.'ii-i'iv^'sV-.r.-- '-i/sa3N' o ■ 5 .^<> ^sir. %. ^ '^/xt:; M^^ ^o ■^■iiz^-i^'^' 'BRh?-'^ ■CRS/7-^. a: ■7, % -.<='^^, " '" ■• M* < (J '*-i/sa3^^'^^ * *^;\ ^o .0 i^' A. to «. JOHNSON'S UNIVERSAL CYCLOREDl A: _^ V.2, ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS, PLANS, AND E N G R AV I NGS. P ' EDITORS-IN-CHIEF ^ f, KKEDKKICK A. P. BAKNARI), S.T.D., LL.D., L.II.D., M.N.A.S., IMtl-LSinKNT OK CtH.UMBlA COLI.KOK, NKW YOKK ; ARNOLD aUYOT, Pii. D., LL.D., M. N. A.S., PR0PI':88OR OF (iK0LO(*Y AND PHYSICAL (iKOURAPHY, COLLKiiK OF NKW JKR?iF.Y. scip:xtific axd. popular T R E A S U R Y OP USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. Martin B. Andek-son, .V. M., LL.D., l*re:^iil(;nt of the Uiiivi-rsity of Kocln'ster, N. Y. ; John (J. Baknard, A.M., LL.D., M. N. A.S., Col. r. S. KiiiiitiL-irs, Hvt. Major-lien. U. S. A.; liiAs. F.CiiAXDi.KU, I'll. D., M.D., LL.D., M.N.A.S., l*rof. .\iial. Cln-m., School of Miiii-.s, (.'olutuljia College; .'Varon L. CiiAi'iN, A. AL, .S. T. D., l*ri'si(lfii( of Iti'luit College, WIscun»in ; llENRV Drislkr, a. M., LL.D., .Fiiy Vroff.s.sor of (freek, rolunibia Collcgt*; Thkodore W. Dwkiht, A.M., LL.D., Profosor of Miiiiicijml l,a\v, Columbia College; (ALKB (i. FOK.SIIKY, .\..\L, ('. K., Kormerly Prof, of Miith.ant of the University of Penii.; John Le Conte, A. AL, MAX, President of the Cnivcrsity of California; OEOHtiE P. Maush, LL.D., M.X.A.S., Knvoy Kxtr, and Minis, Plriiipo, of I',.S, at Itonie, Italy ; Jims .s. Xewrerry, M.D., LL.D., M. N. A.S., Prof, of (ieology and Pala;ont4)logy, Coluuibia College ; Foxhall a. Parker, IT. S. N., Su|)t, of l:, S, Naval Academv, .\unapolis, Md. : WiLLARi) Parker, A.M., M. D., LL.D., Professor of .Surgery, Ciduuiliia College, Med. Ih-pt.; Philip Schapf, Ph.D., S.TD., LL.D., Baldwin Prof, of Saerrd Lit., Liriiou Tlieo. .Sein,, N. Y.; Julius H. Seelye, A.M., .S.T. D., LL.D., President of Amherst College. Mass,; William .Staunton, .S. T. D., Founder and First Kect, of St. Peter's Ch., Brooklyn, NY ; Ale.xander H. Stephens, A.M., LL.D., Of (ieorgia, Meniber 4:!d Congress, U. S, A. ; Abel Stevens, A.M., LL.D., Formerly Mitor of The Methodist, New York ; Thomas O. Summers, .S.T. D., LJ/.D., Professor of Syst. Tbeoi,, Vaiirlerbilt Univ., Term. ; William P. Trowhriimie, '.\. AL, ALN. .\..s., Prol. nf lOugineeriiig, Columbia College ; Theodore D. Woolsey, .S.T. D., LL.D., K.\-President of Yale College, Conn. ASSISTANT EDITORS. Porter C. Iti.iss, A..V(., Lincs P. I!uim kkit, .\.M., M.D., Clarence Cook, Clemens Petersen, .\. >L, John N. P(i\ii ;i:iiv, LL.D., Henry Wurt/, .V. M., Pii. I). WITH NI'MIIKorfS CONTRIHUTIt)NS FROM WRITICKS OF DISTINlil'lSHFI) FMINFNCF IS KVFUY llFPART.MKNT OF I.KirKH-S AMI SCIKNCF IN THE UNITFl) STATI'iS AND IN EUKOPK, Comiiletc ill ]four l}oliimco (itiglit jinits). iiicluiliiig ^|i|)i;nilix. VOL. II.— I'AKT II. HKRMANDAI) T^ICMKNS. (TK-STIMllMAI.S AT THE KNI> UK LA.SI VOLUME.) A. ,1. N E \V V () 1 1 K : J (> liN SOISJ & CO 11 GREAI JONES STREET, NEAR BROADWAY. M IH(c l,.\XX I, Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year One Thousand Eight Hundred and Seventy-seven, BY A. J. JOHNSON, IN the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ELECTROTYrED BY PRINTED BY Westcott a Thomson, John A. Gray, 18 Jacob Street, Pliiladelphia. New York. engravings principally by Reduan * Kenny, New York. paper manl'factubed by bound by Seymour Paper Co., James Somerville, New York. New York. HERMANDAD— HERMENEUTICS. 897 Iler'mandad (Sp., '* brotherhooj"), a general name fnr tlic kagiK'S entered into by the Spanish cities in the Middle Ageti for the preservation of public order and the dffence of private property. The niosf celebrated (called Santa Ilcrmandud. or lloly Broiherhuod) was jirobably or- ganized in Ariigun in the thirteenth century; was ostab- Ii?hed in Castile in 12S2. Another, of thirty-tivo towns in Castile and Leon, was organized in I29i>. Kindred socie- ties throughout Spain soon followed. Their laws were co- dified in liSj, and published in i:«27. In 1188 the Holy IJrothcrhood was reorganized, and in M9fi it was extended over a great part of Spain. In 1 I'JS. Ferdinand and Isa- bella roduied it from its high office of conservator of the peace and defender of popular rights against the feudal nobility, and it became an organized police force. In K'»2ii-2I the Heriuandad of Valencia rose in insurrection ag»in8t the government. The name has come down to the present century simply as that of a police force. Her'inaiin [Lat. Arminhts], a (rerman chieftain of the Cherusci, a con of Sigimer, was b. IS ». r.; entered the Roman service, and became an equestrian. In 9 A. v., when Gennany was groaning under the oppression of Varus. Hermann iimhuscatled the Unmans in the Teutu- burger Forest, and almost all the Romans, Varus included, lost their lives. He fought Germauicus ( 14-IC a. d.), with disadvantage; defeated Marhodacus, king of tho Suevi, 17 ; was put to death by bis own relations 19 A. D., on the ground that he was aiming at absi>lute power. Hermann, pust-v., cap. of Gasconade co., Mo., 81 miles from St. Louis, on the Missouri Pacific R. R. and the Missouri River, It has a savings bunk, a high school, 1! newspapers (English and German), 4 hotels, a plauiug- mill, and a large number of stores and public places. It is noted for wine-growing, its annual production being 11)0,000 gallons. Pop. 1336, exclusively German. ClIAS. EBEKIIAIinT, PLB. " ZeIUNG t"ND ADVERTISER." Hermann (.Toiiann Gottprikd JAKon), b. at Leipsic \'iv. '2!i, 1772; studied law, languages, and philosophy at !.fip'*ic and .lena. and was appointed pro/rHnnr ffoquentiir MI ISfliJ at the I'niversity of Leipsic, which position ho filled to his death. Dec. 31. 1S48. He exercised great in- fluence on metrical science by his /)c metrin (jrtrcorum et liomnnornm purtnrum (1790) and Hnndhnch der Mctrxk (179.S), etc. : and on granminr by his !>»• cmnnltiudaratione frrirctr- tframmntirfr { ISitl ), and a number of minor essays. Also as a text critic ho ac(|uired a groat name: he edited ^schylus, Euripides, Aristojthancs. Ition ami Moschus, and others. His lectures were very attractive by thoir liveli- ness and clearness, and very instructive by their fulness of knowledge; but his standpoint as a philologist, consid- ering the classical languages as the only key to the under- standing of the classical spirit, involved him in disagree- able contests with lliickh, 0. Miillcr, and Crt^'uzcr. Ilcrmann (Karl Friedkicii), b. at Frankfort Aug. 4, IS04: studied at Heidelberg an'! Leipsic; travelled in ls25 in Italy, and vam appointed professor in philology at Marburg in 18.'*2, whence he removed in 1S40 to Gtittin- gen. V. Jan. 8, ISjC. He combined in a happy manner the linguiatical clement of classical scholarship with the antiquarian, historical, and philosophical, and his Lehr- hurh drr ffr\rchii*chr)i Altfrthnmer (1841) and (ietirhichtf uiid Si/«tem drr phitituiHchru Philonophie (18;>9), as well as his Cidtttff/rMrhirhtc dvr fJricchcn und Homer (1857), arc much appreciated. Iler'mnnstadt, town of Hungary, in the province of Transylvania, on the Zibin. It Is a beautifully situated iind well-built town, the scat of the governor of the prov- ince and of a (Jreek archbishop, metropolitan of Transyl- vania. Pop. 18,588. Ilcrmnph>odi8m,orllermaph'roditism [named from the fabled HKRMAiMlRoniTrs (which scei], the union of the eharactcrislic organs of each sex in one individual. This union of the male organs (])roducingsperm-celN) and female (producing germ-cells) in one and the same organ- ism i.H the normal condition in the great majority of jdants und in many of the lower animals. Though the higher f"rm« of rudintey. niolhisk", and Arlhropoda all have the sexes quite distinct, except in abnormal instiinccs, many of the inferior types of each are always hermaphro- dites. Such, for instance, arc the common snail and the earth-worm. No insect hermaphrodites (unless the Turdi- gradesare insects) arc known, except in abnormal instances. Sicbold found hennaphrodites among honey-bees, but ho records that the workers threw them out of the cells, and that they speedily p'rished. It has been euggcHted that this hermaphrodistn in bees may exist normally in some slight ilcgroe, and tliat it may give rise to the partheno- genesis of male bees, for it is well known that queen bees will produce male offspring without coitus with the male. Vol.. TL— :.7 Hermaphrodism has not been observed with certainly in vertebrates, except perhaps in eels and fishes of the family Serranidw. It has been stated with considerable force that the homologies existing between the male and female organs prevent any possibility of hermaphrodism in the higher vertebrates: but there is no apparent reason why of hihit- eral or double organs one side should not assume the male and the other the female development. Thus, there might, it would appear, be one ovary an*! one testis — n condition analogous to what is often seen in the lower animals. In what are known as monstrosities by fusion, or the blendinf^ of two germs, by which have been produced such abnor- malities as the presence of three legs upon one foetus, wo seem to see that true hermaphrodism is not a priori im- possible, even in human beings. Many of the lowest forms of hermaphrodite ]>1ants and animals are self-fertilizing ; that is. reproduction takes place without the sexual union of two individuals. Rut in very many plants which have both kinds of reproduc- tive organs in one flower, fertilizatif»n is accomplished by means of insects, which carry the pollen of one flower to the pistil of another, nature having ])revented self-fertiliza- tion by wonderfully ingenious yet often very simple means. Many bisexual animals, like the snail, conjugate for mu- tual fertilization. Spurious hermajihrodisrn, in which ; the characteristic organs of one sex assume, from incom- plete or abnormal development, something of the appear- ance of those of the opposite sex. has been often observed. Under this head must be jdaced most or all of the recorded instances of hermaphrodism in the human sjieoies. The true hermaphrodism is double sex ; s[>urious hermaphro- dism is donht/uf sex. Chaulks \V. Grkene. Hermaphrodite Brig* Sec Brigawtine. Hermaphrodi'tus was a son of Hermes and Aphro- dite, and inherited the beauty of both of his parents. Once, when ho was bathing in the well of Salmacis, near Haliearnassus, in Caria, Asia Minor, the nymph of the well fell in love with him, and prayed to the gods tliat slie might remain united with him for ever; and when he as cended from the bath he w.is changed so that he was neither man nor woman, but both. The idea of this myth is of Asiatic, the mylh itself of Roman, origin. In il.s later period Greek sculpture often represented llcrmajdiro- ditus, the upper part of the body female, the nether male, Iler'mas, the author of a oncc-cclcbrated hook, 7*/"- Shcphtrd,-mas by Irena?u3. Clemens Alexaudrinus, and Kn- sobius considered identical with the Hermas mentioned by Pt. Paul in his Epistle to the Romans (xvi. 14). while others have j)l;iced him a little later, and made him a lirother of Pius I., bishop of Rome in the middle of the second cen- tury. The Shcpkrrd is divided into three parts — the IVsioJi*, Prvvepts, and Sinti(itudr». It is in the form of a dialogue, and consists of a blending of fantastic poetry and naive morals, a character which explains how th«,' book at once could be the Pi/ijrim'e Proi/rcnn of the old t"hur«'h and yet be called childish by 8t. Jerome an7 in the Antr.-Xiceuc Chrintinn Library. IIcrmeneu'ticB [from the Greek verb ipyLrivevtt.v, to '• interpret," and that from the name of /imncH, the son of Zeus and Maia, the messenger and interpreter of the gods] is the science and art of interpretation, or of ascertaining the meaning of an author from his language. It is closely allied to grammar, logic, and rhetoric, and presupposes thorn. Its aim is to reduce interpretation to fixed laws and principles, and to the precision of an exact science, so far as the elastic nature of thought und language will permit. The business of fj-position has often been confounded with imposition, whereby all sorts of arbitrary subjective fancies are introduced into (ho text of which the writer never dreamed. The work of interpretation requires intellectual and moral qualifications, natural and acquired — viz. a full knowledge of tlic author's original language, historical situation, mental status, and range of iileas, and an appre- ciating sympulhy with his spirit und aim. liihlicnl //' im(iirntic9 IB general hcrmcnonties applied to the iSacreil Scriptures. It has been most cultivated on ac- count of the vast importance and general interest of these hooks. Its first germs may bo traced to Iho .lews and to Philo of Alexandria, who reduced the allegorical method of interpretation to a system, which through Origen (d. 2,')4 ) passed into the Christian Church. Origen of Alexandria distinguished a threefold sense of the Scriptures, corre- sponding to the tripartite nature of man (a somatic or literal, a psychic or moral, and a pneumatic or mystical sense). The grammatical school, on the other hand, which 898 HERMES— HERMIPPUS. was best roprcscnfcd among the Fathers by Chrysostom anil Jerome (tlioiigh by no meiins consistently), adhered to the natural and literal sense as the only one which the writer hud in view. Assuming the last jirinciple to be correct, there are still three legitimate kinds of interpre- tation, which, however, must harmonize with each other, and together give the one full meaning of the text : (1) The philolofjical (also called litvrnl or tjrammutifn-hiiittirical) exegesis is concerned with the body or letter of the text, with verbal, critical, and antiquarian questions. It brings out the meaning of words and ])hra.