Mr.; Rev.; General Hood; Ser- geant Mills; Peter Chase, D. D., LL. D.; Hon. James Drew ; President Madison; His Honor, the Mayor ; Henry Chase, Ph. D. 9. Names Personified. The name of anything spoken of as a person should begin with a capital ; as, " Come gentle Spring" "Then Hope said." 10. In Headings and Titles the important words (usually nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs), should be capitalized ; as, "An Illustrated History of the State of Vermont," Pope's "Essay on Man," "His Majesty, Myself." In books, the titles and heads of the principal divisions are printed in small capitals. 1 1 . Names Composed of Proper and Common Nouns, such as, Junior course, Cayuga creek, Andes moun- tains, etc., should have the first word only capitalized (unless used in a title or in an address), because it may be used alone. In such names as Rocky Mountains, Jersey City, Black Hills, etc., both parts should be cap- italized, as both are necessary to describe the place. 230 12. Religious Sects, Political Parties, Organizations, Societies and Companies should begin with capitals ; as, Methodist, Catholic, Republican, Prohibition party, Band of Hope, Radicals, Conservatives, The Courier Co. 13. Distinct Regions; as, Pacific Coast, the North, the Southwest, North Siberia, etc., should be capital- ized. In the sentence, He was traveling" west, west should not be capitalized as it denotes simply direction. In the sentence, He went West, west should begin with a capital, as it here denotes a certain part of the country. 14. "Words of Special Importance describing great events, or special things which have acquired a distinct name, should be capitalized ; as, Blue Monday, Gulf Stream, the Dark Ages, the Revolution, the Civil War. 15. It is sometimes allowable to capitalize a word in order to give it special emphasis ; as Write every Proper Name, and every Adjective derived from a Proper Noun with an initial capital. Swinton's Grammar. 1 6. In display advertisements, important words are generally capitalized. It is also customary to capitalize important words in bills ; as, 3 Ibs. Tea, 4 bu. Potatoes, etc. 17. In writing the amount in checks, notes, etc., some prefer to capitalize each word ; as, Four Hundred Thirty-four. 231 Punctuation Punctuation is so important a part of the education of the stenographer, and so few have a practical knowledge of the art, that it has been thought advisable to give in this book a series of rules which, it is hoped, will be found of great benefit to the stenographer, and will enable him to render better transcripts than he otherwise could. THE COMMA The comma denotes the least of the divisions of a sen- tence. The following rules will show its principal uses. RULE i. When words or phrases are not essential to the meaning or structure of the sentence in which they stand, but are merely thrown in, as it were, they should usually be set off by commas; as, It is said, however, that the conditions are favorable. He has just heard, evidently, of the late disaster. A practical education is, 172 fact, the key to success. He went, accordingly, and made arrangements. RULE 2. Clauses or Phrases coming between the subject and predicate of a sentence, or between any of its principal parts, should usually be set off by commas. 232 EXAMPLES The painter has, with perfect reality, depicted the horrors of war. "The sun, with all its train of attendant planets, is but a small portion of the universe. John, who had studied faithfully, secured the prize. The book, though not a new one, was highly prized. RULE 3. The Ellipsis of a Verb should be marked by a comma ; as, James went to France ; John, to England. He has one book ; she, two. Commas indicate the closest connection ; brackets, the remotest. RULE 4. Relative Clauses, not Restrictive, should usually be set off by commas. EXAMPLES The young man, who seemed very bright, found ready employment. They intend to go in the spring, which is the most delightful season of the year in that country. The giant trees of California, which are the largest in the world, are falling victims to man's greed. i. A clause is restrictive when it limits the meaning of some particular word to some particular sense ; as, Books which are full of knowledge are valuable. Here the author does not say that all books are valuable, but merely those that are full of knowledge. The clause is, therefore, restrictive, and should not be set off by commas. Some authors would, however, place a comma after knowledge to mark the logical subject. NOTE 2. If several words come between the relative and its antecedent, a comma should precede the relative even if it is used restrictively ; as, He is the best man, who does the most good. 233 NOTE 3. A comma should always be placed before the relative, if it is immediately followed by a word or phrase set off by commas ; as, The engineer, who, through gross carelessness, wrecked the train, deserves the severest censure. He met with a painful accident, which, however, did not permanently injure him. RULE 5. An Appositive "Word, together with its adjuncts, should usually be set off by commas. Titles, when affixed to a noun or pronoun, should also be set off by a comma, or commas. EXAMPLES Gladstone, the noted statesman, lived in England. Victoria, The Queen of England, was very wealthy. Rev. James Russell, D. D., LL. D. Harold Hunt, Esq. NOTE