*3L University of California College of Agriculture Agricultural Experiment Station Berkeley, California SEASOIJAL L.A.BOR NEEDS FOR CALIFORMA CROPS SM BERIiyiDINO COUNTY Progress Report No. 36 by R. L, Adams Preliminary — Subject to Correction October, 1936 Contribution from the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics Mimeographed Report No. 53 UNIVERSITY ■ . ..i FORMA LIBRARY (Farm Labor Survey — January- June, 1936) Progress Report No. 36 Seasonal Labor Needs for California Crops San Bernardino County Scope of Presentation . — The following considerations govern the present- ation of this progress report: 1. The data are confined to the area indicated above. 2. The data are confined solely to crops, livestock needs being ignored. 3. The findings apply only to occasional or seasonal labor requirements as distinguished from labor contributed by farm operators and by workers employed on a year-round or regular basis of employment. 4. The presentation includes the so-called migratory, transient, or roving workers which comprise an D-inportant source of help needed in connection with certain tasks and at "peak" times which sea.'sonally arise in connection with many field, truck, and fruit crops comi.iercially produced in California, 5. This report is confined to California's need for seasonal agricultural workers because of the more pressing problems liable to arise in connection there- vdth. A later study is planned which v/ill deal with other kinds of labor involved in the production of California's many crops. Brie f Description of the Are a.— San Bernardino is one of the southern counties of California. Its southwest corner is about 30 miles east of the city of Los Angeles. It is bordered on the west by Los /oigeles and Kern counties, along a boundary which extends northward about 125 miles. On the north it joins Inyo County for about 110 miles eastavard to the Nevada line. The boundary follows the state line southeastward to the Colorado River, which, from this point, forms the boundary between San Bernardino County and Arizona on the east. On the south it is bounded for its full length of about 260 miles by Riverside County, except for a short distance at the southwest corner v/here it joins Orange County. San Bernardino has the largest total area of any county in the state. The agricultural district, however, makes up but a small portion of the total and is largely concentrated in the southwest corner, contiguous to a number of important cities and tovms among which are San Bernardino, Redlands, Colton, Ontario, Upland, Chino, Cucamonga, Yucaipa, and others. It is adjacent to Los Angeles County on the west and Orange and Riv-rside counties on the southwest and south. There is also a limited area of land formed along the Mojave River, betvroen Victorville and Barstow in the central-v;estern part of the county. The county contains a total of 12,912,000 acres of which 133,814 acres are classed as available for crops by the 1935 Census. This is further classified as follows by the Census for the crop year 1934. ♦ 2. Acreage Crop land harvested 134,434 Crop failure 2,456 Crop land idle or fallow 33,057 Plowable pasture 13,867 Total land available for crops 183,814 Crop acreages, as determined from the report of the County Agricultural Commissioner, for the year 1935 are as follows: Acre age Field crops 44/851 Vegetable crops 4,216 Orchard and vineyard, bearing 92,831 Orchard and vineyard, nori?earing 7,494 Total 149,392 Crops, Acreage, and Producti on. — The basis used in calculating occasional or seasonal need for labor in addition to that furnished by fam operators and regularly employed workers appears as table ?.. TABLE 1 Basis for Calculating Seasonal Labor Requirements — San Bernai'dino County Crops Acreage Production Field crops : Alfalfa hay 12,820 64,100 tons Beans 3,078 31,279 sacks Corn - Milo 651 5,563 sacks for ensilage 1,328 18,620 tons Grain 6,681 134,795 sacks Grain hay 16,317 27,585 tons Potatoes - Irish 1,157 138,415 sacks sweet 910 302,545 packed lugs Sugar beets 1,595 19,862 tons Vegetable crops: Corn - svi'eet 1,838 416,050 lugs Melons* 342 2,801 tons Pumpkins and squash* 159 833 tons Tomatoes 1,432 10,673 tons Miscellaneous vegetables 554 (Table continued on next page .J * * 3. Table 1 continued. Crops Acreage Production Fruit crops : Almonds * 88 16 tons Apples 1,524 5,221 tons t Apricots 750 2,392 tons Avocados 39 4'i,800 pounds Berrios (Chino district only) 134 4. 