-ies according to the general rule? of grammar, the particular idiom and vocabu- lary of the author, his age, nation, and country, and clears up all references to contemporaneous history and antiqui- ties. It deals with the literary and human aspects of the Scripture, with the earthly form into which its divino con- tents are cast. It is the basis of all sound exegesis. It has been successfully cultivated during the present century in Germany and England by Wiuer, Do Wctte, Lucke, Bleek, Meyer. Ewald. Dillmann,' Alford. Ellicott, Lightfoot. (2) The Iheolor/irdl (or tlorlriiHil and fthiinl interpretation) deals with the divine thoughts and spiritual truths of the Bible, and explains them in connection with its general tcat'hing and according to the analogy of faith ; but it ought ni>t to be fettered by dogmatic prejudice or made subservient to sectarian interest, as was ilono in the scholastic periods of theology (hiring the Middle .Ages and the seventeenth century, when the Bible was used simply as a repository of proof-texts for certain tenets of orthodoxy and against heretical opinions. Among the most distinguished the- ological expounders are Augustine, Luther, Calvin, 01s- hauscn, Tholuck. Ilodge. {?>] Prarticul and homilellral exegesis applies the text to the wants of tho human heart, and draws from it lessons of wisdom and comfort for tho battle of life. It belongs properly to tho pulpit and to popular works. Of this character arc tho exegetical homi- lies of Origen, Chrysostom, Augustine, and other Fathers, and the commentaries of Matthew Henry, Burkitt, Dod- dridge, Starke. Literature. — ErNESTI. Principlrs of Biblical Interpreta- tion (1861, Latin; Engl, transl. by Terrot, ISl.",); Wilki., Jfcrmcneutik ilea ]V. T. (1844, 2 vols.); LrTZ, Billitche JTermeneutik (1861); Cellerier, Manuel d'Hermeneulique (1352); F.1IUB.V1KN, Tlermencutical Manual (l.'iiO); MrN- SCazv., Manual of Billiral Interpretation (ISC')); ImmeR, Hcrmcncutik des -V. T. (1870). PniLip .^cHAFr. HeTRies. See MERcunr. Her'mes (Georg), a German theologian who under the inUucnce of the *' new philusojdiy " endeavored to carry out tho doctrines of unity and identity into forming a common basis for Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. B. in Dreicrwald, Westphalia, Apr. 22, 1775, he d. at Bonn May 26, is:'il. Ilaving studied theology at Miinster, where he be- came in lS07protcssor, he was subsequently teaeherof Cath- olic theology at Bonn. '' Ho had found," says Binder, " tho futility of the attacks of Kant and Fichte on Christianity, and tlie truth of Uoman Catholicism." He, however, busied himself for many years in trying to base the principles of the latter on those of the former, setting forth his views in tho Einleiluntj in die ('hrint-l.-alhoUaelie Thevtotjie (" Intro- duction to tlie Catholic Christian Theology"). His work was not in any respect heretical, but confined itself to negativing the arguments of those who declared the in- stability of the Catholic dogma. He founded a school or doctrine termed Ilcrmcsiairisra, and his followers, tho Her- mesianer, occupied many important positions as preachers and te.ichers in (tcrmany. He maintained that tho prin- ciple of pure reaton, which, as Kant teaches, is innate in every soul, enabling it to decide on all principal truths, should he applied to religion; or rather that the Church should teach its doctrines on this basis. But this principle was disapproved of at Rome, .and a papal letter was directed against it (Sept. 16. 1835) by I'opo Gregory, beginning with the words Dnm aeerhi»»imun. During the life of Hermes his school had great influence anci made many con- verts. Binder attributes the delay in proeeecling against it to tho usual system of formalities followed at Rome in such cases. The fundamental principle of the Ilermesian doctrine is, that human reason can grasp the truth, and that religion, being true, is or may be based on this "nat- ural sense." Hut the Church holds a directly different doctrine, and tloes not look up tc) philosophy or science to authorize her doctrines, as the Roman Catechism declares "the mysteries which are contained in God's holy Church arc to be understood only by faith, and not by reason." Hermes did in fact quite unconsciously seek to put the Catholic Church on that Protestant foundation of independ- ent reason which from l.utlier to DiiUinger has been so strongly characteristic of the Teutonic mind. .Among the principal works referring to Hermcsianism are the follow- ing: IJinweifiunrfen auf den Grundehurakter den Herme- ftisehen Si/stems, by J. B. Bai.tzer (1802, 8vo) ; Uliitter sur Orientirung in Sftihen den Heriuetiianisnius (18M8), by F. X. Bii'NDE and J. .1. Uosenbaum ; Aeta Jiontana, by J. W. J. BiiArN and P. J. Ki.vENicH (documents relating to tho condemnation, by the pope, of ti. Hermea (1808, 8vo); Aeta Jlennetiana, hy A, J. El.VENICH : ynr/e Aintotatioiieiff by LAN(i (1809); Apidtti/ic de» llennenianinmuit, by J. B. LlITTERBECK (1805): Veber (i/anlien, by J. J. RoSE.NDAUM (1808, 8vo); Vhrisl-kalhulitehe VoijmaliJc, by G. Hermes; Der Hermeaianiamua und Joh. Pcrrone ( Breslau, 1844). Chari.es G. Leland. Hermesi'annx, b. at Colophon, lived in the times of Philip and Alexander the Great, and d. before the destruc- tion of his native city by Lysimachus in 002 n. c. Ho wrote an elegiac poem in three books to his mistress Leon- tium, of which a largo part of the third book has been quoted by Athena'us. and thus como down to us. It has been separately published by J. Bailey (London, 1809), to- gether with a critical epistle by 0. Burges. Ilerinesianism, the religious philosophy taught by Gi-.ouG Heumes (which see). Her'mes Trisincgis'tus (" thrioe-grcat Ilcrmes," or Mercury), or Thoth, an Egyptian god, regarded as in- ventor of all science and learning; e. 3. speech, writing, religion, geometry, architecture, and the arts. Every Egyp- tian boftk relating to religion or science was inscribed with his name, as if inspired by him; and according to Jambli- chus there were of these 36,000. The name " thrice-great " is supposed to refer to the god's triple manifestation as philosopher, priest, and king. Certain dialogues on mys- tical theology, etill extant, and which were very popular during tho fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, were subse- quently regarded as forgeries. They had been transmitted from an early ago in a rude Greek form. More recent re- search has indi^eated that the Greek, by its very defects, possesses the ch.araeter of a translation. The writer pro- fessed a belief in their authenticity, as Champollion the Younger had done. More recently a French Egyptologist, M. Pierrat of the Louvre, in the Metnnijea d' AreKoloijie (!to, Paris, 1S70, p. 112), has jiointcd out tliat many of the very peculiar phrases and ideas contained in tho Hermetic books arc to be found in tho papyri and inscriptions. Tho works or fragments bearing tho name of Hermes Trisnic- gistus are as follows: (1) Pawander^o/ the Xalureof T/tin0. W, S. Si,Ai>t;. Kn. *' I'la-^s." Hern'don ( William Lewis), b. at Freilcricksburg. Va.. Oct. 2a, lMl;i; entered the U. S. navy when fifteen years old; was engaged in the Mexican war, and employed in tho National Observatory, Washington, I). C, for three years. He crossed the Andes from Lima eastward, and with Lieut. Lardncr Gibbon conducted the exploration { lSaI-J2) of the Amazon Valley. The publii^hed report of this expedition was in 2 vols. {I8j,3-54), the first by Hern- don, tho second by Gibbon. Herndon was in command ol tho steamer Central America when she was lost (Sept. 12. 1SJ7) in a storm on the voyage from tho Isthmus of Panama to New York. There were on board *omc 580 per- sons, of whom 427 were lost, but the women and children were all saved. Herndon went down with the ship, stand- ing on the bridge in full uniform. Hor'nia. [Lat.], the protrusion of a viscus from the cavity to which it normally belongs ; but the term is generally used to exjiress the protrusion of an abdominal viscus, as when wo speak of other forms of hernia we express it thus : her nia cerebri, hernia corucjc, etc. The predisposing eaus<- of hernia is a weakness of some portion of the abdominal w.alls, and there are certain parts which are naturally weaker than others, as the inguinal, umbilical, and femoral regions. This weakness very often exists congenitally, and may be increased or produced by injury, disease, or }»reg- naney. Among the exciting causes may be mentioneil vio- lent muscular exertion, jumping, straining from lifting heavy weights or at stool, playing on wind instruments, etc. The usual contents of a hernial sac is a portion of the small intestine, or the omentum, but we may find ])ortion>' of any of the viscera in it, especially when tho abdominal walls are congenitally weak. The sac is formed of perito neum, which is covered by the integument and subjacent fascia?. Hernia is generally divided in two ways: 1st, according to its situation, as inguinal, femoral, umbilical, phrenic. etc.; 2d, according to the condition of the protruded vis- cus, as reducible, irreducible, anci strangulated. Reducible hernia is that variety in which the contents of the sac may be returned into its normal cavity without recourse to a surgical operation. It sometimes disappears spontaneously when the patient t^ceks the recumbent j)osition, but more often needs a greater or less amount of pre.^surt? to bo made in the pri>per direction. The symptoms of it are — the ap pearanco of a soft and compressible swelling at some por- tion of the abdominal wall, which increases when the pa- tient stands up and diminishes when lie lies down ; by jilaeing the hand upon the tumor and directing the patient to cough a distinct impulse is imparteil. The treatment usually adopted consists of the reduction of tho contents, and the application of a suitable truss to prevent the re~ protrusion. If the patient is young, this method will efi"eet a radical cure in time, but in the adult recourse must be liaci to an operation to effect this. Irreducible hernia differs from reducible in that the pro- truded viscus cannot be returned into its normal cavity. Tho general causes of it are adhesions between the sac and its contents, the growth of membranous bands across the sac, or enlargement of the contents. It is much more trou- blesome than the preceding variety : in the first place, it is much more inconvenient, and is always exposed to the danger of strangulation; the patient suffers from indiges- tion, constipation, colic, flatulence, ami dragging pains in the loins. The treatment of this variety must be generally palliative, and consists of the patient's avoiilanee of all violent exercise; regulation of the bowels, which shoulti never be allowed to become confined ; and the wearing of a truss to support ana. He was mucli liked by the Jews, especially for his vigorous meas- ures against Christians; he liad the apostle St. James the (Jroater beheaded and St. Peter thrown into prison. He d. early (44 A. n.). — Hkrod AiiuriTA II., a son of the pre- ceding, was. like his father, educated in Rome, and resided there, at tho court of Claudius, at the death of Agripj»a I. He did not inherit his father's dominions, however ; they were made a Roman province, and Herod Agrippa II. ob- tained at first (.")(J A. n.) only the small kingdom of Chal- ois. Abilene and Trachonitis wcro subsequently added. In 60 A. I)., when he went down to Cajsarea to compliment Festus, the Roman governor, the apostle St. Paul a]>peared before him. In the Jewish war he sided against his coun- trymen, anil after the destruction of Jerusalem (70 A. d.) he resided in Rome, where he d. in lOU a. n. Rkviscd by R. D. HiTriicocK. Hero'des At'ticus, one of the most celebrated Greek orators, w.as b. at Maratlion in 104 A. d., and d. at Athens in 180. M. Antoninus was one of his pupils, and during his reign he held public oflices. He was immensely wealthy. His father left an annuity to each Athenian citizen. Still more remarkable was his eloquence. He was called tho " tongue of Greece," and his speeches were compared to silver streams running in golden beds. Unfortunately, tho only one of his works which has come down to us (Ilepc IIoAiTeia?, edited by Bekker in his Onitorea Attici, 1824) is niiseral)le, amaze of affected sophistry. Hcro'dians, a Jewish party in the time of Christ, first mentioned in Mark iii. 6. They were partisans of tho Herod family, whose tyranny they preferred to that of the Romans. They appear to have been mostly Sadducees. Herodia'nus was a Greek by birth, but lived for a long time in Rome, and wrote in the Greek language a work in eight books on the history of Rome from the death of M. Aurelius (180 a. n.) to tlic accession of Gordianus III, (238 A. !