I. When the appositive consists of only one word, or only one word preceded by the article the, no comma is usually required ; as, Jesus the Saviour was crucified. NOTE 2. In sentences like the following, the appositive is not set off by commas ; as, Goldsmith Maid was called the queen of the turf. He was chosen king. They elected him president. RULE 6. The Simple Members of a Compound Sen- tence, unless short and closely connected, are generally divided by commas. EXAMPLES The machine is a marvel of simplicity, but its work is truly wonderful. " I,ife is short and time is fleeting." Short, no comma needed. Be charitable, meet your obligations promptly, and you will be respected. He speaks earnestly, and his words carry conviction with them. 234 NOTE. When the members have commas within themselves, a semicolon is usually placed betwen the members ; as, James, though younger, was soon noted for his fine work ; but John, being lazy and indifferent, met with little success. RULE 7. Similar Phrases forming a Series should have a comma after each phrase. EXAMPLES He has sailed the seas in merchantmen, government cruisers, and fleet ocean racers. An earnest purpose, a desire to excel, and persistent application, will win success. RULE 8. Words or Phrases in Pairs should have a comma after each pair. EXAMPLES Minute by minute, day by day, and week by week, the work goes on. He has studied Latin and Greek, philosophy and chemistry, drawing and music. RULE 9. Similar Words in a Series should usually be separated from each other by commas. EXAMPLES Men, women, boys and girls were there. He spoke rapidly, distinctly and forcibly. The sun, moon, planets and stars are objects of earnest study. Love, faith, hope and charity are written on their banner. NOTE i. In a series of similar words no commas are required, if the connectives are all expressed. (See example I below.) If 235 the connectives are all omitted, the words must not only be sepa- rated from each other by commas, but a comma must be placed after the last one to separate it from what follows (see example 2). EXAMPLES 1. Every thought and every word and every action will be brought into judgment. 2. Every thought, every word, every action, will be brought into judgment. NOTE 2. If the terms are adjectives, no comma should be in- serted between the last one and its noun, if the latter is final ; as, She was a kind, generous, noble woman. RULE 10. Independent Elements should be set off by commas. UNDER THE ABOVE HEAD ARE INCLUDED : 1. The nominative case independent ; as, I believe, Mr. Secretary, an error has been made. James, go at once. 2. The nominative case absolute ; as, He being deaf, we talked without fear of being heard. 3. Independent adverbs ; as, Why, how well you look ! 4. Unemphatic Interjections ; as, Oh, how kind you are ! RULE ii. Dependent and Conditional Clauses are usually set off by commas. EXAMPLES I will go early in the morning, if I can secure a horse. I will not go, unless he returns this by evening. Educate a man, and you increase his usefulness. NOTE i. In the preceding sentence the condition is implied ; the meaning being, " If you educate a man," etc. 236 NOTE 2. A clause is dependent when it requires another to complete its meaning. A dependent clause usually begins with if, unless, where, when, until, in order, etc. NOTE 3. If the sentence is short, and the connection close, no comma should be used ; as, He will coine as he went. You may return when you can. RULE 12. Transposed Phrases or Clauses placed at the beginning of a sentence, should usually be set off by a comma. EXAMPLES At the end of a few hours, they reached the cabin. Hunted by every one, there seemed little chance of escape. To tell the truth, his record was never brilliant. To be plain, I cannot say I like it. " Who would be free, themselves must strike the blow. ' ' NOTE. In making out catalogues, and lists of names, the last name is generally written first, and a comma placed after it ; as, Brooks, James A. Luce, Messrs. E. & J. Hood, Dr. O. B. Case, Geo. M., Jr. RULE 13. A Short Quotation, or a sentence resem- bling a quotation, should be introduced by a comma. EXAMPLES He said, " I will be there." Resolved, ' ' That we tender our thanks. ' ' I say, " You ought not to go." He began his speech by saying, "It is a pleasure to be with you again." 237 RULE 14. The Comma should be used to prevent ambiguity, and to make prominent emphatic or con- trasted parts. EXAMPLES He is liberal, not lavish. (Contrasted parts.) The convict walked, and slept upon his bed. ' ' Every lady in the land Has twenty nails upon each hand, Five and twenty upon hands and feet ; This is true without deceit." NOTE EFFECT OF PUNCTUATION ' ' Every lady in the land Has twenty nails ; upon each hand, Five ; and twenty upon hands and feet : This is true without deceit." THE SEMICOLON The Semicolon is used to mark the division of a sen- tence next longer than that indicated by the comma. RULE i. Subdivided Members. A semicolon is gen- erally used between members that are subdivided by commas, unless the connection is very close. EXAMPLES The model, though in a crude state, was exhibited a year ago ; and now, for the first time, a perfect cast has been secured. Garfield, like Lincoln, was born of humble parents; and, like Lincoln, was killed by an assassin's bullet while holding the highest