35,700 crates T Cherries 204 178 tons Citrus fruits- grapefruit 2,555 727,000 field boxes of 45 pounds <j oranges - navel 29,735 11,056 cars) oranges . - Valencia 10,229 5,166 cars) 13,300,000 field oran?:os - miscollaneous 1,629 588-|- cars) boxes of 47 pounds ^ le-aons 4,456 2,713 cars — equivalent to 1,709,00C field boxes of 50 pounds l| Fir;s* 29^ 35 tons Grape s 26,383 53,454 tons Olives 836 387 tons Poachos - cling 2,711 8,121 tons freestone 2,281 5,539 tons Poars* 209 141 tons Plums 275 840 tons Persimmons* 54 78 tons Walnuts 9,831 3,481 tons * Use of seasonal labor inconsequential and henco ignored. + Production of apples is compiled as folloivs: 225,290 boxes at 40 pounds each plus 718 tons culls. f Total county production was 56,270 crates • (^Production of grapefruit is compiled as follows: 482,421 packed boxes (56 pounds net) plus 5,711,681 pounds loose fruit and culls. Production of oranges is compiled as follows: 7,732,943 packed boxes .. tjZ pounds not) plus 69,339,669 pounds loose fruit and culls. II Basis of calculation: 630 field boxes required per car — 2,713 oars. Opcr-'^tions Requiring Use of Seasonal Labor and Time of Ne ed.— Farm operations requiring use of seasonal or occasional labor for the various crops raised in San Bernardino County are indicated in table 2. This tabulation does not indlude the employing of shed workers needed to wash, pack, and prepare various commodities for shipping and marketing. 1 TABLE 2 4. Oporations Requiring Uso of Seasonal Labor and Times of Needs by Crops San Bernardino County- Crop Field crops Alfalfa Beans Corn - Milo (for grain) Corn - Milo (for ensilage) Grain Operation Time of need Mowing, raking, and shocking -75 per cent by seasonal workers Baling (75 per cent of crop equals 48,075 tons) — 75 per cent by seasonal xvorkers Piling — with fork Threshing Cutting heads, by hand Threshing by stationary- Cutting by combine Cutting by hand and loading trucks Threshing by stationary (50 per cent of crop) — 90 per cent by seasonal workers Harvesting by combine 60 per cent by seasonal workers 11,000 acres each month — six cuttings five weeks apart 6,868 tons per month 1 April may June July August September October April Ivlay I June (July August I September October jAugust 15-31 — 10 per cent of crop [September 1-SO — 8 0 por cent of :rop I October — 10 per cent of crop August — 5 per cent of crop September — 80 per cent of crop October — 15 per cent of crop [December — 50 per cent of acreage [December - I December - acreage — 50 per cent of crop 50 per cent of September 20-30 — 15 per cent of acreage October 1-30 — 50 per cent of acreage November 1-20 — 35 per cent of acreage June — 35 por cent of crop July — 15 per cent of crop • June — 50 per cent of acreage (Table 2 continued on next page.) .., < . 5. Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Time of need Field crops: (continued] Grain hay Mov/ing, raking, and shocking ~ 50 per cent by seasonal vrorkers M3.y 1-31 Triraming (25 per cent of acreage)— 50 per cent by seasonal vrorkers tlay 15-31 ~ 12-|- per cent of acreage June 1-15 — 12-^ per cent of acreage Baling — 75 per cent by seasonal workers June 1-30 — 75 per cent of crop July 1-31 — 25 per cent of crop Potatoes - Irish Cutting seed March Picking up, grading, and putting in lugs or sacks June 20-30 — 25 per cent of crop in lugs July 1-31 — 75 per cent of crop in sacks Potatoes - sweet Pulling plstnts from