>.), narrating events, as ho informs us, which had occurred in his own lifetime. Tho work, which is still ex- tant, is interesting, and is considered truthful and impar- tial in the main; the best editions of it arc by Irmisch (5 vols., Leipsic, 1789-1805), bv Weber (1816), and by Bekker (1826 and ISoo), Herod'otus, a Greek historian, often called tho "father of history," was b. at Halicarnassus, a Doric col- ony in Caria, Asia Minor, in 484 B. c. Thus his life falls within the happiest and most glorious period of the history of tho Greek nation. Like a spring flood the Persian power came rolling on, swelling through centuries by the absorption of Media, Bal)yIon, Egypt, Asia Minor, Thracia, and Macedonia; and now it burst upon Greece. But its force was broken in the battles of Marathon {Sept. 12, 490), Thermopyhe (July 6, 4S0). Salamis (Oct. 5, 4S0), Platwa and Mycalo (Sept. 23, 470). Harmless it retired, and tho Greek nationality arose. Within a few generations somo of the noblest and loftiest instruments of civilization were either invented — such as philosophy, history, tragedy, and comedy — or brought to greater perfection, such as public ed- ucation, republican government, architecture, and sculpture. Herodotus became tlio inventor of the art of history. Ho belonged to a wealthy and influential family ; among his rel- atives was tho celebrated epic poet Panyasis. Under the reign of Lygdamis, Panyasis was killed, and Herodotus and his family expelled from Halicarnassus. Ho went to Sa- mos, where ho lived several years, and where he learnt tbo Ionian dialect, in which ho wrote his book. Ho returned once more to Halicarnassus, and took part in the expulsion of tho tyrant, • but ho soon again left his native city, and entered on tho long and extensive travels which formed tho necessary preparation for his great work. Ho wandered through the whole of Greece, studying the history of each jjlace on the spot by making liimself acquainted with its monuments and its traditions. Thus ho acquired a most intimate acquaintance with the whole route which tho Per- sian armies had taken; with Marathon, Therniopylao, Salamis, Platoea and Mycale, where tho great battles wero fought; with Athens and other cities which formed tho political, commercial, and intellectual centres of tho Greek nation; with Delphi and Dodona, the sacred and awe-in- HEROIC AGE— HERPES. 901 ppiring scats of the oracles : aod in all the principal parts o( his narrative he simply relates what he has seen himself or heard from eyewitnesses. No less intimate and compre- hensive was his acquaintance with Egypt. He had visited Memphis and lleliopolis, and crossed the whole country from the Iklta to Kle|»hantinu, and from the Libyan desert to the Ued Sea, Modern travellers are still surprised at the accuracy of his observations and the correctness of his descriptions. In Asia xMinor ho knew from personal uc- quaiDtancc every place he mentions, and in Asia proper ho travelled as far as Colchis to the N. and lJaU\ Ion to the S, The latter part of his life he spent in Thurii. a Greek col- ony in .Southern Italy, established in 441 B. v., near the ruins of Sybaris. From his residence in this city ho is often called the rAuriuH by the ancients, and here ho probably wrote, or at least liiiished. his book. It is also probable that be died here, about WS B. 0. At what time and place he actually wrote his history is a much-disputed point. Luciansaysat Haiiiarnassus, Suidas in Samus, and Pliny at Thurii, which indicates three ditfcrent ipojhs of hishf^-. Lucian furthermore says that he read it or recited it to tho people assembled at the Olympian games, and adds that Thucydides was present and burst into tears from enthusi- asm. According to l*Iut:irch, he also read it at the Pau- atbeneea at Athens (415 b. c), and was rewarded by a grant of ten talents from tho public treasury; and Dion Chrysostonius mentions that he read it to the Corinthians. However dubious and even contradictory these statements arc, (he general impression of all is, that llerodotus wrought for many years on his book, beginning it at Ilalicarnaasus and finishing it at Thurii : and tho character of tho book iteelf, its style and method of eomnosilion. seem to con- firm this impres-iion. It narrates the history of tho war between the (Sreeks and the Persians, but every new clc- meot which is introduced into the composition is explained to tho reader in its whole signification by long digressions, tracing it back to its origin, and following up its develop- ment to the moment it enters tho narrative; and thus the book actually gives the history of tho world. It must not bo understood, however, that the narration of tho (ireek-Per- sian war was a mere framework to wliich the history of tho world is hung by the somewhat clumsy artifice of digres- sions. Ily no means; although iu tho details Herodotus is a minute and circumstantial chronicler, in tho composition of tho whole he is a great artist. His digressions aro nu- merous, and, on account of their great elaboration, they may appear distracting at a first perusal, and burdensome ovon at a second; but in the final impression of (Iu total work they simply act as a substructure on which stands the tempie itself, the narrative of the Greek-Persian war. They give this narrative its pathos; they explain what this war was — namely, a war between two worlds, Europe and Asia; a war bet^teen two principles, barbarism and civili- zation ; a war on whose fortune the dcstinv of mankind de- pended. This total view, which made Tli;nydides burst into tears when it dawned upon him, and which the world has accepted as an undoubted truth, is the great merit of the book of Herodotus. But it is not (he o'lly one. .Mod- ern scholars, especially certain modern Iviglish historians, blame Herodotus for his credulity and prt>pi-nr, (\ vols.: rcprinteii Lon- don. |M|S-'J(. withnn Herodotean lexicon; tlreek and Kng- li^h separately, by Cary, Oxford. 184;i); that of (iaisford (Oxford. IS'JI, 4 vols.; :Jd ed. US-Ill), of W'. Dindorf ( Paris, lH44,in I>ii«>t's Hihl, r/rffcn). of .1. ('. K. liahr (Leipsie. |h:;0 -'Mt, 4 vols. : !id ed. 180ft-6l ), of Stein (in WKumiANN's ^•f^^ Urtinn, Berlin. I'd ed., .^ vols., lHtjM-7 » 1. <'f Abicht (in Tit B- nku'h I'ullrrtian, '.i vols., Lcipsic, ISfi;i). and of Blakeslcy (in /tihiiuthrra ('ittmn'citf 2 vols., Cambridge, IH.'i-l). His liimtin\f has been translated into English by Itev. (I. Uaw- Iin«on (London, 1M.'»S). Ci.i:iikns Pktkhskn. Uero'ic Age, the more than half-mythical age of Gre- cian history preceding the true historic period. In it the heroes, who were often of half-divine descent — great war- riors, kings, navigators — are tho central figures. *' In these myths," says Ernst Curtius, "tho people recalls to its mind, in their full life, those times when the monotonous existence of the old Pelasgians was interrupted, and new forms of worship, new openings for popular activity, new ways of life, continuing ever after with abundance of great fruits, were called into existence. These founders are figures like those of living men, but greater, nobler, nearer the immor- tals. They are no empty creations of the fancy, but in them tlic real deeds of the early times arc illustrated and endowed with life. The talcs of the heroes contain a certain docu- mentary truth." Iu later times the heroic age furnished abundant material for dramatic and epic poetry, and the heroic character afforded many uuble examples of fortitude, piety, purity, and justice which the Greek people tot) gene- rally failed to imitate. Hcro'ic Metre, in English verse, is the unrhynicd iambic pentameter, known as blank verse. In tireck iind Latin poetry it is the common hexameter verse, in which the iliud and the ^Encid arc written, ticrraan and Italian heroic verse is of the same metre as the English. The French heroic is an iambic hexameter. The name is given because these metres are deemed appropriate to lofty themes. Uerold (Lons Joseph FERUixANn), b. in Paris .Ian. 2S. ITl'l : d. near Paris Jan. 18. 1S."3; studied with Cheru- bini. and wifli distinction at the Conservatoire, and finally in Italy. His first pieces, which were comic and very suc- cessful in their day. arc now obsolete. Zumpu and the /V^ aux C/rrcft. his greatest operas, still hold the stage in Europe, but aro unknown here, except by fragments. Hereon, a general name for a part of tho birds of the family Ardeida^, wading birds found in all parts of the globe. In the same family are the egrets and the bitterns. Among the herons of the V. S. are the Dcmicgrctta ludorf- ciaua, or Louisiana heron of the South ; the (larzcfta rnii- didiesima, or snowy heron ; the Hcrodi(in cfjrrttay or white heron ; the Ardett hcrodioft, or great blue heron, a splendid bird, but dangerous when wounded, as it aims severe blows of its long bill at the eyes of its captor; the great white heron, Andubonia Occident alis ; the night herons (A^rfj'- ordra and Nyctkerodtas) : the green heron, Buton'drH virtHcrtiK, and many others. The common European heron (Ardcti ciurreii) was uneiently esteemed for the table, and hunted by falconry or shot with the long-bow. It was at times forbidden to any but kings and great uobles to kill it, and when taken by falconry it was customary to let the heron's wounds be dressed, and then set it free. Heron- plumes, once highly prized, are still worn upon the helmets of some corps of lintish cavalry. Heropli'ilus ['Hpoend upon some abnormality In the nervous actictn, as it frequently maps out upon the .surface the part of tho integument supplied by some one branch of a nerve. Tho ;i02 HERPETOLOGY. vulgar have a great dread of " the shingles," and believe that when it so extends as to completely girdle the patient he will die. But, in the tirst place, it almost never does go more than halfway around the body, and. what is more, there would bo uo danger if it .should, for the disease is a seiriimitcd or cvelical one, and the patient is sure to get well if let alone." Other forms of so-called herpes, such as H. cininatiin, aro caused by parasitic vegetation, and should be treated with applications of sulphurous acid and water or other parasiticide agents. Reviseh bv Wii.i.ARU P.inKEii. Herpctol'ogy [from the Greek tpirerd^, a "creeping thin"," and k6yoi, a " treatise"] is that branch of zoology which is dedicated to the natural history of Reptiles and Ami'Hidia.ns. Referring to those articles for information respecting the characters of the several groups, our rcm.arks here will be contincd to the indication of the growth of our knowledge and the best sources of information respecting them. Little positive information existed among ancient or medi.'cval naturalists respecting the forms in question. In Aristotle arc found isolated anatomical details respecting some species, but he did not recognize the group as a whole, combining the footed forms with mammals as oviparous quadrupeds, and isolating from them the serpents, with which he oven, at least provisionally, combined some eels (Book ii. eh. 10, and Hook ix. eh. 2J, jJ 4) ; he nevertheless appreciated the resemblance between the serpents and saurians (£.."/.■ ii. eh. 12, ? 10), and once defines the former as land animals ( Honk i. eh. G jj 2). Pliny, with less exaet information, mixes much fable. No mediaeval writer is worthy of mention. Gesner (1554), Aldrovandi (1640), and Jonsfon (lfi5:i)need only to he referred teas compilers. Ray (169:i) published the first attempt at a systematic ar- rangement, in which, although nominally confounding the repUlian quadrupeds with the mammalian quadrupeds, he recognized the serpents as related, and combined them in an unnamed group, distinguished by having a heart with a single ventricle. Linnajus (1735-OS) first introduced an essential reformation, definitely combining the oviparous quadrupeds (tortoises, lizards, etc.) and serpents in a single class, which he called Amphibia, and placed between the birds and reptiles. Ho distinguished this class by the (1 ) naked or soaly body, (2) acuminate teeth, and (3) absence of rayed fins ; and, subsequently and erroneously, by the unilocular ancl uniauricular heart. lie distributed its members into two orders: (1) Serpentes, without feet, and (2) Reptilia, with feet. Later, he made the class more heterogeneous by tho addition to it of the branehiostegous fishcs,1)eing misled by the erroneous observations of Dr. Garden of South Carolina. He failed to notice any dis- , tinction between the true amphibians and reptiles, and even confounded tho salamandroids and crocodilians with the typical saurians in one genus under tho name Lacerta. His several combinations and divisions into forms without feet and with feet showed also an utter want of apprecia- tion of the value of morphological characters in this group, limelin (17SS), in his edition of the Si/stemn .V(i(iir.T, re- moved from the class tho branehiostegous fishes, and re- stricted it to the limits originally recognized by Linnaeus. In the last edition of the f!i/i>lema J^'aturx published by Linnirus, SI."! species were recognized, distributed among the following groups: (1) Tcttmlo, 15; liana, 17; l)rai-n, 2 ; Lacrla, 47 (not 49) ; (2) Crolaliu, 5 ; Bud, 10 ; Coliibfr, 97; Aiit/uii, 16; Amphinhrciia, 2; and Cs!c!lia, 2. In tho edition of the Si/Mlema A'afiirip published by Gmclin, ,165 species were reeognizeif, apportioned to the groups as fol- lows : (1) Tnlitdo, :i3 : ICniia.'M; J)r,i<-u.2; larcrla, 77 ; (2) Croialiis, b : llaa, 10; Caiuber. 