office in the gift of the nation. RULE 2. Clauses and Expressions in a Scries, having a common dependence upon another clause, are separated from each other by semicolons, and from the clause upon which they depend, by a comma. EXAMPLES He said, that you agreed to furnish fifty tons of coal ; that you were to deliver in five-ton lots ; and that you accepted his offer of four dollars, net. They claim, that the instrument is superior to all others ; that it is simpler in construction ; that its action is easier and quicker ; and that its tone is fuller and richer. NOTE. If the clause upon which the others depend, comes at the end of the sentence, it is usually separated from them by a comma, followed by a dash. Thus : " To give preference to honor above gain, when they stand in competition ; to despise every ad- vantage which cannot be attained without dishonest acts ; to brook no meanness ; and to stoop to no dissimulations, are the indica- tions of a great mind. RULE 3. A General Term in Apposition is usually separated from the particulars under it by a semicolon, and the particulars, from each other by commas ; as, He selected three books ; Pilgrim's Progress, David Copperfield, and Recreations in Astronomy. NOTE. If the particulars contain commas within themselves, they should be separated from each other by semicolons, and from the general term by a colon ; as, 239 He selected three books : Pilgrim's Progress, by Bunyan ; David Copperfield, by Dickens ; and Recreations in Astronomy, by Warren. RULE 4. Short Sentences, without grammatical de- pendence, yet connected in meaning, are usually sepa- rated from each other by semicolons. EXAMPLES The winter is gone ; the summer is here with its sun- shine and flowers. I know the morning ; I am acquainted with it and love it, fresh and sweet as it is ; a daily new creation, breaking forth and calling all that have life and breath and being to new adorations, new enjoyments, and new gratitude. Daniel Webster. NOTE. When the sentences are short, and the connection very close, a comma is generally used ; as, The sun is shining, trees are budding, birds are singing ; all the earth seems glad. RULE 5. An Additional Clause, When a clause stating a reason, explanation, or enumeration is added to a preceding sentence, it should be preceded by a semi- colon, if introduced by a connecting word, but by a colon if not. EXAMPLES You should gather all you can ; for it will be needed. You should gather all you can : it will be needed. NOTE) I. A comma is sometimes used when the sentences are very short and the connection close ; as, "Be just, and fear not." "Think much, fear little." NOTE 2. .As, namely, thus, and that is, when used to connect an example with a rule, should be preceded by a semicolon, and followed by a comma ; as, There are two divisions of Grammar ; namely, Etymology and Syntax. 240 THE COLON The Colon is used to mark a division next greater than that indicated by the semicolon, and next below that of the period. Two rules have already been given for the use of the colon, see RULE 5, also NOTE, RULE 3, under' "Semi- colons. ' ' RULE i . Greater Divisions. The Colon is generally used between the divisions of a sentence that are sub- divided by semicolons. EXAMPLE "The three great enemies to tranquility are vice, superstition and idleness : vice, which poisons and dis- turbs the mind with bad passions ; superstition, which fills it with imaginary terrors ; idleness, which loads it with tediousness and disgust." RULE 2. Direct Quotations, if long, or formally in- troduced, should be preceded by a colon. NOTE I. " If, in reading, the introduction takes the falling inflection on the last word, it is formal ; if it takes the rising in- flection it is informal, and requires a comma." Westlake. EXAMPLES He rose and said : "I did not come here this evening with the intention of speaking. ' ' Thomas Jefferson, in speaking of indolence, said : " Of all the cankers of human happiness, none corrodes with so silent, yet so baneful an influence as indolence. 241 EXAMPLE When the meeting was called to order, the president rose and said : ' ' Gentlemen, it is with great pleasure that I introduce, ' ' etc. RULE 3. Yes and No. These words should be fol- lowed by a colon when equivalent to an answer that is afterwards expressed in full. EXAMPLES . Will he go now ? No : he cannot go now. Are you nearly ready ? Yes, kind friend : I will soon be ready. NOTE. In such cases as, "Yes, sir," "No, my lords," etc., the colon should come after the last word ; thus, Yes, sir : I will go with you. No, my lords : I cannot agree to your proposition. RULE 4. The Expressions, as follows, to proceed, to conclude, etc., when used to introduce an enumera- tion or example, or when placed at the beginning of a paragraph and referring to the whole of it, should be separated from what follows by a colon ; as, To conclude : your education, in its truest, noblest sense, can never be completed. NOTE. Viz. should always be preceded by a comma and fol- lowed by a colon ; as, " There are three cardinal virtues, viz. : faith, hope, and charity. RULE 5. A Formal Salutation in a letter ; as, Dear Sir, Gentlemen, etc., should be followed by a colon, when the body of the letter begins on a line below. 