hotbed Mav Planting in field (by machine)— 80 per cent by seasonal workers Ivlay Picking up, hauling in, and dumping — 30 per cent by seasonal workers October 15-31 — 25 pnr cent of crop Uovember 1-15 — 25 per cent of crop Picking up and packing in field — 80 per cent by seasonal vrarkers October 15-31 — 25 per cent of crop November 1-15 — 25 per cent of crop Sugar beets Thinning February 20-28 — 5 per cent of acrea,p;e March — 20 per cent of acreage April — 50 per cent of acreage May — 25 per cent of acreage Hoeing — first time March 20-31 — 5 por cent of acreage April 1-30 — 20 per cent of acreage Jlay 1-30 — 50 per cent of acreage Jime 1-30 — 25 rer cent of acroago Hoeing — second time May — 20 per cent of acreage Juno ~ 50 per cent of acreage - (Table 2 continued on next page J Table 2 continued. 6. Vegetable crops: Sweet corn Crop Sugar beets (continued) Tomatoes Operation Topping and loading Suckering Picking and packing — 50 per cent by seasonal workers Transplanting to field by- hand Hoeing ~ two times Dusting — three times Pi eking Time of need August 1-31 — 39 per cent of crop September 1-30 — 38 per cent of crop October 1-31 ~ 23 per cent of crop June 15-30 — 20 per cent of acreage July 1-31 — 60 per cent of acreage August 1-31 — 20 per cent of acreage July' 15-31 — 10 per cent of crop August — 35 per cent of crop September — 35 per cent of crq) October — 20 per cent of crop April — 10 per cent of acreage May — 90 per cent of acreage May ) June) two-thirds of acreage July) each month J^y ) June) once, all acreage July) August — 20 per cent of crop September — 40 per cent of crop October — 40 per cent of crop Fruit crops: Almonds — use of seasonal labor inconsequential — hence ignored. Apples Pruning — 20 per cent by seasonal labor Thinning (twe-thirds of acreage) 75 per cent by seasonal workers November 20-30 — 5 per cent of acreage December — 30 per cent of s.croage January — 30 per cent of acreage February — 20 per cent of acreage March — 10 per cent of acreage June 15-30 — 25 per cent of acreage July 1-31 — 75 per cent of acreage XTable continued on next page . j Table 2 continued 7. Crop Apples (continued) Apricots Operation Picking Packing — 66 per cent of crop Picking Cutting Other dry-yard work Time of need September — 20 per cent of crop October — 70 per cent of crop November — 10 per cent of crop September — 13 per cent of crop October — 47 per cent of crop November — 6 per cent of crop June 25-30 — 15 per cent of crop July 1-25 — 85 per cent of crop June 25-30 — 15 per cent of crop July 1-25 — 85 per cent of crop June 25-30 - crop July 1-25 - crop 15 per cent of 35 per cent of Avocados — use of seasonal labor inconsequential — hence ignored. Berries - young- berries Cherries Citrus - grapefruit oranges Picking (Chino district only) 90 per cent by seasonal workers Picking Sorting and packing Picking Picking* — navels, Valencias, and Eiiscellaneous May 20-30 — 15 per cent of crop June 1-30 — 80 per cent of crop July 1-4 — 5 per cent of crop June June May — 8 per cent of crop June 19 per cent of crop July — 22 per cent of crop August — 21 per cent of crop September — 13 per cent of crop October — 7 per cent of crop Balance scattered and in- consequential . November — 2,4 per cent of crop December — 3,7 per cent of crop January — 10.7 per cent of crop February — 15.4 per cent of crop March — 16, S per cent of crop April — 19,7 per cent of crop May — 5,1 per cent of crop June — 4,7 per cent of crop July ~ 5,4 per cent of crop August — 4,2 per cent of crop September — 4,7 per cent of crop jOctober — 5.3 per cent of crop (Table 2 continued on next pa;e;o,) t t ; i I ■ ! 1 I 8. Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Time of need Citrus (continued) lemons Picking t November — 5 per cent of crop December — 5 per cent of crop January — 10 per cent of crop February — 6 per cent of crop March — 19 per cent of crop April 14 per cent of crop May — 20 per cent of crop June — 8 per cent of crop July — 4 per cent of crop August — 2 per cent of crop September — 3 per cent of crop October 4 per cent of crop Figs — Use of seasonal labor inconsequential — hence ignored. Grapes Pruning — 75 per cent by- seas onal workers December 15-51 — 10 per cent of acreage January 1-31 — 50 per cent of acreage February 1-28 — 40 per cent of acreage Burning brush — 60 per cent by seasonal workers December 15-31 — 10 per cent of acreage January 1-31 — 50 per cent of acreage February 1-28 — 40 per cent of acreage Hoeing April — all acreage Suckering April 21-30 — 50 per cent of acreage May 1-7 — 50 per cent of acreage Sulphuring - three times April ~ all acreage May all acreage June — all acreage Picking September — 40 per cent of crop October — 40 per cent of crop November — 20 per cent of crop Peaches - cling Thinning — 66 per cent by seasonal workers May 10-30 ~ tvro-thirds of acreage June 1-10 — one -third of acreage Picking — 75 per cent by seasonal workers Aur;ust — 80 per cent of crop September -- 20 per cent of crcp (Table 2 continued 'onnext~pagaJ 1 V-- Table 2 continued. Operation Crop Timo of need Peaches - freestone Pruning — 50 per cent by seasonal workers Thinning — 75 per cent by seasonal workers Picking Packing crop 75 per cent of January — 50 per cent of acreage February — 50 per cent of acreage April 20-30 — 10 per cent of acreage May 1-31 — 80 per cent of acreage Juno 1-10 — 10 per cent of acreage June — 15 per cent of crop July — 20 per cent of crop August 60 per cent of crop September — 5 per cent of crop June — 15 per cent of crop July — 20 per cent of crop August — 60 per cent of crop September — 5 per cent of crop Pears — use of seasonal labor inconsequential — hence ignored. Plums Thinning Picking May July — 75 per cent of crop August — 25 per cent of crop Persimmons — use of seasonal labor inconsequential — hence ignored. Walnuts Shaking off, picking up, and hulling by hand. September — 45 per cent of crq) October — 45 per cent of crop November — 10 per cent of crop * Distribution of picking labor hy months on oranges is estimated from monthly carlot shipments of oranges from Riverside County during 1935. ■f Distribution of picking labor by months on lemons is estimated from monthly lemon "pick" of the Ontario- Cucamonga Fruit Exchange 1935-36 season. Fin dings of Seasonal Labor Weeds . — Details and summaries of seasonal labor requirements of San Bernardino County agriculture are presented as table 3. The "size of job" are figures drawn from table 1 in terms of either acreage or productLon in tons, crates, boxes or whatever unit is commonly used. The "output pop- man day" is an average figure for the entire acreage or output, figured in pounds, crates, hampers, or boxes, etc., on liarvest jobs, or in acreage. If the work is of a nature that requires a crow, different members of Avhich perfom different tasks, then the average shown is per man, based on the entire crew. Length of day is 9 hours unless otherwise stated. Wide variations in output occur between farm and farm, field and field, season and season, because of differences in soil typos, climatic conditions, weeds, yields, and other factors influencing the amount of work that a laborer can perform in a given d^y. Moreover, the basis of output is a mature, oxporiencod male • • ' " ■>..,;;'5i-'..; : ^-.--la. ,■.:■.:;t,^..f.J;v^:T.