170; .liiyiii'», 26 : Am- phiilinna, 5; Carilia, 2: many of the additional species arc spurious. Klein meanwhile (1755) published a Trn- lamen H'-rpctolmiiir, distinguished by a singular ignorance of zoological science, as will bo readily understood when it is known that he ranked with the serpents the ordinary earth-worms, the tape-worms, and tho leeches. Laurenti in ITI'iS made a decided advance in herpetology. He rec- ognized a class " Reptilia:" in it he ineludeil all the rep- tiles but the tortoises (which he did not mention) and am- phibians. These he divided into three orders: ( I ) Halienlia, including the frogs, toads, etc.; (2) (iradientia, including the salamandroids and saurians : and (.3) .Scrpentia, in- cluding the serpents, as well as serpentiform saurians and pscudophidian amphibians. He recognized four genera of .Salientia, 13 of eiradientia, and 15 of Scrpentia. Lac<''- pJde in 1788 and 1790 divided tho same animals into four '•classes:" (I) oviparous qundrupe.ls which have tails; (2) thoso which have none; {?,) reptiles with two feet only, which may bo either in front or behind; and (4) serpents, or footless forms. lirongniart in 1799 made another decided advance: he characterized the class better than any of his predecessors, and apportioned its representatives among four orders: (1) rhelonians, including the tortoises; (2) Saurians, com- prising the lizards and crocodiles ; (:'.) Ophidians, compris- ing the serpents; and (4) Datrachians— /. e. the present class of amphibians, less tho Ca;cilians. He was doubtful respecting the svstematic relations of tho Ctccilians, but placed them provisionally with the Ophidians. The great advance in his work is evinced in his recognition of the orders, and more especially in the segregation of tho forms combined under the name of Batraehians. This classifica- tion came into quite general vogue, and particularly among French writers, Daudin (1802-03), Cuvier (1 SI 7-29), and Dumeril and Bibron, among others, having made it the basis of their respective works. Merrem in 1800 and 1820 published editions of a system of amphibians in which he recognized two classes: (1) PnoLiDOTA. equivalent to reptiles proper, and (2) Batra- cniA, or amphibians. Among the Pholidota, three orders wore recognized — Testudinata, Loricata p'. e. crocodiles), and Squamata (i.e. saurians and serpents). Among the Batrachia, also, three orders were established: (1) Apoda (i'. e. Pscudophidians), (2) Salientia, and (3) Gradientia. Do Blaiuville in 1816 recognized two classes among the amphibians of Linnasus: (1) the "Reptiles" or " Squa- miferes ornithoidcs," scaly; and (2) "Amphibicns" or " Nudipelliferes," naked. The reptiles were divided into three orders: (1) Cheloniens, (2) Einydo-Sauriens or Cro- codiliens, and (3) Saurophiens or Bipeniens. including two suborders: (A) "Sauricns" and (B) " Ophidiens." The amphibians were distributed among four orders: (I) the "Batraeiens" (Salientia), (2) " Pseudo-Saunens " ((;ra- dientia), (3) " Sub-Ichthyens " (Proteus and Sirens), and (4) '• Pseudophvdiens" ( Ca-eilidao). Merrem and De Blainville. in the appreciation of the mutual relations of the several forms and of the subordina- tion in the values of characters, thus advanced far ahead of their predecessors ; they were also the first to definitely include tho Apoda or pscudophidians among the amphi- bians or batraehians. The first edition of Merrem's work not beino' available, and no satisfactory account being pub- lished, it'is uncertain how far Merrem or Dc Blainville an- ticipatcil or borrowed from each other. Thus had the yciicral si/slan of herpetology assumed nearly all the characteristics which now mark it. Tho successive stages of its improvement were manifested in the isolation of the four-footed forms from mammals, and the recognition of their aflinity with the serpents; the recognition of the batraehians as a natural group, and the consequent depreciation of the importance of the members as exponents of afiiuity ; the eventual separation as a class of the batraehians or amphibians from the reptiles ; and at length the perception of the value of anatomical characters and tho comparative unimportance of external resemblances in the estimation of the nflinities of the various types. With this recognition came the separation of the crocodilians as an order distinct from the saurians. The tendency thus marked became more and more decided as time advanced. The details of the system were gradually improved by scientific zoologists, with the aid of anatomic.il investiga- tions , and among the most notable in this work may be mentioned Johannes Miiller. Stannius. Owen, Cope, and Huxley. A remarkable discovery was made also by GUn- ther (1S67) in the dissection of a curious New Zealand lizard-like rejitile (.S/j/ieiiodoii j.uiie(nf fhr Hyiiinh Mmtrnm. by Dr. J. K. Cnw (London, LSI.'., iL'mo) ; Cat,do(jue n/ Mr liutrarhin SitHrntinin thr Colhrtinu of thf liritinh Mn- tenm, by Dr. Ai.nKRT GUsthkr (London. ISaS, 8vo) ; /^- viaion dcr Salamandridcn-Gattungen uehat Ucuchrcibung einitjerueuen oder icenif/er hekannten Arter dieser Eamilicn, by A. Stuauch (Mem. Acad. Sc. St. P6tersbourg, v. xvi., No. 4, LS70, 4to), and Anatomische Abhandbtufjcn tiber die I*crrnnihranchi(itcn und JJerutremen, by Dr. ,]. G. FisoniiR (Hamburg. 1SG4, 4toj. The principal recent anthorilie,- un the American reptiles and batrachiansare Hui.urook (A'oW/i Atnerican Herpetolofjy, or a Jjescriptiun of the Jicptiffn In- habiting the U. S., Philadelphia, lS;Jti-4;i, 5 vols. 4to): BairI) and GiRARn {Catalogue of N'trth American Rtptiles in the Mnnviim of the Sinithsonian Inntitutitni, Part I., Ser- pents, Washington, 1853, Svo, etc.) ; Agassiz {CuntributionH to the \atttral History of the Vniftd States of America, first monograph, North American Testudinata, Boston, 1857): and Coi'K (in numerous memoirs in \ho Prorced- iiiffs and Trauittrtiona of the Aeadciiii/ of .Wttnral Scieucea of Philadelphia, etc.). The most recent guide to the rep- tiles of Europe is Br. E. Schkkukr's lierpetologia Eu- ropaa, Etne syatcinatiache Jiearbettung der Amphibi' n n)id liepti/ien, tcelchc binher in Europa auft/vfuiidtit sind (Braun- schweig, 1874). Theodore Gill. Hcr'peton tentacula'tus, a serpent brought from tropical countries, and chiefly noteworthy for the siugular a])pendages which arc attached to its muzzle. These are covered with scales, and are of no known use to the serpent. Hei-'rick, post-tp. of Bradford co., Pa. Pop. 1009. Ilerrick, tp. of Susquehanna co.. Pa, Pop. 950. Herrick (.Tohx Kusskll), S. T. D., b. at Milton, Vt., May 12, 1822; graduated at the University of Vermont 1847 ; studied at Andover two years, and graduated at Au- burn Theological Seminary 1SJ2 ; from 1851 to 18G7 was over a Congregational Presbyterian church, Malone, X. Y. ; professor of systematic theology in Bangor, Me., 18G7 to 1S7;{; became pastor at South Iladlcy, Mass., in 1874; received the degree of D. I), from Union College in 18G7; same year S. T. D. from his alma mater. Author of Posi- tirifim in Boston Lectures (1870), also of various articles, philosophical and theological, in reviews. Herrick (Joshua), b. at Beverly, Mass., in 1792; re- moved to Maine, where ho became a sheritV; was deputy collector of the port ofKennebunk, Me.. 1S29-41, 1847-49, and ]:>jO-J4; member of Congress ISl-^— IJ; amlinlSJG register of probate for York co. D. at Alfred, Me., Aug. 30, 1874. Herrick (Robert), b. in London Aug. ^0, 1591; was educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and took hi.} master's degree 1517 ; took orders and became vicar of Dean Prior's, Devon, 1G29; and d, there in Oct., 1G74. Ho is one of tho best of English lyric poets and song-writers, bis chief fault being tho indelicacy which too oitcn disfigures tho erotic poems in which liis genius is best displayed. His pastoral relations were suspended for a time during tho civil war, but were resumed at tho restoration of Charles 11, His chief j>ul>lication was tho Hcapcridca (1047-48). Herrick (Stephtn Solon), M. D., b. at West Randolph, \l.. Dee. H, iSoljj graduated at Dartmouth 1S54 ; was an instructor in Kentucky and Jlississippi 1854-59 j took his medical degree at tho University of Louisiana 1801 ; assist- ant surgeon in Confederato army and navy 1802-05; visit- ing surgeon Charity Hospital. New Orleans, 1S05-0'J; man- aging editor AVki Orlcana Medical ami Snrrfirtil Jonninl 18GG-G7 ; i)rofessorof chemistry in tho New Orleans School of Medicine 18G9-70. His cs;;ay on (^iiZ/i/Hf (1S09) won the prize of tho American Medical Association. Author of various professional papers. Her'ring (Clupea), a genus of fishes vrhich furnish a large supply of food to mankind. There are several spe- •Tho " eRtnloffUi'*" enumerated arn really de«ioriptlvo mono- grnphn of all the known s|M'eieH, wheiher In tho Mui^cuni or not. 1 lie lien in v. oies, tho chief of which are the C hartntjn$ of Northern Europe and America, and the C. mirabHii* of the Pacific coast of the U. S. The celebrated white-bait is the young of tho common herring. The herring fisheries of Aujer- ioa arc prosecuted chiefly along the New Kngland coasts^ and especially in British American waters. In Kuropo the great herring fisheries are those of Great Itrilain, Ireland, Scandinavia, the Netherlands, and the north of France. Herrings at tolerably regular periods visit ex- tensive lines of coast, and were formerly believed to mi- grate periodically from the Arctic seas, but this belief is not now generally held by scientific observers. They are 904 HERRNHUT— UERSCHEL. generally caught in gill-nets or scoop-nets. The annual catch of herrings must amount to many hundreds of rail- lions. So important was the Dutch fishery in former days that it was said that Amsterdam was built on herring- bones. A large part of the su-callcd herring caught in the U. S. arc alewives. which are in no wise inferior to the real herring, which they much resemble. Herrings are smoked and dried, pickled, or eaten fresh. The most important herring of our Pacific coast apiiears to be the ('. miriihili', which in size, appearance, and hub- its resembles the common herring, but has fewer vertebra; and a ray less in the anal fin. It is not as large as the C. harcnijus, but is said to bo equal in flavor. It can be t.ikeo in very largo quantities, and its fishery will soon heciiue an object of national importance. The "herring" of the great lakes is Coregomu clupei/ormia, a. sort of white-fish. Heirn'hut, town of Germany, in tho kingdom of Sax- ony, was founded in 1722 liy a colony of .Moravian IJreih- ren, who were driven from their homes by the Jesuits, but were received and establi.^hed here by Count Zinzendorf. The town has only 1000 inhabitants, but it enjoys a com- paratively great reputation, partly because it has become the assembling-place or metropolis of the United Brethbkx (which see), partly because the life led in this town com- mands respect for its simplicity, honesty, purity, and vigor. The colored paper and the linen fabrics manuf^iotnrcd here are very celebrated, and known under the name of Hcrrn- huler Papier and JJcrniliiiltr Lcinwand. Her'ron (Fn.txcis J.vv), b. at Pittsburg, Pa., Feb. 17, 1S:'.7; graduated at the Western University of Pennsyl- vania 1Sj3: entered the U. S. army -Apr., ISOl. .as captain 1st Iowa Vols., and engaged in the battles of Dug .-springs, Ozark, and Wilson's freck ; promoted to be lieutenant- colonel 9th Iowa Vols., .and in command of the regiment through campaigns in Missouri, Arkansas, and Indian Territory ; engaged in the battle of Pea Ridge, where ho was severely wounded. Appointed brigadier-general of volun- teers Julv, 18C2, and in command of Army of the Frontier at battles of Prairie Grove and Van Buren : for conduct at former promoted to be major-general of volunteers Nov. 19, 1S62. In command of the left wing of investing forces at Vicksburg, and of the army and navy expedition that ciptured Yazoo City: subsequently of 13th army corps on Te.'jas coast till assigned to comm.and the northern division of Louisiana. In May, 1SC5, negotiated, and in June re- ceived, the formal surrender of the Tr.ans-Mississippi army and all Confederate forces W. of the Mississippi. Ap- pointed one of the commissioners to negotiate treaties with Indian tribes July, ISGo. Resigned commission as majior- general and Indian commissioner Aug., 1865. W.as U. S. marshal district of Louisiana 1867-09, and secretary of state of Louisiana 1870-72. G. C. Sulmoxs. Her'scliel (C.uuiline Licretia), b. at Hanover Mar. 16, 17.iU. f^he was appointed assistant astronomer to George III. of England in 1781, with a moderate salary. She attended her brother. Sir William, in all his night- watches, which generally lasted till morning; wrote from his dictation, as ho swept the heavens with his telescope, his observations; noted the clocks: reduced and arrauged his journals; prepared the zone cataliigues for his sweeps, and performed fur hiin all the laborious mathematical cal- culations necessary for the reduction of his observations. She discovered independently eight comets, besides numer- ous nebula- and clusters of stars. At the death of her brother in 1S22 she returned to her native city, where sho spent the remainder of her life with her only remaining brother, honored and beloved by all. She was elected member of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1S32, and d. at Hanover Jan. % IS-tS. Mils. S. 1!. Heurick. Ilerschel (Sir Joun Frederick Wii.lum), B.vrt., b. at Shuigh, near Windsor, England, Mar. 7, 17112. He was educated at home under the guidance of his parents and his aunt. Associated always with mature minds, breathing the very atmosphere of science, the boy spent his singular childhood in the silent house where the star-watchers slept. Ho went direct from his homo to Eton, and from there to Si. John's College, Cambridge, where ho graduated in l.SIS ns senior wrangler and Smith prizeman. In the same year he read before the Royal Society a mathemat- ical paper, and was elected, at the age of twenty-one, a r-llow. In ls:n, WiUiam IV. bestowed u]ion him the Hanoverian Guelphic order, and five years later, at the coronation of Victoria, ho was created baronet. Several gold medals were awarded to him by the Royal Society and the Astronomical Society of London, and he was made D. C. L. by the University of Oxford. He was succi ssively elected reotor of Marischal College, Aberdeen, president of the .