242 EXAMPLES Dear Madam : We enclose check for balance, etc. Gentlemen : Your favor is before us. NOTE. When the body of the letter follows immediately after the salutation, on the same line, the colon and dash are both used. EXAMPLES My dear Sir : Your favor of the, etc. Dear Sir : We will accept your proposition, etc. THE PERIOD RULE i . Place a period at the end of every declara- tive and imperative sentence. EXAMPLES James went west to Colorado. Go at once. RULE 2. Place a period after every abbreviation. EXAMPLES M. D. , for Doctor of Medicine; M. C. for Member of Congress ; Feb. for February ; Esq. for Esquire, etc. NOTE. When figures are used to number sections, etc. , a period should be placed after the figure ; as "Three things are needed : i. Food. 2. Clothing. 3. Medicine. A period should also be placed after letters when used as num- bers ; as, Chapter XX., Verse V. 243 INTERROGATION POINT RULE i. Place an interrogation mark after every question admitting an answer. EXAMPLES When did you go? I ask, what is to be done? NOTE i. An interrogation point does not always mark the end of a sentence ; as, The question, How shall we go ? must be decided. NOTE 2. When several questions have a common dependence on some preceding word or clause, an interrogation point should be placed after each question ; as, When did he go ? for what pur- pose ? with whom f If, however, the word or phrase on which the series depend comes last, but one interrogation point is used, and that at the end ; as, When, for what purpose, with whom did he go? NOTE 3. An interrogation mark is sometimes used, even though the words are not put in the form of a question ; as, You will call soon? THE EXCLAMATION The exclamation point should be used after every ex- pression or sentence denoting strong emotion. What bravery ! Save me ! NOTE i. An interjection is generally followed by an exclamation point. Unemphatic interjections either have no point after them, or else are followed by a comma. O seldom takes any point imme- diately after it. EXAMPLES Alas*! I am no longer rich. Oh ! it hurts. Oh, yes : we will go. O my country ! 244 NOTE 2. Where the interjection forms part of the clause or ex- pression, the exclamation point should be placed at the end of the clause or expression ; as, O vain man ! Oh that I could make him happy ! THE DASH This point is greatly misused by many, especially by young writers, and considerable care should be exercised in its use. Do not employ the dash where another point could be substituted for it without changing the mean- ing. RULE i. Abrupt Changes in construction or senti- ment should be marked by a dash. EXAMPLES Could it have been James but no, I do not believe he would go. He was great in his own estimation. RULE 2. Use the dash to denote a summing up of particulars ; as, You will be supplied with paper, pens, ink and pencils, everything needed. He has lost home, friends, wealth, everything. RULE 3. Parenthetical Expressions, less closely con- nected with the rest of the sentence than would be indi- cated by commas, should be inclosed in dashes ; as, I saw probably owing to the reflected light the figure of a man. ' ' Religion who can doubt it ? is the noblest theme for the exercise of the intellect." 245 4. The dash is sometimes used at the end of an extract, before the name of the author or work ; as, The rose is the finest when 'tis budding new. Scott. MARKS OF PARENTHESIS RULE i. The curves are used to inclose words or figures inserted in a sentence by way of comment, but having little or no connection with the sentence ; as, This error ( if error it were) caused the loss of twenty lives, and the destruction of much valuable property. Please send us (if you have in stock) three dozen "Ideal" Copy Holders. NOTE. When a point would be required between the parts of a sentence, in case no parenthesis were there, then said point should follow the last curve, unless there is a point within the curves, in which case it should precede the first curve ; as, While the self-respecting man seeks the good-will of others (and there is no reason why he should not), he will not stoop to dis- honorable means to obtain it. While the self-respecting man seeks the good-will of others, (and why should he not? ) he will not stoop to dishonorable means to obtain it. QUOTATION MARKS RULE i. All quoted or borrowed expressions should be enclosed in quotation marks ; as, The Bible says, "Thou shalt not steal." John said, " I will surely be there." 246 NOTE i. A writer may quote words previously used by himself ; as, I can only repeat what I wrote you before, " I cannot accept." NOTE 2. Sometimes a quotation is changed somewhat ; that is, the exact words are not given. In such cases the change of word- ing should be indicated by using only one of the quotation marks at beginning, and one at end of quotation. When the remarks of others are stated in our own language no quotation marks should be used. NOTE 3. When a quotation is inclosed within another quota- tion, the inclosed one should have only single marks ; as, I have seen it stated, " The command ' Thou shalt not kill,' for- bids many crimes besides that of murder." When the internal quotation comes at the end, three apostrophes are used ; as, Some one has said, " What an argument for prayer is contained in the words, ' Our Father which art in heaven ! ' " 247 UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES TTRRARY A 000 581 165 8 Z56 D293s 1906 %mm& kV*V VVVi !tt.tfft