• 10. worker, without reference to the use of women, children, and more or less in- experienced help that is sometimes used in connection with certain of the tasks requiring use of seasonal workers. The column headed "available days" reflects (a) the limitations set from the period within which the vrork must be perfomed, because of the nature of the task, such as transplanting, thinning, and vreeding, and (b) available days as determined by weather conditions, inclement weather rcducin?; the number of days when a required task can be performed. The "required number of workers" is ;:;iven in terms of workers as noted above in connection with "output per man-day." It is probable that the estimated number of v/orkcrs required, as recorded in table 3, will often bo too lov/, for the reason that "peaks" frequently occur, during which an unusually large proportion of the job is done in a very short period. This vrould naturally require a much greater number of workers than v.'hon the work is spread over a longer period, even though the total amount of labor in man-days remains the same. f TABLE 3 Seasonal Labor Needs — San Bernardino County --by Months and Tasks Required Available Required number Month Crop and task Size of task Output per man-day man- days days of workers* January Apples: Pruning 457 acres 0.20 acre 457r 19 24 Citrus, Oranges: Picking 1,423,100 field 60 boxes 23,718 19 1,249 boxes Lemons: Picking 170,900 field 22 boxes 7 ,768 19 409 boxes Grapes: Pruning 13,192 acres 0.75 acre 13,192"'' 19 695 Burning brush 13,192 acres 2 acres 3,298t 19 174 Peaches (freestone): Pruning 1,140 acres G.33 acre l,710t 19 90 Totals 50,143 19 2.640 man-months February Sugar beets: Thinning 80 acres 0.5 acre 160 6 27 (from 20th to 28th) Apples: Pruning 381 acres 0.17 acre 457 22 21 Citrus, Oranges: Picking (£,048,200 field 60 boxes 34,137 22 1,552 boxes Lemons: Picking 102,540 field 22 boxes 4, 661 22 212 boxes Orapes: Pruning 10,553 acres 0.75 acre 10,553t 22 480 Burning brush 10,553 acres 2.0 acres 2,638"f 22 120 Peaches (freestone): Pruning 1,140 acres 0.33 acre 1.710t 22 78 Totals 54,316 22 2,469 man-months March Potatoes (Irish): Cutting seed 10,413 sacks 15 sacks 694 23 31 Sugar beets: Thinning 320 acres 0.5 acre 640 23 28 Hoeing - first time 80 acres 1.0 acre 80 10 8 (from 20th to 31st) Apples: Pruning 152 acres 0.17 acre 182t 23 8 Citrus, Oranges: Picking 2,473,800 field 60 boxes 41,230 23 1,793 boxes Lemons: Picking 324,710 field 30 boxes 10,824 23 471 boxes Totals 53.650 23 2.333 man-months Table continued on next page. . • • . » * , r t Table 3 continued . Ro qui red AV'. ii;,ble Roquirsc number Month CroD and task Size of task Output per man-day man-days days of workers* April Alfalfa: Mowing 11,000 acres 10 acres 825t 23 36 Raking 11 ,000 acres 20 acres 413t 23 18 Shocking 11,000 acres 2i acres 3 , 300Kof 23 144 (half-time) (in 5 hours) 5 hours) Baling 6,868 tons 3 tons 23 75 Sugar beets: Thinning 800 acres 0.5 acre 1,600 23 70 First hoeing 320 acres 1.0 acre 320 23 14 Tomatoes: Transplanting to field by hand 144 acres 1.0 acre 144 13 12 (for last one- half rrcnth) Citrus, Oranges: Picking £,620,100 field 60 boxes 43,u68 23 1,89*) boxes Lemons: Picking 239,260 field 28 boxes 8,485 23 3E9 boxes Grapes: Hoeing 25,383 acres 2 acres 13,192 23 574 Sulphuring 26,383 acres 10 acres 2,639 23 115 Suckering 13,192 acres 2 acres 5,596 10 660 (from 21st to Peaches (freestone): Thinning 30th) 228 acres 0,25 acre 912 10 92 (from 20th to 30th) Total 83.811 23 3.644 man-months May Alfalfa: Mowing 11,000 acres 10 acres 825t 25 33 Raking 11,000 acres 20 acres 413t 25 17 Shocking 11,000 acres 2^ acres 3,300 ^ 25 132 (half-time) (in 5 hours) (of 5 hours) Baling 6,868 tons 3 tons 1.717 t 25 69 Sweet potatoes: Pulling 583 + plants from hotbed 910 acres 1.25 acres 25 24 Planting in field 910 acres 0.75 acre 972 ^' 25 39 Grain hay: Mowing 16,317 acres 8 acres l,020t 25 41 Raking 16,317 acres 16 acres 510t 25 26 Bunching 16,317 acres 20 acres 408 1 25 17 Trimming 2,040 acres 5 acres 204 1 25 9 Sugar beets: Thinning 400 acres 0.5 acre 800 25 32 — First hoeing 800 acres 1.0 acre 800 25 32 Second hoeing 320 acres 1.25 acre 256 25 11 , . Table continued on next page. t- 1 \ i • \ ■ ; i i ■ ' ■ ■ \ . ... . . • - ■ - \ i i \ } K . . . . '. '. \' % r 1 1 I I I ( i i ■ ' !• ■ i : ■ . * Table 3 continuod. Required Av ailablc Ri:;cuired number Month DroD and t£.sk OlZt Oi t..