\stronomieal Society, ;ind finally permanent master of the mint, which last position his enfeebled health forced him to resign in 1855. He was honorary or corresponding member to the academies of Brussels, St. Pctersburg,Vieuna, Giittiugen, Turin, Bologna, Naples, Copenhagen, Stock- holm, and others, besides being chevalier of the Prussian order of Merit. In 1829 he married Margaret Brodie, daughter of Rev. Dr. Alex. Stewart, by whom he had nine daughters and three sons. He d. at ColUngwood Apr. 13, 1871. From 1813 to 1822 he devoted himself to mathe- matics, chemistry, and optics, as his memoirs testify. He then began his astronomical work in earnest. In 1825 he began, in connection with Sir James South, a scries of very important observations. Though his especial tastes lay in the direction of physics, his filial devotion deter- mined his lifework. He passed in review the nebula; dis- covered and catalogued by his father : while engaged in this work ho catalogued between 3000 and 1000 double stars. In order to perfect the work begun by his father, ho went, at his own expense, in 1833, to the Cape of Good Hope. That the results might be accurately comparable, bo used the same instrument used by his father. He spent four years at the Cape observing, and five years more re- ducing and arranging his observations, which appeared in 1847 under the title ilfMli/ts of Aalrunomical Obterinlioiu .lade duriiij llic ycura IS^SS at the Cape of Good Hope, bciiKj the cvmpUlioH of a Telescopic Siineii of the ichole vitlblc heaicns, commenced in 1825. This included seven treatises upon— 1, nebulto i 2, double stars; 3, apparent 6i:c of stars; 4. distribution of stars and constitution of Milky Way ; 5, llallcy's comet, etc. ; 6, satellites of Saturn ; 7, solar spots. While in South Africa he inaugurated a valuable system of simultaneous meteorological observa- tions, and instituted a fine public-school system. He pre- pared two elaborate and exhaustive treatises upon '• Light " and '■ Sound," for the Enei/clopn^dia MetropoUtana ( 1 S30-31 ), and wrote for Lardner a treatise upon the study of natural ])hilosophy, which gave a strong and immediate impulse to the study of natural science in England; also a treatise upon astronomy, which was afterwards expanded into his Uuttinca of Aa'tronomy. In all, Sir John added to the 2500 nebula; discovered by his father, 2208 of his own discovery, the whole number known being 5200. He performed a great service to photography by the discovery of a process for making the impressions permanent. Not the smallest part of his work was that of popularizing without falsifying science. These discoveries, together with those recorded in 131 papers contributed to various scientific societies, compose the results of fifty-eight years of labor, included between the day of his graduation and the day of hisdeath. The entire labor of this enormous work was performed by himself, except that which was purely mechanical in the use of his instruments. Mrs. S. B. Hebrick. Herschel (Sir Willi.\m) was b. in Hanover Nov. 15, 1738. Besides music, to which he was educated profcs- sionallv, he received instruclion in French and metaphys- ics in his early years. At the age of fourteen, being forced to earn his own'brcad. he became a member of a Hanover- ian band; in this eap;ieity he came to England in 1759, where the story of his life for some years is a record of bitter privation silently and heroically endured. lie be- came successively master of a military band, organist at Halifax, and organist at the Octagon chapel at Bath. In spite of innumerable professional duties, he pursued his abstract studies with ardor, sometimes going to them after fourteen hours of professional labor. Ho learned Latin, Italian, and sometbing of Greek, with no aid but that of a grammar and dictionary, and mastered alone an obscure mathematical treatise upon music. The harmony of sound soon led, bv the way of optics, to a study of the '• harmony of the spheres." A" small Gregorian telescope fell into his hands, and waked into passionate life the longing which determined his future career. Finding the most ordinary telescope bevond his means, he determined to construct one. The fa"ct that he made and polished 200 metal spec- ula before ho succeeded to his own satisfaction reveals the secret of his successful life. In 1781 he discovered, by the aid of one of his own telescopes, anew planet, called by him Georgium Sidus. by his contemporaries Herschel. but now known under the name of Uranus. This brought him under the notice of George III., who bestowed upon him the position of special astronomer to the king, a pension of 300 guineas a Tear, and a residence at Slough, near Windsor Castle. Ho married, in 178S. Mary, daughter of .\lr. Adee Baldwin, a widow, by whom he had one eon, .lohn F. W. Herschel. He was made member of the Lon- don Roval Society, of the Academy of Sciences, Paris, and president of the Royal Astronomical Society, Lon- don. The Hanoverian Guelphic order was bestowed upon him by the regent, and the title of LL.D. by the Uni- versity of Oxford, besides other distinctions. In his eighty-fourth year, on Aug. 23. 1S22. Sir William Herschel died without "a pang. His disposition was marked by IIERSEY-HERWARTH VON BITTEN FELD. 905 sweetness and benevolence; his character by directness and siinplicilv, bv untiring paliincc and induniilable energy : and hisiuind by breadth of view and extreme caution. II is work i? eompreliended. in great part, in memoirs prci-enle.l before the Koyal Society of Lonilou. which " constitute.' savs Arago. "one of the principal riches of the celebrated coilectioirknown under the title of mi'Mi/jliicut Trunmi- liunt." The front-view telescope suggested by Jacques La- maire was perfected by llersehcl ; the mcclianieal contri- vances by means of which ho mounted and adjusted his fortv-foot telescope, with its speculum neighing a ton, showed him to bo possessed of high mechanical genius. lie so improved the construction of telescopes as to bo able to use magnifying powers of (iOOO times in a reflecting tel- escope seven feet long. Though wo cannot give even the titles of the papers contributed by him to the I'hilviophtcal Trnntdciioiit, wo shall take a hasty survey of those discov- eries—recorded in them from 17!<0to 1S22— which arc per- manent acquisitions to science. In optics he discovered the dark heat-rays of the .solar spectrum, anil made many ex- perirnenls upon radiant heat, upon Newton's rings, and upon the illuminating power of the various prismatic rays. In his researches upon the solar system he made many re- markable observations upon the physical constitution of the sun; he discovered the planet (ranus and his si.\ sat- ellites, as well as two satellites of Saturn, lie :idded much to the subject of the form, time of rotation, and eompara- tivc ningniludcs of the asteroids and planets. lie discov- ered that the moon possessed no atmosphere, and made many valuable observations upon comets. But the real work of the ller.schels, father and son, lay beyond the lim- its of our system in the sidereal depths. Sir William made many and accurate observations upon variable and binary stars; in his investigations upon sidereal parallax, though he failed to find it, he made the astounding iliseovery tliat the sun, with all its attendant planets, is rushing on through space toward a point situated in the constellation Hercules. By means of a twenty-foot telescope he made a survev of the whole of the northern heavens, cataloguing and placing the stars as they came within the telescopic field. To the known nibula-. 500 in number, he added 2500 of his own iliseovery. and under his trained eye and poivcrful telescopes numbers of what had been considered nebula) resolved themselves into clusters and systems of self-luminous suns. He is well denominated by his biog- rapher "one of the greatest astronomers that ever lived in any age or country." -Miis. S. B. IIkuhick. Iler'sey, post-v. and tp., cap. of Osceola co., Mich., near the junction of the Flint ami Pero Marquette and tho Grand Rapids and Indiana K. Us., and at tho confluence of the Ilersey and Muskegon rivers. It has a court-house. a jail, 2 churches, a graded scliool, a prinlingofllce and weekly newspaper, 4 hotels, several stores and shops, a wagon-factory, ii largo saw and shingle mills, a planing- mill, a grist-mill, and an express oflicc. It is in the midst of a fine agrieullural and lumber district. Pop. of tp. 286. ,1. K. IlAmr.ifiL-, Eb. "Osci:ola Oltli.vh." Ilcrs'feld, town of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, on tho I'ulda, has iinjiortant raaiiufacturcs. Pop. fi-lljl. HertTord, town of Kngland, the capital of Hertford- shire, on the river I,ea. It has several educational insti- tutb.ns. l'.,p. 710.1. Hertford, lounly of North Carolina, bounded on the K. by the navigable Chowan River and on tlm N. by Virginia. The surface is generally level. Corn is the principal agri- cultural product. Cap. Winton. Pop. 9273. Ilerlford, post -v., county-scat of Perquimans co., N. C, on the navigable Perquimans Kivcr, 12 miles from its mouth. Pop. IHB; of tp. 1188, Hcrt'fordHhire,or Herts, county of England, bound- ed by the counties of Ksse,\. Middlesex, Buckingham, and Bedford. It contains .'i'.tl. I 11 acres of fertile and well-cul- livaled hind, consisting of chalk overlaid with gravel and loaiiK and presenting a pleasantly unclulating surface. The products of its meadows and orchards are brought to the London market. Malt is a very important product. Cap. llerHurd. Pop. 7:i,'J«l. ilrri/, (IlKxniK), h. at Copenhagen Aug. 2.'i, 17fl8, and d. there Fob. 2fl, 1870. With the excepti»m of a tour (hroiigli (lermany, France, and Italy in 18:{.'i-:i 1, ho spent his whole life in his native city in a quiet way. anrl devot- ing liimself exclusively to literary work : in IH.M) the Uigs- dag gave liim a jiension. But several cif his works caused a great commotion, especially his rtn-liraf Epixttt h fiftm J''trti- dine ( I H.lfl), whose satire and criticism made people furious. though at the same time they could not help neing charmed by the wit, elegance, and freshness of the style. lie bus written other satirical, lyric, and epical poems, and also some novels; but his talent was eminently drauiatio. He used to write a new drama every winter, and many of them have become verv dear to his countrymen, such as his tragedy Sicnd Ijiirimja Hum (1837 ), his character comedies Sp^nLmen (IS.'itl) and El 0/cr (1863), his romantic come- dies -Viiioii (1848) and Ucii Vtii/tli (1854); some of them have been performed in all the principal theatres of (icr- many, France, and England, such as A'..ii;/ Ilrnen Duller (lS4i")l, twice translated into English, and not seldom per- f.iriaed in America, and Sc/ici^U Jliiseaii (1851). His gen- eral character us an author shows a perfect training — he never failed in what he undertook to do; and a perfect ve- racity — not one adjective in all his volumes was ever al- lowed to tell a lie. Ci.emkss Pktersen. Iler'uli, a (iermanic race who first appear in history in the third century A. I), on the shores of the Euxinc. They were conquered by the Ostrogoths under Ilermanric, and bands of lleruli appear after this in all parts of Eu- rojie. They swelled the train of Attila, and arc later found among the enemies of the lluiis. In the valley of tho Theiss, on the lower Danube, and in lllyria they founded governments, and were everywhere among the bravest and most barbarous and unruly of the liermanic jieoples. Odoa- cer was called king of the lleruli, but was not of this race. After the fall of the Western empire (470 A. D.) the lleruli be- came one of the dominant races, but the subject Lombards rose and almost annihilated them about 512 A. i). From that time they were important only as soldiers in the ser- vice of the more powerful tribes. Horvfc (Eooiaud), b. in 1835 ot St. Denis (Rf-union Island) ; entered, after brilliant studies in colleges, tho famous Paris Normal School, where he had as fellow-mates Prf'vost-Paradol, About, Sarcey, Weiss, Tainc, all tho pleiad of modern French polemists and writers. Hcrv6 contributed to many Paris journals, and with Weiss founded in 186U the Junnial (b: Paris, of which he is the present editor, and which supports the cause of a liberiil constitu- tional monarchy, modelled after the British constitution, llerv*; is the author of One I'mje of Ciitilcm/uiraneoua Hia- U.ry and of a llletonj of the Liberal Ideas in England. Felix Aitaicxe. IIrrv6 (assumed name of Fi.orimosd Rongcr), b. at lloudain. near Arras. .lunc 30, 1825, was at first dramatic artist and manager of small theatres. He took afterwards to composing opf-ras boufl'cs, like L'CEil Cnrf, Let Tnrce, rllilprrir. Le Petit Fumt. FEI.IX AtlCAIGNE. Her'vey (.Tames), b. at Ilardingslone, Northampton- shire, Eng., Feb. 20, 1713; studied (1731-38) at Lincoln College, Oxf defraud his brother of a portion of his inheritance. Hesiod thereupon in disgust left his native Ascra and removed to Orchomenus, where he spent tho rest of his life. Ho further intimates that he was cugage»' 'Ofj.j)pov koX 'Ho-idfiou), still extant, and often printed with the wi-rks of Hesiod. His death was said to have been brought about through the false suspicions of two youths of Locris. His bones were subsequently removed, by command of tho ora- cle, to Orchomenus, where a tomb was erected to his mem- ory, and he was honored as a hero. The works ascribed to Hesiod aro numerous, but some of these are not his own productions, but belong to the school of which he was the founder: (1) 'Epyo Koi 'H^epat ("Works and Hays"), a poem treating of the duties of the farmer and the best method of conducting the ojieratious of agriculture, also inculcating justice, maintaining the dignity of honest labor, laying down rules for the regulation of life and the rearing of children (the •' Works '*) ; followed by a calendar of tho days of tho month on which it is advantageous or otherwise to undertake any labor (the "Hays"). This jioem is the only one accepted by the Boaotians about Mt. Helicon as genuine, though regarded as somewhat interpolated. (2) The Theoi/ont/ (ecoyoi'ta), which treats of the genealogy of the gods, being in great measure a mere enumeration of names, but containing some episodes of considerable beauty. From the battle of the Titans and the gods in this Milton borrowed in his battle of the angels. Herodotus recog- nizes the genuineness of this jioem when he says that Hesiod and Homer formed a thcogony for the Greeks and gave names to tho gods. In its present form it has under- gone many variations and been largely interpolated. The ancients regarded as a sort of continuation of the Theogony tho poem called 'Hotat, sometimes oulleil 'Hoiai fi.tydk;iod arc — AiytMio«. Mf\aniToSia, 'EfirK^ntfe Miutirrs (irnvi, vol. i. ; by Gbttlins (Gotba, 1S43, 2d ed.)j by Van Lennep (Amster- dam, 18i:i-47, 3 vols.): by F. A. Paley (London, ISfil). Chapman ha^ translated the ir<**-i*« nnri D'li/it into English under the title ll>'VH ftroiyim and B>n>h of Vat/M, and Elton has given the entire poems. (Sec Mi'ller's Nint. Greek Lit., vol. i. p. 77 : Murk's //*«/. Gntk Lit. ; Grote's Hi»t, of Greece, vol. i.; Creuzeu u. Hermann, Brt'e/e iiber Homer und Heniod (Heidelberg:, 1S17): (Irir.Nl.\rT, I)c la T/i/n,/oui>- d'lhiiode (Paris, 1835) ; Bahr, in p€ndyn Jical- Enryklnp.) H. DkISLER. Iles'peler, a v. of Waterloo tp. and cc. Out., Canada, on the (ircat ^^*estern Railway, 59 miles from Toronto, has manufactures of worsted, woollen, cotton, and other goods. Pop. of sub-district, 797. lles'pcr, post-tp. of Winneshiek co., Ta. Pop. 10-11. llcspor'idesy three or four, or even seven in number, were the daughters of Atlas anr])orated with the kingdom of West- phalia. After Napoleon's fall bo returned to his electorate (Nov. 21, 1813), with many golden ])romises to his subjects of constitution, representative government, etc., all of which he broke as soon as be discovered that constitution and representative government had something to do with the linaoces. His intrigues, however, in Vienna to be cre- ated king by the congress. like the electors of Saxony and Bavaria, and the indignation of the other kings on account of this impertinent demand, form a very entertaining epi- Bodc. lie d. Feb. 27. 1821. Under his son and suceessor, William II.. the discord between monarch and subjects be- came dangerous, and when in ls;;0 a revolution actually broke out, bo followed his father's example: ho promised everything on one day, and broke his promises the next. Still worse was Frederick William I., who succeeded his father Nov. 20, 1847. When the revolution of 1S48 came, nothing was too dear to him: censorship of the press, re- ligious restrictions, arbitrary judicatory authority, irre- sponsible financial measures, etc., — he gave up all. and granted an excellent constitution, but in l.Sy2 foreign soldiers sat in courts-martial and condemned Hessian civil officers because they had declined to act against the constitution on which they had made oatli. From 18."U to ISlJl the pojiulation of the Hessian electorate decreased more than 6 ]>er cent., and it was a great benefit, not only to Hesse, but to Germany and to civilization in general, when in 18Gf), the elector happening to side with Austria, Count Bismarck had him carried as prisoner to Stettin and bis domini«)ns incorporatetl with Prussia. The younger branch, that of Hesse-Darmstadt, is still reigning. One of its members. Ludwig I., joined the con- federation of the Rhine and obtained from Napoleon large accessions of territory and the title of grand duke. Ho followed Napoleon faithfully until after the battle of I,(i|)- sic. when be was fortunate enough to join the allies ju^. in time to be accepted. After 1814 he promised, like all the German princes, to give a constitution, but he re- deemed his word conscientiously, and the country was in a prosperous condition when he d., Apr. G, 18.30. His grandson, Ludwig III., who succeeded to the throne June l(i, 184S, concluded a special military convention with Prussia in 1SG7. according to which the army of Hesse be- came a part of the army of the North German confedera- tion, and as such it took part in the Franco-Prussian war in 1870. Clemens Petersen. Hes'se-I>arin'sladt, German grand duchy, consists of two large and eighteen small scjiarate districts, situated j partly between Prussia, Bavaria, ami Baden, partly within the Prussian frontier. Area, 29G4 square miles. Pop. 802.894; namely, i)S.'-),.'i99 Protestants, 2;J8.080 Roman Catholies, and 2^>,'^7•^ Jews. The country is mountainous or hilly, covered by Vogelsberg, Odcnwald, and spurs of Taunus and AVesterwalil, but the soil is very productive and well cultivated. Wheat, wine, fruit, and tobacco are ! raised; some iron, salt, and brown coal is mined; linen ' and woollen fabrics, leather and .straw goods, arc mauu- I factured; the carriages from Oft'enbaeh are celebrated. The j annual revenue amounts to $4,500,000: the expenditures to $4,250,000 ; the public debt to $5,J00,000. Cup. Darm- * stadt. ' Iles'se-Nas'san, province of Prussia, formed in ISGG I of the electorate of Hesse-Cassel, the duchy of Nassau, the I landgraviate of Hcssc-Homburg, and the free city of Frank- fort, is situated between Hesse-Darmstadt, Bavaria, und the provinces of Saxony, Hanover, Rhenish Prussia, and Wcsti)halia. Area, G02"l square miles. Pop. 1.400,370. The surface is mountainous, occupied by the Spessart, I Rhiin, Westerwald. and Taunus, but the soil is very fertile I and well cultivated. Agriculture, cattle-raising, and manu- I facturo of cloth, iron, jewelry, and jiottery are the chief I occupations. Much and excellent wine is produced. Min- I eral springs are numerous, ancl the watering-places of Ems, I Wieabadcn, Schlangenbad, and others are celebrated. I lles'.sian-Fly [so called because it was believed to have been brought from Germany by the Hessian troops during ! the Revolution], the Cvridonnfia destructm-, a dipterous in- I sect which is very destructive to wheat in parts of the U. S. In spring and autumn the larvip crawl in between tlie stalk I and the sheath of a leaf, and remain near the ground, head [ downward, sucking the juice. In five or six weeks they I enter a semi-pupa or '* flaxseeil slate," from which they go into the pupa, and then become ]>crfect insects. They are destroyed in great numlurs by insect parasites, and burn- ' iug the stubble in the autumn will destroy a great projior- I tion of their larvio. I Ilcs'ychasts [Gr. ^trvxairrot', "quictists"], n body of mystics in the Greek Church, chiefly monks of Mt. Alhos, who professed that by retirement and conteinphition they I could come to behold the divine glory (called the *' Taboritio , light," because it was regarded as the same as that which shone at Christ's transfiguration on iMt. Tabor). They be- lieved that the best position they could assume for behold- ing this light was to sit an. to the tenth century. Tlie former is more generally accepted, and the forms and references whieh imply a later date are be- lieved to be interpolations. The work is bused on the ear- 908 HESYCHIUS-HEUSSER. lier lexicon of Diof^cnianus, and is valiiat>)o as containing explanations of words and forms and literary and archtuo- logical information derived in part from writers now lost. The explanations of words from the Scriptures and from Christian writers arc tho additions of later hands. The best editions are by Alberfi and Ruhnken ( Leydeu, I74G-76, 2 vols., fol.). and by M. Schmidt (5 vols. 4(o. Jena. 1SJ8-61); the (ifu»»a'- Sucra separately by Ernesti (Leipsic, 1785). (Sec Kanke, De Lex. Ileajfck. vera orit/ine, ete.. Quedlin- burf;. 18;!I.) II. Dkislf.k. Ilesychius^ of Miletus, a philosopher and historian, surnanu-d 'IWovtrrpto^ (tlie Latin i((uKtrit<), lived in the sixth century a. r>. under the emperor Justinian. He wrote a synoptical history {'laropiKhv uif ci* avvu>ii(.i Koi)oiv). arranged under the letters of the alpliabct, proba- bly' extracted from the work of Diogenes Laertius. Best edition of both treatises by OrelU (Leipsic, 1S20). H. DnisLKn. Heteroccr'cal [Gr. tVfpo?, " another," and KipKo^, *' tail "], a nnnic applied to the tails of those species of fish whicli have the vertebral column extended into the upper lobe, which is the larger of the two. A symmetrical fish-tail is called homocarcal. The terms were introduced by Agassiz. The cartilaginous fishes and many extinct species have hetorocercal tails, and fishes with homocercal tails have, while imperfectly developed, tails of heteroeereal character. This fact was formerly held to indicate a rela- tively low rank for fishes with heteroeereal tails ; but this opinion is not generally accepted. Hctcropy'gia [from erepo?, "abnormal." and irvyri, '' anal region "J, a group of fishes represented by a single family ( AniblyopsiduM. belonging to tho order Tcleocephali and tho sub-order llaplomi, and especially distinguished by the abnormal position of the vent under the opercular region, and consequently far in advance of the pectoral fins (and hence the name). The fishes are subfusiform in outline, with minute scales on tho body, but none on tho head, with the dorsal and anal fins opposite to each other, and with the ventral fins very small and abdominal or en- tirely wanting. The margin of the upper jaw is formed wholly by the intermaxillaries. The intestinal canal has two turns ; the stomach is well defined and ciecal ; and py- loric appendages are present. The species are viviparous. To this family belong four species, which have been re- ferred to three distinct genera: (1) AmblyoI'SIS (which s"p). including the celebrated large blind fish of the Mam- moth and sonif other caves of Kentucky and Indiana {Ani- bhlfpHiH i^pdrciin). in which there are no functional eyes and ventral fins are present; (U) 7]v/i/i/iVAr/i_y«, represented by a small species ( Ti/ph({rh(fit/n subterrauens), which is also found in the Mammoth Cave, as well as in some other sub- terranean streams in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama, which is also destitute of eyes, but has no central fins; and (M) i'liiibxjaMtvr, containing two species ( T. ronnttim, A g.. dis- covered in rice-ditches in Carolina, and C. A^jassizii, l*utnam, found in subterranean streams in Tennessee), both having eyes and being destitute of ventral fins. Amb/f/opnis and Ti/plilirhilif/s have each a single pyloric apjiendage on each side, and the ovary is at each side of the stomach, and the head has tactile ridges; while ('holm/antcr has two pyloric appendages on each side, and the ovary is ])laced behind the stomach, and the head is without ridges. The species of AmhlifofiHi's sometimes reaches nearly five inches in length; those of TifphUchthifH and Choli>f/nstrr, less than two. The afiiiiities of these fishes have been generally su])- posed to be with the killy-fishcs or minnows {Cyprinodon- tidae), but their relation to those forms is not chtso, although there is some resemblance in general appearance. Much speculation has been spent upon the question of the origin of the blind fishes, but it is sufficient to state that they arc very closely related to perfectly seeing fishes (Choloiffifitcr) found in the streams of the same region, and that at the same time there are other differences between the two forms than those of sight ; therefore we cannot at- tribute the parentage of the blind fi?hcs directly to the eyed ones. Inasmuch, however, as we know by experiment and the occurrence in entire groups of animals of tho tond- eney towards atrophy of parts tliat are disused, it is toler- ablv curtain that the want of sight could be readily eflfcctcd by confinement to dark caves, and we sliould doubtless search for the original progenitors of the blinil fishes in formerly existing oycd ones. (Sec Pi;tnam (J. W.) in Au- nitiif Report of the Pcnhotly Academy of Science for 1871, and in American Naturalist for Jan., 1S72.) TlIKODOIlE CtlLI,. Heteroso'mata [from crepoc, " unequal," and 2-54; travelled along the Gulf of Aden and the shores of the Red Sea 185G-58; from 1860 to 1865 was again engaged in African explor- ations; made a journey in the region of Spitsbergen and Nova Zembl.a 1870-71. Author of Rrisen in Nordoatafrikn ( 1 857), Ornithologic Nordo8tnfri1ca>i { 1 860 ). Sifntemat. Uebersicht der Siiuffethiere Sordafri kaft {\SG7), Heine narh Abeaginien, etc. (1868), Reiee in das Gchiet dee wcissen Sil (1869), etc. D. Nov. 5, 1876. Heus'ser (Mrs. Meta), tho best female song-writer in the (icrman language, and a woman of rare genius sanc- tified by deep piety, b. Apr. 6, 17U7, the fourth daughter of Pastor Diet helm Schwcizer, in the mountain- village of Hirzel, canton Zurich, Switzerland, within S miles of Mount Kigi, where she resided till her death Jan. 2, 1S7G. She married Dr. Heusscr, an eminent physician, and be- came the mother of a large family, bur her household duties did not prevent her from singing "like the bird on the tree," giving utterance to her love of nature and nature's God, and the jcys and sorrows of her heart. She never dreamed that her lays would ever be given to the world, but her friends thought differently, and after many vain efforts they obtained her consent to publish anonymously some of them in Knapp's Chrivtoterpr (1S^4). They were most favorably received, and passed into many collections and German hymn-books of Kurope and America. In 18.S7, Albert Knapp edited a volume of her poems (under the title Licdtr einer Verborfjenen), which was followed by another volume (Tjcipsic. 