-S.K Output per man— day man— days days of workers* May Tomatoes: Transplanting to (continued; field l,<;oy acres 1.0 acre i , (sby CO 52 Hoeing 954 acres 2 acres ^ T T OK CO 19 Dusting 1,452 acres 5 acres O O O do 12 Berries, Youngberries: Picking Chino district £i,D/u crates o crates oi <i4 1 A 34t(from 20th baskets to 30th) Citrus, Grapefruit: Picking 00 , ioU 1 leid 100 boxes Oo2 24 25 boxes Oranges: Picking b / o , ouu I leiu 50 boxes JLO , DDD 24 566 boxes Lemons: Picking 17 boxes OA 1 AC 24 838 boxes Grapes: Suckering lo,x^c: acres 2 acres / 943 (from 1st to 7th) Sulphuring 2fa,o83 acres 10 acres 2, 639 25 106 Peaches (cling;: Thinning(^ 1,808 acres u.tiu acre A o T O , UciD • HO 2 A T 301 (from lUth to 30th) (freestone;: ThinningQ i. , ocD acres 0.25 acre 238 r^xums. ininning o c / 0 ac re s u.eit) acre 1 1 AA i , J.UU 44 1 OXclJ.S oc 2.826 man-months J un6 AXIO'J.I cL. iWOWing X X J uuu a.c re s 10 acres o<co T OC 33 IX, uuu acres icu acres 410 T oc 17 Shocking by hand li,uuu acres 2^ acres "2 "2 A A /^J* o, 300 (of 25 132 (half- (in 5 hours) 5 hours )f' time ) fi fifift tones + o n G 1 717 + CO 69 Grain: Threshing by stationary 47,180 sacks 40 sacks 1,062 (of 25 43 (in 10 hours) 10 hours)t Threshing by combined harvester 3,340 acres 4 acres 501+ 25 20 Grain hay: Trimming 2,040 acres 5 acres 204^ 12 17 (from 1st to 15th) Baling 20,690 acres 3 tons 5,172+ 25 207 Table continued on next page. ^ . — • •■ — ■■■ : i ! i ' ' ' * "/ - . ■ : i : X" ^ • ■ - *. ; • - i ', i \ .- • I • ■ . . . - ■ ...... i • r-^ - ': i !. i ; : - • ! ^ ! ! \ : . -. • -! . \ \ i. ,. . ! . . i • i i I ... i ■ ■ •■ ■■ : 1 : '-, i f ' ' -■ t ; ; ■ ■ • ■- i ; r 1 i ! ■ ; i ; t', -' - ■ -. - '■ ^ 1,. ■ - 1^^ X Table 3 continued . Required Available Required number Month Crop and task Size of task Output per man-day man -days days of v;orkers* June Potatoes (Irish): Picking up, (continued) grading, and putting in lugs o , 4ou f 4UU pounds o,dUO pounds r» ^ 0 10 96 (from 20th to 30th) Sugar beets: First hoeing 400 acres 1.0 acre 400 25 16 Second hoeing oUU acres 1,25 acres 640 25 26 Sweet corn: Suckering 376 acres 3 acres 126 12 11 (from 15th to 30th) Tomatoes: Hoeing 954 acres 2 acres 477 25 19 Dusting 1,438 acres 5 acres 287 25 12 Apples: Thinning 254 acres 0.2 acre 952 ' 12 80 (from 15th to 30th) Apricots: Picking oou xons i,ouU pounds 554 5 111 (from 25th to 30th) Cutting for drying oov 1.0ns DUO pounds T A A r\ 1 , 440 5 288 (from 25th to 30th) Other dry-yard work oou tons 11 hours per green 396 5 80 (from £5th ton to 30th) Berries, Youngberries: Picking, Chino district 14,£;40 crates 8 crates of 24 1 , 780 25 72 baskets Cherries: Picking 178 tons 200 pounds 1 , 780 25 72 Sorting and packing xio tons 800 pounds 445 25 18 Citrus, Grapefruit: Picking 138,130 field 100 boxes 1,382 24 58 boxes Oranges: Picking Dc;o,iOO field 50 boxes 12, 502 24 521 boxes Lemons: Picking 135,7<i0 field 10 boxes 13, 672 24 570 boxes Grapes: Sulphuring, all acreage 26,383 acres 10 acres 2,639 25 106 Peaches (cling): ThinningxT 904 acres U.eiU acre 3 , 014T 10 302 (from 1st to 10th) (freestone): Thinning<^ diio acres 0.25 acre 684T 10 69 (from 1st (freestone): Picking to 10th) ooi Lons i,3DU pounds 1 , 232 12 103 (for two weeks) Table continued on next page. I Pi ' i • ,1 - Table 5 continued. Month June (continued) July C rop and task Peaches: (continued) (freestone): Packing Totals Alfalfa: Mowing Raking Shocking Baling Grain: Threshing by stationary Grain hay: Baling Potatoes (Irish): Picking up, grading, and putting in sacks Sweet corn: Suckering Picking and packing Tomatoes: Hoeing Dusting Apples: Thinning 4 Apricots: Picking Cutting for drying Other dry-yard work ^ Berries, Youngberries: Picking Chino district only Citrus, Grapefruit: Picking Oranges: Picking Lemons: Picking Size of task 609 tons 11,000 acres 11,000 acres 11,000 acres 6,868 tons 20,220 sacks 6,896 tons 103,811 sacks 1,133 acres 41,605 lugs 954 acres 1,432 acres 762 acres 2,033 tons 2,033 tons 2,033 tons 890 crates 159,940 field boxes 718,200 field boxes 68,360 field boxes Output per man-day 