1867) under her real name, which at last became generally known. A selection from both volumes has recently been translated into English by Miss Jane Borthwick {translator of ffymn» from the Laud if Luther), under the title Alpinr LyricH ( Edinburgh and Lon- don, 1875). Koch, in his lliatttry of German Church /*i>elry (3d ed.), well characterizes her jioems in these words: "From contemplation of the glorious .Alpine world, and tho atmosphere of spiritual freedom which she daily and hourly breathes out of tho Sacred Scriptures, have sprung HEUSTIS— HEXACIIOKD. 909 the tender yet deeply reflective poems whioh have made i Mcta lleusser the most eminent and nolile among all the female poets of our whole Evausclieal Chunh. Her lavs flow freely from the fresh fountain of a heart in conslaut, holy communion with (iod." Phii.ii- Siiiaff. Heus'lis (.Iabez Wiggixs). M. D., b. in 17S6 in St. John, .V. B. It is believed he graduated in the College of I'hysieians and Surgeons of New York City ; made a cruise in a man-of-war as surgeon's mate, and on his return was appoinlc.l surgeon in tJcn. Jackson's army, and served tbrouohout the Southern campaigns. Dr. lleustis was a ready writer, and from 181C to the time of his decease, which occurred from blood-poison contracted by a puncture made while operating, ho wrote on the topography and dis- eases of Louisiana, etc., and contributed largely to the Amrricun Juiiriiiil of Mediral Scienrit. In ISlii ho re- moved from Cahawha (where in 18L'.i ho was selected to welcoino La Fayette) to Mobile, but was at the Talladega Springs when he d., 1.S41. Few in the South were more active in the profession than he, or more deserving. ■^ Paul F. Eve. Hcvcs, town of Hungary, carries on a considerable trailu in wine, wheat, tobacco, flax, and hemp, raised in its vicinity. Pop. 5700. Ilcwes (.losEPn), a signer of the Declaration of Inde- pendence, b. of Quaker stock at Kingston, X. J., in ITIiO ; was educated at Princeton, and went into business, first in Philadelphia, and then at Edenton, N. V. ; wasa member of tbetieneral Congress from North Carolina 1774-7", and again in 1779. In Congress ho took a prominent jiart in the pcrformauco of public business. U. at Philadelphia Nov. 10, 177'J. IIcw'it(AtGnsTixnFnASCis), ft Roman Catholic (Paul- ist) priest, a son of N. Ilcwit, b. at Fairfield, Conn., in 1820; graduated at Amherst in 1S:!'J; studied theology at East Windsor, Conn., and became a:i Episcopalian minis- ter. In 1840, while residing in North Carolina, he be- came a Roman Catholic; was ordained in 1847; joined the Paulists in 1848, and afterwards was appointed pro- fessor of philosophy, tlicology, and Holy Scripture in the Paulist seminary, New York. Author of /Vo///cra» o/ (/le jtjr, Light and Darkness, and of several translations, and of many articles in periodicals. Hewit (HKXnv Sti-aiit), M. D., b. at Fairfield, Conn., Dec. 2i, 1825; studied at Yale College; was a ]>upil of Drs. Van Duren and Mott ; graduated 1847 at New York University ; wasan nssisiant surgeon (1847-52) in the U. S. army, serving in .Mexico and on the Pacific coast; prac- tised three years in California; became a Roman Catholic 1855; returned to New York ; served 18G1-C5 as a surgeon of volunteers on the 8lafl"s of Gens. Grant, Scolield. etc.: was eminent for charitable labors. Son of Rev. Nathaniel Ex. L IstTctrachord. 2d. 3d. a D. in New York Hewit and grandson of James Hillhouse. Aug. Ill, 187;!. Hewit (NATnASiEL). D. D., b. at New London, Conn., Aug. 28, 1788: graduated at Yale in 1808; taught for some years, and in 1811 was licensed to preach; studieil theology at .\udover ; held Presbyterian and Congre- gational pastorates at Plattsburg. N. Y'., 1815-17, and at Fairfield, Conn., 1818-27; engaged in the temperance re- form lS27-.'!0 ; held pastorates at liridgport. Conn., 18:iO- 62, receiving an assistant in the latter year. He was one of the founders of the East \Vind."or (now Ilartfonl) Theol- ogical .Seminary, and an able and eloquent defender of the Old School theology. D. Feb. 3, 18G7. Hew'itt (Abram Steve.vs), A. M., b. at Haverstraw, N. Y., July ai, 1822 ; graduated at Columbia College 1842 ; studied law, but engaged in the manufacture of iron ; was commissioner to the French Exposition of 1807; was elected in 1874 to the 44th Congress (1875-77) from the Tenth dis- trict of Now Y'ork ; has been secretary of the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art. New York Cily, from its organization to the present time (1875); and is widely known as an expert in questions relating to the iron manufacture. Author of the official Report on the Iron and Sttcl iif the I'nivcreal Expusitl'JU of 1867. Ilew'ston (Geouge), A. M., M. D., b. at Philadelphia Sept. 11, 1820; graduated A. M.at the Central High School, Philadelphia. 1815; M. D. at the Philadelphia College of Medicine 1850; received the same degree in ISliO from the University of Pennsylvania; was professor of anatomy in the first-named medical college, and afterwards became professor of the theory and practice in the University of California, a position which he still holds (1875); was supervisor of San Francisco 1873-75 ; president of the Odd Fellows' Library of San Francisco, etc., and member of various scientific societies. Hex'achord, in music, a series of six notes in direct succession, forming a portion of a scale. The extension of the musical scale and its division into hexachords are attributed to tiuido, a monk of the eleventh century. Under the system of tho ancient Greeks, which continued for ages to influence all music, both ecclesiastical and secular, the scale was divided into telmchurdg, or portions of four notes each. As the (ircek scale comprised only about fifteen notes, or two octaves, these tctraehords could not appar- ently exceed four and a fraction in number; but the Greeks, by an ingenious use of some extraneous elements, obtained no less than five. According to our modern reckoning — taking B in the bass, as the Greeks did. and following their mode of division — the four tctraehords would uot fill the double octave, and a fifth tetrachord added would reach beyond it, as at a, b in Ex. 1 : But under the Greek system the five tctraehords were ob- tained— 1st, by adding an initial note A, which note was called the Protlambunomeiioii; 2d, by using lJ|j in the third Ex. 2. IstTct. 2d. 3d^_ tetrachord, and then commencing the fourth tetrachord by a descent to liO, thus : 4th. 5th. It is evident that tho fourth and fifth of the.se tctraehords are merely repetitions in tho octave of the first and second, but, as Dr. Burney rcinarUs, "the several sounds of which they are composed have in the Greek music different d( - nominations." anil also were no doubt "('ii*r«. It is coinTiiunly sup f loscd also that Guido invented Ihe mode of writing his liexachorda and other music on lines and spaces. This however, is an opinion for which the evidence is weak Ex. 3. iBt. Natural. 2d. Mollf. For manv ages after him tho stave consisted of only four lines, with their spaces, and in Ihe Chureh of Home and elsewhere the same system of notation is extensively used for Gregorian music at the present day. The hexachords of Guido were three in number, and were based on C, F, and G, tho first being called the nalnral: the second, the molle, or soft ; and the third, the durum, or hard. Tpo^, " measure "j, in Greek and Latin prosody, is the name of the heroic verse of Homer, A'irg:il, Ovid, and others. Ancient rhythm is based chiefly on the distribution of long and short syllables, while the less delicate ear of the mod- erns is satisfied with the alternate presence or absence of accent. Taking a succession of Virgil's lines (bk. 1, I. 8-10)— MuVa ml' I 111 cays' | in mSm'ft I r3, qvo ] nu'mTnS | lie'so, | qvTd'vC- il6' | I5ns, r5g ] T'liS dc' ] u™, tot J vOrvgrC | cfi'sus j InsTg' I (le* i>U \ tS'tS vir | u", tftt 5d | ra^ ISb j G'r.'S, and representing them in English, syllable for syllable and accent for accent, M i\sa relate [ those trea I suns c6nsura || matSd, | ckiiscs of | torture, | whoiicc the 6b j diiratc 1 queen of hon |! or'd (.'ods |] drivioK u hi-ro I Biipd I ryor in his | virtue, un [j d€r such iiii | pdsiiig mis || I'drtune, { we find that the feet are composed of dactyls (~ " ") and spondees (~ ~), with the accents entirely absent or present at any point — in some cases (as mii'sa m!''-) two being present in a single dactyl. Looking farther, wo find that any foot from the first to the fourth may bo dactylic or spondaic at pleasure; the fifth in nearly every ease is a dactyl, and the sixth a spondee. This recurrence of final daciflus-spondee would not be sufficient to enable the lis- tener to seize the metre ; he is therefore aided by an initial accent on each of these feet (see Adonic Verse) ; and, as if this were not enough, Virgil in many cases separates them from the four feet with mixed accents, by making the fifth foot accentless, or what we may terra nmiraf, because it has nrithrr the irregular accent of the earlier feet nor the regular accent of t he close. The following is a longer speci- men (bk. 1, I. 23-33): Remembering thi^i, Saturnia, thinking o'er various conflicts waged at Troy's stronghold for Argos, dear to remembrance : nor no-w Itad grievous causes resentful escaped from Ikt angry soul. Paris, whose verdict rankles sorely ber bosom, a 8tij;nia on slighted form, and also storn Ganyme-de, a nation despising cordially for evils uneqiiall'd, Blie (these urging) scatters far far from Latyttm the Trojans over wide 6cean — those relics 16ft by ruthless Achilles and Grecian heroes. Many years they wander'd in sailing around tliro' nuurroue waters, F5te aUurini; them onward. Fonii I burg is | not for \ gotten. 1 nor Ileaii I S^jour, | nor Port | lloyal. | These spurious hexameters belong to what Guest {Englhh Rhijthmn, i. p. 177) mentions as "these slovenly verses the * tumbling* metre. ... the impudent license of the tumbling metre." Such forms tend to the perversion of Latin scan- sion, and to the destru'-tion of just ideas of tho nature of feet. They have neither tho rhythm of Latin nor of Eng- lish verse, but, on the contrary, they constitute an offensive system which is tolerated only because it is supposed to be classic. S. S, Haldkmax, Hcx'apla [Gr. "the sixfold"], a celebrated edition of the Septuagint text of the Old Testament, the original He- \ brew, the llebrew in Greek letters, the (ireek versions of i Aquila, Symmachus, and Thcodotion. Besides these, there I were columns containing parts of three other Greek vcr- \ sions, whose authors are not known. Origen was the author , of this great work, which he originally prepared as ate- i trapla, giving four columns only. The liexapla had also | marginal notes, and marks indicating variations, retrench- i ments, and additions in the texts. The Uexapla is not , extant except in fragments, of which the most complete I edition is that of the Benedictine Montfaucon (2 vols, folio, | Paris, 1714), I Ucyst-op-den-berg, town of Belgium, in the prov- ince of Antwerp, has some cloth-factories and corn-mills. Pop. 6670. Uey^uard (Thomas, Jr.) was b. in St. Luke's parish, S. C, in 174(j, and was the son of a wealthy planter, Col. Daniel Ileyward. The son studied law in Loudon, and was early and prominently connected with the Uevtdutionarv movement in North Carolina. He was (I77.")