1,725 pounds 10 acres 20 acres 2^ acres (in 5 hours) 3 tons 40 sacks (in 10 hours) 3 tons 40 sacks 3 acres 70 lugs 2 acres 5 acres 0.2 acre 1,300 pounds 500 pounds 11 hours per green ton 8 crates of 24 baskets 100 boxes 50 boxes 10 boxes Required man-days 707 59.265 825 r 413 1 3,300 (of 5 hours )+ 1,717 + 456 (of 10 hours )t l,725t 2,596 378 298t 477 287 2,856t 3,128 8,132 2,236 112 1,600 14,364 6,836 Available days 12 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 13 26 26 26 22 22 22 4 24 24 24 Required number of workers* 59 (for two weeks ) 2.571 man-months 32 16 127 (half-time) 66 18 67 100 15 23 (from 15th to 31st) 19 11 110 143 (from 1st to 25th) 370 (from 1st to 25th) 102 (from 1st to 25th) 28f(from 1st to 4th) 67 599 285 Table continued on next page . h-' • ; ■ ■I'.;.' ^ - - ; ■■ . ■ ..1 / ■ ■ ialDie o CO r Manth ntmuea i Rf Qui rpd * * ^ \^ JL X V-r A vai 1 ab 1 e Required number CroD and task Size of task Output cer man-day man-days days of workers* July ( continued) Peaches (freestone): Picking Packing rluins. riCKing Totals 1,108 tons 831 tons fi'^O t ons 1,350 pounds 2,300 pounds 1,000 pounds 1»642 723 1,260 26 2S 26 64 28 49 55.361 26 2.130 inan-months August Alfalfa: Mowing ficiKing Shocking 11,000 acres 11,000 acres 10 acres 20 acres 21 acres 825 -t 413t 3,300 fcf 25 25 25 •JO 17 ( Vin 1 f— + 1 mp \ \lla.XL if J. lUC / (in 5 hours) 5 hours )'t Baling 6,868 tons 308 acres 3 tons 0.66 acre (in 4 hours) 1,717 t 462 (of 4 hours) 25 12 69 oy y 1 I OIIl A. O vli to 31st) i nresnmg 1 SPd sacks 25 sacks 63 6 1 1 ( from 24t h to 31st) Sugar beets: Topping and xoauing 7 746 tons 5 tons 1,550 24 65 (from 1st to 15th) Sweet corn: Suckering 378 acres 3 acres 126 12 11 Pi ckinff and oackinsr Tomat opc? 1 Pi ckinc 145,617 lugs 2,135 tons 70 lugs 1 ton 1 , 040 t 2,135 25 13 ( f*v»nm 1 ^+ H \ 1 I Ulll X*J to 31st) Citrus, Grapefruit: Picking 152,670 field boxes 100 boxes 1,527 24 64) ) Oranges: Picking 'SSft .- nn f i p1 H boxec 50 boxps 11,172 24 466 ) 673 iJClIlUXio* rxuj\±iig 34 180 field boxes 10 boxes 3,418 24 143) Peaches (cling): Picking (freestone): Picking 6,497 tons 3,323 tons 1 ton 1,500 pounds 4,872-f 4,431 25 25 195 1 78 (freestone): Packing 2,492 tons 2,300 pounds 2,167 25 87 Plums: Picking Totals 210 tons 1,000 pounds 420 25 17 39.638 25 1.586 man-months September Alfalfa: Mowing 11,000 acres 10 acres 825 t- 26 32 Rfl ki 11,000 acres 20 acres 413 t 26 16 (half-time) Shocking 11,000 acres 2^ acres (in 5 hours) 3,300 5 hours)!* 26 127 Baling 6,868 tons 3 tons 1,717 f 26 66 Beans: Piling 2,463 acres 0.66 acre (in 4 hours) 3,695 (of 4 hours) 26 142 Threshing 25,024 sacks 25 sacks 1,001 26 39 Table continued on next page. 1 - ! . - ■ - - . . . i * ■ * 1 » a." J , • Table 5 continued Required j Available man-days ■ Month Septomber ( continued) October Crop and task jSize of task ; Output per man-day Corn (ensilage): Cutting by hand and loading trucks Topping and Sugar beets: loading Sweet corn: Picking and packin^l4 Tomatoes: Picking Apples: Picking Packing Citrus, Grapefruit: Picking Oranges: Picking Lemons: Picking Grapes: Picking Peaches (cling): Picking (freestone): Picking Walnuts: Shaking off, picking up and hulling by hand Totals Alfalfa: Mowing Raking Shocking Baling Beans: Piling Threshing Corn (ensilage): Cutting by hand, and loading trucks Sweet potatoes: Picking up, hauling and dumping Picking up and packing in field Sugar beets: Topping and loading 200 acres 7,548 tons 5,617 lugs 4,270 tons 1,044 tons 679 tons 94,510 field boxes 625,100 field boxes 51,270 field boxes 21,382 tons 1,624 tons 277 tons 1.566 tons 11,000 seres 11,000 acres 11,000 acres 6,868 tons 308 acres 4,692 sacks 664 acres 75,636 lugs 75,636 lugs 4,568 tons 0,5 acre 5 tons 70 lugs 1 ton 3,000 pounds 3,o00 pounds 100 boxes 50 boxes 10 boxes t;,400 pounds 1 ton 1,500 pounds 200 pounds 10 acres 20 acres 2 A acres (in 5 hours) 3 tons 0.66 acre (in 4 hours) 25 sacks 0.5 acre 100 lugs of 32 pounds 35 