-7S) one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and was afterwards a judge in his native State, holding also a mili- tary command. He was (1780-81) a prisoner in the bauds of the British. D. in Mar., 1809. Hey'wood, town of England, in the county of Lan- caster, on the Roach, has large iron-foundries and extensive mauufactures of cotton fabrics. Pop., with surroundings, l»,-i54. Heywood (Charles), U. S. M. C, entered the marine corps as second lieutenant Apr. T), 1858; became first lieu- tenant early in 1861, and captain in November of that year; served on board the Cumberland in her encounter with the Merrimack, Mar. 8, 18G2, and in the flagship Hartford at the great battle of Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1864 ; and is very highly spoken of in the despatches of bis com- manding officers. Received the brevets of major and lieu- tenant-colonel for ''gallant and meritorious conduct." FoxHALL A. Parker. Hey'worth, post-v. of Randolph tp., McLean co., 111., on the Illinois Central K. R., 12 miles S. of Bloomington. Pop. 300. Hczeki'ah ("The Lord hath strengthened"), thir- teenth monarch of Judah. son and successor of Ahaz. He reigned twenty-nine years (726-697 b. c). He was a ile- vout man, a severe enemy of idolatry, and the restorer of the ancient worship. He warred successfully against the Phil- istines, and refused to pay the established tribute to Tig- lath- Pileser, king of Assyria, in consequence of which Jerusalem was besieged, and Hczekiah was forced to pur- chase peace by a heavy mulct in silver and gold and by the loss of parts of his dominions. It is probable that Senna- cherib, the Assyrian general, next marched into Egypt to punish the Ethiopians and Egyptians. Hezekiah's allies, that he was repelled by Tirhakah, and that the miraculous destruction of 185.000 Assyrians took place in a second invasion, after the failure of the Egyptian campaign. Hczekiah was soon after visited with a severe sickness, from which he was miraculously healed. The remaining years of his reign were peaceful and prosperous. D, 697 B.C. UiacoomeS) an Indian minister of Martha's Vineyard, 1). about 1610: converted under the preaching of Thomas Mayhcw; learned to read, and began himself to preach in 1653 to his people, among whom he labored with much success and with great faithfulness. In 1670 he was or- dained by Eliot and Cotton as pastor of the Indian church of Martha's Vineyard, organized in that year. He is be- lieved to have been the first Indian convert in New Eng- land. D. about 1690. Hiawas'sce^ post-v., county-seat of Towns co., Ga., 85 miles N. of Athens. Hiawa'tha, post-v., cap. of Brown co., Kan., 42 miles "W. of St. Joseph, on the St. Joseph and Denver City R. R. It has 4 churches, 1 bank, 1 newspaper, a steam flouring- mill, 2 grain elevators. 2 hotels, several schools, and tho usual number of stores. It is situated in a fine agricultural rcgtOD, with excellent water-power. Pop. about 800. A. N. RuLEV, Ed. " Dispatch." Ilib'bard (Billy), b. at Norwich, Conn., Feb. 24, 1771 : jniued the New York Methodist conference 1798, and laburtd with great success in New York and New England. D. Aug. 17, 1844. His memoirs have been published. Hibbard (Freebors Garretson), D. D., b. at New Rochelle. N. Y.. Feb. 18, 1811; entered tho Methodist Episcopal ministry; labored 1830-60 chiefly in the State of New York; was editor of the Northern Chrietinn Advo- cate, Auburn, N. Y., 1860-64; resumed active labor, and became presiding elder of the Geneva district. Author of Jinptinm (1S41), Geaqraphy and Hiftory of Palestine (1845), a work on The Pva'tms (1852), The Reliyion nf Childhood (1864): edited the SermonJi (1869) and the Works (2 vols., 1S72) of Bishop Hamline. Iliberna'tion [from tho Lat. hibcmug, "pertaining to winter"], a condition into which certain mammals (bats, rodents, Insectivores, bears, etc.) and many inferior ani- mals, both vertebrate and invertebrate, pass in cold weather, the temperature of the blood being lowered nearly to that of the air, and many of the vital functions entering a state of abeyance. The power of the will over the mus- cles is quite suspended, and respiration is nearly abolished, while the muscular irritability in the case of the higher HIBERNIA-HICKORY TAVERN. 911 hibcTDiiting ftoimols is rcmarkaljly increased. Meanwhile ; a vt-rv grt-at loss of weight occurs from the sluw .Ustruction | of the slorc of fat which the animal lias laid up in Ihc au- tuinu It is evident that animals feeding on insecis and succulent vcgetal.lcs couM never survive a northern winter but f.r the state of hihernali.m which Misp.n.ls the need of foo., M..I)., b. at Bethel, Conn Dec. '.".1, 17UH; grailualed at I'nion College 1K20; or- dained and scllled as pastor ..f the Congregational church at Kent Conn.. 1M2I; removed, and again installeil pastor at Litcli'fiild, Conn., 1S2'.); became professor of theology in Western Keservc College l.s:;n, and in the Auburn Iheo- logical Seminary IHM; was again transferred t.. nion College as vice-president and jirofessor of menial and moral philosophy 1S62, where for eight years he was asso- ciated with l>r. Nott in the government and discipline ol the college, and where for the eight years succeeding lie had sole charge thereof, being ollicially inilucleil into (lie presidency only at Dr. NotCs death, l^tCl'.. A( (he age of s,-ven( V, in fulfilment of a purpose long cherisherl, he retired from ail public and official s(a(i.>n, and removed (o Amherst, Mass.. whire he has since resided, dcvodng his time (o philosophical studios. Ilcsides occasional sertnons and ad- Ilrcsscs. ho has been a frctiiicnl contributor to such i.eriod- ical publications as the Chri.ium Siir-jalar, IhhUinhrca Sarr'i, /lihllr.il I!-p„i,!ti,ni. /'r^ihi/leriim Quurlcrl;/. e(c. on various theological aud philosophical themes. His more extended published works are— ft'Kionn? Pti/rhnto;,;/ (1848), S,,'ltm o/- Murni Scifuce (lS6:i). Empinci.t I'Yl-'Hy {\a:,\). lWal;r nil./ Crralion (1872), Humauily Immortal (1^721, and Lnriii- „/ Ilcamn (1875). l)r llickok has from the first held firmly the necessary distinctions in the intellectual functions of the sense, the understanding, and the reason, and the peculiarity ot his philosophy is seen in his clear idea and diseriminadve use of the reason. The sense perceives single phenomena: the understanding puts these together in judgments according to the relations given in experience, while the reason at- tains an insight of these faculties of perception and judg- ment, which beholds in the phenomenal relations of expe- rience the necessary prerequisites, without which such an ordered experience "could not have occurred. This know- ledge of the necessary conditions for experience reaches (o the distinguishable forces underlying all physics, and (he life-power— a combination of force ami feeling- underlying (he organic world: and nalure thus becomes known in Ks inirinsio connecdons, and not alone in its apparent collo- cations and sequences. The reason also has an insight ot its own being and activity, involving a conscious scKhood and personal agency, and putting the human in a sphere of freedom and responsibility to which the mere animal never attains. In this same insight also is allained the ultimate standard of the beautiful, the (rue, and the good and the whole rational region of art, philosophy, and morals lies open to man. but into which (he brute con- sciousness never comes. The finite reason also knows tho Absolute Reason as its own necessary s.nircc and original, and (herein finds open the transcendent (hemes of doc(nnal theology and practical pie(y. In Dr. Hiekok s separate works t"hesc first principles are applied particularly to psy- chology, physics, asthctics, ethics, and divinity— (be same philosophy fuling unchanged in them all— but are madirely knd completely developed only with the teachings of his latest publication. •'• »• S'-'"'^'^- Hick'ory, (ho common name of trees of the genus Cania (order Juglaudaceic). erroneously called walnut trees in New England. The hickory (rees arc North Ameri- can Besides the PiccAS TiiEi; (which see), there arc four species ( (.'. nlba, microcurpn. tnmrnlom, and suhnlii) known as shcllbark or shagbark hickories, having excellent tim- ber and nuts generally edible, the bark of the trees be- coming very r.mgh. The pignut or bitter hickories {C. porchn,, amnru, myri^llcrformi-. and „7,m(of.) I'ave more generally a smooth bark, inedible nuts, and ralher interior wood "Hickory timber is excellent for handsjiikcs, nxc- hclves, spokes. "barrel-hoops, and the like. It is prized as fuel but will not stand tho weather. The oil of the nuts is recommended for oiling clocks and delicate niachmery. The nuts are marketed in considerable quanddcs. there are numerous variedes of the hickories, so that the botany of the genus is rather obscure. Hickory, county in S. W. Central Missouri. Area, 414 sq. m. It is UDcvcn, but fertile, iiroducing tobacco, corn, wool, and live-stock. Cap. Ilerinitagc. Pop. ll4o;.. Hickory, tp. of Carroll co.. Ark. Pop. COO. Hickory, tp. of Cass co.. 111. Pop. 513. Hickory, tp. of Coles co., 111. Pop. 1402. Hickory, tp. of Schuyler co., 111. Pop. 557. Hickory, post-v., county-scat of Ncw(on co.. Miss., on (he Vicksburg and Meridian R. R., HO miles E. of Vicks- burg.- Pop. 155. Hickory, a v. of Catawba co., N. C, on tho Western (N C ) It II It has 3 schools, 3 churches, 1 coaoh-factory, 1 saddle and' harness faclorv, 3 hotels, I tobacco-factory, flour and saw mills, lanyard, and I weekly newsi>iiper. ^_ W. E. AvEitv AND.1. T. Ml unii,... Ens." Pii:nM(iXT Pkess. Hickory, tp. of forest co., Pa. Pop. 513. Hickory, tp. of Lawrcnoo co.. Pa. Pop. 915. Hickory, (p. of Mercer co.. Pa. I( embraces Sharon. Sharpsville, and o(her villages. Pop. 7700. Hick'ory Flat, posl-tp. of Chambers co., Ala. P. 1400. Hick'ory (irovc, (p. of Jasper co., la. Pop. 402. Hickory «;rove, tp. of Scott co., la. Pop. 1298. Hickory (irove, (p. of Warren co.. Mo. Pop. 1703. Hickory Crovc, (p. of tirant co.. Wis. Pop. 907. Hick'ory Hill, (p- of Wayne co., 111. Pop. 878. Hick'ory iWoun'tain, (p. of Chatham co., N. C. IVqi. 1100. lIick'oryPlains,post-tp.of Prairie CO.. Ark. P. 1030. I Hick'ory Toiiil, (p. of Macon CO., III. Pop. 1130. Hick'ory llidgc, post-tp. of Monroe co.. Ark. P. 778. 1 Hick'ory Tav'crn, p. -tp. of Catnwbaco.,N.C. P.150I. 'J12 HICKS— HIERARCHY. Hicks (Elias). an eminent minister of the Soeietv of Friends, b. at UemiistcaJ, L. I., Alar. 19, 17-18; at" the age of seventeen .years was placed as an apprentice to a carpenter, and became master of tliat trade; subscnuenlly followed Ihe business of building houses. In the morn ad- vanced period of his life he engaged in agriculture. When about twenty-seven years of age, he began, to use his own words. " to have openings leading to the ministry," and H-as "deeply engaged for the right administration of dis- cipline and order in the Church, and that all might be kept sweet and ele;in, consistent with the nature and purity of the holy profession which Friends made before the world." In 17S1 and subsequently he vi.sited the meetings and fam- ilies of Friends e.-itcnsively through the country, working at his trade iu the intervals passed at home, whereby he obtained means to pay his own exjjen.ses, declining to have them borne by the society, which made ]irovision for its travelling ministers iu necessity, lie held it to bo no less a religious duty to work than to preach when called, of which his journal bears frequent record, as follows : '• Spent two days in my salt-meadows assisting my men in securing the hay. On my return visited a poor widow with the sur- plus of our provisions. . . . Closely engaged in temporal busi- ness, but did not forget uiy .accountability to my great Lord and Master. I see no time when it would bo right to in- dulge in idleness. . . . Occupied in collecting relief for the poor in the city of New York (1814). Labored bard in my harvest-field; and although sixty-six years of age, found I could wield the scythe nearly as in the days of my youth." Sueh was the high esteem in which ho was held by all classes of people in his neighborhood that he was frequently chosen as an umpire to settle differences. Very early iii life he denounced slavery as a crime, and preached per- sistently against it. As early as 1811 he published a val- uable essay on the subject, and exerted constant personal inlluencc to induce persons who held slaves to set them free. But this fell short of the measure of justice in his view, and he obtain^ for many of the emancipated wages for their time in addition. He was a bold and fearless preacher, both in deed and word. His religious visitations were not confined to members of his own society, but ex- tended to distant sections of country where few such re- sided. His meetings were crowded by people of every sect and opinion. Ho was an impressive speaker, with "direct and clear enunciation, of commanding presence, and pro- foundly serious deportment in his public appearance. The following sentence from his journal is charaeteristio of his career as a minister and servant of God. '• Spent Second and Third days in preparing my business for setting out on my journey. As I trust and believe a dispensation of the gospel is committed to me, woe is unto me if I preach not the gospel !" Ho was the subject of much misrepresen- tation in his religious opinions by bigots and by many dis- senters from the original doctrines of Friends. The name Hicksito was given as a reproach to that part of the old Society of Friends with which ho continued in fellowship, but was never recognized by iter him, his true relation being well described in the memorial of the immediate meeting to which he was attached : " He felt himself called upon, under the inlluence of the love of the gospel, to ad- monish his brethren to rally to tho ancient standard, the light of truth manifested in the heart, and to follow no man any farther than he should be found a follower of Christ." A journal of his religious travels was published (l,S.'i2), Obgerrutinm on Sl