lugs of 32 pounds 5 tons 400 1,510 1,040 t 4,270 696 377 945 12,502 5,127 17,818 1,218 + 370 15.660 72.884 825 t- 413 t 3,300 (of 5 hours )1' 1,717 T 462 (of 4 hours) 188 1,328 606 t l,729f 914 cays 10 24 25 26 26 26 24 24 24 26 26 26 26 26 24 24 24 24 12 12 24 12 12 24 Required number of workers* 40 (from iiOth to 30th) 63 40 165 27 15 40) 521) 214) 686 47 15 775 603 2.804 man-months 35 18 138 (half-time) 72 39 (from 1st to 15th) 16 (from 1st to 15th) 56 51 (from 1st to 31st) 144 (from 1st to 31st) 38 Te.ble continued on next page . Table 3 continued 1 — =— 1 r— Required Availacle Required number Month 1 Crop end task Size of task Output Der man-day man -days days of October Sweet corn: Picking and packing 83,210 lugs 70 lugs 595-t 12 \ X 1 WIU jL o u ( continued) to 15th) Tomatoeo; Picking 4,270 tons 1 ton 4,270 24 178 Apples: Picking 3,655 tons 3,000 pounds 2,031 24 85 Packing 2,454 tons 5,600 pounds 1,364 24 57 Citrus, Grapefruit: Picking 50,890 field 100 boxes 509 24 22 boxes Oranges: Picking 704,900 field • 50 boxes 14,098 24 boxes Lemons: Picking 68,360 field 12 boxes 5,697 24 238 boxes Grapes: Picking 21,382 tons 2,400 pounds 17,818 24 743 Mlnuts: Shaking off, picking up, and hulling by hand 1,566 tons 200 pounds 15.660 24 653 Totals 73.524 24 3.064 man-months November Corn (ensilage): Cutting by hand, and loading trucks 465 acres 0.5 acre 930 18 52 I from 1 "^t to 20th) Sweet potatoes: Picking up, 606 t hauling in and dumping 75,636 lugs 100 lugs of 32 12 51 (from 1st to pounds 15th) Picking up and packing in field 75,636 lugs 35 lugs of 32 1,729 f 12 144 (from 1st to pounds 15th) Apples: Pruning 76 acres 0.17 acre 92 t 10 10 (from 20th to 30th) Picking 522 tons 3,000 pounds 348 10 35 (from 1st to 10th) Packing 313 tons 3,600 pounds 174 10 18 ( from 1st tc 10th) Citrus, Oranges: Picking 319,200 field 50 boxes 6,384 24 ?6fi boxes Lemons: Picking 85,450 field 12 boxes 7,121 24 297 boxes Grapes: Picking 10,690 tons 2,400 pounds 8,909 12 743 (from 1st to 15th) Table continued on next page. ...... i ■: ..• : - • ■ '- : : - r ■ ■ : ": i 1 i ... ; - - •» ' . 1..' ? . ' , ■ ' -•' \ ' '' -' ■ -- ... , \ i ' ■ ■ '. ' ; - ■ ' » « * Table Z continued. 1 — — ^ ' ll J. 1 Month Crop and task 1 — 1 jSizs of task Output per man-day Required man-days Available days Required number of v/orkers* (continued) up, and hulling by hand 348 tons 200 pounds 3,480 10 348 (from 1st to 10th) Totals 29.773 24 1 , 241 man-months December Corn (Milo) for grain: Cutting heads by hand 325 acres 0,75 acre 434 10 44 (from 1st Threshing by stationary Cutting by combine 2,782 sacks 325 acres 100 sacks 5 acres 28 22 t 6 21 to 15th) 5 (for 6 days) 1 Apples: Pruning 04o T 21 26 Citrus, Oranges: Picking 492,100 field boxes 50 boxes 9,842 21 469 Licinons. ricKing 00,450 field 16 boxes 5,341 21 255 boxus Grapes: Pruning 2,u38 acres 0.75 acre 2,638 10 264 (from 15th Burning brush 2,638 acres 2 acres 660 t 10 to 31st) 66 (from 15th to 31st) Totals — — — i 19,513 21 930 man-months * On a monthly basis, unless otherwise noted. ■)* Estimated portion of work doni by seasonal labor. ^Youngbarry harvest may require three or four pickers per acre during the peak in June. r 9 Fruit thinning varies greatly in amount, and frequently is not done when set is lieht. Figures e for a good "set" of fruit. e e '^J Data on labor used in drying apricots are from University of California Agr. Ext. Serv. Bui. 388. TABLE 4 Summary of Seasonal Labor Needs by Months San Bernardino County Month Required man-days of seasonal labor Available work days Required man-months of seasonal labor January 50,143 19 2,640 February 54,316 22 2,469 March 53,650 23 2,333 April 83,811 23 3,644 May 70,660 25 2,826 June 59,265 25 2,371 July 55,361 26 2,130 August 39,638 25 1,586 September 72,884 26 2,804 October 73,524 24 3,064 November 29,773 24 1,241 December 19,513 21 930 Total 662,538 28,038 1 .• - i ; i > 1 1 f I ■ j ■ f i i \ ' ■ * i : J 5 t • i 1 i f i • I i I j I <